Hi
THE LIBRARY
OF
THE UNIVERSITY
OF CALIFORNIA
PRESENTED BY
PROF. CHARLES A. KOFOID AND
MRS. PRUDENCE W. KOFOID
THE
COTTAGE GARDENERS'
DICTIONARY.
DESCRIBING
THE PLANTS, FRUITS, AND VEGETABLES DESIRABLE FOR THE GARDEN,
AND EXPLAINING THE TERMS AND OPERATIONS EMPLOYED
IN THEIR CULTIVATION.
WITH
AN ALPHABETICAL LIST OF SYNONYMES.
EDITED BY
GEORGE ¥. JOHNSON, ESQ.,
KDITOH OF "THK COTTAGE GAUDKNEU," "THE GAUDKNEBS* AUIAKACK,
LONDON:
HENRY G. BOHN, YORK STREET, COVENT GARDEN.
1863.
"
PREFACE TO FIRST EDITION.
IT is not presumptuous, we think, to express our conviction that this Volume
will supply a want which has long existed in gardening literature. We so think
because all previous Dictionaries concerning plants are rendered more or less
deficient for horticultural purposes by being too much occupied with botanical
details ; by being too large and expensive for general use ; by being too old to
include more than a small number of the plants now cultivated ; or from being
the production of one writer, necessarily imperfect in one or more departments
in which his knowledge happened to be deficient. It is believed that THE
COTTAGE GARDENERS' DICTIONARY is free from all these objections. Its botanical
details are no more than sufficient as a guide to fuller knowledge of the plants;
it is the cheapest ever issued from the press ; it includes all plants known as
desirable for culture at the date of publication ; and every detail of cultivation
is either from the pen, or has passed under the supervision, of those well-known
for appropriate skilfulness. We need only add, that we have endeavoured
clearly to explain all the usual gardening occupations and terms; to give
accurate information relative to soil and manures, and to detail minutely the
culture of each plant; as well as to admit none but such as are either desirable
to have in cultivation, or are in some way interesting.
It being always satisfactory to know who are our teachers, we think it
desirable and just to all parties to state that Mr. BEATON, Gardener to Sir W.
Middleton, Bart., has furnished all the headings descriptive of each genus, the
derivation of their names, with their botanical classification and nomenclature.
To Mr. FISH, Gardener to Colonel Sowerby, we are similarly indebted for the
general cultivation of each genus of flowering and ornamental plants ; to Mr.
ERRINGTON, Gardener to Sir P. Egerton, Bart., for the fruit culture and selection
of varieties ; to Mr. APPLEBY, Floricultural Manager to Messrs. Henderson, for
the same information relative to Florists' Flowers; ^whilst on Mr. BARNES,
Gardener to Lady Kolle, Mr. WEAVEK, Gardener to the Warden of Winchester
College, and the EDITOR, have devolved the tenants of the kitchen garden. The
miscellaneous essays have been furnished by various hands, too numerous and
too combined to be particularized ; but the Editor does not shrink from being
responsible for them.
M368253
PREFACE TO SECOND EDITION.
IN a space df time unusually short for a work of this kind, a very large edition
has been sold; and, in preparing a New Edition, the Editor's effort has been
to correct such faults and deficiencies as have been detected since the publica-
tion of the first, and to add the New Plants which subsequently hare been
discovered. These, with the Tery copious List of Synonymes, will render this
Dictionary still more useful.
It is proposed, from time to time, to publish Supplements, containing
all New Plants, with notes on such novelties as merit the attention of tlie
Amateur and Gardener.
December, 1856.
EXPLANATIONS.
IT seems only necessary to observe that, to facilitate the proper pronun-
ciation of the names, the vowel in the syllable on which the emphasis is
to be laid is denoted by an accent placed after the vowel : — Thus, in
ABE'LIA, the emphasis is laid upon the BE ; and in floribu'nda on the
bun. The other particulars scarcely need any explanation. The specific
name of each plant is translated into English ; and then follows the
height of the plant (where the figure or figures stand alone, either feet
or the fraction of a foot being intended); the colour of the flower; the
month when it begins to bloom; the native place; and the year of
iutroduction.
THE
COTTAGE GARDENERS' DICTIONARY,
ABE
ABE'LE TREE. The White Poplar
{Populus alba).
ABE'LIA. (After Dr. Abel, Physician
to the embassage of Lord Amherst to
China. Nat. ord., Capri/oils [Caprifo-
liacese]. Linn. Sys., 5-Pentandria 1-JMo-
nogynia.)
Half-hardy evergreen shrubs ; may be turned
out into the borders in summer. Cuttings in
summer, in light turfy loam and peat, and layers
in spring.
A. floribu'nda (many-flowered). 3. Rosy-purple.
Requires a little peat. March. Mexico.
1842.
— rupe'stris (rock). 5. Pink and white. Sep-
tember. China. 1844.
— triflo'ra (three-flowered). 5. Pale red. Sep-
tember. Hindostan.
— uniflo'ra (one-flowered). 3. China.
A'BIES. See PINUS.
ABO'KTION. Too early or imperfect
development. In fruit, this frequently
occurs from a defect in the male or
female organs. If from the first, it may
be remedied by using pollen from other
plants.
A'BBICOCK. An old mode of spelling
APKICOT. (Armeni'aca vulga'ris.)
ABRA'XAS ijrossularia'ta. Magpie Moth.
The caterpillar of this moth often infests
the leaves of the gooseberry bush, as well
as of the currant, sloe, and even the
peach, in early summer. It is comryon
during the evenings of July and August.
Usually about one and a half-inch across
the expanded fore-wings, which are very
slightly yellowish-white, variously spotted
with black, more or less like those in our
drawing, for the marks are never uniform ;
and there is a band of pale orange across
each of the fore-wings. The hind- wings
are of the same colours, but without any
ABR
orange colouring. The body is orange,
spotted with black. The female deposits
her eggs upon the leaf of a gooseberry or
currant tree, and from these little loop-
ing caterpillars come forth in September
(see a drawing of these and of the Chry-
salis in The Cottage Gardener, iv. 15), and
surviving the whiter, begin to feed again
upon the leaves as soon as these open in
the spring. They are full-grown towards
the end of May, and enter the chrysalis
state between that time and the end of
June. In this state they remain for
about three weeks, and then the perfect
moth comes forth. The caterpillar is
yellowish white, with an orange stripe,
more or less complete, on each side, and
with numerous black spots, the largest
on the back. The chrysalis is black,
with orange circles round the pointed
end. The caterpillar prefers the leaves
of the gooseberry and red currant ; but,
after stripping these to their very stalks,
it will feed upon those of the sloe, peach,
and almond. Hand-picking, dusting with
the powder of white hellebore, and burn-
ing the leaves early in autumn, are the
best remedies and prevention against this
marauder.
ABR
]
ACA
ABRO'MA. (From a, not, and broma,
food ; on account of its deleterious quali-
ties. Nat. ord., Byttneriads [Byttneri-
aceae]. Linn., 18-Polyadelphia l-Decan-
dria.)
Ftove evergreen shrubs. Seed in March in
heat; or cuttings of half-ripe wood, April, in
strong heat, under a bell-glass ; loam and peat.
Summer temp., 65° to 75° ; winter, 50° to 55°.
A. augu'sta (smooth-stalked). 10. August. Pur-
ple. E. Ind. 17/0.
— fastuo'sa (prickly-stalked). 10. June to Oc-
tober. Purple. N. S. Wales. 1800.
ABRO'NIA. (From abros, its involucrum
being delicate. Nat. ord., Nyctagos [Nyc-
taginacess], Linn., 5-Pentandria I-Mo-
noyynia. Allied to Mirabilis.)
Half-hardy perennial trailers. Slips and seeds ;
•andy peat, with a little light loam.
A. melli'fera (honey-bearing). £. July. Orange.
California. 1826.
— pulche'lla (neat). £. July. Pink. Cali-
fornia. 1848.
— ro'aaa (rose-coloured). £. California. 1847.
— umbella'te, (umbel-flowered). £. April and
May. Pink. California. 1823.
precato'rius* Wild Liquorice.
^From the leaves being soft and delicate,
alros, and prayer, precntorius, because its
seeds are used for rosaries. Nat. ord.,
Mimosads [Fabacese]. Linn., YI-Dia-
delphia l-Decandria.)
Stove climber. Cuttings in sand, under a
glass ; sand and peat.
12. Pale purple. March to May. W. Ind.
ABU'TILON. (Arabic name for a plant
like a mallow. Nat. ord., Mallowworts
[Malvaceae]. Linn., IQ-Monadelphia 8-
Polyandria.)
Greenhouse evergreen shrubs. Cuttings in
sand, under a close frame or a glass, during sum-
mer. Light, rich loam and peat. Winter temp.,
35° to 40°.
A. auranti1 acum (orange - colored). Orange.
Brazil.
— Bedfordia'num (D. of Bedford's). 15. Yel-
low and red. November. Brazil. 1838.
— grave'olens (strong-scented). 6. Orange and
red. E. Ind. 1842. Stove.
— insi'gne ^andsome-flowered). White and
carmine. January. New Grenada.
— intege'rrimum (whole-leaved). 14. Yellow.
May. New Grenada. Stove.
— poeoniflo'rum (peony -flowered). Pink. Ja-
nuary. Brazil. 1845.
— pulche'llum (pretty). 8. White. May.
N. S.Wales. 1821.
— nifine'rve (red-nerved)^ Pale yellow. August.
Rio Janeiro. 1845.
— stria'tum (striped). 10. Orange and red stripes;
continually blooming. Brazil. 1837- In
Hampshire and south of England, large
old plants flower freely turned out under
a south wall, being there all but hardy.
~-veno'sum (veined). Orange and red stripes,
July.
A. vitifo'lium (vine-leaved). 6; White. July.
Chili. 1837. This is more hardy than
the other species.
ACA'CIA. (From akazo, to sharpen, on
account of the prickliness of the species
first noticed. Nat. ord., Mimosads [Fa-
baceffi]. Linn., 23-Polyyamia 1-Moncecia.)
This genus is composed almost exclusively of
stove and greenhouse shrubs and trees. Sandy
loam and turfy peat ; cuttings of the shoots taken
off at a joint, and pieces of the large roots, in
sand and peat, under a glass, in bottom heat;
but most of them will ripen their seeds in a
favourable situation. By seeds ; this is the best
mode of propagating them : sow in a slight hot-
bed in February or March: soak the seeds in
warm water for several hours before sowing. Al-
though the Acacias are all more or less beautiful,
yet most of them are so seldom seen under cul-
tivation, that we have omitted great numbers.
Those marked thus * are most desirable. Winter
temp, for stove species, 55° to 60° ; summer, 65°
to 80°; greenhouse species, winter temp., 35° to
40°.
STOVE SPECIES.
A. acanthoca'rpa (spine-podded). 10. Pale red.
New Spain. 1822.
— Acapulce'nsis (Acapulcan). White. Acapulco.
1825.
— Ara'bica (Arabian). 20. White. E. Ind. 1820.
This tree produces gum arabic.
— Bancroftia'na (.Bancroft's). 20. Jamaica.
— brachyaca'ntha (short-spincd) 4. S. Amer.
1824.
— BMrrMararafa'na(Burmann's). 6. Ceylon. 1818.
— cee'sia<grey). 20. Yellow. E. Ind. 1773.
— catechu1 (catechu). 40. Pale yellow. E. Ind.
1/90. This tree produces that most power-
ful astringent, catechu. The bark of all
the other species also abounds in astrin-
gent principle, useful for tanning.
— centrophy'lla (spur-leayed). 20. White. Ja-
maica. 1818.
— cerato'nia (ceratonian). 3. White. S. Amer.
1800.
— chryso'stachys (golden-spiked). 15. Mauritius.
1824.
— conci'nna (neat). 20. White. E. Ind. 1823.
— Coneordid'na (Concord's). 12. E. Ind. 181S.
— ropalli'na (copal). 20. 1825.
— * corni'gern (horn-bearing). 15. Pale yellow.
S. Amer. 1692.
— coronillasfo' lia (coronilla - leaved). 10. N.
Africa. 1817-
— di'ptera (two-winged). 20. White. S. Amer.
1818.
— dumo'sa (bushy). 20. E. Ind. 1318.
— ebu'rnea (ivory - thorned). 5. Yellow.
E. Ind. 1792.
— e'dulis (eatable-fruited). 20. E. Ind. 1820,
— * faTnesia'na (farnesian). 15. Yellow. July.
St. Domingo. 1656.
— ferrugi'nea (rusty). E. Ind. 1818.
— filifVaa (fern-leaved). 20. Mexico. 1825.
— formo'sa (beautiful). 10. White. Mexico.
1825.
—frondo'sa (leafy). 30. White. E. Ind. 1816.
—frutico'sa( shrub by). 4. E. Ind. 1820.
— gira'ffa (cameleopard's). 40. Cape of Good
Hope. 1816.
— gra'ta (grateful). 10. Brazil. 1820.
— Guiane'nsis (Guiana). White. Cayenne. 1803.
— Guayatfu.ile'nsis (Guayaquil). 10. Guayaquil.
1818.
ACA
ACA
A. hamato'tryton (bloody- wooded). 20. Yellow,
white. Cape of Good Hope. 1816.
— keteroma'lla (one side woolly-leaved). Yel-
low. June. N. Holland. 1818.
— I'ntsia (InUia). SO.Yellow, white. E. Ind. 1778.
— •Jacara'nda (Jacaranda-like). 20. Yellow,
white. S. Amer. 1825.
— fcaWfco'ra (kalkora). 45. E. Ind. 1818.
— kermesi'na (kermesina). Purple.
— latisi'liqua (broad-podded). 10. Pink. May.
W. Ind. 1777.
— laurifo'Ka (laurel-leaved). 4. Yellow. May.
Tann*. 177«-
— /e'iStfefcOoebach). 20. Pink. May. Egypt. 1823.
— lentiscifo'lia (lentiscus-leaved) . 20. Mexico.
1824.
— leptophy'lla (slender-leaved). 20. S. Amer. 1824.
— leucophlat'a (white). 12. Pale yellow. E. Ind.
1812.
— Mcida (shining). 40. E. Ind. 1820.
— macranthoi'des (long-spined). 20. Jamaica.
1820.
— Ma'ngium (Mangium's). 10. Yellow. E. Ind.
1820.
— micropfiy'ila (small-leaved). 10. Caraccas. 1826.
— - odorati'ssima (most fragrant). 40. White. E.
Ind. 1790.
— oligophy'lla (few-leaved). 4. Yellow. 1817.
— pinna' to, (feather-leaved). 20. Yellow. E.
Ind. 1773.
— pilo'sa (downy). 30. White. Jamaica. 1800.
— plumo'sa (feathery-leaved). 20. Yellow. A
climber.
— Portorice'nsis (Porto Rico). 6. White. July.
W. Ind. 1824.
— prisma'tica (prismatic). 6. Yellow. 1818.
— *pulche'rrima (fairest). 10. Brazil. 1823.
— quadrangula'ris (four-angled). 4. White. Au-
gust. 1825.
— Rohria'na (Rohr's). 30. White. 1823.
— Ro'ssii (Ross's). 40. 1822.
— sarmento'sa (twiggy). 10. 1820. A climber.
— sca'ndens (climbing). 10. Purple. India.
1780. A climber.
— semicorda'ta (half-heart-shaped). 40. E.
Ind. 1820.
— Senega'l( Senegal). 30. White. Africa. 1823.
— Seri'ssa (Shireesh). 20. E. Ind. 1822.
— specio'sa (showy). 10. Purple. August. E.
Ind. 1742.
— Spi'm'1 (Spine's). 15. Red, yellow.
— stipula'tu (large-stipuled). 20. White. Bengal.
1800.
— tamarindifo'lia (tamarind-leaved). 4. White.
W. Ind. 1774.
— tomento'sa (woolly). 20. E. Ind. 1816.
— tricho'des (hairy). 10. Pale yellow. Peru. 1818.
— va'ga (common). 40. White. Brazil. 1818.
— venu'sta (charming). 6. Pink. S. Amer. 1816.
— ve'ra (true,— Egyptian thorn). 12. White.
July. Egypt. 1596.
— vire'scens (strong-growing). 20. S. Amer. 1829.
— Wallichia'na (Wallich's). 10. E. Ind. 1820.
GREENHOUSE SPECIES.
A. abieti'na (fir-like). 4. Yellow. May. N. Hol-
land. 1823.
— *affi'nis (kindred). 5. Yellow. May. N. Hol-
land. 1822. This is the Green Wattle
Mimosa of the settlers.
— ala'ta (wing-stalked). 6. Yellow. May. N.
Holland. 1803.
— amte'na (pleasing). 5. Yellow. May. N.
Holland. 1820.
— angula'ta (angular). 26. Yellow. June, N.
Holland. 1820.
At angustifo'lia (narrow -leaved}. 2. Yellow.
April. N. S. Wales. 1816.
— * arma'tn (armed, simple-leaved). 10. Yellow.
May. N. Holland. 1803.
— a'spera (rough). 4. Yellow. May. N. Hol-
land. 1824.
— biflo'ra (two-flowered). 3. Yellow. May. N.
Holland. 1803.
— binerva'ta (two-nerved). 8. Yellow. May.
N. Holland. 1824.
— brenifo'lia (short-leaved). 3. Yellow. May.
N. Holland. 1820.
— bre'vipes (short-stalked). 6. Yellow. N. S.
Wales.
-— buxifo'lla (box-leaved). 4. Yellow. April.
N. Holland. 1824.
— calamifo'lia (reed-leaved). Yellow. May. N.
Holland. 1823.
— canalicula'ta (channeled). Yellow. May. N.
Holland. 1824.
— celastrifo' lia (celastrus-leaved). 6. Yellow.
May. Swan River. 1842.
— cilia1 ta (fringe- winged). 8. Yellow. Mar.
N. Holland. 1803.
— cinera'scens (ash-coloured). 10. Yellow. May.
N. Holland. 1824.
— cochlea' ris (spoon-leaved). 4. Yellow. May.
N. Holland. 181-8.
— confe'rta (crowded). Yellow. April. N. Hol-
land. 1824.
— coria'cea (leathery-leaved). 5. Yellow. May.
N. Holland. 1825.
— crassica'rpa (thick-fruited). 6. Yellow. April.
N. Holland. 1824.
— cultra'ta (knife-shaped). 15. Yellow. April.
N. Holland; 1820. Same as cultrifo'rmis.
— cunea'ta (wedge-shaped). Yellow. April.
Swan River. 1837.
— cyanophy'll* (blue - leaved). Yellow. April.
Swan River. 1838.
— Cyclo'pis (Cyelopis-like). 4. Yellow. May.
N. Holland. 1824.
— cyno'rum (Swan River). 2£. Yellow. Swan
River. 1852.
— Daviesiafo'lia (Daviesia-leaved). 6. Yellow.
June. N. Holland. 1817.
— * dealba'ta (whitened). 10. Yellow. May.
N. Holland. 1823.
— * deci'piens prcemo'rsa (deceiving", bitten-
leaved). 3. Yellow. May. N. Hoi-
land. 1830.
— * dt'cu'rrens (decurrent). 6. Yellow. June.
N. S. Wales. 1790.
— denti'fera (tooth - bearing). Yellow. April.
Swan River. 1839-
— depe'ndens (weeping). Yellow. March. Van
Dieman's Land. 1819.
— de'tinens (detaining). 3. Yellow. May. N.
Holland. 1828.
— * Di'ttwyniafo'lia (Dillwynia-leaved). 3. Yel-
low. May. N. Holland. 1828.
— di'ptera (two- winged).
erio'ptera (woolly- winged). Yellow. Sep-
tember. Swan River. 1840.
— di'scolor (two-coloured). 10. Yellow. May.
N. S. Wales. 1784.
— divarica'ta (straggling). 6. White. April.
N. Holland. 1827.
— * dolabrifo'rmis (hatchet-leaved). 6. Yellow.
June. N. Holland. 1814.
— cchi'nula (prickly). 4. Yellow. May. N.
Holland. 1824.
— elonga'ta (long-branched). 6. Yellow. May.
N. Holland. 1824.
— emargina'ta (single-notched-leaved). 8. Yel«
'low. April. N. Holland. 1824.
ACA
[4]
ACA
A, erioca'rpa (woolly-fruited). Pale yellow. April.
N. Holland. 1845.
— eriocla'dus (woolly-branched). Yellow. June.
N. Holland. 1849.
— Esterha'zia (Prince Esterhazy's). 4. Yellow
May. N. Holland. 1824.
— *falca'ta (sickle-leaved). 6. Yellow. May.
N. S. Wales. 1790.
— falcifo'rmis (sickle-shaped). 6. Yellow. May.
N. Holland. 1818.
— *./Zort6M'7ida( many-flowered). 6. Yellow. May.
N. S. Wales. 1825.
— glau'ca (milky- white). 6. White. July. S.
Amer. 1696.
— * gra'ndis( great). Golden yellow. March. N.
Holland. 1846.
— grave'olens (strong - smelling). 15. Yellow.
May. N. Holland. 1820.
— gummi'fera (gum - bearing). 30. Guinea.
1823.
— hasfula'ta (halbert-leaved). 4. Yellow. May.
N. Holland. 1824.
— hetereca'ntha (varied-prickled). 15. Cape of
Good Hope. 1316.
— heterophy'lla (variable -leaved). 5. Yellow.
May. N. Holland. 1824.
— hispidi'ssima (hairiest). 3. Yellow. Swan River.
1800.
— * holoseri'cea (all silky). Yellow. April. N.
Holland. 1820.
— homoma'lla (equal-woolled). 6. Yellow. June.
N. Holland. 1822.
— * Hugeflii (Baron Hugel's). Pale yellow. Fe-
bruary. N. Holland. 1846.
— humifu'sa (trailing). N.Holland. 1820.
— hy'brida (hybrid). 5. Yellow. May. Hybrid.
1822.
— interme'dia (intermediate). 8. Yellow. N.
Holland.
— interte'xta (interwoven). 6. Yellow. May.
N. Holland. 1824.
— * juniperi'na (juniper -leaved). 6. Yellow.
May. N. S. Wales. 1790.
— Lumber tia'na (Lambert's). Purple. May.
Mexico. 1818.
— lani'gera (woolly). 6. Yellow. April. N.
Holland. 1824.
— Lawso'ni (Lawson's). N. S. Wales.
— leptoca'rpa (slender-podded). 6. Yellow. April.
N.Holland. 1821.
— leucophy'lla (white-leaved). 6. Yellow. May.
N. Holland. 1822.
— ligula'ta (strap-shape-leaved). Yellow. March.
N. S. Wales. 1818.
— linea'ris (linear). 3. Yellow. May. N. S.
Wales. 1820.
— * longi'ssima (longest -leaved). 4. Yellow.
May. N. S. Wales. 1819.
— mo'llis (soft). 6. Yellow. July. N. Holland.
1810.
— platyphy'lla (broad-leaved). 10. Yellow. June.
N. Holland. 1820.
— Richardso'ni (Richardson's). 10. Yellow.
June. N. Holland. 1822.
— serica'ta (silky). Yellow. April. N.Holland.
1820.
— Si'mssi (Sims's). Yellow. April. N. Holland.
1819-
— * so'phorce (sophora- podded). 10. Yellow.
May. Van Dieman's Land. 1805.
— * specta 'bills (remarkable). Yellow. April.
N. S. Wales. 1837-
— squama' to, (scaly). Yellow. April. N. Hol-
land. 1836.
— stenophy'lla (short-leaved). Yellow. March.
N.S.Wales. 1818.
A. stri'cta (double-headed). 2. Yellow. March.
N. S. Wales. 1700.
— stro'mbulife'ra (spiral-podded). 8. Peru. 1825.
— suave'olens (sweet-scented). 4. Yellow. April.
N. S. Wales. 1790.
— subula'ta (awl-shaped). 4. Yellow. May. N.
Holland. 1824.
— sulca'ta (furrowed-leaved). 2. Yellow. July.
N. Holland. 1803.
— * taxifo'lia (yew-leaved). 4. Yellow. May.
N. Holland. 1823.
— trapezoi'des (trapezium-leaved). 4. Yellow.
April. N. Holland. 1810.
— trinerva'ta (three-nerved). 6. Yellow. April.
N. Holland. 1820.
— tri'stis (dull green -coloured). 18. Yellow.
March. N. Holland. 1828.
— umbella'ta (umbellate). Yellow. April. N.
Holland. 1819.
— uncina'ta (hook-leaved). 4. Yellow. May.
N. S. Wales. 1819.
— unduleefo'lia (wave-leaved). 4. Yellow. May.
N. Holland. 1824.
— uropJiy'lla (tail-leaved). Pale yellow. April.
Swan River. 1836.
— vernici'flua (varnish-flowing). 6. Yellow.
April. N. Holland. 1818.
— * verticilla'ta (whorl -leaved). 10. Yellow.
April. Van Dieman's Land. 1780.
— verticilla'ta angu'sta (narrow - leaved) . 10,
Yellow. April. N. Holland. 1780.
_ * latifo'lia (broad-leaved). 10. Yellow.
April. N.Holland. 1780.
— vesti'ta (clothed). 6. Yellow. June. N.
Holland. 1820.
— vimina'lis (twiggy). Yellow. April. N. Hol-
land. 1820.
— virga'ta (branchy). 4. Yellow. May. N.
Holland. 1824.
— viridira'mis (green -branched). 4. Yellow.
Cape of Good Hope. 1816.
— vomerifo'rmis (plough-share-shaped). Yellow.
April. N. Holland. 1818.
HALF-HARDY SPECIES.
A. julibri'ssia (silk-tree). 20. White. August.
Levant. 1745.
ACANTHOPHI'PPIUM. (From acanthos, a
thorn, and ippion, a horse; but why, is
not apparent. Nat. ord., Orchids [Or-
chidacero]. Linn., 20-Gynandria l-Mo-
nandria.}
Loam and peat in a rough state; division or
pseudo bulbs ; 50° to 60° when at rest ; 70° to 80°
when growing.
A. bi'color (two-coloured). Yellow and red. June.
Ceylon. 1833.
— Java'nicum (Javanese). Crimson, rose. August.
Java. 1844.
— stria'tum (striped-flowered). White-striped.
June. Nepaul.
— Sylhete'nse (Sylhet). White. June. Sylhet. 1837.
ACANTHOSTA'CHYS. (Acanthos, a spine,
stachys, a spike. Nat. ord., Bromeliads.
[Bromeliacese]. Linn., 6-Hexandria 1-
Monogynia.}
Stove herbaceous plant. Suckers ; equal parts
of Band, leaf-mould, and decayed wood.
A, etrobila'cea (cone-fruited). Red and yelloWi
June. Brazil. 1340.
ACA
ACA
ACA'NTHUS. Bear's Breech. (Acan-
thos, a spine; some being prickly. Nat.
ord., Acanthads [Acauthacese]. Linn.,
\4i-Didynamia %-Angiospermia.}
Herbaceous plants. Seeds, and root division ;
light rich garden-soil.
HARDY SPECIES.
A. Hispa'nicus (Spanish). 2. White. August.
Spain. 1700.
— mo'llis (soft). 3. White. August. Italy.
1548. The leaves of this are said to have
given rise to the Corinthian style in ar-
chitecture.
— ni'ger (black), 3. \Vhite. August. Portugal.
1759.
— spinosi'ssimus (most-spiny). 3. White. Au-
gust. South of Europe, 16*29.
— spino'sus (spiny). 3. White. August. Italy.
1629.
GEEENHOUSE SPECIES.
A, carduifo'lius (thistle-leaved). 1. Blue. Au-
gust. Cape of Good Hope. 1816.
A'CARUS. The Mite. Those most fre-
quent in our gardens are the following :
A. tella'rius. The Ked Spider. This
is one of the gardener's greatest pests,
NATURAL SIZE, AND MAGNIFIED.
though so small as to be scarcely visible
to the naked eye ; yet when a plant is
much infested by them it has the ap-
pearance of being scorched. Colour
sometimes yellowish, at others brown,
but oftener a dull red ; on each side of
its back is a blackish spot. In Novem-
ber it may be found under the bark of
the lime-tree; but at all times it is to
be found in greenhouses and hothouses
that have been kept too hot and dry.
In the summer-time it may be found,
occasionally in myriads, upon the under
sides of the leaves of kidney-beans and
limes. Even the apple, pear, and plum
suffer much from its ravages, as well as
various in-door plants. The injury they
occasion by sucking chiefly the elaborated
sap, and by their webs embarrassing the
breathing of the plant through the pores
of its leaves, is told by the brown colour
which these assume. To destroy these
insects in the greenhouse, or hothouse,
or cucumber-frame — for they attack this
plant also — there is no plan so effectual
as heating the hot-water pipes of the
houses, or having hot-water plates, filled
with boiling water, placed in the frames,
sprinkling upon them flowers of sulphur,
which begin to vaporize at a heat of
170°, and then shutting up. the houses
or frames. The vapour of sulphur is
fatal to these insects where the air is
thoroughly impregnated with it ; and the
work of destroying them is completed
by syringing the infested plants with
water, continuing rather frequently the
operation. This last is the most practi-
cal remedy to plants in our borders, un-
less they can be covered over so that
the fumes of the sulphur may be con-
fined whilst the sulphur is volatilized
over a hot-water plate. Potted plants
may be submitted to the vapour of
sulphur in a similar way ; but in every
instance be cautious that the sulphur
does not burn, or you will kill your plants.
The vapour of spirit of turpentine is said
to be as effectual as sulphur. On walls,
the best plan is to beat up soft soap in
warm water, three ounces to the gallon ;
and to add as much finely-dissolved clay
as will make the whole a thick paint.
To this add three or four handsful of
sulphur, and keep the mixture well
stirred whilst applying it. Let it be
daubed on every open space of walling
the brush can reach ; and, if colour is an
object, the glaring yellow can be readily
subdued by adding plenty of soot, which
by some is considered a necessary in-
gredient. A similar mixture may be
daubed over the stems of ordinary fruit-
trees, choosing in this, as well as in the
former, the beginning of April for the
operation. Most good gardeners mix a
considerable quantity of sulphur with
the lime-wash which is applied to hot-
house walls.
A. holoseri'ceus is another species, dis-
tinguishable to an unscienced eye chiefly
by their scarlet colour. To destroy them
there is no plan equal to subjecting them
to the vapour of sulphur.
A.horte'nsis. The Garden Mite. Tho-
rax ochreous, abdomen white ; has been
ACA
[6]
ACA
found upon the roots of the cucumber,
upon which it is said to prey. We be-
lieve it to be the same * Acanus often so
abundant upon the root of cabbages
affected with the Ambury.
A. genicula'tus is a minute, brownish-
red, shining mite, congregating, during
spring, in prodigious numbers upon the
bark of the plum and other fruit trees,
near the base of the small branches,
and looking like a gummy exudation.
They all injure the plants they infest
by sucking their juices ; and, where the
fumes of sulphur cannot be applied, as
to the stems of trees, and to the soil, we
recommend an application of spirit of
turpentine, or gas ammoniacal liquor.
ACCLI'MA'TIZA'TION is rendering a plant
capable of yielding the production desired
from it, in a climate differing from that
in which it is a native. In our climate
it is usually required to enable a plant
to endure lower temperatures than those
to which it has been accustomed; and
this, though most are intractable, is more
easy than inducing the natives of colder
regions to live in our latitudes. When
anew plant arrives from a tropical coun-
try it is desirable to use every precaution
to avoid its loss ; but so soon as it has
be en propagated from, and the danger
of such loss is removed, from that mo-
ment ought experiments to commence,
to ascertain whether its acclimatization
is attainable. This should be done, be-
cause the nearer such a desirable point
can be attained the cheaper will be its
cultivation, and, consequently, the greater
will be the number of those who will be
able to derive pleasure from its growth.
Hence it is very desirable that an ex-
tended series of experiments should be
instituted, to ascertain decisively whether
many of our present greenhouse and stove
plants would not endure exposure to our
winters if but slightly, or not at all pro-
tected. It may be laid down as a rule,
that all Japan plants will do so in the
southern-coast counties of England; but it
remains unascertained to what degree of
northern latitude in our islands this
general power of endurance extends. Ex-
periment, and experiment only, ought to
be relied upon ; for we know that the
larch was once kept in a greenhouse ; and
within these few years, such South Ame-
rican plants as Tropce'olum pentaphy'llum
and Gesne'ra Dougla'sii have been found
to survive our winters in our garden-bor-
ders; the first in Scotland and Suffolk,,
and the second in Herefordshire. Many
tropical plants, of every order and species,,
have been found to succeed with much
less heat during the day, but more espe-
cially during the night, than gardeners
of a previous century believed. Other
plants than those already noticed have
passed from the tropics to our parterres,
and even to those of higher northern lati-
tudes. The horse chesnut is a native of
the tropics ; but it endures uninjured the-
stern climate of Sweden. Au'cuba Ja-
po'nica and Pceo'nia Mouta'n we all re-
member to have passed from our stoves
to the greenhouse ; and now they are in
our open gardens. Every year renders
us acquainted with instances of plants
being acclimatized ; and, in addition to
those already noticed, we find that Mr-
Buchan, Lord Bagot's gardener, at Blith-
field House, in Staffordshire, has an old
cinnamon - tree (Cinnamo'mum Ca'ssia)
under his care which ripens seed. From,
these many plants have been raised that
endure our winters in a conservatory
without any artificial heat. Then, againr
there is no doubt that all the conifers,
of Mexico, which flourish there at an
elevation of more than 8,000 feet above-
the sea's level, will survive our winters in
the open air. Among these are Pi'nug
Llavea'na, P. Teoco'te, P. pa'tula, P. Hart-
we'gii, Cupre'ssus thurlfera, Juni'perus
fla'ccida, and some others. We have kept
Plum'bago Larpe'ntaBin an open border at
Winchester during the severe winter of
1849-50 ; and we now know that it is
quite hardy. In this instance — and the
course should be pursued in all other
cases — we selected a light soil, tho-
roughly well drained ; and we began early
to introduce the plant to our climate
by bedding it out in May. As to all
plants of shrubby or tree character, there
can be little doubt that a proper solidifica-
tion of the wood — by gardeners termed
ripening — is the true basis of acclimatiza-
tion. The way to effect this is by en-
couraging a somewhat early and free
growth, and an early and decided rest.
Light, shallow soils, thoroughly drained,
necessarily accomplish this, by promoting
an earlier root-action, and by exposing
the roots more to the influences of the
atmosphere, whereby the very droughts
of summer become beneficial, by check-
ing luxuriance, and bringing on the rest-
ing period betimes. In annual plants, it
AOF,
[7]
ACH
must be confessed that scarcely so much
progress has been made as in thosd of a
woody character. It is not quite plain
that our kidney-beans, cucumbers, capsi-
cums, tomatoes, &c., are any hardier than
they were a century ago. Such facts,
however, should by no means deter those
who possess opportunities from trying
every new plant as above suggested.
A'CEB. The Maple. (Acer, hard, or
sharp; bep&use the wood was used for
lances. Nat. ord., Maples [Aceracese].
Linn., 23-Polygamia l-Moncecia.)
Nearly all hardy deciduous trees and shrubs*
with trivial flowers. Propagated by seeds sown
as soon as ripe ; layers in autumn, and grafting
or budding on the common maple. Cuttings will
strike in open ground if inserted in spring or
autumn. Sandy loam.
A. Austri'acum (Austrian maple). 40. Green.
May. Austria.
— barba'tum (bearded-calyxed). 15. Green and
yellow. April. N. Amer. 1812. Timber.
— campe'stre (common). 25. Green and yellow.
May. Britain.
— Austri'acum. 30. Green and yellow.
June. Austria. 1812.
colli'num (hill-dwelling). 25. Green and
yellow. April. France.
hebeca'rpum (downy-fruited). 25. Green
and yellow. June. Britain.
laeviga'tum (smooth -leaved). 30. Green
and yellow. June.
— na'num (dwarf). 6. Green and yellow.
June.
variega'tum (variegated). 25. Green and
yellow. May. Britain. Must be grafted
or budded.
— circina'tum (round-leaved). 30. Green and
yellow. April. Columbia. 1827.
— Cre'ticum (Cretan). 6. May. Levant. 1752.
— dasyca'rpum (hairy-fruited). Green and yel-
low. April. N. Amer. 1725. Timber.
— heterophyHlum (various-leaved). Green and
yellow. May. Levant. 1759. Evergreen.
— Ibe'ricum (.Georgian). 40. Green. Asiatic.
Georgia. Yellow. 1826.
— loba'tum (lobed-leaved). 20. Green. Siberia.
1820.
— macrophy'llum (long-leaved). 25. Green. May.
N. Amer. 1812.
— monta'nttm (mountain). 25. Green and yellow.
N. Amer. 1750.
— Monspessula'num (Montpellier). 8. Green and
yellow. May. France. 1739.
— m'grum (black). 40. Green and yellow. April.
N. Amer. 1812. Timber.
— oblo'ngum (oblong-leaved), ao. Green and
white. Nepaul. 1824.
— obtusa'tum (blunt-lobed-leaved). 40. Green
and yellow. May. Hungary. 1825.
This is the Neapolita'num of the Ita-
lians, and the hy'bridum of London nur-
series.
— obtusifoilium (blunt-leaved). 4. Green and
yellow. May. Crete.
— opalifo'Hum (Guelder - rose - leaved). 20.
Green and yellow. May. France. 1823.
— o'palus (opalus). 50. Green and yellow.
May. Italy. 1752.
— palma'tum (palmate- leaved). 10. Green.
Japan. 1830.
A. Pcvmsylva'nicum (Pennsylvanian or striped
bark). 20. Green and yellow. May. N.
Amer. 1755. A variety of this, stria'tum,
must be increased by grafting or bud-
ding.
— plutanoi'des (plane-like). 50. Green and
yellow. June. Europe. 1683. Timber.
— — — lacinia'tum (cut-leaved). 30. Green and
yellow. June. Europe. 1682. Must
be grafted or budded. Timber.
Lotie'lli (Lobels). 50. Green and yellow.
May. Naples.
variega'tum (variegated). 30. Green
and yellow. June. Europe. 1683. Must
be grafted or budded.
— pseu' do-plu' tanus (the sycamore). 50. Green
and yellow. April. Britain. Timber.
purpu'reum (purple-leaved). Purple. May,
1828.
subobtu'sum (slightly blunt-leaved). 80.
Green and yellow. May.
variega'tum (variegated S.). 50. Green
and yellow. April. Britain. Must bo
grafted or budded.
— ru'brum (red - flowered or swamp - maple).
There are two varieties, one with leaves
variegated with white, and tue other with
yellow. 20. Red. April. N. Amer. 1666.
— sacchari'num (sugar-maple). 40. Yellow. April.
N. Amer. 1735. Timber. Sugar is made
from its sap.
— Tarta'ricum (Tartarian). 20. Green and yellow.
May. Tartary. 1759. Timber.
ACETA'EIOUS PLANTS. Salading.
ACHILLE'A. Milfoil. (Achilles, pupil
of Chiron, first used it in medicine.
Nat. ord., Composites [Asteraceas].
Linn., 19-Syngenesia 2-SuperJlua.)
All hardy herbaceous plants, except A . JEgyp'
ti'aca, which is a greenhouse evergreen shrub.
This is propagated by cuttings, and the others by
root division, cuttings, and seed. Common soil.
A. abrotanifo'lia (southernwood-leaved). 2. Yel-
low. July. Levant. 1739.
— acumina'ta (taper-pointed). 2. White. Au-
gust. 1830.
— Mgypti'aca (Egyptian). 1. Pale yellow. Au-
gust. Levant. 1640.
— age'ratum (sweet maudlin). 2. Yellow.
September. South of Europe. 1570.
— al'bida (whitish). 1. Pale yellow. July. 1819-
— Aipi'na( Alpine). 6 inches. White. September.
Siberia. 1731.
— asplenifo'lia (asplenium - leaved). l£. Pink.
July. N. Amer. 1803.
— atra'ta (black-cupped). White. August.
Austria. 1596.
— au'rea (golden-flowered). 1. Yellow. July.
Levant. 1739.
— auricula' ta (eared). 1. Yellow. July. Asia
Minor. 1827.
— chameemelifo'lia (chamomile-leaved). 9 inches.
White. July. France. 1825.
— coarcta'ta (compressed). 4. Yellow. August
South of Europe. 1816.
— compa'cta (compact), 1. Pale yellow. July. 1809.
— Cre'tica (Cretan). 1. White. July. Candia. 1739.
— cristaVa (crested-leaved. 6 inches. White.
July. Italy. 1/84.'
— decolo'ran* (staining). 1. White, yellow, July.
1798.
-- decu'mbens (decumbent). Cinches. Yellow.
July. Kamtschatka. 1816.
\
AGH
[8]
ACH
At Eupato'rium (fern-leaved). 4. Yellow. July.
Caspian shore. 1803. One of the best,
continuing long in flower.
—falca'ta (sickle-leaved). 6 inches. Pale yellow.
July. Levant. 1739-
— glomera'ta (spherical). 1. Yellow. July.
Caucasus. 1818.
— grandiflo'ra (large-flowered). 1. White. July.
Caucasus. 1818.
— holoseri' ceo. (velvety). l£. White. August.
Parnassus. 1817.
— impa'tiens (impatient). 2. White. August.
Siberia. 1759-
— lana'ta (woolly). 1. White. July. 1804.
— leptophy'lla (slender -leaved). Pale yellov.-.
July. Tauria. 1816.
— macrophy'lla (long-leaved). 3. White. July,
Italy. 1710.
— millefo'lium (milfoil). 2. White. August.
Gardens. Found sometimes with reddish
flowers.
— Mongo'lica (Mongolian). 1$. White. July.
Siberia. 1818.
— moscha'ta (musky). 2. White. June. Italy.
1775.
— myriophy'lla (myriad -leaved). 1$. White.
August. 1798.
— na'na (dwarf). 6 inches. White. July. Italy.
1759.
— no'bilis (noble). 2. White. Germany. 1640.
— ochroleu'ca (yellowish-white). l£. Pale yellow.
August. 1804.
— odora'ta (sweet-scented). 6 inches. White.
July. Spain. 1729-
— pectinata (comb -leaved). l£. Pale yellow.
August. Hungary. 1801. Thought by
some to be the same as ochroleu'ca.
— pta'rmica floreple'no (double - blossomed
sneezewort). 1. White. August.
— pube'scens (hairy). 1. Light yellow. August.
Levant. 1739.
— puncta'ta (dotted). 1. Straw. July. Naples.
1820.
— recurvifo'lia (recurve-leaved). l£. White. July.
Pyrenees. 1820.
— santoli'na (lavender-cotton). 1. Pale yellow.
July. Levant. 1/59.
— santolinoi'des (lavender-cotton -like). 1. White.
July. Spain.
— seta'cea (bristly). 1. White. July. Hungary.
1805.
— specio'sa (showy). 1^. White. August. 1804.
— squurro'sa (rough-headed). 1. White. July.
1755.
— tenuijo'lia (thin -leaved). 1. Yellow. July.
Switzerland. 1658.
— Taw'rica(Taurian). 1. Pale yellow. July.
Tauria. 1818.
— tomento'sa (downy). 2. Yellow. July. Britain.
— vermicula'ris (worm-like). 1&. Yellow.
August. Russia. 1835.
ACHIME'NES. (From cheimaino, to suffer
from cold, and a prefixed as an augmen-
tive; alluding to the tenderness of the
genus. Nat. ord., Gesnerworts [Gesne-
racese]. Linn., 1.^-Dldynamia %-Angi-
ospermia.)
These are all beautiful, and are stove herba-
ceous perennials, unless otherwise distinguished
in the following list. When done flowering, and
the tops die down, allow the tubers to remain in
the pots, laid on their sides, where frost and wet
cannot reach them, until the latter part of Ja-
nuary ; then begin to place in a gentle heat ;
water them, and continue to introduce some
every month, down to the end of May, for suc-
cessional blooming. When the. small scaly tubers
have made shoots about two inches, plant six of
them in a 6-inch pot, in equal parts loim and
leaf -mould, with a little silver sand, thoroughly
drained. They will also grow in shallow pans, or
in baskets stuffed with moss, and the soil within.
If suspended, they look like a ball of flowers.
The temperature of an early vinery is well
adapted for these plants until the end of May, at
which period they should be taken to a cool pit,
where a steady, moist heat can be maintained.
Shade in hot days. Place the pots upon others,
inverted, and keep the bottom of the pit moist,
closing up early in the afternoon, and giving air,
in clear weather, about eight in the morning.
This beautiful genus is becoming overloaded with
varieties.
A. argyrosti'gma (silver-spotted). White and
rose. This is a hardy herbaceous plant.
June. Grenada. Not worth growing.
— atrosangui'nea (dark crimson). l£. Crim-
son. August.
— ca'ndlda (white). l£. July. White. Gua-
temala. 1848.
— cocci'nea (scarlet). Scarlet. August. Jamaica.
1778. A variety, A. C. major, is good.
— cuprea'ta (coppery). Scarlet. July. New
Grenada. 1847.
— Esche'rii (Escher's). Purple, crimson. June.
Gardens. 1849-
— floribu'nda e'legans (many-flowered). Purple,
crimson. October, Gardens. 1848.
— formo'sa (handsome). Rose. September.
— gloxiniceflo'ra (gloxinia-flowered). Buff-spot-
ted. December. Mexico. 1848.
— grandiflo'ra (large-flowered). Pale crimson.
This is a greenhouse herbaceous plant.
October. Mexico. 1842. A variety of
this, Skinnerii, is a stove plant. Guate-
mala. Shaded scarlet. 1847.
— heterophy'lla (various-leaved). Scarlet. Van
Houtte. July.
— hirsu'ta (hairy). 2£. Rose. September.
Guatemala. 1844.
— interme'dia (intermediate). 1. Scarlet. Au-
gust. Gardens. 1847.
— Jay'ii (Jay's). Violet purple. June. Gar-
dens. 1848.
— J«wre'g'Mz«(Jaureguia's). 1. White. Carmine
eye, striped. October. Mexico. 1848.
— Klee'i (Klee's). £. August. Pink and pur-
ple. Guatemala. 1848.
— Liepma'nni (Liepmann's). l£. Pale crimson.
July.
— longiflo'ra (long-flowered). This is a green-
house herbaceous plant. Violet. Au-
gust. Guatemala. 1841. A stove vari-
ety, A- L. major, is good.
a'lba (white, long-flowered). White. Oc-
tober. Guatemala. 1849. Same as
Jaureguiee t
— mi' sera (poor-flowered). 1. White and pur-
ple. July. Guatemala. 1848.
— Mountfo'rdii (Mountford's). Scarlet. Au-
gust. Garden. 1847.
— multiflo'ra (many-flowered). 1, Lilac. Octo-
ber. Brazil. 1843.
— ocella'ta (eye-spotted), ij. Red. July.
Panama. 1847.
— pa' tens (spreading). 1. Violet. June. Mexico.
1846. A small variety of this is not
worth growing.
— peduncula'ta (long-stalked). 2. Scarlet, yel-
low. June. Guatemala. 1840.
ACI
AGO
A. pi 'eta ( spotted). 1$. Scarlet, yellow. June.
Mexico. 1844.
— pyropce'a (flame-coloured). 1. Crimson. May.
Mexico. 1848.
— ro'sea (rosy). I. Pink. June. Guatemala. 1841.
— Skinne'ri( Skinner's). 2. Rose. July. 1847.
— Tyrianthi'na (Tyrian blue). l£. Violet-blue.
August. Mexico. 1849.
— venu'sta (charming). l£. Purple. July. Hy-
brid. 1848.
ACINE'TA. (From a/cineta, immovable ;
the lip being jointless. Nat. ord., Or-
chids [Orchidaceaej. Linn., 2Q-Gynan-
dria \-Monogynia,}
Allied to Periste'ria. Stave orchids, culti-
vated in baskets lightly fillefl with sphagnum.
The flowers grow through the bottom of the
baskets.
A. Barke'ri (Barker's). 2. Yellow. May. Mexico.
1837.
— Humbo'ldtii (Humboldt's). 2. Chocolate and
crimson. May. Venezuela. 1841.
A Clo 'TIS. (Akis, a point, and ous, an
ear; from shape of petals. Nat. ord.,
Mdastomads [Melastomaceae]. Linn.,
10-Decandria L-Munogyiiia.)
Stove evergreen plants, allied to Osbeckia,
but may be grown in a warm pit or frame until
the spring, and then put into a greenhouse. Cut-
tings in sand, under a bell-glass ; equal parts rich
loam and peat.
A. aqua'tica (water). Q inches. White and red.
June. S. Amer. 1/Q3.
— di'scolor (various-coloured). 1. White and
red. June. Trinidad. 1816.
A'cis. (After Acis, a Sicilian shepherd.
Nat. ord., Amaryllids [Amaryllidacese].
Linn., Q-Hexandria I-Monogynia.)
All hardy bulbs, related to the Snowflake. Off-
sets in sandy soil.
A. autumna'lis (autumn-blooming). 3 inches.
Pink. September. Portugal. 182Q.
— grandiflo'rus (large- flowered). 6 inches.
White. August. Numidia. 1820.
— ro'seus (rose-coloured). 3 inches. August.
Corsica. 1820.
— trichophy'llus (hair-leaved). 6 inches. White.
January. Spain, 1820.
ACISANTHE'KA. (Akis, a point; antherai
an anther ; having pointed anthers. Nat-
ord., Loosestrifes [Lythracese], Linn.j
l.Q-Z)ecan dria 1- Monoyyn ia. )
An evergreen stove-shrub ; allied to Cuphea ;
cultivated like Aciotis.
A.quadra'ta (square-branched). 3. Jamaica. 1804.
ACMADE'NIA. (Acme, a point; aden, a
gland : the anthers having glands. Nat.
ord., Rueworts [Rutaceee]. Linn., o-Pen-
tandria \-Monogynia.}
Greenhouse evergreen shrub ; allied to Diosma.
Cuttings of end of branches two inches long,
planted in sand, under a bell-glass ; loam and
turfy peat.
A. tetrago'na (four-angled). 2. White. June.
Cape of Good Hope. 1798.
ACME'NA. (Acmena, a fabulous nymph.
Nat. ord., Myrtleblooms [Myrtacese].
Linn., 12-Icosandria l-Monogynia.)
Greenhouse evergreen shrub. Cuttings of small
side-shoots, in sand, in spring; loam and peat;
temperature from 35° to 40° in winter.
A. floribu'nda (many-flowered). 6. White. July.
N. Holland. 1788.
ACONI'TUM. (Being plentiful near
Acona. Nat. ord., Crowfoots [Banun-
oulacese]-. Linn., 13-Polyandria 3-Tri-
gynia.}
All hardy herbaceous plants. Many are very
beautiful, and will do well in plantations, even if
a little shaded by the trees. Division of the
roots and seeds ; common garden-soil.
TUBEROUS EOOTED.
A. acumina'tum (acuminate). 3. Blue. July.
Switzerland. 1819.
— acu'tum (&cute-leaved). 4. Blue. June. South
of Europe. 1821.
— albi'dum (whitish). 3. White. June. Europe.
1824.
— amae'num (pleasing). 4. Blue. June. South of
Europe.
— ampliflo'rum (large-flowered). 4. Blue. June.
Austria. 1823.
— angustifo' Hum (narrow-leaved). 4. Blue. June.
Kurope. ls24.
— Bernhardia'num (Bernhard's). 4. Blue. June.
Europe. 1824.
— biflo'rum (two-flowered). £. Pale blue. June.
Siberia. 1817.
— Brau'nii (Braune's). 4. Blue. July. Switzer-
land. 1821.
— callybo'tryon (fine-racemed). 4. Blue. June.
South of Europe.
— Ca'mmarum (Cammarum). 3. Purple. August.
Austria. 1752.
— ce'rnuum (drooping). 3. Blue. July. Switzer-
land. 1800.
flexicau'le ^zigzag-stemmed). 3. Blue.
July. Switzerland. 1819-
pauciflo'rum (few-flowered). 3. Blue.
July. Switzerland. 1821.
— —ramo'sum (branchy). 3. Blue. July.
— Clu'sii (Clusius's). 3. Blue. July. Switzer-
land. 1819.
— commuta'tum (changed, or tall dog's-bane). 3.
Blue. June. South of Europe. 1823.
— delphinifo'lium (larkspur-leaved). l£. Blue.
June. N. Amer. 1804.
— ela'tum (tall). 4. Blue. June. Europe. 1822.
— e'wjmens(eminent).4.Blue.June. Europe. 1800.
— erioste'mon (woolly-stamened). 4. Blue. June.
Europe. 1821.
— eusta'chyon (well-spiked). 4. Blue. June.
Europe. 1824.
— exalta'tum (exalted). 6. Blue. June. Sibe-
ria. 1819.
—fla'ccidum (flaccid). 5. Blue. July. Sibe-
ria. 1822.
— Florkea'num (Florke's). 3. Blue. July. Si-
beria. 1822.
bi'color (two-coloured). 3. Blue, white.
June. Switzerland. 1801.
— formo'sum (handsome). 4. Blue. June. South
of Kurope. 1824.
— Fu'nkii (Funke's). 3. Blue. June. Switzer-
land. 1825.
— gale'ctonum (lizard's-bane). Blue. June. 4.
Hungary. 1822.
— gibbo'num (swollen). 4. Blue. July. Cauca- .
sus. 1818.
ACO
C 10 ]
ACO
A. Gmeli'ni (Gmelin's). 4. Blue. July. Sibe-
ria. 1821.
— gra'cile (slender). 2. Blue. July. Switzer-
land. 1821.
— Halle'ri (Bailor's). 4. Blue. June. South
of Europe. 1821.
bi'color (two-coloured). 4. Blue. June.
Switzerland. 1820.
— hama'tum (hooked). 4. Pale blue. July. Italy.
1810.
— hebe'gynum (blunt-styled). 3. Purple. July.
Switzerland. 1819.
multi'fidum (many- cleft). 3. Purple.
July. Switzerland. 181Q,
— hi'ans (gaping). 4. Blue. June. South of
Europe. 1823.
— Ho'ppii (Hoppe's). 4. Blue. June. Ca-
rinthia. 1823.
— illini' turn (anointed). 4. Blue. July. 1821.
— intermedium (intermediate). 5. Blue. July.
1820.
— inu'nctum (anointed). 4. Blue. July.
Europe. 1822.
— Japo'nicum (Japan). 6. Flesh. August.
Japan. 1790.
. caeru'leum (azwe). 4. Blue. July.
Japan. 1700.
— Kcelea'num (Kcelle's). 4. Blue. June. South
of Europe. 1820.
pygmcB'um (pigmy). 2. Blue. June.
South of Europe. 1822.
— Kohle'ri (KGhler's). 4. Blue. June Eu-
rope. 1824.
— lacinio'sum (jagged). 3. Blue. July. Swit-
zerland. 1820.
— lae'tum (joyful). 4. Blue. June. South of
Europe. 1820.
— la'xum (loose). 4. Blue. June. South of
Europe. 1820.
— leuca'nthum (white-flowered). 3. White.
June. 1823.
— ma'ximum (largest). 6. Blue. July.
Kamtschatka. 1823.
— Twe/o'c£om«»(badger's-bane). 4. Blue. June.
1821.
— Meye'ri (Meyer's). 3. Blue. June. Switzer-
land. 1825.
— mo'lle (soft). 5. Blue. July. 1820.
— Nape'llus (monk's-hood). 4. Blue. June.
Europe. 1596.
a'lbus (white-lowered). 4. White. June.
Switzerland. 181Q.
rube'llus (small red-flowered). 4. Blue.
June. Switzerland. 1819.
— nasu'tum (great-nosed). 3. Purple. July.
Siberia. 1818.
— neomonta'num (new-mountain). 3. Blue.
July. Europe. 1799«
— Neuberge'nse (Neuberg). 4. Blue. June.
South of Europe. 1822.
— ni'tidum (shining). 3. Blue. June. Swit-
zerland. 1825.
— oligoca'rpum (few-podded). 4. Blue. July
Europe. 1823.
— Ottoniu'num (Otto's). 4. Blue. June
Europe. 1824.
— pnnicula 'turn (paniclecl). 3. Pale blue.
July. France. 1815.
— plica'tum (plaited). 3. Blue. June. Swit-
zerland. 1825.
— produ'ctum (lo^-lipped}. 1. Blue. July,
Siberia. 1821.
-~pube'scens (pubescent). 4. Blue. June
Europe. 1824.
*-reco'gnitum (recognised). 4. Blue. June
1824.
Blue. August.
Blue. June. Si-
Blue. June.
6. Purplish-blue.
Blue. June.
July. Swit-
4.
3.
A. rhyncha'nthum (bill-flowered). 4. Purplish-
blue. July. Switzerland. 1821.
bi'color (two-coloured). 4. Whitish-
blue. July. Switzerland. J819-
— ri'gidum (rigid). 3. Blue. June. Switzer-
land. 1825.
grandiflo'rum (large-flowered). 3. Blue.
June. 1826.
— rostra'tum (beaked). 3. Blue. July. Swit-
zerland. 1810.
pilosiu'sculum (rather hairy). 3. Purple.
July. Carpathian mountains. 1800.
— Schleiche'ri (Schleicher's). 2. Blue. June.
Switzerland. 1821.
— scmigalea1 turn (half-helmeted). 1. Blue.
July. Siberia. 1818.
— specio'sum (showy). 3. Blue. July. 1823.
— Sprenze'lii (Sprengel's). 4. Blue. June.
Europe. 1824.
— squarro'sum (squarrose). 4.
Siberia. 1822.
— stri'cturn (upright). 4.
beria. 1824.
— Tatt'ricum (Taurian).
Tauria. 1752.
— tortuo'sum (twisting).
June. 1812.
— to'xicum (poisonous).
Switzerland. 1825.
— umbro'sum (shady). 3. Blue.
zerland. 1825.
— uncina'tum (hooked). 2. Blue. July. N»
Amer. 1768.
Michauxia'num (Michaux's). 2. Blue.
July. N. Amer. 1800.
— variega'tum (variegated). 5. Purplish-white.
July. South of Europe. 1597-
albifio'rum (white-flowered). 4. White.
July. Switzerland. 1819.
bi'color (two-coloured). 4. Whitish-
blue. July. Switzerland. 1821.
ctxru'leum (blue). 4. Blue. July. Switccr-
land. 1819.
— venu'stum (beautiful). 3. Blue, June. Swit-
zerland. 1823.
— virga'tum (twiggy). 4. Blue. June. South of
Europe. 1822.
— volu'bile (twining). 6. Blue. July. Siberia. 1799.
— Willdeno'vii (Willclenow's). 3. Blue. June.
Europe. 1823.
— son'ctonum (poisonous). 3. Blue. June.
Switzerland. 1825.
FIBROUS ROOTED.
A. a'lbum (white). 4. White. July. Levant. 1752.
— A'nthora (Anthora). l£. Pale yellow. July.
Pyrenees. 15Q6.
— Anthoroi'deum (Anthora-like). l£. Pale yel-
low. July. Jura. 1821.
— austra'le (southern). 2$. Purple. July.
Denmark. 1821.
— autumna'le (autumnal). 1*. Lilac, white.
November. N. Ch ina. 1846.
— barba'tum (bearded). 2. Pale yellow. June.
Siberia. 1807.
— Carpa'ticum (Carpathian). 2£. Purple. July.
Carpathian mountains. 1810.
— Chine'nse (Chinese). 4. Blue. September.
China. 1833.
— cyno'ctonum (tall dog's-bane). 3. Pal*
yellow. July. France. 1820.
_ Decando'llii (Decandolle's). l£. Pale yellow.
July. Siberia. 1823.
deco'nnn (neat)'. 4. Blue. June. Pyrenees. 1894*
— eu'lophum (well-crested). lj. Pale yellow.
June. Caucasus. 1331.
AGO
[11]
ACR
A. grandiflo'rum (large -flowered). l£. Pala
yellow. July. Jura. 1821.
— hi'spidum (rough-haired). 2. Pale yellow.
June. Siberia. 1823.
— Jacqui'ni (Jacquin's). l£. Pale yellow. June*
Austria. 1800.
— Lama'rckii (Lamarck's). 2. Pale yellow.
July. Pyrenees. 1817.
— laxiflo'ruln (loose-flowered). 3. Pale yel-
low. July. Switzerland. 1823.
— lupici'dum (wolf's-bane). 2 Pale yellow.
July. Europe. 1821.
— lyco'ctonum (wolf's-bane). 3. Purple. July.
Alps. Europe. 1596.
— macrophy'llum (large - leaved). 2. Pale
yellow. July.
— Molda'vicum (Moldavian). 5. Purplish.
August. Moldavia. 1830.
— nemoro'sum (grove). 2. Pale yellow. July.
Caucasus. 1823.
— Nutta'llii (Nuttali's). 5. Pale blue. August.
N. Amer. 1829.
— ochralnthum (pale-flowered). 4. Yellow.
August. Russia. 1834.
— ochroleu'cum (yellowish- white). 3. Light
yellow. July. Caucasus. 1794.
— ova'tum (ovate-leaved). 2£. Purple, green.
June. Cashmere. 1839.
— Palla'sii (Pallas's). 2. Pale yellow. July.
Siberia. 1821.
— Pyrena'icum (Pyrenean). 4. Yellow. June.
Pyrenees. 1739.
— re'ct urn (upright). 3. Pale yellow. July.
Europe. 1824.
— rubicu'ndum (reddish). 2£. Purple. July.
Siberia. 1819-
— septentriona'le (northern), 4. Blue. July.
North of Europe.
roods, and 19 perches, Statute measure.
The Scotch Acre contains 5760 square
yards, equal to 1 acre, 1 rood, and 2 pec-
ches, Statute measure.
ACEIO'PSIS. (From akros, top, and
opsis, eye. Nat. ord., Orchids [Orchida»
cese]. Linn., 2Q-Gynandria 1-Monogynia.')
A small genus of pretty stove orchids.
A. densiflo'ra (crowded-flowered). Green and
pink. Borneo. 1846.
— pi'cta (painted). White, green, and purple.
August. Bantam. 1842.
ACEOCO'MIA. (From akros, top, and
kome, a tuft ; referring to the way the-
leaves are produced. Nat. ord., Palms
[Palmaceeej. Linn., 2I-Monaecia 6-Hex-
andria.}
A genus of South American Palms ; a race of
plants including some of the most majestic speci-
mens of the vegetable kingdom, whose product*
of fruit, root, stems, and leaves are applied to-
numerous economical purposes. Suckers; riclfc
sandy loam.
A. aculea'ta (prickly). 40- West. Indies. 1796.
—fusifo'rmit ^pinole-shaped). 40. Trinidad.
1731.
— globo'sa (globular). 20. St. Vincent. 'S24'
— Guiane'nsis (Guiana). 30. Demerara. 182t
— ho'rrida (horrid). 30. Trinidad. 1820.
— mi'nor (smaller). 20. Trinidad. 1820.
— scleroca'rpa (hard - fruited). 40. W. Ind.
1731.
— tenuifo'lia (fine-leaved). 30. Brazil. 1834..
AcEONycHiA. (From akros, top, and
— Stoerckia'num (Stoerck's). 4. Blue. August.
-therio'phonum '(o^st's-bane). 2$. Pale °n?*' * claw ? referring to the curved-
yellow. June. Europe. 1824. j points of the petals. Nat. ord., Citron-
— trago'ctonv.vn (goafs-bane). 2£. Pale yellow. ! worts [Aurantiacese]. Linn., S-Octandriz
July. Switzerland. 1822. I -i Mnnnntin'm \
-versi'colar (various-coloured). Blue and white. *•»"***••?
August. Siberia. 1820. About the best. A fine greenhouse evergreen tree, producing
— vulpa'ria (fox-bane). 3. Pale yellow. July. ! sweet-scented blossoms, not unlike those of the-
Alps. Europe. 1821. orange. Cuttings of small side-shoots in July,
and
in sand, under a bell glass ; soil, sandy loam
peat. winter temp(jfe40o to 45o/ '
A'COEUS. (From a, privative, and kore,
the pupil of the eye; referring to its Z"c«nm^Aa47(Cunn"ingham''s). White. July,
medical qualities. Nat. ord., Orontiads |
[Orontiacese]. Linn., 6-Hexandria 1-
Monogynia.}
A small genus of herbaceous plants, having
•word-like leaves. A. calamus is a useful medi-
cinal plant — a native of our marshes ; but now
used chiefly by perfumers for the fragrance of its
roots. Hardy marsh perennials.
A. ca'lamus (sweet-flag). 2. June. Britain.
— grami'neus (grass-leaved). £. February. China.
1796.
— terre'stris (land). 1. June. China. 1822.
ACEE is the usual land-measure in
Great Britain. The Statute Acre through-
out the United Kingdom now contains 4
square roods; a rood contains 160 square
perches, rods, poles, or luys ; and a perch
contains 30|- square yards. A Statute
Acre, therefore, contains 4840 square
yards. The Irish Acre contains 7840
square yards, or nearly equal to 1 acre, 2
Moreton Bay. 1838.
ACEOPE'EA. (From akros, the end,
and per a, a pouch; referring to a pouch-
like appendage at the end of the label-
lum. Nat. ord., Orchids [Orchidacese],
Linn., 29-Gynandria \-Wgnp^ynJ.d.\
A pretty stove orchid.
A. Loddige'sii (Loddige's). j. Yellow and
spotted. August. Mexico. 1823.
ACEOPHY'LLUM. (From akros, top, and.
phyllon, a leaf; referring to the way in
which the leaves are produced at the
summit of the branches ahove the
flowers. Nat. ord., Cunoniads [Cuno-
niacese]. Linn., 10-Decandria I-Mono-
yynia.)
Greenhouse evergreen shrub. Cuttings of half-
ripe shoots in July ; soil, sandy peat and loam.
A, verticilla'tum (whorled). 6. Pink and white.-
May. N. Holland. 1835.
ACR
[ 12]
ACY
ACRO'PTEBIS. (From akros, a point, and
pteris, a fern. Nat. ord., Ferns. Linn.,
24:-Cryptoyamia I-Filices.)
Allied to Asplenium, the Spleenwort. All
Ferns are now in the Nat. ord. Polypodiacete.
Stove Ferns, propagated by division ; soil, light
loam and peat. See ASPLENIUM.
A. austra'Us (southern). Brown. N. Holland.
— Canarie'nsis (Canary). Brown. Canaries. 1824.
— nauda'ta (tailed). Brown. I. of Luzon. 1824.
—falca'tu (sickle-like). 1. Brown. India. 1843.
— laserpitifo'lia (laserpitium - leaved). Brown.
I. of Luzon. 1843.
— oxyphy'lla (sharp-leaved). Brown, yellow. I.
of Luzon. 1843.
— pellu'mda (clear). Brown. I. of Luzon. 1843.
— platyphy' lla (flat-leaved). Brown, yellow. Ma-
lacca. 1843.
— prcemo'rsum (bitten-leaved). J. Brown. Ja-
maica. 1/93.
— rndia'ta (rayed). Brown. N. Amer. 1793.
— ru'ta mura'lia (wall-rue). £. Brown. Britain.
1793.
— se'rra (sa.\f -leaved). Brown. North of Europe.
1844.
— septentriona'le (northern). $. Brown. Britain.
1844.
— ^pathuli'na (spathulate). I. of Luzon. 1844.
— va'rians (varying). I. of Luzon. 1844.
ACEO'STICHUM. (From akros, top, and
stichos, order; in reference to the lines
on the back of the leaves ; but the appli-
cation is not very obvious. Linn., 24-
Cry'j. togamia l-FUices. Nat. ord., Ferns —
Polypodiacese.)
Nearly all stove Ferns. Seed and root divi-
•ion ; loam and peat, equal parts. Winter temp.
not below 50°.
A. alcico'rne (elk's-horn). 1. September. N. S.
Wales. 1808.
— appendicula'tum (appendaged). 2. W. Ind.
1824.
— asplenifo' Hum (asplenium-leaved). 1. Brown,
yellow. July. Brazil. 1833.
— au'reum (golden). 4. August. W. Ind. 1815.
— citrifo'lium (orange-leaved). £. Yellow, brown.
September. W. Ind.
— crini'tum (hairy). 1. July. W. Ind. 1/Q3.
— flagelli'ferum (rod-shaped). 2. E. Ind. 1828.
— fimbria'tum (fringed). Brazil. 1824.
— fusifo'rme (spindle-formed). 1. Brown, yellow.
July. Malacca.
— glandulo'sum (glandulous). I.Jamaica. 1825.
— gran'de (magnificent). 6. Moreton Bay. 1828.
— juglandifo'lium (walnut-leaved). 2. Yellow,
brown. August. Surinam. 1832.
— latifo'lium (broad-leaved). 1. Yellow, blue.
Jamaica.
— longifo'lium (long-leaved). 1. August. Ja-
maica. 1817.
— nicotianifo'lium (tobacco-leaved). 2. Brown.
October. W. Ind.
— piloselloi' des (mouse-ear-leaved). 2. Brown,
yellow. July. E. Ind. 1822.
— scolope'ndrium (scolopendrum-like). 2. Brown.
August. E. Ind.
— si'mplex (simple-leaved). 1. Jamaica. 17«)3.
— S/e'marm(Stemaria). 1. July. Guinea. 1823.
— subdia'phana (semi-transparent). Brown. In-
dia.
ACEO'TEICHE. (From akros, top, and
thrix, hair ; referring- to the hairs on the
sepals. Nat. ord., Epacrids [Epacri-
dacece]. Linn., Q-Hexandria 1-Mono-
aynia.)
Greenhouse evergreen shrubs. Cuttings in
sandy peat, under a bell-glass, in cold frame.
Temp., 40° to 45°.
A. corda'ta (heart-leaved). $. White. June. N.
Holland. 1823.
— divarica'ta (straggling). *• White. May. N.
Holland. T824.
— ovalifo'lia (oval-leaved). £. White. May. N.
Holland. 1823.
ACT;E'A. (From aktaia, the elm ; re-
ferring to the leaves. Nat. ord., Crowfoots
[Ranunculacese]. Linn., 13-Polyandria
I-Monogynia.)
Hardy herbaceous perennials of little beauty.
Propagated by dividing roots.
A. tpica'ta (spiked or bane-berry}, 3. White.
May. Britain.
ACTINOCA'RPUS. (From aktin, a ray, and
carpos, fruit ; referring to its radiated ap-
pearance. Nat. ord., Alismads [Alis-
maceae]. Linn., Q-Hcxandria k-Tetra-
(jynia.)
Aquatics. A. minor grows in sandy peat im-
" . sandy peat;
temp., 40° to 50°.
mersed in water ; seeds sown in
A, Damaso'nium (Damasonium). 4. White. July.
England.
— mi'nor (smaller). $. White. June. N. S.
Wales.
ACTINO'MERIS. (From aktin, a ray, and
mem, part ; referring to the radiated as-
pect of the plants. Nat. ord., Composites
[Asteraceee]. Linn., lQ-Syngenesia3-Poly-
(jamia frustraiiea.)
Ornamental hardy plants, allied to Coreopsis,
and of easy culture. Propagated by dividing
roots.
A. ala'ta (wing-stalked). 3. Yellow. July. S.
Amer. 1803.
— helianthoi'des (sunflower-like). 3. Yellow. S.
Amer. 1825.
— procc'ra (tall). 8. Yellow. September. N.
Amer. 1766.
— squarro'sa (squarroseX 3. Yellow. July. N.
Amer. 16*0.
ACTINO'TUS. (From actinotos, meaning
radiated, on account of the form of the
involucrum. Nat. ord., Umbellifers [Um-
belliferfe]. Linn., 5-Pentandria 1-Mono-
gynia.)
Greenhouse herbaceous perennials. Boot divi-
sion ; loam and peat. Winter temp., 40° to 45°.
A. helia'nthi (sunflower) 2. White. June. N.
Holland. 1821.
— leucoce'phalus (white-headed-). Swan River.
1837.
ACU'MINATED. Having a long, slender
point.
A'CYNOS. (A Greek word of no obvious
meaning, applied to balsamic plants.
ADA
13]
ADE
Nat. ord., Labiates |_ Lammeece] . Linn.,
14 Didynamia l-Gymnospermia.)
These thyme-like plants are all hardy. In-
creased either by seeds or division of roots.
ANNUALS.
A. heterophy' HUB (vwiable-leaved}. &. Purple.
June. Italy. 1822.
— tuave'olens (sweet-scented). 1. Red. July.
Greece. 1817.
— vulga'ris (B a' sil- leaved, common). Violet.
July. Britain.
— villo'sus (villous). £. Red. July. Germany. 1817-
BIENNIALS.
A. Alpi'nus (Alpine). £. Purple. August. Austria.
1731.
— grandMo'rus (great - flowered). £. Purple.
July. 1810.
— PateiN'wMs(Paduan). 3- Fiesh. July. S.
Europe. 1776.
— purpvra'scens (purplish). £. Purple. June.
Spain. 1820.
EVERGREEN SHRUBS.
A. grave'olens (strong-scented). 1. Purple. July.
Crimea. 1820.
— kerba-baro'ni (herb-baroni). 1. Purple. July.
Corsica. 1820.
— rotundifu'lius (round-leaved). $. Purple. June.
Spain. 1820.
ADAM'S NEEDLE. See YUCCA.
AD-A'MIA. (In honour of John Adam,
M.D., of Calcutta. Nat. ord., Saxifrages
[Saxifragacese]. Linn., 14,-Didynamia
l-A<ngiospermia.)
Greenhouse evergreen shrubs. Peat and loam ;
cuttings, in sand, under a bell-glass.
A.cya'nea '(blue-berried). 4. Pink. Nepaul. 1829.
— tpfoa'fteB (wood), Blue. June. India. 1846.
— versi'color (many-coloured). Blue. August.
China. 1844.
ADANSO'NIA. The Baobab. A single
African tree comprehends this genus. It
is the largest tree in the world.
ADDER'S- TONGUE. A Fern. Ophio-
glo'ssum.
ADE'LIA. (From a, not, and delos,
visible ; in reference to the minute parts
of fructification. Nat. ord., Spurgeworts
[Euphorbiacese]. Linn., 22-Dioecia 12-
Mojiadelphia.)
Stove evergreen shrubs. Peat and loam; cut-
tings in sandy loam, after their cut end is dry.
A. acido'ton (spiry). 3. Greenish-white. June.
Jamaica. 1768.
— Berna'rdia (Bernard de Jussieu's). 6. Green.
July. Jamaica. 1768.
— rfctrae'Wa (ricinus-like). 6. Greenish- white.
July. Jamaica. 1768.
ADENA'NDRA. (From aden, a gland,
and oner, the stamen or male organ ; re-
ferring to the aspect of the anthers. Nat.
ord., Eueworts [Kutacese]. Linn., 5-Pen-
tandria l-Monogynia. This genus was
formerly included in Diosma.)
Greenhouse evergreen shrubs. Sandy peat, with
a little turfy loam; cuttings from the young
branches in sand, under a bell-glass, and left in a
cold frame. Winter temp., 40° to 45°.
A. acumina'ta (acuminate). 2. White. June.
Cape of Good Hope. 1812.
— amae'nu (pleasing). 2. Red. June. Cape of
Good Hope. 1798.
— coria'cea (leathery-leaved). 2. Pink. June.
Cape of Good Hope. 1720.
—fra' grans (fragrant). 3. Pink. June. Cape
of Good Hope. 1812.
— linea'ris (linear-leaved). 1. White. June.
Cape of Good Hope. 1800.
— margina'ta (margined). 2. Pink. June. Cape
of Good Hope. 1806.
— specio'sa (showy). 2. Pink. June. Cape of
Good Hope. 1/89.
multiflo'ra (many-flowered, showy). 2.
Pink. June. Cape of Good Hope. 1790.
— specio'sa paucifio'ra (few-flowered, showy). 2.
Pink. June. Cape of Good Hope. 1790.
— umbella'ta (umbel-flowered). 2. Pink. June.
Cape of Good Hope. 1790.
— uniflo'ra (one-flowered). 1. Pink. June.
Cape of Good Hope. 1775.
— villo'sa (shaggy). 2. Pink. June. Cape of
Good Hope. 1/86.
ADENANTHE'RA. (From aden, a gland,
and anthera, an anther ; referring to the
gland on each anther. Linn., W-JDecan-
dria l-Monogynia. Nat. ord., Leguminous
Plants [Fabaceee], and allied to Mimosa.)
Stove evergreen trees. Loam and peat; cut-
tings.
A.falca'ta (sickle-shaped). 5. Yellow. E. Ind.
1812.
— panoni'na (peacock-like). 5. Yellow, white.
July. E. Ind. 1759.
ADENA'NTHOS. (From aden, a gland,
and anthos, a flower; referring to the
glands on the flowers. Nat. ord., Proteads
[Proteaceffi]. Linn., 4^-Tetrandria 1-
Monogynia.)
Greenhouse evergreen shrubs. Sandy peat
cuttings in spring, under a glass, in sand ; soil,
peat and loam. Winter temp.,, 40° to 45°.
A. barbi'gera (bearded). Swan River.
— cunea'ta (wedge-leaved). 5. Red. July. N.
Holland. 1824.
— obova'ta (obovate -leaved). 5. Red. July. N.
Holland. 1826.
— seri'cea (silky). 5. Red. N.Holland. 1824.
— termina'lis (terminal-flowered). Swan River.
ADE'NIUM. (From Aden, where it is
native. Nat. ord., Dogbanes [Apocy-
naceffl]. Linn., b-Pentandria l-Mono-
gynia.)
Greenhouse shrub, allied to Alstonia, It is
propagated from cuttings of the young shoots in
sand, under a glass, with bottom-heat, in spring.
Soil, sandy loam and peat, in equal proportions.
A. hou'ghel (houghcl-bush, native name). 3.
June. Pinky-crimson. Aden. 1845.
ADENOCALY'MNA. (From aden, a gland,
and calymna,- a covering ; referring to
the conspicuous glands on the leaves and
floral coverings. Nat. ord., Bignoniads
[Bignoniacese]. Linn., \^-J)idynamia 2-
Angiospermia.)
ADE
[14]
ADI
A genus allied to Spatho'dea. Stove evergreen
twiner. Loam and peat ; cuttings in sand, under
a bell-glass, and bottom-heat.
A. como'sum (hairy). 20. October. Yellow.
Brazil. 1841.
ADENOCA'RPUS. (From aden, a gland,
and carpos, fruit; referring to the glands
on the fruit. Nat. ord., Mimosads
[Fabaceae]. Linn., 16-Monadelphia 6-
Decandria. Allied to Cytisus.)
This genus is chiefly made up of old species of
cytisus, brooms, and allied plants. All are
yellow-flowered. The first two greenhouse plants,
others hardy ; sandy loam, but with a little peat
for the first two. Seeds sown in March, and cut-
tings any time in spring and summer.
A. fuliolo'sus (slightly-leaved). 6. May. Ca-
naries. 1629.
— frankenioi'des (frankenia-like). 2. June. Ca-
naries. 1815. These two are evergreen,
and require protection from frost.
— Hispa'nicus (Spanish). 3. June. Spain. 1816.
— interme'dius (intermediate). 4. June. Sicily.
— parD»'/o'/iz«sismaU-leaved). 4. June. South of
France. 1800.
— Tolone'nsis (Toulon). 3. June. South of
France. 1800.
ADENO'PHORA. (From aden, a gland,
and phoreo, to bear. Nat. ord., Bellworts
[Campanulacese]. Linn., S-Pentandria
I-Monogynia.)
Hardy herbaceous plants, like Campanula.
Common soil. Seeds. All bear blue or bluish
flowers.
A. commu'nis (common Siberian). 4. July. Si-
beria. 1810.
hy'brida (C. S. hybrid). 2. June. Si-
beria. 1816.
— suave'olens (sweet-scented C. S.). 2. June.
Siberia. 1816.
— coronopifo'lia (buckthorn-leaved). 1. June.
Dahuria. 1822.
— denticula'ta (finely-toothed). 1. July. Si-
beria. 1817.
— Fische'ri (Fischer's). 2. August. Siberia. 181Q.
— Gmeli'ni (Gmelin's). 2. June. Siberia. 1820.
— interme'dia (intermediate). 2. August. Si-
beria. 181Q.
— Lamarckia'na (Lamarck's). 2. July. Siberia.
1820.
— marsupiflo'ra (purse-flowered). 2. July. 1818.
— pere'skicefo'lia (pereskia-leaved). 2. June.
Siberia. 1821.
— />erfp/oc!/o7ta(periploca-leaved). 1. August.
Siberia. 1824.
— J2afieZama'na(Rabelais's). 2. August. Siberia.
1823.
— reticula'ta (netted). 2. July. Siberia. 1820.
— stylo'sa (long-styled). 2. May. Siberia. 1820.
— verticilla'tn (whorl-leaved.) 2. June. Si-
• beria. 1783.
ADENO'STOMA. (From aden, a gland,
and stoma, a pore. Nat ord., Sanyuisorbs
[Sanguisorbaceae]. Linn., S-Triandria
l-Monoyynia.) Hardy shrub, allied to
Lady's Mantle (Alchemilla).
Propagated by cuttings of the young shoots in
spring, under a glass, in sand. Soil, rich loam
and peat, in equal proportions.
A, fascicula'ta (fascicled). 3. White. California.
1843.
ADENOTRI'CHIA (From aden, a gland,
andthrix, hair; having hairs with glands.
Nat. ord., Composites [Asteraceae]. Linn.,
IG-Syngenesia %-Superflua. Allied to
Groundsel.)
Half-hardy herbaceous plant. Propagated from
seeds sown in the spring in a gentle hotbed.
Planted out in summer. Soil, light rich loam.
A. amplexicau'lis (stem - clasping). 2. May.
Yellow. Chili. 1826.
ADE'SMIA. (From a, not, or without,
and desmos, a bond ; in reference to the
stamens being free. Linn., IQ-Monadct-
phia Q-Dccandria. Nat. ord., Leguminous
Plants [Fabacese] . Greenhouse and half-
hardy plants, allied to Hedysarum, all
more or less of a trailing habit.)
Annuals, sown^n spring in slight hotbed. Cut-
tings of others inSmmmer, in sandy loam, under
a glass. Winter temp., 40° to 45°.
ANNUALS.
A. murica'ta (point-covered). 1. Yellow. June.
Patagonia. 1793,
— pappo'sa (downy-podded). 1. Yellow, June.
Chili. 1823.
—pe'ndula (pendulous-flowered). 1. Yellow.
June. Buenos Ayres. 1825.
EVERGREEN SHRUBS.
A. glutino'sa (sticky). Yellow. Chili. 1831.
— Loudo'nia (Loudon's). 2. Yellow. May.
Valparaiso. 1830.
— microphy'lla (small-leaved). Yellow. Valpa-
raiso. 1830.
— uspallate'nsis (uspallatan). 1. Yellow. July.
Chili. 1832.
— visco'sa (clammy). 12. Yellow. August.
Chili. 1831.
ADIA'NTUM. Maidenhair. (From adi-
antos, dry, as if plunged in water, yet
remaining dry. Nat. ord., Ferny [Poly-
podiaceae]. Linn., %±-Cryptogamia 1-
F 'dices.)
Greenhouse and stove Ferns. Loam and peat.
Root division, or seeds scattered on a moist, shady
surface, Greenhouse temp, in winter, 40° to 45°,
and stove winter temp., 50° to 55°.
GREENHOUSE.
A. assi'mile (assimilated). 1. July. N.Holland.
1823.
— capi'llus Vene'ris (Venus's hair). $. July.
Britain, Capillaire is so called from being
made with this plant.
— cunca'tum( wedge-shaped). 1. August. Brazil.
1820.
—foliolo'sum (leafy.) Brown. August.
— formo'sum (handsome). 1. July. N. Hol-
land. 1820.
hispi'dulum (hairyi&h). 1. August. N.Hol-
land. 1822.
pube'scens (downy). 1. April. N.Holland.
1830.
— pulverule'ntum (dusty). 2. July. W. Ind. 1793.
— renifo'rme (kidney-leaved), f. July. Madeira.
1699.
— rhomboi'deum (rhomboid). 1, July. S. Amer.
1820.
ADI
JEGI
STOVE.
A. MtUo'picum (^Ethiopian). 2. Brown. Sep-
tember. 1838.
— Brazilie'nse (Brazilian). 2. Brazil. 1844.
— conci'nnum (neat). 2. Brown. June. N. Hoi
land.
— corda'tum (heart-shaped). Brown. Yellow.
Mindenao.
— crista'tum (crested). 1. Brown. Jamaica. 1844
— curva'tum (curved). 2. Brown. Brazil. 1841.
— deltoi'deum (deltoid). 1. S. Amer. 1820.
— denticula'tum (small-toothed). Brown. July.
W.Jnd.
—flabellifJlium (fan-leaved). 1. Brown. Sep-
.tember. Jamaica.
— flave'scens (yellow). Yellow. June. W. Ind.
1 — folio'sum (leafy). 1. Brown. August.
— Fovia'num (Foy's). 1. Brown. May. W.Ind.
1840.
— hirtu'tum (hairy). Brown. I. of Luzon.
— lu'cidum (shiny). 1. Brown. August. S. Amer.
— luna'tum (half-moon). £. July. Mexico. 1823.
— lunula'tum (crescent-leaved). Brown. I. of
Luzon.
— macrophy' Hum (long-leaved). 1 . July. Ja-
maica. 1793.
— Moritzin'num (Moritz's). 1. Brown. Sep-
tember. S. Amer. 1838.
— obli'quum (oblique). 1. Brown. April. W.
Ind. 1826.
— pa' tens (spreading). 1. July. Brazil. 1824.
— peda'tum (pedate). 1. July. N.Amer. 1640.
— pent ada'cty Ion (five-fingered). Brown. July.
Brazil. 1828.
— radia'tum (rayed). 5. July. W.Ind. 17/6.
— serrula'tum (tooth-edged). 1. August. Ja-
maica. 1822.
— setulo'snm (bristled). 1. Norfolk Island. 1805.
— stria'tum (line-marked). Brown. June. W.
Ind. 1822.
-- te'nerum (tender). 1. July, Jamaica. 1793.
— ternu'tum (three-leafleted). f . July. S. Amer.
1819.
— trapezifo'rme (rhomb-leaved). l£. June. W.
Ind. 1793.
— triangula'tum (triangle-leaved). Brown. July.
Trinidad. 1824.
— va'rium (various). 1. July. S, Amer. 1820.
— villo'sum (hairy-stalked). 1. July. Jamaica.
1775.
ADI'NA. See NAUCLEA, of which it is
a synonyme . Ten other names have been
given to Nauclea.
A pretty little plant, requiring a cool stove.
Cuttings in sandy loam, under a bell-glass. Soil,
sandy loam. Winter temp., 50° to 55°.
A. globiflo'ra (globe-flowered). 3. White. July
China. 1804.
ADLU'MIA. (Named after Adlum, an
American author. Nat. ord., Fumeworts.
Allied to Corydalis [Fumariacese]. Linn.,
YI-Diadelphia 2-Hcxandria.)
A biennial climber, requiring common soil*
Seeds.
A. cirrho'sa (tendriled). 15. White. August.
N. Amer. 1778.
ADO'NIS. (Named after Adonis of the
Classics. Nat. ord., Crowfoots [Ranun-
culacese]. Linn., I3-Polyandria 6- Poly -
yynia.)
Hardy plants ; common soil ; the annual spe-
cies from seeds, and the perennial from seed or
root division.
ANNUALS.
A. a-stiva'lit (summer). 2. Scarlet. June. South
of Europe. 1629.
— autumna'.lis (autumnal. Pheasant's eye). 1.
Crimson. July. Britain.
— aitri'na (citron-coloured). 1. Orange. June.
South of Europe. 1819.
PERENNIALS.
— ^pem'na(Appenine). 1. April. Yellow. Al-
pine. Europe.
— Davu'rica (Dahurian). I.April. Yellow. Si-
berift. 1827.
— disto'rta (distorted). 1. April. Yellow. Na-
pier- 1827.
— Pyrena'ica (Pyrenean). l£. July. Yellow.
Pyrenees. 1817.
— Sibi'riea (Siberian). 2. April. Yellow. Si-
beria. 1827.
— verna'lis (spring). 1. March. Yellow. Eu-
rope. 1629.
— Volge'nsis (Volga). 1. April. Yellow. Russia.
1818.
^ECHHE'A. (From aichme, a point ; in
reference to the rigid points on the calices
or flower-envelopes. Nat. ord., Bromel-
worts [Bromeliaceaj] . Linn., G-Hexan-
dria 1-Monoyynia.)
Suckers; light turfy loam and leaf mould;
very handsome. Stove herbaceous perennials.
. di'scolor (vari-coloured). 2. Scarlet, purple.
June. 1844.
— fu'lgens (glowing). 1. Scarlet, blue. Sep-
tember. Cayenne. 1842.
— Merte'nsii (Merten's). 2. Green, red. March.
Demerara. 1830.
— rnucroniflo'ra (spring-petaled). Yellow. Sep-
tember. Peru. 1852.
— suave' olens (sweet-scented). 2J. Pink. April.
Brazil. 1838.
2EGirCEKAs. (From aix, a goat, and
keros, a horn ; alluding to the shape of its
fruit. Nat. ord., Ardisiads [Myrsinacess].
Linn., b-Pentandria I-Monogynia.}
Greenhouse evergreen shrub. Propagated from
cuttings of the half-ripe shoots in summer, under
a glass, in sand, and gentle heat. Soil, sandy
loam and peat.
3S.fr a! grans (fragrant). White. N. Holland. 1824.
EGI'PHILA. (From aix, a goat, and
philos, dear ; referring to its being a fa-
vourite with goats. Nat. ord., Verbenas
[Verbenacea?]. Linn., k-Tetrandria 1-
Monogynia.}
Stove evergreen shrubs. Sandy rich loam;
cuttings in sand, under a glass, with bottom-heat.
Winter temp., 60° to 60° ; summer, 65° to 80°.
M. arbore'scens (arborescent). 10. White. Tri-
nidad. 1823.
— di/u'sa (diffuse). 2. Yellow. July. W.Ind.
1824.
— ela'taltM). 12. Pale yellow. August. W.
Ind. 1323.
—foe'tido. (stinking). 2. Lilac. July. W. Ind. 1820.
— grandiflo'ra (large-flowered). 2. Yellow. No-
vember. Havannah. 1843.
[16]
/#'«{» (smooth). June. Yellow. Guinea. 1824.
Martinice'nsis (Martinique). 6. White. W.
Ind. 1780.
obova'ta (obovate). 2. Yellow. September.
W. Ind. 1804.
— tri'fida (three-cleft). 4. White. June. Ja-
maica. 1826.
. Bengal Quince. (From
one of the Hesperides. Nat. ord., Citron-
worts [Aurantiaceee], Linn., I3-Polyan-
dria 1-Monogynia.)
The Marmelos is a delicious Indian fruit, pos-
sessing high medicinal qualities. Stove ever-
green shrub. Cuttings of ripe-wooded shoots,
in sand, under a bell-glass, with bottom heat ;
rich loam.
JE. ma'rmelos (ma'rmelos). 6. Whitish red. E.
Ind. 1759.
-53GOCHLOA. See NAVAKRE'TIA.
^EOLLA'KTHUS. (From aiolo, to vary, and
anthos, a flower ; referring to the varia-
bleness of the flowers. Nat. ord., Labi-
ates, or Lipworls [Lamiaceee]. Linn., 14-
Didynamia 2-Angiospermia.)
Stove annual. Sandy loam ; seeds.
M. suave'olens (sweet-scented). 1. White. July.
Brazil. 1825.
.ZEo'NiUM. See SEMPERVIVTJM.
./ERA'NTHUS. (From aer, air, and anthos,
a flower; referring to the way in which
the plant grows. Nat. ord., Orchids
[Orchidacese], Linn., 20-Gynandria 1-
Monandria.}
Stove orchid. Division of root ; on wood, or in
a basket.
JE. grandifl'ora (large -flowered). 1. Yellow,
green. June. Madagascar. 1823.
AERA'TION. Exposing soil to the air.
AE'RIDES. (From aer, the air; in re-
ference to the power these have of living
on the air. Nat. ord., Orchids [Orchi-
dacese]. Linn., 2Q-Gynandria 1-Monan-
dria.)
Stove orchids. These all require a summer
temp, of 60° to 65° ; winter, 50° to 65°. Grow
best in baskets filled with sphagnum or white
bog-moss.
A. affi'ne (related). 1. Sylhet. 1837.
— Broo'kii (Sir A. Brooke's). Purple and white ;
fragrant. Bombay.
— cri'spum (crisp). 1. White and rose. May.
E. Ind. 1840.
— cyli'ndricum (cylindric). E. Ind.
— macula' sum (spotted). 1$. Purple-spotted.
May. Bombay. 1840.
— odonto'chilum (tooth-lipped). 2. Sylhet. 1837.
— odora'tum (fragrant). l£. White. August.
E. Ind. 1800.
— quinque vu'lnern (5-wounded). $. Pink. June.
Philippines. 1838.
— ro'sevm (rose-coloured). Dwarf; rosy. E, Ind.
— tessela'tum (chequered). White, green, and
purple. June. E. Ind. 1838.
— vi'rqns (vigorous). Purple, white. April. Java.
1843.
— Wightia'num (Wight's). E. Ind, 1800.
•ZE'uuA. (From eruua, its Arabic- name.
Nat ord., Amaranths [Amarantaceee].
Linn., b-Pentandria \-Monogynia.)
Stove herbaceous plants; flowering in June.
Propagated by dividing roots.
JB. Java'nica (Javanese). 2. White. E. Ind. 1768.
— lana'ta (woolly). 1. White. E. Ind. 1691.
^ESCHYNA'NTHDS. (From aischuno,to
be ashamed, and anthos, a flower. Nat.
ord., Gesnerworts [Gesneraceffi]. Linn.,
I4:-Didynamia 2-4.ngiospermia.)
JE. albi'dus (whitish). 1. Java. 1849.
— atrosangui'neus (dark-bloody). Dark red. July.
— Aucla'ndi (Lord Auckland's). Scarlet. Borneo.
1847.
— Boschia'nus (Bosch's). Scarlet. July. Java.
1843.
— grandifio'rus (large -flowered). 5. Scarlet.
August. E. Ind. 1837.
— Horsfi'eldii (Horsfield's). 2. Pale scarlet.
August. Java. 1844.
— Lobbia'nus (Lobb's). 1. Scarlet. June. Java
1845.
— longifio'rus (long-flowered). 2. Scarlet. June.
1845.
— macula' tus (spotted). 3. Scarlet. August.
India. 1839.
— minia'tus (vermilion). l£. Scarlet. June.
Java. 1845.
— Paxto'nii (Paxton's). Scarlet. April. Khosea.
1839.
— pu'lcher (fair). Scarlet. 1. July. Java. 1845.
— purpuia'scens (purplish). 1. Purple, yellow.
March. Java. 1845.
— radi'cans (stem-fibred). Red. August. Su-
matra. 1845.
— ramosi'ssirmis (most-branched). 3. Scarlet.
June. Khosea. 183?.
— specio'sus (showy). 2. May. Orange. Java. 1S45.
— Roxbu'rghii (Roxburgh's). Scarlet. July. E.
Ind. 1837.
— zebri'nus (striped). 1£. Scarlet. June. Java.
1847.
JJ]SCHYNO'MENE. (From aisohuno,io bo
ashamed; in reference to the supposed
sensitiveness in the leaves. Nat. ord., Le-
guminous Plants. Allied to Hedysarum
[Fabacese]. Linn., Dtadelphia b-Tc-tmn-
dria.)
Stove plants. The annuals by seed in a high
temperature, and the shrubs by cuttings in sand,
under a bell-glass, in good heat ; rich sandy
loam. Winter temp., 60° to 75°; summer, 70°
to 80°.
ANNUALS.
M. Amcrica'na (American). 2. Yellow. July.
Jamaica. 1732.
— a'spera (rough-stemmed) . 2. Yellow. Juno.
E. Ind. 1759.
— hi'spida (rough-haired). 2. Yellow. N, Amer.
1803.
— I'ndica (Indian). 2. Yellow. June. E. Ind.
1799-
— pu'mila (dwarf). 3. Yellow. July. E. Ind.
1818.
— subvisco'sa . (subvlsciJ). 1. Yellow. Julv. E.
Ind. 1816.
— visci'dula (viseidish'j. 1. Yellow, July, I'Jo •
ridu. 1816.
[ 1? J
AGA
SHRUBS.
JE.cretpitans (rattling -podded). 4. Yellow
July. Caraccas. 1820.
— pa'tula (spreading). 4. Yellow. July. Mau
ritius. 1820.
— pe'ndula (drooping). 3. Yellow. July. Mau
ritius. J826.
— sensiti'va (sensitive). 3. White. W. Ind. 173
Horse Chesnut. (Fron
escu, nourishment ; referring to the groun
flour from the kernels of some species
Nat. ord., Soapworts [Sapindaceae], Linn.
7-Heptandria 1-Monoyynia.}
Although the Horse Chesnut and other Soap
worts produce wholesome or nourishing fruit
gome families in this order are highly poisonous
Hardy deciduous trees. Deep rich loam.
JE. gla'bra (smooth-leaved). 12. Greenish-yellow
May. N. Amer. 1812. Grafts.
— hippoca'stanum (common Horse C.). 40
White. May. Asia. 1629. Seeds.
flore-ple'no (double-flowered). 40. White
May. Gardens. Grafts.
— fo'liis arge'nteis (silver - leaved). 40
White. May. Gardens. Grafts.
— ' • variegn'tum (common striped- leaved) ,
16. White. May. Asia. 1629. Layers,
— Ohiote'nsis (Ohio). 30. Seeds. White. May.
N. Amer.
— pa'llidn (pale-flowered). 12. Greenish-yellow.
June. N. Amer. 1812. Grafts or buds,
— rubicu'nda (red-flowered). 12. Red. June.
N.Amer. 1820. Grafts or buds.
^ETHIONE'MA. (From ailho, to scorch,
and nema, a filament; in reference to
some burnt appearance in the stamens.
Nat. ord., Crossworts, or Crucifers [Bras-
sioacese]. Allied to Lipidium. Linn.,
1] -Dodecandria l-Monoyynia.)
The order of Crucifers— to which our Cabbages,
Mustard, Cress, Turnips, and Horse-radish be-
long— has the universal character of being pos-
sessed with antiscorbutic and stimulating quali-
ties. Hardy Alpine plants, suited for rock-work.
Common light soil ; seeds and cuttings.
ANNUALS.
IE. Buxbau'mii (Buxbaum's). J. Pale red. June.
Levant. 1823.
— gra'cile (slender). $. Pale red. June. Carniola.
1823.
— saxa'tile (rock). $. Flesh. June. South of
Europe. 1759.
PERENNIALS.
— heterocar'pum (variable-podded). $. Purple.
July. Armenia. 1837.
— membrana'ceum (membranous - podded). £.
Lilac. July. Persia. 1829.
— monospe'rmvm (one-seeded). £. Pale purple.
July, Spain. 17/8.
— parviflo'rum (small-flowered). J. Lilac. July.
Persia. 1830.
(From JEthion, one of
Phoabus' horses. Nat. ord., Composites
[Asteracese]. Linn., IQ-Syngenesia 1-
JjEqualis.)
Greenhouse evergreen shrubs. Cuttings; com-
mon light soil.
M.frutico'sa (shrubby). 2. Yellow. June.
Madeira. 1785.
— filifo'rmis (thread-leaved). l£. June. Yellow.
Madeira. 1777.
AFRICAN ALMOND. Brabe'jum.
AFRICAN FLEABANE. Tarchona'nthus.
AFRICAN LILY. Agapa'nthus.
AFRICAN MARIGOLD. Tage'tes ere'cta.
AFZE'LIA. (In honour of Dr. A. Afze-
lius. Nat. ord., Leguminous Plants [Fa-
baceae]. Linn., 8-Octandria \-Monogy-
nla. Allied to Amherstia.)
Stove evergreen tree. Sandy peat and leaf-
mould. Cuttings in sand, under a bell-glass.
Winter temp., 55° to 60° ; summer, 60° to 80°.
A. Africa'na (Africa). Crimson. June. Sierra
Leone. 1821.
AGA'LMYLA. (From agalma, an orna-
ment, and hule, a forest. Nat. ord., Ges-
ncrworts [Gesneracese], Linn., 14^-Didy-
namia 2-4ngiospermia.)
It is a fine stove plant, with scarlet tubular
flowers, suitable for growing on branches of trees,
in baskets or in pots, in the orchid-house or
moist stove. Propagated from cuttings. Sandy,
fibrous peat suits it.
A. stami'nea (long-stamened). 2. November.
Scarlet. June. 1846.
AGANI'SIA.' (From aganos, desirable;
in reference to the beauty of these neat
little plants. Nat. ord., Orchids [Orchi-
dacese]. Linn., 2Q-Gynandria 1-Monan-
dria.)
Grown on a block in stove ; division of root.
A. pulche'lla (pretty). £. Cream-coloured. June.
Demerara. 1838.
AGANO'SMA. (From aganes, mild, and
isme, small. Nat. ord., Dogbanes [Apo-
^ynacese]. Linn., b-Pentandria 1-Mono-
gynia.)
The order of Dogbanes includes a host of
most beautiful plants — as Allamanda, Echites,
Oleander, &c. They are venomous in many
cases, and always to be suspected. These stove
tlants are propagated by cuttings in sand, under
'lass, and with bottom-heat ; they prefer a mix-.
;ure of loam, sand, and peat.
A. acumina'ta (pointed- leaved). White, fragrant.
Sylhet. Shrubby climber.
— caryophylla'ta (clove-scented) . Pale yellow.
October. E. Ind. 1812. Shrubby twiner.
— cymo'sa (cymose-flowered). White, fragrant.
Sylhet. Shrub.
— e'legans (elegant). Purple. E. Ind. Shrubby
twiner.
— margina'ta (bordered). White, fragrant.
Sylhet. Shrubby twiner.
— Roxbu'rghii (Roxburgh's). White, fragrant.
October. E. Ind. 1812. Shrubby twiner.
— Walli'chii (Wallich's). White, fragrant. 'E.
Ind. Shrubby twiner.
AGAPA'NTHUS. Bhie African Lily.
(From agape, love, and anth'os, a flower,
Nat. ord., Lilyworts [Liliaceae]. Linn,,
Q-Hexandria 4e-Tefrayynia.)
AGA
[18 ]
AGA
Half-hardy plants from the Cape of Good
Hope. Sandy loam; suckers. Require to be
.kept in a cold pit during winter.
A.nmbelMtus (umbelled). 3. Blue. April. 1692-
a'lbidus (whitish-umbelled). 2. Whitish-
September. „ ,.
variega'tus (variegated-umbelled), 2.
Blue. April.
AGA'RICTJS. (From Agaria, the name
of a town in Sarmatia. Nat. ord., Mush-
room* [Fungi]. Linn., ^-Cryptogamia
5-Fungi.)
This very large genus of fungous plants in-
eludes the Mushroom (A. campestns) and the
Fairy!ring Mushroom (A. pratensis), with a few
others, which are eatable; but, except the two
named, they are too dangerous for us to recom-
mend them. See MUSHROOM.
AGA'STACHYS. (From agastos, admira-
ble, and stachys, a spike. Nat. ord., Pro-
reads [Proteaceae]. Linn., 4,-Tetrandna
1-Monogynia.)
A greenhouse evergreen shrub. Ripe-wooded
cuttings in sand, under a glass, and in a cold
frame ; equal parts loam, sand, and peat.
A. odora'ta (fragrant). 3. Pale yellow. June.
N. Holland. 1826.
AGATEUE'A. (From agathos, excellent;
in reference to the "beauty of the flowers.
Nat. ord., Composites. Allied to Aster
[Asteraceaj], Linn., IQ-Syngenesia 2-
Superjlua.)
Greenhouse plants ; cultivated like the Cine-
raria, which they much resemble.
A. caVstis (heavenly). 2. Blue. June. Cape
of Good Hope. 1J59-
— tfmYo'/m (flax-leaved). 2. Blue. June. Cape
of Good Hope. 1800.
AGATKE'LPIS. (From agathos, plea-
sant, and thelis, a woman. Nat. ord.,
Selagiads [SelaginaCese]. Linn., 14-
Didynamia 2-Angiospermia.)
Greenhouse evergreen shrubs. Cuttings of
half-ripe shoots in April, in sandy loam, under a
glass without heat. Soil, 'peat and sandy loam,
equal parts. Winter temp., 40° to 45 .
A. parvifo'lia (small-leaved). White. May. Cape
of Good Hope. 1816.
— ansustifo'lia (narrow-leaved). White. May.
Cape of Good Hope. 1823.
AGATHOPHY'LLUM. Madagascar Nut-
meg. (From agathos, pleasant, and phyl-
lon° a leaf; referring to the pleasant,
clove-like smeL of- the leaf. Nat. ord..
Laurels [Lauracete]. linn., ll-JDodecan-
dria 1-Monogynia.)
Stove evergreen tree. Peat, and light rich
loam; cuttings.
A. aroma'ticum (aromatic). 30. White. Mada-
gascar. 1823.
AGATHO'SMA. (From agathos, pleasant,
and osma, smell. Nat. ord., JRueivorts.
Allied to Diosma [Kutacese], Linn., 5-
^Pentcmdria l-Monogynia.)
The Rueworts are principally distinguished for
their bitterness and powerful smell. Greenhouse
evergreen shrubs, all from the Cape of Good
Hope, and all blooming in May and June. Peat
and sand ; cuttings of young shoots in sand,
under a glass, without heat. Winter temp., 40°
to 45°. In summer a rather shady place.
A. acumina'ta (sharp-pointed-leaved). 5. Violet.
1812.
— ambi'gua (doubtful). 2. White. 1810.
— Ireotfo'Lia (short-leaved). 2. Purple. 1818.
— Brum'ades (Brunia-like). 2. Purple. 1820.
— cerefo'lia (chervil-leaved). 2. White. 1774.
— cilia'ta (eyelash-haired). 2. White. 1774.
— erf/eta (upright). 2. Blue, white. 1816.
— hi'rta (hairy). 2. Purple. 1794.
ezsiccafta (dried-up, hairy). 2. Purple.
1718.
purvu'rea (purple, hairy). 2. Purple. 1791.
Ventenatia'na (Ventenat's hairy). 2.
Purple. 1794.
— hi'spidu (rough-haired). 1. Violet. 1786.
— imbricalta (imbricated). 3. Pink. 1774.
— Imifn'lia (flax-ieaved). 2. White. 1823.
— orbicula'ris (round-leaved). 2. White. 1SOO.
— proli'fera (proliferous). 2. White. 1/90.
-~ pube'scens ( downy). 1. White. 1798.
— refle'xa (reflex-leaved). 2. Purple. 1820.
— rugo'sa (coarsely-wrinkled). 2. White. 1790.
— vesti'ta (clothed). 2. White. 1824.
— villo'sa (long-haired). 2. Violet. 1786.
AGATHY'RSTJS. (From agathost pretty;
and thyrstis, a thyrse, or dense panicle ;
referring to the handsome flowers so
produced. Nat. ord., Composites. Allied
to Hawkweed [Asteracese]. Linn., 19-
Syngenesia I-^qualis.')
All hardy herbaceous, perennials, except A'
alpirlus, which is an annual, and A. Floridanus.
which is biennial. Root division and seeds.
Common garden-soil.
A. alpi'nu* (alpine). 4. Blue. July. Scotland.
— cya'neMs(blue). 2. Blue, July. Nepaul. 1820.
— Floridu'nus (Florida). 6. Blue. July. Iberia.
1820.
— Lappo'nicus (Lapland). 6. Blue. July. N-
Amer. 1713.
— Flumie'ri (Tlumier's). 6. Blue. August.
Lapland. 1804.
— Sibi'ricus (Siberian). 1>. Blue. August.
Pyrenees. 1794.
— Tata'ricus (Tartarian). 4. Blue. August.
Siberia. 1784.
AGA'TI. (The Sanscrit name for it.
Nat. ord., Leguminous Plants [Fahacese] .
Linn., 17 -Itiadelphia ^-Tetrandria. Allied
to Galega.)
Stove evergreen tress. Loam and peat in
equal proportions ; cuttings in sand, under a
glass, with bottom-heat.
A. cocti'nea (scarlet). 25. Red. August. E.
Ind. 1/68.
— erandiflo'ra (large-flowered). 20. Red. Au-
gust. E. Ind. 1820.
AGA'VE. Aloe. (From agavos, admir-
able ; referring to the stately form in
which some of them flower. Nat. ord.,
Amaryllids. Linn., 6-Hexandria l-Mo-
nogynia.)
AGK
c
The fibre of some srecies of aloe has been
manufactured into ro;>es and paper, and the
juice into an intoxic.i;ing liquor 'a led pulque,
from which, in its turn, brandy is distilled. Stove
and greenhouse succulent plants. Rich loamy
aoil, decayed vegetable mould, and brick rubbish ;
suckers.
STOVE.
A. angustifo'lia (narrow-leaved). 6. Green. 1/90.
— brachy'stachys (short-spiked). 3. Green.
Mexico. 1820.
— e'legans (elegant). Mexico. 1835.
— fla'cdd-a (feeble). 6. Green. S. Amer. 1/90.
— #ara'#o(Karatto). 5. Green. S. Amer. 1/63.
— lu'rida (lurid). 8. Green. June. Vera Cruz.
1/31.
— Mexica'na (Mexican). 5. Green. Mexico. 1817.
— Miile'ri (Miller's). 6. Green. 1/63.
— polyaca'ntha (many-spined). 6. Green. Au-
gust. 1800.
— univitta'ta (one - striped). Green. Mexico.
1830.
— vivi'para (viviparous). 15. Green. Sep.
tember. S. Amer. 1731.
— yucccefo 'Ha (yucca-leaved). 6. Yellow. 1816.
GREENHOUSE.
A. America'na (American aloe). 20 Yellow.
August. S. Amer. 1640.
— ' vuriega'tn (variegated aloe). 12. Yellow.
August. S. Amer. 1640.
— glauce'scens (glaucous). Mexico. 1835.
— polyacanthoi'des (polyacantha-like). Mexico.
1835.
— pulche'rrima (most beautiful). Mexico. 1835.
— snpona'ria (soap). Brown. July. Peru. 1838.
— Virgi'nica( Virginian). 3. Purple. N. Amer.
1/65.
AGENO'EA. See SERI'OLA.
AGE'RATUM. (From a, not, and qeras,
old; in reference to the flowers being
always clear. Nat. orcl., Composites [As-
teracese]. Linn., IQ-Syngenesia \-2Equa-
//«.)
All annuals, but may be kept perennials by
cuttings, or in pots, if not allowed to ripen seeds.
The first two greenhouse ; the others, except A,
Mexicamim, hardy. Light rich soil ; cuttings
and seeds.
A. ungustifo'lium (narrow-leaved). 1. White.
July. Monte Video. 1827.
— cceru'leum (sky-blue). 1. July. W. Ind. 1800.
— conyzoi'des (conyza-like). "l. Light blue.
Jujy. America. 1/14.
— latifo'lium (broad-leaved). 2. White. July.
Peru. 1800.
— Mezicainum (Mexican). 2. Blue. June.
Mexico. 1822. Greenhouse.
~~ stri'ctum (upright). 2. White. June. Ne-
paul. 1821.
AGLA'IA. (The name of one of the
three Graces. Nat. ord., Meliads [Meli-
acece]. Linn., 5-Pentandria \-Monogynia.')
Until very recently this interesting Chinese
plant was referred to the Citronworts. Stove
evergreen shrub. Light loam, decayed dung,
and peat; half-ripe cuttings in sand, under a
glass, in a cold frame.
A, odora'ta Cswcet-scentei?). Striped. February.
China. 1810.
AGLAOMO'UPHA. (From aglaos, beauti-
AIE
fill, and morphat a form. Nat. ord.% Ferns
[Polypodiacese], Linn., 2±-Cryptogamia
1-Filices.)
Stove herbaceous Fern. Root division and
seed ; light, rich loam and peat.
A. Meyeria'na (Meyer's). Yellow. May. Island
of Luzon.
AGLAONE'MA. See A 'RUM.
AGNO'STUS. See STENOCA'RPUS.
AGONIO'PTERIS. See ACRO'STICHUM.
AGRIMO'NIA. Agrimony. (From ag-
remone, a plant used by the Greeks in
cataract of the eye. Nat. ord., Eoseivorts
[Rosaceee]. Allied to Potentilla. Linn.,
\\-Dodecandria '2-Digynia.*)
Hardy herbaceous plants. Boot division ;
common garden-soil.
A. Eupato'ria (Eupatoria). 3. Yellow. June.
Britain.
— Nepale'nsis (Nepaul). 3. Yellow. June.
Nepaul. 1820.
— odora'ta (scented). 4. Yellow. July. Italy.
1640.
— suave'olens (sweet-smelling). 3. Yellow.
July. Virginia. 1810.
AGROMY'ZA VIO'UE. Pansy Fly. At-
tacks the flower by puncturing the petal,
and extracting the juice ; the puncture
causes the colouring matter, to fade.
Very minute ; shining black ; bristly ;
eyes green; head orange. Appears in
May.
AGROSTE'MMA. Rose Campion. (From
ayros, a field, and stemma, a crown ; refer-
ring to the beauty of the flowers. Nat.
ord.,Clove^oorls [Caryophyllaceai]. Linn.,
\Q-Decandria k-Tetraqynia.*)
Hardy herbaceous perennials. Common soil ;
division or seed.
. Bungea'na (Don Bunge's). 1. Scarlet. July.
Russia, 1834.
— decu'mbens (hanging-down). 1 . Crimson. July.
— P^rewa'ica(Pyrenean). 1. Pale rose. June.
Pyrenees. 1819.
— Sueci'ca (Swedish). Pink. August. Sweden.
1824.
ATLA'NTHUS. (From ailanto, tree of
heaven; referring to its lofty growth.
Nat. ord., Xanthoxyls [Xanthoxylacesb].
Linn., 23-Polyc/amia l\-Dicecia.}
Deciduous trees. Cuttings of the roots ; sandy
loam and peat.
A. exce'lsa (lofty). 50. Green. E.Ind. 1800. Stove.
— glandulo'sa (glandulous). 20. Green. China.
1751. Hardy.
Ant. Atmospheric air is uniformly
and universally composed of —
Oxygen .
Nitrogen
. 79
Every 100 parts, even in the driest,
weather, containing, in solution, one part
of water; and in every 1000 pails having
AIK
[20]
ALC
admixed about one part of Carbonic acid.
The average proportions are —
Air 98-9
Watery vapour . . . • I'O
Carbonic Acid Gas . . . O'l
All these are absolutely necessary to
every plant, to enable it to vegetate with
all the vigour of which it is capable ; and
on its due state depends, in a great mea-
sure, the health of any plant requiring
the protection of glass. See LEAVES,
ROOTS, VENTILATION.
AIK (GIVING) is a term commonly used
by gardeners, who mean by the term,
lowering the upper sashes of the house,
pit, or frame, to allow the escape of ex-
cessive heat, bad air, and vapour, and open-
ing, at the same time, the front sashes,
to admit fresh air. The openings should
be so regulated as to equalize the escape
and supply, and according to the liveli-
ness of the current of air desired to be
maintained,
AIR-PLANT. Ae'rides.
AITO'NIA. (In honour of Mr. W.
Alton, once head-gardener at Kew. Nat.
ord., Mdiads [Meliacese]. Linn., 16-
Monadelphia 5-Pentandria.)
Greenhouse evergreen shrub. Loam and peat ;
cuttings of young wood, in sandy loam, under a
glass, with bottom-heat.
A. Cape'nsis (Cape). 2. Pini. July. Cape of
Good Hope. 1777-
AJAE. Used to denote the smallest
amount of opening to allow the entrance
of air, and usually applied to the front
sashes or lights.
A'juGA. Bugle. (From a, not, and
ZMijon, a yoke ; in reference to the calyx
being one-leaved. Nat. ord., Labiates, or
Lipworts [Lamiacese]. Linn., 14,-Didy-
namia "L-Gymnospermia.}
Hardy plants. Common garden-soil ; division,
or seeds.
ANNUALS.
A. chamce'pitys (ground-pine). 1. Yellow; July.
England.
— I'va (Iva). 1. Yellow. May. South of
Europe. 1759-
PERENNIALS.
A. atistra'Ks (southern). 1. Blue. July. N.
Holland. 1822.
— folio' sa (leafy). 1. Blue. August. Switzer-
land. 1826.
— Genevdnsis (Geneva). 1. Flesh. July.
Switzerland. l6s6.
— integrifo'lia (entire-leaved). 1. Blue. June.
Nepaul. 1821.
— orienta'lis (oriental). 2. Blue. June. Le-
vant. 1/52.
— pvramida'lis (pyramidal). £. Blue. May.
Britain. A beautiful plant.
— ru'bra (red-flowered). 1. Bed. May. Bri-
tain.
A. ru'bra variega'ta (variegated-leaved). 1. Blue.
April. Britain.
— rupe'stris (rock). 1. Blue. May. Switzer-
land. 1826.
AKE'BIA. (The name it bears in Japan.
Nat. ord., Lardiziibalads [Lardizabala-
ceee]. Linn., %l-Moncecia G-Hexandria.)
The fruit of Akebia quinata is used in Japan
as an emollient medicine. Greenhouse evergreen
twiner. Root division and cuttings ; sandy loam
and peat.
A. quina'ta (five-leafleted). Lilac-pink. March.
Chusan. 1845.
AKEE-TREE. BU'ghia sa'pida.
ALA'NGIUM. (The Malayan name for
two trees, bearing fruit not palatable to
Europeans. Nat. ord., Alatiyiads [Alan-
giacese]. Linn., 12-Icosandria l-Mono-
gynia.)
Stove evergreen trees. Loam, mixed with
peat ; cuttings under glass, with bottom-heat.
A. decape'talum (ten-petaled). 10. Pale purple.
E. Ind. 1779-
— hesape'talum (six-petaled). 15. Purple. E.
Ind. 1823.
ALBU'CA. From albicans, or albus,
white; referring to the prevalence of
white flowers in the genus. Nat. ord.,
Lilyworts [Liliacese]. Linn., 6-Hexan-
dria 1-Monoyynia.)
Greenhouse bulbs ; all from the Cape of Good
Hope, except the first-named. Sandy loam and
peat ; suckers from the old bulb, or leaves taken
off with a scale. Well adapted for planting out
in a border of light loam, in front of a green-
house ; to be covered from frost like Ixias.
A- AbyssVnica (Abyssinian). 2. White. August.
1818.
— alti'ssima (tallest). 4. White. May. 1789-
— au'rea (golden). 2. Greenish-yellow. June.
1818.
cauda't a (tailed). 2. Yellow. June. 1791.
coarcta'ta (compressed). 2. White. June. 17/4.
— exuvia'ta (adder's skin). 1. White. June. 1795.
— fastigia'ta (peaked). 2. White. June. 1774.
—filifo'lia (thread-leaved). 1. Yellow. June. 1820.
— fla'ccida (weak). 2. Yellow, green. June. 1791.
— /ra'pransffragant). 1. Yellow, green. July. 1791.
— fu'gax (fleeting). 1. Green, yellow. July. 1791.
— Garde'ni fCapt. Garden's). White. October.
Natal. 1854.
— ma'jor (greater). 3. Green, yellow. May. 1759-
— mi'no/(smaller). 1. Yellow. May. 1768.
— physo'des (flatulent). 1. White. June. 1804.
— seto'sa (bristly). 1. Green. June. 1795.
— smra'lis (spiral-leaved). 1. White. June. 179-'.
— viridifio'ra (green-flowered). 1. Green. June.
1794.
— visco'sa (clammy-leaved). 1. White, green.
June. 1779.
— vitta'ta (banded). 1. Yellow, green, June. 1802.
ALBU'RNUM. The layers of young
wood next beneath the bark, in which
layers the vessels are situated for con-
veying the sap from the roots to the
leaves.
ALCHEMI'LLA. Lady's Mantle. (From
ALC
]
ALL
aikemelyeh, its Arabic name. Nat. ord.,
Sanguisorbs [Sanguisorbaceae]. Linn.,
k-Tetr an cliia 1-Muiwyynia.)
Herbaceous perennials. Common dry soil;
seeds, or divisions.
GREENHOUSE.
A. Cape'nsis (Cape). 1. Green. June. Cape of
Good Hope. 1818.
— sibbaldiaefo'lia (sibbaldia-leaved). 1. White.
June. Mexico. 1823.
A. alpi'na (alpine). 1. Green. June. Britain.
— fi'ssa (cleft-leaved). 1. Green. July. Swit-
zerland. 1826.
— pentnphy'lla (five-leaved). 1. White. July.
Switzerland. 1784.
— pube'scens (downy). 1. Green. July. Cau- j
casus. 1813.
— seri'cea (silky). 1. Green. July. Caucasus. 1813.
ALCO'VE. A seat in a recess, formed of
stone, brick, or other dead material.
A'LDER. See A'LNUS.
ALE'TEIS. (From alet ran, meal; refer-
ring to the powdery appearance of the
whole plant. Nat. ord., Bloodworts [Hse-
modoracese]. Linn., 6-Hexandria \-Mo-
nogynia.}
A.farino'sa is the most intense of bitters
known. Hardy herbaceous perennials. Shady
situation. Peat or loam and leaf-soil ; offsets.
A. au'rea (golden-tipped). 1. Yellow. July.
N. Amer. 1811.
—farino'sa (mealy). 1. White. June. N.
Amer. 1768.
ALBURI'TES. (The name is the Greek
word for mealy ; in reference to the mealy
appearance of the plants. Nat. ord.,
Spuryeworts [Euphorbiaceae]. Allied to
Croton.)
Stove evergreen trees. Loam. Ripe cuttings
root readily in sand, under a ghiss, in heat.
A. corda'ta (heart-leaved). Japan. 1818.
— tri'loba (three-lobed). 10. Apetal. October.
Society Islands. 1/93.
ALEXANDER or ALISANDER (Smy'rnium
"hisa'tntm) received its common name
from the Greek, which means " a helper
of man," because formerly believed to
possess powerful medicinal properties.
It was also much cultivated for its stems,
when blanched, to be eaten as celery,
which it slightly resembles in flavour.
Sow any time from the end of March to
the commencement of May, in drills
three feet apart. Thin the plants when
four inches high to a foot apart, and the
seedlings removed may be planted in
rows at similar distances. Earth them
M/>, to blanch like celery, when about a
foot high. The plants will last two years ;
but the stems are finer and crisper, if
raised from seed annually. Grow it on
a rich, light soil, and give it abundance
of water and liquid-manure.
ALEXANDRIAN LAUREL. Hu'scus race-
mo' sus.
ALHA'GI. (The Arabic name of the
plant. Nat. ord., Leguminous Plants
Allied to Hedysarum [Fabacese]. Linn.,
ll-Diadelphla l-Tetrandria,}
The natural secretion from the leaves and
branches of A. Maurorum is supposed by some
to be the manna of Scripture. It is worthy of
remark, that this secretion is not now formed in
Arabia, Egypt, or India, but only in Persia,
where it is highly esteemed as food for cattle.
Both require the protection of a greenhouse in
winter. Sandy loam and peat ; young cuttings
and seeds, the first in sand, the latter in a hot-
bed. Winter temp., 40° to 45°; in summer, 55°
to 70°.
A. camdo'rum (camels). 2. Red. July. Siberia.
1816.
— Mauro'rum (Moors). 2. Red. July. Egypt. 1714.
ALIBE'RTIA. (In honour of Alibertj a
French chemist. Nat. ord., Cinchonads
[Cinchonaceae], Linn., 5-Pentandria 1-
Monogynia.}
Stove evergreen tree. Cuttings ; sandy peat.
A. edu'lis (eatable). 12. Cream-coloured.
Guiana. 1823.
ALI'SMA. Water Plantain. (From
the Celtic word alls, water. Nat. ord.,
Alismads [Alismaceae]. Linn., 6-Hexan-
dria 4^Polygynia.)
Hardy aquatics. Seed; sandy peat immersed
in water. A. plantago is recommended in hydro-
phobia.
A. lanceola'ta (spear-leaved). 2. Pure white.
July. Britain.
— na'tans (floating). 1. White. July. Wales.
— parviflu'ra (small-flowered). 1. July. N.
Amer. 1811).
— planta'go (plantain). 2. Pure white. July.
Britain.
— ranunculoi' des (ranunculus-like). 1. Purple.
August. Britain.
— trivia'lis (trivial). 2. White. July. N.
Amer. 1816.
ALLAMA'NDA. (In honour of Dr. Alia-
mand, of Leyden. Nat. ord., Dogbanes
[Apocynacea?]. Linn., 5-Pentandria 1-
Monoyynia.')
This order is remarkable for handsome flower-
ing plants, with deleterious qualities. An infu-
sion of the leaves of A. cathartica is a valuable
purgative. Stove evergreen climbers. Rich
loam ; cuttings root readily in sand, with bottom-
heat and moist air. Winter temp., 65° to 65°;
summer, 65° to 7.1°.
A. catha'rtica (cathartic). 12. Yellow. July.
Guiana. 1785.
— grandiflo'ra (large-flowered). Yellow. June.
Brazil. 1844.
— Parae'nsis (Paran). Yellow. Brazil. 1846.
— Scho'ttii (Schott's). September. Yellow.
Brazil. 1847.
— verticilta'tu (whorl-leaved). June. E. Ind. 1812.
ALL
[ 22]
ALL
ALJAKTO'DIA. (From allantos, a sau-
sag.e ; in reference to the cylindrical form
of the indusium, or the case which en-
closes the seeds of Ferns. Nat. ord.,
Ferns [Polypodiaeese]. Linn.,24-<7rypto-
gamia 1-Filices.)
Greenhouse Ferns; division of the roots, or
sowing spores ; equal parts, turfy peat and loam.
A. austra'lis (southern). Brown. Van Dieraen's
Land. 1820.
— axila'ris (axillary). 2. Brown. Madeira. 1//9.
— strigo'sa (strigose). 2. Brown. Madeira.
— te'nera (tender). 1. Brown. N. Holland. 1820.
— umbro'sa (shade-loving;. 4. Brown. Madeira.
1779-
ALLEYS are of two kinds : — 1. The
narrow walks which divide the compart-
ments of the kitchen-garden ; and, 2.
Narrow walks in the shrubheries and
pleasure-grounds, closely hounded and
overshadowed by the shrubs and trees.
ALLIGATOR PEAR. Pe'rsia grati'ssima.
ALLIO'NIA. In honour of C. Allioni,
an Italian botanist. Nat. ord., Nyctagos.
Allied to the Marvel of Peru [Nyctagy-
. naceoe]. Linn., k-Tetrandria \-Mono-
gynia.)
Hardy annuals. Seeds ; sandy loam.
A, incarna'ta (flesh-coloured). 1. Flesh. August.
Cumana. 1820.
— ova1 la (egg-leaved). 1. Purple. July. N.
Amer. 1827
— viola' ceo, (violet-coloured). 1. Violet. July.
Cumana. 1S20.
(From the Celtic all, mean-
ing hot, or burning; referring to the
well-known qualities of all the Onion-
worts, which are now classed in the Nat.
ord., Lily worts [Liliacesej. Linn., 0-
Sexandria 1-Monogynia.
The onion, garlic, and leek, according to Dr.
Royle, are the plants translated as such in the
Bible (Num. ch. xi. 5). The genus includes the
onion, garlic, &c, Hardy bulbs. Seeds or off-
sets ; rich, light loam.
A, ampelopra'sum (vine-leek). 2. Purple. May.
England.
— Anderso'nii (Anderson's). 1. Purple. July.
Siberia. 1818.
— angulo'sum (angulose). 1. Light purple. June.
Germany. 1/39.
— ascalo'nicum (askalon, or shallot). 1. Purple.
June. Palestine. 1546.
-- ma'j'us (greater askalon, or scallion). 1.
Purple. July. South of Europe.
— a'sperurn (rough). 1. Purple. August. South
of Europe. 1800.
— azu'reum (blue-coloured). 1. Blue. October.
1830.
— brachyste'mon (short-stemmed). 1. White.
June. Europe. 1819.
— c<ETu'leum (sky-blue). Blue. June. Russia.
1.840,
— ce'pa (onion). 3. White. June.
-- a&grcgatum (aggregated onioc). 1.
White. June
At cefpa pauciflo'rum (few-flowered cnion)« 2.
White. June.
— cepaefo'rma (onion-form). 2. White. August.
1824.
— cine'reum (grey). 1. Straw. July. Siberia.
182Q.
— confe'rtum (crowded). 4. Purple. Augufct.
Europe.
— conge'stum (crowded-flowered). 1. Purple.
May. Siberia. 1818.
— controve'rsum (contrary-stemmed). 1. Pur-
ple. 1816.
— desce'ndens (down-flowering). 1. July. Pur-
ple. Switzerland. 1/96.
— Fi'scheri (Fischer's). 1. Lilac. July. Siberia.
1829.
— fistulo'sum (pipe-leaved). Welsh onion. 2.
Green, yellow. April. Siberia. 1629.
— • glau'cum (milky-green). Pink. June. Siberia.
1800.
— 27/yncM»»(Illyrian). 1. Purple. July. Austria.
1820.
— intermedium (intermediate). 2. White. Au-
gust. South of Europe. 1827.
— litto'reum (sea-side). 2. Purple. Italy. 1818.
— longifo'lium (long-leaved). 1. Dark purple.
July. Mexico. 1826.
— me'dium (middle). 1. White. June. Hun-
gary. 1820.
— mo'ly (moly). 1. Yellow. June. South of
Europe. 1604.
— ophiosco'rodon (garden rocambole). 4. Pale
red. August. Greece.
— oxype'talum (sharp-petaled). 2. White. Au-
gust. South of Europe. 1818.
— po'rrum (leek). 2. White. Switzerland. 1562.
— proli'ferum (proliferous). 3. White. 1820.
— pu'lchrum (beautiful). Yellow. June. South
of Europe.
— Pu'rshii (Pursh's). 2. Pink. August, N.
Amer. 181S.
— ramo'sum (branchy). 2. Pale yellow. June.
Siberia. 1819.
— sati'vum (garlic). 2. White. June. Sicily.
1548.
— schacno'prasum (chives). £. Flesh. May. Bri-
tain.
— scorodo'prasum (rocambole). 3. Light purple.
July. Denmark. 1596.
— scorzonercefo'lium (scorzonera-leaved). 1. Yel-
low. June. South of Europe. 1820.
— spu'rium (spurious). 1. Purple. June. Si
beria. 1820.
— Victoria'lis (Victor's). 2. Green, yellow,- May.
Austria. 1/39.
angustifo'lium (Victor's narrow-leaved).
1. Green, yellow. April. Scotland.
— viola' ceum (violet). 1. Violet. June. Eu-
rope. 1823.
— Waldstei'nii (Waldstein's). 2. June. Hun-
gary. 1826.
ALLOPLE'CTUS. (From allos, diverse,
and plekcin, to plait ; in reference to the
leaves. Nat. ord., Gesnerworts [Gesner-
acese]. Linn., Didynamia 2-Angiosper-
mia.)
Stove evergreens. Light, rich soil ; cuttings.
A. di'chrous (two-coloured). 2. Purple, yellow.
Brazil. 1845.
— re' pens (creeping). Yellow, brown. February.
St. Martha. 1845. This is a climbing
plant.
ALLOSO'RUS. (From allos, diverse, and
ALL
L 23 ]
ALO
goros, a heap ; in reference to the variety
of the patches of fructification— sori— on
the hack of the leaf. Nat. ord., Ferns
[Polypodiaeese]. Linn., 2±-Cryptogamia
l-Filices.)
A. calomela'nts (deltoid-leaved). Cape of Good
Hope.
— corda'tus (heart-leaved). December. Mexico.
1842.
— crispus (curled). £. Brown. July. Britain.
—flexuo'sus (zigzag). 4$. Peru.
ALLOTMENT. A sace of land divided
At cfuftno'fa emargina'ta (five-notched-leaved).
April. Britain.
fo'liis variega'tis (variegated -leaved).
April. Britain.
inci'sa (cut-leav-ed). April. Britain.
lacinia'ta (jagged-leaved). April. Britain.
quercifo'lia (oak-leaved). April. Britain.
,1838.
— inca'na (hoary-teo»ed).20. June. Europe. 1780.
angula'ta (angular-teaued). 20.
pinna'ta (pinnate). 26. June. Europe.
— Jorulle'nsis (Jorulla). Mexico.
— macroca'rpa (long-fruited). 20. June.
— macropky'lla (long-leaved.) 20. June. Na-
ples.
— obcorda'ta (two-lobed). March. Russia.
— oblonga'ta (oblong-/ea»ed). 20. June. South
of Europe. 1730.
elli'ptica (elliptic-lobed). 20. June.
— oxyacanthifo'lia (oxycanth-leaved). 20. June.
— pu'mila (dwarf). 10. June.
— ru'bra (red). 20. June.
— rugo'sa (wrinkled). March. N. Amer.
— serrula'ta (saw-teaoeeZ). 20. June. N. Amer.
1769.
— Sibi'rica (Siberian). Siberia. 1820.
— sn.br otu'nda (roundish-feaued). 23. April.
— undula'ta (vf&ve-leaved). 20. June. N. Amer.
1782.
ALOCA'SIA. See COLOCA'SIA.
A'LOE. (Frbm alloeh, its Arabic name.
Linn.,
amongst so many labourers or artisans
and generally at the same price as that
•which the farmer pays. It may just be
such a piece of ground as a man and
his family may successfully cultivate in
their over-hours, after attending to their
usual employment during the day. The
term allotment thus becomes synonymous
vriih garden ; and, if near to the occupier's
home, such a piece of ground is of great
importance- to him, socially and morally.
Or, secondly, an allotment may be such
& space of ground as will secure the la ^
bourer in employment, when otherwise h«; Nafc ord ~Lilyworts [Liliacese]
might be without it. In that sense it be- ^Hexandria LMonogynia.)
comes a mere temporary palliative lor a
social evil, and ultimately entails uponj_Gr snhouse _evergree nts, from
its occupier all the disadvantages of_a
small farmer, without many of his
benefits.
ALLSEED. Polyca'rpon.
ALLSPICE. Calyca'nthus.
ALLSPICE-TREE. Pime'nla.
ALLUVIAL SOIL is so called from the
Latin word alluere, to wash down ; be-
cause the soil so named is that rich de-
posit of finely-divided earths and decom-
posing vegetable matters which, forming
the land in valleys, and on the banks of'
rivers, is evidently formed of the richest
and finest portions, washed down from,
higher-situated soils. Alluvial soils are
usually very fertile, and excellent for pas-
turage.
ALMOND.
Amy'ydalus.
A'LNUS. The Alder-tree. (From al, near,
and /are, the bank of a river; in refer-
ence to the situation where the Alder de-
lights to grow. Nat. ord., Birchworts [Be-
tulaceas]. Linn., 21-Moncecia &-Tetran-
dria.)
Hardy deciduous trees. The flowers have no
petals. Layers, or seeds; laght loam, in moi»t
situation.
A. barba'ta (bearded). March. Russia. 1838.
— Canade'nsis (Canadian). June. Canada.
— cordifo'lia (heart-leaved). June. Naples. 1818.
— glauca (milky-green). June. N. Amer. 1820.
— glutino'aa (sticky). 'April. Britain,
the
of Good Hope. Sandy loam and peat, with
K Tittle reduced manure, and full one-third of
broken bricka and lime-rubbish, and good drain-
ege. Giro very little water in winter. Medium.
temp, in winter, 40°; in summer, 50° to 70°;
water with care in winter. Propagated from
puckers or leaves, inserted in gravelly soil. As
purgatives, the juice of the tree-aloes are exclu-
sively in use, particularly that of A. socotrina,
vulgaris, purpurascens, and spicata.
A. acumina't a (spike-leaved). Orange. April. 1795-
— albispi'na (white-spined). Scarlet. June. 1796.
— alboci'ncta (white-banded). Orange. June.
-like). Red. June. 1731.
— arista'ta (awned). Orange. May. 1801.
— brevifo'lia (short-leaved). Orange. June. 1810.
— cec'sia (grey). 2. Orange. July. 1818.
ela'tior (taller). 9. Red. June. 1821.
— Chine'nsis (Chinese). Yellow. June. 1821.
— cilia'ris (hair-fringed). Red. June. 1821.
— Commeli'ni (Commelin's). 1819.
— depre'ssa (depressed). Orange. August. 1831.
— dicho'toma (pair-branched). Red. July. 1781.
— dis'tans (distant). 6. Red. July. 1732.
depre'ssa (fat-leaved). 6. Red. July. 1820
refle'fca (reflexed).
— echina'ta (hedge-hog).
4. Red. July.
6. 1820.
1820.
— flavispi'na (yellow-spined). Red. August. 1793.
— frute'scens (shrubby). Red. June. 1818.
— gla'uca (milky-green). Red. April. 1731.
rhodaca'ntha (lesser red-spined). 4. Red.
May. 1731.
— gra'cilis (graceful). Orange. June. 1822.
— hu'milis (humble). Orange. April. 1731.
— incu'rva (incurved). Orange. May. 1791-
•— latifo'lia (broad-leaved). Scarlet. July. 179*«
— linea'ta (line-marked). Scarlet. 1789.
glauce'scetu (milky-green-marked; . Sew
let. 1789.
ALO
[24
ALP
A. mttrcefo'rmis (mitre-shaped). Red, August.
1731.
- no'k-lls (noble). Blue, August. 1800.
-.palle'scens (palish). Red. July. 1820.
— panicula'ta (panicled). Scarlet. July. 1795.
— pl'i'ridens (many-toothed). Red. July. 1823.
— proli'fera (proliferous). Orange. April. 1819.
ma'jor (larger proliferous). Orange. April.
1819.
— purpura' scens (purplish). Purple. August.
1/89-
— sapona'ria (soapy). Red. July. 1727.
lu'teostria'ta (yellow-striped, soapy.) Reel.
July. 1821.
— se'rra (saw). Orange. July. 1818.
— serrula'ta (finely-toothed). Red. July. 1/S9.
— socotri'na (socotrine). Red. March. 17^1.
— spica'ta (spiked). Red. 1795.
— spino'sior (more spiny). Red. April. 1820.
— stria'tula (slight-striped). Red. June. 1821.
— subere'cta (slightly-leaning). Scarlet. April.
1/39.
semigutta'ta (half-spotted). Orange. May.
1819.
— subtubernula'ta (slightly-knobbed). Orange.
June. 1620.
— tenuifo'lia (thin-leaved). Orange. June. 1S31.
— tenu'ior (thinned). Orange. June. 1821.
— tuberrsula'ta (knobbed). Orange. April. 1706.
— variega'ta (variegated). Pink. June. 179i>.
— xanthafta'ntha (yellow-spined). Orange. June.
181/.
ALO'MIA. (From a, not, and loma, a
fringe. Nat. ord., Composites. Allied to
Eupatoria [Asteracesej. Linn., 19-Syn-
yenesia I- JE quails. ~)
Half-hardy evergreen. Sandy loam ; cuttings ;
temp, not below 35° in winter.
A. ageratoi'des (ageratum-like). White. July.
Spain. 1824.
ALO'NA. (Letters of the primitive
name, Nolana, transposed from Nola, a
little bell; in reference to the form of the
flowers. Nat. ord., Nolanads [Nolan-
acese]. Linn., 5-Pentandria I -Mono -
gynia.)
A small order of pretty Chilian half-shrubby
greenhouse evergreens, with large flowers ; cut-
tings root freely in sandy loam ; peat and loam.
A. bacca'ta (berry-bearing). Yellow. Coquimbo.
— ccele'stis (sky-blue). 2. Blue. Chili. 1843.
— carno'sa (fleshy). Blue. Coquimbo.
— glandulo'sa (glandulous). Blue. Valparaiso.
— longifo'lia (long-leaved). Blue. Coquimbo.
— obtu'sa (blunt-leaved). Blue. July. Coquimbo.
— revolu'ta (rolled-back-leaved). Blue. Peru.
— rostra'ta (beaked). Blue. July. Coquimbo.
— tomento'sa (white-downed). White. Valpa-
raiso.
ALONSO'A. (In honour of Z. Alonzo, a
Spaniard. Nat. ord., Fiyworts. Allied
to Hemimeris [Scrophulariacese]. Linn.,
I4t-Didyn amia 2 -Angiospermia.)
Greenhouse evergreens, except A. caulialata,
which is a half-hardy herbaceous. Rich mould ;
cuttings, or seeds, the first in sandy loam in
August or March ; the seeds in March in gentle
heat.
A. acutifo'lia (acute-leaved), 3. Scarlet. June.
Peru. 1/90.
I A. cuuliala'ta (wing-stemmed). 3. Scarlet. June.
Chili. 1823.
1 — incisifo'lia (cut-leaved). 2. Scarlet. June.
Chili. 1/95.
1 — intermedia (intermediate). 2. Scarlet. June.
« Hybrid.
— linea'ris (linear-leaved). 2. Scarlet. June.
Peru. 1790.
ALOY'SIA. Sweet-scented Verbena. (In
j honour of Maria Louisa, Queen of Spain.
! Nat. ord., Verbenas [Verbenacese]. Linn.,
1 1-i-Didynamia '3-Anyiospeivnia.)
j Greenhouse deciduous shrub. Rich mould ;
. cuttings in sandy soil of the old stem, or young
! shoots j if the latter, shade ; August and March
I best times.
! A. citriodo'ra (lemon-scented). 3. Pale purple.
August. Chili. 1784.
ALPI'NES, strictly speaking, are plants
from alpine, that is, mountainous dis-
tricts, usually requiring the protection of
a frame in winter, because we cannot
secure to thfim their natural covering of
snow during that season. Gardeners,
however, include in their lists of Alpines
a great diversity of small plants, difficult
of cultivation. They are best grown in
pots, and require light sandy loam and
peat, with abundant drainage.
ALPI'NIA. (In honour of Alpini, au
Italian botanist. Nat. ord., Ginyerivom
[Zingiberacere]. Linn., I-Monaudria
1-Jlfonoyynia.)
Stove herbaceous perennials, except A. penici.l.
lata, which is a greenhouse plant. Rich sandy
soil and peat. They like much moisture and pot-
room in the growing season ; root division in
moist air.
A. Allu'gahs (Aiiugahs). 2. Red. February.
E. Ind. 1796.
1 — Antilla'rum (Antilles). 4. Flesh. Maj. V,.
Ind. 1826.
| — auricula' ta (eared;. 5. Reddish-yellow. E.
Ind. 1814.
— bractea'ta (bracted). 3. White. May. E.Ind.
1824.
— caleara'ta (spur-flowered). 3. White. Sep-
tember. E. Ind. 1800.
— Cardamo'mum (Cardamom). 8. White. Au-
gust. E. Ind. 1815.
— ce'rnua (drooping). 6. Pink. April. E.Ind.
1804.
— como'sa (tufted-spiked). 1. White. May. Ca-
raccas. 1752.
— diffi'ssa (two-cleft). 6. Purple-blue, yellow.
April, E. Ind. 1813.
— exalta'ta (lofty). 20. Red, yellow. Surinam.
1820.
— Gala'nga (Galanga). 6. White, yellow. Oc-
tober. E. Ind.
— lingucefo'rmis (tongue-formed). 6. Red. July.
E. Ind. 1820.
— magni'fica (magnificent). 10. Red. July.
Mauritius. 1830.
— Malacce'nsis (Malayan). 5. White. April.
E. Ind. 1799-
— me'dia (mediate). 6. Red. July. E. Ind. 1R15.
— nvu'tica (spurless). 5. White. August. E.
Ind. 1811.
ALS
[25]
ALT
A. nutana (nodding). 13. Pink. May. E. Jnd. i frost, except A. caryophyllcea, erroneously called
1792. I Hgtu; and this requires'stove heat and absolute
— occidenta'lis (western). 6. White. July. Ja- I rest in
maica. 1/93.
— penicilla'ta (pencilled). 3. Pink. May. China.
— puni'uea (scarlet). 6. Scarlet. June. E. Ind.
1820.
— racemo'sa (branchy). 5. White. August. W.
Ind. 1752.
— Roicoea'na (Roscoe's). 3. Red. May. E.
Ind. 1823.
— spica'ta (spiked). 2. Sumatra. 1822.
— stria'ta (streaked). 4. E. Ind. 1818.
— tubula'ta (tubular). 2. lied. July. Dcme-
rara. 1820.
ALSI'NE. Chickweed. (From alsos, a
grove ; in reference to the situation pre-
ferred by these plants. Nat. ord., Clove-
worts [Caryophyllacese]. Linn., 5-Pen-
tandria 3-Trigynia.)
Hardy annuals. Seed ; common loam.
A. laricifo'lia (larch-leaved). £. Siberia. 1834.
This is perennial ; root division.
— moliugi'nea (mollugo-like). £. White. July.
Spain. 1816.
— mucrona'ta (spine-pointed 'leaved). 1. White.
July. South of Europe. 1777*
— pube'scens (downy). £. White. July. 1810.
— segeta'lis (sedge-like). 1. White. July. France.
1805.
ALSODEI'A. (From alsodss, leafy. Nat.
ord., Violetworts [Violacese]. Linn.,
§-Pentaudria l-Monogynia.)
Stove evergreen shrubs. Loam and peat ; cut-
tings in sand, under a bell-glass.
A. latifo'lia (broad-leaved). White. Madagascar.
1824.
— paucifio'ra (few-flowered). White. Madagas-
car. 1824.
ALSO'PHILA. (From a/sos, a grove, and
phileo, to love ; in reference to the situa-
tion best suited for the plants. Nat. ord.,
Ferns [PolypodiaceaVJ. Linn., 24L-Cryp-
togamia \-Filices.)
Greenhouse herbaceous Fern. Peat and loam ;
division.
A. Av-stra'lis (Australian). Brown. N. Holland.
1833.
ALSTO'NIA. (In honour of Dr. Alston
Nat. ord., Storaxworts [Styracacese].
Linn., 5-Pentandria 1-Monogynia.}
The leaves of Alstonia are slightly astringent
and are used as tea. Stove eve^.ueen shrubs
allied to the Oleander. Sandy luam and peat;
cuttings root readily in moist bottom-heat. Win-
ter temp., 50° to 55°; summer, 60° to 75°.
A. schola'ris (oleander-leaved). 8. White. May,
E. Ind. 1825.
— venena'ta (poisonous). 6. White. June. E
Ind. 1825.
ALSTROME'RIA. (In honour of Baroi\
Alstriimer, a Swedish botanist. Nat
ord., Amaryllids [Amaryllidaceae], Linn.
Q-Hexandrla 1-Monogynia.}
All the species of this beautiful genus live ou
of doors with us, with a slight protection from j
winter. All the species, also, have one
uniform mode of upright growth, by which they
are easily distinguished from Bomare'as, the
species of which are all twiners. The golden
Alstromer from Chiloe (A. aureu,}, is perfectly
lardy in England, and prefers a damp situation
nd strong loam ; the other species are chiefly
rom the alpine regions of Chili, and require free
ir and lighter soil — their long fascicled (or
iundled) roots are not well adapted for pot culti-
ation. They succeed in deep, rich, light loam, or
oaai, peat, and sand, and should be planted eight
r ten inches deep, and receive abundance of
rater while they are growing. Alstromers have
i strong natural tendency to variation, but will
not cross with Bornare'as, as has been asserted,
limits can be assigned between species and
varieties in this family ; a race of endless varia-
ions has been obtained from A. Hookeria'na by
he pollen of A. Hosma'ntha and its varieties.
These are called Van Houtte's seedlings. The
rollowing are the most distinct forms of the
genus in our gardens ; but many more are re-
corded and described, which remain to be in-
troduced : —
4. au'rea, syn. auranti'aca (golden). 2. June.
Orange. Chili. 1831.
— Cummingia'na (Camming'*). Chili.
— caryophy'll&a, syn. li'gtu (clove-like scent}.
1. February. Scarlet. Brazil. 17/6.
— haema'ntha, var. Barcleyu'na (blood-coloured).
July. Crimson. Chili. 1830.
— Hooke'rii, syn. ro'sea (Dr. Hooker's). 3. June.
Pink. Chili. 1834.
— li'gtu. See Caryophy'llaea. The true ligtu is
not introduced.
— Nei'llii (Neil's). 2. June. Pink. Chili. 1827.
— pelegri'na (spot-flowered). 1. July. Striped.
Chili. 1/54.
— psittaci'na (parrot-like). September. Crimson.
Brazil. 1829.
— pulche'lla. See Si'tnsii.
— pu'lchra, syn. Flos Marti'ni; syn. tri' color
(fair),
yello
June. White, purple, and
Chili. 1822.
— Si'msii, syn. pulche'lla (Sims's). 3. June.
Scarlet. Chili. 1822.
ALTERNANTHE'RA. (Alluding to the
anthers being alternately barren. Nat.
ord., Amaranths [Amarantacess], Linn.,
5-Pentandria I-Monogynia.)
Chiefly stove herbaceous perennials. Cuttings
root readily in common hotbed heat ; light, rich
loam.
A. achyra'nthn (chaff-flowered). 1.
Buenos Ayres. 1732.
— cane'scens (hoary). 1. White.
White. July.
July. Cu-
1. White. July.
White.
July.
mana. 1825.
— Caracasa'na (Caraccas).
Caraccas. 1819.
— denticula'ta (finely-toothed-leaved).
July. 1822.
—filifo'rmis (thread-shaped). White.
E. Ind.
— -frute'scens (shrubby). 1. White. July.
Peru. 1820. This will do in a green-
house.
— nodiflo'ru (knot-flowered). White. May. N.
Holland. 1826.
1 — polygonoi'des (polygonum-like). 1. White.
July. America. 1731.
ALT
[26 ]
ALJf
A. procu'mhens (procumbent), 4. White. July.
Brazil. 1818.
— seri'cea (silky). 2. White. July. Quito. 1820.
— se'ssile (stalkless). &. July. Brown. E. Ind.
1778. A biennial.
— spiito'sa (spinous). Yellow. June. 1823.
Stove annual.
ALTHJE'A. Mallow. (From altheo, to
<nire ; in reference to the medicinal quali-
ties. Nat.ord., Mallow worts [Malvaceae].
Linn., IQ-Monadelphia 8-Polyandria.)
The biennials and annuals sow in spring; the
herbaceous dividing the roots, or seeds, which,
sown as soon as ripe, produce flowering plants
next year. A. ro'sea is the Hollyhock.
HARDY ANNUALS.
A. acau'lis (stemless). 2. Purple. July. Aleppo.
1680.
— Jiirsu'ta( hairy); 2. White. July. Britain.
— Ludwi'gii (Ludwig's). 2. Pink. July. Sicily.
1791.
— Chine'nsis (China). 1. Bed. July. China. 1818.
HARDY BIENNIALS.
A. Caribas'a (Caribean). 3. Pink. Stove. April.
W. Ind. 1816.
—fitifo'lia (fig-leaved). 6. Orange. July. Levant.
1597-
— Fro/owa'na(Frolove's). 3. July. Siberia. 1827.
— pa'llida (pale-flowered). 6. Pale red. July,
Hungary. 1805.
— ro'sea (the hollyhock). Red. August. China.
1573.
-- tilo'ba. (two-lobed H.). 8. lied. July.
— Sie'beri (Sieber^). 4. Purple. July. Sicily. 1829.
— stria1 ta (streaked). 5. White. July.
HERBACEOUS.
A.cannafn'na (hemp-leaved). 6. Purple. July.
South of Europe. 1597.
— flexuo'sa (zigzag). 3. Pink. July. E. Ind.
1803.
— Narbone'nsis (Narbonne). 6. Pink. August.
South of Europe. 1/80,
— nudifln'ra (naked-flowered). 6. White. July.
Siberia. 1827.
— officina' Us (officinal. Marsh-mallow). 4. Flesh.
July. Britain.
— Taurine'nsis (Turin). 4. Red. August. Turin.
1817.
ALTI'NGIA. (In honour ofAltiny, a Ger-
man botanist. Nat. ord., Conifers [Pinna-
cese]. Linn., %2-Dicecia 13-Monadelphia).
Greenhouse evergreens. Allied to Auraucaria.
Deep loamy soil. The best plants are from seeds,
although they may be raised from cuttings of the
half-ripened wood, under a bell-glass, in a cold
frame.
A. Cunningha'mi (Cunningham's). 30. Apetal.
N. Holland. 1824.
— exce'lsa (tall). 100. Apetal. Norfolk Island.
1/96.
ALTITUDE, or elevation above the sea,
has a great influence over vegetation.
The greater the altitude the. greater the
reduction of temperature ; so much so
that every 600 feet of altitude are be-
lieved to reduce the annual temperature
as much as receding a degree from the
-equator, either to the north or to the
south. But this rule is far from uni-
versally applicable ; for the limit of per-
petual snow at the equator is at the height
of 15,000 feet ; whereas, in the 35th de-
gree of north latitude, the limit is at
11,000 feet, being an average of about
120 feet of altitude for every degree of
recession from the equator. In the 45th
degree, the limit is 8,400 feet, being an
average of 140 feet for every. degree; in
the 50th degree, 6,000 feet, or 180 feet
for each degree ; in the 60th, 3,000 feet,
or 200 feet for a degree ; and in the 70th,
from 1,200 to 2,000 feet, or about the
same for each degree as to the 60th de-
gree of latitude. Now we know of no
reason why the temperature of elevations
below the snow-line should not follow the
same gradations ; and if this be so, these
may be taken as a rule. All plants grow-
ing above 7,000 feet under the equator
ought to grow in the open air, in the
latitude of London. In general, good
vegetation is produced at the same dis-
tance from the snow-line in the same
latitudes.
ALUMINOUS, applied to land, means
heav.y, owing to the presence of clay.
ALY'SSUM. Madwort. (From a, not,
and lyssa, rage; in reference to a fable
that the plant allayed anger. Nat. ord.,
Crudfers [Brassicacese]. Linn., 15-2V-
tradynamia.)
Seeds, cuttings, and root divisions ; common
soil. Mostly yellow-flowered and hardy. The
best plants of the shrubs are from cuttings in
April and May, and struck in a hotbed. They
flower next year. The saxatile is the best yellow,
and for scent none surpass the white sweet
alyssum of the gardens, which will sow itself in
the ground, and may be sowed several times
during the summer, by the side of borders, kke
the Virginia stock. The evergreen shrubs, as
they are called, more resemble herbaceous plants,
they are so lowly in their growth. They are
best propagated by cuttings of the points of the
shoots, two or three inches in length, inserted in
sandy loam, early in the season, and in a shady
place. Variegatum is a little tender. Though
all grow freely in common soil, yet to have them
in perfection they should be used as rock or hil-
lock plants. Even when planted in the border
they succeed best when planted in little mounds.
The variegatum makes a fine edging to any bril-
liant-coloured bed.
EVERGREEN SHRUBS.
A. Atla'nticum (Atlantic). 1. April. Crete.
1817.
— Gemone'nse (German). 1. April. Europe.
— obtttsifo'lium (blunt-leaved). 1. April. Tauria.
1828.
— orienta'le (eastern). 1. April. Crete.
variega'tum (variegated-leaved). April.
Gardens.
— saxa'tile (rock). 1. June. Candia. 1710.
ALZ [ '
A serpyllifo'lium (thyme-leaved). I. August.
South of Europe. 1822.
— spatula'tum (spatulate). 1. April. Siberia.
1818.
— verna'le (vernal). 1. June. 1819.
ANNUALS.
A. Mrsu'tum (hairy). 1. June. Tauria. 1817.
— umbella'tum (umbellate). 1. July. Tauria.
1821.
HERBACEOUS PERENNIALS.
A. alpe'stre (alpine). 1. June. South of Europe.
1825.
— arge'nteum (silvery). 1. April. Switzerland.
— Bertolo'nii (Bertoloni's). 1. July. Switzer-
land. 1823.
— cuneifo'lium (wedge-leaved). 1. July. Italy.
1820.
— diffu'sum (spreading). 1. July. Italy. 1820.
— Marschallia'num (Marschall's). 1. April.
Caucasus. 1820.
— micra'nthum (small-flowered). 1. August.
Russia. 1836.
— monta'num (mountain). 1. June. Germany.
1713.
— mura'le (wall). 1. July. Hungary. 1820.
— oly'mpicum (Olympic). 1. June. 1700.
— procu'mbens (trailing).
— tortuo'sum (twisted). I.April. Hungary. 1804.
— Warscha'lldii (Warschalld's). June. Yellow.
South of Europe. 1847-
— Wulfenia'num (Wulfen's). 1. April. Ca-
rinthia. 1819.
ALZATE'A. (In honour of a Spanish
naturalist, named Alzaty. Nat. ord., Spin-
dle-trees [Celastracese]*. Linn., 5-Pen-
tandria \-Monogynia.)
Greenhouse evergreen tree, Cuttings in hot-
bed ; sandy peat.
A. vtrticilla'ta (verticillate). 20. Peru. 1824.
AMARA'NTHUS. Amaranth. (From a,
not, and mairaino,to wither ; in reference
to the durability or "everlasting" quality
of the flowers of some species. ' Nat. ord.,
Amaranths [Amarantacese]. Linn., 21-
Moiicccia 5-Pentandria.')
Hardy annuals. Rich loam; seeds sown in
open ground in March and April.
A. atropurpu'reus (dark purple). 3. Purple.
September. E. Ind. 1820.
— bi'color (two-coloured). 2. Red, green. Au-
gust. E. Ind. 1602.
— cauda'tut (love-lies-bleeding). 4. Red. Au-
gust. E. Ind. 1596.
ma'ximus (true-love-lies-bleeding). 6.
Red. August. 1820.
— crue'ntus (dark-bloody). 3. Dark red. July.
China. 1728.
—fnscia'tus (banded). 2. July. E. Ind. 1816.
— fla'vus (yellow). 4. Light yellow. August.
India. 1759.
— lancecefo'lius (lance-leaved). 3. Red. July.
E. Ind. 1816.
— olera'ceus (pot-herb). 6. Pale red. July.
E. Ind. 1764.
— sangui'neus (bloody). 3. Red. August.
Bahama. 1775.
— epecin'sus (showy). 6. Red. July. Nepaul.
1819.
— tri'coior (three-coloured). 2. Red, yellow.
Attgust. E. Ind. 1548.
r ] AMB
AMARY'LLIS. (A classic alname,' after
Virgil's Amaryllis. Nat. ord., Amaryllids
[Amaiyllidacese]. Linn., 6-Hexandria
"L-Monogynia. )
Half-hardy deciduous bulbs. Ever since
the day the great Linnaeus instituted this genus,
"with a playful reason assigned," until the
whole order was arranged by the late Dean of
Manchester, it has been loaded in books with all
kinds of allied plants in an interminable confu-
sion. Every hybrid usually arranged in this
genus is a Hippeastrum ; and all which we
think necessary to mention will be found under
that genus. Plant in light, rich soil, in a shel-
tered place, well drained, and the bulbs placed
at least six inches deep.
A. Bellado'nna (Belladonna-lily). 2. Pale pink.
Cape of Good Hope. 1712.
— pa'lUda (pale-flowered). 2. Flesh. August.
Cape of Good Hope. 1712.
— bla'nda (charming). 14. June. Whitish.
Cape of Good Hope.- 1754.
These are all that we can arrange in this genus,
although we think that Brunsvigia Josephine and
B. grandiflora are true Amaryllises, having
crossed, or produced fertile seeds, with Amaryllis
blanda; but, as they are very distinct in the
appearance of their leaves and bulbs, no author
but Dr. Herbert has yet ventured to unite them
with Amaryllis. Without aiming at a reform of
our botanical classification, we think it desirable
to keep Hippeiistrum apart from Amaryllis, on
account of the opposite habits of the bulbs of the
two genera, those of the Amaryllis growing only
late in the autumn, and through the winter in
Europe ; while those of Hippeastrum are under
the gardener's control, and may be managed to
grow at different periods. Our great aim should
be to get crosses between Amaryllis and Valotta.
Thus reduced, Amaryllis would turn evergreen,
or at least produce leaves and flowers simulta-
neously. All bulbs which flower wkhout their
leaves are objectionable.
AMASO'NIA. (In honour of an American
traveller, named Amason. Nat. ord., Ver-
benas [Verbenacese]. Linn., 14^-Didyna-
mia 2-Angiospermia.)
Stove herbaceous perennials. Sandy loam ;
suckers.
A. ere'cta (upright). 2. Yellow. September.
Maratihao. 1823.
— puni'cea (scarlet). 2. Yellow. September.
Trinidad. 1825.
AMATE'UR. As the true qualification of
an amateur sometimes is questioned at
local horticultural shows, we give our defi-
nition. We consider that person is an
amateur who has a taste for a pursuit
(floriculture, or horticulture, for instance,)
but who neither follows it as a profession,
nor for pecuniary advantage.
A'MBURY is a disease peculiar to the
Cabbageworts, and is known by the va-
rious names of Hanbury, Anbury, and
Club Root. Fingers and Toes, a name
applied to it in some parts, alludes to the
swollen state of the small roots of the
affected plants.
AMB
C 28 ]
AME
^ Cabbage-plants are frequently infected
with am bury in the seed-bed, which in-
fection appears in the form of a gall or
wart on the stem near the roots. This
wart contains a small white maggot, the
larva of a little insect called the weevil.
If on the gall and its tenant being re-
moved, the plant is again placed in the
earth, where it is to remain, unless it is
again attacked, the wound usually heals,
and the growth is little retarded. On the
other hand, if the gall is left undisturbed,
the maggot continues to feed upon the
alburnum, or young woody part of the
stem, until the period arrives for its pass-
turnip and cabbage usually attacks these
crops when grown for successive years on
the same soil. This is precisely what
might be expected; for, where the parent
insect always deposits her eggs, some of
these embryo ravages are to be expected.
The am bury is most frequently observed
in dry seasons. This is also what might
be anticipated ; for insects that inhabit
the earth just beneath its surface are al-
ways restricted and checked in their
movements by its abounding in moisture.
Moreover, the plants actually aifected by
the ambury are more able to contend
against the injury inflicted by the larva
of the weevil by the same copious sup-
ply. Charcoal-dust, spread about half-on-
inch deep upon the surface, and just
ing into the other insect form, previously
to which it gnaws its way out through the
exterior bark. Ttie disease is now almost _r ..^ ~ , ,,
beyond the power of remedies. The gall, I mixed with it by the point of a spade, it
increased in size, encircles the whole ' is said, prevents the occurrence of this
stem ; the alburnum being so extensively • disease. Soot, we have reason to believe,
destroyed, prevents the sap ascending ; i from a slight experience, is as effectual
consequently, in dry weather, sufficient J as charcoal-dust. Judging from theoreti-
l"nryictm»A ic vir*f c-nT^-rvlio/-! 4V/M-vi -flio Trvrvfc- r«o1 T-oocrvnc? lira mirrlif />/~\*~ir»1 n rlo fV*af if-
moisture is not supplied from the roots
to counterbalance the transpiration of
the leaves, and the diseased plant is very
reasons, we might conclude that it
would be more specifical ; for, in addition
to its being, like charcoal, finely divided
discernible among its healthy compa- 1 carbon, it contains sulphur, to which in-
nions by its pallid hue and flagging fo- i sects also have an antipathy. A slight
liage. The disease now makes rapid | dressing of the surface-soil with a little
progress, the swelling continues to in- . of the dry hydro-sulphuret of lime from
crease, for the roots continue to afford i the gas-works would prevent the occur
their juices faster than they can be con- j rence of the disease, by driving the wee-
veyed away; moisture and air are ad- i vils from the soil. It would probably as
mitted to the interior of the excrescence, ! effectually banish the turnip fly or beetle,
through the perforation made by the : if sprinkled over the surface immediately
maggot; the wounded vessels ulcerate, ! after the seed is sown. For cabbages,
putrefaction supervenes, and death con- i twelve bushels per acre would not, pro-
eludes the stinted existence of the mise- ! bably, be too much, spread upon the sur-
rable plant. The tumour usually attains j face, and turned in with the spade or last
the size of a large hen's egg, has a rug- ' ploughing. To effect the banishment of
ged, ulcerated, and even mouldy surface, i the turnip-beetle, we should like a trial
smelling strong and offensively. The ! to be made of six or eight bushels spread
fibrous roots, besides being generally ! over the surface immediately after the
thickened, are distorted and monstrous j sowing and rolling are finished. Although
from swellings which appear throughout j we specify these quantities as those we
their length, apparently arising from an ; calculate most correct, yet in all experi-
effort of nature to form receptacles for i ments it is best to try various proportions,
the sap. These swellings do do not seem | Three or four bushels may be found suf-
1 i arise immediately from the attacks of j ficient; perhaps twelve, or even twenty,
the weevil. When it attacks the turnip, may not be too much. In cabbages, the
a large excrescence appears below the | ambury may usually be avoided by fre-
bulb, growing to the size of both hands, i quent transplanting^; for this enables the
and, as soon as the winter sets in, it is,
by its own nature, brought to maturity,
becoming putrid, and smelling very offen-
sively. The parent weevil is of a dusky-
"black colour, with the breast spotted with
white, and the length of the body one
line and two-thirds. The ambury of the
workman to remove the excrescences
upon their first appearance, and renders
the plants altogether more robusts and
ligneous ; the plant in its tender, sappy
stage of growth being most open to the
insect's attacks.
AHELA'SCKIER. (This is the
AME
[29 ]
AME
name for the Medlar, to which this genus
is closely allied. Nat. ord., Appieworts
[Pomace<B~\. Linn., 1%-Icosandria 2-Di-
2)entagynia.)
Hardy deciduous shrubs, closely allied to the
Medlar. Layers ; common rich loam. Small
troes cultivated for their showy white flowers,
which are produced early in the season. They
are also propagated by grafting on the hawthorn,
or on the quince.
A. botrya'pium (grape-pear). 12. N. Amer. 1746.
—fio'rida (flowery). 12. N. Amer. 1826.
parviftt'lia (small-leaved). 3.
— ova'lis (oval-leaved). 8. N. Amer. 1800.
semi-integrifo'lin (half-entire-leaved). N.
Amer.
subcorda'ta (subcordate-leaved). N. Amer.
— sangui'nea (bloody). 4. N. Amer. 1800.
— vulga'ris (common). 6. South of Europe. 15Q6.
^ AME'LLUS. (A name employed by Vir-
gil for a blue aster-looking plant growing
on the banks of the river Mella. Nat.
ord., Composites [Asteraceffi]. Linn., 19-
Synyenesia 2-Supcr/lua.}
Allied to Aster. The first is a greenhouse
evergreen shrub, and the other two hardy herba-
ceous perennials. Loamy soil ; cuttings.
A. lychni'tis (lychnitis). 1. Violet. July. Cape
of Good Hope. 1/63.
— spinulo'sus (spinulose). 2. Yellow. August.
Missouri. 1811.
— villo'sus (long-haired). 1. Yellow. August.
Missouri. 1811.
AMERICAN ALOE. Aga'vc America'na.
AMERICAN BLIGHT. The insect attack-
ing our apple-trees, and known by this
name, is the Eriosoma lanigera of some
entomologists, and E. mail and Aphis la-
nigera of others. Its generic characters
are, having an abdomen (belly) without
tubercles, antennae, or horns, short and
thread form, and the whole body more or
less cottony or tomentose. The presence
of these insects is shown by the white
cottony matter in the cracks and excre-
scences of apple-tree branches in the
spring. When crushed they extrude a
reddish fluid. These insects are inju-
rious by piercing the sap-vessels of the
tree, sucking the juice, and causing
wounds which ulcerate, and finally de-
stroy, the branch attacked, by corroding
through all the sap-vessels. The cottony
matter is abundant ; and, wafted to other
trees, conveys to them infection by bear-
ing with, it the eggs or embryo insects.
Such, however, is not the exclusive mode
of diffusing the disease ; for, although the
females are usually wingless, yet some
are probably produced with wings at the
season propitious to colonization : the
males are uniformly winged. In the win-
ter these insects retire underground, and
prey upon the roots of the apple-tree. A
tree thus ravaged at all seasons will soon
be killed, if prompt and vigorous reme-
dies are not adopted. The affected roots
may be bared and left exposed for a feu
days to the cold, and the earth, before
being returned, be saturated with arnmo-
niacal liquor from the gas-works. In
early March the branches should be
scraped and scrubbed with the same am-
moniacal liquid, or a strong brine of com-
mon salt; but, whatever liquid is em-
ployed, the scraping and hard bristles of
the brush should penetrate every crack
in the bark. We have found spirit of
turpentine, applied thoroughly to every
patch of the insect by means of an old
tooth-brush, the most effective destroyer
of these insects. The spirit must be ap-
plied carefully, because it kills every leaf
on which it falls. The codlin and June
eating-apple trees are particularly liable
to be infected ; but we never observed it
upon any one of the russet apples ; and
the Crofton pippin is also said to be ex-
empted. Our woodcut represents the in-
sect of its natural size as well as magni-
fied. The head, antennae, and proboscis,
by which it wounds the sap-vessels, are
still further magnified.
AMERICAN COWSLIP. Dodeca'theon.
AMERICAN CRANBERRY. Oxyco'ccus
macroca'rpus. Soil light, and occasion-
ally manured with rotten leaves. Peat
has been considered indispensable by
some cultivators ; but we much question
whether this be not a mistaken impres-
sion, and should not be allowed to deter
persons from planting in any ordinary
dark vegetable matters, soft alluvium, or
humus which may happen to be within
reach. On making an artificial compost,
we would avdvise one-third peaty or other
AME
[ 30
AMH
dark and unctuous material, one-third I their seed before the commencement of
leaf-soil, or old 'decayed weeds, and one- autumn.
third light and sandy loam or ordinary AMERICAN PLANTS. These comprise
soil. Situation: It requires a constant many very different species, which, re-
supply of water ; and, on a south bank, sembling each other in requiring a well-
where this supply can be obtained, it drained, peaty soil and abundance of wa-
inay be planted in rows four feet apart ter, are usually cultivated in a separate
each way, and the water made to circu- department, where the garden-establish-
late in a small ditch between the rows, ment is extensive ; and, wherever grown,
But the edge of a pond will suit it almost should have a compartment to them-
as well, provided that a little soil of a selves, a very acutely sloping bank, facing
proper character is introduced round the the north or east; and some of them — as
margin. It is well to state, however, the Pthododendron, Andromeda, and Aza-
that a very considerable amount of sue- lea — do not object to being overshadowed
cess has been attained in beds of a peaty by trees. The soil, as already stated,
character, without any system of irriga- should, if possible, be peaty ; and the best
tion. After-culture : The shrubs require annual dressings that can be applied are
no other attention than to be kept free such matters as decayed leaves and the
from weeds. A top-dressing annually, bottom of old wood-stacks, or any other
in November, of heath-soil or rotten mixture of decayed woody fibre ; and, in
leaves has been stated to prove of much fact, these tribes in general have been
service. The American cranberry is con- well grown in an artificially- compounded
sidered of easier culture than the Eng- soil, such as rotten leaves, old and spent
lish, or Oxyco'ccus palu'stris, the latter tan, or sawdust, and ordinary light soil,
requiring more moisture than the Ame- with some sancl, using twice as much of
rican. Produce : The fruit, used for the vegetable matter as of the others. A
tarts and preserving, is so abundant, that | covering of moss, also, will be beneficial,
a bed six yards long is sufficient for the
largest family. Propagation : Suckers,
AMERI'MNUM. (From a, not, and me-
rimna, care ; in reference to the little care
cuttings, or seeds; the'two former plant- 1 needed by tha Houseleek, to which this
name was applied by the Greeks. Nat.
ord., Leguminous Plants [Fabacea3] .Linn.,
ed early in the autumn.
AMERICAN CRESS. Barbce'rea pre'cox.
Soil and Situation : For the winter
standing crops, a light, dry soil, in an
open but warm situation ; and, for the
summer, a rather moister and shady bor-
der— in neither instance rich. Soiv every
six weeks from March to August, for
summer and autumn ; and one sowing,
\Q-Monadclphia Q-Decandria.)
Stove evergreen shrubs. Cuttings of the young
shoots in sand and gentle heat ; rich loam.
A. Bro'wnei (Brown's ). 10. White. W. Ind.
1793.
— strigulo'sum (strigulose). 20. White. Trini-
dad. 1817.
AMETHY'STEA.
(From amcthystos, the
either at the end of August or beginning amethyst; in reference to the blue colour
of September, for a supply during winter Of the flower. Nat. OT&., Labiates, or Lip-
and spring. Sow in drills nine inches \WOrts [Lamiaceaj]. Linn., W-Decandria
apart. Culture: Water occasionally dur- \-Monoyynia )
ing dry weather both before and after Hardy annual. Seed; peat and sandy loam,
tne appearance of the plants. Thin to A. casru'len (blue-flowering). 2. Blue. July0
three inches apart. In winter, shelter Siberia, 1759.
with a little litter or other light covering, AMHE'RSTIA. (In honour of the Coim-
supported by some twigs bent over the \tess Amherst. Nat. ord., Leguminou.
bed, or some bushy branches laid among Plants [Fabaceffl]. Linn., Yl-Diadelph'u
the plants ; keep clear of weeds. In
gathering, strip off the outside leaves,
which enables successional crops to be-
come rapidly fit for use. When the plants | ?re,d ™ England, by Mrs. Lawrence, in
begin to run, their centres must be cut
away which causes them to shoot afresh.
To obtain Seed7 a few of the strongest
plants, raised from the first spring sow- 1 loam ;
ing, are left ungathered from. They
flower in June or July, and perfect! ind. 1337.
I-Triandria.)
Allied to Jonesia. This splendid flowering tree,
the cream of the Indian Flora," was first flow-
The
hardly three days, as to render its cultivation less
desirable. Stove evergreen tree. Rich, strong-
cuttings of half- ripened wood, in sand,
40. Rich vermilion, E.
AMI
AMP
AMI'CIA. (In honour of B. Amid, phy-
sician. Nat. ord., Leguminous Plants [Fa-
bacese]. Linn., 17-Monadelphia3-Hexan-
dria. )
Stove evergreen climber. Rough sandy loam ;
cuttings in sand, under a bell-glnss.
A. zigo'meris (two-jointed-podded). 8. Yellow.
June. Mexico. 1826.
AMIA'NTHIUM. See HELO'NIAS.
Aaoio'Eimi. (From ammos, sand, and
bio, to live ; in reference to the sandy soil
in which it thrives. Nat. ord., Composites
[Asteracese]. Linn., 10-Syngenesia 1-
M 'quails.)
Half-hardy herbaceous perennials. Cuttings
and seed ; common soil.
A. ala'tum (winged). 2. White. June. N.
Holland. 1S22.
— plantagi'neum (plantain-leaved). 1. White.
August. N. Holland. 1827.
AMMO'OHAEIS. See BRUNSVI'GIA.
AMMODE'NDEON. (From ammos, sand,
and dendron, a tree ; in reference to the
situation it grows in. Nat. ord., Legu-
minous Plants [Fabacese]. Linn., 10-Zte-
candria 1-Monogynia.)
A hardy evergreen tree. Allied to Sophora.
A. Sieve'rsn (Siever's). 4. Purple. June. Si-
beria. 1837.
AMMOGE'TON. (From ammos, sand, and
geton, near; the situation it likes. Nat.
ord., Composites [Asteraceee]. Linn., 19-
Syngenesia l.-JEqualis.)
Hardy herbaceous perennial. Root division;
sandy loam.
A. scorzonerifo'lium (scorzonera-leaved). Yellow.
May. N. Amer. 1834.
AMMY'ESINE. (From ammos, sand, and
myrsine, myrtle. Nat. ord., Heathivorts
[Ericaceae]. Linn., 10-Decandria 1-Mo-
nogynia.)
Hardy evergreen shrubs, allied to Ledum, but
requiring slight protection in winter. Peat;
layers. This genus should be united to Leio-
phyllum.
A. buxifo'lia (box-leaved). 1. White. May.
N. Amer. 1736.
— prostra'ta (flat-lying). White. June. N.Amer.
.AMO'MUM. (From a, not, and momos,
impurity ; in reference to the quality of
counteracting poison. Nat ord., Ginger-
worU [Zingiberacesej. Linn., 1-Monaji-
dria l-Monogy)iia.)
Grains of paradise, acrid seeds used to give
pungent flavour to liquors, belong to different
species of Arnomum. Being aromatic herbs, they
were used in embalming; whence the word
mummy. Stove herbaceous perennials. Root
division; rich, light loam; require, when grow-
ing, a high, racist heat.
A. awlea'tum, (pnckly). 10. Orange, May, E,
Ind. I8ig,
A. Afze'lii (Afcelius's). 3. Pink. May. Sierra
Leone. 1795.
— angustifo'lium( narrow-leaved). 8. Red. June,
Madagascar.
— aroma' ticum (aromatic). 3. Purplish-yellow.
June. E. Ind. 1823.
— cardamo'mvm (small cardamom). 4. Pale
brown. Jane. E. Ind. 1823.
— Danie'lli (bastard melligetta). 3$. Red. W.
Africa.
— dealba'tum (whitened). 3. White. April.
Bengal. 1819.
— gra'na paradi'si (grain of paradise). 3. Red.
March. Madasgascar.
— grandiflo'rum (large-flowered). 3. White.
July. Sierra Leone. 1/95.
— latifo'lium (broad-leaved). 4. Purplish-yel-
low. June. Sierra Leone. 1824.
— ma'ximum (greatest). 5. White. June. E.
Ind.
— seri'ceum (silky). 6. White. July. E. Ind. 1819.
— subula'tum (awl-shaped). 3. Yellow. April.
Bengal. 1822.
— sylve'stre (wood). 1. White. April. W.
Ind. 1819.
AMOO'EA. (Nat. ord., Meliads [Melia-
cese]. Linn., Q-Hexandria 3-Trigynia.)
Stove evergreen shrub. Cuttings in sand, under
bell-glass, in a hotbed ; soil, light, rich loam.
A. cuculla'ta (cowl-leaved). Yellow. May. N.
Amer. 1834.
AMO'EPHA. Bastard Indigo. (From a,
not, and morpha, form; in reference to
the irregularity of the flowers. Nat. ord.>
Leguminous Plants [Fabaceae]. Linn., 16-
Monadelphia 6-Decandria.)
Hardy deciduous shrubs. Common soil ; layers^
or cuttings of the ripe wood in autumn.
A. cane'scens (hoary). 3. Blue. July. Missouri.
1812.
— cro'ceo-lana'ta (yellow- woolled). 5. Purple.
July. N. Amer. 1820.
—fra'grans (fragrant). 3. Purple. July. N.
Amer. 1800.
— frutico'sa (shrubby). 6. Purple. July. Ca-
rolina. 1724.
angustifo'lia (narrow-leaved). 9. Purple.
June. South Carolina. 1812.
ceeru'lea (blue). 9. Blue. June. South
Carolina.
emar^mM'fa.'(emarginate-leaved). 6. Pur-
ple. July. " Carolina. 1724.
microphy'lla (small-leaved). 2. Purple.
June. Carolina.
— gla'bra (smooth). 3. Purple. Julv. N. Amer.
1818.
— Jierba'cea (herbaceous). 3. Blue. July. Ca-
rolina. 1803.
— Z,eu;i'su'(Lewis's). 3. Purple. July. N.Arner.
1818.
— microphy'lla (small-leaved). 2. Purple. Au-
gust. Missouri. 1811,
— na'na (dwarf). 2. Blue. August. Missouri-.
1811. These last four require a little
protection in winter.
AMPELO'PSIS. (From ampelos, a vine,
and oj;sis, resemblance; in reference to
its resemblance to the grape-vine. Nat.
ord., Vineworts [Vitacese]. Linn., b-Pen~
tandria 1-Monogynia,)
AMP
[32 ]
AMY
Loudon said A.hederacea is "the most vigo-
rous-growing climber in Europe. It thrives in
almost every soil and situation, from Warsaw to
Naples." Hardy deciduous climbers ; all their
flowers purple and green. Common soil ; layers
or cuttings.
A. bipinna'ta (double-winged). 15. August. N.
Amer. 1700.
— corda'ta (heart-leaved). 20. May. N. Amer.
1803.
— hedera'cea (Virginian creeper). 60. July. N.
Amer.
— hirsu'ta (hairy). 60. May. N. Amer. 1806.
AMPELY'GONUM. (From ampelos, a vine,
and gonu, a joint ; referring to its stems.
Nat. ord., Buckwheats [Polygonacese],
Linn., 8-Octandria 9-2'rigynia.)
Greenhouse herbaceous perennial. Sandy loam
and a Ihtle peat ; seeds.
A. Chine'nse (Chinese). Yellowish- white. July.
£. Ind. 1837.
AMPHEKE'PHIS. (From ampherephcs,
well-covered ; alluding to the double in-
volucre. Nat. ord., Composites [Compo-
sitse]. Linn., IQ-Syngcnesia 1-JE quails.)
Hardy annuals, with purple flowers. Sandy
loam ; seeds.
A. arista' ta (awned). 1. Purple. July. Ca-
raocas. 1824.
— intermedia (intermediate). ]£. Purple.
August. Brazil. 1821.
— mu'tica (awnless). 1. Purple. July. S.
Amer. 1803.
AMPHICABP-E'A. (From amphi, around,
or on either side, and karpos, fruit; in
reference to the plant bearing pods on
the stem and on the shoots. Nat. ord.,
Leguminous Plants [Fabacese]. Linn., 17-
Diadelphia 4-Decawrfrio.)
Ornamental twining, hardy annual plants ;
allied to Wistaria; readily increased by seeds,
in common soil.
A. monoi'ca (monoicus). 4. September. N.
Amer. 1781.
— sarmento'sa (twiggy). 2. September. N.
Amer. 1820.
AMPHI'COMA. (From amphi, around, and
home, hair ; in reference to the winged
peed. Nat. ord., Bignoniads [Bignonia-
cesej. Linn., l^-Didynamia 2-Angiosper-
mia.)
A pretty half-hardy evergreen, not unlike a
Pentstemon. It may be increased by seeds, or
by cuttings, which root readily in sandy peat, in
July, if placed under glass.
A. argu'ta (finely-cut). 1. Lilac. August.
Himalaya Mountains.
AMPHILO'BIUM. (From amphi, round,
and lobos, a pod ; in reference to the
shape of the seed-vessel. Nat. ord., Big-
noniads [Bignoniacese]. Linn., 14,-Didy-
namia %-Angiospermia.)
A handsome evergreen climber, requiring the
same treatment as Bignonia. Cuttings root
readily under glass, on bottom-heat, in the spring
months. Soil, loam and peat.
A. panicula' turn (panicled). 20. Purple. W.
Ind. 1738.
AMSO'NIA. (In honour of Charles Amso/i,
a scientific traveller in America. Nat. urd.,
Dogbanes. [Apocynaceee — PlumiereeeJ.
Linn., 5-Pentandria 1-Monogynia.)
Allied to Plumieria. These are handsome her-
baceous perennials, with blue flowers, and will
grow in any garden- soil; rooting readily from
cuttings during the summer months, or they may
be divided at the root at any season.
A. angustifo'lia (narrow-leaved). 2. N. Ame*
1774.
— latifo'lia (broad-leaved). 2. N. Amer. 1/59.
— salicifo'lia (willow- leaved). 2. N. Amer. 1812.
AMY'GDALUS. (From amysso, to lacerate,
in reference to the fissured channels in
the stone of the fruit ; but some suppose
from a Hebrew word signifying vigilant,
as its early flowers announce the return
of spring. Na,t.ord.,Almondworts [Drupa-
cese]. Linn., 1%-Icosandria 1-Monogynia.)
These are very ornamental plants ; the tall tree
kinds are very pretty in the middle or back
ground of shrubberies ; the dwarf kinds, also,
as front plants to the same. The true varieties
are increased by budding them upon seedling
plum - stocks. In the south of France, Italy,
Spain, and different parts of the Levant, they are
cultivated for their fruit. Almost any soil suits
them.
A. Cochinchine'nsis (Cochin China). Pink. March.
Cochin China. 1825.
— commu'nis (common or sweet). 15. Red.
April. Barbary. 1548.
umdra (bitter). 1. Red. April. Bar-
bary. 1548.
du'lcis (sweet). 15. Red. March. 1548.
flore-ple'no (double-blossomed). 15. Red.
March. 1548.
— -—~./o'liis variega'tis (variegated-leaved). 15.
Red. March. 1548.
fra'gilis (brittle). 15. Red. April. Bar-
bary. 1548.
grandifio'ra ro'sea (great-rosy.flowered).
15. Hose. March. 1548.
macroca'rpa (long-fruited). 15. Red.
April. Barbary. 1548.
persicoi'des (peach-like). 15. Red. April.
Barbary. 1548.
pe'ndula (drooping). 15. White. March.
1548.
salicifo'lia. (willow-leaved). 15. White.
March. 1548.
— inca'na (hoary). 2. Red. April. Caucasus.
— campe'stris (field). 2. Red. April.
Podolia. 1818.
Geo'rgica (Georgian). 3. Red. April.
Georgia. 1818.
— orienta-'lis (eastern). 10. Red. April. Le-
vant. 1756.
— peduncula'ta (flower-stalked). 10. Red.
April. Levant. 1833.
— pu'mila (double-dwarf). 4. Red. April.
China. 1683.
— prostra'ta (prostrate-growing). 2. Red. ApriL
Crete. 1802.
— Sibtrica (Siberian). 6. Red, April. Siberia.
AMY
L 33 ]
ANA
(From a, intensive, and
myrrha, myrrh ; in reference to its power-
ful perfume. Nat. ord., Amyrids [Amyri-
dacese]. Linn., 8-Octandria 1-Monoyynia. )
This genus is famed for its resinous gum. The
species are all ornamental, white-flowered, ever-
green stove trees, growing well in loam and peat,
and readily increased by cuttings in sand and
peat, on bottom-heat, under glass, in the spring
months.
A. ayumina'ta (acuminated). 20. E. Ind. 1823.
— Brazilie'nsis (Brazilian). 20. August. Brazil.
1823.
— heptaphy'lla (seven-leaved). 16. E.Ind. 1820.
— Luna'ni (Lunan's). 12. July. Jamaica. 1820.
— mari'tima (sea). 12. S. Amer. 1810.
— nn'na (dwarf). 5. E.Ind. 1822.
— Plumie'ri (Plumier's). 20. W. Ind. 1820.
— sylva'tica. (wood). 16. July. Carthage. 1793.
— tecoma'ca (tecomaca). 20. Mexico. 1827-
— tozi'feru (poison-bearing). 10. W. Ind. 1818.
ANACA'MPSEROS. (From anakampto,
to cause to return, and eros, love ; an
ancient name for a plant fabled to possess
the virtue of restoring the soft passion.
Nat. ord., Houseleeks [Crassulacece].
Linn., Il-Dodccandria I-Monogynia.)
These are very pretty little greenhouse plants ;
do well in sand and loam, mixed with a little
lime-rubbish, and are increased either from seeds
sown in spring, or from cuttings at any time ;
even a single leaf will make a plant. The cut-
tings should be laid to dry a day or two before
planting-.
J. angiistifo'lia (narrow-leaved). 1. Pink. July-
Cape of Good Hope. 1320.
— aracknoi'des (cobwebbed). lg. Pink. August.
Cape of Good Hope. 1790.
— filamentdsa (thready). 1. Pink. September.
Cape of Good Hope. 1795.
— inter me' dia (intermediate). Pink. July. Cape
of Good Hope. 1824.
— lanneola'ta (spear-leaved). 1. Pink. Sep-
tember. Cape of Good Hope. 1/96.
— polyphy'lla (many-leaved). 1. Pink. August.
Cape of Good Hope. 1818.
— rotnndifo'lia (round-leaved). 1. Pink. Au-
gust. Cape of Good Hope. 1/32.
— ru'bens (reddish-leaved). 1. Red. August.
Cape of Good Hope, 1/96.
— rufe'scens (rusty-coloured). 1. Pink. July.
Cape of Good Hope. 1818.
— va'rians (varying). 1. Pink. August. Cape
of Good Hope. 1813.
ANACA'RDIUIT. (From ana, like, and
rmrdia, the heart ; in reference to the form
of the nut. Nat. ord., Anacards, or Tere-
binths [Anacardiacese]. Linn., 2'3-Poly-
r/amia 2-Dicecia.)
A. occidenta'le produces the Cashew-nut. These
are stove evergreen trees, ornamental, producing
panicled corymbs of sweet. smelling flowers. Soil,
rich loam ; ripe cuttings root readily, with their
1 eaves on, in a pot of sand, under a glass, in heat.
A. occidenta'le (western). 20. Green, red, W'
Ind. 1699.
1'ndicvm (Indian). 20. Green, red. E.
Ind. 1699.
3
ANACY'CLUS. (From ana, like, and
kyklos, a circle ; in reference to the rows
of ovaries in circles round the disk. Nat.
ord., Composites [Asteracese]. Linn., 19-
Syngenesiu 2-SuperJlua.)
Common hardy annuals of no groat beauty,
allied to Chamomile. They should be sown in
the open ground in April.
A. Alexandn'nus (Alexandrian). Yellow. June.
Egypt. 1828.
— au'reus (golden-flowered). 1. Yellow. August.
Levant. 1570.
— clava'tus (clubbed). 2. White. August.
Barbary. 1810.
— pyre'thrum (pyrethrum - like). 2. White.
August. Barbary. 183/.
— radia'tus (rayed). 2. Yellow. August. South
of Europe. 1596.
ANADE'NIA. (From a, not, and adcn, a
gland ; in reference to the absence of a
honey-gland. Nat. ord., Proteads [Pro-
teacesej. Linn., k-Tetrandria I-Mono-
(jynia.)
Pretty greenhouse plants, allied to Grevillea.
Grown in peat, with a little loam ; can be propa-
gated by cuttings in sand, under a bell-glass.
A. Mangle'sii (Mangle's). 3. Yellow. April.
South River. 1836.
— pulche'lla (neat). 2. Yellow. N. Holland.
1 824.
ANAGA'LUS. Pimpernel. (From anu-
gclao, to laugh ; fabled to possess a virtue
to remove sadness. Nat. ord.. Primeworl*
[Primulaceffi]. Linn., 5-Pe:tiandria 1-
Jfonogynia.)
A favourite genus with gardeners. They are
very interesting plants, of easy culture ; many oi"
the perennial kinds require greenhouse protection
during winter, and are readily increased by cut-
tings, in spring, in the hotbeds. The whole of
them make excellent rock and border plants for
the summer.
A. alternifo'lia (alternate-leaved). Yellow, pink.
April. Rio Janeiro. 1839. Herbaceous
perennial.
— co'rnea (fleshy). 1. Flesh. August. Swit-
zerland. 1819. Hardy annual.
— frutico'sa (shrubby). 3. Vermilion. August.
Morocco. 1803. Greenhouse biennial.
— I'ndica (Indian). 1. Blue. July. Nepaul.
1824. Hardy annual -
— latifo'lia (broad-leaved). 1. Purple. August.
Spain. 1759. Greenhouse biennial.
— Unifo'lia (flax-leaved). Blue. August. Por-
tugal. 1796. Greenhouse biennial.
— Ittarrya'tttK (Mrs. Marryatt's). 1. Copper.
July. Hybrid. 1828. Half-hardy ever-
green trailer.
— Mone'lti (Monelli's). 1. Blue. July. Italy.
164 8. This and the next five are green-
house herbaceous trailers.
Brewe'ri (Brewer's). 3. Red. June.
Gardens. 1648.
lilaci'na (lilac-flowered). 1. Lilac. May.
1836.
Phaeni'cea (Phoenician). Scarlet. May.
Morocco. 1803.
Philli'psii (Phillip&'s), f. Brown. June.
Gardens. 1803.
D
ANA
[34]
ANC
Pur- I An annual plant, indigenous to the Egyptian
deserts, and called the Rose of Jericho. When
July, i full grown it contracts its ri^id branches into a
round ball, and is then tossed about by the wind.
When it alights in water, or on damp ground, the
branches relax and open out, as if its life was re-
newed ; hence its name of Resurrection Plant.
Among the superstitious tales told of it is, that
" it first bloomed on Christmas Eve, to salute the
Willmorea'na (Willmore's). $.
pie. August. Madeira. 1834.
— Wtbbia'na (P. B. Webb's). 1. Blue.
Portugal. 1828. Half-hardy trailer.
— Wellsia'na (Welis's). 1. Copper. August.
English hybrid. 1830. Half-hardy trailer.
ANA'GYBIS. (From ana, like, and gyros,
a spiral, or turning in a circle ; in refer
ence to its curved pods. Nat. ord., Le- birth of the Redeemer, and paid homage to hU
„. , rx,r, ln I resurrection by remaining expanded till Easter."
guminous Plants [FabaceseJ. Linn., 10- ( Thi curious annual requires frame.protectiou
Decandria, l-Monogynia.)
Small ornamental trees, allied to Podalyria ; re-
ouirethe protection of the greenhouse; soil, loaiu
2nd peat ;Pyoung cuttings root readily ui sand and
peat, under glass, planted in July.
A.foE'tida, f foetid). 9- Yellow. April. Spain. 1750.
— glau'ca (glaucous). 6. Yellow. April. South
of Europe. 1800.
— latifo'lia (broad-leaved). 10. Yellow. April.
Teneriffe. 1815.
ANANA'SSA. (From nan as, the local
name for the pine-apple in South Ame-
rica. Nat. ord., Bromelworts [Bromelia-
ceae]. Liun., 6-Hexandrial-Monoyynia.)
For culture, see PINE-APPLE.
A. bractni'ta (bracted). 3. Crimson. April.
Brazil. 1820
— <fc'6«i* (weak). 3. Crimson. April. Bwuil.
— lu'cida (shining). 3. Pink. April. S. Amer.
1820.
— sati'va (cultivated. The pine-apple). 3. Pur-
ple. April. S. Amer. 10QO.
ANA'NTHERIX. (From a, not, and
antherlx, an awn; in reference to the
•want of awns, or filiform appendages to
Nat. ord., Asdepiads
during the colder months ; increased by seeds ia
any common soil.
Linn., Q-Enneandria
the pollen masses
[Asclepiadaceae]
•l.Trigynia.)
A hardy herbaceous plant, increased by root
division ; at airy season, any soil suits it m an
open situation.
A. vi'ridis (green). *. Green, yellow Sep-
tember. N. Amer. 1812
A. Hierochu'ntina (Rose of Jericho). 1. White.
July. Levant. 1597.
ANCHIE'TA. (In honour of a Brazilian
writer on plants of that name. Nat. ord.,
Vloletworts [Violacese], Linn., 5-Pcra-
tandria \-Mouogynia.')
An ornamental evergreen stove climber. Loam,
and peat; increased most readily by seeds.
A. pyrifo'lia (pear-leaved). 3. White. July. Brazil.
AN'CHOVY-PEAR. See GRI'AS.
ANCHU'SA. (From anckousa, a cosmetic
paint, formerly made from A. tlncto'ria,
for staining the skin. Nat. ord., Boraijc-
worts [Boragiuaceifi]. Linn., 5-Pentan-
dria 1-Monogynia.*)
A reddish-brown substance, thought to be a pe-
culiar chemical principle, used by dyers, is ob-
tained from the roots of A. tincto'ria, or- alkanet,
and from other plants of this order. The whole
of this genus, but two, are hardy perennial, bien-
nial, or annual ornamental plants of the easiest
culture, either by seeds, or root division at any
season. A. Cape'iisis and pulche'lla require u little
frame-protection during the winter months.
ANNUALS.
A. aggrega'ta (cluster-flowered). $. Blue. June.
Levant. 1827.
— amce'na (pleasing). 1.
ANARRHI'NUM. (From a, not, and rA?«,
nose. The snout-like form of the allied
genus Antirrhinum is wanting in this.
Nat. ord., Fig worts [Scrophulariacese].
Linn., l-i-Dldynamia 2-Angiospermia.)
Allied to Snapdragon. These plants are hardy
biennials, and very pretty. Seeds may be sown
in the open borders in spring, or the plants may
be perpetuated by cuttings. See ANTIKRHI'NUM
MA'JUS.
A. bellidifo'lium (daisy-leaved). 2. Blue. July.
France. 1629.
— frutico'sum (shrubby). 2. White. August.
South of Europe. 1826.
— pube'scens (downy). 12. White. August.
South of Europe.
ANASTA'TICA. (From anastasis, resur-
rection ; in reference to its hygrometrical
property. Nat. ord., CrussiJ'ers [Brassi-
cacece]. Linn., IS-Tclradynamia.')
Blue. June. South
of Europe. 1817.
— hy'brida (hybrid). 2. White, blue. July. Italy.
1820.
— Mille'ri (Miller's). l£. Blue. May. 1824.
— parviflo'ra (small-flowered). 1. Blue. June.
Levant. 1827.
— sfy/o's«(stylose). i. Blue, May. Siberia. 1802.
— tene'lla (delicate). 1. Blue. May. Ceylon. 1820.
— verruco'sa (warty). 2. Blue. July. South,
of Europe. 1821.
BIENNIALS.
A. aspefrrima (very rough). 2. Blue. May. Egypt.
1817.
— Cape'nsis (Cape). 1. Blue. June. Cape of
Good Hope. 1830.
— Gmeli'ni (Gmelin's). 2. Blue. August. Po-
dolia. 1817.
— latifo'lia (broad-leaved). 2. Blue. May. 1826.
PERENNIALS.
A. Agatrdhii (Agardh's). 1. Blue. August. Si-
beria. 1820.
— angustifo'lia (narrow-leaved). 2. Purple. May.
South of Europe. 1040.
— Barrelie'ri (Barrelier's). 2. Blue. July. South
of Europe. 18'JO.
— caspito'sa (tutted). ,$. Blue. June. Levant.l8S8«
AND
[35]
AND
A. cri'spa (curled). 1. Blue. June. Corsica. 1835.
— hi'spida (bristly). 2. Blue. July. Egypt. 18"7
Au-
Au-
— incarna'ta- (fle*h-coloured). 2. Flesh.
gust. South of Europe. 1&16.
— leptophy'lla (slender-leaved). 2. Purple.
gust. Europe. 1640.
— longifo'lia (long-leaved). 3. Blue. July. Italy.
1819.
— macula' tn (spotted-leaved). 2. Blue. May.
Russia. 1824.
— myosotidiflu'ra (myosotis-flowered). 1'. Pink.
August. Levant. 1713.
— officina'lis (officinal). 2. Blue. August. Tauria.
i82.->.
— ochroleu'ca (yellowish-white). 2. Purple. July.
Britain.
Itaflica (Italian). 2. Pale yellow. Au-
gust. Caucasus. 1810.
— panicula'tii (panicled). 3. Red. May. South
of Europe. 1597.
— petiola'ta (petiolated). 1. Purple. Nepaul. 1840.
— prorefrn (tail). 3. Blue. May. Madeira. 1777.
— rupe'stris (rock). 1. Blue. July. Galicia. 1824.
— seri'cea (silky). 1. Purple, yellow. July. Si-
beria. 1802.
— tinctofria (dyer's). 2. White. August. Mont-
pelier. 1596.
— undulu'ta (wave-leaved). 2. Purple. July.
Spain. 1752.
ANDERSO'NIA. (In honour of Messrs'
Anderson, patrons of botany. Nat. ord.,
Epacrids [Epacridacese]. Linn., 5-Pen-
landrla 1-Monogynia.)
A very pretty greenhouse shrub. Sandy peat ;
cuttings root readily, in spring, in common hotbed.
A, sprengeloi'des (sprengelia-like). 2. Pink. June.
N. Holland. 1803.
ANDI'RA. (Its local name in the Bra-
-zils. Nat. ord., Leguminous Plants [Faba-
Linn., If-Diadclphia 4t-Decandria.\
Alliance obscure. Large ornamental stove trees.
•Soil, loam and peat ; cuttings root readily under
a -glass, in heat.
£..:inefrmis (unarmed). 20. Purple. W. Ind. 1773.
— racetno'su (branchy). 20. Purple. Trinidad.
1818.
ANDROCY'MBIUM. (From aner, anther,
•and kymbion, a saucer ; in reference to the
peculiar form of the anthers. Nat. ord.,
Melanths [Melanthacece]. Linn., 6-Hex-
andria o-
Few plants are more generally poisonous than
this order of Melanths. Interesting bulbous-
rooted plants, requiring the protection of frame or
zrecnhouse; increased readily by offsets and seed.
Loam and peat, with plenty of sand.
A. encomoi'des (encomis-like). I. Green. April.
Cape of Good Hope. 1794.
— melanthoi'des (melaHthium-like). 1. White.
July. Cape of Good Hope. 1823.
— voluta're (rolled-leaved). 1. White. April
Cape of Good Hope. 1816.
AXDRO'MEDA. (A classical name, after
the daughter of Cepheus and Cassiope,
King and Queen of .^Ethiopia. Nat. ord.,
Hcathworts [Ericaceae]. 10-Decandria 1-
Monogynia.)
An extensive family of beautiful shrubs, al!
evergreen and all hardy, except those otherwise
specified ; delight in a peaty soil, although some
of them will do well in any soil; generally in-
creased by layers, put down about the month of
September, to remain till that time twelvemonth ;
also by seeds, which should be sown as soon as
ripe in large pans or pots, and covered thinly with
earth in a cold frame, but plenty of air given.
HARDY.
A. acumina'ta (acuminate). 3. White. August*
N. Amer. 1765.
— angustifo'lia (narrow-leaved). !. White. Au-
gust. N. Amer. 17*8.
— urbo'rea (sorrel-tree). 40. White. August. N.
Amer. 1752.
— uxilla'ris (axil-flowering). 1. White. June. N.
Amer. 1765.
longifo'liu (long-leaved). 1. White. July.
N. Amer. 1765.
— fiulyculu'ta (small-calyxed). 2. White. March.
N. Arner. 1748.
lutifo'lia (broad-leaved). 2. White. March.
Newfoundland. 1748.
na'na (dwarf). 1. White. March. New-
foundland. 1748.
ventrico'sa (inflated). 2. White. March.
Russia. 1748.
— cane'scens (hoary). 3. White. June. N. Amer.
1748.
— Catesban'i (Catesby's). 2. White. June. N.
Amer. 1793.
— coria'cea (thick-leaved). 3. Pink. July. N.
Amer. 1765.
ru'bra (red-flowered). 3. Bed. July.
N. Amer. 1/65.
— cri'spa (curled). 3. White. July. N.Amer.
1824.
— dealba'ta (whitened). 2. Pink. April. N.Amer.
1824.
— fastigia'ta (pyramidal). 2. White. May. Hi-
malaya. 1855.
— fioribu'nda (many-flowered). 3. White. May.
N. A'mer. 1812.
— glaucophy'lla (glaucous-leaved). 1. Pink. July.
N. Amer. 1812.
— hypnoi'des (moss-like). 1. White, red. June.
Lapland. 1798. Half-hardy deciduous
creeper.
— Maria'na (Maryland). 2. White. June. N.
Amer. 1763.
obto'nga (oblong-leaved). 2. White. June.
N. Amer. 1736.
ova'lis (oval-leaved). 2. White. June.
N. Amer. 1736.
— piluliffera (pellet-bearing). 3. White. June.
West Florida. 1842.
— polifo'lia (polium-leaved).
Pink. July.
West Florida. 1842.
-- grandiflofra (large-flowered). 1. Pink.
April. Ingria. 1790.
-- latifoflia (broad-leaved). 3. Pink. July.
N. Amer. 1790.
-- me! did (wild rosemary). 1. White. July.
Britain. 1790.
-- mi'nima (smallest). 1. Pink. April.
Britain. 1790.
-- oleif(/lia (olive-leaved). 1. Pink. April.
Britain. 1790.
-- revolu't a (rolled-back-leaved). I. Pink.
April. North of .Europe. 1783.
-- subula'ta (awl-leaved). 1. Pink. July.
North of Europe.. 1783.
— raccmo'sa (branchy). 3. White. June. N.
Amer. 1736.
AND
[36 ]
ANE
A. latifo'Ua (broad-leaved) ; 3. White. July.
N. Amer. 1736.
stric'ta (upright). 4. White. July. N.
Amer. 1736.
— rosmarinifo'lia (rosemary-leaved). 2. Pink.
July. N. Amer. 1736.
STOVE.
A. buxifo'lia (box-leaved). 2. Pink. July. Mau-
ritius. 1822.
•—fascicula'ta (bundled). 20. White. April.
Jamaica. 1824.
— Jamaice'nsis (Jamaica). 6. White. June.
Jamaica. 1793.
— rubigino'sa (ruddy). 10. White. July. W.
Ind. 1736.
GKEENHOUSE.
A. Japo'nica (Japan). 3. White. June. Japan.
1806.
— neriifo'lia (oleander-leaved). 3. Crimson.
June. Brazil. 1851.
— ovalifo'lia (oval-leaved). 20. White. June.
N. Amer. 1825.
— phillyrecefo'lia (phillyrea-leaved). 1. White.
January. West Florida. 1842.
— salicifo'lia (willow-leaved). 4. Pale green.
June. Mauritius. 1825.
— Sine'nsis (Chinese). 2. Blush. June. China.
1826.
— specio'sa (showy). 3. White. August. Caro-
lina. 1800.
glau'ca (milky-green). 2. Pink. August.
Carolina. 1800.
ni'tida (shining-leaved). 3. White. Au-
gust. Carolina. 1800.
pulverulefnta (dusty-leaved). 3. White.
August. Carolina. 1800.
spica'ta (spiked). 2. White. June. N.
Amer. 1800.
— tetrago'na (four-angled). 1. White. April.
Lapland. 1810. Half-hardy.
ANDRO'SACE. (From aner, a man, and
mkos, buckler ; in reference vo the resem-
blance of the anther to an ancient buck-
ler. Nat. ord., Primetvorts [Primulaceas].
Linn., 5-Pentandria I-Monogynia.)
A favourite family of small alpine plants. All
do best, though hardy, grown in pots, in peat
and sandy loam, and carefully watered; increased
by seeds ; and the perennials by cuttings, or root
division. All are interesting plants for the rock-
work in summer, and in winter protected in frame.
ANNUALS.
A, elonga'ta (elongated). 1. White. April. Aus-
tria. 17/6.
—filifo'rmis (thread-like). 1. White. May.
Siberia. 1820.
— macroca'rpa (large-capsuled). 1. White,
July. Siberia. 1827.
— ma'xima (greatest). 1. White. April
tria. 1797.
— na-na (dwarf). I. White. April. Denmark.
1803.
— obtusifo'lia (blunt-leaved).
Italy. 1817-
— septentriona'lis (northern).
Russia. 1755.
A. brevifo'lia (short-leaved). 1. White. Maj,
South of France. 1820.
— lactiflo'ra (milk-flowered). 1. White. Au-
gust. Siberia. 1806.
PERENNIALS.
A. ca'rnea (flesh-coloured). 1. Flesh. July.
Switzerland. 1768.
— carina'ta (keel-shaped). 1. Yellow. April.
N. Amer. 1826.
— chamoRJa'sme (bastard jasmine). 1. Pink.
July. Austria. 1768.
— la'ctea (milk-white). 1. White. July. Aus-
tria. 1752.
— lanugino'sa (vrooily -leaved). £. P.ose, yellorr.
August. Himalaya. 1842.
— linea'ris (linear-feared). £. White. April.
N. Amer. 1806.
— villo'sa (hairy). Pink. June. Pyrenees. 1/QO.
AHDBO&B'UM. (From aner, man, and
haima, blood ; in reference to the juice
of the plant. Nat. ord., Tutsans [Hy-
pericacese]. Linn., \Q-Monadelphia 8-
Polyandria.)
A hardy, herbaceous, pretty perennial, readily
increased by seeds or root division. Does well
under the drip of large trees.
A. qfficina'le (officinal). 2. Yellow. August.
Britain.
ANDRY'ALA. (Of unknown meaning.
Nat. ord., Composites [Asteracese]. Linn.,
IQ-Syngenesia 1-^qualis. Allied to Hie-
ratium.)
Both the greenhouse and hardy species are ra-
ther pretty, and will grow in any common soil ;
they are increased by seeds and root division. All
are hardy, except those otherwise described.
A. arffcfntea (silvery). 1. Yellow. August.
Pyrenees. 1817- Biennial.
— chtiranthifrflia (stock-leaved). 2. Yellow. June.
Madeira. 17/7. Greenhouse perennial.
— crithmifo'lia (samphire-leaved). 1. Yellow. Au-
April
Pink. April.
White. May.
1.
BIENNIALS.
A. acatSii* (*talkless). 1. White. July. Siberia.
I8S5.
— alismoi'des (alisma-like). 1. White. August.
Siberia. 1820.
gust. Madeira. 17/8. Greenhouse biennial.
— inca'na (hoary). 1. Yellow. June. Pyrenees.
1818. Biennial.
— integrifo'lia, (.entire-leaved). 1. Yellow. Au-
gust. South of Europe. 1711. Biennial.
— ni'gricans (blackish-flowered). 1. Yellow. Au-
gust. Barbary. 1804. Annual.
— pinnati'fida (pinnatifid -leaved). 1. Yellow.
July. Madeira. 1773. Greenhouse bi-
ennial.
— Ragusi'na (Ragusan). 1. Yellow. August. Ar-
chipelago. 1753. Greenhouse perennial.
— runcina'ta (runcinate). 1. Yellow. July.
South of Europe. 1711. Biennial.
ANEILE'MA. (From a, not, and eilema,
Aus* involucrum ; in reference to the absence
of the involucrum. Nat. ord., Spider-
worts [Commelinacese]. Linn., 3-2Vian-
dria I-Monoyynia.)
All perennials and pretty little trailing-plants,
except A. longifo'lia and A. Si'niea. They are in-
creased by seed and root division; soil, loam,
peat, leaf-mould, and sand.
GREENHOUSE.
A. affi'nis (similar). 1. Blue. August. N. Holland.
1820. Evergreen.
ANE
[3T]
ANE
A.btflo'ra (two-flowered). I. Blue. August.
N. Holland. 1820. Evergreen.
— nudiflofra, (naked-flowered). 1. Blue. July.
E. Ind. 1824. Biennial.
— Si'nica (Chinese). 1. Purple-blue. May.
China. 1820. Herbaceous perennial.
— spirata (spiral). 1. Blue. July. E. Ind.
1733. Evergreen.
STOVE.
A. acum.inu.ta. ^pointed). 1. Blue. August.
N.. Holland. 1822. Evergreen.
— <equinoctia'lis (equinoctial). 1. Blue. July.
Guinea. 1820. Evergreen.
— amfjigua (ambiguous). 3. Blue. July. Sierra
Leone. 1822. Herbaceous.
— crispata (curled-leaved). Blue. N.Holland.
1822.
— longifo'lia (long-leaved). 1. Blue. July. Mo-
zambique. 1825. Herbaceous perennial.
— nudicfi'ulis (nakeri-stemmed). 1. Blue. July.
E. Ind. 1818. Evergreen.
— serrulu't a (saw-edged). 1. Blue. July. Trini-
dad. 1824. Evergreen.
ANE'MIA. (From aneimon, naked; in
reference to the naked inflorescence.
Nat. ord., Ferns [Polypodiaceae]. Linn.,
Qh-Cryptoyamia 1-Filices.)
Stove herbaceous perennials, allied to Schizoea;
soil, loam and peat; readily increased by seeds or
root division.
A* adiantifo'lia (maiden-hair-leaved). 3. Brown.
August. W. Ind. 1793.
— cocei'«ea"(scarlet'>. 1. Brown. August. W.
Ind. 1830.
— colli'na (hill). 1. Brown. August. Brazil.
1829.
—fiexuu'sa (zigzag). 1. Brown. August. S.
Amer. 1831.
— fruxinifo1 lia (ash-leaved). 1. Brown, June.
Brazil. 1828.
— hi'rta (hairy). Brazil. June. W. Ind. 1824.
— kimufta (soft-haired). 3. Brown. June. Ja-
maica. 1704.
— hu'milis (dwarf). 1. Brown. July. N. Amer.
1823.
— 'laclnia'ta (jagged). 1. Brown. August.
W. Ind. 1794.
— lanceola'ta (lanceolate). 2. Brown. August.
W. Ind. 1820.
— Icngifo'lia (long-leaved). 1. Brown. August.
Brazil. 1831.
— radi'cuns (rooting). 1. Brown, yellow. May.
Brazil. 1831.
— re'pens (creeping). 1. Brown. May. Brazil.
1831.
— tene'lla (slender). 1. Brown. May. W. Ind.
1843.
— PA««'«di* (Phillitis-likc). 1. Brown. June.
Trinidad. 1830.
ANE 'MONE. Wind-flower. (From anemos,
the wind; inhabiting exposed places.
Nat. ord., Crowfoots [Ranunculacese]. 13-
Pohjdn driu 6 -Polytjyn ia . )
They are all hardy except A. Cape'nsis and A.
mtifo'lia, which require the protection of a green-
house in winter. These two are propagated from
cuttings under glass; the tuberous-rooted from
onsets ; and the herbaceous from divisions of the
roots ; and, both from seeds. They all require a
light, rich and well-drained loam. All are hardy,
exceptwhere sea ted otherwise-
TUBEROUS ROOTED.
4.,4/;<?nmna(Apennine). $. Blue. April. Eng-
land.
— Baldefnsis (Mount Baldo). £. White. May.
Switzerland. 1792.
— cceru'lea (blue). l£. Blue. May. Siberia. 182G.
— Carolinia'na (Carolina). 1. White. May.
Carolina. 1824.
— corona'ria (garland or poppy A.). £. Striped.
June. Lsvant. 1596.
ple'na (double-flowered), f . Striped.
April.
— Fischeria'na (Fischer's)- 4- White. April.
Siberia. 1827.
— horte'ns'K (garden), f. Striped. April. Italy
1597.
miniu'ta (red-leayed-flowered). £. Red.
May. Gardens.
— lancifo'li'a (lance-leaved). £. White. April.
N. Amer. 1822.
— nemoro'sa (grove). £. White, red. April.
Britain.
ctzru'leu (blue-flowered). ?. Light blue.
May. Gardens.
flo're-ple'no (double-flowered). $. White,
red. April. Britain»
— palma'ta (palmated). 4. Yellow. May. Por-
tugal. 159/.
flo're-a'lbido (whitish-flowered). |. Whit-
ish. May.
flo're-fla'vo (yellow-flowered), f. Yellow.
May. Portugal. 1597'
flo're-ple'no (double-flowered). §. Yellow.
May.
— parviflo'ra (small-flowered). 4. White. May.
N. Amer. 1824.
— pavoni'na (peacock-e#e). l.Red. April. Franc?.
flo're-ple'no (double-flowered). 1. Red.
May. Europe.
fu'lgens (shining). 1. Red. May. South
of Europe. 18)8.
— quinquefo'lia (five-leaved. American wood). £.
White. April. N. Amer. 1817.
— ranunculoi'des (ranunculus-like). £. Yellow.
April. England.
— refle'xa (bent-back). *}. Yellow. April. Siberia,
1818.
— stella1 ta purpu'rea (purple-star-/e«/;ed). £.
Purple. April. Italy. 1597-
— umbella'ta (umbelled). 1. Blue. April. Le-
vant. 1824.
HERBACEOUS.
A. a'lba (white). £. White. June. Siberia; 1820.
— AMa'na (Albana). 4. White. May. Caucasus.
1821.
— alpi'na (alpine). £. White. Austria. 1658.
— acutipeftala (pointed-petaled). 4. Blue. May.
Switzerland. 1819-
— Cape'nsis (Cape). 1. Purple. April. Cape
of Good Hope. 1795. Greenhouse.
— ce'rnua (drooping). 4. Red, white. May.
Japan. 1806.
— Dahu'rica (Dahurian). J. Flesh. May. Da-
huria. 1819.
— deltoi'dea (triangular). White. May. Colum-
bia. 1827-
— dicho'ioma (forked). 1. Red, white. May.
N. Amer. 1768. 1
— Gavaniu'nu (Gavan's). Nepaul. 1844.
— Halle'ri (Haller's). 4. Purple. April. Switzer-
land. 1816.
— Hudsonia'na (Hudson's). £. White. April.
N. Amer. 1827-
— Japo'nica (Japan). 2. Rose. September
Japan. 1S41.
ANE
[38]
ANE
A, longisca'pa (long-stalked). White. June.
North Ind. 183Q. Half-hardy.
— micra'ntha (small-flowered). $. White, pur-
pie. April. Austria. 1800.
— montu'jia. (mountain). 1. Purple. June.
Switzerland. 1830.
— multi'fida (many-cleft). 3. White. June.
Magellan. 1824.
— narcissiflo'ra (narcissus-flowered). 1. White.
May. Siberia. 17/3.
— Nuttallia'na (NutUll'a). £. White. July. N.
Amer. 1827.
— obsole'ta (obsolete). £. Purple. May. Germany.
— obtusifo'lia (blunt-leaved). White. June. Hi-
malaya. 1844.
r~obtusilo'l>a (blunt-lobed-fea??erf). $. White.
June. Himalaya. 1843.
— pa'tens (spreading). 1. Light yellow. June.
Siberia. 1752.
ochroleu'ca (yellowish- white). 1. Cream.
April. Siberia. 1/52.
— Pennsylna'nica (Pennsylvanian). 1. White.
May. N. Amer. 1706.
— prate'nsis (meadow). £. Dark purple. May.
Germany. 1ft I.
— pulsati'llu. (common pulsatilla). $. Violet.
May. England.
u'lbida (whitishV?0">ered). £. Whitish.
April. Germany. 1334.
ru'bra (red-flowered). Jleddish-purpls.
May. Germany. 1834.
— Richardso'nia (Richardson's). £. Yellow. June.
N. Amer. 1327.
— rivula'ris (river). lj. White. June. North
Ind. 1840.
— Sibi'rica (Siberian). $. White. June. Siberia.
1804.
— stella'ta (star-flowered). A. White. Italy. 1597.
— sulphu'rea, (sulphur-coZowred). £. Sulphur.
May. Europe. ,1816.
— sylve'stris (wood-snowdrop). $, White. May.
Germany. 15Q6.
— trifo'lia (three-leaved). £. White. April.
France. 159/.
— Urale'nsis (Ural). £. Blue. May. Siberia. 1824.
— verna'lis (spring). £. White. April. Switzer-
land. 1752.
flo're-lu'teo (yellow-flowered). £. Yellow.
April. South of Europe.
— Virginia'na (Virginian). 4. White. May. N.
Amer. 1772.
grandiflo'ra (large-flowered). 2. White.
June. Gardens. Greenhouse.
— vitifo'lid (vine-leaved). 3. White. September.
Nepaul. 1829. Half-hardy.
The anemone, the florist's flower of our
gardens, is the offspring of the A. coro-
na'ria (poppy anemone), and A. hor-
te'nsis. Sprung from these there are an-
nually increased varieties. A variety lasts
about twelve years.
Characteristics of a good single anemone.
— The stem strong, elastic, and erect,
not less than nine inches high; the
flower at least two inches and a half in
diameter, consisting of large, substantial,
•well-rounded petals, at first horizontally
extended, and then turning a little up-
wards, so as to form abroad, shallow cup
the colour clear and distinct when di
versified in the same flower, or brillian
and striking if it consists only of one-
colour, as blue, crimson, or scarlet, &c.
A double anemone should have the
outer petals quite flat, the second series
a little shorter, the third shorter still,
and so on till the centre is quite full,
when the whole should form a rather flat
lemisphere. Every double flower should
be of one full colour.
Propagation. — Offsets from the root,,
and new varieties from seed.
By offsets, all the best kinds should be
taken up annually at the decay of the leaf,,
and the root divided, at the time of taking
up, to allow the wound to heal, into as-
many pieces or knobs as are furnished
with an eye or bud, observing, however,
that if they are divided very small, they
flower very weak the first year.
The time for taking up the roots is
May and June, when the leaf and stalk
are withered ; for then the roots cease to
grow for a month or six weeks.
Take them up in dry weather, spread
in an any place out of the sun for about
a week, then clear from earth, and store
in bags or boxes.
The seed. — Sow from the best single
or semi-double flowers. Double flower*
produce none.
Sowing. — Make the beds in a sheltered
part of your garden, facing the south ;
remove the old soil from the beds to the
depth of sixteen or eighteen inches. If
it is low and swampy, with a wet, clay
bottom, drain well, and do not dig so
deep ; if high and dry, or with a sandy
or gravelly subsoil, you may go a little
deeper. Then put in from four to six
inches of unmixed cowduug, such as
might be gathered up where these ani-
mals feed. Upon this layer of dung
place as much good fresh loam as will
raise the beds to their former level, or a
little higher. Make the surface very
fine, and then sow. Anemone-seed re-
quires to be well rubbed with the hand,,
either amongst some sharp sand or
finely-sifted coal ashes, to separate the
seeds. When the seed is sown, cover it
immediately with some-sifted, light, sandy
soil, half an inch. It will soon come up,,
and should be frequently watered in dry-
weather. Beds so made will flower the
same year ; mark the best, and preserve
them for planting the next year.
Time for planting is October, or early
in November, and the plants will come
into flower in April and beginning of
ANE
[ 30 ]
ANG
May; but if some are planted in the
middle of September, and a second parcel
towards the middle or latter end of Oc-
tober, they will afford a succession of
bloom from the beginning of April until
the middle of May ; and, if a third plant-
ation is made in February or beginning
of March, they will come into flower
about the middle of May, and continue
until the middle of June.
Soil and site. — The situation should be
thoroughly drained, and open to the
south. Any common, moderately light
earth suits the anemone ; overmoist and
stiff soils rot the roots in winter. If
necessary to make a soil, proceed as de-
scribed for the seed-bed. Take maiden
loam from the surface of a pasture, the
top spit, turf and all ; to every load of
this add one of cowdung, and half a load
of sea or drift sand; blend the whole to-
gether, and form it into a ridge, in which
let it remain a year, at least, turning it
over once in two or three months. But,
in default of pasture-earth, a good com-
post may be formed of common, light
garden-soil and rotted cowdung, adding,
to every load of the former, half a*load of
the latter, and about a quarter of that of
drift or sea-sand ; and of either of which
composts the bed is to be formed. Make
it aboiit twelve or fifteen inches in depth,
and three feet and a half broad.
Planting in borders. — Plant five roots
together, in a patch of five or six inches
in breadth, two or three inches deep.
Beds should be three feet and a half
broad, with alleys eighteen inches wide
between bed and bed, and fifteen or
eighteen inches deep; break the earth
small, but do not sift it ; elevate the beds
three inches above the general surface ;
but, if there is danger of moisture stand-
ing in winter, double or treble that is a
proper height, working the whole a little
rounded, and after planting, rake the
surface smooth.
Plant six rows lengthwise, the roots at
six inches distance in each row, and two
inches deep.
The autumn plantation comes in leaf
in November; but, as the plants are hardy,
nothing is needful to be done till the
!>loom begins to appear, and then arch
the beds with hoops.. to support mats, to
protect them from frost.
Forcing. — Double anemones, potted in
September or in October, in some com-
post, as above particularized, may be
placed in a cold frame or pit, and watered
but sparingly until the following spring,
when they may be put into a warmer
place. They will not stand much forcing.
A second blooming may be obtained, by
planting more roots, in a similar way, ia
December.
Mildew. — This disease first appears as
pale spots on the under sides of the
leaves. These spots gradually rise into
tubercles, and a minute fungus bursts
through. This parasite is JEci'dium gua-
dri'jldiim. Sea-sand, or a little salt mixed
with the compost of the bed, is a good
preventive ; and sprinkling with sulphur
is the best remedy. Anemones are liable
to have distorted, swollen leaves, the cure
for which is to render the soil more free
from stagnant moisture.
ANE'THUM. (From ano, upwards, and
t/ico, to run; in reference to its quick
growth. Nat. or d., Umldlifers [Apiacese].
Linn., 5-Pentandria, 2-Digynia.)
A genus of useful plants, succeeding well in
any common garden-soil ; all hardy, readily in-
creased by seed or root division.
ANNUAL.
A. So'ua (Sowa). 1. Yellow. July. E. Ind. 1810.
BIENNIALS.
A. grave'olens (strong-smelling, or dill). ». Yel-
low. July. Spain. 15/0.
— pipcra'tum (peppered). 6. Yellow. July. Italy.
1824.
PERENNIALS.
A.fceni'culum (fennel). 6. Yellow. August.
England.
1 du'lce (sweet). 4. Yellow. August. Italy.
See DILL and FENNEL.
ANGE'LICA. (In reference to its fabled
angelic virtues in medicine. Nat. ord.y
Umlellifers [Apiacerc]. Linn., 5-Pentan-
dria "2-Dii/ynia.')
Common water-side perennials, of not much
beauty as garden-plants. The only species re-
quiring notice here is the common Angelica.
A.archangc'lica (archangel). 4. July. Green.
England.
The stalks of this are cut in May for
candying. Formerly, the stalks were
blanched for eating, like celery. Soil and
Situation: Grows best in moist situations,
such as the banks of ponds and ditches.
Soiviny : Sow soon after the seed is ripe,
about September, being almost useless if
preserved until the spring. Cultivation :
Sow thin, in drills a foot asunder, and
half an inch deep. When five or six
inches high, the plants must be thinned
to a distance of at least two feet and a
half from each other. In May, or early
ANG
[40 ]
ANG
in June of the second year, they flower,
when they must be cut down, which
causes them to sprout again ; and, if this
is carefully attended to, they will con-
tinue for three or four years ; but, if per-
mitted to run to seed, they perish soon
after.
ANGE'LICA-TKEE. Ara'lia spiiw'sa.
ANGELO'NIA. (From any f Ion, its local
name in South America. Nat. ord., Fig-
worts [Scrophulariaceffi]. Linn., l±-Didy-
namla 2-Anyiospermia. Allied to Hemi-
meris.)
Pretty stove herbaceous plants; seed in heat,
sown in February ; division of the roots of seve-
ral kinds, and cuttings of young shoots in April,
inserted in sand under a bell-glass; must not be
kept too damp ; loam :md peat. Summer temp.,
i'rora 60° to 70° ; winter, 55° to 60°.
A. angustfo'lia (narrow-leaved). l£. Deep
violet. June. Mexico. 1846.
— corni'gera (horn-bearing). 1. Purple. August.
Brazil. 183Q.
— floribu'nda (many-flowered). 1. Purple.
August. Brazil. 1839.
— Gardne'ri(Mr. Gardner's). 1. Purplish-white.
May. Pernarnbuco. 1838.
— grandiflo'ra (large-flowered). 1. Purplish-
white. May. Pernambuco. 183S.
— minia'ta (crimson). 1. Purplish- white. May.
Pernambuco. 1838.
— salicaricefo'lia (willow-leaved). 1. Light blue.
August. S. Amer. 1818.
ANGIA'NTHUS. (From ayyos, vessel, and
anthos, a flower. Nat. ord., Composites
[AsteraceaB]. Linn., \Q-Syngenesia 5-Se-
yreyata.)
A pretty greenhouse herbaceous plant ; division
of the root ; seed, and cuttings under a bell-glass.
Summer temp., 50° to ?0° ; winter, 40° to 50°.
A. a'urens (golden). 1. Yellow. July. N.
Holland. 1803.
ANGIO'PTERIS. (From ayyeion, a vessel*
and pteris, a wing. Nat. ord., Ferns [Po-
lypodiacese]. Linn., 2<L-Cryptoyamia ]-
Filices.}
A stove Fern, cultivated like Acropteris.
A. eveftica (evetic). June. Brown. Island of
Luzon.
ANGO'PHORA.. (From agyos, a vessel,
and phero, to bear ; in reference to the
shape of the fruit. Nat. ord., Myrtle-
blooms [Myrtacese]. Linn., 12-Icosandria
This is the most natural order of plants, and
no blue flower has yet been found to belong to it.
Greenhouse evergreen shrubs ; cuttings under a
bell-glass; loam and peat. Summer temp., 50°
to 65° ; winter, 45°.
A. cordifo'lia (heart-leaved). 6. Yellow. August.
N. Holland. 1789.
— lanccola'ta (lanceolate-feanec!). 6. Yellow.
August. N. Holland. 1816.
ANGKJE'CUM. (From angurele, the Ma-
layan term for air-plants. Nat. ord., Or-
chids [Orchidaceee]. Linn., 20-Gynandria
l-Monandrta.)
By offsets in spring, sphagnum moss, and
broken potsherds, and pieces of wood ; kept moist
and hot when growing in summer ; cool in win-
ter ; hot and dry when coming into bloom.
Summer temp., 70° to 85°; winter, 55° to 60°.
A. apiculu'tum (small-pointed). £. White. Sierra
Leone. 1844.
— armeni'acam (apricot-coloured-./?OMweeZ)« Yel-
lowish-pink. Sierra Leone. 1 838.
— Ashante'si (Ashantee). $. Cinnamon. June.
Ashantee. 1843.
— liilo'bum (two-lobed). £. White. Septem-
ber. Cape Coast. 1841.
— cnuda'tum (tail-lipped). l£. White, green.
August. Sierra Leone. 1834.
— caule'scens (stemmed). l£. Green, white.
September. India. 1834.
— clandesti'num (concealed-flowered). £. Green,
white. September. Sierra Leone. 1835.
— di'stichum (tvfo-rowed-lenved). £. White.
September. Sierra Leone. 1834.
— ebu'rneum (ivory-lipped). 1$. White. Ja-
nuary. Madagascar. 1826.
— micro! nthum (small -flowered). \, White.
Sierra Leone. 1834.
— odorati'ssimum (very sweet-scented). White.
Sierra Leone. 1832.
— ornithorhy'nchum (bird's-beak). White.
Brazil. 1840.
— peilu'cidum (transparent). A. White. No-
vember. Sierra Leone. 1842.
— pertu'sum (broken). £. White. October.
Sierra Leone. 1836.
— polysta'chyum (many-spiked). Peru. 1840.
— subula'tum (awl-shaped). White. Sierra
Leone. 1832.
— tcretifo'lium (straw-leaved). White. Sierra
Leone.
ANGUILLA'BIA. (From anyuilla, an eel;
in reference to the twisted seeds. Nat.
ord., Melanths [Melanthacere]. Linn., 0-
Hexandria 3-Trv>ynia. Allied to Vera-
trum.)
Herbaceous plants, requiring a little protection
in winter; division of roots, and cuttings, under
a hand-light; peat and loam.
A. biglandttlo'sa (two-glanded). 1. Purple.
May. N. Holland. 1826.
— dioi'ca (u'icecious). 1. Purple. May. N. S.
Wales. 1826.
— I'ndica (Indian), l. Dark purple. June.
Tranquebar. 1818.
ANGULO'A. In honour of Angulo, a Spa-
nish naturalist. Nat. ord., Orchids [Orchi- .
dacere]. Linn., 2Q-Gyuandria 1-Monogy-
n ia. )
Stove orchids, requiring the same culture as
Angrtecom.
A. Clowe'sii (Clowes'). Ij. May. Yellow and
white. Columbia. 1842.
flo'ribus fla'vis (Clowes' straw-coloured).
I^. May. Pale yellow. 1845.
— grandiflo'ra (large-flowered). 1. July. S.
Amer. 1823.
— Ru'ckeri (Rucker's). 14. May. Yellow and
crimson. 1345.
ANG
[41 ]
ANI
A.supe'rba (supcrb)t Crimson and purple.
Mexico.
— uniflo'ra (one-flowered). Slay. Cream-coloured.
Peru. 1843. There is a variety of this
with pink flowers.
ANGU'RIA. (One of the Greek names
for the cucumber. Nat. ord., Cucurbits
[Cucurbitacese]. Linn., 2l-Monoecia 2-
Di-nidrin.)
Tropical evergreen climbers; seed and cut-
tiugs; peat and loam. Summer temp., 65° to
70° ; winter, 55° to 60°.
A. Mackaya'na (Mackay's^. 1847.
— peda'ta (pedate). 20. Yellow. July. S.
Amer 1820.
— triloba'ta (three-lobed). 20. Pink. July.
Carthage. 1793.
— trifoliu'ta (three-leafleted). 10. Yellow. July.
St. Domingo. 1/93.
— umbro'sa (shady). 10. Yellow. July. S.
Amer. 1827.
A'NIA. (After a Koman beautiful wi-
dow. Nat. ord., Orchids [Orehidacese].
Linn., 2Q~Gynandria I-Monogynia.)
A, bico'rnis (two-horned). |. March. Yclloxr,
green. Ceylon. 1SH. Cultivated like
Anguloa.
ANIGOZA'NTHOS. (From anoiyo, to ex-
pand, and anthos, a flower ; in reference
to the branching expansion of the flower-
stalks. Nat. ord., Hloodworls [Hcemodo-
racese] . Linn., Q-Hexandria l-Monogynia. )
Greenhouse herbaceous plants ; division of the
roots in spring; loam, one part to three of peat.
Summer temp., 45° to 60° ; winter, 40° to 45°.
A. cocci'nca (scarlet). 5. Crimson. July. Swan
River. 1537.
•—fla'vidus (yello wish-green -./Zowered). 3. Yel-
low. July. N. Holland. 1808.
bi' color (two-coloured-Jlowered). 3. Scar-
let, green. May. Swan River. 1837.
•— fuligiiio'sus (sooty). 3. Yellow. June. Aus-
tralia.
— hu' mills (dwarf). Brown. Swan River.
— Mungle'sii (Mr. Mangle's). 3. Green. May.
Swan River. 1833.
angustifo'lia (narrow-leaved). 3. Green,
rod. July. N. Holland. 1836=
— pulche' rrimus (beautiful). 2£. Yellow, white.
Swan River. 1840.
— ru'fa (rusty). 2. Yellow, red. June. N.
Holland. 1824.
< ANIMAL MATTERS, without any excep-
tion, are beneficial as manures; for they all
yield, during putrefaction, gases and so-
luble substances, that are imbibed greed-
ily by the roots of plants. That this is
the case, affords no cause for wonder, be-
cause animal matters and vegetable mat-
tern are alike compounded of carbon,
hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen, with a
small addition of saline matters. The
general consideration of MANURES will be
found under that title, and other relative
information under the heads DUNG and
VEGETABLE MATTERS ; and in this place,
we shall confine our attention to some of
the most available of strictly animal mat-
ters. See, also, the article BONES.
Slubber, or fat of the whale, contains
train-oil, composed of —
Carbon . . , . 68.37
Hydrogen . . . . 16.10
Oxygen . 15.03
with a little animal skin and muscle.
40 gallons of train-oil, mixed with 120
bushels of screened soil, grew 23 tons of
soil where 40
j turnips per acre, on a
! bushels of bones broken small, and 80
j bushels of burnt earth, produced only 21
tons.
Fish, generally, such as sprats, herrings,
pilchards, five-fingers, and shell-fish, owe
their powerful fertilizing qualities not
only to the oil they contain, but also to
the phosphate of lime in their bones.
From 25 to 45 bushels per acre are the
extreme quantities to be applied broad-
cast; but if in the drills, with the crop,
16 bushels are ample. They are benefi-
cial to all the gardener's crops, but •espe-
cially to asparagus, parsnips, carrots,
beets, onions, and beans. Shell-fish
should be smashed before being applied.
Blood is a very rich manure, and has
been applied with especial benefit to
vines and other fruit-trees. The blood
of the ox contains about eighty per cent,
of water, and twenty per cent, solid mat-
ter. The latter contains, in 100 parts,
when dried —
Carbon
Hydrogen
Azote
Oxygen
Ashes
51.950
7.165
17-172
19.295
4.418
The ashes contain various salts, as chlo-
ride of sodium (common salt), phosphate
of lime, with a little oxide of iron. Sugar-
boker's skimmings owe their chief fer-
tilizing qualities to the blood used in clari-
fying the sugar, and which is combined
with vegetable albumen, and extractive.
tyoollen Rags. cut into very small pieces,
are a good manure, decomposing slowly,
and benefiting the second as much as the
first crop. Hops and turnips have been
the crops to which they have been chiefly
applied. Half a ton per acre is a fair
dressing. Wool is composed of —
Carbon . . . 50.653
Hydrogen . . . 7-029
Azote . . . 17-710
0x7=Len > , . 24.608
Sulphur J
It leaves a very slight ash, containing
ANN
imnnte quantities of muriate of potash*
lime, and probably phosphate of lime.
Feathers and hair closely resemble it in
their components. Horns are composed
of—
Carbon . t 51.578
Hydrogen . . . 6.712
Azote . . . 17-284
°xpen "I 24i426
Sulphur /
besides minute proportions of sulphate,
muriate and phosphate of potash, phos-
phate of lime, and other less important
matters.
Shells.-— Those of the following are
thus composed : —
Phos-
phate of
lime.
Carbo-
nate of
lime.
Animal
matter.
Oyster .
Lobster . •
Hen's Eggs t
1.2
7.0
5.7
98.3
63.0
89.6
0.5
30.0
4.7
They have all been found good, in a
pounded form, as manures for turnips,
and must be for all other plants, and on
all soils where calcareous matters are
deficient.
ANISCA'NTIIA. (From anisos, unequal,
and akantha, a spine. Nat. ord., Cheno-
poils [Chenopodiacece]. Linn., 4:-Tctran-
dria \-Monogynia..')
Evergreen under-shrub ; cuttings of young
shoots, a little hard at bottom, in April ; peat
and loam. Summer temp., 50° to 65°; winter, 45°.
A. divarica'ta (straggling). 2. N.Holland. 1824.
ANISA'NTHIJS.' (From anisos, unequal,
and anthos, a flower. Nat. ord., Irids,
[Iridacese]. Linn., 3-Triandria l-Mono-
gynia.}
This is now a synonyme of Antholyza. Green-
house or frame-bulbs, requiring protection in
winter; offsets ; peat and loam. Summer temp.,
50° to 60° ; winter, 40° to 45°.
A. Cuno'nia (Cunon's). 2. Scarlet. June. Cape
of Good Hope. 1756,
— quudrangula'ris (quadrangular). 2. Yellow.
April. Cape of Good Hope. 1700.
— sple'ndens (splendid). 2. Scarlet. June.
Cape of Good Hope. 1828.
ANI'SE. Tra'glum ani'sum.
Half-hardy annual, used for garnishing or
seasoning. Sow during April, in pots, plunged in
a hotbed ; remove to a warm, light border in
May. Thin the plants to six inches- apart. The
seed is ripe in August or September. It does not
bear transplanting.
A'NISEED-TREE. IlWcium anisa'tum.
ANISOCCHI'LUS. (From anisos, unequal,
and cheilos, lip. Nat. ord., Labiates or
Lipworts [Lamiacese]. Linn.,
iiamia I-Gymnospermia.)
Stove biennial; seeds in heat, or cutting* i»
*a~ndy soil, under a bell-glass. Summer temp.,,
65° to 75°; winter, 55° to 60°.
A. carno'sa (fleshy). 2. Lilac. August. E.
Ind. 17/8.
ANISO'MELES. (From anisos, unequal,
and melos, a member. Nat. ord., Labiates
[Lamiaceoe]. Linn., l^-Didynamia 1-
GymnospermiaS)
Chiefly evergreen under-shrubs ; cuttings of
stove species in April, in heat, under a bell-glass.
Greenhouse species, under glass, without heat.
Sow the annual in March, in heat ; loam and
peat. Temperature same for stove plants, 55° to
75°; winter, 50° to 60°. Greenhouse, winter, 45°.
A.furca't a (forked). 1. Blue. August. Nepaul.
1824. Greenhouse.
— Blalaba'rica (Malabar). 2. Violet. August.
E. Ind. 1823.
— moschn'ta (musk). 2. Purple. August. N.
Holland. 1824.
— ova'ta (ovate-toj»ed-). 2. Pink. August. E.
Ind. 1823. Stove annual.
ANISO'PIA HORTico'LAjis a beetle which
often attacks the rose-flowers about June.
Its maggots live under turf, and feed on
its roots.
ANNUALS are plants which live but one
year, and, consequently, require to be
raised from seed annually. By a par-
ticular mode of culture some of them may
ba made to live longer. Thus, mignonette
will continue to bloom for two or more
years if not allowed to ripen its seeds.
Hardy Annuals, or those requiring no
protection, are sown where they are to
remain in the open borders, from the end
of February to the beginning of May.
To flower late in autumn, some may be
sown in the middle of June. Whether
sown in patches or broad masses, whether
mixed or separate, must be left to the
taste of the sower, guided by his know-
ledge of the colours of the flowers.
These should be well contrasted. Every
patch should be properly labelled, which
is easily done by having some deal laths,
one inch broad, planed smooth, cut into
nine-inch lengths, and painted white..
On these the name can be written with
a lead pencil.
Half-hardy Annuals, such as require-
artificial heat while seedlings, are sovm,
in a gentle hotbed in March and April.
The seedlings, when an inch or two long,,
to be transplanted into another gentle
hotbed, or greenhouse, to remain until
the middle of May, then to be trans-
planted into the borders, and attended
like other annuals.
Tender or Greenhouse Annuals, requir-
ing artificial heat and shelter during their-
ANO
c
•whole growth, are sown early in March,
on a gentle hotbed ; to be transplanted
into another, like the half-hardy, and
thence into pots, to remain in the green-
house. Some of them, if moved into a
J ] ANS
Very neat, Ixia-likc, dwarf, bulbous plants,
which flower in the open borders all summer, in
any light, garden-soil ; ripen seeds freely, and
require the protection of a frame in winter.
Propagated from seeds and offsets ; light, sandy
loam and common soil; bulbs require, in most
i places, to be kept in a frame, or in stored bags,
'
_ . _. Ml 11 f "\ \ Kiat;ca> M* uc A cut in a ij.aiu.Cj ui ui •vuicu uagay
warm, border in June, Will blOOni Ireely, during winter. A. crue'nta, especially, is well
and even ripen seed.
ANODO'NTIA. (From a, not, and odontos,
fitted for a flower-bed, or for the window-sill.
A. crue'nta (bloody).
Crimson. July. Cape
May. Cape of
a tooth ; in reference to the stamens. . of Good Hope. isso.
Nut.ord.,(7riiCt/fer« [Brassicace*]. Linn, ^unce^s^pe> 1\7™*C'
16-Tetradynamia. Allied to Alyssum.) , ^^ (From wenona> its locai name
For general management, «<?ALYSSDM. ia Banda> Nat> ord>> Anonads [Anona-
*'*^S£&™CS%i***' *' "' <*«]• Umn.tl3-PolyandnaO-PoIy9amia.)
ede'ntulum (toothless). 1. Yellow. July. Tropical evergreen trees and shrubs ; cuttings
Hungary. 1820. of ripened wood, in strong heat, under a glass, in
fialimifo'lia (purslane-leaved). 3- White. April; rich loam. Summer temp., 60° to 80°}
June. South of Europe. 1820. winter, 55° to 6a°.
— macroca'rpa (long-fruited). £. White. June. ^ amplexicau'lis ^tern-clasping). 12. Yellow,
France. 1823. green. Mauritius. 1824.
— oioro'to (obovate). £. Yellow. June. France. _ Asiaitica (Asiatic). 12. Yellow, green. Asia.
1830. 1816.
— nipe'stre (rock). $. White. June. Naples. I cherimo'lia (Cherimoyer). 18. Brown. Au-
1825. gust. S. Amer. 1/39.
— spino'sa (thorny). £. White. June. South | _ cinc, rea (gny* J5. Yellow, green. W. Ind.
of Europe. 1683. 1S18.
ANCECTOCHI'LUS. (From anoifdos, open, j — gla'bra (smooth-fruited).__ 16. Brown. Au-
and cheilos, a h'p ; in reference to the
spreading apex of the lip. Nat. ord.,
0 rchids [Orchidacese] . Linn., 20- Gynan-
dria 1-Monandria.)
Division of the roots; lumpy peat; a littla
loam and charcoal ; and well drained. Summer
temp., 65° to 85° ; winter, 55° to 65°.
A. seta'ceus (bristly). £. White, green. June-
Java. 1836.
vxr.pi'ctus (painted-bristly).
The natives of Ceylon, where it grows in the
hedge-rows, admire it much, and give it the regal
name of " The King of the Woods ; " and well it j
deserves the title ; but yet the leaves are the only
part that attract our admiration. The flowers,
though various, are not at all beautiful ; but the
leaves are the most beautiful of all the leaves in
the world. The ground colour is of a dark
velvety-green, tinged with a metallic lustre,
curiously inlaid, as it were, with streaks of golden
net-work. If examined with a moderate micro-
scope, when the sun is shining, this golden net-
work is really glorious, having the appearance of
the richest rubies. But no description can do
justice to the beauty of the leaves of this plant.
The variety named pictus, or painted — brought
home, we believe, by Mr. Gibson, from the
Khorea Hills, India— has a broad stripe of yellow
down the centre of each leaf, in addition to the
golden net- work. It is equally beautiful with
the original species, but, if anything, more diffi-
cult to cultivate. Messrs. Low and Co., of the
Clapton Nurseries, have imported another variety,
from Borneo, of a stronger growth, and on that
account worth cultivating, though not quite so
beautiful as the other two Yirieties. (Cottage
Gardener, iii. 224.)
AHOMATHE'CA. (From anomos, singular,
ust. Carolina. 1774.
— laurifu'lia (laurel-leaved). 15. Brown. W.
Ind. 17/3.
— longifo'lia (long-leaved). 20. Yellow, green.
12. Yellow, green.
E.
Guiana. 1820.
— Mexicu'na (Mexican).
Mexico. 1823.
— muco'sa (mucous). 12. Yellow, green.
Ind. 1820.
— murica'ta (muricated. The sour sop). 10.
Green, yellow. W. Ind. 1656.
— obtusifo'lia (blunt-leaved). 15. Yellow,.
green. W. Ind. 1810.
— pnludu'sa (marsh). 4. Green. Guiana. 1830.
— pulu'stris (marsh. The cork- wood). 15.
Yellow. W. Ind. 1731.
— puncta'ta (spotted). 12. Yellow, green.
Trinidad. 18)8.
— reticula'ta (netted). 20. White, green. S.
Amer. 1690.
— Senegale'nsis (Senegal). 10. Yellow, green.
Guinea. 1824.
— squamo'sa (scaly. The sweet sop). 20. White,
green. S. Amer. 1731.
ANO'PTEEUS. (From ano, upwards,
and pteris, a fern ; alluding to the sem-
blance of the leaves. Nat. ord., Escallo-
niads [Escalloniacese]. Linn., 5-Pentan-
dria i-Monogynia.)
A greenhouse evergreen shrub ; cuttings under
a bell-glass, in heat ; sandy loam and peat.
Usually in a cold pit or greenhouse, but should
be tried on a wall, with slight winter protection.
A . glandulo'sus (gland-leaved). 3. December.
White and pink. Van Diemen's Land.
1646.
ANSE'LLIA. (In honour of Mr. Ansell,
the botanical collector who accompanied
*nd theca, a capsule, or seed-pod. Nat. j the ill-fated Niger Expedition. Nat. ord.,,
ord., Irids [Iriclacess]. Linn., 3-Trian- \ Orchids [Orchiclaceae]. Linn.,2Q-Gynan-
dria l-Honoyynia.) j dria \-Monoyynia. Allied to Aganisia.)
ANT
44]
ANT
A stove orchid. Divisions ; turfy heath-mould
and broken potsherds. Temp, in summer, 60°
to 85°, with plenty of moisture at root and top ;
winter, 55° to 60°, and kept dry.
. Africa'na (African). 3. Brown, green, and
yellow. February. Fernando Po. 1844.
ANT. (Formi'ca.) To drive this insect
away, dig up its nests and haunts, and
mix the earth with gas-lime. To kill it,
pour over the nest, at night, a strong de-
coction of elder-leaves. To trap it, smear
the inside of a garden-pot with honey,
invert it over the nest, and when crowded
with them, hold it over the steam of
boiling water ; or turn a flower-pot, with
its hole stopped, over the nest. The ants
build up into it, and the whole colony may
be taken away in a shovel. They maybe
kept from ascending standard and es-
palier trees, by tying a piece of wool
round the stems and the supporters.
ANTENNA 'KIA. (From antenna, feelers;
in reference to the downy heads of the
seeds. Nat. ord., Composites [Asteracese] .
•Linn., "LQ-Syngcnesia 2-Superflua.)
Root division and seeds ; common, light soil.
In most places the Nepaul species require the
protection of a cold pit in winter.
A. alpi'na (alpine). 1. Pink. June. Alpine.
Europe. 1775.
— Carpa'tica (Carpathian). 1. Pink. June.
Carpathian Mountains. 1775.
— conto'rta (twisted-leaved). 2. White. July.
Nepaul. 1821.
— dioi'ca. (dioecious). 1. Pink. June. Britain. 1821.
— Jiyperbo'rea (northern). 1. Whitish. June.
Isle of Skye. 1821.
— mar gar ita' cea (pearly). 2. White. July.
England. 1821.
'— plantagi'nea (plantain-leaved). 1. White.
July. Virginia. 1759.
— tripline'rvis (three-nerved). 1. White. Au-
gust. Nepaul. 1823.
A'NTHEMIS. Chamomile. (From An
themon, a flower; in reference to the
-great number of flowers produced. Nat.
ord., Composites [Asteracesej. Linn., 19-
Syngencsin %-Superflua.}
With a few exceptions, they are hardy plants.
Division of plant, and seeds ; common soil. The
single-flowering A. no'bilin is superior to the
double for medicinal properties.
HERBACEOUS PERENNIALS.
A. alpi'na (alpine). 1. White. July. Austria. 1824.
— upiifo'lia (parsley-leaved). 2. White. July.
China. 1819.
— Barrelie'ri (Barrelier's). 1. White. August.
Italy. 1825.
— Carpa'tica (Carpathian). I. White. June.
Carpathia. 1820.
— chamomi'lln (chamomile). 1. White. July.
South of Europe. 1807.
— coronopifo'lia (buck-horn-leaved). 1. White.
May. Spain. 1818.
—fruticulo'sa (shrubby). 2. White. August.
Caucasus. 1820.
A. globo'sa (globose). 1. White. July. South
of Europe. 1570.
— grandiflo'ra (great- flowered). 1. White.
July. South of Europe. 1825.
— Ibe'rica (Iberian). 1. White. August. Iberia.
1820.
— incrassa'ta (thick -peduncled). 1. White.
July. France, 1818.
— Kitaibc'llii (Kitaibel's). 1. White. June.
Hungary. 1823.
— Marshallia'na (Marshall's). 2. Yellow. July.
Caucasus. 18) 6.
— melampo'dia (black- footed). 1. White. Au-
gust. Egypt. 1819.
— montu'na (mountain). 1. Purple. July. Italy.
1759.
— petras'a (rock). 1. White. July. Italy. 1825.
— pube'scens (soft-haired). 1. White. July.
South of Europe. 1803.
— pyre1 thrum (pellitory of Spain). 1. White.
May. South of Europe. 1570.
— rige'scens (rigescent). 2. White. August.
Caucasus. 1805.
— Rudolphia'na (Rudolph's). 1. Yellow. July.
Caucasus. 1824.
— saxa'tilis (rock). 1. White. July. Hungary.
1807-
— tincto'ria (dyer's). 2. Yellow. June. Britain.
— tomento'sa. (downy). 1. White. July. Le-
vant. 1795.
ANNUALS.
A. alti'ssima (tallest). 4. White. July. South
of Europe. 1731.
— Austri'aca (Austrian). 1. White. August.
Austria. 1759.
— Chi'a (Chian). 2. White. June. Chio. 1731.
— co'ta (cota). 1. White. April. Italy. 1/14.
-- discoi'de.a (discoid). 1. Yellow. June. Italy.
1800.
—fa'llax (uncertain). 1. White. July. 1825.
— fusca'ta (brown-scaled). 1. White. July.
Portugal. 1805.
— mari'tima (sea). 1. White. July. Medi-
terranean. 1800.
— mi'xta (mixed). 1. White. August. France.
1731.
— mucronula'ta (hard-pointed). Italy. 1836.
— Ruthe'nica (Russian). 2. White. June.
Taurida. 1823.
— Triumfe'tti (Triumfetti's). 1. Pale yellow.
August. Switzerland. 1819.
EVERGREENS.
A. no'bilis (noble. Common chamomile). 1.
White. August. Britain.
flo're-ple'no (double). 1. White. Au-
gust. Britain.
— puncta'ta (dotted). 1. White. August,
Barbary. 18J8. Biennial.
See CHAMOMILE.
ANTHE'PHORA. (From anthos, a flower,
and phoreo, to bear. Nat. ord., Grasses
[Grarninace'Ee]. Linn., 3-Triandria 2-
Digynia.)
Seed in March or April. Peat and loam.
They are pretty, and, with the exception of re-
quiring a greenhouse in winter, as easily managed
as any other grass.
A. e'legans (elegant). Apetal. August. Jamaica.
1776.
— villo'sa (soft-haired). August. W. Ind. 1824.
ANTHE'RICUM. (From anthos, a flower,
and kcrkos, a hedge ; in reference to the
ANT
ANT
tall flower-Stems. Nat. ord., Lily worts I sand under a glass, set at first in a cool place,
[Liliacea?]. Linn., 6-Hexandria l-Mono- \ »«d afterwards placed in a rnild bottom-heat.
Sandy loam and peat, well drained. Summer
gynia.) temp., 55° to 65° ; winter, 45° to 50°.
Few orders of plants arc less ably arranged by
men of science, and still less understood by the
pardener,. than the " beautiful " Order of Lilies.
With the exception of A. sero'tinurn and suL-
phu'reum, which are hardy, they.yare mostly low,
greenhouse, herbaceous plants, wir.h tuberous and
fleshy-bundled roots. Propagated by suckers,
offsets, and seeds. Sandy loam, with abundance
of drainage, and1 requiring the frame or green-
house in winter. The genus Bulbine is now
added to this.
A, albucoi'des (albuca-like). I. White. July.
Cape of Good Hope. 1788.
— bipedunculu'tum (two-peduncled). 1. White.
May. Cape of Good Hope. 1825.
— cunaliculu-'tum (channelled-leaved). 1. White
and green. May. Cape of Good Hope.
1774.
-- ru'fum (rusty). 1. Copper. June. Cape
of Good Hope..
— ccsru'leum (bluish). Blue. May.
— cro'ceum (saffron). 1. White. June. Cape
of Good Hope. 1800.
— falca'tum (sickle-shaped). 1. White. July.
Cape of Good Hope. 1825.
—filifo'lium (thread-leaved). 1. White. May.
Cape of Good Hope. 1820.
—fiUfo'rme (thread-form). 1. White. April.
Cape of Good Hope. 1/75.
— flexifo'lium (zigzag-leaved). 1. White. June.
Cape of Good Hope. 1795.
— floribu'ndum (many-flowered). 1. White.
April. Cape of Good Hope. 1774.
— frttgnuu (sweet-scented). 1. White. May.
Cape of Good Hope. 1795.
— graminifo'lium (grass-leaved). 2. White.
June. Cape of Good Hope. 1794.
— hirsu'twn (hairy). 1. White. July. Cape
of Good Hope. 1820.
— longtfo'lium (long-leaved). 1. White. July.
Cape of Good Hope. 1824.
— pilo'snm (long-haired). 1. White. July.
Cape of Good Hope. 1825.
— plumo'sum (feather-petaled). 1. White.
March. Chili. 1829.
— pomeridia'num (afternoon). 2. White. June.
Cape of Good Hope. 1819.
— revolu'tum (rolled-back). 2. White. October.
Cape of Good Hope. 1/31.
— sero'tinum (late -flowering). 1. White. July.
Britain.
— spira'le (spiral). 1. White. May. Cape of
Good Hope. 1824.
— squa'meum (scaly). 1. White. July. Cape
of Good Hope. 1820.
— sulphu'reurn (sulphur). 1. Purple, yellow.
July. Hungary. 1823.
— triflo'rum (three-flowered). 1. White. Sep.
tember. Cape of Good Hope. 1785?.*
— undula'tum (waved). 1. White. June. Cape
of Good Hope. 1825.
— vesperti'num (evening) . 2. White. June.
Cape of Good Hope. 1803.
- villo'sum (long-haired). 1. White. July.
Cape of Good Hope. 1826.
AKTHOCE'RCTS. (Prom qmthos, a flower,
;iml klrfns, a ray.' Nat. ord., Figworts
[ Scrophulariaceae]. Linn., "L^-Didyna-
*
Cuttings of ripened wood in April, placed tot
A, a'lbicans (whitish-leaved). 3. White. June.
N. Holland. 1825.
— ilicifo'lia (holly-leaved). 6. Yellowish-green.
June. Swan River. 1843.
— litore'a (shore). 3. White. June. N. Hol-
land. 1803.
— visco'sa (clammy). 6. White. May. N. Hol-
land. 1822.
ANTHOCLEI'-STA. (From anthos, a flower,
and cleisios, shut up. Nat. ord., Loga-
niads [Loganeacese.]. Linn., 5-Pentan-
dria 1-Monogynia.}
Cuttings in heat; peat and loam. Summer
temp., 65° to 80° ; winter, 55° to 66°.
A. macrophy'lla (long-leaved). 20. White. Sierra
Leone. 1820.
A'NTHODON. (From anthos, a flower,
and odon, a tooth. Nat. ord., Hippocra-
teuds [Hippocrateaeese]. Linn., 3-Tri-
andria 1-Monogynia.)
Tropical evergreen shrubs; cuttings of half-
ripened wood, under a bell-glass, m hotbed;
sandy loam and peat. Temperature as for pre-
ceding genus.
A. elli'pticum (elliptic). 12. Yellow, green.
Rio Janeiro. 1818.
— panicula'tum (panicled). 12. Yellow, green.
Rio Janeiro. 1818.
ANTHELO'HA. (From anthos, a flower,
and loma, a fringe. .Nat. ord., Margra-
vlads [Margraviacese]. Linn., 13-Poly-
(indria 1-Monogynia.)
A stove evergreen shrub ; cuttings of ripe
wood, under glass, in sand and in heat ; light,
rich loam. Temperature as for preceding.
A. monta'na (mountain). N. Holland. 1810.
ANTHOLY'ZA. (From antkos, a flower,
and lyssa, rage; in reference to the open-
ing of the flower like the mouth of an
enraged animal. Nat. ord., Irids [Irida-
cese]. Linn., 8-Triandria \-Monoyynia.}
Bulbs requiring the assistance of a frame or
greenhouse in winter, or to be planted deep
enough beyond the reach of frost in a dry, shel-
tered situation ; light, sandy soil ; offsets. See
ANISA'NTHUS.
A. JEthio'pica (Ethiopian). 3. Scarlet and green.
June. Cape of Good Hope. 1759.
— monta'na (mountain). 1 . Brown. June.
Cape of Good Hope. 1759-
— prcBa'ltit (very tall). Orange. February. Cape
of Good Hope. 1759.
ANTHOMY'IA, a genus of fly very inju-
rious to the gardener. The principal
species are the following : —
A. cepa'ittm (onion-fly).
In light soils, especially, the onion is
liable to suffer from the grub or larva of
this fly (Antliomy'ia cepa'rum, or Scttto'-
cepa'rum of some writers). The
ANT
[46 ]
ANT
gardener who sees his young onions,
when about the thickness of a straw,
turning yellow, and the leaves sunk down
upon the ground, may at once know that
they are the victims of this insect. Even
when of larger growth the onion is still
.liable to suffer from its attacks, and even
*up to the time of the bulb's full growth.
If the outer coats of a young onion thus
destroyed are stripped off, the grub is at
once detected; but if the onion is older,
the grubs are often numerous. In both
cases they will be found feeding on the
very heart of the onion. The grub varies
from about a quarter to half an inch
long, is fleshy, shining, whitish, cylin-
drical, tapering from the head to the tail,
and divided into twelve segments. The
pores through which it breathes are yel-
low, and in the first segment. In about
three weeks from the time of being
hatched it changes into a chesnut-co-
loured, oval pupaiium, or case, within
which is the real pupa. From this, in
about a fortnight, the perfect fly comes
forth, of the size of the cross lines, and
appearing as magnified in our drawing.
This is the female, and is entirely of a
pale, ashy colour, covered with black
bristles. The male has a black line
down the middle of the abdomen. The
antennas and legs are black ; the wings
are transparent, almost colourless, but
irridescent pink and green. The female
inserts her eggs within the leaf-sheaths
of the onion, close to the ground, She
continues to lay her eggs from May to
September, producing several broods dur-
ing that peiiod. The latest brood re-
mains in. the pupa state through the
winter, so that all old-decaying store-
onions should be burnt up as spring ad-
vances. The best preventive of this grub
is to sprinkle gas-lime between the rows
of seeding-onions, its fumes being offen-
sive to the fly. It may be well, also, to try
spreading powdered charcoal among thorn
in a similar way, for the fly is said to
deposit her eggs in this powder as readily
as in the onion-plants.
A. bra'ssica, cabbage-fly, says Mr.
Curtis, is found through the .summer,
and is the parent of a maggot which has
been known to lay waste whole fields of
cabbages, by diseasing the roots on which
they feed, as well as at the base of the
stalk. Successive generations are feed-
ing until November ; the latter families
lying in the pupa state through the win-
ter, and most probably some of the flies
survive that season, secreted in holes and
crevices. When the cabbage-leaves as-
sume a lead or yellow colour, and droop
in mid-day from the effect of the sun,
such plants, being diseased, should be
taken up, carried away, -and burnt, and
brine or lime put into the holes. Gar-
deners, in some instances, have collected
large quantities of the pupae from the
roots by drawing away the earth.
The male of A. bra'ssicce is dark, bright
grey, with black bristles; there is a
black stripe half way down the middle
of the thorax, and a curved one on each,
side ; the body has a more decided black
stripe down the centre, and the segments
are marked by a line of the same colour:
legs and antennae blackish ; wings a little
smoky. The female is pale, ashy grey ;
the eyes remote, with a dark chesnut-
coloured stripe on the crown ; the winge
are similar* in tint to those of tile fore-
going species, but the insects are consi-
derably smaller. — Gardener's Cltronicle.
A. lactu'cce, lettuce-fly. Mr. Curtis says
the larvaa make their appearance in Au-
gust, but are abundant in September;
they closely resemble those from the cab-
bage and turnips, being of a yellowish-
white colour, tapering towards the head,
which is pointed, and armed with two
short, black claws at the nose. These
maggots live in the involucra of different
varieties of lettuce, feeding upon the
seeds and receptacle ; and when these
are consumed, they wriggle themselves
out backward, either to enter another
seed-vessel or fall to the ground and
become pupae.
When the seed-stems are gathered and
dying, the larvae change to pupse, called
shucks, in Surrey, being bright chesnut-
coloured,- oval cases, which are rough,
when examined under a lens, with two
minute tubercles at the head, and two
ANT
[47]
ANT
hooks, and a few other tubercles at the
taH. In the course of May a few of the
pupse hatch; they have, however, been
observed as early as April, and as late us
July. The male is intense black, clothed
with short hair and bristles; the eyes
reddish-brown, and meeting above ; face
inclining to chesnut-colour,with a bright
spot of the same on the crown ; the fore
part of the trunk bears four varying
whitish stripes ; the body is ashy-grey,
the segments blackish, at the base a deep
black; wings two, stained with black,
and beautifully irridescent ; the base and
poisers ochreous, the nervures of the
wings pitchy.
The female is entirely ashy-grey, and
less bristly ; the eyes not meeting on the
crown, with a bright chesnut-coloured
stripe between them ; body oval, the
apex cone-shaped; horns and legs black-
ish ; wings and nervures lighter than in
the male, which it equals in size. — Hid.
ANTHONY'MUS POMO'RUM. Apple "Wee-
vil. This insect shelters itself beneath
the scurfy bark during the winter, await-
ing the return of spring to renew its
attacks upon the blossom-buds. " This
insect," says Mr. Curtis, " commits great
devastation in apple-orchards, by destroy-
ing the stamens, pistil, and receptacle of
the flower. As soon as the blossom-
buds swell, the female beetle begins
to deposit her eggs. In calm weather,
she selects a good bud, and makes a hole
in it with her rostrum (long beak) ; she
fixes herself at the hole, lays one egg,
and goes on till she has deposited a con-
siderable number of eggs in separate
buds. The bud continues to swell, and
the petals (flower-leaves) nearly expand,
when suddenly the growth ceases, and
the petals wither, and assume a shri-
velled appearance. If one of these flower-
buds be examined when nearly expanded,
a small, white grub, with a black head,
will be found in the centre, which begins
to assume a yellowish colour ; a few days
later the grub will be found either wholly
or partially changed to a beetle, and,
should there be a small hole on the side
of the receptacle, the beetle will have es-
scaped, the transformation from the egg
to the perfect state not having occupied
more than a month. When this beetle,
or weevil, leaves the receptacle, it feeds
during the summer on the leaves of the
trees, and is seldom to be seen. In the
autumn, the weevils leave the trees and
search for convenient hiding-places, un-
der stones about the trees, or under the
rough bark, in which they pass the winter.
Consequently, as they commence their
operations early in the spring, care should
be taken to remove all stones, dead
leaves, and other litter from under the
trees, as well as to scrape off the rough,
dead bark from them in the winter sea-
son. The apple-weevil is also very in-
jurious to pear trees. This beetle, or
weevil, is scarcely one line and a half
long; its wing-cases are dark brown,
with whitish-grey stripes; its antennas
(horns or feelers) spring from the middle
of its beak, and all these parts, as well as
its eyes and the under part of the body,
are black."
There are several nearly-allied species
of predatory weevils, which -will be found
under the name of CURCD'IIO.
ANTHOSPE'EMUM. (From anthos, a
flower, and sperma, seeds. Nat. ord.,
Cinclwniads [Cinchoniaceas, formerly Ru-
biacese]. Linn., 22-Diccci.a4^-Tetrandria.)
Cuttings in sand, under a bell-glass ; peat and
loam; summer temp., 50° to 65°; winter, 40° to
45°.
A. Mthio'picum (Ethiopian). 2. Green and white.
June. Cape of Good Hope. 1692.
ANTHU'RIUM. (From anthos, a flower,
and oura, a tail ; referring to the spadix.
or Arum flower-spike. Nat. ord., Oron-
tiads [Orontiacese], Linn., k-Tetrandria
\-Monoyynia. Allied to Pothos.)
Stove Epiphytes. Sucker; peat and loam.
Temp, in summer, 60° to 85° ; winter, 50° to 55°.
A. longifo'lia (long-leaved). 1. Apetal. Mexico.
182Q.
— rubc'sncns (reddish). Brown. September.
Brazil. 1828.
There are five other epecies, but undeserving
cultivation.
ANTHY'LLIS. (From anthcs^ a flower,
and ioulos, down ; literally, downy flower.
Nat. ord., Leauminous Plants [Faba-
ANT
eeie]. Allied to Trefoil. Linn., 1C Mo.
iiadelphia Q-Deeandritk )
Seeds, division of roots, cuttings; the hardy
perennial and annual species like a lighr, well-
drained soil; the greenhouse varieties should have
a little peat.
HARDY ANNUALS.
A. cornici'na(cro\v). ]. White. July. Spain. 1759-
— hamo'su (hooked). 1. Pale yellow. July. Bar-
hary. 1821.
— lotni'des (lotus-like). 1. Yellow. July. Spain.
1/39.
— tetrapJiy' lla (four-leaved). 1. Yellow. July.
South of Europe. 1C40.
GREENHOUSE EVERGREENS.
A. aspala'thl (aspalathus-like). 1. Yellow. July.
Cape of Good Hope. 1824.
— ba'rba Jo'vis (Jupiter's beard). 3. Pale yellow.
April. South of Europe. 1 640.
— cytisoi'des (cytisus-like). 2. White. June.
Spain. 1731.
— echina'ta (hedgehog). 1. Purple. June. South
of Europe.
— erina'cea (prickly). 1. Purple. May. Spain.
1759.
— Hermri'nni<s ( Hermann's). 2. Yellow. July.
Levant. 1739.
— heterophy lla (various-leaved). 1. Pink. July.
„ South of Europe. 1768.
— tenuifo'lia (fine-leaved). 2. Yellow. July.
Cape of Good Hope. 1818.
HERBACEOUS PERENNIALS.
A. alpi'na (hairy-alpine). 1. Yellow. August.
Britain.
— Dille'nii (Dillenius's). £. Red. July. South
of Europe. 1816.
— Gera'rdi (Gerard's). 1. White. August, Pro-!
vence. 1806.
— montu'nu (mountain). 1. Purple. July. South
of Europe. 1759-
a'lba (white). 1. White. July. South
of Europe. 1818.
— onobrychoi'des (Saint Foix-like). 1. Yellow.
July. Spain. 1817.
— polycefphala (many-headed). 1. Yellow. July.
Barbary. 1829.
— potyphy'lla (many-leaved). 1. Yellow. July.
South of Europe. 1816.
— mdnern'ria (common woundwort). 1. Yellow.
July. Britain.
ulbiflo'ra (white-flowered). 1. White.
July. Britain.
hirsutifssima (very hairy). £. Red. July.
Europe. 1816.
rti'bra (red-flowered). 1. Red. July.
Britain.
— Webbidna (Webb's). 1. Pale rose. Tene-
riffe. 1829.
ANTIA'RIS. (From antja, its Java name-
Nat, ord., Atrocarpads [Atrocarpacese] .
Linn., %1-Moncecia k-Tetradynamia. Al-
lied to Brosimum.)
This is the fabled upas-tree of Java, which fur-
nishes the "Antjar poison." As if to prove the
Baying that reality is more strange than fiction—
at least in botany— the very nearest plant in af-
finity to this deadly-poisonous tree is the cow-tree
of South America, whose. milky juice is as whole-
some as that of an "Alderney," and the bread-
fruit-tree is also closely allied to the upas. A
itove tree» cuttings of rather firm wood, in sandy
soil, under a bell-glass, and in boUom-h^at,
Sandv peat and fibry loam. Summer temp., 60J
to 85°; winter, 55° to 60°.
A. toxica'ria (poisonous). 40. Green. Java. 1844
ANTIGRA'MMA. (From anti, like, and'
gramma, writing; in reference to the ap-
pee.rance of the spore- cases, or seed -ves-
sels. Nat. ord., Ferns [PdypodiacejcJ.
Linn., 2±-Cryptogamia 1-Filices. Allied to
Scolopendrium.)
A greenhouse Fern. Divisions ; peat and loam.
Temp, in summer, 55° to 75° ; winter, 45° to 50°.
A. rhyzophy'lla (rooting-leaved). Brown. May.
ANTIRRHI'NUM. (From anil, like, paid
rhin, a snout, or nose ; flowers like the
snout of an animal. Nat. ord., Fir/worfs
[Scrophulariacesej. Linn., IJL-Tetrady-
iiamia 2-A>igiospermia.)
Grow freely from seed sown in spring ; the best
varieties by cuttings, inserted in sandy°soil, under
a hand-light. Common soil, if not retentive of
moisture. All hardy herbaceous perennials, ex-
cept when otherwise specified. Excellent for
banks and under trees, but above either for the
tops of walls. The varieties are endless.
A. angustifrflium (narrow-leaved). 2. Pink.
August. Europe. 181 /.
— asari'na (asarina) . 1. White. July. Italy.
1699. Half-hardy evergreen trailer.
— calyci'num (large-calyxed). 1. Red. July.
Spain. 1810. Hardy annual.
— glanduto'sum (glandular-haired.) 2. Roan,
yellow. September. California. 1834.
Hardy annual.
— ma'jus (greater). 2. Pink. July. England.
bi'color (two - coloured). 2. White.
July. England.
cocci'neus (scarlet-flowered). 2. Scar-
let. July. England.
flo're-plt'no (double-flowered). 2. Flesh.
July. England.
variega'tum (variegated-leaved). 2. Red.
July. England.
— me'dium (intermediate). 2. Pink. August.
Europe. 1821.
— meana'ntkum (smaller-flowered). 2. Pink.
August. South of Europe. 1817.
— mo'lle (soft-leaved). 1. White. August. Spain.
1752. Half-hardy evergreen trailer.
— Montevidtfnse (Monte Videan). 1. Red.
Montevideo. 1829. Hardy annual.
— ochroleu'cum (pale yellow). 4. Pale yellow.
July.
— oro'ntiurn (orontium). 1. Flesh. August.
Britain. Hardy annual.
— setnpcrvi'rens (evergreen), 2. Pink. August.
Pyrenees. 1821.
— Si'culum (Sicilian). 1. White. July. 1804.
— tortuo'sum (twisted). Purple. June. Italy.
ANTLER MOTH. See CERA'PTERYX.
ANTRO'PHYUM. (From avtron, a cavern,
and phio, to grow ; referring to its place
of growth. Nat. ord., Ferns [Polypo
diacese] . Linn., 24- Oryptogamial-Filices.)
Stove Ferns. Division of the roots ; sandy loarn.
in a shady situation.
A. Cayenne'nse (Cayenne). Brown. Cayenne
— coria'ceum (leathery). Brown.
ANT
C -IS ]
APH
4, lanceola'tum (lance-leaved). Brown. August.
W. Ind. 1793.
— latifo'lium (broad-leaved). Brown. Island
of Luzon.
— obtu'sum (blunt-leaved). ^Brown. Island of
Luzon.
— rsticula'tum (netted). Brown.
— semicosta'tum (half-ribbed). Brown. Island.
of Luzon.
ANTWERP HOLLYHOCK. AUh<E'aficifo'lia.
AO'TUS. (From a, not, and ous, ear ;
the ear-like appendages to the calyx are
wanting. Nat. ord., Leyuminous Plants
[Fabaceae], Linn., \Q-Decandria 1-Mono-
yynia.)
Greenhouse small evergreen shrubs. Seeds
sown in heat. Cuttings of half-ripened wood in
April, in sand, under a bell-glass. Sandy loam
and peat, with a little charcoal.
A. gra'cilis (slender). April. N. Holland. 1830.
— 'graci'llimus (most slender). 3. Yellow, crim-
son. May. N. Holland. 1844.
— inca'na (hoary)" 2. Yellow. June. N. Hol-
land. 1824.
— lani'gera (woolly). Crimson, yellow. April.
Moreton Bay. 1838.
— villo'sa (soft-haired). 2. Yellow. June. N.
Holland. 1790.
ericoi'des (heath-like). 2. Yellow. June.
N. Holland. 1810.
ferrugi'nea (rusty). 2. Yellow. June.
N. Holland. 1820.
virga'ta (twiggy). 2. Yellow. June. N.
Holland. 1824.
APA'RGIA. (A Greek name of a plant
now unknown. Nat. ord., Composites
[Asteracero], Linn., L9-Syitgenesia 1-
JEqualis.)
Allied to Succory. Common treatment in bor-
der. Division of roots.
A. auranti'aca (orange-coloured). 1. Orange.
June. Hungary. 1816.
The above hardy herbaceous perennial is the
only one worth cultivating, though there are
many other species.
APEI'BA. (The local name of one of
the species in Brazil. Nat. ord., Linden-
blooms [Tiliaceae]. Linn., l&Polyandria
1-Monogynia.}
Tropical evergreen trees and shrubs. Cuttings
of ripe wood, under a glass, in strong heat ; peat
and loam. Should be curbed in the Chinese fa-
shion, by pruning their roots, &c.
A. a'spera (rough-capsuled). 30. Yellow. Cay-
enne. 1792.
— la? vis (smooth-leaved). 10. Green. Cayenne.
1817.
— Petou'mo (Petoumo). 40. Yellow. S. Amer.
1817.
— Tibou'rbou (Tibourbou). 7. Yellow. S. Amer.
1756.
APHELA'NDRA. (From apheles, simple,
and aner, a male ; the anthers being one-
celled. Nat. ord., Acanthads [Acantha-
ceffi]. Linn., l^-Didynamia '2-An<jiosper-
*nia.)
Stove evergreen shrubs. Allied to Justicia.
Cuttings of small side-shoots, taken off.in March
or April, inserted in very sandy peat, under a bell-
glass, and in a strong bottom'-heat. Rough loam,
and peat, well drained, and liberally supplied
with water during summer, until flower-buds ap-
pear ; kept dryer and cool during winter. Sum-
mer temp., 65° to 80°; winter, 55° to Go ; but
10° less will do. A full account of the culture of
this genus is given in The Cottage Gardener, iv,
395.
A. auranti'aca (orange -coloured). 3. Orange,
scarlet. December. Mexico. 1844.
— crista'ta (crested). 3. Scarlet. August. W.
Ind. 1733.
—fu'lgens (glowing). ]£. Orange. Autumn. 1847.
— glabra'tu (smooth-leaved). l£. Yellow. Au-
tumn. S. Amer. 1848.
— tetrago'na (four-angled). 2. Autumn. 1846.
APHELE'XIS. (From apheks, simple
and exis, habit. Nat. ord., Composites [As-
teracese]. Linn., 19-Syngenesia 2-Super-
/lna.)
Greenhouse evergreen shrubs. Allied to Heli-
chrysum. Cuttings in 'spring or summer ; small
side-shoots are best, ripened, but not hard, in~
serted in sand, under a bell-glass. Summer temo.
55° to 65° ; winter, 40° to 47°.
A. ericoi'des (heath-like). 1. White. June. Cape
of Good Hope. 1796.
—fascicula'ta (fascicled). 2. Purpie, yellow.
June. Cape of Good Hope. 1799.
a'lba (white-flowered). 2. White. July.
Cape of Good Hope. 1799.
ru'bra (red-flowered). 2. Red. July.
Cape of Good Hope. 1799.
versi'color (party-coloured). 2. Varie-
gated. July. C. G. Hope. 1799.
— hu'milis (dwarf). 2. Pink. May. Cape of
Good Hope. 1810.
macra'ntha (large-flowered-dwarf). 2.
Purple. N. Holland. 1840.
ro'sea (rose-large-flowered-dwarf ). 2.
Rose. Gardens. 1845.
purpu'rea (purple-large-flowered-dwarf).
2. Purple. N. Holland. 1840.
— sesamoi'des (sesamun-like). 2. Purple, white*
May. Cape of Good Hope. 1739,
APHIS. The plant-louse, or green
fly; calltid sometimes the puceron. 'or
vine-fretter. It is usual to consider that
every plant liable to be attacked by this
insect is the victim of some especial
species ; but we think that further exa-
mination will reduce the number of
species very considerably. Difference in
colour certainly does not constitute a
specific difference ; for the rose-louse is
green when the shoots of the rose are
green, but red when the shoots are of
this colour. The amount of injury they
cause to a plant, by robbing it of its sap
or blood, is proportioned to their num-
ber, and the time they are allowed to in-
fest the subject of their attack ; and the
amount of that injury may be appreci-
ated by the fact that the hop-duty is
often £408,000 ; but the hop-louse (Apktt
API!
[501
APR
humuli) frequently so destroys the crop
as to reduce it to a little more than
£1 5,000. The green fly on our roses
(Aphis roste) is that of which we will
now offer a few particulars. It is curious
that these always are most abundant
after the prevalence of easterly winds ;
and Mr. Jenyns observed in Cambridge-
shire> during October, and Mr. White, at
Selborne, in August, myriads of aphides,
in both instances, after the wind had
been for some time easterly. So fast do
they multiply, twenty generations being
producible in one year, and the young in
the autumn being born alive, and not
from an egg, Reaumur has shown that
one female may be the ancestor of nearly
six millions in five generations' It is
needless to describe minutely the rose
aphis. It is usually light green, with
green wood; and red, with red wood,
with brown antennae and legs, and trans-
parent irridescent wings. They frequently
change their skins; and these may be
seen hanging about the leaves and shoots j
of the rose. The males may be known
by a double row of black dots on each of
their sides. The most effectual of all
applications for their destruction is to-
bacco smoke ; and the best mode of ap-
plying it is to cover the bush with a sheet,
and fill the space enclosed with the
smoke, by means of Brown's fumigator.
Aphis pjyimx^ is of a grass-green
colour, attacking the apple and pear. To
prevent its appearance, the following
treatment is said to be very effectual.
The application must be made every
other if not every year ; but once in two
years may be sufficient, if thoroughly
well done. Take 1 Ib. sulphur vivum,
1 Ib. Scotch snuff, 1 Ib. quicklime, f Ib.
lampblack, 1 Ib. soft soap, and of water
sufficient to make it into the consistence
of paint. Unnail your trees about Fe-
bruary, before the bloom-buds begin to
swell, and with a common paint-brush
paint every branch from the ground up-
wards.
A . persica is dark green, and is pecu-
liar to the peach and nectarine.
A. pruni ravages the plum tribes, and
is a very light green.
A. falce, known popularly as the Black
Dolphin and Elephant, is b,lack, and at-
tacks the common bean. The tops of
beans attacked by the black dolphin
should be forthwith removed ; and
smaller plants may be syringed with
tobacco-water, or water in which elder-
leaves have been boiled; which appli-
cations are all fatal to the aphis ; syring-
ing with soap-suds, on two or three
following days, is also effectual.
A. pisi is green, and affects the pea.
A. lonicera, woodbine louse. Dingy
green.
A. cerasi, Morello cherry louse. Ap-
pears black. Infests the under sides
of the leaves, especially on wet soils.
A. coryli, nut louse. Pale green.
A. dahlia, dahlia louse. Amber-co-
loured.
A. ri&is, red-currant louse. Blackish.
A. liyustri, privet louse. Dark brown.
A. rilis-nigri, black-currant louse.
Transparent green.
A. lathyri, sweet-pea louse. Dark
purple.
A. (Cinara) raphani, radish louse.
Females, green ; males, lightish-red.
The aphides on the peach appear the
earliest, being, as are all the others, the
produce of eggs deposited during the
previous autumn. During the spring
and summer they are viviparous, and
breed with extraordinary rapidity. The
gardener does well, therefore, to scrub
the branches of his wall-trees, and to
boil or change the shreds every winter,
for he thus destroys the pest in embryo.
So soon as they appear in spring, over
each wall-tree a mat should be fastened,
and tobacco, in some mode, burnt be-
neath it. Peas, whilst the dew is upon
them, may be dusted with Scotch snuff.
Over the apple, plum, and other stand-
ards, the only available remedy is a re-
peated application of quicklime, at the
same early period of the day, by the-
means of Curtis's lime -duster.
The larva? of the Coccinella or Lady-
bird, especially C. pnnctata, the Syrplius,.
or bee-like fly, the Hemerobins pcrla, or
golden-eyed fly, the ant, some caterpil-
lars, and many of the Iclineumomd<e, are-
great destroyers of the aphis, and should
be encouraged rather than removed. See
AMERICAN BLIGHT.
The following directions are applicable
to the destruction of every kind of aphis.
When you intend to fumigate your plants,.
APH
[51]
APL
in a house, pit, or frame, choose a still
evening, and let your plants be quite
dry. Place them closer together, and in
the clear space thus obtained put either
an iron pan, or, if you have not such a
thing, use a hard -burnt garden-pot ; put
in it a few red-hot cinders that do not
smoke ; upon those cinders put your to-
bacco, or tobacco-paper, rather damp. A
cloud of smoke will immediate rise,
and will soon nil the frame. Brown's
fumigator is an excellent instrument for
applying tobacco-smoke. As soon as you
judge it to be well filled with smoke,
remove the pan, or pot, and carry it to
the next frame, if you have more than
one that requires smoking. Be extremely
careful that the tobacco does not break
out into a flame, as it is that which does
the mischief. If you perceive a likeli-
hood of blazing out, prevent it with a
sprinkling of water, very gently applied.
Cover up the frames with mats to keep
in the smoke as long as possible. The
next morning examine the aphides, or
green flies, and if you find any alive re-
peat the smoking the following evening.
This second application will most effect-
ually destroy all your enemies. You may
now syringe the plants pretty severely,
to wash away the dead bodies of the
slain, and the plants will again thrive
and flourish in perfect health and beauty.
The green fly on plants out of doors,
so situated that the smoke of tobacco
cannot be so perfectly confined as to de-
stroy them, require a different mode of
attack, though the same herb furnishes
us with a remedy against the foe, only it
must be applied in a different form ; that
is, as tobacco-water. This can be had at
any tobacco manufactory, or it may be
made by steeping 4 oz. of tobacco in a
gallon of water ; let it stand in the water
for a week or so, occasionally stirring it
•with the hand, and squeezing the tobacco,
to bring out the strength. It will then
be very powerful, and perhaps will bear
an addition of water, previously to using,
to the extent of one-half. Apply it to
standard roses, by dipping the infested
branches in it during a dry evening, and
syringing them the next morning. For
roses on pillars, or against walls, use the
syringe filled with clear liquor, and ap-
plied gently all over the shrubs. Verbe-
nas and Calceolarias in beds are often,
during the summer months, much in-
jured, and their beauty deteriorated, by
| these insects; also roses in beds suffer
j much from the same cause. We know
no better remedy than the above-men-
tioned tobacco-water, applied with a sy-
ringe or fine-rosed water-pot.
APHYLLA'NTHES. (From aphyllos, leaf-
less, and anthos, a flower; the flowers on
rush-like branches. Nat. ord., Lilyivorts
[Liliaceae]. Linn., G-Hcxandria 1-Mono-
yynia.)
Half-hardy herbaceous perennial. Division of
the roots and seeds; sandy peat; requires a
warm situation, or a cold pit in winter.
A. Monspelie'nsis (Montpelier). Red. South of
France. 1/91 •
(From apicros, not bitter.)
Greenhouse succulents, a section of the genus
Aloe; suckers and cuttings; sandy loam. Sum-
mer temp., 55° to 70°; winter, 35° to 45°; kept
rather dry.
A. a'spera (rough). 1. Grey. June. Cape of
Good Hope. 1795.
— aspe'rula (roughish). 3. Grey. June. Cape
of Good Hope. 1824.
— bicarina'ta (double-keeled). 1. Grey. June.
Cape of Good Hope. 1820.
— bullulalta (little-blistered). l£. Grey. May.
Cape of Good Hope.
— fuliolo'sa (small-leafy). 1. Grey. July. Cape
of Good Hope. 17Q5.
— imbrica'ta (imbricated). l£. Grey. June.
Cape of Good Hope. 1731.
— ni'gra (rough black). £. Grey. July. Cape
of Good Hope. 1823.
— pentago'na (five-angled). lj. Grey. June.
Cape of Good Hope. 1731.
-- to'rta (twisted). 1. Grey. June. Cape
of Good Hope. 1800.
— ri'gida (rigid). $. Grey. June. Cape of
Good Hope. 1820.
— spira'lis (great spiral). 1. Grey. June. Cape
of Good Hope. 1/QO.
— spirilla (small spiral). l£. Grey. June.
Cape of Good Hope. 1808.
A'PIOS. (From apion, a pear ; in refer-
ence to the form of the roots. Nat. ord.,
Leguminous Plants [Fabacese]. Linn.,
17-Diadelphia 4:-JDecandria.)
Hardy tuberous-rooted plant, allied to Glycine.
Division of roots ; sandy loam, with a little peat.
A. tubero'sa (tuberous-rooted). 6. Brown, pink.
August. N. Amer. 1640.
A'PIUM. (From apon, Celtic word for
water; water-plant. Nat. ord., Umbelll-
fers [Apiacese]. Linn., 5-Pentandria 2-
Digynia.}
Allied to Parsley. Seeds, spring, and superior,
rich soil, for the culinary kinds ; common soil
for others. See CELERY.
A. Chile'nse (Chilian). 1 . White. Chili. 1836.
— grave'olens (strong-smelling Celery). 4.
White. July. Britain.
APLE'CTRUM. (From «, not, and plek-
tron, a spur ; the flower spurless. Nat.
ord., Orchids [Orchidacetej. Linn., 20-
Gynandria 1-Monandria.)
APO
APP
Hardy orchid ; offsets ; sandy peat.
A. hiema'le (wintry). 1. Brown. N. Amer. 182/.
APO'CYNUM. (From GJOO, from, and
kyon, a dog; poisonous to dogs. Nat.
ord., Dogbanes [Apocynacese]. Linn., 5-
Pentandria \-Monogynia.*)
Hary herbaceous perennials. Suckers, division'
and seeds ; common garden-soil.
A. androscBmifo'lium (tutsan-leaved). 2. Striped-
August. N. Amer. 1683.
— cannu 'binum (hemp-like). 3. Yellow. Au-
gust. N. Amer. 1699.
— Iiypencifo'lium (hypericum-leaved). 2. White.
June. N. Amer. 1758.
— Vene'tum (Venetian). 2. White. June,
Adriatic Islands. 16QO.
APONOGE'TON. From apon, Celtic for
water, and geiton, neighbour; indicating
its places of growth. Nat. ord., Arrow-
grasses [Juncaginaceae]. Linn., Q-Hcx-
andria 3-Trigynia.)
Aquatics, kept in a vessel of water, in stove or
greenhouse, according to their native localities,
but all thriving in the stove ; offsets, loam and
peat.
A. angustifo'lium (narrow-leaved). 1. White.
July. Cape of Good Hope. 1788. Green-
house.
— cri'spum (curled-leaved). 1. White. August.
Ceylon. 1820. Stove.
— dista'chyon (two-spiked). 1. White. June.
Cape of Good Hope. 1788. Greenhouse.
— juncifo'lium (rush-leaved). White. 184/.
Stove.
— monosta'chyon (simple-spiked). 1. Pink.
September. E. Ind. 1803. Stove.
APPLE. Pij'rus ma'lus.
Varieties. — There are 1,496 named
varieties in the last edition of the Lon-
don Horticultural Society's List of Fruits,
of which they have 897 cultivated in
their gardens. The following are good
selections : —
Espalier and divarf. Dessert kinds. —
Lamb- abbey pearmain; Hick's fancy;
Kerry pippin ; Stunner pippin ; Eibston
pippin ; Pitmaston nonpareil ; Old non-
pareil ; Braddick's nonpareil ; Scarlet
nonpareil ; Pearson's plate ; Court-pen-
duplat ; Court of Wick ; Golden drop ;
King of pippins ; Margille ; Golden rein-
ette ; Reinette du Canada ; Adam's pear-
main; Boston russet ; Baddom, or spring
Ribston pippin; Early harvest; Early
Margaret ; Golden Harvey.
Standard. Dessert. — Hick's fancy ;
Kerry pippin ; Pitmanton nonpareil ;
Court of Wick ; King of pippins ; Golden
reinette ; Adam's pearmain ; Boston rus-
set; Early harvest; Early Margaret;
Summer pippin ; Eibston pippin.
Espaliers and dwarfs. Kitchen. — Haw-
Ihornden; Alfriston; Pitmaston nonpa-
reil ; Manks codling ; Wareham russet ;
Blenheim orange; Chappell ; Keswick
codling ; Waltham-abbey seedling.
Standard. Kitchen — Northern green-
ing, or John; Manks codling; Chappell;
Wareham russet; Blenheim orange;
Norman ton, or Dumelow's seedling; Kes-
wick codling ; Hawthorden ; Bedfordshire
foundling; Reinette du Canada; Emperor
Alexander; Dutch codling; Wormsley
pippin; Waltham-abbey seedling; Al-
friston.
For ivalls. — Ribston pippin ; Old non-
pareil; Newtown pippin ; Sturmer pippin.
Propagation by seed. — Sow in autumn
the largest and most convex seeds, of a
favoured variety, in pots or border of light,
rich loam ; bury the seed an inch deep ;
if in a border, six inches apart each way.
Mr. London says, " The end of the first
year they should be transplanted into
nursery rows, from six inches to a foot
apart every way. Afterwards they should
be removed to where they are to produce
fruit ; and for this purpose the greater
the distance between the plants the bet-
ter. It should not be less than six or
eight feet every way. The quickest way
to bring them into a bearing state, Mr.
Williams of Pitmaston considers, is to
let the plants be furnished with lateral
shoots, from the ground upwards, so
I disposed as that the leaves of the upper
shoots may not shade those situated
underneath, pruning away only trifling
shoots. He adopted this mode, and suc-
ceeded in procuring fruit from seedling
apples at four, five, and six years of age,
instead of waiting eight, ten, and even
fifteen years, which must be the case by
the usual mode of planting close, and
pruning to naked stems."
The advice of Mr. Williams is very
good; but we must remind our readers
that most of our shy, flowering, arbore-
scent or shrubby plants or trees are the
soonest brought to blossom by first en-
couraging a high amount of luxuriance,
and then inducing a severe check by root-
pruning. By such means, carefully
carried out, there can be no doubt that
seedling apples may be made to blossom
in four years. The check may either
consist in a severe root-pruning, or the
plants may be transplanted ; taking caro
to prune away all taper-forked roots, and
using all possible means to encourage
surface fibres.
We may add here, that the less prun-
AFP
APP
ing of the shoots the better; the knife
is a great enemy to early i'ruitfulness in
young trees, especially codlings.
Most good cultivators— and we believe
we may include the highly-scientific au-
thority'of the late Mr. Knight, of Down-
ton — prefer grafting the shoots of seed-
ling Apples, when two years old, on very
old, healthy, and fine-bearing kinds. In
doing so, the extremities of the best
branches should be chosen, as, also, the
lightest portion of the -tree, which should
stand in a sheltered and warm situation.
Mr. Knight states, that "the width
and thickness of the leaf generally indi-
cate the size of the future apple, but
will by no means convey any correct idea
of the merits of the future fruit. When
these have the character of liigh cultiva-
tion, the qualities of the fruit will be far
removed from those of the native species;
but the apple may be insipid or highly
flavoured, green or deeply coloured, and,
of course, well or ill calculated to answer
the purposes of the planter. An early
blossom in the spring, and an early
change of colour in the autumnal leaf,
would naturally be supposed to indicate
a fruit of early maturity; but I have
never been able to discover any criterion
of this kind on which the smallest de-
pendarice may be placed. The leaves of
some varieties Avill become yellow, and
fall off, leaving the fruit green and im-
mature ; ansl the leaves in other kinds
will retain their verdure long after the
fruit has perished. The plants whose
buds in the annual wood are full and
prominent, are usually more productive
than those whose buds are small and
shrunk in the bark; but their future
produce will depend much on the power
the blossoms possess of bearing the cold;
and this power varies in the varieties,
and can only be known from experience.
Those which produce their leaves and
blossoms rather early in the spring are
generally to be preferred ; for, though
they are more exposed to injury from
frost, they less frequently suffer from the
attacks of insects — the more common
cause of failure. The disposition to ve-
getate early or late in the spring is, like
almost every other quality in the Apple-
tree, transferred in different degrees to
its offspring; and 'the planter must there-
fore seek those qualities in the parent-
tree which 1-e wishes to find in the future
seedling plants. The best method I have
been able to discover of obtaining such
fruits as vegetate very early in the spring,
has been by introducing the farina of the
Siberian crab into the blossom of a rich
and early apple, and by transferring, in
the same manner, the farina of the Apple
to the blossom of the Siberian crab.
The leaf and the habit of many of the
plants that I have thus obtained possess
much of the character of the Apple,
whilst they vegetate as early in the spring
as the crab of Siberia, and possess at
least an equal power of bearing cold;
and I possess two plants of the family
which are quite as hardy as the most
austere crab of our woods."
By grafting.— Stocks of the Crab and
Apple are raised from kernels ; but the
Codling and Paradise stocks must be
raised by cuttings and layers. Sow in
autumn, in beds of light earth, moderately
thick, in drills, covering them full half
an inch deep ; they will come up in the
spring, when, if the season proves dry,
water them occasionally, which will great-
ly forward the seedlings, and strengthen
their growth ; and in autumn, winter, or
spring following, they may be planted
out'in nursery rows, previously shortening
their tap-roots, and planting them in
lines two feet and a halt' asunder, and
one foot in the rows ; and, after having
from one to two or three years' growth
here, they will be fit for grafting, parti-
cularly if for dwarfs, or even for full and
half standards, if it is intended to form
the stem from the graft, which is an
eligible method for these trees ; but, if
the stock is to form the stem, they will
require three or four years' growth to
rise to a proper height ; seven feet for
full, and four or five for half-standards.
When these trees are intended for full-
sized orchard standards, with strong
stems, the too common practice of prun-
ing close all side-branches, as they spring
from the stem, cannot be too strongly
deprecated. A regular series of these
should be left up the stem at least for
one year after their production, practising
what is termed " spurring-in " by our
nurserymen, at the first winter's pruning
after their production. Indeed, in the
second year, if any stout stems are
required, we would only totally remove
one-half ; and instead of performing this
operation in the winter, we would leave
it until near midsummer ; for recent
wounds heal, and skin over much nicer
APP
[54]
APP
at that period than during the season of
rest.
Before quitting the subject of grafting,
it may he well to offer a few plain direc-
tions on that head. Presuming that
stocks, duly cultivated and prepared, exist,
the first thing is to provide scions ; that
is, a part of the kind intended to be
grafted on the stocks. It is, and has
been, a maxim, for perhaps centuries, to
procure these long before what is termed
the " rising of the sap ; " that is to say,
during the resting season.
Such, then, being procured during the
end of January, or through February,
they are "heeled;" that is, after being
correctly labelled, and tied in bundles,
they are placed in the earth, in a cool
and damp situation, where neither sun
nor wind can penetrate. Here they lie
until wanted. There appears to have
been originally more than one reason for
this procedure. A pressure of spring-
business, even in former days, would
suggest this practice, and it would soon
be discovered that these retarded scions
possessed real advantages ; the principle
of which appears to be the certainty of
nourishment the moment that they are
placed in the parent plant, or, at least,
as soon as their absorbing powers are
fully in action, which Avill be the case in
a day or two. The parent stock is thus
much in advance of them ; and a root-
action has already commenced, which is
capable of supplying their utmost need.
The period of grafting is determined by
the rising of the sap; and this is indi-
cated, in deciduous trees, by the enlarge-
ment of the buds, which generally takes
place in the early part of March, in Bri-
tain. We consider that the buds of the
stock should be near bursting their skin,
or hybernatory, before grafting should
take place.
This, of course, will differ, in different
fruits, as differ their degrees of preco-
city. For details of the process, see
GKAFTING.
By cuttings. — All the varieties may be
raised in this mode, though some, as the
Burr -knot, Codling, and June-eating,
more readily than others. Trees so raised
are said to be not so liable as their pa-
rents to canker. In February take cuttings
of the young shoots from some of the
horizontal branches, about eight inches
long, cutting off a portion of the old
wood of the branch attached to the shoot ;
remove all the buds except the upper
three. Plant these firmly in sandy loam,
giving water, and covering with a hand-
giass, until the cuttings have well vege-
tated. Shade from the mid- day sun ; re
move the hand-glass in July, and get the
plants into the nursery early in No-
vember.
Soil. — The Apple prefers a deep and
strong or adhesive loam. The colour is
not so very material, providing such rest
on a sound subsoil, free from water lodg-
ments. If it is not so naturally, draining
must be had recourse to, or it will be
vain to expect success. They are, never-
theless, cultivated with considerable suc-
cess on any ordinary garden-soil; and
even on soils of a peaty character ive
have known them succeed tolerably well ;
but, in the latter case, the peat must be
previously solidified by drainage, culture,
£c., for a few years, for we have never
known them succeed on raw, elastic peats.
Improved peats, indeed, will in due time
approach the character of common, dark,
garden-soils; and it becomes expedient
for the Apple to introduce both marl and
clay, and also sand. Whenever a sus-
picion exists of an ungeuial subsoil, the
best plan is to plant on stations ; which,
indeed, is the best plan to adopt in all
kitchen-gardens, where the object is to
get great variety in small compass, or to
induce early bearing. See article STATIONS.
Planting.— The soil should be trenched,
and immediately beneath each tree, ac-
cording to the extent of its roots, chalk,
stones, or brickbats rammed so as to form
a kind of pavement, to direct the roots
horizontally. Plant so that the roots
nearest the surface are twelve inches be-
low it. See STATIONS.
Espaliers. — When first planted, the
young plant is cut down to within about
a foot of the ground, and only three
shoots permitted to spring from it, one
of which will be the leader, and the
others will form the first or lower tier of
bearing branches, which are to be se-
cured to small stakes, so as to keep them
in their proper places.
The following season the upright leader
must be shortened to nine inches or a
foot above the two horizontal branches,
and deprived of all its shoots, excepting
the three uppermost, which are to be
treated the same as before. In this way
the leading shoot is to be stopped at the
requisite distance above the horizontal
APP
[05]
APP
ones, until it has reached the. height of
five feet. It is then cut off, and no more
allowed to gro\v upright, the whole
strength of the tree being directed to the
fruiting branches.
Espalier Apple-trees should be planted
at not less than twenty feet distance ; but
five-and-thirty feet is better, especially
for trees grafted on Crab or Apple-stocks,
which are free growers. For trees grafted
on Codling or Paradise stocks, eighteen
or twenty feet may be a sufficient distance.
They should be planted with their heads
entire, only removing any very irregular
growths that do not range consistent with
the intended form, and pruning any
broken roots ; as, also, the points of im-
mature wood. Let all the branches be
trained horizontally to the right and left,
an equal number on each side, all at full
length, five or six inches asunder ; and,
according as they shoot in summer, still
continue them along entire. At the same
time, train in a further supply of new
shoots, to increase the number of hori-
zontals, or bearers ; and thus continue in-
creasing their numbers every year, till
the espalier is regularly filled from the
bottom to the top, preserving all the
branches at full length, as far as the al-
lotted space will admit.
They must have a summer and a win-
ter pruning annually. In the summer, cut
out all the superfluous and ill-placed
.shoots of the year, and train regular
ones towards the lower parts in vacant
spaces, at least to remain till winter, some
of which may then be wanted to fill
some unforeseen vacancy, clearing out all
others at this time as close as possible ;
and in winter, if any worn-out or de-
cayed parts appear, then is the time to
retrench them, retaining young branches
in their places, and if any vacancy oc-
curs, retain some contiguous young
shoot to fill it. Cut clean and close to
the branches, still continuing all the
branches, and any occasional supply of
shoots, at full length, as far as their li-
mited bounds will allow ; then train the
whole regularly, tying them in as straight
and close to the railing as possible, about
six inches asunder.
Standards, Half-Standards, and Dwarfs
— The standards having been trained in
the nursery, with tolerably good heads,
they should be planted with those heads
nearly entire, merely pruning away late
growths, and occasionally shortening, to
produce new shoots when desirable. If
ny are intended for the kitchen-garden,
plant them, at least, forty feet distance;
and, for a full plantation, to form an
orchard, allow thirty feet distance every
way. _
Trim any broken or tap-roots, but leave
all the others entire.
As soon as planted, let every one be
well staked, to support them firmly up-
right, and prevent their being disturbed
n rooting by winds.
Smaller - growing standards, such as
Codlings and dwarfs upon Paradise stocks,
nay, if required, be planted only at
wenty feet distance, or even less, though,
f there is room to allow a greater dis-
,ance, it will be the greater advantage.
Let them also, in future, advance with
all their branches at full length, taking
heir own natural growth, and they will
soon form numerous natural spurs in
very part for bearing.
With respect to pruning these stand-
ards, very little is required, probably not
more than once in three years, and then
only the retrenching any very irregular,
cross-placed bough, or reducing to order
any very long rambler ; or, when the head
.s become greatly crowded and confused,
to thin out some of the most irregular,
growth, likewise all strong shoots grow-
ng upright in the middle of the head, and
all dead wood and suckers from the stem
and root. See PRUNING, also STATION.
Manuring old Apple-trees. — We gene-
rally see fruitful old trees starving by
inches ; few think of manuring them. The
consequence is, not only premature decay
in the tree, but a continual sacrifice in
produce; and if there be a full crop, the
apples either crack, or become corroded
with a rusty fungus, under which circum-
stances they will lose, in a great degree,
their keeping properties. The best way
to deal with such cases is to strip away,
at the end of October, six inches of the
surface-soil, and to apply a coating of the
very slutch of the manure-yard, three or
four inches in thickness ; after which, the
turf or some soil may be strewed over, to
prevent the loss of its fertile properties.
This, once in three years, accompanied
by a rather severe thinning or pruning,
will be found to renew the constitution of
the tree in a very considerable degree;
the fruit, also, will regain their size, their
clear skin, and, of course, their keeping
properties.
APR
APR
Diseases. — See CANKER, RUSSET, and
Moss.
Insects. — So impressed was Mr. Kniglit
with the opinion, that of all our fruits none
suffers more from insects than the Apple,
that he declared his belief that these are
a more frequent cause of the crops failing
than frost. The figure-of-eight moth
(Episema cceruleocephala), Linnoeus de-
nominates the pest of Pomona, and the
destroyer of the hlossoms of the apple,
pear, and cherry. He also mentions ano-
ther (T nea corticella), as inhabiting ap-
ple-hearing trees under the bark. And
Reaumur has given us ths history of a
species common in this country, and pro-
ducing the same effect, often to the de-
struction of the crop, the caterpillar of
which feeds in the centre of our apples,
thus occasioning them to fall. Even the
young grafts are frequently destroyed —
sometimes many hundreds in one night —
in the nurseries about London, by the
Curculio vastator of Marsham (Otiorhyn-
chns picipes], one of the short- snouted
weevils ; and the foundation of canker, in
full-grown trees, is often laid by the larva?
of Temasa Wceberana. The sap, too, is
often injuriously drawn off by a minute
coccus, of which the female has the exact
shape of a muscle-shell (Coccus arborum
linearis), and which Reaumur has ac-
curately described and figured. But the
greatest enemy of this tree, and which
has been known in this country since the
year 1787, is the apple-aphisv called by
some 'the coccus, and by others the
American Blight. See AMERICAN BLIOHT,
BLIGHT YPONOMENTA, ANTHONYMUS, Coc-
cus, PSYLLA, BOSTRICHUS, ScoLYTUS, and
ACARUS.
APRICOT. Armeni'aca vulga'ris.
Varieties :— 1. Early Masculine. — End of
July. The best of the very early
Apricots. Fruit rather small, round,
and of a yellowish colour, tinted with
red on one side.
.Large Early, or Precoce. — Ripens next
in order. An oblong fruit, of a palish-
orange colour, with a very agreeable
juice.
3. Blenheim, or Shipley's. — One of the
most useful Apricots in the kingdom ;
for, although inferior in flavour to the
Moorpark, it is a much greater bearer,
and a sure ripener. An oval fruit,
middle-sized, and of a palish-lernon
colour. This kind is allied to the
Moorpark ; possibly a seedling from it.
4. Hemsltirke. — Another of the Moorpark
section; somewhat earlier. This, also,
ripens safer than the Moorpark, and
such is a weighty consideration with
northern horticulturists. A roundish
fruit, somewhat flattened at the crown ;
colour, orange and red.
5. Breda. — A well-known preserving fruit,
and most eligible for growing, as an
ordinary standard, in our southern
counties, or on any trellis device.
Called " Brussels " by some. A small
fruit, generally of a cramped or angled
appearance ; of an orange colour, and
rich flavoured.
6. Royal. — A good fruit, of very rich
flavour, ripening just a little before the
Moorpark. Of a large size, oval, and
of an orange complexion.
7. Moorpark. — The first Apricot in the
kingdom, taken altogether. A full-
sized, roundish fruit, ripening about
middle season ; flavour first rate. No
garden of any pretensions is complete
without a Moorpark or two.
These are all that are truly essential
either to the amateur or the cottager.
For the amateur who, in a small garden,
has room for three only, and those dis-
tinct kinds, we recommend Nos. 3, 5, and
7. If four, then take Nos. 1, 3, 5, 7. If
five, then Nos. 1, 3, 5, 6, 7. For cottagers,
we say, Nos. 3 and 7. Above all, wo
would recommend the "Shipley's" to
the cottager, as being a hardier and a
larger tree, and a much surer bearer.
Besides the above, there are the Black,
the Large Early, Musch-Musch, very
sweet, of the Breda section ; the Oranger
fitter for preserving than dessert, a good
bearer ; the Roman, another good bearer ;
the Turkey, a useful late variety; the-
Haisha, a Syrian kind, delicious, and
possessing a sweet kernel.
Choice of Trees. — Those who have to
select, whether from stock of their own,
or from the nursery, should first see that
the junction between the stock and the
scion is complete, and thoroughly healed.
If any gum or other exudation appear on
any stem, by all means reject the tree as
to present use.
Two or three years' trained trees are
the most eligible, and such should pos-
sess at least two "bi'anches on either
side, and a -central one if possible.
Care should be taken to select those in
which the side-tranches are of about
equal thickness.
APK
[ 57]
APR
Propagation is best done by budding.
Some choose the Apricot stock, or those
from the kernels ; others prefer the Plum
stock: the latter, however, has been
much complained of in late 7/ears. Our
nurserymen have what is called a " com-
moner " stock, which appears to be a sort
of wild Plum, and which, in general,
answers pretty well.
For dwarfs, bud at eight inches from
the soil ; for half-standards, at three feet;
and for standards, at five feet.
Period of Planting. — Those who wish
to gain time may plant successfully in
the first or second week of October : any
time, however, from that period until the
early part of March will do.
Soil. — A good, sound, and rather unctu-
ous loam is best, using a little ordinary
vegetable matter, but no manure, unless
on the surface. See MULCHING. Do
not make the soil deeper than eighteen
inches. See article STATIONS.
Aspect. — A south aspect is best in the
northern parts of the kingdom ; but the
east and west frequently produce superior
fruit in the southern counties, where
very warm aspects are apt to produce
mealy fruit in hot seasons. Standards
can only be grown in our southern dis-
tricts, where they are sometimes very
prolific and high -flavoured. As standards,
they are several years in coming into
bearing.
Training. — The branches should be on
an average from six to eight inches apart,
and kept as horizontal as possible. The
following is a very good form ; but the
ordinary fan-training is very well adapted,
ff care be taken to pinch over-luxuriant
shoots in time.
Pruning must be regulated by the
knowledge that, with the exception of
Buch as the Moorpark, many varieties
bear chiefly on the shoots of the previous
year; the Moorpark mostly on spurs
two and three years' old.
Summer Pruning. — Take off all fore-
right shoots, and others that are irregular
and misplaced, reserving those that are
not too vigorous, and that will train in
well for next year's bearing. If done
early in May, the finger and thumb will
supersede the necessity for the knife.
Continue to nail the shoots to the wall,
as necessary, during the summer, tying
down or nailing in all short-jointed, weak-
looking spray. Over- vigorous shoots may
be stopped early in June, and be thus
induced to put forth more fertile laterals.
Winter Pruning had best be done as
soon as the leaves have fallen, though it
may be carried on until the buds begin
to swell, in March. Cut out any naked-
looking shoots not more than four or
five years old, avoiding amputations in
the larger limbs, and get their places re-
occupied by younger and better branches.
Keep a leading shoot at the end of each
branch. Vigorous shoots of the last year
shorten as far as the points seem ill-
ripened — weaker shoots about one-third.
This promotes the production of laterals
for next year's fruiting, and gives a fuller
supply of sap to the blossom-buds. Cut
off gross, fore-right spurs ; but lateral
spurs may be retained, as they some-
times produce blossom-buds, as they
nearly always do in the Moorpark. Let,
also, all decaying or imperfect points be
pruned off.
Espaliers are to be formed as those on.
walls; standards only requiring deadr
crowded, or chafing branches to be re-
moved.
When an Apricot gets diseased, it is
much more profitable to replace it by a
younger, than to attempt its renovation.
Gathering should take place before the
fruit is dead ripe, or it will be mealy.
Thinning should commence as soon as
the fruit is large enough for tarts, in Mayr
or early in June; no fruit being left
nearer, finally, than about five inches to
another. The thinning may be done,
however, at twice.
Insects. — Wasps and flies are best kept
off by a net, at least a foot from the wall.
Sec EARWIG, P/TSDISEA, and AFT.IIS.
Mildew is often the most formidable
assailant of the Apricot, as it usually
arises from excess of moisture to the root.
Draining the border, and mixing lime
AQU [ 5
with the soil, has, in such case,been found
efficacious as a preventive ; and, at the
same time, sulphur, as a well-known and
powerful antagonist of the mildew, may
be carefully dusted over the tree;
Protection of Blossom. — We know of no
fruit that more requires or deserves the
fostering care of the gardener than this.
Blossoming, as it frequently does, in the
•end of February or beginning of March,
it must expect to be rocked by not only
the " rude, imperious gale," but, what is
much worse, to be subjected occasionally
to a temperature of some ten or fifteen
degrees of frost. We have ever found
it the best policy to protect carefully,
using a rather thick covering, and taking
care to remove it on every possible occa-
sion. Nothing can be better than a stout
canvass. Some, however, use bunting ;
some, ordinary garden-mats ; and not a
few, the fronds of fern, spruce-branches,
and even wisps of straw.
General maxims of culture. — First of
all, a sound, loamy soil, with very little
manure, is most suitable. It is well,
nevertheless, in order to gain time, to
use a little generous soil, to start the
plant into free growth ; second, to per-
sist in summer stopping, in order to
equalise growths ; and, thirdly, after
careful summer training, to remove all
superfluous spray which shades the
embryo fruit buds in the end of August.
In addition to this, top-dressings in May,
and the application of liquid-manure,
"when the fruit commences the last swell-
ing, will be found useful adjuncts of high
culture. Apricot-branches, especially the
Moorpark, are apt to decay of a sudden,
without apparent reasons. By persisting
in the tying-down system, however, a
succession is ever ready for any gap.
AQUA'RIUM is the place devoted to the
cultivation of aquatic or water-plants.
The majority of those cultivated are ex-
otic, and require the protection of glass.
If there are only a few of these, they
may be successfully grown in cisterns,
placed in a stove ; but if the collection
be extensive, it requires a separate edifice.
The tank-system of heating by hot-water
offers a very superior mode of keeping
the water at a fitting temperature. The
leaden cistern in which the plants are
submerged may rest readily upon the
slates forming the cover of the tank.
The handsomest form for this purpose
would be a circular building, devoted
i ] AQU
entirely to the aquatics, because they do
not thrive satisfactorily in parts or
corners of a house in which other plants
are cultivated. The size will depend
upon the will or the means of the owner.
If the cultivation of the imperial Victoria
regia is intended, it ought not to be less
than 20 feet diameter. This will allow
a tank of 20 feet diameter, and a walk
3 feet wide round it. To make it hold
water, the sides should be made of thick
slates, fitted so as to be water-tight ; or
it may be built with bricks set in cement,
and lined with the same. It should be,
at least, three feet deep, for the Victoria
loves deep water. The water should be
heated with 4J-inch hot-water pipes,
coiled three times round the tank, and
two pipes should be carried round the
house, near to the outer wall, to give
heat to the air of the house. The roof
should be formed with wrought iron bars,
and should be flat, as far as possible, to
allow the rain-water to run off freely.
The Victoria should be planted on a
mound of strong earth, the base of which
should be, at the least, 5 feet in diameter,
and the top 2 feet, and it should be
brought up within a foot of the surface
of the water. This should have a motion
given to it by means of a vertical wheel,
with narrow boards affixed to it at right
angles, at 6 or 8 inches apart. This
vertical wheel should dip into the water
a few inches, and should play upon an
axis, being set in motion by a small
stream of water falling constantly upon
the boards. This wheel will give a
gentle motion to the whole surface of
the water, which motion will be a faint
imitation of a stream, and will be very
beneficial to the plants. The heat of the
water should be never lower than 70°.
Air will be necessary in the hot days of
summer, and may be given by means of
shutters in the walls, 8 or 9 feet apart,
and a circular opening in the roof, at the
centre, 2 feet or 3 feet in diameter. This
part may be easily contrived, by any
mechanic, to lift up and fall down by a
simple machinery. This will cause a cir-
culation of air, necessary in all habita-
tions of plants. If the Victoria is not
intended to be grown, the house need
not be more than half the size.
The Victoria house, at Chatsworth, is a
noble structure for the purpose. It is,
however, the opposite to our beau id&al
i of an aquarium, being square, with a cir-
AQU
C 59 ]
AQU
cular tank in the centre, and the corners
filled up with eight small tanks, in which
are grown one plant of a kind of other
five-stove aquatics. A walk runs round
the central tanks, and that walk is entered
by a short one from each side of the
square. A walk, too, is formed into each
corner ; and a walk runs close along the
front, thus forming the small tanks
alluded to above. The diameter of the
central tank is 33 feet, which will give
us some idea of this truly noble aquarium;
but very few cultivators will choose to go
to the expense of erecting such a house.
The following are aquatic stove-plants :
Aponogeton angustifolium.
distachyon.
monostachyon.
Arum venosura.
Cyperus alternifolius.
• papyrus.
Damasonium Indicum.
Euryale ferox.
Limnocharis Humboldtii.
Menyanthes Indica.
• ovata.
Nelumbium speciosum.
N3'mphaea caerulea.
pubesecns.
pygrmea.
rubra.
stcllata.
versicplor.
Philydrum lanuginosunit
Pistia stratiotes.
Pontedera crassipes.
cordata.
dilatata.
Sagittaria lancifolia.
obtusifolia.
Thalia dealbata.
Victoria regia.
Propagation and culture. — Being all
herbaceous plants, they are to be propa-
gated as these generally are. Some are
raised from seeds, which, in general
should be sown as soon as ripe, and the
pots plunged in shallow water. When
the plants corne up, they may be trans-
planted into other pots, and shifted as
they advance in growth, till in a pot of
sufficient size to admit their flowering
which will generally take place the same
season. Instead of being kept in pots
the plants may be inserted in a bed o:
earth, on the bottom of the aquarium
Keep the water warm, say from 70° t(
75° in summer, and leave them nearl)
dry in winter. Nelu'mliitm spedo'sum
requires a water heat of 84°.
Cyperus, Papyrus, Nelumbium, Nym
phoea, Limnocharis, Hydrocharis, Sagit
taria, and Pontedera, will furnish variet
•enough.
Aquarium for hardy Aquatics. — For this
choose the lowest part of your garden; dig
out the soil or clay to a moderate depth ;
it may either be of a regular form, as a
circle or oval, or irregular, which latter
we prefer, with a bay in one part, a jut-
ting promontory in another, a shelving
shore here, and a steep bank, covered
with shrubs, at another point. However
small the piece of water may be, a little
good taste and judicious management
will have the best effect. Having formed
Lie shape by digging out the soil to the
equired depth, from two to three feet,
tie next point is to make it hold water.
?here is nothing better than clay for
his purpose : it will require preparing
o make it retentive of water. Take a
mall portion, say a barrow-load, and
hop it into small pieces with a sharp
pade. If it be dry, add a little water to
t ; then, with a wooden hammer having
long handle, beat it well till every part
s of a uniform consistency, having the
ippearance of clay dough. Spread this
m the bottom of the ;pond, about six
nches thick. Proceed with mixing up
and beating barrow-load after barrow-
oad till the bottom is entirely covered ;
then either puts on a pair of wooden-
soled shoes,-or go on it with naked feet;
the last is the best way. Tread the pre-
pared clay firmly, closely, and evenly
iown. Do this well and properly, and
the bottom will never leak. As soon as
that part is finished, mix and beat more
clay for the sides. With the spade, as
soon as it or a portion of it is ready, dab
t against the sloping bank, commencing
at and joining it to the clay bottom.. Ay
soon as this is done, beat it with the
wooden hammer- firmly against the bank.
If you have plenty of clay, eight inches
will not be too thick for the sides. Re-
member^ the more firmly the clay is
beaten to the sides, the better it will hold
water. The clay must be quite pure;
that is, have no stones or other matter
left amongst it. If there are any such
left, they will serve as conduits for the
water to escape by, and all your labour
will be in vain. Proceed with adding
layers of clay upward, until you reach
the level xpu intend the water to be.
Carry the clay -puddle two or three
inches higher,' level the natural soil
down, to it, and let this soil be two
inches or more higher than the clay.
This will prevent it cracking away from
AQU
AQU
the bank. Your aquai-ium is now ready
for the water. Previously to filling it,
however, cover the bottom, upon the
clay, with a coating of loam, four inches
thick. This is intended to encourge the
water-plants to root in, and to cause them
to grow finely. If you can procure a
sufficient quantity of rough stones or
pebbles, place them against the banks.
These will prevent the water from wash-
ing away the clay-puddle. All being now
ready, let in the water.
Planting. — As soon as the aquarium is
full of water you may plant the aquatics.
The best mode is to have some wicker
baskets of various sizes, to suit the size
of each plant. Fill one with soil, in-
serting the plant intended for it at the
same time; cover the top of the soil
with some twisted haybands, coiling' them
round the plant ; then lace them firmly
down with some strong three-cord twine,
passing it under the rim of the wicker
basket, so as to keep in it the soil and
the plant. Throw either a plank or a
long ladder across the water. On this
you can walk, carrying the plant with
you. Drop it into the place you intend
it, for, and so treat all the other water
plants. Some of them — the water-lily,
for instance — have their leaves floating on
the surface ; but this is not needful at
first. They (the leaves) will scon rise
to the surface, and assume their natural
position. The water-violet has both its
roots and leaves floating ; all that is
required, then, is to cast it into the water,
and let it flourish as it pleases.
Some of our readers may wish to have
aquatics cultivated in tanks formed with
masonry, the water to be used for water-
ing plants in pots, &c. This can be
easily accomplished by puddling the bot-
tom with clay, as mentioned above, and
building upon it sloping walls, using
Roman cement for mortar. These, if
well executed, are very ornamental, and
of a neat appearance. If the tank walls
are carried up three or four feet above
the level, the plants are then brought
nearer to the eye. An example of this
may be seen in the royal gardens at Kew.
Single plants of this kind may be culti-
vated in vases, or even in troughs, the
only thing they will require being a por-
tion of mud at the bottom for the plants
to root in. The after-culture the aqua-
tics will require is, if possible, to change
the water frequently, and keep the sur-
face clear from water-mosses. A few
ducks soon clear off the latter; other-
wise the mosses must be skimmed, or
flooded off with water, if there is supply
enough.
The following are some of the best
hardy aquatics : —
Ali'sma stratio'tis (water-soldier). native-
of Britain.
Aponoge'ton dista'chyon (two-spiked
Apouogeton), a very pretty, floating
aquatic, frovi the Cape of Good Hope;
yet, althoug \ from a warm country, it is
sufficiently hardy to survive an ordinary
winter. It has white flowers.
Bu'tomusiimbeUa'tus (Umbell-flowering
Bush), one of the best of our native
aquatics, found in ditches. It has beau-
tiful heads of pink flowers, and does not
require deep water; consequently, mjy
be planted ne:ir the edge of the wat/rt
Cattle are very fond of its leaves.
Ca'lla palu'stris (Marsh Calla), a native
of North America, and
Ca'lla JEt Ida' pica (African Calla), both
plants of great beauty. The latter is, on.
that account, cultivated as a greenhouse
and window plant, and is commonly
called the " arum plant." This specie^
is rather tender, but will survive our
winter if planted in deep water.
Hotlo'nia palu'stris (Marsh Hottonia).
flesh-coloured flowers: a native of Britain.
Menya'nthes trifolia'ia (Three-leaved
Buckbean), with white flowers. This is
another native species, growing in shal-
low waters. It is very pretty, and worth
cultivation.
Nu'phar In' tea (Yellow-flowered Nu-
phar), a fine water-plant, native ejf
Britain.
Nu'phar a'dvena (Stranger Nuphar),
yellow and red; a fine species, from
North America.
Nympha'a a'lba (White Water-Lily).
This is, without doubt, the finest of our
hardy water-plants. It loves dec-., water,
with plenty of room, and a muudy bot-
tom to root in. It then will produce
numbers of its beautiful, large, milk-
white flowers.
Ty'pha lutifo'lia (Broad-leaved Cat's-
tail). Though not so showy as some
species, this plant is worth growing, pro -
ducing its large flowers abundantly in
shallow waters.
Besides these there are — Alisma plan-
tago ; A. ranunculoides ; Lobelia. Dort-
manna ; Myriojyhyllum spicatum and verti*
AQU
[61]
ARA
cillatum ,- Polygonum amphibium ; Sagit-
taria sagittifolia and latifolia ; Teucrium
soordium ; Trapa natans and quadrispi-
nosa ; and Villarsia nymphoides and lacu
nosa.
AQUILA'EIA. (From aquila, an eagle
.locally called Eagle-wood in Malacca
Nat. ord., Aqnilariads [Aquilareacese]
Linn., 10-Decandria \-Monoyynia.}
The Eagle-wood is the inside of the trunk o
Aquila' ria ava'ta and A. A.t*a'llockum—estecinei
a cordial in Asia. Cuttings in heat, in sand, am
under a bell-glass. Sandy loam, with a littl
peat. Summer temp., 65° to J5°; winter, 55° to 60°
A. Malacre'nsis (Malacca). 6. Whitish-green
Malacca. 1823. A stove evergreen
shrub.
AQUILE'GIA. Columbine. (From, aquila
an eagle ; in reference to the form of th<
petals. Nat. ord., Crowfoots [Ranuncu
laceee.] Linn., 13-Polyandria 5-Pentagy
Seeds in March ; common soil. Seedling
flower sometimes the first, but generally the se
cond season. All hardy herbaceous perennials.
A. alpi'na (alpine). 1. Blue. June. Switzer
land. 1731.
— anemonoi'des (anemone-like). 1. Purple
July. Altaia. 1827.
— a rctica (arctic). 1. Reddish-yellow. June,
Siberia.
— atropurpu'rea (dark purple). 1. Purple. June.
Siberia.
Fischeria'na (Fischer's). 1. Purple. June.
Siberia. 1827.
— bracky'ceras (short-spurred). f. Brown. May.
North of Europe. 1838.
— Canade'nsis (Canadian). 2. Reddish-orange.
June. N. Amer. 1640.
lu'tea (yellow-flowered). 1. Pale vellow.
May. N. Amer. 1835.
— Davu'rica (Davurian). 2. Purple. June.
Davuria. 1827.
— formo'sa (beautiful). 2. Red, orange. June.
Kamschatka. 1822.
— fra' grans (fragrant) . £. Yellow-striped. May.
Himalayas. 1839.
— Garnieriu'na (Miss Garnier's). 2. Purple-
striped. June. English hybrid. 1829.
— glandulo'sa (glandular). 2. Whitish-blue.
June. Siberia. 1822.
co'ncolor (one-coloured). 2. Violet.
July. Altaia. 1822.
di'scolor (two-coloured). Bluish-white.
June. Siberia. 1789.
— glau'ca (milky-green). 2. Whitish-yellow.
June. Himalayas. 1839-
— grandiflo'ra (large-flowered). 2. Blue. June.
Siberia. 1818.
— hy'brida (hybrid). 2. Purple. Siberia.
— juru'nda (joyous-looking). l£. Blue, June.
Siberia. 1844.
— lepto'ceras (slender-horned). 1. Blue. June.
Russia. 1833.
— paroiflo'ra (small-flowered). 1. Purple. June.
Siberia. 1819.
— pubiflafra (woolly -flowered). Pale purple.
June. India. 183g.
— Pyrena'ica (Pyrenean). 1. Blue. July.
Pyrenees. 1818,
A. Sibi'rica (Siberian). 2. Blue, white. June.
Siberia. 1806.
— Ski'nneri (Mr. Skinner's). £. Red, green.
May. Guatimala. 1841.
— viridifln'ra (green-flowered). 2. Green, yellow.
June. Siberia. 1780.
— visco'sa (clammy). 2. Purple. June. Mont-
pelier. 1/52.
— vulga'ris (common). 2. Blue. June. Britain.
cornicula'ta (small-horn-double). 2.
Blue, white. June. Europe.
de'gener (degenerate-double). 2. Blue,
white. June. Europe.
e'legans (elegant). 1. Purple. Juna.
Europe.
inve'rsa (inverted-double).. 2. Blue,
white. June. Europe.
Stella' ta (starred-double). 2. Blue, white.
June. Europe.
A'RABIS. Wall-cress. (From Arabia,
probably in reference to the dry situa-
tions where many of the species grow.
Nat. ord., Grossworts or Crucifers [Bras-
sicacete]. Linn., 15-Tetradynamia.)
Pretty rock-work ornaments ; seeds in March
or August; cuttings under hand-lights ; common
soil . Hardy perennial trailers, except where other-
wise specified.
A a'lbida (whitish). 1. White. July. Caucasus.
1793.
• vuriegu'ta (variegated-leaved), f. White.
February. Gardens.
~ alpe sfris (rocky). 1. White. July. Swit-
zerland. 1819. Hardy biennial.
— alpi''na (alpine). 1. White, yellow. May.
Switzerland. 1596.
Clusia'na (Clusius's). 1. White. May.
Pyrenees. 1596.
na'na (dwarf). 1. White. May. Switzer-
land. 1819.
— ambifgua (doubtful). 1. White. July. Si-
beria. 1824. Hardy biennial.
— areno'sa (sand). 1. Pink. July. Germany.
1798. Hardy annual.
— bellidifo'lia (daisy-leaved). 1. White, yellow.
June. Switzerland. 1773.
— cceru'lea (blue). 1. Pale blue. June. Swit-
zerland. 1793.
cilia'ta (eye-lashed). 1. White. June. Ire-
land. Hardy biennial.
cnspa'ta (curled). 1. White. May. Carniola.
1818.
curtisi'tiqua (short-podded). 1. White. June.
North of Europe. 1825. Hardy biennial.
dasyca'rpa (thick-podded). 1. White. Juue.
Podolia. 1827.
flexuo'sa (zigzag). Naples. 1832.
lasiololba (jagged-lobed). 2. White. June.
Mexico. 1820. Hardy biennial.
lilacifna (lilac -flowered). 1. Lilac. August.
Europe. 1836.
longifo'lia (long-leaved). 1. White. June. Per-
sia. 1820.
lu'cida (shining-Jeawed). 1. White, June.
Hungary. 1790.
variega'ta (variegated-feawed). 1. White.
June. Gardens.
mo'llis (soft). 1. White. June. Caucasus. 1817.
nu'tans (nodding). 1. White. May. Switzer-
land. 16.S8.
oviriefnsis (ovirian). 1. Pale red. June. Ca«
rinthia. 1824.
petra'a (rock). 1. White, June, Austria. 1800,
ARA
[62]
ARE
A.petrce'a hastula'ta (halbert-Jeawed). 1. Purple. |
June. Britain.
hi'spida (bristly). 1. White. June. Scot-
land.
— pros' cox ( earl y ) . 1 •
variega'ta (variegated). 1. White. June.
Gardens.
— praoufrrau (procurrent). ]. White. June.
Hungary. 1818.
— pu'milu (dwarf). 1. White. June. Austria. 18)6.
— retrofra'cta (bent-back). Blush. June. N.
Amer. 1827.
— ro'sca (r<ny-Jtbwerc&). 1. Hose. February.
Calabria. 1832.
— Schivereckia'na (Shivereck's). 1. White. June.
•Austria. 1826,
— stellula'ta (little-starred). 1. White. June.
Italy. 1817.
— stenope'tula (narrow-petaled). 1. White. June.
1818. Hardy biennial.
— stoloni'ferq (shoot-bearing). 1. White. June.
Carmola. 1818.
— stri'cta (upright). Cream. May. England.
— toxophy'lla (bow-leaved). 1. White. July.
Volga. 1823. Hardy biennial.
— undula'ta (waved-/moed). 1. White. June.
South of Europe. 1S10.
— ve'rna (spring), l. Purple. May. France.
1710. Hardy annual.
A'RACHIS. Earth-nut. (From a, nor,
and rachis, a "branch ; a branchless plant.
Nat. ord., Leguminous Plants [Fabaceze.J
Linn., YI -Diadelphia ^-Decandria.)
Seed and offsets ; sandy loam ; summer temp.,
60° to 7?° ; winter, 55° to 65°; but may be treated
as an anuual.
A. Jiypogee'a (underground). 2. Yellow. June.
Africa. 1812.
ARA'LIA. (Meaning unknown. Nat.
ord., Ivy worts [ Araleaeese] . Linn., 5-
Pentandria 5-Penlagynia.)
Aromatic gum-resin is produced from the root
of A. racemo'sa, spino'sa, and hi'spida. The
young shoots of A. edu'lis are used in China as a
delicate vegetable ; and, in North America, the
shoots of A. mtdictiu'lis are used like sarsaparilla.
Hardy species, division of the plants, and also di-
vision of the roor.s. Greenhouse and stove spe-
cies ; cuttinprs of the ripe wood, in a gentle heat,
strike quickly. Sandy loam and peat ; common
treatment. All stove evergreens, except where
otherwise specified.
A. aculea'ta (prickly). White. Nepaul. 1820.
— arbo'rea (tree). 15. Green. Jama:ca. 1820.
— capita'ta (capitate). 12. Green. W. Ind.
— cochlea'ta (shell- leaved). 10. White. E. Ind.
1820.
— crassifo'lia (thick -leaved). 10. Green. New
Zealand. 1846.
— digitafta (finger-leaved). 30. White. E. Ind.
1817.
— edu'lis (eatable). Green. Japan. 1843.
—ferrugi'nea (rusty). 40. White. Trinidad. 1826.
—fra'gruns (sweet-scented). White, Nepaul.
1818.
— Id'soida (bristly). 8. White. July. N,Amer.
1"99. Hardy deciduous.
— Japo'nicu (Japan )". 10. Green. June. Japan.
1838. Half-hardy.
— mi'cans (glittering). 40. White. Trinidad.
1846.
A, macrophy'lla (large-leaved). 6. White. Nor-
folk Island. 1331. Greenhouse evergreen.
— Muhlenbergia'na (Muhlenberg's). 2. White.
July. N. Amer. Hardy herbaceous.
— nudicau'lis (naked-stalked). 4. White. July.
N. Amer. 1/31. Hardy herbaceous.
— petitaphy'lla (five-leaved). 20. White. Japan.
1810. Greenhouse evergreen.
— pubc'scens (downy). 6. White. W. Ind.
1818.
— racemo'su (rzczmc-flowering). 4. White.
July. N.Amer. 1658. Hardy herbaceous.
— sambucifo'lia (elder-leaved). 5. White. Au-
gust. N. Holland. 1823. Greenhouse
evergreen.
— Shepliefrdii (Shepherd's^. Green. New Zealand.
1842.
— spino'sa (thorny). 8. White. Virginia. 16S8.
Hardy deciduous.
— trifolia'ta (three-leaved). Green. New Zea-
land. 1842.
— umbramli'fera (shade-giving). 40. White. E.
Ind. 1813.
ARAUCA'RIA. (From Araucanos, the
name of the people in whose country
Arauca'ria Imbrica'ta grows in Chili. Nat.
ord., Conifers [Pinacece]. Linn., 22-
Dicecia 13-Polyandria.)
Seeds of A. imbrica'ta are wholesome when
roasted. Seeds when procurable ; cuttings of
young, ripened wood, under a bell-glass, in a cool
place, but shaded. Good, friable loam. A. im-
brica'ta wants no protection. A. Brasilie'nsis is
tender. A. Cunningha'mii will live in sheltered
places near the sea. A. ezce'lsa ornamental in a
conservatory,
A.-Sidwi'llii (Mr. Bidwell's). 150. Apetal. More-
ton Bay.
— Brasilia'na (Brazilian araucaria, or pine). 100.
Apetal. Brazil. 18 19.
— columna'ris (pillared). Van Diemen's Land,
1851.
— Cunningha'mii (Cunningham's, or Moreton-
Bay pine). 100. Apetal. Moreton Bay.
— exceUsa. "(lofty, or Norfolk- Island pine). 120.
Apetal. Norfolk Island.
— imbrica'ta (imbricated, or Chili pine). 150.
Apetal. Chili. 1/96.
ARBORE'TUSI is a collection of trees and
shrubs capable of enduring exposure to
our climate. These are sometimes ar-
ranged in genera, according to their pre-
cedence in the alphabet; but best in
groups, conformably to the natural sys-
tem; and, whichever is adopted, it is
quite compatible with an attention to fa-
cility of access by means of walks, as
well as to picturesque effect.
ARBOUR is a seat sbaded by trees.
Sometimes these are trained over a
wooden or iron trellis-work, mingled with
the everlasting sweet-pea, clematis, and
other climbing, sweet-scented plants.
When the trellis-work is complicated, and
the structure more elaborate, with a pre-
ponderance of the climbers already
named, together with the honeysuckle,
AEB
[63 ]
ARC
fee., they are described as French or Ita-
lian arlours.
A'RBOR VI'TJE Thu'ja.
A'RBUTUS. Strawberry-tree. (From
arloise, a Celtic word for rough fruit.
Nat. ord., Heathworts [Ericaceae]. Linn.,
IQ-Dectindria \-Monogynia.)
Seeds, budding:, and inarching. Common soi
for the hardy species ; sandy loam and peat for
those which require the protection of a green-
house in winter. All those are hardy evergreens
which are not otherwise described.
A. andra'chne (andrachne). 10. White. April-
Levant. 1724.
— andrachnioi 'des (andrachne-like). 8. Whitish-
green. April.
— Canarie'nsis(Ca.na.ry), 8. Whitish-green. June.
Canaries. l/9o. Greenhouse evergreen.
— densiflo'ra (thickly-flowered). 20. White. Mex-
ico. 1826. Greenhouse evergreen.
— hy'brida (hybrid).
— laurifo'lia (laurel-leaved). 20. White. Mexico.
1825. Greenhouse evergreen.
— JferaOTVsji(Menzie's). White. N. Amer. 1827-
— Mille'ri (Miller's). 10. White. September.
Hybrid. 1825.
— tnuerona't a (sharp-pointed leaved). 1. White.
Magellan. 1828. Greenhouse evergreen
trailer.
— pilo'sa (hairy-branched). 1. White. May.
Mexico. 182Q.
— phillyrecefo'lia (phillyrea-leaved). 1. White.
Peru. 1812. Greenhouse evergreen.
— proce'ra (tall). 15. White. N. Amer. 1825.
— pu'mila (dwarf). 4. White. Magellan. 1825.
Greenhouse evergreen.
— serratifo'lia (saw-edged-leaved). 6. Whitish-
green, Greenhouse evergreen.
— specio'sa (showy). Mexico. 1837.
— tomento'sa (woolIy-AraneAed). 4. White.
March. California. 1826.
nu'da (smooth-branched),
— u'nedo (unedo). 10. White. October, Ireland.
cri'spa (curled). 8. White. October.
integrifo'lia (entire-leaved). 6. Pink.
October.
ple'na (double-flowered). 5. WThite. Oc-
tober.
salicifo'lia (willow-leaved). 6. White.
October.
— schixope'tala (cut-petaled), 7. White. Oc-
tober.
ru'bra (red-flowered). 10, Pink. Oc-
tober.
ARCADE is a walk arched over with
trellis -work, and this covered with climb-
ers.
ARCHANGEL, or White Dead Nettle.
La'mium a'lbum.
ARCHANGE'LICA. (From arche, chief,
and angelica, from its supposed virtues.
Nat. ord., Umbellifers [Apiaceae]. Linn.,
5-Pentandria l-Monogynia.)
A. officina'lis (officinal). 4. Green. July. England.
This is the same as Ange'licn ar change' lie a.
There are two other species, but worthless. Seeds
in April ; common soil.
ARCTOSTA'PHYLOS. From arktos, a bear,
and staphyle, a berry. Bears eat the fruit
of some species. Nat. ord., Keathuorts
[Ericaceae]. Linn., IQ-Decandria l-Mo-
nogynia.)
Hardy plants, requiring treatment similar Jo
Arbutus.
A, alpi'na (alpine blackberried). 1. Flesh. April.
Scotland. Deciduous trailer.
— longifo'lia (long- leaved). Mexico. 1847.
Half-hardy evergreen under-shmb.
— ni'tida (shining). 4. White. May. Mexico.
1836. Half-hardy evergreen shrub.
— pu'ngens (stinging). 1. White. February.
Mexico. 1839. Half-hardy evergreen
shrub.
— tomento'sa (downy). White. N. Amer. 1826.
Evergreen shrub.
— u'va-u'rsi (bear's-grape). 1. White. April.
Britain. Evergreen trailer.
ARCTOTHE/CA. (From arktos, a bear,
and theke, a capsule; seed-pod, or cap-
sule, as rough as a bear. Nat. ord., Com-
posites [Asteraceee]. Linn., 19-Syngenesia
3-Frustranea. Allied to Arctotis.)
Greenhouse herbaceous perennials. Division
of the plant ; peat and loam. Summer temp.,
55° to 60° ; winter, 40° to 45°.
A. grandiflo'ra (great -flowered). 1J. Yellow.
July. Cape of Good Hope. 1833.
— hi'rta (hairy). 1. Yellow. July. Cape of
Good Hope. 1820.
— re'pens (creeping). 1. Yellow. July. Cape
of Good Hope. 1793.
ARCTO'TIS. (From arktos, a bear, and
ous, an ear. Shaggy fruit. Nat. ord.,
Composites [ Asteraceae] . Linn., IQ-Syn-
genesia 4^-Necessaria.}
General treatment same as for Arctotheca.
Many are easily propagated by cuttings in sand,
under a bell-glass, in a shady, cool place, and a
few by seeds. All greenhouse evergreens, except
where otherwise specified.
A. acau'lis (stemless). 1. Yellow, red. May.
Cape of Good Hope. 1759- Greenhouse
herbaceous perennial.
— angustifo'lia (narrow -leaved). 2. Purple.
August. Cape of Good Hope. 1/3U,
— arbore'scens (tree-like). 2. White, pink.
July. Cape of Good Hope. 1818.
arge'ntea (silver-leaved). 1. Orange. Au-
gust. Cape of Good Hope. 1774.
Greenhouse biennial.
— a'spera (broad-rough-leaved). 3. Yellow.
August. Cape of Good Hope. 1710.
— aure'ola (golden). 1. Orange. August. Cape
of Good Hope. 1710.
— auricula! ta (ear-leaved). 1. Yellow. July.
Cape of Good Hope. 1795.
— bi' color (two-coloured). 1. White, red-
July. Cape of Good Hope. 1812.
— cinera'ria (cineraria). 2, Yellow, orange.
July. Cape of Good Hope. 1824. Green-
house herbaceous perennial.
— cu'prea (copper-coloured). 2. Yellow, purple.
July. Cape of Good Hope. 1823.
— decu'mbcns (decumbent). 1. Yellow. August.
Cape of Good Hope. 1790. Greenhouse
herbaceous perennial.
— &'<?CM'rmis(decurrent). 2. White, red. July*
Cape of Good Hope. 1794.
ARC
ARE
A. elu'tior (taller). 2. Yellow, purple. July.
Cape of Good Hope. 1820.
— fastuo'sa (disdainful). 2. Orange, red. June.
Cape of Good Hope. 1/95. Greenhouse
biennial.
— fia'ccida (flagging-s£«//f<?d). 1. White, red.
June. "Cape of Hope. 1794. Green-
house annual.
— glabra'ta (smoothish). 2. Yellow, purple.
June. Cape of Good Hope. 1820.
— glaucophy'lla (milky-green-leaved). 1. Yellow,
purple. July. Cape of Good Hope. 1/94.
Greenhouse herbaceous perennial.
— grandiflo'ra (great-flowered). 2. Pale yellow.
May. Cape of Good Hope. 1/74. Green-
house biennial.
— macula' ta (spotted). 2. White, orange, June.
Cape of Good Hope. 1812.
— melanoci'cla (dark-circled). 1. White, purple.
June. Cape of Good Hope. 1812.
— panicula'ta (panicled) . 2. White, red. May.
Cape of Good Hope. 1816.
— plantagi'nca (plantain-leaved). 1. Orange.
June. Cape of Good Hope. 1768.
Greenhouse herbaceous perennial.
— re'ptuns (creeping). 1. White, red. August.
Cape of Good Hope. 1/95. Greenhouse
herbaceous perennial.
— revoht'ta (revolute). 1. Yellow. June. Cape
of Good Hope. 1320. Greenhouse her-
baceous perennial.
— ro'sea (rosy). 1. Pink. September. Cape of
Good Hope. 1/93.
— Sc/»-«de'ri(Schrader's). Pink. May. Cape of
Good Hope. 1832. Greenhouse annual.
— specio'sa (showy). 2. Yellow. July. Cape
of Good Hope. 1812.
— spinulo'sa (small-thorny-leaved). 2. Orange.
June. Cape of Good Hope. 1795. Green-
house annual.
— squarro'sa (squarrose). 2. Orange, purple.
June. Cape of Good Hope. 1825.
— tri'color (t.hvee-coloured). 2. White, red.
June. Cape of Good Hope. 1794.
Greenhouse herbaceous perennial.
— undu'a'ta (wave-leaved). 1. Orange. May.
Cape of Good Hope. 1795. Greenhouse
herbaceous perennial.
— virga'ta (twiggy), 1. Yellow. July. Cape
of Good Hope. 1816. Hardy annual.
ARCUA'TION. The same as LAYERING.
ARDI'SIA. (From ardis, a spear-head ;
in reference to the sharp-pointed divi-
sions of the flower. Nat. ord., Ardisiads
[Myrsinaceae]. Linn., 5-Pentandria 1-
J^fonogynia.)
Half-ripened cuttings from the stem, or pieces
of the roots inserted in light soil, and placed in
strong heat, soon root; also by seeds, which re-
quire a rather long period to vegetate ; peat and
loam. Summer temp., 60° to 70°; winter, 48° to
55°. Stove evergreens, except where otherwise
specified.
A. acumina'ta (long-pointed). 7. July. Guiana.
1803.
— canaliculu'ta (channelled). 6. July. 1821.
— Canarie'nsis (Canary). 10. Red. July. Canaries.
1820. Greenhouse.
— colora'ta (coloured). 10. Red. July. E. Ind.
1816.
— complana'ta (levelled). 6. Pink. Penang.
1824.
— caria'cea (leathery), 7. Scarlet. Antilles. 1824.
A. crcnula'ta (round-notched-/ea«erf). 10. Red.
July. W. Ind. 1809.
— c'legana (elegant). 10. Red. August. E. Ind.
1809.
— exce'lm (tall). 30. Red. July. Madeira.
1784. Greenhouse.
— hymena'ndra (membrane-anthered). 8. Pink.
May. Sylhet. 1828. Greenhouse.
— hu'milis (humble). 3. Red. July. Ceylon. 1820.
— lanceola'ta (lanceolate). 6. Red. "July. E.
Ind. 1809-
— lateriflo'ra (side-flowering). 6. White. W.
Ind. 1793.
— lentiffino'sa (speckled). 6. White. China. 1814.
— litora'lis (sea-side). 4. Red. July. E. Ind.
1809-
— macrocu'rpa (long-fruited). 5. Flesh. Nepaul.
1824. Greenhouse.
— odontophy'lla (tooth-leaved). 6. Pale salmon-
red. July. Bengal. 1334.
I — panicula'ta (pamcled), 12. lied. July. E.
Ind. 1818.
— pitbe'scens (hoary-haired). 6. July. 181:0.
Green house.
— puncta'ta (dotted). 10. White. July. China.
1823.
— pyramida'lis (pyramidal). 25. Red. July,
Santa Cruz. 1818.
— serrula'ta (saw-leaved). 3. Red. July. W.
Ind. 1821.
— solana'cea (nightshade-like). 10. Red. Au-
gust. E.Ind. 1798.
— thyrsiflo'ra (thyrsc-flowered). 5. Pink. Ne-
paul. 1824. Greenhouse.
— tinifo'lia (tinus-leaved). 10. Red. July. \V»
Ind. 1820.
ARDUI'NA. (In honour of P. Arduini,
curator of the economical garden of Pa-
dua, in the time of Linnaeus. Nat. ord.,
Dogbanes [Apocyuaceoa]. Linn., 5-Pt'n-
tandrla l-Monoyynia.)
Cuttings in sand, under a glass ; peat and loam.
Summer temp., 60° to 65°; winter, 40° to 45°. A
greenhouse evergreen.
A. bispino'sa (two-spined). 2. White. June.
Cape of Good Hope. 1760.
ARE'CA. The Cabbage Palm. (Called
areec, in Malabar, when an old tree.
Nat. ord., Palms [Palmaceaej. Linn.,
2l-Moncecia IQ-Monadelphia. )
The Catechu yields a most powerful and astrin-
gent medicine, and its berry is the Betel-nut,
chewed by the natives of Hindostan, and its char-
coal as a dentifrice. Seeds ; light, sandy soil,
Summer temp., 65° to 80°; winter, 55° to 65°.
All stove Palms.
A. catechu1 (medicinal catechu). 30. White.
E. Ind. 1690.
— crini'ta (hair-coaled). 20. White. South of
France. 1824.
— exi'lis (slender). 30. W. Ind. 1823.
— hu'milis (humble). 6. White. E.Ind. 1814.
— iute'scens (yellowish). 20. White. South of
France. 1824.
— ma'micot (mamicot). 30. S. Amer. 1822.
— montu'na (mountain). 30. S. Amer. 1820.
— olera'cea (potherb). 40. White. W. Ind.
1656.
— ru'bra (red). 30. Mauritius. 1823.
— fmi'ndn'a(three-stamened). 20. E.Ind. 1825,
ARENA 'FJA. (From arena,) Band; in
ARE
ARE
reference to the sandy soil in which the
plant grows. Nat. ord., Cloveworts [Ca-
ryophylacese]. Linn., 10-Dccandria 3-
Trigynia. Allied to Alsine.)
All hardy herbaceous perennials, except when
otherwise described. Seeds ; division of the
plant ; sandy soil.
A. Austri'aca (Austrian). £. White. July.
Austria. 17Q3.
— Bulea'rica (Balearic). £. White. July. Ma-
jorca. 1787. Hardy evergreen trailers.
— biflo'ru (two-flowered). $. White. March.
Switzerland. 1818.
— brevicau'lis (short-stemmed). 4. White. July.
Alps, Europe. 1823.
— ccespito'sa (turfy). $. White. July. Swit-
zerland. 1826.
— calyci'na (/arg-e-calyxed). ^. White. July.
Barbary. 1816. Hardy annual.
— calycula'ta (calyculate). £. White. July.
Hungary. 1817-
— Canade'nsis (Canada). J. Red. July. N.
Amer. 1812. Hardy annual.
— cane'scens (hoary). £. White. July. 1817.
— capilla'cen (hair - like). -4. White. July.
Piedmont. 1819. Hardy annual.
— capilla 'ris (capillary). £. White. July. Si-
beria. 1820.
— cherlerioi'des (cherleria-like). \. White. July,
France.
— cilia'ta (eye-lashed). ^. White. June. Ireland.
— Coimbrice'nsis (Coimbra). £. White. July.
Portugal. 1817. Hardy annual.
— Da.hu' rica, (Dahurian). 1. White. July.
Dahuria. 1824.
— de'nsa (dense). £. White. July. Hungary. 1824.
— fusciculu'ta (fascicled). £. White. July. Scot-
land. Hardy annual.
— filifo'lia (thread-leaved;. $. White. July.
Arabia.
— formo'sa (handsome;. &. White. June. Dahu-
ria. 1824.
— Gera'rdi (Gerard's). 3. White. June. France.
1822.
— glandulo'sa (glandular). $. Purple. June.
Europe. 1820. Hardy annual,
— gloinera'tu (round-headed). £. White. July.
Tauria. 1818. Hardy annual.
— gmminifo'lia (grass-leaved). £. V/hite. July.
Siberia. 181J.
— glabe'rrima (smoothest). £. White. July. Cau-
casus. 1816.
— grandijio'ra (great-flowered). J. White. July.
Switzerland. 1783.
— He'lmii( Helm's). 4. White. July. Siberia.
1826.
— hirsu'tu (hairy). ^. White. July. Caucasus.
1820.
— iiti/jrica'ta (imbricated). \, White. July. Cau-
casus. 1820.
— juniperi'na (juniper-leaved). 4. White. July.
Siberia. 1800.
— iunceola'ta (lanceolate). £. White. June.
Switzerland. 1823.
— luricifo'lia (larch-leaved). £. White. August.
Britain.
— kmgifo'lia (long-leaved). £. White. July. Si-
beria. 1823.
— macroca'rpa (long-fruited). £. White. July,
N. Amer. 1810.
— mari'na (marine). £. Purple. July. Germanv.
1793. ' I
— margina'tn (margined). J. White. July. Cau- I
casus. 1818. Hardy deciduous trailer, j
A. Muditerru'nea (Mediterranean). £. White.
June. Mediterranean. 1823. Hardy an-
nual.
— monta'nn (mountain). 1. White. June.
France. 1800.
— multicau'lis (many-stemmed). $.- White^ July.
Europe. 1814.
— nardifo'lia (nardus-leaved). ^. White. July.
Siberia. 1827.
— nemoro'sa (grov.e). £. White. S. Amer. 1832,
Hardy evergreen under-shrub.
— Norve'gica (Norwegian). £. White. July.
Scotland. Hardy evergreen plant.
— otitoi'des (otites-like). White. July. Siberia,
1820.
— pe'ndula (pendulous). White. July. Hungary.
1816.
— peploi'des (peplis-likc). White. June. Britain.
Kvergreen creeper.
— pinifo'lia (pine-leaved). White. July, Cau-
casus. 1823.
— polygonoi'des (knotgrass-like). Red. July.
Switzerland. 1822.
— proc.e'ra (tall). White. July. Siberia. 1820.
— procu'mbens (procumbent). Purple. July.
Egypt. 1801. Half-hardy deciduous
trailer.
— pube'scens (downy). White. July. Archipelago.
1820.
— purpu'rea (purple). White. July. Spain. 1823.
Hardy annual.
— ramosi'ssima (branchiest). White. July. Hun-
gary. 1816. Hardy biennial.
— recu'rna (recurved). White. July. Alps. 1822.
— ri'gida. (stiff). £. White. July. Siberia. 1823.-
— rostru'ta (beaked). $. White. August. Hun-
gary. 1816.
— fu'bra (red). £. Purple. July. Britain. Hardy
annual.
— rube'lla (reddish-cowered). J. Red. July.
Scotland.
— sali'na (saline). £. Purple. July. Bohemia.
1820. Hardy annual.
— saxa'tilis (rock). £. White. July. Germany.
1/32.
— sca'bra (rough). 5. White. July. Alps, Eu-
rope. 1822.
— seta'cea (bristle-leaved). 4. White. July.
France.
— stria'ta fstriatedl. J. White* July. Switzer-
land. 1683.
— stri'cta (upright). 4. White. July. N. Amer.
1812.
— subula'ta (cwl-shaped). ^. White. June. Cau-
casus. 1822.
— tenuifo'lia (fine-leaved). 4. White. July.
England. Hardy annual.
Barrelie'ri (Barrelier's). £. White. July.
South of France. 1820.
hy'brida (hybrid). $. White. July. South
of France. 1827.
visci'duta (viscidish). $. White. July.
France. 1818.
— tetra'quetra (square-sfa/Aed). ^. White. Au-
gust. Pyrenees. 1731.
— triflo'ra (three-flowered). 4. White. July.
South of Europe. 1816.
— tria'ndra (three-stamened). J. White. July.
1817. Hardy annual.
— uligino'sa (marsh). ^. White. July. Switzer-
land. 18)7.
— ve'rnn (spring). £. White. May. Britain.
— verticilla'ta(v;hnT\ed'). %. White. July. Ar-
menia. 1823.
ARETHV'SA. (A classical name, after
ARE
one of Diana's nymphs. Nat. ord., Orchids
[Orchidaceeel. Linn., 2Q-Gynandria L-
~Monogynia.)
Division, peat and loam, with charcoal. Sum-
mer temp., 65° to 80° ; winter, 55° to 65°.
A.bulbo'sa (bulbous). 2- Whitish-red. June'
Carolina. Greenhouse.
— plica'ta (plaited). 1. July. E.Ind. 1806.
Stove.
ABE'TIA. (Named in honour of a Swiss
professor, Aretius. Nat. ord., Primeworls
[Primulacese]. Linn., 6-Pentandria 1-
Monogynia.)
Division of the roots in spring or autumn ;
sand, loam, and peat. They cannot bear stagnant
water ; are good for rock-work ; all, but one,
hardy herbaceous perennials.
A.alpi'na (alpine). *. Pink. June. Switzerland-
— anre'tt*eu°(silvery). £. White. June. Svvit-
* zerland. 1826? Half-hardy herbaceous
perennial.
— Helve'tica (Swiss). $. Whits. June. Swit-
zerland. 1775.
— pube'scens (downy). £. White. June. Switzer-
land. 1824.
— Vitalia'na (Vital's). *. Yellow. June. Pyre-
nees. 1787-
AEGA'NIA. (From argam,its aboriginal
name. Nat. ord., Sapotads [Sapotacese].
Linn., 6-Pentandria l-Monoyynia.)
Fine stove, hard-wooded, evergreen timber-
tree • layers and cuttings in autumn or spring '
the latter under a bell-glass. Summer temp.,
60° to 70° ; winter, 45° to. 55°. The specific gra-
vity of the wood is so great that it sinks in water.
A. sidero'xylon (iron-wood). 14. Green, yellow.
July. Morocco. 1711-
ARGEMO'NE. (From argema, a cataract
of the eye ; in reference to its medicinal
qualities. Nat. ord., Poppyworts [Papa-
veraceee]- Linn., 13-Polyandria l-Mono-
gynia.}
The seed of A. Mexico, 'no is the Fico del in-
ferno (infernal fig) of the Spaniards ; a pwrga-
r.ive and powerful narcotic, especially if smoked
with tobacco. In the West Indies they are used
is a substitute for ipecacuanha. Hardy annuals,
'xcept where otherwise specified ; seeds, suckers,
and divisions in March ; common soil.
1 albiflo'ra (white-flowered). 2, White. July.
Mexico. 1821.
- Barclaya'na (Mr. Barclay's). 5. Cream. June.
Mexico. 1827. Half-hardy herbaceous
perennial.
- «randiflo'ra (great-flowered). 3. White. July.
Mexico. 1827. Hardy herbaceous per-
— Mexica'na (Mexican). 2. Yellow. July. Mex-
ico. 1592.
— othroleu'ca (yellowish-white). 2. Sulphur.
July. Mexico. 1S27.
ARGOLA'SIA. (From argos, white, and
asios, woolly; the perianth being velvety-
white. Nat. ord., Bloodroots [Hsemodo-
raceae]. lArw^G-JHexandrial-Monogynia,)
5 ] AEI
A small greenhouse plant, of easy culture, but
must not get dry ; division of the roots ; sandy
loam and peat. Summer temp., 50° to 60° ; win-
ter, 40° to 45°.
A. plumo'sa (feathery). 2. White. Cape of Good
Hope. 1787.
ABGYKEI'A. Silver-weed. (From argy-
reios, silvery ; in reference to the silvery
hue of the leaves. Nat. ord., Bindweeds
[Convolvulacese]. Linn., 5-Pentandria
All stove evergreen twiners. Cuttings, half-
ripened wood, in sand, under a bell-glass, in April,
and in nice bottom-heat; rich lo~am and peat.
Summer temp., 60° to 75° ; winter, 50° to 60°.
A. bo'na-nox (night-flowering). 20. White. E,
— capita'ta (headed). Purple. July. E.Ind. 1823.
— cunea'ta (wedge-leaved). 10. Purple. August.
E. Ind. 1822.
— cymo'sn. (cyme-flowered). 10. Pink. E.Ind.
1823.
—festi'va (festive). White. July. India. 1838.
— Maluba'rica (Malabar). Cream. July. E. Ind.
1823.
— orna'ta (adorned). 10. White. E. Ind". 1824.
— poma'cea (apple-fruited). Pink. E.Ind. 1818.
— specio'sa (showy). 10. R.ed. July. E.Jnd. 1818.
— sple'ndsns (shining). 1. Pink. E.Ind. 1820.
— uniflo'ra (one-flowered). 30. White. E.Ind.
1817-
AKISJE'MA. (From aron, an arum, and
sana, a standard ; in reference to the close
affinity to Arum. Nat. ord., Arads [Ara-
ceffi] . Linn., 21-Moncecia 9-Polyandria.)
Tuberous-rooted perennials. Division of its
tubers ; loam and peat.
A. draco'ntium (dragon). 2. June. Green. N.
Amer. 1759- Hardy.
— macrospa'tha (large -spathed). Pink. July.
Morelia. 1839. Greenhouse.
— Murra'yi (Murray's.) l£.Apetal. March. Bom-
bay. 1847. Stove.
— ri'ngens (gaping). *. May. Japan. 1800. Half-
hardy .
— terna'tum (three-leafleted). f. Purple. May.
Japan. 1774. Half-hardy.
— triphy'llum (three-leaved). |. Brown. May.
N. Amer. 1664. Hardy.
AEI'STEA. (From arista, a point or
beard ; in reference to the rigid points of
the leaves. Nat. ord., Trids [Iridacesej.
Linn., 3-Triandria L-Monogynia.)
The least conspicuous plants of this order.
Their leaves form the chief herbage for cattle at
the Cape of Good Hope. Greenhouse plants.
Seed and divisions in March or April ; sandy
loam and peat. Winter temp., 40° to 45 .
A. capita'ta (headed). 3. Blue. July. Cape of
Good Hope. 1/90.
— cya'nea (bright blue). £. Blue. June. Cape
of Good Hope. 1759.
_ melaleu'ca (black and white), l. Pale blue.
June. Cape of Good Hope. 1796.
— pusi'lla (little). *. Blue. July. Cape of
Good Hope. 1806.
— snlra' Us (spiral-flowered). 1. Pale blue. May •
^ Cape of Good Hope. 1795.
AKX
[67]
ARM
Arjsxor.o'cHiA. Birtbwort. (Frorr
nristos, best, and tocheia, parturition ; its
supposed medicinal character. Nat. ord.
Birihworts [Aristolochiaceaj] , Linn., 20
Gynandria G-ffezcindria.)
Herbaceous and climbing plants, the first by
division of the roots ; hardy climbing ones b;
division of the roots, and layers in spring or air
tumn. Stove plants ; cuttings of fine wood
iu sand, in heat, under a bell-glass. Sandy loam
for the hardy ; peat and loam for the tende
mnds. Temp. foe. the latter, summer, 65° to 80°
winter, 55° to 60°.
HARDY.
A. Arku'nsa (Arkansa). 20. Purple. July. Ar-
kansas. 1824. Deciduous climber.
— Bae'tica (Baetic). 6. Purple. June. Spain
1596. Deciduous climber.
— Cftile'nsis (Chilian). 6. Purple, green. Sep-
tember. W. Ind. 1832. Deciduous
half-hardy.
— clemati'tis (clematis-like). 2. Yellow. July.
Britain. Herbaceous perennial.
— iG'nga (long-rooted). 2. Purple. July.
South of Europe. 1548. Deciduous
trailer.
— pa'Uida (pale-flowered). 2. White, purple.
Italy. 1640. Herbaceous perennial.
— pistolo'chia (pistolochia). 2. Purple. July.
South of Europe. 1597. Deciduous trailer.
— sugitta'ta (arrow-shaped). 1. Purple. July.
N. Amer. 1819, Herbaceous perennial.
— serpenta'ria (snake-root-like). 1. Dark purple.
July. N.Amer. 1632. Deciduous trailer.
— si'pho (tube-bearing). 30. Yellow, brown. July.
N. Amer. 1763. Deciduous climber.
— tomento'm (downy). 20. Purple. July. N.
Amer. 1/99. Deciduous climber.
GREENHOUSE.
A, arbore' scens (tree-like). 20. Yellow, pur-
ple. July. America. 1737. Evergreen
shrub.
— cilia'ta (fringed). Purple, yellow. Buenos
Ayres.
— glau'ca (milky-green- Jeaoed). 6. Purple. Bar-
bary. 1785.
— hi'rta (hairy). 2. Purple. June. Chis. 1759.
Herbaceous perennial.
— rotu'nda (round-rooted). 2. Dark purple.
July. South of Europe. 1596. Herba-
ceous perennial.
— semperni'rens (evergreen). 4. Purple. June.
Candia. 1727.
STOVE.
A. acumina'ta (long-pointed). 10. Purple. Mau-
ritius. 1822.
— nngui'cida (snake-like). 5. White, brown.
December. New Grenada. 1845. Twin-
ing evergreen.
— b a rba'ta (bearded). 16. Purple. Caraccas. 1796.
— biloba'ta (two-lobed). 10. Purple. 1824.
— bractea'ta (bracted). 3. Purple. July. E.
Ind. 1793. Evergreen trailer.
— nntsilie'nsis (Brazilian). 20. Yellow. Brazil.
1820.
— cnvdata (tailed - lipped). 5. Lurid. June.
Brazil. 1828. Deciduous twiner.
fa'tens (stinking- flowered). 20. Purple,
yellow. June. W. Ind. 1832.
— ritio'su (frinjjed). 6, Purple, srreen. Septem-
ber. New Patagon. 1R36.
— cymbi'fera (\wzt~flowered). 20. Purple, July.
St. Pail. 1829.
A.fcn'tida (foetid). 20. July. Mexico. 1822.
— gtga'nte.a (gigantic-flowered). 20. Yellow,
brown. July. Brazil.
— gi'gas (giant). 6. White, brown. June. Gua-
timala. 1842. Deciduous climber.
— grandiflo'ru (large-flowered). 20. Jamaica.
1824.
— hnsta'ta(ha.Voert-leaved). 16. July. Cuba. 1822.
— hyperbo'rea (northern). 20. Purple. May.
India. 1836.
— I'ndica (Indian). 10. Purple. July. E. Ind.
1780.
— labio'sa (grea/-lipped). 20. Purple, green,
yellow. July. Brazil. 1821.
— mu'xima (greatest). 20. Purple. July. New
Spain. 1759.
— odoruti'ssima (sweetest-scented). 10. Purple.
July. Jamaica. 1737.
— ornithoce'phala (bird's-head). 20. Purple,
brown. October. Brazil. 1838.
— pandurifo'rmis (fiddle-shaped). 10. Caraccas.
1823.
— ri'ngens (gaping). 20. Purple, green, yellow.
July. Brazil. 1820.
— saccu'ta, (pouch-flowered). 20. Purplish-red.
September. Sylhet. 1829. Deciduous
climber.
— Suriname'nsis (Surinam). 20. Yellow. * Suri-
nam. 1823.
— tri'fida (three-cleft-leaved). 15. Green. Ca-
raccas. Deciduous climber.
— triloba'ta (three-lobed). 6. Purple. June. S.
Amer. 1775.
ARISTOTE'HA. (In memory of the great
Aristotle. Nat. ord., Lindenblooms [Tili-
aceae]. Linn., ll-JJodecandria 1-Mono-
jynla.)
This genus has been placed among Horn ali ads,
>r Philadelphiads, by some botanists; but Dr.
liindky says (Veg. King., 371), it has most affinity
o this order. A. Ma'cqui produces edible berries,
>f a dark purple colour, and wine is made from
hem in Chili. It is a hardy evergreen shrub.
Layers in autumn, and cuttings in April, in sand,
under a hand-light. Common, sandy soil.
A. Ma'cqui (Macqui). 4. Whitish-green. May.
Chili. 1/35.
variegu'ta (variegated-Jsawed). 4. Whit-
ish-green. May. Gardens.
AKMENI'ACA. (From Armenia, the na-
ive country of the apricot. Nat. ord.,
Almondworls [Drupacese]. Linn., 12-
'cosandria \-Monogynia.}
Hardy deciduous trees ; generally budded in
ummer on plum-stocks, but some use apricot
eedlings for budding peaches ; rather heavy,
oamy soil. See APRICOT.
I. Briganti'aca (Brigan9on). 6. Pink. March.
South of Europe. 1819.
— dasyca'rpa (thick- rooted). 15. White. April.
1800.
persicifo'lia (peach-leaved). 15. Pink.
April. 1800.
— Sibi'rica (Siberian). 6. Pink. April. Siberia.
1/88.
— vulga'ris (common apricot). 15. White. April.
Levant. 1548.
cordifo'lia (heart -leaved). 15. White.
March. Levant. 1548.
flu're-ple'no (double-flowered). 15. White.
April.
ARM
[68]
AST
A. vulga'risffi'liis yarie^a'tis (variegated-leaved).
15. White.
15. White. April.
ovaltfo'lia (oval - leaved).
March. Levant. 1548.
A, montu'na (mountain). 1. Yellow. July. Ea-
Yeliow. July.
rope. 1731.
— scorpioi'des (scorpion-like).
Austria. 1710.
ARME'RIA. Thrift. ^T he Latin name • ARNOPO'GON. Sheep's -beard. (From
for the Sweet William. .Nat. ord., Lead- \ arnos, a lamb, and pogon, a beard ; in re-
worts [Plumbaginacese]. Linn., v-Ptm- \ ference to the bearded seeds. Nat. ord.,
tandria b-Pentagynia.) ! Composites [Asteracese]. Linn., 19-Syn-
AH Lhiardjr-herbaeeous perennials, except when j genesia I- Squalls. Allied to Scorzonera )
other wse specified. Division of_ the plant ; seeds I Hardy plants ; seed in March or April. Common
in spring ; sandy, loamy soil. The tender kinds i garden-soil,
will require to be well drained, and receive the , A a,gper (fough)
protection of a frame, or pit, during winter.
A. allia'cea (garlic-leaved). 1. White. June.,
Spain. 1798.
— alpi'na (alpine). 1. Purple. July. Carinthia. j
— arena'ria (sand). 1. Pink. June. France. J
— cephalo'tes (roi//«£-headed1. 1. Pink. June.'
Algarbia. 1800.
— denticvlu 'ta (toothed) 2. Flesh. June. Na- j
pies. 1816.
— dianthoi'des (pink-like).
rope. 1810.
July. Montpe-
Capc of
— M'rta (hairy). 1. Pink. July. N. Africa. 1820.
— hutmitis (dwarf). 1. Pink. June. South of
Europe. 1817.
— juniper ifo'lia (juniper-leaved). 1. Pink, June,
Spain. 1818.
— latifo'Ua cad-leaved). 2. Light red. July,
of Europe.
— mari'tima (sea-side). 1. Red. July. Britain.
— rr.onta'na (mountain). 1. Pink. June. Scotland.
— pinifo'lia (pine-leaved). 1. Pink. June. Por-
tugal.
— plantaifi'nea (plantain-like). 1.
South of "Europe. 1818.
— pu'ngens (pungent). 1. Pink. June. Spain. 1818
— scorzoneraefo'liu (scorzonera-leaved). 1. Scar-
let. June. South of Europe. 1818.
•—vulga'ris (common). 1. Red. July. Europe
a'lba (\\hite~flowered). %.
tember.
2. Yellow
lier. 1774.' Annual.
— Cape'nsis (Cape). 1. Yellow. July.
Good Hope. 1818. Biennial.
— Dalecha'mpii (Dalechamp's). 2. Light yellow.
July. South of Europe. 1739. Perennial.
— picroi'des (picris-like). 1. Yellow. July.
South of Europe. 1693. Annual.
ARorNicuM. (From arnica, lamb-skin;
Fink. June. Eu- j in reference to the softness of the flower-
heads. Nat. ord., Composites [Asteracere].
Linn., IQ-Synt/enesia 2-Superflua. Allied
to Doronicum.)
A hardy, herbaceous, perennial, groundsel-like
plant. Divisions ; common soil.
A. Alta'icum (Altaic). Yellow. July. Siberia. 1783.
ARRACA'CHA. (Its Spanish name in
Pink. July. South { South America. Nat. ord., Umbellifers
[Apiacese]. Linn., 5-Pentandria 2-Diyy-
nia. Allied to Conium.)
A. escule'nta, a native of the table-land of
Grenada, produces large esculent roots, not
Red. June, i unlike parsnips, but of a better quality. Stove
! tuberous perennial. Division of the roots ; rich
loam. Summer temp., 65° to 85°; winter, 55° to
60°.
A. escuie'nia (eatable). 3. Brownish. July.
Santa Fe. 1823.
ARRHENATHE'RUM. (From arrhen,
coccfnea (•carleMowerwi). 4. Red. Sep- j male, and otter, a point; on account of
tember. Gardens. i the awns on the male spikes. Nat. ord.,
A'RNICA. (From arnakis, lamb-skin; in I Orass^ [Graminaceee]. Linn., 23-Po!yga-
reference to the texture of the leaves. \mla *-~Moncecta.)
Nat. ord., Composites [Asteracese]. Linn., j This genus really should be reunited to Hol-
lQ-Sy>i<jenesia 2-Superflua. Allied to | ^'soJ^for^^other grasL' ^
Groundsel. ) j A mea£ceum (oat-like). 5. Apetal. June. Britain.
Hardy, dwarf, herbaceous plants; division of the ! mu'ticum (awnless}. 4. Apetal. July.
plants in spring or autumn. They like a little
peat incorporated with the soil. A. Co'rsica pre-
fers bog-earth.
A. Clu/sii (Clusius's). 1. Yellow. July. Swit-
zerland. 1819.-
— corda'ta (heart-shaped). 1. Yellow. July. Swit-
zerland. 1819.
— Co'rsica (Corsican).
1824.
1. Yellow. July. Corsica.
Scotland.
— bulbo'snm (bulbous). 3. Apetal. July. Ger-
many.
ARROW-HEAD. See SAGITTA'RIA.
ARROW-ROOT. See MARA'NTA.
ARTA'BOTRYS. (From aratao, to suspend
or support, and botrys, grapes ; in ret'er-
2. Yellow. July,
the way the fruit is supported by
teynclriL Nat. ord., Anonad*
— glacia'lis (icy). 1. Yellow. July. Switzerland. [Anonaeere]. Linn., 13 -Polyandria 6-
1823. Polvoiinio ^
— Helvetica (Swiss). 1. Yellow. July. Switzer- 3JJ '' Lv
land. 1819. I The leaves of this plant are held m Java to be
•~-lani'gera (wool-bearing). 1.
Italy. 1827-
The leaves ot this plans are m »v» HI i
YeUow. July, invaluable against cholera. Stove evergreen shrub.
Icuttings of ripened wood in sand, uuder a bell-
AET
I 69 ]
AET
glass, and in bottom-heat, in March or Apri
Sandy loam and peat, with a little rotten dung
Summer temp., 65° to 75° ; winter, 50° to 55°.
A. odorati'ssimu (sweetest-scented). 6. Brown
July. China. 1758.
ARTANE'MA. (From aratao, to suppor
and nema, a filament ; in reference to
tooth-like process growing on the longe
filaments. Nat. ord., Flgworls [Scroplm
lariaeese]. Linn., 14^-Didynamia 1 Gym
nospermia. Allied to Torenia.)
A greenhouse evergreen shrub. Seeds ; cutting
of the half-ripened shoots in autumn or spring
Will keep over the winter in the greenhouse, bu
seeds may be sown in the open border, in the be
ginning of May, as an annual. Sandy loam and
little peat.
A-fimbria'tum (fringed-corollaed). 3. Pale blue
August. Moreton Bay. 1830.
ARTEMI'SIA... Wormwood. (From Ar-
temis, one of the names of Diana. Nat
ord., Composites [Asteraceae]. Linn., 19-
Syngenesia 1-^Equalis.}
Various species of Artemisias, or Wormwoods,
have been used as tonic, bitter, and aromatic
medicines from remote ages. All hardy herba-
ceous perennials, except where otherwise specified
Annuals, by seed ; those with branching, shrubby
stems, and the whole of the greenhouse varieties,
which are mostly shrubby, by cuttings ; the hardy
species, by dividing the roots. For greenhouse
kinds, sandy loam, well drained; for the others,
common soil. Greenhouse summer temp., 50° to
65° ; winter, 40° to 45°.
A. abro'tanum (southernwood). 4. Yellow, green.
August. Europe. 1548. Hardy decidu-
ous shrub.
hu'mile (low). 1£. Yellow, green. Sep-
tember. South of Europe.
Tobolskia'num (Tobolskian). 5. Yellow,
green. September.
— A'fra (African). 3. White. August. Green-
house evergreen shrub.
— alpi'na (alpine). 1. Yellow, green. July.
Caucasus. 1804.
— apri'ca (sunny). 2. 1834. Evergreen trailer.
— arbore'scens (tree-like). 10. July. Levant.
1640. Hardy evergreen shrub.
*- arge'ntett (silvery). 4. Yellow, green. June.
Madeira. 1777- Greenhouse evergreen
shrub.
— ccerule'scens (bluish). 2. Yellow. September.
England. Hardy evergreen shrub.
— Chine'nsis (Chinese Moxa). 4. Yellow. July.
China. 1818. Greenhouse herbaceous.
— dracu'nculus (tarragon). 2. White, green.
July. South of Europe. 1548.
— fri'gida (cold). 1. Yellow, green. August.
Siberia. 1826.
— furca'ta (forked). 1. Yellow, green. July,
Siberia. 1820.
— Ga'llica (French). 2. Brown. August. Britain.
— glacia'lis (icy). 1. Yellow, green. July.
Switzerland. 1739.
— Juda'ica (Judean). 2. Yellow. August. 1774.
Half-hardy evergreen.
- lactiflo'ra (pale-flowered). 2. Pale white.
November, Nepaul. 1828. Greenhouse
evergreen.
- Lednice'nsis (Lednisc). 2. Yellow. July. Car-
pathia. 1826. Hardy deciduous shrub.
A. man'tima (sea). 1. Brown. July
— Marstftallia'na (Marschall's). 1. Yellow,
Caucasus. 1816.
— mutelli'na (mutellina). l. Yellow. July. Alps.
Europe. 1815.
— Norve'gica (Norwegian). 1. Yellow. Julv.
Norway. 1818.
— orienta'lis (oriental). 2. YeHow, green. July.
Armenia. 1810.
— Palla'sii (Pallas's). 1. Yellow, green. July.
Siberia. 1820.
— pectina'ta (comb-leaved). 1. Brown. June.
Dauria. 1806. Hardy annual.
— peduncula'ris (flower-stalked), l. Yellow.
July. Caucasus. 1818.
— Po'ntica (Pontine). 3. Yellow. September.
Austria. 1570.
— potenWlcefo'lia (potentilla-leaved). 1. July.
Siberia. 1818.
— ramo'sa (branchy). 2. Canaries. 1816. Green-
house evergreen.
— renews (creeping). 1. Brown. June. Tartary.
1805. Hardy trailer.
— rupe'stris (hill). 2. Brown. August. Siberia
1/48.
— saxa'tilis (rock). 3. Brown. July. Hungary.
— seri'cea (silky-leaved). 2. White. June. Si-
beria. 1/96.
— spica'ta (spiked). 1. Brown. June. Switzer-
land. 1790.
~ Tau'rica (Taurian). 1. White, green. July.
Tauria. 1818.
— tenuifo'lia (slender-leaved;. 10. Yellow, green.
October. China. 1732. Greenhouse ever-
green.
— ValenWna (Valentian). 1. Yellow, green.
July. Spain. 1839. Half-hardy evergreen.
— vulga'ris (common wormwood).
variega'ta (variegated-leaved). 2. Purple,
August. Gardens.
— Wulfe'nii (Wulfen's). 1. Yellow, green. July.
Switzerland. 1819.
ARTHROPO'DIUM. (From arthron, a joint,
and pous, a foot ; in reference to the
[ower-stalks being jointed. Nat. ord.,
Lllyworts [Liliaceffi]. Linn., Q-Hexan-
Yta l-Monogynia. Allied to Anthericum. )
Greenhouse herbaceous perennials, except
where otherwise specified. Seeds, offsets, ami
uckers. Sandy loam, and a little peat. Summer
emp., 55° to 65° ; winter, 40° to 45°.
:. cirra!tum (curled). 3. White. June. New
Zealand. 1821.
—fimbria'tum (fringed). 2. White. July. N.
Holland. 1822.
— mi'nus (smaller). 2. White. July. N. Holland.
1823.
— panicula'tum (panicled). 3. White. August.
N.S.Wales. 1800. Greenhouse bulb.
— pe'ndulum (pendulous). 2. White. July.
Teneriffe. 1816. Half-hardy.
ARTHROSTE'MMA. (From arthron, a
oint, and slemma, a crown ; the flower-
talks being jointed. Nat. ord., Melas-
omads [Melastomacene]. Linn., 8-Octan-
ria l-Monogynia. Allied to Osbeckia.)
Cuttings of small, firm, side-shoots in August
r April, under a glass, in sandy soil. The stov«
ecies with heat ; sandy loam, and a little peat.
• fra'gile (brittle). 3. Rosy. June. Mexico. I8iii.
Stove evergreen.
ART
[70]
ART
A, ni'tidum (glossy-leaved). 2. Pale lilac. June.
Buenos Ayres. 1830. Greenhouse ever-
green.
— oersi'color (changeable -flowered). J. Pink.
September. Brazil. 1825. Stove ever-
green.
ARTICHOKE. (Cy'nara sco'lymiis.') Many
persons ha^o thought that the name of
this vegetable refers to the almost un-
swallowabte part of it known by the name
of " the choke ; " but this is quite a mis-
take. The word artichoke is merely the
English mode of spelling its French
name, artichaid ; and this is said, by old
writers, to be a corruption of the Arabic
name for it, alcocalos, which has reference
to the shape of its heads being like that
of the pine-apple. The Arabs prize it
highly, not only for its edible heads, but
its roots as a purgative, and its gummy
exudations as an emetic.
Varieties. — There are two varieties in
cultivation, the conical, or French, of
which the heads are green, and the scales
of their calyx spreading ; and the globe,
tinged with purple, with the scales curved
inwards and compactly. The artichoke
is sometimes called the globe artichoke,
on account of the round outline of its
heads. These heads are boiled, and the
bottom of each scale, or calyx, eaten
with butter and salt. The bottom of these
heads, which is the part named " the re-
ceptacle" by botanists, because it is the
receptacle or part containing all the mem-
bers of the flower, is very fleshy, and is
cooked in various ways; being, also,
sometimes dried, and used in winter.
Propagation. — It may be raised from
seed ; but the most expeditious and usual
way is to plant suckers from the old
roots in the spring. When the suckers
are eight or ten inches high, in open
weather, about the end of March, or early
in April, select such as have much oi
their fibrous roots, and are sound, and
not woody. The brown, hard part by
which they are attached to the parent
stem must be removed, and, if that cuts
crisp and tender, the suckers are good
but. if tough and stringy, they are worth-
less. Further, to prepare them for
planting, the large, outside leaves are
taken off so low as that the heart ap-
pears above them. If they have been
some time separated from the stock
or if the weather is dry, they are
greatly invigorated by being put into
water for three or four hours before the)
are planted. They should be set in rows
bur feet and a half by three feet apart,
and about half their length beneath the
surface. Turn a large flower-pot, or a
sea-kale pot, over each, and water them
abundantly every evening until they are
established, as well as during the droughts
of summer. The only other attention
liey require, during the summer, is 'the
requent use of the hoe, and an occasional
supply of liquid-manure. It is also an
xcellent plan to have some mulch kept
about their roots during dry weather, im-
mediately after planting, and during the
whole summer, and to remove all small,
weak suckers about June. The plants
will produce a succession of heads from
July to October of the year they are
planted. For about five years they will
Continue similarly productive during
May, June, and July. At the end of
ive years a fresh bed should be made.
The Artichoke's heads attain a much
larger size than they would otherwise, by
twisting a piece of wire very tightly round
the stem, about three inches below each,
and thus preventing the reflux of the sap.
No vegetable is more benefited than the
artichoke by the application of sea- weed,
or any other manure containing common
salt.
To obtain Chards. — Those who require
chards must make a plantation annually ;
for making the chards destroys the
plants. After the best heads have been
cut, early in July, the leaves are to be
cut over within half a foot of the ground,
and the stems as low as possible. In
September or October, when 'the new
shoots or leaves are about two feet high,
they are bound close with a wreath of
hay or straw, and earth or litter is drawn
round the stems of the plants. The
blanching is perfected in a month or six
weeks. If the chards are wished late in
the winter, the whole plants may be dug
up before frost sets in, and laid in sand
in their blanched state. In this way
they may be kept for several weeks.
Gobbo. — The Italians, to make this,
bend the stem of an artichoke down to a
right angle, and the stalks of the leaves
are bound together, and covered over so
as to blanch. The result is a lump,
which is eaten raw, with salt, and is
tolerably good. In Italy it is used in the
autumn and winter, and replaces radishes.
Winter Dressing. — As soon as a stem
is cleared of all its heads in the summer,
it should be broken down close to the
ART
C 71]
ARU
root; and early in November the beds
should be dressed for the winter. Cut
away the old leaves close to the ground,
but without injuring the centre or side-
shoots. Fork over the bed, throwing the
earth in a ridge, about eight inches high,
over each row, putting it close round
each plant, but being careful to keep the
heart free from the crumbs of soil. After
this has been done, pile round every plant
some long litter, or pea-haulm, three or
four inches thick ; and, to keep this from
blowing away, as well as to help in pre-
serving the roots from severe frosts, cover
over the litter, or haulm, two inches deep
with coal-ashes. The ashes may be
turned into the soil in the spring, being
a manure much liked by the artichoke.
Soil and Situation. — 'The finest heads
are produced in a sail abounding in
moisture ; but in such they will not sur-
vive the winter. They should have a
rich, deep loam allotted to them. Manure
must be applied every spring ; and the
best compost for them is a mixture of
three parts welt-putrefied dung, and one
part of fine coal-ashes. They should
always have an open exposure, and, above
all, be free from the influence of trees ;
for if beneath their shade or drip the
plants spindle, and produce worthless
heads.
Insect. — The leaves of the artichoke
are liable to injury by a beetle. See
CASSIDA VIEIDIS.
Saving Seed. — Select any number of
the earliest and finest heads ; and as soon
as the flowers begin to decay, the heads
should be turned, and tied downwards,
so as lo prevent the wet lodging in them,
which would rot the seeds.
ARTOCAR'RPUS. Bread-fruit. (From
artos, bread, and carpos, fruit. The fruit,
baked, resembles bread. Nat. ord., Ar-
tocnrpads [Artocarpacese]. Linn., 21-
Moiicecia i- Monandria.)
In this order we meet with such anomalies as
the invaluable bread-fruit-tree of the tropics, the
useful cow-tree of Caraccas, and the virulent
poison of the upas-tree of Java, side by side.
Stove evergreen trees. Cuttings of ripened wood
in sand, under a hand-light, and in a brisk, sweet,
bottom-heat. Loamy soil. Summer temp., 60°
to "0° ; winter, 60° to 65°. The flowers of all the
species are whitish-green.
A. inci'sa (cut-leaved). 60. South Sea Islands.
1793.
nuci'fera (nut-bearing). 50. E. Ind
1793.
— integrifo'lia (entire-leaved. Jack-tree). 60
June. E. Ind. 17/3.
— helerophy'lla (variable-leaved). 60. E.
Ind. 1778.
A 'RUM. (From aron, supposed to be
an ancient Egyptian word. Nat. ord.,
Arads [Aracesej. Linn., 2l-Moncecia 9
Polyandria.)
All are propagated by division of the roots ;
best done when the plants cease growing, in
autumn, or when they commence growing, in
spring. Sandy loam will suit the most of them ;
the stove species should have a portion of peat.
Winter temp, for them, from 50° to 60°. All are
herbaceous perennials, except where otherwise
particularized.
HARDY.
A. atro-ru'bens (dark- purple -streaked). 1.
Brown. July. N. Amer. 1758.
— bulbi'ferum (bulb-bearing). 3. Purple. April.
Bengal. 1813.
— draco'ntium (green-dragon). 1. Green. June.
N. Amer. 1759.
— dracu'nculus (common-dragon). 3. Brown-
ish-purple. July. South Europe. 1548.
— Ita'licum (Italian). 2. Light yellow. June.
Italy. 1683.
— orienta'le (eastern). 1. June. Tauria. 1820.
— pnlria'tum (hand-shaped). 2. 1825.
— pi'ctum (painted). 2. Corsica. 180(
— probosci deum (proboscis -like). 1. July.
Apenn. 1818.
— tenuifo'lium (fine-leaved). 1. White. June.
South Europe. 1570.
— triphy'llum (three-leaved). 1. Brown. June
N. Amer. 1664.
— zebri'num (zebra). 1. Brown. June. N.
Amer. 1664.
GREENHOUSE.
A. crini turn (hairy-sheathed). 1. Brown. April,
Minorca. 1777.
— ri'ngens (gaping). 1. June. Japan. 1800.
— terna'tum (three-leafleted). 1. Purple- July.
Japan. 1774.
STOVE.
A. campanula! turn (bell-shaped). 2. Purple.
May. E. Ind. 1817-
— coloca'sia (colocasia). 2. Green. Levant.
1551. Tuberous-rooted. This i? now a
genus by itself.
— divaricdtum (straggling). 2. Green. July.
E. Ind. 1759. Tuberous-rooted.
— hedera'ceum (ivy-leaved). 1. Purple. June.
W. Ind. 1793. Epiphyte.
— Tndicum (Indian). 5. Brown. China. 1824.
Evergreen.
— integrifo' Hum (entire-leaved). 3. Green.
June. 1825. Evergreen.
— lingula'tum ftongue-/ea»ed). 6. W. Ind-.
1793. Epiphyte.
— marglnu'tum (margined). 2. E. Ind". 1820
— obtusi'lobum (blunt-lobed). 2. 1824.
— Orixe'nse (Orissan). 1. Purple. June. S.
Amer. 1820. Tuberous-rooted.
— pedn'tum (pedate). 1. S. Amer. 1820.'
— pent nphy' Hum (five-leaved). 1. E. Ind. .1818.
— ramo'sum (branchy). 3. June. 1810. Ever-
green.
— sagittifo'lium (arrow-leaved). 2. 1824.
— tarmento' 'sum (runner-bearing). Brazil. J835.
— spira'le (spiral). 1. Brown. May. China. 18 16.
— triloba'tum (three-lobed). 1. Purple. June
Ceylon. 1714. Tuberous-rooted.
— auricula' turn (eared). 1. Purple. June.
Ceylon. 1714. Tuberous-rooted.
— veno'sum (vvmy-purplu-flowered). 2. Purple.
June. 1794.
APvU
[72]
ASC
AIUJ'NDO. Reed. (A wrd oi' doubtful
derivation ; perhaps from the Latin word
arundo, a reed. Nat. ord., Grasses [Gra-
minacese]. Linn.. 3-Triandria 2-Digynia.)
The " gardener's garter " of the Scotch gardens
is the A. do'nax versi'colur. In England it is
called ribbon grass, painted grass, Indian grass,
and ladies' laces. Seeds and divisions ; common
soil.
A. <&'«ar (donax). 10. Apetal. July. South
Europe. 1648.
— versi'color (striped). 3. Apetal. July. South
Europe. W348.
A'SAEUM. Asarabacca. (From a, not,
and saron, feminine ; the application not
obvious, but perhaps because too violent
a medicine for women. Nat. ord., Blrth-
worts [Aristolochiaceae]. Linn., ll-Dode-
candria \-Monoyynia.)
A. Europium is called cabaret in France, and
is said there to be used by frequenters of pot-
houses to produce vomiting. Hardy herbaceous
plants, more curious than pretty. Divisions of
the plant ; common border ; if with a little peat,
all the better.
A. arifo'lium (arum-leaved). 1. Brown. June
N.Amer. 1823.
— Canade'nse (Canadian"). 1. Brown. June.
Canada. 1713.
— Europce'um (European). 1. Purple. May.
England.
— grandifo' Hum (large-leaved). 1. Brown. May.
N. Amer. 18-20.
— Virgi'nicum (Virginian). 1. Brown. May.
Virginia. 1759.
ASCARICI'DA. (From ascaris, an in-
testine worm, and ca-do, to kill ; referring
to its virtue in medicine. Nat. ord.,
Composites [Asteracese]. Linn., IQ-Syn-
yenesia l-JEqualis.)
Allied to Heterocoma. Stove annuals; seeds
in March, in heat; common soil. Temp., 60° to
75°.
A. anthelmi'ntica (worm-killing). 1. Purple.
August. E. Ind. 1//0.
— tripline'ruia (triple-nerved). 1. Purple. No-
vember. Brazil. 1825.
ASCLE'PIAS. Swallowwort. (The Greek I
name of JEsculapius of the Latins. Nat. '
ord., Ascleplads [Asclepidacese]. Linn.,
b-Penlandria l-Monogynia.)
All hardy herbaceous and sub-shrubby peren-
nials, except when otherwise specified. The
hardy species, chiefly by division of the root in
April ; the stove and greenhouse kinds, by the
same process ; and cuttings of the young shoots,
when they begin to grow, in heat; and also
seeds, kept over, and sown in heat, in February.
Peat and loam, but most of the latter. The
*tove species will stand the winter if the tempe-
rature is not below 48°.
A. acumina'ta (long-pointed). 2. Red. July.
N. Amer. 18U6.
— amce'na (pleasing). 3. \Purple. August, N.
Amer. 1732.
— amplexicau'lis (stem-clasping). 2. Red. July.
N. Amer. 18 1 6.
A. angustifo'lia (narrow-leaved). 3. White. July.
Mexico. 1817.
— cinereit (grey). 2. Brown. July. N. Amer. 1825.
— citrifo'lia (citron-leaved). I. White. July.
S. Amer. 1818. Stove herbaceous.
— Curassa'vica (Curassoa). 3. Scarlet. July.
S. Amer. 1692. Stove herbaceous.
a'lba (white). 1. White. July. S.
Amer. Stove herbaceous.
— decu'mbens (decumbent). 2. Orange. July.
N. Amer. Stove herbaceous.
— Dougla'sii (Douglas's). l£. Ked. Autumn.
West America. 1846.
— exalta'ta (lofty). 6. Purple. July. N.
Amer. 1800.
— incarna'ta (fash- coloured). 2. Purple. July.
N.Amer. 1710.
— Una' ria (toad- flax- leaved). 2. White. July.
Mexico. 1802. Greenhouse herbaceous.
— linifo'lia (flax-leaved). 3. White. July.
Mexico. 1818. Greenhouse herbaceous.
— longifo'lia (long-leaved). 2. Pale purple.
July. N. Amer. 1816.
— Mexiea'na (Mexican). 3. White. July. Mexico.
1821. Greenhouse evergreen.
— ni'vea (snowy.). 3. White. August. N. Amer.
1730.
— obtusifo'lia (blunt-leaved). 3. Purple. July.
N. Amer. 1820.
— parviflo'ra (small-flowered). 3. White. Sep-
tember. N. Amer. 1774.
— paupe'rcula (poor). 2. Red. July. N. Amer
1817.
— phytolaccoi'des (phytolacca-like). 3. Purple.
July. N. Amer. 1812.
— polysta'chia (many-spiked). 4. White. July.
N. Amer. 1825.
— pu'luhra (fair). 2. Purple. July. N.Amer.
— purpura' scens (purplish), 3. Purple. July.
N. Amer. 1732.
— quadrifo'lia (four-leaved). 1. White, red.
July. N.Amer. 1820.
— ro'sea (rosy). 1. Red. July. Mexico. 1824.
Greenhouse herbaceous.
— ru'bra (red). 1. Red. July. Virginia. 1825.
— Syri'aca (Syrian). 4. Purple. July. S.
Amer. 162Q.
— tubero'sa (tuberous-7*oo/erf). 2. Orange. Au-
gust. N. Amer. 1680. Hardy tuber.
— variega'ta (variegated) . 4. White. July. N.
Amer. 1597-
— vesti'ta (clothed). 3. Yellowish-green. Oc-
tober. N. Amer. 1S44.
— verticilta'ta (whorl-leaved). 3. White, green,
July. N. Amer. 1759.
ASCY'RUM. (From a, not, and skyros,
roughness ; plants not hard to the touch.
Nat. ord., Tutsans [HypericaceseJ. Linn.,
\Q-Monadelphia S-Polyandria.)
All, but one, greenhouse evergreens ; cuttin gs
of small shoots, pretty hard ; placed in ve ry
sandy soil, under a bell-glass, any time during
summer; peat and loam. Summer temp., 50° to
65° ; winter, 38° to 45°.
A. amplexicau' le (stem-clasping). 2. Yellow.
August. N. Amer. 1823.
— crux-Andreet' (St. Andrew's cross). 2. Yel-
low. July. N. Amer. 1759.
— hypericoi'des (hypericum-liks). 2. Yellow.
August. N.Amer. 1/69.
— pu'milum (dwarf). 1. Yellow. July. Georgia.
1806. Half-hardy herbaceous.
-- sta'ns (standing). 2. Yellow. August. N,
Amer. 1316.
ASH
[re.]
ASP
ASHES are the remains of a substance
which has undergone burning, and are
as various in the proportions of their
components as are the bodies capable^
of being burnt. Whatever ba the sub-
stance burnt, the process should be
made to proceed as slowly as possible ;
for, by such regulation, more carbon,
or charcoal, is preserved in the ashes,
which is the most valuable of their
constituents. The simplest mode of ef-
fecting a slow combustion is to bank
the burning substance over with earth,
leaving only a small orifice, to admit the
air sufficiently to keep up a smouldering
fire.
Ashes have been usually recommended
as a manure most useful to heavy soils ;
but this is a decided mistake. As ferti-
lizers they are beneficial upon all soils ;
and they can never be applied in suffi-
cient quantity to alter the staple of a
too tenacious soil. To thirty square
yards, twenty-eight pounds are an aver-
age application ; and they cannot be put
on too fresh.
Peat-ashes contain—-
Silica (flint) 32
Sulphate of lime (gypsum) . . 12
Sulphate and muriate of soda (Glau-
ber and common salt) . . 6
Carbonate of lime (chalk) . . 40
Oxide of iron .... 3
Loss 7
They are an excellent application to
lawns, turnips, cabbages, potatoes, and
peas.
Coal-ashes contain carbon, silica, alu-
mina, sulphate of lime, iron and potash,
carbonate of lime, and oxide of iron.
They are a good manure for grass, peas,
and potatoes. Sprinkled half an inch
deep on the surface, over beans and peas,
they hasten the germination of the seed,
and preserve it from mice. They are
also used for forming dry walks in the
kitchen-dep artrnent.
Soap-boilers' ashes contain—
Silica 35.0
Lime 35.0
Magnesia 3.3
Alumina (clay) . . . . 1.5
Oxide of Iron . . . . 1.7
• Mangranese . . . 1.8
Potash (combined with Silica) . 0.5
Soda (do.) 0.2
Sulphuric Acid (combined with
Lime) 0.2
Phosphoric Acid (do) . . . 3.5
Common salt .... 0.1
Carbonic Acid (combined with
Lime and Magnesia) . . 18.2
They are good for all crops, but espe-
cially grass and potatoes.
Wood-ashes and the ashes of garden-
weeds generally contain silica, alumina,
oxides of iron and manganese, Time,
magnesia, potash, partly in the state ot
a silicate, soda, sulphates of potash and
lime, phosphate of lime, chloride of
sodium (common salt), and carbonates
of lime, potash, and magnesia, with a
considerable portion of charcoal. They
are a good application to cabbages, pota-
toes, and peas.
Turf -as lies contain silica, alumina, ox-
ides of iron and manganese, lime, mag-
nesia, sulphates of potash and lime,
phosphates of lime and magnesia, com-
mon salt, and charcoal. They have been
used beneficially to grass, onions, carrots,
beans, potatoes, and beet-root.
ASH-TREE. Fra'ximis exce'lsior.
ASIATIC-POISON BULB. Cri'num Asia'-
ticum.
ASI'MINA. (A Canadian name, not ex-
plained. Nat. ord., Anonads [Anona-
eeaBJ. Linn., I3-Polyandria Q-Polyyynia.)
A. tri'loba is a fit companion to such plants as
Da'phnes, Illl'ciums, and Di'rca palu'stris in
British gardens. Sometimes by seed, but chiefly
by layering the branches, towards the end of
summer. Peat and loam.
A. grandiflo'ra ('large-flowered). 3. White. June.
Georgia. 1820.
— parviflo'ra (small-flowered). 3. Brown. May.
N. Amer. 1806.
— pygmce'a (pigmy). 2. White. N. Amer. 1812.
— tri'loba (three-lobed- flowered) . 8. Pale purple.
August. China. 1822.
ASPA'LATHUS. (From a, not, and spuo,
to extract; in reference to the difficulty
of extracting its thorns from a wound.
Nat. ord., Leguminous Plants [Fabacese].
Linn., \.Q-Monadclphla Q-Decandria.)
With one exception, all greenhouse evergreen
shrubs. Cuttings of half-ripened wood, in April,
in sand ; placed over sandy peat, well drained,
kept shaded, and little water given, as they are
apt to damp off. Loam and lumpy peat. Temp.,
summer, 55° to 65° ; winter, 40° to 45°.
A. affi'nis (kindred). 3. Yellow. July: Cap*
of Good Hope. 1822.
— a'lbens (white). 4. White. July. Cape of
Good Hope. 1774.
— araneo'sa (cobwebbed). 3. Yellow. July.
Cape of Good Hope. 17Q5.
— arge'nteu (silvery-/eaoed). 2. Yellow. July.
Cape of Good Hope. 1759.
— asparagoi'des (asparagus-like). 3. Yellow.
July. Cape of Good Hope. 1812.
— astroi'tes (starry). 2. Yellow. July. Cape
of Good Hope. 1818.
— callo'sa (hardened). 3. Yellow. July. Cape
of Good Hope. 1812.
— ca'ndicans (whitish). '2. Pale yellow. July.
Cape of Good Hope. 1774.
ASP
[ 74]
ASP
A. carno'sa (fleshy-leaved). 3. Yellow. July.
Cape of Good Hope. 1795.
— capita'ta (head-flowered), i. Yellow. July.
Cape of Good Hope. 1823.
— ctteno'poda (goose-foot). 3. Yellow. July.
Cape of Good Hope. 1/59.
— eilia'ris (fringed). 2. Yellow. July. Cape
of Good Hope. 1/99-
— crassifrflia (thick-leaved). 2. Yellow. July.
Cape of Good Hope. 1800.
— ericifo'lia (heath-leaved). 2. Yellow. July.
Cape of Good Hope. 1789-
— guhoi'des (galium-like). 2. Yellow. July.
Cape of Good Hope. 18)7-
-- genistoi'des (broom-like). 2. Yellow. July.
Cape of Good Hope. 1816.
— globo'sa (globular). 3. Orange. July. Cape
of Good Hope. 1802.
— hi'spida (stiff-haired). 2. Yellow. July. Cape
of Good Hope. 1818.
— hy'strix (porcupine). 2. Yellow. July. Cape
of Good Hope. 1824.
— I'ndica (Indian). 3. Red. July. E Ind.
1759. Stove evergreen.
— larici'na (larch-leaved). 2. Yellow. July.
Cape of Good Hope. 1823.
— mucrona'tu (spine-pointed). 3. Yellow. July.
Cape of Good Hope. 1796.
— multiflo'ra (many-flowered). 2. Yellow. July.
Cape of Good Hope. 1818.
— peduncula'ta (long-flower-stalked). 6. Yellow.
July. Cape of Good Hope. 1775.
— quinquefo'lia (five-leaved). 2. Yellow. July.
Cape of Good Hope. 1816.
— seri'cea (silky). 2. Yellow. July. Cape of
'Good Hope. 1816.
— spinosa (spiny). 2. Yellow. July. Cape of
Good Hope. 1824.
— squarro'sa (squarrose). 2. Yellow. July.
Cape of Good Hope. 1823.
— subula'ta (awl-leaved). 2. Yellow. July. Cape
of Good Hope. 1789.
— thymifo'lia (thyme-leaved). 2. Yellow. July.
Cape of Good Hope. 1825.
— uniflo'ra (single-lowered). 3. Yellow. July,
Cape of Good Hope. 1812.
ASPA'RAGUS. (From «, intensive, and
sparasso, to tear ; in reference to the
Htrong prickles of some species. Nat.
ord., Lily worts [Liliaceae], Linn., 6-Hex-
andria l-Monoyynia.')
The A. officina'lis is well known in our kitchen-
gardens : it, as well as the other hardy kinds, is
propagated chiefly by seeds, and rejoices in rich,
light loam, well-drained. The stove and green-
house varieties are propagated chiefly by dividing
the roots, and prefer sandy loam and peat. All
herbaceous perennials, except where otherwise
specified.
HARDY.
A. ama'rns (bitter). 4. Green. July. France.
1824.
— Broussone'ti (Broussonet's). 2. Canaries.
— Dahu'ricus (Dahurian). 3. Green. April.
Dauria. 1823.
— longifo'lius (long-leaved). 3. White. July.
Siberia. 1827.
— mnri'timus (maritime). 2. Green. June.
— officina'lis (officinal). 4. Green. July. Eng-
land.
- sylvttticu* (wood). 2. Green. July. Hun-
gary. 1819.
A. tenuifo'lius (fine-leaved). Yellow. June. Hun-
gary.
-- verticllla'ris (whorl-leaved). 2. White. July.
Caucasus. 1/52.
GREENHOUSE.
A. acutifo'lius (acute-leaved). 2. Whitish-green.
Spain. 1640. Evergreen shrub, half-
hardy.
— Mthio'picus (Ethiopian). 3. White. Cape
of Good Hope. 1816. Evergreen shrub.
— a'lbus (white). 12. White. Spain. 1540.
Half-hardy.
— Asia'ticus (Asiatic). 3. White. Asia. 1759.
Evergreen shrub.
— Cape'nsis (Cape). 4. Green. April. Cape
of Good Hope. I6gl. Evergreen shrub.
— declina'tus (down -bent). 5. Whitish-green.
Cape of Good Hope. 1759. Half-hardy.
— decu'mbens (decumbent). 2. Whitish-green.
April. Cape of Good Hope. 1792.
— depe'ndens (drooping). 4. White. June.
Cape of Good Hope. 1819. Evergreen
twiner.
— grandiflo'rus (large-flowered). White. July.
Teneriffe. 1828. Herbaceous climber.
— ho'rridus (horrid). 4. White. June. South
of Europe. 1800. Half-hardy evergreen
twiner.
— la'ncens (lance- leaved). White. May. Cape
of Good Hope. 1811. Herbaceous
climber.
— larici'nus (larch-like). White. May. Cape
of Good Hope. 1816.
— Nivcnia'nus (Niven's). Whitish-purple. May.
Cape of Good Hope. 1811.
— racemo'sus (racemose). 3. Whitish-green.
E. Ind. 1808. Evergreen shrub.
— rctrofra'ctus (backwards-bent). 4. White.
July. Africa. 1759. Evergreen twiner.
— sca'ndens (climbing). 6. Green. Cape of
Good Hope. 1/95. Evergreen climber.
— Smithia'nus ( Smith's). Teneriffe. 1529- Ever-
green shrub.
— stipula'ceus (large-stipuled). 4. White. Cape
of Good Hope. 1821. Evergreen twiner.
— subula'tus (a.wl-leaved). 3. Cape of Good
Hope. 1811. Evergreen shrub.
STOVE.
A.falca'tus (sickle-leaved). 3. Whitish-green.
E. Ind. 1792. Evergreen shrub.
—flexuo'sus (zigzag). 3. Whitish-green. July.
Cape of Good Hope. 1800. Evergreen
shrub.
— surmento'sus (twiggy). 6. Whitish-green.
August. Ceylon. 1810. Evergreen twiner.
ASPA'RAGUS (Aspa'ragitt oflicina'lis} was,
by the old gardeners, called sperage, and
by the modern vulgar, grass, or sparroio-
grass. The small heads are sometimes
spoken of as sprue.
Varieties. — There are only two varie-
ties, the red-topped and the green-lopped:
the first is principally cultivated. There
are said to be a few sub-varieties, which
derive their names from the place of
their growth, and are only to be dis-
tinguished for superior sixe or flavour,
which they usually lose on removal from
their native place. The principal of
these is known as the qiant ; but this
ASP
ASP
loses its characteristics if grown in soil
less rich.
Soil best suited to this vegetable is a
fresh, sandy loam, made rich by the
abundant addition of manure. It should
be trenched from two feet to two feet
and a half deep. This depth of good,
rich soil, on a dry sub-soil, is ample to
yield the very best of heads, if the yearly
successive management be attended to.
Situation. — The bed should enjoy the
influence of the sun during the whole of
the day, as free as possible from the in-
fluence of trees and shrubs, and ranging
north and south. The sub-soil should be
dry, or the bed kept so by being founded
on rubbish, or other material, to serve as
a drain. The space of ground required
for the supply of a small family is at least
eight square perches. If less, it will
be incapable of affording one hundred
heads at a time. Sixteen perches will, in
general, afford two or three hundred every,
day, in the height of the season.
Sowing. — To raise plants, sow any
time, from the middle of February to the
beginning of April, in drills, one inch
deep, and one foot apart, if the seedlings
are to be transplanted ; but two feet apart,
if they are to remain where sown, as Mr.
Barnes does at Bictontfor the purpose of
taking up every alternate row for forcing.
He thus leaves his permanent crop on
the level ground in two rows, at four feet
distance. Between these he plants sum-
mer crops, such as French beans, lettuce,
spinach, or cauliflowers. Finer heads
are to be expected by this wide-row
system; but the most complete and
neatest way would be to line out beds,
four and a half feet wide, in which to sow
four rows of seeds, one foot apart, as
directed above, leaving three-feet alleys.
This will be found the best, for small
gardens in particular.
Culture in Seed-bed. — If dry weather,
the bed should be refreshed with moderate
but frequent waterings ; and, if sown as
late as April, shade is required, by means
of a little haulm, during the meridian
of hot days, until the seeds germinate.
Care must be taken to keep free from
weeds, though this operation should never
commence until the plants are well above
ground, which will be in the course of
three or four weeks from the time of
sowing. Sprinkle them about twice a
month with salt, and supply them once
a week with a good soaking of liquid-
manure, during the growing season. To-
wards the end of October, as soon as the
stems are completely withered, they must
be cut down, and well-putrefied' dung
spread over the bed, to the depth of about
two inches. This serves to increase the
vigour of the plants the following year.
About March in the next year thin the
plants to one foot apart ; and those re-
moved may be transplanted into a bed,
twelve inches apart, if it is intended that
they should attain another or two years*
further growth before being finally
planted out; or they may be planted
immediately into the beds, for production.
It may be here remarked, that the plants^
may remain one or two years in the seed-
bed. They will even succeed after re-
maining three; but if they continue four,
they generally fail when transplanted.
Time of Planting. — The best time is
the end of March, if the soil is dry, and
the season warm and- forward; otherwise
it is better to wait umtil the commence-
ment of April. A very determinate
signal of the appropriate time for plant-
ing is when the plants are beginning to
grow. If moved eartier, and they have
to lie torpid for two or three months,
many of them die, OF, in general, shoot
up very weak.
Construction of the Beds. — Have them
four and a half feet wide. The situation
should be fixed upon a month or two
previously to making and planting the
beds. The whole should be trenched
two feet to two feet and a half deep, and
thoroughly well manured, as the work
goes on, with rich, thoroughly-decayed:
manure. When all is trenched and ma-
nured in this way,, give a good surface-
dressing of salt, which will wash in with
rains. After lying in this way for a
month, give the whole another surface-
dressing with similar manure, and'double-
dig or trench the whole over again, leav-
ing the surface rough and open, giving
the whole another salting, and let it lie
in this way until the time for planting.
Previously to marking out the beds, the
whole should have another thorough
good digging over, making the surface
neat and even as the work goes on.
Mode of Planting. — The plants being
taken from the seed-bed carefully with a
narrow-pronged dung-fork, with as little
injury to the roots as possible, they must
be laid separately and evenly together,
for the sake of convenience whilst plant-
ASP
I 76 ]
ASP
ing, the. roots being apt to entangle, and
cause much trouble and injury in parting
them. They should be exposed as short
a time as possible to the air; and, to this
end, it is advisable to keep them, until
planted, in a basket covered with a little
sand. The mode of planting is to form
drills, or narrow trenches, five or six
inches deep, and one foot apart, cut out
with the spade, the line-side of each drill
being made perpendicular; and against
this the plants are to be placed, with
their crowns one and a half or two inches
below the surface, and twelve inches
asunder. The roots must be spread out
wide, in the form of a fan, a little earth
being drawn over each, to retain it in its
position whilst the row is proceeded
with. For the sake of convenience, one
drill should be made at a time, and the
plants inserted and covered completely
before another is commenced. When
the planting is completed, the bed is to
be lightly raked over, and its outline
distinctly marked out. Care must be
had never to tread on the beds (they are
formed narrow to render it unnecessary) ;
for everything tending to consolidate
them is injurious, as, from the length of
time they have to continue, without a
possibility of stirring them to any con-
siderable depth, they have a closer tex-
ture than is beneficial to vegetation.
Water must be given, in dry weather,
daily, until the plants are established.
The paths between the beds are to be
three feet wide. The first season after
planting the beds, a crop of radishes may
be sown upon them without very much
injury to the young plants, if the radishes
are all drawn off. early. It too often
happens that new asparagus -beds are
ruined by being pestered with other
crops ; but a row, or even two rows, of
either lettuces or spinach, may be sown
in the alleys.
Subsequent Cultivation. — Throughout
the year care must be taken to keep the
beds clear of weeds ; and, in May and
summer, apply liquid-manure twice a
week plentifully, giving a sprinkling of
salt once a month. In the latter end of
October, or commencement of November,
the beds are to have the winter dressing.
The stalks must be cut down and cleared
away; the beds cleaned, if weedy, and
carefully forked up. A thoroughly good
dressing of manure is put all over the
beds equally, and the alleys forked over
too ; whilst, for the sake of giving the
whole a finish, a line is put down each
side of the alley, the edges made up a
little, and a few crumbs from the alleys
thrown upon the beds, and the edges
marked out with the point of the spade.
The work is then done for the winter.
Spring Dressing. — In the month of
March the beds are again forked over
carefully, the manure and soil well
broken up and mixed together, and some
of the rougher parts of manure, with all
the rakings, forked into the alleys ; after
which the beds are raked over, and let-
tuces are there sown or planted in suc-
cession for the summer months.
Production. — In the May of the second
year after planting, if tbey are very
highly cultivated with liquid -manure,
cutting may commence ; but, under or-
dinary culture, cutting had better not
begin until the third year. We recom-
mend the heads to be allowed to grow
about six inches above the ground before
they are cut, and then to be cut level
with the surface. By this mode, first sug-
gested by Mr. Weaver, the whole shoot
is eatable, all risk of injuring other
rising shoots is avoided, and the flavour
is much superior to that cut when only
just rising above the surface. Cutting
should cease at the end of June, or very
early in July.
Forcing may be commenced at the end
of November. For this purpose, take up
the plants from an old bed, or others
raised purposely, when they are three or
four years old. Carefully commence on
one side one of the outer rows of the bed,
by digging out a trench, forking the earth
as much as possible from underneath the
plants, so that they may easily, and with-
out straining or injuring their roots, be
moved out entirely, by thrusting down
the fork behind them. Be very care-
ful, at the same time, that the buds
about the crowns of the plants are not
injured by the fork, or trampled upon,
or bruised in any way during their
removal. Obtaining handsome, strong
shoots depends much upon the care with
which the plants are thus handled. As-
paragus is very easily forced, and is very
productive under the treatment when
properly managed. It may be forced in
various modes through the winter ; but
those who have the command of hot
water, to give it a moderate bottom-heat,
will find this give the least trouble. It
ASP
L 77- ]
ASP
may also be grown in winter, in any
kind of forcing-house, either in boxes
filled with earth, or in a pit filled with
leaves, tan, or other fermenting materials.
Melon-pits and frames may be used for
the same purpose. The hotbed of fer-
menting materials, thoroughly well work-
ed previously to being made up into the
beds, may give but a slight heat, and. on
it may be put six inches of old tan, or leaf-
mould. Put the asparagus -pi ants into
this, and keep them, during the winter
months, about one foot from the glass.
Cover them, at first, only slightly with
the old tan, or leaf-mould ; but, in ten
days or a fortnight, add three or four
more inches of the same kind of covering.
Take care that altogether the crowns of
the plants are not covered more than five
or six inches deep. When the plants
have begun to grow freely, and the
shoots begin to appear through the sur-
face, give them some weak, slightly-
warmed, or tepid liquid-manure, adding
to each gallon of it two ounces of com-
mon salt;
Quantity to be Forced. — To keep a
supply during the winter months, com-
mencing the first week in November, use
two or three light cucumber-frames ; and
a succession al bed should be made up in
about a fortnight or three weeks after-
wards, and so on until the end of March,
taking the advantage of fine, open wea-
ther for taking up and planting.
Insects. — See CRIOCERIS ASPAEAOI.
To obtain Seed, — Some shoots should
be marked, and left in early spring; for
those Avhich are allowed to run up after
the season of cutting is over are seldom
forward enough to ripen their seeds per-
fectly. In choosing the shoots for this
purpose, those only" must be marked
which are the finest, roundest, and have
the closest heads; those having quick-
opening heads, or are small or flat, are
never to be left. More are to be selected
than would be necessary if each stem
would assuredly be fruitful ; but, as
some of them only bear unproductive
blossoms, that contingency must be al
lowed for. Each chosen shoot must be
fastened to a stake, which, by keeping it
in its natural position, enables the seed
to ripen more perfectly. The seed is
usually ripe in September, when it
must be collected, and left in a tub for
four or six weeks, for the pulp and husk
01 me uerry to decay, when it may be
well cleansed in water. The seeds sink
to the bottom, and the refuse floats, and
will pass away with the water as it is
gently poured off. By two or three
washings, the seeds will be completely
cleansed, and, when perfectly dried by
exposure to the sun and air, may be
stored for use.
ASPA'SIA. (From aspazomai, I embrace;
the column embraced by the labellum.
Nat. ord., Orchids [Orchidaceee]. Linn.,
20- Gynandria i-Monandria. )
Stove orchids, best grown in baskets containing
sphagnum, peat, and broken crocks, with char-
coal ; rather dry during winter, and moister when
growing. Summer temp., 60° to 80° ; winter, 58°
to 65°.
A. epidendroi1 dss (epidendrum-like). 1. Whitish-
yellow. Panama. 1833.
— lunu'ta (crescent-marked). Brazil. 1844.
— lu'tea (yellow). Fellow. March. Guiana. 1838.
— variega'ta (variegated-cowered). 1. Green and
yellow. February. Panama. 1836.
ASPEN. Po'pulus tre'mula.
ASPE'BULA. Woodroff. (The diminu-
tive of asper, rough ; in reference to the
rough leaves. Nat. ord., Steilates, or Star-
worts [Galiacese]. Linn., 4:-Tetrandria 1-
Monogynia.)
All hardy herbaceous plants, except where
otherwise described. Division of the plant in
March ; common soil. They do not dislike shade.
A. tricho'des from seed.
A. alpi'nu (alpine). £. White. July. Caucasus.
1820.
— Arcadie'nsis (Arcadian). £. Red. April. Ar-
cadia. 181Q.
— arista'ta (awned). 1. Yellow. July. South
of Europe. 1823.
— brevifo'lia (short-leaved). £. Purple. July.
Europe. 1825. Half-hardy evergreen
trailer.
— crassifo'lia (thick-leaved). 1. White. June.
Levant. 1775.
— cyna'nchica (cynanche-like). 1; Flesh. July.
England.
— galioi'des (galium-like). 1. White. July.
South of Europe. 1710.
Tyra'ica (Tyrian). f . White. May.
Levant. 1820.
— hirsu'ta (soft-haired). 1. White. June. Por-
tugal. 181Q.
— hi'rta (bristly). 1. Purple. July. Pyrenees.
1817-
-- inca'na (hoary). Purple. June. Crete. 1823.
— laviga'ta (smoothed). 1. White. June. South
of Europe. 1/75.
— longiflo'ra (long-flowered). 1. Yellowish-
purple. July. Hungary. 1821.
— longifo'lia (long-leaved). 1. Red. July.
South of Europe. 1820.
— monta'nu, (mountain). 1. Pink. July. Hun-
gary. 1801.
— ni'tida (glossy). 1. Pink. August. Greece.
1829.
— odora'ta (sweet-scented). 1. White. June.
Britain.
— Pyrena'ica (Pyrenean). 1. Flesh. July.
Spain. 1821,
ASP
C 78 ]
ASP
A. ri'gida (stiff), i. Red. July. Greece. 1819-
— Ka'bre. (rough). K White. July. Italy.
1824.
— scutetla'ris (skull-cap), 1. Russia. 1838.
— supi'na (supine). 1. Pink. June. Caucasus.
1821.
— tauri na (bull). 1. White. June. Italy. 1739-
— tincto'ria (dyer's). -1. Pink. July. Europe.
1764.
— tomento'sa (downy), 1. Red. July. South
of Europe. 1817,
— tricho'dfis (hairy). White. June. Persia.
1838. Hardy annual.
ASPHALT, BITUMEN, or JEW'S PITCH, is
found floating on the Dead Sea, and else-
where. It becomes very hard by expo-
sure to the air ; and its name has been
appropriated to various artificial prepara-
tions, all of which owe their properties
to the boiled gas-tar which enters into
their composition. Thus the asphalt felt
is rendered waterproof for shed-roofing,
<fec., by being soaked in that tar; and
asphalt walks are most dry and excellent
when made as follows:— Take two parts
of very dry lime -rubbish, and one part
voal-ashes, also very dry, and both sifted
flue. -In a dry place, on a dry day, mix
them, and leave a hole in the middle of
the heap, as bricklayers do when making
mortar. Into this pour boiling-hot coal-
tar ; mix, and, when as stiff as mortar,
put it three inches thick where the walk
is to be. The ground should be dry, and
beaten smooth. Sprinkle over it coarse
sa-nd ; when cold, pass a light roller over
it, and in a few days the walk will be
solid and waterproof.
ASPHO'DELUS. Asphodel. (From a,
not, and sphallo, to supplant ; the stately
flowers not easily surpassed. Nat. ord.,
Lily worts [Liliacese]. Linn., Q-Hexan-
dria \-Monogynla.)
Hardy herbaceous perennials, except where
otherwise specified. Dividing the roots, except
the stove annuals, which may be raised from
s«\ed. Grown in any common soil. J. inter-
me'diug requires the protection of a cold pit
in winter ; temperature for it at that period,
33° to 45°.
A. cesti'vus (summer). 2. White. July. Spain.
1820.
— a'lbus (white). 2. White. April. South of
Europe. 1820.
— Asia'ticus (Asiatic). White. June. Levant.
1824.
— capilla'ris (hair-teawed). 4. Pale yellow. June.
South of Europe. 1312.
— claoa'tus (club-seeded'). 1. White. July. E.
Ind. 1808. Stove annual.
— Cre'ticus (Cretan). 2. Yellow. June. Can-
dia. 1821.
— ,/towfo'fiKS (pipe-stalked). 2. White. August.
South of Europe. 1596.
interme'diMS (intermediate). 2. White. July.
Canaries. 1822. Half-hardy perennial.
A. lu'teus (vellow). 3. Yellow. June. Sicily.
1596.
— microca'rpus (small-podded). Dalmatia. 1831.
— proli'ferus (proliferous). 1. White. August.
Armenia. 1824. Hardy annual.
— ramo'sns (branchy). 2. White. April. South
of Europe. 1551.
— Sibi'ricus (Siberian). 2. Pale yellow. May.
Siberia. 1829.
— Tau'ricus (Taurian). 3. White. June. Tauria.
1812.
— tenu'ior (slenderer). 2. White. July. Si-
beria. 1824.
ASPIDIO'TUS. See Co'ccus.
ASPIDI'STRA. (From aspidiseon, a little
round shield ; shape of flower, or, proba-
bly, in reference to the mushroom-shaped
stigma by which Aspidistras are charac-
terised. Nat. ord., Lily worts [Liliacesej.
Linn., 8-Octandria l-Monoyynia.)
Stove herbaceous perennials, more curious than
ornamental ; suckers ; common soil. Summer
temp., 60° to 75° ; winter, 50° to 60°.
A. ela'tior (taller). 2. Brown. October. Japan
1835.
variega'ta (variegated). 2. Brown. Oc-
tober. Japan. 1835.
— lu'rida (lurid). 1. Purple. July. China.
1832.
— puncta'ta (dotted). 1. Purple. March.
It is questionable whether these would
not all be hardy in the south of England.
Aspr*DiUM:. Shield Fern. (From as-
pidion, a little buckler ; the shape of the
spores or seed-apparatus. Nat. ord.,
Ferns [Polypodiaceae]. Linn., 2±-Cryp-
toyamia l-Filices.)
Spores or seed, and division of the roots,
chiefly the latter ; doing so before they begin to
prow freely. Shady situation; loam and peat.
The greenhouse and stove kinds should have their
appropriate treatment ; those of the latter should
not have the temperature lower than 50° in win-
ter. See FERNS for general culture.
HARDY.
A. alpi'num (alpine). 1. Brown. July. South
of Europe. 1825.
— atoma'rium (atomed). 1. Brown. July. N.
Amer. 1820.
— bulbi'ferum (bulb-bearing). 1. Brown. July
N. Amer. 1638.
— dmta'tum (toothed). 1. Brown. June. Wales.
— dilata'tum (widened-crested). 2. Brown. June.
Britain.
— dumeto'sum (thicket). 1. Brown. July.
Britain.
— ffn'gile (brittle). 1. Brown. July. Britain.
— Haltc'ri (Haller's). Brown, yellow. April.
Switzerland. 1824.
— irri'guum (plashy). 2. Brown. July. Britain.
— monta'num (mountain). 1. Brown. June.
Switzerland. 1819.
— re'gium (royal). 1. Brown. July. Britain.
— Rhte'ticum (Rhsetian). £. Brown. June.
Britain.
GREENHOUSE,
A. x'mulum (rival). 2. Brown. July. Madeira.
ASP
AS?
STOVE.
A. ala'tum (winged). Brown, yellow. July. E. Ind.
— cicutu'rium (cowbane-like). 2. Brown. July.
Jamaica. 1820.
— decu'rrens (decurrent). 2. Brown, yellow.
May. Island of Luzon.
— exalta'tum (lofty). 4. Brown. July. Ja-
maica. 1793.
— gra'nde (grand). Brown, yellow. May. Is-
land of Luzon.
— heracleifo'lium (cow-parsnip -leaved.1. Yellow.
June.
— Hooke'ri (Hooker's). Brown, yellow. June.
W. Ind. 1812.
— indivi'&um (whole-leafed). 2. Brown. July.
Jamaica. 1824.
— latifo'lium (broad-leaved). Brown, yellow.
May. Island of Luzon.
— macrophy'llum (large-leaved). 3. Brown.
August. W. Ind. 1816.
— pa' tens (spreading). 2. Brown. July. Ja-
maica. 1784.
— pectina'tum (comb-like). 1. Brown. July.
W. Ind. 1820.
— pu'ngens (stinging). Brown. W. Ind.
— repu'ndum (wavy-leaved). Brown July. Is-
land of Luzon.
— rhizophy'Uum (root-leaved). £. Brown. July.
Jamaica. 1820.
— Singaporia'num (Singapore). Brown, yellow.
April. Malacca.
— trapezoi'des (trapezium-like). 1. Brown.
July. Jamaica. 1824.
— trifolia'tum (three-leaved). 2. Brown. July.
W. Ind. 1/69.
By some botanists a new genus has
been created, under the name of Athy'-
rlum, merely to include our Lady-Fern,
and some others which they think only
varieties of it; but we have referred
them all to the genus Nephrodium.
ASPLE'NIUM. Spleen wort. (From a,
not, and splen, spleen ; referring to its
supposed medicinal properties. Nat. ord.,
Ferns [Polypodiacese]. Linn., %±-Cryp-
togamla l-FUices. )
For general management see ASPI'DIUM and
FERNS. In propagating from the spores on the
back of a leaf, prepare a pot well-drained, with
some peaty soil ; shake the spores all over it ;
cover with a square of glass ; and set the pot in a
shady place until the plants are up.
HABDY.
A. adia'ntum-ni'grum (black adiantura). X
Brown. August. Britain.
— alternifu1 Hum (alternate-leaved). 1. Brown.
July. Scotland.
— angustifo'lium (narrow-leaved). 1. Brown.
July. N. Amer. 1812.
— athy'rium (athyrium). 2. Brown. August.
N. Amer. 1823.
— ebe'neum (ebony-stalked) . 1. Brown. July.
N. Amer. 1779.
— fi'lix-fasfmina (female fern). 2. Brown. April.
Britain.
~—fonta'num (fountain). 1. Brown. July. Eng-
land.
— Halle'ri (Haller's). 1. Browu. July. Switz-
erland. 181 Q.
veolii'twn (lanceolate). 1. Browa. Au-
gust, Engiaua.
A. mari'num (sea). 1. Brown. July. Britain
— melanofiau'lon (black-stalked), l. Brown.
July. N. Amer. 1812.
— Michau'xi (Michaux's). 2. Brown. August.
N. Amer. 1823.
— monta'num (mountain). 1. Brown. July. N.
Amer. 1812.
— rhixophy'llum (rooting-leaved). f . Brown.
July. N. Amer. 1680.
— ru'ta-mura'ria (wall-rue). $. Brown. July.
Britain.
— septentrionu'le (northern). 1. Brown. July.
Britain.
— ihelypteroi'des (thelypteris-like). 1. Brown.
July. N. Amer. 1823.
— trichtfmanes (maiden-hair). £. Brown. July.
Britain.
— vi'ride (green). 1. Brown. June. Britain.
GREENHOUSE.
A. acu'tum (acute). 2. Brown. April. Teneriffe.
1818.
— ambi'guum (doubtful). 1. Brown. W. Ind.
— alterna't urn (tapering). 1. Brown. July. N.
Holland. 1824.
— bulbi'ferum (bulb-bearing). 1. Brown. July.
New Zealand. 1820.
— Canarie'nse (Canary). Brown. July. Canaries.
1824.
— de'ntex (sharp-toothed). Brown. June. Cape
of Good Hope. 1790.
— diffo'rme (irregular). 1. Brown. August. N.
Holland. 1823.
— dioersifu'lium (various-leaved). 2 Brown. June.
Norfolk Islands. 1831.
— falca'tum (sickle-formed). 1. Brown. July. N.
Holland. 1825.
—fi'ssum (cleft-fronds). Brown. April. Hungary.
1825.
—flabellifu'lium (fan-leaved). 1. Brown. July.
N. Holland. 1820.
— fla'ccidum (feeble). New Zealand. 1823.
— Madere'nse (Madeira). 1. Brown. July. Ma-
deira. 1828.
— mona'nthemum (one-flowered). 1. Brown. July.
Cape of Good Hope. 1/90.
— obtusa'tum (blunt-/ronded). 2. Brown. July.
N. Holland. 1824.
— palmu'tum (hand-shaped), f. Brown. July.
South of Europe. 1816.
— Petrarchce (Petrarch's). 4- Brown. August.
France. 1819.
— polyo'don (many-toothed). New Zealand. 1843.
Shephe'rdii (Shepherd's). 1. Brown. August.
N. Holland. 1820.
STOVE.
A. ala'tum (winged). 1. Brown. W, Ind.
— auri'tum (eared). 1. Brown. September. S.
Amer. 182Q.
— biauri'tum (two-eared). 1. Brown. July. W.
Ind.
— biparti'tum (equal-parted). 2. Brown. August.
Jamaica. 1820.
— bisefcttim (bisected). 2. Brown. July. Jamaica.
1821.
— Brazilie'nse (Brazilian). 1. Brown. July.
Brazil. 1822.
— calophy'ltum (beautiful-leaved). Brown. June.
Island of Luzon.
— cicuta'riurn (cowbane-like). 1. Brown. Au-
gust. W. Ind. 1820.
— crena'tum (round-notched). Brown. Septem-
ber. Brazil. 1835.
— cultrifu'lium (knife-leaved). 1. Bcown, W.
Ind. 1820.
ASS
[ 80
AST
A cimea'tum( wedge-shaped). 1. Brown. Sep-
tember. W. Ind. 1832.
— denta'tum (toothed). 1. Brown. July. W.
Ind. 1820.
— depre'ssum (depressed). 1. Brown. August.
— dimidia' turn (halved). Brown. September. W.
Ind. 1827.
— elonga'tum (elongated). Brown, yellow. June.
Malacca. 1840.
— ero'sum (jaj?ged-teaued). Brown, yellow. June.
W. Ind.
—formo'sum (beautiful). 1. Brown. June. W.
Ind. 1822.
— fra'grans (fragrant). 1. Brown. August. Ja-
maica. 1793.
— la'rteum (milky). Yellow. April. W. Ind.
— toft urn (&y). 'W. Ind.
— long'issimum (longest). Brown. May. Ara-
lacca. 1840.
— lu'cidum (shining). Yellow. May. W. Ind.
— ni'dus (bird' s -nest). 2. Brown. August. E.
Ind. 1820.
— obtusifo'lium (obtuse-leaved). |. Brown. Ja-
maica. 1838.
— oligophy'llum (few-leaved). Brown. Brazil.
1841.
— oti'tes (otites). 1841.
— persicifo'lium (peach-leaved). Brown. Island
of Luzon.
— planicau'le (smooth-stalked). E. Ind. 1841.
— preemo'rsum (jagged-pointed), g. Browu. Au-
gust. Jamaica. 1793-
— pu'lchrum (fair). Brown. June. Jamaica.
- pu'milum (dwarf). 1. Brown. July. W. Ind
1833.
-- ra'dicans (rooting). 1. Brown. June. W. Ind.
1820.
— rese'ctum (shredded). 1. Brown. July. Mau-
ritius. 1820.
— rhixo'phorum (root-bearing). 1. Brown. Au-
gust. Jamaica. 1/93.
— sali'cinum (willow-like). 1. Brown. May. E
Ind. 18*9.
-salicifo'lium (willow-leaved). 1. Brown. June.
W. Ind.
— scrra'tum (s&vr-leaved). 2. Brown. August.
W. Ind, 1793.
— serrula'tum (minutely-toothed). Brownish-
yellow. June. India.
— scolopendroi'des (hart's-tongue-like). Brown.
July. Island of Leyte. 1S40.
— stria,1 turn (striated). 1. Brown. August. W.
lud. 17Q3.
— sulca'tum (furrowed). Brown. July. W. Ind.
1827.
— vittaifo'rme (ribbon-like). Brownish-yellow.
Island of Luzon.
— vivi'parum (viviparous). 1. Brown. August.
Mauritius. 1820.
— zamaefo' Hum (zamia-leaved). 2. Brown. Jri?,
Caraccas. 1820.
ASSAM TEA. The'a Assame'nsis.
ASSO'NIA. (After the Spanish hotanist,
Ignatius de Asso. Nat. orcl., Byttneriads
[Byttneriacese]. Linn., 16-Monadelphia
7-Decandria.)
Stove trees. Cuttings in sand, in heat, under
a plass ; sandy loam. Summer temp., 60° to 75° ;
winter, 50° to 60°.
A. popu'lnea (poplar-feared). 10. White, Bour-
bon. 1820.
— vidurnoi'des (viburnum -like). 11. White.
Bourbon. 1822.
ASTA'RTEA. (A classical name,
Astarte, a goddess of the Assyrians anu
Sidonians, called in Scripture Ashtarotti.
Nat. ord., MyrthUooms [MyrtaceseJ.
Linn., IS-Polyadelphia 2-Polyandria.)
A greenhouse shrub. Cuttings of small shoots,
half-ripe, in sandy soil, under a bell-glass, and
kept shaded for a time; sandy loam and peat.
Summer temp., 55° to 65 ; winter, 35° to 45°.
A. fascicula'ris (bundle-lowered). 3. N. Holland.
ASTE'LMA. (From a, not, and stelma,
a crown ; in reference to the construction
of the fruit. Nat. ord., Composites [Aster-
acese]. IAnn.,I9-Syngenesia 2-SitperJlua.)
Allied to Helichrysum. Greenhouse evergreen
shrubs ; all natives of the Cape of Good Hope.
Seeds sown in a gentle heat; cuttings in sand,
under a belt or hand-glass ; sandy, lumpy peat,
well-drained. Summer temp., 50? to 65°; winter,
40° to 48°.
A. cane'scens (hoary). 2. Purple. June. 1794.
— exi'mium (fine). 3. Crimson. July. 1/93.
— fra'grans (fragrant). 2. Pink. July. 1803.
— imbrica'tum (imbricated). 2. White. August.
1820.
— milleflo'rurn (thousand-flowered). 1 . Pale pur-
ple. July. 1802.
— reto'rtum (twisted-back). 1. White. July.
1732.
— speciosi' ssimum (showiest). 8. White. August.
1691.
— spira'le (spiral-leaved). 2. White. September.
1801.
— Stcehe.li'na (Stsehelina-like). 2. White. 1801.
— viiri^ga'tum (variegated). 2. Brown, white.
June. 1801.
ASTE'PHANUS. (From a, without, and
Stephanos, a crown ; in reference to the
stamens; Nat. ord., Asclepiads [Aclepia-
dacese]. Linii., 5-Pentandria Z-Diyynia.)
Greenhouse twining evergreen plants ; division
and cuttings ; peat and sandy loam. Winter
temp., 40° to 45°.
A. linea'ris (linear). 4. White. July. Cape of
Good Hope. 1816.
— triflo'rus (three-flowered). 4. White. July.
Cape of Good Hope. 1816.
ASTER. Starwort. (From aster, a star.
The flowers of Composites, or Starworts,
are called florets, and, being collected to-
gether on a receptacle, as in the daisy or
dahlia, the rays of their circumference,
resemble stars. Nat. ord., Composites [As-
teracese]. Linn., iQ-Synyenesia 2* Super-
flua.)
To this family we are indebted for many of our
autumn ornaments in our flower-borders. The
greenhouse species are evergreen shrubs, propa-
gated by cuttings, under a hand-glass, in sandy
peat, and flourishing in peat and loam. The
hardy species are deciduous herbaceous plants,
propagated by division, and flourishing in com-
mon garden-soil.
HARDY.
A. abbrevia'tus (shortened). 2. Blue. August-
N. Amer.
AST
[81 ]
AST
A. a'cris (acrid). 2. Blue. August. South of
Europe. 1731.
— acumlnatus (long-pointed). 2. Pale red. Sep-
tember. N. Amer. 1M)6.
— adulteri'nus (false). 3. Violet. September.
N. Amer.
— <z;*tt'rwr(summer). 2. Blue. July. N. Amer.
1776. Labrador Starwort.
— a'lhus (white). 3. White. August. N. Amer.
— alpi'nus (alpine). 1. Purple. June. Europe.
1658.
-flo're-a'lbo (white-flowered). 1. White.
July, Europe. 1828.
ramo'sus (swuK-branchy). 1. Blue. June.
Europe.
— AUa'icus( Altaic). 1. Blue. June. Siberia. 1804.
— Alwarte'nsis (Alwart). 1. Red. May. Cau-
casus. 180/«
— ame'llus (amellus). 2. Purple. August. Italy.
1596. Italian Starwort.
angustifo' lius (narrow-leaved). 2. Pale
blue. August. South of Europe. 1596.
— antelloi'des (amellus-like). l£. Violet. July.
Podolia. 1824.
— amplexicau 'Us (stem-clasping). 3. Blue. Oc-
tober. N. Amer.
— amygdali'nus (almond-leaved). 2. White. Au-
gust. N. Amer. 175Q.
— arge'nteus (silver-leaved). 1. Purple. August.
N. Amer. 1801.
— artemisiifio'rus (wormwood - flowered). 3.
White. September. N. Amer.
— bellidiflo'rus (daisy-flowered). 3. Pale red.
September. N. Amer.
— Bessara'bit-us (Bessarabian). Purple. Septem-
ber, Russia. 1834.
— biflo'rus (two-flowered). 1. Violet. August.
Caucasus. J 820.
-~ bla'ndus (charming) 2. Pale blue. October.
N. Amer. 1800.
— bi'culor (two-coloured). 3. White, yellow.
August. N. Amer. 1759-
~ Cabu'licus (Cabul). 3. Pink. August. CabuL.
1842.
— cane'scens (hoary). 2. Violet. September.
N. Amer. 1812. Hardy biennial.
— ca'nus (hoary-leaved). 2. Purple. August.
Hungary. 1816.
— Cas&iara'bicus (Arabian cassia). 2. Pink.
September. Russia. 1834.
— Cauca'slcus (Caucasian). 1. Purple. July.
Caucasus. 1804.
— ciUa'tus (fringed). 3. White. September.
N. Amer.
— conci'nnus (neat). 2. Purple. October. N.
Amer. 1800.
— co'ncolor (one-coloured). 1. Purple. October.
N. Amer. 1759.
— conyzoi'des (conyza-like). 1. White. Sep-
tember. N. Amer. 1"/S.
— eordifa'litts (heart-leaved). 2. Blue. July.
N. Amer. 1759.
— coridifo'lius (coris-leaved). 1. Pale blue.
October. N. Amer.
— cornifo'lius (cornus-leaved). 3. White. Oc-
tober. N, Amer.
— corymbo'sus (corymbed). 2. White. Octo-
ber. N. Amer. 1765.
— cyu'tuus (bright blue). 3. Blue. September.
N. Amer. 17^9.
— deserto'rum (desert). 2. Blue. July. Si-
beria. 1820.
~diffu'su*( diffuse). 2. White. October. N.
Amer. 1777.
-•• divurica' tus (straying). 2. White. Sep-
le.uber. N. Amer. 1800.
fi
A. dracunculoi'des (tarragon-like). 3. White.
November. Tauria. 1811.
— dumo'sus (bushy). 3. White. October. N.
Amer. 1734.
— e'legans (elegant). 2. Blue. September.
1790.
— e'minens (eminent). 2. Light. October. N.
Amer.
virgi'neus (pure- white-rayed). 3. Whitish-
yellow. September. United States.
— ericoi'des (heath-like). 3. White. Septem-
ber. N Amer. 1758.
— fi'rmus (firm). 6. Red. .August. N.Amer.
1816.
— floribu'ndus (many-flowered). 4. Purple.
September. N. Amer.
—foliolo'sus (small-leafy). 3. Purple, blue. Oc-
tober. N. Amer. 1732.
—folio'sus (leafy). 3. White. September. N.
Amer. 1/99.
—fra'gilis (brittle). 2. Flesh. September.
N. Amer. 1800.
— grafcilis (slender). 1. Green. August. N.
Amer.
— graminifo'lius (grass-leaved). 2. Pale purple.
October.
— grandifldrus (great-flowered. Catesby's Star-
wort). 2. Blue. November. N. Amur.
1720.
— grave'olens (strong-smelling). 2. Arkaru-as.
1826.
— heterophy' llus (various-leaved). 3. White.
August. N.Amer. 1811.
— hi'spidus (bristly-s^/ced). 1. White. Sep-
tember. China. Ia04.
— hu'mUis (humble). 1. VVuite. September.
N.Amer. 1699.
— hyssopifo'lius (hyssop-leaved), 2. Pale purple.
September. N. Amer. 16S3.
— Ibe'ricus (Iberian). 2. Purple. August.
Iberia.
— inci'sus (cut- leaved). 2. Blue. August.
Siberia. 1818.
— inuloi'des (inula-like). 1. Red. August.
Nepaul.
—ju'nceus (rush-like). 4. Flesh. September.
N. Amer. 1758.
— IfBvigu'tus (smooth-stemmed). 3. F^esh. Sep«
tember. N. Amer. 1/94.
— Ice'vis (smooth). 2. Blue. September. N.
Amer. 1758.
— lanceola'ius (spear-headed). 4. White. Sep-
tember. N.Amer. 1811.
— la'xus (supple-stalked). 2. White. October.
N. Amer.
— laxiflo'rus (loose-flowered). 4. September.
N. Amer.
— llnarifo'lius (savory-leaved). 1. Pale blue.
September. N. Amer. 1699.
— linifo'lius (flax-leaved). 2. White. July.
N. Amer. 1739.
— longifo'lius (long-leaved). 3, White. Oc-
tober. N. Amer. 1798.
— Lusita'nicus (Spanish). 1. Blue. June. Spain.
1826.
— luxu'rians (luxuriant). 5. Blue. September.
N. Amer. Igl6.
— macrophy'llus (large-leaved). 2. White. Au-
gust. N. Amer. 1739.
— margina'tus (bordered). 1. Violet. July.
New Granada. 1827.
— monta'mts (mountain). 1. August. Carolina.
— mult fit}' rus (many-flowered). 3. White. Sep-
tember. N. Amer. 1732.
— muta"illis (changeable). 2. Purple. fep»
t.-.mber. N. Amer. 1/19,
AST
[8SJ
AST
A, myrlif(i>liut (myrtle-leaved). 2. Whits. Au-
gust. 1812.
— ncinora'lis (grove). 1. Lilac. August. N.
Amer, 17/8.
— No'vce AngHaf (New England). 6. Purple.
September. N. Amer. 1710.
ru'ber (red-flowered), 6. Red. July.
N.Amer. 1812.
— AV»t Be'lgii (New York). 4. Purple, blue.
September. N.Amer. 1710.
— niidifto'rus (naked-flowered). 1. Purple. Au-
" gust. N. Amer.
— oblongifo'lius (oblong- leaved). 2. Lilac. July.
N. Amer. 1797-
— pa'llens (ode-flowered). 3. Violet. Septem-
ber. N. Amer.
— paliido'sus (marshy). 3. Blue. August. N.
Amer. 1784.
— panicula'tus (panicled). 4. Blue. Septem-
ber. N. Amer. 1640.
— Panno'nicus (Hungarian). 2. Violet. July.
Hungary. 1815.
— na'tens (spreading-/*rtim*). 2. Purple. Oc-
tober. N. Amer. 1773.
— pauciflo'rus (few-flowered). 1. White. Sep-
tember. Missouri.
— pe'ndutus (down-hanging). 2. White. Sep-
tember. N. Amer. 1758.
— peregri'nus (foreign). 1. Blue. July. N.
Amer.
— phlogifo'lius (phlox-leaved). 2. Violet. Sep-
tember. N. Amer. 1/97.
— pilo'sus (downy) . 2. Pale blue. September.
N. Amer. 1812.
— plantagineefo'lius (plantain-leaved). 1. White.
August. N. Amer.
— polyphy'llus (many-leaved), 3. White. Sep-
tember. N. Amer.
— preea'ltus (very tall). 6. Vermilion. Sep-
tember. N. Amer. 1800.
— prce'cox (e*f\y-floa'ering). 2. Violet. July.
N. Amer. 1800.
— prenanthui'des (prenanthes-like). 3. Blue.
September. N.Amer. 1821.
— pulche'llus (pretty). 1. Purple. June. Ar-
menia.
— pulche'rrimus (prettiest). 2. Blue. Septem-
ber. N. Amer. 1800.
— puneta'tus (dotted). 3. Violet. August. Hun-
gary. 1815.
— puni'ceus (red-stalked)* 8. Blue. September.
N. Amer. 1710.
demi'ssus (dwarf). 2. Blue. Septem-
ber. Gardens. 1820.
— Pyrenee'us (Pyrenean). 2. Violet. July.
Pyrenees.
— ra'dula (rasp-tea»<?rf). 2. White. October.
N. Amer. 1785.
— ramo'sus (swa//-branchy). 1. Purple, red.
June. N. Amer. 181 6.
— recurva'tus (bent-back). 3. Pale blue. Au-
gust. N. Amer. 1800.
— retic'ita'tus (netteA-leaved). 3. White. July.
N. Amer. 1812.
— rigi'dulus (stiffish). 3. Blue. September. N.
Amer. 1816.
.-ri'gidus (stiff-leaved). 1. Purple. Septem-
ber. N. Amer. 1/59.
— rivula'ris (river-side). 3. White. August.
N.Amer. 1820.
— rubricuu'lis (red-stemmed). 4. Purple. Sep-
tember. N. Amer. 1815.
— saglttaefo'lius (arrow-leaved). 2. Flesh.
June. N.Amer. l~6o.
— saiieifu'lius (vrillow-leaved). 6. Flesh. Sep-
tember. N. Amer. 1760.
A, sali'gnus (sallow-leaved), 6. White. Sep-
tember. Germany. 1815.
— sangui'neus (bloody). 3. Blue. September.
N. Amer.
— Schrebe'ri (Schreber's). 4. White. August.
N. Amer.
— sero'tinus (\zte-flowering. Michaeimas-daisy).
3. Blue. August. N. Amer.
— sessiliflo'rus (stalkless-flowerfid). 5. lied.
October. N. Amer. 1700.
— Sibi'ricus (Siberian). 2. Blue. August. Si-
beria. 1/68.
— Sifckime'nsis (Sikkim). 3. Bluish-purple. Oc-
tober. Sikkini, Himalaya. 1850.
— si'mplex (single-stemmed). 3. Whitish-purple.
September. N. Amer.
— solidaginoi'des (solidago-like). 2. White.
August. N. Amer. 1699.
— sparsiflo'rus (scattered-flowered). 3. Pale
purple. October. N. Araer. 1758.
— spectttfbilis (showy). 2. Blue. August. N.
Amer. 1777.
— spu'rius (spurious). 4. Blue. September.
N.Amer. 1/89.
— squarro'sus (squarrose). 2. Blue. June.
N.Amer. 1801.
— stellula'tus (small-star-like). 2. Violet. June.
Van Diemen's Land'. 1823.
— stri'ctus (straight). 1. Violet. October. N.
Amer. 1806.
— subula'ttu (awl-shaped). 2. Pale blue. Sep-
tember. N. Amer.
— surculo'sus (spriggy). 2. Purple. August.
N. Amer.
— tardiflo'rus (late-flowered). 2. Blue. Sep-
tember. N. Amer. 17/5.
— Tata'ricus (Tartarian). 1. White. August.
Tartary. 1818.
— tenuifo'lius (slender-leaved). 3. White. Au-
'gust. N.Amer. 1723.
— tomento'sus (woolly). 2. Pink. July. N.
S.Wales. 1/25.
— tortifo'lius (twisted-leaved). 1. Purple. Sep-
tember N. Amer.
— Tradesca'nti (Tradescant's). 3. White. Au-
gust. N. Amer. 1633.
— trine'rvis (three-nerved). 2. White. August.
Nepaul. 1818.
— Tripo'lium (Tripoly-Sea starwort). 2. Blue.
August. Britain.
— undula'tus (wave-leaved). 3. Purple. Sep-
tember. N. Amer. 1699-
— versi' 'color (various-coloured). 3. White,
purple. August. N. Amer. 1790.
— vimi'neus (twiggy). 3. Blue. September.
N. Amer. 1800.
GREENHOUSE.
A. aculea'tus (prickly-leaned). 2. White. June.
N. Holland. 1818.
— angustifo' lius (narrow-leaved). 6. Pale blue.
July. Cape of Good Hope. 1804.
— argophy'llus (silvery-leaved). 10. White. July.
Van Diemen's Land. 1 804.
— Caroliniu'nus (Carolina). 8. Purple. Sep-
tember. Carolina.
— cymbala'ria (ivy- leaved). 2. White. Sep-
tember. Cape of Good Hope. 1786.
— erube'scens (blushing). 3. Red. June. N.
Holland.
— exaspera' tus (roughened). 3. White. May.
Cape of Good Hope. 1823.
— filifo'lius (thread-leaved). 3. White. May.
Cape of Good Hope. 1S12.
— fruticulo'sus (rather shrubby). 1. Blue. May,
Cape of Good Hope. 1759.
AST
AST
A. lira tus (riffid-steramed). 3. White. June.
N. S. Wales. 1812-
— myrsinni'des (myrsine-like). 3. Pale purple.
May. N. Holland. 1825.
— obtusa'tus (blunt-leaved). 4. White. June.
Cape of Good Hope. 1793.
— pluriflo'rtis (many-flowered). 2. White. June.
Cape of Good Hope. 1/59-
— rcfle'xus (bent-back-teawed). 3. Crimson.
July. Cape of Good Hope. 1/59.
— seri'ceus (silky-/ea»ed). 3. Blue. August.
Cape of Good Hope. 1786.
— tene'llus (delicate). 1. Blue. August. Cape
of Good Hope. 1/69. Greenhouse
biennial.
— villo'nu (long-haired). 4. White. May. Cape
of Good Hope. 1812.
ASTERACA'NTHA. (.From aster, a star,
and acantha, & spine; referring to the
disposition of the spines. Nat. ord.,
Acanthads [Acanthacese]. Linn., \<L-Didy-
namia 2-Angiospermia. Allied to Barleria.)
Greenhouse herbaceous perennial. Division
and seeds ; sandy loam. Winter temp., 38° to
45°.
A. longifo'lia (long-leaved). 2. Yellow. July.
Egypt. 1781.
ASTEEOCE'PHALUS. (From aster, a star,
and kcphale, a head ; in reference to the
seed. Nat. ord., Teazleworts [Dipsacacese] .
Linn., <L-Tetrandria \-Monogynia.}
It seems useless to divide the species from Sca-
bious. Annuals, from seed; perennials, from
seed, or cuttings, under a hand-giass ; common
soil. All hardy, except where otherwise specified.
ANNUALS.
A. atropurpu'reus (dark purple). Brown. July.
E. Ind. 1629.
a'lbus (white). White. July. E. Ind.
1629.
ca'rneus (flesh-coloured). 3. Flesh. July.
E. Ind. 1629.
proli'ferus (proliferous). 3. Purple. July.
E. Ind. 1629.
ro'seus (rose-coloured). 3. Red. July. E.
Ind. 1629.
variega'tus (variegated). 3. Variegated.
July. E. Ind. 1629.
— -BzeAersfci'm£(Bieberstein's). 1A. Pink. July.
Iberia. 1823.
— grandiflo'rus (great-flowered). 3. White. July.
Barbary. 1804.
— Legione'nsis (Leon). 14. Pink. July. Spain.
1820.
— mart' timus (sea). 2. Purple. July. Italy. 1683.
— negle'ctus (neglected). l£. Red*. June. Ger-
many. 1825.
— Palcesti'nus (Palestine). 1. Citron. July. Pa-
lestine. 1771.
— pectina'tus (comb-leaved). 1$. Violet. July.
Arabia. 1824.
— proli'ferus (many-suckered). 1. Yellow. July.
Egypt. 1683.
— rota'tus (Wheel-shaped). U. Pink. July. Ibe-
ria. 1823.
— swra'tilis (rock). l£. Pink. July. Spain. 1827.
— Si'culus (Sicilian), i. Pink. July. Sicily. 1783.
— si-mplex (simple). 2. White. July. South of
Europe. 1820.
- steUattus (starry), 14. Blue. July. Spain. 1596.
PERENNIALS.
. Africa'nus (African). 6. White. Augu*t.
Africa. 1690. Greenhouse evergreen shrub.
- agre'stis (field). Purple. August. Hungary. 1818.
- alti'ssimus (very tall). 5. Blue. August. Africa.
1819. Greenhouse evergreen shrub.
amce'nus (pleasant). Purple. June. 1820.
arge'nteus (silvery). White. August. Levant.
1713.
- Banna'<icMs(Bannatic). 3. Pink. July. Hun-
gary. 1802.
a'lbus (white-lowered). 3. White. July.
Gardens.
- canc'scens (hoary). 1. Lilac. July. Hungary.
1802.
capilla'ttts (long-haired). 2. Violet. July. 1820.
- Cauca'sicus (Caucasian). 1. Blue. June. Cau-
casus. 1803.
ceratophy'llus (buckthorn-leaved). 2. Red.
July. Italy. 1826.
- columba'rius (pigeon-co/o«red). 1. Purple,
July. Britain.
- commuta'tus (changed), 1. Blue. July. Sibe-
ria. 1826.
•crena'tus (scolloped). 2. Flesh. August.
Italy. 1825.
- Cre'ticus (Cretan). 1. Purple. June. Crete.
1596. Greenhouse evergreen shrub.
•e'legans (elegant). 1. Light blue. June. South
of Europe. 1813.
- graminifo'lius (grass-leaved). 1. Blue. July.
Switzerland. 1683.
- Gramu'ntius (Gramont). 1. Light blue. July.
South of Europe. 1596.
- holoseri'cew (all-silky). 1. Blue. July. Pyre-
nees. 1818.
•inca'nus (hoary). 1. Red. July. Europe.
1826.
- intei-me'dius (intermediate). l£. Blue. July.
South of Europe. 1824.
•/se*e'wsw(Isetsk). 1. White. July. Siberia.
1801.
- lu'cidus (shining). 2. Blue. Dauphiny. ISflfl.
- lu'teus (yellow). 2. Yellow. June. Russia. 1820.
-lyra'tus (lyrate - leaved}. 1. Purple. July.
Turkey. 1799. Greenhouse herbaceou s
perennial.
- micra'nthus (small-flowered). 1. Pink. July.
Armenia. 1825.
- molli'ssimus (softest). 2. White. June. Italy.
1820.
- ni'tens (glittering). June. Azores. 1779-
- ochroleu'cus (yellowish-white). 1. Yellow. July.
Germany. 1517.
-paucise'tus (few-bristled). Straw. July. South
of Europe. 1827.
- Pyrena'icus (Pyrenean). 1. Purple. July.
South of France. r819.
- rupe'stris (hill). 1. Pink. July. Caucasus. 1824.
-rutcefo'lius (rue-leaved). 1. Scarlet. July.
Sicily. 1804.
- Scopo'lii (Scopoli's). 2. Straw. July. South
Europe. 1819.
- seti'ferus (bristle-bearing). 2. White. July.
France. 1826.
- silenifo'lius (silene-leaved). 1$. Red. July.
Hungary. 1826.
- tomento'sus (woolly). 1$. Blue. July. Spain.
1827.
- Ucra'nicus (Ukraine). 1, Light yellow. July.
Ukraine. 1795.
- urceola'tus (jagged). 3. Yellow. July. Bar-
bary. 1804.
- Webbin'nus( Webb's). $. White. July. Mounf.
Ida. 1818.
AST
C 84 ]
AST
ASTI'LBE. (From a, not, and stilbe,
brightness; flowers not very striking.
Nat. ord., Saxifrages [Saxifragacese].
Linn., 10-Decandria 2-Digynia.)
Hardy herbaceous perennial. Divisions; peat
and a few pebbles.
A. deca'ndra (ten-stameued). 2. White. June.
Carolina. 1812.
ASTRA'GALUS. Milk Vetch. (An ancient
Greek name for some leguminous plant.
Nat ord., Leguminous Plants [Fabaceae].
Linn., Yi-Diadelphia ±-Decandria.)
All hardy, except where otherwise specified.
Annual species, seed, in common, sandy soil, in
March. Perennial herbaceous species, division ot
the plant. T!ie under-shrubs, cuttings, under a
hand-light common, sandy soil for all.
ANNUALS.
A. cegi'ceras (goat's-horn-/;odded). 1 . Pale yellow.
July. 1818.
— alope'cias ,'sea-fox). 3. Yellow. June. Siberia.
— annula'ris (ring-formed). lj. Purple. July.
Egypt. 1800. Trailer.
Ba>iticus(B'<etic). 1. Pale yellow. July. South
of Europe. 1759- Trailer.
— brachy'ceras ( short- horned-pmWed). i- Yel-
low. July. Tauria. 1828.
— bu'ceras (ox-horn-podded). 1. Pale yellow.
July. 1818. Trailer.
— canalicula'tus (channel-podded). 2. White.
July. 1816.
- carvoca'rpus (nut-podded). 1. Purple. July.
Spain. 1800. Biennial.
— ci'cer (vetch). 2. Yellow. July. Europe. 1570.
— contortuplica'tus (twisted-plaited). 1. Pale
yellow. July. Siberia. 1764. Trailer.
crucial tus (cross-formed). 1|. Violet. July.
1820. Trailer.
-- cymbaica'rpus (boat-podded). *. White. July.
Spain. 1800. Trailer.
— glu'ux (milkwort). 4- Purple, July. Spam.
1596.
— Intoi'des (lotus-like). £. Red. August. China.
— Mareo'ticus (Mareotic). 4- Lilac. July. Egypt.
1817. Trailer.
— Nuttallia'nus(Nutta.\l's). 4. Blue. July. Ame-
rica. 1820. Trailer.
— oxiglo'ttis (sharp-tongue-Jeawed). 4- Blue.
July. Tauria. 1817- Trailer.
— pentaglo'ttis (five-tongued). 4. Purple. July.
Spain. 1739. Trailer.
- r»ticula'ris (netted). Blue. July. Iberia. 1828,
— scorpioi'des (scorpion-like-podded). 1. Pale
blue. July. Spain. 1816.
— sesa'meus (sesame-like). 1. Pale blue. July
South of Europe. 1816. Trailer.
— triangula' ris (three-angled). 1. Pale yellow
July. 1818.
— tribuloi'des (tribulus-like). 4. Purple. July
Egypt. 1817. Trailer.
— trime'stris (three-monthly). 4. Pale yellow
July. Egypt. 1/30. Trailer.
~ trimo'rphus (three-formed). 4. Purple. July
South of Europe. 1816. Trailer.
PERENNIALS.
A. ncutifo'Kns (pointed-leaved). 4- July. Switzer-
land. 1826.
— adsu'rgens (arising). £. Purple. July. Si-
beria. 1820.
! _
adsu'rgens prostru'tus (prostrate). £. Purple.
July. Siberia. 1818. Trailer.
udu'ncus (hooked). 1. Purple. July. Cau-
casus. 181Q.
alopecuroi'des (fox-tail-likeX 2. Light yellow.
July. Spain. U3/.
annuody'tes (sand-viper). \. White. July.
Siberia. 1820. Evergreen under-shrub.
oreno'«u«(wnd). 1. Blue. July. Germany.
1798. Trailer.
arista! tus (awned). 1. Purple. July. Pyrenees.
179!. Evergreen.
• a'sper (rough). 3. Pale yellow. July. Astracan.
1/96.
. Austn'acus (Austrian). ^. Pale blue. July.
Austria. 1640.
• Baicalefnsis (Baical). 1. August. Yellow. Si-
beria. 1830.
- Bayone'mis (Bayonne). £. Purple. July.
France. I*l6.
-brachyca'rpus (short-podded). l£. Purple.
July. Caucasus. 1820. Trailer.
- breviflafrus (shorc-novvered). i- Purple. July.
Armenia. 1826. Half - hardy ever-
green.
Buchtorme'nsis (Buchtorm's). 4. Yellow. Si-
beria. 1818.
Canade'mis (Canadian). 14. Pale yellow. July.
N. Amer. 1732.
calyci'mtt (long-calyxed). August. Caucasus.
1S19.
eaprVnus (gOAt-scented). 1. Pale yeUow. July.
Barbary. 1583.
capita? tus (headed). 1. Pale yeUow. July.
Levant. 1759.
Carolinid'nus (Carolina). lj. Greenish-yellow.
July. N.Amer. 1732.
Caucu'sicus (Caucasian). 4. White. July.
Caucasus. 1824. Evergreen.
• Chine'nsis (Chinese). 1. Pale yellow. July.
China. 1795. Greenhouse.
• chlorosta'chys (green-spiked). 3. Greenish-
yellow. September. Nepaul. 1824.
• Christia'nus (Christian). 3. Pale yellow. July.
Armenia. 1737. So called by Diosco-
rides, because a native of the birth-land
of Christianity.
— Dahu'ricus (Dahurian). f. Purple. June.
Dahuria. 1822.
— dasya'nthus (hairy-flowered). I.June. Hun-
gary. 1819-
dasygio'ttis (thick-tongue-leaved), i- Purple.
July. Siberia. 1818.
— deprefsmu (depressed). *. Pale yellow. July.
Europe. 1772. Trailer.
— di/a'sus (wide-scattered), 4. Pale yellow. July.
Caspian. 1820.
— Donia'nus (Don's). 4- Purple. July. Nepaul.
1818. Trailer.
— emargin'i'tus (nicked-leaf). 1. Pale yellow.
July. South of Europe. 1825.
— epiglo'ttis (heart-podded). ^. Pale yellow.
July. South of Europe. 173". Trailer.
— e.rsca'pus (scapelew). 4- Yellow. July. Hun-
trary. 182/.
— falca'tus (sickle-podded; hairy -podded}. 3.
Greenish-yellow. July. Siberia.
— falcifo'rmis (gickle-shaped). lj. Pale yellow,
July. Algiers. 18! 6.
— fruticn'sus (shrubby). 14. Violet. July. Si-
beria. 1804.
— g«te^(/rai»(goat's-rue-&p«£). -2. Yellowish-
green. June. Siberia. J7-9-
— gluciphylluSfdes (glyciphyllus-like. Liquorice
milk-vetch). 1. Pule yellow. July. Si-
beria. 1818. Trailer.
AST
AST
(sweet-leaved), 3. Yellowish-
July. Britain. Trailer.
srra'ci Us (slender). $» Purple. June. N.Araer.
1821.
haiicu'cubus (kettle-calyxed). $. Pale yellow.
May. Armenia. 1806.
hamo'sus (hook-podded}. 1 . Pale yellow. July.
Spain. 1683. Trailer.
macroca'rpus (large -fruited). £. Pale
yellow. June. South of Europe. 1820.
Trailer.
hypuglu'ttis (tongue-under-tongue). £. Pur-
ple. J-uly. Britain. Trailer.
a'lbus (vihiie-Jlowered). $. White. June.
Gardens. Trailer.
hymenuca'rpus (membranous-podded). 4.
Yellow. July. Russia. 1835.
inca'nus (hoary). £. Purple. July. Montpelier.
1759.
injla'tus (swollen). 1. Purple. July. Mendoza.
1327.
lactifiu'rus (milk-flowered). Striped. June. Si-
beria.' 1832.
lani'gerus (wool-bearing). £. Yellow. June.
E^ypt. 1791.
La.r/rttf'/mi(Laxuiann's). 1. Purple. August.
Siueria. 1814. Trailer.
leonti'ttits (lion-tail;. £. Blue. July. Austria.
1815. Trailer.
leptophy'llus (fhie-leaved). £. White. July.
Barbary. 1811.
Isucoplice1 us (dusky). 4. Whitish-yellow. July.
1776. Trailer.
linearifo'lius (linear-leaved). 1. Purple. July.
Siberia. 1780.
longifiu'rits (long-flowered). £. Yellow. July.
Tartary. 1806.
macroce'phulus (large-headed). 4. Yellow.
June. Caucasus. 1831. Trailer.
ma'ximus (greatest-/«;r-£arf). 3. Yellow. June.
America.
melilotoi'des (melilot-like). 3. Purple. June.
Siberia. 1785.
micfa'nthus (small-flowered;. 1. Pale yellow.
July. 1800.
microphy'llus (small-leaved). 1. Yellow. June.
Siberia.- 1773.
Mompessula'nus (Montpelier). 1. Purple.
July. France. 1/10. Evergreen trailer.
u'llrus (white). 1. White. July. South of
Europe. Evergreen trailer.
Narbun^imis (Narboniie). 3. Pale yellow.
July. South of Europe. 1789.
neglefctus (neglected). £. July. Siberia. 1826.
odora'tus (sweet-scentea). 2. Pale yellow.
July. South of Europe. 1820.
onobrychioi'des (saiutfoin-Uke). 1. Purple.
July. Iberia. 1819.
unobry'chis (purple-spiked). 14. Purple. July.
Austria. lt)40. Trailer.
oto'pterus (ear-winged). 1, Pale blue. July.
Altai. 1817.
Palla'sii (Pallas's). $. Purple. July. Caspian.
1818.
palle'scens (palish). 1. Pale yellow. June.
Siberia.
physo'des (inflated). |. Purple. July. Siberia.
1/59.
platyphy'llus (broad-leaved). 1. Pale yellow.
July. Siberia. 1824. Trailer.
Po'nticus (Pontic). 2. Pule yellow. Tauria.
1820.
pote'rium(yotcnum). £. White. July. Levant.
1640. Evergreen.
procu'mbens (lying-down). l£. Yellowish-
blue. May. Chili. 1832. Hall-hardy.
A. purpu'reus (purple). $. Purple. July. South
of France. 1820. Trailer.
— re'ptans (creeping). 4. White. July. Mexico.
1818. Greenhouse evergreen creeper.
— Schanginia'nus (Schang's). 1. White. Siberia.
1832.
— semibitocula'ris (half-two-celled). 1^. Pale
yellow. July. Siberia. 1804.
— ste'llu (star-podded). 4. Blue. July. South
of Europe. 1658; Trailer.
— stipulu'tus (/rtr^-e-stipuled). 1. Yellow. June.
Nepaul. 1S22.
— subttla'tus (awl-shaped), f . Purple. July. Si-
beria. 1820.
— succule'ntus (succulent). 1. Purple. July. N.
Amer. 1327.
— sulca'tus (furrowed). 4. Light blue. July. Si-
beria. 1785.
— sylvi'colus (wood). America. 1831. Trailer.
— Tau'ricus (Tauriaii). *. Purple. July. Tauria.
1826.
— testicula'tus (egg-shaped). 4, Fleshy-white.
July. Tauria. 1»18.
— tomentu'sus (woolly-leaved). 3. Pale yellow.
July. Egypt. 1800. Half-hardy.
— tntgacu'ntha (great-goat's-thorn). Pale yellow.
July. South of Europe. lo'iU. Ever-
green.
— tu'midus (swelling). 4. Pale yellow. July.
Egypt. 1816. Evergreen.
— uligino'sus (marsh). 2. Pale yellow. July. Si-
beria. 1752.
— u'triger (bladder-bearing). $• Yellow. July.
Russia. 1818.
— veiiieu'rius (bladder -calyxed). \. Whitish-
yellow. July. Europe. 1737. TraUer.
— wimi'neus (rod-like). &. Purple. July. Siberia.
1816.
— virga'tus (twiggy). 3. Violet. July. Siberia.
1806.
— vulpi'nus (fox). 2. Light yellow. July. Cau-
casus. 1815.
ASTKA'KIHUS. (From astron, a star, and
atit/ws, a flower ; in rei'erence to the star-
like divisions of the flower. Nat. ord.,
Homaliads [HomaliaceseJ. Linn., S-Oc-
tandrla \-Monogyiiia.)
Greenhouse evergreen shrub ; cuttings in sandy
soil, under a glass ; rich, light loam. Teiup., oUa
in summer ; winter, 4u° to 45°.
A. Co'chin-Chine'nsis (Cochin-Chinese). 4. White.
July. China. 1823.
ASTEA'NTIA. Masterwort. (From astron,
a star, and anti, comparison; rei'erring to
the disposition of the flower-umbels. .Nat.
ord., UmbelilJ'ers [Apiacese]. Linn., o-
Pentandria 2-Dit/yniu. )
Allied to Sanicula. Hardy herbaceous peren-
nials ; dividing the plant in March, April, or Oc-
tober ; sandy loam.
A. Bieberstei'nii (Bieberstein's). 2. May. Cau-
casus. 1835.
— Carniu'lica (Cornioline). 1. Striped. June.
Carniola. 1812.
— Cauca'sica (Caucasian). 4. Pink. July. Cau-
casus. 1818.
— ma'jor (greater). 2. Striped. June. Alps, Eu-
rope. 1596.
— ma'xima (greatest). 2. Pink. July. Caucasus.
1804.
AS'
86 ]
ATE
A. mi'nor (smaller). A. Pink. June. Switzerland.
1686.
— paucijiu'ra (few- flowered). £. White. July.
"Sicily. 1820.
ASTRAP/E'A. (From astrape, lightning ;
in reference to the brightness of the
flowers in India. Nat. ord., Byttneriads
[Byttneriacese]. Linn., Q-Monaddpliia
1 -bodecundria.)
Formerly arranged erroneously with Stercuiiads.
Stove evergreen trees ; cuttings of young wood in
April, in sand, under a bell-jjlass, in heat; loam
and peat. Summer temp., b'j° to 80°; winter, 55°
to 65^.
A. tiliafo'lia (lime-tree-leaved). 20. Isle of Bour-
bon, 1824.
— visco'sa (clammy). 30. Pink. Madagascar. 1823.
— Walli'chii (Wallich's). 20. Pink. July. Mada-
gascar. 1820.
ASTROCA'RYUM. (From astron, a star,
and fcaryon, a nut ; referring to the dis-
position of the fruit. Nat. ord., Palms
[PalmaceaB]. Linn., 21-Moncecia G-Hex-
andria. )
Allied to Cocos. Stove palms ; seed in hotbed,
in spring ; rich loam. Summer temp., 65° to 75° ;
winter, 55° to 60°.
A. acau'le (stemless). 10. Brazil. 1820.
— aculea'tum (prickly). 40. Guiana. 1824.
— campe'stre (field). 10. Brazil. 1826.
— Munimu'ru (Murumuru). 40. Brazil. 1825.
— nrstra1 turn (beak-sheathed). 10. White. Bahia.
— vnfga're (common). 30. Brazil. 1825.
ASTKOLO'BIUM. United to Ornithopus.
ASTROLO'MA. (From astron, a star, and
loma, a fringe ; in reference to the bearded
fringe on the flowers. Nat.ord.,.E/>acnds
[Epacridacea?]. Linn., 5-Pentandria 1-
Monogynia.)
Greenhouse evergreen shrubs. Young cuttings,
firm at their base, in sand, under a bell-glass ;
sandy loam and turfy peat. Winter temp., 40°
to 48°.
A. denticulu! turn (finely-toothed). 1. Pale red.
N. Holland. 1826.
— humifu'sum (trailing). 1. Scarlet. July. N. S.
Wales. 1807.
ASTY'RIA. (From a, not, and steiras,
sterile ; referring to the absence of bar-
ren stamens, one-half of these being
barren, generally, in this order. Nat. ord.,
Byttneriads [Byttneriaceae]. Linn., 16-
Monaddphia b-Octandria.}
Allied to Dombeya. Stove evergreen shrubs ;
cuttings in saud, under a beil-glass, in heat ; peat
and sandy loam. Summer temp., 60° to 85°;
winter, ftS0 to 60°.
A. ro'sea (rosy). Pink. May. Mauritius. 1843,
ASYSTk'siA. (From a, without, and
stackys, a spike, the inllorescence ; not in
spikes, as is often the ease in Acanthads.
Nat. ord., Acanthads [Acanthaceee]. Linn.,
^^.-Didynamia. 2-Anqivsvermia.}
| Stove evergreen shrub; cuttings of young
shoots in April, in sandy soil, under a bell-glass ;
peat and loam, with a little sand, and, when vi-
gour is required, a little dried cowdung. Sum-
mer temp., 60° to 80° ; winter, 50° to 55°.
A. Coromandelia'na (Coromandel). Purple. Sep-
tember. India. 1845.
ATALA'NTIA. (A classical name, after
Atalanta, daughter of Schoanus, King of
Scyrus. "She being wearied with the
importunities of her suitors, consented
to have the man that could outrun her.
Hippo'menes did so by the help of Ve-
nus's golden apples. He cast three be-
fore her, and she lost ground in gather-
ing them." The fruit is golden-coloured.
Nat. ord., Citron worts [Aurantiacese].
Linn., IQ-Decandria I-Honoyynia.)
Stove evergreen shrub ; cuttings in heat, under
a bell-glass ; sandy loam and peat.
A. monophy'lla (one-leaved). 4. White. July. E.
Ind. 1/77-
ATAMASGO-LILY. Zephyra'nthus Ata-
ma'sco.
ATHANA'SIA. (From a, not, and tha-
natos, death ; in reference to the flowers
being what is called " everlasting." Nat.
ord., Composites [Asteracerel. Linn.,
19-Syngenesia 1-JEqualis.}
Greenhouse evergreens ; all natives of the Cape
of Good Hope. Cuttings of half-ripe wood in
spring, in sand, under a bell-glass ; loam and
peat, but most of the former. Winter temp., 40°
to 45°; summer, 60° and upwards.
A. canefscens (hoary). 3. Yellow. July. 1820.
— capita'ta (headed). l£. Yellow. March. 1/74.
— crena'ta (scolloped). 2. Yellow. July.
1816.
— crithmifo'lia (samphire-leaved). 2. Yellow.
July. 1723.
— cuneifu'lia (wedge-leaved). 2. Yellow. July.
1816.
— denta'ta (toothed). l£. Yellow. July. 1759.
— filifo'rmis (thread-shaped;. 2. Yellow. Au-
gust. 1787-
— longifu'lia (long-leaved). 2. Yellow. July.
1800.
— parviflu'ra (small - flowered). 2. Yellow.
April. 1731.
— pectina'ta (comb-leaved). 14. Yellow. July.
177*.
— pinna'ta (pinnate). 14. Yellow. July. 1818.
— pubefscens (downy). 6. Yellow. July. 1768.
— puncta'ta (dotted). 3. Yellow. June. 1822.
— to'mento'sa (woolly-leaved). 2. Yellow. May.
177*.
— tricu'spis (three-pointed). 3. Yellow. July.
1816.
— trifurca'ta (three-forked-teaued). 3. Yellow.
July. 1710.
— virgafta (twiggy). 1. Yellow. July. 1815.
ATELA'NDRA. (From atalos, soft, and
aner, an anther. Nat. ord., Labiates or
Lipworts [Lamiaoese]. Linn., li-Didy-
namia 1-Gymnospermiu. Allied to Wes-
tringia.)
ATH
[87]
ATP,
Greenhouse evergreen shrub. Cuttings of half
ripened wood in sand, under a bell-glass; loam
and peat. Winter temp., 40° to 45°.
A. inna'na (mouldy-looking). Slate. Swan River.
ATHAIJA SPINAUUM. The Turnip Saw-
fly. "The grub of this insect — known
as the Black Caterpillar, Black Canker.
Black Palmer, Negro, and Nigger, or
Black Grub — sometimes destroys thou-
sands of acres of our turnips. Its body
is cylindrical, as thick as a crow-quill,
about half an inch long, greenish-black,
with a darker line down the back ; then
a line of dull, yellowish-grey, and a third
of dark slate. Underneath, the body is
paler; it is wrinkled, and the head is
black. When alarmed, this grub curls
itself together in a somewhat spiral form.
They feed on the leaf of the turnip,
leaving nothing but its largest ribs, from
the middle of August until about the
same period of October. They never
attack the Swedish turnip. "When full
grown, the grubs bury themselves just
below the surface of the earth, each
forming a small, oval cocoon of earth,
formed into a paste with a gummy mois-
ture from its mouth. It remains in the
chrysalis state until July, when the per-
fect insect, or Turnip Saw-fly, comes
forth. Our drawing represents it magni- 1
fwd, the natural size being shown by the i
cross lines. It is the Athalia centifoHte \
of some, and A. spinarum of other na-
turalists. Its colour is bright orange,
head black, upper lip pale yellow, anten-
iite black, thorax has two large dark spots,
and other dark marks are about the body
and wings. On small plots of turnips
the black grub may be easily removed by
hand-picking, and from larger breadths
by turning upon, them some broods of
ducks." — (Cottage Gardener, hi. 149.)
ATHEROPO'GON. (From ather, an awn,
and porjon, a beard ; in reference to its
bearded awns. Nat. crd., Grasses [Gra-
minaceae]. Linn., %'3-Poli/ffanfia 1-Mo-
ncecia. Allied to Chloris.)
A hardy perennial grass 5 seeds and division ;
common soil.
A. aphidoi'des (aphida-like). f. Apetal. August.
South Europe. J76&.
ATHEROSPE'RMA. (From ather, an awn,
and sperma, seed; seeds awned. Nat.
ord., Plum-Nutmegs [Atherospermacese].
Linn., 21-Monoccia 8-Icosandria.)
This beautiful New-Holland tree attains the
great height of 150 feet, and has the aspect of a
stately conifer, with a girth of 6 to 7 feet. The
colonists make a pleasant tea- beverage from the
bark, either dried or in a green state. " Its
effects are, however, slightly aperient." — Back-
house. Greenhouse evergreen tree ; cuttings ;
"oam and peat, Winter temp., 40° to 50°.
A. moscha't-t (musk). White. June. N. Hol-
land. 1824.
ATIIRI'XIA. (From a, not, and thrix, a
lair; the receptacle being destitute of
lairs. Nat. ord., Composites [Asteracese].
Linn., Iti-Syngenesia, 2-SuperJlua. Allied
to Leyssera.)
Greenhouse evergreen ehrub; cuttings of rather
young wood, under a bell-glass, in sandy soil ;
lumpy loam and peat. Winter temp., 40° to 45°.
A. Cape'nsis (Cape). 3. Red. ApriL Cape of
Good Hope. 1821.
ATMOSPHERE. See AIR.
ATRA'GENE. (From at/iron, pressed,
and yenos, birth ; in reference to the man-
ner in which the branches clasp their
supports. First applied by Thebphrastus
to our Traveller's Joy — Cle'matis vita'lba,
Nat. ord., Crowfoots [Ranunculaceae],
Linn., 13-Polyandria 6-Polyyynia.)
Hardy deciduous climbers; seeds when pro-
curable ; sown in a cold pit, and pricked off into
other pots as soon as up ; layers in summer and
autumn ; cuttings in spring and summer, under
a hand-light ; common soil.
A. America'na (American). 15. Purple. June.
N. Amer. 1/97-
obli'qua (.unequal-sided). 15. Purple.
June. N. Amer. 1797.
— Austri'aca (Austrian). 8. Brown, yellow.
July. Austria. 1792.
— macrope'tala (large-petaled). Russia. 1831.
— occidenta'lis (western). JO. July. 1818.
— Ochote'nsis (Ochotsk). 12. White. June. Si-
beria. 1818.
— Sibi'rica (Siberian). 12. Whitish -yellow. July.
Siberia. 1753.
A'TRIPLEX. Orach, or Arach. (From
ater, black, and plexus, woven together ;
on account of the dark colour and habit
of some of the species. Nat. ord., Cheno-
pods [Chenopodiacese], Linn., 23-Poiy-
gamia l-Moncccia.)
A. hn'Umus is a hardy evergreen shrub, rather
ornamental, and A.portuianoi'desis a hardy under-
shrub ; but the species most deserving notice if.
ATP,
AUPt
A. hortcjnsis, Garden Orarh. Se° ORACH. There
aie many other species quite unueaerving the
notice of the gardener.
A'TKOPA. Nightshade. (Named after
Atropos, one of the three Fates, in refer-
ence to its poisonous qualities.)
We introduce this native weed (A'tropa bella-
do'nna), for the purpose of warning country
people from eating its berries, fatal accidents
frequently occurring in consequence. The berries
are at first green, but become black and juicy.
ATTALE'A. (From attains, magnificent;
in reference to the beauty of these palms.
Nat. ord., Palms [Palmacese]. Linn., 21-
Moncecia 9-PoiyeatAia, Allied to Cocos.)
Stove palms. Seeds ; rich, loamy soil. Sum-
mer temp., 65° to 80° ; winter, 55° to 60°.
A. co'mpta (decked). 22. Brazil. 1820.
— erceVsa(tall). 70. Brazil. 1826.
—funi'fera (rope). 40. Brazil. 1824.
— hu'milis (humble). 10. Brazil. 1820.
— Ro'ssii (Ross's). 20. Brazil. 1825.
— specio'sa (showy). 70. Brazil. 1826.
— specta'bilis (remarkable). -70 Brazil. 1824*
AUBRIE'TIA. (Named after M. Aubtiet,
a French botanical draughtsman. Nat.
ord., Crucifers [Brassicacese]. Linn.,
\§-Tetr adynamia. Allied to Arabis.)
Hardy everprreen trailers. Dividing in spring
or autumn ; cuttings under a hand-glass, in sandy
ooil ; any dry soil.
A. deltoi'dea (three-angled). $. Purple. April.
Levant. 1710.
— hesperidiflo'ra (hesperis-flowered). $. Purple.
March. South Europe- 1823.
— purpu'rea (purple). £. Purple. April. Greece.
1820.
AU'CUBA. (The name of the shrub in
Japan. Nat. ord., Cornels [Cornacese].
Linn., 2l-Moncecia 4. Tetrandria.)
Cuttings in spring and autumn, in any light
soil, without covering ; common soil, if drained ;
Stands the smoke of towns well. It is sometimes
called the Variegated Laurel.
A. Japo'nica (Japan-blutch-leaved), 6. Apetal.
June. Japan. 1783.
AUDIBE'KTIA. (Named after M. Au-
dibert, a noted nurseryman of Taraseon.
Nat. ord., Labiates [Lamiacesej. Linn.,
2-Diandria \-Monogynia. Allied to
Monarda.)
Hardy evergreen. Seeds, in March or April ;
common soil.
A. inca'na (hoary). 1$. Pale blue. August.
Columbia. 1827.
AUDOUI'NTA. (Named after Audouin,
a celebrated entomologist. Nat. ord.,
Bruniads [Bruniacete]. Linn., 5-Pen-
tandria 1-Monogynia.)
Greenhouse evergreen under-shrub. Cuttings
of half-ripen'ed wood, in sand, under a bell-glass ;
peat and loam. Winter temp., 45°.
A. capita'ta, (headed\ 14. Purple. June.
Cape of Good Hope. 179'J,
AU'LAX. (From anlax, a furrow: in
reference to the furrowed under side of
the leaves. Nat. ord., Proteads [Protea-
cese.j. Linn., 22-Dia>cia ±-Tetrandria.)
Greenhouse evergreen shrubs. Ripe cuttings,
in sandy soil, under a bell glass ; loam and peat.
Winter temp., 46° to 50°.
A. pinifo'lia (pine-leaved). 2. Yellow. August.
Capeiof Good Hope. 1780.
— umbella'ta (umbelled). 2. Yellow. July.
Cape of Good Hope. 1774.
AUKI'CULA. (Pri'mula auricula.) The
Bear's Ear, or Mountain Cowslip.
The varieties of this flower are very
numerous, and their numbers are annu-
ally increased. They are divided into
five classes. 1. Green-edged; 2. Grey-
edged ; 3. White-edged ; 4. Selfs, or one-
coloured ; and, 5. Alpines, which have
the outer edge of the petals shaded by
a mixture of two colours, not separated
into distinct bands of colour, as in the
edged varieties ; and the paste round the
tube is yellow, instead of white, as it is
in the edged and selfs.
"As florists have several terms relative
to the Auricula, which may not be under-
stood by every amateur, we may as well
explain that the thrum is a collective
name for the stamens in the very centre
or tube of each flower. Paste, in the
edged and self varieties, is the •white
colour next round the edge of the tube,
or eiye, of the flower : it is yellow in the
Alpines. Ground-colour is the next
colour to this on the petal, being the
distinctive colour of the variety. Edye
is the outer colour of all, forming the
border of the flower. A Pip is the single
flower, and a Truss is several pips, with
their several footstalks springing from
one stem common to them all.
" The properties of the Auricula may
be divided into two series, namely, those
of the single pip, and those of the single
plant.
" The Pip. — 1. Should be circular, large,
with petals equal, firm, fleshy, smooth at
the edges, without notch or serrature,
and perfectly flat.
"2. The centre, or tube, should not ex-
ceed one-fourth of the diameter of tho
pip ; it should be of a fine yellow or lemon
colour, perfectly round, well filled with
the anthers, or thrum, and the edge
rising a trifle above the paste, or eye.
" 3. The paste, or eye, should be per-
fectly circular, smooth, and of a dense;,
pure white, without crack or blemish,
AUR
[89 ]
AUR
forming a band not less than half the
width of the tube, aad encircling it.
"4. The ground-colour should be dense,
whole, and form a perfect circle next the
eye. The brighter, darker, or richer the
colour, the better the flower ; but, if it be
paler at the edges (where they are parted
into five), or have two colours or shades,
it s a fatal defect.
" 5. The margin, or outer edge, should
be a clear, unchangeable green, grey, or
white, and be about the same width as
the ground-colour, which must in no part
go through to the edge. From the edge
of the paste to the outer edge of the
flower should be as wide as from the
centre of the tube to the outer edge of
the paste. In other words, the propor-
tions of the flowers may be described by
drawing four circles round a given point,
at equal distances ; the first circle forming
the tube, the second the white eye, the
third the ground-colour, and the fourth
the outer edge of the flower; and the
nearer they approximate to this (except
that the ground-colour, which may be a
little broader than the other bands, and
the green or grey edge, may run into each
other in feathery points), the better the
flower. The colours should not be liable
to fly, as is the defect of Stretch's Alex-
ander, the colours of which fade in three
or four days.
" Of the Plant. — 1. The stem should
be strong, round, upright, elastic, bearing
the truss upright without support, and
from four to seven inches high, so as to
carry the truss well, but not too high
above the leaves.
" 2. The length and strength of the
foot-stalks of the pips should be so pro-
portioned to the number and size of
these, that all the pips may have room
to show themselves, and to form a com-
pact, semi-globular truss of flowers, not
less than five, though we prefer seven in
number, without lapping over each other.
The pips should be all alike in colour,
size, and form, so as not to be easily dis-
tinguished from one another; for, other-
wise, the unity and harmony of the truss
will be destroyed, and, although ever so
beautifully formed, would appear as if
taken from different sorts of Auricula.
An Auricula ought to blow freely, and
expand all its pips at the same time ; for,
by this means, the colours in them all
will appear equally fresh and lively ;
whereas, in those trusses that do not
open some of th^. pips till others have
passed their prim^, the whole appearance
of the truss is impaired.
" 3. The truss is improved if one or
more leaves grow, and stand up well
behind the bloom ; for it assists the truss,
and adds much to the beauty of the
bloom, by forming a green background.
"4. The foliage, or grass, should be
healthy, well-grown, and almost cover
the pot." — Gard. and Florist, i. 45.
" We are of opinion that all these cri-
teria are founded upon the dictates of
correct taste; but, as these excellencies
are never combined in one variety, and
as some, being equals in many qualities,
are mutually superior in others, the ques-
tion constantly arises, at Auricula exhibi-
tions, as to which variety has the prepon-
derance of merit. Now, we are clearly
of opinion that form, including in this
the relative proportions of the colours on
the pips, the half-globular form of the
truss, the number of pips, &c., is by far
the most striking excellence in an Auri-
cula. Next to this we should place the
harmony, or, as we should prefer, the
agreeable contrast, or complemental as-
sociation of the colours.
" Of the Pairs. — Auriculas are usually
exhibited two specimens together, or ' in
pairs.' These should be of equal height
and size in all their parts, leaves as well
as blooms ; for it is offensive to the eye
to see a dwarf by the side of a tall-
growing specimen. It is also desirable
that the colours should differ ; thus, a
green-edged and a white-edged, a dark
ground-colour and a light ground-colour,
should go together. But we do not at-
tach so much importance to this diversity
of colour as some judges do. We think
it should have no weight further than
that, if two competing pairs are exactly
of equal merit in other respects, the
prize should be awarded to the pair of
best-contrasted colours. But the slight-
est superiority in any characteristic of
the pip or truss, we think, ought to pre-
vail over this mere matter of taste ; for
the other characteristics are evidences of
better cultivation." — (The Cottage Gar-
dener, iii.)
Propagation is effected by taking slips
from, and dividing roots of, approved
varieties, after the seed has ripened, in
July and August, and by the seed itself.
Raising Varieties. — The parent plants
should be vigorous ; and, before the pipd
AUE
AUK
of the mother-plant are quite open, cut
off the anthers of all of them with a
pair of sharp-pointed scissors, cover with
a hand-glass, dust the pistil with pollen
from the father-plant, and keep the
hand-glass over as before, until the flower,
beginning to fade, shows that there is
no danger of any other pollen being
intruded to frustrate your object. Gather
the seed-vessels as they become brown,
in June and July ; place them in the sun,
on a sheet of white paper, until they
burst. Bub out the seeds, and sow them
early in September, or keep them in the
seed-vessels, in a dry place, until March,
which is better. Sow them in a warm
border of light soil, or in boxes, under
glass ; cover them with a quarter of an
inch of the same soil. Keep the seed-
lings free from weeds, and, when they
have four or five leaves, transplant them
from the boxes, or from the border, into
a similar border, in rows eight inches
apart each way, there to remain until
they flower, which will be next spring.
Those that you mark as good must be
potted as soon as the bloom is over, and
treated as we shall direct for established
old plants.
Culture of established Plants. — We will
suppose that you have bought these while
blooming. Then, at the end of June,
when the blooming is quite over, re-pot
them, in order to have a strong growth
to flower finely next season. Have your
compost of light loam, rotten cowdung,
and decayed vegetable mould, in equal
parts, with a portion of sand, about one-
eighth, well-mixed, and in a state neithei
wet nor dry, ready in such quantities as
your stock of plants may require. Turn
out of their pots your blooming-plants
remove nearly all suckers that have roots
to them ; lay them on one side, then
shake off nearly all the old soil; trim
the roots sparingly, and then your plan
is ready for the new pot. Place a large
crock, or broken piece of pot, or an oyster
shell, over the hole of each pot ; pu
upon this a number of smaller crocks, tc
the depth of three quarters of an inch
then place upon them about half an incl
of the fibrous part of the loam, and upon
that a portion of your compost; then
•with one hand hold the plant rathe
above the level of the rim of the po
and with the other fill in the compos
amongst the roots. Proceed thus unL
the pot is filled, and then gently strik
the pot upon the bench, to settle the soil,
leaving hold of the plant, that it may
settle with the soil. This will bring the
soil level with the rim of the pot ; put a
little more soil around the plant, and
press it gently with your fingers, so as to
leave the soil a quarter of an inch below
the edge of the pot at the sides, and level
with it in the centre. Place them upon
a bed of coal-ashes, in a situation where
the sun does not shine upon them after
ten o'clock in the morning. The proper
sized pots for blooming-plants is the size
known as 32s : they are about 5J inches
i diameter, and of proportionate depth,
he suckers may either be put singly
nto small pots, or three or four in pots,
f the same size as those for the bloom-
ng-plants, and be treated in a similar
aanner. The single-pot plan is the best,
" you have room to winter them. "Water
aem all in fine weather, and look out for
lugs and worms, which would injure
lem. Keep them free from weeds, stir
le surface frequently, and shade them,
tirdughout July, August, and September
eneath a north wall, with a covering of
iled canvass, to draw down in very heavy
bowers. So soon as the cold nights and
leavy rains of autumn come on, the
)lants must be removed to their winter
uarters.
Wintering. — Dr. Horner, one of the
most successful of Auricula cultivators,
las employed, for many years, a frame
made purposely for protecting this flower
n winter, which he has thus depicted
and desciibed : —
'It stands on legs between two and
three feet high ; the top lights slide, and,
as shown in the diagram, may also be
propped up by means of an iron bar, per-
forated with holes two or three inches
apart, and which catch on a nail project-
ing from the wood on which the light
rests when down. It is permanently fixed
to the sadi by means of a small staple,
forming a moveable joint, and. when not
AUB
[ 91 ]
AUR
used, lies along its lower edge, and is
there secured. The front lights let down
on hinges ; the ends are also glass; and
in the back, which is wood, there is a
door, for the convenience of getting to
the pots behind, and also for thorough
ventilation. There are five rows of shelves,
graduated to the slope of the glass ; they
have a piece, an inch wide, sawn out of
the middle ; there is a space also left be-
tween them; so that the bottom of the
frame is quite open, for the abundant
admission of air to circulate thoroughly
around the sides and bottom of the pots.
By letting down the front light only, the
plants may be left, for days together, ex-
posed to all the advantages of light and
air, without care or notice ; and when it
is desirable to give them the benefit of a
shower the top lights are removed."
But it is not at all necessary to incur
the expense of a frame thus constructed,
as a common cucumber-frame, set on
bricks, or cold pit, answers equally well.
In either of these set them upon a stra-
tum of coal-ashes, two or three inches
thick; or, when expense is no object,
upon a stage of boards slightly raised.
The plants ought to be within six inches
of the glass. Careful attention is required
to two points — giving air and watering :
very little, if any, is required of the latter.
If the weather is dry, and a good deal of
sunshine occurs, a little water will be re-
quired. This should be applied in the
morning, to allow the surface of the soil
in the pots to become dry before night.
A fine, sunny morning, therefore, should
be chosen to water these plants. Of air,
abundance should be given. On all fine
days the lights should be drawn entirely
off; but, should there be the least ap-
pearance of rain, let the frames be closed
instantly, giving air then either at the
back, by propping up the light, or by
propping up the lights in the centre of
each side, so as to allow a full current of
air to the plants. Constant search must
be made for slugs, woodlice, and other
destructive insects, and the surface of the
soil kept free from moss by frequent
gentle stirring.
Spring culture. — At the close of Febru-
ary, top-dress the soil in the pots with
a compost of very rotten cowdung, two
years old, at least, and some rotten leaf-
mould and light loam. If these are not
dry, use means to make tbem so. Mix
them with the hand well together, and
add a little sand ; then have your plants
in some convenient place, remove a por-
tion of the old soil, clear away all decayed
leaves, and apply the top-dressing of
fresh compost, very nearly filling the
pots ; press it rather closely to the stem
of each plant, give a gentle watering with
a fine-rose watering-pot, to settle the new-
earth; replace the plants in the frame,
and attend them carefully, as directed
previously. This top-dressing greatly
strengthens the plants, and, consequently,
the blooms. Continue to give air freely,
as above directed. When the trusses of
flowers show themselves, which will be
about the end of March, give air freely
only during very fine days, and keep
them rather warmer both by night and
by day, giving at night a thick covering
of mats, or other warm material. Water
abundantly now, but only on the soil: do
not wet the leaves. When in flower,
shade them from the sun, or remove
them to a cool, shady situation, but quite
protected from rain by some kind of
glazed shelter. This will prolong the
time of the blooming. When the bloom is
over, place them on coal-ashes, to keep
worms out of the pots, and in a situation
where the sun does not shine upon them
after ten o'clock in the morning.
Diseases. — The Auricula is liable to
have its roots ulcerated, or cankered, if
the pots are not well drained. This is
best done by having the pots deep, and
one-fourth filled with rubbly charcoal, and
the soil not too much divested of pebbles.
At the blooming-time the aphis, or green-
fly, sometimes attacks the plants. These
can only be removed individually by
means of a camel-hair pencil.
Canker. — The first symptom of the dis-
order having attacked an Auricula is its
loss of green-colour, and its assuming a
yellowish, sickly appearance. Soon after,
it decays on one side, and becomes
crooked, or else the main root of the
plant rapidly decays quite through, and
the head drops off. In fact, the juices of
the plant are vitiated at the time the
leaves begin to appear sickly ; so that no
time must be lost in cutting away en-
tirely the cankered part, fresh potting it
into proper soil, and removing it to a cool,
shaded situation. This is the only likely
method to recover the infected plant.
Some florists have thought the disease
epidemic and contagious, because, when
it does appear, it usually attacks many
AVE
AVE
plants in the same collection. This, how-
ever, is no such proof, but merely evinces
that the whole have been rendered liable
to the disease, by being all equally mis-
managed, as by having an unsuitable
soil, &c.
AVE'NA. A genus of the Nat. ord.,
Grasses, of which it is only necessary to
observe here, that one of its species,
Ava'na sati'va, is the Oat.
A' YENS. Ge'-um.
AVENUE is a road bordered by trees on
each side ; and being, as observed by
Whateley, confined to one termination,
and excluding every view on the sides,
has, when straight, a tedious sameness
throughout. To be great it must be dull ;
and the object to which it is appro-
priated is, after all, seldom shown to
advantage. Buildings, in general, do not
appear so large, and are not so beautiful,
when looked at in front, as when they
are seen from an angular situation, which
commands two sides at once, and throws
them both in perspective; but a winding,
lateral approach is free from these ob-
jections. It may, besides, be brought up
to the house without disturbing any of
the views from it ; but a straight avenue
cuts the scenery directly in two, and
reduces all the prospect to a narrow
vista. A mere line of perspective, be
the extent of what it may, will seldom
compensate for the loss of that space
which it divides, and of the parts which
it conceals. These kinds of walks were
formerly much more the fashion than
they are at present. Where they are to
be made, the common Elm answers very
well for the purpose in most grounds,
except such as are very wet and shallow.
The rough, Dutch Elm is approved by
some, because of its quick growth ; and it
is a tree that will not only bear remov-
ing very well, but that is green in the
spring almost as soon as any plant what-
ever, and continues so equally long. It
makes an incomparable hedge, and is
preferable to all other trees for lofty
espaliers. The Lime is very useful, on
account of its regular growth and fine
shade; and the Horse Chesnut is proper
for such places as are not too much ex-
posed to rough winds. The Spanish
Cliesnut does very well in a good soil, or
on warm gravels, as it rises to a consi-
derable height when planted somewhat
close ; but, when it stands singly, it is
rather inclined to spread than grow tall.
The Beech naturally grows well with us
in its wild state; but it is less to be
chosen for avenues than others, because
it does not bear transplanting well. The
White Poplar may also be employed for
this use, as it is adapted to almost any
soil, and is the quickest grower of any
forest-tree. It seldom fails in transplant-
ing, and succeeds very well in wet soils,
in which the others are apt to suffer.
The Oak is but seldom used for avenues,
because of its slow growth.
The best example we know of a noble
avenue is from the Chester Lodge to
Eaton Hall, in Cheshire, but it is very
deceptive in its apparent length, and the
hall is not seen to advantage throughout.
There is an avenue of Limes leading to
the Duke of Devonshire's villa, at Chis-
wick, near London, which has a fine
effect, not being in a straight line.
Another of the best-planted avenues we
know is an approach to Clifden House,
now the property of the Duke of Suther-
land. The trees are planted on raised
platforms, right and left, with an open,
intervening space between them and the
carriage-drive. This would have been a
better arrangement for the noble avenue
of Deodars, lately planted between the
new conservatory and the old pagoda, in
Kew Gardens. When this avenue of
Deodars, and others that are now being
laid out, with Araucarias, the Douglas
Pine, and their allies, the Mexican, Ja-
panese, and Chinese Cypresses, come to
an age when they will assume the true
characters of these noble cone-bearers,
avenues will again become fashionable.
In every instance possible we would
recommend the trees to be planted con-
siderably above the level of the road, on
raised platforms, following any inequali-
ties or undulations in the bed of the
road. The celebrated avenue in Windsor
Park would have appeared much more
noble had it been thus planted.
AVEKRHO'A. (Named after Averrhoes,
a Spanish physician. Nat. ord.. Oxalids
[Oxalidacece]. Linn., \Q-Decandria 4-
Pentagynia.)
The leaves cf A. cara'mbola exhibit that kind
of irritability we call "sensitive." The fruit of
both species is eaten in India ; but its acidity is
intolerable to Europeans. Stove evergreen shrulis ;
half-ripened cuttings in April, in sand, under a
bell-glass, and in bottom-heat ; loam and peat.
Summer temp., 60° to 85° ; winter, 55° to 60°.
A. bili'mlfi (Inlirnbi-Jree). 8. Reddish-yellow.
August. E.lnd. 1791.
AVE
AZA
A. cara'mlola (carambola-£/'?e). 10. Greenishr I
red. Ceylon. 1/33.
AVERRUNCATOR (from the Latin aver-
ntnco, to prune). A small pair of pow-
erful shears, on a long handle, for sever-
ing boughs on lofty trees.
AVIARY. This building, devoted to the
preservation of live birds, distinguished
for the beauty either of their notes or
plumage, is rarely admitted within a
garden ; and still more rarely is it suffi-
ciently ornamental, or sufficiently free
from disagreeables, to be a source of
pleasure.
AXIL. This term, meaning, literally,
the arm-pit, is used by botanists to indi-
cate the point of the angle between a
leaf and a branch, or between a branch
and the stem.
AYE'NIA. (Named after the Duke d'
Ayen. Nat. ord., Byttneriads [Byttne-
riaceae], formerly among Sterculiads.
Linn., 5-Penlandria \-Monoyynia.)
Stove plants ; cuttings in sand,; rich soil; com-
mon stove treatment.
A. Iceviga'ta (smooth). 2. SrarJet. Jamaica.
Evergreen under-shrub.
— pusi'lla (small). 1. Purple. August. Ja-
maica. 1756. Biennial.
AZA'LEA. (From azaleas, dry ; in re-
ference to the habitation of the plant.
Nat. ord., Heaihworts [Ericaceae] Linn.,
5 Pentandria \-Monoyynia.)
It was said that the Pontic honey which stupe-
fied the Greek soldiers was collected from Rhodo-
de'ndron Po'nticum ; but Pallas believes it to
have been gathered from Aza'lea Po'ntica. All
the greenhouse species are evergreen, except A.
squama' ta; and all the hardy species are deci-
duous. The hardy species, by layers, made in
summer and autumn, and doing best in sandy
peat, though many will thrive well in peat and
loam ; the Indian species and varieties are propa-
gated by seed, and cuttings of stiff, but not over-
hard, snoots, inserted in sand, under a bell-giass ;
sandy peat. Summer temp., 60° to 75°, if re-
quired to bloom early ; winter, 45° to 55°. A
lower temperature will suit, if late bloom is
wanted.
HARDY.
A. arbore'scens (tree-like). 10. Red. June.
N. Anier. 1818.
— tn'color (two-coloured). 4. Scarlet. June.
N. Amer. 1734.
— cune'srunf} (hoary). 3. lied. June. N,
.Amer. 1812.
— calendula! ae* (marigold-libel. 4. Orange.
June. N. Amer. 1806.
(. calendula' cea clirysole'cia (fine-golden). 4,
Yellow. June. N. Amer.
cro'cea (saffron-coloured). 4. Saffron.
June. N. Amer.
cu'prea (copper-coloured). 4. Copper.
June. N. Amer.
fia'mmea (flame-coloured). 4. Red. June.
N. Amer. 1812.
grandiflo'ra (large-flowered). 4. Orange.
June. N. Amer.
igne'scens (fire-coloured). 1. Red. June.
N. Amer.
sple'ndens (shining). 4. Orange. June.
N. Amer.
triu'mphans (triumphant). 4. Orange.
June. N. Amer. ,
-glau'cn (dwar/-glaucous). 2. White. June.
N. Amer. 1/34.
- hi'spida (bristly). 5. White. June. N.
Amer. 1734.
- ledifo'lium (ledum-leaved). 2. White. Apri'.
China. 1824.
- ni'tida (shining-teawecf). 4. White. April.
N. Amer. 1S12.
- nudiflo'ra (naked-flowered). 3. Deep pink.
June. N. Amer. 1J34.
a'lba (ear/y-white). 4. White. June.
N. Amer.
a'lba-ple'na (double-white). 4. White.
June. N. Amer.
bla'nda (soft). 4. Blush. June. N.
Amer.
• ca'rnea (flesh). 4. Pale red. June.
N. Amer. 1/34.
Carolinia'na (Carolina). 4. Scarlet. June.
N. Amer.
Cobu'rghii (Coburg's). Scarlet. June.
N. Amer.
cocci'nea (scarlet). 4. Scarlet. June.
N. Amer.
corymbo'sa (corymbose). 4. Scarlet. June.
N. Amer.
cri'spa (curled). 4. Pink. June. N.
Amer.
• cumula'ta (bundled). 4. Scarlet, pink.
June. N. Amer.
- • di'scolor (two-coloured). 4. White,
scarlet. June. N. Amer.
faatigia'ta (pyramidal). 4. Pink. June.
N. Amer.
• flu'rida (many-flowered). 4. Pink. June.
N. Amer.
globo'sa (globe-like). 4. Pink. June.
N. Amer.
glomera'ta (round-headed). 4. Pink.
June. N. Amer.
inca'na (hoary). 4. Pink. June. N.
Atner.
incarna'ta (flesh-coloured). 4. Flesh.
June. N. Amer.
mira'bilis (wonderful). 4. Scarlet. June.
N. Amer.
magni'fica (magnificent). 4. Scarlet.
June. N. Amer.
monttt'na (mountain). 4. Scarlet. Ju/ie.
N. Amer.
• pa'Uida (pale-cowered). 4. Pale red.
Jure. N. Amer.
paludo'sa (marsh). 4. Pale red. June.
N. Amer.
papilionu' cea (butterfly). 4. Striped.
June. N. Amer.
parti'ta (^we-parte-1;. 4. White and
red. June. N. Amer.
parviflo'rtt (small-flowered). 4. Jiine.
N. Amer.
AZA
[94]
AZA
A. nudiflo'ra proli'fera (proliferous). 4. June.
N. Amer.
pu'mila (dwarf). 4. White. June.
N. Amer.
purpura'scens (purplish). 4. Purple.
June. N. Amer.
purpu'rea (purple). 4. Purple. June.
N. Amer.
purpu'rfo - ple'no (double - purple). 4.
Purple. June. N. Amer.
rot sea (rosy). 4. Red. June. N. Amer.
rube'rri ma (reddest). 4. Dark red. June.
N. Amer.
rube' teens (reddish). 4. Red. June.
N. Amer.
rubicu'nda (ruddy). 4. Red. June.
N. Amer.
ru'bra (red). 4. Red. June. N. Amer.
ru'tilans (shining-red). 4. Dark red.
June. N. Amer.
semidu'plex (semi-double). 4. White.
June. N. Amer.
stumi'neu (long-stamened). 4. Red.
June. N. Amer.
stelta'ta (starry). 4. Red. June. N. Amer.
tri' color (three-coloured). 4. Scarlet,
white. June. N. Ainer.
vuria'bilis (variable). 4. Red. June.
N. Amer.
variega'ta (varieprated). 4. Red and
white. June. N. Amer.
versi'color (party-coloured). 4. Red and
white. June. N. Amer.
viola'ceu (violet -coloured). 4. Violet.
June. N. Amer.
— Po'nticu (Pontic). 6. Yellow. June. Turkey.
1793.
dlbijio'ra (white-flowered). 6. White.
May. Turkey.
cordna'rium (garland). 7. Yellow. June.
Holland. 1832.
— cu'prea (copper-coloured). 6. Copper.
June. Turkey.
glau'ca (milky-green-teawed). 6. Yellow.
June. Turkey.
pa'llida (pale). 6. Pale yellow. April.
Turkey.
tri' color (three-coloured). 6. Pale red.
April. Turkey.
— specio'su (showy). 4. Scarlet. June. N. Amer.
acittifo'lia (pointed-leaved). 4. June.
N. Amer.
nura'ntia (orange). 4. Orange. June.
N. Amer.
ciliu'ta (fringed). 4. June. N. Amer.
cri'spa (curled). 4. Scarlet. June. N.
Amer.
cuculla'ta (hooded). 4. June. N. Amer.
ma'jor (larger-scarlet). 4. Scarlet. June.
N. Amer.
obli'quu (unequal-sided). 4. June. N,
Amer.
prunifo'lia (plum - leaved). 4. June.
N. Amer.
revolu'ta (rolled-back-teamZ). 4. June
N. Amer.
tortulifo'lia (twisted-leaved). 4. June
N. Amer.
undula'ta (waved -leaved). 4. June
N. Amer.
— risco'sa (clammy). 2. White. July. N. Amer
cri'spa (curled). 4. White. July. N
Amer.
deatba'ta (whitened). 4. White. July
N. Amer.
fi'ss't (cleft). 4. White. July. N. Amer
A. visco'sa odora'ta (scented). 4. White. July.
N. Amer.
penicilla'ta (pencilled). 4. White. July.
N. Amer,
— 'pube'scens (downy). 4. White. July.
N. Amer.
— rube'scens (reddish). 4. White. July.
N. Amer.
variegafta (variegated). 4. White. July.
N. Amer.
vitta'ta (banded). 4. White. July.
N. Amer.
GREENHOUSE.
A. amce'na (bright-./?ott>erai). 1. Crimson, purple.
April. Shangha?.
— crispifto'ra (crisped-flowered). Rose. April.
China.
— Danielsia'na (Daniel's). 3. Carmine. June,
China. 1830.
— I'ndica( Indian). 4. Scarlet. June. China. 1808.
aurunti'aca (orange). 4. Orange. April.
China. 1822.
igne'scens (fire-coloured). 2. Brown.
April. China.
— lateri'tia (brick-red-co/owred). 2. Red.
May. China. 1833.
phtsni'cea (purple). 3. Purple. April.
China. 1824.
purpu'reo-ple'na (double -purple). 4.
Purple. May. China. 181Q.
variega'ta (variegated). 4. Striped. June.
China. 1824.
— obtu'sa (blvmt-lcaved). 1^. Red. March.
China. 1844.
— ovu'ta (egg-shape-/eawed). 8. Pink. China.
1844.
a'lba (white-flowered). 8. White. May.
N.China. 1844.
— Sine'nsis (Chinese). 3. Yellow. May. China.
1823.
— squama' ta (scaly). 2. Rose, crimson. March.
China. 1844.
AZALEAS (AMERICAN)- These include
what are called Ghent Azaleas, \vlnch are
seedling varieties of A. calendula' 'cea, A.
nudiflo'ra, A. spccio'sa, and A. visco'sa.
The varieties were first raised in the
neighbourhood of Ghent.
Propagation — By layers in the month
of March : the layers require notching or
twisting. If the part buried in the ground
is covered with moss they will root morn
freely. They should not be taken oil
the parent till after the second year's
growth.
Soil. — Sandy peat, in a dry situation,
at least eighteen inches deep ; but, in a
damp one, a foot deep will be sufficient,
Culture. — In spring, protect the young
shoots and flowers by hoops in low situa-
tions, as the late frosts often destroy the
young, early shoots. In winter, and in
summer, if the soil is very dry, cover the
bed with green moss.
Diseases.— Sometimes the plants die off
just at the surface of the soil, owing to
too much moisture. The remedy, if the
situation is low and damp, is either to
AZA
C 95]
BAB
drain it thoroughly, or to raise the bed
completely above the general level of the
ground.
Varieties may be raised by crossing the
kinds in such a way as is likely to effeci
a pleasing change. Choose the best
forms and brightest colours ; let the
plants with flowers of the best form be
the seed-bearing mother, and rely for the
colour upon the pollen of the male. Sow
the seed in April, in pans, placed under a
cold frame ; prick the seedlings out the
year following in beds, four inches apart,
to remain till they flower.
AZALEAS (INDIAN or CHINESE).
Baisiny varieties. — The best and most
certain way to obtain new varieties is by
impregnating the best-shaped flowers with
the pollen of some fine, high-coloured
variety. Remove the anthers before they
burst from the one intended to seed ;
cover with fine gauze the flower impreg-
nated, to prevent impregnation by insects.
When the seed is ripe, gather it, and sow
it the February following in shallow pans,
in a gentle heat. As soon as the seedlings
have two or three leaves, transplant them
into fresh, sandy peat, in deeper pans.
They may remain in these pans till the
spring following: then pot them singly
into 2^-inch pots, and grow them on, re-
potting them as they require it, till they
flower.
Propagation by cuttings. — Take the
young tops, three inches long; dress them
by cutting off the bottom leaves. Fill a pot,
to within an inch of the top, with sandy
peat; fill up the rest with silver sand;
put in the cuttings thickly ; water gently,
and fit a bell-glass just within the rim of
the pot ; place them in a temperature of
ft5° to GO0, and shade from the sun.
They should thus remain till rooted ;
then place them in a greenhouse for a
week or two; and remove the bell-glass
every night, replacing it during the day.
They may then be potted off singly into
small pots, and placed in a close frame
till fresh roots are made; then, gradually
inure them to bear the full sun and air;
re-pot, and grow on to any size required.
Propagation by grafting. — See GRAFT-
ING. The bestmode is that called side-graft-
ing. The grafts must be very small, —
not more than 1 to 1^-inch long; tie them
with worsted, or thick cotton thread, to
the stock. The best time is early spring.
Place the grafted plants in a close frame,
in gentle heat, or under hand-glasses,
upon sand, in a propagating house. The
stock most suitable is the Aza'lea Tndica
a'lba, or A.phceni'cca,\)olh easy to strike.
Soil. — Sandy peat three-fourths, light
loam one-fourth.
Summer culture. — Azaleas require the
same treatment as Camellias. After the
bloom is over give them a moderate de •
gree of artificial heat, 55° to 60°. Syringe
them freely during that period. As soon
as they have made their growth, give
plenty of air for a fortnight, and then set
them behind a low, north wall till autumn.
Winter culture.- — As soon as there is any
fear of frost, remove them into an airy
greenhouse, and keep them just from
frost, and give very moderate supplies of
water. When they begin to show flower,
give more heat, and a more liberal supply
of water.
Insects. — The Thrlps is the great pest
of Azaleas ; but the Green-fly is also apt
to trouble them when growing. Both in-
sects may be destroyed by tobacco-smoke
frequently applied.
Diseases. — These plants are often at-
tacked by a disease which causes them to
die off just at the crown of the roots.
The small-leaved varieties, such as A.
I'ndica, var. Gledstane'sii, lateri'tia, and
variega'ta, are especially subject to die off
:hus prematurely. To prevent this, they
should be all grafted upon the free-grow-
ng stocks.
AZA'RA. (Named after J. N. Azara,
a Spanish patron of botany. Nat. ord.,
Bixads [Flancortiaceae]. Linn., 1'3-Poly-
andria \-Monogynia.)
Greenhouse evergreens. Cuttings in sand,
under glass, in slight heat. Sandy loam. Sutn-
ner temp., 60° to 75°; winter, 55° to 60°.
A. denta'ta ( toothed- leaved). 10. Yellow. Chili.
1830.
— integrifo'lia (entire-leaved). 18. Conception.
1832.
— serra'ta (saw-edged). 12. Chili. 1832.
B
BABIA'NA. (From babiancr, the Dutch
'or baboon ; in reference to the bulbs be-
ng eaten by the baboons. Nat. ord., Irids
'Iridacese]. Linn., 3-Triandria 1-Mono-
/j/nia.)
All greenhouse bulbs, from the Cape of Good
Hope. Offsets ; sandy peat and loam ; water
freely when growing. Keep dry when at rest.
Those potted in autumn must be kept in a cold
pit or greenhouse during winter. Those planted
in spring, in a warm border, should he taken up
before winter, and kept secure from frost.
B. angustifo'lia (narrow-leaved). 1. Variegated.
May. 175;.
.BAB
[85]
BJER
Blue, white
. Blue, red.
Blue. April.
B. bi'color (two-coloured).
1843,
— di'nticha (two-ranked), $. Blue.
— mucrana'tii (sharp-pointed), i. Purple. June..
1825.
— na'na (dwarf). $. Blue. April. 1807.
— iti/tusifu'tia ( blunt-leaved;, i. Blue. May. 1S2J.
— • plica' ta (folded). £. Purple. May. 177*.
mu'ltiplex (fUll-Jlctueredj. £. Purple.
June. 1834.
— pUrpu'i-ca (purple). £. Purple. May. ISOO
— ri'ngens (gapiag-Slowerea". £. Purple. Mav.
1752.
— rttbroc&a'nta (red and blue).
April. 1794.
— sumbucina (eldsr-scented) . £.
1799-
— spatha'cea (sheathy). £. Light blue. June.
IbOl.
— stri'cta (upright). 1. Blue, white. May. 1/57.
— &i(fpfiu'>-eu(salphuT-Jiou.'ered}. £. Yellow. May.
1795.
— tenuijlo ra Blender-flowered), i. Purple. May
1825.
— Thunbe'rgii (Thunberg's). 1, White and red.
April. 1774.
— tuba'ta 'Jung-tubed), f . Yellow and red. June.
-'774.
— tbbiflo'ra (tube-flowered). *. Dark red. May.
1774.
— rnllvsa (hairy). £. Purple. August. 1//8.
BABINGTO'NIA. (Named in compliment
to Charles Babinyton, Esq., of Cambridge,
u distinguished botanist. Nat. ord., Myr-
tlc'ilooms [Myrtacese]. Linn., \2-Icosan-
<tria 1-Monot/ynia. Allied to Leptosper-
.num and Beeckea.)
A greenhouse evergreen shrub. Cuttings of half-
ripened wood in sand, under a bell-glass ; peat
and loam, both fibry, with a small portion of leaf-
mould, dried cowdung, and silver sand. Wintei
temp., 45° to 50°.
B. camphoro'sma (camphor-smelling). /. Pinkish.
July. Swan River. 1841.
BACA'ZIA. See BARNADE'SIA.
BA'CCHARIS. Ploughman's Spikenard.
(From Bacchus, wine; referring to the
spicy odour of the roots. The ancients
sometimes boiled down their wines, and
mixed them with such spices. Nat. ord..
Composites [Asteracese]. Linn., lU-Syn-
yem'sia %-Sltperflua.)
Cuttings under glass, with or without heat, ac-
cording as the species are stove, greenhouse, or
hardy ; loam and peat.
GREENHOUSE.
}>. alu'ta (winged-stemmed). 5. Pale yellow.
December. 1829.
— (ingustifo'lia (narrow-leaved). 2. White. Ji.ly.
N. Arner. 1812.
— u'«/b7*a(iva-leaved). 3. White. July. Ame-
rica. 1696.
STOVE.
B. adna'ta (adhering-s/rtTHewed). 6. Purple. Au-
gust. S. Amer, 1823.
— confe'rta (crowded). 3. White. July. Mexico.
1825.
— glutino'sa (clammy). 3, White, August. Peru.
1£24,
June. | B. I'ndica (Indian). 3. White. October. E. Ind.*
1819-
June. l/"4. — parKifto'ra (small-flowered). 3. White. July.
Peru. 1820.
— scopa'ria (broom-like). 3. Cream-coloured.
July. Jamaica. 1820.
HARDY.
B. Diosco'ridis (Dioscorides's). 4. White. Sep-
tember. Levant.
— glomerulirtd'ra (cluster-flowered). 3. White.
August. N. Amer. 1817.
| — hdlimifu'lia (halimus leaved). 4 White. Oc-
tober. N. Amer. 1683.
— It/copodioi'd'S (clubmoss-like). White. July.
1823.
Mauritius.
BACKHO'USIA. (Named in compliment
to Mr. James Backhouse, of York. Nat.
ord., Myrtl^blooms [Myrtaeecej. Linn.
\.'2,-Icosandria 1 Monayynia.) »
A greenhouse evergreen shrub. Cuttings of
half-ripened shoots in April, in sand, under a
bell-glass. Peat and loam, boch fibry, and a
little white sand. Summer temp., 55° to 75° ;
winter. 40° to 48°.
Jf?. myrtifo'tia (myrtle-leaved). 16. Pale yellow.
May. N. S. Wales. 1844.
BA'CTRIS. (From baktron, a cane ; the
young stems being used for walking-
sticks. Nat. ord., Palms [Palmacere].
Linn., Ql-Monceda Q-Hcxandria. Allied
to Cocos.)
Palm walking-sticks are much used in England ,
under the name of Penang layer. All stove
palms. Seeds ; sandy loam Summer temp., 65°
to 85° ; winter, 60°.
B. caryotcefo'lia (caryota-leaved). 10. Brazil. 1825.
— cuspida'ta (tapering-/twerf). 20. Brazil. 182o'.
— Guiune'nsis (Guiana). 16. Guiana. 1820.
— macraca'ntfia (long-spined). 20. Brazil. 1823.
— mu'jor (greater). 25. Carthagena. 1800.
— mi'nor (less). 12. S. Amer. 1691.
— pec t ma' t a (comb-leaved). 15. Brazil. 1825.
BADGER'S BANE. Aconi'tum melo'ctonnm.
B.£'CKIA. (Named after Dr. Btrck, a
Swedish physician.
Nat. ord.,
Linn., ti-0<.tamina
blooms [MyrtaceoeJ.
l-Monoyynia.)
Greenhouse e ergreen shrubs. All white-flow-
e~ d. Cuttings in spring, under a glass ; sandy
peat, and lumpy, fibry loam. Winter temp., 403
to 45°.
B, camphora'ta (camphor-scented). 3. July. N.
Holland. 1818.
— densijlo'ra (thickly-flowered). 3. September.
N. S. Wales.
— diosmafo'lia (diosma-leaved). 3. August. N.
Holland. 1824.
— frute'scens (shrubby). 3. November. China.
1806.
— gra'cilis (slender). 2. N.Holland. 1826.
— linifo'lia (flax-leaved). 3. August. N.Holland.
1818.
— ramosi'si'inja(branchiest). 3. N. Holland. 1824.
— saxi'culu (rock-dwelling). 2. July. N.Hoilumi.
1824.
— m'rffa'la (tKifgy). 3. September. New Caledo-
nia. ISUtf.
B^'IUA. (Named after Professor Bar,
BAK
BAL
of the University of Dorp at. Nat. orcl.,
Composites [Asteracese]. Linn., IQ-Syn-
yt:-nesia%-Superflua. Allied to Callirhoe.)
Hardy annual. Seeds, in March and April;
common soil.
P,. chryso'stoma (prolden-mouthed). 1. Yellow.
May. California. 1835.
BAKED is a terra descriptive of the
hard, impervious state of clayey soils,
long exposed to drought. It can be pre-
vented only hy altering the staple of the
soil, by the admixture of sand, chalk,
coal- ashes, and other matters less cohe-
sive than clay.
BALCONY. A \vord probably derived
from the Persian, signifying an orna-
mentally-barred window, and by us ap-
plied to a frame, usually of iron, and
encompassed with a balustrade, placed
in front of one window, or of several
windows. It is an excellent place for
giving air to room-plants, and for the
cultivation of some flowers.
BALA'NTIUM. (From balantion, a purse ;
referring to the shape of the seed-pouch,
or indusium, on the back of the leaf.
Nat. ord., Ferns [Polypodiacea?]. Linn.,
2±-Cryptogamia 1-Filiccs.)
Stove herbaceous Ferns. Divisions ; peat and
loam. Summer temp., 60° to 70°; winter, 50°
to 60°.
B. cu'lcitum (cushion). 3. Brown. August. Ma-
deira.
BALBI'SIA. See LEDOCA'KPUM PEDUNCU-
LA'RIS.
BALM. (Meli'ssa ojfficina'lis.} This hardy
herbaceous plant has a citron scent and
aromatic flavour. It is cultivated now
only for making a grateful drink for the
sick.
The Soil best suited to its growth is
any poor and friable, but rather inclin-
ing to clayey than sandy. Manure is
never required. An eastern aspect is
best for it.
Planting. — It is propagated by root di-
vision (of which the smallest piece will
grow), and by slips of the young shoots.
The first mode any time during the spring
and autumn, but by slips only during
May or June. If divisions of an old
plant are employed, they may be planted
at once where they are to remain, at
•twelve inches apart; but if by slips, they
must be inserted in a shady border, to be
thence removed, in September or Octo-
ber, to where they are to remain. At
every removal water must be given, if
dry weather, and until thev are estab-
7
lished. During the summer they require
only to be kept clear of weeds. In Oc-
tober the old beds (which may stand for
many years) require to be dressed, their
decayed leaves and stalks cleared away,
and the soil loosened by the hoe or slight
digging.
Old beds may be gathered from in
July, for drying, but their green leaves,
from March to September; and those
planted in spring will even afford a
gathering in the autumn of the same
year. For drying, the stalks are cut,
with their full clothing of leaves, to the
very bottom, and the drying completed
gradually in the shade.
BALM OF GILEAD. Dracoce'phalum
Canarie'nse.
BALSAM APPLE. Momo'rdica balsa-
mi'nea,
BALSAMI'NA. See IMPA'TIENS.
BALSAMS.' By this name are usually
known the varieties of the common
annual, Impa'ticns balsami'na, by some
needlessly separated, with a few others,
into a separate genus, and called Balsa-
mi'na horte'nsis.
Culture. — The chief object in cultiva-
ting these is their fine, large, double,
flowers ; ami, to secure this object, seed
should be saved only from the finest
plants ; and, if the seed is several years
old, the plants will be less luxuriant, and
the blooms will be more double.
To have them very fine, the seed
should be sown in a sweet hotbed, in
the middle of March ; the plants pricked
out into small pots when three inches in
height, using light, rich soil, shifting
them again, and successively, never al-
lowing them to be pot-bound, and plung-
ing the pots into a medium temperature
of 75°, until some time after their last
shifting into eight, twelve, or sixteen-
inch pots, according as you aim atmode-
rate-^ized or very large specimens. Al-
low, all the time, a current of air, less or
more, according to the weather, to keep
the plants bushy, and using richer ma-
terials every time of potting, until the
last soil used may consist of nearly as
much very rotten, but sweet dung (cow-
dung is best), as turfy, sandy loam.
Successions may be sown in April and
May, and treated in a similar manner,
either for pots, or to be turned into beds,
where they frequently do well until the
middle of October.
When you cannot accommodate any
BAL
[98]
BAN
but the best flowers in the greenhouse,
adopt the following method : — After
pricking out into three or four-inch pots,
and plu-nging them in the bed, allow the
pots to get full of roots, keep them drier
and cooler, and give plenty of air, which
will soon cause flowers to appear ; then
select plants with best flowers, rub every
flower-bud off them, fresh pot, disen-
tangling the roots a little as you proceed,
and grow them on as advised above; and
•what you lose in time you will make up
in selectness.
BALSAHODE'NDRON. (From lalsamon,
balm, or balsam, and dendron, a tree.
Nat. ord., Amyrids [Arnyridacese]. Linn.,
S-Oclandria 1-Hfonof/ynia.}
According to Capt. Harris, Myrrh is obtained,
on the Abyssinian coast, from a species of this
genus ; and the Balcsson of JJruce, or Balm of
Mecca, is the produce of another species of this
Balsam-tree. It is a stove tree. Sandy loam,
and a little rotten dung ; cuttings of ripe young
wood in April, under a glass, and in heat. Sum-
mer temp., 60° to 80° ; winter, 55° to 60°.
B. Zeyla'nicum (Ceylon). 30. Ceylon.
BALSAM OF CAPE'VI. Copai'fcra.
BALSAM-TREE. Clu'sia.
BAMBU'SA. Bamboo Cane. (From
7)mnl>os) its Indian name. Nat. ord.,
Grasses [Graminacese]. Linn., G-Hex-
andria \-Monogynia.}
The very young shoots of the Bamboo nre
eaten in India as asparagus. Stove perennials.
Suckers, in spring or autumn ; rich loam. Sum-
mer temp,, 60° to 85° ; winter, 55° to C5°.
JB. am*a'te(awned). 20. Apetal. E. Ind. 1824.
— arundina'cea (reed-like). 40. Apetal. E.
Ind. 1/30.
— glau'ca (milky-green), 20. Apetal. E. Ind.
1826.
— ni'gra ( black). 20. Apetal. E. Ind. 1825.
— pube'scens (downy). 20. Apetal. E.Ind. 1820.
— spino'sa (spiny). 20. Apetal. E.Ind. 18-^0.
— stri'cta (upright). 20. Apetal. E.Ind. lH-2i.
— verticilla'ta (whorl-jtfoitfejvd). 20. Apetal.
India. 1S03.
.BANA'NA, or PLANTAIN. Mu'sa.
BANE-BERRY. Acta'a.
BANISTE'RIA. (Named after the Rev.
J. Banister, a zealous botanist. Nat. ord.,
Jlfalpighiads [Malpighiacesej. Linn.,
IQ-Decandria 8-Trigynia.)
Stove plants. Sandy loam and peat ; cuttings
of half-ripened wood in heat, under glass. Sum-
mer temp., 6oc to 90°; winter, 60° to C5°.
TWINERS.
B. chrysopliy'lla (golden-leaved).
— cilia' t a (fringed). 10. Yellow. Brazil. 1706.
— dicho'toma (twin-branched,). Yellow. June.
S. Amer. 1814.
— emargina'ta (single-notched). Yellow. June.
\V. Ind. 1826.
— sei-i'cea (silky). 6. Yellow. July. Braail, 1810.
B. Sinemttrie'nsis (Guiana). Yellow. August.
Guiana. 1824.
— te'nuis (slender). Yellow. Buenos Ayres.
— tiUasfu'lia (lime-leaved). Purple. August.
Java. J820.
— tomento'sa (soft-haired). 10. Yellow. July.
S. Amer. 1820.
— Zanziliu'rica (Zanzibar). 10. Yellow. Zan-
zibar. 1825.
SHRUBS.
B.ferrugi'nea (rusty). JO. Yellow. Brazil. 1SSO.
— fu'lgens (shininz- fruited). 6. Yellow. \V.
Ind. 1/59.
— Humboldtia'iia (Ilumboldt's). 19. Yellow.
S. Amer. 1824.
— laurifo'lin (bay-leaved). 10. Yellow. Ja-
maica. J733.
— ova'ta (egR-shape-/eawrf). 6. Yellow. July.
St. Domingo. 1820.
— periplocaefo'lia (periploca-Ieaved). 10. Yel-
low. July. Porto Rico. 1818.
— spli'ndens (shining). 10. Yellow. S. Amer.
1812.
BANKS (SLOPING) are very desirable
in a Idtchen-garden, not only because
they aid in forwarding the crops on their
south front, and retarding those on their
north front, but because they much in-
crease the cultivatuble surface. Suppos-
ing the banks to run east and west, the
south side, especially as respects all low-
growing things, such as French beans,
potatoes, &c., will produce eight days
earlier than when cultivated on a level ;
while the north side will retain lettuces,
&c., during summer, much longer fit for
the table. The surface of the ground is
also increased, notwithstanding learned
assertions to the contrary. In making
them, at first, in shallow soils, they should
not be wider than six feet at the base ;
but, as the soil becomes improved, they
may be from ten to twelve feet in width.
In deep soils, the banks may be formed
by trenching in the usual manner, only
throwing them into shape by a line and
stakes. > In thin soils, care should be
taken to have plenty of room in the first
opening to stir the sub-soil, and then re-
place again the surface-soil on the sur-
face. The accompanying sketch will
give some idea as to how they are formed,
each ridge being twelve feet wide at the
base. A B is the ground level, c the
apex of the ridge, and d d paths between.
Of course they could not be raised so
high, at first, without impoverishing the
BAN
[ 99 ]
BAR
other ground. If drained beneath th
paths, all the better ; for, in heavy land
without drainage and deep stirring, th
moisture will be long retained. If at
there is a board fixed, or even a row o
dwarf, hardy peas, the south side wil
be rendered still warmer; and the north
side more cool and late. Such banks
therefore, may not only be used fo:
vegetables, but also for accelerating am
retarding fruits, such as the strawberry
Owing to the depth of soil thus obtained
if the surface is kept stirred, you wil
never need much of the water-pot, ever
in the driest weather. The right hand
or south side, should be the longest
and, in a succession of ridges, the north
ernmost one should be the highest.
BA'NKSIA. (Named after Sir Joseph
Banks, a distinguished patron of natura"
history. Nat. ord., Proteads [Proteacese]
Linn., 4^-Tclrandria l-Monorjynia.)
All interesting greenhouse plants, from New
Holland. Seeds, when obtainable, should be
•sown in spring or summer, in sandy peat, and
placed in the greenhouse ; seedlings potted off as
soon as they can be handled, otherwise they will
:skank off. Some kinds are most easily propagated
by layers, and a. few rare ones by grafting ; but
most' are obtained by cuttings of the ripened
shoots, with most of the leaves attached, inserted
by the sides of a pot, placed under a hand-light,
kept close, and shaded from sunshine during the
day, and air given, and the glass removed for a time
during the night. Sandy peat, with a little loam
to the more strong-growing. Summer temp.,
50° to 65°; winter, 35° to 45°.
B. attenua'ta (tapering). 6. Yellow. 1794.
— austra'lis (southern). 6. Green. 1812.
— Bro'wnii (Miss Brown's). 1830.
— Ca/e'.yi(Caley's). 1830.
— cocci'nea (scarlet-flowered). 6. Scarlet. 1803.
— colli'na (hill). 6. Yellow. 1800.
— ctfmpar (well-matched). 6. Yellow. 1824.
— Cunningha'mii (Cunningham's). 6. Pale
yellow. 1822.
•— cylindrosta'chya (cylindric-spiked).
— denta'ta (toothed). 4. Yellow. 1822.
— Dniandroi'des (Dryandra-like). 6. Yellow.
1822.
— ela'tior (taller). 20. Yellow. 1824.
— cricifo'lia (heath-leaved). 6. Yellow. 17SS.
— Goo' (Hi (Good's). 1830.
— gru'ndis (grea.t- flowered). 2. Yellow. 1/Q4.
— #«§•<#« (Hugel's). Yellow. 1837.
— ilicifo'lia (holly-leaved). Scarlet. 1837.
— insula'ris (island). 6. Yellow. I8!i2.
— integrifu'lia (whole-leaved). 12. Yellow. 1~88.
— latifo'lia (broad-leaved). 30. Green. July. 1802.
— marce'sccns (permanent-leaved). 6. Yellow.
1731.
— ww#fna'£a (bordered). 6. Yellow. July. 1804.
— mc'dia (mediate). 6. Yellow. 1824.
— Menzic'nsis (Menzies's). Yellow. 1837.
—• nuftdns :.n*Ading-flowered), 4. Yellow. June.
1803.
— ollongifn'lia f oblong-leaved), 15. Yellow.
July, 1805.
B. pa?udo'sa(ma.rs}iy). 2. Yellow. March. 18os.
— prostra'ta (prostrate). 2. yellow. 1824.
'
. 6. Yellow. 1805.
— qnercifo'ha (oat-leaved). 5. Yellow. 1805.
— Sola'ndra (Solander's). 6. 1830.
— specio'sa (showy). 6. Yellow. July. 1805.
— spinulo'sa (small-spined). 6. Yellow. August.
— spkceroca'rpa (round-fruited). 6. Yellow. 1803.
— verticilla'ta (whorled). 12. Yellow. August.
1794.
BA'OBAB-TEEE. Adanso'nia.
BA'PHIA. (From baphe, a dye ; the Cam-
wood or Barwood, from which a brilliant
red-colour is obtained, is from B. ni'tida.
Nat. ord., Leguminous Plants [Fabaceaj].
Linn., IQ-Decandria \-Monoyynia. Allied
to the Carob-tree.)
Stove tree. Cuttings; sandy peat. Summer
temp., 60° to 85°; winter, 55° io 60°,
B. ni'tida (shining). 30. White. August. Sierra
Leone. 1793.
BAPTI'SIA. (From bapto, to dye ; some
of the species possessing dyeing proper-
ties. Nat. ord., Leguminous Plants [Fa-
baceae]. Linn., I0-Decandria I-Monogy-
nia. Allied to Podalyria.)
Hardy herbaceous plants, except where other-
wise specified. Division ; common border-soil.
B. a'lba (white-lowered) . 2. White. June. N.
Amer. 1724.
— auricula' ta (eared). Blue. June. N. Amer.
1812.
— austra'lis (southern). 2£. Blue. June. N.
Amer. 1758.
— confu'sa (confused). Blue. June. N. Amer.
1812.
— exalta'ta (exalted). 3. White. June. N. Amer.
1724.
— lanceol'i'ta (lanceolate), 1. Yellow. July. N.
Amer. 1818.
— mi'nor (smaller). l£. Blue. June. N. Amer.
1829.
— mo' His (soft). 1J. Blue. June. N.Amer. 1824.
— perfolia'ta (perioliate). 3. Yellow. August.
Carolina. 1732.
— tincto'ria (dyer's). 1&. Yellow. July. N.
Amer. 1750.
— vers? color (various-coloured). 4. Light purple.
July. N. Amer. 1824.
— villo'sa (long-haired). 2. Yellow. June. N.
Amer. 1811.
BARBACE'NIA. (Named after M. Barla-
ena, a governor of Minas Geraes. Nat.
>rd., Bloodrools [Hzemodoraceae]. Linn.,
-Hexandria 1-Monogynia. Allied to
Vellozia.)
Stove herbaceous perennials. Divisions ; sandy
am. Snmmer temp., 60° to 80°; winter, 45°
o55°.
J. pra'cilis (slender). Red. March. Brazil.
— purpu'rea (purple-./?ou,'em£). Purple. July.
Brazil. 1825.
— Rogie'rii (Rogers's). Purplish-violet. 1850.
— sangui'nea (blood-coloured). Deep crimson.
1847.
— squama' ta (scaly-stalked). §. Yellow, crimson.
March. Brazil. 1841.
BAB
[100]
BAR
BARBADOES CEDAB. Juni'perus Barla-
de'nsis.
BARBADOES CHERRY. Malpi'ghia.
BARBADOES GOOSEBERRY. Perc'skla.
BARBADOES LILY. Hippea'slrum eque's-
tris.
BARBA'REA. Winter Cress. (From be-
ing formerly called the herb of Sta. Bar-
bara. Nat. ord., Crucifers [Brassicacese].
Jjinn.,lQ-Tctr adynamia. Allied to Arabis.)
All hardy herbaceous perennials, except B.
stri'cta. Division ; common soil.
J3. arcua'ta (bowed). 2. Yellow. July. Ger-
many. 1833.
— orthoce'rus (straight-podded). 1$. Yellow.
June.
— prasfcox (ea.rly-Biit/i'ivlt-cress'). l. Yellow.
October. England.
— atri'cta (upright). Yellow. Britain. Hardy
biennial. Raised from seed.
— vulga'ris (common). l£. Yellow. July. Britain.
BARBERRY. (Be'rberis vulga'ris.} There
are five varieties of the Common Bar-
berry : the red, without and with stones ;
the black sweet, which is tender, and re-
quires a sheltered border ; the purple ;
and the white. The seedless (JB. vulga'ris
aspe'rma) is mostly preferred for pre-
serving purposes. The fruit is acid, and
the bark is very astringent.
Propagation. — Suckers, cuttings, and
layers may be employed, either in the
spring or autumn. The seed is very
rarely used.
Soil. — A sandy or calcareous soil, with
a dry sub-soil, suits it best.
Culture. — It requires no other pruning
than such as is necessary to keep it
within bounds. As the fruit is very te-
dious to gather, it is well to keep the
middle of the tree open by pruning,
somewhat like gooseberry-pruning. Their
spines are so formidable, that we have
known the common kinds used with good
effect to stop gaps in hedges liable to
much trespass.
Fruit. — This is fully ripe in October
and is gathered in entire bunches for
preserving, pickling, and candying.
Diseases. — It is liable to be infected
with a parasitical fungus, once believed
to be the same as that which is the mil-
dew on wheat ; but they are now known
to be different species. That which preys
upon the Barberry is Puccinia, and that
•which attacks Wheat is Uredo.
BARBIE'RIA. (Named after J. B. G.
Sarbier, M.D.t a French naturalist. Nat.
ord., Leguminous Plants [Fabacese].
Xinn., 17-Diadelphia k-Decandria. Al-
lied to Cajanus.)
Stove evergreen shrub. Cuttings of half-
ripened wood in sand, under a glass ; sandy peat,
bummer temp., 68° to 85°; winter, 50° to 55°.
B. polyphy'lla (many-leaved). Reddish-purple.
Porto Rico. 1818.
BARK. The refuse bark from the tan-
ner's yard is employed by the gardener
as a source of heat, and, when thoroughly
broken down by putrefaction, as a ma-
nure.
As a source of heat, it is much less used
than formerly, flues, steam, and the hot-
water system having very generally and
most deservedly superseded it. Bark for
heating requires frequent stirring and re-
newing, and, if too much moisture be
added, is apt to give out an excessive and
irregular heat. In addition, it is a trou-
blesome harbour for predatory insects.
Bark fresh from the tan-yard, being
thrown lightly together under a shed,
must be gently moistened, if dry, and
turned over twice a-week, to expose »11
its particles to the air. Unless this be
done the fermentation will not be gene-
ral or regular. This is to be continued
for a mouth or five weeks, in warm wea-
ther the shorter time being requisite;
and then, having acquired a general and
equal heat, it is ready for use in the
stove. Usually it will continue to afford
heat for a period varying between three
and six months, but sometimes ceases to
ferment without any apparent cause.
Whenever the heat declines, the tan
must be taken out, sifted, the dusty parts
removed, and some fresh tan added.
Sometimes turning the old tan and moist-
ening it will be sufficient.
It is desirable, on the first formation
of a bed, to mix new and old tan to-
gether, in which case the quantity of new
bark to be brought into the pit will de
pend upon the goodness of the bark, and
the bottom-heat required. As much new-
tan as will fill two-third parts of the
bark-pit, with a mixture of old, rotten,
reduced almost to earth, will produce a
bottom-heat of about 85°. When old tan
with higher remains of strength is used
to modify the new, the same heat may be
produced, if the quantity be not more
than half the capacity of the pit. This
refers to a new pit. After a bark-bed
has been in action, partial renewals of
bark, to keep up the heat, are frequently
sufficient, in the reduced proportion of
one-third, one-sixth, one-twelfth, or less.
At intermediate stages between the par-
BAR
[ 101 ]
BAR
tial renewals, the bed requires only to be
excited to a brisker fermentation by fork-
ing up. About live-sevenths of the pit
from the bottom should be occupied by.
the new and old tan as a fermenting
body ; and about two-sevenths from the
top, or a little more than the depth of
the pot, whatever that may be, should
consist of old tan incapable of heating,
so as to burn the roots of the plants. At
least, such should be the ordinary distri-
bution of the tan; but, where peculiar
circumstances require a speedy augmenta-
tion of heat without displacing the pots,
and when fruit is to be swelled off in the
last stage, the earthy tan at top may be
taken away, and new tan substituted.
As a manure. — See VEGETABLE MAT-
TERS.
BARK-BOUND. When a tree is affected
with this disease, cracks will appear in it
partially, and, in the case of the Cherry,
Apricot, Peach, and Nectarine, gummy
discharge will follow. It is a sure in-
dication that either the soil is too rich
or not sufficiently drained. The latter is
usually the source of the evil, causing a
repletion of the interior vessels, which
the dry, outer skin cannot expand suffi-
ciently quickly to accommodate. Under-
draiiiing, and scrubbing the stem with
brine, speedily effect a cure. Scoring the
bark lengthwise with a knife is a rude
mode of treatment, often followed by
canker, more fatal than the disease in-
tended to be removed. If scoring be
adopted, it should be early in spring;
and the knife should not penetrate below
the dry, outer bark.
BARK STOVE, or MOIST STOVE, is a hot-
house which, either by having a mass of
fermenting matter, or an open reservoir
of hot water within-side, has its atmo-
sphere appropriately supplied with mois-
ture, congenially with the habits of some
tropical plants. It received the name of
Bark Stove, because tanner's bark was
formerly a <niief source of the heat em-
ployed. See STOVE.
BARKE'RIA. (After the late Mr. Barker,
of Birmingham, an ardent cultivaton of
orchids. Nat. ord., Orchids [OrchidaceseJ.
Linn., ZQ-Gynandria \-Monandrla. Allied
to Laelia.)
Stove orchids, divisions ; fibry peat and sphag-
num, in shallow baskets. Summer temp., 60° to
85°; winter, 55° to 60°.
-B. e'legann f (elegant). 1$. Light rose. MeKico.
B. Lavsrcncea'na (Mrs. Lawrence's). 1, PinTc,
Guatimala. 1847.
— Lindleyii'na (Dr. Lindley's). 1. Purple and
white. November. Costa Rica. 1842.
— melanorau'lon (dark-stemmed). 1. Lilac.
June. Costa Rica. 1848.
— Skinnefri (Mr. Skinner's). l£. Pink. Gua-
timala.
— spcctti'bilis (showy). 1. Lilac and purple.
July. Guatimala. 1843.
BARKING IRONS, or BARK SCALERS, are
for scraping off the hardy outer bark, or
dry scales from the stems and branches
of trees.
BARLE'RIA. (After the Rev. J. Bar-
relier, of Paris. Nat. ord., Acanthads
[Acanthacese]. Linn., 14^-Dldynamia 2-
Anyiospermia.)
Stove evergreens, except B. longifo'lia. This
may be propagated by seed, the others by cuttings
of the young wood, in heat, under a bell-glass;
rich loam and peat, Summer temp., 60° to 80° ;
winter, 50° to 60°.
n. a'lha (white). 3. July. N. Holland. 1815.
— buxifo'lia (box-leaved). 2. White. July,
E. Ind. 1768.
— casru'lea (blue). 2. Blue. July. E. Ind. 1823.
— crista'ta (crested). 2. Blue. July. E. Ind.
1796.
— dicho'toma (twin-branched). 2. Purple. July.
E. Ind. 1823.
— fln'va (yellow-flowered). 3. Yellow. July.
E. Ind. 1816.
— longif'o'lia (long-leaved). 2. White. August.
E. Ind. 1781.
— longiflo'ra (long-flowered). 3. July. E.Ind.
1«16.
— lupuli'nu (hop-headed"). 2. Yellow. August.
Mauritius. 1824.
— prioni'tis (prionitis-tt/ce). 3. Orange. July.
E. Ind. 1759.
— purpu'rea (purple). 2. Purple. September.
E. Ind. 1818.
— salanifo'lia (nightshade -leaved). 2. Blue.
W. Ind.
— strigo'sa (bristly). 2. Blue. July. E.Ind.
1820.
BARLEY. (Ho'rdeum vulga're.) This
genus of grasses, being interesting only
to the farmer and botanist, has not beea
included in this work.
BARNADE'SIA. (After Barnaday, a Span-
ish botanist. Nat. ord., Composites [As-
teraceeej. Linn., iQ-Syngene&ia l-dSqua-
lis. Allied to Mutisia.)
B. ro'sea, a very pretty deciduous shrub, re-
quiring to be kept nearly dry, in a greenhouse, in
winter. Seeds in hotbeds, in March; cuttings
of half-ripened wood in April, in sand, under a
beil-glass. Summer temp., 60° to 80°; winter,
45° to 55°.
B. grandtfo'ra (large-flowered). 2. Pale rose.
S. Amer. 1844. An evergreen, requiring
a cool sto^e.
— rofsea (rose-coloured). 1. Pink. May. S.
Amer. 1840.
— spino'sa (spiny). 4. June. Peru. 1825. This
has been called Baoa'xia spinet sa. Green-
house evergreen.
BAR
[ 102 ]
BAB
BARNA'RDIA. (Named after E. Barnard,
F.L.S. Nat. ord., Lily worts [Liliacete].
Linn., 6-Hexandrial-Monoyynia. Allied
to the Squills.)
Half-hardy, bulbous-rooted plant. Offsets;
peat and loam ; only wants a little protection in
winter.
B. acilloi'des (squill-like). Pale blue. May. China.
1819.
BARO'METEK, or "WEATHER GLASS, so
called from two Greek words, signifying
a measurer of weight, hecause it indicates
the weight or pressure of the air. We
only admit a notice of this because, as a
guide to approaching changes of weather,
it is useful to the gardener.
Mr. P. Christenson, of Cowes, in the
Isle of Wight, lecturer upon astronomy,
&c., has arranged a table, which no one
having a weather-glass should be without.
Its price is only one shilling, and it may
be had of C. Wilson, 157, Leadenhall
Street. This " Companion to the Ba-
rometer" is the result, of thirty-two years'
observation; and the following is an
epitome of the information it gives.
During the first six months of the year,
when the mercury is rising, it the weather
has been bad, and the mercury reaches
to 29.G2 inches, there will be a change ;
if to 30.12, the weather will be fair ; if
if to 30.29, set fair. If the mercury has
been high, and begins falling, there will
be a change if it declines to 29.90 ; rain,
if it descends to 29.50 ; and wind, with
rain, if it reaches 29.12. During the
last six months of the year, if the wea-
ther has been foul, and the mercury
begins rising, there will be a change if it
reaches to '29.48; fair, if to 30.13; and
set fair if to 30.45. If the weather has
been fair, and the mercury begins falling,
there will be a change if it sinks to 29.87 ;
rain, if to 29.55 ; and wind with rain, if
to 29.28. At any time of the year, if
the mercury fall to 28.10, or even to 28.20,
there will be stormy weather. These
conclusions are from observations made
at thirty feet above the sea's level, and,
therefore, one-hundredth part of an inch
must be added to the height of the
mercury for every additional ten feet
above the sea's level, where the barometer
may happen to be.
BABO'SMA. (From barys, heavy, and
osme, odour; referring to the powerful
scent of the leaves. Nat. ord., Rueworts
[Kutacese]. Linn., 5-Pentandria l-Jfo-
noyynia. Allied to Diosma.)
( Greenhouse evergreen shrubs, all natives of the
' C-.'>* of Good Hope. Cuttings of half-ripened
wuod in June, under a bell-glass, in sand, without
heat ; sandy loam and peat. Summer temp., 60° ;
winter, 35° to 40°.
B.betuli'na (birch -leavgd). 2. White. June.
1790.
— crenula'ta (scolloped- leaned). 3. Bluish.
April.
— dioi'ca (dioecious). 2. White. June. 1815.
— latifo'tia (broad-leaved). White. July. 1789.
— ova'ta (egg-shape- Jeacsd). 2. White. May.
1790.
— pulche'lla (neat). Purple. June. 1/87.
BARBED. That part of a plant is said
to be larred which is striped with a
lighter or darker colour than the prevail-
ing colour of that part.
BARREN PLANTS. The male flowers of
the cucumber, melon, and other monoe-
cious plants are properly known as Ian-en
flowers ; and the plants of the asparagus,,
mercury, and other dioecious plants bear-
ing only male flowers, are usually termed
barren. These are naturally unfruitful:
but there is also a barrenness arising
from disease, or the consequences of bad
cultivation. If a tree, or any other plant,
does not yield the desired produce of
fruit of which it is capable, the gardener
may be assured that the soil, or the want
of drainage, or the manuring, or the
pruning, is injurious. Even a blind or
barren cabbage may be made productive ;,
for its barrenness arises from the central
bud being abortive, and it will produce
lateral buds, if all but one leaf and the
place of the abortive bud be cut away.
When a flower has no pistil it is in-
curably barren. Temperature has great
influence over the sex of the flowers
produced by a monoecious dioecious plant.,
A very high temperature caused a water-
melon to bear male blossoms only ; and
a very low temperature made cucumber-
plants yield female flowers alone. Mr.
Knight had little doubt that the same
fruit-stalks might be made, in the plants
just noticed, to support flowers of either
sex, in obedience to external causes.
Our own observations lead us to the con-
clusion that the cucumber and vegetable
marrow, when grown in too cold a.
temperature, produce a majority of male
blossoms.
BARREN SOIL. No soil is absolutely
incapable of production; and when it is
spoken of as being barren, no more is
meant than that, in its present state, it
will not repay the cultivator. The un-
productiveness arises from a deficiency of
EAR
[ 108 ]
BAS
Rome of the earths; from an excess or de-
ficiency of animal and vegetable matters ;
or from an excess of stagnant water. No
soil can be productive where nineteen
parts out of twenty are of any one earth
or other substance. If either chalk, or
sand, or clay, be in excess, the remedy
s found in adding one or both of the
other two. An excess of organic matter
only occurs in peat soils ; and these are
reclaimed by draining, paring, and burn-
ing, and the addition of earthy matter.
Drainage is also the cure for an excess
of water.
BARRENWORT. Epime'dinm.
BARRINGTO'NIA. (Named after ihe
Hon. Dairies Harrington. Nat. ord., Bar*
rimjtoniads [Barringtoniacese]. Linn.,
1 6-Monadelphia S-Polyandria. )
Stove evergreen trees and shrubs. B. echina'ta
and plutypliy'lla were, until lately, separated into
a genus, Commersonia. Cuttings of ripe shoots
under a glass, in a strong heat ; lumpy loam and
peat. Summer temp., 70° to 90° ; winter, 60°
to (io°.
B. echina'ta (hedgeho*-/rt«7«0, 20. White.
Moluccas. 1820.
— platyphy'lla (broad-leaved . 3. White. June.
Moluccas. 1806.
— racemo'sa (rAceme-flowered}. 30. Red. Mo-
luccas. 1820.
— tpecio'sa (showy). 30. Scarlet. Indian
Archipelago. 1786.
BARTHOLI'NA. (Named after Barlholin,
a Danish physiologist. Nat. ord., Or-
chids [Orchidacese]. ~L\rm.,ZQ-Gynandria
\-Monogynia. Allied to Serapias )
One of those ground-orchids from the Cape
which British gardeners have not yet succeeded
in cultivating easily. Greenhouse orchid ; divi-
sion of the root; sandy loam. Summer temp.,
60° to 70°; winter, 45°.
B. pectina'ta (comb-leaved). 1. Lilac. No-
vember. Cape of Good Hope. 1787.
BARTO'NIA. (Named after Dr. Barton,
an American botanist. Nat. ord., Loasads
[Loasaceaj]. Linn., 12-Icosandria 1-
Jtfonogynia.)
Half-hardy plants ; seeds ; the biennials should I
be sown in summer, and protected in a cold pit I
during; the winter ; the annuals may be sown in [
the open air, in April, or in a slight hotted, and
transplanted ; most of them delight in a sandy
•oil and a little peat. B. au'rea does best where
the soil is peaty and moist.
ANNUALS.
B. albe'scens (white-s*a/*«f). 2. White. Chiii.
1334.
— au'rea (golden-jfojremO. 3. Yellow. June.
California. 1834.
BIENNIALS.
B. nu'da (naked-awied). 2. White. August.
Missouri. 1811.
— orna'ta (ornamented). 2. White. August.
Missouri. 1811.
BA'RTSIA. (Named after J. Bart eft,
.D. Nat. ord., Fig worts [Scrophulari-
eJB]. Linn., I±-Didynamia, %-Angio-
spermia. Allied to Euphrasia.)
These require the treatment of choice alpincsj
hardy annuals ; seeds in April, on rock-work.
B. nlpi'nn (alpine). £. Purple. August. Britain.
— lalijo'lia (.broad-leaved). 1. Purple. Au-
gust. South of Europe.
— odonti'tes (odontites). 3- Pink. August.
Britain.
— visco'sa (clammy). $. Yellow. July. Britain.
wBARWOOD. a'phia.
BARYO'SMA. See BARO'SMA.
BASE'LLA. Malabar Nightshade. Its
Malabar name. (Nat. ord., Basdlads
[BasellaceEeJ. Liun., 5-Pentandria 3-
Trigynid.}
B. a'lba and ru'bra nre used as spinach in the
East Indies ; and B. ru' bra yields a rich purpls
dye ; not easily fixed, however. Stove biennials,
except where otherwise specified, and mostly
climbers. If sown in good heat in February, and
treated as a border arnual, they will blow freely
the same season ; neb., lumpy soil.
B. a'lba (white). 8. White. August. E. Ind. 168S.
— cordifo'lia, (heart-leaved). 6. Pale purple.
August. 15. Jnd. 1802.
— lu'cidn (shining). 6. White. August. E.
Ind. 1802.
— margina'ta 'bordered). 4. July. Mexico. 1824.
— ni'gra (blacky 3. White. August. China. 1822.
— ramo'su (branchy). 6. August.
— ru'bra (red\ 8. Pink. August. E. Ind. 1731.
— tubero'sn (tuberous). 6. Yellow. Septem-
ber. S. Amur. 3824.
BASIL (O'cymum.} There are two
lands, the Sweet-scented (0. basi'licum),
and the Dwarf-bush (O.mi'nimum). The
young leaf-tops are the parts made use
of in soups and salads, their flavour re-
sembling that of cloves.
The supply is never-failing during
summer, as they shoot out rapidly for
successional supplies.
Sow on a very gentle hotbed, under
glass, about the end of March or first of
April, to raise plants for the principal or
main crop. The frame should be filled
up with 'earth to within three or four
inches of the glass, or very shallow
frames may be used for purposes as
these. When the plants are up, give a
little air by tilting the lights ; and, as
they advance, and the weather is warmer,
give them more air, until the lights may
be taken off altogether during the day,
and put on at night. By the above ma-
nagement, good, hardened plants will be
fit for planting out towards the end of
May, or beginning of June, into warm
borders, or beds of light, rich earth. If
the weather be dry at the time of plant-
BAS
[ 104]
BAS
ing out, let the beds be well watered
previously to planting, and plant in the
evening. Lift the young plants from the
seed-bed with a small fork or trowel, and
plant them out with care, eight or ten
inches from plant to plant each way, and
water them, to settle the earth to the
roots. Attend to earth-stirring, and water
when required, until the plants are well
established. If green tops are required
for earlier use, sow in pots, pans, or
boxes, and place in any heated structure.
To obtain seed. — Some of the earliest-
raised plants must be left ungathered
from. These flower from July to Sep-
tember, and, accordingly, ripen their seed
in early or late autumn.
BASINING-UP. By this term is meant
raising a small bank of earth entirely
round a plant, so as to retain water im-
mediately about the roots.
BASKETS, employed by the London
gardeners, being made of osier or deal
shavings, vary triflingly in size more than
measures made of less flexible materials.
They are as follows : —
Pottle— & long, tapering basket, made
of deal shavings, holding about a pint
and a half.
Sea-kale punnets — eight inches diame-
ter at the top, and seven inches and a
half at the bottom, and two inches deep.
Radish punnets — eight inches diameter,
and one inch deep, if to hold six hands ;
or nine inches by one inch for twelve
Lands.
Mushroom punnets — seven inches by
one inch.
Salading punnets — five inches by two
inches.
Half sieve — contains three imperial
gallons and a half. It averages twelve
inches and a half diameter, and six
inches in depth.
Sieve — contains seven imperial gallons.
Diameter, fifteen inches ; depth, eight
inches.
Bushel sieve — ten imperial gallons and
a half. Diameter at top, seventeen inches
and three quarters ; at bottom, seventeen
inches ; depth, eleven inches and a
quarter.
Bushel basket — ought, when heaped, to
contain an imperial bushel. Diameter at
bottom, ten inches; at top, fourteen
inches and a half; depth, seventeen
inches. Walnuts, nuts, apples, and po-
tatoes are sold by this measure. A bushel
of the last named, cleaned, weighs fifty-
six pounds; but four pounds additional
are allowed if they are not washed.
BASKETS (RUSTIC). These are often
suitable ornaments for the reception of
flowering-plants upon lawns, and other
parts of the pleasure-grounds. These
baskets are easily made. Having fixed
on the sizes you wish for, procure some
"nch boards, either of sound oak, which
is the best, or of well-seasoned elm or
deal. Cut them into the proper lengths,
and nail them together the right width ;
they will then form a square. Mark
then the desired form (round or octagon)
on this square, and cut it into the de-
sired figure. When this is done, you
have the ground-work of your basket ;
make the basket ten or eight inches deep;
and, if your garden is moderately exten-
sive, you may have them the largest size
to be manageable, that is from three to
five feet in diameter. If a small garden,
this size would be inconvenient, and
take up too much room. Yet there is
no reason why you should not have two
or three of these ornaments. For such a
garden, the most proper dimensions
would be two feet ; and for that size,
six inches deep would be proportionate.
Then proceed to nail to the circular or
octagon bottom the sides. If the shape
is round, let the pieces of wood to form
the sides be narrow, bevel inwards the
sides, and shape them so as to form the
circle; but if of an octagon form, the
pieces will be, of course, of the width of
each of the eight sides, and planed to fit
at each corner. Fasten them firmly to-
gether with nails, and the main founda-
tion and walls of your baskets are com-
plete. On the top of the side put some
split hazel rods, of sufficient thickness to
cover it, and hang over the outside edge
about half an inch. Place some of the
same kind close to the bottom ; then, be-
tween the two, cover the plain boards
with some rough oak or elm bark, so
closely fitted as to give the idea that the
basket has been cut out of a solid tree ;
or, which is more expensive and trouble-
some, but certainly more ornamental,
cover the sides with (split or whole, as
you may fancy) hazel rods, formed into
tasteful forms. These should fit so close
as to hide completely the material of
which the sides are formed. The bark-
plan will not require anything more
doing to it after it is neatly fitted and
securely nailed to the sides; but the
BAS
[ 105 ]
BAT
hazel rods should have a coating of boiled
linseed-oil applied.
BASS or BAST MATS. These are chiefly
made in Kussia, from the inner bark of
trees (bast in the Kuss language). Their
best use is as a packing-envelope ; for, as
a protection to wall-trees, they are inferior
to netting, and to standard shrubs, struc-
tures made of straw (sec SHELTERS) are
to be preferred. They are very service-
able, however, to place over beds of early
spring radishes, &c., to prevent the night
radiation. This is quite as effectual,
much cleaner, and less troublesome than
a covering of straw. Shreds of these
mats are also useful for many gardening
purposes where a ligature or string is
required. One of the principal of these
is for binding a bud or scion in its place
on the stock after grafting. For this we
prefer the new Cuba bast; but the finest
of the ordinary Prussian mats will answer
equally well, perhaps better, provided
the material is very fine and very tough.
In selecting a mat for this pui-pose, the
best may be distinguished by two or
three qualities : — First, whatever colour
the bast be, it must feel silky and some-
what oily to the touch. A full reliance
must not be placed on this alone, how-
ever; but the strength should be tested
by cutting off a fine-looking strand, and
stripping off a narrow piece as fine as
twine. This, if good, should withstand
a considerable amount of tension: it is
well, however, to try a second piece. As
to colour, such is generally a pale straw.
BA'SSIA. (Named after M. Bassi, cur
rator of the Botanic Garden at Boulogne.
Nat. ord., Sapotads [Sapotacese]. Linn.,
ll-Dodecandria 1-jlfonogynia.)
The Bassias are trees of some importance in
India. B. butyra'cea yields a thick, oil-like
butter from its fruit, or muhva. B. latifo'lia fur-
nishes a kind of arrack, called moura, by distil-
ling the leaves. The fruit of the lilupie-tree, B.
longif(/lin, yields oil for lamps, soap-making, and
also for food ; and Mungo Park's Butter-tree was
;i species of Bassia. Stove trees. Cuttings of
ripened young shoots in April, in heat, under a
bell-glass ; peat and loam. Summer temp., 6l)°
to 70° ; winter, 55° to 60°.
B. butyra'cea (buttery). 40. Nepaul. 1823.
— littifo'lia (broad-leaved). 40. Yellow. E. Ind.
— longifo'lia (long-leaved). 40. E. Ind. 1811.
BASTABD ACACIA. Eobi'nia pseu'do-
aca'cia.
BASTAED ATOCION. Sile'ne pseu'do-
uto'cion,
BASTARD BALM. MeWtta.
BASTARD Box. Poly'cala.
BASTAED CABBAGE-TREE.
BASTARD CEDAR. Guazu'ma and' Ce-
dre'la.
BASTARD CHERRY. Ce'rasm pseu'do-
ce'rasus.
BASTARD CINNAMON. Cinnamo'mum
ca' ssia.
BASTABD CORK-TREE. Que'rcus pseu'do-
sn'ber.
BASTARD CRACCA. Vi'ciapseu'do-cra'cca.
• BASTARD DICTAMNUS. Beringe'ria
pseu'do-dicla'mmis.
BASTARD GROUND-PINE. Teu'crinm
pseu'do-chumte'pitys.
BASTARD HARE'S-EAR. Phy'llis.
BASTARD HYSSOP. Teu'crium pseu'do-
hysso'pus.
BASTARD INDIGO. Amo'rpha.
BASTARD JASMINE. Andro'sace chama-
ja'sme.
BASTARD LUPINE. Trifo'lium luplna's-
ter.
BASTARD MANCHINEEL. Camera'ria.
BASTARD MOUSE-EAR. Hiera'cium
})seu' do-pilose' I/a.
BASTARD OLBIA. Lava'lera o'lbia.
BASTARD TOAD-FLAX. The'sium.
BASTARD QUINCE. Py'rus-chamamc's-
pilns.
BASTARD VERVAIN. Stachyta'rpheta.
BASTARD VETCH. Pha'ca.
BASTARD WIND-FLOWER. Gentia'na
pseu'do-pneumonn' nthe.
BASTARD WOOD-SAGE. Teu'crium
pseu' do-scorodo' n ia.
BATA'TAS. (Aboriginal name. Nat.
ord., Bindweeds [ConvolvulaceseJ. Linn..
$-Pentaridria l-Monoyynia. Allied to
Pharbitis and Ipomsea.)
All stove deciduous climbers. Cuttings of
stumpy side-shoots, or young shoots slipped from
the tubers, just as they bepn to grow ; in sandy
soil, in bottom-heat, and under a hand-glass;
rich, sandy loam and finry peat, with manure-
water when growing. Temp., summer, 60° to
85°, with moisture ; winter, 48° to 55°.
B.beta'cea (beet-like). 6. Pale violet. Deme;
rara. 1S3Q.
— Bignonioi'des (Biunonia-like). Dark purple
July. Cayenne. 1824.
— Bonariensis (Buenos Ayres). 10. Purple.
— Cavanille'sii (Cavanilles']. White, red. Au-
gust. 1815.
— - edu'lis (eatable -fruited}. White, purple. E.
Ind. 1/97-
— glaucifo'lia (milky-green-leaved). Purplish -
June. Mexico. 1732.
— heteroph'/'lln (various-leaved). Pale purple-
September. Cuba. 1817-
— jala'pa (jalap). Rose. August. Mexico. 184.1.
— paniculu'ta (panicled). Purple. July. E. In»".
1799-
— pentaphy'lla (five-leaved). White. Aug-J.n
E. Ind. 1739.
BAT
BEA
B. Senegale'nsis (Senegal). White. July. Guinea.
.1823.
— terna'ta (three-leafleted). White. July. Brazil.
1824.
— neno'sa (veiny). Purple. July. Mauritius.
1820.
— Walde'cldi (Waldeck's). White and purple.
S. Amer. 1847.
— Willdeno'oii (Willdenow's) Purple. July. 1818.
BATEMA'NNIA. (Called after Mr. Bate-
man, a keen collector and ardent culti-
vator of orchids, and author of a splendid
work on the Orchids of Mexico and Gua-
tiraala. Nat. ord., Orchids [Orchidaceie].
Linn., 2Q-Gynandria I-Monogynia. Al-
lied to Maxillaria.)
Stove orchid; divisions and offsets; peat,
broken crocks, and sphagnum ; plant raised con-
siderably above the surface of pot, or suspended
in shallow baskets. Summer temp., 70° to 85°;
winter, 60° to 65°.
D. Co'llcyi (Colley's). £. Purple, green. Au-
gust. Demerara. 183-1.
BA'TSCHIA. (Named after J. G. Batch,
& German botanist. Nat. ord., Borage-
worts [Boragynacece] . Linn., 5-Pentan-
dria 1-Monogynia. This really should
be united to Lithospermum.)
All hardy herbaceous perennials ; seeds, or divi-
sions ; common soil.
B. canefscens (hoary). 2. Yellow. July. N.
Amer. 1826.
— Gmeli'ni (Gmelin's). £. Yellow. June. Ca-
rolina. 1812.
— longiflo'ra (long-flowered). $. Yellow. June.
Missouri. 1812.
— seri'cea (silky). £, Yellow. July. N. Amer.
1825.
BAD'ERA. (Named after Francis and
Ferdinand Bauer, German botanical
draughtsmen. Nat. ord., Hydranyeads
[Hydrangeacese]. Linn., 13-Polyandria
2-Diyynia.}
Bau'era is a botanical anomaly which has puz-
zled the learned as to its proper order. Dr.
Lindley has placed it with Hydrangea. Green-
house evergreen under-shrubs ; cuttings in sandy
soil, under a glass; sandy loam and peat. Sum-
mer temp., 50° to 65° ; winter, 38° to 45°.
B. hu'milis (dwarf). 1. Red. September. N.
S. Wales. 1804.
— rubitzfo'tia (madder-leaved). l£. Pink. Sep-
tember. N.S.Wales. 1793.
BAUHI'NIA. Mountain Ebony. (Named
after the brothers John and Caspar Bau-
hint botanists in the sixteenth century.
Nat. ord., Leguminous Plants [Fabacese].
Linn., ~LQ-Decandria I-Monogynia.}
One of the tribes of Caesalpinia. All stove
evergreen shrubs, except where otherwise speci-
fied. Half- ripe cuttings in summer, in sand,
placed under a glass, and in moist bottom-heat ;
light, sandy loam, and a little peat. Summer
temp., 60° to 85° ; winter, 55° to 60°.
B.aculea'ta (prickly-fifaJJted!). 6. White. W.
Ind. 1737.
B. acumintfta (taper-pointed-tenwif). 8. White.
July. E. lud. 1SOS.
— arma'ta (armed). 6. White. Brazil. 1824.
Climber.
— auri'tu (long-eared). 6. White. Jamaica.
1756.
— Chine'nsis (Chinese). 6. Red. China. 1800.
— corymbo'su (corymbed). 6. White. E. Ind.
1818. Climber.
— Cumane'nsis (Cumana). 20. White. July.
Cumana. 1826. Climber.
— ferrugi'nea (rusty-leaved). 10. White. E.
Ind. 1820. Climber.
— forfica'ta (pmca-leaved). 6. White. Brazil.
1823.
— glafdra (smooth). 15. White. Carthage. 1810.
Climber.
— glance 'scens (milky-green). 6. White. Cu-
mana. 1817.
— grandiflo'ra (large-flowered). 4. White. Peru.
1820.
— Fndica (Indian). 6. White. E. Ind. 1820.
— ine'rmis (unarmed). 6. Yellow, red. Acapulco.
1810.
— Larnarclda'na (Lamarck's). 6. White. S.
Amer. 1818.
— latifo'lia (broad-leaved). 6. White. W. Ind.
1818.
— Icptope'tala ( slender -petaled). 5. Yellow,
green. New Spain. 1818.
— luna'ria (half-fnoon-leaved'). 6. White. Aca-
pulco. 1820.
— Madagascarie'nsis (Madagascar). 4. Mada-
gascar. 1826.
— Malabalrica (Malabar). 15. White. E. Ind.
1810. Climber.
— microphy'lla (small-leaved). 6. White. S.
Amer. 18)7.
— muitine'rvia (many-nerved). 5. White. Ccw-
raccas. 1808.
— PaMte'tta(Pauletia). 4. White. Panama. 1737.
— pube'scens (downy). 4. White. Jamaica. 17/8.
— purpu'rea (purple). 6. Purple. E. Ind.
1778.
— racemo'sa (racemed). 20. White. E. Ind.
1790. Stove climber.
— retu'sa (abruptly-blunt). 7. White. E.Ind.
1820.
— sca'ndens (small-leaved-cYurMn^). 30. White,
yellow. E. Ind. 1/QO. Climbe*.
— sj)ecio'sa (showy). 10. White. 1820. Stove
climber.
— subrotundifo'lia (roundish-leaved). 0. White.
Acapulco. 18*0.
— tomento'sa (thickly-haired). 6. Yellow, white.
E. Ind. 1808.
— tria'ndra (three-stamened). 15. White. E.
Ind. 1823. Stove climber.
— variega'ta (variegated). 6. Stripad. June.
E. Ind. I7yo.
BAWD-MONEY. Me'itm.
BAY-TREE. Lnu'rus no'bil&.
BEAD-TREE. Me'lla.
BEAM-TREE. Py'rus a'ria.
BEAN. (Fa'ba vulga'ris.) There 'are
many varieties of this vegetable ; but we
shall only name those which are clearly
distinct and valuable.
Mazagon. — This has whitish seeds,
rather larger than a horse-bean, two to
four feet high. Sown in spring, about*
ten weeks occur before beans are fit for
BEA
[107]
BEA
table. Many sub-varieties in seedsmen's
catalogues.
Long-Pod. — Sandwich, or Lisbon, has
various names attached to these. Seeds
whitish, about an inch long, and half
that in width, flat. Very productive ; good
for main summer-crops. Sown in spring,
about twelve weeks elapse before the
beans are fit for table. Three to five feet.
Johnsons Wonderful. — This is a long-
pod, but even more productive ; and we
consider it the best of all the varieties.
Pods very namerous ; many with six or
even eight beans in them, and bearing a
succession of pods; seeds rather more
broad in proportion to length.
Dutch Long-Pod has seeds still broader
in proportion to length.
Green Long-Pod. — Nonpareil, or Genoa,
differs chiefly from other long-pods by
its seeds being green.
Taker has white, broad, oval seeds.
Height, five feet. Sown in spring, its
beans are ready in twelve weeks; rather
coarse-flavoured.
Windsor. — Seeds whitish, flat, circular,
an inch in diameter; only two or three
in a pod. Produces a succession of pods ;
four feet. Many other names prefixed.
Green Windsor differs chiefly from the
preceding in the colour of its seed.
The Eed-Seeded, White-Blossomed, Red-
Blossomed, and some others, have no me-
rits equal to the preceding. The Fan,
not being more than one foot high, is
useful, in small gardens, to grow among
other crops ; but it is not productive,
and its beans come all at once.
Soil and situation. — The soil should
vary with the season. For the winter-
standing and early crops, a moderately
rich and dry soil is best adapted to them,
since, if too moist, the seed is apt to de-
cay ; whilst a cool-bottomed, more tena-
cious soil is best for the spring and sum-
mer sowings. The situation cannot be
too unshaded ; but a protection from
violent winds is very beneficial.
Times and modes of sowing. — For the
first production, in the following year, a
large sowing of Long-pods may be made
during the middle of November; and
plantations may be continued to be made,
from the beginning of January to the end
of June, once evory three weeks. Not
later than the 1st of July a last sowing
may be made. The early Mazagon is
best for the earliest and latest plantings,
to produce the same year.
Sowing for transplantation. — If the sea-
son has been lost for sowing at proper
time, in the natural soil, for the early
ci-ops, or ground could not be spared or
made ready, then sow for transplanting,
either in small pots, turf-sods, or gentle
hotbed, and of such extent as can be
covered with a frame. If frames and
hand-glasses are deficient, matting or
litter, kept from injuring the plants by
means of hooping, &c., is sometimes em-
ployed. Care must be taken that the
beans are not weakened by a deficiency
of air and light ; to guard against it the
lights should be taken entirely off every-
day that excessive wet or cold does not
forbid their removal. The usual time for
removing them into the open ground, '"a
a south border, is February, in mild and
open weather.
Sowing to remain. — Y/hen sown to
remain, the seed may be inserted in
double rows, in drills, drawn by the hoe,
from two and a half to three feet apart,,
from double row to double row, the dou-
ble rows four inches apart, and two deep.
Previous to sowing, in summer, if diy
weather, the seed should be soaked for
two or three hours in water; or, if sown
in drills, these should be well watered
immediately before the insertion.
When advanced to a height of two
inches, hoeing between the stems of the
plants may commence. This should be
often repeated. As soon as the various-
crops come into full blossom, two or three
inches length of each, stem is broken ofL
This, by preventing its increase in height,,
causes more sap to be afforded to the-
blossom, consequently causing it to ad-
vance with more rapidity, and to set
more abundantly.
For seed. — No two varieties should be
grown near to each other ; and, in order
to preserve the early ones as uncontami-
nated as possible, those plants only which
blossom and produce their pods the first
should be preserved. None oi the pods
ought to be gathered for the table from
them; the after - production of seed is
never so fine, and the plants raised from
it are always deficient in vigour. They
are fit for harvesting when the leaves
have become blackish, which occurs at
the end of August, or early in September.
The pods may be gathered from the
stems when ripe enough, and spread out
thin, upon a dry, airy, boarded floor, to
dry. Those only should be preserved
BE A
L 108 ]
BED
that are fine and perfect. They are bes
stored in the pods until required. Seed
beans will sometimes vegetate after bein<:
l\ept for eight or ten years, but are seldom
good for anything when more than t\v<
years old.
Insects. — See APHIS FAB.E.
BEATO'NIA. (Named by Dr. Herber
after D. Beaton, a Scotch gardener; one
of the contributors to the Cottage Gar
dener and to this Dictionary. Nat. ord.
Irids [Iridacena]. Linn., \Q-Monaddpku
1-Triandria. Allied to Tigridia.)
Greenhouse perennial bulbs. Offsets and seeds
the latter to be sown in a slight hotbed, in March
light, rich soil. To be taken up before frost
or covered up where they have grown, so as to
preserve them both from frost and wet.
U. atra'ta (dark-flowered). 2. Dark purple. Au-
gust. Mexico. 1843.
— curva'tu (waved-stalked). Purple. April. DC
Monte. 1843.
— purpu'rea (purple-cowered). Purple. April
Brazil. 1841.
BEAUFO'ETIA. (Named after Mary
Duchess of Beaufort. Nat. ord., Myrtle -
llooms [Myrtacese]. Linn., IS-Poiyadel-
phia 2-Polyandria.)
Greenhouse evergreen shrubs. Cuttincrs of half-
ripened shoots, under a glass, in sand, without
heat; loam and peat. Summer temp., 50° to 65° ;
winter, 38° to 48°.
B. carina'fa (keel-leaved). 3. Scarlet. N. Hol-
land. 1823.
— Dampie'ri (Dampier's). 2. Pink. May. Har-
tog's Island.
— decussa'ta (decussated). 3. Scarlet. May. N.
Holland. 1803.
— macroste'mon (long-stamened). Purple. July.
Australia. 1843.
— purpu'rea (purple-flowered). Purple. July.
Australia. 1841.
— spa'rso (scattered-teamed). 3. Red. N.Hol-
land. 1803.
— sple'ndens (shining). 3. N.Holland. 1830.
BEATJMO'NTIA. (Named after Mrs.fi ea u-
mont, of Bretton Hall. Nat. ord., Dog-
banes [Apocynacese]. Linn., 5-Pentan-
dria 1-Monogynia.)
One of our first stove twiners, with large, white
trumpet-shaped flowers, produced in clusters at
the end of the shoots. They succeed best planted
out in the borders of a house, intermediate be-
tween a stove and a greenhouse. Cuttings of half-
ripened wood ; rich, lumpy loam and peat. Sum-
mer temp., 60° to 70° ; winter, 50° to 60°.
£. grandiflo'ra (large-flowered). 20. White.
June. E. Ind. 1820.
— longifo'lia (long-leaved). 20. White. E.
Ind. 1818.
BE'CIUM. (United to Ocymum.)
BED is a comprehensive word, applica-
ble to the detached space on which any
cultivated plants are grown. It is mos*>
correctly confined to small divisions,
purposely restricted in breadth for tbe
convenience of hand-weeding, or other
reqiu'site culture, and, in the flower-gar-
den, for the promotion of beauty. This
involves the question of form, one of the
most difficult that is submitted to the
gardener, because few tastes agree as to
their estimate of the beautiful. Under
the head FLOWER-GAKDEN we shall give
a few general, and only general, obser-
vations upon this subject ; and here will
merely observe that, in making flower-
beds, they should always be proportioned
to the size of the plants which are to be
their tenants ; and that though, for large
masses of shrubs and trees, we have seen
rectangular forms so planted as to look
solid and grand, yet that we believe no
arrangement of dwarf-flowers would ever
make a separate square or parallelogram
bed of them otherwise than decidedly
ugly.
LEDDING-IN is a mode of sowing seed.
In this method, the ground being dug,
and formed by alleys into beds, four or
five feet wide, each alley being a spade's
width or more between bed and bed, and
the earth being drawn off the top of the
bed with a rake or spade, half an inch or
an inch deep into the alleys, the seed is
then sown all over the surface of the
bed ; which being done, the earth in the
alleys is immediately cast over the bed,
again covering the seeds the same depth,
and the surface is raked smooth.
The method of bedding-in sowing by
sifting is sometimes practised for very
small seeds of a more delicate nature,
hat require a very light covering of
earth when sown. To bury them as
shallow as possible, they are covered by
sifting fine earth over them out of a wire-
sieve.
BEDDING-OUT is removing plants from
he pots in which they have been grow-
ng into the beds where they are intended
o remain during the summer and autumn.
The following is a list of flowers for
ledding-out, arranged according to their
olours, the first-named being the most
Iwarf :— White. — Yerbena pulchella, Lo-
)elia erinus alhus, Campanula pumila,
Campanula Carpatica alba, Senecio ele-
gans flore albo, White Ivy-leaved Gera-
ium, White-flowered, horse-shoe Gera-
lium, Phlox omniflora, Double White
Snapdragon, (Enothera taraxifolia, (E.
peciosa, Nierembergia calycina, Varie-
ated s.weet Alyssum, Calendula hybrida,
BED
[ 100 ]
BEE
White Clarkia, Petunia nyctaginiflorn, ; of
Verbenas, the Bride and White Perfec-
tion, and White Salvia patens. Scarlet. —
Of Verbenas, Boule de Feu, Inglefield
Scarlet, or fulgens, Melindre's latifolia,
Satellite, and Emperor of Scarlets; of
Geraniums, Shrubland Scarlet, Tom
Thumb, Improved Frogmore, Gem of
Scarlets, Royalist, and Compactum. Pur-
ple Of Verbenas, Walton's Emma,
Heloise, Venosa, and Sabina; Petunia
phoenicea, Lobelia unidentata, Lantaiia
Sellowii, and Phlox Drummondii. Pink.
— Saponaria Calabrica, Silene Shaft®, Si-
lene pendula, Silene compacta; of Ge-
raniums the Pink Ivy-leaf, Mangle's
variegated Pink, Pink Nosegay, Judy,
Lucia rosea, and Diadematum; Anagallis
^arnea; of Verbenas, Miller's Favourite,
Beauty Supreme, Duchess of Northum-
berland, and Standard of Perfection.
Yellow. — Tagetes tenuifolia, Sanvitalia
procumbens ; of Calceolarias, Integrifolia,
Engosa, Kayii, Viscosissima, Corymbosa,
and Amplexicaule ; Orange African Ma-
rigold, Double Yellow French Marigold,
and Coreopsis lanceolata. Blue. — Lobe-
lia ramosa, Cineraria amelloides, Salvia
chamasdrioides, and Isotoma axillaris.
BEDEGUAK. See CYNIPS KOS.&.
BEDFO'EDIA. (Named in honour of
the Duke of Bedford. Nat. ord., Compo-
sites [Asteracese], Linn., \Q-8ynyenesia
l-^ quails. Allied to Cacalia.)
Greenhouse evergreen shrub. Cuttings a little
dried before inserting them, in rough, sandy
soil ; sand, peat, loam, and brick-rubbish, in
equal proportions. Summer temp., 55° to 70° ;
winter, 40° to 45° ; and almost dry.
3. sallci'na (willow-like). Yellow. April. 1820.
BEE. (Apis.) All the species of this
insect are friendly to the gardener; for
they all aid in impregnating his flowers,
many of which, without their aid, wbuld
fall unproductive of either fruit or seed.
At the same time they are as often in-
jurious, by causing cross impregnations,
and actually injuring flowers in their
efforts to get at the honey. The honey-
bee (A. mellifica) is the most active in
this operation ; but the humble-bee
(JSombus apis), and others of the robust
species, visit flowers in rough weather,
when the honey-bee will not venture
from its hive.
BEECH. Fa'gus.
BEET. There are two sections of this
vegetable cultivated by gardeners.
1. For the leaves to boil like spinach,
and the stalks of the leaves like sea-kale.
Brazilian Beet (Be'ta Brazilian sis), with
very large green leaves. Thick-leaved
Beet (B. ci'cla), of which there are these
varieties : — ] . Green-leaved, small-rooted,
2. White-veined, or silver. 3. Golden-
veined. 4. Eed-veined. The silver is
the flnest, and, when blanched as the
chard, nearly equals asparagus. The
leaves of all are boiled like spinach, and
the foot-stalks peeled and used as sea-
kale.
2. BedBeet(jB.t>MZ</aVis). — Nine varie-
ties occur of this; but the yellow and
white-rooted, not meriting cultivation,
are here omitted. The others are: —
1. Large-rooted. 2. Long-rooted. 3.
Dwarf-topped. 4. Turnip-rooted. 5.
Small. 6. Gastlenaudari. 7. Green-
topped. Of these, No. 4 is best for an
early crop, and No. 6 for the main crop,
if obtained genuiue. There are many
sub-varieties, but scarcely distinguish-
able from each other. For table use,
the object is to obtain moderate-sized and
dark crimson roots.
Use. — The Eed Beet, after being
cooked, is used sliced in salads, or alone
with an acid dressing. It is much better
baked than boiled.
Soil and Situation. — Beet requires a
rich, deep, open soil. Its richness should
rather rise from previous application, than
the addition of manure at the time of
sowing ; and, to effect this, th§ compart-
ment intended for the growth of these
vegetables is advantageously prepared as
directed for Celery. On the soil depend
the sweetness and tenderness for which,
which they are estimated; and it may be
remarked, that on poor, light soils, or
heavy ones, the best sorts will taste
earthy. The situation should be open ;
but it is of advantage to have the bed
shaded from the meridian sun in summer.
We have always found it beneficial to dig
the ground two spades deep for these
deep-rooting vegetables, and to turn in
the whole of the manure intended to be
applied with the bottom-spit, so as to
bury it ten or twelve inches within the
ground. Salt is a beneficial application
to this crop ; one reason for which un-
doubtedly is, the Beet being a native of
the sea-shore.
Time and mode of sowing. — Sow from
the close of February until the begin-
ning of April, it being borne in mind
that the seed must not be inserted until
the severe frosts are over, which inevit-
BEE
[110]
BEG
ably destroy the seedlings when young.
The best time for inserting the main
crop of red Beet-root for winter supply
is early in April. The Brazilian and
Thick-leaved Beets may be sown at the
same time for supply in summer ; and,
at the beginning of July or August, a sue-
cessional crop of these mny be sown for
supply in the winter and following spring.
The seed is best sown in drills, a foot
asunder, and an inch deep ; or by dibble,
at the same distance each way, and at a
similar depth, two or three seeds being
put in each hole. The Brazil Beet re-
quires eighteen inches space.
During the early stages of growth, the
beds, which, for the convenience of cul-
tivation, should not be more than four
feet wide, must be looked over occa-
sionally, and the largest of the weeds
cleared by hand. In the course of May,
according to the advanced state of
growth, the plants must be cleared
thoroughly of v/eeds, both b}* hand and
small hoeing; the lied Beet thinned to
ten or twelve inches apart, and the White
to eight or ten. The plants of this last
variety which are removed may be trans-
planted into rows at a similar distance.
Moist weather is to be preferred for per-
forming this, otherwise the plants must
be watered occasionally until they have
taken root. They must be frequently
hoed, and kept clear of weeds through-
out, the summer.
It is a great improvement to earth up
the stalks of the White Beet, in the same
manner as Celery, when they are intended
to be peeled, and eaten as asparagus. No
vegetable is more benefited by the appli-
cation of liquid-manure than the White
and Brazil Beets.
Taking tip the Red Sect. — In October
the Beet-root may be taken up for use as
wanted, but not entirely, for preserva-
tion during the winter, until November,
or the beginning of December, if the wea-
ther continues open ; then to be buried
in sand, in alternate layers, under shelter.
Before storing, the leaves and fibrous
roots must be trimmed off, but the main
root not wounded, and a dry day selected
for performing it. Beet-root may be kept
exceedingly well if stacked up neatly,
sloping to a point, against a north wall,
or other cool place, upon a dry bottom,
and buried with sifted coal-ashes. The
thickness of this covering must depend
apon the weather.
Gathering from the Green and White
Beet. — In gathering from these, the
largest outside leaves should be first
taken, and the inner left to increase in
size, when the same selection must be
continued ; but, at the same time, it must
be remembered that they are to be used
whilst perfectly green and vigorous, other-
wise they are tough and worthless.
To obtain seed. — Some roots must be
left where grown, giving them the pro-
tection of some litter in veiy severe wea-
ther, if unaccompanied with snow; or, if
this is neglected, some of the finest rootg
that have been stored in sand, and have
not had the leaves cut away close, may
be planted in February or March. Each
species and variety must be kept as far
away from others as possible, and the
plants set at least two feet from each
other. They flower in August, and ripen
their seed "at the close of September.
Seed of the previous year is always to be
preferred for sowing; but it will succeed,
if carefully preserved, when two years old.
BEFA'EIA. Sec BEJA'RIA.
BEGO'NIA. (After M. Scgon, a French
patron of botany. Nat. ord., Bignoniads
[Bignoniaceas]. Linn., 21-Moncecia 9-Po-
lyandria.)
Stove evergreen shrubs, except where otherwise
specified. Many freely by seeds, sown as soon as
ripe, or in the following: spring; cuttings in
spring or summer, after drying their base, in-
serted in sandy soil, in a little heat. The tuber-
ous kinds are easily propagated in abundance hy
division, when beginning to grow, and they will
stand more cold in winter by 5° or 10° than the
others; peat and sandy loam, and thoroughly-
decaye'l dung. Summer temp., 60° to 70° ; win-
ter, 48° to 55°.
J3. acerifo'lia (maple-leaved). 3. Whitish. BraEiU
1829.
— a'cid'i (acid). 1. White. Brazil. 1847.
— acumina'ta (long-pomted-feattecQ. 1. White.
July. Jamaica. 1798.
— acutifo'lia (abrupt-pointed-leaved). 1. White.
August. W. Ind. 1816.
— a'lbo-mcci'neii (white and scurlet-flozvered). 1.
White and scarlet. E. Ind. 1844. Stove
herbaceous perennial.
— a'pteru (wingless). 3. White. July. Stove
herbaceous perennial.
— argyrosti'gma (silver -spotted). 3. White.
August. Brazil. 1S1Q.
— aurnnfi'aca (orange-coloured). Orange. India,
— auricutaft/rme (ear-shaped). White. Guati-
mala. 1850.
— Barkn'ri (Barker's). 4. White. January.
Mexico. 1837. Greenhouse herbaceous
perennial.
— biscrra'ta (saw-tooth-Zeayed). 2. Pale pink.
June. Guatimala. 1817.
— bulbili'fcra (bulb-bearing). 1. Whitish-pink.
July. Peru. 1827. Greenhouse herba-
ceous perennial.
BEG
111 ]
BEJ
n. castarta?/0'#a(chesnut-leaved). 5. Pink. Fe-
bruary. Brazil. 1838.
— einaabari'na (vermilion -coloured). Orange,
scarlet. Bolivia. 1848. Stove herba-
ceous perennial.
— eocci'nea (scarlet-flowered). 3. Scarlet. April.
Brazil. Ih-i'J.
— erussicau'lis (thick-stalked). 3. Whitish-pfcik.
February. Guatimala. 1842.
— euculti'ta ^hooded). 3. White. Brazil.
— digita'ta (finger-leaned ). 3. White. June.
Brazil. Stove herbaceous perennial.
— dlpe'tala (two-petaled). 3. Pink. July. Bom-
bay. 1S2/.
— dfptera \ two-winged) . I. White. July. Cape
of Good Hope. 1822.
— di'scolor (two-coloured). 3. White. May.
China. 1&04.
— dinersifo'lia (various-leaved). 1. Pink. July.
Mexico. 1820.. Stove herbaceous peren-
nial.
— Dre'gei (Dregc's). 2. White. July. Cape of
Good Hope. 1838.
— du'bia (doubtful). 1. White. July. Brazil.
1818. Stove herbaceous perennial.
— fa^ifo'lia (beech-leaved). 3. White. April.
Brazil. 1838.
— FischtSri (Fischer's). 2. June. S.Amer. 1835.
— fuchsioi'des (fuschia-like). 5. Scarlet. De-
cember. North Grenada. 1844.
— geraniifo'lia (geranium-leaved). 2. Whitish-
red. September. Lima. 1833. Stove
tuberons-rooted.
— herac'eifo'lia (henicleum-leaved). 2. 1831.
Stove tuberous-rooted.
radii' tn (rayed). 2. Pale pink. Mexico.
— Hernandieefo'lia (Hernandia- leaved). Rose.
June. Java.
— hirsu'ta (shaggy-/eOTed). 1. White. June.
W. IndT 1789. Stove biennial.
— hirte'lla (small-haired). 1. White. September.
1824. Stove herbaceous perennial.
— Hoolce'ri (Sir W. Hooker's). 2. Pink. Mexico.
1827-
— homo'nymn (ambiguous). 3. White. June.
Brazil.
— hu'tnitia (humble). |. White. September. W.
Ind. 1788. Stove biennial.
— fl#rf/oeofy/i/oY/«(hydrocotyle-!caYpd). $. Pink.
June. S. Amer. 1843. Stove herba-
ceous perennial.
A/irfda (hybrid). l£. Pink. March.
— fateofaa (hoary). White. April. Mexico. 1S38.
Stove herbaceous perennial.
— incarna'ia (flesh-coloured). 2. Pink. Brazil.
1829.
— insi'gnis (striking). Pink. December. S.Amer.
1S26.
— lauri'na (laurel-^cr-erf). 3. Pink. July. Stove
nerbaceous perennial.
— Lindlnya'na ( Dr. Lindley's). 3. White. June.
Guatemala.
— lo'ngipcs (longr-flower-rtalked). 3£. White.
March. Mexico. 1828.
— lu'cida (shining). 1. White. August. W. Ind.
1816.
— luxu'rians (luxuriant). Bluish-white. S.
Amer.
— HMerophy'lla (larpe-leaved). 3. White. July.
.Jamaica. 1793.
— manica'ta (collared). 3. Pale pink. April.
Brazil. Stove herbaceous perennial.
— Kartia'na (Martin's). 3. Pink. July. Brazil.
29- Stove tuberous-rooted.
,. 3. White. February. Bra-
zil. 1838. '
B. murica'ta (muricated). 3. White. September.
Brazil. Stove herbaceous perennial.
— multibuVnllo'sa (many-bulbed). 2. White.
Brazil. 1830. Stove tuberous-rooted.
— Natale'nsis (Natal). White aad rose. No-
vember. Natal.
— ni'li'tfa (shining*/earwd). 1J. Pink. August.
Jamaica. 1/77.
— ociopc'tala (eight-petaled). 2. Greenish-white.
October. Peru. 1835. Stove tuberous-
rooted.
— odora'fa (fragrant). Ij. White. September.
1824. Stove herbaceous perennial.
— palma'ta (hand-shaped). 1. White. August.
Nepaul. 1819.
— papillo'sa. (pimpled). 3. Pink. July. Brazil.
1826.
— parvifo'litt (small-leaved). 3. White. May.
Cape of Good Hope. 1836.
— pa' tula (spreading). 1. White. June. W.
Ind. 1818.
— peltifii'lla (shield-leaved). 3. White. 1816.
Stove herbaceous perennial.
— pentapln/'lla (five-leaved). 3. White. July.
Brazil.
— pi'cta (painted), f. Pink. August. Nepaul.
1818. Stove tuberous-rooted.
— platanifo'lia (plane-tree-leaved). 10. Pink
September. Brazil. 182Q.
— pulcheflla (neat). 4. White. July. Brazil. 1823.
Stove annual.
— puncta'ta (spotted). Rose. May. Mexico. 1839.
— ramenta'cea (scaly-stemmed] . 1. \Vhitish-
blush. June. Brazil. 1830. Stove her-
baceous perennial.
— renifo'rmis (kidney-shaped). 1. White. July.
Brazil. 1818.
— rtifiric'iu'lis ('red-stemmed). l£. Blush.
— ru'tjro-VK'nia (red-veined), f . White, red.
Bootan. 1852.
— rupe'stris (rock). 2. Pink. April. Brazil. Stove
herbaceous perennial.
— sangui'nca (biood-red-Jeaued). 3. White. June.
Brazil. 1829-
— Sello'wii (Sellow's). White. September. Stove
herbaceous perennial.
— semperflo'rens (ever-blooming). Pink. Brazil.
1829.
— sinua'ta (vandyked). 2. White. June. Brazil.
1836.
— spatula' ta (spatulate). 1<|. White. September.
W. Ind. 1819. Stove herbaceous peren-
nial.
— stigmo'sa (spotted-tertTJetZ). lj. White. Stove
herbaceous perennial.
— suave' ol ens (sweet-scented). 1. White. August.
W. Ind. 1816.
— Thwaite'sii (Thwaites*). 6. White and pink.
Ceylon. 1852.
— tubero'sa (tuberous). £. TVhite. August. Am-
boyna. 1810. Stove tuberous-rooted.
— undula'ta (waved). 2. White. July. Brazil.
1825.
— urnphij'lla (tail-leaved). White. March.
— vitifo'tia (vine-leaved). 3. White. April.
Brazil.
— xa'nthia (yellow-flowered, or elephant-ear).
Tellow. July. Bootan. 1850.
— zebri'nn (zebr**Mped). 3. Pink. BrazH.
Stove herbaceous perennial.
BEJA'EIA. (Named after M. Bcjar, a
Spanish botanist. Nat. ord., Heatkworts
[Ericacese]. IAnn.,ll-Dodecandria 1-Mo-
nogynia.*)
BEL
2 |
BEN
Greenhouse evergreen shrubs, except where {
otherwise specified. Cuttings of young wood,
firm at the base ; loam and peat.
B. es'stuans (glowing). 12. Rose. Peru. 1846.
— cinnamo'mea (cinnamon). Peru. 1S47«
— coarcta'ta (close-headed). 5. Purple. Peru.
1847.
— glau'ca (milky-green). 3. Purple. June. New
Granada. 1826, Stove evergreen.
— ledifo'lia (ledum-leaved). 5. May. 1847-
— racemo'sa (raceme- flowered). 4. Purple. June.
Florida. 1810.
BELLADONNA LILY. Amary'llls bella-
io'mm.
BELLEISLE CBESS. Barla'rea prae'cox.
See AMERICAN CRESS.
BELLEVA'LIA. (Named after P. R.
Believed, a French botanist. Nat. ore!,,
Lilyworts [Liliacese]. 'Lirm.^Q-Hexandria
1-Monogynia. Allied to the Squills.)
Hardy bulbs ; offsets ; common garden-soil.
B. opercula'ta (lid- covered). 1. White. May.
Italy. 1596.
— Syri'aca( Syrian). Orange, blue. May. Syria.
1844.
BELL-FLOWER. Campanula.
BELL-GLASS is so called from its usual
form being that of a bell. It is formed
of one entire piece, and of common
"bottle-glass, when intended for sheltering
cauliflowers, &c., in the open borders ;
but of white, or very pale-green glass,
for preserving moisture to cuttings.
Formerly they were made with a top
almost flat, whence, to prevent drip upon
the cuttings, &c., it became necessary to
wipe them frequently. They are now
much improved by being cone-topped,
because the moisture condensed conse-
quently trickles down into the soil.
BELLIDIA'STRUM. (From bellis, a daisy,
and astrum, a star; being star-like. Nat.
ord., Composites [ Asteracese] . Linn., 19-
Synyenesia 2-Superflua. Allied to Aster.)
A hardy herbaceous perennial ; divinions ; sandy
•oam.
'B.MicJie'lii (Micheli's). 1. White. June.
Austria. 1570.
BE'LLIS. The Daisy. (From lellus,
»retty; referring to the flowers. Nat.
ord., Composites [ Asteracese] . Linn., 19-
Syngenesia 2-Superflua.)
All the cultivated kinds are hardy herbaceous
perennials. Seeds, but chiefly division of the
roots ; common soil.
S. Jiy'brida (hybrid). $. White. April. Italy.
1824.
— integrifo'lia (entire-leaved). £. White, pink.
July. Texas. 1801.
— pere'nnis (perennial). £. White. June.
Britain. This is the common Daisy.
fistulo'sa (piped, double-quilled), i. Red.
June.
B. pere'nnis horte-'nsis (garden, large-double). £•
Red. June.
proli'feru (proliferous). ^. Striped. June.
Commonly called The Hen and Chickens.
— sylve'stris (wood), g. White. June. Por-
tugal. 1797-
It is curious that the daisy is not more cuiti-
vAted and crossed by florists and amateurs. It
is quite as capable of improvement as the chry-
santhemum. The continental florists have not
treated it with similar neglect; and M. Van
Houtte, of Ghent, has more than twerity disUnct
varieties in his catalogue — white, pink, and varie-
gated ; quilled, red-disked, and double.
BE'LLIUM. (From lell-is, a daisy; the
flowers being like the daisy. Nat. ord.,
Composites [Asteraceaj], Linn., 19-Syn-
yenesia 2-Superflun.)
Seeds and divisions; sandy soil, and a little
peat.
B. bellidioi'des (daisy-like). $. White. July.
Italy. 1796. Hardy annual.
— crassifo' Hum (thick-leaved). £. Whitish-
yellow. June. Sardinia. 1831. Half-
hardy perennial.
— intermedium (intermediate), £. White. Au-
gust. Hardy herbaceous perennial.
— minu'tum (minute). 1. White. August.
Levant. 17/2. Hardy herbaceous peren
nial.
BELLOWS are employed for fumigating
differing only from the common bellows
by having a receptacle for ignited to
bacco in the pipe of its nozzle, through
which the air, being gently forced in the
usual way, propels the smoke in any
desired direction, where the insects to be
destroyed appear. Brown's Fumiyator
is superior to any bellows for such pur-
poses.
BELOPE'RONE. (From belos, an arrow,
and perone, a band, or strap; in reference
to the arrow-shaped connectivum. Nat
ord., Acanthads [Acanthaaese]. Linn.,
2-Diandria \-Monogynia. Allied to Jus-
ticia.)
Stove evergreen shrub. Cuttings ; light loam.
Summer temp., 60° to 70°; -winter, 45° to 55°.
B. oblonga'ta (oblong-leaved'). 3. Rosy-purple.
September. Brazil. J832.
BENDING-DOWN. This term is chiefly
applied to the bending of the annual or
other shoots of fruit-trees, for the pur-
pose of making them fruitful, or to make
them assume some desired form. Balis
of clay have been fastened to the ex-
tremities of the shoots, to weigh them
down into the position required; but the
most desirable mode is by fastening them
by a string to pegs driven into the ground.
BENGAL QUINCE. JE'gle ma'rmelos.
BENJAMIN-TREE. Fi'cus Benjamvna
and Lau'rus Be'nzoin,
BENTHA'MIA. (Named after Jfr.JBru-
BEE
[113]
BEE
tham, a distinguished English botanist.
Nat. ord., Cornels [Cornacese]. Linii.,
4-Tetrandria \-Monogynia.}
Hardy evergreen shrubs. Layers; seeds where
procurable; loam; does in a sheltered place.
B.frugi'fera (strawberry-fruited). 10. Yellow-
ish-red. August. Nepaul. 1825.
— Japo'nica (Japanese). Japan. 1847.
It is doubtful whether B. frugi'fera will en-
dure our winters unprotected, except in our
southern counties. It ripens its fruit against a
wall in Devonshire. It is like a raspberry, and
ornamental, but not eatable.
BERA'RDIA. (Named after M. Berard,
a botanist of Grenoble. Nat. ord., Bru-
niads [Bruniacese]. Linn., o-Pentandria
l-Monogynia.)
Greenhouse evergreen shrubs, from Cape of
Good Hope. Cuttings; divisions; common soil, j
B. palea'cea, (chaffy). 2. White. July. 1791- !
— phylicoi' des (phylica-like). 2. White. July.
1805.
BEKBE'KIS. The Barberry. (From
lerberys, its Arabian name. Nat. ord.,
Berberids [Berberidacese]. Linn., 6-
Hexandria \-Monogynia.)
We have reunited with this genus all the
species separated from it, and called Mahonias,
Seeds, sown in spring ; cuttings root freely if |
planted early in autumn ; and suckers are abun-
dantly produced. Grafting is resorted to with
rare species. Deep, sandy soil. All are hardy,
except where otherwise specified. See BAB-
BES.BY.
EVEKGREENS.
B. actinaca'ntha (ray-spined). 3. fellow. June.
Straits of Magellan.
— angulo'sa (angular). Yellow. Northern India.
1844.
— aqitifo'lia (prickly-leaved). 6. Yellow. April.
N. Amer. 1823.
— arista'ta (awned). 6. Yellow. April. Nepaul.
1820.
— Asia'tica( Asiatic). 4. Yellow. Nepaul. 1823
hua). Golden-
Grenada. 1847.
— Aurahuace'nsis (Aurahua). Golden-yellow.
— Bea'le.iplanlfo'lia (Mr. Scale's Chinese, flat-
leaved). Yellow. China.
— buxifo'Ua (box-leaved). 3. Yellow. Straits
of Magellan. 1827- Half-hardy.
— conci'nna (neat). 2. Yellow. Sikkiui Hima-
laya.
— Darwi'nii (Darwin's). 2. Orange. May.
South Chili. 184Q.
— dealba'ta (whitened-Zea»ed). 5. Yellow. May.
Mexico. 1833.
— du'lcis (sweet-/r«iYed). 8. Yellow. March.
Straits of Magellan. 1830.
— emarginu'ta (notch-petuled) . 3. Yellow. May.
Siberia. 1790.
— empetrifo'lia (empetrum -leaved). 2. Yellow.
May. Straits of Magellan. 1827. Half-
hardy.
—fascicula'ris (bundle-^otferetf). 8. Yellow.
April. California. 1820.
— Fortu'ni (Fortune's). Yellow. July. China.
— heterophy'lla (various-leaved). 4. Yellow.
May. Straits of Magellan. 1805.
B. nypoleu'ca (white-beneath-teawed). 5, PaTe.
yellow. May. Northern India. 1840.
— ilicifo'lia (holly-leaved). 4. Yellow. July.
Terra del Fuego. 1791.
— ine'rmis (unarmed). 2. Yellow. Straits of
Magellan. 1827. Half-hardy.
— macrophy'lla (large-leaved). Yellow. Japan.
184/.
— mi'tis (gentle-Morntei«). Yellow. N. Amer.
1834.
— nervo'sa (large-nerved). Yellow. June. N.
Amer. 1804.
— pa'llida (pale). Yellow. April. S. Amer.
1844. Greenhouse.
— Pangharanghc'nuis (Vznghai&ng). 1848. Half-
hardy.
— parviflu'ra (small-flowered). 3. Yellow. May.
S. Amer. 1846. Greenhouse.
— re' pens (creeping-roofed). 2. Yellow. April.
N. Amer. 1822.
— ruscifo'lia (rAws-leaved). 5. Yellow. May.
Buenos Ayres. 1823. Greenhouse.
— tenuifrflia (thin -leaved). Vera Cruz. 1836.
— trifolia'ta (three -leaved). Yellow. May.
Mexico. 1839. Greenhouse.
— virga'ta (twiggy). Yellow. Peru. 1836,
— Wallichia'nu (Wallich's). 4. Yellow. May.
Nepaul. 1820. Half-hardy.
DECIDUOUS.
B. Canade'nsis (Canadian). 5. Yellow. May.
Canada. 1759.
— Carolinia'na (Carolina). Yellow. June. N.
Amer. 1828.
— Cona'ri«(Conaria).Yellow. June. Nepaul. 1841.
— coria'ria (tanner's). 10. Yellow. May. Hima-
layas. 1835.
— cratce'gina (crataegus-like). 6. Yellow. May.
Asia Minor. 1820.
— Cre'tica (Cretan). 3. Yellow. April. Candia.
1759.
serratifo'lia (saw-edged-leaved). Yellow.
May. Candia. 1750..
— Dau'rica (Daurian). 8. Yellow. May. Dauria.
1818.
— floribu'nda (many-flowered). 10. Yellow. June.
Nepaul.
— Ibefrica (Iberian). 5. Yellow. May. Iberia.
1818.
— Provincia'lis (Provence). 8. Yellow. June.
France. 1821.
— Sibi'rica (Siberian). 2. Yellow. July. Siberia.
1790.
— Sine'nsis (Chinese). 4. Yellow. May. China.
1815.
— umbella'ta (umbellate-./?ouwed). ft. Yellow.
Nepaul. 1842.
— vulga'ris (common). 10. Yellow. April.
England.
a'lba (white-/r«t7«f). 8. Yellow. April.
aspe'rma (seedless). 6. Yellow. April.
Europe.
du'lcis (weet-red-f rutted). Yellow. May.
Austria. Evergreen.
fo'liis purpu'reis (purple - leaved). 10.
Yellow. May. 1841.
glau'ca (milky-green-/eo»ed). 10. Yellow,
May.
Jongifo'lia' (long-leaved). 10. Yellow.
May.
lu'tea (yellow-/ru«ed). 10, Yellow. May.
Europe.
mi'tis (gentle-MomteM), 10. Yellow.
May.
— ni'gra (black./rwtfed). 10. Yellow. Hay.
Europe.
I
BER
[
JB. VtUfra'ris purpu'rea (purple-fruited}. 10. Yel
low. May. Europe.
— —•viola'cea (violet-fruited). 10. Yellow
May. Europe.
BEBCHE'MIA. (Named after M. Ber
chem, a French botanist. Nat. ord.
JRhamnads [Rhamnacese]. Linn., o-
Pentandria I-Monogynia.)
Seeds, cuttings, and divisions ; sandy loam anc
peat. All twiners. Greenhouse treatment for
the two species first named. B. volu'bilis is
hardy.
B.floribu'nda (many-flowered). White. Nepaul
1827.
— linea'ta (lined). 8. Green. June. China. 1804
— volu'bilis (twining). 15. Green. June. Ca-
rolina. 1714.
BEBGE'BA. (Named after M. Berger,
a botanist at Kiel. Nat. ord., Citron-
worts [Aurantiaceae], Linn., I0-Decan-
dria I-Monogynia.)
Stove evergreen shrubs. Layers and cuttincrs ;
sandy loam. Summer temp., 60° to 70°} win-
ter, 55° to 60°.
B. intege'rrima (entire-leaved). 4. White. June.
W. Ind. 1823.
— Koni'gii (Konig's). 3. White. June. E.
Ind. 1820.
BE'KGIA. (Named after P. J. Bergins,
M.D. Nat. ord., Water-Peppers [Elati-
nacese]. Linn,, lO-Decandria k-Penta-
gynia.)
Hardy annual. Seeds ; sandy soil.
B.verticilla'ta (whorled). 1. White and red.
June. Egypt. 1820.
BEBKHE'YA. (Named after M. J. L.
de Berkhey, a Dutch botanist. Nat. ord.,
Composites [Asteracese]. Linn., 19-Syn-
genesia 3-Frustmnea. Allied to Gorteria.)
All from the Cape of Good Hope, and green-
house evergreens, except where otherwise speci-
fied. Biennial species by seed, as a tender an-
nual ; herbaceous ones by seed, but chiefly divi-
sions, in spring ; evergreens by cuttings under a
glass, in sandy soil : sandy loam. Winter temp.,
40° to 50°.
B.ce'rnua (drooping-flowered). 1. Yellow.
June. 17/4. Stove biennial.
— cunea'ta (wedge-teawed). 2. Yellow, June.
1812.
— cynaroi'des (artichoke-like). 1. Yellow. June.
1789. Greenhouse herbaceous.
— grandiflo'ra (large-flowered). 2. Yellow. July.
1812.
— inca'na (hoary). 2. Yellow. July. 1793.
— obova'ta (reversed-egg-teooed). 2. . Yellow.
July. 1794.
— palma'ta (hand-leaved). 3. Yellow. July. 1800.
— pectina'ta (comb-leaved). 2. Yellow. Au-
gust. 1818.
— spinosfssima (moat spiny). 2. Yellow. July.
1821. Greenhouse herbaceous.
— unifto'ra (one-flowered). 3. Yellow. July,
1815.
BERMUDA CEDAB. Juni'perus JBermu-
BERXERO'A. (Named after V, /, Btr-
L4 ] BES
tero, a friend of Decandolle's. Nat. crd^
Grucifers [Brassicacese], Linn., 15-Te-
tradynamia. Allied to Arabis.)
Biennial and perennial from seed and cuttings ;
the shrubby and rather more tender species from
cuttings under a hand-glass, in summer ; loamy
soil.
B. inca'na (hoary). 2. White. July. Europe.
1640. Hardy biennial.
— muta bills (changeable). 2. White, pink.
July. Levant. 1802. Hardy herba-
ceous perennial.
— obli'qua (unequal-sided-Jeawed). I. White.
July. Sicily. 1823.
BEBTHOLLE'TIA. Brazil Nut. (Named
after L. C. Berthollet, a distinguished
chemist. Nat. ord., Lecyths [Lecythi-
daceoe]. Linn., 13-Polyandria 1-Mono-
gynia.)
The Brazilian nuts of the shops are the pro-
duce of this ornamental stove evergreen tree.
Cuttings, ripened wood, in sand, and in bottom-
heat; peat and loam. Summer temp., 60° to 7^°;.
winter, 55° to 60°.
B. exce'lsa (tall). 100. Para.
BEBZE'LIA. (Named after Berzelius,
the celebrated chemist. Nat. ord., Bru-
niads [Bruniacese]. Linn., 5-Pentandria
\-J\Io nogynia.)
Greenhouse evergreen shrubs, from the Cape
)f Good Hope. Cuttings of half-ripened wood
n sand, under a glass ; loam and peat. Winter
temp., 40° to 45°.
JB. abrotanoi'des (southernwood-like). l£. White.
June. 1787.
— lanigino'sa (woolly). 3. White. July. 1774.
BESLE'EIA. (Named after Besler, an
apothecary at Nuremberg. Nat. ord.,.
Oesnerworts [Gesneracese]. Linn., 14-
Didynamia 2-Angiospermia. Allied to
Gresnera.)
Stove evergreen under-shrubs, except where
>therwise specified. Cuttings, slightly dried, and
placed in sweet bottom-heat, in rough, sandy
soil ; peat and loam. Summer temp., 60° to 80° ;
vinter, 50° to 60°.
B. cocci'nea (scarlet-Serried). 3. Yellow. Guiana.
1819.
— crista'ta (crested). 3. Yellow. June. W.
Ind. 1739. Stove evergreen climber.
— grandifo'lia (large-leaved). 3. Yellow. Au-
gust. Brazil. 1823.
— incarna'ta (flesh-coloured-iem'ed). 3. Yel-
low. Guiana. 1820. Stove herbaceous
perennial.
— lu'tea (yellow-flowered). 3. Yellow. July.
Guiana. 1739-
— mo'llis (soft). 3. Yellow. S. Amer. 1823.
— pulche'lla (neat). 3. Yellow. August. Tri-
nidad. 1806. Stove evergreen climber.
— tigri'na (tiger-spotted). 4. White, crimson.
December. Caraccas. 1853.
— viola'cea (purple-iemed). 6. Yellow. Guiana,
1824. Stove evergreen climber,
BESOM, or BBOOM, received its second
name from being often made of the broom-
BET
[ 115]
BET
plant; but the best, both for flexibility
and durability, are made of the ling, or
heath. Birch-brooms are the most com-
mon, and are those to which the name
besom applies; beso, in the Armorican
language, being the birch. But what-
ever the material, they will endure much
longer if soaked in water for some time
before using. If kept constantly in
water they would be still less brittle.
Where walks are liable to become mossy,
a broom made of wire is frequently em-
ployed for sweeping them. If the wire
be iron, it ought to be well dried and
dipped in oil before and after being used,
or it is soon destroyed by the rust.
BE'SSEBA. (Named after Dr. Besser,
professor of botany at Brody, Nat. ord.,
Lllyworts [Liliacese]. Linn., 6-Hexan-
dria 1-Monogynia. Elegant little Mexican
bulbs, allied to the Squills.)
Offsets ; sandy peat ; kept dry and cool, but
secure from frost when not growing ; kept moist
when growing and flowering. They require a
cold pit or greenhouse.
J3. e'legans (elegant). 2. Scarlet. September.
Mexico.
— fistulo'sa (hollow-stalked). 1. Purple. Sep-
tember. Mexico. 1831.
— Herbefrti (Dr. Herbert's). Purple and white.
September. Mexico. 1846.
BE'TA. Beet Koot. (From belt, the
Celtic word for red ; in reference to the
red colour of the beet. Nat. ord., Ghe-
nopods [Chenopodiaceae]. Linn., 5-Pen-
tandria 2-Digynia.)
Hardy biennials, except where otherwise de-
scribed. Seeds in March or April; deep soil.
See BEET.
B. Ci'cla (Sicilian wJdte-beef}. 6. Green. Au-
gust. Portugal. 1670.
— cri'spa (curled). 6. Green. August. South
of Europe. 1800.
— macrorhi'za (long-rooted). 6. Green. Au-
gust. Caucasus. 1820.
— mari'tima (sea). 1. Green. August. Britain.
— tri'gyna (three-styled). 3. White. July.
Hungary. 1796. Hardy herbaceous
perennial.
— vuJga'ris (common red-beet}. 4. Green. Au-
gust. Europe. 1548.
— ——lu'tea (yellow-rooted). 4. Green. Au-
gust. South of Europe.
— rv'bra (red-rooted). 4. Green. August. South
of Europe.
— rtridis (green). 4. Green. August. South
of Europe.
BE'TCKEA. (Named after M. Betcke,
a botanist. Nat. ord., Valerlanworts
[Valerianacese], Linn., §-Triandria 1-
Monoyynia.)
For all practical purposes, they may be taken
*• a common Valerian. Hardy annuals. Seeds
in warm actuations, in middle of May j or, better,
in a slight hotbed, in the middle of March, and
transplanted into common garden-beds.
B. ma'jor (larger). l£. Rose. August. Cali-
fornia. 1836.
— samolifo'lia (samolus-leavcd). 1. Rose. July.
Chili. 1835.
BETLE NUT. PVper Be' tie.
BETO'NICA. Betony. (This genus,
named after the Celtic title, Eentonic, is
now united to Stachys.)
BE'TONY. Stu'chys and Teu'crium be-
to'nicum.
BE 'TULA. Birch. (From its Celtic
name, betu. Nat. ord., Birchworts [Betu-
lacese]. lLiim.,2l-Mon(ecia4=-Tetrandria.)
Hardy deciduous trees and shrubs, except
where otherwise specified. Seeds sown as soon
as ripe, or kept dry, and sown in the April fol-
lowing, in fine soil, and scarcely more than
covered ; deep, dry soil suits them best. Shrubs
nnd particular species by suckers and grafting.
The flowers of all are inconspicuous, having no
petals.
B. a'lba (common white). 40. April. Britain.
Daleca'rlica (Dalecariian). 40. Mar.
Europe.
fo'liisvariega'tis (variegated-leaved). Mar.
macrocu'rpa (large-fruited). 40. June.
Europe.
pe'ndula (pendulous). April. Britain.
Po'ntica (Pontic). 70. May. Turkey.
urticifo'lia (nettle-leaved). 40. May.
vei-ruco'sa (warty). 40. April. Eritain.
— Bhojpa'ttra (Bhojpattra). 50. May. Himala-
yas. 1840.
— carpinifo'lia (horn-beam-leaved). 50. July.
N. Amer. 1769. Hardy evergreen.
— Dau'rica (Daurian). 30. July. Siberia. 1785.
parvifo'lia (small-leaved). July. Siberia.
— exce'lsa (tall). 60. July. N. Amer. 1/67.
—frutico'sa (shrubby). 6. June. Siberia. 1818.
— glundulo'sa (glanded). May. N. Amer. 1816.
— gra'ndis (great). N. Amer. 1834.
— lunulo'sa (woolly). 70. July. N. Amer. 1S17.
— le'ntu (pliant). 50. July. N. Amer. 1/59.
— lu'tea (yellow). 20. May. N. Amer.
— mo'llis (soft). E. Ind. 1840.
— nu'nu (smoo^A-dwarf). 4. May, N. Amer.
macrophy'lla (large-leaved). 6. May.
Switzerland. 1819.
— stri'cta (upright). May.
— ni'gra (black). 60. July. N. Amer. 1736.
— ova'ta (egg-leaved'). 6. May. Hungary. 1820.
— palle'scens (palish). 6.
— papyra'cea (paper). 50. June. N. Amer. 1750.
fu'sca (blackish -brown). May. Carolina.
plutyphy'lla (broad-leaved). 50. June.
Carolina.
trichoclu'da (hairy-twigged). June. Ca-
rolina.
— pe'ndula (pendulous). 40. June. Britain.
— Po'ntica (Pontic). 12. May. Turkey. Hardy
evergreen ,
— populifo'lia (poplar-leaved). 30. July. N.
Amer. 1/50. Hardy evergreen.
lucinia'ta (cut-leaved'). 30. July.
— — — • pe'ndula (pendulous). July.
— pube'scens (downy). 30. June. Germany. 1812.
— pu'mila (Aafr^-dwarf).6. May. N. Amer. 1702.
— ru'ltra (red). 60. July. Canada.
— Scopu'lii (Scopoli's). b'.
— tri'stis (sad). 10. May. Kamtschatka.
BIB
[ 116]
BIG
BiBioMARCi. St. Mark's Fly. Mr. Cur-
tis says : — " The larvse, or grubs, of this
insect generally live, in large groups of
a hundred or more, in strawberry-beds,
vine-borders, flower-pots, and similar un-
disturbed spots, feeding upon the roots,
and sometimes destroying the entire
plant. Bouche says they completely de-
molished his bed of Kanunculuses for se-
veral successive years, by eating up the
tubers. The larva is dark brown, some-
what cylindrical, the belly flattened, mo-
derately broad, and nearly linear ; the
head is comparatively small, deep brown,
and very shining. It changes to a chry-
salis, generally, towards the end of March.
This is of a pale ochreous colour, the
head being brightest. The female lays
her eggs in the earth, and in the dung of
horses and cows, in May. They do not
hatch until August."
BI'DENS. (From 6is, twice, and dens, a
tooth; in reference to the seed. Nat. ord.,
Composites [Asteracese], Linn., 19-Synge-
nesia l-^Bqualis. Allied to Coreopsis. )
Hardy ones may be grown in the common bor-
der. The others are scarcely worfti cultivating ;
but we have named the best. The annuals and
biennials from seed, and the perennials by divi-
sions and suckers. All hardy, except when other-
wise specified.
B. argu'ta (arguta). Yellow. June. Mexico.
1825. Herbaceous perennial.
— Bsrteriu'na (Berter's). 3. Yellow. May.
Porto Rico. 1787. Stove herbaceous
, perennial.
— lipinna'ta (twice-leafleted). 2. Yellow. July.
N. Amer. 1687. Annual.
— corona'ta (crowned). Yellow. August. 182Q.
Biennial.
— grandiflo1™ (large-flowered). 2. Yellow. June.
S. Amer. 1800. Annual.
— heterophy'lla (various-leaved). 2. Yellow. Au-
gust. Mexico. 1803. Greenhouse her-
baceous perennial.
— Ituca'ntha (white-flowered). 1$. White. July.
S. Amer. Annual.
— macrospe'rma (large-seeded). 1. Yellow. June.
Siberia. 1829. Annual.
— odora'ta (sweet-scented). 3. White. June.
Mexico. 1825. Annual.
-proc£'ra(tall).6. Yellow. November. Mexico.
1822. Herbaceous perennial,
-—renews (creep ing). 2. Yellow. July. Nepaul.
181Q. Deciduous creeper.
— terrulafta (fine-toothed). July. 182p. Bien-
nial.
BEDWI'LLIA. (Named after Mr. Bid-
well^ of Sydney, an ardent cultivator of
bulbs. Nat. ord., Lily worts [Liliacese].
Linn., 6-Hexandria \-Monogynia. Allied
to Anthericum.)
Hardy bulb. Divisions and offsets | light, rich
B. glauce'scens (milky- green). White. May.
Australia. 1843.
| BIEBERSTEI'HIA. (Named after M. Von
JBiebcrstein, who wrote a Kussian Flora.
Nat. ord., Eueworts [Rutaceae]. Linn.,
\Q-Decandria k-Pentagynia. Allied to the
common Rue.)
Half-hardy herbaceous perennial. Cuttings
under a hand-glass, in the beginning of summer;
seeds, in a slight hotbed, under a glass, in March
or April. Requires the protection of a cold pit
during winter, or a very dry, sheltered place.
B. odofra. (sweet). Yellow. May. Altaia. 1837.
BIENNIAL, from biennis, the Latin for
of two years' continuance, is a plant
which, being produced from seed in one
year, perfects its seed and dies during
the year following. Biennials may often
be made to endure longer if prevented
ripening their seeds ; and many exotics,
biennials in their native climes, are per-
ennials in our stoves.
Hardy Biennials. — Some of these ripen
their seeds as early as August, in which
case they may be sown as soon as har-
vested. Others, ripening their seeds later,
must have these reserved from sowing
until May. The double varieties of wall-
flowers, stocks, &c., are propagated by
cuttings.
Frame Biennials. — These require the
shelter of a frame during the early stages
of their growth ; to be removed thence,
in May, to the borders, where they bloom
in July and August.
BIFRENA'RIA. (From Us, twice, and
franum, a strap ; in reference to a double
strap, or band, by means of which the
pollen masses are connected with their
gland. Nat. ord., Orchids [Orchidaceee].
Linn., %Q-Gynandria \-Monandria. Al-
lied to Maxillaria.)
Stove orchids. Offsets and divisions. Peat,
sphagnum, charcoal, and broken pots; raised
above the surface of pots, or in baskets. Summer
temp., 65° to 85°; winter, 60° to 60°, and rather
dry.
B. a'trO'purpu'rea (dark purple). Dark purple.
Rio Janeiro. 1828.
— auranti'aca (orange- coloured). §. Orange-
spotted. September. Demerara.
— au'reo-fu'lva (orange-tawny). Or&nge. Eio
Janeiro. 1843.
— Hardwe'nii (Mr. Hardwen's). ij. Green,
chocolate, white. June. Brazil. 1851.
— longico'rnis (long-horned). Orange, brown.
Demerara.
— vitelli'na (yolk-coloured). Yellow. Rio Janeiro.
1843.
BIGNO'NIA. Trumpet Flower. (Named
after Ab beBignon, librarian to Louis XIV.
Nat. ord., Bignoniads [Bignoniacece].
Linn., l^-Didynamia 2-Angiospcrmia.)
This order furnishes the most gorgeous climbers
BIG
BIL
in the world ; natives of the tropical forests in
either hemisphere, a tenth part of which are said
not to be yet introduced to our gardeas. Stove
evergreen climbers, except where otherwise speci-
fied. Propagated easily by young, stiff side-
shoots, taken off in summer, inserted in sand,
under a bell-glass, and placed in bottom-heat;
peat and loam. Summer temp., 60° to 75°; win-
ter, 45° to 55°. These mostly produce their flow-
ers on short shoots, proceeding from well-ripened
buds of the previous'year's wood. Few do well as
pot-plants ; they like to ramble over the roof of a
cold stove. If the wood is well hardened in sum-
mer, many of them do well on the rafters of a
common greenhouse, and flower more freely tli^.i
they would do in a stove ; but you must have pa-
tience until they fairly mount the rafters. Jasmi-
•noi'des may be taken as a type of these. The
only hardy species is Capreola'ta, which is an or-
namental wall-climber in a sheltered situation ;
propagated easily by cuttings of its roots, or
shoots, under a. hand-glass, in spring or autumn.
It has been recommended to try Cruci'gera, in
similar situations, grafted on Capreola'ta. The
Ra'dicans and its near neighbour, but prettier
Grandiflo'ra, the only other hardy species of the
order, have bee i transferred to TE'COMA, which
see; the difference in the genera consisting chiefly
in the partition of the fruit, being parallel in Big-
no'nia, and contrary in Te'coma.
B. adenophy'lla (gland-leaved). E. Ind. 1832.
— a'loa (white). 8. White. Guiana. 1823.
— allia'cea (garlic-scented;. 10. Yellow. W. Ind.
1790.
— amas'na (pleasing). 20. Yellow. E. Ind. 1828.
— Apure'nsis (Apures). 10. Yellow. Orinoco.
1824.
— eequinuctia' Us (equinoctial). 40. Yellow. June.
Guiana. l/6r!.
— (Bscullflo'ra (horse-chesnut-flowered). 20. Yel-
low. Mexico.
— biju'ga (ivi'm-leaved), 6. Madagascar. 1822.
— ca'ndicans (whitish). 10. Cayenne. 1820.
— Capreola'ta (tendrilled). 15. Scarlet. June.
N. Amer. 1710.
— Caroli'naei Carolina). 10. Cream. Carolina.
— Chumberlay'nii (Chamberlayne's). 40. Yel-
low. August. Brazil. 1820.
— Chi'ca (Chica). 10. Orinoco. 1819-
— Chire're (Chirere). 10. Red, orange. Guiana.
1824.
— chrysa'ntha (yellow-flowered). 10. Yellow.
Guiana. 1823.
— chrysoleu'ca (yellowish- white). 10. Yellowish-
white. July. S. Ainer. 1824.
— Cle'matis (Clematis). 15. Caraccas. 1820.
— crena'ta (scolloped). 10. E. Ind. 1823.
— cruci'gera (cross-stemmed). 20. Yellow, scar-
let. S. Amer. 1759.
— deci'piens (deceiving). 10. E. Ind. 1823.
— diversifii'lia (various-leaved). 10. Mexico.
1825.
— echina'ta (bristly -fruited). 20. Purple.
Guiana. 1804.
— elonga'ta (elongated). 8. Purple. S. Amer.
1820.
— floribu'nda (many- flowered). 12. White.
Caraccas. 1816.
— gra'tilis (slender). 50. Yellow. April. S. Amer.
1810.
— grandifu'lia (large-leaved). 60. Purple, red
June. Caraccas. 1816.
— incarna'ta (flesh-coloured). 4. White, orange.
Guiana. 1820.
— Indica (Indian). 40. Purple. India. 1775.
B.jasminifo'lia (jasmine-leaved). 10. White.
Orinoco. 1826.
— jasminoi'des (jasmine-like). 30. Purple. More-
ton Bay. 1830.
— lactiflw'ra (milk-flowered). 20. White. May.
Santa Cruz. 1823.
— lalifu'lia (broad-leaved). 10. Yellow. Cay-
enne. 1823.
— laurifo'lia (laurel-leaved). 20. Guiana. 1804.
— leuco'xylon (white-wooded). 12. Pink. W.
Ind. 1759.
— litora'lis (shore). Pink, red. Mexico. 18244
— lu'cida (shining). 10. E. Ind. 1823.
— meona'ntha (smaller-flowered). 20. Pink.
June. N. Holland.
— mo'llis (soft). 10. Guiana. 1818.
— molli'ssima (very soft). 10. Caraccas. 182fc,
— tmilti'fida (many-cleft). 10. E. Ind. 1823.
— pu'llida (pale-flowered). 15. White. July,.
W. Ind. 1823.
— pi'cta (painted). 10. Variegated. S. Amer«
1823.
— pube'scens (downy). 15, Yellow. June. Cam-
peachy. 1759.
— purpu'rea (purple). 6. Purple. S. Amer. 1822.
quudrangula'ris (four-angled). 10. E. Ind,
1823.
— salicifo'lia (willow-leaved). 10. Yellow. Trini-
dad. 1824.
— serratifo'lia (saw-leaved). 20. Yellow. W.
Ind. 1822.
— serrula'ta (fine-toothed). E. Ind. 1832.
— specio'sa (handsome). 20. Pink. May. Ura-
jruay. 1838.
— specta? bills (showy). 10. Purple. W. Ind. 1820.
— spica'ta (spiked-flowered). Trinidad. 1822.
— staini'nea (frmgr-stamened). 10. Yellow. His-
paniola. 1825.
— subero'sa (cork-burked). 38. White. E. Ind.
1820.
— tomento'sa (woolly). 10. Japan. 1820.
— triphy'lla (three-leaved). 10. White. S.Amer.
1783.
— Tweediti'na, (Mr. Tweedie's). 20. Yellow.
June. Buenos Ayres. 1838.
— varia'bilis (variable), io. Yellow, white. W.
Ind. 1819.
— venu'sta (lovely). 4. Orange. September.
S. Amer. 1816.
BILBERRY. Vacci'nium myrti'llus.
BILIMBI-TREE. Averrho'a bili'mbi.
BILL, a sharp-edged tool, employed in
cutting hedges,sharpeniiig stakes,
&c. It should never be used in
pruning ; but, where the branch
is too strong to be cut with the
knife, the saw ought always to
be applied. An implement well
adapted for this purpose is Dean's
bill ; for it has a narrow blade
with a keen-cutting edge, and a
saw at the back, made expressly
for cutting green wood, warranted
not to buckle or stick fast.
BILLARDIE'RA. Apple Berry. (Named
after Labillardiere, a French botanist.
Nat ord., Pittosporads [Pittosporaceae].
Linn., 5-Pentandria l-Monogynia.')
Greenhouse evergreen climbers. * Seeds sown
in a little heat, in April, from cutting- i" *'a7
BIL
118 ]
BIB
or June, in sand, under a bell-fflass; loam and
geat. Summer temp., 50° to 70°; winter, 40° to 48°.
Ji. angustifo'lia (narrow-leaved). 2. Cream. July.
N.Holland. 1820.
— Daphnoi'des (Daphne-like). Yellow, purple.
May. N. S. Wales. 1840.
— longiflo'ra (long-flowered). 20. Crimson.
July. Van Diemen's Land. 1810.
— muta'bilis (changeable). 8. Crimson. August.
N. S. Wales. 1795.
— ova'lis (oval-leaved). 20. Green, yellow. Van
Diemen's Land. 1833.
— varvijto'ra (small-flowered). 12. Blue. July.
N. Holland. 1825.
— sca'ndens (climbing). 12. Purple. August.
N. S. Wales. 1790.
BILLBE'RGIA. (Named after Billbcrg, a
Swedish botanist. ''Nat. ord., Brumelworta
[Bromeliaceoe]. Linn., 6-Hexandria 1-
Monogynia.)
Stove plants, formerly belonging to. Bromelia.
Suckers and divisions; sandy loam, peat, and a
little rotten cow-dung. Summer temp., 6u° to
75°; winter, 55° to 60°.
23. amce'na (pleasing). 2. Yellow. June. S.
Amer. 1817.
— bi'color (two-coloured). |. Hose, blue. May.
Rio Janeiro. 1829.
— cldva'ta (club-shaped). l£. Blue. February.
Trinidad. 1824.
— crue'nta (bloody). 1. Blue, red. August.
Kio Janeiro. 1824.
— fascia'ta (banded). l£. Blue, red. August.
Rio Janeiro. 1825.
— iridifo'lia (iris-leaved). 1. Scarlet, yellow.
March. Rio Janeiro. 1825.
— nudicau'lis (naked-stemmed). 2. Crimson.
May. Trinidad. 1822.
— purpu'rea (purple). Eose, purple, October.
Brazil.
— purpu'rea-ro'sea (purple and rosy). 2. Rose,
purple. November. Brazil. 1831.
— pyramida'lis (pyramidal). 2. Crimson. Fe- '
bruary. Rio Janeiro. 1817.
— thyrsoi'deu, (dense-flowered). Scarlet. Novem- |
her. Brazil * '
• Wethere'lUWr.WethereIVs). Blue and yellow.
December. Bahia.
— sebri'na (zebra-streaked') . l£. June. S. Amer.
1826.
— zona'ta (zoned.-leaved'). 1$. White. March.
Brazil. 1843.
BINDING. A term applied to adhesive
soils, to describe the closeness and hard-
ness of their texture in hot, dry seasons.
(See BAKING.) This term applies, also, to
some gardening processes. Thus, fasten-
ing a graft or bud in its place, by means
of bast or other material, is termed bind-
ing in some counties.
BINDWEED. Gonvo'lvnlus.
BIO'PHYTUM. Oxa'lts bio' phylum.
BlKCH. Be'tula and Carpi' nus be'titl'.t.
BIKDS are benefactors, as well as in-
jurers, of the gardener. They destroy mil-
lions of grubs, caterpillars, and aphides,
which would have ravaged his crops ;
tut, at the'same time, some commit havoc
upon his fruit and seeds. The wisest
course, consequently, is to scare them
from the garden at such times, or from
the portions of it in which they can be
predjudicial, but to leave them to visit it
unmolested whenever and wherever they
cannot be mischievous. Thus, in early
spring, a boy or two will drive them away
during such time as the buds of the goose-
berry, currant, and plum are open to
their attacks ; and again during the time
that the cherries are ripe. To keep them
from the fruit of late gooseberries and
currants, it is sufficient to interlace thickly
the bushes with red worsted. To keep
them from attacking peas and other
vegetables just emerging from the soil,
a similar display of white thread, fastened
to pegs about six inches from the surface,
is also sufficiently deterring. Nets, where
available, are also effectual guardians.
By these aids, but especially by the watch-
ing during certain seasons, the gardener
may protect himself from injury at a
very trifling expense, without depriving
himself of the services of the most sharp-
sighted, most unwearying, and most
successful of all insect-killers.
INSECT-EATING BIRDS, WHICH DO NOT
EAT FRUITS OR SEEDS.
One of the most exclusively 'insect-
eating birds is the golden-crested wren
(Rcgnlus crislatus, Ray), the smallest of
the birds of Europe. The species which
come nearest to the gold-crest, in appear-
ance and habits, are the wood-wren
(Sylvia sibilatrix) , and the willow-wren,
or hay-bird (S.fitis). The chiff chaff (S.
loqnax) also ranks with these as an insect-
eating bird, but is least common. The
nightingale (Sylvia lusciiiia) does consi-
derable service to the cultivator, by de-
vouring numbers of caterpillars and
grubs, as well as the moths, butterflies,
and beetles from which they are produced.
The whinchat (Saxicola rubetra), the
stonechat (S. rubicola), and the wheatear
(S. cenanthe}, may be ranked as insecti-
vorous birds ; the stonechat particularly.
The whinchat frequents cabbage-gardens
and turnip- fields after the breeding
season, and ought to be protected, be-
cause it not only eats insects, but small
shell-snails, while it never touches fruits
or seeds. The wheatear is equally bene-
ficial in clearing crops from insects, with-
out levying any contribution for its
services.
BIR
[ 110 J
BIS
The wagtails, particularly the yellow
one, (Mataciilaflava,) feed wholly on in-
sects, particularly gnats, midges, and
other flies that tease cattle. They will
also follow the spade, to feed upon the
worms and grubs turned up ; and, in
this way, no doubt, thousands of wire-
worms and other destructive vermin are
effectually destroyed. The treo-pipet, or tit-
lark (Anthus arboreus), and the meadow-
pipet (A, pratensis}, are common hedge-
birds , which search busily after the au-
tumnal hatches of caterpillars and grubs,
or the smaller flies and beetles, which
they find among the herbage. The
cuckoo, the common fly-catcher, and the
flusher, or lesser butcher-bird, may be
classed among the insectivorous-feeding
birds. To these many other hedge-birds
might be added, such as the nightjar, j Purse.)
the sedge-bird, the wryneck, the creeper, : AH hardy.
and the bottle-tit, none of which are in : the perennial
the least destructive ; while, from their i Coinu™n soil.
feeding exclusively, or nearly so, on in- j
sects, they are of much service in dimi- ! B. ambi'gua (doubtful).
nishing the number of such as are in- j Italv-
jurious to field and garden crops.
finch, the mountain-finch, the bullfinch,
the house-sparrow, and the tree-sparrow.
BIRD CHERRY. Ce' rasus pa' dus.
BIRD PEPPER. Ca'psicum bacca'tum.
BIRD'S BILL. Tngone'lla ornitkopod**
oi'des.
BIRD'S EYE. Pri'mnlafarino'sa.
BIRD'S FOOT. Ortliino'pus and Etir
pho'rbia ortJdno'pus.
BIRD'S-FOOT TREFOIL. Lo'tus.
BIRD'S NEST. Asple'nium ni'dus.
BIRD'S TONGUE. Ornitkoglo'ssum.
BIRTHWORT Arislolu' chia.
BISCUTE'LLA. Buckler Mustard. (From
bis, double, or twice, and scutella, a saucer;
in reference to the shape of the seed-
vessel when bursting. Nat. ord., Cruci-
fers [Brassicacese]. Linn., 15-Tetrady-
Allied to Thlaspe, or Shepherd's
The annuals, by seed in March ;
the perennials, by division then or in September.
INSECT-EATING BIRDS WHICH EAT FRUIT
OR SEEDS.
These are the common wren, the
Ledge-sparrow, or dunnock, the redbreast,
the redstart, the tom-tit, the Cole-tit, the j ~ raphanifo'lia (radish-leaved).
marsh-tit, and the greater-tit. The weeds! -3^' ****' 18'22'
and insects which these birds destroy
will, however, certainly more than com-
pensate for the few heads of grain, the
flower-seeds, or small fruit which they
may occasionally pilfer.
PERENNIALS.
f. Yellow. June.
Yellow.
1. Yellow. June.
June.
— coronopifo'lia (buckthorn-leaved).
June. Italy. 1790.
' — IcKvi^a'ta. (smooth-podded)
" Italy. 1777-
j -- alpe'stris (alpine). 1. Yellow.
Hungary. 1816.
— longifc'lia (long-leaved). Switzerland. 1832.
— monta'na (mountain). 1. Yellow. Spain. 1823.
Yellow.
«PBUIT-EATINO BIRDS, WHICH ALSO FEED
ON INSECTS.
— saxa'tilis (rock). 1. Yellow. June. South
Europe. 1821.
— sempervi'rens (evergreen). 1. Yellow. June.
Spain. 1784.
— stenophy'lla (narrow-leaved). 1. Yellow.
June. Spain. 1826.
ANNUALS.
B. cilia'ta (hair-fringed). 1.
South of France.
J — Colu'mnce (Columna's).
Yellow.
1820.
1. Yellow.
June.
f June.
In this list are the black-cap, babillard, j South of Italy. '1823.
(Cnrruca garrula,) the garden-warbler, — depre'ssa (depressed). 4. Yellow. June.
the whitethroat, the > missel-thrush, the | -iyra>ta^lllalld}. 14. Yellow, July.
song-thrush, the blackbird, and the Spain. 1799.
Starling. I — mari'iima (sea). lj. Yellow. June. Naples.
1824.
DECIDEDLY DESTRUCTIVE BIRDS.
The greater portion of those to be
•enumerated are exclusively grain-eaters,
and make no return for their depreda-
tions by destroying insects, though they
no doubt contribute to keep down the
diffusion of weeds by the quantity of
seeds which they devour. The goldfinch^
the yellow-hammer, the cirl-bunting, the
,reed-bunting, the corn-bunting, the sky-
lark, the woodlark, the linnet, the chaf-
| BISE'RULA. Hatchet Vetch. (From
i bis, twice, and serrula, a saw ; in refer-
I ence to the seed-pods being armed with
teeth. Nat ord., Leguminous Plants [Fa-
bacese]. Linn., 17-Diadelphia k-Decan-
dria. Allied to Astragalus.)
Hardy annual. Seeds in April or September.
Sandy soil.
B, pelefcinia (bastard-eorM-tfeerf). 1. Purple.
July. South Europe. l6<0.
BIT
[ 120 J
EIA
BITTEK OAK. Qua'rcus ce'rns.
BITTER- SWEET. Sula'num dulcama'ra.
BITTER VETCH. Oro'bus.
BITTER WOOD. Xylo'pia.
BIVON.E'A. (After A. Bivona Bernurdi,
a professor of botany in Sicily. Nat.
ord., Crucifers [Brassicacese]. Linn.,
\5-Tetradynamia. Allied. to Lepidium.)
Hardy annual. Seeds ; common soil.
B. lu'tea (yellow). J. Yellow. June. Italy. 1824.
BI'XA. Arnotta. (Its native name in
South America. Nat. ord., Bixads [Fla-
courtiacese]. Linn., 13-Polyandria 1-
Monogynia.)
The reddish pulp which surrounds the seeds of
J3. Orella'na is the Arnotta of commerce, used in
the preparation of chocolate, and by farmers for
colouring cheese, and also by dyers for a reddish
colour, Stove evergreen trees. Cuttings of half-
ripened shoots in sand, under- a bell-glass, and in
heat ; lumpy peat and loam. Summer temp.,
85° to 85° ; winter, 50° to 60°.
B. Orella'na (Orellana). 20. Pink. June.
W. Ind. 1690.
— purpu'rea (purple). 20. Purple. July. E.
Ind. 1817.
— Urucura'na (Urucu). 20. Pink. July.
Brazil. 1820.
BIZARRE. See CARNATION.
BLACK ADIANTUBI. Asple'nium adia'n-
tum-ni'yrum.
BLACK ARCH-MOTH. See PSILURA
MONACHA.
BLACK BRYONY. Poisonous weeds,
which need not be further noticed.
BLACK BULLACE. Pru'nus insili'tia.
BLACKBU'RNIA. (Named after Mr.
Blackburn. Nat. ord., Xanthoxyls [Xan-
thoxylacese]. Linn., k-Tetrandria 1-
Monoyynia.)
Greenhouse evergreen shrub. Cuttings of half-
ripe shoots in sand, under a bell-glass, in April ;
also by layers, in autumn; peat and loam, both
fibry and" sandy. Summer temp., 65° to 75°;
winter, 40° to 45°.
B. pinna'ta (leafleted). White. May. Norfolk
Island. 1829.
BLACK CATERPILLAR. See ATHALIA
SPIN ARUM.
BLACK FLEA. (Haltica nemorum.)
No insect is more insidious or more
sweeping in the destruction it brings
upon some of the farmers' or gardeners'
crops than the turnip-flea (Haltica ne-
morum). Turnips of all kinds, beet-
root, mangold-wurtzel, radishes, and flax,
are all liable to be destroyed by this in-
sect. It is a singular misapplication of
terms, that this insect is known among
cultivators of the soil as the black and
the turnip flea or fly, none of them ever
calling it a beetle, which it really is ; and
the most descriptive name is the turnip-
flea beetle, for this describes not only its
real nature, but its favourite food, and its
extraordinary power of skipping or
leaping like the common flea. This
insect is represented in our drawing
of its natural size and magnified. The
body, one-eighth of an inch long, is rather
flattened, and of a brassy-black colour,
thickly dotted; the wing-cases are green-
ish-black, with a pale-yellow, broad line on
each ; the base of the feelers (antenna)
and the legs are pale clay-coloured.
The eggs are laid on the under side of
the rough leaf of the turnip from April
to September. They hatch in two days.
Their maggots live between the two skins
or cuticles of the rough leaf, and arrive
at maturity in sixteen days. The chry-
salis is buried just beneath the surface
of the earth, where it remains about
fortnight. The beetles are torpid
through the winter, and revive in the
spring, when they destroy the two
first or seed leaves of the young turnip.
There are five or six broods in a season.
These insects are most to be feared in
fine seasons. Heavy rains, cold springs,
and long droughts destroy them. Their
scent is very perfect: the beetles fly
against the wind, and are attracted from
a distance. The rapid growth of a plant
s the best security against them ; to
secure which, sow plenty of seed, all of
the same age. Burning the surface of
the land' is beneficial, by destroying the
chrysalides. Deep digging is an excel-
ent practice when the chrysalides are
n the soil. Drilling is a far superior
Dractice to sowing the seed broadcast.
Destroy charlock-: it affords support to
the beetles before the turnips come up.
The most effectual banishment of the
turnip-fly, we think, is secured by sowing
BLA
[ 121 ]
BLE
the surface of the soil with gas-lime two
or three mornings after the turnip-seed
has been sown. This is so offensive to
the insect as to drive it away just at the
time the young plants are appearing
above ground. — The Coliaye Gardener,
ii., 93.
BLACK GRUB. Athalia spinarnm.
BLACK JACK OAK. Que'rcus ni'grx.
BLACK PINE. Pl'nus Justri'aca.
BLACK SALTWORT. Glaux mari'tima.
BLACK THORN. Pru'nus spino'sa.
BLACK VARNISH-TREE. Melanorrhce'a.
BLACK WATTLE. Callico'maserralifo'lia.
BLADDER BLIGHT. See PEACH — Blister-
ing of Leaf.
BLADDER KETMIA. Hibi'scus trio* num.
BLADDER NUT. Staphyfe'a.
BLADDER SENNA. Colu'tea.
BLADDER CATCHFLY. Sile'ne infla'ta.
BLJE'RIA. (Named after Dr. Blair, a
physician. Nat. ord., Heathworts [Eri-
caceae]. Linn., k-Tetrandria l-Monogy-
nia.)
Greenhouse evergreen shrubs, from the Cape
of Good Hope. Cuttings of young wood in
sand, under a bell-glass; sandy peat. Summer
temp., 50° to 65°; winter, 35° to 45°, with plenty
of air.
B. articula'ta (jointed). 2 Pink. May. 1TP5.
— cilia'ris (hair-fringed). 2. White. June. 1795.
— dumo'sa (bushy). 2. 1806.
— ericoi'des (heath-like). 2. Purple. Septem-
ber. 1774.
— fascicula'ta (bundled). 2. 1812.
— purpu'rcu (purple-flowered). 2. Purple, if ay.
1791.
BLA'KEA. (Named after Martin Blake,
an active promoter of useful knowledge.
Nat. ord., Melastomads [Melastomacece].
Linn., \\-Dodecandria \-Monoyynia. Al-
lied to Miconia.)
Stove evergreen shrubs. Cuttings from shoots,
rather firm ; plant in sandy peat, in bottom-heat,
under a glass ; peat and loam. Summer temp.,
60° to 85° ; winter, 50° to 55°.
J?. quinquene'rvia (five-nerved). 10. White.
June. Trinidad. 1820.
— trine'rmtt (three-nerved). 8. White. June.
Jamaica. 178Q.
BLANCHING, or ETIOLATION, is effected
by making plants grow in the dark; and
the more completely the light is ex-
cluded, the more entire is the absence of
colour from the leaves and stems of the
plants. The colouring matter of these
is entirely dependent upon their power
to decompose water arid carbonic acid
gas — a power they do not possess when
light is absent. The effect of blanching
is to render the parts more delicately
flavoured, more pleasing to the eye, and
more crisp — properties very desirable in
sea-kale, celery, rhubarb, endive, let-
tuces, &c. Wherever it can be accom-
plished, blanching-pots should be em-
ployed, in preference to covering the
plants with earth or other materials.
The flavour is better, and decay is less
liable to be induced. Lettuces and
cabbages are usually whitened by tying
the leaves over the heart, or centre-bud.
In some instances, blanching is unde-
signed and a positive evil, as when gera-
niums and other plants become pale and
weak, from being confined under vines in
a greenhouse, where the relative heat
and light are disproportioned.
BLANDFO'RDIA. (Named after George,
Marquis of Blandford. Nat. ord., Lily-
\ worts [Liliacese]. Linn., Q-Hexandria 1-
Monogynia. Allied to Hemerocallis.)
Beautiful greenhouse bulbs, requiring the
same treatment as Ixias. Seeds and offsets.
Winter temp., 35° to 45°. Loam and peat.
B. Backhou'sii (Backhouse's). Van Diemen'a
Land.
— Cunningha'mii (Cunningham's). Red, yellow.
N. Holland.
— flafmmea (flame-flowered). Flame. Aus-
tralia. 1836.
— grandiflo'ra (large-flowered). 2. Crimson.
July. N. S. Wales. 1812.
— intermedia (intermediate). Yellow. Septem.
her. N. Holland. 1844.
— margina'ta (rough-edged-leaved). 2. Copper.
July. Australia. 1842.
— no'bilis (noble). 2. Orange. July. N. Sv
Wales. 1803.
BLAST, or BLIGHT, is the popular name
for any withering of plants of which
neither the scientific title nor the causes
are known to the observer. The mildew
of corn ; the honey-dew on fruit-trees ;
the withering occasioned by violent cold
winds in early spring ; and the ravages
of the hawthorn caterpillar, are all
spoken of by the uninformed under the
above titles.
BLEABERRY, or BILBERRY. Vacci'nium
myrti'llus.
BLE'CHNUM. (From bltchnon, a Greek
name for a Fern. Nat. ord., Ferns [Poly-
podiacesej. Linn., 24^-Cri/ptogamia i-
Filices.)
Spores or seed, and divisions at the root ; peat
and loam. The Cape of Good Hope and New
Holland species will thrive in the greenhouse;
the South American and Indian require the stove,
though none of them will find fault with its heat.
Summer temp., 60° to 90°; winter, 55° to 60°.
B. serrula'tum is hardy.
B. angustifo'lium (narrow-leaved). 1. Brown.
July. W. Ind.
— austra'le (southern). 2. Brown. June. Cape
of Good Hope. 16Q1.
BLE
[122 J
BLI
B.Brazilie'nse (Brazilian), f. Brown. June.
Brazil. 1820.
— cartilagi'ncum (cartilaginous). 1. Brown.
July. N. Holland. 1820.
— Corcovade'nse (Corcovado). 4. Brown. July.
Brazil. 1837.
— denticula'tum (toothed). Brown. June. Te-
neriffe. 182".
— Finlaysonia'num (Finlayson's). Brown. Ma-
lacca.
— Fontanesia'num (Desfontaine's). Brown. July.
Brazil.
— glajidu/o'surn (glanded). $. Brown. April.
Brazil. 1823.
— gra'cile (slender). 2. Brown. November.
Brazil. 1830.
— hasta'tum (halbert-shaped). 1. Brown. July.
Chili. 1841.
— intermedium (intermediate). 1. Brown. July.
Brazil. 1841.
— lance' ola (lance- Jeaued). 3. Brown. Sep-
tember. Brazil. 1829.
— IcBviga'tum (smooth). 1. Brown. July. N.
Holland. 1821.
— longifo'lium (long-leaved). 1. Brown. July.
Caraccas. 1820.
— ni'tidum (shining). Brown. Isle of Luzon.
— occidenta'le (western). 1. Brown. August.
Brazil. 1823.
— orienta'le (eastern). Brown. July. E. Ind.
— pectina1 turn (comb-leaved). 1. Brown. Au-
gust. S. Amer. 1827.
— polypodioi'des (polypodium-like). 1. Brown.
September. "Brazil. 1829-
— serrula'tum (sa.\v-edged). f. Brown. July.
Florida. 1819-
— stria' turn (furrowed), f . Brown. July. N.
Holland. 1824.
— triangula're (three-angled). Brown. July.
Moxico. 1841.
— trifolia'tum (three-leaved). Brown. July.
Brazil. 1841.
BLE'CHUM. (From a Greek name for
an unknown plant, supposed to be Mar-
joram. Nat. ord., Acanthads [Acantha-
cese]. Linn., 14-Didynamia %-Angiosper-
mia. Allied to Dicliptera.)
Stove herbaceous perennials. Cuttings of young,
firm shoots in spring or summer; peat and loam.
Summer temp., 60° to 80°; winter, 48° to 55°.
B» angustifo' Hum (narrow-leaved). 1. Blue.
June. Jamaica. 1824.
— Brazilie'nse (Brazilian). 1. Blue. June.
Brazil. 1824.
— Bro'wnei (Brown's). 2. June. W. Ind. 1/80.
— laxifio'rum (loose-flowered). 2. White. Ja-
maica. IS 18.
BLEEDING. See EXTRAVASATED SAP.
BLE'PHARIS. (From blepharis, the eye-
lash ; in reference to the fringed bractes.
Nat. OTidi.,Acanihads [Acanthacese]. Linn.,
].<L-Didynamia 2-Angiospermia. Allied to
Acanthus.)
The annuals and biennials by seed in hotbed,
as tender annuals ; the trailers and under-shrubs
by the same means, and by cuttings in heat,
•under a bell-glass.
B. Boerhanieefu'lia (Boerhavia-leaved). 1. Blue.
July. E. ind. 1829- Stove annual.
— Cape'mis (Cape). 1. Blue. July. Cape of
Good Hope. 18 1 6. Greenhouse biennial.
B.furca'ta (fork-spinel). 2. July. Cape of
Good Hope. 1816. Greenhouse ever-
green shrub.
— linear if o'lia (narrow-leaved). 2. Blue. July.
Guinea. 1823. Stove annual.
— procu'mbens (procumbent). 1. July. Cape
of Good Hope. 1825. Greenhouse ever-
green trailer.
BLEPHI'LIA. (From llcpharis, the eye-
lash ; in reference to the fringed bractes.
Nat. ord., Labiates [Lamiacece]. Linn.,
2-Diandria I-Monogynia. Allied to Mo-
narda.)
Hardy herbaceous perennials. Seeds, and divi-
ding the roots in April and September. Common
soil.
B. cilia'ta (hair-fringed). 3. Red. July. N.
Amer.
— hirsu'ta (hairy). Purple. August. N. Amer.
1/98.
BLESSED THISTLE. Centau'rca fone-
di'cta.
BLE'TIA. (Named after a Spanish
botanist of the name of Blet. Nat. ord.,
Orchids [ Orchid acese]. Linn., 20 -Gy-
nandria l-Monandria.)
Stove terrestrial orchids, except where otherwise
specified. Division of the roots, when dona
flowering or starting into growth ; peat, loam,
and a little sand, enriched with top dressings of
cow-dung or manure, watering when growing.
Summer temp., 60° to 90° ; winter, 48° to 58°.
B. acutipe'tala (acute-petaled). 5. Purple. Sep-
tember. America. Greenhouse.
— campanula1 tn (bell-flowered'). Purple and
white. Peru.
— capita' ta (headed). June. W. Ind. 1795.
— catenula'tu (linked). 1$. Purple. Peru. 1844.
— fltfrida (florid). 2. Rose. February. Tri-
nidad. 1786.
— Gebi'na (Japanese}. 1. White. April. Japan*
1846.
— gra'cilis (slender-scaped). Ij. Yellow. July*
Mexico. 1830.
— Guinee'nsis (Guinea). 2. Purple. Sierra
Leone. 1822.
— Havane'nsis (Havannah). 2j. Purple. April.
Havannah. 1835.
— hyaci'nthina (hyacinth-like). 1. Rose and
crimson. April. China. 18C2.
— pa'iula(spTezding-flowered). 2. Purple. Hayti.
— Parkinso'nii (Parkinson's). 1. Rose. Ja-
nuary. Mexico. 1838.
— refle'xi (bent-back-sepated). 2. Purple, green.
Mexico.
— secu'nda (one-sided). Green, crimson. Mexico.
1840.
— verecu'nda (modest). 3. Purple. March. W.
Ind. 1733.
Shephc'rdii (Shepherd's). 2. Purple and
yellow. January. Jamaica. 1825.
BLI'GHIA SA'PIDA. The Akee-tree, the
berry of which is so much esteemed in
the West Indies. It was named after
Captain Bligh, the introducer of the
Bread-fruit from the Society Islands. It
is now united to Cupania.
BLIND PLANTS frequently occur in the
BLI
C 123 ]
BOB
cabbage and others of- the Brassica tribe*
They are plants which have failed to pro-
duce central buds ; and. as these are
produced from the central vessels, if the
top of their stems be cut away they
usually emit lateral or side-buds from the
edge of the wound. See BARREN PLANTS.
BLISTERED LEAVES. See PEACH.
BLIGHT. Sue BLAST.
BLI'TUM. The Strawberry Elite, or
Spinach, is scarcely worth growing. B.
capita' turn, B. virga'tum, and B.t mart' turn
axe sometimes cultivated.
BLOOD. See ANIMAL MATTERS.
BLOOD-FLOWER. Hcema'nthus.
BLOODWORT. Sanguinu'ria.
BLOOM, or BLOSSOM, is the popular
name for the flowers of fruit- bearing
plants.
The organs of fruitfulness are abso-
lutely necessary for the production of
seeds, and are always producible by gar
The corolla, or petals, with all their
varied tints and perfumes, have more
important offices to perform than thus to
delight the senses of mankind. Those
bright colours and their perfumed honey
serve to attract insects, which are the
chief and often essential assistants of
impregnation ; and those petals, as ob-
served by Linnaeus, serve as wings, giving
a motion assisting to effect the same im-
portant process. But they have occa-
sionally a still more essential office ; for,
although they are sometimes absent, yet,
if removed from some of those possess-
ing them, the subsequent processes are
not duly performed.
The corolla is not always short-lived,
as in the cistus ; for some continue until
the fruit is perfected. The duration of
the petals, however, is in some way con-
nected with the impregnation of the seed,
for in most flowers they fade soon after
den-plants properly cultivated. They j this is completed ; and doable flowers, in
may be deficient in leaves, or stems, or
roots, because other organs may supply
their places ; but plants are never inca-
pable of bearing flowers and seeds, for,
without these, they can never fully attain
the object of their creation— the increase
of their species. Of course, we exclude
the mushroom, and others of which the
seed-producing parts are obscure.
Most flowers are composed of the fol-
lowing parts, viz. :— The calyx, which is
usually green, and enveloping the flower
whifst in the bud ; the corolla, or petals,
leaves so beautifully coloured, and so
which it occurs not at all, are always
longer enduring than single flowers of
the same species. Then, again, in some
flowers they become green, and perform
the function of leaves, after impregnation
has been effected. A familiar example
occurs in the Christmas rose (Hellebo'rus
ni'ger), the petals of which are white, but
which become green so soon as the seeds
have somewhat increased in size, and the-
stamens and other organs connected with
fertility have fallen oif.
BLOOM. This term is also applied to-
the fine exudation on the surface of some
delicate in most flowers ; the stamens, or I fruit — purple on the Black Hamburgh
male portion of the flower, secreting the
pollen, or impregnating powder ; the pis-
tils, or female portion, impregnatable by
the pollen, and rendering fertile the
seeds ; and, lastly, the pericarp, or seed-
vessel.
The stamens can be removed without
preventing the formation of fertile seed ;
but their loss must be supplied by the
application to the pistils of pollen from
some kindred flower.
The calyx is not useless so soon as it
ceases to envelope and protect the flower ;
for the flower-stalk continues increasing
in size until the seed is perfected, but
ceases to do so in those plants whose
calyces remain long green, if these be
removed. On the other hand, in the
poppy and other flowers, from which the
calyx falls early, the flower-stalk does
not subsequently enlarge.
Grape, and on some plums, and green on
the cucumber. It so improves their ap-
pearance that an apparatus has been
suggested for adding it artificially. It
seems of a resinous nature.
BLUE-BELLS. Campanula rotandifo'lia.
BLUE -BOTTLE. Centau'rea cya'nus.
BLUETS. VaccVnium angustifo1 Hum.
BLUMENBA'CHIA. (Named after J. F.
Blumenbach, of Grottingen. Nat. ord.,
Loasads [Loasaceae]. Linn., 18-Polya-
delphla 2-Polyandria.)
Hardy annuals. Seeds in April ; rich mould.
B. insi'gnis (remarkable). J. White. July.
Monte Video. 1826. Trailer.
— multi'fida (ma.ny-cleft-leaved). l. Greenish-
red. July. Buenos Ayres. 1826.
BOATLIP. Scaphyglo' ttis.
BOBA'RTIA. (Named in honour of
Jacob Bobart, professor of botany at Ox-
ford in the seventeenth century. Nat,
BOG
BOL
ord., Irids [Iridacese]. Linn., 3-Trian-
dria \ Mono'iynia. )
The species in this genus should have been
united to Aristea. Seeds in April; divisions in
iiutumn or spring. Sand}' loam ; protection of a
cool greenhouse or pit in winter.
J3. auranti'aca (orange), f Orange. March.
Bcleia. 1827. Hardy perennial.
— gladia'ta (sword-shaped). 2. Yellow. June.
Cape of Good Hope. J8l6.
— spatha'cf.a (sheathed). §. Yellow. June.
Cape of Good Hope. 1798.
BOCCO'NIA. (Named after P. Boccnne,
M./J., a Sicilian. Nat. ord., Poppy worts
[Papaveracese], Linn., \i-Dodecandrla
1-Monogynia.)
Stove evergreen shrubs. Cuttings in sand and
lieat; fibry, sandy loam. Summer temp., 60° to
*0°; winter, 55° to 60°.
B.frute'scens (shrubby celandine}. 10. White,
yellow. February. VV. Ind. 1/39.
— integrifo'lia (entire-leaved). 4. White. Fe-
bruary. Mexico. 1820.
BOZ'BERA. (Named after Bceber, a
Eussian botanist. Nat. ord., Composites
[Asteracea?]. Linn., IQ-Synyenesia 2-
A greenhouse evergreen shrub. Cutting* of
young, firmish shoots under a glass ; requires a
pit or a cool greenhouse in winter.
B.inca'na (hoary - herbaged). 1$. Golden.
Mexico. 1828.
There are other species, but not deserving cul-
tivation.
BOG-BEAN. Menya'nthes trifolia'ta.
BOG-EARTH, HEATH-MOULD, or PEAT.
By gardeners this is understood as not
meaning that mass of moss, or sphagnum,
dug out of wet, fenny places for fuel, hut
a sharp, sandy soil, mixed with the dead,
librous roots of heath, and usually of a
dark-grey colour, such as is found upon
the surface beneath the heath on Wim-
bledon, Bagshot, and many other dry com-
mons. Peat of the best description is
thus constituted. Of 400 parts : —
Fine silicious sand
Unaltered vegetable fibre .
Decomposing vegetable matter
Silica (flint)
Alumina (clay) .
Oxide of iron .
Soluble, vegetable, and saline m
Muriate of lime .
Loss
tter
156
2
110
102
16
4
4
4
2
BOG-EARTH PLANTS. See AMERICAN
PLANTS.
BOG-MOSS. Sphagnum.
BOILER. The vessel employed to sup-
ply the pipes or tanks with hot-water or
steam, when either of these is used for
heating purposes. Many are the inge-
nious and intricate boilers from time to
time offered to the gardener ; but, after
much experience with boilers of all de-
scriptions, we can confidently say the
most simple is the best. The smaller
the boiler and the fireplace, compatible
with efficiency, the greater is the economy.
We can tell the gardener, also, most de-
cidedly, that the total size of the boiler
has nothing to do with that efficiency;
the only point to be secured is, that a
sufficient surface of the boiler be exposed
to the fire. The following table shows
the amount of boiler-surface which must
be exposed to the fire to heat given
lengths of pipe, respectively 4 inches, 3
inches, and 2 inches in diameter : —
SurfaceTof "boiler exposed I 4-inch I &-inch 1 8-inch
to the lire. | pipe. | pipe. | pipe.
ft. ft. ft.
3£ square feet will heat 200 or 266 or 400
5| „ 300 400 „ 600
400 533 „ 800
500 6t>6 ,, 1000
12 /OO 933 ,, 1400
10(10 1333 „ 2000
To prevent the scale, or limy crust, which
is often so troublesome, dissolve in the
water at the rate of one ounce of sal
ammoniac (muriate of ammonia) to
every sixty gallons. Do this twice in
the year ; as, in October and April.
BOIS-PERDIX (Partridge-wood). Heis-
te'ria.
BOLBOPHY'LLUM. (From bulbos, a bulb,
and phyllon, a leaf; referring to the
leaves issuing from the apex of the bas-
tard bulbs. Nat. ord., Orchids [Orchi-
dacese]. Linn., 2Q-Gynandria 1-Mono-
gynia.)
Stove orchids. Division of the plant, when
fresh potting; sandy, lumpy peat, potsherds,
charcoal, and hard chips, raised above the pot,
well drained, and the plant fixed there, or on
blocks. Summer temp., 60° to 90°, and moist;
winter, 55° to 65°, and dry.
B. barbi'gerum (bearded). £. Greenish-brown.
June. Sierra Leone. 1835.
— bracteola'tum (small-bracted). 1. Yellow,
purple. July. Demerara. 1836.
— Careya'num (Dr. Carey's). £. Brown, piftr-
ple. October. Nepaul. 1832.
— coco'inum (cocoa-nut). 1. Flesh. October.
Sierra Leone. 1835.
— cu'preum (copper-flowered). Copper-coloured.
Manilla. 1837.
— ere'ctum (upright). Mauritius. 1834.
— fla'vidum (yellowish). Yellow. March. Sierra
Leone. 1840.
—fu'scum (brown-flowered). Chocolate. April.
Sierra Leone. 1837.
— hi'rtum (hairy). Whitish. E. Ind. 1846.
-—imbricu'tum (imbricated). Purple. March.
Sierra Leone. 1845.
— leopardi'num (leopard-spotted). Yellowish-
green. E. Ind. 1837.
EOL
C 125 ]
BON
J5. limba'tum (bordered). 1. Purple. February.
Singapore. 1840.
— Lo'bbii (Lobb's). 1. Yellow, brown. March.
Java. 1845.
— mucra'nthum (large-flowered). £ Lemon.
March. Sierra Leone. 1844.
— occu'ltum (hidden- flowered). Sierra Leone.
— radiii'tum (rayed;. Brownish-yellow. March.
India. 1836.
— recu'rvum (bent-back/. Green, white. Sep-
tember. Sierra Leone. 1822.
— sanatorium >, dancing). £. Greenish-brown.
December. Sierra Leone. 1835.
— - setigerum (bristle-bearing). Purple. De-
merara
B. acutifo'lia (pointed-leaved). 9. Red, yellow*
September. Mexico.
puncta'ta (dotted-floicered). 6. Spotted..
September. Mexico. 182Q.
— edu'lis (eatable-tafiemZ). 6. Red. July.
Trinidad. 1820.
— hirte'lla (small-haired). Red, yellow. July;
Mexico. 1824.
— ova'ta (egg-shape-teawed). Red and green.
Chili. 1824.
— Salsi'lla (Salsilla). 5. Green, crimson. June;
S, Amer. 1806.
BO'MBAX. Silk Cotton-tree. (From
I bombax, cotton; in reference to the woolly
— tf.tragonium (four-sided). Sierra Leone. hairs which envelope the seed, like those
— umbella turn (umbelled). £. Yellow. E. Ind. j of tjje cotton-plant. Nat. ord., Stercu-
'* (sheathed). Brown. March. Sin- \ liads [Sterculiacese], Linn., 16-Mona-
delphia 8-Polyandria.)
Trees more remarkable for their prodigious size
for their use or beauty. Stove trees. Cut-
gapore. 1840.
BCLDO'A, (United to Salpianthus.)
BO'LEUM.
ference
Nat. Ord., Crudfers [Brassicacese]. Linn., j bottom-heat; Jperat and loam. Summer' temp,,
15-Tetradynamia. Allied to Vella.) i 6o° to 85 ; winter, 50° to 60°.
J'LEUM. (From bolos, a ball ; in re- *han toj th?ir use or beauty, stove trees. Cut-
., - , „ ' , ' , , tings of rather young shoots, but firm at the base,
ice to the shape of the seed-pods. ; pia|ed in sand/ pe*t unde; a beli-giass, and in
border during summe
tection' " " '
under-shrub. Seed in a i
,me, or sown
It requires a little pro-
B'
(Cei- 100' Whi-te' S" Amer'
1824.
or sown in the open ' ~ S^o'sum (globe-form). 60 .
L™.™™-*****™ \ -- JUalaba'ricum (Malabar). Go. Scarlet. Ma-
labar.
septena'tum (seven-leaved). 50. White.
Carthagena. 1699.
B. a-sperum (rough). 1. Cream. June. Sniia i-> , ,-vr i -A. »T ' .
18i8. BONAPA'RTEA. (Named after Napoleon
BOLIVA'EIA. (Named after Bolivar, \ Bonaparte. Nat. ord., Bromelworts [Bro-
meliacese]. Linn., Q-Hexandria l-Mono-
gynia. Allied to Guzmannia.)
Remarkable for the gracefulness of their long,
rush-like leaves. They are well adapted for
growing in vases, out of doors, in summer,
Stove plants. Seeds in a hotbed ; cuttings in
thelate republican chief in South America.
Nat. ord., Jasmineivorts [Jasminacese].
Linn., 2-Diandria l-Motiogynia.)
Greenhouse evergreen shrub. Cuttings of half -
ripened shoots in sand, under a hand-light.
Summer temp., 55° to 70° ; winter, 40° to 48°.
B. tri'fida (three-cleft).
Chili. 1828.
sand, under a glass, in heat; well drained. Sum-
BOLTO'NIA. (Named after J. B. Bol-
ton, an English professor of botany. Nat.
ord., Composites [Asteracese]. Linn. ,18-
Syngenesia 2-Superflua. Allied to Sten-
actis.)
Hardy herbaceous perennials. Division of the
roots in March or October ; common garden-soil.
B. asteroi'des (starwort-like). 3. Flesh. Sep-
tember. N. Amer. 1758.
— glastifo'lia (woad-leaved). l£. Pink. Sep-
tember. N. Amer. 1758.
BOMAKE'A. (Name not explained; pro-
bably it is commemorative. Nat. ord.,
Amaryllids [Amarylh'dacese]. Linn., 6-
2. Yellow. Juna. j mer temp,76oo0to7o° ; winter, ~55°
B, %ra'cilis (slender). 2. Mexico. 1828.
— ju'ncea, (tvish-leaved). 1^. Blue. Peru. 1800.
BONA'TEA. (Named after M. Bonat, a
distinguished ItaUan botanist. Nat. ord.r
Orchids [Orchidaceas], Linn., 2Q-Gy-
i nandria 1-Monogynia. AUied to Gymna-
! denia.)
Stove orchid. Division of the roots, or semi-
bulbous tubers ; peat and loam. Summer temp.,
60° to 85°; winter, 50° to 55°.
B. specio'sa (showy). 2. Green, white. May.
Cape of Good Hope. 1820.
BONES are beneficial as a manure,
because their chief constituent (phos-
phate of lime) is also a constituent of
all plants ; and the gelatine which is also
Hexandria l-Monogynia. Allied to Al-
stromeria.)
Two features which cannot be misunderstood | in bones is of itself a Source of food to
divide Bomare'a from Alstrome'ria—a. twining j them. The bones of the OX,
those of Jerusalem artichoke, It is a stove plant.
The others prefer a deep, rich, light border in the
open air, with a slight protection from frost. B.
acutifo'lia, pianted in a good, cold greenhouse,
inside border, will twine up ten or twelve feet,
and flower better than in any other way. For
culture, see ALSTROMEKIA.
ployed, their analyses are here given : —
Ox.
Sheep.
Horse.
Pi*
Phosphate of lime .
Carbonate of lime .
65
4
70
5
68
52
1
Animal matter . •
S3
25 | 31
47
BON
we j
BOK
BONNE'TIA. (Named after G. Bonnet,
a distinguished naturalist. Nat. ord.,
Theads [Ternsttb'niiace*]. Linn., 13-
Polyandria \-j\fonogynia.)
Stove tree. Cuttings of firm young shoots in
sand, under a glass, in heat; loam and peat.
Summer temp., 60° to 80° ; winter, 55° to 60°.
B. palu'stris (marsh). Red. Trinidad. 1S1Q.
Stove evergreen shrub, requiring similar treat-
ment to Bonnetia.
B. Daphnoi'des (Daphne-liko/. 6. Yellow, purple.
W.Jnd. 1690.
(Bo'rayo ojficina'lis.) Its
June.
BOIUGE.
The bones must be applied to the crops
in very small pieces or powder ; and ten
pounds, at the -time of inserting the seed,
are enough for thirty square yards, if
sown broadcast; and a much smaller
quantity is sufficient, if sprinkled along
the drills in which the seed is sown.
There is no doubt that bone-dust may be
employed with advantage in ail gardens : BO'NTIA. (Named after J. Bont, a
and to all garden-crops ; but it has been i Dutch physician. Nat. ord., Myoporads
experimented on most extensively with .' [Myoporaceaa]. Linn., l^-Didynamia 2-
the turnip and potato, and with unfail-
ing benefit. Mixed with sulphur, and
drilled in with the turnip-seed, it has
been found to preserve the young plants
from the fly. Mr. Knight found it bene-
ficial when applied largely to stone-
fruit at the time of planting ; and it is
quite as good for the vine. To lawns,
the dust has been applied with great ad-
vantage when the grass was becoming
thin. As a manure for the shrubbery,
parterre, and greenhouse, it is also most
valuable ; and, crushed as well as ground,
is employed generally to mix with the
soil of potted plants. Mr. Maund finds
it promotes the luxuriance and beauty
of his flowers. One pound of bone-dust,
mixed with twelve ounces of sulphuric,
acid (oil of vitriol), and twelve ounces
of water, if left to act upon each other
for a day, form super-phosphate of
lime, a wineglassful of which has been
found beneficial to pelargoniums. Ap-
plied as a top-dressing, mixed with half
its weight of charcoal- dust, it is a good
manure for onions, and may be applied ! spring, in shallow drills, twelve inches
young leaves, smelling somewhat like cu-
cumber, are sometimes used in salads, or
boiled as spinach. Being aromatic, its
spikes of flowers are put into negus and
cool tankards.
Soil and Situation. — For the spring and
summer sowing, any light soil and open
situation may be allotted, provided the
first is not particularly rich; for those
which have to withstand the winter, a
light, dry soil, and the shelter of a south
fence, are most suitable. A very fertile
soil renders it luxuriant, and injures the
flavour.
Times and mode of solving. — Sow in
March or April^and at the close of July,
for production in summer and autumn,
and again in August or September, for
the supply of winter and succeeding
at the rate of nine pounds to the square
rod. There is little doubt of this super-
phosphate being good for all our kitchen-
garden crops, being more prompt in its
effects upon a crop than simple bone-
dust, because it is soluble in water, and
therefore more readily presented to the
roots in a state for them to imbibe. Bones
broken into small pieces are generally
used as drainage for pelargoniums and
other potted plants.
BONNA'YA. (Named after the Ger-
man botanist, Bonuay. Nat. ord., Fiy-
worts [Scrophulariacese]. Linn., 2-Dian-
dria I-Monogynia. Related to Torenia.)
Stove plants. Seeds for annuals; divisions,
and cuttings of creepers and trailers ; rich, sandy
loam.
J3. brachyca'rpa (.short-seed-podded). Violet.
June. E. Ind. >829. Annual.
— rc'ptans (creeping). £. Blue. July. E. Ind.
1820. Perennial trailer
— veroniccefo'Iia (speedwell-leaved). $. Pink.
August, E. Ind. 1798. Biennial trailer.
asunder. When of about six weeks'
growth, the plants are to be thinned to
twelve inches apart, and the plants thus
removed of the spring and autumn sow-
ing may be transplanted at a similar dis-
tance ; but those of the summer sowing
seldom will endure the removal, and at
all times those left unmoved prosper
most. At the time of transplanting, if at
all dry weather, they must be watered
until established; water must also be
frequently applied to the seed-bed of the
summer sowing.
To obtain Seed. — Some of those plants
which have survived the winter must be
left ungathered from. They will begin
to flower about June ; and when their
seed is perfectly ripe the stalks must be
gathered, and dried completely before it
is rubbed out.
BO'IUGO. Borage. (Altered from cor,
heart, and ago, to affect ; referring to the
EOR
[ 147 ]
BOB
cordial qualities of the herbs. Nat. ore!.,
Borageworts [JBoraginaceae]. Linn., 5-
Pentandria 1-Monogynia.)
Hardy plants. Biennials and annuals from
seed ; perennials by divisions ; common soil.
B. crassifo'lia (thick-leaved). 2. Pink. June,
Persia. 1822. Herbaceous perennial.
— Cre'tica (Cretan). 1. Blue. May. Crete. 1823.
Herbaceous perennial.
— laxifio'ra (loose-flowered). I. Blue. June.
Corsica. 1813. Trailing biennial.
— longifo'lia (long-leaved). 1. Blue. July. South
of Europe. 1825. Annual.
— officina'lis (common). 3. Blue. August. Eng-
land. Annual.
alhiflo'ra (white-flowered). 2. White.
August. England. Annual.
— orienta'lis (oriental). 2. Blue. June. Turkey.
1752. Herbaceous perennial.
BOEA'SSUS. (One of the names applied
to the spathe of the date-palm. Nat. ord.,
Palms [Palmacea3], Linn., 22-Dioecia 6-
Hexandria.)
Palm-wine, or toddy, a grateful beverage, is
the juice which flows from the wounded spathe of
this and some other palms. Stove tree. Seeds ;
peat and loam. Summer temp., 60° to 90" ; win-
ter, 60°.
B.flabeWfo'rmis (fan-leaved). 30. White, green.
E. Ind. 1771.
BOEBO'NIA. (Named after one of the
Bourbon family. Nat. ord., Leguminous
Plants [Fabaeese]. Linn., 16-Monadelphia
6-Decandria. Belated to Scottia.)
This genus and its allies— Hovea, Lalage, Tem-
pletonia, and others of that group — have always
been great favourites with gardeners. All green-
house evergreen shrubs, from the Cape of Good
Hope. Cuttings in sand, in April, under a bell-
glass, and in a close place, without artificial heat ;
peat and loam. Summer temp., 50° to 70° ; win-
ter, 40° to 45°.
B, barba'ta (bearded). 4. Yellow. July. 1823.
— cilia'ta (hair-fringed). 3. Yellow. July.
1816.
— corda'ta (heart-teaoed). 2. Yellow. August.
1759-
— orena'ta (scolloped-/ea«ed). 6. Yellow. July.
1774.
— ericifo'lia (heath-leaved). 2. Pink. January.
1821.
— fanceola'ta (\ynce~leaved). 5. Yellow. July.
1752.
— ruscifo'lia (ruscus-Jeawed). 3, Yellow. July.
1790.
— MnJrvia (three-nerved). 6. Yellow, July.
1759.
— undula'ta (wave-teavfd). 4. Yellow. July.
1812.
BOEDER is a name applied to that nar-
row division of the garden which usually
accompanies each side of a walk in the
kitchen-garden, and to the narrow bed
which is near to the garden-wall on one
side, and abuts on a walk on the other.
In fact, any bed which acts as a boundary
to a walk, or grass-plot, or the main
quarters of a garden, may be properly de-
scribed as a border.
1. Fruit- Borders. — Next to the wall
should be a path, eighteen inches wide,,
for the convenierre of pruning and ga-
thering. Next to tnis path should be tba-
border, eight or nine feet wide ; and them
the broad walk, which should always en-
compass the main compartments of the
kitchen-garden. The whole of the breadth
from the wall to the edge of this main
walk should be excavated to the depth of
four feet; the bottom of the excavation
rammed hard ; brickbats and large stones
then put in, to the depth of one foot and
a half; and the remaining two feet ant
a half filled up with suitable soil. From
the under-drainage of brickbats, &c.T.
draining-pipes should be laid with an
outfall into some neighbouring ditch-
No fruit-tree will be healthy if it roots-
deep, or if its roots are surrounded by~
superfluous water; that is, more water
than the soil will retain by its own che-
mical and capillary attractions. Shallow-
rooting crops do no harm to the trees,
grown on fruit-borders sufficient to re-
quire their total banishment. See FEUIT-
TEEES and STATIONS.
2. Flower -Borders. — These, like the
preceding, and, indeed, like every other
part of the garden not devoted to aquatic
and marsh plants, should be well drained.
In plotting them, it must also be remem-
bered that, if narrow, no art will impart to
them an aspect of boldness and grandeuiv
Indeed, narrowness of surface is inse-
parably connected with an impression
that the grounds are of limited extent ;.
and no disposal of the plants will remove
the littleness thus suggested. If the-
pleasure-grounds are small, narrow bor-
ders are permissible ; but, even then, the-
broader they are the less is the appear-
ance of meanness. Neatness must be
the presiding deity over flower-borders ;.
and no application of the hoe and rake,
no removal of decayed leaves, no tying,
up of straggling members, can be too un-
remitting. See FLOWEES.
ForJdnfj-Bordcrs.—^Q border, whether
tenanted by the roots of fruit-trees or
flowering -shrubs, should be ever dug
with the spade. The surface turned up
roughly with the fork, to benefit by the
winter frosts, and manure as necessary,
turned in with the same implement, are
sufficient.
BOE
[ 128
BOE
BOKECOLE. Bra'ssica olcra'cca finibri-
a'la.
Varieties.— Of the following, 1, 2, 3,
5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, and 15 are the best.
1. Brussels Borecole, or Sprouts.
2. Green Borecole, German or curled
Kale, or Curlies, Scotch or Siberian Kale,
Bra'ssica olera'cca seleni'sia.
3. Purple Borecole, B. olcra'cea laci-
nia'ta.
4. Variegated Borecole.
5. Chou de Milan.
6. Egyptian or Babi Kale.
7. Bagged Jack.
8. Jerusalem Kale.
9. Buda, Kussian, or Manchester Kale.
This is greatly improved by blanching
under a pot, like Sea Kale.
10. Anjou Kale.
11. One-thousand-headed Cabbage, B.
olera cea ace'phala.
12. Palm Borecole.
13. Portugal, or Large-ribbed.
14. Woburn perennial. This, and, in-
deed, the whole race, may be propagated
by cuttings, six inches long, planted
where to remain, in March or April.
15. Barnes's Feathered Savoy.
Sowing. — The first crop sow about the
end of March, or early in April, the
seedlings of which are fit for pricking
out towards the end of April, and for
final planting at the close of May, for
production late in autumn and com-
mencement of winter. Sow again about
the middle of May; for final planting,
during July; and, lastly, in August, for
use during winter and early spring.
Prick out the seedlings when their
leaves are about two inches in breadth ;
set them about six inches apart each way ;
and water frequently until established.
In four or five weeks they will be of suffi-
cient growth for final removal.
Planting. — Set them in rows two feet
and a half apart each way: the last plant-
ation may be six inches closer. They must
be watered and weeded; and some of
them being of large-spreading growth,
the earth can only be drawn about their
stems during their early growth. If,
during stormy weather, any of those
which acquire a tall growth are blown
down, they should be supported by stakes,
when they will soon firmly re-establish
themselves.
To raise Seed. — Select such plants of
each variety as are of the finest growth,
and either leave them where grown or
remove them during open weather in
November, or before the close of Fe-
bruary, (the earlier the better,) into rows
three feet apart each way, and planted
deeply. The seed ripens about the be-
ginning of August.
BORO'NIA. (Named after Boroni, an
Italian servant of Dr. Sibthorp's. Nat.
ord., Rueworts [Butacese]. Linn.,'8-06--
tandria 1-Jlfonogynia.)
Greenhouse evergreen shrubs. Cuttings, neither
hard nor soft, inserted in sand, under a glass,
where there is the mildest heat; sandy peat and
charcoal. Though greenhouse plants, most of
them like a little extra heat in spring. Summer
temp., 60° to 70° ; winter, 45° to 50°.
D. ala'ta (winged). 3. Red. May. N. Holland.
182*.
— anemoneefo' Ha (anemone-leaved). 2. Red.
May. N. Holland. 1824.
— anethifi/lia (fennel-leaved). N. Holland. 1841.
— crenula'ta (scolloped-/eaued). 2. Red. July.
Kir.g George's Sound.
— denticnla'ta (fine-toothed). 2. Red. N. Hol-
land. 1823.
— dicho'toma (fork-branched). Rose. October.
N. Holland. 1841.
— falcifii'lia (sickle-leaved). Moreton Bay. 1841.
— Fraze'ri (Frazer's). Red. May. N. Holland.
1821.
— lalifo'lin (broad-leaved). Red. April. N.
Holland. JS24.
— Icdifo'lia (ledum-leaved). 2. Red. May. N.
S. Wales. 1814.
— mo'llis (soft). N.Holland. 1841.
— microphy' lla (small-leaved). 2. Pink. N.
Holland. 1846.
— ova'ta (egg-shape-/eaye<Z). Crimson. May.
Swan River. 1841.
— pinna' ta (leafleted). 2. Purple. August.
N. S. Wales. 1/Q4.
— poly g alee fo'lia (polygala- leaved). 2. Red.
May. N. Holland, 1824.
— sca'hra (rough). Pink. Swan River.
— serrula'ta (saw-edged-teayed). 3. Scarlet.
June. N. S. Wales. 1816.
— spathula'ta (spathulate-teaued). Pink. Swan
River. 1845.
— tetra'nda (four-stamened). 2. Red. May.
N. Holland. 1824.
— tereti fo'lia (round-leaved). Pink. Swan River.
— triphy'lla (three-leaved). 2. Pink. May. N.
Holland. 1840.
— vimi'nea (twiggy). Pink. Swan River.
BORRE'BIA. (Named after J. W. Borrer,
a British cryptogamist. Nat. ord., Cin-
chonads [Cinchonacese]. Linn., 4:-Tetran-
drial-Monogynia. Allied to Spermacoce.)
Stove plants. The biennials from seeds, treated
like a tender annual ; and the perennials from
cuttings in sand, in heat, under a glass ; light
soil.
B. commuta'ta (changed). £. White. June,,
W. Ind. 1818.
— stri'cta (upright), f . White. July. E. Ind,
18-20.
— verlicUla'ta (whorled-./ZoM>ererf). 2. White.
July. Africa. 1732.
BO'SCIA. (Named after L. Bosc, a
BOS
[ 129 ]
EOT
French professor of agriculture. Nat.
ord., Capparids [Capparidaceae]. Linn.,
11-Dodecaudria \-Monoyynia. )
Cuttings of firm wood in heat, in sand, under a
glass ; lumpy, fibry loam and peat. Summer
temp., 60° to 80° ; winter, 60°.
B. Senegale'nsis (Senegal). 3. White. Senegal.
1824.
BOSSEE'A. (Named after Bossieu, who
accompanied La Perouse on his fatal
voyage. Nat. ord., Leguminous Plants
[Fabacea?]. Linn., IQ-Afonadflphia Q-De-
candria. Allied to Hovea.)
Greenhouse evergreen shrubs and trailers ; cut-
tings of half-ripe shoots in sand, under a bell-
glass, in April; peat and loam, both fibry, with a
portion of silver-sand, and some pieces of charcoal,
to keep the soil open ; also seeds sown in a slight
hotbed, in March. Summer temp., 60° to 75°;
winter, 40° to 50°.
B. buxifo'lia (box-leaved). 4. Yellow. May*
N. Holland. 1324.
— cine'rca (grey). 3. Yellow. June. Van
Diemen's Land. 1802.
— Cardiff t'lia (heart-leaved), l. Yellow. May.
N. Holland. 1820.
— di'sticha (two-rowed). 2. Yellow. May.
N. Holland. 1840.
— en&a'ta (sword-branched). 6. Yellow. May.
N. Holland. 1824.
— erioca'rpa (woolly-podded). 1. Yellow. May.
King George's Sound. 1837.
—folio'sa (leafy). 4. Yellow. May. N. Holland.
1824.
— Henderso'nii (Henderson's). Yellow and
bronze. N. S. Wales. 1844.
— heterophy'lla (various-leaved). 3. Yellow.
September. N. S. Wales. 1792.
— Icnticula'ris (lentil-leaved). 3. Yellow. June.
N. Holland. 1823.
— Lineeoi'des ( Linn jea-I ike). Yellow. May. N.
Holland. 1824.
— linopliy'lln (flax-leaved). 3. Orange. August.
N. Holland. 1803.
— microphy'lla (small-leavsd). 3. Yellow. July.
N. S. Wales. ISO*.
— ova' to, (egg-shape-£e«w£c?). Yellow. April.
N. S. Wales. 1792.
— paucifo'lia (few-leaved). 2. Yellow, brown.
June. Swan River. 184!.
— prostra'tu (prostrate). £. Yellow. August.
N. S. Wales. 1803.
— r hombifo'lia (diamond-leaved). 1. Yellow.
May. N. Holland. 1S20.
— rotundifo'lia (round-leaved). 3. Yellow. May.
N. Holland. 1824.
— ru'fa (reddish-yellow-/oM7ered). 6. Orange.
August. N. Holland. 1803.
— scolope'ndrium (hart's - tongue - leaved). 10.
Yellow. June. N. S. Wales. 1792.
— s/7me'scews(spined). Yellow. N. Holland. 184Q.
— tenuicau'lis (slender-stemmed). £. Yellow.
April. Van Diemen's Land. 1836.
— virga'ta (twiggy). 2. Yellow, red. June
Swan River. 1842.
BOSTRICHUS, a class of beetles, many
of which are very injurious to the crop
of the garden.
B. dispar, Apple-bark beetle. Th
female of this insect bores into the woo
.9
of the apple-tree, and there deposits her
eggs, generally in the month of May ;
and its perforations are so numerous and
extensive, as frequently, on the continent,
o destroy the tree. In England it rarely
occurs. The perforations are confined
o the alburnum, or young wood.
B. typographies, Typographer - bark
Beetle. This attacks the pine-tribe, espe-
cially the silver-fir. A drawing of this
nsect is given at page 329, vol. iii, of
The Cottage Gardener.
B.pinastri, Pinaster, or Bed-bark beetle,
;onfines its attacks to the pines, leaving
;he firs untouched, as the B. larius lives
exclusively on the larch, and the B. ortho-
jraphits on the spruce-fir.
BOSWE'LLIA. Olibanuin-tree. (Named
after Dr. Boswell, of Edinburgh. Nat.
ord., Amy rids [Amarydacese]. Linn., 10-
Decandria \-Monoyynia.}
The brittle resin of Boswellia, boiled with oil
o render it soft, is used in the East as pitch for
he bottoms of ships, and, in the dry state, as
rankincense. Stove trees ; cuttings of half-
ripened shoots, in sand and peat'; peat and loam.
Summer temp., 60° to 80° ; winter, 50° to 60°.
B. gla'bra (smooth). 30. Pale yellow. Coro-
mandel. 1823.
— serra'ta (saw-edged-Jea0ed). 20. Pale yellow.,
E. Ind. 1820.
BOTHY. The lodgings assigned to
young gardeners in the northern part of
the kingdom ; and miserable hovels they
often were, and, in some cases, still are.
BOTRY'CERAS. (From botrys, a bunch,
and Jceras, a horn ; in reference to the
Dunches of horn-like racemes. Nat. ord.,
Anacards [Anacardiacese]. Linn., 4-
Tclrandria \-Monoyy ma.)
Greenhouse evergreen shrubs ; cuttings of
ripened shoots in sand, under a hand-light, in a
frame, and the hand-light tilted up at night ;
sandy peat. Summer temp., 55° to 65°; winter,
38° to 45°.
B. lauri'num (laurel-like). 4. N. Holland. 1823.
BOTRY'CHIUM. Moonwort. (From bo-
r?/.s, a bunch; in reference to the bunch -
like formation of the seed-apparatus on
the back of the leaf. Nat. ord., Fern a
[Polypodiacesej. Linn., 2±-Cryptogamiu
I-Filices.)
Perennial Ferns, hardy, with but one exception ;
chiefly divisions; peat and loam. B. uustra'U;
should be protected in winter.
B. austra'le (southern). £. Brown. June. N.
Holland. 1823. Half-hardy.
— disse'ctum (cnt-leavcd). $. Brown. July.
N. Amer. 1806.
— fumarioi'des (fumitory-like), i. Brown. July.
Carolina. 1806.
— luna'rium (common moonwort). J
May. Britain.
EOT
[ 130 ]
BOX
P. obli'quum (twisted). $. Brown. August
N. Amer. 1821.
— Virgi'nicum (Virginian). 1. Brown. August
N. Amer. 1/90.
BOTTLE GOURD. Lagena'ria.
BOTTOM-HEAT. Naturally the tem-
perature of the soil always bears a due
relative proportion to that of the air.
When the temperature of the air de-
creases, that of the soil also decreases,
but very slowly; and, when the atmo-
spheric heat increases, that of the soil
also gradually rises. Bottom-heat, or
heat applied to the roots of plants, is the
artificial mode of imitating this proceed-
ing of nature in our hothouses and other
structures of that kind. If the tempera-
ture of the soil be too cold in proportion
to the temperature of the atmosphere,
the roots are not stimulated sufficiently
to imbibe food as fast as it is required
by the branches and foliage ; and, as a
consequence, the leaves or fruit will full
or wither. On the other hand, if the
temperature of the soil be too great in
proportion to that of the atmosphere, the
roots absorb food faster than it can be
elaborated by the leaves ; find, as a con-
sequence, over-luxuriant shoots and an
extra development of leaves are caused,
instead of blossoms and a healthy pro-
gress in all the parts.
Every plant obviously will have a par-
ticular bottom- heat most congenial to
it. Plants growing in open plains will
require a higher bottom-heat than those
growing in the shade of the South Ame-
rican forests, though the temperature of
the air out of the shade may be the same
in each country. That gardener will suc-
ceed in exotic plant-culture best, who,
among his other knowledge, has ascer-
tained the relative temperature of the
air and soil • in which any given plant
grows naturally. At present, such in-
formation from actual observation is not
obtainable ; but it is not so difficult to
ascertain the maximum and minimum
temperature of the air of a country ; and,
these being obtained, the gardener may
adopt this as a safe rule : — Let the bot-
tom-heat for plants of that country be
always 5° higher than the average tem-
perature of each month; that is, if the
lowest temperature of the month is 40°,
and the highest 70°, the average is 55° ;
and, if we add 5° to that, we shall have
60° as the bottom-heat for that month.
If the average maximum temperature of
the air only be known, let the bottom-
heat be less by 10° than the maximum
temperature of the air.
BOTTOMING. A term usually applied
to the drainage of pots, although equally
applicable to any kind of horticultural
drainage. (See DRAINING.) It is also
applied to mowing grtfss on lawns, and
signifies that the mower should take ex-
tra pains in mowing, cutting down almost
to the surface of the turf, in order to fa-
cilitate future mowings by the production
of an entirely fresh herbage, free from
moss and the residue of former mowings.
BOURBON PALM. Lata'nia.
BOURGEON, or BURGEON. See BUD.
BOUSSINGAU'LTIA. (Named after the
celebrated chemist, Boussinyault. Nat.
ord., Basellads [Basellacese]. Linn., 6-
Ilexandrici \-Monoijynia,.}
Half-hardy tuberous-rooted plant. Seeds; di-
vision of its tuberous roots ; peat and rich loam.
Summer temp., 60° to 70°; winter, 45° to 55°.
B. baselloi'des (basella-like). White. July. S.
Amer. 1835.
BOUVA'RDIA. (Named after Dr. Boit-
rrf, curator of the Botanic Garden at
Paris. Nat. ord., Cinchonads [Cinchona-
:efe]. Linn., 4^-Tetrandria \-Monogynia.}
Greenhouse evergreen under-shrubs, except
vhere otherwise specified. Seed at times, in heat.
Juttings of young shoots in heat, in March or
April. Shut up during the day, and air given at
light. Also by roots, cut into pieces, and In-
erted in sandy soil, and placed in a brisk, sweet
icat, in spring. Light, fibry soil. Summer temp.,
50° to 70° ; winter, 35° to 45°.
B. angustifu'lia (narrow-leaved). 2. Red. Sep-
tember. Mexico. 1838.
— Cavanille'sii (Cavanilles's). l£. Scarlet. May.
Mexico. 1846.
— fla'va (yellow).
Yellow. September. Mex-
— longiflo'ra (long-flowered). 2. White. Mexico.
1827.
— sple'ndens (shining). Scarlet. September.
Mexico. 1834.
— strigillo'sa (small-bristled). 3. Yellow. March.
1845.
— triphy'lla (three-leaved). 2. Scarlet. July.
2. Scarlet. July.
2. Scarlet. July.
2. Scarlet. April.
Mexico. 17<
gla'bra (smooth).
Mexico. 1794.
pube'scens (downy).
Mexico. 1794.
~ sple'ndens (shining).
Mexico. 1838.
— versi'color (various-coloured). 2. Red. Au-
gust. S.Amer. 1814.
BOWER. See ARBOUR.
Box (Bu'xus scmpervi'rcns\ is noticed
by the gardener chiefly as a plant suitable
for edgings. For this purpose it is neat ;
but it is an exhauster of the soil more
than any other that can be so employed,
BOX
[131 ]
BRA
raid is a favourite lurking-place for tlie
snail. For plants that may be substi-
tuted, see EDGING. The best months
for planting Box are September and
February. Small-rooted slips are em-
ploj-ecl, and are planted against the per-
pendicular side of a small trench, along
the edge of the border or bed they arej
desired to bound. The best month for
-clipping Box is June, and it should be
done in showery weather. With great
attention to not injuring the roots, and
to washing earth in among these in their
new position, large Box-trees or bushes
have been moved in May, June, and July.
See The Cottage Gardener, iv., 328, 350.
Box ELDER. Negit'ndo.
Box THOBN. Ly'cium.
BRABEI'UM. African Almond. (From
In-abeion., a sceptre ; in reference to the
flower-racemes. Nat. ord., Proteads [Pro-
teacece]. Linn., 23-Polygamia \-Moncecia.
Allied to Persoonia.)
Greenhouse evergreen trees. Cuttings of ripe
hoots under a bell-glass, in sand. Sandy loam.
Summer temp., 50° to 65°; winter, 35° to 45°.
B. Stella! turn (starred). 15. White. August. Cape
of Good Hope. 1731.
BRACHY'COME. (From brachys, short,
and kome, hair. Nat. ord., Composites
£Asteracese]. Linn., 19-Syngenesia 2-
Superflua. Allied to the Daisy.)
Annuals. Sown in a gentle hotbed in March,
and transplanted as a half-hardy annual. B. di-
versifo'lia by cuttings of half-ripe shoots, under
a bell-glass; peat and loam. Winter temp., 38°
to 45°.
B. diversifo'lia (various-leaved). £. White. May.
Australia. 1824. Greenhouse evergreen.
— iberidifo'tia (iberis-leaved). $. Purple. May.
Swan River. 1840. Half-hardy annual.
albiflo'ra (white-flowered), £. White.
Swan River.
BRACHYL^'NA. (From brachys, short,
and I ana, a cloak, or covering ; referring
to the shortness of the involucre. Nat.
ord., Composites [Asteracese]. Linn., 19-
Syngenesia 2-Superflua. Allied to Tar-
chonanthus.)
Greenhouse evergreen shrub. Cuttings of half,
tipe shoots, same as Brachy'co°ne dioersifv'lia.
B.nereifo'lia (oleander-leaved). 4. White. Sep-
tember. Cape of Good Hope. 1752.
BRACHYSE'MA. (From brachys, short
and serna, standard; the flowers having
the standard petal short. Nat. ord.,
leguminous Plants [Fabacese]. Linn.,
IQ-Decandria 1-Monoyynia.)
Greenhouse evergreen climbers. Seeds in March,
in heat ; cuttings of half-ripened shoots in sum-
mer, in sand, under a bell-glass, in a mild bot-
tom-heat; loam and peat, with a little sand.
Summer temp., 50° to 65 ; winter, 46° to 55°.
B. aphy'ilum (leafless). Brownish-crimson. N.
Holland. 1849.
— bractea'tum (bracted). 3. Crimson. April.
Swan River. 1843.
— hy'bridum (hybrid). Crimson, cream. March.
lanceola'tum (lance-leaved). Scarlet. February.
Swan River.
— latifo'lium (broad-leaved). 3. Crimson. Ma;.
N. Holland. 1803.
— platy'ptera (broad-winged-»£a»iened). Grim*
son. May. Swan River. 1844.
— pramo'rsum (jagged-pointed). Red. N. S.
Wales. 1848.
— undula'tuin (w&ve-leaved). 3. Green. March.
N. S. Wales. 1828.
— villo'sum (long-haired). 3. Crimson. March.
Swan River.
BEACHYSTE'LMA. (From brachys, short,
and stelma, a crown ; referring to the
coronal processes of the flowers. Nat.
d., Asclepiads [Asclepiadacese]. Linn.,
3-Peniandria 2-Digynia.)
Greenhouse tuberous perennials, from the Capa
of Good Hope. Cuttings in sandy soil, in heat ;
division of the roots ; fibry loam. Summer temp.,
60° to 75° ; winter, 48° to 55°.
B. cri'spum (curled-teamed). £. Brown, yellow.
September. 1829.
— fpatula'tum (spatulate-feac«l). 1. Green.
June. 1826.
— tubero'sum (tuberous). l£. Purple. June. 1821.
BRACTE. A leafy appendage to the
flower or its stalk, and not inaptly called
the floral leaf. The most familiar ex-
ample is the pale green, oblong one at-
tached to the flower-stalk of the Lime-
tree (Ti'lia Europafa).
BRAKE. Pte'ris.
BRAMBLE. Eu'lits.
BRANCHING ANNUAL STOCK. Malco'-
mia mari'tima.
BRASSA'VOLA. (Named after A. M.
Brassavola, a Venetian botanist. Nat.
ord., Orchids [Orchidacese]. Linn., 20-
Gynandria I-Honogynia.}
Stove orchids. Divisions ; best grown on block*
of wood, but will do in peat, crocks, and sphag-
num. Summer temp., 70° to 90°, and moist ;
winter, 55° to 65°, and dry.
B. angusta'ta (narrowed). Yellowish-green. June.
Demerara.
— corda'ta (heart-Zipped). 1. White, green. May.
Brazil.
— cuculla'ta (hooded). $. Purple and white.
June. W. Ind. 1790.
— cuspida' t a (spear-Zipped). 4. White. March.
Trinidad. 1839.
— Digbia'na (Mr. Digby's). f . Yellow, white,
and purple. July. Honduras. 1844.
— e'legans (elegant). Lilac. Antigua.
— glau'ca (milky-green), l . Yellow. March.
Vera Cruz. 1837.
— grandiflo'ra (large-flowered). White. March.
Honduras. 1838.
— Una a' t a (line-leaved). Light yellow. S.
Amer. 1850,
BRA
[ 132 ]
BRI
JG. Zlariia'nz (Dr. Marlins's). 1. White. March.
Berhice. 1838.
— nodo'sa (knotty). 1. Yellowish-green. Oc-
tober. Mexico. 1833.
— Perri'nii (Perriu's). 1. Green. September.
Rio Janeiro. 1831.
— retu'sa (end-notched). White, green. March.
Maracaybo.
— tubercula'ta (knobbed). £. White. July.
Botaf Bay. 1827.
— veno'sa (veiny-lipped). 1. White. March.
Honduras. 1839.
BRA'SSIA. (Named after Mr. Brass, a
botanical traveller. Nat. ord,, Orckids
[Orchidaceae]. Linn., 20-Gynandria 1-
Stove orchids. Divisions ; rough turf, in pots,
well drained. Those from Guatimala require less
heat than those from the West Indies ; water
freely when growing, but $uve little when at rest.
Temp, same as for Brassa'vola.
B. angu'sta (nwnovi-flou>ered}. Yellow. Octo-
ber. Brazil. 1839.
— arista' ta (awned). Yellow, brown. August.
Guatimala. 1SU.
— bi'dens (two-toothed). Brown, yellow. May.
Brazil. 1812.
— brachia'ta (opposite-branched). 2. Yellowish-
green and brown. September. Guati-
mala. 1843.
— cauda'tu (long-tailed). 1. Yellow and brown.
February. W. Ind. 1823.
— CVoH>e'su(Clowes's). Brown, yellow. August.
Brazil. 184-1.
— cochlea' ta (spoon-lipped) . 1. Green, brown.
April. Demerara. 1834.
— gutta'ta (blotched). Green, yellow. August.
Guatimala. 1843.
— Lancea'na (Lance's), £. Yellow-brown
spotted. January. Surinam. 1813.
-- viridiflo'ra (green-flowered), f. Green.
March. Demerara. 1833.
— Lawrencea'na (Mrs. Lawrence's). 1. Yellow,
brown. April. Brazil. 1839.
— macrosta'chya (long-spiked). 2. Green,
brown. Demerara.
— macula' ta (spotted-flowered). 1. Yellow-red
spotted. April. Jamaica. 1806.
— pu'mila (dwarf). Yellow, purple. 1844.
— Peruvia'nn (Peruvian). 1. Yellow, green.
April. 1844.
— verruco'sa (warty-lipped). Green and brown.
March. Guatimala.
— Wra'ya: (Mrs. Wray's). Yellow, green. Gua-
timala, 1840.
BRA'SSICA. Cabbage. (From bresic,
the Celtic name for Cabbage. Nat. ord.,
Crucifers [Brassicaceee]. Linn., 15-Te-
tradynamia.)
Seeds, chiefly spring and autumn; but at all
intermediate periods during summer, according
as the produce is wanted young ; deep, rich,
loamy soil. We shall only mention the specific
names of the most useful, the cultivation of each
of which will be found under its common name.
B. na'pa-bra'ssica. Turnip-cabbage.
— na'pus, Rape.
— olera'cea. Cabbage.
—fimbria'ta. Borecole.
— cauliflo'ra. Cauliflower.
— botry'tis. Brocoli.
— cau'lo-ra'pa. Kohl Eabi.
BRAVO' A. (Named after Bravo, a
Mexican botanist. Nat. ord., Amaryllids
[Amaryllidacese]. Linn., Q-Hcxandria 1-
Monogynia. )
A pretty Mexican small bulb, requiring slight
protection in winter, or the greenhouse-culture of
Ixias. Offsets ; light, rich loam. Summer temp.,
60° to 80° ; winter, 45° to 55°.
JB. geminiflo'ra (twin-flowered). Red. July*
Mexico. 1841.
BRAZIL-NUT. Bertholle'tia.
BRAZIL-WOOD. Ccesalpi'nia Brasilie'nsis.
BREAD-FRUIT. Artoca'rpns.
BREAD-NUT. Bro'slmum.
BREAD-ROOT. Psora' lea escuh'nta.
BREAKING. A tulip's flower is broken
when it lias attained its permanent
colours. A bulbous root is said to break
when its foliage begins to be thrust forth ;
and a bud breaks when it bursts, to allow
the expansion of the leaves or flowers.
BREAST-WOOD. The shoots which grow
out directly from the front of branches
trained as espaliers, or against walls.
BREMONTIE'RA. (Named after M.
Bremontier. Nat. ord., Leguminous Plants
[Fabacesej. Linn., 17 ' -Liaddphia 4-Z>e-
candria. Allied to Hedysarum.)
Stove evergreen shrub. Cuttings in sand, under
a glass, in heat; fibry loam and peat, with a
little sand. Summer temp., 60° to 75°; winter,
50° to 55°.
B. ammo'xylon (sand-wood). 4. Purple. Mau-
ritius. 1826.
BRE'XIA. (From brexls, rain ; in refer-
ence to the protection from rain given
by the large leaves of some of the species.
Nat. ord., Brexiads [Brexiacese]. Linn.,
5-Pentandria 1-Monogyn ia. )
Stove evergreen trees. Half-ripened shoots in
sand, under a bell-glass, in bottom-heat ; sandy
peat, and a third loam. Summer temp., 60° to
75° ; winter, 50° to 55°.
B. chrysophy'lla (golden-leaved). 30. Mauri-
tius. 1820.
— Madagascarie'nsis (Madagascar). 30. Green.
June. Madagascar 1812.
— spino'sa (thorny). 30. Green. June. Ma-
dagascar. 1812.
BRICKS. As the gardener often may
want to know how many bricks will be
needed for an intended structure, it
will be a guide to know that all bricks
sold in England were required by statute
(17 G-eo. III., c. 42) to be eight and a
half inches long, four inches wide, and
two and a half inches thick. Pantiles,
by the same authority, were required to
be thirteen and a half inches long, nine
and a half inches wide, and half an inch
thick. But as the duty is now taken off
these articles, we hope to see them made
BTJ
[ 133 ]
BEI
larger, and of various forms, so as to re-
duce the amount of bricklayers' labour,
•which is one of the most costly items in
thrt construction of garden-buildings.
BEIDGES, says Mr. "Whateley, are in-
consistent with the nature of a lake, but
characteristic of a river. They are, on
that account, used to disguise the termi-
nation of the former ; but the deception
has been so often practised that it no
longer deceives, and a bolder aim at the
same effect will now be more successful.
If the end can be turned just out of
sight, a bridge at some distance raises a
'belief, while the water beyond it removes
every doubt of the continuation of the
river. The supposition immediately oc-
curs, that if a disguise had been intended,
the bridge would have been placed further
hack, and the disregard thus shown to
one deception gains credit for the other.
As a bridge is not a mere appendage
to a river, but a kind of property which
denotes its character, the connexion be-
tween them must be attended to. From
the want of it, the single wooden arch,
once much in fashion, seemed generally
misplaced. Elevated, without occasion,
so much above it, it was totally detached
from the river, and often seen straggling
in the air without a glimpse of the water
to account for it ; and the ostentation of
it, as an ornamental object, diverted all
that train of ideas which its use as a
•communication might suggest. The
vastness of Walton Bridge cannot, with-
out affectation, be mimicked in a garden
where the magnificent idea of inducting
the Thames under one arch is wanting;
and where the structure itself, reduced
to a narrow scale, retains no pretension
to greatness. Unless the situation makes
such a height necessary, or the point of
view be greatly above it, or wood or
aising ground, instead of sky, behind it,
lall up the vacancy of the arch, it seems
an effort without a cause, forced and
preposterous.
The vulgar footbridge of planks, only
guarded on one hand by a common rail,
and supported by a few ordinary piles, is
often more proper. It is perfect as a
communication, because it pretends to
nothing further; it is the utmost sim-
plicity of cultivated nature; and, if the
banks from which it starts he of a
moderate height, its elevation preserves
it from meanness. No other species
of bridge so effectually characterizes a
river. It seems too plain for an orna-
ment, too obscure for a disguise ; it must
be for use, it can be a passage only.
It is, therefore, spoiled if adorned ; it is
disfigured if only painted of any other
than a dusky colour. But, being thus
incapable of all decoration and import-
ance, it is often too humble for a great,
and too simple for an elegant, scene. A
stone bridge is generally more suitable
to either; but in that, also, an extraor-
dinary elevation is seldom becoming, un-
less the grandeur compensates for the
distance at which it leaves the water
below.
A gentle rise and easy sweep more
closely preserve the relation. A certain
degree of union should also he formed
between the banks and the bridge, that
it may seem to rise out of the hanks, not
barely to be imposed upon them. It
ought not, generally, to swell much above
their level; the parapet-wall should be
brought down near to the ground, or end
against some swell ; and the size and the
uniformity of the abutments should be
broken by hillocks or thickets about
them. Every expedient should be used
to mark the connexion of the building,
both with the ground from which it starts,
and the water which it crosses.
In wild and romantic scenes may be
introduced a ruined stone "bridge, of
which some arches may be still stand-
ing; and the loss of those which have
fallen may be supplied by a few planks,
with a rail thrown over the vacancy. It
is a picturesque object — it suits the situ-
ation and the antiquity of the passage.
The care taken to keep it still open,
though the original huilding is decayed,
the apparent necessity which thence re-
sults for a communication, give it an
imposing air of reality.
BRILLANTA'ISIA. (In honour of M.
Brillaint. Nat. ord., Acanthads [Acan-
thaceee]. Linn., 2-Diandria 1-Monogy-
nia.)
Stove evergreen. For culture, see BARLB'BIA.
B. Owarie'nsis (Owarian). 3. Purple. March.
Western Africa. 1853.
BEINING. See STEEPING.
BBI'ZA. (From ftrizo, to nod. Nat.
ord., Grasses [Graminacese]. Linn., 8-
Triandria 2-Digynia.)
This genus includes our Quaking-grass, or
Lady's-tresses, B. ma'xima and mi'nor. These,
with the two others we here enumerate, are the
only ones having any pretensions to being orna-
mental. Seed in early spring; common soil.
BKO
r 134 i
BRO
B. Clu'sil (Clusius's). l£. Apetal. June. South
Europe. 1820.
— ma'xima (greatest). l£. Apetal. June. South
Europe. 1633.
— mi'nor (smaller). £. Apetal. July. England.
— ru'bra (red). 1. Apetal. June. South
Europe. 1820.
BROADCAST is a mode of sowing now
rapidly falling into disuse in the garden
as well as in the field. It has no one
advantage over sowing in drills, except
that the work of sowing is done more
expeditiously. Subsequently, the saving
is all on the side of the drill-system. (See
DRILLING.) We know of no sowing where
the broadcast-mode is preferable, except
in the case of grass-seeds upon lawns,
and small seed-beds. The operation of
broadcast-sowing is thus performed:—
Take up the seed in portions in the
hand, and disperse it by a horizontal
movement of the arm to the extent of
a semicircle, opening the hand at the
same time, and scattering the seeds in
the air, so as they may fall as equally
as possible over the breadth taken in
by the sower at once, and which is
generally six feet, that being the dia-
meter of the circle in which the hand
moves through half the circumference.
In sowing broadcast on the surface of
his beds, and in narrow strips or borders,
the seeds are dispersed, between the
thumb .and fingers, by horizontal move-
ments of the hand in segments of smaller
circles.
BROCOLI. (Bra'ssicaolera'cea botry'tis.}
Varieties. — Mr. Thomson, of the Chis-
wiek Gardens, has published the follow-
ing list of these, with their synonymes,
or other names, by which they are known.
Those marked with an * we consider the
most desirable : —
PURPLE OR GREEN BROCOLI.
1. *Early Purple Cape. — Synonymes,
Grange's Early Cape, Purple Silesian,
Purple Sicilian, Blue Cape, Violet, Nain
Hatif of the French. Comes into use
during September, and until January.
Sow the first and third week in April,
and second week in June.
2. * Green Cape. — Syn., Hardy Cape,
Late Cape, Autumnal Cape, Improved
Cape, Maher's Hardy Cape. Comes into
use in October and November. This
may be sown about the middle of April
and the middle of June.
3. Green Close-headed. — Syn., Late
Green, Late Hardy Green, Dwarf Ro-
man, Siberian, Late Green Siberian.
From November to the end of February.
Sow about the second or third week in
April.
4. Sprouting. — Syn., Italian Sprout-
ing, Grange's Early Purple Sprouting,
Early Branching, Lisbon Autumn Sprout-
ing, North's Early Purple. Very hardy,,
and in use from November to April, it'
sown at different periods from April to
the end of June.
5. Danish, or Late Green. — Syn.,
Dwarf Danish, Late Danish. Very
hardy ; produce in April and May ; best
suited for standing severe winters. Sow
about the second or third week in April.
6. *Late Dwarf Purple. — Syn., Dwarf
Danish, Purple Cockscomb, Dwarf Swe-
dish, Late Purple, Italian Purple, Dwarf
Hardy Siberian, Dwarf Close-headed
Purple. Very hardy, coming into use in
May. Sow this and the next about the
same time as the preceding.
7. Dwarf Brown. — Syn., Late Danish,
Late Dantzic, Late Brown, Lewisbam
Brown. Very hardy, from March to May.
SULPHUR.
8.*Portsmouth. — Syn., Cream-coloured,
Belvidere, Southampton, Maher's New
Dwarf. In use during March and April,,
and is very hardy. Sow about the se-
cond or third week in April.
9. Sulphur. — Syn., Brimstone, Late
Brimstone, Edinburgh Sulphur, Fine
Late Sulphur. In use during April and
May. Sow at the same time as the pre-
ceding.
WHITE.
10. *Grange's Early Cauliflower Bro-
coli. — Syn., Cup-leaved, Hopwood's
Early White, Early Dwarf White, Invisi-
ble White, Bath White, Italian White,
Marshall's Early White, Blanc d'ltalie
of the French. In use from the end of
September to Christmas, if the weather
proves mild, and is the earliest of all the
White kinds. This and the next should
be sown at three different seasons, viz.r
about the first and third weeks in April,
and the second week in June.
11. Early White. — Syn., Neathouse,
Devonshire White, Autumn White. Dif-
fers from the preceding, in being smaller
and much later. Season from November
to February, if the weather prove mild.
12. * Knight's Protecting.— Thehardiest
and largest of all the White kinds. Its
season from March to the beginning of
May, if planted at different times. Sow
about the third week in April.
BED
[ .135 ]
BRO
13. Spring White.— Syn., Close-leaved
White, Cauliflower Brocoli, Neapolitan
White, Naples White, Large Late White,
New Dwarf, Late White. In perfection
during the months of April and May;
not so hardy as the preceding, but very
desirable for late use. Sow at the same
time as the preceding.
14. White Danish is good, hardy, and
dwarf. Sown in mid-April, it is ready
the May following.
15. *Walchereii Brocoli. — WThite ; ex-
cellent. Sown the third week in April ;
in season from the end of August through-
out September. Sown in May, it is in
season during December and January.
Time and mode of Sowing. — The times
for sowing the varieties are specified
under each ; but we will add that, for a
small family, we have found the follow-
ing sowings and varieties are sufficient
to keep up a supply from the beginning
of October to the end of May : —
Sow Early Purple Cape and Grange's
Early Califlower Brocoli the second week
in April, and the first week in June. The
produce will be fit for table during Oc-
tober, and until the middle of December.
Sow Green Close-headed the first week
in April. The heads will be ready in
November, and until January ends. Sow
Dwarf Brown the second week in April.
It will be in production from February
to end of April. Sow Sulphur-coloured
and Spring White the second week of
April. Their heads will be ready during
the April and May following.
Each variety should be sown sepa-
rately, and the sowing performed thin ;
the beds not more than three or four feet
wide, for the convenience of weeding,
which must be performed as often as
weeds appear, as they are very inimical
to the growth of this vegetable. The
seed must not be buried more than half
an inch, and the beds be netted over, to
keep away the birds, which, especially
in showery weather, are very destructive.
Pricking out. — The plants are fit for
pricking out when they are two or three
inches high. Do it during warm, showery
weather, and set them six inches apart
each way, and water every night until
they have taken root. They must have
four or five weeks' growth before they
are again moved, or not until they have
leaves nearly three inches in breadth.
Planting.— 'When planted out, they
must be set, on an average, two feet
asunder each way ; in summer a little
wider, in autumn rathei closer. Water
to be given at the time of planting, and
occasionally afterwards until they are
established. During the droughts of
summer it may be given plentifully, with,
the greatest advantage. They must be
hoed between frequently, and the mould
drawn up about their stems.
Protection in Winter. — To those crops
which have to withstand the winter in
the open air, salt is beneficially applied,
as it preserves them from being frosted
in the neck. This application preserves
their roots from being worm-eaten ; and
so does pouring soapsuds between the
rows, which application is also very be-
neficial to the plants. The salt should
be sown over the bed, in a dry day, in
autumn, at the rate of ten bushels to the
acre.
To preserve the winter-standing crops
from destruction by severe weather, a
small trench is made, in the first week of
November, at the north end of each row,
in which the adjoining plant is laid so
low, with its head towards the north,
that the centre of its stem at the top is
just level with the surface of the ground,
the root being scarcely disturbed; it is
then immediately watered, and its roots
covered with more mould. Thus every
plant is in succession reclined ; and, in a
few days, it is scarcely perceptible that
they have been thus treated, though it
certainly checks their growth. Before
the arrival of snow, a small hillock
must be raised round each plant, to sup-
port its leaves, and prevent their being
broken. If snow accompanies severe
frost, advantage should be taken of it,
and the plants be heaped over with it,
which will afford them an effectual pro-
tection.
To obtain Seed. — Such plants of each
variety must be selected, in March or
April, as most perfectly agree with their
peculiar characteristics, and are not par-
ticularly forward in advancing for ssead.
As the stems run up, some gardeners
recommend the leaves to be taken away ;
but this must be injurious. Mr. Wood,
of Queensferry, N.B., is particularly
careful that no foliage appears on the
surface of the head. He always lifts*
his plants, and plants them in another
bed, watering them abundantly, as this,
he finds, prevents their degenerating or
producing proud seed; and, when the
BKO
[ 136 ]
BRO
head begins to open, he cuts out its
centre, and leaves only four or fivo of
the outside shoots for bearing'. The
Sulphur - coloured he always finds the
most difficult to obtain saed from. As
the branches spread, four or six stakes
should be placed at equal distances
round each plant, and hooped round with
string, to support them, and prevent their
breaking. When the pods begin to form,
water should be given repeatedly, and
occasionally some thrown over the whole
plant, which tends to prevent mildew.
Before the pods begin to change colour,
those from the extremity of every shoot
must be taken away, as these yield seeds
•which produce plants very apt to run to
seed without heading; and, by an early
removal, the others are benefited. The
branches ought to be gathered as soon
as the pods upon them ripen. Different
kinds must never be planted near each
other, or they will reciprocally be crossed.
The seed ripens in August or September,
and it is often recommended to preserve
it in the pod until wanted; but the
general practice is to beat it out, and
store it as soon as perfectly dry.
BRODLK'A. (Named after J. J. Brodic,
a Scotch cryptogamist. Nat. ord., Lily-
worts [Liliaceee]. Linn., 3-Triandria 1-
Monogynia. Allied to Allium.)
Frame or half-hardy small bulbs, requiring the
same treatment as Ixias. Offsets; sandy peat.
Summer temp., 50° to 70°; winter, 40°.
B. Califo'rnica (Californian). Pale brown. July.
California. 1848.
— conge'sta (crowded). 1. Blue. July. Georgia.
1806.
— grandijlo'ra (large-flowered). l£. Blue. N.
Amer. 1806.
BROMK'LIA. (Named after Bromel, a
Swedish botanist. Nat. ord., Bromel-
ivorts [Bromeliacese]. Linn., 6-Hexan-
dria \-Monogynia. Belated to the Pine
Apple.)
Stove herbaceous perennials. Suckers ; rich,
lumpy soil, well drained. Summer temp., 60° to
85°, with moisture ; winter, 50° to 60°, dryish.
JB. bractea'ta (rerf-bracted). 2. Pink. Sep-
tember. Jamaica. 1/85.
— chrysa'ntha (golden - flowered), 2. Blue.
Caraccas. 1819.
— crue'nta (bloody). 2. Blue, white, August.
Rio Janeiro. 1824.
— di'scolor (two-coloured). Pink. April. South
Europe.
— fastuo'sa, (proud). 4. Purple. August. S.
Amer. 1815.
— iiu'milis (low), l. Pink. March. 176Q.
— Kara' tax (Karatiis). 2. Pink. W. Ind. 1/39.
~ Kngvla'ta (tongue-feat'ea). i£. Yellow. May.
•S. Amer. 1/5Q.
B. Plnguin (Pinguin). 3. Red. March. W.
Ind. 1690.
— sylne'siris (wood). 3. Crimson. July. S.
Amer. 1820.
BROMHEA'DIA. (Named after Sir E.
F. Bromficad, Bart. Nat. ord., Orchids
[Orchidacese]. Linn., 2Q-Gynandria 1-
Monandria. Allied to Ausellia.)
Stove orchid. Offsets ; broken pots, moss, and
sandy, fibry peat ; set the pot in a pan, and keep
this rilled with water. Summer temp., 60° to
90° ; winter, 55° to GO0.
B. palu'.-tris (marsh). 3. White, yellow, and
purple. June. Sumatra. 1640.
BROKGNIA'RTIA. (Named after B ron 17-
niart, a French botanist. Nat. ord.,
Leguminous Plants [Fabaceae]. Linn.,
17-DiadeIphia 4^-Decandria.~)
In relation with such plants as Colutea and
Clianthus. Greenhouse evergreen under-shrubs.
Cuttings in sand, under a bell-glass, of young
shoots, but firm at the base; sandy loam and
fibry peat. Summer temp., 50° to 00°; winter,
40° to 45°.
B. Podalyrioi'des (Podalyria-like). 1. Flesh.
September. North of Spain. 1827.
— seri'cea (silky). Purple. Mexico. 1843.
BROOM. See BESOM.
BROOM. Spa'rtium and Cy'tisus spino'-
sus.
BROOM (SPANISH). Geni'staHispa'mca.
BROOM-CYPRESS. Ko'chia scopa'ria.
BROOM-RAPE. Oroba'-nche.
BRO'SIMUM. Bread-nut. (From Iro-
simos, edible, or good to eat; the fruit
being edible. Nat. ord., Atrocarpads
[Atrocarpaceae]. Linn., 23 - Poly garni a
2-Dicecia.)
The far-famed Cow-tree of South America
(Oalactode'ndron'), whose milky juice is as rich
and wholesome as the milk of the cow, is Bro'si-
mum u'tile. Another species, B. alica'stnim,
produces nuts, which are roasted and eaten as
bread ; and a third species produces the beauti-
fully-marked wooii, called snake-wood. Its
gummy juice is also made into India rubber.
Stove evergreen shrubs and tree. Cuttings of ripe
wood, in a hotbed; rich, fibry loam. Summer
temp., 60° to 75°; winter, 50° to 55°.
B. alica' strum (alicastrum). 6. Apetal. Ja-
maica. 1/76.
— spu'rium (spurious-milkwood). 6. Apetal.
Jamaica. 178Q.
— u'tile (useful. Cow-tree). 50. Caraccas. 182Q.
BROUGHTO'NIA. (Named after Mr.
Rroughlon, an English botanist. Nat.
ord., Orchids [Orchidacese]. Linn., 20-
Gynandria \-Monandria.}
Stove orchids ; division. These maybe grown
in crocks and fibry peat, the plant raised above
the pot, but best on blocks without moss, being
near a roof; high, moist temperature in summer ;
cooler and drier in winter. Summer temp., <3U0
to 85° ; winter, 55° to 65°.
Liar j
BfiU
ZJ. ciu'rea (golden}. Yellow, reel. Uarch. Mexico.
lS3t>.
— ni'tida (glossy). l£. Red. June. E.Ind. 182-4.
— sangui'nKii (bloo'l-ciiltiurcd). 14. Crimson.
August. Jamaica- 179-T.
BROUSSONE'TIA. ( Named after Brotts-
sonet, a French naturalist. Nat. ord.,
illorads, or Mulberries [Moracea?-] . Linn.,
22-Dicecia 4,-Tetrandria. )
In general aspect there is nothing to distinguish
it from a mulberry-tree ; but it is less hardy.
Hardy trees ; suckers and cuttings of ripened
wood, inserted in autumn, and seeds sown when
lipe, or kept over to the following April ; good,
conv.non soil.
. • . papiiri'fera (paper-bearing). 12. June.
Japan. 1/51.
cuculla'ta (cowl- leaved}. 12. February.
French variety. 1824.
disse'cta ( cut-lea ved) . 1 847.
fru'ctu-a'lbo( white-fruited}. 12. August.
macropky'Ua (large-leaved j.
variegn'ta (var.egated-^ntvcZ). 1846.
— spatulaJta (spat°-alate-&?a0«f)' 12. June.
Japan. 1 824.
BBOWAUVU. (Named af t r J. Bm-
wallius, bishop of Abo. Nat. ord., Fi<j-
worls [Scrophulariacea;]. Linu., 1-i-
Didynamta 2-Anyio*p<!rin ia.}
Greenhouse annuals; scads sown in a mild
heat, in March ; p >ueda:id re-potted, and kept in
the greenhouse during a immer; light, rich soil.
B. demi'ssa (low), f . Blue. August. S. Auicr.
1/35.
— elti'ta (tall), ij. Blue. August. Peru. 3768.
— elongn'ta (elongated). l£. Blue, white. July.
— grandiflo'ra (large-flowered). 2. Light yellow.
June. Peru. 1329.
— Jameso'ni (Jameson's). 4. Orange. June.
New Grenada. 1850.
— specio'sa (showj-fiotvered). 'J.. Purple. Sep-
tember. Quindiu. 1845.
BRO'WNEA. ^ Named after Dr. Brown.
Nat. ord., Leguminous Plants [Fabacese].
Linn., 16-Monadelphia Q-Dccandria. Al-
lied to Csesalpinia and Amherstia.)
Stove evergreen shrubs. Cuttings of ripe wood
in sand, under a glass, and placed in a strong
bottom-heat; peat and loam. Summer temp.,
4iO° to 85° ; winter, 50° to 55°.
33. Ari'za (Ariza). Red. Bogota. 1343.
— cocci'nea (scarlet). 6. Scarlet. July. W.
Ind. 1/93.
— gra'ndiceps (large-headed). 6. Red. Carac-
cas. 1829.
— latif'i'lia (broad-leaved). 6. Scarlet. Trinidad.
1824.
— racemo'sa (clustered). 6. Rose. Caraccas.
1826.
— ro'sca (rosy). 8. Crimson. July. Trinidad.
1828.
BROWNLOW'IA. (Named after Lady
Broicnlow. Nat. ord., Lindcnlloorns [Ti-
liaceae]. Linn., IQ-Polyandria 1-Mono-
[jynia. Allied to Grewia.)
Stove tree. -Cuttings of ripe shoots in heat ;
neb., leamy soil. Summer temp., 60° to 75°;
Winter, 43° to 55°.
B. data ('tali:. 60. Yellow. E. Ind. 1820.
BROW; TAILED MOTH. Porlhesia.
Bmj'cjiA. (Named after Bruce, the
j African traveller. Nat. ord., Quassiads
J [Sknarubacete]. Linn., %2-Dicecia 4-Te-
j trundria.)
I This genus possesses that intense bitter, for
j vr'.iich Quassia, the head of this small order, has
j li>n>j; been celebrated. Stove evergreen shrubs.
i Ripened cuttings in sand, under a glass, in hot-
I toai-heat. Summer ternp., 6o°to 75°; winter, 55°.
B. ferrugi'neu (r 'usty-osA- 1 caved). 5- Green. April.
Abyssinia. " 1/75.
— gra'cilis (slender). 6. Yellow, green. E.Ind.
1820.
— Sumatra'na (Sumatra). 6. Green. May. E.
Ind. 1820.
BRUCHUS. A genus of small beetles,
which confine their depredations chiefly
to the seeds of leguminous plants.
Bruchus yranarius. The Grain Beetle.
! Every one who is acquainted with the
i seeds of the pea and the bean must .have
! noticed that in many of them were smallv
!
round holes ; and these occasionally are
so numerous as to spoil the sample, and,
indeed, render the seeds totally valueless
for sowing; for not one of those thus
pierced but would produce either a weak,
unhealthy plant, or not vegetate at all.
Those holes in the " worm-eaten" peas
and beans are made by a small beetle
{Bruchus gnoiariits}, produced from a
grub, or caterpillar, which has eaten
away the vital parts of the seed; and,
when it has passed through the chrysalis
state, and given birth to this beetle, the
latter makes the hole in order to escape
into the open air, there to perpetrate
more mischief upon the growing crops.
The body of the beetle is a dull brown;
but the elytree, or wing-covers, are black,
dotted with white, but scarcely percepti-
bly so, unless magnified, as in our draw-
ing. Naturally it is the size of the smaller
figure; that is, scarcely two lines long.
The antenna?, or feelers, are eleven-
jointed, black, and thinnest near the
BEU
[138]
BRU
head, where they are also tinged with
red. The head droops, the eyes are
prominent, the fore-legs are rusty- co
loured. This little heetle may be founc
upon various flowers during seven
months of the year. In February it may
be found on the furze-blossom, in June
upon the white-thorn, and in July anc
August upon the spiraea and rhubarb
flowers. The female pierces through the
pod of the pea and bean whilst very
young, and often deposits an egg in each
seed. Probably the best mode of destroy-
ing this insect would be to subject the
seed, as soon as harvested, for some
hours, until thoroughly heated, to a tern
perature of 150°. This, we think, would
kill the grubs without injuring the seed.
Bruchus ater. The Furze Beetle. This
little insect is shown in the annexed cut
of its natural size, as well as magnified.
It is black, with its elytra (wing-cases)
marked with lines and lighter- coloured
dots; antennae (feelers) divided into
eleven joints. The females, in February,
deposit their eggs in the germs, or young
seed- vessels,of the winter-blooming furze ;
and the same insects may be found again,
in June, similarly employed upon the sum-
mer-blooming furze. The grub hatched
from her eggs lives upon the seeds ; and
every one who has noticed this plant
must be aware that its ripe seed-vessels
often contain nothing but a little rough
powder — a powder which is the refuse of
the seeds destroyed by the grub of this
insect. Another member of this family of
beetles, Bruchus pisi, is greatly destruc-
tive to the pea crops. It is a small,
brownish beetle, usually found at the
time the plants are in flower, and depo-
siting eggs in the tender seeds of legu-
minous plants, and sometimes in dif-
ferent kinds* of corn. In these the
larva — a small, white, fleshy grub — finds
both a suitable habitation and an abund-
ance of foo'd. It undergoes all its trans-
formations in the seed; and the perfect
insect remains in it till the spring,
though in fine autumns the perfect in-
sects appear at that season also. The
larvaj possess the singular instinct of
never attacking the vital part of the seed
till the last. We have ofttn observed the
seed-pots of Ghorozema, und other deli-
cate and scarce leguminous plants in
greenhouses, pierced by the Bruchus pisi.
The more effectual remedy is to pull up
and burn the haulm and pods altogether,
and not attempt to get a crop at all. —
Cottage Gardener, i. and iii.
BRUGMA'NSIA. (This genus is united
to Datura.)
BRUISE. See CANKER.
BRU'NIA. (Named after C. Brun, a
traveller in the Levant. Nat. ord., Bru-
niads [Bruniaceeej. Linn., o-Pentandria
\-Monogynia.)
Greenhouse evergreen shrubs and under-shrubs,
from the Cape of Good Hope. Cuttings of young-
shoots in sand, under a hand-light, in summer;
sandy peat. Summer temp., 50° to 65°; winter,
38° to 45°.
n. como'sa (tufted). 3. White. July. 1320.
— e'legans (elegant). 2. White. July. 1817.
— ericoi'des (heath-like). 3. White. July. 1-804.
— formo'sa (handsome). 2. White. 1817.
— globo'sa( globe-like). 2. White. July. 1816.
— Ice' vis (smooth). 2. White. July. 1322.
— inacrophy'lla (large-leaved). 1. White. July.
1815.
— nodifiufra (knot-flowered). 6. White. July.
1786.
— plumo'sa (feathery). 2. White. July. 1924.
— squarro'sa (broad-spreading). 2. White. July.
1820.
— supefrba (superb). 4. White. June. 1/91.
— verticilla'ta (whorled-). 3. White. July. 1794.
BRUNNI'CHIA. (Named after Brunnich,
a Danish botanist. Nat. ord., Buckwheats
"PolygonaceseJ. Linn., IQ-JDecandria 2-
Greenhouse evergreen climber. Cuttinjrs root
reely ; fibry loam, with a little sand. Summer
emp., 60° to 70° ; winter, 38° to 45°.
B. cirrAo/*a(tendrillcd). 6. Pink. July. Carolina.
1787.
BRUNO'NIA. (Named after Dr. Brown,
he celebrated English botanist. Nat.
>rd., Brunoniads [Brunoniaceje]. Lin-
ntean class and order uncertain.)
Dr. Brown himself, and other great authorities,
iave been, and still are, in doubts as to the true
losition and affinity of the solitary genus of
i'hich this order is composed. Herbaceous per-
nnial. Seeds and divisions ; sandy loam and
BSU
[139]
BUD
fihry peat. It requires the protection of a frame j
or greenhouse in winter, being neat and fragrant. j
B. austra'lis (southern), 1. Blue. N. Holland, j
1834.
BRUNSFE'LSIA. (Named after Bruns-
fcls, a German physician. Nat. ord., Fig-
worts [Scrophulariacese]. Linn., 14--D*-
dynamia 2-Anyiospermia. Allied to Sal-
piglossis.)
We have added Francisce'a to this genus.
Stove evergreen shrubs. Cuttings in sandy soil,
in a moist heat ; rich, lumpy, fibry soil. Summer
temp., 60° to 75° ; winter, 50° to 55°.
B. acumina'ta (taper-pointed-t'eaoed). 2. Purple.
April. Bio Janeiro.
— America'na (American). 4. Pale yellow. June.
W. Ind. 1735.
angustifo'lia (narrow-leaved). 4. Pale
yellow. July. W. Ind.
latifo'lia (broad-leaved). 4. Pale yellow.
June. W. Ind.
— angu'sta (narrow-teamed) • 2. Purple. April.
— calyci'na (large-calyxed). 2. Pale purple.
June. Brazil. 1850.
— exi'mia (choice). 2£. Purple. June. Brazil.
1847.
— gra'cilis ^slender). 2. Pale cream. June.
1847-
— hydrangecefo'rmis (hydrangea-like). 4. Purple.
April. Brazil. 1840.
— latifo'lia (broad-leaved). 4. Purple. April.
Rio Janeiro. 1840.
— LocMa'rtti(Lockhart's). Purple. April. W.
Ind. 1840.
— monta'na (mountain). 4. White. July. S.
Amer. 1820.
— niftida (shining).
— — — Jamaice'nsis (Jamaica). 5. Yellow. June.
Jamaica. 1844.
— Pohlia'na (Pohli's). Blue, \vhite). April.
Brazil. 1840.
— undula'ta (wave- flowered). 4. White. June.
Jamaica. 1820.
— uniflo'ra (one-flowered). 3. White, purple.
July. Brazil. 1826.
— viola'cea (violet-coloured). 3. Livid. July.
W. Ind. 1815.
BRUNSVI'GIA. (Named after the noble
house of Brunswick. Nat. ord., Amaryl-
lids [Amaryllidacese]. Linn., Q-Hexan
dria 1-Monogynia.)
This genus bears the same relation to Amaryllis
•which Azalea does to Rhododendron. It is a
well-marked section of Amaryllis itself, when
divested of "the mass of discordant plants ac-
cumulated under that name." — Herbert. Half-
hardy bulbs, from the Cape of Good Hope. Off-
sets ; loam and fibry peat ; either in greenhouse
or in a warm situation out of doors, where the
bulbs, being planted deep, are secure from frost
and from wet by coverings, such as glazed sashes
or tarpauling ; or the bulbs may be taken up at
the approach of winter, and stored.
3. cilia'ris (hair-fringed). 1. Black. August.
1752.
— Corafntea (Coranic poison-bulb'). 1, Pink.
September. 1815.
pa'llida (pale-flowered). 1. Pale. Sep-
tember. 1826.
— di'sticha (two-rowed). 1. Red. 1823.
— falca'ta (sickle-team*). J. Red. May. 177-1.
B. grandiflo'ra (large-flowered). 1. Pink. Au-
gust. 1827.
— Josephi'nce (Josephine's). l£. Scarlet. July.
1814.
mi'nor (smaller). 1. Scarlet. July. 1814.
stria'ta (streaked). 1$. Scarlet. July.
1823.
— • lu'cida (shining). 1. Pink. August. 1818.
— margina'ta (red-margined). 1. Scarlet. Sep-
tember. 1795.
— mi'nor (smaller), f . Pink. July. 1822.
— multiflo'ra (many-flowered). 1. Red. July.
1752.
— ra'dula (rasp-leaved). $. Red. June. 1790.
— stria'ta (channeled). £. Pink. July. 1823.
— toxica'ria (poison- bulb). 1. Pink. October.
1774.
BRUSSELS SPROUTS. See Borecole.
BRY'A. (From bryo, to germinate ; the
seeds, at times, sprouting in the pod.
Nat. ord., Leguminous Plants [Fabacese].
Linn., IQ-Monadelphia 6-Decandria. Al-
lied to Hedysarum.)
Stove evergreen shrubs. Seeds and cuttings in
hotbed; rich, fibry loarn. Summer temp., 60° to
85° ; winter, 50° to 55°.
B. e'benus (Jamaica ebony). 12. Yellow, green.
July. Jamaica. 1713.
— Leone'nsis (Sierra Leone). 12. Yellow, green.
Sierra Leone. 1824.
BRYA'NTHUS. See Henzie'sia.
BRYOPHY'LLUM CALYCI'NUM. A species-
of House-Leek, chiefly regarded as a
curiosity ; hut a single leaf laid down ori
a damp surface will throw out young
plants all round its margin. Being a
native of the East Indies, it requires n,
summer temperature, 60° to 85° ; winter,
50° to 60°.
BU'CTDA. Olive Bark -tree. (From
bons, an ox ; in reference to the fruit
being like an ox's horn. Nat. ord., My-
robolans [Combretacese]. Linn., 10-De-
candria 2-Digynia.)
B. bu'ceras furnishes bark for tanning. Stove-
tree. Cuttings of young, firm wood, in sand^
over sandy peat, and in a moist bottom-heat ;
loam, and rough, sandy peat. Summer temp.,
60° to 85° ; winter, 55° to 60°.
B. bu'ceras (ox's-horn). 25. Yellow, white.
August. Jamaica. 1793.
BUCK-BEAN. Menya'nthes.
BUCKLER MUSTARD. Biscute 'lla.
BUCKTHORN. Rha'mnns.
BUCKWHEAT. Poly'gomim fayopy'rum.
BUCKWHEAT -TREE. Myloca'ryum.
BUD. The buds are organized parts
of a plant, of an oval, round, or conical
form, and containing the rudiments of
future branches, leaves, and flowers,,
which remain without breaking, on pro-
ducing them, until circumstances favour
their development. The same buds, ac-
cordingly, as circumstances vary, produce
either flowers or leaves. Buds spring:
BUD
[140]
BUD
from the alburnum, to which they are
always connected by central vessels.
Buds are formed, at first, only in the axils
of leaves, that is, in the angle between
the leaf and- the branch; but, if these
buds are destroyed, what are termed
adventitious or latent buds are formed,
yet chiefly in the neighbourhood of the
regular buds.
BUDDING is the art of making a bud
unite to the stem or branch (then called
the stock) of another tree or shrub, in-
dependently of its parent. The object
thus attained is a rapid multiplication of
that parent, and, in the case of seedlings,
an earlier production of fruit than if the
buds were left upon the parent. Deli-
cate kinds are strengthened by being
worked, as it is technically termed, upon
more robust stocks, as when a tender
vine is budded on the Syrian, and the
Double Yellow Eose upon the common
China. Variegated roses often lose their
distinctive marks if grown upon their
own roots. Some roses, budded upon the
common briar, afford finer flowers than
upon their own stems. Buds from seed-
ling peaches and pears are earlier pro-
ductive, and produce finer fruit, if budded
upon a robust stock; but buds of the
pear, inserted earlier than the close of
August, produce branches, and not blos-
soms. Where the bud comes in contact
with the wood of the stock, a confused
line is visible, between which line and
the bark of the bud new wood is pro-
duced, having solely all the characteristics
of the parent of the bud. Buds of
almost every species succeed with most
certainty if inserted in shoots of the
same year's growth ; but the small wal-
nut-buds succeed best which are taken
•from the base of the annual shoots,
•where these join the year-old wood of
that from which the bud is taken. Buds
are usually two years later than grafts in
producing fruit ; but then every bud will
produce a new plant ; but each graft has
at least three upon it. Buds succeed
more readily than grafts; and, if a graft
inserted in the spring has failed, a bud
may succeed in the summer of the same
year. Buds are ready for removal when
their shield, or bark attached to them,
separates readily from the wood. This
is usually in July or August, and is inti-
mated by the buds being well- developed
on the axils of the present year's leaves.
Scallop-budding maybe done almost at
any season. Bucls should be taken from
the middle of the shoot; those from its
point are said to make wood too freely,
and those from the base to be more un-
excitable, and, consequently, less prompt
to vegetate.
Stocks for budding may be much
smaller than for grafting, even on the
same year's shoot. Several buds may be
inserted on older branches, and thus a
good head be obtained sooner. On stocks
of long-standing, scallop-budding is to
be adopted. Just after rain, and when
there is no violent wind, is a time to be
preferred for budding. Whatever mode
of budding is adopted, quickness in the
operation is indispensable ; for, if the
wound in the stock or that of the bud
becomes dry, the budding will fail. The
bark of the stock should be cut and raised
first, and, if possible, on its north side.
A piece of moist bast may be twisted
over the wound whilst the bud is prepar-
ing; and the moment this is done it
should be inserted, and the ligature put
on forthwith.
The following practical details of bud-
ding fruit-trees and roses — details ap-
plicable to all other trees and flowering-
shrubs capable of being thus propagated
— we have copied from the pages of The
Cottage Gardener : —
If the bark does not rise well, that is,
does not part freely from the wood, the
buds will not succeed.
A good budding -knife is the first thing
to be provided : any respectable nursery-
man will furnish this.* Next, some
really good matting : we prefer the new
Cuba bast; but the finest of the ordinary
Russian mats will answer equally well,
perhaps better, provided the material is
very fine and very tough.
The bast must be cut into lengths,
and adapted to the size of the stocks, be
they what they may. A mere novice
may soon determine the length necessary,
by twisting a piece round any twig of
similar size, as in the act of budding.
Before describing the process itself, it
will be well to speak of the condition of
* The best budding instrument we have ever
eeen is made by Mr. Turner, Neepsend, Sheffield.
It has a budding-knife at one end, and a grooved
hook at the other end. This hook being inserted
in the T cut made with the knife, keeps it open,
and allows the bud to be slipped easily down the
croove into its place. It really supplies the
fcuddcr with a third hand.
BUD
[HI]
BUD
the stocks, or subjects to be operated on. j the bottom upwards ; and an experienced
Budding, as before observed, is performed
at various seasons; and in very early
budding, it is considered, in the majority
of cases, prudential, if not absolutely
necessary, to insert the whole of the
shield, or bud, with its own system of
wood attached. When the summer is
far advanced, however, and the buds are
become individually perfect, or nearly so,
in their organization, the case alters ;
and the less of intervening matter there
exists between the bud and its imme-
diate appurtenances of petiole and bark,
the better.
Budding, then, in spring or early sum-
mer, is generally accompanied, it may be
presumed, by a copious current of sap.
Not so, however, late summer-budding
on all occasions ; for the season may
have been unusually warm and dry ; the
stock, or subject, may be short of sap,
or, in other words, be beset with a para-
lysed root-action : all these are impedi-
ments. A copious watering, the evening
previous to the process, will, however,
promote the free rising of the bark, on
which so much depends. In addition to
this, a cloudy day is preferable to a
sunny one.
In former days the chief criterion of
the eligibility of a tree for the budding-
process was the cessation of growth, or
rather, of extension in point of length, in
the stock. Such generally happens in
fruit-trees — such as the peach, apricot,
cherry, plum, &c., — about the first or se-
cond week in August ; the period, of
course, being liable to be modified by
several circumstances, as heat, drought,
<fec. Instead, however, of thus waiting
until the eleventh hour, it is better to
make an earlier commencement; and
there is little occasion to delay after the
middle of July has passed, unless the
stocks, or scions, are subjects of late
growth and excessive luxuriance.
The exact position of the bud being
determined, the incision is made across
the stock transversely, in length suffi-
cient to create an opening for the bud.
This slit forms the head of the incision,
which, when the next slit is made, wil]
ibrm the letter Tf. In making this slit,
or incision, a somewhat bold cut must
be made ; in fact, the point of the knife
must be made to reach the surface of the
wood of the stock.
The perpendicular slit is made from
budder gives a peculiar flirt, or .jerk, to
the knife when he approaches the head
of the T. This jerk at once rifts up the
bark better than any slower process could
do it ; and the haft of the budding-knife
is in a moment turned round, and the
point introduced ; and, by pressing it
close to the wood, right and left, the
bark is, as it were, ploughed up, or libe-
rated from the wood.
All is now ready for the reception of
he bud, which is, indeed, by most good
judders, prepared first, as follows : — The
cutting, or shoot, of the kind to be in-
serted, being wood of the current year's
rowth, is generally kept in a waterpot,
first cutting off all the leaves : care must,
however, be taken to leave most of the
petiole (leaf-stalk) to handle the bud by.
This, also, doubtless assists in forming a
speedy union.
The bud, with its bark and a little of
the wood of the tree, is then cut off in
the form of a shield ; and the point of
the knife and thumb-nail of the right
hand, by a little nice handling, are made
to remove the portion of woody matter
from the centre. The bud is instantly
introduced beneath the bark in the T in-
cision of the stock, where, as before ob-
served, it is found in the same relation
to the stock, or stem, of its new parent a*
existed between it and the shoot whence
it sprang. This done, it is carefully and
closely, but not tightly, bound with the
bast. The operator generally beginning-
to bind at the lower end, gives an extra,
tug with the mat when he comes toler-
ably close to the lower end of the petiole.
This is an old practice, and not particu-
larly intelligible; the meaning, we sup-
pose— if meaning it have — being, that
the tightness of the ligature in that pre-
cise position impedes slightly the return-
ing sap, thereby concentrating it about
the bud.
Some persons employ a grafting wax
to cover the parts where air may enter.
The following mixture will make a very
useful kind : — Sealing-wax, one part ;
mutton fat, one part; white wax, one
part; honey, one-eighth part. The white
wax and fat are first melted, and then
the sealing-wax is to be added, gra-
dually, in small pieces, the mixture be-
ing kept constantly stirred ; lastly, the
honey must be put "in, just before taking
it off the fire. It should be poured into
BUD
[142 ]
BUD
paper or tin moulds, and kept sligbtiy
agitated till it begins to congeal.
We before observed, tbat when the
season is late, and the bark rises some-
what badly, it may be excited to rise.
A liberal watering with liquid-manure,
of the temperature of 90°, the day before
the operation, will, in general, facilitate
the proceeding. When the bud, or shield,
after the wood is removed, appears hol-
low at the bud part, it is commonly re-
jected. Such are not always barren ; but
they are apt to lie dormant for a year or
two.
When a choice of position offers itself,
•we prefer the shady side of the stock. It
is of more importance, however, to select
a clear portion of the stem, free from
knots, although some fancy the bud
takes better if placed in a position from
whence a natural bud has been removed.
It should be taken as a maxim, that only
those buds should be selected, the leaves
of which have become fully developed;
the leaf, also, should, if possible, be un-
blemished.
Cloudy weather is, in all cases, to be
preferred to sunny periods.
For budding Kosvs, and, indeed, for
all budding, the best time of the day is
either early in the morning, at least as
early as seven o'clock, A.M., or after
three o'clock in the afternoon; cloudy,
moist days are most suitable. Cut off
the head of your stocks, and all the side-
branches to three, that is, for standards.
For dwarfs, cut off to within six inches
of the ground; then, with the knife,
make an incision on the upper side of
the young side-branches, as close to the
main stem as possible. The incision
should be about an inch long, lengthwise
on the branch. Cut a cross just at the
top of this incision, in a direction some-
what more slanting than in the annexed
drawing (fig. 2) Then take off the bud,
previously cutting off the leaf, leaving
part of the leaf-stalk. Cut away with
the bud a portion of the bark from the
parent stem, which is technically called
the shield of the oud, and a portion of
wood with it. This bud, and the bark
and wood with it, should be, altogether,
rather more than three-quarters of an
inch long. Turn the bud over between
your finger and thumb, and dexterously
take out the greater part of the wood ;
but be careful to leave the wood full in
the eye of the bud. Then raise one side
of the bark of the incision, in the shape
of a T made in the stock, and with the
ivory handle of the budding-knife slip
in one side of the bark attached to the
bud, then turn your knife, and lift up
1. The bud, xvith the wood taken out, and ready
to be put into the stock side-branches.
2. The branch, or stem, with the incisions made,
previously to raising the bark.
3. The bark raised for receiving the shield of the
bud.
4. The bud fitted into its place.
5. The bandage put over the parts. It is here
represented as done with a shred of bass-
mat ; but stout worsted thread is better.
the other side of the incision, and the
bud will drop into its place. Press the
bark of the bud to the farther end of the
incision ; and if any projects beyond the
cross incision on the stock cut it off.
Then tie with worsted neatly, and the
operation is complete. A laurel-leaf fast-
ened at each end by a ligature round the
stock, so as to arch over the bud, will'
complete the arrangement; and thus the
BUD
[143]
BUL
sun's rays, the air, and wet will be most
effectually excluded, the admittance of
any one of which is fatal to the union of
the hud with the stock. We feel it al-
most impossible to give instruction to
be understood, in words only, for such a
complex operation. We have, therefore,
given the preceding woodcuts, to show
all the several parts of this interesting
process.
BU'DDLEA. (Named after A. Buddie,
nn English botanist. Nat. ord., Flgworts
[Scrophulariaceffi]. Linn., 4^-Tetrandria
l-Monogynia.}
Stove evergreen shrubs, except where otherwise
specified. B. globo'sa, the only hardy species, re-
quires a dry, sheltered situation in the noith of
the island. Seeds are sometimes procured in the
south of England, and should be sown in the
spring following. Plants are also easily procured
from well-ripened cuttings, placed under hand-
lights, in September, and slightly protected dur-
ing winter frosts. The greenhouse and stove
species may all be propagated freely from cut-
tings; and, for general management, the latter
merely require a higher temperature than the
former.
B. America'na (American). 10. Yellow. August-
Mexico. 1826.
— Brazilit'nsis (Brazilian). 10. Orange. Brazil.
1822.
— conna'ta (base-joined-fcauecZ). 5. Orange.
May. Peru. 1826.
— cri'spa (crisp-leaved). 13. Purple. March.
Himalaya.
— diver sifo'lia (various-leaved). 6. Java. 1823.
— globo'sa (globe-flowered}. 15. Orange. May.
Chili. 1774. Hardy herbaceous.
— Jieterophy'lla (variable-leaved). 10. Yellow.
Mar. S. Amer.
— Lindleyafna (Lindley's). 6. Violet. Sep-
tember. China. 1844. Greenhouse
evergreen.
— Madacrascarie'nsis (Madagascar). 10. Orange.
Madeira. 1824.
— 2Vee'mda(Neemda). 15. White. June. Nepaul.
1824.
— occidentals (western). White. Peru. 1730.
Greenhouse evergreen.
— panicula'ta (panicled). 14. White. August.
Nepaul. 1823.
— sali'gna (willow-like). 6. White. August.
Cape of Good Hope. 1816. Greenhouse
evergreen.
— salrifo'lin (sage-leaved). 3. Crimson. Au-
gust. Cape of Good Hope. 1760. Green-
house evergreen.
— tliyrsoi' 'dea (ihjrse-flowered). Yellow. S.
Amer. 1823.
BUFF-TIP MOTH. Hemmatopliora.
BUFFALO CLOVER. Trifo'lium Pennsyl-
va'nicum.
BUGAINVILLS'A. (Named after the
French navigator, Bougainville. Nat. ord. ,
Nyctagos [Nyctagiuaceae]. Linn., S-Oc-
tandria i-Monogynia.)
B. specta'bilisi* a scrambling plant, with beau-
tiful rose-coloured bractes, in cones, like those of
the Hop. It flowers freely at Paris; but ns
English gardener has yet succeeded in flowering
it : we keep it too hot. Stove plants. Cuttings
in sand, and in bottom-heat ; sandy, fibry loam.
Summer temp., 60° to 75°; winter, 50° to 60°.
B. specta'bilis (showy). 15. Pink. S. Amer. 1829.
— sple'ndens (shining). S. Amer. 1848.
— vitifo'lia (vine-leaved). 1848.
BUGLE. A'juga.
BUGLOSS. Anchu'sa.
BUGWORT. Cimici'fttga.
BUISSON is a fruit-tree on a very low
stem, and with a head closely pruned.
BULB. A bulb is really an underground
bud. Its fibrous or real roots die an-
nually ; but the bulb remains stored with
elaborated sap, and retaining the vital
powers of the plant, ready for reproduc-
tion at the appropriate season. .Besides
root bulbs, (as are the onion, crocus, &c.,)
there are stem, or caulinary bulb^, equally
efficient for propagation.
The stem-bulb consists of a number of
small scales closely compacted together
in an ovate or conical form, enclosing the
rudiments of a future plant, and originat-
ing, sometimes in the axil of the leaves,
as inDenta'ria lulbi'fera and several Lily-
worts, and sometimes at the base of the
umbel of flowers, as in A'llium carina'-
tum and others, in both which cases it is
nourished by the parent plant till it has
reached maturity, at which period the
bond of connexion is dissolved, and the
bulb falls to the ground, endowed with
the power of striking root in the soil by
sending out fibres from the base, and so
converting itself into a new individual.
Every bulbous-rooted plant has its
management given in its proper place;
but there are & few rules of general ap-
plicability. They should be moved, where
necessary, whilst in a state of rest. This
occurs to the summer-flowering bulbs in
autumn, and to the autumn-flowering in
spring. Many require to be taken up an-
nually, or, at farthest, every second or
third year, to remove the accumulated
offsets. No bulb should be kept long out
of the ground ; and, even during the time
it is necessarily so kept, it should be pre-
vented from drying by burying it in sand.
BULBI'NE. (From bolbos, a bulb. Nat.
ord., Lilyivorts [Liliaceas], Linn., Q-Hex-
andria \-Monogijnia.}
This is now united to Anthericum. The name
Bulbine, also, is a misnomer; for many more
have the herbaceous habit of Anthericum than
that of true bulbs. Bulb species by offsets;
herbaceous plants, suckers, and divisions ; the
shrubby species, by cuttings under a hand-
13 UL
[144]
BCJP
glass. Sand, loam. For greenhousa species,
summer temp., 50° to 70° ; winter, 40° to 45°.
B. aloi'des (aloe-like). 1. Yellow. June. Cape of
Good Hope. 1732.
— a'nnua (annual). |. Yellow. May. Cape of
Good Hope. 1731.
— usphodeloi'des (asphodel-like). 2. White. July.
Cape of Good Hope. 1759.
— austra'lis (southern). 1. Yellow. June. N.
Holland. 1820.
— bisulcn'ta (two-furrowed). 1. Yellow. No-
vember. Cape of Good Hope. 1323.
— cilia'ta (hair-fringed). 2. Yellow. May. Cape
of Good Hope. 1823.
— floribu'nda (many-flowered). 1. Yellow, green.
September. Cape of Good Hope. J830.
— frute'scens (shrubby). 2. Yellow. June: Cape
of Good Hope. 1702.
— glau'ca (milky-grex:n). 2. White. Chili. 1828.
— grand'nea (grass- tea wed). l. Yellow. May.
Cape of Good Hope. 1824.
— hi'spida (bristly). 1. White. May. Cape of
Good Hope. 1774.
— latifo'lia (broad-leaved). 2. White. July.
Cape of Good Hope. 1812.
— longisca'pa (long-flower-stemmed). 1. Yellow.
June. Cape of Good Hope. 1759.
— mesemln'yanthoi'des (mesem'oryanthemum-
like). ?. Yellow. May. Cape of Good
Hope. 1822.
— nu'tans (nodding). 1. Yellow. July. Cane
of Good Hope. 1S20.
— praemo'rsa (bitten-off). 1. Yellow. June.
Cape of Good Hope. 1818.
— pugionifo'rmis (dagger-formed). 1. Yellow.
May. Cape of Good Hope. 1/93.
— rostra'ta (beaked). 2. Yellow. June. Cape of
Good Hope. 1812.
— scu'bra (rough). 1. Yellow. June. Cape of
Good Hope. 1825.
— semibarba'ta (half-bearded). 1. Yellow. July.
Cape of Good Hope. 1820.
— sua'vis (sweet). Yellow. May. N. Holland.
1836.
— trique'tra (three -sided). 1. Yellow. June.
Cape of Good Hope. 1825.
BULBOCO'DIUM. (From bolbos, a bulb,
and kodion, wool; referring to the woolly
covering of the bulbs. Nat. ord., Me-
lanths [Melanthacese], Linn., Q-Hexan-
dria l-Monogynia.)
Small hardy bulbs, having the aspect of Crocus.
drained.
Offsets ; sandy loam, well
JB. ve'rnum (spring).
Spain. 1629.
— versi'color (party-coloured).
gust. Crimea. 1820.
Purple. February.
Purple. Au-
BULBO'STYLES. (From bolbos, a bulb
and stylos, the style. Nat. ord., Compo-
sites [Asteracese], Linn., \Q-8yngenesia
l-JEqualis.)
Stove plants. Cuttings in sand, with bottom-
heat, under a bell-glass ; loam and peat.
B. Cavanille'sii (Cavanille's). lj. Purple. Au-
gust. Mexico. 1827. Evergreen under-
shrub.
— pe'ndula (hanging-down). Yellow. August.
Mexico. 1832.
— veronictsft/lia (speedwell-leaved). l£. Blue.
August. Mexico. 1825.
BULLACE-TREE. Pnt'nus insiti'tia.
BULL GRAPES. Vi'tis rolundifo'lia.
BUNCHO'SIA. (From bunc/ios, coffee;
the seeds resembling coffee-berries. Nat.
ord., Malpighiads [Malpighiaceae]. Linn.,
IQ-Decandria 1-Moriogynia. )
Stove shrub and tree ; cuttings of ripe shoots
under a glass, in moist bottom-heat ; sandy loam
and peat. Summer temp., 60° to 85°; winter, 50°
to 55°.
B. arge'ntea (silvery). 10. Yellow. July. Ca-
raccas. 1810.
— cane'scens (hoary). 20. Yellosv. July. W.
Ind. 1742.
— glanduli'fera (gland-bearing). 10. Yellow.
April. W. Ind. 1806.
— ni'tida (shining). 10. Red. July. St. Domingo.
1800.
— odora'ta (scented). 10. Yellow. July. Car-
thagena. 1806.
— panicula'tu (panicled). 10. Purple. June. Ja-
maica. 1820;
BUPLEU'RUM. Hare's-Ear. (From bom,
an ox, and plcuron, a side ; the leaves, it'
eaten, are supposed to swell cattle. Nat.
ord., Umbellifers [Umbellaceze], Linn..,
5-Pentandria %-Digynia.)
Hardy annuals and herbaceous perennials, ex-
cept where otherwise specified. Seed of the
annuals in common soil, in March and April ;
divisions of herbaceous plants in autumn or
spring ; cuttings, or divisions of greenhouse
species, in March and April ; dry, sandy loam.
HARDY ANNUALS.
B. glau'cum (milky-green). £. Green, yellow-
July. South Europe. 1S1Q.
— gra'cile (slender). ?. Green, yellow. July.
Caucasus. 1820.
— ju'nceum (rush-leaved) . 1. Green, yellow.
July. South Europe. 1/72.
— lancifo' Hum (lance-leaved). 1. Green, yellow.
July. Tauria. 1820. Biennial.
— oppositifo'liurn (opposite-leaved). 1. Green,
yellow. July. Pyrenees. 181g.
— Polli'chii (Pollich's). 1. Green, yellow. July.
Palestine. 1818.
— protra'ctum (protracted). §. Yellowish.
July. Portugal. 1824. Twiner.
— rotundifo'lium (round-leaved). 2. Green,
yellow. June. Spain.
— semi-compo'situm (semi-compound). 3. Green,
yellow. July, Spain. 1778.
— subo'vatum (rather oval-leaved). £. Yellow.
June. Spain. 1819.
— tenui'ssimum (slenderest). $. Green, yellow.
July. England.
— tri'fidum" (three-cleft). 2£. Yellow. July.
Italy. 1824. Biennial.
HARDY PERENNIALS.
B. arista'tum (awned). Blush. June. Britain.
— au'reum (golden). 1. Yellow. May. Si-
beria. 1820.
— coria'ceum (leathery). Striped. August. Gib-
raltar. 1/84.
— falca'tum (sickle-leaved). £. Green, yellow.
August. Germany. 1/2Q.
— frute'scens («maU-8hrubby). 2. Yellow. Au-
gust. Spain. 1/52.
— graminifo'Uum (grass-leaved). £. Gree.n,
yellow. June. Switzerland. 17(i3.
BUP
C
BUR
S. longifo'lium (long-leaved). 3. Green, yellow.
June. Switzerland. 1713.
— multine'rve (many-nerved). 3. Yellowish.
Altai.
— panicula'tum (panicled). l£. Yellow. July.
Spain. 1824.
— petree'um (rock). 1J. Green, yellow. June.
Switzerland. 1768.
— polyphy' Hum (many-leaved). 1. Green, yellow.
May. Caucasus. 1823.
— scontonerasfo'lium (scorzonera-leaved). Yel-
low-streaked. June. Germany. 1818.
— spino'sum (spined). Yellow. July. Spain.
1752. Evergreen shrub.
GREENHOUSE.
B. cane'scens (hoary). 5. Yellow. August.
Barbary. 1809. Evergreen shrub.
— frutico'sum (shrubby). 3. Yellow. July.
South Europe. 1596. Evergreen half-
hardy.
— GibraUa'ricti (Gibraltar). Yellow. June.
Gibraltar. 1784. Evergreen half-hardy.
— plantagi'neum (plantain-leaved). 3. Yellow.
July. Mount Atlas. 1810. Evergreen
half-hardy.
BUPTHA'LMUM. Ox-eye. (From Ions,
an ox, and ophthalmos, eye ; the disk of
the flower ox-eye-like. Nat. ord., Com-
posites [Asteracese]. Linn., 19-Syn-
yenesia 2-Superflua.)
Seed of annuals in border, in April ; division of
herbaceous perennials in March ; cuttings in sand,
under a bell-glass, of the greenhouse evergreen
shrubs ; the latter require peat and loam, and the
usual greenhouse treatment.
HAEDY.
B. aqua'ticum (aquatic). £. Yellow. July.
South Europe. 1731. Annual.
— grandifltf rum (large-flowered). l£. Yellow.
August. Austria. 1722. Herbaceous
perennial.
— salidfo'lium (willow-leaved). l£. Yellow.
September. Austria. 1759. Herbaceous
perennial.
— speciosi'ssimum (showiest). 2. Yellow. July.
South Europe. 1826. Herbaceous per-
ennial.
— spino'sum (thorny). 3. Yellow. July. Spain.
1570. Annual.
GREENHOUSE.
£. IcEviga'tum (smooth-leaved). 4. Yellow.
July. Teneriife. 1800. Evergreen shrub.
— mari'timum (sea). 1. Yellow. August.
Sicily. 1640. Half-hardy herbaceous
perennial.
— seri'ceum (silky). 4. Yellow. June. Canaries.
1779. Evergreen shrub.
— stenophy' Hum (narrow-leaved). 3. Yellow.
June. Canaries. 1818. Evergreen shrub.
BURCHA'RDIA. (Named after H. Bnr-
chard, M.D. Nat. ord., Melanths [Me-
lanthaceae]. Linn., Q-Hexandria S-Tri-
yynia. Allied to Veratrum.)
Greenhouse herbaceous perennial; offsets and
divisions ; sandy peat. Winter temp., 38° to 40°.
3. umbcUa'ta (umbellate). 2. White, green.
August. N. Holland. 1820.
BURCBE'LLIA. (Named after Burchell,
an African traveller. Nat. ord., Cincho-
10
nads [Cinch oniacese]. Linn., 5-Pentan-
dria 1-Monogynia. Allied to Gardenia.)
Stove evergreen shrubs, from Cape of Good
Hope. Cuttings of young shoots, getting firm at
the base, in April and May; fibryloam and sandv
peat. Summer temp., 60° to 75°; winter, 50"°
to 55°.
B. bubali'na (buffalo). 3. Scarlet. May. 1818
— Cape'nsis (Cape). 3. Scarlet. March.
BURLINGTO'NIA. (Named after the
Countess of Burlington. Nat. ord., Or-
chids [OrchidaoeEB]. Linn., 20-Gynandria
l-Monoyynia.)
Stove orchids. Divisions fastened to blocks of
wood, with a little moss attached. High tem-
perature and moist atmosphere when growing ;
cool and dry when in a state of rest. Summer
temp., 65° to 90°; winter, 55°.
B. ca'ndida (snow-white). 1. White. April.
Demeraru. 1834,
— de'cora (neat). Pink and white. November.
Brazil.
— macula'ta (spotted). £. Yellow and brown
spots. May. Brazil. 1837.
— ri'gida (stiff-stemmed). l. Purplish-pink-
spotted. April. Brazil. 1838.
— venu'sta (beautiful). White. March. Brazil.
BURN ONION. See POTATO ONION.
BURNET. (Pote'rium sanguiso'rba.)
Small, or Upland Burnet. Used in cool
tankards, soups, and salads.
Soil and Situation. — It delights in a
dry, unshaded, poor soil, abounding in
calcareous matter, with a dressing of
bricklayers' rubbish, or fragments of
chalk. A small bed will be sufficient
for the supply of a family.
Propagation is either by seed or by slips
and partings of the roots. The seed
sown towards the close of February, if
open weather, and until the close of
May. But the best time is in autumn,
as soon as it is ripe ; for, if kept until the
spring, it will often fail entirely, or lie in
the ground until the same season of the
following year, without vegetating. Sow
in drills, six inches apart, thin, and not
buried more than half an inch. Keep
clear of weeds. When two or three
inches high, thin to six inches apart, and
those removed place in rows at the same
distance, in a poor, shady border, water
being given occasionally until they have
taken root, after which they will require
no further attention until the autumn,
when they must be removed to their final
station, in rows a foot apart. "When
established, the only attention requisite
is to cut down their stems occasionally in
summer, to promote the production of
young shoots, and, in autumn, to have the
decayed stems and shoots cleared away.
L
BUR
[ 1463
BUX
If propagated by partings of the roots,
the best time is in September and Octo-
ber. They are planted at once where
they are to remain, and only require oc-
casional watering until established.
To obtain Seed some of the plants must
be left ungathered from, and allowed to
shoot up early in the summer. They
flower in July, and ripen abundance of
seed in the autumn.
BURNING BUSH. JSuo'nymus Ameri-
ca'nus.
BURSA'RIA. (Named from bursa, a
pouch. Nat. ord., Pitlosporads [Pitto-
sporaceffi]. linn., 5-Pentandria 1-Mono-
gynia.)
Greenhouse evergreen shrub. Cuttings of
young shoots in sand, under a bell-glass ; sandy
peat and fibry loam. Winter temp., 40° to 45°.
B.spino'sa (thorny). JO. White. October.
N. S. Wales. 1/93.
BU'RSERA. (Named after Burser, an
Italian botanist. Nat. ord., Amyrids
[Amyridacese]. Linn., 23-Polygamia 2-
Dicecia.)
Stove trees ; cuttings under a glass, with bot-
tom-heat; loam and peat. Summer temp., 60°
to 85° ; winter, 50° to 55°.
B. gummi'fera (gum-bearing). 20. White, green.
W. Ind 1690.
— serra'ta (saw-edged-tea»ed). 30. E. Ind. 1818.
BURTO'NIA. (Named after D. Burton,
a collector for the Kew Gardens. Nat.
ord., Leguminous Plants [Fabacese].Linn.,
IQ-Decandria 1-Monogynia. Allied to
Pultensea.)
Greenhouse evergreen under-shrubs ; seeds in
March and April, in sandy peat; cuttings of
half-ripened snoots in sand, under a bell-glass ;
fibry peat, sandy loam, and pieces of charcoal,
mixed with soil and drainage. Summer temp.,
60° to 70°; winter, 45° to 50°.
B.Bj-ttntot'rfes(Brunia-like). ]J, Yellow. June.
N. Holland. 1844.
— confe'rta (clustered-jffowered). 2. Violet.
July. N. Holland. 1830.
— mi'nor (smaller). 4. Yellow. May. N.
Holland. 1812.
—pulche'lla (beautiful). 2. Purple. April.
Swan River. 1846.
— sca'bra (rough -tea»«0. i. Yellow. June.
N. Holland. 1803.
— sessiliflo'ra (stalkless-flowered). £. Yellow.
June. N. Holland. 1824.
— villo'sa (long-haired). 2. Purple. May.
Swan River. 1844.
BUSHEL. See BASKET.
BUTCHER'S BROOM. Ru'scus.
BU'TEA. (Named after John Earl of
Bute. Nat. ord., Leguminous Plants [Fa-
bacese]. Linn., 17-Diadelphia 1-Pentan-
dria. Allied to the Coral-tree.)
Stove evergreen trees; cuttings of shoots,
young, but firm, in sand, in a moist bottom-heat,
under a glass, removed, or air given, during the
night; loam and peat. Summer temp., 60° to
75°; winter, 50° to 55°.
B. frondo'sa (leafy). 30. Scarlet. E.Ind. 1/96.
— parviflo'ra (small-flowered). 20. Scarlet. Co-
romandel. 1818.
— supeTrba (superb). 30. Scarlet. E. Jnd. 1798*
BU'TOJIUS. Flowering Hush. (From,
bous, an ox, and temnc, to cut ; in refer-
ence to its acrid juice, causing the mouth
to bleed. Nat. ord., Butomads [Butoma-
cese]. Linn., Q-Enneandria 3-Hexagynia.)
Hardy perennial aquatics ; divisions ; rich loam,
in water.
B.latifo'lius (broad-leaved). 1. White. June*
Nepaul. 1823.
— umbeUu'tus (umbelled). 2. Pink. June.
Britain.
Caryo'car and Ju'glans
Narci'ssus incom-
TREE. Penta-
BUTTER NUT.
cine'rea.
BUTTER AND EGGS.
para'bilis.
BUTTER AND TALLOW
de'sma.
BUTTER-TREE. Ba'ssia.
BUTTERFLY PLANT. Onci'dium papi'Ko*
BUTTERWORT. PinguV cula.
BUTTON FLOWER. Go'mpkia.
BUTTON-TREE. Conoca'rpus.
BUTTON WEED. Spcrmaco'ce.
BUTTON WOOD. Cephala' nthiis.
Bu'xus. Box-tree. (From pyknos?
dense ; referring to the hardness of the
wood. Nat. ord., Spurgeivorls [Euphorbi-
acese] . Linn., 21-Monacia -i-Tetrandria. )
There is a weeping Box-tree in the gardens at
Shrubland Pa,rk, with branches as pendulous as
those of the Weeping Ash. Hardy and green-
house shrubs and trees ; seed sown in light, well-
drained soil, as soon as ripe; cuttings, from four
to six inches in length, of the young shoots, in-
serted in a shady place in August and September ;
layers of either old or young wood ; division of
the variety suffrutico'sa, generally used as edg-
ings to walks ; cuttings of Balea'ricn will require
protection in winter. Chinese and New Holland
species requirt a cold pit or greenhouse in winter.
B. austra'lis (southern). 6. N.Holland. 1820.
— Bulea'rica (Balearic). 8. Yellow, green. July.
Minorca. 1780.
— Chine'nsis (Chinese). 3. Yellow, green. Oc-
tober. China. 1802.
— sempervi'rens (common evergreen). 8. Yellow,
green. April. England.
angusti/o'lia (narrow-leaved). 8. Yellow,
green. April.
arbore'scens (tree-like). 30. Yellow, green.
May. Britain.
arge'ntea (silver-variegated). 30. Yellow,
green. May. Britain.
au'rea (golden-variegated). 30. Yellow,
green. May. Britain.
margina'ta (i/eWow-edged). 30. Yellow,
green. April. Britain.
myrtifo'lia (myrtle-leaved). 8, Yellow,.
green. April. Britain.
BYE
C 147 ]
CAB
S. sempervPrenssuJj'ruticu'sa (sub-shrubby). 1.
Yellow, green.
variega'tu (variejrated-teawed)' 30. Yellow,
green. May. Britain.
BY'BLIS. (A classical name, after
JJyllis, daughter of Miletus. Nat. ord.,
Sundews [Droseracese]. IAnn.,5-Pentan-
dria 5-Pentagynia.)
Greenhouse aquatic ; seeds ; fibry, Mack peat
immersed in warcr. Summer temp., 50° to 70°;
winter, 45° to 55°.
£. liniflo'ru (flax-flowered). $. Blue. May. N.
Holland. 1800.
BYESO'NIMA. (From byrsa, a hide; in
reference to the tanning properties of the
genus. N&i.oTd.,J\Talpi(jhia(ts [Malpighi-
acese]. Linn., \Q-Decandria 3-Z'rigynia.)
In Brazil the bark of these trees is in common
«se by the tanners, under the name of murice.
The fruit of some of them is eaten in the West
Indies. Stove evergreens; cuttings of half-
ripened shoot* in sandy peat, under a bell-gl;iss,
and in a moist bottom-heat; loam and peat.
Summer temp., 60° to 80° ; winter, 55° to 60°.
JS. alti'ssima (tallest). 60. White. July. Guiana.
1820.
— chrysophy'lla (golden-leaved). 10. Yellow.
August. Orinoco. 1823.
— coria'eea (leathery-/eaued). 30. White. June.
Jamaica. 1814.
— crassifo'lia (thick-leaved). 20. Yellow. July.
Guiana. 1793.
— laurifu'iia (laurel-leaved). 10. Yellow. Jnly.
Cumana. 1824.
— lu'cida (shining- leaved). 6. Pink. July. W.
Ind. 1759.
— -Jifowr«7a(Moureila). 20. Yellow. August.
S. Amer. 1823.
— nervo'sa (/w//-nerved;. 8. Yellow. July. Brazil.
1820.
— pa'llida (pale). 4. Pale. Cayenne. 1820.
— reticula'ta (netted). 10. Purple, yellow. July.
Cayenne. 1823.
— spica'ta (spiked). 6. Yellow. Awgust. Antilles.
1810.
— verbascifo'lia, (verbascum-leaved). 6. Pale red.
July. Guiana. 1810.
— tolu'bilis (twining). 10. Yellow. August.
W. Ind. 1/53. Twiner.
BYSTROPO'GON. (From byo, to close,
and pogon, a beard ; in reference to the
throat of the flower being closed up with
liairs. Nat. ord., Labiates [Lamiacese].
Linn., lA-Didynamia \-Gymnospermui.
Allied to Thyme.)
Greenhouse evergreen under-shrob ; cuttinsrs of
stubby side-shoots in sandy soil, under a glass ;
peat and loam. Summer temp., 50° to 70°;
winter, 40° to 48°.
B.Canariensis (Canary). 1$. Pale purple. July.
Canaries. 1714.
— origanifo' Hits (origanum-leaved). l£. Pale
purple. July. Canaries. 1815.
~-plumo'sus (feathery-cowered). l£. Pale purple.
June. Canaries. 1/79.
— puncta'tus (dotted), li. Pale purple. June.
Madeira. 1775.
BYTTNE'BIA. (Named after Buttner,
a German professor. Nat. ord., Byttne-
rlads [Byttneriacese]. 'Linn.^-Pentandria
\-Monogyn ia. )
Cuttings; the first two species require the
greenhouse, the others the routiae of the piant-
stove.
B.dasyphy'lla (thick-leaved). 3. White. June.
Van Diemen's Land. 1/80.
— Hen«rtnm/o7ta(Hermannia-leaved). 4. White.
July. N. Holland. 1823.
— microphy'lla, (small- leaved). 5. White, purple.
S. Amer. 1816.
— sca'bra (mush-leaned). 6. Purple, Ju.lv.
W. In!. 1798.
C.
CABARET. See A' a ARUM.
CABBAGE. Sra'&sica olera'cea,
Varieties. — But few should be planted
of the early varieties, as they soon harden
and burst; but tbe Large York, and others
that are mentioned in the middle clas«,
though not far behind the others in quick
cabbaging, continue long in a state fi t for
the table.
For First Crops.— T£&T\y Dwarf, Early
Fine York, Early Dwarf Sugar - Loaf,
Battersea, Imperial, East Earn.
Midsummer Crops.— Large Early York,
Large Sugar-Loaf, Wheeler's Nonpareil,
Atkinson's Matchless, Shilling's Queen.
Penton — this is valuable in late summer,
when other varieties are strongly tasted.
Antwerp, Russian — to have this in per-
fection,the seed must be had from abroad,
as it soon degenerates in this country.
Early London Hol^v. Musk is excel-
lent at any period, but is apt to perish in
frosty weather. Couve Tronchuda; for
its leaves and stalks used as sea-kale.
For Autumn Crops. — Pomeranian,
Large Hollow Sugar-Loaf, Large Oblong
Hollow, Long-sided Hollow, and any of
the preceding. Pied Dutch for pickling
(B. olera'cea ru'bra}. Large Round Win-
ter, Great Drumhead. Great Pound
Scotch, or Strasburg, employed for sour
krout in January.
Times of Sowing. — Some gardeners sow
almost monthly, and employ many varie-
ties ; but we only employ Wheeler's Non-
pareil, Shilling's Queen, and Atkinson's
Matchless, of one of which a sowing
should be made about the 21st- of July ;
for final planting out, early in September ;
many plants of which will be turning in
between Michaelmas and Christmas, and
in early spring. The second and most
general time of sowing, to raise plants
for almost the whole year's supply, and of
any kind, including the Red JDutch and
its varieties, is from the 6th to the 12th
CAB
C 143 ]
CAB
of August, of which the seedlings may
remain in the seed-bed all the whiter, if
not too thick ; or any number may be fi-
nally planted out into the open quarters
from October to November, or pricked
out into nursery-beds, banks, £c., so as
to have a good stock of plants for final
planting out whenever favourable oppor-
tunities offer.
Should the winter be so severe as to
have destroyed many of the autumn-
sown plants, then early spring sowing
becomes of importance. Sow towards
the middle or end of January, so as to
have good plants for final planting out,
if the weather be mild and open, about
the end of February. To effect this,
cither a pinch of seed may be sown in
pans or boxes, and placed in some steady-
heated structure; and, when the seedlings
are up large enough to prick out, have a
worm border, or very gentle hotbed,
ready to prick them out upon, to be pro-
tected either by a little glass or hoop and
mat. To sow on a larger scale, make up
gentle hotbeds, to be protected with either
glass, which is best, or mats : the pricking
out attend to as before-mentioned. Also,
any kind may be sown in the open, warm
border, in February and March, should
the August sowing have been destroyed.
The Couve Tronchuda should be sown
from the first of March to the end of
April. One vary important point is, that
all pricked-out plants should invariably
be lifted, with either a spade, trowel, or
fork, out of the pricked-out beds, whether
in frames or otherwise, so as to secure
their young roots. Plants out of the
seed-bed seldom need this precaution.
Mode of Sowing. — The seed is inserted
rather thin, about a quarter of an inch
deep, and occasionally watered until the
plants are well above-ground; and the
waterings in summer may afterwards be
beneficially repeated two or three times
a week, until they are ready for removal,
if dry, hot weather continues. The seed-
lings are pricked out in rows four or five
inches asunder each way; shaded and
watered until completely established.
The Soil cannot be made too rich for
cabbageworts at any time.
Planting. — We never make but two
plantings in the year; one from the 21st
of July sowing, which planting is made
during the first fortnight of September ;
and the second planting we make in the
spring, towards the end of February or
beginning of March. This last planting
is either made from plants raised in Au-
gust, or, if the winter destroyed that sow-
ing, it is made from early spring sowings,
our soil being made so rich for these two
plantings that we never want for cole-
worts, or even young cabbage, which are
produced after the principal heads have
been cut away.
Cutting Callages. — If young sprouts
are required, the side-leaves should be
left on for about five days after the prin-
cipal head is cut. The side-sprouts will
be found to put forth very much the
stronger and quicker for the leaves being
thus left.
Planting. — Plant in rows, from one and
a half to two and a half feet asunder
each way, the smaller early kinds being
planted the closest. The Bed Cabbage,
the principal plantation of which should
be made in March, for pickling in Sep-
tember, is benefited by having the dis-
tances enlarged to three feet. They must
be well watered at the time of removal,
and until fully established. The best
mode of applying the water is to make
the hole with the dibble, and pour in,
about a quart before inserting the plant.
Frequently hoe, to keep under the weeds ;
and as soon as their growth permits tho
earth should be drawn round the stems.
To promote the cabbaging of the plants,,
it is useful to draw the leaves together
with a shred of bass mat, which forwards
it about a fortnight. The stems of the
summer and autumn crops, if left after
the main head has been cut, will produce
numerous sprouts during those seasons,
and also throughout the winter.
To obtain Seed. — In October, which is
the preferable season, and from thence
until the close of February, select some
of the finest and best cabbage-plants.
Have the large, outer leaves removed,
and then insert them up to their heads
in rows, three feet asunder each way.
Each variety must be planted as far from
any other as possible, as, indeed, from
every other species of cabbagewort ; and
this precaution applies equally to the
whole tribe.
Frame Seedlings. — The heat must never
exceed 00°, nor sink more than two or
three degrees beneath 50°, which is the
most favourable minimum. Air should
be admitted freely in the day, and the
glasses covered, as necessity requires, at
night with matting.
CAB
CAC
Coleworls cr Collets, merely signify
cabbages eaten young, or previous to
their hearts becoming firm, the genuine
Cole wort, or Dorsetshire Kale, being
nearly extinct.
The observations upon transplanting,
and the directions for cultivating cab- j
bages, apply, without any modification, to i
epleworts ; but the distance at which the |
plants may be set is much less. If the i
rows are a foot apart, and the plants i
seven or eight inches distant from each |
other, an abundant space is allowed, i
They may be eaten when the leaves are j
five or six inches in breadth. The most
preferable mode of taking them is to pull
rip every alternate one. The openings
3*. it, are beneficial to the remaining plants ;
and some, especially of the August-raised
plants, may be left, if required for cab-
baging.
The cabbage is liable to the MILDEW j
and AMBURY, which sec-, and to many \
insects, as the Aphis, Mamestra, and
those next enumerated.
CABBAGE BUTTERFLY. See PIERIS.
CABBAGE FLY. See ANTHOMYIA.
CABBAGE - GARDEN PEBBLE - MOTH.
Pyralis -
CABBAGE MOTH. Mamestra.
CABO'MBA. (Derivation not explained.
Nat. ord., Watershialds [Cabombacere].
Linn., G-ffexandria Q-Digynia.)
A small water-plant, with floating shield-like
leaves, and small yellow flowers, which look, at
a distance, like so many Crowfoot-flowers. An
interesting species, propagated by root division,
requiring only greenhouse culture in summer,
and to rest in a cool part of the stove in winter.
A shallow pan of water, with three inches deep of
rich loam in the bottom, will suit it well.
C. aquti'tica (aquatic). Yellow. May. Caro-
lina. 1823.
CACA'LIA (From kakos, pernicious,
and lian, exceedingly ; supposed to be
hurtful to the soil. Nat. ord., Composites
[Astevaceaj]. Linn., W-Syngenesia 1-
JEqttalh. Allied to Senecio.)
Hardv species are propagated by dividing the
plant, and dividing the root when tuberous. C.
coccineu may be sown in the borders, in April ;
other annuals require a hotbed ; Cape and East
Indian species require the greenhouse and stove
respectively. Cuttings should have their juicy
ends dried before inserting them in sandy soil ;
sandy loam, fibry peat, equal parts ; lime-rubbish
and very rotten cow-dung, half a part of each.
HARDY HERBACEOUS.
C. rtlpi'nii (alpine). 2. Purple. July. Aus-
tria. 1/39.
— cocci'nea (scarlet-./7nu;em/). 14. Orange.
June. 1/99. Annual.
— cordifo'/ia (heart-leaved), l. White. August.
Mexico. 1823, Tuberous-rooted.
C. husta'ta fhvlbert-leaoed). l. White. Sep.
tember. Siberia. 1/80.
— renifo'rmis (kidney-formed). l£. White.
July. N. Amer. 1801.
— suavs'olens (sweet-scented). 6*. White.
August. N. Amer. 1752.
— tubero'sa (tuberous). ]. August. N. Amer.
1812. Tuberous-rooted.
GREENHOUSE EVERGREENS.
C. articula'tn (jointed). l£. Yellow. Sep.
tember. Cape of Good Hope. 1/75.
— carno'sa (fleshy-leaned'). l£. Yellow. June.
Cape of Good Hope. 1757.
— cyli'ndrica (cylindrical). 1. Yellow. June.
Cape of Good Hope. 1818.
— Hawo'rthia (Haworth's). 2. Yellow. Cape
of Good Hope. 17Q5.
— Klei'nin (Klein's). 3. Yellow. Septem-
ber. Canaries. 1732.
— longifo'lia (long-leaved), l. Yellow. 1820.
— papilla'ris (pimpled-stalked}. 2. Yelloxv.
Cape of Good Hope. l/27»
— ra'dicans (rooting). £. Yellow. July.
Cape of Good Hope. 1823. Creeper.
— reticula'ta (netted). 2. Yellow. Bourbon.
1823.
— sca'ndens (climbing). 6. Orange, purple.
April. Cape of Good Hope. 1814.
Twiner.
STOVE.
C. bi' color (two -coloured). 2. Purple. July.
E. Ind. 1804. Deciduous.
— ova'lis (oval-leaved'). 3. Yellow. July.
E, Ind. 1734. Evergreen.
CACO'UCIA. (The Indian name. Nat.
ord., Myrobolans [Combretaceae]. Linn.,
il.-Dodc'candria. l-JWonoyynia. Allied to
Combretum.)
A fine stove climber, requiring tke same treat-
ment as Combre'tutn purpu'reum. Cuttings of
stiff side-shoots in sand, under a bell-glass, in
bottom-heat. Peat and loam, both sandy and
fibry. Summer temp., 60° to 85° ; winter, 50° to
60°
C. cocci'nea (scarlet). Scarlet. May. Guiana.
CA'CTUS. Melon Thistle. (A name
applied by Theophrastus to some spiny
plant. Nat. ord., Indian F'ujs [Cacta-
cea3]. Linn., 12-Icosandria \-Mo>io-
gynia.)
This extensive genus of Indian Fig. Melon-
cactus, &c., has been very properly divided into
several and well-marked sub-genera : here we
gather them under one general title.
C. corruga'tus (shrivelled). Chili. 1824.
—falio'xus (leafy). Chili. 1824.
— redtt'ctus (restored). 2. Mexico. 1796.
— seni'lis (old). 20 feet at least. Mexico. 1823.
— speciosi'.ssimus (most showy). Crimson.
July. S. Amer. 1836.
Echinoca'ctus. (Hedgehog Thistle.)
C. abno'rmis (mis-shapen). White. July. S.
Amer. 181S.
— acu'tus (sharp-n66ed). April. Monte Video.
1828.
— acutangula'ris (sharp-angled). Yellow. Sep-
tember. Mexico. 1835.
— agglomern'tus (heaped). June. Mexico. 1838.
— Ancuni(i'nus(Ai\coi\ia.n}. April. Ancona. 1834.
— arcua'tus (arch-riftftcd). Yellow. September.
Monte Vkleo. 1836.
GAG
[ 150]
CAG
C. centete'rius (many-spined), Yellow. July.
Mexico. 1840.
— chlorophtha'lmus (green-eyed). Purple. June.
Rio del Monte.
— cocci'neus (scarlet- flowered). Scarlet. Sep-
tember. 1835.
— conci'nnus (neat). Yellow. March. Monte
Video. 1828.
— corni'gerus (horn -hearing). White. July.
Mexico. 1830.
— corynoi'des (club-shaped). Yellow. October.
S. Amer. 1837.
— crispa'tus (curled). Purple. Mexico. 1826.
— cyli'ndricus (cylindrical). Mexico. 1836.
— de'nsus (dense). Mexico. 1829.
— Defppei (Deppe's). Mexico. 1829.
— depre'ssus (depressed). S. Amer. 1708.
— echina'tus (hedgehog-like). April. Mexico.
1830.
— edu'lis (eatable). Yellow. Mexico.
— erina'ceus (rough). July. 1818.
— Eyre'sii (Eyre's). White, yellow. September.
Mexico. 182Q.
glau'cus (milky-green). White, green.
July.
— gibbo'sus (swollen). White. July. Jamaica.
1808.
— Gillie'sii (Gillie's). September. Mexico. 1830.
— gladia'tus (sword -spined). July. Mexico.
1826.
— hexaedro' phorus (six-sided). White. June.
Tampico.
'-infla'tus (inflated). Chili. 1828.
— i'ngens (huge). Mexico. 1838.
— into'rtus (twisted -spined). Purple. June.
Antigua. 1768.
— intrica'tus (intricate). April. Monte Video.
1828.
— Lefcchii (Lecche's). Yellow. July. S. Amer.
1833.
— Leea'nus (Lee's). Pale sulphur. May. Bue-
nos Ayres. 1840.
— Li'nkii (Link's). Yellow. July. Mexico. 1828.
— longihama'tus (long - hooked). f . Yellow.
July. Mexico. 1851.
— MacJeiea'nus (Mackie's). Yellow. Chili. 1836.
— mammillaroi'des (mammillaria-like). Yellow.
Chili. 1836.
— Mantevide'nsis (Monte Video). Yellow. Monte
Video. 1835.
— multiflo'rus (many-flowered). White. June.
— inyriosti1 gma (many- spotted). Pale-striped.
July. Mexico. 1843.
— no'bilis (noble). White. June. Mexico. 1796.
— ubvalla'tus (fenced-round). Purple. Mexico.
— octogo'nus (eight-sided). Red, white. June.
S. Amer. 1830.
— oxygo'nus (sharp-angled). Pale rose. May.
Brazil. 1831.
— pectini'ferus (comb-like). Pale green, rose.
April. Mexico. 1844.
— Pentla'ndi (Pentland's). Rose. July.
— pulche'lla (neat). White. August. Mexico.
1831.
— rhodophtha'lmus (red-eyed). J. Crimson.
August. Potosi. 1850.
~- sco'pa (broom). Yellow. April. Brazil. 1S38.
.— spi'nis-a'lbis (white-spined). Yellow. June.
Brazil. 1836.
— Sfame'sj'i(Staincs's). Pink. May. Mexico. 1844.
— streptocau'lon (spiral-stemmed). l£. Yellow.
August. Bolivia. 1845.
— subgibbo'sus (slightly-swollen). White. July.
Chili. 1830.
— tubiflo'rus (tube-flowered). White. Mexico.
1836.
C. vi'snaga (tooth-pick-spined). Yellow, pink.
Mexico. 1844.
— Willia'msii (William's). White. June. Mexico.
1845.
Epiphy'llum. (Leaf-flowering.)
C. Acleerma'nni (Ackermann's). Scarlet. June.
Mexico. 1829.
ma'jor (l&rgzt-flowered). Scarlet. June.
— ala'tum (winged). White. June. N. Amer.
1810.
— cocd'neum (scarlet). Scarlet. June. Brazil.
1828.
— crena'tum (scolloped). Pale cream. May.
Honduras. 1839.
— Hooke'ri (Sir Wm. Hooker's). White. June.
S. Amer.
— longifo'lium (long-leaved). June. Mexico. 1838.
— la'tifrons (broad-stemmed). White. August.
S. Amer. 1820.
— phylla'nthus (many-flowering). White. June.
S. Amer. 1810.
— rho'mbeum (diamond-leased). Pale yellow.
June. Brazil. 1835.
— specio'sum (showy). Red. June. Brazil. 1810.
— truncu'tum (abrupt-ended). Pink. June.
Brazil. 1818.
cocd'neum (scarlet). Scarlet. June. 1818.
Russellia'num (Duke of Bedford's). Pink.
May. Brazil. 1839.
viola' ccum (violet-colour-jforcered). Vio-
let. May.
Mammilla' ria. (Nipple-bearers.)
C. chrysaca'ntha (golden-spined). Yellow. S.
Amer. 1827-
— chrysa'ntha (yellow-flowered). Yellow. S,
Amer. 1827.
— cocci'nea (scarlet-flowered). Scarlet. June.
Chili. 1827.
— cohimna'ris (column-like). Mexico. 1838.
— co' nicd (cone-headed}. July. 1808.
— corona'ria (garland). Scarlet. July. S. Amer.
1817-
— de'nsa (dense). June. Mexico. 1830.
— depre'ssa (depressed). Red, green. July. S.
Amer. 1800.
— di'scolor (two-coloured). Red. July. S.Amer.
1800.
— echina'na (hedgehog). Pale pink. Mexico.
1830.
— fiave'scens (yellow-spinel). Yellow. 1811.
— floribu'nda (many-flowered). Pink. Chili.
— fulvispi'na (brown-spined). Red. Brazil. 1829.
— geminispi'na (twin-'spiued). Red. Mexico.
1823.
— glomera'ta (tufted). Red. St. Domingo. 1825.
— heli'cteris (twisted). Rose. June. Mexico.
1827.
— lani'fera (wool-bearing). Rerl. Mexico. 1823.
— Leh'ma'nni (Lehmanu's). Yellow. Mexico.
1836.
— Mis&ourie1 nsis (Missouri). White. July. Mis-
souri. 1818.
— proli'ferti (white -spined-proVifero'as'). Whitish.
July. S. Amer. 1600.
— pu'lchra (pretty). Yellow. June. Mexico. 1826.
— pusi'lla (small). Pale red. S.Amer. 1820.
— pyramida'lis (pyramidal). Mexico. 1835.
— quadra'ta (four-sided). Chili. 182".
— quadrispi'na (four-spined). Mexico. 1838.
— specio'sa (showy). Red. Chili. 1827.
— stella'ta (starry). Pink. May. S.Amer. 1815.
— strami'nea (straw-coloured). Red. June. S.
Amer. 1811.
CAG
C. le'nuis (slender). Pale yellow. May. Mexico.
1830.
— tetraca'ntha (four-spined). Rose. July. Mexico.
— turbina'ta (top-shaped). Striped. July. Mexico.
1838.
— ve'tula (oldish). Light scarlet. 1835.
— vivi'para (viviparous). Red. Louisiana. 1811.
Melo-ca'ctus (Turk's-Cap-Cactus).
C. amce'nus (lovely). Light scarlet. 1835.
— commu'nis (common). Red. July. W.Ind. 1789.
vi'ridis (green). 1836.
— depre'ssus (depressed). Scarlet. Pernambuco.
— macra'ntha (large-spined). White, red. S.
Amer. 1820.
— meonaca'nlhus (oblong-spiraed). Jamaica. 1835.
— placentifo'rmis (placenta-shaped). Red. Brazil.
— polyuca'ntha (many-spined). Brazil.
— pyramida'lis (pyramidal). Red. Curacoa. 1824.
spi'nis-ru'bris (red-spined).
There are many more species in all the above
subdivisions of Cactus mentioned in botanical
works ; but so little is known about them that
is certain that we have omitted them. We think,
also, that when this very numerous genus is better
known, many now considered as species will be
found to be a single species at different periods
of its growth.
Culture. — It is possible that under the
different names of Epiphy'llum, Mamil-
la'ria, and Meloca'ctus we may see occa-
sion to detail a few extra points of culture ;
but we may observe here, that there are
features of cultivation common to them
all, namely, a high temperature and a
somewhat moist atmosphere when grow-
ing in summer ; a dry atmosphere when
ripening their growth ; and a dry atmo-
sphere— dryness comparatively at the
roots — and a low temperature, when in
a, state of rest. Though a temperature
of from 80° to 95° will not be too high
in the one case, one not below 40° will
suffice in the other.
Ecliinocactus culture. — This group is
propagated, at times, by seed, which
should be sown as soon as ripe in shallow
pans, and plunged in a hotbed ; by offsets,
which should be well-dried at the base
before planting, and then plunged into
bottom-heat. This method of propa-
gating should only be resorted to in
spring or summer ; all changing of the
soil, or re-potting, should also be done
At that time, as, if done in winter, stag-
nation and decay are apt to ensue. Good
drainage constitutes an essential feature.
Soil, equal portions of sandy loam and
peat, and half parts of clear river or
silver-sand, leaf-mould, or dried, old cow-
dung, and brick-rubbish, consisting, how-
ever, more of the brick broken than the
lime. In addition to this compost, when
potting offsets without roots, a little
silver-sand may be advantageously placed
round them, and firmness be secured by
placing some slight pins of wood round
their base. In re-potting, it is well to
use a thick, soft glove, to save alike
hands and spines; and then it is ad-
visable to remove most of the soil, as
well as drainage, and any faulty roots,
holding the plant well up, and shaking
the compost with the other hand care-
fully among the roots. Water at all
times must be given with care; but,
when growing in fine weather in summer,
they will require a considerable supply
both at the roots and as vapour in the
atmosphere, with a high temperature.
As soon as the spines change colour,
moisture must be gradually withheld,
the temperature lowered, and more air
given. Summer temp., 00° to 90° ; win-
ter, 40° to 50°.
Insects. — The Red Spider seizes them
at times ; and he must be started imme-
diately, either by covering the surface of
the pot, and then placing your hand over
it, turning it topsy-turvy, and drawing
the plant rapidly several times through
water at 120° ; or by dusting the plants
with flowers of sulphur; or, as alike
prevention and cure, fuming the house
by placing sulphur on the hot-water pipes,
or on a hot-water plate kept on purpose.
The most remarkable are the E. Stancsii
and Viznaga, the monsters for size lately
introduced to Kew Gardens.
CJELESTI'NA. (From calcslis, celestial ;
in reference to its sky-blue colour. Nat.
ord., Composites [Asteracese]. Linn., 19-
Synqenesia \-JEqualis. Allied to Agera-
tum.)
Seed and cuttings take freely. Greenhouse
and cold pit in winter, and the flower-border
in summer. They grow most compactly in loamy
soil.
C. ageratoi'des (ageratum-likc). 1. Blue. Au-
gust. New Spain.
— c<eru!leu (sky-blue). 1. Blue. July. N
Amer. 1732.
— micru'ntha (small-flowered). 14. Blue. July.
8. Amer. 1800.
C^ENO'PTERIS. (From ftainos, new, and
j a fern. Nat. ord., Ferns [Polypo-
Divisions, like most Ferns; peat and loam.
Summer temp., 60° to /0°; winter, 38° to 50°.
GREENHOUSE EVERGREENS.
C. appendicula'ta (appendaged). f . Brown.
July. N. Holland. 1822.
— • odonti'tcs (odontites). •?. Brown. July. N.
Holland. 1822.
STOVE HERBACEOUS.
C. myriophy'lla (myriad-leaved). 1. Brown
.December. W. Ind.
OES
CAL
C. rhixophu'lla (rooting-leaved). 1. Brovn. June.
XV. Ind. 1827.
— thalictroi'des (thalictrum-like;. 1. Ero'R'n.
September. Jamaica.
CJESALPI'NIA. Brasiletto. (Named after
Casalpinus, physician to Pope Clement
VIII. Nat. 'ord., Leguminous Plants
[Fabaceee]. Linn., IQ-Decandria 1 Mo-
nog ynia. In alliance with Poinciana.)
"As hard as Brazils" refers to the Brazil-
wood— that of Caesalpi'nia Brasilie'nsis. Stove
evergreens, except where otherwise mentioned.
Seeds and cuttings in sand, and in bottom-heat.
Peat and loam. Summer temp., 60° to 75°;
winter, 50° to 65°.
C. Bahame'nsis (Bahama). 15. White. Bahama.
1820.
— Brasiliefnsis (Brazilian). 20. Orange. Ja-
maica. 1/39.
— cassioi'dcs (cassia-like). 6. Yellow. S.
Anier. 1821.
— Chine'nsis (China). 10. Yellow. E. Ind. 1820.
— Gillie'sii (Gillies's). Mcndoza. 1629. Deci-
duous.
— olenspe'rma (oil-seeded). 15. Yellow. E.
Ind. 1820.
— panicula'ta (panicled). 6. Yellow. Malabar.
1817.
— proce'ra (tall). 30. Yellow. Cuba. 1824.
— puncta'ta (dotted). 6. Yellow. Brazil. 1820.
— Sappa'n (Sappan). 20. Yellow. E. Ind. 1/73.
— sca'ndens (climbing). 20. Yellow. E. Ind.
1800. Climber.
— vesica'ria (bladdered). 12. Yellow. E.
Ind. 1820.
CJE'SIA. (Named after F. Casia. Nat.
ord., Lilywnrts [Liliacese]. Linn., 6-
Hexandria \-Monogynia. Allied to An-
thericum.)
Greenhouse tuberous-rooted perennial. Seeds
in March, in heat ; division of the roots ; loam
and peat. Summer temp., 60° to 70° ; winter,
40° to 45°.
C. vitta'ta (riband). 1. Pale blue. July. N.
S. Wales. 1816.
CAJA'NUS. Pigeon Pea. (From its
Malabar name, Catjang. Nat. ord., Legu-
minous Plants [Fabacese]. Linn., 17-
Diadelphia 1-Pentandria. Allied to Pha-
seolus.)
Stove evergreen shrubs. Seeds in spring;
sandy loam and peat. Summer temp., 60° to 75°;
winter, 50° to 55°.
C. bi'colnr (two-coloured). 4. Yellow. July.
E. Ind. 1800.
— fla'vus (yellow). 4. Yellow. July. E. Ind.
1687.
CAJEPUT-TREE. Melaleu'ca leucade'n-
dron.
CAJOPHO'RA. (From kaio, to sting; re-
ferring to the stinging property in the
hairs on the leaves and stems. Nat.
ord., Loasads [Loasacesej. Linn., 13-
Polyandria 1-Monogynia. Allied to Blu-
menbachia.)
Hardy annuals. Seeds in open border, in the
end of April, or in a slight hotbed, in Marcht
and afterwards transplanted as a half-haruy
annual.
C. lateri'tia (brick-coloured). Bed, orange. May.
Tucumania. 1836. Chmber.
— Pentlu'ndica (Penttand). Orange. May. Pent.
1841.
CALABA-TREE. Calophy'llum ca'laba.
CALABASH. Cresce'ntia.
CALADE'NIA. (From kalos, beautiful,
and adcn, a gland. Nat. ord., Orchids
[Orchidacese]. Linn., 20-Gynandria L-
Monoyyitia. Allied to Limodorum.)
New Holland, half-hardy, terrestrial orchids.
Division of the roots; loam, peat, sand, and
broken pots in equal portions. A cool greenhouse
in winter.
C. ala'ta (winged). June. N.Holland. 1823.
— a'lba (white). White. July. N. Holland. 1810.
— ceeru'lea (sky-blue). Blue. N. Holland. 1804.
— ca'rnea (fieah-coloured). Flesh. July. N.
Holland. 1826.
— clavi'gera (club-lipped). June. N. S. Wales.
— denticulafta (toothed). Yellow. Swan River.
— dilata'ta (broad-lipped}. N. S. Wales.
— donga' ta (elongated). Yellow. May. Swan
River.
— gemina'ta (budded). Purple. May. Swan River.
— gr a1 cilis (slender). Australia. 1826.
— hi'rta (hairv). Yellow. May. Swan River.
— ixioi'des (ixia-like). Yellow. May. Swan Jliver.
— longicau'da (long-spurred). Yellow. June.
Swan River.
— margina'ta (bordered). Purple. May. Swan
River.
— mo'llis (soft). Yellow. Swan River.
— Patcrso'nii (Paterson's). N. S. Wales.
— pili'fera (hairy). Purple. September. Swan
River.
— re'pens (creeping). Purple. August. Swaa
River.
— testa'cea (light-brown). July. N. Holland,
1824.
— unguicula'ta (clawed). Yellow. August*
Swan River.
CALA'DIUM. (A word of uncertain
derivation, perhaps from kaladion, a cup.
Nat. ord., Arads [Aracese]. Linn., 21-
Moncecia 9-Polyandria. Allied to Co-
locasia.)
The ginger-like roots of C. bi'color, &c., are
used as common food in tropical countries, under
the name cocoa-roots ; but the roots of others are
very acrid. Stove plants, with the exception of
C. Virgi'nicum. Interesting chiefly on account
of their stems and leaves. Herbaceous kinds by
division of the plants, and suckers ; sub-shrubs,
cuttings, and dividing the roots ; rich, lumpy
soil, and abundance of water. Summer temp.,
60° to 85° ; winter, 50° to 55°.
STOVE EVERGREENS.
C. aculea'tum (prickled). White, Surinam. 1822*
— arbore'scens (tree-like). 8. White. June.
W. Ind. 1759.
— arbo'reum (tree). 9. White. Cumana. 1820.
auri'tum (car-leaved). 3. White. America.
1739.
— cuculta'tum (hood-meowed). Green. Marcb.
China. 182G.
CAL
r 153 1
CAL
C. fraemnWssirmttn (most fragrant). 4. Red
Uemerara. 1832. A parasite.
— hdleborifo'lium (hellebore-leaved). 2. White.
June. Caraccas. 1/96.
— la'cerum (torn). 4. White. Caraccas. 1S22.
— macula'tum (spotted). 6. Green. August.
8. Amer. 1820.
— Segui'num (Seguin Dumb-cane], 6. White,
March. Amer. J759-
— triparti'tum (three-parted-jeamJ). 3. White.
Caraccas. 181 6.
— xanthorhi'zum (yellow-rooted). White. 1822.
STOVE HERBACEOUS.
C. li'color (two-coloured). 1. White. June.
Madeira. 17/3.
— edu'le (eatable). 4. White. Guiana. 1800.
— CKCulc'ntum (esculent). 2. White. America.
1739.
— li'i'idiirn (livid). ). Dingy. September. W.
Ind. 1828.
— nymp/iatifo'liiim (\vzter-l\ly -leaved). 4. White.
E. Ind. 1800.
— odora'tuin (fragrant). 2. White. _ Pegu. 1818.
— ova'lum (egg-shaped). 4. White. E. Ind.
1818.
— peda'tum (doubly -cvA^leavad}. 2. White.
Brazil. 1824.
— petiola'tum (to»ff-leaf-s talked). 1. Purple.
June. Fernando Po. 1832. Tuberous-
rooted.
— pinnati'fidum (deeply-lobed-leaved). 2. White,
Caraccas. 181/.
— pu'milum (dwarf ). 1. White. Nepftul. 1820.
— sagitteefo'lium (arrow-leaved). 2. White. W.
Ind. 1710.
— sca'ndens (climbing). 2. White. Guinea. 1822.
— Virgifnicum (Virginian). 1. June. Virginia.
1759. Hardy.
— vivi'parurn (viviparous). 2. Green. May.
E. Ind. 1817-
— zamictfa 'Hum (zamia-leaved). Yellow. Brazil.
C ATA 'is. (Named after a fabled indi-
vidual covered with scales ; referring to
tho scaly involucre, or the parts which
surround the outside of composite flow-
ers. Nat. ord., Composites [Asteracece] .
Linn., 19 -Syngenesis 1-^Egualis. Allied
to Succory.)
A hardy annual. Seeds in common soil, in
March or April.
C. Lindle'yi (Dr. Lindley's). Yellow. May. N.
Amer. 1833.
CALAMI'NTHA. Calamint. (From katos,
beautiful, and mintha, mint. Nat. ord.,
Labiates [Lamiacere] . Linn., 14-D/V/y-
namia 1-Anyiospermia. Allied to Me-
lissa.)
Hardy herbaceous perennials, except where
otherwise mentioned. Suckers and divisions;
common soil.
C. a'/Ao (white), f. White. July. Hungary. 1813.
— Carolinia'na (Carolina). 1. Flame. June.
Carolina. 1804.
— Cre'tica (Cretan) £. Purple. June. South
Europe. 1596. Half-hardy evergreen.
— frncticofsa (shrubby), ij. Purple. August.
-Spain. 1752. Half-hardy evergreen.
— grandiflo'ra (large-flowered). 1. Red. July.
Italy. 1598
C. grandiflora vnricga't'i (variegated-faiBcd!). 1-,
lied. July. Gardens.
— marifo'lia (marum-leaved). l£. Purple. June.
Spain. 1788.
CA'LAMUS. (From kalom, the Arabic
word for a reed. Nat. ord., a section of
Palms [Palmacess]. Linn., 6-Hexandri<t
i-Bfonogynia.)
The dark-coloured resin called Dragon's-blood
is the natural secretion of the fruit of C, dra'co.
Stove palms. Seed ; sandy loam. Summer temp.,
60° to 80° ; winter, 50° to 55°.
C. a'lbus (white). 50. E. Ind. 1812.
— dra'co (dragon). 50. E. Ind. 1819.
— li'ger (black). 20. Green. E. Ind. 1824.
— rude'ntum (cable). 200. Green. E. Ind. 1812.
— nt'rus (true.) 20. Green. Cochin China. 1812.
— Zala'cca (Zulacca). 20. Green. E. Ind. 1812.
CALANDRI'NIA. (Named after Calan-
drinl, a German botanist. Nat. ord.,
Purslanes [Portulaceae]. Linn., 11-1)0-
decandria \-Mono<jynia.}
When grown from seeds, the hardy, as well as
the greenhouse and stove kinds, like a little pro-
tection, such as may be given by a slight hotbed,
in April, and a hand-light over it. Cuttings,
also, strike freely; light, sandy soil, well drained,
suits them well.
HARDY.
C. arena' ria (sand-fnA«Wtt«f ). $. Orange, red.
July. Valparaiso. 1831. Herbaceous
perennial.
— caule'scens (stemmed). Rose. August. Mexico.
1827. Annual.
— compre'ssa (flattened). £. Ross. August.
Chili. 1826. Annual.
— mona'ndra (one-stamened). §. lied. August.
Chili. 1837- Annual.
— procu'mbens (lying-down). £. Rose. August.
Peru. 1827. Annual.
— specio'sn (showy). £. Purple. June. Califor-
nia. 1831. Herbaceous perennial.
— umbclla'ta (umbel-flowered). £. Rose. July.
Peru. 18-26. Annual.
GREENHOUSE.
£7. Andre'wsii (Andrews'). Hose. August. W..
Ind. 1812. Deciduous shrub.
— dfacolor (two-Kolovttfd'leaved), l£. Rose. July.
Chili. 1834. Herbaceous perennial.
— glau'cn (milky-green). Rose. August. Chili.
182/. Annual.
— Lockha'rti (Lockhart's). Rose. June. Tri-
nidad. 1825. Deciduous shrub.
— ni'tida (shining). £• Red. August. Chili.
1837. Annual.
— pJiacospe'rma (lentil-seeded). Red. August.
Chih. 1837. Biennial.
STOVE.
C. asce'ndens (ascending). £. Purple. Brazil.
Herbaceous perennial.
— cilia' tn (hair-fringed). 4- Purple. August.
Chili. 1823. Annual.
— grandifln'ra (large-flowered). 1. Purple.
July. Chili. 1826. Herbaceous perennial,
— Lla'vea (La Llave's). April. Mexico. Herba-
ceous perennial.
— paniculn'ta (panicled). 1^. Purple. July. S.
Amer. 1816. Herbaceous perennial.
CALA'NTHE. (From kalos, beautiful, and
ant/ws, a flower. Nat. ord., a section of
CAL
[
CAL
Orchids [Orchidacece], Linn., 20-Gy-
lumdria l-Monogyiiia.)
Terrestrial orchids, all evergreens except C.
vesti'ta. Divisi ns and suckers; loam and peat,
lightened with band and charcoal, and enriched
•by top-dressings of old cow-dung ; extra well-
drained, constantly moist, and the plants well ex-
posed to light. Summer temp., 60° to 80° ; win-
ter, 50° to 55°.
GREENHOUSE.
C. bi'color (two-coloured). Yellow. Japan. 1837.
— di'scolor (discoloured). White. Japan. 1837.
— furca'ta (forked). White. Luzon Isles. 1836.
STOVE.
€. austra'lis (southern). N. S. Wales. 18'23.
— brevico'rnu (short-horned). Rose. White.
August. Nepaul. 1838.
— curculigoi'des(c\iTc\iligo-li\ic). 2. Orange. Oc-
tober. Malacca. 1844.
— denslflo'ra (thickly-flowered), f. Yellowish.
September. E. Ind. 1837.
• — fla'vicuns (yellowish-flowered). White, blue.
April. E. Ind. 1838.
— gra'cilis (slender). Greenish-yellow. Sep-
tember. Khasya. 185 1.
— Masu'ca (Masuca). 2. Violet, purple. June.
E. Ind. 1838.
— ochra'cea (ochre-coloured). Pale yellow. April.
Japan. 1836.
— plantngi'nea (plantain - leaved}. Lilac. Fe-
bruary. Nepaul. 1S3Q.
— Siebo'ldii (Siebold's). E. Ind. 1337.
— si/lvu'tica (wood). Wlute.changing to yellow.
Madagascar. 1823.
— vcratrifo'lia (veratrum-leaved). 2. White.
April. Java. 181Q.
— versi' color (various-coloured-/o?wered). Whit-
ish-blue. August. Mauritius. 1S36.
— vesti'ta (clothed). 2£. White and pink. No-
vember. This has pseudo-bulbs. No
water given between December and
March, its time of rest.— See The Cot-
tage Gardener, v. 166.
— vi'ridi fu'sca (greenish - brown). Greenish-
brown. April. Assam.
CALA'TI-IEA. (From kalatlios, a basket;
in reference to the leaves being worked
into baskets in South America. Nat.
ord.fMarantlia [Marantacese]. Linn., 1-
Monandrla
Stove herbaceous perennials. Divisions ; sandy
peat and fibry loam. Summer temp., 60° to 75°;
winter, 5b° to 60°.
C.flave'fcens (pale yellow). 1$. Yellow. Au-
gust. Brazil. 1822.
— grandifo' lia (large-leaved). 2. Yellow. July.
llio Janeiro. 1826.
— longittracteu'ta (long-bracted). I. Purple.
July. Brazil. 1826.
— orbicula'ta (round-leaved). 2. Yellow. Au-
gust. W. Ind. 1830.
— villo'sa (shaggy). 3. April. Brazil. 1825.
— viola'ceu( violet-coloured). 14- Purple. July.
Brazil. 1815.
— zebrl'nii. (zebra-plant). 2. Red, yellow. Bra-
zil. 1815.
CALATHIAN VIOLET. Gentia'na pncu-
tnona' nthe.
CALCAREOUS SOIL is a soil in which
chalk (carbonate of lime) predominates.
The colour approaches to white, in pro-
portion. No soil is productive which does
not contain some chalk, or in which it
exceeds nineteen parts out of twenty.
From one to five per cent, is the usual
proportion in fertile soils. Calcareous
soils are rarely productive ; they are so
feebly retentive of moisture, that the
crops upon them are burnt up in sum-
mer ; and they reflect the sun's rays so
fully, that they remain unheated, and ve-
getation is late upon them in spring.
The best addition to such soils, to im-
prove their staple, is clay.
CALCEOLA'RIA. Slipperwort. (From
calceolus, a slipper; in reference to tho
j shape of the iiower. Nat. ord., Fiyivorts
[Scrophulariacete]. Linn., 1-Diandria 1-
Jlfonof/ynia.)
Herbaceous kinds, to bloom early, sow seeds in
August and September, and cuttings at the same
time. Shrubby kinds, for flower-garden decora-
tion, by cuttings of firm young shoots, under
glass, in September ; and again, in heat, in
March. Soil for pots, light and rich compost,
well drained ; for beds, a good loam should pre-
ponderate. Summer temp., 50° to 60° ; winter,
35° to 45°.
HERBACEOUS PERENNIALS.
C. amplexicau' Us (stem-clasping). 1$. Yellow.
June. Peru. 1845.
— arachnoi'des (cobweb-like). 1. Purple. June.
Chili. 1827.
u'lbu (white-flowered). 1. White. June.
— conna'ta (base-joined-/e«t'erf). 3. Yellow.
| Chili. 1824. Biennial.
I — corymbo'sa (corymbose). 1. Yellow. May.
Chili. 1822.
— crenatijio'ra (scolloped- lipped). 14. Yel-
low-spotted. June. Chili. 183).
— cuneifo'lia (wedge-shaped-leaved). l£. Pale
lemon. Bolivia. 1846.
— flexuo'aa (zigzag). 3. Yellow. Peru Mountains.
1847.
— Fot/iergi'lti (Fothergill's). 4. Orange. April.
Falkland Isles. 1777-
— PIerbertia'na( Herbert's). $• Yellow. June.
Chili. 1828.
— pinna' ta (leafleted). 2. Yellow. July. Peru.
17/3. Annual.
— plantagi'nea (plantain-feowrf), 1. Yellow,
August. Chili. 182/.
— poly fo' lia (poly-leaved). 1. Yellow. July.
Chili. 1827.
— purpu'rea ( purple-flowered). 1. Purple. Julv.
Chili. 1827.
e'leqims (elegant). 1. Pale purple. June.
Chili. 1832.
pi' eta (painted). 1. White, purple. June.
Chili. 1832.
SHRUBBY EVERGREENS.
C. a' Ilia (wliite-flawered). 14. White. June.
Chili. 1844.
— angustiflo'ra (narrow-flowered). 14. Yellow.
June. Peru. 1830.
— asce'ndens (ascending). I. Yellow. July. Cor-
dilleras. 1826.
j — bi'color (two-coloured). 2. Yellow. August.
Peru. 1829.
CAL
[155]
CAL
C. Chiloe'nsis (Chiloe). 2. Yellow. August.
Chiloe. 1830.
— flor ibu'nda (many-flowered). 1&. Pale yellow.
September. Quito. 1843.
— Herbertiu!naparviflo'ra( Herbert's small-flow-
ered). 2. Yellow. April. Valparaiso.
1836.
integrifo'lia (entire-leaved).* 2. Yellow. Au-
gust. Chili. 1822.
— angustifo'lin (narrow-leaved). 2. Yellow.
August. Chili. 1822.
— viscosi'ssima (clammiest). 3. Yellow.
August. Chili. 1832.
— pe'ndula (hanging). Yellow-spotted. July.
Chili. 1831.
— rugo'sa (wrinkled). 2. Yellow. August. Chili.
1822.
— scabios&fo'lia (scabious-leaved). 2. Yellow.
May. Chili. 1822. Trailer.
— se'ssilis (stalklew-feaiwd). l£. Yellow. Sep-
tember. Valparaiso. 1832.
— thyrsifio'ra (thyrse-flowered). l£. Yellow.
June. Chili. 1827.
CALCEOLARIA AS A FLORIST'S FLOWER. —
Propagation by Cuttings. — In August, im-
mediately after flowering, and in March.
In August, from a spent hotbed, remove
the soil, and place six inches of dry coal-
ashes or sawdust. In spring, prepare a
hotbed of leaves, or stable litter, a month
before it is wanted, to allow the strong
heat to subside ; then cover it with the
same depth of coal- ashes or sawdust.
Fill a sufficient number of pots, within
nn inch of the top, with light, sandy loam ;
fill up to the rim with silver- sand, and
water gently, to settle the sand firmly.
Take off the cuttings (the young tops
are the best) ; cut off the bottom leaves,
leaving two or three at the top ; put them
in the sand by the aid of a small, sharp-
pointed stick, pressing the sand about
them firmly. The herbaceous varieties
should be placed rather thinly round the
edge of the pot ; the half-shrubby ones
may be put in all over the pot, neatly, in
rows ; then give a gentle watering. Al-
low the water to dry off, and then plunge
them into the hotbed, in the ashes or
saw-dust, up to the rims of the pots,
taking care that the heat is moderate.
Shade for a week all the day ; afterwards,
only when the sun shines. If the sand
becomes dry, water in the morning of a
fine day; but very little water will be
necessary. Remove all decaying leaves,
or dead cuttings, as they occur. As soon
as the cuttings are rooted, pot them off
in the same kind of soil, and in S^-inch
pots, and set them on the surface of the
same bed till they make fresh roots;
then remove them into a shady part of
the greenhouse for a week previously to
re-potting.
By Seed.—Sov? twice, as soon as the
seed is ripe, and in early spring. Sow
in wide, shallow seed-pans, rather thinly,
and very slightly covered. A similar
situation as for cuttings will answer; but,
as soon as the seedlings are up, place
them on a shelf, near the glass, in an
airy greenhouse. When they are large
enough, pot them into 2^-inch pots, sin-
gly, and keep re-potting, as they require
it, till they are in 6 -inch pots ; then allow
them to flower ; and such as are of a
good form, bright, distinct colours, and a
fair size, re-pot again, and keep them to
propagate by cuttings ; but all others
either throw away or plant them out to
ornament the flower-borders till the frost
kills them.
To save Seed. — Impregnation is neces-
sary in order to produce good seed and
to produce variety. Choose the pollen
from a bright-coloured, clear-spotted va-
riety, and apply it to the best-formed
ones destined to bear the seed — the male
parent for colour, and the female for
shape.
Soil. — Light, sandy, yellow loam, t'vo
busheJs; leaf -mould, half a bushel,
much- decayed co\v-dung, one peck ; mix
thoroughly, and use in a moderately dry
state. If the loam is not sandy natu-
rally, add as much sifted river-sand as
will make it so.
Summer Culture. — Commence potting
as early in spring as possible ; autumn-
struck cuttings early in March ; and the
spring-struck as soon as they are fit. Old
stools never make such fine specimens as
cuttings : they had better be thrown
away as soon as they have yielded a crop
of cuttings. Drain plentifully with broken
potsherds, using a greater quantity every
time. Re-pot about three times, and
leave the plants, at last, in 11-inch pots
to bloom. No flower- stems should be
allowed to remain until the plants have
attained their full growth. Keep them
as near the glass as possible, in a light,
airy greenhouse. After the last potting,
the plants should present a healthy
appearance, with large, broad leaves, of
a dark-green colour. The flower-stems
may now be allowed to grow : each should
be tied to a neat, small, green stick.
Place the sticks so as to slope outwards,
to allow room for the heads to bloom.
Plenty of air should be given, to cause
a stout growth. They should be in per-
fection early in July. Each plant will be
CAL
[ 150 ]
CAL
then two feet high, and as much in dia-
meter. They will be fine objects either
for the greenhouse, when few other things
are in bloom, or for exhibition purposes.
Winter Culture, — As soon as the flow-
ers are all dead (if no seed is required),
the stems ought to be cut down, and the
plants either removed out of doors, or,
still better, into a cold pit. Plenty of
air should be given on all favourable oc-
casions ; and, as soon as the frost of win-
ter begins to appear, remove them into
the greenhouse, place them as near the
glass as possible, and keep them there
till the time of propagation arrives. Take
off the cuttings then, and throw the old
stools away.
Forcing. — On account of their impa-
tience of heat, Calceolarias, excepting a
few shrubby ones, do not force well.
These may be re-potted in January, and
put into a heat of 55° to 60°. Give water
moderately, and allow the flower-stems
to grow from the first. They will then
flower in April and May.
Diseases. — The herbaceous varieties are
subject to a disease very like that which
has attacked the potato of late years.
They appear quite healthy, until dark-
brown spots appear on the leaves and
stems ; and in a week's time the disease
spreads, and the plants are dead. No
cure is known. As soon as it appears on
any plant, remove it at once, and throw it
away, because the disease is contagious,
and soon spreads to the healthy plants.
Too much wet at the root, or damp in the
house, will accelerate the disease.
Insects. — The most destructive is the
green fly (Aphis}. Whenever it appears,
fill the house with tobacco-smoke. Eed
spider (Acarus) will sometimes appear, if
the house be kept hot and dry. Dust
the leaves with sulphur where it is ob-
served.
Calceolarias for bedding-out should be
propagated in the autumn, and kept in
the cutting-pots through the winter. Pot
them singly in the spring, place them in
a cold frame, and gradually harden them
off by May. Then plant them out in a
rich, light soil, where they are to flower.
CALDA'SIA. (Named after O. Caldas, a
naturalist at Bogota. Nat. ord., Phlox-
worts [Polemoniaceaj].)
Stove annual ; seeds in hotbed, in spring ;
sandy peat. Temp., 50° to 60°.
C. heterophy'lla (variable-leaved). 2. Blue.
July- New Spain. 1813.
CALDCLU'VIA. (Named after A. Cald-
dcmjh, F.R.S., who collected botanical
specimens in Chili. Nat. ord., Cunoniads
[Cunoniacese]. Linn., S-Octandria 2-
Digynia. Allied to Cunonia.)
The principal characf r of this and other Cuno-
niads is the leaves g; 'ing opposite, with sti-
pules between the lea talks. The panicles of
little white flowers he • j a pretty appearance.
Greenhouse evergreen scrubs ; cuttings of half-
ripened wood in sand, under glass, and a little
bottom-heat; peat and loam. Winter temp.,
40° to 45°.
C.panicula'ta(vKnic\K&-flowered). White. June.
Australia. 1831.
CA'LEA. (From kalos, beautiful; re-
ferring to the flowers. Nat. ord., Com-
posites [Asteracesj]. Linn., 19-Synycnesia
l-^Eqnalis. Allied to Galinsogia.)
Stove evergreen shrubs ; seed in March ; side-
shoots strike freely at any time, in sand, and
placed in bottom-heat, under a glass. Summer
temp., 60° to /5° ; winter, 55° to 60°.
C. cordifo'lia (heart-leaved). 2. Jamaica. 1822.
— Jamuice'nsis (Jamaica). 3. Purple. June.
W. Ind. 1739.
— pinnati'fida (leafleted). Yellow. June. Bra-
zil. 1816.
— solidugi'nea (solidago-like). 4. Caraccas.
1817.
— urticaifo'lia (nettle-leaved). 2. Yellow. July.
VeraCruz. 1740.
CALEA'CTE. See CA'LEA.
CALECTA'SIA. (From kalos, beautiful,
and stachys, a spike. Calectasias are
branched herbs, with dry, permanent,
starry flowers, of a bright violet. Nat.
ord., Hushes [Juncaceae]. Linn., Q-Hex-
andria \-Monoyynia. Allied to Baxteria. )
Unless we had it on authority, we should not
take this for a rush, but a lilywort. Greenhouse
herbaceous perennial ; divisions ; peat and loam,
or common soil. Winter temp., 35° to 45°.
C. cya'nea (blue-flowered). Blue. June. Aus-
tralia. 1840.
CALE'NDULA. Marigold. (From ru»
lenda, the first day of the month; its
flowers produced almost all the year
round. Nat. ord., a section of Compo-
sites [Asteracese]. Linn., 19-Syngenesia
4i-Necessaria.)
Hardy annuals may be sown in the border, in
April; tenderer ones in a slight hotbed, and
transplanted in May. Greenhouse varieties by
cuttings ; sandy loam, and loam and peat for the
greenhouse ones. See MARIGOLD.
GREENHOUSE EVEIIGKEENS.
C. arbore'scens (tree-like). 3. Yellow. Decem-
ber. Cape of Good Hope. 17/4,
— chrysanthemifo' Ha (chrysanthemum - lenvcd).
2. Yellow. April. Cape of Good Hope.
1790.
— denta'ta (toothed). 1$. Yellow. May. Caps
of Good Hope- 1/90.
— denticula'ta (small-toothed). 1$. Yellow,
December. Barbarv. 1S21."
CAL
[ 157 ]
CAL
C.fla'ccida (feeble). 2. Orange. May. Cape
of Good Hope. 1774.
^-frutico'sa (shrubby). 2. Yellow. June.
Cape of Good Hope. 1752.
— murica'ta (prickled). 2. Yellow. Decem-
ber. Cape of Good Hope.
— oppositifo'lia (opposite-leaved). 2. Yellow.
August. Cape of Good Hope. 17/4.
— sii/rutico'sa (sub-shrubby). 1. Yellow. De-
cember. Cape of Good Hope. 1823.
— tra'gus (goat-rt«A). 2. White, purple. May.
Cape of Good Hope. 1774.
— visco'sa (clammy). 2. Orange. August. Cape
of Good Hope. 1790.
HABDY ANNUALS.
C. aroe'nsis (corn-field). 2. Yellow. June. Eu-
rope. 1597.
— aste'rias (star). 1$. Yellow. August. Eu-
rope. 1838.
— gra'cilis (slender). Yellow. June. Persia.
1836.
— graminifo'lia (grass-leaved). 1. Yellow.
May. Cape of Good Hope. 1531.
— hy'brida(hy\>r\di-Great-Cape). 1. White. June.
Cape of Good Hope. 1752.
— inca'na (hoary). 1$. Yellow. July. Barbary.
1796.
— Mexica'na (Mexican). $. Yellow. August.
Mexico. 1829.
— nudicau'lis (naked-stalked). 1. White, purple.
July. Cape of Good Hope. 1731.
— officina'lis (officinal. Common marigold}. 3.
Orange. June. South of Europe. 1573.
flo're-ple'na (double-flowered). 3. Orange.
June.
— Pe'rsica (Persian). Yellow. June. Persia.
1830.
— pluvia'lis (rainy. Small Cape marigold}. 1.
White. June. Cape of Good Hope. 1693.
— sa'ncta (holy-pale-flowered). 2. Yellow. June.
Levant. 1731.
— Si'cula (Sicilian). 1. Yellow. June. Sicily.
1816.
— stella'ta (starred). 2. Yellow. July. Barbary.
1796.
CALE'YA. (Named after G. Caley, su-
perintendent of the Botanical Garden, St.
Vincent. Nat. ord., a small section of
Orchids [Orchidacese]. Linn., 20-Gynan-
dria l-Monogynia.)
Greenhouse terrestrial orchids ; division of the
plants ; fibry peat, lumpy loam, and a littie
•charcoal, well-drained. Summer temp., 60° to
80° ; winter, 55° to 60°.
C. ma'jor (greater). Green, brown. June. N. S.
Wales. 1810.
— mi'nor (less). Green, brown. June. N.
Holland. 1822.
— nigri'ta (blackish -flowered}. Dark. Swan
River.
CA'LLA. (From kalos, beautiful. Nat.
ord., Orontiads [Orontiacese]. Linn., 7-
Heptandria 1 - Mo n oyy nia.)
All greenhouse plants ; division of the plants
and roots; rich loam and peat; the marshy one
does well as an aquatic, and frequently stands out
of doors ; all generally need the protection of the
greenhouse in winter.
C. ttroma'tica (aromatic). 2. White. July. China.
1813, Herbaceous perenniaL
C. occu'lta (hidden-spiA-ed). White. May. China.
1817. Herbaceous perennial.
— palu'stris (marsh). £. White. July. N.Amer.
1/63. Perennial aquatic.
— pertu'sa (perforated). 6. White. May. W.
Ind. 1752. Evergreen creeper.
CALICO-BUSH. Ka'lmia latifo'lia.
CALLIA'NDEA. (From kalos, beautiful,
and aner, a man ; referring to the sta-
mens, or male organ ; literally, beautiful-
stamened. The long, silky, purple or
white stamens of this genus are very beau-
tiful. Nat. ord., Leguminous Plants [Fa-
baceae]. Linn., 16-Monadelphia 8-Poly-
andria. Allied to Inga.)
Stove evergreen shrubs ; cuttings of rather firm
young wood in sand, under a glass, in heat ; peat
and loam. Summer temp., 60° to 85°; winter, 50*
to 55°.
C. Harri'sii (Mr. Harris's). 20. Rose. Brazil.
1845.
— pulche'rrima (fairest). 20. Mexico. -1822.
— Twee'dii (Tweedie's). 6. Scarlet, crimson.
Mexico. 1845.
CALLICA'EPA. (From fcalos, beautiful,
and carpos, fruit ; referring to the beau-
tiful berries. Nat. ord., Verbenas [Ver-
benacese]. Linn., k-Tetrandria 1-Mono-
yynia. Allied to Petrsea.)
The leaves of C. lana'ta are eaten by the Cinga-
lese as a substitute for betel-leaves. Stove ever-
greens, except where otherwise specified ; cut-
tings in saady soil, in bottom-heat; loam and
peat. Summer temp., 60° to 75°; winter, 50° to
55°.
C. America'na (American). 6. Red. June. N.
Amer. 1724. Greenhouse deciduous
shrub.
— arbo'rea (tree). 12. Purple. August. E.
Ind. 1820.
— ca'na (hoary). 3. Purple. E. Ind. 173?.
— ftrrugi'nea (rusty). 2. Blue. June. Jamaica.
1/9*.
— inca'na (very hoary). 4. Red. July. E. Ind.
1800.
— lama'ta (woolly). 4. Purple. June. E. Ind.
1788.
— lanccola'ria (spear-leaved). 4. Purple. July.
E. Ind. 1822.
— longifo'lia (long-leaved). 3. White. Apr3.
China. 1825.
— macrophy'lla (large-leaved). 6. Pink. India.
1808.
— purpu'rea (purple). 3. Purple. July. E. Ind.
1822.
— reticula'ta (netted). 4. Red. July. Jamaica.
1820.
— rube'lla (reddish). 2. Red. May. China. 1322.
CALLI'CHEOA. (From kalos, beautiful,
and c/iroa, colour ; referring to the bright-
yellow colour of the flowers. Nat. ord.,
Composites [Asterace.Tg. Linn., 19-Syn-
genesia 2-Si<perjlua. Allied to Helenium.)
Hardy annual ; seed sown in March on a slight
hotbed, under a hand-light, and transplanted m
patches, in the open border, at the end of April,
or beginning of May ; or it may be sown in the
CAL
[153]
CAL
front of the border in the end of April, and it will
blow later.
C.platyglo'ssa (broad-rayed). 1. Yellow. Oc-
tober. California. 1835.
CALLICO'MA. (From kalos, beautiful,
and coma, hair ; in reference to the tufted
heads of its yellow flowers. Nat. ord.,
Cunoniads [Cunoniacese]. Linn., ll-Do-
decandria %-Digynia. Allied to Wein-
mannia.)
Greenhouse evergreen shrub ; cuttings of half-
ripened wood, under a bell-glass, in sandy peat ;
sandy peat. Summer temp., 50° to 70° ; winter,
40° to 45°.
C. serratifo'lia (saw-leaved). 4. Yellow. June.
N. S. Wales. 1/93.
CALLI'GONUM. (From kalos, beautiful,
and gonum, a joint; in reference to its
leafless joints. Nat. ord., Buckwheats
[Polygonacese], Linn., Il-Dodecandria
±-Tetragynia. Allied to Polygonum.)
This is a curious leafless shrub, a native of
Siberia, where the Calmucks, in times of scarcity,
pound and boil the roots, from which they obtain
a nutritious gum resembling tragacanth, to allay
their hunger ; while, by chewing the acrid
branches and fruit, they quench their thirst.
Hardy evergreen shrub ; cuttings under a hand-
giass, in spring and autumn ; sandy loam.
C, Palla'sia (Pallas's). 4. Green, white. August.
Caspian Sea. 1780.
CALLIO'PSIS. Synonyme of COREO'P-
sis, which see.
CALLIPHRU'RIA. (Derivation not ex-
plained. Nat. ord., Amaryllids [Amaryl-
lidacese]. Linn., Q-Hexandria I-Monogy-
nia. Allied to Eurycles.)
Pretty Peruvian bulbs, flowerintr, when not in
leaf, like the Guernsey lily. Offset s ; sandy loam
and a little peat ; cold pit, or a warm border, and
protected during winter.
C. Hartwegia'na (Hartweg's). Yellow. Grenada,
1843.
— Herbertia'na (Herbert's).
CALLI'PRORA. (From kalos, beautiful
and prora, a front ; referring to the front
view of the flowers. Nat. ord., Lilyworts,
in the Squill section [Liliacese], Linn.
6-Hexandria l-Monogynia»)
A pretty, hardy little bulb, with drooping
yellow flowers. Offsets ; shady, peaty border.
C. lu'tea (yellow-flowered'), f . Yellow. August
California. 1831.
CALLI'PTERIS. Synonyme of DIPLA'-
ZIUM, which see.
CALLI'SIA. (From kalos, beautiful. A
pretty species. Nat. ord., Spiderworls
[Commelynacese]. Linn., 3-Triandria
1-Monogynla. Allied to Tradescantia.)
Stove evergreen trailer ; division of its creeping
roots; sandy loam and a little peat. Summer
temp., 60° to 70° ; winter, 45° to 55°.
C, re'pens (creeping), i. Blue, June. W. Ind
1776.
CALLISTA'CHYS. (From kalos, beautiful,
and stachys, a flower- spike. Nat. ord.,
Leguminous Plants [Fabacese]. Linn.,
[Q-Decaadria L-Monogynia. Allied to
Oxylobinsn . )
Greenhouse evergreen shrubs, except where
otherwise specified. Cuttings of half-ripened
side-shoots in April, in sand, under a bell-glass ;
andy peat, fibry loam, and a little charcoal.
Summer temp., 55° to 70°; winter, 40° to 45°.
C. cunea'ta (•wedge-leaved'). 3. Yellow. July.
N. Holland. JS24.
— lanceola'ta (spear-teawed). 4. Yellow. June.
N. Holland. 1815.
— ttnaritefo'lia (toad-flax-leaved). 6. Yellow.
June. N. Holland. 1824.
— linea'ris (narrow-Jeaued). 2. Red. October.
Swan River. 1838.
— longifo'lia (long-leaved). 5. Red, yellow*
June. Swan River. 183p.
— ova'ta (egg-shape-Jea?;erf). 4. Yellow. June.
N. Holland. 1815.
— retu'sa (jagged-ended - leaved}. 4. Yellow.
July. N. Holland. 1830.
CALLISTE'IIMA. China-Aster. (From
kalistos, most beautiful, and stemma, a
crown. Nat. ord., Composites [Astera-
ceffi]. Jjimn.,~\.Q-Syngfiiicsia 2-Sttperftua.)
This is the common name for the China-Asters.
Cassini, its author, however, changed it to Callis-
te'phus; but, as botanists acknowledge that the
whole order, as now arranged, is but " a tempo-
rary device," and that "the genera are need-
lessly multiplied," we adopt the more common
name until the whole order is re-arranged. Hardy
annuals. Seeds sown in a slight hotbed, in March,
hardened and transplanted in May. If pricked
out in a similar way to celery, they will well re-
pay the labour. Seeds may also be sown at thn
end of April, where »the plants are to bloom ; an
open situation and a rich, loamy soil will answer
best.
C. horte'nse (garden). 1J. Blue. July. China. 1731.
a'lbum (white.) l£. White. July. China.
1731.
ru'hrum (red). !£. Red. July. China.
1731.
variega'tum (variegated). 1$. Variegated.
July. China. 1731.
mu'ltiplex (double). l£. Variegated. July.
China. 1731.
brachya'nthum (short-flowered). l£- Blue.
July. China. 1/31.
— 1'ndicum (Indian). 1. Blue/July. E. Ind. 1820.
CALLISTEMMA CULTURE. — Propagation.
— These, being annuals, must be in-
creased by seed every year. It should
be saved from the best-formed and most
double flowers. Those with quilled flow-
ers are most esteemed. The colours
should also be taken into consideration
in saving seed. The self-colours should
be clear, divided, and bright; such as
have striped blooms ought to have the
colours well defined, not run into each
other, but distinctly separated.
Soil.— The soil should be light and
CAL
[ 159
CAL
moderately rich ; and the situation where
they are to bloom should be fully ex-
posed to the sun. They make beautiful
beds in the parterre, but are not so last-
ing as some other flowers.
Culture. — Sow the seeds in March, on
a gentle hotbed, either in pots or on a
bed of earth laid upon the heating mate-
rial at least six inches thick ; transplant
the seedlings as soon as the frosts are
over, either in beds of separate colours,
in mixtures, or in patches, in the general
flower-border. Whichever way is deter-
mined upon, the soil should be prepared
by the addition of a portion of fresh loam
and very much decayed dung, well mixed
with the original soil.
Diseases. — China- Asters are subject to
die off suddenly. There is no remedy,
when this occurs, but to pull up the
sickly plants, and remove the soil; put
in some fresh, and replant from the re-
serve stock — a stock that ought always to
be kept ready for such occasions.
'Insects. — The green fly sometimes
during a dry season attacks these plants.
Either sprinkle with tobacco- water or
Scotch snuff, to destroy them. Do this
in the evening of a fine day, and wash it
off in the morning with the syringe.
CALLISTE'MON. (From kalistosj most
beautiful, and stcmon, a stamen; refer-
ring to the graceful, long, scarlet stamens.
Nat. ord., Myrtleblooms [Myrtacese] . Linn.,
12-Icosandria 1-Monogynia. Allied to
Leptospermum. )
Greenhouse evergreen shrubs, from New Hol-
land, with pea-like blossoms. Seeds sown in a
hotbed, in March ; cuttings of firm, but not solid,
wood, in sandy loam, under a bell-glass, in April
or May ; turfy peat, sandy and fibry loam, and a
few pieces of charcoal. Summer temp., 50° to
70°; winter, 40° to 45°.
C. brachya'ndrum (short-stamened). 3. Fellow.
October. 1348.
— formo'sum Chandsome). 5. 1824.
— lanceola'tum (spear-leaved). 10. Crimson.
June. 1788.
— leptosta'chyum (slender-spiked). 6. Green.
June. 1820.
— linearifo'lium (narrow-leaved). 10. Red. May.
1820.
— linea're (narrow). 6. Scarlet. June. 1728.
— lopa'nthum (crest-flowered). 0. Purple. June,
1800.
— margina'tum (bordered). 6. 1816.
— inicrophy'llum (small-leaved). 5. 1824.
— mycro&ta'chyum (small-spiked). 5. Red.
March. 1836.
- phceni'ceum (purple). 3. Purplish. March. 1943.
— pmifoflium (pine-leaved). 6. Green. June.
— pn'ngens (stinging). 6. May. 182;.
— «'g-jd',«» (stiff). 5. Cream. April. 1800.
— ruguli'sum (small-wrinkled). 6. Pink, May.
C. sali'gnui (willow-teaped). 6. June. 1783.
— sca'ber (rough). 4. July. 1820.
— semperfto'rens (ever-blooming). 6. Crimson-
April. 1818.
— spenio'sum (showy). 10. Crimson. April. 1822..
— vimina'le (twiggy). 10. Red. April. 1800.
— mridiflo'rum (green-flowered). 5. Green. July.
1818.
CALLI'TKIS. (From kalos, beautiful ; re-
ferring to the whole plant. Nat. ord.,.
Conifers [Pinaceaa]. Linn., 2l-Moncecia
13-Polyandria. Allied to Thuja.)
The wood of C. quadriva'lnis is in great de-
mand by the Turks, who use it for the ceiling*
and floors of their mosques, as they believe it to
be indestructible. Greenhouse, evergreen, cypress-
like trees. Seeds and cuttings, under a hand-
light, in autumn, and protected by a cold pit ;
sandy loam, generally protected under a glass in
winter, though there seems reason to believe they
would flourish out of doors, in the warmer parts
of England, nearly as well as several of the Cy-
presses.
C. cupressifo'rmis (cypress-like). 20. N. Holland.
1826.
— 5ttflKfnya'J»i's(four-valved). 20. Apetal. Sep-
tember. Barbary. 1815.
— trique'tra (three-sided). Apetal. April. Cap*
of Good Hope. 1820.
CALLU'NA. (From kalluno, to adorn ; in-
reference both to the beauty of the
Heather, and to its use as a scrubbing-
brush or broom. Nat. ord., Heathivort*
[Ericaceae]. linn., S-Octandria 1-Mono-
gynia.)
Callu'na vulga'ris, the common Heather, and
all its varieties, are the best bee-flowers of our
native Flora. The C. vulga'ris is a native of many
parts of the British Islands, and its flowers are
purple, opening in April ; but there are the dou-
ble-blossomed, the white, the scarlet, the red, the
decumbent, the spiked, the downy, and variegated
varieties. See EBI'CA.
CALLUS is the matter exuded from the
edges of the wound of a plant in the
process of healing. It is exuded from
the horizontally-communicating cells of
the plant ; and, in cuttings, it is from and
through tins exuded matter that the roots
and the perpendicular vessels connected
with them proceed.
CALOCHI'LUS. (From kalos, beautiful,
and cheilos, a lip ; referring to the beauty
of the labellum, or lip. Nat. ord., Orchids
[Orchidacese]. Linn., 20-Gynandria 1-
Monogynia. Allied to Listera and Neottia.)
Orchids are only apparently monandrous.
There are, in fact, three filaments, firmly grown
together in the column, the centre one bearing the
pollen, and the other two are barren. Greenhouse
terrestrial orchids. Divisions of the plant ; sandy
loam and turfy peat, enriched with a little lumpy,
old cow-dung. Encouraged to grow, when done
flowering, by heat and moisture ; kept cool and
dry after they are pretty well matured, and heat
given again when to be started into bloom. Sum-
mer temp., 50° to 75°; winter, 45° to 50°.
CAL
[ ICO ]
CAL
•C> campe'stris (field). £. Green, brown. N.
Holland. 1824.
— paludo'sus (marsh). §. Brown. N.Holland.
1823.
CALOCHO'KTUS. (From kalos, beautiful,
and chortus, grass ; referring to the leaves.
Nat. ord., Lilyworts [Liliacece]. Linn.,
Q-Hexandria 6-PoIygynia. Allied to the
Tulip and Fritillaria. )
The gayest of our hardy or half-hardy bulbs,
introduced by the unfortunate and intrepid
Douglass from Colombia. The finest of them
have been lost; but such beautiful plants cannot
long remain in the wilderness. Half-hardy bulbs.
Offsets ; sandy loam and peat, in equal propor-
tions. If planted out, the bulbs should be taken
up and dried before winter ; if in pots, keep in a
cold pit, and pot afresh when the bulbs begin to
grow.
C. e'legans (elegant). £. White. June. Colombia.
1826.
— In,' tens (yeUovr-petaled). 1. Yellow-spotted.
September. California. 1831.
— macroca'rpus (large-fruited). 2. Purple. Au-
gust. California. 1826.
— ni'tidus (shining). £. Purple. August. Cali-
fornia. 1826.
— sple'ndens (splendid-flowered). l£. White-
spotted. August. California. 1832.
— venu'stus (handsome-flowered). 1$. Lilac. Au-
gust. California. 1836.
CALODE'NDKON. (From kalos, beautiful,
and dendron, a tree. Nat. ord., Rueworts
[Rutacess]. Jjmn.,5-Pentandria 1-Mono-
gynia. Allied to Diosma.)
One of those beautiful Diosma-looking genera
which abound in our Cape Colony, remarkable
alike for their pretty flowers and for their power-
ful and generally offensive odour. The settlers
call them Bucku-plants. Greenhouse tree. Cut-
tings of half-ripened wood in sand, under a bell-
glass, and with a little bottom-heat ; sandy loam.
Summer temp., 50° to 75° ; winter, 40° to 50°.
C. Cape'nsis (Cape). 40. Pink. Cape of Good
Hope. 1789-
CALONY'CTION. (From kalos, beautiful,
and nyx, night; in reference to their
flowering in the night-time. Nat. ord.,
Bindweeds [Convolvulacese]. Linn., 5-
Pentandria 1-Monogynia. Allied to Con-
volvulus.)
These night-flowering Bindweeds are the Mid-
night Lilies of travellers. Stove evergreen climber.
Convolvulus-lpokiiiBr, but opening its flowers at
night. Seeds in heat, in March ; cuttings of side-
shoots, in April or May, in sandy soil, and in
bottom-heat ; peat and loam. Summer temp., 60°
to 85° ; winter, 50° to 58°.
(7. pseudomurica' turn (false-point-covered). Pur-
ple. July. E. Ind. 1827.
CALO'PHACA. (From kalos, beautiful,
and phakef a lentil; in reference to the
lentil-like flowers. Nat. ord., Legumi-
nous Plants [Fabaceae], Linn., 17-Dia-
delphia k-Decandria. Allied to Cytisus.)
Loudon says of it, " Grafted standard high on
the common Laburnum, it forms an object at
once singular, picturesque, and beautiful." Hardy
deciduous shrub. Seeds sown in March; or cut-
tings, under a hand-iight ; common, light loam.
C. Wolga'rica (Wolga). 2. Yellow. May.
Siberia. 1/86.
CALO'PHANES. (From kalos, beautiful,
and phainG) to appear. Nat. ord., Acan-
tlinds [Aeanthacesej. Linn., l^-I>idyna-
mia 2-Aitgiospermia. Allied to Ruellia.)
Hardy herbaceous perennial. Dividing the
roots in March ; loam and peat, or sandy loam.
C. oWorag-i/o7ta(oblong-leavad). 1. Blue. Au-
gust. Carolina. 1832.
CALOPHY'LLUM. (From kalos, beautiful,
and phyllon, a leaf. Nat. ord., a section
of Guttifers [Clusiacese.]. Linn., 15-Te-
tr adynamia,}
Stove evergreen trees ; cuttings of half-ripened
shoots in sand, under a glass, and in bottom-
heat ; peat and loam. Summer temp., 60° to 85° ;
winter, 50° to 55°.
C. cala'ba (calaba-«ree). 30. White. India. 1780.
— inophy'llum (fibrous-ieaved). QO. White. E.
Ind. 179.5.
— spu'rium (spurious). 30. White. Malabar.
1800.
— Tacamaha'ca (Tacamahaca). 30. White.
Bourbon. 1822.
CALOPO'GON. (From kalos, beautiful,
and pogon, a beard ; in reference to the
fringe on the lip, or labellum. Nat. ord.,
Orchids [Orchidacese]. Linn.,20-(?y«a«-
dria \-Monandria. Allied to Pogonia.)
Greenhouse orchid. Division of its tuberous
roots ; peat and loam. Summer temp., 55° to 75° ;
winter, 45° to 50°.
C. pulche'llus (pretty). 1&. Purple. July. N.
Amer. 1771.
CALOSCO'KDUM. (From kalos, beautiful,
and scordon, garlic. Nat. ord., Lilyivorts
[Liliaceae]. Linn., Q-Hexandria l-Mono-
gynia. Allied to Milla.)
Half-hardy little bulb. Offsets; common soil.
Though a native of Chusan, it is likely to require
but little protection in winter.
C. nerineflo'rum (nerine-flowered). £ . Rose, pur-
ple. Chusan. 1843.
CALOSTE'MMA. (From kalos, beautiful,
and stemma, a crown. Nat. ord., Ama-
ryllids [Amaryllidacese]- Linn., Q-Hex-
andria \-Monogynia. Allied to Coburgia.)
Greenhouse bulbs. Offsets ; sandy loam and a
little leaf-mould ; a cold pit, or the greenhouse in
winter.
C. a'lbum (white). 1. White. May. N. Holland.
1824.
— ca'rneum (flesh-coloured-flowered). 1. Flesh.
Australia. 1837.
— Cunningha'mi (Cunningham's). May. Morcton
Bay.
— lu'teum (yellow). 1. Yellow. November. N.
Holland. 1819-
— purpu'reum (purple). 1. Purple. November.
N. Holland. 1819-
CALOTHA'MNUS, (From kalos, beautiful,
CAL
CAL
and thamnns, a shrub. Nat. ord., Myrtle-
blooms [Myrtaceae]. Linn., 18-Polyadel-
ph.iaZ- Polyandria. Allied to Melaleuca.)
Greenhouse evergreen shrubs, natives of Aus-
tralia. Cuttings of young wood, firm at the base,
iti sand, under a bell-glass ; sandy peat and fibry
loam. Summer temp., 55° to 75°; winter, 38° to
45°.
C. clava'ta (club-leaved). 2. Scarlet. July. 1824.
— gru'cilis (slender-leaved). S. Scarlet. July.
1803.
— Kni'phtii (Knight's). Blooms all year. 183Q.
— qu'idri'fida (four-cleft). 3, Scarlet. July. 1803.
— villo'sa (soft-haired). 3. Scarlet. July. 1803.
CALO'TIS. (From kalos, beautiful, and
OMS, an ear ; in reference to the chaffy
scales of the pappus, or seed-head. Nat.
ord., Composites [Asteracese]. Linn., 19-
Syngenesla Z-Superflua, Allied to Bel-
lium.)
Greenhouse herbaceous perennial. Divisions ;
sandy loam, bummer temp., 55° to 70° ; winter,
35° to 45°.
C. cuneifo'lia (wedge-leaved). 1. Blue. June.
N. Holland. 1819.
CALO'TROPIS, (From kalos, beautiful,
and tropis, a keel ; referring to the flower.
Nat. ord., Asclepiads [Asclepiadacese],
Linn., 5-Pentandria 2-Digynia. Allied to
Schubertia.)
C. gi%a'ntea is the Akund-yercutn, or Mudar-
plant of India, whose thick, miiky juice is a pow-
erful purgative. Stove evergreen shrubs. Seeds
in a slight hotbed, in March ; cuttings of half-
ripened shoots in sand, under a glass, in April ;
good, common, fibry loam and a little sand. Sum-
mer temp., 50° to 80°; winter, 40° to 50°.
C. giga'ntea (gigantic). 6. White. August. E.
Ind. 1690.
— pro'eera (tall). 10. White. April. Persia. 17U.
CA'LTHA. Marsh Marigold. (A con-
traction of kalathos, a goblet; referring
to the form of the flower. Nat. ord.,
Crowfoots [Ranunculacese]. Linn., 13-
Polyandria 6-Polygynia. Allied to Hel-
lebore.)
Hardy herbaceous perennials. Seeds, or di-
visions, in March or April ; common soil of the
border. A moist place, near a running stream, is
where they flourish most.
C. a'rctica (arctic). Yellow. May. N. Amer. 1827.
— asarifo'lia (asarum-leaved). 4. Yellow. April.
Unilas. 1824.
— biflo'ra (two-flowered), f . White. June. N.
Amer. 1827.
—flabellifo'tia (fan-leaved). 1. Yellow. April.
N. Amer. 1818.
— Govenia'na (Gowen's). North Ind. 1848.
— intege'rnma (entire-leaved). Yellow. May.
N. Amer. 1827.
— leptose'pala (small-sepaled). 1. Yellow. May.
N. Amer. 182?.
mi'nor (smaller). L Yellow. May. Bri-
tain.
no.' tans (floating). Yellow. May, Siberia,
1816.
11
C. palu'stris (common-marsh). 1. Yellow. April.
Britain.
flo're-ple'no (double-flowered). 1. Yellow.
April.
— parnassifo'lia (parnassia-leaved). $. Yellow.
April. N. Amer. 1815.
ra'dicans (rooting). £. Yellow. April.
Scotland.
— sagitta'ta (arrow-leaved). J. Green, yellow.
November. Cape Horn. 1840.
CALTROPS. Tri'bidus..
CALYCA'NTHUS. Allspice. (From kalyv,
a calyx, and anthos, a flower ; in reference
to the coloured calyx. Nat. ord., Caly-
canths [Calycanthaceae]. Linn., 12-Jco-
sandria 3-Polygynia.)
The bark of C. flo'ridus, from its aromatic fra-
grance, is used as a substitute for cinnamon in the
United States of North America. Hardy deci-
duous shrubs. Layers, as fruit is seldom pro-
duced; rich, sandy loam, in a shady situation.
Ic is said, that by pulling out the terminal bud of
a shoot two flower-buds are produced ; and thus
the flowering season is prolonged.
C.fe'rtilis (fertile). 3. Brown. June. Carolina.
1726.
— flo'ridus (flowery). 6. Brown. June. Carolina.
1726.
— — — asplenifo1 lius (asplenium - leaved). 6.
Brown. July.
fefrnx (fertile- flowered] . 6. Brown. July.
— — — inodo'rus (nearly-scentless). 6. Brown.
July.
— ——longifo'lius (long -leaved). 6. Brown.
July,
ova'tus (egg-8hape-/eats?d). 6. Brown.
July.
variega'tus (variegated-tea»ed). 6. Brown.
July.
— glau'cvs (milky-green -leaved). 6. Brown. May.
Carolina. 1726.
— Iceviga'tus (smooth-beared). 3. Brown. June.
N. Amer. 1806.
— macrophy'llus (large-leaved). 6. California.
1848.
— oblongifo'lius (oblong-leaved). 4. Brown.
May. N. Amer. 1820.
— ocddenta'lis (western). 7i- Scarlet. Sep.
tember. California. 1831.
— Pennsylva'nicus (Pennsylvanian). 4. • Brown.
May. Pennsylvania. 1820.
CALYCOPHY'LLUM. (From kalyx, calyx,
and phyllon, a leaf; referring to a divi-
sion of the calyx expanding into the
form of a leaf. Nat. ord., Cinchonads
[Cinch on acese]. Linn., 5-Pentandria 1-
Monogynia. Allied to Bouvardia.)
Stove evergreen shrub. Cuttings of half-
ripe shoots in sand, under a bell-glass, in heat ;
loam, peat, and a little sand and charcoal. Sum-
mer temp., 60° to 85° ; winter, 50° to 55°.
C. candidi'ssimum (whitest). 20. White. Cuba.
1830.
CALY'CULATE, having bractes so placed
as to resemble an outer or additional
calyx.
CALY'PSO. (From kalypto, to conceal ;
in reference to its place of growth. Nat.
CAL
CAM
ord., Orchids [Orchidacese]. Linn., 20-
Gynandria \-Monogyida. Allied to Li-
jjaris.)
Half-hardy terrestrial orchid. Offsets from the
bulbs ; sandy loam and peat. Cold pit and frame,
or close to the side of a wall.
C. borea'lis (northern). £. Rose, brown. January.
N. Amer. 1820.
CALYPTKA'NTHES. (From kalyptra, a
veil, and anthos, a flower ; referring to the
way the flower-bud is hid by the cohe-
sion of the tips of the calyx, which falls
off like a cap when the flower expands.
Nat. ord., Myrtleblooms [Myrtacese].
Linn., 12-Icosandria L-Monogynia. Al-
lied to Pimento.)
The dried flower-buds of C. aroma'ticus are a
good substitute for cloves. Stove evergreen trees.
Layers and cuttings in heat ; loam and peat.
Summer temp., 60° to 85° ; winter, 50° to 55°.
C. chytracu'lia (chytraculia). 20. White. April.
Jamaica. 1778.
— zuey'gium (zuzygium). 30. White. June. W.
lad. 1778.
CALYSTE'GIA. Bearbind. (From kalyx,
a calyx, and stega, a covering ; in refer-
ence to the calyx being hid by two bractes,
as is the case with a section of Bindweeds.
Nat. ord., Bindweeds [Convolvulacese].
Linn., 5-Pentandria l-Monogynia. Allied
to Convolvulus.)
C. pube'scens, received from China as a double
flower, has become single with Mr. Beaton. — Cot-
tage Gardener, iv. 302. Hardy deciduous plants,
except where otherwise mentioned. Both the
creeping and twining species may be propagated
by divisions of the plant and root?. Common soil.
C. Catesbia'na (Mr. Catesby's). Rose. July.
Carolina. 181 6. Twiner.
— Dahu'rica (Dahurian). £. Pink. July. Da-
huria, 1823. Twiner.
— hedera'cea (ivy-like). Rose. June. Nepaul.
1826. Half-hardy twiner.
— margina'ta (bordered). 3. Pink. July. N.
Holland. 1824. Twiner.
— pube'scens (downy). 15. Pale rose. June.
China. 1844. Twiner.
— renifo'rmis (kidney-shaped). Pink. June. N.
5. Wales. 1822. Half-hardy.
— se'pium (great-hedge. Common Bindweed).
6. White. July. Britain.
— ——incarna'ta (red-flowered). 6. Red. July.
N. Amer.
— soldane'lla (soldanella -I eaved. Sea Bind-
weed). Flame. June. Britain. Ever-
green trailer.
— spithama'a (span). 1. White. July. N.
Amer. 1796. Twiner.
— sylve'stris (wood). 18. White. July. Hun-
gary. 1815. Twiner.
— tomento'sa (woolly). June. N. Amer. 1818.
Trailer.
CA'LYTKIX. (From kahjx, a calyx, and
thrix, hair ; in reference to the divisions
of the calyx ending in long, bristly hairs.
Nat, ord., Frinye-myrtles [Chamselaucia-
cecej. Linn., 1%-Ieosandria l-Monogynia.}
The calyx, in this small order, ends in awn-like
hairs, or bristles, or is broken up into fringes :
hence the name, of Fringe-myrtles. They are
beautiful little bushes, often not unlike Heaths,
with the fragrance of Myrtleblooms. Greenhouse
evergreen shrubs. Cuttings of points of shoots,
in April or May, in sand, under a bell-glass.
Summer temp., 50° to 70°; winter, 35° to 45°.
C. angula'ta (sharp-cornered). Yellow. May.
Swan River. 1842.
— au'rea (golden-flowered). Bright yellow. Swan
River.
— brevise'ta (short-bristled). Pale lilac. May.
Swan River. 1843.
— ericoi'des (heath-like). 2. White. N. Hoi-
land. 1824.
— floribu'nda (many-flowered). 4. White. N.
Holland. 1820.
— gla'bra (smooth). 4. White. May. N. Hol-
land. 1818.
— glutino'sa (clammy). Yellow. Purple. May.
Swan River.
— pube'scens (downy). 4. White. N. Holland.
1S24.
— sapphiri'na (sapphire- coloured). 2. Blue.
May. Swan River. 1843.
— sca'bra (rough-leaved and bracted). 4. White.
June. South Australia. 1824.
— varia'bilis (changeable). Lilac. May. Swan
River. 1842.
— virga'ta (twiggy-branched). 2. White. May.
Australia. 1823.
CAMARI'DIUM. (From camara,&r\ arched
roof; in reference to the arched tip of
the stigrna. Nat. ord., Orchids [Orchida-
cese]. Linn., %Q-Gynandrial-Monandria.
Allied to Maxillaria.)
Stove orchid ; division ; shallow basket, or
raised above the surface of the pots, with sphag-
num, moss, and broken pots. Summer temp.,
60° to Q0° ; winter, 55° to 65°.
C. ochroteu'cum (yellowish-white). 1. White.
Brazil. July. Trinidad. 1823.
CAMAEO'TIS. (From camara, an arched
roof; in reference to the form of the lip,
or labellum. Nat. ord., Orchids [Orchi-
dacese]. Linn., 2Q-Gynandria 1-Monan-
dria. Allied to Sarcanthus.)
Stove orchids ; divisions ; block of wood, or
shallow pot, with plant raised above it, and the
lower part fastened with moss, peat, &c. Summer
temp., 66° to 90°, with moisture ; winter, 55°to 65°.
C. Brazilie'nsis (Brazilian). White. May. Brazil.
1808.
— obtu'sa (blunt- teamed). Rose. April. India,
1844.
— purpu'rea (purple-cowered). $. Purple. May.
E. Ind. 1837.
CAMA'SSIA. (From Quamash, so called
by the North American Indians, who eat
the bulbs. Nat. ord., Lilyworts [Lili-
acese]. Linn., 6-Hexandria l-Monogynia.
Allied to Scilla, or Squill.)
A beautiful hardy bulb ; offsets and seeds,
which may be sown when ripe ; sandy peat, in a
shady situation.
C. escule'nta (eatable). 2. Purple. July. Co-
lombia. 1827.
CAM
t!63 ]
CAM
CAME'LUA. (Named after Camellus, a
Moravian Jesuit. . Nat. ord., Theads, or
Teaworts [Ternstromiaceae], Linn., 16
Monadelphia 8-Polyandria.)
A good table-oil is extracted from the seeds o:
C. olei'fera. Greenhouse evergreen shrubs. In-
arching and grafting, the latter mode entailing
least trouble, using a slight, sweet hotbed, anc
shading from bright sun until the scions have
taken : March and April is the best time. Cut-
tings of ripened shoots; every joint, if necessary
will form one, inserted firmly in the sand ; set in
a close, shady situation, and, after a time, placed
in mild bottom-heat ; peat and loam, with a little
cow-dung, dried, and charcoal. Summer temp
50° to 70°, with shade ; winter 35° to 45°. By
bringing forward in a vinery they may be induced
to flower at almost all seasons.
C.euryoi'des (eurya-like). 4. White, May
China. 1824.
— Japo'nica (common Japan). 10. Red. May
China. 1739.
a'lba semidu'plex (white semi-double)
10. White. March. China. 182-2.
A Ibe'rti (Prince Albert's). Red. White.
May. China. 1839.
ela'ta (tall). Bright crimson. May.
imbrica'ta (imbricated). 10. Crimson.
March. China. 1824.
— pcEoniaeflo'ra a'lba (peony-flowered- white).
10. White. February, China. 1820.
Pu'rksii (Park's). 10. Bright rose. Febru-
ary. China.
Reeoesiu'na (Reeves's). 10. Crimson.
September. China. 1829.
• ro'sea (rose-like-flowered). 10. Rose.
February. China. 1821.
Sabinia'na (Sabine's). 10. White. Fe-
bruary. China. 1824.
specio'sa (Rawe's showy). 10. Deep red.
March. China. 1824.
— Ki'sii (Kissi). 10. White. May. China. 1823.
— maliflo'ra (apple-flowered). 8. Pink. China.
1818.
— olei'fera (oil-yielding). 10. White. May.
China. 1819.
— reticula'ta (netted). 6. Red. April. China. 1824.
— Sasa'nqua (Lady .Bawfc's-Sasan). 4. White.
February. China. 1811.
— ple'na-a'lba (double-white). 4. White.
February. China. 1824.
— — ple'na-ru'bra (double-red). Red. Fe-
bruary. China. 1818.
•— se'mi-ple'na (semi- double). 4. Red.
February. China. 181).
CAMELLIA CULTUKE . — Propagation. —
By Cuttings. The double varieties do
not grow nor flower so well on their own
roots. Cultivators, therefore, propagate
by cuttings the original single-flowered
species, and when these become plants
strong enough for the pm-pose, inarch or
^raft upon them the fine double varieties.
The best time to put in these cuttings is
when, the new wood has become nearly
ripe, which generally happens about the
end of June. Prepare, first, the pots, six
inches wide, for the cuttings, by covering
the hole at the bottom with an oyster-
shell, or a large piece of broken potsherd ;
place about an inch of smaller pieces
upon it, and another inch of pieces no
larger than peas upon them; cover these
with a thin layer of moss, and then fill
the pots to the top with sandy loam,
sifted pretty fine; press this firmly down,
and fill the pot again quite up to the
brim, making it very firm. Then take
the cuttings of the single-flowering spe-
cies ; make them about four or five
inches long ; cut the bottom off smoothly
and level just under a bud; then cut off
two of the lowest leaves, leaving as many
on the cutting. Make as many ready as
will fill the first pot. As soon as they
are ready, insert them into the soil thicklj
all over the pot; place them in a cold
frame, or spent hotbed, and in two or
three months they will nearly every one
be rooted. Then pot them off singly in
3 -inch pots, in peat and sandy loam, and
replace them in the frame, where they
may remain till winter approaches ; then
to be removed into the greenhouse, and
have the usual treatment of the older
plants. Let them have a little extra
heat during the growing season; and
most of them will be ready for grafting
or inarching the following season.
By Grafting. — The time from Septem-
ber to February. The method called
tongue -grafting is the best for Camellias.
(See GKAFTING.) As soon as grafted,
place them under hand-glasses, upon a
surface of coal- ashes, in a deep pit or
shady part of the greenhouse, to remain
till the grafts have united to the stocks,
and begin to grow; the hand-glasses
may then be removed, and the plants
gradually inured to the open air, and
inally placed in the greenhouse, and
receive the same culture as the other
plants.
By Inarching. — The time for this mode
of increasing the double varieties is just
)efore the growing season, in April. Place
the stocks in a warm place, to start the
sap, and, as soon as it is in motion, bring
:hem into a position near to the variety
ntended to work upon. (See INARCHING.)
"t is a more certain mode of increase
than by grafting, and also more expedi-
tious ; but the plants are generally longer-
itemmed, and do not make so neat a joint
as by the former mode.
Soil. — A moderate, strong, turfy loam
ind sandy peat, in equal parts, will grow
hese plants well. Some growers use
CAM
CAM
pe.\t alone; but it is too light, and the
plants do not live long in it.
Summer Culture. — The bloom will be
over before summer commences. It will
then be necessary to give the Camellia
a little artificial heat, to encourage a free
growth. A moist atmosphere, also, must
be produced, by syringing the plants,
•walks, and walls every morning and
evening, and keeping the floor deluged
with water. Shade from bright sunshine,
and give air, to reduce the temperature to
65° by day, and 55° by night. Continue
this liberal treatment till the buds and
the new leaves are fully formed; then
give more air, and about the middle of
July pot them, using plenty of drainage :
and set them out of doors, behind a north
wall, where the sun cannot reach them
after 10 o'clock. There they may re-
main till the autumn.
Winter Culture. — As soon as there is
the least fear of frost, prepare for housing
the plants for the winter. Cleanse and
repair the house, wash the pots, and top-
dress the soil before arranging them in
the house. Give abundance of air, both
night and day, when there is no frost ;
and when there is frost, only just use
fire enough to keep it out. This treat-
ment is proper till the blooming-season
is over. Water must be judiciously ap-
plied ; too much or too little will cause
the buds to drop off prematurely.
Insects. — The white scale is the most
troublesome insect. Strong soap-water
will destroy it. The Mack fly, also, some-
times makes its appearance, and is very
injurious to the flower-buds. That and
the green fly may be destroyed in the
usual way by smoking with tobacco.
The black fly requires a stronger dose.
Diseases. — Sometimes young plants will
die suddenly, and if the roots are ex-
amined, a brownness will be observed at
the ends. This arises from stagnant water,
caused by imperfect drainage. To prevent
it, pay particular attention to that point.
CAMOMILE, or CHAMOMILE. A'nthemis
no' bills.
Varieties. — There are two kinds, the
common single species and the double-
flowering.
Soil and Situation. — They require a
poor, dry soil, otherwise they are less
powerful in their medicinal qualities.
They will grow in almost any situation,
but the more open the better.
Time and mode of Propagation,— Gene-
rally by parting the roots, and by offsets,,
planted from the close of February until
the end of May; the -earlier, however,
the better, though they be planted in
the autumn. Seed-sowing may be in any
of the early spring months ; but, as part-
ing the roots gives much less trouble, it
is generally pursued. Still, after a lapse
of several years, raise fresh plants, the
old ones often then declining.
Cultivation. — They should not be plant-
ed nearer to each other than eighteen
inches. Water must be given mode-
rately at the time of planting, if dry
weather. If raised from seed, the seed-
lings require no further cultivation than
to be kept free from weeds in the seed-
bed, and when three or four inches
high to be thinned to about six inches
apart, and may remain thus until the
following spring, then to be thinned and
remain, or to be removed to the above-
mentioned distance apart. A very small
bed will supply the largest family.
Gathering. — In July the flowers are
generally in perfection for gathering.
The period for performing it, however,
must be governed by the flowers them-
selves, as the best time is when they are
just opened. Particular care must be
taken to dry them thoroughly before they
are stored, otherwise they will become
mouldy. If seed be required, the only
attention necessary is to leave some of
the first-opening flowers ungathered : the
seed will ripen early in September, when
it may be dried and rubbed out.
CAMPA'NULA. Bell-Flower. (The di-
minutive of campana, a bell ; literally, a
little bell. Nat. ord., Bellworts [Cam-
panulacese]. Linn., 5-Pentaudria 1-
Monogynia.)
The annuals are chiefly pretty, low-growing
plants, the seed of which may be sown in the
common border, at the end of March. The bi-
ennials may be sown in April or May ; many of
them will bloom the same year. By cuttings, a
perennial habit will be given to many of them.
Perennials, chiefly by division of the plant and
roots. Those from the West Indies, New Hoi-
land, and the South of Europe, require the pro-
tection of a greenhouse, or cold pit, in winter.
Even the well-known, beautiful window-plant,
C. pyramida'lis, makes a poor show in the open
air in most places. Common soil for most of
them ; a little peat and dung for those in pots.
HARDY ANNUALS.
C, Broussonet ia'na (Broussonet's). 1. Blue.
July. Mogadore. 1825.
— dicho'toma (forked-branched) 1. Blue. July.
Sicily. 1820.
— drabcefo'li'a (draba-leaved). 1 . Pale blue.
June. Athens. 1823.
CAM
[ 105
CAM
C. eri'nus (erinus). 1. Pale blue. July. South
of Europe. 1768.
— erinoi'des (erinus-like). 1. Pale blue. July.
Africa. 1823.
— Hermi'nii (Hermini's). 1. Blue. July.
Portugal. 1823.
— hispi'dula (rather bristly). 1. Blue. July.
Cape of Good Hope. 1817-
— Lcefli'ngil (Loetling's). 1. Blue. July. South
of Europe. 1818.
— Lo'rei (Lore's). 2. Purple. June. Italy. 1824.
• — puncta'ta (dotted-flou'ered) . 1. White.
May. Siberia. 1813.
— ramosi' ssima (branchiest). 1. Blue. July.
Greece. 1820.
— sylva'tica (wood-inhabiting). l£. Blue. June.
Nepaul. 1840.
HARDY BIENNIALS.
C. Ada'mi (Adam's). 1. Blue. July. Caucasus.
1821.
— qffi'nis (allied). 2. Blue. July. South of
Europe. 1824.
— America'na (American). 1 . Blue. July.
Pennsylvania. 1763.
— Arme'na (Armenian). 1. Blue. July. Russia.
1826.
— bellidifJlia (daisy-leaved). 1. Blue. July.
Pyrenees. 1823.
— betoniceefo'lia (betony-leaved). 1. Blue. May.
Greece. 1820.
— cervica'ria (throatwort). 3. Light blue.
July. Germany. 1808.
— corymbo'sa (corymbose). 2. Blue. May.
Crete. 1820.
— dive'rgens (spreading). 2. Blue. June.
Hungary. 1814.
— Garga'nica (Garganian). 1. Pale blue. July.
Mount St. Ang. 1830. Trailer.
— lanugino'sa (woolly-leaved). 2. Blue. May.
1814.
— macrosta'chya (large-spiked). 2. Blue. June.
Hungary. 1814.
— me'dium (middle-sized). 4. Blue. July.
Germany. 15Q".
— • — — flo're-a'ibo-ple'no (double-white-flow-
ered). 3. White. July. Germany.
a'lbum (white-flowered). 3. White. July.
flo're-purpu'rea-ple'na (double-purple-
flowered). 3. Purple. July. Germany.
purpu'rea (purple). Purple. July. Ger-
many.
— negle'cta (neglected). 2. Blue. June. 1318.
— obli'qua (twisted). 3. Blue. June. 1813.
— purviflo'ra (small-flowered). 2. Blue. June.
Iberia. 181 9.
— peregri'na (diffuse). 2. Blue. June. Cape
of Good Hope. 1/9*.
— Sitn'rica (Siberian). 1. Blue. July. Siberia. 1783.
— spatula' ta (spatulate-feaued). 1. Blue. July.
Greece. 1817.
— spica'ta (spiked). 1. Blue. July. Switzer-
land. 1786.
— stri'cta (upright). 2. Blue. June. Syria. 1819.
— thyrsui'dea (thyrse-flowered). 2. Blue. June.
Switzerland. 1785.
— viotefo'lia (violet-leaved). 1. Blue. July.
Siberia. 1817.
HARDY PERENNIALS.
C. acumina'ta (long-pointed). 3. Blue. Au-
gust. N. Amer. 1826.
— aggrega'ta (crowded-jZowered). 2. Blue. Au-
gust. Bavaria. 1817.
— (dliariafo'lm (alliaria-leaved). 1. Blue. July.
Caucasus. 1803.
C. Allio'nii (Allioni's). 1. Blue. July. South
of France. 1820.
— alpi'na (alpine). 2. Blue. July. Switzerland.
1779.
— Alpi'ni (Alpinus's). 1. Blue. June. Italy. 1800.
— angustifu'lia (narrow-leaved). Blue. July.
France. 1818.
— azu'rea (blue). 2. Light blue. June. Swit-
zerland. 1778.
— barba'ta (bearded). 2. Light blue. June.
Italy. 1752.
cya'nea (dark blue). 1. Blue. July. 1836.
— Barrelie'ri (Barrelier's). 1. Blue. September.
— ,Be//a'/'di(Bellard's). i. Blue. July. Italy. 1813.
— Biebersteinia 'na (Bieberstein's). 1 . Blue.
June. Caucasus. 1820.
— Bononie'nsis (Bononian). 2. Blue. August.
Italy. 1773.
— Carolinia'na (Carolina). Blue. August.
— c&spito'sa (tufted). 1. Blue. July. Aus-
tria. 1819.
— calyci'na (large-calyxed). 1. Blue. July.
Tauria. 1820.
— Carpa'tica (Carpathian). 1. Blue. July.
Carpathian Alps. 1774.
— — — a'lbu (white-flowered). £. White. June.
Gardens.
— Cauca'sica (Caucasian). 1. Purple. July.
Caucasus. 1804.
— Ceni'nia (Mount Cenis). 1. Blue. June.
Switzerland. 1775.
— cephala'ntha (head-flowered). 1. Blue. Au-
gust. Russia. 1817.
— cephaMtes (round-headed.) 1. Blue. June.
1818.
— cervicaroi'des (cervicaria-like). 1. Blue. July.
Italy. 1822.
— cichora'cea (chicory-like). 2. Blue. June.
Greece. 1/68.
— colli'na (hill). 1. Blue. July. Caucasus. 1803.
— colora'ta (deep-coloured). 2. Purple. Sep-
tember. Sikkim Himalaya. 1849-
— conge'sta (crowded). 1. Blue. July. France.
1823.
— crena'ta(ro\ina.-tooth-leaved). 2. Blue. July.
Russia. 1820.
— Elati'ne (Elatine). 1. Pale blue. July. South
of Europe. 1823. Trailer.
— e'legans (elegant). 1. Pale blue. July. Siberia.
1811.
— elti'ptica (oval-leaved). 1. Blue. July. Hun-
gary. 1826.
— erioca'rpa (woolly-fruited). 2. Purple. June.
Caucasus. 1823.
— exci'sa (cut-off). 1. Blue. June. Switzerland.
1820.
—folio'sa (leafy). 1. Blue. July. Italy. 1826.
— glomera'ta (clustered). 2. Violet. May. Britain.
flo're-a'lbo (white-flowered). 1. White.
May. Britain.
ple'na-a'lba (double-white-^Zowered). 1.
White. May. Britain.
— flo'ra-ple'na-purpu'rea (double - purple-
flowered). 2. Pale purple. June. Gardens.
—fra'gilis (fragile). Blue. August. Alps. 1826.
Half-hardy.
hirsu'ta (hsuiry-herbaged). 1. Blue. Au-
gust. Italy. 1833.
— graminifo'lia (grass-leaved). 1. Blue. June.
Hungary. 1817.
— gra'ndis (large). 3. Purple. August. Na-
tolia. 1842. Half-hardy.
— gummi'fera (gum-bearing). 1. Blue. July.
Caucasus. 1817.
— hedera'cea (ivy-leaved). 1. Blue. May. Cape
of Good Hope. 1817.
CAM
C 100]
CAM
C- heterodo'xa (heterodox). 1. Blue. June. Hun-
gary. 1824.
— infundi1 bulum (funnel-flowered) . 2. Purple.
July. Siberia. 1825.
~* infundibulifo'rmis (funnel-shaped). 2. Blue.
July. Siberia. 1822.
— laclnia'ta (jagged-/eawed). 2. Blue. June.
Greece. 1788.
— lactiflo'ra (milk-flowered). 6. Whitish-blue.
August. Siberia. 1816.
— /amn/o'/?a (lamium-leaved). 3. Pale yellow.
June. Iberia. 1823.
— lanceola'ta (spear-Zeooed). 1. Blue. July.
France. 1819.
— latifo'lia (broad-leaved). 4. White. July.
Britain.
flo're-a'lbo (white-flowered). 3. White.
July.
— liliifo'lia (lily-leaved). 3. Blue. May. Siberia.
1783.
— lingula'ta (tongue-heaped). 1. Violet. July.
Hungary. 1804.
— linifu'lia (flax-leaved). 1. Blue. July. Swit-
zerland. 1819-
— longifo'liu (long-leaved). 4. Blue. July.
Pyrenees. 1820.
— lyra'ta (lyre-shaped). 2. Violet. July. South
of Europe. 1823.
— macra'ntha (large-flowered). 3. Purple. Au-
gust. Russia. 1822.
polya'ntha (many-flowered). 5. Blue.
May. Russia. 1830.
— microphy'lla (small-leaved). 1. Blue. June.
Hungary. 1820.
— mura'lis (wall). 1. Blue. September. South
of Europe. 1835. Half-hardy.
— JY/c«e'nsis(Nice). 1. Purple. June. Piedmont.
1820.
— ni'tida (shining). 1. White. July. S. Amer.
1731.
flo're - a'lbo - ple'nn (double - white - flow-
ered). £. White. July.
— ceeru'lea (blue-flowered). 1. Blue. July. N.
Amer. 1731.
— ——flo're-ceeru'leo-ple'no (double-blue-flow-
ered), f. Blue. July.
— no'bilis (noble). 4. Pale purple. July. China.
1844.
— Nutta'llii (Nuttall's), 1. Blue. July. N.
Amer. 1829.
— obliquifo'lia (twisted-leaved). 3. Blue. July
Italy. 1823.
— pa'tula (spreading). I.Violet. July. Britain.
— persicifo'lia (peach-leaved). 3. Blue. July.
Europe. 1596.
a'lba (white-./?ow;ered). 3. White. July.
Europe. 1596.
a'lba-ple'na (double-white). 3. White.
July. Europe. 1596.
ple'na (double- A/«e). 3. Blue. July. Eu-
rope. 1596.
gra'ndis (large-./Z0w*red). 3. Blue. July.
Europe. 1596.
ma'xima (largest-peach-leaved). 3. Blue.
July. Europe. 1596.
— planiflo'ra (flat-flowered). 2. Llue. August.
Siberia. 1817.
— pube'scens (downy). 1. Blue. July. Bohemia.
— pu'lla (russet). 1. Blue. June. Austria. 1779.
— pu'mila (dwarf). 1. Blue. July. Switzerland.
— pusi'lla (diminutive). 1. Blue. June. Switzer-
land. 1821.
— p-iramida'lis (pyramidal). 4. Blue. July. Car-
niola. 1594.
flo're-a'lbo (white-flowered). 4. White.
July. Europe.
C. quadri'fida (four-cleft). 1. Blue. June. N.
Holland. 1820.
— Rnine'ra (Rainer's). 1. Blue. July. Italy. 1826.
— rnpu'nculus (rampion). 3. Blue. July. Britain.
— rapunculoi'des (rampion-like). 3. Blue. June.
England.
— rhomboi'dea (diamond-Jeaved). 2. Blue. July.
Switzerland. 1775.
ru'bra (red-flowered). 1. Reddish-lilac.
July. Switzerland.
— rige'scens (stiff). 1. Blue. June. Siberia.
1820.
— rotund! fu'lia (round-leaved). 3. Blue. June.
Britain.
flo're-a'lbo (white-flowered). 1. White.
June. Britain.
flo're-ple'no (double-flowered). \ . Blue
July. Gardens.
— Ruthe'nica (Russian). 2. Blue. June. Cau-
casus. 1815.
— Sarma'tica (Sarmatian). 2. Blue. June. Si-
beria. 1803.
— saxa'tilis (rock). 1. Blue. May. Candia. 1/63.
— Scheuchze'ri (Scheuchzer's). 1. Blue. July.
Europe. 1813.
— si'mplex (single-stemmed). 3. Blue. July.
South of France. 1319.
— ipecio'sa (showy). 2. Purple. May. Siberia.
1835.
— spre'ta (despised). 2. Blue. July. Siberia.
18-20.
— Teno'rii (Tenor's). Blue. June. Naples.
— tenuifo'lia (fine-leaved). 1. Violet. July. Hun-
gary. 1817-
— tomento'sa (woolly). 1. White. June. Levant.
1810.
— trache'lium (throatwort). 4. Blue. June.
Britain.
a'lba (white-flowered'). 3. White. July-
Britain.
a!lba-ple>na (double- white-lowered). 3,
White July. Britain.
ple'na (double-6/we-yfcwered). 3. Blue.
July. Britain.
— tracheloi'des (throatwort-like). 3. Blue. July,
Caucasus. 1817-
— flo're-purpu'rea - ple'na (double - purple-
flowered). 3. Purple. July.
— trichocalyci'na (hairy-calyxed). 4. Blue. July.
Italy. 1823.
— wrticifo'lia (nettle-leaved). 3. Blue. August.
Germany. 1800.
flo're-ple'na (double-flowered). White-,
July. Germany.
— Vande'si (De Vande's). 1. Cream. June.
— veluti'ua (velvety). 1. Blue. May. South of
Europe. 1826.
— Vida'li (Vidal's). l£. White. August. Azores.
— virga'ta 'twiggy). 1. Blue. June. N. Amer.
1823.
— versi'color (various-coloured). 4. Striped. July.
Siberia. 1/88.
— Waldsteinia'na (Waldstein's). 1. Blue. June.
Hungary. 1824.
— Zo'ysii fZoy's). 1. Dark blue. June. Car.
niola. 1813.
GKEENHOUSE.
C. au'rca (golden-cowered). 3. Yellow. August.
Madeira. Evergreen shruh. 17/7.
angustifo'lia (narrow-leaved). 2. Yellow.
August. Madeira. 1/77-
latifo'lia (broad-leaved). 2. Yellow. Au-
gust. Madeira. 1 777.
— Cape'nsis (Cape). 1. Blue. July. Cape of
Good Hope. 1803. Annual.
CAM
[167 ]
CAN
C. cefrnun (nodding-./?OM'«v?«0. 1. Blue June.
Cape of Good Hope. 1804. Biennial.
— dehi'scens (gaping). 1. Blue. July. E. Ind.
1818. Annual.
— gra'cilis (slender). 1. Blue. June. N. S.
Wales. 1794. Biennial.
— Ktora'lis (shore). 1. Blue. April. N.Holland.
1820. Biennial.
— mo'lKs (soft). I- Purple. June. Sicily. 1788.
Herbaceous perennial.
— Ottonia'na (Otto's). 1. Blue. July. Cape of
Good Hope. 1825. Evergreen shrub.
CAMPE'LIA. (From kampe, bending, and
helios, the sun; in reference to the flow-
ers bending round to the sun. Nat. ord.,
Spidcrworts [Commelynacene]. Linn., f>-
Hexandria l-Monogynia. Allied to Ira-
descantia.)
Stove herbaceous perennial; seeds in spring;
rich loam ; common stove treatment.
C. zano'nia (znnonia.- leaved). 2. Blue. July. W.
Ind. 1759.
CA'MPHORA. Camphor-tree. (From cam-
phor, commercial name of its chief pro-
duct. Nat. ord., Laurels [Lauracese].
Linn., Q-Enneandria I-Honogynia. Allied
to Cinnamomum.)
Although camphor is secreted by many plants
in this order, and more particularly by some spe-
cies of cinnamon, the true camphor of commerce
is obtained from Ca'mphnr officinu'lis, and is a
product of the oil procured from the wood,
branches, and leaves, by means of dry distillation.
Camphor is chiefly manufactured in the Island of
Formosa, and from thence sent to Canton for ex-
portation. The hard camphor of Sumatra and the
camphor-oil of Borneo are the natural secretions
of Dryoba'laopscu'mphora. Stove evergreen tree ;
cuttings ; peat and loam ; cool stove.
C officina'lis (officinal. Camphor-tree}. 20.
Greenish-white. March. Japan. 1?27-
CAMPOMANE'SIA. (Named after Campo-
manes, a Spanish naturalist. Nat. ord.,
Myrtleblooms [Myrtaceae]. Linn., 12-
Icosandria \-Monogynia. Allied to Psi-
dium.)
Its yellow, sweet-scented fruit, called palillo, is
eaten by the natives. Greenhouse evergreen
shrub ; cuttings of rather ripe shoots in sand,
under a bell-glass. Summer temp., 50° to 70°;
winter, 40° to 45°,
C. lineatlfo'lia (lined-leaved). White. April. Peru.
1824.
CAMPTE'BIA. (Stove Ferns. Allied to
Pteris and Blechnum [Polypodiacese].
Linn., 23-Cryptogamia 1-Filices.)
Divisions ; peat and loam. Summer temp., 60°
to 75° ; winter, 45° to 55°.
C. biauri'ta (two-eared). Pale yellow and brown.
W. Ind. 1824.
— nemora'Hs (grove.) 1^. Brown. Isle of Bour-
bon. 1823.
CAMPYLA'NTHUS. (From campylos, a
curve, and anthoy, a flower. Nat. ord.,
figworts [Scrophulariacese]. Liun., 2-
Diandria 1-Monogynia. Allied to Ge-
rardia. )
Greenhouse evergreen shrub ; cuttings in sand
Of half-ripened shoots, under a bell-glass ; sanri\
peat and fibry loam. Summer temp., 65° to 7oc j
winter, 40° to 50°.
C. salsoloi'des (salsola-like), 1, Purple. March.
Teneriffe. 1825.
CAMPY'LIA. (A section of the Pelar-
goniums.)
CANADA RICE. Tiza'nia. aqua' Ufa.
CANARI'NA. (So named from being a
native of the Canary Islands. Nat. ord.,
Bdlworts [Campanulacesej. Linn., 6-
Hexandria \~Monogynia. Allied to Light-
food a.)
Greenhouse herbaceous perennials; cuttings o'
small side-shoots in sandy loam, under a hand-
light, but rather difficult to manage ; division of
the roots in spring, just as they begin to grow ;
and at that time, for a month or two, they like
the assistance of a hotbed ; at other times the
common treatment of the greenhouse will suit
them ; fibry loam, turfy peat, and a good portion
of sand ; pots, well drained.
C. campanula (campanula). 3. Orange. Janu-
ary. 1696.
— leeviga'ta (smooth). 3. Orange. January. 1825
CANARY GRASS. Pha'laris.
CANAVA'LIA. (From Canavali, its na-
tive name in Malabar. Nat. ord., Legu-
minous Plants [Fabaceae]. Linn., ifi-
Monadelphia 6-Uecandriu. Allied to Dio-
clea.)
Stove perennial twiners, except where otherwise
specified ; seeds and cuttings in sandy soil, and in
h>->at, under a bell-glass; sandy loam. Summer
temp.. 60° to 75°; winter, 50° to 55°.
C. Bonarir.'nsis (Buenos Ayrean). 10. Purple.
July. Buenos Ayres.
— gladia'ta (sword-podded). 6. White, red.
June. E. Ind. 17QO.
— obttuifu'iia (twisted-leaved). 6. Purple. July.
E. Ind. 1820.
emarglna'ta (end-notched-fcawd). 6.
Purple. July. E. Ind. 1800.
— ro'sea (rose-coloured). 3. Purple. July.
Jamaica. 1812. Evergreen creeper.
— ru'tilans (shining). Scarlet. 1847- Green-
house evergreen twiner.
CANDLEBERRY MYRTLE. My'rica.
CANDO'LLEA. (Named after the gre.it
botanist, Decandolle. Nat. ord., Dille-
niuds [Dilleniaceas]. Linn.,18-Po/^a^/-
phia 2-Polyandria.)
Greenhouse evergreen shrubs, from Australia ;
cuttings in sandy peat, under a glass ; sandy
peat and fibry loain. Summer temp., 55° to 70° ;
winter, 40° to 45°.
C. Bruno'ms (Brown's). 6. Yellow. May. 1837-
— cuneifo'rmis (wedge-shaped). 7. Yellow.
July. 1824.
— Huge'lii (Hugel's). 6. Yellow. May. 183/.
— tetra'nda (four-stamened). 7. Vellow. June.
1842.
CAN
[ 1G3 ]
CAN
CANDY CARROT. AlhamdntaMatlhi'ola.
CANDY-TUFT. Ibe'ris.
CANEL'LA. (From canna, a reed ; the
form of the inner bark when peeled off.
Nat. ord., Canelluds [Canellacese]. Linn.,
\\-Dodecandria 1-Monogynia.)
This is the wild cinnamon of the West Indies,
FO called on account of its aromatic fragrance.
Canella, or white wood bark, yields, by distillation,
a warm, aromatic oil, which is often mixed with
the oil of cloves in the West Indies. Stove ever-
green trees ; cuttings of ripe shoots in sand, under
a glass, and in bottom-heat, in April or Mav ;
sandy loam and fibry peat. Summer temp., 60°
to 80° ; winter, 50° to 55°.
C. a'lba (white-woocZ-Aarfc). 40. White. W. Ind.
1735.
— laurifo'lia (laurel-leaved). 30. White. S.
Amer. 1820.
CANKER. This disease is accompanied
by different symptoms, according to the
species of the tree which it infects. In
some of those whose true sap contains a
considerable quantity of free acid, as in
the genus Pyrus, it is rarely accompanied
by any discharge. To this dry form of
the disease it would be well to confine
the term canker. In other trees, with
sap abounding in astringent or gummy
constituents, it is usually attended by a
discharge. In such instances it might
strictly be designated ulcer. This dis-
ease has a considerable resemblance to
the tendency to ossification, which ap-
pears in most aged animals, arising from
their marked tendency to secrete the
calcareous saline compounds that chiefly
constitute their skeletons. The. conse-
quence is, an enlargement of the joints
and ossification of the circulatory vessels
and other parts — phenomena very analo-
gous to those attending the cankering oJ
trees. As in animals, this tendency is
general throughout their system; but
as is observed by Mr. Knight, " like the
mortification in the limbs of elderl
people," it may be determined, as to its
point of attack, by the irritability of that
part of the system.
This disease commences with an en
largement of the vessels of the bark of a
branch or of the stem. This swelling
invariably attends the disease when i
attacks the apple-tree. In the pear th<
enlargement is less, yet is always pre
sent. In the elm and the oak sometime:
no swelling occurs ; and in the peach we
do not recollect to have seen any. The
swelling is soon communicated to the
wood, which, if laid open to view on it
first appearance by the removal of the
ark, exhibits no marks of disease be.
'ond the mere unnatural enlargement.
n the course of a few years, less in
lumber in proportion to the advanced
age of the tree, and the unfavourable
circumstances under which it is vegeta-
^ the swelling is greatly increased in
size, and the alburnum has become ex-
ensively dead ; the bark above it cracks,
rises in discoloured scales, and decays
even more rapidly than the wood beneath.
[f the canker is upon a moderately-sized
Dranch, the decay soon completely en-
ircles it, extending through the whole al-
ournum and bark. The circulation of the
sap being thus entirely prevented, all the
parts above the disease perish.
Trees injudiciously pruned, or growing
upon an ungenial soil, are more fre-
quently attacked than those which are
advancing under contrary circumstances.
The oldest trees are always the first
attacked of those similarly cultivated.
The golden pippin, the oldest existing
variety of the apple, is more frequently
and more seriously attacked than any
other. The soil has a very considerable
influence in inducing the disease. If the
sub-soil be an irony gravel, or if it is not
well-drained, the canker is almost cer-
tain to make its appearance amongst the
trees they sustain, however young and
vigorous they were when first planted.
Bruises and wounds of all kinds
usually are followed by canker in the
wounded part, if the tree is tending to
this disease.
All these facts before us unite in as-
suring us that the canker arises from
the tree's weakness, from a deficiency in
its vital energy, and consequent inability
to imbibe and elaborate the nourishment
necessary to sustain its frame in vigour,
and much less to supply the healthy de-
velopment of new parts.
It is quite true that over-luxuriant
trees are particularly liable to this dis-
ease; but over-luxuriance is really a
demonstration that the tree does not
digest and secrete its juices healthily.
If over-luxuriance threaten to intro-
duce canker, the best remedy is to re-
move some of the main roots of the tree,
and to be particularly careful not to add
any manure to the soil within their
range. On the contrary, it will be well
if the continued exuberant growth shows
the necessity for the staple of the soil
to be reduced in fertility by the admix-
CAN
[ 169 ]
CAN
ture of one less fertile, or even of drift-
sand. If there be an excess of branches,
the saw and the priming-knife must be
gradually applied. It must be only a
tree of very weak vital powers, such as is
the golden pippin, that will bear the
general cutting of the annual shoots. A
vigorous variety would exhaust itself the
following year in the production of fresh
wood. Nothing beyond a general rule
for the pruning can be laid down. Keep
a considerable vacancy between every
"branch, both above and beneath it, and
especially provide that not even two twigs
shall chafe against each other. The
greaterthe intensity of light, and the freer
the circulation of air amongst the foliage
of the tree, the better the chance for its
healthy vegetation. If the disease being
in a fruit-tree be a consequence of old
age, it is probably premature, and in-
duced by injudicious management ; for
very few of our varieties are of an age
that insure to them decrepitude. We
have never yet known a tree, unless in
the last stage of decay, that could not
be greatly restored by giving it more air
and light, by careful heading in pruning,
improvement of the soil, and cleansing
the bark.
If the soil, by its ungenial character,
induces the diseases, the obvious and
only remedy is its amelioration ; and, if
the sub-soil is the cause of the mischief,
the roots must be prevented striking
into it. In all cases it is the best prac-
tice to remove the tap-root. If the trees
are planted shallow, as they ought to be,
and the surface kept duly fertile, there is
not much danger of the roots striking
into the worst pasturage of the sub-soil.
Scrubbing the bark of the stem and
branches with a mixture of soapsuds and
urine, and, where any pruning has taken
place, keeping the wounds covered with a
mixture of clay and cow-dung, are the
best local applications. We once thought
resinous plasters the best; but subsequent
experiments have altered our opinion.
The canker in the auricula is a rapidly-
spreading ulcer, which, destroying the
whole texture of the plant where it oc-
curs, prevents the rise of the sap. Some
gardeners believe it to be infectious, and
therefore destroy the specimen in which
it occurs, unless it be very valuable ; but
this we believe to be erroneous, the reason
of the disease appearing to be infectious,
or epidemic, being, that it occurs to
many when they are subjected to the
injurious treatment.
It appears to be caused by the appli-
cation of too much water, especially if
combined with super-abundant nourish-
ment. Therefore, although cutting out
the decaying part, when it first appears,
and applying to the wound some finely-
powdered charcoal, will effect a cure, if
the disease has not penetrated too deeply,
yet it will be liable to return immediately,
if a less forcing mode of culture be not
adopted. No auricula will suffer from
this disease if it be shifted annually, and
the tap-root at the time of moving be
shortened, a thorough system of draining
being adopted, and excessive damp during
the winter being prevented by proper
shelter.
Parsley, grown in a poor soil, is also
liable to canker in the winter. Mr. Barnes
says he never found any application which
eradicated this disease so effectually as a
mixture, in equal parts, of soot and
slacked lime thrown over the plants.
The cure is complete in a few days, the
vigour of the plants restored, indicating
that this species of ulceration arises
from deficient nourishment.
The tubers of the potato, also, are
liable to the speck, black spot, or canker,
a disease which we once thought occa-
sioned by the calcareous earth, lime, or
chalk contained by the soil ; but, on more
lengthened observation, we find it in all
soils, and in seasons characterized by
opposite extremes of wetness and dryness.
Hence we are induced to consider that
the disease arises from some defect in
the sets employed, or to potatoes being
grown too often on the same site. It is
quite certain, that in ground tired of pota-
toes, the disease most extensively appears.
This suggests that it is occasioned by a
deficiency of some constituent in the
soil, a suggestion confirmed by the fact,
that in the fields of the market-gardeners
near London, which are supplied without
stint with the most fertilizing manure,
this disease of the potato is comparatively
unknown.
The stems of succulent plants, such
as the cacti, mesembryanthemums, and
the balsam, as well as the fruit of the
cucumber and melon, and the stalk of
the grape, are all liable to canker in some
form.
CA'NNA. Indian Shot. (The Celtic
name for a cane, or reed. Nat ord.,
CAN
[ 170 ]
CAP
Maranths [Marantacesej. Linn., 2-Dian,
drin l-Hfonogynia.)
Store herbaceous perennials. Divisions of the
root; seed sown in hotbed; rich, open, loami
soil. Summer temp., 60° to 80° ; winter, 50° to 55°
C.Achi'ras (Achiras). 5. Dark red. August
Isle of Mendoza. 182g.
— angustifo'lia (narrow - leaved). 2. Scarlet
April. S. Amer. 1854.
— auranti'aca (orange). 4. Orange. December
Brazil. 1824.
— ca'rnea vflesh-coloured). 4. Flesh. December
Brazil. 1822.
— eoccVnea (scarlet). 2. Scarlet. December,
S. Amer. 1731.
— oompa'cta (compact). 2. Red. April. E,
Ind. 1820.
— cro'cea (saffron-coloured). 2. Red. May. 1823.
— denuda'ta (naked). 2. Scarlet. June. Brazil.
1818.
latifo'lia (broad-leaved). 3. Red. May.
Brazil. 1818.
— di'sculor (two-coloured-tea»e(f). 10. Scarlet.
November. Trinidad. 182/.
— edu'lis (eatable). 3. Red. September. Peru.
1820.
— escule'nta (esculent). 4. Red. December S.
Amer. 1822.
— exce'lsa (lofty). 16. Scarlet. January. Brazil.
1820.
— fla'ccida (weak). 5. Red. July. South Carolina.
1788.
— giga'ntea (gigantic). 5. Red, yellow. De-
cember. South Europe. 1809.
— glau'ca (milky-green). 2. Yellow. January.
S. Amer. 1730.
ru'bro lu'tea (yellow and red). 4J. Yel-
lowish-red. Augnst. Jamaica. 1834.
ru'fa (reddish-brown). 2. Brown. July.
S. Amer.
— 1'ndica (Indian). 2. Scarlet. December. India.
1570.
— macula! ta (spotted). 2. Reddish-yellow. De-
cember. India.
— iridlflo'ra (iris-flowered). 6. Red. December.
Peru. 1816.
— ju'ncea (rush-like). I. Red. May. Indies. 1820.
— Lagune'nsis (Laguna). 5. Yellow. Septem-
ber. Laguna. 1 823.
— Lambe'rti (Lambert's). 4. Scarlet. May.
Trinidad. 1819.
— lanceola'ta (spear-leaved). 3. Red. Decem-
ber. Brazil. 1825.
— lanugino'sa (woolly). 6. Scarlet. April. Marant.
1823.
— latifo'lia (broad-leaved). 10. Pink. Decem-
ber. Brazil. 1820.
— limbatta (bordered). 3. Red. December.
Brazil. 1818.
— to/tea (yellow). 2. Yellow. October. E. Ind.
1829-
— occidentals (western). 3. Reddish-yellow.
June. W. Ind. 1822.
— orientu'tis (eastern). 4. Red. June. E. Ind.
1820.
fla'va (yellow). 4. Yellow. June. E.
Ind. 1820.
macula'ta (spotted). Scarlet, yellow. Au-
gust. E. Ind. 15/0.
— pa1 7rtda(pale- flowering}. 4. Pale yellow. June.
W. Ind. J820.
latifo'lia (broad-leaved). 3. Yellow. June.
W. Ind. 18iO.
— pa'tens (spreading). 2. Reddish-yellow. May.
Kio Janeiro. 1778.
C.pedunculn>ta(long-fio\ter-&talked'). 6. Orange.
October. 1820.
— polymo'rpha (many-formed). 3. Red. De-
cember. S.Amer. 1825.
— Reefvesii (Reeve's). 5. Yellow. May. China.
1835.
— ru'bra (red). 3. Red. December. W. Ind.
1820.
— rubricau'lis (red-stemmed). 3. Red. May.
18-21.
— sangtti'nea (bloony). 4. Red. December. S,
Amer. 1820.
— specio'sa (showy). 3. Red. August. S.Amer.
1820.
— sylve'stris (wild). 5. Scarlet. December. S.
Amer. 1 8VO.
— varia' bills (variable). 3. Red. December.
India. 1822.
— Warszeu'i'czii (Warszewicz's). 3$. Scarlet.
Costa Rica. 1849.
CANNON-BALL TREE. Le'cythis.
CANTERBURY BELLS. Campanula mc'-
dium.
CA'NTHIUM. (From Cantix, its Mala-
bar name. Nat. ord., Cinehonads [Cin-
chonacese]. Linn., 5-Pentandria 1-Monv-
gynia. Allied to Psychotria.)
Besides its beauty, it is one of those remedial
agents for which Cinchoaads are so much cele-
brated. A stove evergreen shrub. Cuttings of
half-ripened shoots in sandy soil, under a glass;
rich, fibry. sandy loam. Summer temp., 60° to
70° ; winter, 40° to 45°.
C. du'bium (doubtful). 8. White. July. E. Ind.
1824.
CA'NTUA. ( Canlu is the Peruvian name,
tfat. ord., Pliloxworts [Polemoniacece].
Linn., 5-Pentandria l-Monoyynia.)
Greenhouse evergreen shrubs. Cuttings in sand,
under glass ; sandy loam and peat. Winter temp-,
40° to 45°.
C. bi1 color (two-coloured). 4. Reddish-yellow.
May. Peru. 1846.
— buxifb'lia (box-leaved). 4. Rosy. April.
Peruvian Andes. 1849.
— pyrifo'lia (pear-leaved). 3. Cream, March.
Peru. 1846.
CAPE JASMINE. Garde' tiiajlo'rida.
CAPE PHILLY'REA. Cassi'ne Cape'nsis,
CA'PPARIS. Caper-tree. (From Ara&ar,
he Arabic name for capers. Nat. ord.,
lappands [Cappaiidacese]. Linn., 13-
Polyandria 1-Monogynia.)
The flower-buds of C. spino'sa form a well-known
ickle. Stove evergreen shrubs, except where
therwise specified. Cuttings of ripe shoots in
and, under a glass, in moist heat ; sandy loam
nd fibry peat. All require protection, and most
f them the usual treatment of the plant-stove.
C. acumina'ta (long-pointed-teoyed). 6. White.
E. Ind. 1822.
— JEgypti'aca (Egyptian). 3. White. Egypt.
1822.
— amygdali'na (almond-like). 6. White. W.
Ind. 1818.
— aphy'lla (leafless). 4. White. E. Ind.
1822.
— auricula' ta (eared). 6. White.
CAP
[ 171 ]
CAP
C. Bm'ssn (Brass's). 4. White. Gold Coast.
1793.
— Bre'yriin (Breynius's). 11. White. W. Ind.
1752.
— Chine'nsis (Chinese). 4. White. July. S.
Amer. 1827.
*iora (dog-phallus-bearing. Bay-
leaved). 8. Green, white. W.Ind. 1752.
— Eustachia'na (St. Kustach's). 6. Striped.
St. Eustach. 1822.
— ferrugi'nr.a (rusty). 4, White. Jamaica.
— frondo'sa (leafy). 7. Green. Carfhagena. 1806.
— herba'cea (herbaceous). 2. White. Tauria.
1818. Herbaceous half-hardy.
— Jamaice'nsis (Jamaica). 4. White. Jamaica.
1/93.
— linealris (narrow-Jeaued). 15. White. W.
Ind. 1793.
— Maria'na (Marianne Island). 4. White. Ti-
mor. 1820.
— odorati'ssima (sweetest-scented). 6. White.
Caraccas. 1814.
— ova'ta (egg-«>hape-te<«'ed). 3. White. July.
South of Europe. Half-hardy deciduous.
— pelta'ta (shield-leaved). 6. White. Trinidad.
1827.
— pulche'rrima (fairest). 10. White. Carthagc-na.
1700.
— sali'gna (willow-/eat>ed). 8. White. Santa
Cruz. 1807.
— sepia'ria (hedge). 4. White. E. Ind. J823.
— spino'sa (common-spiny). 3. White. June.
South of Europe. 1596. Half-hardy
deciduous.
— tenuisi' liqua (slender- podded). 6. White.
Caraccas. 1823.
— torulo'sa (twisted-podded). 6. White. W.
Ind. 1822.
— triflo'ra (three-flowered). 4. White. S. Amer.
— undulu'ta (waved). 6. White.
— verruca' so. (warty-podded). 8. White. Car-
thagena. 1820.
— Zeyla'nica (Ceylon). 6. White. Ceylon. 1819.
CAPEIFO'LIUM. Honeysuckle. (From
caper, a goat, and folium, a leaf; poeti-
cally, goat-leaf, for its climbing habit.
Nat. ord., Caprifoils [CaprifoliaceoeJ.
Linn., 5-Pentandria \-Monoyynia. Allied
to Lonicera.)
All deciduous and twiners, except where other-
wise specified. Cuttings of ripened shoots taken
off in autumn, and inserted in a shady border ;
tender and scarcer kinds should have the assist-
ance of a hand-light, as the wood is generally
pithy. The most successful mode of propagating
out of doors is by layers in autumn, after the
leaves have commenced falling. Common soil.
HARDY.
C. dioi'cum (dioecious). 6. Purple. June. N.
Amer. 17/6.
— Douglu'sii (Douglas's). 20. Orange. July.
N. Amer. 1824. Climber.
— Etru'scurn (Etruscan). 15. Orange. May. Italy.
— flu'vurn (yellow). 10. Yellow. May. Carolina.
1810.
— gra'tum (pleasant). 20. Red. July. N. Amer.
1730. Evergreen.
— hirsu'tum (hairy-/m«ed). 20. Yellow. May.
Canada. 1822.
— hispi'dulum (rather bristly). Rose. July. S.
Amer. 1833.
— Ita'licum (Italian). 10. Purple, yellow. June.
England.
C. Itali'cum ru'brum (red Italian), 10, Bed.
June. South Europe.
— longiflo'rum (long-flowered). Yellow, white.
July. China. 1826. Climber.
— occidenta'le (western). 20. Orange. July. Ft
Vancouver. 1824.
— periclyme'num (woodbine). 20. Yellow. June.
Britain.
Be'lgica (Dutch). 20. Yellow. June.
querdfo'liurn (oak-leaved). 20. Yellow,
red. June.
sero'tinum (late-red). 20. Yellow, red.
June.
variega'tum (variegated), 15. Yellow, red,
June. Britain.
— tempervi'rens (evergreen). 15. Scarlet. June.
N. Amer. 1656. Evergreen.
Bro'wnii (Brown's). 20. Bright scarlet.
May.
ma'jor (laxger-flowered). 20. Scarlet.
May.
mi'nus (less. Trumpet). 15. Scarlet.
June. Carolina. 1606.
— tubulo'sum (cylindrical). Mexico. 1846.
HALF-HARDY.
C. Chine'nse (China). 30. Orange. August. China.
1806. Evergreen.
— cilio'sum (hair-fringed). 6. Yellow. June.
Missouri. 1825.
— imple'xum (interwoven). 8. Red, yellow. July.
Minorca. 1772. Evergreen.
Balea'ricum (Balearic). 8. Cream. June.
Minorca.
— Japo'nicum (Japanese). 15. Red. June. China.
1806. Evergreen.
— Nepale'nse (Nepaul). 15. Orange. July. Ne-
paul. 1807. Evergreen.
CA'PSICUM. Chili Pepper. (From kapto,
to bite ; referring to its pungency. Nat.
ord., Nightshades [SolanaceaeJ. Linn.,
5-Pentandria \-Monogynia.)
Cayenne pepper is the ground seeds of Capsi-
cum. Seeds sown in a hotbed, in March, and,
after being picked off finally, potted, to be grown
in a house, such as a vinery, or transplanted
against a wall, or any sheltered place out of doors.
HARDY ANNUALS.
C. angulo'sum (angular-/rwi£ed). 1. White. June.
India.
— a'nnum (annual). 1. White. June. India.
1548.
— cordifo'rme (heart-shaped). 1. White. June.
India.
— lo'ngum (long- fruited). 1. White. June.
India. 1548.
— tetragu'num (four-angled). 1. White. June.
India.
STOVE EVERGREEN SHRUBf.
C. bacca't urn (berried). 3. White. June. 1/31.
— bi'color (two-coloured). 4. Purple. June. W.
Ind. 1804.
— cerasiflo'rum (cherry-flowered). 2. White.
June. 1823.
— cerastfu'rme (cherry-shaped). 1. Red, yellow.
June. W. Ind. 1739. Annual.
— ccerule'scens (bluish). Purple. June. S. Amer.
1827-
— co'nicum (corned-fruited). 2. White. Jane.
Guiana. 1820. Annual.
— conoi'des (cone-like). 2. White. April. India.
1750.
CAP
[ 172 ]
CAK
C.frute'scens (shrubby). 1. Pale yellow. July.
India. 1656.
-- tortulo'sum (rather-twisted). 2. White.
E. Ind. 1820.
— globi'ferum (globe-bearing). 2. White. June.
Guiana. 1824.
— gro'ssum (large). 1. White. July. India. 1752.
Biennial.
-- bi'fidvm (two-cleft). White. May. E.
Ind. 1758.
-- globo'sum (globe -fruited}. I. White.
July. E. Ind.
— Havane'nse (Havanah). White. May. Ha-
vanah. 1826.
— lu'teum (yellow-fruited). 1. White. July. E.
Ind. 1820.
— micra'nthum (small-flowered). 3. White. May.
Brazil. 1820.
— microca'rpon ^small-fruited). 2. White. May.
— Mille'rii (Miller's). 1. White. June. W. Ind.
1824. Annual.
— mi'nimum (smallest). White. May. E. Ind.
1728.
— ova'tum (egg-fruited). 3. White. July. 1824.
— pe'ndulum (pendulous). 2. White. May. 1750.
— pyramida'le (pyramidal). 2. White.
— Sine'nse (
Egypt. 1750
Chi
1807.
May.
nese). 2. White. July. China.
— sphee'ricum (globular-fruited). 2. White. May.
1807.
— tomatifo'rme (tomato-shaped). 1$. Whitish.
July. Biennial.
— ustula'tum (burnt). 2. White. June. Chili.
Annual.
CAPSICUM. For pickling purposes the
following are the species and varieties
usually employed :—
Ca'psicuni a'nmnim (Guinea pepper),
the long-podded, short-podded, and oval
short-podded. C. ccrasifo'rme (cherry
pepper), cherry-shaped red and yellow-
podded. C.yrd'ssum (bell pepper).
Soil and Situation. — They do best in a
light, rich loam, and against a fence or
•wall. Hence they are often grown within
an enclosure devoted to hotbed-forcing.
Time and mode of Solving. — Sow to-
wards the end of March or beginning of
April. Sow in pots or pans, and place in
a hotbed, with the shelter of a frame ;
but, in default of a stove, hotbed, or
frame, they may be raised under hand-
glasses on a warm border, the sowing, in
such case, being deferred until settled
warm weather, in May. The seed co-
vered a quarter of an inch deep. When
the plants have still their seed-leaves,
thin to four inches apart, and those re-
moved plant in four-inch pots, three in
each, and keep them in a moderate hot-
bed, being shaded from the meridian sun,
and moderately watered with tepid water
until they have taken root; but little
shading will be required if the roots of
the seedlings are carefully moved, and in
the afternoon just before shutting up.
During the whole of their continuance
beneath a frame, air must be admitted
freely, to prevent their being drawn ; and,
as May advances, they must be accus-
tomed gradually to an uncovered situa-
tion, by taking off the glasses during the
day, and by degrees leaving them open of
an evening : this prepares them for their
final removal at the close of that month,
or early in June. Those raised in a
border beneath hand-glasses must also
be thinned as directed above, and those
removed planted in a similar situation,
or, in default of hand-glasses, beneath a
paper frame or matting. The same may
be adopted for the plants from the hot-
beds, if all other conveniences are want-
ing. When planted out finally, set them
two feet asunder, screened from the sun,
and water freely until rooted. Continue
the watering in dry weather throughout
their growth. They flower during July
or beginning of August, and the pods rfre
ready to be gathered for pickling at the
close of this last month, or early in Sep-
tember.
To obtain Seed. — A plant bearing some
of the forwardest and finest fruits of each
variety must be preserved, that it may
be ripe before the frost commences, the
first of which generally kills the plants.
When completely ripe, cut the pods, and
hang up in the sun, or in a warm room,
until completely dry, and keep the seed
in them until wanted for sowing.
CARAGA'NA. Siberian Pea-tree. (From
Garagan, the name of C. arbore'scens
among the Mogul Tartars. Nat. ord., Le-
guminous Plants [Fabacese], Linn., 17-
Dladelphia k-Decandria. Allied to Co-
lutea.)
These handsome shrubs inhabit the whole of
north-eastern Asia, from Pekin in China, west-
ward, to the banks of the Wolga. They are in-
creased principally in the nurseries, by grafting
on C. arbore'scens, which is a deciduous tree ; hut
all the others are deciduous shrubs. The lareer-
growing species are best propagated by seeds
sown in spring, or by cuttings of the roots.
Shrubby, low plants by seed and layers ; and the
rarer, Chinese, Siberian, and drooping kinds by
grafting in spring ; sandy loam.
C. Altaga'na (Altagana). 3. Yellow. May. Si
beria. 1/89.
— arbore'scens (tree-like). 15. Yellow. May.
Siberia. 1752.
ine'rmis (unarmed). 10. Yellow. May.
Siberia. 1820.
— arena 'ria (sand). 1. Yellow. June. Si-
beria. 1802.
— Chamla'gu (Chamlagu). 4. Yellow, May.
China. 1773.
CAB
[ 173 ]
CAR
C.fe'rox (fierce). 2. Yellow. June. Siberia.
—frute'scens (shrubby). 2. Yellow. April.
Siberia. 1762.
angustifo'lia (nanrow-leafleted). 6. Yel-
low. April. Odessa.
latifo'lia (broad-leafleted). 6. Yellow.
April.
— grandiflu'ra (large-flowered). 1. Yellow. June.
Iberia. 1823.
— Gerardia'na (Gerard's). Himalayas. 1839.
— juhufta (maned). 2. Pink. April. Siberia. 1796,
— tnacraca'ntha (large-thomed). 2. Yellow.
June. Siberia.
— microphy' lla (small-leaved). 2. Yellow. May.
Russia. 1819.
— mo' His (soft). 2. Yellow. May. Tauria. 1818.
— Mongo'lica (Mongolian). Yellow. April. Tar-
tary. 1826.
— pygmat'a (pigmy). 1. Yellow. May. Si-
beria. 1751.
_^ arena'ria (sand). 1. Yellow. April.
— Redo'wski (Redowski's). 3. Yellow. June.
Siberia. 1827.
pra'cox (early). 3. Yellow. April.
— spino'sa (thorny). 6. Yellow. May. Siberia.
1775.
— tragacanthoi'des (goat's-thorn-like). 4, Yel-
low. May. Siberia. 1816.
— triflo'ra (three-flowered). Greenish - yellow.
1847.
CARA'LLIA. (From Carallie, its name
in India. Nat. ord., Mangroves [Rhizo-
phoracese]. Linn., ll-Dodecandria l-
Monogynia.)
This, like the rest of the Mangroves, grows only
along the tropical shores, where they form im-
penetrable thickets, and send down roots from
the branches, like the Banian-tree. In time such
roots raise the main trunks high above their ori-
ginal level ; hence the usual name of the order—
Rhizophoracese, or root-bearers. Cuttings and
treatment as for Canthium.
C. lu'cida (shining). 20, Yellow. E. Ind. 1820.
CARALLD'MA. (Its Indian name. Nat.
ord., Asclepiads [AsclepiadaceaB]. Linn.,
5-Pentandria 2-Digynia. Allied to Sta-
pelia.)
Stove evergreen shrubs, natives of East Indies.
Cuttings well dried, and laid, rather than fas-
tened, among gravelly and limy, rubbishy soil,
until they strike ; sandy loam, broken pots, and
lime-rubbish ; little water given, unless when
growing freely. Summer temp., 60° to 85° ; win-
ter, 48° to 55°, and dry.
C, asce'ndens (ascending). 2. Pink. July. 1804.
— crenula'ta (scolloped). £. Pale yellow.
182Q.
—fimbrin'ta (fringed). £, Pale yellow. 1829.
— umbella'ta (umbelled). Pink. 1804.
CARAMBO 'LA-TREE. Averrho'a caram-
bo'la.
CARA'NDAS. Cari'ssa Cara'ndas.
CARA'PA. (From Caraipe, its name in
South America. Nat. ord., Meliads [Me-
liacese]. Linn., IQ-Decandria l-Mono-
ffynia.)
The flowers are small, but numerous ; and, like
the rest of the Meliads, this genus possesses bitter
astringent and tonic qualities. Stove trees. Cut-
tings of ripened shoots in sand, undei a glass,
and in bottom-heat ; loam and pent. Summer
temp., 60° to 85° ; winter, 55° to 60°.
C. Guiane'nsis (Guiana). 20. Yellow. Guiana.
1824.
— Guinee'nsis (Guinea). 20. Yellow. Sierra
Leone. 1793.
— Molucce'nsis (Moluccas). 20. Yellow. E. Ind.
1820.
— pro'emi (tall). 40. Yellow. W. Ind.
CA'RAWAY. Co! rum ca'rui.
CARDA'MINE. Lady's Smock. (From
kardamon, watercress ; referring to the
acrid flavour. Nat. ord., Crucifers [Bras-
sicacese]. Linn., 15-Tetradynamia. Allied
to Arabis.)
Like the rest of the Crucifers, Carda'mine is
antiscorbutic and stimulant. All that we describe
are hardy herbaceous perennials, except C.thalic-
troi'des, which is an annual ; seeds in any com-
mon soil, provided it be moist ; the herbaceous
and marshy plants by division ; marshy, peaty soil.
C. ama'ra (bitter). 1. White. April. Britain.
Aquatic.
— asarifo'lia (asarum-leaved). 1. White. June.
Italy. 1/10.
— bellidifo'lia (daisy-leaved), 1. White. April.
Scotland.
alpifna (alpine). 1. White. April. Aus-
tria. 1658.
— cJielido'nia (celandine-feaued). !• White. June.
Italy. 1739.
— glau'ca (milky-green). 1. White. June. Ca-
labria. 1827.
— latifo'lia (broad-leaved). 2. Purple. June.
Spain. 1710. Marsh-plants.
— macropfiy'tla (large-leaved). 1. Purple. May.
Siberia. 1824.
— prate'nsis (me&dow-cuckoo-Jlower'). 1. Pur-
ple. April. Britain. Marsh-plant.
ple'na (double-flowered). I. Purple. April.
Marsh-plant.
ple'na-a'lba (double- white-lowered). 1,
White. April. Marsh-plant.
— thalictroi'des (thalictrum-like). 1. White.
June. Piedmont. 1818. Annual.
— trifo'lia (three-leaved). 2. White. May. Swit-
zerland. 1629.
— uligino'sa (bog). 1. White. April. Tauria.
1819. Marsh-plant.
CARDAMOM. Alpi'nia Cardamo'mum.
CARDINAL FLOWER. Lobe'lia cardina'iis.
CARDOON. (Cyna'racardu'nculus.) The
stalks of tbe inner leaves, when rendered
tender by blanching, are used in stews,
soups, and salads.
Soil and Situation. — A light, rich, un-
shaded soil, dug deep, and well pulve-
rised, suits it best.
Time and mode of Souring.— -Sow at the
close of April, those plants raised from
earlier sowing being apt to run; for a
late crop, a sowing may be performed in
June. Best practice is to sow in patches
of three or four, six inches apart, in rows
four feet apart, to be thinned finally to
one in each place, the weakest being re-
CAB
[ 174 1
CAB
moved. If, however, they are raised in a
yeed-bed, they will be ready for trans-
planting in about eight or ten weeks
from the time of sowing, and must be set
at similar distances.
The seed must be covered about half
an inch. When about a month old, thin
the seedlings to four inches apart, and
those removed may be pricked out at a
similar distance. When of the age suf-
ficient for their removal, they must be
taken up carefully, and the long, strag-
gling leaves removed. The bed for their
reception must be dug well, and laid out
in trenches, as for celery, or a hollow
sunk for each plant ; but, as they are li-
able to suffer from excessive wet, the
best mode is to plant on the surface, and
form the necessary earthing in the shape
of a ridge. Water abundantly at the time
of planting, as well as subsequently,
until the plants are established ; and also
in August, if dry weather occurs, regu-
larly every other night, as this is found
to prevent their running to seed. When
advanced to about eighteen inches in
height, which, according to the time of
sowing, will be in August, and thence to
October, the leaves must be closed to-
gether, a hay-band wound round each,
and then earthed up like celery. It must
be done on a dry day. As the plants
grow, use more hay-bands and more
earthing, until blanched about two feet
high. The blanching is completed in
about eight or ten weeks. If litter is
thrown over the tops during severe wea-
ther, the plants will continue good
through the winter.
To obtain Seed. — Being a native of
Candia, seed in this country seldom
comes 'to maturity ; but, in dry seasons,
a few plants may be set in a sheltered
situation of the April sowing, not earthed
up, but allowed the shelter of mats or
litter in frosty weather. The flowers
make their appearance about the begin-
ning of July, and the seed should ripen
in September.
CAKDU'NCELLUS. (The diminutive of
carditnculus, the Cardoon. Nat. ord.,
Composites [Asteracese] . Linn.,19-Syy</e-
nesia 1-JEqualis. Allied to Carthamus.)
Hardy herbaceous perennials, natives of France.
Division of the roots ; common soil.
C. miti'ssimus (most gentle), f . Blue. June. 17/6.
— vulga'ris (common). |. Blue. May. 1734.
CA'RDUUS. Thistle. (From ard, the
Celtic word for a prickle, or sharp point;
referring to the spines of the Thistle.
Nat. ord., Composites [Asteracese]. Linn.,
\9-Syngenesia l-&qualis.)
Notwithstanding the proverbial weediness of
Thistles, there are some handsome garden-spe-
cies among them. All hardy. Seeds or divisions ;
common soil.
ANNUALS.
C. a'lbidus (whitish). 2. Purple. July. Tauria.
1816.
— Ara'bicus (Arabian). J. Purple. July. Arabia.
1789-
— argenta'tus (silvered). 1. Purple. July. Egypt.
1789-
— cine'reus (grey). 3. Purple. July. Caucasus*
1818.
— clavula'tus (club-shaped). 2. Purple. July.
Canaries. 1827.
— leuca'nthus (white-flowered). 2. Purple. July.
Spain. 1816.
— leuco' graphut (white-painted). 2. Purple.
June. Italy. 1752.
— peregri'nus (diffuse). 2. Purple. July. 1816.
— Volge'nsis (Volga). 2. Purple, July. Voiga.
1820.
BIENNIALS.
C. ala'tus (winged). 2. Purple. July. 1812.
— cu'ndicans (hoar^. 3. Purple. July. Hun-
gary. 1805.
— Carlineaifo'lius (Carline-leaved). 2. Purple.
July. Pyrenees. 1804.
— Carlinoi'des (Carline-like). 1. Purple. July.
Pyrenees. 1784.
— colli'nus (hill). 3. Purple. July. Hungary.
1818.
— corymbo'sus (corymbose). 4. Purple. July.
Naples. 1824.
— cri'spus (curled). 2. Purple. July. Europe.
1804.
— hamuln'sus (hooked-spiaed). 5. Purple. June.
Hungary. 1802.
— lanugino'sus (woolly). 3. Purple. July.
Armenia. 1820.
— monto'sus (mountain). 3. Purple. July.
South of Europe. 1820.
— myriaca'nthus (rayriad-spined). Purple. July.
N. Africa. 1856.
— nigre'scens (blackish). 4. Purple. July.
South of France. ISig.
— persona1 ta (burdock). 4. Purple. July.
Austria. 1776.
— seminu'dus (half-naked). 3. Purple. Cau-
casus. 1819.
— uncina'tus (hooked), 6. Purple. July.
Tauria. 1817.
HERBACEOUS PERENNIALS.
C. affi'nis (allied). Pink. July. Naples. 1P30.
— alpefstris (alpine). l£. Purple. July. Cro-
atia. 1805.
— atriplicifo'lius (atriplex-leaved). 10. Purple.
August. Siberia. 1/84.
— arctioi'des (burdock-like). 2. Purple. July,
Carniola. 1804.
— argemo'ne (argemone-leaved). l£. Purple.
July, Pyrenees. 1810.
— crassifo'lius (thick-leaved). 2. Purple. July.
1805.
— deflora'tus (unflowered). 6. Red. Augut-t.
Austria. 1570.
— du'bivs (doubtful). 2. Purple. July. 1S16.
— mawoce'phdlus (large-headed). 2. July.
Numidia. 1827-
CAR
[ 175 ]
CAE
C. me'dius (intermediate). 2. Purple. June.
Piedmont. 1819-
— onopordioi'des (onopordum-like). l£. Purple.
July. Iberia. 1818.
— orienta'Hs (eastern). 2. Purple. July. Iberia.
1804.
— parviflo'rus (small-flowered). 2. Purple. July.
South of Europe. 1781.
— podaca'nthus (foot-spined). 3. Purple. July.
France. 181Q.
— pycnocc1 phalus (dense-headed-7£a/z'an). l£.
Purple. July. South of Europe. 1739-
CARE'YA. (Named after Dr. Carey, a
celebrated divine and Indian linguist,
who devoted his leisure hours to garden-
ing and botany. Nat. ord., Barrington-
iads [Barringtoniacete]. Linn., 16-Jfo-
nadelphia $-Polyandria.}
These splendid plants are fit associates to Bar-
ringtonia and Gustavia. Stove-plants, from the
East Indies ; cuttings, and dividing the roots ;
sandy loam one part, to two parts fibry peat, with
pieces of charcoal, and plenty of drainage, and
careful watering. Summer temp., 60° to 85°;
winter, 55° to 60°.
C. arbo'ren (tree). 8. Red and yellow. 1823.
— herba'cca (herbaceous). 1. Red and white.
July. 1808. Herbaceous perennial.
— sphai'rica (round-fruited). 3. Red. 1803.
Evergreen shrub.
CA'RICA. Papaw-tree. (Named from
an erroneous idea that it was a native of
Caria. Nat. ord., Papayads [Papayacese].
Linn., 22-Dioscia 9-Dccandria.)
One of the tropical fruits grown in our stoves,
more for curiosity than for use. The Papaw fruit
(C. papa'va) is eaten, when cooked, in some parts
of South America, but not much esteemed by
Europeans. Stove trees ; cuttings of ripe shoots
in sandy soil, under a bell-glass, and in sweet
bottom-heat ; rich, loamy soil. Summer temp.,
60° to 85°; winter, 50° to 60°.
C. cauliflo'ra (stem-flowering). 20. Green. Ca-
raccas. 1806.
— citrifo'rmis (orange-formed), 20. Yellowish.
Lima. 1820.
— microca'rpa monoi'ca (small-fruited-monoe-
cious). 20. Whitish-green. 1818.
— papa'ya (common papaw). 20. Green. July.
India. 1690.
— pyrifo'rmis (pear-shaped). 20. Pinkish. Peru.
1823.
— spino'sa (prickly). 20. Whitish-green. Guiana.
1821.
CAKI'SSA. (The derivation is not as-
certained ; but krishna-pakphula is the
Sanscrit name of C. Cara'ndas. Nat. ord.,
a section of Dogbanes [Apocynacese].
Linn., 5-Penlandria 1-Hfonogynia.)
The milky juice of this and others in this order
of Dogbanes is manufactured into India-rubber.
The fruit of C. Cara'ndas furnishes a substitute
for red-currant jelly. Stove trees and shrubs ;
cuttings of ripe wood in sand, under a glass, in
hottom-heat; peat and loam. Summer temp.,
60° to 85° ; winter, 50° to 55°.
C. Cara'ndas (Carandaa). 15. White. July.
E. Ind. 1790.
C. lunceola'ta (spear-leaved). 6. White. Julr.
N. Holland. 1822.
— ova'tu (egg-leaved). 15. White. August,
N. Holland. 181Q.
— spina'rum (spiny). 20. White. July. E.
Ind. 181Q.
— xylopi'cron (bitter-wooded). 12. White.
July. Mauritius. 1820.
CARU'NA. (Named after Charlemagne.
Nat. ord., a section of Composites [Astera-
ceaej. Linn., \9-Syngenesia 1-JEqualis.)
Hardy herbaceous perennials, except where
otherwise specified. Seeds of annuals in April ;
seeds and divisions of perennials. The Cape
species requires protection. Common soil.
C. acanthifo'lia (acanthus-leaved). 2. White.
June. Carniola. 1818.
— acau'lis (stemless). jj. White. June. Italy.
1640.
caule'scens (short-stemmed). 1. White.
June. Switzerland. 1819-
— aggrega'ta (clustered). 2. White. July.
Hungary. 1804.
— Biebersteinia'na (Bieberstein's). 2. August.
Caucasus. 1816.
— corymbo'sa (corymbose). 3. Yellow. July.
South of Europe. 1640.
— "Jana'ta (woolly). 3. Purple. June. South
of Europe. 1683. Hardy annual.
— lyra'ta (lyre-shaped-/eaped). ] . June. Cape
of Good Hope. 1816. Greenhouse bi-
ennial.
— racemo'sa (racemed-./?ou>ered). 3. Yellow.
July. Spain. 1658. Hardy biennial.
— Si'cula (Sicilian). 1. July. Sicily. 1827 .
Hardy biennial.
— si'mplex (singly-lowered). lj. White. June.
Hungary. 1816.
CARLUDO'VICA. (Named after Charles
IV., of Spain, and Louisa, his queen.
Nat. ord., Screw-Pines [Pandanaceae],
Linn., 2l-Monoscia 9-Polyandria.)
The leaves of all the Screw-Pines are set spirally
round the stem, which gives it a cork-screw ap-
pearance ; hence the name of this order. Stove
perennials; suckers; sandy loam. Summer temp.,
60° to 80°; winter, 50° to 55°.
EVERGREEN CLIMBERS.
C.funi'fera (rope-bearing). 4. White. Trini-
dad. 1824.
— Jamaicc'nsis( Jamaica). 4. White. Jamaica.
1825.
HERBACEOUS SHRUBS.
C. angustifo'lia (narrow-leaved). 3. Greenish-
yellow. Peru. 1818.
— latifo'lia (broad-leaved). 3. Green. July.
Peru. 1818.
— palma'ta (hand-leaped). 3. White. July.
Peru. 1818.
CARMICHAE'LIA. (Named after Capt.
H. Carmichacl, author of the Flora of
Tri&tan, da Acunha. Nat. ord., Legumi-
nous Plants [Fabacese]. Linn., \l-L>ia-
delphia k-Decandria. Allied to Indigo-
fera.)
Greenhouse evergreen shrub ; cuttings of side-
shoots under glass, in sand, in April or May}
sandy peat, and a very little fibry loam. Summer
temp., 55° to fl° ; winter, 40° to 45°.
CAE
J
CAH
C. austra'lia (southern). 2. Blue. June. N.
Holland. 1800.
CARNATION. (Dia'nthus caryophy'l-
lus.) Propagation by Layers. — The latter
end of July and beginning of August is
the best time for this operation. By
performing it thus early the layers be-
come rooted in time to be taken off,
potted, and well established before
winter. Having a very sharp, small
knife, some fresh-sifted compost of light
loam and leaf-mould in equal parts, and
some hooked pegs (the best are made of
the fronds of the common Fern, or, when
they cannot be had,of birch or hazel-twigs ) ,
proceed to dress the stem intended to be
layered by trimming off the bottom leaves,
leaving about six on, nearest to the top.
Do not shorten those left on. If there
are more in the pot than can be con-
veniently layered, take the surplus ones
off, and" make pipings of them. Dress
all intended to be layered in one pot
before any are tongued. This prevents
breakage and confusion. Then tongue
the layer; to do which, hold the first
layer on one side, and with the knife
make an incision on the under-side, just
below the third joint, bringing the knife
slanting upward through the joint ; then
drop the knife, and with the other hand
take up a hooked peg, thrust the sharp
end into the soil, catching the layer with
the hooked end of the peg as it descends ;
press it gently but firmly down to the
soil. Proceed with the layer next to the
one done, and so on all round the plants,
till the first pot is finished; then cover
the slit joint an inch deep with the com-
post, and proceed to the next pot or plant.
It is not advisable to water the newly-lay-
ered plants the first day, because with-
holding it will give time for the wounds
to heal a little.
Soil. — The best compost to grow and
bloom carnations in is three parts loam,
taken from an upland pasture, the top
turf four inches thick; lay it up in a
heap for twelve months, turning it over
once a month, to sweeten and pulverize,
and looking out diligently for the wire-
worm, the grand end of the carnation.
One part two-years-old cow-dung, and
one part well-decayed vegetable-mould.
Mix them together three months before
using, and turn them over together three
or four times.
Spring and Summer Culture. — About
the end of March is the right time to put
the carnations into their blooming pots.
They are generally grown in pairs ; but
this is not a necessary point. The pots
for blooming should be eleven inches
across, well drained with broken potsherds,
and the compost not sifted : but in using
it keep a sharp eye upon the wire -worm.
As soon as all are potted, set them upon
a bed of coal-ashes, in a sheltered part
of the garden ; give water when necessary.
Whenever the plants begin to send up
their flower-stems, place sticks to them
of the size and height they will require
when in bloom. Tie very slackly, or the
stems will become knee'd, and perhaps
break ; to prevent which, pay attention
constantly to the ties.
When the buds are nearly full-grown,
thin out the least promising, leaving the
most plump and healthy. Just before
they break, or burst, place an India-
rubber ling round each bud, or a ribband
of bass-mat ; this prevents the buds
bursting on one side. Shade them from
sun and heavy rains.
Autumn and Winter Culture. — As soon
as the bloom is over, cut down the flower-
stems, and expose the plants to the full
sun and rain. Take off the layers
as soon as they are rooted ; put them
into 5 -inch pots, in pairs; place them
in cold frames, shading them from the
sun until they make fresh roots ; then
expose them again to the weather till the
winter frosts begin to take place ; and
then keep the lights on, protecting them
from heavy rains and frost ; but, on all
favourable occasions, during mild, fine
weather, draw the lights entirely off
during the day, shutting them up at night,
and covering them up securely whenever
there is an appearance of severe frost.
Forcing. — Carnations may be success-
fully forced, choosing the freest growers,
potting them singly, early, into 8-inch
pots, and placing them in gentle heat
(55°) early in January. There is a
variety called the Tree Carnation, which
answers best for forcing. Lately there
have been imported from the Continent
several handsome and full - flowering
Tree Carnations, which are a great addi-
tion to our winter flowers. To bloom
these in the greatest perfection, they
should not be allowed to flower the first
year, but should be re-potted, when
rooted, into 8-inch pots, the tops nip-
ped off to make them bushy, and no
flower-stems allowed to rise till the
CAR
[ 177 ]
CAR
autumn following. They will then send
up several stems, and flower all the
winter in the greenhouse or conserva-
tory. Tree Carnations are propagated
by pipings ; and, as the same method of
propagating by pipings is proper for
the florists' varieties, we shall describe
it briefly. It is done as follows : — Pre-
pare as many pots as are wanted for
the purpose ; fill them nearly full of the
compost above described, and the re-
maining space with silver-sand ; prepare
the piping by cutting off a stem quite
smooth at the third joint, then carefully
slit the joint just through, and insert the
pipings in the sand pretty thickly all over
the pot; place them upon a gentle hot-
bed, on a layer of sifted coal-ashes, or
river sand ; place the lights on, and
shade from the sun till they are rooted,
then harden them oif gradually, and pot
them into small pots ; if Tree Carnations,
singly ; if show varieties, in pairs of the
same kind, and re-pot them as directed
above.
Exhibiting. — In June, or beginning of
July, the plants will be considerably
advanced towards flowering, and they
should be put upon stages or stands.
The posts, or supporters, of the stage
should be surrounded at the bottom by
small cups of water, to exclude slugs ;
and, by placing the plants on a stage,
having the platform eighteen indies or
two feet high, the flowers are viewed to
more advantage ; and if there is erected
an awning over the top, supported four
feet above the platform, the flowers, be-
ing screened from the heat of the mid-
day sun, and defended from heavy rains,
are continued much longer in beauty.
With respect to the cups of water
above mentioned, they are earthen or
leaden, about fifteen inches wide, and
three or four deep, having a hollow or
vacancy in the middle six inches wide,
like a socket, to receive the posts ; and
is formed by a raised rim in the middle,
equal in height to that of the circum-
ference, and the hollow, or socket, so
formed as to receive the bottom of the
posts quite through to the ground ; arid
the space between the outer and inner
rim is filled with water, so that each
post standing in the middle of such a
cistern sufficiently guards the plants
against creeping insects.
For want of a covered stage to screen
the flowers, you may contrive a small
12
umbrella, or round-spreading cap, either
of tin or canvass, nine or ten inches
diameter, one for each plant, having a
socket in the middle, to receive the tops
of the support-sticks. Those umbrellas
which are formed of tin are the best;
but, if you make them of canvass, first
make little round frames, having the
rim formed with slips of wire, cane, &c.,
the above width, with cross slips of the
same materials, contriving a socket of
lead or tin in the middle, for the support-
stick to go quite through, as just observed;
and upon these frames paste or sew
canvass, which paint with oil-colour.
Either covers are placed over the flowers
by running the support-stick up through
the hole, or socket, in the middle, and
resting the cap upon a piece of wire or
peg, put across through holes in the
stick at such a height from the flower
as to screen it from the sun and rains.
Give attention to continue to tie up
neatly the flower-stalks of the plants as
they advance in stature. When they 8,re
arrived at their full height, support
them erect at top with wires, having a
small eye, or ring, at one end, for the re-
ception of the flower-stalk ; so put the
other end into holes made in the sup-
port-sticks. These wires should be five
or six inches long, and several holes are
made in the upper part of the sticks ;
the first at the height of the bottom of
the flower-pod, the other above that, an
inch or two distant ; and place the wires
in the holes lower or higher, that the eye
or ring may be just even with the case
of the calyx, to support the flower in an
upright position ; and, by drawing the
wire less or more out, the flower is pre-
served at such distance from the support
as shall seem necessary to give it proper
room to expand ; and if two or three of
the like wires are placed also in the lower
parts of the support-sticks, placing the
stem of the flowers also in the eye of
the wires, all the tyings may be cut away.
To have as large flowers as possible,
clear off all side-shoots from the flower-
stem, suffering only the main or top-buds
to remain to flower.
When the flowers begin to open, attend-
ance should be given to promote their
regular expansion, they being apt to burst
open on one side ; and, unless assisted
by a little art, as by India-rubber rings
already noticed, the flower will become
very irregular. Therefore, attending
CAB
C 178 ]
CAB
every day at that period, observe, as soon
as the calyx begins to break, to cut it a
little open at two other places in the in-
dentings at top, with narrow-pointed
scissors, that the openings may be at
equal distances, observing if one side of
any flower comes out faster than another,
to turn the pot about, that the other side
of the flower be next the sun, to assist
the more regular expansion of the flower.
Likewise, to bloom any flowers as spread-
ing as possible, place paper collars round
the bottom of the flower, on which to
spread the petals to their utmost ex-
pansion. These collars are made of stiff
white paper, cut circular, about three or
four inches diameter, having a hole in
the middle, to receive the bottom of the
petals withinside of the calyx, the leaves
of which are made to spread flat for its
support; and then spread or draw out
the petals upon the collar to their full
width and extent, the longest undermost,
and the next longest upon these, and so
of the rest quite to the middle, observing
that the collar must nowhere appeal-
wider than the flower when they begin to
burst.
Diseases. — These plants are subject to
the mildew; and, when it is not checked
in time, it not only destroys the plants
it first appears on, but will, in time,
spread to the whole stock As soon as
it is observed, sprinkle the affected plants
with sulphur, and keep the air inside the
frames as dry as possible. The black
spot is only mildew in a severer form.
Cut off" the leaf on which it appears, and
treat as for mildew.
Insects. — The great enemy is the wire-
worm, which eats away the inside of the
stem, and destroys the plant. Search
for it in the soil previously to using, and
bury there, after the plants are potted in
the blooming-pots, some slices of pota-
toes. Examine these daily, and destroy
the wire-worms you may find in the
baits. The greenfly, also, attacks carna-
tions, sometimes even in the frames.
These are easily destroyed by fumigating
with tobacco-smoke. When the plants
are blooming they sometimes appear.
Destroy them then by sprinkling with
Scotch snuff. The red spider is often
troublesome in dry springs. The best
icemedy is washing every leaf with a
small sponge, repeating the operation till
the plants are quite cleared.
CAEOLI'NEA. Pachira. (Named after
Sophia Caroline, Margravine of Baden.
Nat. ord., Sterculiads [Sterculiacese].
Linn., 16-Monadelphia 8-Polyandria. Al-
lied to Adansonia.)
Stove trees. Cuttings of ripened wood in sand,
under a bell-glass, in heat ; rich, loamy soil.
Summer temp., 60° to 85° ; winter, 50° to 55°.
C. a'lba (white). 20. July. Brazil. 1817-
— insi'gnis (showj). 20. Red. W. Ind. 1796-
— mi' nor (less). 20. Red, yellow, green. JuJy.
Guiana. 1/98.
— pri'nceps (princely). 30. Red. yellow, green.
W. Ind. 1787.
CARPI' NUS. Hornbeam. (From car, the
Celtic for wood, and pix, a head ; in refer-
ence to the wood being used to make the
yokes of oxen. Nat. ord., Hastworts [Co-
rylacese]. Linn., 5-Pwtandria l-Mono-
gynla.}
C, be'tulut is the only one of the Hornbeams
that is of much use or ornament ; it is one of the
best nurse-plants in young plantations, and for
making fast-growing hedges. Hardy deciduous
trees. Seeds sown when ripe, or kept in dry sand,
until the following spring ; suckers and layers for
the varieties ; layers for the common plants ; but
they are inferior to plants raised from seed. Com-
mon soil.
C. America'na (American). 20. N, Amer. 1812.
— bc'tulus (common). 30. March. Britain.
inci'sa (cut- tear vd). 15. March.
quercifo'lia (oak-leaved). SO. May. Eu-
rope.
variega'ta (variegated). 20. March.
Britain.
au'rea - variega'ta (golden - variegated-
leaved). 20. March. 1845.
— orienta'lis (eastern). 12. Levant. 1739.
CARPOCAPSA POMONELLA. The Codlin
Moth.
Every grower of the apple knows how
liable his fruit is to be ''worm-eaten."
He finds basketsful of " windfalls " even
in the calmest weather, and that the
cause of the loss is a small grub, which
has fed upon the pulp of the fruit ; but
how, when, or where these grubs got
there he has not the slightest notion.
As it is one of the most injurious of in-
sects to one of our most useful of fruits,
we shall give more full particulars than
usual, borrowing them chiefly from Mr.
Westwcod's essay in the Gardeners' Ma-
CAR
[ 179 ]
CAR
gazine, iv. 235, N. S. The grub in ques-
tion is the larva of the Codlin Moth,
Carpocapsa pomonella of some entomolo-
gists, but Tinea pomonella, Pyralis po-
inona, and Tortrix pomoniana of others.
It is upon the pulpy parts of the apple
that the grub chiefly feeds. When, how-
ever, it has nearly attained its full size,
it feeds on the pips of the apple, which,
thus attacked in its most vital part, soon
falls to the ground. No sooner is the
apple fallen, than the grub quits the fruit
by the passage which it had previously
gnawed. A hundred apples may be
opened, and not more than two or three
larvae observed within them ; the orifice
by which they have escaped being open,
and not concealed by a little mass of
brown grains, which is the case with
those apples from which the larva has not
made its escape. These little grains are
the excrement of the larvae, which are
also to be seen in the burrows formed by
them within the apple. The grub is of
a dirty-white colour, with a brown head,
varied with darkish-brown marks. The
body is slightly hairy ; the first segment
after the head is whitish, with minute
brown spots ; the other segments are of a
pale colour, with about eight small tu-
bercles on each ; each of the three ante-
rior segments is furnished with a pair of
legs ; and there are a pair of feet at the
extremity of the body. In its early state
it is of a dirty-reddish or flesh colour.
The caterpillar wanders about on the
ground till it finds the stem of a tree, up
which it climbs, and hides itself in some
little crack of the bark. The fall of the
apple, the exit of the grub, and its wan-
dering to this place of safety usually take
place in the night-time. It gnaws away
the bark a little, and, having made a
smooth chamber, spins a little milk-white
silken case, in which, after a few weeks,
it becomes a chrysalis ; and in this state
it remains through the winter, and until
the following June, when the moth comes
forth, and is to be seen hovering round
the young apples on a midsummer even-
ing. The moth itself, of which we give
a cut, of the natural size and magnified,
is a very beautiful insect, about three-
quarters of an inch in expanse: fore
wings ashy-brown, with very numerous,
rather obscure, darker, transverse streaks,
united into a broadish band towards the
base, giving them a damasked appear-
ance. On the hind border of the fore
wings is a large reddish-brown patch,
spotted, and surrounded with a golden
mark. The hind wings reddish-brown,
tinged with yellow. The moth lays its
eggs in the eyes of the young apples, one
only in each, by inserting its long ovipo-
sitor (egg-tube) between the divisions of
the calyx. As soon as the egg is hatched,
the little grub gnaws a hole in the crown
of the apple, and soon buries itself in its
substance ; and it is worthy of remark,
that the rind of the apple, as if selected
for the purpose, is thinner here than in
any other part, and, consequently, more
easily pierced. The apple most com-
monly attacked is the codlin. It will be
evident, from the preceding details of
the habits of this moth, that there are
considereable difficulties in the way of its
extirpation. It is impossible, for instance,
to be aware of the presence of the enemy
within the fruit until the mischief is ac-
tually completed; and, in like manner,
the destruction of the moth, from its
small size, and its habit of secreting it-
self in crevices of the bark, &c., is
equally impracticable. The gathering up
of the worm-eaten apples immediately
after their fall, and before the enclosed
caterpillar has had time to escape, can-
not but be attended with good effect:
care, however, must be taken to destroy
the larvae, which would otherwise very
speedily make their escape. The cocoons,
also, may be destroyed in the chinks of
the bark during the autumn and winter.
— (The Cottage Gardener, ii. 63.)
CARPODE'TES. (From karpos, a fruit,
and rfe/os,tied ; the fruit, or capsule, is as
much constricted as if tied in the mid-
dle. Nat. ord., Amaryllids [Amaryllida-
cese]. Linn., Q-Hexandria 1-Monogynia.
Allied to Eucrosia and Liperiza.)
C. recurva'fa (bent-back), a purplish, long-
necked bulb, with purplish-yellow flowers, from
Peru, where it is called by the natives Chicfnian-
huaita, constitutes this genus. It requires the
same treatment as Coburgia.
CAKPODO'NTOS. (From karpos, fruit, and
odontos, toothed; in reference to the
toothed ends of the fruit-cells. Nat. ord.,
Tutsans [Hypericacese]. Linn., 13-Poly-
andria 6-Pentagynia.)
Greenhouse shrub. Cuttings of small side-
shoots in sand, under a bell-glass, in April ; peat
ard loam. Summer temp., 55° to 70°; winter,
40° to 45°.
C. lu'cida (shining). 20. White. N. Holland.
1820.
CARPODI'SCUS, Sweet Fishamin. (From
CAR
[ ISO ]
CAB
karpos, a fruit, and discos, a circle ; in re-
ference to the form of the fruit. Nat. ord.,
Dogbanes [Apocynacese], Linn-, 5-Pen-
tandria 1-Monoyynia. Allied to Carissa.)
Stove shrub. Cuttings of half-ripened shoots,
in heat; loam and peat. Summer temp., 60° to
85° ; winter, 50° to 55°.
C. du'lcis (sweet). 8. Green. June. Sierra
Leone. 1822.
CARPOLY'SA. (From karpos, a fruit, and
lyssu, rage ; in reference to the three-
celled fruit, or seed-pod, opening like the
mouth of an enraged animal. Nat. ord.,
Amaryllids [Araaryllidacese]. Linn., G-
Hexandria 1-Monogynia. Allied to Ge-
thyllis and Lapiedra.)
C. spira'lis (pink). Cape of Good Hope. 179).
A very neat little bulb, with spiral leaves, anil
starry, pinkish flowers, having ^reen topi, re-
quiring the same treatment as iZUU
CAEEOT. Dau'cus caro'ta.
Varieties. — Those with a long tapering
root are named Long Carrots ; and those
having one that is nearly regularly cylin-
drical, abruptly terminating, are denomi-
nated Horn Carrots. The first are em-
ployed for the main crops ; the second,
on account of their superior delicate fla-
vour, are advantageously grown for early
use, and for shallow soils.
Horn Carrots. — Early Red. Common
Early. Dutch, for forcing. Long. This
last is the best for the summer crop.
Long Carrots.— White Belgium, Yel-
low, Long Yellow, Purple, Long Red,
Chertsey, and Surrey. Superb Green-
topped, or Altringham. The last two
are the test for main crops.
Soil and Situation. — Carrots require a
warm, light, rich soil, dug full two
spades deep. With the bottom-spit it is a
good practice to turn in a little well-de-
cayed manure ; but no general application
of it to the surface should be allowed in
the year they are sown; but a spot should
be allotted them which has been made
rich for the growth of crops in the pre-
vious year, or else purposely prepared by
manuring and trenching in the preced-
ing autumn. The fresh application of
manure is liable to cause their growing
forked, and to expend themselves in
fibres, as well as to be worm-eaten. If
the soil is at all binding, it should be well
pulverized by digging very small spits at
a time. Pigeons' dung is a good manure
for the carrot.
Time and Mode of Solving.— The, first
sowing for the production of plants to
draw whilst young should take place in
a moderate hotbed, during January, and
in a warm border at the conclusion of
February, or early in March. At the
close of the last month, or, preferably, in
the first half of April, the main crop
must be inserted ; though, to avoid the
maggot, it is even recommended not to
do so until its close. In May acd July
the sowing may be repeated for produc-
tion in autumn, and lastly in August, to
stand through the winter, and produce
in early spring. For sowing, a calm day
should be selected; and the seeds should
be separated by rubbing them between
the hands, with the admixture of a little
sand or dry coal-ashes, otherwise they
cannot be sown regularly. Sow thinly,
in drills eight inches apart for the horn,
and ten or twelve inches for the long ;
and the beds not more than four feet
wide, for the convenience of after-culti-
vation. The larger weeds must be con-
tinually removed by hand ; and when the
plants are seven or eight weeks old, or
when they have got four leaves two or
three inches long, they should be thinned,
those intended for drawing young, to four
or five inches apart, and those to attain
their full growth to ten. At the same
time, the ground must be small-hoed,
which operation should be regularly per-
formed every three or four weeks, until
the growth of the plants becomes an ef-
fectual hinderance to the growth of the
weeds. The crop to stand through the
winter should, in frosty weather, be shel-
tered with a covering of litter, as, if it
occurs with much severity, it often de-
stroys them. The hotbed for the first
sowing of the year must be moderate,
and earthed about sixteen inches deep :
two or three linings of hot dung, as the
heat decreases, will be sufficient to bring
them to a state fit for use. These are
the first in production, but are closely
followed by those that have withstood
the winter. The temperature must never
exceed 73°, nor fall lower than 55°.
They need not be thinned to more than
three inches apart. At the close of Oc-
tober, or early in November, as soon as
the leaves change colour, the main crop
may be dug up, and laid in alternate
layers with sand, in a dry outhouse, pre-
viously to doing which the tops and any
adhering earth must be removed. A
dry day should always be chosen for tak-
ing them up.
CAE
[ 181 ]
CAR
To obtain Seed.— Leave some where I
raised; but,ii'this is impracticable, some j
of the finest roots should be selected, and j
their tops not cut so close as those for
storing. These, likewise, must be placed
in sand until February or March, then
to be planted out two feet asunder in a
stiff, loamy soil. Those left where grown,
or those planted at the close of autumn,
must, during frosts, have the protection
of litter — to be removed, however, during
mild weather. As the seed ripens in
August, which is known by its turning
brown, each umbel should be cut, other-
wise much of the seed is often lost
during stormy weather. It must be
thoroughly dried, by exposure to the sun
and air, before it is rubbed out for stor-
ing. For sowing, the seed should always
be of the previous year's growth ; if it is
more than two years old it will not vege-
tate at all.
Insects. — The carrot is liable to the at-
tacks of the wire- worm (see ELATEE), as
well as of those next mentioned.
CAREOT MAGGOT. (Psila rosce.) The
parent fly is dark, with a metallic green
lustre, and rather hairy ; head, reddish-
jellow; legs, yellow; wings, very trans-
parent. Very much resembles the An-
thomyia. The grub, or maggot, is cylin-
drical and yellow ; it eats holes in the
main root of the carrot. This under-
ground enemy of the carrot is said to be
Uiiuished by mixing spirits of tar with
saud until saturated, and applying it to
the soil previously to digging, at the rate
of about one gallon to sixty square
yards ; but we find trenching and manur-
ing, as we have directed, a sufficient pro-
tective.
CAHBOT MOTH. See TINEA.
CA'ETHAMUS. (From quartom, to
point, in the Arabic;, referring to the
Ibwers yielding a fine colour. Nat. ord.,
u section of Composites [Asteraceffi].
Liun., \9-Syngenesia 1-dEqualis.)
Hardy annuals. Seeds sown in April where
they ure to grow, or in a slight hotbed, in March,
and then planted out; common soil.
C. oxyaca'ntha (sharp-spined). 2. Yellow.
July. Caucasus. 1818.
— tincto'rius (dyer's). 3. Orange. June. Egypt.
1551.
CARTONE'MA. (From kartos, shorn, and
item a, a filament ; referring to the forma-
tion of the filaments, or threads, which
support the pollen-bags. Nat. ord.,
Spiderworts [Commelynacese]. Linn., 6
Hexandria l-Monogynia.)
Greenhouse herbaceous perennial. iSecds »O'*a
in slight hotbed ; light loum and sandy peai ; r.;.
quires the protection of a greenhouse, or a waroi
situation.
C. spica'titm (spiked), 1. Blue. July. N.
Holland. 1822.
CA'RUM. Caiaway. (From Car! a, in
Asia Minor, where it was first discovered.
Nat. ord., Umbdli/ers [Apiaceae]. Linn.,
*t-Pentandria %-Lig.ynia. Allied U> the
weed Ammi.)
The seed of C. ca'rui is our Caraway, esteemed
'or its aromatic qualities. Hardy biennial*.
Seeds ; open ground, in March or April. Coiu-
.non soil.
C. ca'rui (common). 2. White. May. Britain.
— verticilla'tum (whorl-leaned). 1. White. July.
Britain. This species is removed here
from Si'son, a genus of weeds.
CA'EYA. Hickory. (The Greek name
for the Walnut, so named on account of
Carya, daughter of Dion, King of La-
conia, said to have been changed by
Bacchus into a Walnut-tree. Nat. ord.,
Juglans [Juglandacese]. Linn., 2l-Mo-
ncecia 9-Polyandria.)
This is the Hickory so celebrated in North
America for the purposes of the cabinet-maker.
Their best chairs they call their Hickories,
Hardy deciduous trees. Seeds ; the nut should
be sown where the tree is intended to stand ;
layers, and grafting on the Walnut. Good, com-
mon soil.
C. u'lba (white. Shell-bark Hickory'). 30. April.
1629.
— ama'ra (bitter-nwO- 30. May. 1800.
— compre'sna (compressed-fruited). SO. April.
1730.
— lacinio'sa (jagged). 30. April.
— microca'rpa (small-fruited). 30. April.
— obcorda'ta (reversed-heart-shaped). 30. May.
1812.
— olii-aifo'rmis (olive-shaped). 30. April.
— porci'na (hog-nut). 30. May. 1/99.
glu1 bra (smooth). May.
— sulca'ta (furrowed). 30. April. 1804.
— tomento'sa (woolly). 30. April.
ma'jcima (greatest fruited). 60. May.
CAKYO'CAE. Butter Nut. (From
karyon, a nut ; in reference to its fruit.
Nat. ord., JRhizobols [Rhizobolacese].
Linn., IQ-Polyaudria ^-Tetragynia.^)
Two genera of immensely large trees, bearing
large flowers and edible nuts, constitute the
whole of this small order. The Suwarrow (Sauari)
nuts of the shops are the produce of the C.
nuci'ferum. Oil not inferior to olive-oil is ex-
tracted from the kernels. Cuttinps in sand, in
heat, under glass. Loam and peat. Summer
temp., 60° to 80°; winter, 50° to 55°.
C. gla'brum (smooth). 100. Green. Guiana.
1820.
— nuci'ferum (nut-bparing). 100. Red, yellow.
Guiana. 1820.
— tomento'sum (woolly)' 100. White Guiana.
1820.
CARYO'PHYLLUS. Clove-tree. (From
CAK
[ 182 ]
CAS
k&ryim, a nut, and ophyllon, a leaf; in re-
ference to the appearance of the flower-
buds, or Cloves of commerce. Nat. orcl.,
Myrtleblooms [Myrtacese]. Linn., 12-
Icosandria \-Monoyynia.)
The powerful scent of Cloves, or flower-buds of
C. aroma' ticus, arises from a volatile oil contained
in the pellucid dots in the leaves and other parts
of the bark. Dotted leaves are one of the peculiar
characteristics of this, the most natural order of
plants-^ The flower-buds of Calyptranthes are as
£Ood a spice as those of the Ciove-tree. Stove-
tree. Cuttings of firm shoots, with leaves on, in
heat, under elass. Summer temp., 60° to 86°;
winter 55° to 60°.
C. aroma'ticus (aromatic). 20. Yellowish-white.
Moluccas. 1797.
CARYO'TA. (From karyon, a nut. The
Greeks first applied this name to their
cultivated Date. Nat. ord., Palms [Pal-
macese]. Linn., 2i-Moncccia 9-Po/i/an-
rfria.)
A noble member of a noble family of plants,
most valuable to the natives of the countries they
inhabit, C. u'rens furnishing si highly nutritious
sago, besides abundance of palm-wine, or toddy.
Stove trees. Seeds ; rich, sandy loam and neat.
Summer temp., 60° to 85° ; winter, 50° to 55°.
C. ho'rrida (horrid). 20. S. Amer. 1823.
— mi'tis (mild). White. China. 1820.
— u'rens (stinging). 20. White. E. Ind. 1788.
CASCADE, or WATERFALL, is agreeable
only when properly associated with the
scenery around. That association is a
bold, broken ground, and a dense planta-
tion of trees. Nothing is more misplaced
or tasteless than a sheet of water falling
into another uniform collection of water,
in an open, uuwooded plain. Mr. Whate-
ley justly observes, that a rill cannot pre-
tend to any sound beyond that of a little
waterfall. The roar of a cascade belongs
only to larger streams ; but it may be in-
troduced by a rivulet to a considerable
degree, and attempts to do more have
generally been unsuccessful : a vain am-
bition to imitate nature in her great
extravagances betrays the weakness of
art. Though a noble river throwing
itself headlong down a precipice be an
object truly magnificent, it must be con-
fessed, that in a single sheet of water
there is a formality which its vastness
alone can cure ; but the height, not the
breadth, is the wonder. When it falls
no more than a few feet the regularity
prevails ; and its effect only serves to ex-
pose the vanity of atfecting the style of a
cataract in an artificial cascade. It is
less exceptionable if divided into several
parts, for then each separate part may be
wide enough for its depth ; andj in the
whole, variety, and not greatness, will ba
the predominant character. But a struc-
ture of rough, large, detached stones
cannot easily be contrived of strength
sufficient to support a great weight of
water. It is sometimes, from necessity,
almost smooth and uniform ; and then
it loses much of its effect. Several little
falls in succession are preferable to one
greater cascade, which, in figure or in
motion, approaches to regularity.
When greatness is thus reduced to
number, and length becomes of more
importance than breadth, a rivulet vies
with a river ; and it more frequently runs
in a continued declivity, which is very
favourable to such a succession of falls.
Half the expense and labour which are
sometimes bestowed on a river to give it,
at the best, a forced precipitancy in any
one spot only, would animate a rivult t
through the whole of its course ; and,
after all, the most interesting circum-
stance in falling waters is their animation.
A great cascade fills us with surprise ;
but all surprise must cease ; and the
motion, the agitation, the rage, the froth,
and the variety of the water are finally
the objects which engage the attention.
For these a rivulet is sufficient ; and
they may there be produced without
that appearance of effort which raises a
suspicion of art. To obviate such a
suspicion, it may sometimes be expedient
to begin the descent out of sight; for the
beginning is the difficulty. If that be
concealed, the subsequent falls seem but
a consequence of the agitation which
characterises the water at its first appear-
ance ; and the imagination is, at the
same time, let loose to give ideal extent
to the cascades.
CASEA'RIA. (Named after J. Casearius,
the coadjutor of Eheede in producing
the If art us Malabaricus. Nat. ord., Sa-
myds [Samydacese]. Linn., IQ-Dccandria
1-Monogynia.)
Stove evergreen trees, chiefly valued for their
astringent and medicinal qualities. Cuttinors in
sand, under a glass, in heat. Light, sandy, fibrv
loam. Summer temp., 60° to 80°; winter, 50°
to 60°.
C. hirsu'ta (hairy). 8. Yellow, green. Jamaic*.
1825.
— parvifiu'ra (small-flowered). 6. Yellowish-
preen. S. Amer. 1818.
— parvifu'lia (small-leaved). 6. Yellowish-
green. Martinique. 1827.
— ramiflo'ra (branch-flowered). 4. Yellowish-
green. Guiana. 1824.
— terrulu'tu (flue-saw-edged). 6.
gre?n. Jwuaica. 1313.
CAS
[183]
CAS
C. sylve'stris (wood). 8. Whitish-green. Jamaica
1823.
CA'SHEW NUT. Anaca'rdium occidental
CASSA'VA. Jani'pha ma'itihot.
CASSEBEE'RA. (Nat. ord., Ferns [Poly
podiacese]. Linn., Z±-Cryptogamia 1
Filices. Allied to Platyloma.)
Divisions ; peat and loam ; hardy greenhous
and stove treatment, according to their nativ
locality.
C. arge'ntea (silvery), i. Brown. July. Siberia
1816. Hardy.
— auricula'ta (eared). Brown. July. Stove.
— cuneu'ta (wedge-shaped-fcaced). Brown. July
1831. Stove.
— farino'sa (mealy). l£. Brown. May. Isle o
Luzon. 1840. Stove.
— hasta'ta (h&lbert-leaved). 2. Brown. August
Cape of Good Hope. 1823. Greenhouse
— intramargina'lis (bordered-beneath). Brown
September. Mexico. 1828. Greenhouse
— peda'ta (twice-lobed). £. Brown. Virginia
1820. Hardy.
— p'mna'ta (leafleted). Brown. June. Stove.
— pteroi'des (fern-like). Brown. July. Cape
of Good Hope. 1775. Greenhouse.
— triphy'lla (three-leaved). Brown. July. 1824
Stove.
— vespertilio'nis (\)*.t-wingcd). 3. Brown. Au-
gust. N. Holland. 1823. Greenhouse
CA'SSIA. (From the Greek name of a
plant, kasian of the Bible. Nat. ord.,
Leguminous Plants [Fabaceae]. Linn.,
W-Decandria l-Monogynia.)
C. lanceola'ta produces the true Alexandrian
senna-leaves ; and a variety of this species yields
the Indian senna. The plant, however, is a native
of Arabia, and from it is obtained the senna of
Mecca. C. obova'ta furnishes the Aleppo senna ;
and in America they use the leaves of C. Mart'
la'ndica as a purgative. Allied to Caesalpinia.
Annuals and biennials by seed, sown in March or
April, in heat ; the biennials by cuttings, in April,
of half-ripened shoots, in heat. A few will thrive
in the greenhouse ; but most of them require
stove treatment in winter ; that is, a temperature
of from 50° to 60° ; and where there is much
room they deserve it.
ANNUALS.
C. eschyno'mene (seschynome). 1. Yellow. June.
W. Ind. 1810. Stove.
— angusti1 ssima (narrowest-team?). 1. Yellow.
July. E. Ind. 1820. Stove.
— a'spera (rough), l. Yellow. July. Georgia.
1818. Stove.
— Burma'nni (Burmann's). 1. Yellow. June.
Cape of Good Hope. 1810. Half-haniy.
— flexuo'sii (zigzag-stemwzed). 1. Yellow. July.
Brazil. 1810. Stove.
— floribu'nda (bundle -flowered). 4. Fellow.
June. New Spain. 1818. Stove.
— flo'rida (large-flowered). 6. Yellow. June.
E. Ind. 1820. Stove.
— glandulo'sa (glanded). 5. Yellow. Septem-
ber. W. Ind. 1822. Stove.
— hi'spida (bristly). Yellow. June. Cayenne.
1826. Stove.
— hu'milis (humble), l. Yellow. June. S.
Amer. 1800. Stove biennial.
— Ilahca (Italian senna). 3. Yellow. June.
South of Europe. Stove.
C. mimosoi'des (mimosa-like). 2. Yellow. July*
Ceylon. 1806. Stove.
— ni'ctitans (twinkling). 2. Yellow. July. N.
Amer. 1800. Hardy.
— obova'ta (reversed-egg). 2. Yellow. July.
Egypt. 1640. Stove.
— obtusifo'lia (twisted-leaved). Yellow. July.
Jamaica. 1732. Stove.
— procu'mbens (lying-down). Ydlow. June.
N. Amer. 1806. Hardy.
— pu'mila (dwarf). 1, Yellow. June. E. Ind.
1814. Stove trailer.
— Ta'gera (Tagera). Yellow. July. E. Ind.
1803. Stove biennial.
— Thonni'ngii (Thonning's). Yellow. June.
Guinea. 1824. Stove.
— triflo'ra (three-flowered). 1. Yellow. June.
W. Ind. 1816. Stove.
- Wallichia'na (Wallich's). 1. Yellow. June.
Nepaul. 1817. Stove.
GREENHOUSE EVERGREENS.
C. JEgpti'acu (Egyptian). 3. Yellow. Kay.
Egypt. 1822.
— artemisioi'des (wormwood-like). 2. Yellow.
June. N. Holland. 1820.
— Barclay a'na (Barclay's). 4. Yellow. July.
N. Holland. 1827.
— -Berfc'n(Berter's). 10. Yellow. June. W.
Ind. 1827.
— bicapsula'ris (two-capsuled). 4. Yellow. May.
W. Ind. 1739.
— biflo'ra (two-flowered). 6. Yellow. August.
W. Ind. 1/66.
— bractea'ta (bracteated). 6. Yellow. August.
W. Ind. 1822.
— brevifo'lia (short-leaved). Yellow. June.
Madagascar. 1824.
— Cape'nsis (Cape). 1. Yellow. June. Cape
of Good Hope. 181 6.
— Chine'nsis (Chinese;. 4. Yellow. June. China.
1807.
— Flinde'rsii (Flinder's). Yellow. June. N. S.
Wales. 1818.
— frondo'sa (leafy). 3. Yellow. April. W.
Ind. 1796.
— glutino'sa (clammy). 3. Yellow. June. N.
Holland. 1818.
— linea'ris (narrow-podded). 8. Yellow. June.
Carolina. 1800.
— Marila'ndica (Maryland). 3. Fellow. Sep-
tember. N. Amer. 1823. Hardyhe/ba-
ceous perennial.
— ni'gricans (blackish). 1. Yellow. June.
Egypt. 1817.
— ruscifo'lia (ruscus-leaved). 2. Yellow. June.
Madeira. 1816.
STOVE EVERGREENS.
C. Acapulee'nsis (Acapulco). 4. Yellow. June.
Acapulco. 1823.
— ala'ta ( winged- Jeoued). 12. Yellow. W. Ind.
1731.
— JpOKComv£a(Apoucouita). 8. Yellow. Surinam.
1820.
— arbore'scens (tree-like). Yellow. May. North
Spain. 1813.
— atoma'ria (dotted). 4. Yellow. June. N.
Amer. 1810.
— auricula'ta (small-eared). 4. Yellow. E. Ind.
1777-
— barilla'rls (rod). 3. Yellow. E. Ind. 1/82.
— chamcecri'sta (ground-senna). 1. Yellow. Julv.
America. 1699.
— chrysn'tricha (golden-haired). Yellow. June.
Guiana. 1828.
CAS
[ 184 ]
CAS
1. Yellow.
Herbaceous
1. Yellow.
8. Yellow.
July.
Yellow. June. W.
Yellow. S. Amer.
5. Yellow. June.
July.
July.
July.
C. ciUafris (hair-frinfred-s«/raA?rf).
June. E. Ind. Itt!/.
perennial.
— cilia'ta (hair-fringed-/(?o/?e/ed).
June. Cuba. 1820.
— Coromandelia'na (Cororaandel).
June. Coromandel. 1823.
— eorymbo'sa (corymbose). 3. Yellow.
Buenos Ayres. 1796.
— ffuspida'ta (spine-pointetU/eaued). 4. Yellow.
July. S. Amer. 1820.
— diphy'lla (two-leaved).
Ind. 1781.
— di'spar (unequal). 3.
1824.
— elli'ptica (o\.il-leaved).
Trinidad. 1818.
— emarginu'ta (notch-/eaued). 15. Yellow. May.
Jamaica. 1759.
— fastigia'tu. (peaked). 4. Yellow. June. E.
Ind. 1818.
— giga'ntea (gigantic). Yellow. June. Jamaica.
1825.
— glau'ca (milky-green). 4. Yellow. June. E.
Ind. 1818.
— gra'cilis (slender). 2. Yellow. June. Orinoco.
1817.
— Herbertia'na (Herbert's). 9. Yellow. Novem-
ber. Barbadoes. 1828.
— hi'rta (hairy). 3. Yellow. August. N. Amer.
1820.
— hirsu'ta (coarse-haired). 4. Yellow.
America. 17/8.
— Houstonia'na (Houston's). Yellow.
Jamaica. 1817-
— Iceuiga'ta (smooth). 3. Yellow. July
— lanceola'ta (spear- leaved}, 1. Yellow.
Levant.
• — linea'ta (lined-teaved). 1. Yellow. June. Ja-
maica. 1818.
— Inngisi'liqua (long-podded). 6. Yellow. June.
W. Ind. 1800.
— lotoi'des (lotus-like). 2. Yellow. June. Tri-
nidad. 1820.
— macra'nthera (large-anthered). 3. Yellow.
June. Brazil. 1824.
— margina'ta (bordered). 3. Yellow. June.
Surinam. 1823.
— Mexica'na (Mexican). 5. Yellow. June.
Mexico. 1824.
— melanoca'rpa (black-podded). Yellow. June.
Jamaica. 1825.
— molli'ssima (softest-leaved). 6. Yellow. S.
Amer. 182<K
— monta'na (mountain). Yellow. May. E. Ind.
1822.
— occidenta'lis (western). S. Yellow. June.
W. Ind. 1759.
'- Parkeria'na ( Parker's). 2. Yellow. Augu«t.
Demerara. 1817.
— pa' tula (spreading). 2. Yellow. August.
W. Ind. 1/78.
— pe'ndula (pendulous). 3. Yellow. July.
S. Amer. 1820.
— penta'gona (five-angled). 1. Yellow.
June. Peru. 1700. Herbaceous
perennial.
— pilo'sa (soft-haired). 1. Yellow. June.
Jamaica. 1818. Herbaceous pe-
rennial.
— planisi'liyua (flat-podded). 4. Yellow.
June. W. Ind. 1822.
— po/^/<///a(many-leafleted). 4. Yellow.
June. W. Ind. 181 6.
— pube'sctns (downy). 2. Yellow. June.
S.Amer. 1813.
C.pulche'lla (pretty). 3. Yellow. July. Mau-
ritius. 1825.
— purpu'rea (purple-stemmed). 4. Yellow. July.
E. Ind. 1821.
— quinquangula'ris (five-angled-fovmeAed). 3.
Yellow. June. Cayenne. 18)8.
— reticula'ta (netted). 10. Yellow. August. 8.
Amer. 1821.
— Richardia'na (Richard's). 2. Yellow. July.
Cumana. 1823.
— Robinioi'des (Robinia-like). 10. Yellow. July.
S. Amer. 1823.
— sennoi'des (senna-like). 3. Yellow. July. E. Ind.
1808.
— seri'cea (silky). Yellow. May. S.Amer. 1731.
— sophu'rn (sophora). 4. Yellow. July. E. Ind.
1658.
— specio'sa (showy). 5. Yellow. June. Brazil. 1816.
— sped a' bills (showy). 4. Yellow. June. Ca-
raccas. 1820.
— stipula'cea(large-stipu\ed). 3. Yellow. Chili.
1781.
— sulca'ta (furrow;ed-br (inched). 3. Yellow. June.
S.Amer. 1820.
— Sumatra'na (Sumatra). Yellow. June. Su-
matra. 1823.
— Tara'ntan (Tarantan). 2. Yellow. July. Cu-
mana. 1817-
— felMrttefwealt). 2, Yellow. July. Orinoco. 1820.
— tomento'sa (thick-downed), 15. Yellow. July.
S. Amer. 1822.
— uniflu'ra (one-flowered). Red. June. Brazil.
1824.
— venu'stula (rather pretty). Yellow. July. Cu-
mana. 1825.
— vimi'nea (twiggy). 3. Yellow. W. Ind. 1/86.
— virgu'ta (rod-branched). 1. Yellow. June.
W. Ind. 1810.
CASSIDA VIRIDIS. Artichoke Tortoise-
beetle. The common artichoke's leaves
suffer during the summer, sometimes,
though rarely, from the attacks of the
larva of a very curious small beetle,
which may be called the Artichoke Tor-
toise-beetle, Cassida viridis. The beetle,
which is found in May and June, is not
more than one-sixteenth of an inch long ;
the antennae are black; the dotted wing-
cases and other outer coverings green;
but the body beneath them black; and
the legs pale, with black thighs. It is
found upon the water-mints, as well as
upon thistles and artichokes. The larva
has a very flat body, with spines upon its
edges; and it has the singular habit of
o, larva ; b, the same on a leaf, with its canopy
of excrement ; c, pupa ; d, the perfect insect.
CAS
C 185 ]
CAS
covering itself with its own excrement,
which it attaches together in a mass, and
carries on a kind of fork attached to its
tail. The pupa is also very Hat, having
thin toothed appendages at the sides of
the body, with a broad thorax, prolonged
forward into a rounded expansion, which
covers the head. — Tke Cottage Gardener,
iii. 317.
CASSI'NE. (A name given by the North
American Indians to a plant now referred
to the Holly — I' lex Vomito'ria. Nat. ord.,
Hollyworts [Aquifoliacesej. Linn.,5-PeH-
tandria 3-Triqynia.)
Greenhouse evergreen shrubs ; cuttings of half-
ripened shoots in sand, under a glass ; Joam and
peat. Summer temp., 60° to 70° ; winter, 40° to
45°.
C.&thio'pica (Ethiopian). 5. White. July.
Cape of Good Hope.
— ba'rbara (barbarous). 6. White. July. Cape
of Good Hope. 1818.
— Cape'nsis (Cape Phillyrea). 6. White. July.
Cap* of Good Hope. 1629.
— colpo'on (colpoon-tree). 6. White. August.
Cape of Good Hope. 1791.
— e*ce/tea(tall). 18. White. June. Nepaul. 1820.
— Mauroce'nia (Morosini's. Hottentot cherry).
5. White. August. Cape of Good Hope.
1690.
— oppositifo'li* (opposite-leaved). 5. White.
CASSI'NIA. Named after Cassini, a
French botanist. Nat. ord., Composites
[Asteraceee]. Linn., IQ-Syngenesia 5-
Seyregata. Allied to Amobium.)
The annual by seed, in March ; the others by
dividing at the roots, and cuttings of half-ripened
shoots, in sand, in April; loam and peat. Sum-
mer temp., 55° to 70° ; winter, 45° to 50°»
C. affi'nis (allied). 2. May. N. Holland. 1820.
Greenhouse evergreen.
— eM'rm (golden). 1. Yellow. July. N. Holland.
1803. Greenhouse herbaceous perennial.
— denticula'ta (small-tocthed). Pale yellow.
Australia. 1826. Greenhouse evergreen.
•—leptophy'lla (slender-leaved). 2. White. Au-
gust. New Zealand. 1821. Greenhouse
evergreen.
— longifo'lia (long-leaved). 2. May. N. Holland.
1822. Greenhouse evergreen.
— fptcio'sa (showy). N. 8. Wales. Greenhouse
herbaceous perennial.
"—Gpecta'hiliii (showy annual). 6. Yellow. July.
N. Holland. 1818. Hardy annual.
CASTA'NEA. Chestnut. (From a town
of that name in Thessaly. Nat. ord.,
Mtistworts [Corylaceae]. Linn., 21-Mo-
ncecia 9-Polyandria.)
Hardy deciduous trees, except C. Fndica; seeds
pathered in autumn, preserved in dry sand, and
sown m March ; deep, sandy loam ; varieties by
grafting.
C. America'na (American). 50. Green. May.
America.
— Chine'ngis (China). 50. Green. May. China.
— chrysophy'lla (golden-leaved). Mexico, 1848.
C. I'ndica (Indian). 40. E. Ind. 1827. Store
evergreen.
— pu'mila (dwarf). 12. Green, yellow. July.
N. Amer. 1699.
— ve'sca (Spanish edible). 50. Green. June.
England.
asptenifo'lia (asplenium - leaved). 50.
Green. May. Europe.
cochlea'ta (spiral). Green. May.
— — — coralli'na-vuriega'ta (coral-variegated).
Green. May. 1846.
cuculla'ta (hooded). Green. May, 1846.
fo'liis-au'reis (golden-leaved). 50. Green.
June.
gin1 bra (smooth-tea wd). Green. May.
gluu'ca (milky-green). Green. June.
lu'cida (shining-feaued). Green. May.
1846.
— me'di/i (intermediate). 50. Green. June.
Europe.
Pri'ncei (Prince's). Green. May. 18*6.
pu'mila (dwarf). Green. May. 1846.
variegafta (variegated-teaued). Green.
May.
CHESTNUT (SPANISH, or SWEET). This,
the Casta'nea ve'sca of the above genus, in
the southern parts of England is culti-
vated for its fruit, as well as for the value
of its timber, which is in good esteem.
There are several varieties in cultivation
in this country, and, of course, many in
France and Italy. About twenty foreign
varieties may be found in the catalogue
of the Horticultural Society; but the
Downton, and the Prolific, or Devonshire,
are, at present, most esteemed, probably
as being somewhat hardier, and therefore
well adapted to our climate, which is not
capable of producing the fruit in that
high degree of perfection of which it is
susceptible in the warm and bright cli-
mates of Spain, Portugal, and France.
The Chataigne Exalade has been sug-
gested as particularly eligible for the
dwarfing-system in a small garden.
Propagation. — The better sorts are pro-
pagated by grafting on the ordinary
chestnut of our nurseries, which is raised
from seed.
Soil and Culture.— An? free upland
soil is adapted to its culture, provided it
is dry beneath, and not too adhesive.
For the dwarfing-system we recommend
the platform mode, allowing only half a
yard in depth of soil. Little if any prun-
ing is necessary, the fruit being all pro-
duced in clusters on the extremities of
the shoots. No other culture is neces-
sary ; but a warm situation is of much
importance.
Frwt-steds, how to keep. — It is almost
needless to observe that chestnuts are
generally eaten roasted, mostly with a
little salt. They are also stewed in
CAS
[ 180 ]
CAT
cream, and eaten with salt fish. In
keeping them dryness is necessary ; but it
must be accompanied with as low a tem-
perature as possible. They should be
taken out of their exterior or rough coat-
ing as soon as ripe ; and it is well to
subject them to an artificial heat of about
sixty to seventy degrees in a warm room
for a couple of days afterwards. They
may then be packed away in dry sand,
or dust, and placed in a very cold but
dry room or cellar, where they will keep
for months. They are very excitable as
to sprouting ; a very little moisture, with
warmth, will bring on germination.
CASTANOSPE'KMUM. Morton Bay Chest-
nut. (From castanea, the chestnut, and
sperma, a seed. Nat. ord., Leguminous
Plants [Fabacese]. Linn., 10-Decandria
1-Monogynia. Allied to Sophora.)
Greenhouse evergreen ; seeds when procurable ;
layers and cuttings ; deep, loamy soil ; greenhouse
or conservative wall.
C. austra'le (southern). 40. Saffron. N. Hol-
land. 1828.
CASTE'LEA. (After an author named
Castcl. Nat. ord., Ochnads [Ochnaceae].
Linn., 8-Octandria l.-Monogynia. Allied
to Elvasia.)
The Goatbust, C. Nicholso'ni, is as bitter as
Quassia. Stove evergreen shrubs. Cuttings of
rather firm shoots in sand, under a bell-glass, and
in bottom-heat ; peat and loam. Summer temp.,
CO0 to 85°; winter, 50° to 55°.
C. ere'cta (upright). 4. W. Ind. 1821.
— Nic/iolso'ni (Nicholson's). 4. Copper. An-
tigua. 1830.
CASTILLE'JA. (Named after a Spanish
botanist of that name. Nat. ord., Fig-
worts [Schrophulariaceffi]. Linn., 14-
JDidynamia 2-Angiospermia. Allied to
Euphrasia).
The stove species by cuttings of half-ripe shoots
in sand, in bottom-heat, under a glass ; loam and
peat. Summer temp., 60° to 80°; winter, 50° to
55°. Hardy species, seeds and divisions of the
roots ; peaty, sandy soil.
C. integrifo'lia (whole-leaved). 1. S. Amer.
1825. Stove evergreen.
— lithospermoi'des (gromwell-like). Scarlet.
August. Mexico. 1848. Greenhouse.
— Moranefnsis (Moran). Mexico. 1825. Pros-
trate stove evergreen.
— pa'llida (pale). 1. Light purple. July.
Siberia. 1782. Hardy herbaceous per-
ennial.
— ieptentriona'lis (northern). 2. White, green.
August. Labrador. 1824. Hardy annual.
— serra'ta (saw-edged). 1. Blue. June. 182Q.
Stove evergreen.
CASUAEI'NA. Beefwood. (Supposed
to be derived from the resemblance of
the long, weeping, leafless branches to
the drooping feathers of the Cassowary.
Nat. ord., Bet-fwoods [Casuarinacese].
Linn., 2l-Monoecia \-Monandria.}
This is the " Native Oak, or Beefwood " of the
Australian colonists, and probably the most sin-
gularly picturesque tree of the Australian flora.
Large trees, with weeping branches, the indi-
vidual branches being jointed like a bamboo, and
streaked between the joints, having no leaves.
The timber is as good as our Oak, and of the
colour of raw beef, whence the colonial name.
Cattle are extremely fond of the young branches
of the She Oak (C. quadriva'lvis), and the colo-
nists chew them to allay their thirst. From what
we know in this country of C. equisetifo'lia we
would rank the Beefwoods as the most remarkable
in a winter conservatory. Greenhouse evergreen
trees. Seeds, and cuttings of half-ripened shoots,
in April, in sand, under a bell-glass ; loam and
peat, with a portion of sand, and lumps of char-
coal. Summer temp., 55° to 70°; winter, 40° to
45°. They should be tried in sheltered places out
of doors, especially in the south of England.
C. di'styla (two-styled). 15. N.Holland. 1812.
— equisetifo'lia (equisetum-leaved). 15. Sep-
tember. South Sea Islands. 17/6.
— glau'ca (milky-green). 15. N: Holland. 1824.
— murica'ta (point-covered). 15. E. Ind. 1822.
— nodiflo'ra (knot-flowered). 15. New Cale-
donia. 1823.
— quadriva'lvis (four-valved). 18. N. S. Wales.
1812.
— stri'cta (upright). 15. May. N.S.Wales. 17/5.
— tenui'ssima (slenderest). 10. N. Holland. 1825.
— torulo'sa (twisted). 15. N. S. Wales. 17/2.
CATA'LPA. (The Indian name. Nat.
ord., Bignoniads [Bignoniacea?]. Linn.,
2-Diandria 1-Monogynia.)
The North American species by seeds sown in
spring, root-cuttings, layers in autumn, and
cuttings of the ripened shoots in autumn ; deep,
rich loam. The West Indian species by cuttings
of the ripe shoots in heat, and under a glass ;
usual stove-treatment.
C. longi'ssima (longest-podded'). 20. White.
W. Ind. 1/77.
— microphy'ila (small-leaved). 15. White.
Hispaniola. 1820.
— syringtefo' lia (syringa-leaved). 29. White.
July. N. Amer. 1726.
CATANA'KCHE. (From katanangfce, a
strong incentive ; in reference to an an-
cient custom among the Greek women
of using it in love-potions. Nat. ord.,
Composites [Asteraceae], Linn., IQ-Syn-
genesia l-^Equalis.)
Division of the roots in March, and need sown
in April ; common soil.
C. caru'lea (sky-blue). 3. Blue. August. South
Europe. 15Q6. Hardy herbaceous per-
ennial.
bi'color (two-coloured). 3. White, blue.
August. Gardens. 1827.
— lu'tea (yellow). 1. Yellow. June. Candia.
Ib40. Hardy annual.
CATASE'TUM. (From kata, downward,
and seta, a bristle ; referring to the posi-
tion of the two horns of the column.
CAT
L 137
CAT
Nat. ord., Orchids [Orchidacese]. Linn.,
W-Gynandria l-Monandria.)
Stove orchids. Divisions ; peat, moss, broken
pots, and charcoal, elevated above a pot, Or in
shallow, open baskets ; cool and dry in winte*; a
high temperature and moist atmosphere when
making their growth. Summer temp., 60° to 90°;
winter, 50° to 55°.
C. abru'ptum (blunt- lipped}. 1. Greenish-yel-
low. September. Brazil. 1841.
— atra'tum (dark-flowered). 1. Dark. July.
Brazil.
— barba't urn (bearded). 3. Green, purple. May.
Demerara. 1836.
immacula' turn (spotless). j. Green,
pink. September. Demerara. 1835.
lube'llo-a'lba (white-lipped). £. Greenish-
white. September. Demerara. 1835.
probosci1 deum (long-snouted). Brown-
ish-green, May. Sertao. 1839.
— callo'sum (hardened). 1. Brownish-yellow.
June. La Guayra. 1840.
• grandiflo'rum (large-flowered). 1. Green,
brown, purple. December. Columbia.
1845.
— ce'rnuum (drooping). 1£. Pale green. Eio
Janeiro. 1832.
— citri'num (citron-co/owred). Pale yellow.
August.
— cornu'tum (horned). Greenish-purple, March.
Demerara. 1840.
— crista'tum (created). 2. Green. August.
Brazil. 1823. I
— deltoi'deum (trian&rle-/i/?p«f). l£. Green,
brown. March. Demerara. 1842.
— fimbria'tum (fringe-lipped). Pink. red. Au-
gust. Brazil. 183?. There are two
kinds, Haynde'rii and Legre'lli, slightly
differing in colour.
— fuligino'sum (sooty). Green, purple. August.
Mexico. 1839.
— globiflo'rum (globe-flowered). 1. Olive, brown.
June. Mexico. 1840.
— Hooke'ri (Hooker's). 2. Green, brown. Oc-
ber. Brazil. 1818.
— intege'rrimum (entire-lipped). Purple, brown.
June. Guatimala. 1839,
~ ' interme'din variega'ta. Black, white,
yellow. Brazil.
— lamina'tum (plaited). Brown, purple. April.
Mexico. 1844.
— ebu'rneum (ivory-lipped). White, green.
April. Mexico. 1839,
— lanci'ferum (lance-bearing). Pure green.
March. Brazil. 1839.
— longifo' Hum (long-leaved). 2. Orange, violet.
August. Demerara. 1837.
— macula'tum intege'rrimum (spotted-entire-
lipped). 3. Green-and-purple-spotted.
September. Mexico.
— Sli'lleri (Dr. Miller's). 2. Purple-spotted.
September. Brazil. 1837.
— na'so (nose-like-lipped) . White, purple. Au-
gust. Mexico. 1843.
— ochra'ceum (reddish-yellow). Yellow. Bra-
zil. 1844.
— pla'niceps (flat-headed). 1. Green and yellow.
Spanish Main. 1840.
— probosci1 deum (long-snouted). Brightish-green.
Demerara. 1839.
— pn'rum (spotless). 1. Green. October. Brazil.
— ro'seo-a'lttum (rose-Md-vihite-Jlowered). 2.
White, red. April. Para. 1836.
- Russellia'num (Duke of Bedford's). 3. Green.
July. Guatimala. 1838.
C. sacca'tum (pouched). Yellow, purple. March.
Demerara. 1840.
— eemiape'rtum (half-open), l. Yellow. No-
vember. Brazil. 1826.
— serra'tum (saw-edged-/ip/>ed;. Green, yellow.
September. Panama. 1844.
— spino'sum (spiny-lipped). 1. Green, brown.
Brazil. 1840.
— tabula're (table-formed-Jzpjoed). Pale green.
Guatimala. 1843.
— tridenta'tum (three-toothed). 2. Yellow,
brown. April. Trinidad. 1822. This
sports into the six following, and even
into Waile'sii.
ntropurpu'reum (dark-purple-^owercrf).
2. Dark purple. August. Demerara.
au'reum (golden-flowered). 2. Yellow.
August. Demerara.
Claveri'ngi (Capt. Clarering's). 2. Yel-
low, brown. August. Brazil. 1822.
— fioribu'ndum (bundle-flowered). 2. Yel-
low, brown. November. Trinidad. 1824.
macroca'rpum (large-fruited). 2. Yellow,
purple. August. Brazil.
viridiflo'rum (green-flowered). 2. Green.
May. Demerara.
— tri'fidum (three-cleft-lipped). 2. Green. June.
Trinidad.
— tru'lla (trowel-lipped). Green, brown. Sep-
tember. S. Amer. 1840.
— viridifla'vum (greenish-yellow). 1. Yellow,
green. June. S. Amer. 1841.
— Waile'sii (Wailes's). 1. Green. September.
Honduras. 1840.
CATCHTLY. Sile'ne.
CA'TECHU. Aca'cia cd'techu.
CATERPILLAR. Scorpiu'rus.
CATERPILLAR. This is the young of
either the butterfly or the moth, in its
first state after emerging from the egg.
There are many kinds; and the hest
mode of preventing their invasions is to
destroy every butterfly, moth, chrysalis,
and egg that can be found. Hand-pick-
ing, dusting with lime or soot, and other
modes of destroying the caterpillar are
mentioned when noticing the plants they
attack; but we may here observe that
the powder of White Hellebore is by far
the most effectual for dusting over this
marauder. Sparrows and other small
birds, in early spring, should not be
scared from the garden, for they destroy
myriads of caterpillars : at that season
they can do no harm if the gardener
properly guards his seed-beds. Boys
paid a halfpenny per dozen for leaves
havings eggs or smaller'caterpillars upon
them, have been found to keep a garden
free for a whole season for about seven
shillings.
CATESBJE'A. Lily Thorn. (Named
after M. Catesby, author of a Natural His-
tory of Carolina. Nat. ord., Cinchonads
[Cinchonacese]. Linn., ±-Tetrandria *-
Monogynia. Allied to Gardenia.)
CAT
[ 183 ]
CAU
Stove evergreens. Cuttings in sand, under a
glass, in heat, in April. Sandy loam and fiiiry
peat. Summer temp., 60° to 80°; winter, 55°
to 60°.
C. latlfo'lia (broad-leaved). 5. Yellow. June.
W. Ind. 1823.
— Lindenia'na (Linden's). 2. July.
— puroiflo'ra (small-flowered). 2. White. June.
Jamaica. 1810.
— apino'sa (thorned). 12. Yellow. June. Isle
of Providence. 1/26.
CA'THA. We have united this genus
to Celastrus.
CATHARA'NTHITS. See VI'NCA.
CATHCA'KTICA, (In honour of J. F.
Cathcart, Esq., B.O.S., Judge of Tirboot.
Nat. ord., Poppy worts [Papaveraceoe].
Linn., \8-Polyandria l-Monogynia.)
A greenhouse herbaceous plant, perhaps hardy,
and certainly may be planted out in summer ia a
cool shade.
C. viM so. (shajfgy). 1. Yellow. June. Sik-
kim-Himalaya. 1850.
CAT MINT. Ne'pcta.
CAT -THYME. Teu'crium ma'-rum.
CA'TTEKIDGE-TEEE. Euo'nymns Euro-
pce'us.
CA'TTLEYA. (Named after Mr. Cattley,
a distinguished patron of botany. Nat.
ord., Orchids [Orchidacese]. Linn., 20
Gyxandria \~Monandria. )
Stove orchids. Divisions. Moss, peat, and
broken pots, either in shallow baskets, or raided
above the surface of the pot. Summer temp.,
60° to 90° ; winter, 60°.
C. Acli'ndiae (Lady Acland's). £. Purple, brown.
July. Brazil. 1839.
— Arembe'rgii (Count Aremberg's). Lilac. July.
Brazil. 1842.
— bi'culor (two-coloured). 1. Olive-crreen. Sep-
tember. Brazil. 1837. There is a va-
riety with a white-margined lip.
— bulbu'sa (bulbed). £. Rose, purple. April.
Brazil. 1846.
— ca'ndida (white-lowered). White, pink.
Brazil. 1838.
— citri'na (citron-flowered). Citron. April.
Mexico. 1833.
— cri'spa (curled-flowered). 1. White, purple.
September. Brazil. 18'26.
viola'cea (violet-coloured). Deep violet
and white. Guiana. 1850.
— Dominge'nsis (St. Domingo). April. St. Do-
mingo. 1844.
— ela'tior (taller). 1. Green-spotted. Brazil.
1827.
— c'legans (elegant). Purple and white. Brazil.
1852.
— Forbe'sii (Forbes's). f . White, yellow. June.
Brazil. 1823.
— granulo'sa (granulated-Kpjjed). 1. Whitish-
green. May. Guatimala. 1841.
Russellia'na (Duke of Bedford's). 1.
Green, white, orange. May. Mexico. 183<J.
— guttd'Ca (spotted-flowered). 1. Green, red.
April. Brazil. 1827.
ela'tior (taller). April. Brazil. 1827.
Rufsellia'na (Lord C. Russell's). Green,
red. August. Brazil. 1838.
C. Earriso'nia (Mrs. Harrison's). 1. Rose, yel-
low. April. Brazil. There is a variety
of a violet-colour.
-~in£erme'dia (intermediate-st.«ed). 1. Rose,
white. April. Brazil. 1824.
angustifo'lia (narrow-leaved). 1. Light;
purple. September. Brazil. 1836.
pa'llida (•pzle-red-flowered). 1. Light red.
June. Brazil, 1833.
purpu'rea (purple blotched}.
variega'ta (variegated-/)>/>fid). 1. White,
red. May. Brazil. 1843.
— labiu'ta (ruby-lipped). 1. Crimson, lilac. May.
Brazil. 1818. It appears as if this species
is identical with C. Mo'ssice.
a'lb^t (white).
atfo-purpu'rea (dark purple). Lilae, pur-
ple. November. La Guayra. 1839.
atro-sungui'nfi (dark crimson). 1. Dark
red. July. S. Amer.
pi' eta (painted).
— Lernonia'nti (Sir C. Lemon's). 3. Rose, yel-
low. August. Brazil. 1812.
— loba'ta (lobed petaled and lipped). Purple,
violet, and crimson veins. Brazil. 1847-
— Loddige'sii (Loddige's). 1. Rose, lilac.
Auau»t. Brazil. 1815.
— margina'ta (bordered). $. Pink, crimson.
November. Brazil. 1843.
— mari'tima (sea-side). Lilac, white. Buenos
Ay res.
— ma'xima (largest). 1$. Dark pink. May.
Guayaquil. 1844.
— Mo'ssia (Mrs. Moss's). 1. Crimson, lilac.
July. La Guayra. 1836.
a'lba (white). White and purple. Brazil.
— odorati'ssima (sweetest). Purple. Demerara.
1836.
— Papeiansiu'na.
— Perri'nii (Perrin's). 1. Purple. Brazil.
— Pinellia'na (PinelPs). Doubtful whether this
and pu'mila are not identical with wiur-
gina'ta,
— pu'mila (dwarf). 1. Purple. July. S. Ames.
1837.
— Skinne'ri (Skinner's). !£. Rosy-purple. Au-
gust. Guatimala. 1836.
a'tro-ro'sea (chirk rose). l£. Dark ros««
May. Guatimala. 1836.
— specio'sa (showy).
— supe'rba (superb). 1. Purple. May. Gui&na.
1838.
— Walkeria'na (Walker's). Lilac, crimson. Msy.
Brazil. 1844.
CAULTFLOWEE. Bretssica olera'cca cau~
liflo'ra.
Varieties. — There are many to be found
in local catalogues ; but they are only
dilfereut names for the following : — Early
Cauliflower; Late Cauliflower ; Large. Asi-
atic; and Walcheren. The last-named is
included also among the Brocolis ; for it
unites these to the Cauliflowers, partak-
ing of the character of each.
Sowiny.— There are three seasons for
sowing this vegetable.
First Sowing.— For the first main crop,
a sowing should be made in the third
week, or about the 24th of August, to
'.raise plants for winter protection, to form
CAU
[ 189 ]
CAU
the first principal and main crops of the
following year. Should the weather he
very dry at the time of sowing, the soil
should be thoroughly well watered hefore
the seed is sown, and so continued to
encourage the 'growth of the seedlings.
As soon as these are up large enough to
handle, heds should be formed in an open
situation, well broken up, made rich,
lined out neatly, and, if the weather is
dry, well watered before planting, as well
as afterwards. The best time for prick-
ing out young plants of any kind, in dry
weather, is late in the afternoon or in
the evening. By this attention, strong,
healthy plants will be ready for either
finally planting out under hand-glasses,
about the middle of October, or for pro-
tection in frames, or at the foot of walls.
These protected plants are to form a
second crop to those which were planted
out under the hand-glasses, and may be
finally planted out towards the end of
February, if the weather is favourable,
two feet and a half asunder each way ;
and should severe weather set in again,
flower-pots just large enough to cover the
plant may be turned over each, but taken
off in all favourable weather. Care
should always be taken to lift up the
plants out of the nursery-beds, so as to
insure uninjured roots.
Should the weather be very severe in
the winter, the hand-glass crop must
have a little protection more than that of
the hand-light itself. But particular at-
tention should be paid to airing at all
times when the weather will permit, by
either taking the lights entirely off, or
tilting them.
If, through some mismanagement or
misfortune, the winter stock should be-
come short, a sowing towards the end of
January becomes of importance. A very
little seed must then be sown in a pan or
box. placed in some moderate-heated
structure, or in a gentle hotbed made up
for the purpose ; and when the seedlings
ere up, and large enough to handle, they
should be pricked out on other very
gentle hotbeds, care being taken to keep
the plants up close to the glass, and
inured to the open air. Plants raised
in this way will be nearly as forward as
those sown in August, and protected in
cold frames through the winter.
The second Sowing should be at the
end of February or beginning of March,
and then either in a cold frame, or warn:.
open border ; or, if the weather be very
unfavourable, a sowing may be made on
a very gentle hotbed even at this time,
attention to pricking- out, &c., given as
before directed. From this sowing a
third planing is made.
The third Sowing should be made about
the last week in April, or first week in
May, and the seedlings attended to a3
before, as to pricking-out, &c. From
this sowing a fourth planting is made.
Fitness for Use. — When a cauliflower
has arrived at its full size, which is shown
by the border opening as if it was about
to run, pull up the plant, as it never
produces any useful sprouts ; and if hung
up thus entire, in a cool place, it may be
preserved for several days. The best
time to cut a cauliflower is early of a
morning, before the dew is evaporated :
if it is done during the meridian or after-
noon of a hot day, it loses much of its
firmness, and boils tough.
To preserve from Frost. — As frost de-
stroys the cauliflower, it is a practice in
November, before it sets in, to pull up
the late-standing plants, and the leaves
being tied over the head, to hang each
up in a coal-shed or cellar, by which
means they remain good for some time.
But a better mode is to bury them in
sand, laying them in alternate layers with
the earth, in a dry situation. By this
means they may be preserved to the close
of January; or they may be put in a
trench dug at the bottom of a wall,
eighteen inches wide and deep, the plants
being laid with their roots uppermost, in
an inclining position, so that the roots of
the second covered the top of the one
preceding. The earth to be laid over
them thick, a considerable slope given
to it, and beaten smooth with the spade,
to throw off rain.
Saving Seed. — Some should be from
the first planted out of the hand-glass
crop. The best with well-formed heads
should be selected for this purpose, and
marked for seed, by placing a strong
stake to each for the future tying of the
flowering stems up to. Gather each
branch of seed as it ripens.
Diseases and Insects. — See CABBAGE
and BBOCOU.
CAULOPHY'LLUM. (From kanlon, a stem,
and phyllon, a leaf; in reference to the
stems ending as if it were in a leaf-sta'ik.
Nat. ord., Berkerids [BerberidaceaeJ.
Linn., Q-Hexandria l-Monoyi/nia.)
CEA
C 190 ]
CED
Hardy tuberous perennial; division of the
roots ; light, sandy peat.
C. thalictroi'des (thalictrum -like). 1. Yellow,
green. N. Amer. 1755.
CEANO'THUS. (From keanothm, a name
applied by Theophrastus to a plant now
not known. Nat. ord., Rhamnads [Rham-
naceae]. Linn., b-Pentandria l-Mono-
gi/n-ia.)
'Cuttings in sand, under a glass, of firm side-
shoots answer best, either in April or August.
The greenhouse varieties do well against a south
wall, but may require a little protection in severe
weather. Those from tropical regions require the
usual treatment of the stove, or a warm conserva-
tory. They are not particular as to soil ; a little
peat mixed with loam will be an advantage.
HARDY DECIDUOUS.
C. America'nus (American). 2. White. July.
N. Amer. 1713.
— colli'nus (hill). 1. Light. July. N. Amer.
1827. Evergreen.
— cunea'tus (wedge-shaped). 4. California. 1848.
— denta'tus (toothed). 3. Blue. California. 1848.
— divarica'tus (straggling). 4. Blue. June.
California. 1848.
— floribu'ndus (copions-Howering). Blue. June.
— interme'dius (intermediate). 2. White. June.
N. Amer. 1812.
— Lobbia/nus (Mr. Lobb's). Blue. July. Cali-
fornia.
— microphy'llus (small-leaved). 2. White. June.
N. Amer. 1806.
— Nepale'nisis (Nepaul.). 10. Yellow. Nepaul.
1820.
— ovu'tus (egg-shaped-/eawed). 3. White. July.
N. Amer. 1818.
— pa'liidus (pale). 10. Pale blue. July. N.
Amer.
— pupilln'sus (pimpled). 8. Blue. California.
1848.
— pere'nnis (perennial). 2. White. August.
Carolina. 1822.
— ri'gidus (stiff). 4. Blue. California. 1848.
— mmgui'neus (crimson-s£a//eed). 2. White.
June. Missouri. 1812.
— tardifio'rus (late-flowering). 3. White. Sep-
tember. N. Amer. 1820.
— verruca' sus (warted). 3j. Purple. Upper
California. April."
GREENHOUSE EVERGREENS.
C. Africa'nus (African). Pale yellow. March.
Cape of Good Hope. 1712.
— azu'r eus (blue). 10. Pale blue. April. Mexico.
1818.
— flo're-a'lba (white-flowered). 10. White.
April.
— buxifo'lius (box-leaved). White. April. Mexico.
1824.
— Cape nsis (Cape). 3. White. June. Cape of
Good Hope. 1823.
STOVE EVERGREENS.
C. iife'stus (troublesome). 4. Mexico. 1824.
— iMotgu'tus (smooth-Leaved). 4. Green, yellow.
W. Ind. 1818.
— macroca'rpus (large-fruited). 3. Yellow.
July. New Spain. 1824.
— Mocinia'nus (Mocino's). 5. Mexico. 1824.
— mystaci'nus (bearded). 13. White, green.
November. Africa. 1775.
— gpharoca'rpus (round-fruited). 15. Green,
yellow. Jamaica. 1824.
— Zela'nicus (Ceylon). 3. White. Ceylon, 1818.
CECRO'PIA. Snake-wood. (A classical
name, after Cecrops, first king of Athens,
who built that city, and called it Cecropia.
Nat. ord., Atrocarpads [Atrocarpacese].
Linn., 22-Dicecia 2-Diandria.)
All the Atrocarpads abound in milky juice, by
which they are easily distinguished from the
Nettleworts, with which they are allied. From
many of the genera, and from C. peita'ta, caout-
chouc, or India rubber, is obtained. Stove ever-
green trees ; cuttings of ripened shoots, placed
in sandy peat, under a hell -glass, and in a moist
bottom-heat, in April; peat and loam in a rouga
state, with a little sand. Summer temp., 60° to
85° ; winter, 48° to 55°.
C. co'ncolor (one-coloured). 20. Brazil. 1822.
— palma'ta (hand-teaved). 20. Brazil. 1820.
— pelta'ta (shield-teawed). 30. Jamaica. 1/78.
CEDRONE'LLA. (A diminutive of kediot>,
the cedar; referring to the fragrant,
resinous scent. Nat. ord., Labiates or Lip-
worts [Lamiaceae]. Linn., I'L-Didynamla
I-Gymnospermia. Allied to Dracocepha-
lum.)
It is worthy of remark that the Lipworts arc
all destitute of any deleterious qualities, and that
most of them are fragrant and aromatic — as the
lavender, salvia, rosemary, mint, balm, and hys-
sop, &c. Greenhouse plants. Divisions of the
roots of the herbaceous species; cuttings of Me
evergreen ; sandy loam and a little peat. Winter
temp., 38° to 40°.
C, ca'na (hoary-leaved). 3. Crimson. July.
New Mexico. 1851.
— corda'ta (heart-shaped-teamf). 1. Purple.
July. N. Amer. 1824.
— Mexica'na (Mexican). 2. Purple. Mexico.
— pa'llida (pale-cowered). 14. Rose. September.
Mexico. 1844.
— tryphy'Ua (three-leaved). Pale purple. July.
Canaries. 1697. This is a greenhcuss
evergreen shrub ; but all the others are
herbaceous perennials.
CE'DRUS. The Cedar. (From the
Arabic kedron, or kedree, power; in re-
ference to its majestic appearance ; but
some have supposed from Cedron, a brook
in Judea. Nat. ord., Conifers [Pinaceae].
Linn., 2l-Moncecia IQ-Monadelphia.)
Hardy evergreen trees. Seeds, saved in the
cones, extracted by steeping the cones in water,
and boring a hole down their centre so as to split
them, and sowing in sandy soil, in March; also
by cuttings, under a hand-light ; and the deoda'ra
by inarching and grafting on the common Cedar,
and on the Larch ; but it is doubtful if the latter
will answer as a stock ; deep, sandy soil.
C. Africa'nus (African. Mount Atlas Cedar). May.
Mount Atlas. 1843.
— deoda'ra (deodara). 120. Nepaul, 1822.
There are other varieties of this— crasni/i/'tn
(thick-leaved) ; tenuifo'lia (thin-leaved) ; and vi'-
ridis (green).
C. Le'bani (Cednr of Lebanon). Levant. 16S3.
fo'liis-arge'ntcis (silvery-leaved). 80. May.
ua'mt (dwarf).
There are other varieties of this species, as
CEL
CEL
glaufca. (milky-green) ; intrrme'dia (intermediate)
pe'ndula (pendulous-branched) f pyamidu'lis (py-
ramid-shaped) ; and pyramida'lis arge'nteis (sil-
very pyramid-shaped).
CE'LANDINE. Chelido'nium and Bocco
niafrute'scens.
CELA'STRUS. Staff-tree. (From kelas
the latter season ; referring to the fruit
hanging on the trees all winter. Nat.
ord., Spindle-trees [Cselastraceae]. Linn.,
5-Pentandria 1-Monogynia.)
Cuttings of the half-ripened shoots in sand,
under a glass ; peat, and very sandy, fibry loam
The stove and greenhouse species require th«
treatment common to each department. The
hardy species may be propagated by layers in au-
tumn, and sca'ndens by seeds ; bullaftus seldom
ripens its seeds. Deep, loamy soil for those
hardy climbers.
HARDY DECIDUOUS CLIMBERS.
C. buUa'tus (blistered). 20. White. July. Vir-
ginia. 1759.
— scafndens (climbing). 15. Yellow. May. N.
Amer. 1736.
STOVE EVERGREEN SHRUBS.
C. Mexicu'nus (Mexican). 7. Mexico. 1824.
— multifl'j'rus (many-flowered). 4. White. May.
South Europe. 1 81 6.
— myrtifo'lius (myrtle-leaved). 20. White. May.
Jamaica. 1810.
— nu'tans( nodding). 5. White. E. Ind. 1810.
Climber.
— panicula'tus (panicled). 3. Greenish. May.
E. Ind. 1841.
— quadrangula'ris (square-stalked). 10. White.
Brazil. 1820.
— tri'gynus (three-styled). 5. May. Isle of France.
1824.
GREENHOUSE EVERGREEN SHRUBS.
C. buxifu'lius (box-leaved). 4. White. May. Cape
of Good Hope. 1752.
— cassinoi'des (cassine-likc). 4. White. August.
Canaries. 1/79.
— ce'rnuus (drooping). 5. White. May. Cape of
Good Hope. 1817.
— cymo'sus (cymose). 3. White. July. Cape of
Good Hope. 1815.
— emargina'tvs (notch-leaned). 8. Yellowish.
Cape of Good Hope. 1820.
—flexuo'sus (zigzag). 6. White. May. Cape of
Good Hope. 1826.
— ilicifnus (\xA\y-leaved). 3. White. Cape of
Good Hope. 1817.
— lauri'nus (laurel-like). 3. White. June. Cape
of Good Hope. 1818.
— Zmea'ru (narrow-leaved). 4. White. May.
Cape of Good Hope. 1818.
— lu'cidus (shining). 2. White. May. Cape of
Good Hope. 1/22.
— lycioi'des (box-thorn-like). White. August.
Canaries. 1821.
— macroca'rpus (large-fruited). White. Peru.
1826.
— oleoi'des (olive-like). 3. White. May. Cape
of Good Hope. 1824.
— pteroca'rpus (wing-fruited). 3. White. July.
Cape of Good Hope. 1824.
— pttncta'tus(dottcd-(>ranched). Greenish. Ja-
pan. 1817. Climber.
— £jrrac.7'»/Aw*(nre-spined). 3. White. May.
Cape of Good Hope. 1742.
C. retu'sus (blunt). 6. Yellow. Peru. 1824.
— ri'gidus (stiff). 3. Yellow. May. Cape of Good
Hope. 1818.
— rottra'tus (beaked). White. May. Cape of
Good Hope. 1821.
— tetrago'nus (four-angled). 6. White. Cape of
Good Hope. 1810.
— tricuspida'tus (three-pointed). 6. White. Miy.
Cape of Good Hope. 1818.
— unda'tus (waved). 4. White. May. Cspa
of Good Hope. 1826.
CELERI'AC, or TURNIP-ROOTED GEL-
EBY. (A'piitm grave'olens rapa'ceum.) Of
this variety of celery there is said to be
a hardier kind cultivated by the Ger-
mans, called by them Knott-celery.
Sowing. — It may be sown in March,
April, and May, to afford succession ai
plantations in June, July, and August.
Sow in drills six inches apart, and keep
regularly watered every evening in dry
weather. The bed must be kept free
from weeds, and when about three inches
high, the plants may be pricked out
into another border in rows three inches
apart each way, giving water abundantly
and frequently. By adopting the pre-
cautions mentioned in the cultivation of
celery, the same seed-bed will afford two
or three distinct prickings. In the neigh-
bourhood of Dresden, where this vege-
table is grown in great perfection, they
sow in February or March, in a hotbed,
under glass ; and the plants are removed
in April, when two or three inches high,
to another hotbed, and set an inch and
a half apart. The fineness of the plants
is there attributed to the abundance of
water with which they are supplied.
When five or six inches high, they are
fit for final planting in rows two feet
asunder, and the plants eight inches
apart on the level ground, or in drills
drawn with the hoe three inches deep,
as they only require earthing up a few
inches with the hoe. In dry weather
they should be watered plentifully, at
least every other evening. Keep them
free from weeds. They require a light,
fertile soil.
Sowing Seed. — The directions given for
saving the seed of celery are in every re-
spect applicable to this vegetable.
CELERY. A'pium grave'olens.
Varieties. — There are the Gigantic,
Dwarf Curled, Common Upright, Ked-
stalked, Upright, Giant, Hollow Upright,
and the Solid-stalked (red and while}.
The red chiefly for soups, the white be-
ing much more delicate in flavour ; violet t
solid, very superior, blanches white j
CEL
[ 182
CEL
Pure, solid, white, for autumn ; Cole's su-
perb, red and white ; and Nutt's cham-
pion ; the last-named being the best we
have cultivated.
Sowiny. — The first sowing may be
made about the middle or toward the end
of February, sowing a very little seed in
a pan or box placed in any heated struc-
ture, and having a gentle hotbed made
up ready to receive the young plants as
soon as they are fit to prick out. The
soil cannot be too rich for them ; and, if
pricked out in gentle hotbeds under glass,
which is best, the young crop should be
kept up within two or three inches of the
glass, and attention paid to frequent wa-
tering, earth -stirring, and airing, in fa-
vourable weather.
The sowing for a main crop should be
made about the first week in March ; and
although it may be sown in a rich, warm
border, yet it is better to make a gentle
hotbed for this sowing, even if it is only
of four boards nailed together, to keep
up the earth round the sides of the bed,
and no glass to cover it ; but, if an old
light can be spared until the plants are
up, all the better. Several prickings-out
may be made from this sowing in any
rich earth, in open situations, having the
beds made up neatly ready for pricking
out, either in warm, showery weather, or
during evenings in dry weather. The
plants should be inserted six inches apart
in the nursery-beds, well supplied with
water, until the plants are established,
and the earth among them frequently
stirred.
A third sowing may be made about the
second week, or middle of April, iu the
open, warm border, to be attended to as
before mentioned, as to pricking-out,
watering, &c., only that cool situations
will be found best, such as north borders
for summer pricking-out, for a supply to
plant out for winter and spring use.
Final planting ; the single-trench system.
— The trenches, where the soil will allow
of it, may be eight or ten inches deep, to
receive the plants for the first summer
plantings; but, as the season advances,
not so deep by two inches at each suc-
cessive planting ; and, lastly, on the level
surface, for late winter and spring use.
"YVhen planted in deep trenches for the
first crop, the rows may be much nearer
together. Another method of planting
out the principal and late crops is, to dig
out a trench, four and a half feet wide,
and one foot deep, placing the earth half
on one side, and half on the other side;
this done, give a thorough good manur-
ing, as the soil cannot be made too good
for this vegetable; let it be neatly dug in,
and the surface made smooth as the work
goes on ; then lift the plants with a trowel
from the nursery-beds, to insure their
having good roots ; let them be planted
precisely one foot from row to row, and
six or seven inches from plant to plant,
the row crossways of the trench, thus : —
Thoroughly well water; and, in the
course of a week after planting, the earth
should be carefully stirred over the
whole bed.
The plants should not be shortened, as
many persons do ; but remove any de-
cayed or broken leaf, and all side-shoots
from the plants, one by one, being care-
ful not to injure other leaves or the roots.
Earthing up. — The first earthing up
should be done with a small trowel,
holding the leaves of the plant together
in one hand, and stirring and drawing up
a little earth to the plant with the other.
The next earthing is done by the help of
two light boards, six to eight inches
broad, of the same length as the trench
is wide ; these to be placed between two
of the rows of plants by two persons ;
then place between these boards well-
broken earth, as much as required; dra\r
up the boards steadily; do the same in
the next space, and so on until the
work is completed. By the last-men-
tioned method of final planting, more
than double the quantity can be grown
on a given space of ground, and the
heads are quite as fine as in the single-
trench system. It is also handy for pro-
tection in winter, either with hoops and
mats or litter.
The trench being dug out four and a
GEL
[ 193 ]
GEL
half feet wide, allows room for six plants
across it, at six inches apart from plant
to plant, leaving three inches' space from
the outside of the trench.
Frost. — At the appearance of very
severe weather setting in at any time
during the winter months, three or four
dozen heads of the celery may be taken
up without cutting away any part of
them, and laid in dry earth, sand, or
sifted coal-ashes, so as to be handy for
immediate use.
Manuring. — In the seed-bed, when
pricked out, and in the bed for final
growth, too much of the richest manure
cannot be applied. Upon this, and upon
the roots being uninjured at each re-
moval, depend the fineness and excellence
of the celery ; any check to its growth is
never recovered, but renders it dwarf and
stringy. Liquid-manure should be given
to it frequently.
To save Seed. — Some plants must be
left where grown ; or, in February or
March, some may be carefully taken up,
and, after the outside leaves are cut off,
and all laterals removed, planted in a
moist soil a foot apart. Those which
are most solid, and of a middling size,
are to be selected. When they branch
for seed, they must be tied early to a
stake, to preserve them from the vio-
lence of winds. The flower appears
in June, and the seed is swelling in
July. If dry weather occurs, they
should be watered every other night.
In August the seed will be ripe, and,
when perfectly dry, may be rubbed
out and stored.
Diseases. — In heavy, wet soil it is
liable to have its stalks split and can-
ker. The soil for earthing up cannot
be too light and dry. We have seen
coal-ashes employed for the purpose
most successfully.
CELERY FLY. (Tephrilis onopordinis.}
In the autumn it is very common to ob-
serve part of the leaves of Celery-plants
blistered and turned yellow ; and this oc-
curs occasionally to such an extent, that
their growth is checked and their size
diminished. If the withered parts are
examined, and the skin of the blisters is
raised, there will be found beneath it
some small green grubs, that have eaten
away all the green pulp (parenchyma} of
the parts so withered. These grubs are
ihe larvfe of the Celery Fly. The grubs
may be found in the leaves of the Celery
13
in June, July, September, October, and
November; for there are two or more
broods of them in the course of the year.
The grubs, though less frequently, are
found doing similar damage to the leaves
of Alexanders and Parsnips. When full
grown, the grubs descend into the earth,
and remain in the chrysalis state until
the spring following, when they give
birth to the fly. The Celery Fly may
usually be found upon the leaves of the
laurel, hovering over flowers and resting
upon palings in the sunshine, from the
middle of May to the end of July. It is
one of the most beautiful of the English
two-winged flies, and has been thus de-
scribed by Mr. Westwood : — The general
colour of the body, which is five-jointed,
varies from rusty-brown to shining black;
head buff, with black hairs ; legs yellow;
thorax sprinkled with long black hairs ;
wings black, with various pale spots ;
eyes green. The whole length of the
insect is riot more than one-sixth of an
inch, and its wings, when outspread,
barely half an inch across. The cross-
lines in our woodcut show these propor-
tions, as well as the insect magnified.
The motions of this fly are very peculiar:
seated upon a leaf in the sunshine, the
wings are partially extended, yet partially
elevated, and it has a sideling kind of
motion. The withered leaves of the
celery should be picked off, and the grubs
within them crushed as soon as seen.
Mr. Westwood suggests that a string,
smeared with bird-lime, and stretched
over the celery-plants, might catch many
of the parents. — The Cottage Gardener,
i. p. 73.
CELO'SIA. Cockscomb. (From telos,
burnt ; in reference to the burnt-like ap-
pearance of the flowers of some of the
o
GEL
[
CEL
species. Nat. ord., Amaranths [Amaran-
taeese]. Linn., 5-Pentandria \-Mono-
yynia.)
The flowers of the Cockscomb, Celo'siacrista'ta,
are astringent, and much used by Asiatic physi-
cians. Seeds in a hotbed in March; potted off
repeatedly, and transferred to the hothouse or
greenhouse ; light, rich soil, well drained.
SHRUBS.
C. echina'ta (hedgehog). 1. Purple. July. Ori-
noco. 1821. Stove evergreen.
— glau'ca (milky-green). 1. White. July. Cape
of Good Hope. 1818. Greenhouse ever-
green.
GREENHOUSE ANNUALS.
C. crista'ta (crested). 2. Dark red. July. Asia.
1570.
compa'cta (compact). 2. Dark red. July.
Asia. 15/0.
ela tn (tall). 2. Dark red. July. Asia. 1570.
Jlavfi'scens (pale yellow). 2. Yellow.
"July. Asia. 10/0.
STOVE ANNUALS.
C. arge'ntea (silvery -spiked). 1. Light flesh.
July. China. 1740.
linea'ris (narrow-leaved). 1. Flesh. June.
E. Ind. 1?14.
— castre'nsis (camp). 2. Purple. July. E.
Ind. 1/39.
— eefvnua (drooping). 3. Purple. July. E.
Ind. 1809.
— cocci'nea (scarlet). 5. Pink. July. China. 1597-
— como'sa (tufted). 1. Pink. July. E. Inrt. 1802.
— dicho'toma (fork-branched). 1. Yellow. July.
E. Ind. 1824.
— ma.rgu.rita! cea (pearly). 2. Yellow. August.
W. Ind. 1817.
— Monso'nia (Monson's). 3. White. August.
E. Ind. 1778.
— ni'tida (shining). 1. Purple. August. Ma-
labar. 170(5.
— nodiflo'ra (knotted-flowered). 2. Green. Au-
gust. E. Ind. 1780.
— pyramida'lis (pyramidal). 1. White. July.
E, Ind. 1820.
CELO'SIA CRISTA'TA. The Cockscomb of
Jlorists, — All the varieties of this are well
worth cultivating. The deep crimson-
coloured varieties are generally the most
esteemed ; and of these there are tall
and dwarf kinds, the latter being gene-
rally preferred, the comb at its extremi-
ties altogether, or nearly, touching the
sides of the pot. Seeds should be sown
in a sweet hotbed in spring ; and, unlike
the balsam, where splendid specimens
are required, they should never be
turned out of the hotbed until the combs
are nearly full grown, when they may
be set in the greenhouse. Two systems
of culture may be adopted. First, as soon
as the plants are one inch in height,
prick out, and shift successively into
larger pots, never allowing the plants
to be pot-bound. By this method the
plants are strong before the combs ap-
pear, and you have a chance of having
many very fine, but with the risk that
many others, from their shape, will be
fit only for the rubbish-heap. By the
second method, the best for those with
limited space, the young plants are
pricked out a few inches apart into shal-
low pans, in light, rich earth, encouraged
to grow freely, and then checked sud-
denly by keeping them cooler and with-
holding water, which will cause them
to show their combs in a few days.
Though small, you can easily observe
those which are close and well shaped
from those which will be upright and
straggling. Select the best, pot them,
and continue repotting, and encourage
with heat and manure-water; and the
strength of your culture going chiefly
into the combs, these will be large, while
your plants will be small. Where extremely
dwarf plants are wanted, cut off young
plants a little below the comb ; insert the
part with the comb into a small pot, in
sandy soil, in strong heat, and a hand-
glass over. Soil, sandy loam and very
rotten dung, but sweet. Temperature
when growing, GO0 to 85° by day ; 60° at
uight.
CE'LSIA. (Named after Professor Cel-
sius, of Upsal. Nat. ord., Fig worts [Scro-
phulariaceffij. Linn., 14^-Didynamia 2-
Angiospermia.}
Chiefly from seeds, or raised in a slight hotbed,
in March or April, and flowered in the greenhouse
during the summer, or in favourable positions
out of doors. The biennials require the protec-
tion of the cold pit during winter ; light, sandy,
open soil.
C. Arctu'rus (Arctarus). 4. Yellow. August.
Candia, 1780. Half-hardy biennial.
— oetonicafo'lia (betony-leaved). 2. Yellow.
July. N.Africa. Half-hardy biennial.
— Coromanddia'na (Coromandel). 4. Yellow.
July. E. Ind. 1783. Stove annual.
— Cre'tica (Cretan). 6. Yellow. July. Crete.
1752. Halt-hardy biennial.
— heterophy'lla (various-leaved). Yellow. July.
1829. Half-hardy biennial.
— luna'ta, (woolly). 2. Yellow. July. 1818.
Half-hardy evergreen.
— lanceola'tu (spear-leaved). 3. Yellow. July.
Levant. 1816. Half-hardy biennial.
— orienta'lis (eastern). 2. Brown, yellow. July.
Levant. 1713. Hardy annual.
— visco'sa (clammy). 3. Yellow. July. 1816.
Stove annual.
CE'LTIS. Nettle-tree. (The name of
a tree mentioned by Pliny. Nat. ord.,
Elmworts [Ulmaceoo]. Linn., 23-Poly-
gamia i-Monoecia.)
Seeds, sown as soon as ripe ; layers, also, and
CEN
[ 105 ]
CEN
• ;;ittings of ripe shoots, in autumn; common,
good soil. The East and West India species re-
quire protection ; but there seems little to recom-
mend in them over the European and North
American species, which are hardy. The wood of
austra'lis is extreme.y pliant.
HARDY DECIDUOUS.
C. cane'scens (hoary). 40. Green, Mexico. 1840.
Half-hardy.
— crassifo'lia (thick-leaved). 20. Green. April.
N. Amer. 1812.
— leeviga'ta (polished). 20. Green. April. Loui-
siana.
— occidentals (we«t«m). 20. Green. April.
N. Ame.?. )656.
— corda'ta (heart-Jeaced). 20. Green. April.
N. Amer.
scadri^scula(rough\sh). 20. Green. April.
N. Amer.
—pu'mila (dwarf). 6. Green. May. N. Amer.
1812.
— Sine'nsis (Chinese). 12. Green. Asia. 1820.
— Touincfo'rti (Tournefort's> 8. Green. Le-
vant. 1739.
STOVE EVERGREENS.
C. aculea'ta (prickly). 10. Green. Jamaica. 1/91.
— austra'lis (southern). 10. Green. Jamaica. 1796.
— li'ma (file-leaved). 20. Green, yellow. W.
Ind. 1823.
— micra'ntha (small-flowered). 10. Green. Au-
gust. Jamaica. 1/39.
— orienta'lis (eastern). 50. Yellow, green. E.
Ind. 1820.
CENTAU'REA. Centaury. (The clas-
sical name of a plant, fabled by Ovid to
have cured a wound in the foot of Chiron
— Chiron being one of the centaurs, or
war-horse breakers., of Thessaly. Nat.
ord., Composites [AsteraceEe]. Linn., 19-
Syngenesia 3-Frustranea.)
The Centaurys are so numerous that more than
twenty generic names have been applied to the
species. C. cya'nea and depre'ssa, or corn-
flowers, are much used in bouquets. Seeds of
most of them in the open border, in the end of
March. The tenderer ones may be raised on a
hotbed, transplanted to another \ a few might be
preserved in a cold pit, if it was deemed desirable.
Common soil.
HARDY ANNUALS AND BIENNIALS.
C.Ada'mi (Adams's). 2. Yellow. July. Sibe-
ria. 1804.
— America'na (American). 2. Red. July. N.
Amer. 1824.
— A 'pula (Apulian). 1. Yellow. July. N.Africa.
1817.
•— arachnoi'dta (cobweb-likeX 3. Yellow. July.
Italy. 1820. Biennial.
— benedi'cta (blessed-thistle). 2. Yellow. Au-
gust. Spain. 1548.
— cancella'ta (latticed). 1. Yellow. July. N.
Amer. 1824.
— Chile'nsis (Chilian). 1$. Lilac. June. Chili. 1836.
— coarcta'ta (compressed). 1. Yellow. July.
N. Africa. 182;.
— crocody'lium (crocodylium). 3. Purple. July.
Levant. 1777.
— Crupi'na (Crupina). 3. Flesh. June. Italy.
1596.
— Crupinoi'des (Crupina-like). 1. Copper. July.
N.Africa. 1818.
C. cya'nus (blue-bottle). 3. Blue. July. Britain.
—fusea'ta (brownish). Yellow. July. Sardi-
nia. 1830.
— glau'ca (milky-green). 1. Pale yellow. June
Caucasus. 1808.
— Ibe'rica (Iberian). 2. Purple. July. Iberia.
1818. Biennial.
— Li'ppii (Lippi's). 1. Pale purple. June.
Egypt. 1793.
— Melite'nsis (Maltese). 1. Yellow, July. Malta.
1710.
— moscha'ta (musky. Sweet Sultan). 2. Purple.
August. Persia. 1629.
— napifo'lia( turnip-leaved). 3. Purple. July.
Candia. lo'Ql.
— pallc'scens (pale). 2. Yellow. July. Egypt. 1 81 C.
— pulche'lla (neat). 2. Purple. June. Persia. 1836.
— pu'lchra (beautiful). 1. Bright crimson. June.
Cashmere. 1838.
— Salma'ntica (Salamanca). 3. Purple. July.
South Europe. 1596. Biennial.
— Si'cula (Sicilian). 2. Yellow. July. Sicily. 1710.
— solstitia'lis (solstitial. Barnaby's Thistle). 1.
Yellow. July. England.
— Steve'nii (Steven's). 2. Yellow. July. Cau-
casus. 1820. Biennial.
— strami'neu (straw-coloured). I. Yellow. July.
Egypt. 1801.
— suave'olens (sweet-scented). 2. Yellow. July.
Levant. 1C83.
— sulphu'rea (sulphur-eo/owraJ). 1, Yellow.
July. 1815.
— Torrea'na (Torre's). Ij. Purple. July.
Naples. 1830.
— veru'tum (dwarf). 2. Yellow. July. Levant
1/80.
HALF-HARDY.
C. JSgypti'aca (Egyptian). 1. White. July.
Egypt. 1790. Herbaceous perennial.
iteii (silver-teawed). 2. Pale yellow. July.
Canriia. 1739- Evergreen shrub.
— argu'ta (sharp-notched). August. Canaries.
1839. Evergreen shrub.
— cinera'ria (grey -leaved). 3. Purple. July.
Italy. 1710. Herbaceous perennial.
— hyssopifo'lia (hyssop-leaved). 1. Purple. July.
Spain. 1812. Half-hardy evergreen.
— Ragusi'na (Ragusan). 2. Yellow. July. Can-
dia. 1710. Evergreen shrub.
— sempervi'rens (evergreen). 2. Red, yellow. July.
Spain. 1683. Herbaceous perennial.
— spino'sa (prickly-branched). 2. Purple. July.
Candia. 1640. Herbaceous perennial.
HARDY HERBACEOUS.
C. acanthoi'des (acanthus-like). 2. Purple. July.
1827.
— ala'ta (winged-stalked). 2. Yellow. August.
Tartairy. 1781.
— a'lba (white-flowered). 2. White. July. Spain.
1597.
— alpi'na (alpine). 3. Yellow. July. Italy. 1640.
— ama'ra (bitter). 2. Purple. July. Italy.
grandiflo'ra (large-flowered). 2. Purple.
July. Switzerland. 1819-
pinnati'fida (leafleted). 2. Purple. July.
Switzerland. 1819.
— arena'ria (sand). 2. Purple. August. South
Europe. 1778.
— a'spera (rough). 2. Purple. August. Soutfl
Europe. 1772.
— Astraca'nica (Astracan). 2. Purple. July.
Astracan. 1818.
— atropurpu'rea (dark-purple). 3, Purple. Julr.
Hungary. 1802.
CEN
[ 196 ]
CEN
C. art'rea (great-golden). 2. Yellow. August
South Europe. 1758.
— Austri'aca (Austrian). 2. Purple. August
Austria. 1815.
— axilla' ris (axillary). 1. Purple. July. Austria
1823.
— Babylo'nica (Babylonian). 7- Yellow. July
Levant. 1710.
— Balsa'mita (Balsamita). 2. Yellow. July.
Syria. 1820.
— Barrelie'ri (Barrelier's). 2, Purple. July
Hungary. 1820.
— bractea'ta (bracteated). 2. Purple. July.
South Europe. 1817-
— calci'trapa (star-thistle). 1. Pink. July. Eng-
- land.
— calcitrapoi'des (calcitrapa-like). 1. Purple.
June. Levant. 1683.
— caloce'phala (beautiful-headed). 3. Yellow.
July. Levant. 1816.
— calophy'lla (beautiful-leaved). 5. Yellow. July.
South Europe. 1816.
— capillafta (hairy). 1. Purple. July. Siberia. 1810.
— centaur eoi'des (centaurea-like). 3. Yellow.
June. South Europe. 1/39-
— centau'rium (great centaury). 4. Yellow.
July. Italy. 15Q6.
— cheiranthifo'lia (wallflower-leaved). 2. Pale
yellow. July. Caucasus. 1820.
— cichora'cea (endive-like). 2. Purple. July.
Caucasus. 1816.
-C!CMfa?/o'/m(cicuta-leaved). 3. Yellow. July.
Podolia. 1820.
~ cine'rea (grey). 2. Purple. June. Italy. 1710.
— colli'na (hill). 3. Yellow. June. South
Europe. 1596.
— conci'nna (neat). 4. Yellow. August. Cau-
casus. 1818.
— cariafcea (leathery-leaved) . 2. Purple. June.
Hungary. 1804.
— coronopifo'lia (buckhorn-leaved). 3. Yellow.
June. Levant. 173Q-
— crue'nta (crimson- leaved). 1. Purple. July.
1816.
— dealba'ta (whitened). 2. Purple. July. Cau-
casus. 1804.
— deci'piens (deceiving). 2. Purple. August.
France. 1816.
— declina'ta (curved-down). 2. Purple. July.
Caucasus. 1821.
— decu'mbens (lying-down). 2. Purple. August.
France. 1815.
— depre'ssa (depressed). 1. Blue. July. Cau-
casus. 1818.
— deu'sta (burned). 5. Dark red. August. Na-
ples. 1818.
— dilu'ta (washed). 2. Pale purple. July. South
Europe. 1781.
— dissefcta (deeply-cut-/ea»erf). 2. Purple. July.
Naples. 1823.
— ela'ta (tall). 4. Yellow. August. Mauritius.
1820.
— elonga'ta (lengthened). 2. Purple. August.
Barbary. 1823.
— erio'phora (wool-bearing). 1. Yellow. August.
Portugal. 1714.
— eriophy'lla (woolly- leaved). 3. Yellow. July.
1827.
—fe'rox (fierce). 2. Yellow. August. Barbary.
1790.
— Fische'rii (Fischer's). 2. Blue. July. Russia.
1820.
— flosculo'sa (many-floreted). 1. Purple. August.
Italy. 1818.
— glastifo'Ha (woad-leaved), 4. Yellow. July.
Siberia. 1/31.
C. hy' brida (hybrid). 1. Purple. July. Switzer-
land. 1819-
— inca'na (hoary). 2. Purple. August. Naples.
1822.
— intyba'cea (succory-leaved). 2. Purple. Au-
gust. South Europe. 1/78.
— Isna'rch"(Isnard's). 1. Purplt:. July. Britain.
— Jacobceufo'lia (Jacobaea-leaved). 3. Yellow.
July. 1818.
— Kartschia'na (Kartschi's). 2. Purple. June.
Carniola. 1836.
— leuca'ntha( white-flowered). 2. White. August.
South France. 1816.
— leucophy'lla (white-leaved). 2. Purple. July.
Caucasus. 1823.
— limba'ta (fringed). 3. Purple. July. Portugal.
1818.
— lingula'ta (tongue-/ea»cd). 2. Blue. July.
Spain. 1824.
— linifo'lia (flax-leaved). 1. Purple. July. Spain.
1827.
— maoroce'phala (large-headed). 3. Yellow.
July. Caucasus. 1805.
— macula'ta (spotted-/eai)ed). Purple. July.
Siberia. 1816.
— maculo'sa (spotted-ea/z/.mZ). 1. Purple. July.
Siberia. 181b'.
— Marshallia'na (Marshall's). 2. Purple. Julj.
Caucasus. 1820.
— mo' His (soft}. 2. Blue. July. Hungary. 1818.
— monta'na (mountain. Perennial blue-dottle').
2. Blue. July. Austria. 1596.
— murica'ta (point-covered). 1. Purple. July.
Spain. 1621.
— myaca'ntha (mouse-thorn). 1. Purple. August.
France. 1820.
— negle'cta (neglected). 3. Yellow. July. Fo-
dolia. 1820.
— nervo'sa (nerved). 2. Purple. July. South
Europe. 1815.
— Nicae'nsis (Nice). 2. Yellow. July. Nice. 18)9.
— ni'tens (sparkling). Purple. Caucasus. 1823.
— ochroleu'ca (yellowish- white). 2- Pale yellow.
July. Caucasus. 1801.
— orienta'lis (eastern). 2. Yellow. Siberia. 1759.
— orna'ta (ornamental). 2. Yellow. July. Spain.
1818.
— oni'na (sheep's). 1. Purple. August. Caucasus.
1802.
— panicula'ta (panicled). 2. Purple. July. Eu-
rope. 1640.
— parviflo'ra (small-flowered). 2. Violet. June.
Barbary. 1823.
— pectina'ta (comb-edged). 1. Purple. August.
France. 1727.
— peregri'na (diffuse). 2. Yellow. July. South
Europe. 1749.
— Phry'gia (Swiss). 2. Purple. August. Swit-
zerland. 1633.
— — — ambi'gua (ambiguous). 2. Purple. Au-
gust. Switzerland. 1819.
— potyaca'ntha (many-spined). 1. Purple. July.
Portugal. 1804.
— polymo'rpha (many-formed). 2. Purple. July.
Spain. 181Q.
— Pouzi'ni (Pouzin's;. 2. Purple. July. South
France. 1824.
— prate'nsis (meadow). 2. Purple. July. France.
1817.
— procu'mbens (procumbent). 1. Purple. June.
South Europe. 1821. Trailer.
— pube'scens (downy). 1. Yellow. July. 1804.
— pulche'rrima (very beautiful). 5. Yellow. July.
Armenia. 1816.
— pulla'ta (sad-looking). 2. Purple. July. South
Europe. 1780.
GEN
[ 197 ]
CEN
O, radia.'tx (rayed). 2. White. July. Siberia. 1804.
— vefletxa (bent-back-spined). 3. Yellow. July.
Iberia. 1801.
— re'pens( creeping) . 1. Yellow. July. Levant.
1739.
— rifgida (stiff). 1. Purple. July. 1823.
— rivula'ris (rivulet). 2. Brown. July. Por-
tugal. 18)2.
— Roma'na (Roman). 3. Red. July. Rome. 1739-
— rupe'stris (rock). 2. Yellow. July. Italy. 1806.
— Ruthefnica (Russian). 3. Pale yellow. August.
Russia. 1806.
— sabulo'sn (sand). 1. White. July. Siberia. 1820.
— salicifo'lia (willow-leaved). 2. Purple. July.
Caucasus. 1823.
— sangui'nea (bloody). 2. Purple. July. ^7.
— se'ridis (endive-leaved). 1. Purple. July. S^»m.
1686.
— Sessa'na (Sessane). 1. Blue, July. South
Europe. 181 6.
— Sibi'rica (Siberian). 1. Purple. July. Siberia.
1780.
— sonchifo'lia (sow-thistle-leaved). 1. Purple.
August. Mediterranean. 1780.
-- so'rdida (sordid). 1. Purple. July. 1818.
— spatula'ta (spatulate-teaued). 2. Blue. July.
Naples. 1825.
— spheeroce'phala (globe-headed). 2. Purple.
July. South Europe. 1683.
— spinulo'sa (small-spined). 2. Purple. July.
Hungary. 1826.
— sple'ndens (shining). 3. Purple. July. Spain.
1597-
— squarro'sa (wide-spreading). l£. Purple. July.
Persia. 1836.
— sterenphy'lla (stiff-leaved). 2. Purple. July.
Podolia. 1820.
— Sta'be (Stcebe). 1. Red, yellow. June. Aus-
tria. 1759.
— stri'cta (erect). 1. Blue. July. Hungary.
1816,
— Tata'rica (Tartarian). 2. Yellow. July. Tar-
tary. 1801.
— tenuifo'tia (fine-leaved). 2. Purple. July.
Siberia. 1820.
— transalpi'na (transalpine). 4. Purple. July.
Switzerland. 1819-
— trichoce'phala (hairy-headed). 1. Purple. July.
Siberia. 1805.
— trine'rvia (three- nerved). 2. Purple. July.
Podolia. 1816.
— uligino'sa (marshv). 3. Yellow. July. Por-
tugal. 1816.
— uniflo'ra (oiie-flowered). I. Purple. July.
South Europe. 1819.
— Vochinefnsis (Vochin). 2. Purple. July. Aus-
tria. 1817.
— Weidmannia'na (Weidmann's). 2. Rose. July.
Natolia. 1836.
— ganthi'na (yellow). 2. Yellow.
CENTKADE'NIA. (From kentron, a spur,
and aden, a gland; referring to a spur-
like gland on the anthers. Nat. orcl.,
Melastomads [Melastomacese]. Linn., 8-
Octandria \-Monogynia. Allied to Lavoi-
biera.)
Stove evergreen. Cuttings of side-shoots, in
March or April ; sandy loam one part, and rough
peat two parts ; a cool stove, or a warm green-
house. Summer temp., 55° to 75° ; winter, 45° to
C. ro'sea (rose-coloured), i. Rosy-white. April.
Mexico. 1843.
CENTEA'NTHDS. (From kentron, a spur,
and antlios, a flower ; referring to a spur-
like process at the base of the flower.
Nat. ord., Valerianworts [ValerianaceseJ.
Linn., I-Monandria %-Digynia.)
Hardy herbaceous perennials, except C, calci'-
trapa. Seeds and divisions ; common soil.
C. angustifo'lius (narrow-leaved). 2. Crimson.
June. South Europe. 1759.
— calci'trapa (caltrop-leaved). 1. Purple. June.
Portugal. 1683. Hardy annual.
— ru'ber (red). 2. Crimson. June. Britain.
flo're-a'lbo (white-flowering). 2. White.
June. Britain.
CENTEOCLI'NIUM. (From kentron, a
sharp point, and Mine, a bed. Nat. ord.,
Composites. Linn., I9-Syngenesia 2-Su-
perflua.)
Stove plants. Seeds and cuttings, in heat;
sandy loam and leaf-mould. Summer temp., SO0
to 75°; winter, 50° to 55°.
C. appre'ssum (close-pressed-seated). 2. Rosy.
January. Peru. 1836. Evergreen.
— refle'xum (bent-back-scated)- 2. Rosy. Au-
gust. Peru. 1830. Annual.
CENTKOPO'GON. (From kentron, a spur,
and pogon, a beard ; in reference to the
fringe which envelopes the stigma. Nat.
ord., Lobeliads [Lobeliacese]. Linn., 5-
Pentandria \-Monogynia.)
Notwithstanding the acid poisonous qualities
assigned to Lobeliads, it is asserted that the soft
fruit of the Centropo'gon Surinamt'nsis is eatable.
Herbaceous perennials. Divisions of roots ; sandy
peat, and rich, fibry loam; moisture and heat
when growing, and comparative dryness and a low
temperature when at rest. The Surinam species
will require a few degrees higher temperature in
winter than the others.
C. cordifo'lium (heart -leaved). Rose. June.
Guatimala. 1839. Stove.
— fastuo'sum (proud). 2. Rose. November.
Greenhouse.
— Suriname'nsis (Surinam). 2. Rose. November.
Surinam. 1786. Stove.
CENTROSOLE'KIA. (From kentron, a
sharp point, and solen, a tubo ; referring
to the form of the corolla. Nat. ord.,
Gesnerworts [Gesneracese]. Linn., 14-
Didynamia 1-Gymnospermia.)
Natives of tropical America. Require a warm,
moist stove. Soil, equal parts of peat, leaf-mould,
and sand; good drainage, and little water in
winter. Cuttings in a warm frame, without a
bell-glass.
C. bracte'scens (bractescent). 2. White. Jane.
New Grenada. 1852.
— gla'bra (smooth-teamed). 1. White. October.
La Guayra. 1846.
— pi'cta (painted-teaued). £• White. Banks of
Amazon. 1851.
CENTROSTE'MMA. (From kentron, a spur,
and stemon, a stamen ; referring to a horn,
or spur-like process on the stamens of
Asclepiads. Nat. ord., Asclepiuds [Ascle-
CEP
[198 ]
CEK
piadacese]. Linn., 5-Pentandria %-D'ujy-
nia. Allied to Hoya.)
Stove evergreen twiner. Cuttings of rather firm
shoots root freely in sand, under a bell-glass, with
bottom-heat; fibry peat and sandy loam, with
rubbly charcoal to keep the soil open. Summer
temp., 60° to 80°; winter, 55° to 60°.
C.rejle'xum (bent-back). 2. August. Cream.
Manilla. 1838. It is also called Hoy'a
coria'cea and Cyrtufceras reflefxum.
CEPHAE'LIS. (From kephale, a head ; in
reference to the arrangement of the
flowers in heads, or corymbs. Nat. ord.,
Cinchonads [Cinchonaceee]. Linn., 5-
Pentandria 1-Monogynia. Allied to Psy-
ch otr a.)
The Ipecacuanha of the shops is the root of C.
ipecucuu'nha, a half-herbaceous plant, with
creeping roots, growing in the damp, shady fo-
rests of Brazil. Stove plants. Cuttings of firm
young shoots in sand, under a glass, and in moist
bottom-heat. Sandy, fibry peat, and lumpy loam.
Summer temp., 60° to 80° ; winter, 50° to 55°.
C. a'lba (white). Pale pink. April. Guiana. 1824.
— axilla'ris (axillary). 4. White. April. Brazil.
1816.
— cla'ta (tall). 15. Purple. Jamaica. 1793.
— gla'bra (smooth). Blue, April. Trinidad. 1820.
— involucra'ta (involucrated). C. White. July.
Guiana, 1826.
— ipecacua'nha (ipecacuanha). £. White. Janu-
ary. Brazil. 1830,.
— muscn'sa (mossy). White. May. W. Ind. 1824.
— peduncula- 'ta (Jon^-flower-stalked). 2. White.
February. Sierra Leone.
— puni'caa (scarlet-involucred). 3. White.
July. Jamaica. 1820.
— purpu'rea (purple-/rutfed). 1. White, pur-
ple. May. Trinidad. 1821.
— Swa'rtzii(Swartz's). 4. Bluish. W. Ind. 1824.
— tomento'sa (downy). 4. Brownish. August.
Trinidad. 1825.
— viola'cea (violet- berried), 1. White. June.
W. Ind. 1818.
CEPHALANTHE'RA. (From kephale, a
head, and anthera, an anther. Nat. ord.,
Orchids [Orchidacese]. Linn., 20 -Gy nan-
dria \-Monandria. Allied to Limodorum.)
Hardy terrestrial orchids. Divisions ; peat and
loam.
C. ensifo'lia (sword-leaved). ». White. June.
Britain.
— pa'llens (pale). 1. White. June. Britain.
— ru'bra (red). 2. Purple. June. Britain.
CEPHALA'NTHUS. Button -wood. (From
kephale, a head, and anthos, a flower;
flowers disposed in heads heing a general
characteristic of this order. Nat. ord.,
Cinchonads [Cinchonacese]. Linn., 4-
Tetrandria I-Monogynia. Allied to Sper-
macoce).
The Button- wood grows in marshy places, from
Canada to Florida, and prefers a damp, peat bed
in this country. Hardy deciduous shrub. Cut-
tings in sandy soil, under a hand-glass, in the
beginning of autumn ; layers also, Sandy loam,
with vegetable mould or peat.
C. occidenta1 Us (western). 7. White, August*
N. Amer. 1735.
brachypo'dus (short-stalked). White.
August. N. Amer.
CEPHALO'TUS. (From kephalotes, head-
ed ; in reference to the simple scape, or
flower-stalk, bearing a compound ter-
minal spike. Nat. ord., doubtful. Dr.
Lindley believes "the genus will fall
into the ranks of the Crowfoots."
This is the New Holland Pitcher-plant, found
growing in the marshes of King George's Sound.
Greenhouse herbaceous perennial. Offsets. Chop-
ped sphagnum, peat, earth, and broken pots, well
drained, and carefully watered ; a bell-glass kept
over it, and frequently cleaned. Summer temp.,
60° to 75°
winter, 48° to 55°.
1. White. N. Hoi-
C.follicula'ris (follicled).
land. 1822.
CEPHALOTA'XUS. (From fopftaZe, ahead,,
and taxus, the yew ; referring to the ge-
neral appearance of these trees. Nat.
ord., Taxads [Taxaceee]. Linn., 22-
Dicecia 13-Polyandria. Allied to Phyllo-
cladus.)
These are the Japanese Yews lately set apart
from the old yews by Dr. Sieboldt, the Japan
traveller, and Zuccarini, in their work called Flora
Japonica, Hardy evergreens.
C. drupa'cea (berry-bearing). 12 to 20 feet.
Japan. 1844.
— Fortu'ni (Fortune's). 40 to 60 feet. Japan.
1848.
— pedunctila'ta (stalked-fruited. LordHarring*
ton's Yew). Japan. 1837.
CERA'DIA. (From Jceras, a hom ; re-
ferring to the disposition of the spiny
branches. Nat. ord., Composites [Aster-
acese]. Linn., I9~Sy)>genesia2-Supeiflua.
Allied to Cremocephalum.)
We keep this botanical curiosity as a sample of
the scanty vegetation of the Island of Ichaboe,
of guano notoriety ; and we are told, by an offi-
cer of our navy, that when the plants are walked
over in the evening the bruised stems emit a
frankincense-scent. It succeeds best planted out
on a sunny border in summer, and requires the
protection of a greenhouse in winter. Cuttings
of the branches. Sandy soil, with a little peat.
Winter temp., 50° to 556.
C.furea'ta (forked). Pale yellow. January.
Africa. 1844.
CERANTHE'RA. (From %eras, a horn,
and anthera, an anther; alluding to a
horny point on the anthers. Nat. ord.,
Violetworts [Violacead], Linn., 5-Pcn-
tandria 1-Mon.ogynia.)
This should have been united to Alsodeia.
Stove evergreen shrub. Cuttings in sandy soil,
under a bell-glass, in a brisk bottom-heat ; light,
fibry loam. Summer temp., 65° to 80°; winter,
48° to 55°.
C. subintegrifo'lia. (almost-entire-leaved). 6.
White. June. Guinea. 1824.
CEEAPTEEYX GEAMINIS. The Antler
CEK
C
CEft
Moth. We have seen enough to render
us quite ready to assent to Mr. Kirby's
observation, that it is " the greatest enemy
of our pastures." Fortunately, it is of
rare occurrence in this country. It is
the Chareas and Bombyx yraminis of
some entomologists. This moth, repre-
sented of its largest size in our drawing,
is generally altogether of a grey-brown
colour, with a slender, whitish line run-
ning from the base of the fore-wing along
its centre vein, and following along its
branches. Another whitish line runs
along near each edge of the fore-wing ;
near the point of the wing is a row of
triangular, dark spots. There are also
two dark, kidney-shaped spots near the
front edge. The hind-wings are yellow-
ish-brown, with a dark circular spot in
the centre of each, and various dusky
bars. The caterpillar is green, with
brown spots, and smooth. In the few
instances it has been found in this coun-
try it appeared in June. Mr. Kirby says,
" It is said not to touch the foxtail grass.
In the years 1740-41-42-48-49, they mul-
tiplied so prodigiously, and committed
such ravages, in many provinces of Swe-
den, that the meadows became white and
dry, as if a fire had passed over them.
In 1759, and again in 1802, the high
sheep-farms in Tweedale were dreadfully
infested with a caterpillar, which was
probably the larva of this moth. Spots
a mile square were totally covered with
them, and the grass devoured to the
root." — The Cottage Gardener, v. 1.
CERA'STIUM. Mouse-ear Chickweed.
(From keras, a horn ; from the form of
the seed-vessel. Nat. ord., Cloveworts
[Caryophylacese]. Linn., 10-Decandria
4L-Pentagynia.)
There arc many annuals of this genus, all
unworthy of cultivation ; but the following hardy
trailing perennials are ornamental. They are
easily propagated by divisions in the spring ; will
grow in any light, moderately rich soil, and are
all white-flowered.
C. Bieberstei'nii (Bieberstein's). $. June. Cau-
casus. 1820.
— purpura'scens (purplish) £. July. 1831.
— Ledebou'rii (Ledebour's). £. June. Siberia*
— Scara'ni (Scarani's). $. July. Naples.
CE'EASUS. Cherry. (From Cerasus,
a town in Pontus, in Asia, whence the
cherry was brought to Home by Lucullus.
Nat. ord., Almondworts [Drupacese].
Linn., 1%-Icosandria 1-Monogynia.)
Besides the cultivated cherry, the genus Cera-
sus includes species which contain virulent poi-
sons, chiefly in their leaves and fruit-kernels.
Hardy deciduous trees and shrubs, except where
otherwise specified. Seeds sown when the fruit
is ripe, or mixed up with three or four parts their
bulk of dry sand, and frequently turned, to pre-
vent sprouting, and sown in the March following ;
also by layers and cuttings from the roots, and
from suckers; particular varieties by budding and
grafting ; deep soil, rather sandy.
C. affi'nis (related). White. May. Europe. 1837.
— a'vium (Birds'. Corone). 50. White. April.
England.
macroca'rpa (large-/?wrpte-fruited). 50.
White. April. Switzerland.
mu'ltiplex (double-flowered). 15. White.
April.
pu'llida (pale and red-fruited}. 20.
White. April.
sylve'stris (wood). 50. White. April.
Britain.
— borea'lis (northern. Choke). 20. White. May.
N. Amer. 1822.
— Canade'nsis (Canadian). 15. White. May.
Canada. 1820.
— caproniu'na (hautbois). 20. White. April.
South of Europe.
cordi'gera (Gwzg'ne-heart-bearing). 20.
White. April. South of Europe.
Gobbe'tta (GobettaL-white-flesh). 20.
White. April.
Grio'tta (Griotte). 20. White. April.
— — — Montmorencia'na (Montmorency). 20.
White. April.
mu'ltiplex (double-flowered). 12. White.
April.
palle'scens (pale. Ceramble). 20. White.
April.
persicifo'lia (peach-leaved). 20. White.
April.
— poly'gyna (many-pistiled. Cera bouquet}.
20. White. April.
variega'ta (variegated). 10. White.
April.
— Caroliniu'na (Carolina. Evergreen bird). 30.
White. May. Carolina. 1750.
— chameece'rasus (ground-cherry). 8. White.
May. Austria. 1597.
— Chica'sa (Chicasaw plum). 8. White. April.
N. Amer. 1806.
— cornu'ta (horned). 10. White. 1842.
— depre'ssa (depressed. Sand). 4. White.
May. South of Europe. 1805.
— dura'cina (hard). 20. White. April. South
of Europe.
cordi'gera (heart-bearing). 20. White.
April.
mammilla'ris (nippled). 20. White.
April.
obtusa'ta (blunted). 20. White. April.
— hyema'lis (winter. Black-choke). 4. White.
May. N. Amer. 1805.
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C. Japo'nica (Japan). 2. Pink. April. Japan.
1810.
flo're-ple'no - a'lba (white - double - flow-
ered). 2. White. March. North of
China. 1845.
mu'ltiplex (double). 4. Pink. April.
Japan. 1810.
— Julia'na (St. Julian's). 20. White. April.
South of Europe.
Heaumea'na (helmeted). 15. White.
April.
. pe'ndula (pendulous). 10. White.
April. South of Europe. 1821.
— lauroccfrasiis (common - laurel - cherry). 12.
White. April. Levant. 1629. Evergreen.
angustifo' lius (narrow-leaved). 8. White.
April. Evergreen.
variega'tus (variegated - leaved). 12.
White. April. Evergreen.
— Lusita'nica (Portugal-Lwwre/). 20. White.
May. Portugal. 164S. Evergreen.
— Maha'leb (Mahaleb). 20. White. April.
Austria. 1714. Evergreen.
fru'ctu-fla'vo (yellow-fruited). 20. White.
May. South of Europe.
latifo'lium (broad-leaved). 20. White.
June. South of Europe.
— Mara'scha (Marascha). White. April. Eu-
rope. 1827.
— Nepale'nsis (Nepaul). 20. White. May.
Nepaul. 1820. Half-hardy.
— octidenta'lis (West - Indian). 20. White.
Jamaica. 16-2Q. Stove evergreen.
— pa'dus (bird-cherry). 50. White. April.
Britain.
arge'ntea (silv&r-blotched). 20. White.
April. 1846.
atteMd#/o'/ia(aucuba-leaved). 20. White.
April. 1845.
bracteo'sa (/on^-bracted). 30. White.
April. Europe.
heterophy'lla (various-leaved). 20. White
April. 1845.
— ., parvifto'ra (small-flowered). 30. White.
April. North of Europe.
ru'bra(reA. Cornish bird). 30. White
April. Britain.
vulga'ris (common). 30. White. April
Britain.
— Pennsylva'nica (Pennsylvanian). 30. White
May. N. Amer. 1773.
— persicifoiia (peach-leaved). 8. White. May.
N. Amer.
— prostra'ta (prostrate). 1. Pink. April. Crete
1802.
— pseu'do-ce'rasus (bastard-cherry). 6. White
April. China. 1821.
— pube'scens (downy). 12. White. April. N
Amer. 1806.
— pu'mila (dwarf). 2. White. May. N. Amer
1756.
— pygmeefa (pigmy). 4. White. May. N. Amer
1838,
— sali'cinus (wiHow-teowd). 4. White. April
China. 1822.
— semperflo'rens (ever-flowering). 20. White
April. China. 1822. Half-hardy.
— — sessiliflo'ra (stalkless - flowered). 20
White. April.
— sero'tinus (late. American bird). 30. White
June. N. Amer. lfi2Q.
— — — retu'sus (blunt-Zea»ed). 30. May. S. Amer
— serrula'ta (saw- edge- leaved). 4. White
April. China. 1822. Half-hardy.
— sph<froca'rpa (round-fruited). 10. White. June
Jamaica. 1820. Stove evergreen.
?. Susqueha'nna (Susquehanna). White. May.
N. Amer. 1800.
— Virginiafna, (Virginian). 30. White. May.
Virginia. 1724.
CHERRY CULTURE. — All our cultivated
cherries appear to be derived, by the aid
yf various crosses, from Cc'rasusdura'cina,
Tulia'na, and capronia'na.
DESSERT FRUIT.
1 Early Purple Guigne May.
2 Early Duke b, June.
3 Royal Duke e. June.
4 Elton m. June.
5 Florence m. Aug.
6 Late Duke e. Ana?.
7 Morello b. Kept.
8 Biittaer's October Morelio e. Sept.
FOE PRESERVING.
9 Kentish e. Aug.
. For Standards take Nos. 2, 3, 4, 6, 7 ;
these, however, are equally adapted for
walls. For forcing take the Early Duke.
This is so well adapted, both on account
of its earliness and fine bearing, that few
of the other kinds are ever used for this
purpose. Some of the others would suc-
ceed very well, and the Tartarian has
been pointed to by some as very eligible.
In addition to the above the following
are in good repute : — Werder's Black
Heart; Black Eagle; Bigarreau; Tarta-
rian ; Downton ; and the new kind, Heine
Hortense.
Propagation. — Both budding and graft-
ing are resorted to; the former is the
safest plan to avoid gum. The stocks used
are those of the wild cherry for ordinary
standards, or wall-trees ; but, for a dwarf-
ing-system, it has become customary, of
late, to use the Ce'rasus Maha'leb, or
Perfumed Cherry — so called on account
of the agreeable perfume emitted by the
wood whilst burning. In France this is
called Bois de St. Lucia, and this has
long been used as stocks. In addition to
its promoting a dwarf habit, it is said to
be adapted to very ordinary soils, totally
unfit for the common cherry-stock. It is
the usual practice to obtain the Mahaleb
from layers ; but no doubt cuttings will
answer equally well. The ordinary
cherry-stocks are raised from seed, gene-
rally obtained from trees of the same
kind. They are preserved in sand through
the winter, and sown in February. Care
must be taken to preserve, them from the
mice. They may be transplanted, in the
following October, in rows two feet apart
in the row. For dwarfs they may b*
budded the following season; but, if
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CER
standards are required, they must stand
until they acquire the desired height.
Soil. — A deep and mellow loam, rather
sandy, is best adapted to the cherry. It
will, however, succeed in any ordinary
garden-soil, if somewhat fertile in charac-
ter, and one which parts freely with
superfluous moisture.
'Wall culture in growing period. — The
first operation commences in the disbud-
ding, stopping, and laying in of the young
shoots : this will be in the early part of
June. Gross fore-right shoots may at
once be displaced, unless required to
fill gaps ; but if any doubt exists as to
their becoming permanent stock, it will
suffice to pinch off their points when four
or five inches long.
The kinds differ so much in size of
foliage that a difference becomes neces-
sary in the distance at which the young
wood is trained. This must be ruled by
the size of the leaves. Such as the
Bigarreau must be kept at least five
inches apart; the Morello section may be
placed from two to four inches apart. One
of the main points is to destroy the
aphides in time ; they are almost sure to
infest the trees before midsummer.
Culture in rest period. — The cherry, in
general, requires less culture than most
of our hardy fruits; and this because it
produces so little breast-wood. If the
summer management has been duly
attended to, there will be little to perform
during the rest period.
The remaining portion of the snags, or
bases of the young shoots, which were
pinched back in June, must now be
pruned back to within two inches of the
branch, unless required to furnish a blank
space. Any late-made, immature-looking
wood may be shortened to where solid ;
but no other shortening is required with
bearing trees. All the shortening requi-
site, in order to multiply shoots to furnish
the wall, should be done within three
jears after their transplanting. There
will, however, be mostly a few shoots to
be entirely removed in the winter's prun-
ing ; and, in doing this, regard must be
paid to the distance previously given.
Uses,howto keep,d;c. — We need scarcely
point to the dessert section. The Mo-
rellos are famous as "brandy- cherries."
The Kentish has the peculiar property of
slipping from the stone, and, when dried,
making a delightful confection ; and, in-
deed, most of them are of great use for
confectionary purposes. The pulp of
some makes a very good wine ; and irx
Germany a liqueur is made from the
kernel and pulp, bruised and fermented,
known by the name of Kirschwasser.
The keeping of cherries on the trees is,
indeed, the great obstacle to their much-
extended culture. Were it not for this,
cherries would be an every-day affair from
the end of May until the end of October.
The birds are their greatest enemies, and
next to them the wasps. For preserva-
tion from birds there is nothing like good
nets ; but, as it takes much netting to
cover an ordinary tree, a dwarfing-system
should be had recourse to, by which
means much fruit may be preserved in a
little space. By strict preservation we
have had the May Duke in use from the
beginning of June until the middle of
August; the Late Duke from the latter
period until the end of September; and
the Morello from the close of September
until the end of October, or even later.
The wasps are by far the most difficult to
manage. We have, however, kept these
at bay, for a few weeks, by covering the
bushes with some material like Scotch
gauze.
Disease. — We are not aware of any
positive disease in the cherry, excepting
the gum. This is an exudation ot gummy
matter, which generally follows a wound
or bruise, and not unfrequently breaks
out spontaneously. The best way to
avoid this is to plant in soil of moderate
quality. In general, a light, maiden loam
is good enough, without adding a particle
of manure or vegetable matter. See
EXTEAVASATED SAP.
Insects. — The Black Aphis (see APHIS)
is the greatest enemy, and next the Red
Spider. (#«* AoiKUS.) The wall and wood
of the trees should be washed annually,
in the rest season, with soft-soap water,
six ounces to a gallon, adding plenty of
lime, soot, and sulphur. When the
aphides attacis the young shoots in sum-
mer, there is no better plan than to dip
each in a bowl of tobacco-water just be-
fore they are trained.
Winter pruning of Standards. — Very
little is requisite with standards. Like all
other fruit-trees, they are apt to produce
an inconvenient amount of young spray,
in the interior o-' the tree especially. All
shoots of this character should be dressed
away during the rest season, and all that
are obviously not placed in a position to
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202 ]
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receive the influence of light and air.
Most of these must be spurred back,
leaving a couple of inches of the base,
which generally becomes a nucleus of
spurs; and, although not well placed to
produce fruit of the highest amount of
flavour, yet they are sometimes of im-
portance in inclement seasons ; for we
not unfrequently find a sprinkling of
fruit in such situations, when all round
the outside is barren. Orchard cherry-
trees, which have to receive nets occa-
sionally, will, as strength increases, re-
quire the removal of some of the coarsest
and most unyielding shoots; for, were
they permitted to extend themselves
without control, the amount of netting
required to cover them would become a
rather serious item, and a drawback on
their culture. Such unruly shoots, there-
fore, should be timely removed ; for am-
putations of the large limbs should al-
ways be avoided in the cherry, and, in-
deed, in all trees liable to extravasation
of sap. By a timely removal of such
shoots, and by the occasional use of rope-
yarn, or other fastenings, the tree may
be kept in a somewhat compact form.
CERATI'OLA. (From a diminutive of
Jcerus, a horn ; in reference to the stigma
radiating into four divisions like little
horns, as in the Carnation. Nat. ord.,
Croivberries [Empetraceffi]. Linn., 21-
Moncecia 1-Monandria.)
The Crowberries are a small group of little
bushes, with heath-like leaves, which are ever-
green. The most of them inhabit the bleak arid
in
hospitable regions both in Europe and in I
merica. Half-hardy under-shrub. Cuttin
North
igs in
sandy soil, under a glass, in a mild bottom-heat.
Sandy peat, and a little very fibry loam. Winter
temp., 40° to 4S°.
C. ericoi'des (heath-like). 2. Brown. June. N.
Amer. 1826.
CERATODA'CTYLIS. (From Jceras, a horn,
and dactylos, a finger; alluding to the
divisions of the fronds. Nat. ord., Ferns
[Polypodiacese], Linn., 2^-Cryptogamia
I-Filices. This ought to have been united
to Allosorus.)
Stove Fern. Divisions ; peat and loam. Sum-
mer temp., 60° to 90° ; winter, 50° to 55°.
C. osmundoi'des (osmunda-like). Brown. June.
Mexico.
CEEATO'NIA. Carob-tree. (From Jceras,
a horn; in reference to the shape of
the seed-pods. Nat. ord., Leguminous
Plants [Fabacese]. Linn., 23-Polygamia
2-Dicecia. Allied to Gleditschia.)
This is believed to be the Locust-tree of Scrip-
ture. " The dry pulp in which the seeds are
buried is very nutritious, and is supposed to hare
been the food of St. John in the wilderness ;
wherefore it is called the Locust-tree, and St.
John's Bread." — Lindley. The North American
Locust-tree, and the Locust-tree of the West In-
dies, are different from each other, and from the
Locust-tree of Scripture. Greenhouse tree, hardly
worth culture. Cuttings of ripe shoots in sand,
under a hand-glass. Sandy loam.
C. si'liqua (podded). 15. Red, yellow. Septem-
ber. Levant. 1570.
CERATOPE'TALDM. Bed Gum-tree.
(From keras, a horn, andp<?/a/on, a petal ;
the petals being jagged, or like a stag's
horn. Nat. ord., Cunoniads [Cunonia-
cea3J. Linn., 1Q-Decandria I-Monogynia.)
Greenhouse tree. Cuttings under a bell-glass,
in sand ; rich, sandy loam. Summer temp., 55*
to 75° ; winter, 35° to 45°.
C. gummi'ferum (gum-bearing). 50. Yellow. N.
Holland. 1820.
CERATOSTE'HA. (From keras, a horn,
and sterna, a stamen. Nat. ord., Cran-
berries [Vacciniaceoe]. Linn., IQ-Decan-
dria \-Monorjynia. Allied to Thibaudia
and Cavendishia.)
Stove plant. Divisions ; layers. Peaty soil.
C. longifto'rum (long-flowered). Crimson. Peru.
1846,
CE'RBERA. (Named after the fabled
dog, Cerberus. Nat. ord., Dogbanes [Apo-
cynacese]. Linn., 5-Peniandria 1-Moiio-
gynia. Allied to Plumiera.)
Stove evergreens. Cuttings of young, rather
ripe shoots, in April, in sand, under a glass,
and in bottom-heat. Rich, fibry loam. Sum-
mer temp., 60° to 80°; winter, 48° to 55°.
C. Ahou'al (Ahouai). 20. Yellow. June. Brazil.
1/39.
— fructico'sa (shrubby). 4. Red. May. Pegu.
1819.
— macula1 to, (spotted). 4. White. June. Eour-
bon. 1782.
— ora'ta (egs-leaved). 3. Yellow. New Spain.
— Tiieve'tia (Thevetia). 12. Yellow. June. 8.
Amer. 1/35.
— Thevetioi'des (Thevetia-like). 8. Yellow. June.
New Spain. 1800.
CE'ECIS. Judas-tree. (From Jterkis,
a shuttlecock ; the name given by Theo-
phrastus. Nat. ord., Leguminous Plants
[Fabaceae]. Linn., IQ-jbecandria \-Mo-
nogynia.)
The wood of C. siliqua' strum is beautifully
veined, and takes a good polish. Hardy deci-
duous trees. Seeds, sown in a gentle hotbed, in
spring; hardened off, and pricked out into a shel-
;ered situation ; the varieties by grafting. In the
south of the island they do well in sheltered
laces, on a lawn ; in the north, they require a
wall.
C. Canadefnsis (Canadian). 13. Pale red. May.
N. Amer. 1730.
pube'scens (downy). 18. Pale red. May.
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CEP.
C. ailiqua'strum (cylindrical-podded. Common
Judas-tree). 20. Red. May. South
Europe. 1596.
flo're-a'lbo (white-flowered). 20. White.
May. South Europe.
.. parviflo'rum (small-flowered). 20. Purple.
Hay. Bucharia. 1827.
-CERCOCA'EPUS. (From Jterkos, a shut-
tlecock, and carpos, & fruit. Nat. ord.,
Boseworts [Kosaceee]. Linn., 12-Jcosa/z-
dria \-Mono(jynia. Allied to Geum and
Pursbia.)
There is no unwholesome plant in this order ;
and the strawberry, raspberry, and the black-
berry of the bramble, are the nearest plants in
affinity to the rose itself. Then come the Poten-
tilla, Geum, and Agrimonia, among which stands
Cercocarpus, followed by the Spiraeas and Quil-
laiads. Greenhouse evergreen shrub. Cuttings
of green shoots in sand, under a glass, in a little
heat. Peat and loam. Winter temp., 40° to 45°.
C. Pother gilloi'des (Fothergilla-like). 12. Purple.
May. Mexico. 1828.
CE'KEUS. Torch Thistle. (From cereus,
waxy ; referring to the fact that some of
the spines are as pliant as soft wax, while-
others are as brittle as wax tapers. Nat.
ord., Indian Figs [Cactacese]. Linn., 12-
Icosundria I-Monogynia.)
Cuttings, at any time, of either old or young
shoots ; the latter are the best, if the base of the
cutting is well dried. Instead of inserting them
firmly in sand, they do best when laid among
rough material, such as peat charcoal, leaf -mould,
and brick and lime-rubbish. They aie generally
described as stove plants ; but, unless when they
are just making their wood, they will endure a
Tery low temperature, if kept dry. Unless for
the winter-flowering varieties, and those desired
to bloom at that season, no water will be requi-
site from October to March, if kept cool. Sandy
loam, turfy peat, half-parts of lime-rubbish and
dried cow-dung. Water freely when growing,
and when in bloom. Summer temp., 55° to 85° ;
winter, 35° to 50°.
C. ffi'thiops (black-spmcd). Brazil. 1829.
— affi'nis (related). White.
— aAbiseto'sus (white-bristled. Trailing). 2. St.
Domingo. 1816.
— albispi'nus (white-spined). 2. St. Domingo.
1816.
— ambi'guus (doubtful). 2. Purple, white. July.
1827-
— amblygo'nus (blunt-angled). Buenos Ayres.
1836.
— arcua'tus (arched). White. 1835.
— au'reus (golden-s/wierf). S. Amer. 1825.
— baxa'rius (clog-shaped). June. Mexico. 1838.
— bifo'rmis (two-formed). June. Honduras. 1840.
— Chiloe'nsis (Chiloe).
— eocci'neus (scarlet). Scarlet. September.
Brazil.
— cecrult'scens (bluish). 3. Blue. July. Brazil.
1829.
— crispa'tus (curly). Rose. Brazil. 1829.
— cyli'ndricus (cylindric). 3. Peru. 179Q,
— De'/>j0ei (Deppe's). i. peru. 1799.
— ebu'rneus (irory). 3. S. Araer. 1813.
— erio'phorus (woolly). Red. 1835.
— euphorbioi'des (euphorbia-like). 3. S. Amer.
C. exte'nsus (lo^g-stemmed), 6. Pale rose. Au»
gust. Trinidad.
— Eyre'sii (Eyre's). White, green. 1829.
—fe>rox (fierce). 1. Brazil. 1827-
—fimbria'his (fringed). 20. Pink. St. Do-
mingo. 1836.
— flagellifo'rmis (rod-shaped. Creeping Cereus}.
Pink. Peru. 1690.
— fiavispi'nus (yellow-spined). 3. W. Ind.
— formo'sus (handsome). White. Buenos Ayres.
1834.
— fuluispino'sus (tawny-spined). 3. S. Amer.
1796.
— gcmma'tus (bud-bearing). July. Mexico. 1834.
— gra'cilis (slender long-spined) . S. Amer.
— grandiflo'rus (great-flowering. 'Night-blooming
Cereus). White, yellow. Jamaica. 1700^
— gra'ndis (great-s/nnerf). 3. Brazil.
— gri'seus (grey). 3. Grey. S. Amer. 1809.
— Hawo'rthii (Haworth's). 3. Caribbees. 1811.
— heptugo'nus (seven-angled). 3. White. July.
W. Ind. 1728.
— hexago'nus (six-angled). 36. White. Au-
gust. Surinam. 1690.
— hu'milis (humble). S. Amer. 1827.
— hy'stric (porcupine). S. Amer. 1808.
— Jarnaca'ru (Jamacaru). White. Brazil. 1 835.
— Lancea'nus (Lance's). Scarlet. May. Guiana.
1834.
— lanugino'sus (woolly). 1. White. August.
W. Ind. 1690.
— la'tifrons (broad-stemmed). White. September-
S. Amer. 1830.
— Leea'nus (Mr. Lee's). 1. Bright red. Mexico.
— Lemai'rii (Lemaire's). Yellow and white.
June. 1854.
— le'ptophis (slender). White, purple. 1835.
. 1.
Mendoza. 1830.
. , . .
— leuca'nthus (white-spined). 1. White, pink.
— MacDo'naldi£e(Mrs.Ma.cDon&l&'s great night-
flowering Cereus). Yellow and white.
July. 1851.
— ma'gnus (great). 3. White. June. St. Do-
mingo. 1829.
— Martia'nus (Martius's). 2. Pink. April.
Mexico. 1838.
— monoclo'nos (single -branched). 20. Rose,
white. June. Caribbees.
— monstro'sus (monstrous). Red, white. S. Amer.
1816.
— mu'ltiplex (multiplied). Scarlet. St. Do-
mingo. 1829.
— myosu'rus (mouse-tail). Brazil. 1828.
— myrinphy'llus (thousand-leaved). Brown. 1815.
— Napoleo'nis (Napoleon's). 6. Green, white.
1834.
— ni'ger (black). 3. S. Amer. 1820.
~- no'bilis (noble). 3. Pink. W.Ind. 1811.
— ochroleu'cus (cream-coloured). Striped. 8.
Amer. 1835.
— ova'tus (egg-shaped). Chili. 1827.
— oxygo'nus (sharp-angled). Pink. Brazil. 1629.
— oxvpe' talus (sharp - petaled). Red. May.
Mexico. 1828.
— panicula'tus (panicled). White, red. St.
Domingo. 1827.
— pcntago'nua (five-angled). 3. White. July.
S. Amer. 1/69.
— Peruvia'nus (Peruvian). 3. Red. August.
Peru. 1728.
— Pitajay'a _(Pitajaya). 6. White. Carthagena.
— polygo'nus (many-angled). 10. White. ChUi.
— quadrangula'ris (four-angled). White. W..
Ind, 1809- Creeper.
CER
[ 204]
GET
C. ramo'sus (branched). July. Mexico. 1838.
— rega'lis (royal). 10. White. S. Amer.
— repa'ndus (waved-/eayed). 20. August. W.
Ind. 1728.
— rosa'ceus (rosy;. Rose. 1826.
— Roye'ni Royen's). 2. White. S. Amer. 1728.
— seni'lis (old-man). 20. Red. Mexico. 1823.
— serpenti'nus (serpentine). 4. White, purple.
Peru.
— sple'ndidus (splendid). Scarlet. September.
Mexico. 1831.
— stri'ctus (erect). 3. S. Amer. 1823.
— subrepa'ndus (sub-waved-/eat>ed). 3. 1817.
• — te'nuis (slender). Pink. Brazil. Creeper.
— tetraca'ntha (four- spined). Hose. July.
Mexico.
— tetrago'nus (four-angled). 3. White. Ju'y.
S. Amer. 1810.
— triangula'ris (triangular-stemmed). 1. \Vhite.
August. W. Ind. 1590.
— trigo'nus (triangular-stemmed). J. White.
S. Amer. 1809.
— tri'queter (three-sided). 3. S. Amer. 1704.
— tubiflo'rus (tube-flowered). White. 1830.
— tunica'tus (tunicated). Brazil. 1832.
— unda'tus (waved). China. 1829.
There are many other species named in bo- •
tanical works ; but as little is known of them but
their names, and they are probably synonymous
with some of those we have retained, we have
omitted them until more certainly known. Cefreus
speciosi'ssimus and some others have been joined
to Cactus.
CERI'NTHE. Honeywort. (From yteros,
wax, and anthos, a flower ; referring to its
being a favourite flower with bees. Nat.
ord., Borageworts [Boraginacese]. Linn.,
6-Pentandria \-Monogynia. Allied to An-
•chusa.)
Hardy annuals, except C. macula' ta. All by
seeds, in common soil. Macula' ta requires a dry
soil, or its fleshy roots decay.
C. alpi'na (alpine). Pale yellow. June. Carpa-
thian Mountains. 1827.
— a'spera (rough). 2. Yellow, purple. July.
South France. 1633.
— macula' ta (spotted). 2. Yellow, red. July.
South France. 1804. Perennial.
— ma'jor (greater). 3. Yellow. July. South
France. 15Q6.
— mi'nor (smaller). 2. Yellow, purple. July.
Austria. 1570.
— reto'rta (twisted). 2. Yellow, green. July.
Levant. 1825.
CESOPE'GIA. (From Jceros, wax, and
pege, a fountain; referring to tbe form
and waxy appearance of the flower. Nat.
ord., Asclepiads [Asclepiadacess] . Linn.,
5-Pentandria 1-Monogynia. Allied to
Hoya.)
Cuttings of small side-shoots in April, in sand,
Under a glass, and a little heat ; sandy loam, fibry
peat, and a little leaf-mould and charcoal. Sum-
mer temp., 55° to 80° ; winter, 45° to 55° ; giving
the East Indian species the most heat. More
curious than beautiful.
GREENHOUSE.
C. aphy'lla (leafless). 2. White. June. 1817.
Evergreen twiner.
C. austra'lis (southern). 3. N. Holland. 1820.
Evergreen twiner.
— sinua'ta (wavy-edged). S. Pale red. July.
Cape of Good Hope. 1818. Evergreen
twiner.
— staphelicefo'rmis (staphelia-formed). 4. Purple.
July. Cape of Good Hope. 1826. Ever-
green trailer.
— torulo'sa (uneven). Yellow. July. Cape of
Good Hope. 1820. Evergreen twiner.
STOVE.
€. acumina'ta (taper-pointed). 2. Purple. July.
Coromandel. 1820. Tuber.
— Africa'na (African). 6. Yellow, July. E.
Ind. 1823. Evergreen twiner.
— bulbo'sa (bulbous). 2. Red, green. May.
E. Ind. 1821. Trailer.
— dicho'toma (fork-branched). 1. White. July.
£. Ind. 1804. Evergreen.
— e'legans (elegant). 20. Purple. August. E.
Ind. 1828. Deciduous twiner.
— ju'ncea (rushy). 1. Yellow. E. Ind. 1822.
Evergreen.
— Lu'shii (Dr. Lush's). Purple. September.
Bombay. 1833. Deciduous climber.
— ocula'ta (round-spotted). 6. Green. Red-
spotted. September. Bombay. 1842.
Deciduous twiner.
— Thwaite'sii (Mr. Thwaites's). 23. Red, yellow,
green. September. Ceylon. 1851.
— tubero'sa (tuberous). 8. Red, green. May.
E. Ind. 1821. Tuberous perennial.
— vincacfo'lia (vinca-leaved). 20. Purple. Sep-
tember. Bombay. 1837. Evergreen
twiner.
— Wri'ghtii (Dr. Wright's). 20. Green, purple.
August. E. Ind. 1832. Deciduous climber.
CE 'STRUM. (An ancient Greek name
for another plant. Nat. ord., Nightshades
[Solanaceae], Linn., 5-Pentandria I-Mo-
nogynia. Allied to Habrothamnus. )
Cuttings in sand, in heat, in April ; peat and
loam. Of easy culture. With the exception of
tincto'rium, which is used for dyeing, and the
few others we have selected, none are worth culti-
vating, being chiefly poisonous plants of no
beauty. There are fifteen other species. Those
we have described are stove evergreen shrubs,
with the exception of C. ro'seum, which is a
greenhouse evergreen shrub.
C. alaternoi'des (alaternus-like). 6. Yellowish.
March. Trinidad. 1824,
— auranti'acum (orange-coloured-./?OM,'ered). S.
Orange. Guatimala. 1842.
— latifo'lium (broad-leaved). 6. White. June.
Trinidad. 1818.
— ro'seum (rose-coloured-cowered). 3. Rose.
July. Mexico. 1839.
— subero'sum (cork-£ar&ed). 5. Sulphur. June.
1815.
— tincto'rium (dyeing). 4. White. May. Caraccas.
1823.
OETONIA AURATA. Golden Eose-
Beetle. This insect is the Scarabatts
auratus of some naturalists. The grub
is of a dirty-white colour, and tbe tail-
end thicker and more highly glazed than
the remainder of its body. It is usually
found in decayed wood ; but, being occa-
sionally discovered in the nest of the ant,
CHA
[ 205 ]
CILE
under-ground, where it seems to feed
upon the bits of wood of which the nest
is composed, it thence has the popular
name of " King of the Ants." After re-
maining about three years in the larva
state, it makes a sort of cocoon of chips
of wood, glued together by an excretion
of its own. In this it passes the winter,
and in June following emerges in the
perfect form. The Kose Beetle flies well,
with a considerable humming noise, dur-
ing the hottest part of the day, passing
from flower to flower, preferring, but not
exclusively, our roses. It robs them of
their honey; but not content with this,
devours, occasionally, their nectaries, and
the lowermost, juicy portion of the petals.
Our drawing represents the larva, pupa,
and beetle ?f their natural size. The
beetle is of a shining green- colour above,
and the wing-sheaths dotted with white.
Beneath, the body and head are coppery-
red.— The Cottage Gardener, Hi. 341.
This beetle is most severely felt by
the gardener when it attacks the blos-
soms of his strawberries, which it does
in May or June ; but it also attacks the
whitethorn, candytuft, elder, mountain-
ash, and peony, the flowers of which it
feeds upon. The female rose- chafers
often lay their eggs in the ground ; and
the larvce they produce are no doubt
often confounded with those of the cock-
chafer (Melolonlha vulgaris), being as
large, and very similar. '
CHABIUE'A. (In honour of D. Chau-
Irey, a Genevese botanist. Nat. ord.,
Composites [Asteraceee]. Linn., IQ-Syn-
geiiesia 1-^qualis.)
C. runcina'ta (runcinate). 1*. White. June.
Chili. 1844.
CHJENA'NTHE. (From chaino, to gape,
and anthos, a flower. Nat. ord., Orchids
[Orchidacese]. Linn., QQ-Gynandria 1-
Monandria. )
Stove orchid. Offsets and divisions, placed in
a very shallow basket, with sphagnum, or tied to
a block of wood, and suspended in a high tern-
perature and moist atmosphere ; cool and dry in
winter. Summer temp., 60° to 00°; winter, 50°
to 60°.
C.Barke'ri (Barker's). Para. 1837.
CH^NE'STES. (From chaino, to gape ;
in allusion to the flower's mouth. Nat.
ord., Nightshades [Solanaceoe]. Linn., 5-
Pentandria 1-Monogynia. Allied
to Lycium.)
A stove evergreen shrub, propagated
by cuttings in spring, in sand, under a
bell-glass, with bottom-heat. Sandy
loam and fibry peat. Summer temp.,
60° to 80° ; winter, 45° to 55°.
C, lanccola'ta (spear-head-feayerf). 5.
Purplish-brown. July. Quin-
diu. 1846.
CH^NO'STOMA. (From cha-
ino, to gape, and stoma, a mouth;
in reference to the wide opening
of the tube, or bottom part of
the flower. Nat. ord., Figworts
[Scrophulariaceee]. Linn., 14-
Didynamia 2-Angiospermia.}
All natives of the Cape of Good
Hope. Seeds sown in March, in a hot-
bed, and transplanted to the flower-
garden in May ; and cuttings taken off
in August and September, and potted
in a greenhouse or cold pit, to be trans-
planted the following season.
GREENHOUSE ANNUALS.
C.foR'lida (foetid;. 1$. White. June. 1/94.
— villo'sa (long-haired). 1. White. June. 1783.
GREENHOUSE HERBACEOUS PERENNIALS.
C. eorda'ta (heart-shaped-/ea»e<i). 1&. White.
June. 1816.
— hi'spida (bristly). 1. White. July. 1816,
— polya'ntha (many-flowered). £. Lilac, yellow.
June. 1844.
CHJETANTHE'RA. (From chaite, a bristle,
and anther, an anther, or pollen-bag;
the anthers being furnished with tufts of
bristly hairs. Nat. ord., Composites [As-
teracese]. Linn., 19-8yngenesia 2-Super-
flua. Allied to Mutisia.)
All natives of Chili, and half-hardy herbaceous
perennials, except C. linea'ris. Division of the
roots, in March or April. C. linea'ris by seed.
Peat and loam. Protection or greenhouse or cold
pit in winter.
CILE
[ 206 ]
CHA
C. Chile'nsis (Chilian). 1. July. 1827. Annual.
— cilia'ta (hair-fringed). 2. July. 1822.
— lineu'ris (narrow- leaved). Yellow. July. 1837.
Annual.
— scrra'ta (saw--/eawed). £. Yellow. July. 1827.
— tenuifo'lia (fine - leaved). Yellow. July.
1827.
CRETO'CALYX. (From chaite, a bristle,
and /calyx, a flower-envelope ; in reference
to the calyx being furnished with bristles.
Nat. ord., Leguminous Plants [Fabacese].
Linn., \l-Diadelphia k-Decandria. Allied
to Hedysarum.)
Stove evergreen twiner. Cuttings of ripe shoots
in heat. Peat and loam. Summer temp., 60° to
85°; winter, 45° to 55°.
€. Vincenti'na (St. Vincent's). 6. Yellow. June.
St. Vincent. 1823.
CH^TOGA'STEA. (From chaite, a bristle,
and gastron, a cavity; referring to the
cavities between the apex of the ovary
and the bottom of the calyx being fur-
nished with hairy scales. Nat. ord., Mc-
lastomads [Melastomacese]. Linn., 10-
Decandria \-Monogynia. Allied to Os-
beckia.)
Seeds in hotbed, in March ; and cuttings in
«;uidy soil, in heat. Peat and loam. Summer
temp., 50° to 80° ; winter, 45° to 55°.
C. gra'cilis (slender). 1. Red, lilac. Brazil. 1834.
Stove perennial.
— lanceola'ta (spear-head-Zeawed). 1. White.
January. Trinidad. 1820. Stove annual.
— strigo'sn (short-bristled). £. Rosy-purple.
August. W. Ind. 1848. Greenhouse
evergreen.
CHAFF-FLOWER. Alternanthe'ra acliy-
ra'ntha.
CHALK. Carbonate of lime contains,
when pure, carbonic acid, 45 ; lime, 55 ;
but, as it usually occurs, it contains about
twenty-four per cent, of water, and five
per cent, of silica (flint), alumina (clay),
and oxide (rust) of iron. After these
deductions, it will be apparent, that if
fifty tons of lime be applied to land, it
will be equal to more than one hundred
of chalk — a subject worthy of considera-
tion, when it has to be conveyed from
afar. _Chalkis usually employed in large
quantities, to improve the staple of a soil.
It makes heavy soils less retentive of
moisture, and light, sandy soils more re-
tentive. On wet, sour lands it neutralizes
the acids which render them unproduc-
tive. Some chalks contain phosphate of
lime ; and this being a constituent of all
plants, such chalk is to be preferred.
Some contain a large proportion of car-
bonate of magnesia, which is less bene-
ficial. Chalk has also been shown, by
Mr. Beaton, to be of great value in form-
ing the best of walks. See CONCRETE
WALKS.
CHAM.ZECY'PARIS. White Cedars. (From
chamai, ground, meaning dwarf, and cu-
2iressus, cypress; the Cypress-dwarf, or
Bastard Cypress. Nat. ord., Conifers [Pi-
nacese]. Linn., %1-Moncecia 10-Decan-
dria. Allied to Taxodium and Cypress.)
Hardy evergreens. Seeds. Deep, sandy soil.
C. Nutkae'nsls (Nootka Sound). 70. N. Amer.
— obtu'sa (blunt\ 80. Japan.
— pisi'fera (pea-bearing). A small tree. Island
of Niphon.
— spheeroi'dea (globe-coned). A small tree. N.
Amer.
— squarro'sa (spreading). A bush. Japan.
— thuri'fera (frankincense). 70. Mexico.
CHAILEDO'KEA. (From chamai, dwarf,
and dorea, a gift; referring to the nuts
of this palm being easily reached. Nat.
ord., Palms [Palmacese]. Linn., 22-Di-
cecia Q-Hexandria. Allied to Areca.)
Stove deciduous trees. Seeds, when obtainable ;
freely, by suckers from the roots. Rich, sandy
loam". Summer temp., 60° to 80°: winter, 50°
to 60°.
C. e'legans—mas (elegant — male). 3$. Scarlet.
February. Mexico.
— Erne'sti Augu'sti—mas (Ernest Augustus's —
male). Orange. New Grenada.
— fr a' grans (sweet-scented). 8. White. Tri-
nidad. 1820.
— gra'cilis (slender). 10. White, green. Ca-
raccas. 1803.
CHAMJEFI'STULA. Same as CA'SSIA.
CHAMJELAU'CIUM. (From chamaileuke,
a dwarf, white poplar; because its heathy
stems are miniatures of that tree. Nat.
ord., Fringe-myrtles [Chamselauciaceae],
Linn., IQ-fiec&ndria "L-Monogynia.)
This is the head of a small order of beautiful
little greenhouse bushes, natives of New Holland,
generally with the aspect of Heaths, having their
flowers gathered into heads, and the flower^
envelopes ending in awns, fringes, or bristles,
which give them the appearance of Composites.
A greenhouse evergreen shrub. Cuttings of the
points of shoots or side-shoots, when getting
firm, in sand, under a bell-glass; one part fibry
peat, and two of sandy, lumpy loam. Summer
temp., 55° to 75°; winter, 35° to 45°.
C. cilia' turn (hair-fringed). 2. White. May.
N. Holland. 1825.
CHAMJE'LEDON. (From chamai, dwarf,
and ledon, a kind of Cistus.)
It is really Aza'lea procu'mbens ; and we ought
to have united it to the hardy section of that
genus. See AZA'LEA.
C. procu'mbens (trailing). $. Pink. April.
North of Scotland.
CHAH/ERHO'DES. (FromcAanwu, dwarf,
and rodon, a rose ; in reference to the
appearance of the plants. Nat. ord.5
Roseworts [Rosacese]. Linn., 5-Pentan-
dria S-Pentagynia. Allied to Rubus.)
CHA
[ 207 ]
CHA
Hardy herbaceous perennials ; chiefly by seeds ;
«andy loam, and a dry, elevated position.
C, grandijlo'rus (large-flowered). Yellow. June.
Dahuria. 1828.
— poly'gynus (many-pistiled). Yellow. June.
Siberia. 18121.
CHASLK'ROPES. (From c/iamai, dwarf,
and rhops, a twig. A comparative name,
making the Fan-palm of the south of
Europe a low twig in comparison to the
huge, gigantic Palms of the tropics. Nat.
ord., Palms [Palmacesej. Linn., 23-
Polygamiu 2-JDiaecia.)
Seeds, imported ; suckers, which are freely
produced, with the exception of C. gra'cilis and
Guiune'nsis. The others will flourish in a green-
house; and their loaves render them striking
objects. In Edinburgh the hu'milis stood out
several winters, with but a slight protection; rich,
loamy soil. Summer temp., 50° to 80°; winter,
35° to 45°.
<7. exce'lsa (tall). 30. Green, white. Nepaul. 1822.
— gra'cilis (slender). 10. Green, white. S. Amer.
1822. Stove.
— Guiune'nsis (Guiana). 20. Green, white.
Guiana. 1824. Stove.
— Jiu'milis (low). 10. Green, white. March.
South of Europe. J/31.
— ky'strix (porcupine). 10. Green, white.
Georgia. 1801.
— Palme'tto (Palmetto). 20. Green, white. Caro-
lina. 1801.
— serrula'tn (saw-fe«»ed). 10. Green, white.
N. Amer. 1809.
CHAILENE'RON. (From chamai, dwarf,
and neron, the oleander. Nat. ord., Ona-
fjrads [Onagraceoe]. Linn., 8-Octandria
l-Honogynia. Allied to Epilohium.)
Hardy herbaceous perennial ; seeds ; division of
the roots in spring ; common soil.
C. America' num (American). Red. July. N.
Amer. 1825.,
CHAMISSO'A. (Named after M. Camisso,
a botanist. Nat. ord., Amaranths [Ama-
rantacese]. Linn., 6-Pentandria l-Mono-
gynia.}
Stove evergreen shrub ; cuttings of ripe shoots
in heat, under a bell-plass; fibry, sandy loam.
Summer temp., 60° to 85°; winter, 50° to 55°.
C. alti'ssima (tallest). 5. Yellow. July. Jamaica.
1816.
CHAPTA'LIA. (Named after M. Chaptal,
a French chemist. Nat. ord., Composites
[Asteracese]. Linn., 19-Syngenesia 4-
Necessaria. Allied to Cussonia.)
Hardy herbaceous perennial; division of the
roots ; light, sandy soil.
C. tomento'sa (woolly). $. White. May. N.
Amer. 1806.
CHARCOAL. Soot, a chief constituent
of which is charcoal, has long heen known
as a vety effective fertilizer; and burning
has still longer been known as a mode of
reducing stubborn soils to prompt pro-
ductiveness. But both these sources of
fertility might owe their efficiency to
other causes than their affording carbon
to plants ; and, comparatively, it is only
lately that anything like a general know-
ledge has been diffused that mere char-
coal is a good manure. Charcoal is a
most efficient manure to all cultivated
plants, especially to those under glass.
Heaths, rhododendrons, cucumbers,
onions, roses, orchidaceous plants, hy-
drangeas, camellias, melons, and pine-
apples, have been the subjects of exten-
sive and most successful experiments.
We think no cultivated plant would be
nnbenefited by having charcoal applied
to the soil in which it is rooted. It should
be broken into small pieces, about the
size of a nut, and, for potted plants, may
be mixed in the proportions of one part
charcoal to twenty parts earth. If ap-
plied to the open ground, one-fourth of
a bushel may bo sown over a square rod
or perch, and dug in just before insert-
ing the crop. The reason of charcoal
being so useful as a manure is very ap-
parent. MM. Scnuebier, Ruckert, Saus-
sure, and others, have demonstrated that
plants are rendered much more luxuriant
and productive by having carbonic acid
applied to their roots, than other plants
to whose roots no such application was
made. Now, charcoal kept moist, as when
buried in the soil, slowly combines with
oxygen, and emits carbonic acid ; in fact,
it slowly dissolves. We are sorry to differ
from such an authority as Liebig, who
broadly asserts that " carbon never com-
bines, at common temperatures, with
oxygen, so a? to form carbonic acid."
This was long since shown to be other-
wise by Count Rumford, and may easily
be demonstrated to be incorrect, by con-
fining a few ounces of fresh and moist-
ened charcoal -powder, mixed with earth,
in a glass receiver full of oxygen, over
lime-water : carbonate of lime will form,
showing the gradual evolution of car-
bonic acid. For draining, pieces of char-
coal, about the size of filberts and wal-
nuts, are among the best that can be
employed.
CHAED. See ARTICHOKE.
CHARDOON. See CARDOON.
CHARLES'S SCEPTRE. Pedicula'ris sce'p-
trum Caroli'mim.
CHARLOCK. (Sina'pis arve'nsis.) A well-
known weed.
CHARLWOO'DIA. New Holland Dragon-
CHA
[ COS ]
CHE
tree. The species are now united to Cor-
dyliue.
CHASCA'NUM. (From chasko,to. gape;
referring to the irregular limb of the
ilower — approaching the form of a Lip-
wort-flower. Nat. ord., Verbenas [Ver-
benacese]. Linn., 14^-JDidt/namia 2-An-
yiospermia. Allied to Stachytarpheta.)
Greenhouse evergreen. Cuttings in spring, in
sand, under a glass, in gentle heat. Loam and
sandy peat, well drained.
C. cuneifo'lium (wedge-shaped-leaved). 4. White.
April. Cape of Good Hope. 1821.
CHEESE-RENNET. Ga'liwn vc'rum.
CHEILA'NTHES. (From cheilos, a lip, j
and anthos, a flower; in reference to the
form of the seed-organs. Nat. ore!.,
Ferns [Polypodiacese]. Linn., 2±-Cryplo-
gamia 1-F'diccs. Allied to Adiantum.)
Division of the roots, just when commencing to
grow. Peat and loam. Summer temp., 55° to
80° ; winter, 45° to 55°.
HARDY.
C. pra'cHis (slender). £. Brown. July. N. Amcr.
1823.
— odo'ra (sweet-smelling). £. Brown. June.
Switzerland. 1819.
— vesti'ta (clothed). £. Brown. August. N.
Amer. 1812.
GREENHOUSE.
C. cauda'ta (tailed). £. Brown. June. N. Hol-
land. 1824.
—fralgrans (fragrant). §. Brown. August. Ma-
deira. 1778.
— hi'rta (hairy). £. Brown. June. Cape of Good
Hope. 1806.
— macrophy'lla (large-leaved). 1. Brown. Au-
gust. \V. Ind.
— pteroi'des (pteris-like). £. Brown. July. Cape
of Good Hope. 1775.
— suave'olens (sweet-scented). Brown. August.
Madeira. 1778.
STOVE.
C. erenula'ta (scolloped). 1. Brown. 1824.
— cunea'ta (wedge-leaved}. 1. Brown. 1831.
— Dicksonioi'des (Dicksonia-like). 4. Brown.
August.
—farino'sa (mealy). Brown, yellow. Isle of
Luzon.
—ferrutri'nea (rusty). £. Brown. June. 1810.
— lendi'gera (maggot-bearing). &. Brown. June.
New Spain.
— micro'mera (parted-small). Mexico.
— micro'pteris (small-winged). £. Brown. Sep-
tember. 1838.
— profu'sa (dangling). £. Brown. September.
— re? pens (creeping). 1. Brown. July. W. Ind.
1824.
— ru'fa (reddish-brown). £. Reddish-brown.
W. Ind.
— rufe'scens (brownish-red). £. Brown. Sep-
tember. 1838.
— - sinuo'sa (wavy-edged). 1. Brown. August.
W. Ind.
— specta'bilis (showy). 1&. Brown. September.
Brazil. 1829.
— tenuifo'lia (slender-leaved). Brown. Sep-
tember. Ceylon.
— visco'sa (clammy). Brown. Mexico. 1811.
CHEIMATOBIA BRUJIATA. Winter Moth.
This is the cause of more destruction to
our fruit and other trees than almost anv
MALE AND FEMALE.
other insect; for no weather is suffi-
ciently severe to injure either them or
their eggs; and the caterpillars, in tho
early spring, will feed upon the opening
buds and leaves of almost every kind of
tree. The females, being without wings,
may be prevented ascending our standard
fruit-trees by smearing round their
trunks a band of tar; but this must be
renewed, as it dries, every two or three
days. The male moths begin to fly
about just after sunset during November,
and until the end of January. Their
upper wings, when opened, measure
across about one inch and a quarter; but,
during the day, they look much smaller,
for they fold them so as to form a tri-
angle, and have their feelers or horns
(antennae) turned back over them. Those
wings are pale grey, marked with va-
rious darker-waved lines. The under-
wings are greyish-white, often having &
notched line crossing their centre. The
body, delicate and tapering, is yellowish-
grey. The female crawls to the top of a
tree, and deposits her very small, oval
eggs upon the blossom and leaf-buds, as
well as upon the shoots. She will lay
from 200 to 300 eggs. The caterpillars
and the buds come to life together. At
first they are grey, and scarcely thicker
than a horsehair; but they cast their
skins, and finally become the green-looper,
of a yellowish-green colour, shining, and
with a blue line down the back. On
their sides are two yellowish-white lines.
The apple-buds are their favourite food ;
but they destroy, without difficulty, the
leaves of the hawthorn, lime, hazel,
rose, elm, willow, and hornbeam. — (The
Cottage Gardener, i. 53.) The caterpillar
descends into the earth, and becomes a
chrvsalis about the end of May.
CHE
[ 209
CHE
CHEIRA'NTHUS. Wallflower. (From
cheir, the hand, and anthos, a flower; in
reference to the custom of carrying the
wallflower in the hand for a nosegay
Nat. ord., Crucifers [Brassicacese], Linn.,
15-Tetradynamia. )
Half-hardy evergreen uncler-shrubs, excepl
where otherwise specified. Seeds and cuttings
under a hand-light, in May or June, of particular
varieties!, and double-flowering especially. Most
of the finer kinds will like the protection of a pit
in winter, and maj be employed for early bloom-
ing in the greenhouse. When left out of doors,
a protection of a few evergreen boughs should be
given them ; herbaceous kinds by division. A
fight, rich, sandy soil suits them best ; but even
the tenderer species survive the winter on rock-
work.
<7. alpi'nus (alpine). $. Yellow. Hay. South
Europe. 1810.
— arbo'reus (tree). 3. Yellow. May. Egypt.
1827-
— capitu'tus (round-headed). Yellow. June.
Columbia. 182ti. Hardy herbaceous
perennial.
— Chei'ri (Cheiri. Common Wallflower)* 2.
Orange. May. South Europe. 1573.
ferrugi'neus (rusty -flowered). 2. Brown.
May. South Europe. 1573.
flavt'scens (yellowish). 2. Yellow. May.
South Europe. 1573.
flo're-ple'no (double-flowered). 2. Yellow.
May.
grandiflo'rus (large-flowered). 2. Yellow.
May. South Europe. 1573.
heema'nthus (do«6/e-bloody-flowered). 2.
Crimson. May. South Europe. 1573.
hcuma'nthus-variega'tus (variegated-
bloody). 2. Crimson. June. South
Europe.
— ma'ximus (largest) . 2. Yellow. May.
South Europe. 1573.
— pa' tulus (double-spreading}. 2. Yellow.
May. South Europe. 1573.
purpu'reus (purple-cowered). 2. Purple.
June. South Europe.
— purpu'reus-variega'tus (variegated-pur-
ple. 2. Purple. June. South Europe.
— • sangui'neus (bloody). 2. Bark brown.
May.
— serra'tus (saw-edged-cowered). 2. Yellow.
May. South Europe. 1573.
— thyrsoi'des (ihyrse-flowered). 2. Blood.
May. South Europe. 1573.
va'rius (various-coloured). 2. Variegated.
May. South Europe. 1573.
—flrmus (firm). 1. Yellow. June. Europe.
1816.
—fruticulo'sus (small-shrubby). 1J. Yellow.
May. Britain. Hardy herbaceous per-
ennials.
— linifo'lius (flax-leaved). 2. Purple. April.
Spain. 1815.
— muta'bilis (changeable). 3. Yellow, purple.
April. Madeira. 1777-
longifo'lius (long-leaved). 3, White,
purple, September. Madeira. 1815.
— ochroleu'cus (pale yellow). |. Pale yellow.
April. Switzerland. 1822. Hardy her-
baceous perennial.
— tcopa'rius (broom). 3. White, purple. June.
Teneriffe. 1812.
— turugino'sut (rusty). 3. Rusty. June.
Teneriffe. 1812.
14
C. scopa'rius chamce'leo (chameleon). 3. Yellow,
purple. June. Teneriffe. 1812.
— semperflo'rens (ever-blooming). 2. White.
Barbary. 1815.
frute'acens (shrubby). 2. White. May.
Teneriffe. 1815.
— tenuifo'lius (slender-leaved). 2. Yellow. June.
Madeira. 1777.
CHEIROSTE'MON. Hand-plant. (From
cIiL'ir, the hand, and stemon, a stamen ;
in reference to the formation of the
stamens and style. They issue in a cen-
tral column, bearing five curved anthers
and a curved style in the middle, having
much resemblance to a hand with long
claws. Nat. ord., Sterculiads [Sterculia-
cese]. Linn., IQ-Monadelphia 6-Decan-
dria. )
Stove tree. Cuttings of rather firm shoots in
sandy peat, under a glass, and in bottom-heat.
Sandy loam and fibry peat. Summer temp., 60°
to 80° ; winter, 48° to 55°.
C. plutanoi'des (plane-tree-like). 30. New Spain.
1820.
CHELIDO'NIUM. Celandine. (From
chelidan, a swallow; alluding to the
flowers opening on the arrival of that
bird, and to the plant drying up on its
departure. Nat. ord., Poppyworts [Pa-
paveracese]. Linn., 13-Polyandria 1-Mo-
nogynia.)
The yellow juice of the common Celandine (C.
ma' jus) is said to be a violent acrid poison, and
a popular remedy for warts. Hardy herbaceous
perennials. Division. Common garden-soil.
C. grandiflo'rum (large-flowered). 2. Yellow.
May. Dahuna. 1820.
— lacinia'turn (j&gged-leaved) . 2. Yellow. May.
South Europe.
— majus flo're-ple'no (large-double-flowered). 2.
Yellow. September. Gardens.
CHELO'NE. (From chelone, a tortoise ;
he back of the helmet of the flower be-
ng fancifully compared to a tortoise.
Nat. ord., Figworts [Scrophulariaceae].
Linn., ll-Didynamia 2-Anyiospermia.
Allied to Pentstemon.)
Hardy herbaceous perennials, except where
otherwise specified. Division of the roots, and
cuttings of the young shoots under a hand-glass,
n April or May; also by seeds. Sandy loam,
and if a little peat and leaf-mould, all the
better.
C. barba'ta (bearded). 3. Scarlet. July. Mexico.
1794,.
cafrnea (fiesh-coloured-flowered). 3.
Flesh. July. Mexico.
ma'jor (larger). 4. Orange-striped. June.
— centranthifo'lia (centran thus-leaved). 7- Scar-
let. September. California. 1834.
-— Gentianoi'des (Gentian-like). 3. Orange, scar-
let. July. Mexico. 1835.
— gla'bra (smooth). 4. White. August. N.
Amer. 1730.
— Lyo'ni (Lyon's). 4. Purple. August. N«
Amer. 1812.
CHE
[210]
CHI
C. Zlexicn'nn (Mexican). Scarlet. June. Mexico.
1S42.
— nemoro'sa (grove). 1. Purple. August. N.
Amer. 1827.
— obli'qua (twisted). 4. Purple. August. N.
Amer. 1752.
— spetio'sa (showy). 4. Pale red. August. N.
Amer.
CHENOLE'A. (From chen, a goose, and
leia, prey; in reference to the plant be-
ing eaten by those birds. Nat. ord.,
Chenopods [Chenopodiacess]. Linn., 5-
Pentandria 1-Monogynia.)
Greenhouse evergreen. Cuttings of half-ripe
shoots under a glass, in sandy loam. Summer
temp., 55° to 80° ; winter, 35° to 45°.
C. diffu'sa (spreading). 1. Green. August. Cape
of Good Hope. 1758.
CHE'EMES. See PSY'LLA.
CHERRY. See CE'RASUS.
CHERRY PEPPER. Ca'psicum cerasifo'rme.
CHERRY LAUREL. The common Laurel,
Ce'rasus lau'ro-ce'rasus.
CHERVIL. Parsley-leaved. Charo-
phy'llum sali'vum. Fern-leaved Chervil,
or Sweet Cicely, C. aroma' ticum^ for soups,
salads, &c. They are not often found in
the kitchen-garden.
Soil and Situation.— The soil for these
plants must be unshaded, light, with a
large portion of calcareous matter, and
well drained.
Sowing.— A principal sowing should
be made in August ; and from this sow-
ing; seed should be saved the following
season. To continue the supply during
the summer months a spring sowing
should be made at the end of February,
and at the end of every three or four
weeks to the middle of July. Sow in
drills, eight inches apart, a quarter of an
inch deep, and thin the seedlings out to
six inches apart in the rows.
CHESTNUT. See CASTA'NEA.
CHICKASAW PLUM. Ce'rasus Ghi'casa.
CHICKEN GRAPE. Vi'tis cordifo'lia.
CHICKLING VETCH. La'thyrus sati'vus
CHICK PEA. Ci'cer arieti'num.
CHICKWEED. Alsi'ne.
CHICORY. Succory, or wild Endive
(Cicho'riwn i'ntylus). Cultivated for use
in salads, and for its roots, to roast foi
use like coffee.
Soil and Situation.— -Like Endive, for
the main crops it requires a rich, ligh
soil, and for the earlier sowings a moister
one, in every instance having an open
situation allotted to it.
Sowing must be annually ; for, although
it is a perennial, yet, after being cut from
two or three times, the leaves become
bitter and worthless. Sow from the be-
ginning of March, and at intervals, to
,he end of June, or early in July. Sow
moderately thick, in the same manner as
3ndive, the directions for cultivating
which are equally applicable in every other
particular.
Cultivation.— When the plants begin
to cover the ground, thin to nine inches
apart; and those removed plant out
at similar distances. If the leaves grow
very luxuriant, and shade the roots
much, they must be cut off within an
nch of the ground. Those grown from
sowings antecedent to June, when of
nearly full growth (which they arrive at
in about four months from the insertion
of the seed), must have all their leaves
trimmed away, so as not to injure their
hearts, and then covered over thick with
sand, ashes, or long litter. By this
treatment, those fresh leaves which are
produced are blanched and crisp, losing
their bitterness. Those from the sow-
ings of June and July must, at the end
of September, or early in October, be
raised, and planted very close, by the
dibble, in pots or boxes, having their
leaves trimmed as before directed, and
their roots shortened, previous to plant-
ing. "Water must be given moderately
in dry weather, until they are estab-
lished ; and shelter, if frosts occur, by a
light covering of litter. When well
rooted, they may be removed into the
cellar, or other place, where the light
can be completely excluded from them,
to blanch for use as wanted, which
change will be effected in six or seven
days. Succory will bear a temperature
of 60°, but thrives better in a rather
lower one.
If the roots are vigorous, they will
bear cutting two or three times, after
which they are unproductive.
To obtain Seed, a few plants must be
left in the open ground of the June sow-
ing. They bear the severity of winter
without protection, and shoot up in the
spring, running to seed about May.
CHILI PEPPER. Ca'psicum.
CHILO'DIA. (From chcilos, a lip, and
odous, a tooth; the lip of the flower being
toothed. Nat. ord., Labiates [Lamiacese].
Linn., Ik-Didynamia I-Gymnospermia.
Allied to Prostranthera.)
Greenhouse evergreen shrub ; cuttings of young
shoots set firm in sand, under a bell-glass ; peat
CHI
[211]
CHI
and loam. Summer temp., 55° to 75°; winter,
•40° to 45°.
C. austru'lis (southern). 3. Violet. July. N.
Holland.
— scutellurioi'des (scutellaria-like). 2.J. Violet.
N. S. Wales. 18:28.
CHILD 'PSIS. (From cheilos, a lip, and
opsis, like ; referring to the irregular
lobes of the corolla. Nat. ord., Bigno-
niads [Bignoniaceee]. Linn., \k-Didy-
namia 2-Anyiospermia. Allied to Catalpa.)
Greenhouse evergreen shrub ; cuttings of half-
ripened shoots in sand, under a bell-glass, in
bottom-heat; peat and fibry loam. Summer
temp., 60° to 90°; winter, 48° to 55°.
C. linea'ris (narrow-leaved). Rose. May. Mexico.
1825.
CHIMA'PHILA. (From cheima, winter,
and phileo, to love ; these little plants
being green all winter. Nat. ord., Win-
lergreens [Pyrolacese]. Linn., IQ-Decan-
dria 1-Monoyynia.)
Hardy herbaceous perennials ; divisions and
suckers ; peat and sandy soil.
C. corymbo'sa (corymbose-flowered'), jj. White.
June. N. Amer. 1762.
— macula1 ta (spotted-leaved). £. Pink. June.
N. Amer. 1752.
CHIMONA'NTHUS. (From cheima, win-
ter, and (Dithos, a flower ; referring to
the time of flowering. Nat. ord., Caly-
canths [Calycanthacece]. Linn., 12-/co-
sandria 3-2Vijfynfa.)
Half-hardy deciduous shrub ; layers made in
the beginning of autumn ; seeds sown in March,
in a gentle hotbed ; deep, rich, sandy loam ; re-
quires a wall in moat places, but, from its scent,
should be admitted, during winter, to the green-
house.
C. fra' grans (fragrant). 6. Yellow, red. De-
cember. Japan. 1766.
grundiflo'rus (large-flowered). 8. Yellow.
December. China.
pumiflo'rus (small-flowered). 8. Pale
yellow. December. Japan. 1818.
CHINA-ASTEE. See CALLISTE'MMA.
CHINESE EOSE. Hibi'scus ro'sea Sine'nsis.
CHIOCO'CCA. Snowberry. (From chion,
snow, and kokos, a berry. Nat. ord.,
Cinchonads [Cinchonaceee]. Linn., 5-
Pentandria \-Monogynla. Allied to Psy-
chotria.)
The roots of C. angui'fuga and denslfo'lia are
eaid to be a certain cure for serpert-bites in
Brazil. Stove evergreen shrubs. Cuttings in
sand, under a glass, in hotbed. Peat and loam,
bummer temp., 60° to 80° ; winter, 48° to 55°.
C. angui'fuga (snake-defeating). 3. White. July.
Brazil. 1824.
— densiflo'ra (thickly-flowered). 3. White. Brazil.
— racemo'sa (racemed). 6. White. February.
Jamaica. 1729.
CHIONA'NTHUS. Fringe-tree. (From
chion, snow, and anthns, a flower. Nf>i.
ord., Olive warts [Oleacese]. Linn., 2-
Diandria \.-Monogynia.)
Fine hardy shrubs for peat-bogs, in a sheltered
situation. Seeds imported, sown in spring;
layers made in summer; and grafting on the
common ash. Deep, moist, sandy loam. The
East Indian species requires the heat of a stove.
C. axilla'ris (axil-flowering). 7. White. June.
E. Ind. 1810.
— mari'tima (sea-side). 10. White. June. N.
Amer. 1736.
— Virgi'nica (Virginian). 30. White. June.
N. Amer. 1736.
angustifo'lia (narrow-leaved). 30. White.
June. N, Amer.
latifu'lia (broad-leaved). 30. White. June.
Carolina.
CHIEI'TA. (From cheryta, the Hindo-
stanee for the Gentian-plant. Nat. ord.,
Gesnerworts [Gesneracese]. Linn., 14-
Didynamia %-Anc/iospermia.)
Stove evergreens, except C. Sine'nsis. Seeds
sown in a hotbed, in spring, and cuttings in
March and April, in sandy peat, under a bell-glass.
Teat and loam. Summer temp., 55° to 80°;
winter. 40° to 45°.
C. Moo'nii (Mr. Moon's), 2. Pale purple. July.
Ceylon. 1847.
— Sine'nsis (Chinese). £. Lilac. July. China,
1813. Greenhouse evergreen.
— Walke'riee (Mrs. General Walker's). lj. Pale
yellow. Ceylon. 1845.
— Zeyla'nica (Ceylon). 1$. Purple. June.
Ceylon. 1845.
CHHIO'NIA. (A classical name, after
Chiron, one of the centaurs, fabled to be
the father of medicine. Nat. ord., Oen-
tianworts [Gentianacese]. Linn., 5-Pen-
tandria \-Monogy nict.)
Greenhouse evergreens, from the Cape of Good
Hope. Cuttings in sandy peat, under a bell-
glass. Peat, three parts; loam, one part; all
fibry, with a little sand and charcoal, and good
drainage. Winter temp., 40° to 45°.
C, angustifo'lia (narrow-leaved). 1. Red. July.
1800.
— bacci'fera (berry-bearing). 2. Yellow. June.
1/59.
— decussa'ta (cross-leaved). 1$. Red. July.
1769-
— floribu'nda (abundant-flowering). 1. Rose.
May. 1842.
— frufc'scxtis (shrubby). 1$. Red. July. 1756.
albiflo'ra (white-flowered). l£. White.
July. 1756.
— glutino'sa (clammy). 3. Red, lilac. 1844.
— jasminoHdes (jasmine-like). 2. Purple. May.
1812.
— linoi'des (flax-like). 2. Red. August. 1787-
— lychnoi'des (lychnis-like). 2. Purple. May.
1816.
— nudicau'lis (naked-stemmed). 1. Purple.
July. 1816.
— peduncula'ris (long-flower-stalked). 3£. Pur-
ple. July. 1830.
— serpylifo'lia (wild-thyme-leaved). 1. Yellow.
August. 182fl.
— tetrago'na (four-angled). 1. Yellow. Jiuy»
1824.
CHITO'NIA. CFrom chiton, a coat or
CHI
[212 ]
CHO
mail; the seeds, when dry, bearing a
rough or scabrous exterior. Nat. ord.,
Bean-capers [Zygophylacese] . Linn., 10-
Decandria l-Monogynia.)
Stove evergreens. Cuttings in sand, in heat,
in April. Peat and loam. Summer temp., 60°
to 80° ; winter, 45° to 55°.
C. a'lbicans (\yhite-teflwed). 10. White. Mexico.
1815.
— Fothergi'lla (Fothcrgill's). 20. Purple. S.
Amer. 1815.
— macropliy'lla (large-leaved). 10. White.
Trinidad. 1820.
— pyramida'lis (pyramidal). 3. White. July.
Trinidad. 1817.
— Tamo'nia (Tamonia). 12. Purple. W. Ind.
1815.
CHIVE or GIVE (A'ttiumschasnopra'sum)
is used as a very superior substitute for
young onions in spring salading. A
single row, a few yards long, will supply
a family.
A light, rich soil is most suitable.
Plant together eight or ten of the off-
sets of the bulbs, in March or April, in
rows ten inches apart, and as many from
patch to patch. By autumn they mul-
tiply into large-sized bunches, and, if
required, may be taken up as soon as the
leaves decay, and be stored as a substi-
tute for the onion. The leaves, which
are fit for use as long as they remain
green, must, when required, be cut down
close to the ground, when they will
speedily be succeded by others.
CHLIDA'NTHUS. (From dideios, deli-
cate, and anthos, a flower. Nat. ord.,
Amaryllids [Amaryllidacea3]. Linn., 6-
Hexandria l-Monogynia. Allied to Cli-
nanthus.)
A half-hardy bulb, with sweet-scented flowers.
It requires fertile loam in a warm border, and to
be taken up on the approach of frost, and kept
dry, in a pot of sand, till April, when its nume-
rous offsets should be removed, to enable the
bulb to flower well. Offsets; sandy peat and
fibry loam.
C.fra'grans (fragrant). 1. Yellow. June.
Buenos Ayres. 1820.
C.^LOA'NTHES. (From chloa, greenish-
yellow, and anthos, a flower ; in reference
to its greenish flowers. Nat. ord., Ver-
benas [Verbenacese]. Linn., 14c-Didyna-
mia 3-Angiospermia. Allied to Lantana.)
Greenhouse evergreens, from New Holland.
Cuttings of young shoots in sandy soil, under a
glass ; fibry loam, and turfy, sandy peat. Winter
temp., 40° to 45°.
C. glandulo'sa (glandulous). 2. Green, yellow.
July. 1824.
— rosmarinifo'lia (rosemary-leaved). 2. Green,
yellow. July. 1823.
— sttffcAddis (stsechas-like). 2. Green, yellow.
uly. 1822,
CHLO'RA. Yellowwort. (Fiom chloros,
greenish-yellow. The flowers of G. per-
folia'ta, a British plant, are yellow, and
turn green when dried. Nat. ord., Gen-
tianworls [Gentianacese], Linn., S-Oc-,
tandria l-
The leaves of these plants are a good substitute
for Gentian. Hardy annuals. Seed sown in
April, in the open border.
C. imperfoliu'ta (leaf-unstem-pierced). Yellow.
June. Italy. 1823.
— perfoliu'ta (leaf-stem-pierced). Yellow. June.
Britain.
— sero'tina (Izte-jlowering). 1. Yellow. No-
vember. South of Europe. 1832.
CHLORIDE OF LIME, or BLEACHING
POWDER, is composed of chlorine, 36.23,
lime, 36.77. Exposed to the air, it is
converted into chalk and muriate of lime,
a salt vrhich absorbs moisture from the
air very powerfully. By this conversion
it becomes a useful addition to soils ;
and, as it also gives out some chlorine
gas, so offensive and destructive to insects,
it lias been suggested as a useful appli-
cation to the land at the time of turnip-
sowing. It is also useful as a disinfectcr,
and for sprinkling about stable-floors, to
fix the ammoniacal fumes.
CHLORO'XYLON. (From chloros, green-
ish-yellow, and xylon, wood. Nat. ord.,
Cedrelads [Cedrelaceae]. Linn., 10-Z>e-
candria l-Monogynia. The Satin-wood is
from the trunk, and the wood-oil of India
is from the leaves of C. Swiete'nia.}
Stove evergreen tree. Cuttings of ripe shoots
in sand, under a glass, and in heat ; loam and
peat. Summer temp. ,60° to 80°; winter, 50° to 55°.
C. Swiete'nia (Van Swieten's). 50. White. E.
Ind. 1820.
CHOCOLATE NUT. Thcobro'ma.
CHOI'SYA. (Named after M. Choisy, a
botanist of Geneva. Nat. ord., Rueworts
[Kutaceae]. Linn., 10-Decandria 1-
Monogynia.)
Stove evergreen, cultivated like Chloroxylon.
C. terna'ta 'vthree-leafleted). 6. White. July.
Mexico. 1825.
CHOME'LIA. (Named after Dr. Chomel,
physician to Louis XV. Nat. ord., (7m-
chonads [CinchonaceasJ. Linn.,4-7Te<r«w-
dria l-Monogynia. Allied to Ixora.)
Stove evergreen shrubs, cultivated like Chlo-
roxylon.
C.fascicula'ta (bundle -flowered). 5. White.
W. Ind. 1825.
— spino'sa (spiny). 12. White. W. Ind. 1/93.
CHONEMO'RPHA. (From chone, a fun-
nel, and morpha, form ; the flowers being
funnel-form. Nat. ord., Dogbanes [Apocy-
CKO
[ 213 ]
CHK
r.acese]. Linn., 5-Pcntandria \-Mono-
'jynia. Allied to Rhyncospermum.)
Stove evergreen shrub. Cuttings of rather
firm young shoots in sand, under a glass, and in
h?at ; peat and loam. Summer temp., 60° to 85° ;
winter, 55° to 60°.
C. pube'scens (downy). White. May. E. Ind.
1822.
CHORE'TIS. (From choros, to unite in
chorus ; this genus being an intermediate
link between Hymenoca'Uis and Isme'ne.
Nat. ord., Amaryllids [Amaryllidacese],
Linn., Q-Hexandria l-Monogynia.)
The bulbs are half-hardy, and require to rest
from the end of summer till March. Like the
Peruvian Daffodils (Isine'ne), they require very
light, sandy soil. The flowers are very beautiful —
Sire white, with a green eye and greenish stripe,
ivision of bulbs; peat and loam, Summer
temp., 60° to 80°; winter, 48° to 85°.
C. Galvestonie'nsis (Galveston Bay). 1. White.
Texas.
— glau'cti (milky-green). 1. White. July.
Mexico. 183/.
CHORI'SPORA. (From choris, separate,
and spora, a seed; the seeds being di-
vided from each other in the pods. Nat.
ord., Crucifers [Brassicaceffi]. Linn., 15-
Tetr adynamia. Allied to Cakile.)
Hardy annuals. Only one worth notice. Seeds,
sown at the end of March ; common soil.
C. tent'lln (slender). £. Purple. June. Siberia.
1780.
arcua'ta (bowed). £. Purple. June.
Siberia.
CHORO'ZEMA. (From choros, a dance,
and zema, a drink. The party who dis-
covered the first of these beautiful flowers,
in New Holland, danced for joy at finding
fresh water in its neighbourhood. Nat.
ord., Leguminous Plants [Fabacese].
Linn., \Q-Decandria I-Monogynia.}
Greenhouse evergreens, from New Holland.
Seeds sown in a slight hotbed, in March, give the
best plants ; cuttings of firm, short side-shoots
may be taken off any time before midsummer,
and inserted in sand, under a bell-glass; peat,
three parts ; fibry loam, one part; sand and char-
coal, one-half part each. Summer temp., 55° to
70°; winter, 45° to 50°.
C. angustifo'lia (narrow-leaved). Yellow, red.
March. 1830.
— corda'ta (heart-shaped. leaved). 2. Red. April.
— Dickso'ni (Mr. Dirkson's). 3. Scarlet, yellow.
July. 1836.
— Henchma'nni (Henchmann's). 2. Scarlet.
May. 1824.
— Hupe'lii (Hugel's). 2. Blue. May.
— ilicifo'lia (holly- leaved). 2. Yellow, red.
August. 1803.
— Lawrencia'na (Mrs. Lawrence's). 3. Orange.
Spring. 1845.
— macrophy'lla (large-leaved). Red. April.
— mucrona'ta (sharp-pointed). 3. Deep orange.
Spring. 1845.
— na'na (dwarf), f. Yellow, red. April. 1803.
— cva'tc (egg-shaped). 1. Scarlet. August. 1830.
| C. platylohioi'des (platylobium - like). Yellow.
May. 1825.
I — rho'mbea (diamond-feared). 2. Yellow. May.
1803.
— sra'ndens (climbing). Yellow. March. 1824.
— Spartioi'des (Spartium-like). £. Yellow, red.
August. 1832.
— specta'bilis (showy). 2. Orange, red. March.
1840.
— triangula're (three-angled). J. Scarlet. April.
1830.
— va'ria (various- 1 caved). 4. Orange, red.
March. 1839.
grandiflo'ra (large-flowered). 3. Orange.
Spring. 1844.
CHRISTMAS EOSE. Hellebo'rus ni'ger.
CHRIST'S THORN. Paliu'rus.
CHRYSA'NTHEMOTI. (From chrysos,
gold, and artthos, a flower. Nat. ord.,
Composites [Asteraceee]. Linn., 19-Syn-
genesia 2-Superflua.}
Hardy plants. Annuals by seed sown in the
border, in April, or in a slight hotbed, at the end of
March, and transplanted ; perennial herbaceous
species by seed and division of roots, in autumn
or spring; the garden-varieties of Sine'nse by
divisions and cuttings, in March and April, giving
them light, rich soil ; and to do these full justice,
planting them against a wall, or blooming them
under glass, giving plenty of manure-water after
the bloom-buds appear. The shrubby kinds are
increased by cuttings and divisions, and require a
little aid in winter, in a frame, cold pit, or cool
greenhouse.
C. absinthiifo'lium (wormwood-leaved). 1. White.
Siberia. 1824.
— Achi'llece (milfoil-teat^). 1. White. July.
Italy. 1775.
— ano'malum (anomalous). 1. White. June.
Spain. 1811.
— a'rcticum (arctic). £ White. July. Kamt-
schatka. 1801.
— arge'nteum (silver-leaved). 1. White. July.
Levant. 1/31.
— atra'tum (blackened-/eaw«0« 1. White. July.
Austria. 1731.
loba'turn (lobed). f. White. July.
Switzerland. 1819-
— carina'tum (keeled). 2. White, purple. Au-
gust. Barbary. 1796.
— corona'rium (garland). 4. Yellow. August.
Sicily. 1629.
— daucifo'lium (carrot-leaved). 1. White. July.
1820.
— graminifo' Hum (grass -leaved). 1. White.
June. Montpelier. 1739.
— heterophy' Hum (various-leaved). 1. White.
July. Switzerland. 1806.
— 1'ndicum (Indian). 2. Yellow. September.
China.
— Ita'licum (Italian). 2. Pale yellow. June.
Italy. 1796.
— lanceola'tum (spear-head-/ea»ed). £. White.
June. Hungary. 1817.
— leuca'nthemum (white-flowered). 2. White.
June. Britain.
— Mexica'num (Mexican). 1. White. August.
Mexico. 1825.
— Montpelie'nse (Montpelier). 1. White. July.
Montpelier. l/3p.
— monta'ainn (mountain). 2. White. June.
France. 1/C'J.
| -afyeo'ni»(Mycon'*}. 1. Yellow. July. Italy. 1775.
CHR
[214]
CHR
C. paludo'sum (marsh). l£. White. June
Barbary. 1810.
— perpuni'llum (very small). 1. White. June
France. 1825.
— pinnati'fidum (leafletcd). 3. White. July
Madeira. 1777.
' —pu'milum (dwarf). £. White. August. 1806
— ra'dicans (rooting- branched). 1. White
July. Spain. 1818.
— rotundifo1 Hum (round-leaved). l£. White
June. Hungary. 1817«
— Rutheni'acum (Russian). $. Pink. June.
Russia. 1827.
— se'getum (corn). 1$. Yellow. July, I
tain.
— Sine'nse (Chinese). 3. Variegated. October.
China. 1764.
— sylve'stre (wood). 2. White. June. 1804.
— tanacetifo'lium (tansy-leaved). 1. White.
Asia Minor. 1818.
— triparti'tum (three-lobed-feawerf). 3. Yellow.
October. E. Ind. 1800.
CHRYSANTHEMUM as a Florist's Floiver.
— This is the C. Sine'nse and its varieties.
Propagation by Cuttings. — The best
time is the first week in February. Take
off the young shoots three inches long,
and, with a sharp knife, cut off the lower
leaves; insert the cuttings round the
edge of a five-inch pot, numbering each
kind as they are put in, to prevent mis-
takes. Use a light, sandy loam, with a
thin layer of pure sand on the surface.
Give a gentle watering, to settle the
earth closely to the cuttings. Place
them upon a heated surface of either
coal-ashes or river-sand. Cover them
with a hand-glass, and they will soon
emit roots. When rooted, pot them im-
mediately into small pots, and replace
them under the hand-glasses. As soon
as the roots reach the sides of the pots,
re-pot them immediately. Cramping the
roots in small pots is very injurious.
Then place them either on a shelf near
the glass of a good greenhouse, or, which
is better, place them in a cold frame, well
protected from frost and damp.
By Layers. — To procure very dwarf
plants, as soon as the frosts are fairly
passed for the season, plant out in the
open air a few old plants in a row, in an
open situation. Peg down some of the
branches, and, as soon as the flower-buds
appear, plunge as many small pots round
the plants, filled with light, rich earth, as
may be required ; place a branch into
each pot, and give it a gentle twist ; put
a short, hooked peg into each pot, catch-
ing the branch with the hook ; then cover
it with half an inch of soil, and in a
month it will be rooted. Then cut it off
from the parent plant, take up the pots,
and keep them in the shade till fairly;
established. They may then have ano-
ther and final potting, and will be neat
dwarf-plants to place in front of the
taller ones.
By Seeds. — The seed must be saved as
soon as it is ripe, and only from such as
are of a fine shape, and bright, clear co-
lour. Sow the seeds in February, very
slightly covered with soil, finely sifted,
in shallow, wide pots. Place them in a
gentle heat, giving very gentle waterings,
when dry, with a fine-rosed watering-pot.
As soon as the seedlings have two or
three leaves each, transplant them singly
into small pots, keeping them in a tem-
perature of 55° to 60°; re-pot when re-
quired. Some of them may flower, if
well grown, the same season. Treat them
exactly like the old varieties, and they
will all flower the second year.
Soil. — As these plants are gross feed-
ers, they require a very rich compost.
Half light loam, half decayed dung, with
a fourth of peat added, will grow them
strong, and flower them well.
Summer Culture commences in April.
Such as are intended to bloom in pots
should now have large shifts out of their
small pots into three sizes larger. For
cuttings struck the same season, the
blooming-pots should be at least nine
inches' diameter, but for plants a year
older, they should be twelve inches. At
every potting stop all the shoots, to cause
them to branch early, and form dwarf,
compact bushes. Give up stopping at the
last shift, which should not be done later
than the middle of June. Tie the branches
out, so as to give as much room and air
to each as possible, consistent with form-
ing a handsome plant. Thin the buds of
such as are intended for exhibition, to
ause large flowers. During the whole
season of growth give abundance of water.
Every week give them one watering with
iquid-manure. Never allow them to flay
from the first re-potting tip to the finishing
bloom. Water them over head, in hot
weather, at least twice a day. The proper
ituation to place them at this season
from May till they bloom), is on a bed
of ashes or gravel, in an open situation.
As soon as the buds begin to open, re-
move them into the greenhouse, giving
;hem as much space as possible, or the
ower leaves will drop off. Continue an
abundant supply of water till the bloom-
"ng season is over.
Winter Culture. —When the flowers are
CHR
[215 ]
CHR
all decayed, cut down the blooming shoots,
and place the pots in a cool pit, giving
only just water enough to keep the plants
alive during the winter ; and, as they are
nearly hardy, they do not require much
protection: a mat or two thrown over the
glass in very severe frost will be quite
sufficient.
These old plants are the best to plant
out in the open border. In the southern
counties Chrysanthemums bloom very
finely, either in the open borders or
against a wall or low paling, and, during
the months of October and November,
make a fine display.
Insects. — The green fly is the most
troublesome, and, where it is allowed to
prevail greatly, will quite destroy the
bloom. It is easily destroyed, in the open
air, by dipping the ends of the shoots in
tobacco-water, and, in the greenhouse,
by filling it completely with the smoke of
tobacco.
Diseases. — These are such robust,
hardy plants that they are seldom trou-
bled with any diseases. The only one
that is dangerous is mildew on the leaves,
produced by a damp, cold atmosphere
before they are brought into the green-
house. The only remedy is dusting the
parts where it appears with flowers of
sulphur. Brown's fumigator is an excel-
lent one to apply the sulphur with.
CHEYSE'IS. See ESCHSCHO'LTZIA.
CHEYSOBA'CTEON. (From chrysos, gold,
and bactron, a wand ; alluding to the mag-
nificent racemes of C. Ro'ssii. Nat. orcl.,
Lily worts [Liliacese]. Jj.un.t6-Hexandria
1-Monogynia.)
Half-hardy, perhaps hardy, bulbs.
C. Hoo'kerii (Dr. Hooker's). 2. Yellow. Middle
Island. 1850.
— Ro'ssii (Ross's). 2. Yellow. Lord Auck-
land's Islands. 1848.
OHEYSOBA'LANUS. Cocoa Plum. (From
chrysos, gold, and lalanos, an acorn; in
reference to the colour of the drupes, or
berries. Nat. ord., Chrysolalans [Chry-
sobatanacese]. Linn., 12-Icosandria 1-
Monogynia.)
Layers ; also cuttings of half-ripened shoots in
sand, under glass. Loam and peat. Common
greenhouse and cool stove treatment.
C. Ica'co (Icaco). 15. White. W. Ind. 1752.
Stove evergreen.
— oblongifo'lius (oblong-leaved). 3. White. May.
Georgia. 1812. Greenhouse evergreen.
CHKYSO'COMA. Goldy-locks. (From
chrysos, gold, and kome, hair ; in reference
to the yellow florets. Nat. ord., Composites
[Asteraceae]. Linn., IQ-Syngenesia 1-'
JE quails. Allied to Solidago.)
Hardy herbaceous species by divisions, in March.
Common soil. Greenhouse species by cuttings of
half- ripe shoots in April, under a glass, in sand.
Loam and a little peat. Winter temp., 35° to
HAEDY HEEBACEOTTS.
C. biflo'ra (two-flowered). 3. Blue. August.
Siberia. 1741.
— dracunculoi'des (tarragon-like). 2. Yellow.
August. Siberia.
— linosy'ris (fizz-leaved). 2. Yellow. September.
Europe. 1596.
— nuda'ta (naked). 2. Yellow. September. Ca-
rolina. 1818.
— villo'sa (long-haired-/<?at>ed). 2. Yellow. Au-
gust. Hungary. 1799.
— virga'ta (twiggy). 1. Yellow. September. N.
Amer. 1821,
GEEENHOUSE EVEEGEEENS.
C. ctfrnua (drooping). 4. White. July. Cape of
Good Hope. 1712.
— cilia'ris (hair-fringed-/ea«ed). 4. White. Au-
gust. Cape of Good Hope. 1759.
— comau'rea (golden-hair). 6. Yellow. July.
Cape of Good Hope. 1731.
— denticula'ta (tooth-leaved), 4. Yellow. Au-
gust.
— ni' vea (snow- white'). 3. Yellow. July. Cape of
Good Hope. 1816.
— pa'tu la (spreading). 3. Yellow. July. Cape of
Good Hope. 1810.
— sea.' bra (rugged). 4. White. August. Cape
of Good Hope. 1832.
— squama'ta (scaly -stalked). 2. Yellow. May.
N. S. Wales. 1837. Herbaceous.
CHKYSO'GONUH. (From chrysos, gold,
and gonu, a joint; the golden flowers
being borne on the joints. Nat. ord., Com-
posites [Asteraceas]. Linn., 19-Syngenesia
L-JEqualis. Allied to Milleria.)
Hardy herbaceous perennial. Dividing the
roots in spring ; loam, with a little peat and leaf-
mould.
C, Virginia'num (Virginian). 1, Yellow. May.
N. Amer.
CHEYSOPHY'LLUM. Star Apple. (From
chrysos, gold, and phyllon, a leaf; refer-
ring to the colour of the under side of
the leaves. Nat ord., Sapotads [Sapota-
cesB]. Linn., b-Pentandria l-3fonogynia.)
The fruit of C.Caini'to is the Star Apple, an
esteemed Indian dessert-fruit. Stove evergreen
trees; cuttings in sand, under a glass, and in
heat ; peat and loam. Summer temp., 60° to 80°;
winter, 60° to 55°.
C. angustifo'lium (narrow-leaved). 20* White.
W. Ind. 1819.
— arge'nteum (silvery -leaved). 20. White. Mar-
tinique. 1758.
— Caini'to (Cainito). 60. White. May. W. Ind.
1737.
cceru'leum (blue-fruited). 40. White.
May. S. Amer. 1737.
Jamaice'nse (Jamaica). 40. White. May.
Jamaica. 1737.
microphy'llum (small-leaved). 30. White.
May. S. Amer. 1800.
CHR
C 216 ]
GIB
C, gla'brum (smooth). 15. White. Martinique.
1823.
— macrophy'llum (large-leaved). 100. White.
Sierra Leone. 1824.
— monopyre'num (one-stoned). 30. Brown, W.
Ind. 1812.
CHRYSO'PSIS. (From chrysos, gold, and
opsis, a face. Nat. ord., Composites [Aste-
raceae]. Linn., IQ-Syngenesia 1-JEqualis.)
A strong, coarse, hardy herbaceous perennial
for a shrubbery, and will grow in any common
soil; divisions in March.
C. trichophy'lla (hairy-leaved). Yellow. June.
N. Amer. 1827-
CHRYSORRHO'E. (From chrysos, gold,
and rhco, to flow ; referring to their
bright yellow or golden heads of flowers.
Nat. ord., Fringe -myrtles [Chamselaucia-
cese]. Linn., W-Decandria l-Monogynia.
Allied to Chameelaucium.)
Very beautiful little bushes, from New Holland.
They are very scarce, if at all in cultivation. Cut-
tings of firm young shoots, under a bell-glass, in
sandy soil ; cold pit or greenhouse, or with a little
protection, such as a warm wall, might be tried.
C. ni'tens (shining-flowered). Yellow. May.
— serra'ta (saw-teawed). Yellow. May. 1841.
CHRYSOSPLE'NIUM. Golden Saxifrage.
(From chrysos, gold, and splcn, spleen ; in
reference to the colour of the flowers,
and the supposed medicinal qualities of
the plant as a slight tonic. Nat. ord.,
Saxifrages [Saxifragacesej. Linn., 10-
Decandria '2-Digynia.}
Hardy herbaceous perennials. Dividing the
roots ; moist situation ; common soil.
C. alternifo'lium (alternate-leaved). 1. Yellow.
April. Britain.
— Nepale'nse (Nepaul). 1. Yellow. April.
Nepaul. 1820.
— oppositifo' Hum (opposite -leaved). Yellow.
April. Britain.
CHSYSOSTE'HMA. (From chrysos, gold,
and stemma, a crown ; the yellow flowers.
Nat. ord., Composites [Asteraceoa] . Linn.,
19-8yngenesia 3-Frustranea. Allied to
Eudbeckia.)
Hardy herbaceous perennial. Division of the
roots, and seed ; common, light soil.
C. tri'pteris (three-winged). 6. Yellow. Au-
gust. N. Amer. 1837.
CHYMOCA'RPUS. (Better known as
Tropai'olum pentaphy'llum of " THE COT-
TAGE GARDENER ; " but the genus is ac-
knowledged hy botanists, and the mean-
ing of the name is juicy -fruited, in con-
tradistinction to the hard, dry fruit of the
Nasturtium. It is derived from chymos,
juice, and carpos, a fruit.)
Greenhouse perennial climber. Seeds in a
slight hotbed ; cuttings in sandy soil, under a
hand-light, in summer. Sandy loam, with a little
peat.
C. pentaphy'llus (five-leaved). 4. Red, green*
August. Buenos Ayres. 1830.
CHY'SIS. (From chysis, melting ; in
reference to the fused appearance of the
pollen masses. Nat. ord., Orchids [Or-
chidacese]. Linn., 20-Gynandria 1-il/o-
nandria.)
Stove orchids. Offsets ; baskets filled with fibry
peat and potsherds, and kept in a cool, mcis,t
stove.
C. au'rea (golden-flowered). 1. Yellow and
crimson. May, Venezuela. 1834.
— bracte'scens (bracteated). 1. White, yellow.
May. Guatimala. 1840.
— lee'vis (smooth). Cream, yellow. Guatimala.
CIBO'TIUM. (From kibotion, a small
box ; referring to the form of the seed-
vessels. Nat. ord., Ferns [Polypodiaceso].
Linn., Zk-Cryptogamia I-Filices.}
Division of the roots ; peat and loam ; a warm
greenhouse, or cool stove.
C. Ba'rometz (Barornetz). 6. Brown, yellow.
May. China. 1824. Stove.
— Billardie'ri (Billardiere's). 30. Brown. April.
N. Holland. 1824. Greenhouse.
— Schie'dei (Schiede's). 6. Brown. Mexico.
1846. Stove.
CIBOUL, or WELSH ONION. (A'llmmjis-
tulo'sum.') A perennial, never forming
any bulb, but sown annually, to be drawn
young for salads, &c. Its strong taste
renders it greatly inferior to the common
onion for this purpose ; but, from its
extreme hardiness, it is good as a winter-
standing crop for spring use.
Varieties. — Two varieties are in culti-
vation, the white and the red.
Cultivation. — It may be sown at all
times with the onion, and is similarly
cultivated, except that it may be sown
thicker, and only thinned as wanted.
(See ONION.) The blade usually dies
away completely in winter; but fresh
ones are thrown out again in February or
March.
To obtain Seed. — Plant some of the
roots in March, six or eight inches asun-
der. The first autumn they will produce
but little seed; in the second and third,
however, it will be produced abundantly.
If care is taken to part and transplant the
roots every two or three years, they may
be multiplied, and will remain produc-
tive for many years, and aflbrd much
better seed than that from one-year-old
roots.
Scallions. — There is good reason for
concluding that by a confusion of names,
arising from similarity of appearance,
this vegetable is the true scallion, whilst
the hollow leek of "Wales is the true
CIC
[ 217]
CIN
Welsh onion. At present, all onions that
have refused to bulb, but form lengthened
necks and strong blades, in spring and
summer, are called scallions.
CI'CCA. (Named after Peter Cicca, a
writer of the sixteenth century. Nat.
ord.,Spurycworts [Euphorbiacese]. Linn.,
Zl-Moncecia ^-Tetrandria. Allied to
Phyllanthus.)
The milky juice of many of the Spurgeworts is
poisonous ; yet the succulent fruit of C, di'sticha
is wholesome, and the roots a powerful purgative.
Stove tree ; cuttings of ripe shoots in sand, under
a glass, and in bottom-heat ; sandy loam. Sum-
mer temp., 60° to 80°; winter, 55° to 60°.
C. di'sticha (two-rowed-/eamZ). 20. Green, E.
Ind. 1/96.
CICELY. Ghcsrophy'llum.
CIOHO'EIUM. Chicory, or Succory. (An
ancient Egyptian name. Nat. ord., Com-
posites [ Asteracese] . Linn., IQ-Syngenesia
1-^qualis.)
Hardy salad-plants, of easy culture ; seed at
different times. See CHICORY and ENDIVE.
C. endi'via (endive). 2. Blue. July. E. Ind.
1548. Annual.
— i'ntybus (intybus. Chicory'), 2. Blue. July.
Britain. Perennial.
CIMICI'FUGA. Bugwort. (From cimex,
a bug, and/w/o, to drive away; from its
supposed quality. Nat. ord., Crowfoots
[Ranunculacese]. Linn., 13-Polyandria
5-Pentagynia. Allied to Actsea.)
Good old hardy herbaceous plants for borders ;
seeds, and division of the roots in spring or au-
tumn ; common soil.
C, Amcrira'na (American). 2. White, yellow.
July. Carolina. 1824.
— cordifo'liu (heart-leaved). 3. White, yellow.
June. N. Amer. 1812.
— fos'tida ''foetid). 4. Light yellow. June.
Siberia. 17/7.
— palma'ta (hand - leaned';. 4. White, yellow.
July. N. Amer. 1812.
CINCHO'NA. Peruvian Bark. (Named
after the Countess of Cinchon, who was
cured by this Peruvian Bark. Nat. ord.,
Cinchonads [Cinchonaceee]. Linn., 5-
Pentandria 1-Monor/ynia.)
The Peruvian bark stands foremost as a febri-
fuge tonic. Stove evergreens ; cuttings of ripe
•wood in sand, under a bell-glass, in heat ; loam
and fibry peat, with a little sand and charcoal.
Summer temp., 60° to 85° ; winter, 55° to 60°.
C. officina'lis (shop). 18. Red. July. Peru. 1810,
— sea1 bra (rugged). 6. Red. 1820.
CINERA'RIA. (From cineres, ashes ; in
reference to the grey down covering
Hie surfaces of the leaves. Nat. ord.,
Composites [ Asteracese] . Linn., lQ~8yn-
fjenesia 2-Superflua.)
Hardy herbaceous species by seed, but chiefly
by division of the roots ; good, loamy soil, and a
little peat or leaf-mould. The shrubs and under-
shrubs, which mostly require a greenhouse or
cold pit in winter,- by cuttings in sandy soil,
under a hand-light. The garden florist varieties
see further on.
STOVE EVERGREENS.
C. Aitonia'na (Alton's). 1. Yellow. July.
— America 'na (American). 6. Yellow. Grenada.
1825.
— di'scolor (two-coloured-fcawed). 4. White.
July. Jamaica. 1804.
— glabrn'ta (smooth). 2. Yellow. July. Ja-
maica. 1822.
— * lu'cida (shining). 2. Yellow. July. W. Ind.
GREENHOUSE EVERGREENS.
C. a'lba (white). 1. White. February. Cape
of Good Hope. 1825.
— angustifo'lia (narrow-leaved). 2. Yellow.
July. Blexico. 1825.
— auri'ta (eared). 2. Yellow. June. Madeira.
1827.
— bi'color (two-coloured). 2. Yellow. July.
Austria.
— cacalioi'des (cacalia-like). 2. Yellow. July.
Cape of Good Hope. 1816.
— canefscens (hoary). 2. Yellow. June. Cape
of Good Hope 1/90.
— Cauca'sicu (Caucasian). 2. Yellow. July.
Cape of Good Hope. 1759. Herbaceous.
— ela'tior (taller). 5. White. July.
— geifo'lia (geum-leaved). 2. Yellow. July.
Cape of Good Hope. 1710.
— gibbo'sa (swollen). Sicily.
— 'humifu'sa (trailing). 1. Yellow. July.
Cape of Good Hope. r/54. Herbaceous.
— hy'brlda (hybrid). 2. Yellow. February.
— inca'na (hoary). 3, Yellow. July. Jamaica.
1823.
— la'ctea (milk-coloured). 3. White. June. 1810.
— lana'ta (woolly). 3. Purple. June. Canaries.
1780.
— loba'ta (lobed). 3. Yellow. July. Cape of
Good Hope. 1774.
— malvcefo'lia (mallow-leaved). 2. Yellow.
August. Azores. 1777. Herbaceous.
— multiflo'ra (many-flowered). 2. White. July.
Teneriffe. 1829.
— petasi'tes (butterbur-fe«»erf). 3. Yellow.
February. Mexico. 1812.
— populifo'lia (poplar-Zeawed;. 2. Red, July.
Canaries. 17SO.
— prce'cox (early). 2. Yellow. February.
Mexico. 1824.
— pulche'lla (neat). 2. Purple. February.
Canaries. 1818.
— salicifu'lia (willow-leaved). 4. Yellow. July.
Mexico. 1827.
— scapiflo'ra (scape-flowered). 1. Yellow. July.
Cape of Good Hope. 1829.
— tussilaginoi1 'des (coltsfoot-likel. 2. Lilac-
Autumn. Teneriffe. 1829-
— vesti'ta (clothed). £. Yellow. Cape of Good
Hope. 1824.
— • visco'sa (clammy). 2. Yellow. July. Cape
of Good Hope. 1774. Biennial.
HARDY HERBACEOUS PERENNIALS.
C. alpe'stris (alpine). 1. Yellow. May. Switzer-
land. 1819.
— alpi'na (alpine). 1. Yellow. July. Switzer-
land. 181Q.
— auranti'aca (orange). 1. Orange. June.
Switzerland. 1819-
— au'rea (golden). 3. Yellow. July. Sibena.
1827.
CIX
C
CIN
<7. auricula'ta (small-cared). 3, Yellow. August.
1S31.
— Canade'nsis (Canadian). 2. Yellow. July.
Canada. 173Q.
— campe'stris (wild). 1. Yellow. May. Europe.
— crtusifo'lia (thick-leaved). 1. Yellow. July.
Carinthia. 1827.
— crVspa (curled). 3. Yellow. July. Switzer-
land. 1818.
— fla'mmea (flame-coloured). Flame. Dahuria.
— giga'ntea (gigantic). 2. White. July. Cape
Horn. 1801.
— integrifo'lia (entire-leaved). 1. Yellow. May.
England.
— Iteviga'ta (smooth-leaved). 1. Yellow. July.
Siberia. J81Q.
— longifo'lia (long-leaved). 2. Yellow. July.
Austria. 17Q2.
— macrophy'lla (large-leaved). 8. Yellow. July.
Altai Mountains. 1831.
— mari'tima (sea. Ragwort). 2. Yellow. Au-
gust, South Europe. 1633. Evergreen.
— palu'stris (marsh). 3. Yellow. June. England.
— pappo'sa (downy-crowned). 1. Yellow. July.
Gallicia. 1821.
— parviflo'ra (small-flowered). 2. Yellow. July.
Caucasus. 1820.
— racemo'sa (racemed). 1. Yellow. July.
Caucasus. 1820.
— renifo'lia (kidney-leaved). 1. Yellow. May.
Russia. 1833.
«— rivula'ris (rivulet). 1 . Yellow. July. Hun-
gary. 1816.
— Sibi'rica (Siberian). 4. Yellow. July. Siberia.
1/84.
— spatulcefo'lia (spatulate-leaved). 1. Yellow.
May. Germany. 1820.
•—epecio'sa (showy). 6. Yellow. June. Siberia.
1815.
— Sude'tica (Swiss). 2. Yellow. July. Switzer-
land. 1819.
— thyrsoi'dea (thyrse-formed). Russia. 1832.
CINEKA'EIA as a Florist's Flower. — The
< immense varieties of this flower seem to
("be the offspring, by various crosses, of
C. malvatfo'lia, la'nata, popiilifo'lia, and
probably some others.
Propagation by Offsets. — "When a Cine-
raria has done blooming, remove it from
> the greenhouse, cut down the old flower-
stems (excepting such as are intended
to save seed from), place the pots out of
doors, upon a bed of coal-ashes, in an
open situation. Give water moderately
in dry weather ; and, as soon as the off-
sets appear, and have attained a leaf or
two, take them off with a sharp knife,
with the roots uninjured; plant them in
small pots, and place them in a cold
frame, shading them from the light for a
fortnight, and from bright sunshine for
another week. They will then be well
rooted, and will require a pot a size
larger.
By Seed.-— Sow the seed as soon as it
is ripe in shallow, wide po+s, in light, fine
soil, and slightly covered. As soon as
the seedlings have formed two or three
leaves, prick them out into the same
kind of pots, in a somewhat richer soil.
They may remain in these pots till they
have made some more leaves and fresh
roots ; then pot them off singly into small
pots, shading for a few days. After-
wards, and at the proper time, re-pot
them in the same manner as the offsets.
Soil. — The offsets and seedlings having
attained the proper size for potting into
larger pots, prepare for that operation by
mixing and bringing, in a moderately
dry state, to the potting-bench, the fol-
lowing compost : — Turfy loam, from an
upland pasture, two parts ; fibrous peat,
one part; decayed leaves, two years old,
one part; very rotten cowdung, half a
part; and a small addition of river-sand.
Prepare, also, a sufficient quantity of
broken potsherds, of two sizes ; one as
large as walnuts, and the other about
the size of peas. Have, also, a sufficient
number of either new or clean-washed
pots, two sizes larger than the plants are
in. You are then ready for the operation
of potting.
Winter Culture. — By the time the
plants, whether offsets or seedlings, are
ready for re-potting out of their first-
size pots, cold nights will have begun to
take place, which brings the time of cul-
ture under this head. Bring the plants
on to the potting-bench ; prepare a pot
by placing a large piece of potsherd over
the hole at the bottom of the pot, then a
layer of the larger size, and a second
layer of the smallest size ; place a thin
layer of the rougher parts of the compost
upon them, and as much soil as will be
required to keep the plant just level with
the rim of the pot ; set the plant in the
pot, and fill round it with the compost,
pressing it gently clown. Be careful not
to break the leaves, as they are very
brittle and tender. When the pot is
quite full, give it a gentle knock upon
the bench, to finally settle the soil. When
all are finished, give a gentle watering,
and place them in a cold frame ; shade
them if they flag from the sun, and water
when necessary. The Cineraria is a very
fast-rooting plant, and they will soon
require another shift. To know when
they require it, turn a plant carefully
out of its pot, and if the roots have
reached the sides of the pots, and through
the drainage, re-pot again immediately ;
for, if the roots once become closely
matted, the plants will be crippled in
GIN
[219]
CIB
their growth. The grand object is to
keep them growing freely till they make
large, broad-leaved plants, in eight-inch
pots, before they begin to shqw their
flower-stems. Keep them in the cold
frame, or pit, through the winter; only
take care to cover them up securely
every night, and day also, if the frost is
severe. It will be necessary to pack
round the sides and ends of the frame or
pit with either short litter or dry fern, of
sufficient thickness to keep out the se-
verest frost. During this severe weather,
it will sometimes be necessary to keep
the covering on the glass all the day.
It has occurred that the cover has been
kept on for a fortnight without any in-
jury; but on all fine days take off the
coverings, and give abundance of air ;
pick off all decaying leaves, should any
appear ; and only water when absolutely
necessary. They grow, and keep healthy,
much better in such a situation than in
a greenhouse.
Summer Culture. — As soon as the warm,
mild days of spring arrive, give the plants
their last shift, and, if desirable, remove
them into the greenhouse at once, plac-
ing them as near the glass as possible.
The flower-stems will now be advancing
rapidly; and, for some kinds, it will be
necessary to use sticks, to open out the
Leads of bloom, and show them to the
best advantage, especially for those in-
tended for exhibition ; but all sticks
should be removed a day or two before
the show, as they are no addition to the
beauty of these plants.
Insects. — The great pest of the Cine-
raria is the greenfly ; but it may be easily
got rid of by smoking with tobacco. Yet
it must be carefully applied, as there is
no plant so susceptible of injury from a
too strong dose of this smoke. Some-
times the red spider makes its appear-
ance ; and when it does, it will be neces-
sary to dust the leaves with sulphur,
which, though it will not kill him, pre-
vents his feeding, and thus starves him
to death.
Diseases. — These plants, like all other
highly-cultivated ones with soft wood,
are subject to go off just on the surface
of the soil. The only preventive is
plenty of fresh, sweet air, and a judicious
application of water, especially during
the early part of the year.
CINNAMO'MUM. Cinnamon. (From
the Arabic name, kinamon. Nat. ord.,
Laurels [Lauracere], Linn., Q-Ennean-
dria 1-Monogynia.)
Cassia Bark is obtained from nearly all the spe-
cies of Cinnamon-trees. Other countries have
their Cinnamon-trees, but differino: from the true
Asiatic Cinnamon. Stove trees. Cuttings of fine
shoots in April, in sand, under a glass, and a
moist bottom-heat. Peat and loam. Summer
temp., 60° to 80° ; winter, 55° to 60°.
C. Beiolgo'ta (Beiolgota). 40. Yellow, green,
E. Ind. 1818.
— ea'ssia (cassia). 50. Yellow, green. June*
Ceylon. 1/63.
— Culila'ban (CulihUian). 20. Yellow, green.
E. Ind. ]8.!3.
— du'lcs (sweet. True Cinnamon). 40. White,
yellow. E. Ind. 1820.
— glau'cmn. (milky-green. Camphor-tree). 20»
Pale yellow. Japan. 1BOO.
— gra'cile (slender). 20. Yellow, green. E»
Ind. 1820.
— Malabo! trum (Malabar-tefl/). 20. Yellow,
green. E. Ind. 1805.
— monta'num (mountain). 40. White, green.
W. Ind. 1810.
— ni'tidum (shining). 20. White. E. Ind. 1823.
— ve'rum (true). 40. Green. July. E. Ind. 1/68.
CIXQUEFOIL. Potenti'lla.
CION. See SCION.
CIKCJE'A. Enchanters' Nightshade. (A
classical name, after Circe, a celebrated
enchantress, skilled in poisonous herbs.
Nat. ord., Onagrads [Onagraceaj]. Linn.,
2-Di.andria l-Monogynia. Allied to Lo-
pezia.)
Hardy perennials. Offsets and divisions.
Common garden-soil.
C. alpi'na (alpine). 1. Red. July. Britain.
— inter me' dia (intermediate). 1. lied. July.
Europe. 1821.
— Lutetia'na (Parisian. Common). 1. Red.
July. Britain.
CIRCUMPOSITION differs from layering,
only that in this the shoot to be rooted
is bent down to the soil, whilst, in cir-
cumposition, the soil is placed in a vessel,
and raised to the shoot. There are pots
called layeriny-pots, made for this prac-
tice, and differing from the common
gaiden-pot only by having a section,
about an inch broad, cut through one
side, and to the centre of the bottom, for
the admission of the shoot or branch.
Moisture necessary for favouring the
emission of roots is supplied by means of
a bottle, from which the bottom is struck
off, and the neck furnished with a cork,
perforated so as to admit a small pigeon's
feather, or bit of wool, to form a syphon,
by means of which the moss is kept in
a proper state of moisture. Hard-wooded
plants are propagated in this way from
the middle of May till the end of June;
and the branches are sufficiently rooted
to be taken off by the end of September.
CIR
220 ]
CIE
It is, however, necessary in all cases to
ascertain whether the branches are suffi-
ciently rooted previously to their being
separated. After being separated, the
rooted branch is treated like one layered.
See LAYERING-.
CiRRHai'A. (From cirrhus, a tendril;
the rostellum being extended like a small
tendril. Nat. ord., Orchids [Orchidacesc] .
Linn., 20-Gynandria 1-Monandria.)
Stove orchids. Divisions and offsets. Sphajr- '
num, peat, broken pots, and charcoal, in shallow, I
open baskets ; a high, moist temperature when j
growing ; cooler and dry when at rest. Summer
temp., 60° to 90° ; winter, 55° to 60°.
C. a'lbo - vi'ridis (white - and - green -flowered).
White, green. May. Brazil. 1838.
— a'tro-purpu'rea (dark- purple-cowered). Dark
purple. April. Mexico. 1838.
— bractt'scens (bracted) . White, yellow. July.
Brazil.
— fuscolu'tea (dusky-yellow). 1. Yellow, green.
July, Brazil. Same as C. sacca'ta.
— lee'ms (smooth). Yellow, brown. July. Brazil.
— Loddige'sii (Loddige's). Yellow, red. May.
Brazil. 182/.
— obtusa'ta(bl\int-peta!ed). g. Yellow, red. Sep-
tember. Rio Janeiro. 1835.
— pa'llida (pale-flowered). Yellowish. August.
Brazil. 1837.
— pi'cta (painted). Purple. May. Brazil. 1830.
— ru'bra-purpu'rea (red-and-purple-./7oM>ered).
Red, purple. May. Brazil. 1838.
— Russellia'na (Duke of Bedford's). Green, red.
May. Brazil. 1837.
— squa'lens (squalid). May. Brazil. 1836.
— tri'stis (dull-colour ed-flowcred). £. Dull pur-
ple, red. June. Mexico. 1834.
— vi'ridi-purpu'rea (green and purple), f. Purple,
green. June. Brazil.
Frya'na( Fry's). £. Green, purple-spotted.
July.
•— Warrea'na (Mr. Warre's). £. Yellow, red,
purple. June, Brazil.
CIRRHOPE'TALUM. (From cirrhus, a
tendril, and petalon, a flower-leaf; in re-
ference to the strap-shaped petals. Nat.
ord., Orchids [Orchidacese]. Linn., 20- l
Gynandria l-Honandria.)
Stove orchids. On blocks of wood. Growing
temp., 75° to 85°, and very moist air; rest temp.,
60°.
C. antenni'ferum (antennae- bearing). Brown.
Philippines. 1843.
— aura1 turn (gold-edged). $. Yellow, crimson.
March. Manilla. 1840.
— Blu'mei (Blume's). August. Java. 1843.
— candela'brum (chandelier). Straw, pink, pur-
ple. July. Manilla. 1840.
— capita' turn (he&d-flowering). Java. 1843.
— caspito'sum (tufted). Pale yellow. April.
Khooseea. 1837.
— Chine'nse (Chinese). £. Purple, yellow. China.
1840.
— compre'ssum (fiattened-stemmed). Java. 1843.
— cornu'tum (horned-sepals'), g. Purple. August.
Khooseea. 1837.
— Cumi'ngii (Cuming's) . Ruby. May. Philip-
pines. 183D.
— elonga'tum (elongated). May, Java. 1843.
(J.fimbria'tum (fringed). $. Green, purple. AoriL
Bombay. 1838.
— macula' turn (spotted). Pale green. May.
India. 1841.
— maculo'sum (spotted-flowered). Green, purple.
E. Ind. 1841.
j — MitcrcE'i (M'Rae's). Brown, yellow. April.
Ceylon. 1839.
— 7w«^7/a're(maxillaria-like). Philippines. 1843.
— Medu'te (Medusa's head), J. Spotted, pink.
May. Singapore. 183y.
— nu't/ms (noddin g -flowered) , £. Pale straw.
May. Manilla. 1838.
— picturu'tum (pictured). Purple, red. March.
E. Ind. 1838.
— Roxbu'rghii (Roxburgh's). Yellow. May. E.
Ind. 1843.
— Thoua'rsii (Thouar's). 1. Yellow. July. So-
ciety Islands.
— umbella'tum (\imhel-flowered). Green, brown.
April. Indies. 1838.
— vagina' turn (sheathed). Pale yellow. Singa-
pore. 1843.
— Walli'c
chii(Wallich'^. Brown. March. Nepaul.
1837.
CI'RSIUM. (From kirsos, a swollen vein;
in reference to the effects of being pricked
by the spines. Nat. ord., Composites [As-
teracefle], IAnn.,l9-Syngenena 1-JEqualis.
Allied to the true Thistles.)
Perennials, by division of the roots ; annuala
and biennials, by seeds. Common soil.
HARDY ANNUALS.
C. Aca'rnn. (Acarna). 2. Purple. August. Spain.
1633.
— pinnati'fldum (deeply-cut-leafed). 2. Purple.
July. Spain. 1820.
— seto'sum (bristly). 2. Purple. June. Silesia.
1822.
— stella' turn (starred). 2. Purple. June. Italy.
1655.
HARDY BIENNIALS.
C. A'frum (African). 2. Purple. June. Barbary.
1800.
— ce'rnuum, (drooping). 4. Purple. July. Mexico.
1827.
— dealba'tum (whitened). 3. Purple. July. Cau-
casus. 1820.
— di'scolor (two-coloured). 2. Purple. June. N.
Amer. 1*03.
— erio'phorum (wool-bearing). 4. Purple, July.
Britain.
—fe'rox (fierce). 3. White. July. South Europe.
1683.
— heteroma'llum (one-side-woolly). 3. Purple.
July. Nepaul. 1820.
— inca'num (hoary), 3. Purple. July. Caucasus.
1820.
— lappa'ceum (burdock-like). 4. Purple. July.
Caucasus. 1821.
— orienta'le (eastern). 3. Purple. July. Asia
Minor. 182/.
— panicula'tum (panicled). 2. Purple. June.
South Europe. 1781.
— Pazcuare'nse (Pazcuara). 3. Purple. July.
Mexico. 1827.
— polya'nthemum (many-flowered). 2. Pink.
June. Rome. 1739.
— pu'ngcns (pungent). 3. Purple. July. South
Europe. 1820.
— squarro'sum (branching), 3. Purple. July-
Siberia, 1818.
[ 221 ]
CIS
C» ttrigo'sum (short-bristled). 2. Purpk. August.
Caucasus. 1825.
HALF-HARDY BIENNIALS.
C. Cassabo'nee (Cassabona's). 2. Purple. July.
South Europe. 1/91.
— cichora'ceum (succory-like). 3. Purple. Au-
gust. Naples. 1816.
— diaca'nthum (two-spined). 3. Purple. July.
Syria. 1800.
— Mexicd'num (Mexican). 4. White. September.
Mexico. 183/.
HARDY HERBACEOUS PERENNIALS.
C. ffcaw'/e(stemlesis). 1. Purple. July. Britain.
— alti'ssimum (tallest). 6. Purple. August. N.
Amer. 1726.
— ambi'guum (doubtful). 2. Purple. July.
Mount Cenis. 1820.
— angula'tum (angled). 2. Purple. July. Swit-
zerland. 1819.
— arachnioi' deum (cobweb-like). 2. Purple. July.
Tauria. 1818.
— Bertoli'ni (Bertolini's). 3. Yellow. July. Italy.
1820.
— Bce'ticum (Baetic). 3. Yellow. July. Spain.
1824.
— Carnio'licum (C.irniolian). 2. Pale yellow.
July. Carniola. 1792.
— cilia'lum (hair- fringed). 3. Purple. August.
Siberia. 1787-
— cynaroi'dcs (artichoke-like). 2. Purple. July.
Crete. 1827.
— deserto'rum (desert). 3. Purple. July. Si-
beria. 1824.
— tchinu'tum (prickly). 1. Purple. August.
Barbary. 1817.
— cchinoce' phalum (prickly-headed). 2. Purple.
July. Caucasus. 1826.
— cla'tius (taller). 6. Purple. August. 1823.
—fimbria'tum (frintred). 4. Purple. July. Cau-
casus. 1816.
— Forste'ri (Forster's). 3£. Crimson. July.
England.
— glutino'sum (clammy). 2. Pale yellow. July.
South Europe. 1816.
— Gmeli'ni (Gmelin's). Purple. August. Russia.
— Halh'rii (Haller's). 4. Purple. July. South
Europe. 1816.
— helenioi'des (elecampane-like). 6. Purple.
July. Siberia. 1804.
— heterophy'llum (various-Leaved). 2. Purple.
July. Britain.
— la'cteum (milk -coloured}. 2. Pale yellow. July.
Switzerland. 1819.
— laniflo'rum( woolly-flowered). 2. Purple. July.
Tauria. 1819-
— Monspessula'num (Montpelier). 2. Purple.
June. Montpelier. 1596.
— muni' turn (armed). 3. Purple. July. Caucasus.
1816.
— mu'ticum (awnless). 2. Purple. July. N.
Amer. 1820.
— nudiflo'rum (naked-flowered). 2. Purple. Au-
gust. Switzerland. 1817.
— ochroleu'cum (pale yellow). 2. Pale yellow.
July. Switzerland. 1801.
— olera'ceum (pot-herb). 3. Pale yellow. July.
Europe. 1570.
— orpya'le( six-feet). 6. Purple. July. 1823.
— paludo'svm (marsh). 3. Purple. July. Swit-
zerland. 1819.
— ri'gens (stiff. Alpine). 2. Yellow. July. Swit-
zerland. 1775.
- rivutrfre (brook). 3. White. July. Hungary.
C. rhisoce'phalum (rooting). Pale yellow. Caot-
casus. 1836.
— rufe'scens (rustyish). 3. White. July. Pyre-
nees. 18)6.
— Salisburge-'nse (Salisbury's). S. Purple. Julj.
Europe. 1816.
— serratuloi'des (sawwort-like). 3. Purple. Au-
gust. Siberia. 1752.
— serrula'tum (saw-edged). 4. Purple. July.
• Tauria. 1819.
— spinosi'ssimum (spiniest). 3. Pale yellow. July.
Switzerland. 1759-
— strVctum (upright). 2. Purple. August. Na-
ples. 1819.
— Syri'acum (Syrian). 2. Purple. July. Levant.
17/1.
— tuber o' sum (tuberous). 3. Purple. July.
England.
— uligino'sum (swainp). 3. Purple. June.
Caucasus. 1820.
CISSA'MFELOS. Pareira Brava Eoot.
(From kissos, ivy, and ampelos, a vine;
creeps like ivy, and flowers like the vine,
on long, hairy racemes. Nat. ord., Meni-
spermads [Menispermacese]. Linn., 22-
Dicecia 13-Polyandria.)
Stove twiners. The species from South Africa
will do in a warm greenhouse: cuttings of small
side-shoots, rather firm, in sand, under a bell-
giass, and in bottom-heat ; loam and peat.
Summer temp., 60° to 80° ; winter, 45° to 55°.
C. Caape'ba (Caapeba). 4. Green. July. S.
Amer. 1733.
— Cape'nsis (Cape). 6. Green. Cape of Good
Hope. 1775.
— hirsu'ta (hairy). 6. Yellow, green. Nepaul.
1819.
— Mauritia'na (Mauritian). 6. Yellow, green.
Mauritius. 1824,
— microca'rpa (small-fruited). 6. Yellow, green.
W. Ind. 1823.
— Parei'ra (Pareira). 6. Green. July. S. Amer.
1733.
Ci'ssus. (From Jcissos, ivy ; in reference
to their scrambling habit. Nat. ord.,
Vineworts [Vitaceae]. Linn., k-Tetran-
dria 1-Monogynia.)
A genus of stove and greenhouse climbers,
having no pretensions to beauty. We introduce
it in order to remark, that with the exception of
the grape-vine, the plants of this order are singu-
larly deficient in use or beauty. The species
require the same treatment as Cissampelos.
C. di'scolor (two -coloured). Greenish • white.
September. Java.
CISTERNS for the accumulation of rain-
water should be formed in connexion
with the gutters of the various buildings
in the gardens ; for no water is equal to
it for the artificial supply of moisture to
plants.
CI'STUS. Rock Rose. (From kute, a
box; in reference to the form of the seed-
vessel. Nat. ord., Rock Hose [Cistacesej.
Linn., 1%-Icosandria 1-Monogynia.)
C. ladani'ferus and C. LtfAon produce gum la-
danum. Seeds sown in April ; if under glass, so
much the better; layers after the plauts nave
CIS
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CIT
flowered ; and cuttings in May, under a hand-
glass ; dry soil ; all smaller kinds suitable for
Tock-work ; and although hardy in sheltered, dry
places, it is safest to propagate a few every season,
and give the protection of a cold pit in winter.
C. acutlfo'lius (pointed-leaved). 1. White. Au-
gust. South of Europe.
— a'lbidus (white-tea»ed). 2. Pale purple. June.
Spain, lb'40.
— asperifo'lius (rough-leaved). 2. White. June.
South of Europe.
— candidi'ssimits (whitest). 4. Pale red. June.
Canaries. 1817-
— cane'scens (hoary-leaved). Purplish. June.
South of Europe.
— Clu'sii (Clusius's). 3. White. June. Spain.
1810.
— complied' tus (complicated). 3. Red. June.
Spain. 1818.
— Corborie'nsis (Corbor). 2. White. June.
Spain. 1656.
— cordifo'lius (heart-leaved). 4. White. June.
1800.
— Cre'ticus (Cretan). 2. Purple. July. Levant.
1731.
Tau'ricus (Taurian). 2. Purple. June.
Tauria. 181 7.
— cri'spus (curled-tettwed). 2. Purple. June.
Portugal. 1656.
— Cupania'nus (Cupani's). White. June. Sicily.
— cymo'sus (cyme-flowered'), 2, Purple, ftlay.
— Cy'prius (Cyprus). 4. June. White. Greece.
1800.
— Dunalia'nus (Dunal's). 2. Purple. May.
— Florenti'nus (Florentine). 3. White. June.
Italy. 1825.
— Jieterophy'llus (various-leaved). 2. Purple.
June. Algiers.
— hirsu'tus (hairy). 2. White. June. Portugal.
1656.
— inca'nus (hoary). 2. Purple. July. South
of Europe. 1596.
— ladani'ferus (ladan urn-bearing. Bog-cistus).
4. White. June. Spain. 1629.
albiflo'rus (white-flowered. Gum-cistus).
4. White. June. Spain.
macula' tus (spotted). 4. White. June.
Spain. 1700.
— latifo'lius (broad-leaved). 4. White. June.
Barbary.
— laurifo'lius (laurel-leaved). 4. White. June.
Spain. 1731.
— la'xus (loose -flowered). 2. White. June.
Spain. 1656.
— Le'don (Ledon). 1. White. June. France.
1730.
— longifo'lius (long-leaved). 4. White. June.
South of Europe. 1800.
— Lusita'nicus (Portuguese). 3. Yellow. July.
Portugal. 1830.
— Montpelie'nsis (Montpelier). 2. White. June.
South of Europe. 1656.
— oblongifo'lius (oblong-leaved). 3. White.
June. South of Europe.
— obtusifo'lius (blunt-leaved). 3. White. June.
— parviflo'rus (small-flowered). 3. Pale red.
June. Crete. 1800.
— platyse'palus (broad-sepaled). 4. Red. June.
— populifo'lius (poplar-leaved). 3. White. May.
Spain. 1656.
— psilose'palus (smooth - sepaled). 3. White.
June.
— purpu'reus (purple). 2. Purple. June.
— rotundifo'lius (round-leaved). 2. Purple. June.
South of Europe. 1640.
C. saluifo'Hus (sage-leaved). 2. White. June.
South of Europe. 1548.
— erectiu'sculxs (rather erect). 2. White. June.
ochroleu'cus (yellowish- white). 2. Yellow-
ish. June.
— seri'ceus (silky). 2. Red. June. Spain. 1826.
— undula'tus (waved-leaved) . 4, White. June.
South of Europe. 1803.
— vagina'tus (sheathed). 2. Pale purple. April.
Teneriffe. 1779.
— villo'susi Hong-haired). 3. Purple. June.
South of Europe. 1640.
CITHAKE'XYLUM. Fiddle-wood. (From
kithara, a lyre, and xyloii, wood ; in refer-
ence to the wood being fit for musical
instruments. Nat. ord., Verbenas [Ver-
benaceae]. Linn., }A-Didynamia 2-An-
giospcrmia.)
Stove trees ; cuttinors of ripe shoots in sand,
under a glass, and in bottom-heat ; loam and peat.
Summer temp., 60° to 80°; winter, 50° to 60°.
C. cauda'tum (tailed). 20. White. Jamaica,
1/63.
— denta'tum (toothed). 15. E. Ind. 1824.
— seri'ceum (silky). 15. E. Ind. 1824.
— subserru'tum (slightly-toothed). 15. White.
W. Ind. 1830.
— villo'sum (long-haired). 10. St. Domingo.
1784.
CITIUOBA'TUS. (From citros, a citron,
and batos, a thorn ; called the Oranye
Thorn by the colonists in New Holland,
the plant bearing small, orange-coloured
fruit. Nat. ord., PUtosporads [Pittospo-
racese]. Linn., 5-Pentandria \-Mono-
gynia. )
Greenhouse evergreens, from New Holland ;
cuttings in sand, under a bell-glass ; sandy, turfy
peat, and a little loam and charcoal. Bummer
temp., 55° to 75°; winter, 45° to 50°.
C. multiflo'rus (many-flowered). 3. November.
1818.
— pauciflo'rus (few-flowered). 1622.
CITRON. Ci'trus me'dica.
CI'TRUS. Orange -tree. (Derivation
of doubtful origin ; supposed to refer to
Citron, a town in Judsea. Nat. ord.,
Citronworts [ Aurantiacese] . Linn., 18-
Polyadelphia 2-Polyandria.)
Greenhouse evergreen trees*
C. ungula'ta (angular-fruited). White. E. Ind.
— auru'ntium (sweet-orange). 15. White. Asia.
1595.
— buxifo'lia (box-leaved). 3. White. June.
China.
— decumafna (huge. S/taddock). 15. White.
June. India. 1/24.
— delicio'sa (delicious). White. April. China.
— hu'strix (porcupine). 15. White. June.
E. Ind.
— Japo'nica (Jzpz.n-small-f,-uited). 6. White.
June. Japan.
— lime'tta (\\mc-bergumot). 8. White. June.
Asia. 1648.
— limn'num (lemon). 15. White. June. Asia.
1648.
- Madure'nsis (Madura). 10. White. June.
China.
CIT
[ 223 ]
CIT
C. margari'ta (pearl. Sweet lemon), 15. White.
June. China.
— Me'dica (Median. Citron}. 8. White. June.
Asia.
— no'bilis (noble. Mandarin}. 15. White. June.
China. 1805.
mi'nor (smaller). 15. White. June.
China. 1805.
— spinosifssima (spiniest). 15. White. June.
Cayenne.
— t'ulga'ris (common. Seville"). 15. White.
June. Asia.
myrtifo'lia (myrtle-leaved). 3. White.
June. Asia.
Common Orange (C. auranti'acum). —
The following are esteemed varieties :
the China, Blood-red, Sweet-skinned,
the Ribbed, Pear-shaped, Tiny-fruited,
Fingered, St. Michael's, and Mandarin.
The Mandarin and St. Michael's are far
superior to the rest for cultivation. The
Mandarin is. cultivated extensively at
Malta, although originally from China :
it has a thin rind, and is of very superior
flavour. The St. Michael's is also a
small orange ; but the skin is of a pale
yellow; the rind, also, very thin, and
the tmip remarkably sweet. The fruit is
generally without seed, and the tree is a
great bearer.
The Lime (C. lime'tta) approaches the
Lemon ; but the juice is flat, and some-
what bitter.
The Shaddock (C. decuma'na) has a
large and round fruit ; skin yellow, with
a white, spongy rind; the pulp sweet
and juicy. This has been successfully
cultivated, in Devonshire, on the open
walls, with protection in winter, but no
artificial heat.
The Lemon (C. limo'num). — The Con-
tinental growers are content to raise
these from seed ; hence the great differ-
ence in quality of the imported fruit.
The Citron (C.me'dica) has a rind thick,
spongy, and very fragrant ; pulp, sub-acid.
Propagation. — All the kinds will pro-
pagate freely by cuttings, either of the
young shoots, or of those riper in charac-
ter. They are prepared in the usual
way, and inserted in pots of sand. A
close frame, with a bottom-heat of 75°,
is necessary ; and they must be plunged.
They may be made at any period, except-
ing whilst the plants are growing. Some
cultivators put out long, straight pieces
of the Citron (which is easiest to propa-
gate), of two or three years' growth ; and,
as soon as they are rooted, they graft
them.
Layers root with facility, but do not
make such fine plants.
Grafting. — There are various ways of
performing this operation, dependent
much on the size and character of the
stock. Some graft the young seedlings
which were sown in early spring : these,
by bottom-heat and high culture, are ren-
dered fit for this operation in about four
or five months. No clay is used in thia
delicate operation, but a little fine moss.
Some cut off the head of the stock and
crown-graft; others attach the graft to
the growing shoot, as in ordinary whip-
grafting. Budding is also practised by
some cultivators.
Inarching has sometimes been prac-
tised by inarching several plants on one
large stock, in order to form a head
speedily.
Stocks. — The Citron has been mostly
preferred ; the Shaddock, however, makes
a robust stock. M'Intosh seems to re-
commend sowing any ordinary seeds —
from, such fruit, indeed, as have rotted in
the warehouses, from which he has had
complete success.
Seeds. — The mode of rearing them
thus is simple enough. A light, rich soil
and a lively bottom-heat, with a some-
what close atmosphere, will produce
plants eighteen inches high in a few
months.
Soil and Culture. — All the family love
a generous soil. One half a free, yet rich
loam, and the other half composed of
leaf-mould, old cow-manure, and sandy
heath-soil, will grow them in high per-
fection, adding a little sand and some
charred materials. Care must be taken
to use the turfy loam in lumps, and to
drain well; indeed, all the materials
should be somewhat coarse. They re-
quire liberal watering ; and it must, when
given, penetrate the whole mass of soil.
They enjoy liquid-manure occasionally.
They are not only grown in pots or tubs,
but planted out as trees, and against
walls and trellises ; and they are equally
adapted for all these modes of culture.
Span-roofed houses would be highly eli-
gible for them as standards ; and the
sides and ends, being portable, might be
removed in summer. The Citron family
are impatient of intense sunshine, being,
for the most part, natives of woods. A
slight amount of shading, therefore, be-
comes occasionally necessary. The tem-
perature during winter — especially in
: houses with opaque roofs — must be very
i moderate : 48° to 50°, by means of fire-
:LA
[ ii
CLA
heat, is quite sufficient. As light increases
with a returning spring, the thermometer
may be permitted to advance a little. In
light houses, a thermometer of 50° to
55° will do no injury. Here, however,
shading will, at times, he requisite.
Fruit, uses, &c. — Besides forming, in its
natural state, one of the adjuncts of the
modern dessert, these fruits are used in
a variety of forms, hoth in confectionery,
sweetmeats, and liqueurs. Thus, the Se-
ville, Bizarade, or Bitter Orange, having
a very hitter rind, is used for marmalade,
bitter tinctures, candied peel, and for fla-
vouring cura?oa. The Bizarades are the
kinds used principally for the production
of cut blossoms by the French gardeners.
The Bergamot has a pear-like fragrance :
from this the perfumer obtains his ber-
gamot essences. The Lime is used in
flavouring punch and confectionery. The
Shaddock has a cooling and refreshing
juice; and the fruit is a splendid addi-
tion, in appearance, to the dessert. The
Lemon is too well known to need com-
ment. The Citronis used for sweetmeats,
lemonade, and to flavour negus and
punch.
Diseases. — We are not aware of any-
thing which may be strictly termed a dis-
ease of this genus. A black fungus is fre-
quently found on the leaf, having the
appearance of soot, and perhaps arguing
a corrupt atmosphere, through a too close
confinement. This must be cleaned away,
by a sponge, with warm water.
Insects. — The aphis and the scale (coc-
cus) are amongst its principal enemies.
The former may at all times be readily
destroyed by fumigation ; the latter may
be rubbed off by means of sponge bound
on a stick, frequently dipping the sponge
in a liquor consisting of two ounces of
soft soap beat up in a gallon of water.
CLADA'NTHUS. (From klados, a branch,
and anthos, a flower ; flowering at the end
of the branches. Nat. ord., Composites
[Asterace®]. Linn., I9-Syngenesia 2-
Superflua. Allied to Anthemis.)
The annual from seeds, in April ; the evergreen
from cuttings, under a glass ; common soil.
C.Ara'bicus( Arabian). 2. Yellow. July. Bom-
bay. 1759. Hardy annual.
— cane'scens (whitish). 1. Yellow. June.
Canaries. 182Q. Greenhouse evergreen.
CLA'RKIA. (Named after Captain Clark.
Nat. ord., Onagrads [Onagracese]. Linn.,
%-Diandria 1-Monogynia.)
Hardy annuals, Seeds in common border, in
March ; or, in September, in reserve-garden,
protected with a few brunches in frosty weather,
and transplanted, in spring, in patches, when they
will bloom early.
C. e'legans (elegant). 2. Rose, purple. July.
California. 1832.
flo're-ple'no (double-flowered). l£. Pale
rose. September. Gardens. 182/.
rhornboi'dea (diamond-petaled). Purple.
June. N. Amer. 1823.
— gauroi'des (traura-like). 1. Pink. August.
California. 1S35.
— pulche'lla (pretty). 2. June. N. Amer. 1826.
-. flo're-a'lbo (white-flowered). 2. White.
June. N. Amer. 1826.
CLAIIY. (Sa'lvia scla'rea.) Its leaves
are sometimes used in soups and medi-
cated wines. A very small number of
plants is sufficient for a family. Sow
early in April, or a month earlier, in any
light-soiled border. Thin the plants to
two feet apart. The sowing must be an-
nual. Seed may be saved by allowing
some plants to run up the next spring.
They ripen their seed in September.
CLAUSE'NA. (Derivation not explained.
Nat. ord., Citronworts [Aurantiacese],
Linn., IQ-Decandria i-3'Ionogynia.)
Stove evergreen. Cuttings of ripe shoots ia
sand, under a glasi, in heat. Loam and peat,
Summer temp., 6u° to 80°; winter, 50° to 60°.
C.pentaphy'lla(five-lc&\ed). 20. White. July-
Coromandel. 1800.
CLAVI'JA. (Named after Clavija, a
Spanish naturalist. Nat. ord., Ardisiads
[Myrsinacese]. Linn., 5-Pentandria 1-
Monogynia. Allied to Theophrasta.)
Stove evergreen trees. Cuttings of half-ripe
shoots in sandy loam, with sand above, under
a bell-glass, and in bottom-heat ; peat and loam.
Summer temp., 60° to 85° ; winter, 50° to 55°.
C. macroca'rpa (large-fruited). 20. White. Peru.
1816.
— orna'ta (adorned). 12. Orange. Caraccas. 1828.
CLAY is a constituent of all fertile soils,
though in these it rarely exceeds one-
sixteenth part, and generally bears a
much smaller relative proportion to the
other constituents. In its pure state it
is known as alumina. It is the best of
all additions to light, unretentive soils;
for it retains moisture much more power-
fully than any other earth. M. Schubler
found, that when silicious sand lost
eighty-eight parts of moisture, and chalky
sand seventy-six, stiff clay, in the same
time, lost only thirty-five parts.
Clay soils are the worst that can be for
gardens ; for there is scarcely one of the
crops there cultivated that is not injured
by stagnant water, which can scarcely be
prevented in clay soils at some seasons ;
and, in wet weather, clayey soils cannot
CLA
[225 ]
CLE
be worked, whereas the gardener must be
inserting or attending to his crops every
day.
For the improvement of clay lands,
by rendering their staple less retentive,
burning some of their own soil is an ef-
ficient application. One hundred tons per
acre, for this purpose, are not too many ;
for a dressing as a manure, thirty tons
are a good quantity. See PARING.
CLAYING is adding clay to a soil, to
render it more retentive.
CLAYTO'NIA. (Named after John Clay-
ton, who collected plants in America.
Nat. ord., Purslanes [Portulacese]. Linn.,
5-Pentandria \-Monoyynia.}
C. iono'smum (violet-scented). 2. Yellow. March.
Manilla. 1843.
— laiifo'iium (broad-leaved). Yellow, red. March.
Singapore. 1840.
— maculo'sum (spotted-flowered). Yellow, piuk.
March. Ceylon. 1839.
— ro'sea (rose-coloured-flowered). Straw-co-
loured. September. Manilla. 1837-
— spica'tum (spiked). Red, yellow. May. Bor-
neo. 1846.
— tridenta'ta (three-toothed). Reddish-white.
N. Holland. 1838. Greenhouse.
CLE'MATIS. Virgin's Bower. (From
klenia, a vine-branch; in reference to
their climbing like a vine. Nat. ord.,
Crowfoots [Eanunculacese]. Linn., 13-
Polyandria Q-Polygynia.}
Cuttings of firm side-shoots under a hand-light,
„ . .. .in summer; layers in September; division of
C. perfoha'ta, a gay little annual, is used as a j herbaceous kinds as they commence to grow, in
substitute for purslane in North America. An- j spring ; light loam, or loam and a little peat. A
dry situation suits most of them.
STOVE EVERGREEN CLIMBERS.
nuals, in border of sandy loam, or sandy peat,
March and April ; tuberous species, by offsets in
spring or autumn, and seeds in spring; herba- i
ceous species, by division of the roots ; vegetable j c. America'na (American). 12. White. S. Amer.
mould and peaty soil. j_ Brazilia,na (Brazilian). 12. White. Brazil.
HARDY ANNUALS. 1823.
C. Cubefnsis(C[ibs.). $. White. May. Cuba. 1829. ' ~~ Caripe'nsis (Caripe). 12. White. Trinidad. 1820.
— gypsophiloi'des (gypsophila-like). £. Pink. ; — dioi'ca (dioecious). 14. Green. Yellow. May.
October. California. 1835. W. Ind. 1/33.
— Joannea'na (Joannes's). 1. White. June. | — grandiflo'ra (large-flowered). 12. Yellow.
Siberia. 1818. green. Sierra Leone. 1823.
— perfolia'ta (leaf-stem-pierced). 1, White. ! — hedysarifo'litt (hedysarum-leaved). White.
June. N.Amer. 1794.
— Sibi'rica (Siberian). 1. Red. June. Siberia.
1/68.
— Unalaschke'nsis (Onalaschka). 1. White.
June. Russia. 1820.
HARDY TUBEROUS-ROOTED.
C. acutifo'lia (pointed-leaved). 2. August. Si-
beria. 1827.
— acutiflo'ra (pointed-petaled). 1. White. Mav.
N. Amer.
— Califo'rnica (Californian). California. Her-
' baceous perennial.
— Carolinia'na (Carolina). 1. Pink. April. N.
Amer. 1789.
— grandiflo'ra (large-flowered). 1. Pink. April.
N. Amer.
— lanceola'ta (spear-head-/rawed). 1. White.
April. N. Amer. 1812.
— longifo'lia (long-leaved). 1. WThite. April.
N. Amer. 1827.
— polyphy'lla (many-leaved). 1. Pink. April.
N.Amer. 1827.
— Vestia'na (Vest's). 1. Rose. Altai. 1827.
— Virginia'na (Virginian. Notch-petaled). 1.
White. N.Amer. 1740.
CLEISO'STOMA.
and sloma, a mouth. Nat. ord., Orchids
[Orchidacese], Linn., 2Q-Gynandria 1-
Monandria. Allied to Sarcochilus.)
E. Ind. 1819.
— smilac/fo'lia (smilax-leaved). 20. Purple. W.
Ind. 1824.
GREENHOUSE CLIMBERS.
C. arista'ta (awned- anther ed). 12. Green, yellow.
June. N. Holland. 1812. Deciduous.
— Balea'rica (Minorca). 12. Yellow, white. FeT
bruary. Minorca. 1783. Half-hardy ever-
green.
— barbella'ta (small-bearded). Chocolate and
cream. May. Simla.
— brachia'ta (armed). 2. Yellow, green. Oc-
tober. Cape of Good Hope. Evergreen.
— Chinc'mis (Chinese). 12. White. Trinidad.
1820. Half-hardy evergreen.
— coria'cea (leather- leaved). 12. White. N.
Holland. 1821.
— glycinoi'des (glycine-like). 10. White. N.
Holland. 1826. Evergreen.
— grave'olens (strong-smelling). Pale yellow.
July. Chinese Tartary. 1845. Half-
hardy deciduous.
— hexase'pala (six-sepaled). 3. Pale green.
April. New Zealand. 1844.
— indivi'sa (undivided-leaved). 20. White,
20.
, TTI i i cream. April. New Zealand.
(From kleio, to close, , loba,ta (lo^.leaved], 20. white, cream.
April. New Zealand. 1847.
— linearilo'ba (narrow-lobed). 4. White. July.
Carolina. 1823. Herbaceous perennial.
— odora'ta (fragrant). June. E. Ind. 1831.
Stove orchids, except C. tridenta'ta ; divisions ;
blocks of wood, with a little sphagnum moss.
Summer temp., 60° to 80°; winter, 55° to 60°.
C. deulba'tum (whitened). Yellow. September.
Manilla. 1843.
— di'scolor (two-coloured). Yellow. March. In-
dia. 1844.
^ (deceiving). Ochre. May. Ceylon.
1 15
— Zanzibare'nsis (Zanzibar). 10. Zanzibar. 1820.
HARDY CLIMBERS AND HERBACEOUS.
C. angustifo'lia (narrow-enfo>e-leaved).2. White.
June. Austria. 1787.
— cceru'lea (sky-blue-flowered). 10. Blue. April.
Japan. 1836.
grandiflo'ra (large-flowered). Purple.
June. Japan. 1841.
CLE
[ 226 ]
CLE
C. Catifo'rnica (Californian). 1840.
— campaniflo'ra (bell-flowered). 6. Purple. July.
Spain. 1810.
— cirrho'sa (tendrillcd). 12. White, green. April.
Spain. 15Q6.
— crifspa (curled-cowered). 6. Pale purple.
August. N. Amer. 1726.
— cyltindrica (cylindric-./fowm-d). 3. Blue.
August. N. Amer. '1820. Herbaceous
perennial.
— Duhu'rica (Dahurian). 12, Yellow, green.
September. Dahuria. 1820.
— diversifo'lia (various-leaved), 4. White.
April. Herbaceous perennial.
— ere'cta (upright). 3. White, July, Austria.
1597-
Hispa'nicn (Spanish). 3. White. July.
Spain. 1800.
— fla'mmula (flame). 20. White. August.
France. 1596.
caspito'sa (tufted). 20. White. September.
mari'tima (sea). 20. White. May.
South of Europe.
— — — rotundifo'lia (round-leaved). 20. White.
August. France. 1596.
rube'lla (reddish-sepafcd). 20. Reddish.
September.
milga'ris (common). 20. White. Au-
gust. France.
—fltfrida (florid). 10. White. June. Japan. 1//6.
bi'color (two-coloured). White, purple.
fio're-ple'no (double-flowered). 10. White.
June.
Siebo'ldii (Sieboldt's). 10. Purple, green.
June. Japan. 1836.
— glau'ca (milky-green). 12. Pale yellow. April.
Siberia.
— Graha'mi (Graham's). 15. Pale green. July.
Mexico. 1846.
— integrifo'lia (entire-leaved). 2. Blue. July.
Hungary. 1596.
elonga'ta (elongated). 2. Blue. June.
Europe.
latifa'Ha (broad-leaved). Purple. July.
— lathyrifo'lia (lathy rus-leaved). 4. White.
June. 1836. Herbaceous perennial.
— Massonia'na (Masson's). 12. Cape of Good
Hope.
— monta'na (mountain). 20. White. May.
Nepaul. 1831. Deciduous,
— grandiflo'ra (large-flowered). White. May.
— Nepale'nsis (Nepaul). May. Nepaul. 1835.
— ochroleu'ca (yellowish-white). 2. Light yel-
low. June. N. Amer. 1767. Deciduous.
— orienta'lis (eastern). 8 iTellow, white. Au-
gust. Levant. 1731. Deciduous.
— pofTzicw/a'fa (panicled). 20. White. August.
Japan.
— pedicellu.'ta(long-ftovfer-st&lke(i), 12. White,
green. July. Majorca.
— reticula'ta (netted). 8. Purple. July. N.
Amer. 1812. Deciduous.
— semitri'loba (half-three-lobed). 1. White,
green. June. Spain.
— Si'msii (Sims's). 8. Purple. July. N. Amer.
1812. Deciduous.
— triterna'ta (thrice-three-leafleted). 12. White.
1800. Deciduous.
—• fubulo'sa (tubular-cowered). 2. Blue. Sep.
tember. China. 1845. Herbaceous.
— vto'rna (American Traveller's joy). 12. Pur-
ple. August. N.Amer. 1730. Deciduous.
— viornoi'des (viorna-like). 8. Lilac. August.
N. Amer. 1828. Deciduous.
— Vfrginia'na (Virginian). 15. Green. July.
N.Amer. 1767. Deciduous.
C. Virginia' na bractea'ta (bracted). 15. Greenish-
white. June. N, Amer. 1767.
— vUrflba (white-vine. Traveller's joy}. 20.
White. August. England. Deciduous.
— — — integra'ta (entire-Seated). 20. White.
August. England.
— vitice'lla (vine-bower). 20. Purple. August.
Spain. 1569. Deciduous.
—"——cceru'lea (blue-lowered). 20. Blue. July.
Spain. 1659.
— — — ple'na (double-pwrpZe). 20. Purple. Au-
gust.
— purpu'rea (purple-cowered). 20. Pur-
ple. July. Spain.
tcnuifo'lia (slender-leafleted). 30. Crim-
son. June.
CLEO'ME. (From Jdeio, to shut; in
reference to the parts of the flower.
Nat. ord., Capparids [Capparidaceoe].
Linn., 15-Tetradynamia.)
Those of a shrubby character by cuttings of
half-ripe shoots in sand, under a bell-glass ; per-
ennial herbaceous species, by division of the
plant, and seeds ; Indian annual species, by seed
sown in a hotbed, and bloomed in the greenhouse,
as tender annuals. The European and several
Mexican annuals, by seed in a gentle hotbed, to
be transferred to the flower-borders in May ; rich,
light soil.
HARDY ANNUALS!.
C. Ara'bica (Arabian). 2. Yellow. June. Arabia.
1794.
— Dillenia'na (Dillenius's). 1. White. June.
Levant. 1732.
— Jla'va (yellow). Yellow. June. Australia. 1825.
— Ibe'rica (Iberian). 1, White. July. Iberia.
1820.
— lu'tea (yellow). 1. Yellow. N.Amer. 1840.
Herbaceous perennial.
— pubfi'scens (downy). 2. White. July. 1815.
— speciosi'ssima (most showy). Purple, July
Mexico. 1827.
— trine'rvia (three- nerved). Yellow. Arabia. 1837.
— viola'cea (violet-coloured). 1. Purple. June.
Portugal. 1776.
— virga'ta (twiggy), 1. White. June. Persia.
1820.
STOVE SHRUBS AND HERBACEOUS.
C. arbo'rea (tree). 8. White. June. Caraccas.
1817- Evergreen.
— dendroi'des (tree-like). 5. Purple. Brazil. 1828.
— droserifo'lia (drosera-leaved). Yellow, violet.
May. Egypt. 1837. Greenhouse shrub.
— giga'ntea (gigantic), 6. White. June. S.
Amer. 1774.
— micra'ntha (small-spined). White. June. 1824.
— procu'mbens (lying-down). Yellow. June. W.
Ind. 1798.
STOVE ANNUALS.
C. aculea'ta (prickly). 2. White. June. S. Amer.
1817.
— cardina'lis (cardinal-flower- like). 2. Red. July.
Mexico. 1823.
— diffu'sa (spreading). 1. Green. June. Brazil.
]823.
— heptaphy'lla (seven-leaved). 1. White. June.
Jamaica. 1817-
— Housto'ni (Houston's), 1. White. June. W.
Tnd. 1730.
— monophy'ila (one-leaved), 1, Yellow. June.
E. Ind. 1759.
Zeyla'nica (Ceylon). 1. Yellow. June.
E. Ind, 1759.
OLE
[227]
CLE
C. po?/£flroa (various-flowered). 2. White. June
W. Ind. 1824.
— pu'ngene (stinging). 2, White. July. W.Ind
1812. Biennial.
— ro'soa (rosy). 2. Red. June. Brazil. 1825
— spigio'sa (prickly). 2. White. June* W
Ind. 1731. Biennial.
CLERODE'NBRUM. (From kleros, chance
and dendron, a tree; said to be owing to
the uncertainty of the medicinal qualities
Nat.ord., Verlenas [Verbenacese]. Linn.
ll-Didynamia 2-Ai*giospermia.)
Seeds sown when ripe, or in the following
March, in a hotbed. Cuttings of the firm, short
side-shoots, vyhen growth is commencing, i
March or April, in sandy peat, under a glass, anu
in bottom-heat. Loam and peat, with a little
charcoal and dried cowdung, assisted with heat
until they show flower ; kept cool and dry in
winter, and pruned back in spring, that vigorous
shoots may be formed. Summer temp., 60° to
85° ; winter, 45° to 50°.
GREENHOUSE EVERGREENS.
€. attanua't urn (attenuated). 6. N. Hollaed. 1824.
— costa'tum (ribbed). 6. N.Holland. 1823.
—fr a1 grans (fragrant). 6. White, red. October.
China. 1790.
— • — — ./Zo're-p/e'no (double-flowered). 6. White,
red. October. Chirm. 1790.
— Japo'nicum (Japan). White. July. Japan
1823.
— WviffumQjviQ. 3. White. November. China.
1824.
— tomento'sum (thickly-downy). 5. White. April.
N. S. Wales. 1794.
— tricho'lOTivum (three-forked). 6. Japan. 1800.
STOVE EVERGREENS.
C. angttstifo'lium (narrow-leaved). 4. Mauritius.
1824.
— Bethunia'num (Capt. Bathune's). 10. Scarlet.
Borneo. 1847.
— bumfo'lium (box-kaved). 4. White. 1S20.
— calamity' sum (calamitous). 4. August. E.
Ind. 1823.
— capita'tum (head-lowered). 5. Cream. August.
Sierra Leone. 1846.
— ce'rnuum (drooping). 4. E. Ind. 1823.
— cocci'neum (scarlet). Scarlet. July. E. Ind.
— corda'tum (heart- ZeomZ). 3. White. July.
Nepaul. 1826.
— Coromandelia'num (Coromandel). 6. Mauri-
tius. 1823.
— dcnta'tum (tooth-leaved). White. May. E.
Ind. 1826.
— Emirne'nse (Emire). 3. White. February.
Madagascar. 1822.
—fa'llax (deceptive). Scarlet. September.
*- floribu'ndum (bundle-flowered). 6. Lilac. July.
Madagascar. 1825.
—foe'tidum (fcetid). 5. Nepaul. 1820.
— fortuna'tum (fortunate). 6. July. E. Ind.
1784.
— glandulo'sum (glanded). Scarlet. September.
— glau'cum (milky-green). 4. E. Ind. 1825.
— hasta'tum (halberd-/eawed). 6. White. June.
E. Ind. 1825.
— Mianthifo'lium (sun-flower-leaved). 6. E. Ind,
1824.
~faterophy'llum (various-leaved). S. White.
August. Mauritius. 1805.
•" uuge'lii (Hugel's). 5, Crimson. Sierra Leonei
C. inefrme (unarnud). 4. White. July. E. Ind»
1692.
— infortuna'tum (unfortunate). 6. E. Ind.
— Karmpfe'ri (Ksempfer's). 4. Scarlet. July. S.
Amer. 1843.
— laurifo'lium (laurel-leaved). Scarlet. E. Jnd.
— leuooxefptrum (white-sceptred). White. Ne-
paul. 1826.
— ligttstri'num (prtvet-tea»ed). 3. White. Sep.
teraber. Mauritius. 1/89.
— maorophy'Uum (large-leaved). 8. White, blue.
July. E. Ind. 1815.
— neriifo'lium (oleander-leaved). White. May.
E. Ind. 1824.
— nuftans (nodding). 6. White. November. E.
Ind. 1825.
— odora'tum (scented). 4. Red. Nepaul. 1823.
— punicula'tum (panicled). 6. Scarlet. August.
Java. 1809.
— phlamoi'des (phlornis-like). 4. White. August.
E. Ind. 1800.
— pube'soens (downy). White. July. W. Ind.
1824.
— salicifo'lium (willow-leaved). 4. E. Ind. 1824.
— sca'ndens (climbing). 12. White. July. Guinea.
1822. Climber.
— serra'tum (saw-edged). 6. Nepaul. 1822.
— sinua'tum (wavy-edge-teawtf). 3. White. Fe-
bruary. Sierra Leone. 1846.
— siphona'nthus (siphon-flowered). 6. White.
E. Ind. 1796.
— speciosi'ssimum (most-ehowy). Scarlet. August.
1835.
— eple'ndens (shining). 10. Scarlet. June. Sierra
* Leone. 1840. Climber.
— squama'tiun (scaled). 10. Scarlet. August.
China. 1790.
— ternifo'lium (three-leaved). 4. Nepaul. 1823.
— urticasfo'Hum (nettle-leaved). 4. E. Ind. 1824.
— verticilla'tum (whorled-feawed). 6. White.
August. Nepaul. 1818.
— viola'ceum (violet-coloured), 4. Violet. 1822.
— visco'sum (clammy). 6. White. July. E. Ind.
1796.
— volu'bile (twining). 6. White. Guinea* 1823.
Climber.
CLE'THRA. (From klethra, the Greek
name of the Alder; alluding to a sup-
posed resemblance between their leases.
Nat. ord., Heathworts [Ericaceae]. Linn.,
W-Decandria 1-Monogynia. Allied to
Andromeda.)
Cuttings of half-ripe shoots, of the tenderer
species, in April, under a bell-glass, and in sand.
The North American species are hardy enough for
ur shrubberies ; are propagated by layers in au-
;umn, or by firm cuttings in sand, under a hand-
ight, in summer ; for all, peat is necessary.
HARDY DECIDUOUS SHRUBS.
7. acuminafta (long-pointed-fcawed). 10. White.
September. Carolina. 180t>.
— alnifo'lia (alder-leaved). 4. White. Sep-
tember. N. Amer. 1731.
Steeica'na (Mexican). 10. White. Mexico.
1840. Evergreen.
— na'na (dwarf). 2. White. August; 1820.
— panicvla'ta (panicled). 4. White. September
N. Amer. 1770.
— scafbra (rough- Jeaue?d). 4. White. September.
Georgia. 1806.
— tomento'sa (downy-leaved). 4. White, Sep«
tember. N. Amer. 1731.
CLE
I. 228 ]
CLI
GREENHOUSE EVERGREENS.
C. arbo'rea (tree). 8. White. September. Ma-
deira. 1784.
mi'nor (smaller). 2. White. September.
Madeira.
variega'ta (variegated). 3. White. Au-
gust. Madeira.
—ferrugi'nea (rusty). 4. White Peru. 1800.
— quercifo'lia (oak-leaved). 10. White. June.
Mexico. 1840.
— Zt«t/o'/ia(tinus-leaved), 20. White. Jamaica.
1825. Stove.
CLEYE'KA. (Named after Dr. Cleyer,
a Dutch botanist. Nat. ord., Theads
[Ternstromiaceas]. Linn., 13-Polyandria
I-Monogynia.}
Greenhouse evergreen shrub. Cuttings of
half-ripe shoots in sand, under ;i bell-glass ; sandy,
fibry peat. Summer temp., 60° to 70° ; winter,
45° to 50°.
C. Japo'nica (Japan). 5, Yellowish-white. Japan.
1820.
CLIA'NTHUS. (From kleios, glory, and
anthos, a flower. Nat. ord., Leguminous
Plants [Fabaceee]. Linn., \l-Diadelplila
&-Decandria. Allied to Sutherlandia.)
The Parrot-Beak plant and the Glory Pea of
New Zealand. Half-hardy evergreen shrubs.
Cuttings in sandy soil, under a glass, easily ; peat
and loam, with a little sand or charcoal. Young
plants are best grown rapidly, old plants are so
subject to red spider ; do well in pots, planted
out in a conservatory, or against a wall, where a
little protection can be given in winter.
C. ca'rneus (flesh-coloured). 6. Flesh. May
Philippines. 1840.
— puni'ceua (crimson corolla'). 3. Crimson. May.
New Zealand. 1832.
CLIDA'NTHUS. (From dideios, delicate,
and anthos, a flower. Nat. ord., Ama-
ryllids [Amaryllidaceaa]. Linn., Q-Hex-
andria I-Monogynia. Allied to Pancra-
tium.)
This bulb increases so rapidly by offsets, and
splitting of the old bulb, that it is difficult to keep
bulbs of a size to flower. It grows vigorously in a
border of fertile loam, in front of a greenhouse,
in summer, but is so impatient of wet that it re-
quires to be taken up in the autumn, without de-
stroying the roots, and kept dry, till April, in a
pot of sand or light soil. It looks like a yellow
Narcissus.
C.fra'grans (fragrant). Yellow. Buenos Ayres
1820.
CLIMATE controls the growth of plants
most imperatively ; and, in the cultivation
of his fruits, flowers, and culinary veg
tables, it forms the first object of the
gardener's inquiry. He must first know
the climate of which any given plant is
native ; and, secondly, the soil which it
affects, before he can cultivate it suc-
cessfully. How all-influential is climate
appears from the fact, that differenl
countries, though in the same degrees o1
latitude, have" often a totally different
Flora on soils similar in constitution.
Now the reason for these differences
,that the countries thus contrasted differ
in climate ; that is, they differ in the in-
tensity and duration of the light and heat
they enjoy; they differ in the contrast of
their day and night temperatures ; they
differ in the relative length of the day
and night ; they differ in the length of
their summer and winter, or, which is
synonymous, in the relative lengths of
their periods of vegetable activity and
rest ; they differ, also, in the amount of
rain which falls, not only annually, but
at particular seasons ; they differ in
baviug much atmospheric moisture de-
posited, in the form of rain, or dew, or
snow, at the different periods of vegeta-
ble activity or rest. Now, whatever
these differences are, whatever the pecu-
liarities of a climate from which a plant
comes, the gardener cannot cultivate it
successfully unless he secures to that
plant those clirnatal differences and pe-
culiarities. We often see long tables of
the average monthly temperature of
places ; but these are useless. They are
no guides to the gardener unless they
show the average highest and lowest
temperatures of each month, as well as
the highest and lowest degrees the ther-
mometer is known to reach during the
same period.
CLIMBERS are plants which attach
themselves to supporters by their natural
appendages, as by their tendrils, by their
hooks, or by other modes of attachment.
CLINA'NTHUS. See CLITA'NTHUS.
CLINTO'NIA. (Named, by the unfortu-
nate Douglas, after his friend, De Witt
Clinton, Governor of the state of New
York. Nat. ord., a section of Loleliads
[Lobeliaceoe]. Linn., IQ-Monadelphia
2-Pcntandria.)
Hardy annuals, from Columbia. Seeds, in well-
pulverised, rather light soil, in April ; or in a
slight hotbed, in March, and planted out.
C. e'legans (elegant). 1. Blue. July. 1827.
— pulche'lla (pretty). 1. Blue, white. August.
1831.
CLIOCO'CCA. (From Meio, to close, and
kokkos a berry. Nat. ord., Flaxworts
[Linacece], Linn., 5-Pcntandria §-Pen-
tayynia. Allied to Lin urn.)
Hardy herbaceous perennial. Seeds sown fts
directed for Clintonia, and by divisions ; light
loam, and a little pent.
C. tenuifo'lia (slender-leaved). *. Purple. July.
'Australia. 1S37.
CLT
[ 229 ]
CLI
CLIPPING hedges should be confined
to those of the commonest and hardiest
varieties of shrubs, as those of hawthorn
and privet; for the bruising and man-
gling of the branches which accompany
tliis operation are very injurious to ever-
greens, as the laurels and holly. Those
are always much better kept in order,
and within bounds, by the knife. In
clipping, many of the leaves of those are
cut in half; and their decayed edges are
very unsightly. Clipping of deciduous
hedges is most advantageously performed
in the spring and early summer. A
multitude of shoots are then induced,
which secure that chief desideratum in
hedges — thickness and closeness of tex-
ture.
CLISIOCAMPA NEUSTRIA. The Lackey,
or Barred-Tree Lackey Moth. " The
eggs of this insect, in winter, may be de-
tected easily, in broad bands, round the
twigs of our pear, apple, and other trees.
They are arranged with such admirable
art, that they seem set by the skilful
hands of the jeweller (see the annexed
drawing). Each bracelet, as the French
gardeners call it, contains from two hun-
dred to three hundred eggs, fastened by
their ends, in a series of from fifteen to
seventeen close, spiral circles, round the
twig. The spaces between the eggs are
filled up with a tenacious, brown gum,
which protects them from inclement
weather, as well as from all attacks ex-
cept those of man. The eggs thus placed
look like a ring of seed-lac; and we think
its name may have been thence derived.
They are easily crushed by the gardener's
knife. The caterpillars— striped length-
wise, blue, red, and yellow, slightly hairy,
and with a white line down the back —
appear from these eggs in the April or
May following. They congregate early
in the morning, or during rain, in large
nests, at the forks of the small branches,
and are then easily crushed. They enter
the chrysalis state at the end of June,
and then they are to be found in co-
coons, or oval webs, powdered with white
or yellowish dust, between two leaves, &c.
The chrysalis, or pupa, is longish, and
dark brown, in which state it remains for
three weeks or a month. In July the
moth appears ; its colour is light yellow-
er reddish-yellow-ochre. The upper
wings have a darker band across their
middle, which band is bordered by two
light cross-lines ; the fringes of the wings
are whitish, spotted with brown ; the
lower wings are of a uniform brownish
or light-yellow colour. The male is
readily known from the female by his
comb-like (pectinated) antennae (feelers)
and thinner body. The insect flies only
at night, and, consequently, is rarely
seen. The caterpillars often appear in
considerable numbers, and do not confine
their ravages to fruit-trees, but attack
many others; such as beeches, elms,
poplars, oaks, and even pines. In May,
when the caterpillars are living in society,
the nests containing them should be col-
lected and destroyed. Care must be
taken when collecting the nest; for, if
the caterpillars are much disturbed, they
let themselves down to the ground by
means of a thin, silken thread, and
escape. In July their cocoons should be
looked for on the trees, in the roofs of
sheds, in hedges, and even on the tops of
walls."— The Cottage Gardener, i. 207.
CLITA'NTHUS. (From klitus, a moun-
tainous declivity, and anthos, a flower.
Nat. ord., Amaryllids [Amaryllidacene].
Linn., Q-Hexandria \-Monogynia. Allied
to Urceolina.)
Natives of Lima. They will grow and flower
in an open, warm border, to be taken up on the
approach of frost, and kept dry through the win-
ter, and are readily increased by offsets from the
old bulbs. There are believed to be three species :
hu'milis (humble), lu'tea (yellow), and M aclea'na
(Maclean's) ; but little is known about them.
CLITO'EIA. (From kleio, to shut up ;
in reference to its seeding within the
flower long before the flower drops off.
Nat. ord., Leguminous Plants [Fabaceas].
Linn., Yt-Diadelphia k-Decandria. Allied
to Phaseolus.)
Stove evergreen twiners, except where other-
wise mentioned. Cuttings of stubby side-shoots
in heat, in sandy soil, under a bell-glass; and
seeds, when procurable ; sandy peat and fibry
loam, with sand and charcoal. Summer temp.,
60° to 85° ; winter, 50° to 55°.
C.arbore'scens (tree-like). 8. Pink. Auguat.
Trinidad. 1804. Shrub.
CLI
[ 230 ]
CLU
C. BerterWna (Bertera's). Yellow. June. St
Domingo. 1824. Trailing annual.
— Braxilia'na (Brazilian). 4. Pink. July
Brazil. 1750.
— cocci'nea (scarlet). 4. Scarlet. July, Brazil
1820.
— erJcta (upright). S. Amer. 1822.
—formo'sa (beautiful). 3. Pink. July. Ori-
noco. 1823.
—fu'lgens (bright -flowered}. Scarlet. May
Brazil. 1840.
— grafcilis (slender). 2. Blue. July. S. Amer
1824.
— heterophy'lla (various-leaved). 1. Blue. July,
E. Ind. 1812.
— lasci'via (wanton). 4. July. Madagascar. 1826,
— Maria'na (Maryland). 8. Blue. August. N,
Amer. 1759. Deciduous halt- hardy.
— Mexica'na (Mexican). 3. Purple. October.
N. Amer. 1759. Greenhouse.
— Plumie'ri (Plunder's). 6. White, red. Oc-
tober. W. Ind.
— terna'tea (three-leafleted). 4. Blue. July.
E. Ind. 1739.
a'OKi (white). White. May. E. Ind.
cceru'lea (sky-blue). Blue. May. E.Ind.
ma'jor (larger -flowered), 4. Bright
brown. August. Sydney. 1845. Green-
house.
— Virginia'na (Virginian). 6. Purplish. July.
1732. Greenhouse.
CLfviA. (Named after the Duchess oj
Northumberland y a member of the Clive
family. Nat. ord., Amaryllids [Amaryl-
lidacesB]. Linn., 6-Hexandria \-Mono-
gynia.}
The affinity of this plant puzzled many. Dr.
Lindley puts it now in the Aloe section of the
order. Greenhouse bulbs. Divisions and seeds ;
a high temperature, and plenty of moisture, when
growing; cooler and drier when at rest; rich,
sandy loam. Summer temp., 60° to 80° ; winter,
48° to 55°.
C.no'bilis (noble). 2. Red, yellow. JFuly.
Cape of Good Hope. 1823.
CLOUDBERRY. Ru'bus chamcemo'rus.
CLOVE. Dia'nthus caryophy'llus*
CLOVE-TEEE. Caryophy'llus.
CLOWE'SIA. (Named after the late
Rev. J. Cloives, a great orchid-grower
near Manchester. Nat. ord., Orchids
[Orchidacese]. Linn., 2Q-Gynandria 1-
Monandria. Allied to Cycnoches.)
Stove orchid. Division; peat and loam, with
charcoal. Summer temp.. 60° to 80° c winter, 60°
to 60°.
O. rofsea (rosy). $. White, pink. Brazil.
CLUB-MOSS. Lycopo'dium.
CLUB-ROOT. See AMBURY.
CLUMPS, when close, are sometimes
called Thickets, and, when open, Groups
of Trees. They differ only in extent
from a wood, if they are close, or from a
grove, if they are open. They are small
woods and small groves, governed hy the
same principles as the larger, aftei
allowances made for their dimensions.
But, hesldes the properties they may have
in common with woods, or with groves,
they have others peculiar to themselves.
They are either independent or relative.
When independent, their beauty, as single
objects, is solely to be attended to ; when
relative, the beauty of the individuals
must be sacrificed to the effect of the
whole, which is the greater consideration.
The least clump that can be is of two
trees ; and the best effect they can have
is, that their heads, united, should ap-
pear one large tree. Two, therefore, of
different species, or seven or eight of
such shapes as do not easily join, can
hardly be a beautiful group, especially
if it have a tendency to a circular form.
A peculiarity of clumps is the facility
with which they admit a mixture of trees
and of shrubs, of wood and of grove ; in
sthort, of every species of plantation.
None are more beautiful than those
which are so composed. Such composi-
tions are, however, more proper in com-
pact than in straggling clumps ; they are
most agreeable when they form one mass.
If the transitions from very lofty to very
humble growths, from thicket to open
plantations, be frequent and sudden, the
disorder is more suited to rude than to
elegant scenes.
The occasions on which independent
clumps may be applied are many. They
are often desirable as beautiful objects
in themselves ; they are sometimes ne-
cessary to break an extent of lawn, or a
continued line, whether of ground, or of
plantation ; but, on all occasions, a jeal-
ousy of art constantly attends them,
which irregularity in their figure will
not always alone remove. Though ele-
vations show them to advantage, yet a
bullock evidently thrown up on purpose
:o be crowned with a clump is artficial
to a degree of disgust. Some of the trees
should, therefore, be planted on the sides,
;o take off that appearance. The same
expedient may be applied to clumps
placed on the brow of a hill, to interrupt
"ts sameness : they will have less osten-
;ation of design if they are, in part, car-
ried down either declivity.
A line of clumps, if the intervals be
closed by others beyond them, has the
appearance of a wood, or of a grove ; and,
n one respect, the semblance has an ad-
antage over the reality in different
)oints of view. The relations between
he clumps are changed ; and a variety of
CLU
C 231 ]
COB
forms is produced, which no continued
wood or grove, however broken, can fur-
nish. These forms cannot all be equally
agreeable, and too anxious a solicitude
to make them everywhere pleasing may,
perhaps, prevent their being ever beau-
tiful.
The effect must often be left to chance ;
but it should be studiously consulted
from a few principal points of view ; and
it is easy to make any recess, any promi-
nence, any figure in the outline, by
clumps thus advancing before, or retiring
behind one another. — Whateley.
CLD'SIA. Balsam-tree. (Named after
C. de VEcluse, a French botanist. Nat.
ord., Guttifcrs [Clusiaceffi]. Linn., 23-
JPolyyamia 1-Moncecia.)
Stove evergreen trees ; cuttings of half-ripe
ahoots in sand, under a glass, and with good bot-
tom-heat; rich, sandy loam. Summer temp.,
60° to 85°; winter, 50° to 55°.
C. aftta (white-flowered). 80. White. S. Amer.
1752,
—flafva (yellow-flowered). 90. Yellow. Ja-
maica. 1759.
— rofsea (rose-coloured). 30. Red. July. Ca-
rolina. 1692.
— tetra'ndria (four-stamened). White. S. Amer.
1820.
— veno'sa (veiny -leaved). White. S. Amer. 1733.
CLUY'TIA. (Named after Cluyt, a pro-
fessor of botany at Leyden. Nat. ord.,
JEupliorbiads [Euphorbiacete]. Linn,,
22-Dicecia 3-Triandria.)
Greenhouse evergreen shrubs, except where
otherwise specified. Cuttings of small side-
shoots ; but, if not to be got, points of shoots
before they become hard, in sand, over a layer of
sandy peat, and covered with a bell-glass ; sandy
loam and fibry peat. Summer temp., 55° to 75°;
winter, 40° to 48°. The East Indian species re-
quire more heat in winter.
C. alaternoi'des (alaternus-like). 2. White. July.
Cape of Good Hope. 1692.
— colli'na (hill). 3. White. E. Ind. 1807. Stove.
— Daphnoi'des (Daphne-like). 3. White. May.
Cape of Good Hope. 1731.
— ericoi'des (heath-like). 2. White. April.
Cape of Good Hope. 1790.
— heterophy'lla (variable-leaved). 3. White.
May. Cape of Good Hope. 1818.
•~pa!tula (spreading). 3. White. E. Ind. J812.
Stove.
— polifo'lia (poly-leaved). 2. White. May.
Cape of Good Hope. 1790.
~polygonoi'des (polygonum-like). 2. White.
April. Cape of Good Hope. 1790.
— pube'scens (downy). 3. White. April. Cape
of Good Hope. 1800.
— pulche'lla (neat). 2. White. June. Cape
of Good Hope. 1739.
— ttnuifo'lia (slender-leaved). 3. White. June.
Cape of Good Hope. 1817.
— tomento'sa (thickly- downy). 3. White. April.
Cape of Good Hope. 1812.
Widow's-wail. (An adopted
name from Theophrastus, the derivation
not explained. Nat. ord., a section of
Rueworts [Rutaceae], Linn., 3-Triandria
1-Monogynia.)
Greenhouse evergreen shrubs. Cuttings in
sand, under a glass, in April ; peat and fibry loam,
with a little silver-sand. Winter temp., 40° to 45°.
C. pulverule'ntum (powdery). 6. Yellow. June.
Madeira. 1822.
— tricofccum (three-grained). 6. Yellow. June.
South Europe, 1793.
CNE'STIS. (From Jcnao, to scratch ; re-
ferring to the prickly capsules. Nat.
ord., Connarad-s [Connaracese], Linn.,
\Q-Decandria &-Pentagynia.}
Stove evergreens. Cuttings of ripe young
shoots in sand, under a bell-glass, in sweet bot-
tom-heat. Loam and peat ; both fibry, with sand.
Summer temp., 60° to 80°; winter, 50° to 60°.
C. cornicula'ta (small-horned). 10. Purple.
Guinea. 1/93.
— gla'bra (smooth). 10. White, green. Mau-
ritius. 1 823.
— polyphy'lla (many-leaved). 6. Purple. Mauri-
tius. 1823.
COAL. See FUEL.
COAL-ASHES. See ASHES.
COBCE'A. (Named after M. Cobo, a
Spanish botanist Nat. ord. Phloxworts
[Polemoniacese], Linn., 5-Pentandria 1-
Monogynia.)
Half-hardy evergreen climbers. Cuttings ol
firm side-shoots, in summer ; but best from seeds
sown in a hotbed, in March. Poor, sandy soil,,
otherwise they will grow too freely to bloom pro-
fusely. Greenhouse, or poles, or wall, during
summer, in open air.
C. macroste'ma (long-stamcned). 20. Green,
yellow. October. Guayaquil. 1839.
— sca'ndens (climbing). 20. Purple. August.
Mexico. 1792.
— stipula'ris (/ar#e-stipuled). 20. Yellow. Oc-
tober. Mexico. 1839.
COBU'BGIA. (Named after Prince Leo-
pold of Saxe-Colourg, now King of Bel-
gium. Nat. ord., Amaryllids [Amaryl-
lidacese]. Linn., Q-Hexandria 1-Mono-
gynla.)
Handsome half-hardy flowering-bulbs, which
delight in strong, rich loam, and will grow on a-
warm, sunny border, in summer ; to be taken up
on the approach of frost, and kept dry over the
winter. Propagated by offsets.
C, cocci'nea (scarlet). 1. Scarlet. March. Cor«
dilleras. 1839.
— fu'lva (tawny-cowered). 1. Tawny. S. Amer.
1829.
— hu'milis (humble). $. Orange. March. Cor-
dilleras. 1841.
— incarna'ta (fiesh-coloured). 2. Scarlet. Au-
gust. Quito. 1826.
— minia'ta (vermilion-coloured). 3. Vermilion.
April. Peru. 1842.
— stylo'sa (long-styled). Orange, red. March-
Quito. 1847.
— trichro'ma (three-coloured). 1. Scarlet/ white-
green. June. Andes. 1837.
COG
[232]
COG
C. versi'color (changeable). 2. Red, white, green.
June. Lima. 1810.
COCCINE'LLJS. Lady- Birds. There are
about thirty species of this useful end
"beautiful insect. Let no one destroy &
coccinella, for it is one of the greatest
destroyers of the plant-louse, or aphis.
This is much better appreciated on the
Continent than in England ; for there the
gardeners collect lady-hirds, and place
them upon rose-trees, &c., infected with
aphides.
COCCO'LOBA. Sea-side Grape. (From
Icolckos, a herry, and lobos, a lohe; in
reference to the fruit. Nat. ord, Buck-
wheats [Polygonaceoe]. Linn., Q-Ortan-
dria 3-Triyynia.)
Stove evergreen trees. Cuttings of young, firm
shoots, in spring or summer, in sand, under a
bell-glass, and in bottom-heat. Summer temp.,
63° to 80° ; winter, 50° to 55°.
C. acumina'ta (pointed-Jeawed). 20. White, green.
New Grenada. J820.
— excorla'ta (barked). 80. White, green. W.
Ind. 1733.
— flave'scens (pale yellow). 15. White. St.
Domingo. 1820.
— laurifo'lia (laurel-leaved). 20. White, green.
August. Caraccas. 1822.
— longtfo'lia (long-leaved). 30. White, green.
W. Ind. 1810.
— microsta'chya (small - spiked). 16. White,
green. W. Ind. 1824.
— ni'vea (white-teaced). 20. White, green. Ja-
maica. 1818.
— obova'ta (reversed-egg-feai'ed). 50. White,
green. S. Amer. 1824.
— obiustfo'lia (blunt-leaved). 20. White, green.
Carthagena. 1822.
— orbicula'ris (round-leaved). 15. White, green.
S. Amejr. 1825.
— pube'scens (downy). White, green. W. Ind.
1690.
— puncta'ta (dotted). 15. White, green. W.
Ind. 1733.
— tenuifo'lia (narrow-leaved). 30. White, green.
Jamaica. 1820.
— uvi'fera (grape-bearing). 60. White, green.
W. Ind. 1690.
CO'CCULUS. (From coccus, cochineal-
colour ; in reference to the scarlet colour
of the fruit. Nat. ord., Menispermuds
[Menispermacese]. Linn. 22-Diaxia 6-
JEfexandria.)
Stove evergreen climbers, from the East Indies.
The Co'cculus I'ndicus of the druggists' shops
is the berry of C. Plukene'tii and subero'sus.
Cuttings of half-ripened, small side-shoots, in
sandy soil, under a jjlass ; peat and loam, both
fibry and sandy; Summer temp., 60° to 68°;
winter, 50° to 55°.
C. cordifo'lius (heart-leaved). 20. White, green.
1820.
— cri'spus (curled). 20. White, green. 1822.
— incd'nus (hoary). 10. White, green. 1820.
— laurifo'lius (laurel-leaved). 10. White, green.
1816.
— orbicula't us (round-teauecJ) . 6. Green, yellow.
1/90.
C.palma'tus (hand-fcat>ed). 10. White, green.
1800.
— Piukene'tii (Plukenet's). 10. Green, yellow.
1~90.
— rotundifo'lius (round-leaved). 20. White,
prreen. 1820.
— subero'sus (cork-iarAred). 20. White, green.
1800.
— tomento'sus (woolly). 10. White, green. 18ig.
— villo'sus (long-haired). 6. Green, yellow. 1800.
Coccus. Scale Insect. The species
of this family are most usually, hut not
exclusively, found upon the tenants of
our greenhouses and hothouses. The
males are active, hut the females usually
fixed to a. part of the plant. The former
have wings, and are so small- as to re-
quire a magnifier to distinguish them
clearly : they then appear somewhat like
a gnat in form. The females are much
larger, and in shape not unlike a bed-bug,
but with a scaly skin. When hatching
they envelope themselves in a woolly
case. The eggs are oval, but no larger
than dots. Brushing the stems and
branches of trees and shrubs with a
hard scrubbing-brush will destroy many
of these vermin ; and, if spirit of turpen-
tine, with a painter's brush, is applied,
so as to visit every cranny of the bark,
the application is perfectly effectual.
Smaller and more delicate plants in pots
may be placed under a sea-kale or other
cover, with a little of the spirit in a sau-
cer, and then submitted to a gentle heat :
the vapour of the turpentine will destroy
the insect in a hour or two. If the first
application fails, the second will not fail.
G. adonidum. Mealy Bug. If this
insect is attacked the moment the first is
seen the pest may be usually avoided.
Vines attacked by it should have every
branch and stem brushed over sedulously
with a hard brush, and then with a
painters brush as thoroughly painted
over with this mixture :— Soft soap, 2 Ibs.;
coo
[ 233 ]
COG
{lowers of sulphur, 2 Ibs. ; tobacco, 1 Ib. ;
and a wine-glass of spirit of turpentine.
Miz the sulphur, turpentine, and soap
into a paste with warm water ; boil the
tobacco for an hour in a covered sauce-
pan in some more water, strain it, mix it
with the soapy mixture, end then add
enough water to make five gallons.
More tender plants can or;ly have their
stems and leaves sponged with water at
a temperature of 115°, frequently , and
so long as a single insect can be detected.
The Mealy Bug on pine-p.pples may be
destroyed by shutting these up in a frame,
over a bed of hot, fermenting horse-dung.
Our drawing represents a female magni-
fied, and of its natural size. It is some-
what like a woodlouse in form, but red-
dish, and covered with a white, mealy
powder. The male is slender, gnat-like,
with two broad wings, and two brush-like
filaments behind. — The Cottage Gardener,
v. ] 57.
C. vitis. Vine Scale. It preys upon
the stems and branches of the grape-vine
both in the open air and under glass. It
seems to be the same species which also
attacks, occasionally, the peach, nectarine,
and plum. It is, says Mr. Curtis, alongish-
brown insect, which, in old age, assumes ,
a blackish-brown colour, and becomes j
hemispherical and wrinkled. The females j
are shield-like, being convex above, and i
flat, or concave, below. They are i"ar-
nished with six small legs, which, whjn
the insect is old, become part of the
substance of the body. On the under
side of the insect is a sucker, with which
it pierces the cuticle of the plants, and
extracts their juices. Soon after impreg-
nation the female dies, and her body
becomes a protection for the eggs,
which are covered with long, white wool,
and sometimes completely envelope the
shoots of the vines, or of plants grow-
ing underneath them. Their powers of
propagation are immense; and, where
the} <Mice become very numerous, they
are exceedingly difficult to eradicate.
This species belongs to the true genus
Coccus, characterized by the female having
a scale inseparable from her body. While
young, both sexes are alike; but the
male larvse produce two-winged insects,
with two tail threads. The females have
no wings ; and their dead bodies, beneath
which the young are sheltered, appear as
iu the annexed woodcut.
Whilst the leaves are on the vine, if
any species of scale appears on its stem
and branches, the least offensive remedy
is to paint over the whole with a strong
solution of gum arabic or starch ; allow
it to remain on for a week, and thon
wash it off. But the most effectual
remedy is to brush them over thoroughly
twice, after an interval of a day, with
spirit of turpentine. To prevent the
recurrence of the plague, a very effective
mode, in autumn, -is to scrape away and
burn all the rough bark, and then, with
a rough brush, to paint over the stem
and branches with a creamy mixture,
composed of ^lb. of soft soap, 1 Ib. of
sulphur, and J oz. of black pepper, to
four gallons of water ; boil together for
twenty minutes, and make it thick enough
to adhere to the wood like paint. If it
does not, thicken it with lime, adding
sufficient soot to take oft the glaring
white colour of the lime. — Gard. Chron.,
1842, 840
C. hesperidum is found in greenhouses,
especially on orange-trees. It infests
leaves as well as stems.
C. Iromelia, Pine -Apple Scale, infests
that fruit, the hibi'scus, justi'tia, &c.
C. lestudo. Turtle Scale. This i*
found chiefly on stove plants requiring
a high temperature. The scale is oval,
very convex, and dark brown. They may
be all destroyed by the applications _re-
commended against the preceding species.
A genus of insects closely allied to the
Coccus, and usually confounded with it,
is Aspidiotm ; and, as all remedial ob-
servations applicable to the one ure
equally applicable to the other, the pre
vailing kinds of it are hero eiiwneratetl.
COG
[ 234 ]
CCEL
A. nerii, Oleander Scale, is found in
our stoves and greenhouses, chiefly on
the Oleanders, Palmse, Aloes, and Acacias.
A. roses, Kose Scale ; A. cchinocacti,
Cactus Scale ; A. lauri Sweet-Bay Scale ;
infest chiefly the plants by the names of
which they are distinguished.
A. ostreceformis, Pear-tree Oyster Scale,
is found upon the pear-tree.
COCKLEA'RIA. Scurvy-grass. (From
cochlear, a spoon ; in reference to the con-
cave leaves. Nat. ord., Crucifers [Brassi-
cacesej. Linn., 15-Tetradynamia.)
Seeds, divisions, and cuttings, the first in the
open border. They are of little ornamental in-
terest. Armora'cea is well known as horse-
radish.
C. armora'cea (horse-radish). 8. White. May.
England.
— Gronla'ndica (Greenland). 1. Flesh. May.
Scotland.
— integrifo'lia. (entire-leaved). White. May.
Siberia. 1822.
— officina'lis (shop. Scurvy-grass). £. White.
May. Britain.
— Pyrena'ica (Pyrenean). 1. White. April. Py-
renees. 1820.
See HORSE-RADISH and SCURVY-GRASS.
COCHLOSPE'RMUM. (From cochlo, to
twist, and sperma, seeds. Nat. ord., Rock-
roses [Cistacese], Linn., IQ-Monadelphia
Q-Decandria.)
Stove evergreen trees. Cuttings of ripe shoots
in April, in sand, in bottom-heat ; peat and loam
Summer temp., 60° to 80° ; winter, 50° to 55°.
C. gossy'pium (cottony). 60. Yellow. May. E
Ind. 1824.
— serratifo'lium (saw-edged-leaved). 60. Vellow
Mexico. 1820.
COCKCHAFER. See MELOLONTHA.
COCKSCOMB. See CELO'SIA. Ehina'n
thus cri'stugalli and JErythri'na cri'slagall
are also so called.
COCKSPUK THOEN. Cratts'gus cri'sta
galli.
COCOA-NUT-TREE. Co'cos-.
COCOA PLUM. Chrysoba'lanus.
COCOA EOOTS. Cala'dium.
Co'cos. Cocoa-nut-tree. (From the
Portuguese word coco, a monkey ; in re
ference to the end of the nut heing like
a monkey's head. Nat. ord., Palms [Pal
macese]. Linn., 21-Moncecia Q-Hexan
dria.)
Seeds in hotbed, in spring; rich, loamy soil
somewhat shaded.
C. flexuo'sa (zigzag). 50. Brazil. 1825.
— nuci'fera (common nut-bearing). 60. Pal
green. E. Ind. 1690.
—plumo'sa (feathery). 50. Pale green. Brazi
1825.
CODLIN MOTH. See CARPOCAPSA.
CODLINS AND CREAM. Epilo'bwm hir
su'tum.
COS'LXA. (The derivation not explained.
Tat ord., Orchids [Orchidacece]. Linn.,
Q'Gynandria 1-Monandria. Allied to
Ornithidium and Maxillaria.)
Stove orchids. Divisions ; sphagnum, peat, and
little charcoal, in a shallow basket. Growing
emp., 60° to 90°; rest, 55° to 60°.
Baueria'na (Bauer's). White. June. Jamaica.
1790.
— macrosta'chya (large-spiked), lied. February.
Guatimala. 1840.
COELO'GYNE. (From hollos, hollow, and
yne, female ; in reference to the female
Tgan, or pistil. Nat. ord., Orchids [Or-
chidacero]. Linn., -20-Gynandria l-Mo-
nandria.)
To cultivate this genus successfully, divide ifc
nto two sections: — The first, C. barba'ta, cris-
ta'ta, Cumi'ngii, ela'ta, fttligino'sa, ocella'ta,
spccio'sa, and some other new species from Bor-
neo not yet bloomed in this country. The second
section, C. Gardneria'na, macula'tcifpr&cox, anct
Wallichia'na.
The compost for the first section should be
chopped sphagnum, turfy peat, using only the
fibrous part, and small potsherds. The season
For potting is when they begin to grow, about
February. Some of the species have long rhi-
zomas (creeping stems), and would soon run over
the edges of the pot. To keep them at home,
place an upright block of wood in the centre of
the pot ; clothe it with moss, and, as the plant
advances in growth, train to it, and fasten it with,
fine copper wire. When growing, they require a
liberal amount of water ; but the water must not
lodge in the hearts of the young leaves. In very
hot weather syringe the plants in the morning,
and give air, to dry up the extra moisture. Shade
from bright sunshine, removing it off by four or
five o'clock. The annual growths should be fi-
nished early in the autumn, and then the heat
and moisture should be reduced; and, when
winter approaches, cease watering altogether.
For the second section the soil should be a
compost of sandy peat, fibrous loam, and half-
decayed leaves, with a small portion of river-sand.
Drain moderately well, and place four or five
bulbs in a 6-inch pot, excepting C. Gardneria'na,
which is a strong grower, and requires a larger
pot, and fewer pseudo-bulbs in it. Pot as soon
as the bloom is over, because, as soon as the
flowers decay, the young leaves begin immedi-
ately to push forth from the same sheath, and
will soon begin to put out new roots. Before that
takes place the plants should be potted. THIS
R.ULK APPLIES TO ALL ORCHIDS.
Place this section of Coelo'gyne on a shelf near
the glass, in a cool stove. Whilst growing, freely
water— moderately, till the leaves are considerably
grown, and then abundantly. In potting, place
the bulbs just on the surface of the soil.
Resting-period Treatment. — As soon as the
pseudo-bulbs are fully formed cease watering, and
allow the leaves to turn yellow and die ; remove
them, and continue the plants in the same situ-
ation, keeping them dry and cool. Pay attention
to them occasionally, to see that the bulbs con-
tinue plump and fresh. Should they appear to
shrivel, give a little water, which will cause them
to swell again ; but be careful not to overdo it, or
you may induce them to start prematurely.
C, barba'ta (bearded-cowered), White, yellov.
December. Khooaeea. 1 837.
COF
[ 235 ]
COL
C. bru'nnea (nssset). Greenish-yellow. November,
E. Ind. 1844.
— corona'ria (crowned). Yellowish. Khooseea.
183?.
— crista'ta (crested-lipped'). White, yellow. Ne-
paul. 1837.
— Cumi'ngii (Mr. Coming's). 2. Creamy. white,
yellow. June. Singapore. 1840.
— de'cora (comely). White. March. India. 1837-
— ela'ta (tall). White, yellow. Khooseea. 1837.
—fimlma'ta (fringed). 1. White, brown. Sep.
tember. Nepaul.
— fla'ccida (drooping). 1. White. January, Ne-
paul.
— flah*ida (yellowish). Yellow. April. India. 1839.
—fuligino'sa (dusky). Cream, brown. June.
Khooseea. 1837.
— f uses' scens (brownish). Greenish-yellow.
— Gardneria'na (Mr. Gardner's). 1. White,
yellow. November. Khooseea. 1837.
— intermedia (intermediate). E. Ind. 1840.
— interru'pta (interrupted). White. Khooseea.
1837.
— longicuu'lis (long-stemmed). White, yellow.
Khooseea. 1837.
-- Ltfwii (Mr. Low's). Buff and brown. Borneo.
1848.
— me'dia (middle). White, yellow. Khooseea.
1837.
— macula! to, (spotted). White, crimson. Khoo-
seea. 1837.
— rtigre'scens (blackish). Blackish. March. India.
1838.
— nVtida (shming-leansd). 1. Yellow. E. Ind.
1822.
— ocella'ta (eyed). White, yellow. E. Ind. 1822.
— ochra'cea (ochre-spotted), f . White, yellow.
April. E. Ind. 1844.
— oca' Us (oval). White, brown. October.
— plantagi'nea (plantain-/eauerf). Pale yellow.
Singapore. 1840.
— pree'cox (early -flowering). <|. Rose, white.
October. Nepaul. 1845.
— proli'fera (many-offseted). Yellowish. Khoo-
seea. 1837.
— punctula'ta (dotted). Yellow. October. Ne-
paul. 1822.
— ri'glda (stiff). Yellow. Khooseea. 1837.
— specio'sa (showy -flowered), f . Brown, white.
September. Java. 1845.
— testa'cea (light-brown). Brown. May. Sin-
gapore. 1842.
— trinefrvis (three-nerved). White, yellow. Fe-
bruary. Singapore.
— undula'ta (w&ved-leaved), White. Khooseea.
1837.
— Wallichin'na (Wallich's). Rose, white. No-
vember. Khooseea. 1837.
COFFE'A. Coffee-tree. (From
the name of a province of Narea, in
Africa. Nat. ord., Cinchonads [Cincho-
nacese]. Linn., 5-Pentandria \-Monogy-
nia.)
Stove evergreen shrubs. Cuttings of ripe shoots
in sand, under a bell-glass, in moist heat ; peat
and loam. Summer temp., 60° to 85°: winter,
«5° to 60°.
C. Arafbica (Arabian). 20. White. September.
Yemen. 1696.
— paniculu'ta (panicled). 8. White. Guiana.
1822.
COGWOOD-TREE. Lotfrus chloro' xylon.
Co'ix. Job's Tears. (Adopted name
from Theophrastus. Nat. ord., Grasses
[Graminacese]. Linn., 21-Monceda 3-
Ti'iandria. Allied to Indian Corn.)
Stove perennial grasses. Seeds ; divisions ; rich,
light soil. Summer temp., 00° to 80°; winter,
50° to 55°.
C. arundina'cea (reed-like). 2. July. Mexico.
1818.
— /a'cAryma(tear). 2. June. E. Ind. 1596.
COKE. See FUEL.
COLBE'ETIA. (Named after J. B. Col-
bert, a French marquis, and patron of
botany. Nat. ord., Dilleniads [Dillenia-
cese], Linn., I'3-Potyandria 5-Pentagy-
nia. Allied to Dillenia.)
Stove evergreen trees. Cuttings of half-ripened
shoots under glass, and in a moist bottom- ^«at.
Summer temp., 60° to 85°; winter, 50° to 55°.
C. Coromandelia'na (Coromandel). 15. Yellow.
Nepaul.
April. Cororaandel. 1803,
— scabre'lla (roughish). 10. Yellow.
1820.
CO'LCHICUM. Meadow Saffron. (Named
after Colchis, its native country, in Asia
Minor. Nat ord., Melanths [Melantha-
cese]. Linn., 6-Hexanctria 3-Triyynia.)
Dr. Lindley says, " Few orders of plants are
more universally poisonous than this." C. a*t-
tumna'le, a gout medicine, is a virulent poison.
Hardy herbaceous bulbs. Offsets, planted in
common border.
C. alpi'num (alpine). 4. Purple. July. Apennines
1820.
— arena'rium (sand). £. Purple. September,
Hungary. 181 6.
— autumna'le (autumnal. Common meadow saf-
fron). 1. Purple. September. Britain.
-- a'lbum (white-lowered). £. White. Sep.
tember. Britain.
-- a'tro-purpu'reum (dark purple). 3. Dark
purple. September. Britain.
— ——fo'liis-variega'tis (variegated-leaved). |.
Purple. September. Britain.
— « - flo're-ple'no (double-flowered). 4- Pur*
pie. September, Britain.
-- purpu'reo-stria'tum (purple-striped). ^.
Purple-striped. September. Britain.
-- stria'tum-ple'no (striped-double). $.
Lilac-striped. September. Britain.
— Bysanti'num (Byzantine). ^. Purple. Sep-
tember. Levant. 1629.
— Chione'nse (Chio). $. Purple. November.
Chio.
— crociflo'rum (crocus-flowered). 1^. Purple.
August. South Europe.
— monta'num (mountain). ?. Purple. August.
South Europe. 181Q.
— tessella'tum (chequered). ^. Purple. Au-
gust. South Europe. 1600.
— umbro'sum (shaded). ^. Pink. September.
Guinea. 1819.
— variega'tum (vs.riegzted.-flowei'ed). J. Purple.
September. Greece. 1629.
COLDB'NIA. (Named after C. Golden,
a North American botanist. Nat. ord.,
Chretiads [Chretiaceae]. Linn., ^-Tetran-
driaS- Trigynia. Allied to the Heliotrope. )
Stove trailing annual. Seeds sown in a hotbe^
COL
[236 ]
COL
in March, and flowers in the greenhouse, in sum-
mer. Light, rich soil.
C, procu'mbens (lyinar-down). 2. White. July.
E. Ind. 1699-
CO'LEA. (Named after General Cole,
governor of the Mauritius. Nat. ord.,
Crescentiads [Crescentiaceae]. Linn., 14-
Didynamia 2-Angiospermia. Allied to the
Calabash-tree.)
Stove evergreen shrub. Cuttings of ripe shoots
in sand, under a glass, and in moist bottom-heat ;
peat and loam, both fibry, and mixed with a little
sand and charcoal. Summer temp., 60° to 80°;
winter, 48° to 55°.
C.floribu'nda (abundant-flowering). 8. Yellow.
August. Madagascar. 1839.
COLEBROO'KIA. (Named after H. F.
Colebrooke, a botanist. Nat. ord., Labiates
[Lamiacese]. Linn., \k-Didynamia '2-An-
giospermia. Allied to Mint.)
Greenhouse evergreen shrubs. Cuttings of
half-ripe shoots, in April or May; sandy peat
and fibry loam. Winter temp., 40° to 45°.
C.oppositifo'lia (opposite-leaved). 3. White.
Nepaul. 1820.
— ternifo'lia (three-leafleted-leaved). 3. White
E. Ind. 1823,
COLEONE'MA. (From koleos, a sheath,
and nema, filament ; in reference to the
way the filaments, or anther-threads,
are combined with the base of the flower.
Nat. ord., Bueivorts [Rutacea]. Linn.
5-Pcntandria I-Monogynia. Allied to
Diosma.)
Greenhouse evergreen shrubs, from Cape ol
Good Hope. Cuttings of youn^ shoots, getting
firm at the base, in sand, under a bell-glass ; peal
one part, loam two parts, with sand, to keep it
open. Winter temp., 40° to 45°.
C. a'lha (white). 2. White. June. 1798.
— pu'lchrum (beautiful). 6. Rose. May.
— tenuifo'lium (slender-leaved). Rose. March
COLESAT, or COLESEED. Sra'ssica
campe'stris olei'fera.
CO'LEUS. (From Icoleos, a sheath ; re
ferring to the way that the bottom of tb<
stamens, or anther-threads, are combined
Nat. ord., Labiates [Lamiacese]. Linn.
L^-Didynamia 1- Gymnospermia. Allied to
Plectranthus.)
Evergreen shrubs. Cuttings in sand, in heat
Loam and peat. Summer temp, for the stovi
species, 60° to 80°; winter, 50° to 55°; for thi
other, common greenhouse temperatures.
C. aroma'ticus (aromatic). 2. Violet. May. In
dia. 1826. Stove.
— barba'tus (bearded). 3. Blue. October
Abyssinia. 1806. Stove.
— Blu'mei (Blume's). ij. Purple and white
June. Java.
— frutico'sus (shrubby). 3. Blue. July. Cap
of Good Hope. 1774.
— Mucree'i (Macrae's). 2£. Purple and white
August. Ceylon. 1852.
COLEWORT, or COLLET. See CABBAGE,
COLLA'NIA. (Derivation unknown. Nat.
d., Amdryllids [Amaryllidaceffi]. Linn.,
\-Hexandria 1-Monugynia.)
A splendidly-flowering greenhouse perennial, in
he style of Alstromeria. Collectors should strive
o import these. Division of bulbs and olfsets ;
)eat and loam, in frame or greenhouse, or deeply
ilanted out of doors.
P. Andinamarca'na (Andinamarca). 6. Red,
green. April. Peru. 1845.
— du'lcis (sweet- flowered). Pale cream, green.
August. Peru. 1845.
COLLE'TIA. (Named after M. Collet,
a French botanical writer. Nat. ord.,
Rlwmnads [Ehamnacese]. Linn., 5-Pe;i-
andria \-Monoyyn ia. )
Stove evergreen shrubs. Cuttings of ripe shoots
n sand, under a glass, in spring; sandy loam.
Winter temp., 50° to 55°.
C. crucia'ta (cross-spmed). 4. Pale yellow.
Chili. 1824.
— ho'rrida (horrid). 3. Greenish-white. May.
Chili. 1832. «
— serratifo'lia (saw-leaved). 2. Yellow. June.
Peru. 1822.
— spino'sa (spiny). 2. Apetal. June. Peru. 1823.
— uli'cina (furze-like). 2. Pale yellow. May.
Chili.
COLLIFLOWER. See CAULIFLOWER.
COLLI'NSIA. (Named after Collins, a
North American naturalist. Nat. ord.,
Figworts [Scrophulariaceae]. Linn., 14-
Didynamia %-Angio»permia.)
Hardy annuals. Seeds in March, in open
borders ; some in autumn, and slightly protected
during winter ; or some in a slight hotbed, in
March, and transplanted in patches, in April and
May ; autumn-sown ones will bloom earliest.
C. bi'color (two-coloured). 2. Purple, white.
June. California. 1833.
— grandiflo'ra (large-flowered). 1. Pink, blue.
June. Columbia. 1826.
— hcterophy'lla (various-leaved). 2. Lilac. July,
Columbia. 1838.
— parviflo'ra (small-flowered). 1. Purple, blue.
June. Columbia. 1826. Trailer.
— sparsiflo'ra (scattered-flowered). 1. Violet.
May. California. 1836.
— tincto'ria (dyer's). 1. Pale pink. May.
California. 1848.
— ve'rna (spring). 1. Purple, blue. June. N.
Amer. 1826.
COLLINSO'NIA. (Named after P. Col-
linson, a great promoter of botany. Nat.
ord., Labiates [Lamiacese]. Linn., "2-
Diandria I-Monogynia. Allied to Cunila
and Hyssop.)
Hardy herbaceous perennials. Division ; com-
mon soil in moist places.
C. anisa'ta (anise-scented). 3. Yellow. CK>
tober. Carolina. 1806.
— Canade'nsis (Canadian). 3. Lilac, yellow.
September. N. Amer. 1735.
corda'ta (heart-leaved). 3. Lilac, yellow.
September. N. Amer. 1734.
ova'ta (egg-ZramJ). 3. Lilac, yellov?
September. N Amer. 1734.
COL
[ 237 ]
COL
C. ova'lis (oval-leaved'). 2. Yellow. August.
Carolina. 1812.
— scabriu'scula (roughish). 2. Red, yellow.
August. East Florida. 1776. Greenhouse.
— tubero'sa (tuberous). 2. Yellow. August.
Carolina. 1806.
COLLO'MIA. (From kolla, glue ; refer-
ring to the mucous which surrounds the
seeds. Nat. ord., Phloxworts [Polemo-
rdacese]. Linn., 5-Pentandria 1-Mono-
gynia. Allied to Gilia.)
Hardy annuals. The best is C. cocci'nea.
Seeds in open border ; spring or autumn.
C. Cavanille'sii (Cavanilles's), ]£. Red, yellow.
June. Chili. 1832.
— cocci'nea (scarlet). Scarlet. July. Chili. 1832.
— grandiflo'ra (large-flowered). 2. Pink. July.
Columbia. 1826.
— Gilioi'des (Gilia-like). 1. Pink. August.
California. 1833.
— glutino'sa (glutinous). Red. September. Cali-
fornia. 1833.
— gra'cilis (slender). £. Rose. June. N. Amer.
1827.
— heterophy'lla (various-foauetf). 1. Pink. June.
Columbia. 182!5.
— iinea'ris (narrow-leaved). 1. Red. June. N.
Amer. 1826.
COLOCA'SIA. (From kolokasia, the Greek
for the root of an Egyptian plant. Nat.
ord.fj.r<td» [Aracese], Linn., 21-Moncecia
1-Heptandria. Allied to Caladium.)
The Colocasias are remarkable alike for their
milky juice and for producing eatable tubers,
though belonging to an order which an acrid
principle generally pervades. Divisions ; peat and
loam. Summer temp., 60° to 80° ; winter, 50° to
55°; greenhouse not quite so warm.
C. antiquo'rum (ancient). 2. Green. June.
Levant. 1551. Tuberous-rooted. Green-
house.
— escule'ntea (eatable-rooted), 2. Green, pur-
ple. June. S. Amer. 1739.
— odora'ta (fragrant). 3. Green, yellow. May.
Peru. 1310.
COLOCY'NTII. Cu'cumis colocy'nthus.
COLOGA'NIA. (Named after M. Coloyan,
who hospitably entertained naturalists
visiting Teneriffe. Nat. ord., Leguminous
Plants [Fabacese]. Linn., Yl -Diadelphia
k-Decandria. Allied to Clitoria.)
Stove evergreen twiners, natives of Mexico ;
cuttings of half-ripe shoots in sand, under a glass,
in April ; seeds sown in a hotbed, in March ; peat
and loam. Summer temp., 60° to 80°; winter,
40° to 45°.
C. nngustifo'lia (narrow-leaved). 3. Violet. 1827.
— Broussone'tii (Broussonet's). 3, Violet. 1827.
— pulcfie'lla (pretty). 3. Rose. September.
1837.
COLPOON-TREE. Cassi'ne colpoo'n.
COLT'S-FOOT. Tttssila'go.
COLUBRI'NA. (From coluber, a snake ;
in reference to the twisted stamens. Nat.
ord., Rhamnads [Rhamnacese] . Linn.,
5-Pentandrid \-Mono'jynia. Allied to
Ceanothus.)
Stove evergreen shrubs ; cuttings of young
shoots in sand, under a bell-glass ; peat and loam.
Summer temp., 60° to 80° ; winter, 50° to 55°.
C. Asia'tica (Asiatic). 12. Pale yellow. July.
Ceylon. IfiQl.
— Cube'nsis (Cuba). 5. Crimson. Cuba. 1820.
— ferrugino'sa (rusty). 20. Green. July. Ba-
hama. 1762.
— reclina'ta (bent-down). 5. Green. August.
Jamaica. 1758.
— triflo'ra (three-flowered). Pale yellow. Mexico.
1826.
COLUMBINE. Aquile'gia.
COLUMBO-ROOT. Koot of Go'cculus pal-
ma'tus.
COLU'MNEA. (Named after Fdbiits
Columna, an Italian nobleman. Nat. ord.,
Gesnerworts [Gesneracese]. Linn., 14-
Didynamia 2-Angiospermia, Allied to
Besleria.)
Stove evergreens. Cuttings in sandy soil and
in heat, under a hand-light ; peat and loam, with
pieces of charcoal and rotten wood, well drained.
Summer temp., 60° to 85° ; winter, 45° to 55°.
TWINERS.
C, au'reo-ni'tens (bright-golden). 1$. Orange,
red. September. Columbia. 1843.
— Schiedia'na (Schiede's). $. Orange. June.
Mexico. 1840.
— sca'ndens (climbing). 6. Scarlet. August.
W.Ind. 1759.
SHRUBS.
C, crassifn'lia (thick-leaved). 1. Rose. October.
1837.
— hirsu'ta (hairy). 2. Pale purple. September.
Jamaica. 1780.
— hi'spida (bristly). Scarlet. September. Ja-
maica. 1824.
— ru'tilans (red-leaved). 2. Purple. September.
Jamaica. 1823.
— sple'ndens (shining). 2. Scarlet. July. Brazil.
— trifolia'ta (three-leaved). 3. Blue. Septem-
ber. 1823.
— eebri'na (zebra-marked). Pale yellow. Brazil.
1843.
COLU'RIA. (From kolouros, deprived of
a tail ; in reference to the seeds. Nat.
ord., Roseworts [Eosacese]. Linn., 12-
Icosandria 3-Trigynia. Allied to Geum
and Potentilla.)
Hardy herbaceous perennial. Divisions ; peat
and loam.
C. potentilloi'des (potentilla-like). I. Orange.
June. Siberia. 1780.
COLU'TEA. Bladder-senna. (From
koloutea, a name adopted from Theo-
phrastus. Nat. ord., Leguminous Plants
[Fabacese]. Linn., 17 '- DiadelpJiia 4-
Decandria. Allied to Caragana.)
The leaves of the bladder-senna are used to
adulterate the Senna of the druggists. Cuttinp
planted in the end of summer; seeds sown in
spring ; common soil.
C. arbore'scens (common tree-like). 10. Yellow.
July. France. 1548.
— crue'nta (bloody). 4. Scarlet. June. Levant.
1710.
COM
[238]
COM
C, Hateppica (Alfyppo). 6. Yellow. June, Le-
vant. 1752.
•- me'dia (intermediate). 10. Orange, July.
— Nepale'nsis (Nepaul). 6. Yellow. August,
Nepaul. 1822.
COLVI'LLEA, (Named after Sir Charles
Golville, governor of Mauritius. Nat.
ord., Leguminous Plants [Fabacese]. Linn.,
1®~Deeandria 1-Monogynia. Allied to
Caesalpinia.)
Stove evergreen tree. Cuttings in sand, under
a bell-glass, and in bottom-heat; seeds when
able.
45° to 55°.
,
procurable. Summer temp., 60° to 80°; winter,
C. raoemo'sa (frw^e-raceined). 45. Scarlet. April.
Madagascar.
COMARO'PSIS. (From komaron, the
Comarurn, or Marsh Cinquefoil, and opsis,
like ; referring to its strong resemblance
to Comarum. Nat. ord., Roseworts [Eo-
eacese]. Linn., 12-Ieosandria B-Trigynia.
Allied to Geum and Potentilla.)
Hardy North American perennials. Divisions ;
seeds ; common soil.
C. Donia'na (Don's). I. Yellow. May. 1800.
— fragarioi'des (strawberry-like). 1. White.
May. 1803.
GOMAEOSTA'PHYLIS. (From Komaros,
the Arbutus, and staphyle,& grape; refer-
ring to the clusters of fruit. Nat. ord.,
Heathworts [Ericaceae]. Linn., 8-Octan-
dria 1-Monogynia. Allied to Arctosta-
phylos.)
Pretty bushes from the alpine regions of
Guatimala, bearing succulent fruit, which is
eatable. Seeds ; cuttings under a hand-light, in
the beginning of autumn ; grafted on the Arbutus
in spring ; loam and peat. If not kept in a cold
greenhouse, will require protection out of doors.
C. arbutoi'des (arbutus-lifce). 6. White. May.
1842.
— pollfo'lia (polium -leaved). Crimson. May.
1840.
OO'MABUM. Marsh Cinquefoil. (From
komaros, the Arbutus, or Strawberry-tree;
in reference to the fruit being like that
of the arbutus. Nat. ord., Roseworts
[Sosaeeee], Linn., 1%-Icosandria 3-Poty-
gynia. Allied to Potentilla.)
The leaves of the Marsh Cinquefoil have been
used for Peruvian bark. Hardy herbaceous per-
cnnials. Divisions ; moist places, common soil.
C.palu'stre (marsh). 2. Purple. June. Britain.
— variega'tum (striped - leaved). l£. Purple.
July. Britain.
COIVCBRE'TUM. (An ancient name adopted
from Pliny. Nat. ord., Myrobalans [Corn-
bretacese]. Linn., 8-Octandria \-Hono-
gynia.)
Stove evergreen climbers, except two surubs.
Cuttings of young shoots, or rather, strffish side-
shoots, taken off with a heel, in sand, under a bell-
glass, and in bottom-heat ; sandy peat and loam,
with a little charcoal and broken pots, to keep
the soil opfcn, Summer temp,, Go* to 90° ; winter,
60° to 60°.
C. e? logons (elegant). 15. Scarlet* May. Brotil.
1820.
— farino'sum (mealy). 10. Orange, red. May*
Mexico. 1825.
— forwo'sum (handsome). Yellow, red. March
Brazil. 1824.
— grandiflo'rum (lai'goflowered). 6. Scwlet
May. Sierra Leoae. 1824. Shrub.
— latifo'tium (broad-leaved). Scarlet. May.
E. Ind. 1844.
— na'num (dwarf), 2. White, Nepaul. 1825.
Shrub.
— panicula'tum (paraded). SO. Soarlet. Sep-
tember. Guinea. 1824.
— Pinesa'num (Pince's). Purple, red. May.
Sierra Leone. 1845.
— rafemo'sum (racemose). 12. White. May.
Benin. 1826.
— Recufndum (side-lowering-). 10. Yellow-
striped. May. Trinidad. 1818.
— WngMia'num (Wright's). 10. India. 1845.
COMESPE'EMA. (From home, hair, and
sperma, a seed ; in reference to the seeds
being enveloped with hairs. Nat. ord.,
Milkworts [Polygalacese]. Linn., 16-
Monade^hia, 5-Octandria. Allied to
Poly gala.)
Greenhouse evergreens, from Australia. Cut-
tings of young shoots in April, under a glass;
peat and loam. Summer temp., 06° to 80°;
winter, 40° to 45°.
C. cwdifo'lia (heart-leaved). 3. Purplj. June.
"1822.
— coHdifo'lia (coris-leaved). Purpla. May. 1822.
— eri'cina (heath-like). 3. Purple. June. 1823.
— gra'cilis (slender). 3. Blue. April. 1834.
Twiner.
— virga'ta (twiggy). Purple. May. 1826.
COBIFEEY. Sy'mphytum.
COBIMELI'NA. (Named after J. and O.
Commelin, Dutch botanists. Nat. ord.,
Spiderworts [Cornmelinacese]. Linn., 3-
Triandria 1-Honogynia.)
The fleshy roots, or rhizomes, of most of the
species of Commelina are eatable when cooked.
Hardy kinds, by sowing in the open ground,
whether annual or perennial, and by dividing the
roots of the latter. Evergreen trailing kinds,
whether greenhouse or stove, chiefly by cuttings
in sandy soil, under a hand-light, in a gentle
hotbed. All the herbaceous species, whether,
from tropical regions or New Holland, &e., by
seeds, sown in a hotbed, early in spring, pricked
off, and potted and planted out towards the end
of May, will flourish in the flower-garden, and
constitute a pleasing feature until the end of
autumn. Before frost, the tuberous kinds should
be taken up and kept like dahlias, but not over
dry ; started a little in spring, in heat, and then
transplanted at the end of May, will bloom
stronger than the seedlings. The soil should be
light and rich, using either rotten dung or leaf-
mould, with sandy loam. Summer temp, for stove
species, 50° to 76°; winter, 40° to 45°.
ANNUALS.
C. commu'nis (common). 2. Purple, blue. June.
N. Amer. 1732. Hardy.
- wculla'ta (hooded). Blue, July. Brawl, 1*8*.
Greenhouse.
COM
[ 239 ]
COM
HERBACEOUS PERENNIALS.
C. Caripe'nsis (Caripe). 2. Blue. June. Trinidad
1826. Stove.
— caiiestis (sky-5/we). Blue. June. 1813. Stove.
a'lba (white-lowered). 3. White. June.
— ere'cta (upright), l. Blue. August. Virginia.
1732. Hardy.
— fasticula'ta (fascicled). 1. Blue. July. Lima.
1817. Hardy.
— gra'cilis (slender). 1. Blue. July. Lima. 1830.
Greenhouse.
— htrte'lla (hairyish). 1, Blue. June. N. Amer.
1820. Hardy.
— tubero'sa (tuberous). 1, Blue. June. Mexico.
1732. Stove.
HARDY EVERGREEN TRAILERS.
C. Carolinia'na (Carolina). 2. Purple, blue.
America. 1732.
— Virgi'nica (Virginian). 1. Blue. June. Vir-
ginia. 1779-
GREENHOUSE EVERGREEN TRAILERS,
C, Africa'na (African). 1. Blue. July. Cape of
Good Hope. 1759.
— angustifo'lia (narrow-leaved). 1. Blue. June.
Carolina. 1827. Half-hardy.
— cya'nea (bright blue). 1. Blue. July. N.
Holland. 1820.
STOVE EVERGREEN TRAILERS.
C, Bengale'nsis (Bengal). 3. Blue. June. Bengal.
1794.
— Cayenne'nsis (Cayenne). 1. Blue. June.
Guiana. 1823.
— dqfi'ciens (deficient). 6. Blue, August. Brazil.
1823.
— dianthifo'lia (pink-leaved). 1. Blue. July.
J816. Twiner.
— du'bia (doubtful). 1. Blue. June. 1818.
— longicau'lis (long-stalked). 3. Blue. August.
Caraccas. 1806.
— mo'llis (soft). 2. Blue; August. Caraccas. 1804,
— obli' qua (twisted-leaved). 1. Blue. June. 1820.
— pa'llida (pale). 1. Blue. June. Trinidad. 1820.
— parviflo'ra (small-flowered). 1. Blue. June.
1824.
— poty'gama (various-flowered). Blue. June.
China. 1818.
COMMERSO'NIA, See BARRINGTO'NIA.
COMOCLA'DIA. Maiden Plum. (From
home, hair, and klados^ a branch; in
reference to the dense, silky covering on
the young branches. Nat ord., Anacards
or Terebinths [Anacardiacese]. Linn.,
S-Triandria \-Monogynia. Allied to Pis-
tacia.)
Stove evergreen trees'. For cultivation, see BAB-
HINGTO'NIA.
C. denta'ta (tooth-leaved). SO. Bed. July. W.
Ind. 1790.
— Uicifo'lia (holly-leaved). 15, Red. Caribbee
Isles. 1789.
— tntegrifo'lia (whole-leaved). 16. Red. Ja-
maica. 17/8.
COMPARE' TTIA. (Named after Com-
paretti, an Italian botanist. Nat. ord.,
Orchids [Orchidacege]. Linn., 20-Gy-
nandria 1-Monandria. Allied to Inopsis
and Trichocentron.)
Stove orchids. Divisions and offsets ; fibry
peat, sphagnum, and broken potsherds. Plants
raised above the surface of the pot, or fastened
in a very shallow, well-drained basket. Summer
temp., 60° to 90°; winter, 50° to 55°.
C. cocci'nea (scarlet). 1. Scarlet, August. Brazil.
1838.
—falca'ta (sickle-shaped), A. Rose. Mav.
Mexico. 1836.
— ro'sea (rosy). £. Rose, May. Spanish Main.
1843.
COMPOST is a mixture of manures, or
of earths and manures, in such propor-
tions and of such qualities as are consi-
dered particularly applicable to the plant
or crops to which the composition is to
be applied. If leaves are required to be
largely developed, the compost can be
scarcely too rich ; for the greater the
quantity of food imbibed by the roots,
the greater will be the surface of leaves
requisite for its elaboration. But if
flowers and fruit, as well as leaves-, are
desired, the composts, if excessively rich,
will cause these to diminish in number
and size, the flower buds passing into leaf-
buds, for the reason already alleged.
Composts must also duly regulate the
amount of moisture supplied to the roots,
totally independent of drainage, as com-
post retains to them moisture by its che-
mical and capillary powers. The richer
in decomposing animal and vegetable
matter, and the looser its texture, the
better does a compost retain moisture.
And this power is diminished in propor-
tion as siliceous sand, or calcareous
(chalky) matters preponderate.
Gardeners prepare their composts
from strong, tenacious loam, half-rotten
leaf-mould, heath-soil, horse-manure,
cow-manure, charcoal and wood-ashes,
bone-dust, sharp sand, burnt turf, and
moss, well-scalded ; and, from these ma-
terials, there is no doubt that a compost
could be prepared, embracing any de-
sired degree of fertility.. See MANURES
and POTTING.
COMPOST-GROUND. This should be an
enclosure concealed from sight, but in
the vicinity of the hotbeds, hothouses,
and other similar structures, for the con-
venience of moving the pots to it in the
potting season, conveyance of manures,
&c. All the earths and manures should
be under a shed ; and the dungs, being
liable to lose much of their fertile com-
ponents in drainage, should be in water-
tight tanks ; and if these are covered, all
the better.
COMPTO'NIA. (Named after Bishop
Comptou. Nat. ord., Galeworts [Myrica-
cea?.] Linn., 21-Monoecia 3-Triandria.)
CON
[ 240 ]
CON
Hardy deciduous shrub. Layers ; sandy soil.
C. asplenifo'lia (fern-leaved. . Sweet - gale). 4.
Brown. April. N. Amer. 1714.
CONANTRE'BA. (From konos, a cone,
and anthera, an anther, or pollen-bag ; in
reference to the six anthers forming a
cone in the early stage of the flower.
Nat. ord., Lily worts [Liliaceae]. Linn.,
Ft-Hexandria l-Monogynia. Allied to
Cumingia and Squill.)
Pretty little half-hardy bulbs, very scarce, being
difficult to preserve, like others of this Chilian
class of plants. Sandy soil and a dry border in
front of a greenhouse suit them best, and to be
protected from wet and frost, in winter. Propa-
gated by offsets.
C. bifo'lia (two-leaved). 1. Blue. April. 1823.
— Si'msii (Sims's). 1. Blue. April. 1823.
CONCRETE WALKS. From personal
inspection we can say these are the best
we ever saw. Mr. Beaton's directions
for making them are as follows : — A layer
of stones, brick-bats, shells, or clinkers,
six inches deep, to form a dry bottom ;
a layer of chalk or lime, in the propor-
tion of one to ten of the stones or other
foundation, and well rolled and watered
to the thickness of three inches, with a
rise of two inches in the centre ; over
this half an inch of gravel and lime, or
fine chalk; water and roll well again;
add one-eighth of an inch of the best
coloured gravel ; and again roll until
quite solid. Have the walk two inches
wider on each side than you desire, as
this checks the turf and weeds from en-
croaching, and prevents the rain-water
getting to the foundation of the walk.
CONDA'LIA. (Named after Condal, a
Spanish botanist. Nat. ord., Rhamnads
[Rhamnacese]. Linn., 5-Penta»dria 1-
Monogynia. Allied to Zizyphus, or Christ's
Thorn.)
Half-hardy evergreens. Cuttings of half-ripe
shoots ; common soil. Wants a little protection
in winter.
C. mierophy'lla (small-leaved). 2. Green. Chili.
1824.
CONI'FER^E, or CONE-BEARERS, are such
trees and shrubs, with their allied genera,
as are commonly known as the Pines,
Larches, Firs, Cedars, Junipers, and Ar-
bor Yitaes.
CONI'UM. Hemlock. (From konao,
to whirl round ; in reference to the gid-
diness caused by eating the leaves. Nat.
ord., Umbettifers [Apiacese]. Linn., 5-
Pentandria, l-Monogynia. Allied to Ar-
racacha.)
Division of the roots, and sowing the seeds in
spring; C. moscha'tum by offsets. Common soil.
C. Croa'ticum (Croatian). 6. White. July. Hun-
gary. 1818. Hardy herbaceous perennial.
— macula' turn (spotted. Common Hemlock). R.
White. June. Britain. Hardy biennial.
— mosclia'tum (musk). 2. White. June. S. Amer.
1824. Stove tuber.
CO'NNARUS. (From connaros, name of
a tree; adopted from the Greek of
Atbenosus. Nat. ord., Connarads [Con-
naracese]. Linn., IQ-Monadeiphia 6-
Dccandria.}
Stove evergreen shrubs. Cuttings of firm
shoots in April, in sand, under a bell-glass, and in
bottom-heat. Summer temp., 60° to 80° ; winter,
50° to 55°.
C. ni'Kdm (shining). 8. White. Silhet. 1824.
— panicnlu'tus (panicled). 8. White. Chitta-
gong. 1824.
— pubffscens (downy). 6. White. Guiana. 1822,
CONOCA'RPUS. Button -tree. (From
konos, a cone, and carpos, fruit ; in re-
ference to the fruit growing so closely
together on the spikes as to resemble
cones. Nat. ord., Myrulalans [Combre-
taceie]. Linn., 5-Pentandria I-Mono-
gynia. Allied to Terminalia.)
The bark of C. racemo'sus, one of those plants
called Mangroves in Brazil, is in general use for
tanning at Rio. Stove evergreen shrubs. Treat-
ment similar to Connarus.
C. acutifu'lius (pointed-leaved). 10. Pale yellow.
S. Amer. 1824.
— ere'ctus (upright). 10. White. Jamaica. 1752
— procu'mbens (lying-down). 1. Pale yellow.
Cuba. 1/30.
— racemo'sus (racemed). 10. White. S. Amer.
1820.
CONOSPE'RMUM:. (From konos, a cone,
and spernia, a seed ; the fruit, or carpels,
growing close together, and forming a
cone. Nat. ord., a section of Proteads
[Proteacese], Linn., ^-Tetrandria \-Mo-
nogynia.}
Greenhouse evergreen shrubs, from New Hol-
land. Cuttings in sand, under a glass, either in
spring or autumn ; sandy peat. Summer temp.,
55° to '5° ; winter, 35° to 45°.
C. acero'sum (fine-leaved).
— acinacifo'lium (scimitar-leaved). 3. White.
June. 1824.
— ceeru'leum (blue). Blue. 1830.
— capita' turn (flower-headed). 3. Blue. July.
1824.
— densiflo'rum (thickly-flowered).
— elli'pticum (oval-leaved). 3. White. July. 1822.
— • ericifo'lium (heath-leaved). White. 1820.
— gluma'ceum (chaffy).
— Huge'lii (Baron Hugel's).
— incu'rvum (incurved-teawed).
— tongifo'lium (long-leaved). 4. White. July.
1824.
— sclerophy'llum (hard- leaved).
— taxifu'lium (yew-leaved). 3. White. July.
1824.
— tenuifo'lium (thin-leaved). 3, White. July.
1824.
— tripline'rvium (three-nerved). 1830,
— undulu'tum (waved-/ea»ed).
CON
CON
CONOSTE'GIA. (From konos, a cone, and
stege, a covering ; alluding to the lobes of
the calyx clasping the angles of the
ovary. Nat. ord., Metastomads [Melas-
tomaceffi]. Linn., IQ-Decandria I-Mono-
t/ynia. Allied to Aplectrum.)
Stove evergreen shrubs. Cuttings of shoots,
well ripened, and the cut ends allowed to pet
dry; peat and sandy loam. Summer temp., 60°
to 80° ; winter, 50° to 55°.
C. Balbisia'na (Balbis's). 20. White. May. Ja-
maica. 1825.
— pro'cera (tall). 12. White. June. Jamaica.
1822.
— semicrena'ta (half-scolloped-edged). 20.
White. April. W. Ind. 1823.
CONOSTE'PHIUM. (From konos, a cone,
•and Stephanos, a crown ; referring to the
disposition of the flowers. Nat. ord.,
Epacrids [Epacridacese]. Linn., 6-Pen-
tandria l-Monogynia. Allied to Styphelia.)
This belongs to the berry-bearing section of
Epacrids. The berries, though not much liked
by Europeans, are eatable and wholesome. The
"Native Currant" of New Holland and the
Tasmanian Cranberry belong to this section.
They are all favourite plants with gardeners for
the beauty of their flowers and the great skill re-
quired to grow them into fine specimens. Green-
house evergreen shrubs. Cuttings of young
shoots in sand, in April ; peat and sandy loam.
Summer temp., 60° to 75°; winter, 40° to 50°.
C. pe'ndulum (hanging-down). Swan River.
CONO'STYLIS. (From konos, a cone,
and stylos, a style ; the style, or female
organ, grows in the shape of a cone
at the bottom. Nat. ord., Bloodroots
[Ho?raodoraceee]. Linn., Q-Hexandria
1-Monogynia. Allied to Anigozanthos.)
Greenhouse herbaceous perennials, from New
Holland. Divisions; sandy loam. Summer
temp., 55° to 75°; winter, 40° to 45°.
C. aculea'ta (prickly). 1. 1820.
— au'rea (golden-cowered). Yellow.
— dealba'ta (mealy-stemmed).
— serrula'tu (fine-saw-edged). 1824.
— stiti'gera (bristle-bearing). 1825.
— seto'sa (bristly). Yellow. September. 1843.
CONOTHA'HNUS. (From konos, a cone,
and thamnos, a shrub ; from the form of
the shrubs. Nat., ord., Myrlleblooms
[Myrtaceee]. Linn., IS-Polyadelphia 2-
Polyandria.)
Greenhouse evergreen shrubs, from Swan
River. Cuttings of young firm shoots in sand,
under a bell-glass. For culture, see CALO
THA'MNUS.
C. erioca'rpus (woolly-fruited). Red. May.
— Ittteru'lis (spreading). Red. June.
— trine'rvis (three-nerved). Red. June. 1840.
CONRA'DIA. (Named after Conrad Ges-
ner, a botanist of Zurich. Nat. ord.,
•Gesnerworts [Gresneracere]. Linn., 14
Didynamia %-Anyiospermia. Allied to
Gloxinia.)
10
Stove evergreen shrubs. Cuttings of ripe
shoots under a glass, in bottom-heat ; loam, sunii,
and peat. Common temperature of stove.
C. calyci'na Ua^e-calyxed). 1£. Red and white.
Jamaica. 1824.
— fiorilu'ndu (many-flowered). Deep reddish-
scarlet. October. S. Amer. 1843.
— longiflo'ru. (long-flowered). 1£. June. Ja-
maica. 1823.
— sca'bru (rough). 2. Scarlet. July. Jamaica. 1820.
CONSERVATIVE WALLS. See WALLS.
CONSERVATORY is often used synony-
mously with Greenhouse, and then it
denotes a suitable structure for the cul-
tivation of those exotic plants which
are just too tender for our climate, yet
do not require the hot temperatures of
plant-stoves, orchid-houses, &c., which
are set apart chieily for plants from the
tropical regions. With the greenhouse
should be associated the idea of plants
cultivated in pots or boxes; but with
conservatory we would associate the idea
of plants growing in suitable soil, with-
out at least the apparent intervention of
pots and boxes, and the structure con-
nected with the residence. To keep up
the interest of such places, it is neces-
sary that plants in bloom should be in-
troduced ; but in every case the pot
should be plunged, so that the plant may
appear to be growing in the soil. We
would only make one exception in the
case of very small ornamental plants,
or even those not so very small, but to
which particular attention is wished to
be directed. We would elevate them in
groups into ornamental vases or baskets,
for which suitable places shot Id bo
formed, and which would be quite as
much in harmony in such a place as
in ornamenting a regular geometrical
flower-garden. For several reasons,
therefore, the planting out in conserva-
tory fashion should not be attempted,
except with climbers for the rafters,
where the space is but limited, as a few
plants, however beautiful at times, when
seen every day all the year round in the
same position, lose, to a certain extent,
the power of pleasing. The having the
plants in large pots or tubs would enable
you at any time to effect fresh combina
tions. Where the range of glass is
varied and extensive, though the plants
be chiefly turned out in the soil, the
same feeling of sameness is not engen-
dered, as the owner may easily enter his
house at different points ; and in such
circumstances the very number of ob-
jects will constitute variety.
CON
[242]
CON
Unity of expression is, to a certain
extent, maintained by a mixture of the
two modes, the centre of the house being
supplied with plants that are really
turned out, or which, brought for a tem-
porary purpose, appear to be so, while
all round the house there is a broad shelf
for the accommodation of plants in pots.
In saying "all round the house," we are,
of course, alluding to houses that have
glass on all sides. Where there is an
opaque back wall, the shelf could be only
at the front and ends. However desir-
able it is to have lighten all sides, where
expense for heating in winter is no great
object, yet very pleasing effects are pro-
duced, even in lean-to roofs, where a
little attention is paid to unity of idea.
This has been strikingly exemplified in
the range of plant-houses at the Duke of
Devonshire's, at Chiswick, most of which,
with the exception of the centre, the old
conservatory, formerly consisted of lean-
to forcing-houses. The handsomest small
conservatory we know is at Mr. Wilson's,
Stamford Hill, near London.
With the single exception of planting
out, the treatment of the conservatory is
similar to that of the greenhouse. Keep-
ing this in mind, good drainage should
he secured ; and the general soil should
consist of two parts fibry loam and one
of fibry peat, with pieces of sandstone,
broken bricks, and charcoal intermixed,
to keep it open. The peculiar require-
ments of each plant, as respects soil and
manure, can be attended to in planting.
Where the object is merely to preserve
the plants during the winter, the general
treatment will be similar to that of a cold
greenhouse. Where the ideas of com-
fort, alike for the plants and tbe visitors,
are to be maintained, and flowering
plants are to be introduced liberally in
winter, the general temperature should
not be lower than 45°, and should range
from that to 50°, allowing 10° or 15°
more for sunshine. In such circum-
stances, the Camellia and the Orange will
bloom during most of the winter ; and
Acacias, Eugenias, &c., will bloom early
in spring. The greatest possible quantity
of air must be given in summer ; but in
winter it must be very limited in frosty
and dull, foggy weather, it being better,
in either circumstances, to keep the
house rather close, in preference to using
large fires. Protecting by covering in
severe weather will be of importance.
The heating medium, to be most effec-
tual, should be above-ground; but, to save
room, the flues or pipes may be beneath
the pathways, which \vill also be of im-
portance for keeping the soil in the beds
in a nice warm condition, and in such a
house will render the flowering of many
of the hardier stove climbers a matter
of certainty. Watering may be given
liberally during summer, both at bottom
and overhead ; but in winter the plants
will want little if duly attended to in the
autumn; yet what is given should be
rather warmer than the atmosphere of
the house. In planting, it will often be
necessary to make little brick pits for
particular plants, to prevent them occu-
pying too much space.
CONTRAJE'RVA BOOT. Dorste'nia con-
traje'rva.
CONVALLA'RIA. Lily of the Valley.
(From the Latin convallis, a valley, and
rica, a mantle ; in reference to the dense
covering formed by the leaves. Nat. ord.,
Lilyworts [Liliacesej. Linn., Q-Hexan-
dria 1-Monogynia.)
Hardy herbaceous perennial, native of Britain.
Divisions ; common soil, shady situation.
C. maja'lis (May). 1. White. May.
flo're-ple'no (double-flowered). 1. White.
May.
ru'bra (red). 1. Flesh. May.
CONVO'LVULUS. Bindweed. (Frora.con-
volvo, to entwine ; in reference to their
twining habit. Nat. ord., Bindweeds [Con-
volvulacese]. Linn., 5-Pentandria I-Mo-
nogynia.)
The roots of most of the plants in this order
abound in a milky juice, which is acrid, and ia
some cases, highly purgative, as the Jalap and
Scammony plants. Cuttings, divisions, and seeds
of perennials, and seeds of annuals; peat and
loam for the greenhouse and stove species, and.
common soil for the hardy. Seeds of hardy,
sown in open border, in March or April, or in
hotbed for those which need protection.
HARDY ANNUALS.
C. elonga'tus (lonx-flower-stalked). 1. White.
July. Canaries. 1815. Twiner.
— Forskas'lii (Forsksel's). Blue. June. Egypt)
1837.
— pentapetaloi'des (five-petaled). 1. Light blue.
July. Majorca. 178Q. Trailer.
— Si'culus (Sicilian). 2. Light blue. July. South
Europe. 1640. Trailer.
— stri'ctus (straight). Rose. June. Egypt. 1822.
— tenefllus (delicate). White. June. N. Amer.
1812. Climber.
— tri' color (three-coloured). 3. Striped. July.
South Europe. 1629.
albiflo'rus (white -flowered). 1. White.
July. South Europe. 1629.
— undula'tus (waved- leaved). White, red.
South Europe. 1816.
CON
[ 043
COO
TENDER ANNUALS.
C. bi'color (two-coloured). 6. White, purple
July. Isle of France. 1S18. Stove.
— erube'scens (olushing). 6. Pink. July. N, S.
Wales. 1803. Greenhouse biennial.
— evolvuloi'des (evolvulus-like). 15. Red. July
South Europe. 1820. Greenhouse.
- geniculu'tus (kneed). Red. July. Australia.
1826. Greenhouse climber.
— hi'rtus (hairy-stalked). 3. Blue. July. E.Ind.
1S04. Stove trailer.
— macroca'rpus (large-fruited). 10. Purple. July.
S. Amer. 1752. Stove twiner.
— quinquefo'lius (five-leaved). 6. White. July.
W. Ind. 1807. Stove climber.
GREENHOUSE EVERGREENS.
C. alceifo'lius (alcea-leaved). Yellow, purple.
June. Cape of Good Hope, 1823, Her-
baceous.
— bryonifefo'lius (bryony-leaved). 3. Pink. July.
China. 1802. Deciduous twiner.
— Canarie/nsis (Canary). 20. Pink. June. Ca-
naries. 1690. Twiner.
— cane'scens (hoaryj. i. Blue. Bogota. 1846.
Twiner.
— cneo'rum (cneorum). 3. Pink. June. Levant.
1640. Shrub.
— farina1 sus (mealy -stalked). 6. Pink, May.
Madeira. ] 777. Twiner.
— fio'ridus (flowery). 2. Pink. August. Cana-
ries. 1/99. Trailer.
— Hermu'nnice (Hermann's). 5. White. August.
Peru. 1799. Twiner.
— lana'tus (woolly). White. May. Levant. 1829.
Climber.
— linea'ris (narrow-leaved). 2. Pink. June. South
Europe. 17/0. Shrub.
— pannifo'lius (cloth-leaved). 15. Blue. August.
Canaries. 1805. Twiner.
— saxa> tills (rock), l. White. South Europe.
1796. Trailer.
— scopa'rius (broom). 2. White. August. Ca-
naries. 1733. Trailer.
— suffruticdsus (sub-shrubby). 3. Pink. July.
Madeira. 1/88. Twiner.
— temti'ssimus (most-slender). Lilac. July. Le-
vant. Herbaceous climber.
-~tilia'ceus (lime-tree-like). 3. Purple. July.
Brazil. 1820. Twiner.
STOVE EVERGREENS.
C. albive'nius (white-veined-/eawed). 6. Pale pink.
June. Algoa. 1823. Climber.
— arbore'scens (tree-like). 10. Mexico. 1818.
Shrub.
—'.cilia' tus (hair-fringed). 6. Pink. July. Cay-
enne. 1816. Twiner.
~ gla'ber (smooth). 12. White. May. Cayenne.
1806. Twiner.
— Guiane'nsis (Guiana). 10. White. July.
Guiana. 1823. Twiner.
— ma'ximus (greatest. Ceylon). 20. Pink. July.
Ceylon. 1799. Twiner.
— oceUa'tus (purple-eyeA). l£. White, purple.
July. S. Africa. 1844. Herbaceous
climber.
— ochra'ceus (yellow). 6. Yellow. July. Guinea.
1825. Twiner.
— penta'nthus (five-flowered). 6. Light blue.
August. E. Ind. 1808. Twiner.
— re'ptans (creeping), l. Purple. July. E.Ind.
— Roxbu'rgii (Dr. Roxburgh's). White. July. E.
Ind. 1826. Climber.
— terobiculu'tus (small-furrowed). 2. Pale red.
S.Amer. 1825. Trailer.
C. verticilla'tus (whorled). 5. Blue. August. W.
Ind. 1819. Twiner.
HARDY DECIDUOUS.
C, altheeoi'des (althaea-like). 2. Pink. June.
Levant. 1597. Twiner.
— bicuspidti'tiis (two-pointed). 4. Purple, June.
Davuria. 1818. Twiner.
— Bonurie'nsis (Buenos Ayrcs). 3. White, July.
Chili. 1817. Tw'iner.
— Canta'bricus (Cantabrian). 1. Pink. June.
South Europe. 1640. Trailer.'
— Chine'nsis (Chinese). 6. Purple. July. China.
1817. Twiner.
— Co'rsicus (Corsican). 1. Pink, June. Corsica.
1824. Twiner.
— ebractea'tus (unbracted). 1. White. July. 1819.
Trailer.
— emargina'tus (end-notched). 2. Purple. July.
1817. Twiner.
— Gera'rdi (Gerard's). 1. Pink. July. South
Europe. Trailer.
— holoseri'ceus (all-silky). Pale yellow, June.
Tauria. 1824.
— interme'dius (intermediate), Pale rose. June.
South Europe. 1825.
— Itu'licus (Italian). Rose. May. South Eu-
rope. 1844. Climber.
— lanugino'sus (rather woolly). 6. White. July.
Levant. 1818. Climber.
— linea'tus (lined). 1. Purple. June. South
Europe. 1770. Trailer.
— Malco'lmii (Malcolm's). White. July. Persia.
1824. Climber.
— Pe'rsicus (Persian). White. June. Persia.
1829.
— platyca'rpus (broad-fruited). Lilac. August.
Mexico. 1827. Half-hardy.
— salvifo'lius (sage-leaved). 1. Pink. July.
Palestine. 1825, Trailer.
— scamwio'm'a(scammony). White, purple. July.
Levant. 1726. Twiner.
— Sibthu'rpii (Sibthorp's). 1. White. July.
France. 1823. Trailer.
— terre'stris (earthy). White. July. Altai. 1828.
COO'KIA. Wampee-tree. (Named after
Captain Cook, the circumnavigator. Nat.
ord., Citronworts [Aurantiacese]. Linn.,
W-JDecandria 1-Monogynia. Allied to
Murray a.)
A fruit highly esteemed in China and the Indian
Archipelago. Stove tree; cuttings of ripe shoots
in March, or when best obtainable, in heat, and
nder a bell-glass; peat and loam. Summer
temp., 60° to 80°; winter, 50° to 55°.
C. puncta'ta (dotted). 15. W^hite. China. 1795.
COOPE'EIA. (Named after Mr. Cooper,
gardener at Wentworth House, in York-
shire, for many years. Nat. ord., Ama-
ryllids [Amaryllidacese]. Linn., Q-Hex-
indrlu \-Honoyynia. Allied to Zephy-
ranthus.)
We would have named this genus " The Plven-
ng Star." It is anomalous amonrst its race for
irst opening its starry-white flowers in the cool of
the evening. They possess the fragrance of the
primrose. Although probably hard)', they are best
ireated as half-hardy, in a border of deep, sandy
soil, under a west wall, where they flower all the
summer, and produce seeds. Each stalk produces
" ut one flower ; but a tuft of bulbs would pro-
duce a fine effect. Offsets and seeds, sown in
spring ; sandy loam.
COP
[244]
COK
C. chloroso'len (green-tubed), 1. White, green.
Mexico. 1835.
— Dmmmo'ndii (Drummond's). 1. White, red.
Mexico. 1835.
— peduncula'ta (frm#-flower-stalked). White,
orange. July. Texas. 1835.
COPAI'FERA. (From copaiba, the Bra-
zilian name for its balsamic juice, the
balsam of capivi, andt/m>, to bear. Nat.
ord., Leguminous Plants [Fabacese].
Linn., 10-Decandria 1-Monogynia. Al-
lied to Cynometra.)
Stove evergreen trees ; cuttings of firm shoots
in March, in heat, under a glass ; peat and loam.
Summer temp., 60° to 80° ; winter, 50° to 55°.
C. Guiane'nsis (Guiana). 30. White. Guiana.
1825.
— officina'tis (shop). 20. White. S. Amer. 17/4.
CO'PTIS. (From kopto, to cut ; in refer-
ence to the division of the leaves. Nat.
ord., Crowfoots [Kanunculacece]. Linn.,
13-Polyandria Q-Polyyynia. Allied to
Helleborus.)
The roots of this plant are used in the United
States medicinally, under the name of Gold
Thread. Hardy herbaceous perennial; division
of the roots and seeds ; sandy, peaty soil; requires
the protection of a cold pit in winter.
C. trifo'lia (three-leaved). ?. Brown. May. N.
Amer. 1782.
CORDYLI'KE. Club Palm. (From kor-
dyle, a club. Nat. ord., Lilyworls [Lilia-
cefEj. Linn., 6-Hexandria \-Monogynia.
Allied to Dracena.)
Stove evergreen shrubs. Suckers ; peat and
loam ; or light, sandy loam and vegetable mould.
Summer temp., 60° to 80° ; winter, 50° to 55°.
C. austra'lis (southern). 10. Blue, white. New
Zealand. 1823.
— canncsfo'lla (canna-leaved). 4. N. Holland.
1820.
— conge'sta (crowded). 10. Pale blue. March.
N. Holland. 1822.
— hcmichry'sa (half-golden). 2. Isle of Bourbon.
1823.
— inditri'sa (undivided), lo. Blue. New Zealand.
—- stri'cta (upright). 10. Blue. March. New
Zealand. 1S20.
COREO'PSIS. (From Icoris, a bug, and
opsis, like ; referring to the appearance of
the seeds. Nat. ord., Composites [Astera-
cese]. IAnn.,lQ-Syngcnesia S-Frnstraneu.)
Hardy annuals, seeds in common soil, in
March ; hardy perennials, division of the roots in
the autumn or spring ; West Indian species re-
quire a hotbed; and the perennial herbaceous
and evergreen species are multiplied by divisions
and cuttings. Light, sandy soil.
C. a'lba (white, climbing). 6. White. June.
Jamaica. 1699.
— angustifo'lia (narrow-leaved). 2. Yellow.
July. N. Amerc 17/8.
— Atkinso'nii (Atkinson's). 2. Yellow brown.
Columbia. 1826.
— argu'ta (shzrp.notc/ied). 2. Yellow. August.
Carolina.
— au'rea (golden). 3. Yellow, August. N.
Amer. 1785.
C. auricula! 'la (e&r-leared). 6. Yellow. July.
N. Amer.' 1699.
— bi'color (two-coloured). 2£. Yellow. June.
Arkansas. 1822.
— chrysa'ntha (golden-cowered). 2. Yellow.
August. W. Ind. 1752.
— corona'ta (crowned). 2. Yellow, brown. July.
Mexico. 1835.
— crassifo'lia (thick-leaved). 3. Yellow. Sep.
tember. Carolina. 1786.
— dicho'toma (forked). 1. Yellow. September.
Carolina. 1827.
— diversifo'lia (various -leaved). 2. Crimson.
July. N. Amer. 1833.
— Drummo'ndii (Drummond's). 2. Yellow,
purple. September. Texas. 1834.
— ferulaefo'lia (ferula-leaved). 3. Yellow. Oc-
tober. Mexico. 1799.
—filifo'lia (thread-leaved). 2. Yellow. August.
Texas. 1835.
— grandiflo'ra (large- flowering). 3. Yelloxv.
August. N. Amer. 1826.
— inci'sa (cut-leaved). 6. Yellow. October.
W. Ind.
— integrifo'lia (whole-leaved). 3. Yellow. July.
Carolina.
— lanceola'ta (spear-head-Zeawed). 3. Yellow.
August. Carolina. 1724.
— latifo'lia (broad-leaved). 3. Yellow. August.
N. Amer. 1/86.
— lo'ngipes (long-stalked). 2. Yellow. April.
Texas. 1835.
— palma'ta (hand-teawed). 3. Yellow. June.
Louisiana. 1823.
— re'ptans (creeping). 6. Yellow. July. W.
Ind. 1792.
— ro'sea (roseate). 2. Red. July. North
Casana. 1778.
— senifrt'lia (six-leaved). 4. Yellow. Septem-
ber. N. Amer. 1812.
— tenuifo'lia (slender-leaved). 2. Yellow. N.
Amer. 1780.
— tincto'ria (colouring).
ti'tro-vurpu'rea (dark purple). 3. Dark
purple. June.
a'tro-sungui'nea (dark crimson). Dark
crimson, July. N. Amer. 1823.
— trichospe'rma (hairy-seeded). 3. Yellow.
August. North Jersey. 1818.
— verticilla'ta (whorl-leaved). 3. Yellow. Au-
gust. N. Amer. 1759.
CoRETHito'sTYLis. (From korcthrmt, a
broom, and stylos, a style ; referring to
the consolidated styles being clothed
with hairs. Nat. OTd.,Byltneriatit [Bytt-
neriacese]. Linn., 5-Penlandria 1-Mono-
gynia. Allied to Lasiopetalum.)
Greenhouse evergreen shrub. Cuttings of young
shoots in silver sand ; peat and silver sand, with
a little charcoal. Summer ttinp., 55° to 75°;
winter, 40° to 48°.
C. bractea'ta (rosy-bracted). 3. Pink. April.
Swan River. 1844.
CORIA'NDRUM. Coriander. (Fromftom,
a bug; referring to the smell of the'
leaves. Nat. ord., Umbelllfers [Umbel-
life'ne]. Linn., 5-Pentaiidria 2-Digynia.)
A hardy annual ; seeds sown in March ; common
soil.
C. sati'vum (cultivated). 9.
England.
White. June.
COR
[ 245 ]
COB
COKIA'BIA. (From coriitm, a hide ; in
reference to the crustaceous covering of
the fruit. Nat. ord., a disputed point
among botanists. Dr. Lindley says, " It
is very difficult to say what is the affinity
of this plant." Linn., %2-Dicecia 9-
Decandria.)
The hardy species by suckers ; the New Zealand
one by cuttings in sand, under a bell-glass. Win-
ter temp., 40° to 45°.
C. myrtifo'lia (myrtle-leaved). 6. Green, June.
South Europe. 1629.
— sarmentu'sa (twiggy). 3. Green. June. New
Zealand. 1823.
CO'RIS. (A name adopted from Diosco-
rides. Nat. ord., Primeworts [Primu-
lacece]. Linn., 5-Pentandria 1-Monoyynia.
Allied to Lubinia.)
A greenhouse biennial. Increased by seeds, in
March ; sand and peat. Interesting little plant
for the greenhouse shelf.
C. Montpelle'nsis (Montpelier). 1. Lilac. June.
South Europe. 1640.
CORK-TREE. Que'rcus phc'llos.
CORK WOOD. Ano'na palu'stris.
CORNELIAN CHERRY. Co'rnus ma'scula.
CORN FLAG. Gladi'olus.
CORNISH MONEYWORT. Sibtho'rpia
Europa'a.
CORN SALAD, or LAMB'S LETTUCE ( Va-
Icriane'lla olito'ria}, is grown for winter
and spring salads. The first dish,
formerly brought to table, was a red
herring set in a corn salad.
Soil and Situation. — Any soil that is
not particularly heavy ; the best is a
sandy, moderately-fertile loam, in an
open situation.
Time and Mode of Sowing. — Sow in
February and the two following months,
and once a month during the summer, if
in request; but it is not so palatable
during this season. Lastly, during
August and early in September, the
plants from which will be fit for use
in early spring, or during the winter, if
mild. Three sowings are, in general,
quite sufficient for a family, viz., one at
the end of February, a second early in
August, and a third early in September.
Sow in drills, six inches apart. The
only cultivation required is frequent
hoeing, the plants being thinned to four
inches asunder. They should always be
eaten quite young. In summer, the
whole plant may be cut, as they soon
advance to seed at this season; but in
spring and winter the outer leaves only
should be gathered, as for spinach.
To obtain Seed.— Some of the spring-
raised plants must he left ungathered
from. They flower in June, and perfect
their seed during the two fallowing
months.
CO'RNUS. Dogwood. (From cornu, a
horn ; in reference to the hardness of the
wood. Nat. ord., Cornels [Cornacese].
Linn., -i-Tetrandria "i-Monogynia.)
Hardy deciduous trees, shrubs, &c., except
where otherwise specified. Propagated by seeds,
layers, or cuttings, and root divisions ; common
soil and moist situation.
C. a'lba (white - berried}. 10. White. July.-
Siberia. 1/41.
Ro'ssica (Russian). 8. White. July,
Siberia. 1820.
Sibi'rica (Siberian). 10. White. Au-
gust. Siberia. 1824.
— alternifo'lia (alternate-leaved). 15. White.
July. N. Amer. 1760.
— Canade'nsis (Canadian). 1. Yellow. July/
Canada. 1774. Herbaceous perennial.
— circinn'ta (round-teawed). 6. White. July*
N. Amer. 1784.
—flo'rida (flowery). 15. White. April. N.
Amer. 1/31.
— gra'ndis (grand). Green. Mexico. 1838.
Half-hardy evergreen.
— macrophy'lla (large-leaved). White. July.
Nepaul. 1827.
— ma'scula (male. Cornel). 15. Yellow. Fe-
bruary. Austria. 15Q6.
fru'ctu ce'rtecolora'to (fruit wax-coloured)
20. Yellow. February.
variega'ta (variegated). 8. Yellow. June.
Austria. 15Q6.
— oblo'nga (oblong). 15. Purple. Nepaul. 1818.
— panicula'ta (panicled). 6. White. June.
N. Amer. 1/58.
— sangui'nea (bloody). 8. White. June. Britain.
variega'ta (variegated). 8. White. June.
Britain.
fo'liis variega'tis (variegated-leaved). 10.
White. June. Britain.
— seri'cea (silky). 5. White. August. N.
Amer. 1683.
asperifo'lia (rough-leaved). 8. White.
Carolina.
oblongifo'lia (oblong-leaved). 8. White.
August.
— Sibi'rica (Siberian). 8. White. July. Siberia.
1824.
— stri'cta (erect). 10. White. June. N. Amer,
1758.
asperifo'lia (rough-leaved). 10. White.
sempervi'rcns (sw6-evergreen). 10. White.
June.
variega'ta (variegated). 10. White. June.
N. Amer. 1758.
— Sue'cica (Swedish). 1. White. April. Britain.
Herbaceous perennial.
CORNU'TIA. (Named after Cornutus, a
French physician. Nat. ord., Verbenas
[Verbenaceae]. Linn., 2-Diandria 1-
Monogynia. Allied to Callicarpa.)
Stove evergreen shrub. Loam and peat; cut-
tings in bottom-heat, under glass, in February or
March.
C.pyramida'ta (pyramidal). 6. Blue. July.
Mexico. 1733.
CORONI'LLA. (From corona, a crown,
COE
[240 ]
COE
or garland ; in reference to the disposi-
tion of the flowers. Nat ord., Leguminous
Plants [Fabacese]. Linn., \l-Diadelphia
The juice of C. va'ria is poisonous. Both
greenhouse and hardy species are handsome,
free-blooming plants. Seeds and cuttings ;
cuttings root readily during the summer months
under a close frame, even without bottom-heat.
HARDY HERBACEOUS, &C.
C. Cappado'cica (Cappadocian). 1. White.
July. Cappadocia. 1800.
— e'merus (scorpion-senna). 3. Red, yellow
April. France. 1596. Deciduous shrubs
— globo'sa (globe-form). 1. White. Septem
her. Crete. 1800. Deciduous creeper
— Ibe'rica (Iberian). 1. Yellow. July. Iberia
1822. Deciduous trailer.
— ju'ncea (rush). 3. Yellow. June. France.
l656. Evergreen shrub.
— squama'ta (scaly). 1. White. June. Crete.
1820.
— vafria (various). 1 . Pink. September.
Europe. 1597. Deciduous creeper.
GREENHOUSE EVERGREENS, &C.
C, arge'ntea (silvery-leaved). 2. Yellow. May.
Crete. 1664.
— corona1 'ta (crowned-headed). 2. Yellow. June.
South Europe. 1/76. Herbaceous
perennial.
— Cre'tica (Cretan). 1 . Striped. June. Can-
dia. 1731. Annual.
— glau'ca (milky-green. Seven-headed). 2.
Yellow. July. France. 1722.
-- raricgafta (variegated-feawd). 4. Yel-
low. August. Gardens.
— mi'nima (least). 1. Yellow. July. South
Europe. 1658. Herbaceous perennial.
— monta'na (mountain). 2. Yellow, June.
Switzerland. 1776. Herbaceous per-
ennial.
— pentaphy'lla (five-leaved). 2. Yellow. June.
Algiers. 1700.
— Valenti'na (Valentine). 2. Yellow. August.
South Europe. 15Q6.
— vimina'lis (twiggy). 3. Yellow. August.
Mogad. 1798.
CORRE'A. (Named after Correa, a
Portuguese botanist. Nat. ord., Rue-
worts [Eutacese]. Linn., 8-Octandria
1 -Monogynia. )
The settlers in New Holland employ the leaves
of Correas, particularly those of C. a'lba, for tea.
Greenhouse evergreen shrubs, from Australia.
Cuttings of half-ripened shoots in sand, under a
bell-glass, in bottom-heat, in spring. The finer
sorts are also grafted on the commoner ones, such
as C. a'lba. C. specio'sa will scarcely strike at
all ; three parts sandy peat and one of turfy loam.
Summer temp., 55° to 75° ; winter 40° to 48°.
C. a'lba, (white). 6. White. June. 1793.
—ferrugi'nea (rusty). 3. Green, white. April.
— pulche'lla (pretty). 5. Scarlet. June. 1824.
— ru'fa (reddish), a. White. June. 1821.
— speci'osa (showy). 3. Scarlet. June. 1806.
— vi'rens (green-flowered). 6. Green. July. 1800.
CORTU'SA. Bear's-ear Sanicle. (Named
after Cortusm, an Italian botanist, Nat.
ord., Primeworts [Primulaceee]. Linn,,
5-Pentandria \-Monogynia.')
A hardy perennial, with frame protection in
winter ; does beat as a. pot-plant ; root division ;
loam and peat.
C. Matthio'li (Matthioli's). 1. Red. April.
Austria. 1596.
CORYA'NTHES. Helmet-flower. (From
korys, a helmet, and anthos, a flower ; in
reference to the shape of the lip, or
labellum. Nat. ord., Orchids [Orchi-
dacese]. Linn., 20-Gynandria 1-Monan-
dria.)
Stove orchids. Division ; in pots well-drained ;
fibrous peat, chopped sphagnum, and small-bro-
ken potsherds. Growing temp., 75° to 85°; rest,
50° to 60°. See The Cottage Gardener, v. 256.
C. Fieldi'ngi (Colonel Fielding's). Yellow, brown.
May. S. Amer. 1845.
— lentigino'sa (freckled). Yellow. Mav. Guiana.
1837.
— macra'ntha (large-flowered). 1. Brown,
yellow. June. Caraccas.
— macula' ta (spotted-lipped), l. Yellow-spot-
ted. June. Demerara. 1829.
Parke'ri (Parker's). 1 . Yellow, purple.
June. Deroerara. 1839.
— macrosta'chya (large-spiked). Orange, yel-
low, brown. Mexico. 1843.
— specio'sa (showy). l£. Yellow, green. Slay.
Bra?,!!. 1825.
a'lba (\v\nte-Jlowered). l£. White. June.
Demerara. 1840.
CORY'CIUM. (From korys, a helmet;
referring to the shape of the flox,ver.
Nat. ord., Orchids [Orchidacece], Linn.,
20-Gynandria 1-Monandria.)
One of those terrestrial orchids from the Cape
of Good Hope which no British gardener has yet
succeeded in cultivating with success.
C. cri'spum (curled). 1. Yellow. July. 1825.
— orobanchoi'des (orobanche-like). 1. Yellow.
July. 1825.
CORYDA'LIS. (From l-orydalos, a lark,
the spur of the flower resembling that
of the lark. Nat. ord., Fumeworts [Fu-
mariacese]. Linn., YI-Diadelphia 2-Hex-
andria.}
Beautiful hardy plants. The perennial kinds
are increased by root division at any season ; and
the annuals sown in the open ground, in spring
or autumn, in common soil.
ANNUALS AND BIENNIALS.
C. acau'lis (stemless). 1. Pale yellow. July.
Hungary. 1825.
— au'rea (golden). 1. Yellow. June. N. Amer.
1812. Biennial.
— breviflo'ra (short-flowered). 2. Pale yellow.
June. Kamtschatka. 1824.
— capnoi'des (capnus-like). 2. White. July.
South Europe. 1596. Biennials.
— clavictila'ta (tendrilled). 6. White, yellow.
June. Britain. Climber.
— glau'ca (milky-green). 2. Yellow, purple.
July. N. Amer. 1683.
— impa'tiens (impatient). 1. Yellow. May,
Siberia. 1823.
COB
[247]
COB
C. stri'cta (straight). 1. Yellow. June. Siberia.
1827. Biennials.
— Urale'nsis (Ural). 1. Pale yellow. August.
Kamtschatka. 1824. Biennials.
HERBACEOUS.
Ctfla'mtla (yellowish). £. Yellow. June.
Russia. 1838.
— lu'tea (yellow). 2. Yellow. July. England.
— pceoniaifo'lia (peony-leaved). 2. Purple.
February. Siberia. 1820.
— Sibi'rica (Siberian). 1. Yellow. July.
Siberia. 1810.
TUBEROUS-ROOTED.
C. angustifo'lia (narrow-leaved). 1. Purple.
February. Iberia. 1819.
— bractea'ta (/a^«-bracted). 1. Pale yellow.
February. Siberia. 1829.
— bicalcara'ta (two-spurred). 1. Pink. June.
— bulbo'sa (bulbous). 1. Pink. February.
Britain.
— Cauca'sica (Caucasian). 1. Purple. February.
Caucasus, 1823.
—faba'cea (bean-tea?;^)- 3. Purple. February.
Germany. 1815.
— Ge'bleri (Gebler's). May. Altai. 1827.
— longiflo'ra (long-flowered). f. Pale rose.
April. Altai. '1832.
— Marsha/lia'na (Marshall's). 1. Purple.
February. Tauria. 1824.
— iw'bilis (noble-flowered). 1. Lilac, yellow.
May. Siberia. 1783.
— pauciflo'ra (few-flowered). 1. Purple. Fe-
bruary. Siberia. 1819.
— tubero'sa (tuberous-hollow-rooted) , 1. Pur-
ple. February. Europe. 1596.
albiflo'ra (white-flowered). 1. White.
February. Europe. 1596.
CO'RYLUS. Nut-tree. (From korys,
a hood, or helmet ; in reference to the
calyx covering the nut. Nat. ord., Mast-
worts [Corylacea?]. Linn., %\-Monoecia
d-Pbfyandria.)
Hardy deciduous shrubs, mostly cultivated for
their fruits ; common soil ; readily increased
either by seeds sown in October or November,
or by layers or suckers.
C. America'na (American). 10. April. N. Amer.
— avella'na (filbert). 10. February. Britain.
a'lba (white Filbert). 10. February.
Spain.
Barcelone'nsis (Barcelona) . 8. February.
Spain.
cri'spa (frizzled). 8. February.
glomera'ta (clustered). 8. February.
gra'ndis (great Cob). 8. February.
heterophy'lla (various-leaved). 20. Yel-
low, red. February. Danube. 1829.
Lambe'rti (Lambert's). 10. February.
ova'ta (egg- fruited). 8. February.
pu'mila (dwarf). 6. February.
purpu'rea (purple- leaved). 10. February.
ru'bra (red Filbert). 10. February.
— te'nuis (thin Cosford). 10. February.
tubulo'sa (tubular-calyxed). 10. Fe-
bruary. South of Europe. 1759.
tubulo'sa a'lba (white- tubular-Filbert).
10. February.
vuriega'ta (variegated). 8. February.
— colu'rna (hazel. Constantinople). 10. Apetal.
February. Constantinople. 1665.
— hu'milis (humble), 6. February. N. Amer.
1798. -
C. rostra'ta (beaked). 5. February. N. Amer.
1745.
FILBERT CULTURE. — The following are
the most esteemed kinds: — White Fil-
bert; well known. Red; similar, but
having a red skin. Prolific cob ; a very
large nut. Cosford; fine flavour, thin
shell, great bearer. Prolific dwarf; well
adapted for small gardens. Gordon's
thin-shelled; a good nut. Frizzled;
similar to the other filberts, husk more
ornamental.
Propagation. — Layers, cuttings, graft-
ing, and seed. Shoots of the previous
year's growth root readily if layered any
time during the rest-season. Cuttings
should be made similar to those of the
currant, the lower buds cut out in order
to destroy their propensity to suckering.
If they are to form neat little bushes,
on a dwarfing system for small gardens,
the cuttings may be nearly half a yard
in length. Grafting is performed as
with the apple or pear, and at the period
when the buds first begin to swell. The
common hazel-nut and the Spanish nut
are generally used for stocks ; the latter,
it is affirmed, will not produce suckers.
Seed. — This practice is resorted to for
the sake of raising new varieties, or
for producing the ordinary hazels. In
the former case, there is much room
for progress still ; and certainly no plant
offers greater facilities to the hybridzer.
Bearing, as it does, male and female blos-
soms separately, every opportunity exists
for depriving any given kind of its catkins
betimes.
Soil. — Any ordinary soil, if pretty
good, will answer, provided it ' is not
stagnant. A free, upland, light loam,
however, is what they prefer. We have,
nevertheless, known them succeed very
well in a moorish-looking soil, and on
well-drained peats, which had become
sound through the application of marl
or clay.
Culture during the growing period. —
Very little is requisite after the regular
winter pruning, unless it be the extirpa-
tion of suckers, and the removal, during
summer, of those loose and ill-placed
watery growths which only serve to con-
fuse and darken the tree. We may here
notice, that some little training may be
necessary for those under a dwarfing-
system in small gardens, in order to
bring them into a compact and handsome
shape
COP.
[ 248 ]
COS
Culture during the rest period. — Com-
mencing with the training when young.
They are best in single stems of about
two feet in height; and the head should
"branch off equally, to accomplish which,
some pruning back is requisite during
the first year or two, whilst the head is
forming, and the latter should be kept
thin in the centre. When the trees are
well established an annual pruning should
be resorted to, consisting of still keeping
the centre of the bush somewhat open,
and in thinning out any cross shoots and
superfluous spray. It must be observed,
that the fruit is produced on shoots of
the preceding year, and generally on
portions which have been well exposed
to the light. Any coarse or robust
shoots should be shortened back nearly
half their length ; these will frequently
produce axillary branches of a fruit-
ful character. Do not prune until the
blossoms are showing; this will be
about the beginning of February. The
female blossom is like a minute brush,
of a pinkish colour; the male is the
•well-known catkin. In pruning, much
regard must be paid to these blossoms,
especially the female ; scarcely a twig
may be cut away containing them. This
makes it evident that most of the prun-
ing, or rather, thinning, requisite should
have been well carried out prior to the
commencement of fruitfulness.
It often happens that filbert-trees will
possess female blossoms with few or no
male catkins. When such is the case
there will be no crop, unless means be
taken to bring the male farina within
their reach. Catkins must be sought
about the period when the male dust is
just beginning to burst. Branches con-
taining these may be tied here and there
amongst the bushes most needing them.
It matters not what kind of nut they are
from ; probably the wild hazel is best.
Fruit : how to keep. — When gathered,
the fruit must be kept in jars, in a cool
cellar, with husks on. If it is desired to
impart a fine, fresh-looking colour to the
husks, they must be placed in a close
vessel, and a small pan of sulphur gently
burned, or rather, smouldered, beneath
them.
Insects. — See CURCUUO NUCUM and
APHIS COBYLZ.
CORYMBS, a spike of flowers, the flower
stalks of which are longer in proportion
us they stand lower down the main stalk
supporting them, so that the flowers are
with a top nearly level. Those of Spira'a
opulifo'lia and of the Mountain Ash sue
examples.
CORYNE'LLA. (From koryne, a club;
referring to the shape of the style.
Nat. ord., Leguminous Plants [Fabacere].
Linn., 17-Diadelphia ^-Decandria. Allied
to Clianthus.)
Stove evergreen shrub. Cuttings in sand under
a glass, and in bottom-heat] peat and loam;
summer temp., 60° to 80° ; winter, 50° to 55°.
C. polyu'ntha (many-flowered). 6. Purple. W«
Ind. 1824.
CORYNOCA'RPUS. (From koryne, a club.,
and carpos, a fruit ; referring to the form
of the fleshy seed. Nat. ord-, Ardisiads
[Myrsinaceae]. Linn., 5-Puntandria 1-
Monofiynia. Allied to Theophrasta.)
Greenhouse evergreen tree ; readily increased
by layers in light, rich soil.
C. laeviga'tus (smooth). "20. White. New Zea-
land. 1823.
COHY'PHA. Fan Palm. (Fromkoryphc,
the summit; in reference to the leaves
growing in tufts on the top of this palm.
Nat. ord., Palms [Palmacese]. Linn., 6-
Hexandria 1-Monogynia.)
Stove palms, except where otherwise mentioned;
soil, rich, snndy loam ; increased by seeds.
C. austra'lis (southern). 50. N.Holland. 1824.
Greenhouse.
— ela'ta (t.a',1). 150. E. Ind. 1825.
— gltiucK'scenK (milky-green). 100. E. Ind. 1320.
— heterophy'llus^ various-leaved). Danube. 182y.
Greenhouse. <
— Pu'mos (Pumos). 20. Cuha. 1824.
— tecto'rum (roof). 15. W. Ind. 1825.
— umbraculi'feru (umbrella-bearing). 100. E-
Ind. 1742.
— U'tan (Utan). 50. Moluccas. 1825.
CORYSA'NTHES. New Holland ground -
orchids, of which little is known. Perhaps
belonging to Coryanthes.
COSMA'NTHTJS. (From Jsosmos, beauti-
ful, and anthos, a flower. Nat. ord,,
Hydrophyls [Hydrophyllacese]. Linn.,
5-Pentandria L-Monogynia. Allied to
Phacelia.)
A half-hardy annual. Seeds ; sandy soil.
C.fimbria'tus (fringed-petaled). £. Pale flesh.
June.
COSME'LIA. (From hosmeo, to adorn,
Nat. or.d.,Epacrids [Ejmcridacece] . Linn.,
5-Pentundria l-Monogynta.")
Greenhouse evergreen shrub. Cuttings in sun>.
mer months ; sandy peat and sand.
C.rufbra (red-lowered). Red. N.Holland. 1326.
CO'SMOS. (From /cosmos, beautiful ; in
reference to the ornamental flowers. Nat.
COS
[219
COS
ord., Composites [Asteracese]. Linn., 19-
SyngenesiaS-Sitperjltta. Allied to Bidens.)
Cosmea is united to this. Both the annual
and perennial species are all readily increased
from seeds, sown early in spring, and treated
as tender annuals ; planted out in the open
borders in the summer months.
PERENNIALS.
C. diuersifo'lia (various-leaved). 3. Lilac. Sep-
tember. Mexico. 1835. Hardy tuber.
— geubiosoi' des (scabious-like). 4. Scarlet. Sep-
tember. Mexico, Greenhouse tuber.
ANNUALS.
C. bipinna'ta (doubly-leatteted). 3. Purple. July.
Mexico. 1/99.
— Chrysnnthemifo'lia (chrysanthemum - leaved).
2. Yellow. July. S. Amer. 1826.
~crithmifo'lia (samphire-leaved). 2. Yellow.
September. Mexico. 18'-'6.
— lu'tea (yellow). 2. Yellow. October. Mexico.
1811.
— parviflti'ra (small -flowered). 2. White. July.
Mexico. 1800. Hardy.
— sulphu'rea (sulphur). 2." Yellow. July.
Mexico. IjyQ. Hardv.
— tene'lla (delicate). 2. Yellow. October.
Mexico. 1S24.
— tenuifo'lius (slender-leaved). 2. Purple. Sep-
tember. Mexico. 1836. Hardy.
COSSI'GNIA. (Named after Cossigny, a
French naturalist. Nat. ord., Soapworts
[Sapindacece]. Linn., 6-Hexandria 2-
Digynia. Allied to Koelreuteria.)
Admired for its golden-veined leaves. Stove
evergreen shrub. Soil, peat and loam. Cuttings
root readily under glass, in bottom-heat.
C. Borbu'nica (Bourbon). 10. Mauritius. 1824.
Cossus LIGNIPERDA. Goat Moth. The
caterpillar of the Goat Moth is most
destructive to the wood of fruit-trees,
though the elm, oak, -willow, poplar, and
walnut, also, are liable to its attacks. It
is the Cossus ligniperda of some natural-
ists, and the Bombyx and Xyleides cossus
of others. The caterpillar measures more
than four inches in length, is smooth and
shining, beset only here and there with
single short hairs. It is dark red on the
back, and the breathing-holes situated
at both sides are of the same colour.
The sides and lower part of the body are
flesh- coloured; the head is black; the
first segment, also, marked with black
above. After remaining more than two
years in the larva state, and casting its
skin eight times, the caterpillar becomes
of a light ochrish-yellow hue shortly be-
fore becoming a chrysalis, which usually
takes place in spring, when it makes a
strong cocoon of chips of wood and small
pieces of bark, which it has gnawed off.
The chrysalis is yellow, and the segments
are deeply indented and capable of much
extension; its back is furnished with
strong, pointed spines, sometimes of &
reddish-brown colour. The cocoon is
situated immediately within the opening
in the tree, so that the pupa, when
arrived at maturity, can press itself half
out of the hole when the shell bursts,
and the moth comes forth usually in
the month of June or July, after having,
reposed in the pupa state for an indefinite
time. When at rest the wings are folded
together over the back in the form of a
roof; it sits quietly in the day-time on
the stems of trees, and is difficult to be
distinguished on account of its grey
colour. Its wings measure, from one tip
to the other, nearly three inches, and
many specimens more than this ; the
female is usually larger than the male.
The fore-wings are ashy-white, clouded
with brown, especially across the middle,
and marked with very numerous streaks,
like net-work; the hind-wings are brown ;
thorax ochrish in front, pale in the
middle, with a black bar behind. The-
female is provided with a strong egg-
depositor, with which she introduces her
eggs into the bark of the tree — often
1000 in number ; the young caterpillars
living, at first, in and between the outer
and inner bark, and afterwards, when
they are stronger, penetrating into the
wood. When the existence of one of
these creatures is detected in a trunk, by
its excrement, relief comes too late for
the tree, even if we are able to kill the
caterpillar, the mischief being already
done. Notwithstanding this, the cater-
pillar should never be left undisturbed ;
and an attempt should be made to reach
it by enlarging the opening with a garden-
knife, or endeavouring to kill it by thrust-
ing a piece of garden-wire up the hole.
It is called the Goat Moth from the
peculiar smell both of the insect and its
larva. — The Cottage Gardener, iii. 137.
CO'STUS. (An ancient name, adopted
from Pliny. Nat. ord., Ginyenvorts [Zin-
giberacesej. Linn., 1-Monandria l-Mo-
nogynia,}
The roots are very hitter, and without the
aromatic pungent odour peculiar to the Costus of
the continental shops, which is the root of a very
dltferent plant, a native of Arabia, and allied to
Cardo;>atum. The Costus of Cashmere, employed
to protect bales of shawls from moths, is the root
of Aukla'ndia cn'stus. Stove herbaceous peren-
nials of easy growth, and readily increased by
root division ; Bandy loam, with a little peat.
C. A'fer (African). 2. White. June. Sierra Leone.
1 822.
— Ara'bicus (Arabian). 2. White. August.
Indies. 1752.
COT
[250]
COU
C. discolor (two-coloured-7ea»e<f). 4. White.
June. Maran. 1S23.
— lanaftus ^woolly). 3. May. S.Amer. 1820.
— maculivtus (spotted). 2. White. July. Sierra
Leone. 1822.
— Nepale'nsis (Nepaul). 3. White. July. E. Ind.
1799-
— pi'ctus (painted-jflowerecf). 2. Yellow, pur-
ple. July. Mexico. 1832.
— Piso'nis (Pison's). 3. Crimson. June. Maran.
1823.
— specio'sus (showy). 3. White. August. E.
Ind. 1799-
— spica'tus (spiked). 1. Yellow. June. W. Ind,
1793.
— spira'lis (spiral). 4. Scarlet. November. St.
Vincent.
— villosi'ssimus (most hairy). 6. Yellow. No-
vember. St. Vincent. 1822.
COTONEA'STER. (From cotonea, Pliny's
name for the quince, and aster, a corrup-
tion of ad instar, generally used to ex-
press likeness; literally, quince -like.
Nat. ord., Appleworts [Pomacese]. Linn.,
12-Icosandria 2-Digynia.}
Hardy shrubs, easily increased by layers or
seed. Common soil.
C. acumina'ta (pointed -leaved). 4. Pink. April.
Nepaul. 1820.
— affi'nis (similar). 4. Pink. April. Nepaul. 1S20.
— baciliu'ris (rod). Nepaul. 1841.
— buxifo'lia (box-leaved). 3. White. April. Ne-
paul. 1824.
margina'tii (MtfiiYe-margmed). 3. White.
April. Saharunpore. 1838.
— denticula'ta (fine-toothed-/eawerf). 6. White.
Mexico. 1826.
— emargina'ta (bordered). White. April. Ne-
paul.
—fri'gida (cold). 10. White, green. April.
Nepaul. 1824.
— laxiflo'ra (loose-flowered). 4. Pink. April.
1826.
uniflo'ra (one-flowered). 3. White. May.
Nepaul.
— microphy'lla (small-leaved). 4. White. April.
Nepaul. 1825.
— multiflo'ra (many-flowered). 4. White. May.
Altai. 183"7.
— nummula'ria (moneywort-heaved). 10. White,
green. April. Nepaul. 1824.
— rotundifu'lia (round-leaved). 3. White. April.
Nepaul 1820.
— Ro'ylei (Dr. Royle's). White. North India.
1845.
— tomento'sa (woolly). 4. Pink. April. 1759-
— vulga'ris (common). 4. Pink. April. Eu-
rope. 1656.
depre'ssa (depressed). White. April.
Europe.
erythroca'rpa (red- fruited). 4. White.
April Europe.
<— melanocu'rpa (black-fruited). 8. White.
April. Europe.
COTTON. Gossy'pium.
COTTON THISTLE. Onc'-pordiim.
COTYLE'DON. Navelwort. (A name
adopted from Pliny. Nat. ord., House-
leeks [Crassulaceael. Linn., 10-Decan-
dria k-Pentagynia. Allied to Seduni.)
These plants feed as much, if not more, by the
1818.
4 1. 182S.
>ge. Octo-
August.
myriads of pores or mouths all over their leaves,
than by the roots, which seem only necessary for
holding them stationary in the driest and mo*t
barren situations. Greenhouse evergreens, from
the Cape of Good Hope, except where otherwise
mentioned ; sandy loam, with a little old mortar
mixed with it, and plenty of drainage ; cuttings
at any season.
C. aUe'rnans (alternate-Jea«ed). 1. July; 1816.
— cacalioi'dea (cacalia-like). 1. Yellow. May.
1818.
— canalicula'ta (small-channelled). I. May. 1819.
— clavifoflia (club-leaved). 1. Purple. September.
1824.
— coru'scans f glittering). 1. Orange. June. 1818.
— crassifo'lia (thick-leaved). 2. 1824.
-- crista'ta (crested). 1. Variegated. September.
1818.
— cunea'ta (wedge-like). 1. May
— cuneifo'rmis (wedge-shape-t'e«?;e
— curvifto'ra (curve-flowered). 2. C
ber. 1818.
— decussa'ta (cross -.teaoed). 2. Scar
1819.
— dicho'toma (fork-s/^t 7\ 1. Jur.t
— ela,'ta(te\\-poujdereu. June.
— fascicula'risff? -ter-'fet. 1. R<
1759.
— gra'cilis (slender), i. ' ' ^L
— hemisphce'nca (half-glob,.
purple. June. 1731.
— interje'cta (cast-down). £. July. J
— jasmmiflo'fa, (jasmine-flo-
purple. July. 18ia.
— Lieve'nii (Lieven's). |
1832.
— macula' t a (spotted). 1. WH
1818.
— malacnphy'llum (soft-le'avi
June. Davuria.
— mammilla'ris (nippled).
June. 1818.
— oblo'nga (oblong-/eat*ed). i:.
1690.
— orbicula'ta (round-leaved). 2. iw^.. ^
1798.
— ova'ta (eprg-leaved). 2. Red. August. 1789-
— papilla'ris (pimpled). 2. Red. June. 1822.
— ramo'sa (branchy). 1. June. 1748.
— ramosi'ssima (branchiest). 1. May. 1816.
— rhomhifo'lia (diamond-leaved). 1. June. 182S.
— rotundifo'lia (round-leaved). 1. June. 1826.
— sempervi'uum (houseleek-«Ae). £. Caucasus.
1836.
— spu'ria (spurious). 1. July. 1731.
— ^r!CMSj3trfa7a(three-spined). 1. July. 1823.
— triflo'ra (three-flowered). 1. Pink, white.
June. 1821.
— tuberculo'sa (knotted). I. Orange. July. 1820.
— undula'ta (vr&yed- leaved). 1. June. 1818.
— ungula'ta (nz\\-shaped). 2. May. Purple. 1818.
— vi'ridis (green). 2. 1824.
COUCH GRASS. (Agopy'rum rc'pens.)
A weed, the creeping underground stems
of which render it very difficult to be de-
stroyed : constantly and carefully forking
it out of the soil whenever seen, and
burning it, is the most effectual remedy.
COULTE'EIA. (Named after Dr. Coulter.
Nat. ord., Leguminotis Plants [Fabaceee].
Linn., \0-Decandria 1-Mvnogynia, Allied
to Poinciana.)
cou
[251 ]
CKA
Stove evergreen shrubs. Peat and loam ;
seeds.
C. ho'rrida (horrid). 15. Orange. Carthagena.
1824.
— tincto'ria (dyer's). 12. Orange. Carthagena.
1822.
COUESE'TIA. (Named after Coitrset, a
botanist. Nat. ord., Leguminous Plants
[Fabacete]. Linn., 17-Diadelphia 4-Zte-
candria. Allied to Kobinia.)
Stove evergreens. Cuttings of firm young shoots,
in spring or beginning of summer, in sand, under
a bell-glass, and in a mild bottom-hear, ; loam and
peat, well drained. Summer temp., 60° to 80°;
winter, 45° to 55°.
C. tomento'sa (downy). Yellow. June. Peru.
1824.
— virga'ta (twiggy). Yellow. June. Trinidad-
1820.
COUSI'NIA. (Named after Cousin, a
French botanist. Nat. ord., Composites
[Asteraceae]. Linn., 19-Syngenesia 1~
JEqualis. Allied to Carlina.)
Hardy plants. Annuals and biennials, by seeds
at the end of March, in the garden-border ; per-
ennials, by division in autumn or spring.
C. carduifo'rmis (thistle-form). Purple. July,
ibnria. 1804.
— cynaroi'des (cynara-likc). White. Caucasus.
Biennial.
— HoJiena'keri (Hohennker's). Yellow. July.
Caucasus. 1836.
— hy'strix (porcupine). Purple. June. Russia.
1838.
— macroce' phala (large-headed). Pale yellow.
Caucasus. 1823. Biennial.
— teneflla (tender). Purple. America. 1837.
Annual.
— Volge'nsis (Wolga). Purple. Wolga. 1804.
COUTA'REA. (From Coutari, its name
in Guiana. Nat. ord., Cinchonads [Cin-
chonacese]. Linn., 5-Pentandria 1-Mo-
nogynia. Allied to Cinchona.)
The Cinchona bark of French Guiana is the
produce of this fine tree. Stove evergreen. Sandy
peat and loam ; cuttings in heat, under glass, in
spring months.
C. specio'sa (beautiful). 12. Purple. Guiana. 1803.
COUTOU'BEA. ( From Couloubi, its name
in Guiana. Nat. ord., Gentianworts [Gen-
tianacese]. Linn., 4- Tetran dria 1-Mono-
gynia. Allied to Leianthus and Lisian-
thus.)
It is used in Guiana as a substitute for Gentian.
Stove annual and biennial plants. Sow in a mix-
ture of loam and peat, early in spring, in hotbed,
frame, or stove.
C. ramo'sa (branchy). 3. White. July. Brazil.
1824. Annual.
— spica'ta (spiked). 2. White. July. Maran.
1823. Biennial.
— verticilla'ta (whorled-faarfwZ). 1. White. July.
Trinidad. 1818. Biennial.
COWA'NIA. (Named after Mr. Cowan.
Nat. ord., Boseworts [Kosaceas], Linn.,
12- Icosandna S-Trigynia. Allied to
Geum.)
Greenhouse evergreen shrub. Sandy peat and
loam ; propagated by cuttings under glass, in
heat, but not easily.
C. plica'ta (plaited-teaoed). 2. Red. June.
Mexico.
COWBERRY. VaccHnium vi'tis-ida'a.
COWDIE PINE. Da'mmaraaiistra'lis.
COW-DUNG. See DUNG.
COW-GRASS. Trifo'liitm me'dium.
COW-HERB. Sapona'ria vacca'ria.
COW-ITCH. Mucu'na u'rens.
COW-ITCH CHERRY. Mnlpi'ghia u'rens.
COW-PARSNIP. Heraclc'um.
COW-SLIP. (Pri'mula ve'ris.} There
are several varieties, varying in colour
from almost white to a very deep yellow :
some are single ; but others are double,
in the form that florists distinguish as
hose-in-hose, the calyx in these being con-
verted into a corolla. Some specimens
will produce one hundred pips upon a
single truss ; and they have been known
to yield even more than one hundred
and fifty. The cultivation is the same
as that of the Auricula.
COW-TREE. Bro'simum.
CRAB or WILD APPLE. Py'rus ace'r'ba.
CRA'MBE. Sea-kale. (The Greek name
for Sea-kale. Nat. ord., Cruci/ers [Bras-
sicacese]. Linn., 15-Tetradynamia.)
The Tartar bread, or large, fleshy roots of
Cra'mbe Tata'rica, is eaten in Hungary in slices,
with oil, salt, and vinegar. Hardy herbaceous-
rooted perennials, of easy growth in rich garden-
soil by root division, or seeds sown in March.
C. cordifo'liu (heart-leaved). 6. White. May.
Caucasus. 1822.
—ju'ncea (rush-like). 2. White. May. Iberia.
1828.
— tnari'tima (common sea-fta/e). l£. White.
May. Britain.
— Tata'rica (Tartarian). 3. White. June.
Siberia. 1754.
CRA'MBE MARI'TIMA or SEA-KALE should
be grown in an open situation. It is
readily increased by division of its roots,
or by seeds, which is the best mode.
Seeds sown towards the end of March,
or beginning of April, in a well-manured
and deeply-trenched soil, and lined out
into four-feet beds, and with two-feet
alleys between. Sow the seeds in patches
two feet distant from patch to patch. The
patches should be made by drawing a cir-
cular drill about eight inches in diameter,
and two inches deep. Place therein about
eight seeds, at equal distances round;
and, when the seedlings are up and well
established, they should be thinned out,
leaving from three to four plants in each
CEA
[252]
CEA
patch, at equal distances, to form the
crop. If the plantation be made from
one-year- old plants, then three plants
should he planted triangularly in each
patch, the patches, as "before directed,
two feet distant from each other. If the
plantation is made with pieces or slips
of crowns, which will do nearly as well,
plant in the same way ; and the best
times are the end of March or beginning
of April. Should the weather be dry,
watering will be required. With good
attention to earth-stirring during the
summer months, the plants will be suffi-
ciently strong to force the following
season, and may remain to cut from for
many years.
In sowing for transplanting, the drills
should be at least two feet from drill to
drill, and two inches deep, and seeds
about five inches apart in the drill, and
the seedlings attended to as before during
the summer.
To force Sea-Jcuh. — Some prefer taking
up plants either one year or more old,
and placing the roots carefully on a gentle
hotbed made up for the purpose, or care-
fully planting them in pots or boxes, to
be placed in other warm structures, of
course, in either case, to be kept in the
dark ; but we prefer, in all cases, to force
this vegetable in the open ground, by
inverting pots over the crowns, and cover-
ing over them dung or leaves. If dung
is employed it should be well worked,
as for other forcing purposes; but the
best materials for covering the crowns
and pots are leaves, which we yearly
collect in a corner for the purpose; no
turning over is requisite. A dry, calm
day should always be chosen for covering
up; and the whole of the work should
be done at the same time, first placing
the pots all ready to suit each crown ;
then with the lime-bag give each crown
a good dusting over with quick-lime,
which will destroy all worms and slugs;
put on the pots immediately, and the
warm leaves over them. The pots should
be covered with the driest parts first.
When leaves are used, these should be
covered over witli some long, littery
material, to prevent their being blown
about by winds. The whole covering
should be from a foot to a foot and a
half thick every way round the pots, and
p\it together snug and tight. We always
make our first covering (to be ready to
cut kale by Christmas day) during the
first fortnight in November. Of course the
weather has something to do with the
covering required. The heat had better
be too low than too high ; the best
temperatures are from 50° to 60°, and
should never exceed 65°. We at all
times use a few coal-ashes, just enough
to cover the crowns. When we cut the
kale, this prevents the slugs, &c.. eati-1^
into the crowns. This remains mu.i
cutting ceases, and the materials ana
pots are cleared away ; then the whole is
carefully forked over, and the ashes
spread about with the hand, and all is
made tidy for the summer growth. Sec
SEA-KALE.
CRANBERRY. Oxyco'ccus palu'stris.
CRANE'S-BILL. Gera'nium.
CRA'SSULA. (From the diminutive of
crassus, thick, or succulent ; in reference
to their leaves, &c. Nat orcl., Homeletks.
[Crassulacecs]. Linn., b-Pentandria 1-
Monogynia.}
Greenhouse plants from the Cape of Good
Hope, except where otherwise mentioned.
ANNUALS.
C. d:/fn'sa (diffuse). £. Pink. June. 1774.
— Ky;i;i'nsa (expanded). £. White. June. 1/74.
— gla'&ra (uawth-chater). £. White. August.
1774.
— glomcra'ta (round-TieaJerf). ^. White. Sep-
tember. 1/74.
— Magno'Ui (Magnol's). £. White. June.
South Europe. 1800.
— moscha'ta (musky). £. White. September.
N. S. Wales. 1794.
— pulchfflla (pretty). £ Red. May. 1310.
— retrofit1 xa, (bent-back). \, Yellow. June.
1788.
— ru'bens (red). £. Pink. May. Italy. 1751).
— sulmla'ta (awl-shaped). £. June. 1SOO.
— verticilla'ris (whorl-flowered). $. Pink. July.
South Europe. 17^8.
BIENNIALS.
C. aloi'des (aloe-like). White. July. 1774.
— capitella'ta (small-headed). White. July.
1774.
— centawni'des (centaury-like). £. Pink, May.
1774.
— corymbulo'sa (sub-corymbed). 1. White. No-
vember. 181 8.
— lineola'ta (small-lined). $. Yellow. July.
17/4.
— lingucefo'lia (tongue-leaved), i White. Au-
gust. 1803.
— obova'ta (reversed-egg-feared). White. June.
1818.
— pertu'sula (dottecWeamf). 1. White. Oc-
tober. 1824.
— spa'rsa (scattered-/ea«ed). £. White. 1774.
— tomento'sa (downy). White. April. 1818.
— tu'rrita (tower-formed). White. March. 1818.
EVERGREENS AND HERBACEOUS.
C. acutifo'lia (pointed-leaved). £. White. July.
Greece. 1795.
— ulbiflo'ra (white-flowered). £. White. June.
1800.
— arbor e'sce us (tree-like). 3. Pink. May. 173fi.
CRA
[ 253 ]
CEA
€. bibractea'ta (tvo-bracted). <£. White. Au-
gust. 1*23.
ma'jor (larger). $. White. August. 1823.
— biconve'xa (double-convex). 5. White. Au-
gust. 1800.
biplanu'ta (flat-sided-teared). 1. White. Sep-
tember. 1823.
bullula'ta (small-studded). 1. Yellow. Au-
gust. 1800.
— ci/ia'ta (hair-fringed). £. Yellow. July. 1732.
me'din (middle). £. Ycliow. July. 1818.
mi'nor (smaller). £. Yellow. July. 1818.
— coccine'lla (small-scarlet). £. Scarlet July.
1823.
— columna'ris (columnar). £. White. 178Q.
— cunci'nna (neat). £. White. July. 1818.
— corda'ta (heart-leaved). £. Pink. July. 17/4.
— cotyle'donis (cotyledon-leafed). 1. White.
1800. Herbaceous.
— deje'cta (thrown-down). 1. White. July.
1820.
— ericoi'des (heath-like). £. White. Septem-
ber. 1820.
— filicau'lis (thread-stemmed). £. White. Au-
gust. 1820.
— fruticulo'sa (under-shrubby). White.
— imbricu'ta (imbricated). 1. White. June.
1/60.
— la'ctea. (milky). 3. White. September. 177-1.
— margina'lis (marginal). 2. Pale yellow. July.
1774.
— obli'qua (unequal- leaved}. 4. Red. April.
1759.
— nbtu'su (blunt-teamZ). ?. 1812.
— orbicula'ris (round-leaved). $. Pink. August.
1/31. Herbaceous.
— perfilu'ta (threaded). 1. Pink. September.
1785.
— pellu'cida (transparent). 1. Pink. August.
1/32.
— puncta'ta (dotted). 1. White. June. 1750.
— ramo'sa (branchy). 2. Pink. July. 1/74.
— ramuliflo'ra (bra'nchlet-flowered). 1. White.
June. 1822.
— revo'lvens (revolving). 1. White. August.
1S20.
— rnsulu'ris (small-rosy). £. White. July. 18:5.
Herbaceous.
— rotundifo'tta (round-leaved). 1. White. Au-
gust. 1820.
— sca'bra (rough -leaved]. £. Pale yellow. June.
1/30.
— scabre'lla (rouzhish). £, White. 1810.
— spathula'ta (spathulated). £. White. August.
177-4.
— squamulo'sa (scaly). £. White. July. )S17-
-~ telephioi'des tteiephium-like). 1. White. July.
1318.
— telragr/na (four-ancled). 2. White. August.
1711.
Culture. — Of the annual and biennial
species the seeds should be sown in pots,
in. spring, and, v>-hen the seedlings will
hear handling, separated and planted
singly in other pots. The same soil suits
them as the perennial succulent species,
which are those most in request. The
culture of these is as follows, whether
for bedding-out or growing constantly
under glass : — Make short cuttings, about
the end of August or in September, of
the tops of the young shoots which
have not flowered, and, after the cut-
tings are rooted, place singly in small
pots, and grow till the end of October,
when the pots are filled with roots. From
this time to the end of February keep
in a cool greenhouse, on a shelf close to
the glass, and give two or three water-
ings during the winter. As soon as the
plants begin to move in the spring, stop
them at about three or four inches from
the pot, and a few of the top leaves tako
off, to facilitate the growth of new shoots.
As soon as these are well formed, thin
them, so as to leave but from three to
six shoots on each plant, according to its
strength ; and, as soon as the shoots are
two inches long, shift into pots a size or
two larger, in a mixture of yellow loam
and pounded brick j, well drained.
After the spring potting, indulge with
a little more than greenhouse-heat, by
placing them for two or three weeks in a
peach-house, or vinery, or a close pit, to
have them in full vigour by the middle
of May ; because, the earlier in the sum-
mer they complete their annual growth,
the more time and sun they have to
fi:iish their ripening process. About
midsummer, or before the beginning of
July, their growth is finished, and then
turn out of doors, and plunge in sand
close to the front wall of a hothouse,
where the heat, in the dog days, will often
range from 80° to 100°, and where little
rain can get at them, the spouting which
receives the water from the roof passing
over their heads. The sand in which
they are plunged gets very hot also ; and,
by watering it occasionally between the
pots, the roots are kept sufficiently moist
without any water being given on the soil
in the pots. This treatment is more uni-
form and more natural to them than any
mode of pit or greenhouse culture.
On the first indication of frost remove
into shallow, cold pits, where the lights
can be drawn off them every mild day till
the end of November ; then move them
to a dry shelf in the greenhouse ; but
they could be wintered in a dry pit from
which the frost could be kept.
During the following spring keep as
cool as possible, being among the first
set of greenhouse plants to be removed
into cold pits when plants begin to grow
in the spring, and about the last plants
to be bedded out at the end of May ; and
they make the most brilliant bed for the
whole season, flowering for six weeks to
CRA
[ 254 ]
CRA
two months, according to the situation of
the beds. We prefer the tall, dark scar-
let, or old C. cocci' nea, for beds ; but there
are three or four distinct sorts that do
equally well in pots.
It often happens that plants with only
two shoots will produce but one head of
bloom, and then the second shoot will be
sure to follow the year after, and thus a
plant may be made to flower every year.
If this plant with two shoots offers to
flower on both instead of one, and you
wish the plant to flower every year, you
must forego the pleasure of having both
shoots to flower the first season. In
that case, as soon as you can perceive
the flower-buds in the spring, you must
cut down one of the two shoots, and let
the other one flower. The lower down
the shoot is cut the better. If there is
only an inch or two of it left, it is sure
to produce three times the number of
young shoots that will be necessary to
retain. If you select three of the best
placed, these will be enough for a plant
so young ; therefore, instead of two flower-
lieads, we have only one of them, and
three others coming up to flower next
season. As soon as the single truss of
flowers begins to fade, about the middle
of August, this flowering shoot must be
cut down close likewise, and from it suc-
cession-shoots will be obtained, so that,
in a large, old specimen, there are many
flowering shoots and succession ones
growing on at the ' same time ; and, as
soon as the plants are done flowering,
the shoots which have borne the flowers
are cut back to different lengths, accord-
ing to the size or shape the plant is in-
tended to be grown.
Every morsel of the old shoots cut off
in August will make cuttings; but the
best cuttings are obtained from the top
ends of young, vigorous shoots; they
will root either in heat or cold, at any
time. Abundance of air, strong sunlight,
and plenty of water during their two
months of active growth ; but little during
the rest of the summer and autumn, and
scarcely any in winter, are the leading
principles in their culture.
CRAT^'GUS. The Hawthorn. (From
JtratoSi strength; in reference to the
strength and hardness of the wood. Nat.
ord., Appleworls [Pomacese], Linn., 12-
Icosandria %-Di-pentagynia.)
The family of thorns furnishes a greater num-
ber of handsome small trees for ornamental
grounds than any other woody family whatever.
They are all white-blossomed, except where wa
have mentioned otherwise; but they vary in
another beauty— the colour of their fruit ; and
this, as far as we know, we have particularized.
Young plarrts are obtained from seed sown in
spring ; and any particular varieties can be budded
or grafted upon one of the most useful — tiie com-
mon whitethorn. Common garden-soil.
C. alpi'nn (alpine). 20. May. Italy.
— apiifo'lia (parsley-leaved). 15. May. N. Amer.
1812.
mi'nor (smaller). May.
— Aro'nia (Aronia). 15. May. South Europe.
1810. Berries yellow.
grandiflo'ra (large-flowered). 15. May.
18-16.
— Azaro'lus (Azarole). 15. May. South Europe.
1640. Berries red.
— Carpa'tica (Carpathian). 20. May. Carpathian
Mountains.
— cocci'nea (scarlet-framed). 20. May. N.Amer,
1683.
— cor alii' na (coralline). 15. May. France.
glandulo'sa (glandulpse). 20. May. N.
Amer. 1759- Berries red.
— — — indenta'ta (indented-leaved). 12. May.
N. Amer.
mawa'ntha (long-spined). 20. May.
N.Amer. 1819. Berries yellowish-red.
ma'xitna (largest). 20. May. N. Amer.
mi'nor (smaller-fruited'). 20. May. N.
Amer.
Nevpolitana (Neapolitan). May. Naples.
subvilto'sa (slightly-hairy). 1832.
succule'nta (succulent-/rwz7ed;. Germany.
— corda'ta (heart-leaved). 20. May. N. Amer.
i/3S. Berries bright red.
— cremil't'ta (scollop-edged). 10. May. Nepaul.
1853.
— cru's-gv'lli (cockspur). 20. May. N. Amer.
) 6C.1 . Berries dark red.
linea'ris (na.no\v-leaved). 20. May. N.
Amer.
na'nn (dwarf). 4. May. N.Amer.
pyraeanthifu'lia (oyracantha-leavcd). 20.
May. N. Amer.
sulicifo'lia (willow-leaved). 20. May.
N. Amer.
sple'ndens (shining). 20. May. N.Amer.
— Dougla'sii (Douglas's). 15. May. N.Amer.
1830. Berries purple.
— elli'ptica (cv&l- leaned). 20. May. N.Amer.
1765.
— fi'ssa (cleft-leaved). 15. May. 1310.
—flabella'ta (fun-leaved). 15. May. South
Europe.
— fia'va (yellow-pear-berried). 20. May. N.
Amer. 1724.
lobu'ta (lobed). 15. June.
— Florenti'na (Florentine). 15. May. 1800.
— flo'rida (florid). 20. May. N. Amer.
— gla'bra (smooth). 15. May. N.Amer. 1818.
— heterophy'lla (various-leaved). 20. May. N.
Amer. 1816. Berries red.
— latifo'lia (broad-leaved). 20. May. N. Amer.
1820.
— La'yi (Mr. Tradescant Lay's). 10. North
China. 1844.
— lu'cida (shining-leaved). 20. May. N. Amer*
— Marocca'na( Morocco). 15. May. Barbary.
1822.
— melanoca'rpa (black-berried). 15. May. Tauria.
1820.
— Mexica'na (Mexican). 15. May. Mexico. 1823.
— mono'gyna (one-styled). 15. May. Siberia.
CEA
[255 ]
CRE
C. ni'gra (black-/r«tfed). 20. May. Hungary.
1819.
— ordorati'ssma (sweetest-scented). 15. May,
Crimea. Berries bright red.
— orienta'lis (eastern). 15. May. South Europe.
1810. Berries dark red.
— — — sangui'nea (blood-coloured). 15. May.
Crimea. 1810.
— ovalifo'lia (oval-leaved). 20. May. N. Amer.
1810.
— oxyca'ntha (sharp-spined. Common haw-
thorn). 15. May. Britain.
ape'tala (petalless). 15. May.
auranti'aca (orange - coloured - fruited) .
May.
au'rea (golden- berried). 15. May.
— — — capita' '(a (capitate-cowering'). 15. May.
Celsia'na (Cels's). 15. May.
erioca'rpa (woolly-fruited). 15. White.
May. Britain.
flexuo'sa (zigzag-branched). 15. White.
May.
fo'liis arge'ntis(w'hite-variegated'lea.v$&).
15. White. May.
fo'liis-au'reis (yellow-variegated). 15.
White. May.
— laclniu'ta (cat-leaved). 12. White.
May. Sicily. 1816.
leucoca'rpa (white-fruited). 15. White.
May. Britain.
ma'jor (greater-/rwi£«Z). 15. White.
May.
— multiplex (double-flowered). 15. White.
May.
obtusa'ta (blwat-lobed). 15. White.
May. France. 1822.
Olweria'na (Oliver's). 20. White. May.
Asia Minor. 1820. Berries black.
ple'na (double-flowered). 15. White.
May.
prce'cox (early). 15. White. May.
pterifo'lia (brake-leaved). 15. White.
May.
— puni'cea (scarlet-flowered). 15. Scarlet.
May.
— ——puni'ceoflo're-ple'no (scarlet-double-flow-
ered). 15. Dark red. May.
qucrcifn'lia (oak-leaved). White. June.
Hamburgh. 1834.
regi'nee (Queen Mary's thorn). 30. White.
May. Scotland.
ro'sea supe'rba (superb rosy-flowered). 15.
Crimson. May.
Sibi'rica (Siberian). 15. White. May.
Siberia.
Transyl'ja'nica (Transylvanian). 15.
White. May. Transylvania.
— oz3/acanMoi'des(oxyacantha-like). 15. White.
May. France. 1822.
— parvifo'lia (small-leaved). 15. May. N. Amer.
1704.
Flo'rida (Florida). 6. White. May. N.
Amer.
— • grottulariatfo'lia (gooseberry-leaved). 6.
White. May.
— penta'gyna (five-styled). 15. White. May.
Hungary. 1820.
- Poiretiafna (Poiret's). 20. White. May. Hun-
gary. 1810.
— Priestia'na (Priest's). White. May. 1810.
— prunellifo'lia (prunella-leaved). 20. White.
May.
— pntnifo'ha (plum-leaved). 20. White. May.
N. Amer. 1818. Berries dark red.
— punctu'ta (dotted-f rutted). 15. White. N.
Amer. 1746. Berrie«red.
C.puncta'ta au'rea (golden -frui ted). 30. White,
May. N. Amer. 1724.
— brevispi'na (short-spined). White. May. N.
Amer.
— ni'gra (black-/r«*e<f). White. May. N.
Amer.
ni'gra stri'cta (black -fruited -upright).
White. May. N. Amer.
ru'bra (red-fruited). 20. White. May.
N. Amer.
— ru'bra stri'cta (upright-red). 20. White.
May. N. Amer.
— purpu'rea (purple-fruited). 15. White. May.
1822.
Alta'ica (Altaic). 15. White. May. Altaic
Mountains.
— pyraca'ntha (evergreen-thorn). 10. White.
May. South Europe. 162Q.
crenula'ta. (small-scolloped). 10. White.
May. Nepaul. 1820.
fru'ctu-a'lbo (white-fruited). 10. White.
May. 1841.
— pyrifo'lia (pear-leaved). 15. White. June. N.
Amer. 1763. Berries yellowish-red.
— sangui'nea (crimson-fruited). 15. May. Si-
beria. 1810.
— spathula'ta (spatula-teawed). 15. May. N,
Amer. 1805.
— spinosi'ssima (spiniest). 15. May. Europe.
— stipula'ris (stipulate). Pink. May. Quito. 1813.
— tanacetifo'lia (tansy- leaved). 15. May.
Greece. 1789. Berries yellow.
glu'bra (smooth). 15. May. Germany.
1816.
Tau'rica (Taurian). 15. May. Taurica.
1800.
— Virgi'nica (Virginian). 5. May. Virginia.
1812. Berries green.
— vi'ridis (green-fruited). 15. May. Carolina.
1810.
CEAT^E'VA. Garlic Pear. (Named
after Cratcevus, a Greek botanist. Nat.
ord., Capparids [Capparidacese]. Linn.,
\\-Dodecandria I-Honogynia. Allied to
the Common Caper.)
The bark of the roots of the Garlic Pear (C.
gyna'ndra) blisters like Cantharides. Stove ever-
green trees ; rich, loamy soil ; increased by cut-
tings in sand, under glass, in bottom-heat.
C. gyna'ndra (gynandrous). 12. White. Jamaica.
1789-
— Roxbu'rghii (Roxburgh's). 15. White. E. Ind.
1822.
— ta'pia (tapia). 30. White. E. Ind. 1752.
— tapioi'des(ta.pi&-like). 20. White. S. Amer.
1820.
CEAWFO 'EDLA . ( In honour of Sir John
Crawford, governor of Singapore. Nat.,
ord., Genlianworts [Gentianacese]. Linn.,
5-Pentandria 2-Digynia.)
There is little doubt that this herbaceous twiner
io as hardy as the Gentians, to which it is allied,
and like them may be cultivated.
C.fascicula'ta (fascicle-flowered). 4. Blue. Au-
gust. Himalaya. 1855.
CEEEPEES or TEAILEES are plants
which, by having numerous stems and
branches resting upon and spreading
over the soil's surface, are useful for
concealing what would be unpleasing
CUE
[ 258 ]
OKI
to the eye. They are also handsome ]
objects in pots suspended from the roof
of an appropriate structure, and some,
as Gaiiit/ie'ria procu'mbcns, are orna-
mental round the margin of ponds or
other water.
CRESCE'NTIA. The Calabash - tree.
(Named after Crescenti, an old author.
Nat. ord., Cresceiitiads [Crescentiacete].
Linn., 4^Tetrandria 1-Monoyynia.}
The flowers of the Calabash-tree (C. Cuje'te)
are intermediate between Gesnerworts and Big-
noniads, and in all the species are produced from
.the old stems or branches. Stove evergreen trees ;
a mixture of loam and peat ; cuttings of ripened
shoots root readily in sand, under glass, in heat.
C. acumina'ta (pointed- leaved). 20. Green,
white. Cuba. 1822.
— cucurbiti'na (gourd-fruited). 10. White. W.
Ind. 1733.
— Cuje'te (Cujete). 20. White. Jamaica. 16QO.
— macrophy'lla (large-leaved). Yellow.
CEESS. Lepi'dium sati'vnm.
• Varieties. — There are three varieties :
Plain-leaved, which is the one commonly
cultivated for salads; Curly -leaved,
equally good, and employed, likewise, for
garnishing; Broad leaved, seldom culti- j
vated. See MUSTARD.
CEESS BOCKET. Ve'lla.
CEI'NUM. (From krinon, the Greek
name for lily. Nat. ord.., Amaryllids
[Amaryllidacese]. Linn., Q-Hexandria
I-Monogynia.}
Nearly fifty species of Crinum, with numerous
varieties, and many cro.ss-bred seedlings, have"
been described by Dr. Herbert. Many of them
are the most beautiful of this order. C. longi-
fio'rum is perfectly hardy in England if planted
six or eight inches deep. It will prow in water,
but better on the margins of lakes, ponds, or
rivulets. The whole family delight in strong, rich
loam, and an abundance of water when they are
growing. Bulbous plants of great beauty; rich
loam, peat, and sand ; readily increased by offsets,
and many by seeds..
HAKDY.
C. Cape'nse (Common Cape). 2. Pink. July.
Cape of Good Hope. 1752.
— Herbe'rti (Herbert's). 2. Pink. September.
Cape of Good Hope. 1774.
GREENHOUSE.
C, angustifo'lium (narrow-leaved). 2. White.
June. N. Holland. 1824.
— austra'le (southern). White. April. Australia.
1791.
— crassifo'lium (thick-leaved). 2. Pink. Sep-
tember. Cape of Good Hope. 1774.
—fla'ccidum (flabby). 2. July. N. Holland.
1816.
— longiflo'rum (long-flowered). 2. Purple. July.
Cape of Good Hope. 1816.
— longifo'lium (long-leaved). 3. White. Bengal.
1810.
— lorifo'lium (strap-leaved). 5. White. July.
Pegu. 18! 9.
— jiiacroca'rpum (large-traited). 14. July. Pegu.
1820.
C. Mauritia'num (Mauritian). 4. Pink. March-
Mauritius. 1812.
— Molucca'num (Molucca). 2. Pink. July. Mo-
luccas. 1S19.
— multiflo'rum (many-flowered). 2. White. 1822.
— peduncula'tum (/«n#-flower-stalked). 3. White.
July. N. S. Wales. 1/90.
— plica' tarn (plaited). 2. White. July. China.
1818.
— ripa'rium (river-bnnk). 2. Pink. July. Cape
of Good Hope. 1816.
STOVE.
C. Algoe'nse (Algoa Bay). Red, white. August.
Cape oT Good Hope. 1826.
— ama'bile (lovely). 5. Purple. July. E. Ind.
1810.
— America'num (American). 2. White. July. S.
Amer. 1752.
— amcs'num (pleasing). 2. White. E. Ind. 1810.
la'vp. (smooth-edged). 2. White. E. Ind.
1819-
angustifo'lium (tall- narrow-leaved). 2.
White. E. Ind. 1819.
— angu'tttwn (narrow). 1. Pink. July. Mauritius.
1818.
— ano'malum (anomalous). 1. White. July.
China. 1822.
— aqua'ticum (water). 4. Pink. August. Cape
of Good Hope. 1820.
— arena'rium (sand). 2. White. May. N. Hol-
land. 1822.
bla'nduDi (mild-looking). 2. Blue. May.
N. Holland. 1821.
— Asia'ticum (Asiatic. Poison-bulb). 3. White.
July. China. 1/32.
— Australasicum (Australian). White. June.
Australia. 1838.
— brachya'ndrum (short-stamened). 5. White.
July. N. Holland. 1819-
— brachyne'ma (short-stamened). White. E.
Ind. 1840.
— bractea' turn (bracted). 2. White. July. Mau-
ritius. 1810.
— angustifo'lium (narrow-leaved). 2. White.
July. Mauritius. 1810.
— brevili'mbum (short-fringed). 2. July. Pa-
cific Islands. 1820.
— Broussone'ti (Broussonel's), £. Red, white.
July. Guinea. 1740.
— Catfrum (Caffre). Red, white. September.
Cape of Good Hope. 1325.
— canalicula'tum (channelled-teamZ). 4. White.
July. E. Ind. 1810.
— cunalifo' Hum (channelled-leaved). 2. July. E.
Ind. 1820.'
— Careya'num (Carey's). 2. White. July. Mau-
ritius. 1821.
— Commeli'ni (Commelin's). 2. White. July.
S.Amer. 1708.
— confe'rtum (crowded). 2. White. June. N.
Holland. 1822.
— crue'ntum (\AooAy-Jlowered). 4. Red. July.
E. Ind. 1810.
— dedina'tum (curved-down). 2. White. May.
Silhet. 1818.
— defi'xum (defixed). 2. White. August. E.
Ind. 1810.
— di'stichum (two-rowed). 2. White, purple.
June. Guinea. 1774.
— e'legans (elegant). 4. White. September ,
E. Ind. 1823.
— ensifo'lium (sword-leaved). 3. White. Pegu>
1819-
— erube'scens (blushing). 2, Pale white. July.
W. Ind. 1789.
CRI
[ 257
OHO
•C. erube'scens Berbicc'fise (BerToice). 2, White.
July. Berbice. 181 9.
— Coranty'num (Corantyne). Pale red.
June. S. Amer. 1820.
— gla'brum a'lbum (smooth- white). White.
June. S. Amer. 1820.
— gla'brum ru'brum (smooth-red). Red,
white, June. Maranham. 1824.
ma'jus (larger). 3. Red, white. July.
S. Amer. 1789.
- — mi'nus (smaller). l£ Red, white. July.
S. Amer. 1789.
octoflo'rum (eight- flowered). White.
June. Spanish Main. 1820.
»— rttbrili1 rnium (red-fringed). Red. June.
S. Amer.
• viridifoflium (green-leaved). 3. White.
July. Demerara. 1819.
~ erythrophy'llum (red-leaved). 2. Red, white.
July. E. Ind. 1825.
— exalta'tum (lofty). 3. E. Ind. 1820.
— Forbe'si (Forbes's). Red. White. July.
Delagoa Bay. 1824.
—formo'sum (beautiful). 2. July. Brazil. 1820.
— gigu'nteum (giant). 3. White. July. Guinea.
1792.
— hu'mile (low). 1. White. October. 1822.
— imi'gne (noble). 3. Pink. November. E. Ind.
181Q.
— La'ncei (Lance's). Red, white. July. Suri-
nam. 1825.
— latifo'lium (broad-leaved). 3. Pink. July.
E. Ind. 1806.
— Lindleya'num (Lindley's). White, purple.
June. Marauham. 1824.
— Loddigesia'num (Loddige's). White, purple.
August. Mexico.
— Paxto'ni (Paxton's). Red, white. June. E. Ind.
— pediolu'tum (pediolate). White. Purple. July.
S. Africa. 1792.
specta'bile (showy). White. July. Sierra
Leone.
— prate'nse (meadow). White. June. E. Ind.
1810.
— pro'cerum (tall). 3. White. July. Pegu. 1820.
— purpura'scens (purplish). Purple. June.
Fernando Po. 1826.
— revolu'tum (rolled- back). l£. White. June.
Maranham. 1823.
— ri'gidum (stiff). White. June. E. Ind. 1810.
— sca'brum (rough). 4. Pink. May. Azores.
1810.
— Si'nicum (Chinese). 1. White. China. 181Q.
— specio'sum (showy). 2. Pink. July. E. Ind.
1819.
— stri'ctum (straight). l£. White. September.
1824.
— subme'rsum (submerged). l£. Pink. July.
Rio Janeiro. 1820.
— Sumatra'num (Sumatra). 3. White. July.
Sumatra. 1810.
— undula'tum (waved- leaved). l£. White.
November. Maranham. 1824.
— venu'stum (graceful). 1. White, red. July.
E. Ind. 1821.
— verecu'ndum (ruddy). 2. Pale red. July.
E. Ind. 1820.
— yuccaoi'des (yucca-like). 2. ReJ, white.
June. Guinea. 1740.
— Zeyla'nicum (Ceylon). 3. Purple. Job.
Ceylon. 1771.
- longisty'lum (Ions-styled). Pale red; Jaly.
E. Ind. 1806.
CRISTA'RIA. (From crietz, a crest; tiio
form of the seed-vessel. Wat ord,,
Mallowworte [MalvacefiB]. Linn., 1C-
Monadelphia 8-Polyandria. Allied to
Sida.)
A very neat little hardy herbaceous perennid.
Peat ; cuttings during,the summer months.
C.cocci'nea (scarlet). £. Scarlet. August.
Missouri. 1811.
CRI'THMUM. Samphire. (From krithe,
barley; resemblance of the seeds to
barley. Nat. ord., Umbellifers [Apiacese].
Linn., 5-Pentandria 2-Diqynia. Allied to
Seseli.)
Samphire (C. mari'timum) i* excellent ia
pickles.
C. latifo'lium (broad-leaved). l£. Yellow. July.
Canaries. 1/80. Greenhouse evergreen.
— mari'timum(sea). 1. White., August. Britain.
Hardy herbaceous.
Culture. — Cri'tfimummari'timum, though
a native of the sea-shore, may be culti-
vated successfully in the garden.
Soil.— It requires a sandy, rich soil
and the north side of a wall.
Propagation. — The roots may be
planted, or the seed sown, in April ; the
only cultivation required being to keep
the plants free from weeds, and to water
it about twice a week with water contain-
ing half an ounce of guano, and one
ounce of salt per gallon.
CROCKING is putting a piece of pot-
sherd over the hole at the bottom of a
flower -pot, previously to adding the
drainage, &c.
CEO'CUS. (A name adapted from Theo-
phrastus,. Nat. ord., Irids [IriclacesB],
Linn., 3-Triandria L-Monogynia.)
Hardy bulbs. The saffron of the shops is the
dried stigmas of C sati'vus. The Sicilian saffron
is from those of C. odo'rus.
C.albiflo'rus (white-flowered). J. White. Fe*
bruary. Austria.
— annula'tus (ringed). |. White. March.
South-East Europe. 1629.
Ada'micus (Adam's). £. Purple. March.
Caucasus.
a'lbus (\\hite-Jlowered'). White. March.
Opschina.
biflo'rus (two-flowered). £. White. March.
Crimea. 1629.
biflo'rus stigmato'sus (long - styled). |.
White. March.
ccerule'scens (bluish). Bluish. February.
Naples.
estria'tus (unstreaked«««pc/s). Lilac. Fe-
bruary. Florence.
Qrce'cus (Grecian). February. Greece.
nubi'gena (cloudy). White. March. Mount
Gargarius. 1845.
purpwa'scens (purplish-/toweral). Pur«
pie. March. Dalmatia.
— puai'llus arge'nteus (Hilary). £• White.
February. Pisa.
puffi'Llus lin'M'tus (liusd). rebruary._
Parma.
CEO
[258]
CRO
C. aiMtaaftua pusi'llus Tenoria'niu (Tenore't).
i. White. February. Naples.
— — — Tau'ncus (Taurian). February. Odessa.
— argefnteus (silvery). White, brown. February.
— .4s*M'rie«*(A8turian). *. Purple. October.
Asturia. 1842.
— au'reus (golden). £. Yellow. February. Greece.
— biflo'rus (two-flowered). *. White. February.
Crimea. 1629.
— Boryalnus(Bory'a'). White. September. Morea.
— Byzantfnus (Byzantine). September. Hun-
gary.
— Cambesedia'nus (Cambesedes'). White. Ma-
jorca.
— cancella'tus (cross-barred). Mount Taurus.
Kotschia'nus (Kotschy's). Violet. Mount
Taurus.
margarita'ceus (pearly). Purple. Mount
Taurus.
Mazzia?ricu»(Msazi&Ti'a'). White, yellow.
Caria-
— Cartwrightia'nus (Cartwright's). J. White,
purple. September. Candia.
Cre'ticus (Cretan). Pale yellow. October.
Candia.
leuca'dius (whitish). White.
— Cauca'sicus (Caucasian). White, blue. Fe-
bruary. Caucasus.
— chrysa'nthus (golden-flowered). $. Golden.
February. Rhodope.
— Clusia'nus (Clusius's). September. Portugal.
1835.
— Damascefnus (Damascus). September. Da-
mascus. 1844.
— Keischeria'nus (Keischer's). White. Smyrna.
— Garga'ricus (Gargarian). £. Golden yellow.
March. Mount Gargarius.
— Hadria'ticus (Hadriatic). October.
Chrysobelo'nicus (Chrysobelonian). Oc-
tober. Chrysobeloni.
Sounder sia'nus (Saunders's). September.
— Imperato'nius (Imperato's). J. Lilac. Fe-
bruary. Naples. 1830.
— insula'ris (island). September. Corsica.
geminiflo'rus (twin-flowered). September.
— ——mayor (larger). September..
me'dius (medium). September.
mifnimus (least). Violet. September.
— la'cteus (cream-coloured-cowered). ^. Pale
yellow. March.
— lageneeflo'rus (bottle-flowered). $. Bed, yellow.
February. Greece.
au'reus (golden). £. Golden yellow.
March. Greece.
au'reus a'lbus (white-flowered). $. White.
March;
au'reus la'cteus (cream-coloured). $.
Cream. March. Greece. 1629.
— au'reus la'cteus pencilla'tus (milky-pen-
cilled). $. Pale cream. March.
au'reus lutefscem (yellowish). £. Pale
yellow. March.
au'reus pa'llidus (pale-cowered). J. Pale
sulphur. March.
au'reus sulphura'scens (pale sulphur) . 4 .
March.
— — — au'reus sulphu'reus (sulphur-coloured). £.
Pale yellow. March. South Europe. 1629.
— — . aufreus trilinea'tus (three-lined). £. Yel-
low, blue. March.
ca'ndidus (white). White. March. Mount
Gargarius.
-r——fla'mv (yellow). $. Pale yellow. February.
Greece.
Hae'micut (Heemus). March. Mount
Humus.
C. lagenaflo'rtis Landeria'nus (Lander's). Yel-
low. March.
Syriafcus (Syrian). $. Yellow. March.
Syria.
— Oliv ieria'nus( Olivier 's). Yellow. March. Chios.
stella'ris (starry). J. Yellow. March.
gtria'tus (streaked). £. Yellow. March.
South Europe. 1629.
— longiflo'rus (long- flowered). February. Italy.
1843.
— lu'teus (common-yellow). *. Yellow. Fe-
bruary. Turkey. 1629.
— Jtf«si'acM«(Maesian). $. Yellow. February.
Greece. 1629.
— me'dius (intermediate). September. Liguria.
— mi'nimus (smallest). 4. Purple. February.
1629.
— niva'lis (snowy). February. Morea.
— nudiflo'rus (naked-flowered). $. Violet. Sep-
tember. England.
— odo'rus (scented). $. September. Naples.
1830.
longiflo'rus (long-flowered). $. October.
Melite'nsis (Maltese). §. October. Malta.
— Palla'sii ( Pallas's. Autumnal). J. Lilac. Sep-
tember. Crimea. 1821.
— pulche'llus (neat). Light blue. February.
1843.
— pusi'llus (dwarf). £. White, blue. February.
Naples. 1824.
— Pyrence'us (Pyrenean). $. Purple. September.
England.
— reticula'tus (netted). $. Blue. February.
Crimea.
a'lbicans (cloth of silver). J. Whitish.
March. Odessa.
— —— Ansyre'nsis (Angora). £. Yellow. March.
Angora.
aurite'xtus (cloth of gold). $. Gold.
March.
aurite'xtus immacula'tus (spotless). }.
Yellow. March.
— aurite'xtus refle'xus (bent-back). £. Yel-
low-striped. March. Crimea. 1605.
Dalma'ticus (Dalmatian). 4. April.
variega'tus (variegated). ^. April.
— Salzmannia'nus(Sa.lzma.nn's'). Africa. 1806.
— sati'vus (cultivated. Saffron). $. Violet. Sep-
tember. England.
— sero'tinus (late. Autumnal). £. Violet. Octo-
ber. South Europe. 1629.
— Sibthorpia'nus (Sibthorp's).
— — — pulchrVcolor (fair • coloured). May.
Olympia.
Stau'ricus (Stauric). White. June.
Trebizond.
— specio'sus (showy). Purple. September.
Hungary.
— " Cauca'sicus (Caucasian). Purple. Sep-
tember. Caucasus.
— — — la'xior (looser). Purple. September.
Caucasus.
— — - Transylva'nicus (Transylvania). Purple.
September. Transylvania.
— stria' tus (channelled). 4. White. February.
1820.
— sulphu'reus (sulphur-co/owred). £. Yellow.
February. South Europe. 1629.
fla'vus (pale yellow). |. Pale yellow.
February. South Europe. 1629.
•— Sttsia'nus (Susian). 4. Yellow. February.
Turkey. 1605.
— Suteria'nus (Suter's). }. Brightyellow. March,
Angora.
— Thoma'sii (Thomas's), £, Blue. Septembttr
Naples. 1830.
[259]
CBO
C.
pri'nceps (chief. Fringed-leaved).
— Tournefortia'nus (Tournetort's). October.
Greek Archipelago.
— valle'wla (valley). White. October. Tre-
bizond Alps.
— variegaftus (variegated). $. Variegated. Fe-
bruary. Levant. 1829.
— ve'rnus (spring). $. Purple. February. Eng
land.
albifto'ru3 (white-flowered). $. White.
February. Carinthia.
apri'lis (April). $. Violet. April.
f.la'tior (taller). |. February. Alps.
leucorhy'nchus (white-beaked). £. White,
blue, February.
Neapolita'nus (Neapolitan). J. Purple,
blue. February. Naples.
obova'tus (reversed-egg-shaped). £. Pur-
ple. February. South Europe.
parviflo'rus (small-flowered). $. White.
February. Splugen.
pi'ctus (painted). $. Pale white. February.
— nersi'color ( party-coloured). £. Purple. Febru-
ary. South Europe. 1629.
CEOCUS CULTURE. — Propagation: by
Seed. — Sow the seed in October, in a
prepared bed of light, rich earth, in an
open situation, covering it a quarter of
an inch. The seedlings will come up in
the spring, and should be kept well
weeded. When the leaves decay, clear
them away, and spread a thin coat of
fresh, light earth over the roots. Allow
them to remain another season, and then,
when the leaves decay, take up the bulbs
carefully, sifting the soil so as to find
even the smallest. In August prepare a
bed of fresh, rich earth, turning it over
two or three times to mellow and pul-
verise. About the middle of September,
on a dry day, level the bed, and draw
drills across it four inches apart; then
plant the young bulbs in the drills three
inches asunder, pressing them down
gently into the soil ; and, when all are
planted, level the ridges of the drills
with a rake carefully down. In this bed
they should remain two years. The
second year most of them will flower ;
and, when in bloom, the colours should
be marked, to enable you to separate
them into their colours when they are
taken up. Any new fine varieties should
be especially taken care off.
By Offsets.— When the leaves decay, in
the summer, take up the bulbs, keeping
them in their various sorts; separate the
large-flowering bulbs from the small off-
sets, and plant the latter in a bed by
themselves, in the same way as is de-
scribed above for seedlings". In two
years take them up, sort tbe large roots
out again, and replant the small ones.
Soil. — The crocus delights in a dry
situation, and a rich, light, sandy soil.
In such a place and soil it flowers pro-
fusely, and produces large roots ; but in
a wet, poor soil it dwindles away.
Culture. — October is the best month
for planting, though it may be prolonged
to the middle of December. Take the
roots up every second year, planting the
offsets as described above.
Insects. — Slugs are their chief enemy,
which may be destroyed by watering the
beds or clumps with lime-water.
Diseases. — The bulbs sometimes be-
come like a mass of starch or meal, and
then will not grow. There is no remedy
for bulbs actually diseased, but they
ought to be carefully picked out, and not
mixed with the general stock, for fear of
infection. It seems to be caused by an
internal fungus.
CHOPPING (MIXED) is growing two or
more crops together, one of which may
be either drawn young, so as to be out
of the other's way before it gets high
enough to be injured, or one of which
benefits the other by shading it.^ The
object of mixed cropping is to obtain the
largest amount of produce in the shortest
time from a given space. The subject
cannot be treated in detail within these
limited pages; and we must, therefore,
refer our readers to an essay on the sub-
ject in The Cottage Gardener, v. 274. See
ROTATION or CROPS.
CROSSA'NDRA. (From fcrossos, a fringe,
and aner, an anther; fringed anthers,
or pollen-bags. Nat. ord., Acanthads
[Acanthacese]. Linn., l±-Tetradynamia
S-Angiospermia. Allied to Justicia.)
A showy stove evergreen shrub ; peat and loam ;
cuttings root readily in sand, in bottom-heat, at
any season, under glass.
C.fla'va (yellow-flowered}. $. Yellow. January.
W. Africa. 1852.
— unduleefo'lia (wave-leaved). l£. Orange,
scarlet. March. E. Ind. 1800.
CEOTALA'RIA. (From krotalon, a cast*-
net, or hand- rattle ; the seeds rattle in
the pod if shaken. Nat. ord., Leyuminout
Plants [Fabacese]. Linn., 16-Monadelphia
"-Decandria. Allied to the Lupines.)
Notwithstanding the great number of Crotala-
rias, with their gay-coloured pea-flowers, they are
not much prized by gardeners, owing to the
difficulty of preserving them from the attacks or
the red spider. Seed ; perennial kinds easily from
cuttings in sand, under glass ; loam and peat.
STOVE ANNUALS, &C.
C. acumina'ta (pointed-leaned). 1. Yellow. July.
Cape of Good Hope. 1820. Half-hardy.
CRO
260 ]
CEO
C.ala'ta (winged). 1. Pale yello\f. July.
Nepaul. 1818. Biennial.
— angulu'ta (angled). 1. Yellow. June. S.
Amer. 1700.
— biala'ta (two-winged). 1. Yellow. June.
1820.
— bifa'ria (two-rowed). 3. Yellow. July.
E. Ind. 1817.
— Burma'nni (Burmtinn's). 1. Yellow. July.
E. Ind. 1800.
— calyci'na (torgr-calyxed). 1. Blue. June.
E. Ind. 1816.
— Cube'nsis (Cuba). 1. Yellow. July. Cuba. 1820.
—fu'lua (tawny). 1. Yellow. June. E. Ind. 1817-
— glau'ca (milky-green). 1. Yellow. July.
Guinea. 1824.
— hirsu'ta (hairy). 1. Yellow. July. E.Ind.
1818.
. — Langs do' rfii (Langsdorf's). 1. Yellow. June.
1820.
— mia-ophy'lla (small-leaved). $. Yellow. July.
Arabia. 1820. Trailer.
— ova'lis (oval). 1. Yellow. July. Carolina.
1810. Half-hardy.
— pu'milu (dwarf). £. Yellow. June. Cuba.
182:1. Trailer.
— purpura'scens (purplish). 1. Purple. July.
Madagascar. 1825.
-- Pu'rshii (Pursh's). 1. Yellow. June. N.
Amer. 1800. Half-hardy.
— Senegale'nsis (Senegal). 1. Yellow. June.
Senegal. 181Q.
— specta'/iilis (showy). 1^. Purple. July.
E. Ind. 1820.
— stipula'ris (Zwg'e-stipuled). 1. Yellow. July.
Cayenne. 1823.
— tria'ntha (f.hrce-flowered). 2. Yellow. June.
Mexico. 1824.
— tubero'sa (tuberous). 1. Purple. June.
Nepaul. 1821. Greenhouse.
— verruco'sa (warted). 1. Blue. June. W.
Ind. 1731.
— acuminn'ta (pointed-leaved) . 1. Blue.
July. E. Ind. 1731.
— villo'sa (soft-haired). 1. Yellow. June. Cape
of Good Hope. 1824. Half-hardy.
GREENHOUSE EVERGREENS.
C. argefntea (silvery). 1. Yellow. June. Cape
of Good Hope. 1823.
— dicho'toma (forked). 1, Yellow. July.
Mexico. 1824.
— obscu'ra (obscure). 2. Yellow. June. Cape
of Good Hope. 1820.
— Theba'icn (Theban). 2. Yellow. June.
Egypt. 1818.
STOVE EVERGREENS.
C. anagyroi'des (anagyris-like). 6. Yellow.
July. Trinidad. 1823.
— anthyllin'des (anthyllis-like). 4. Yellow.
August. E. Ind. 1789.
— Berteriu'na (Berter's). 2. Yellow. June.
W. Ind. 1818.
— bractea'ta (Jarg-e-bracted). 4. Yellow. July.
E. Ind. 1820.
— Bro'wnea (Browne's). 4. Yellow. July.
Jamaica. 1816.
— cajanifo'lia (cajan-leaved). 6. Yellow. Au-
gust. S. Amer. 1824.
— Chine'nsis (Chinese). 2. Yellow. June.
China. 1818.
— cytisoi'des (cytisus-like). 3. Yellow. July.
E. Ind. 1826.
—folio'sa (leafy). 3. Yellow. June. E. Ind.
ft 18,
C.ft-utico'sa (shrubby). 2. Yellow. June. Ja-
maica. l/l6.
— linifo'lia (flax-leaved). 1. Yellow. July.
Nepaul. 1820.
— medicagi'neu (medicago-like). 1. Yellow,
green. June. E. Ind. 1816.
— No'vce Holla'ndicB (New Holland). 2. Purple.
June. N. Holland. 1823. Herbaceous
perennial.
— paniculu'ta (panicled). 3. Yellow. June. Java.
1820.
— pelli'ta (furred). 1. Yellow. July. Jamaica.
1820.
— pe'ndulu (hanging-down). 5. Yellow. August.
Jamaica. 1820.
— procu'mbens (lying-down). 1. Yellow. June.
Mexico. 1823. Herbaceous perennial.
— Roxburghia'na (Roxburgh's). 2. Yellow. June.
E. Ind. 1820.
— stria' ta (streaked-flowered). 3. Yellow, red.
Mauritius. 1831.
— tenuifo'lia (fine-leaved). 2. Yellow. June. E.
Ind. 1816.
— tu'rgida (swollen). 3. Yellow. July. 1820.
— virga'tu (twiggy). 3. Yellow. June. E. Ind.
1816.
CRO'TON. (From kroton, a tick ; refer-
ring to the appearance of the seeds. Nat.
ord., Spurgewurts [Euphorbiacese]. Linn.,
21-Moncecia 10-Monadelphia. Allied to
Jatropha.)
The most powerful of purgatives is Croton oil,
obtained from the seeds of "(7. Ti'glium. Stove
evergreen shrubs, except C.rosmarinifo'lia; loam
and peat; cuttings root readily in sand, under
glass, in heat.
C. eleute'ria (Sea-side balsam"). 6. White, green.
July. Jamaica. 1/43.
— glabe'll't (smoothish. Laurel-leaved}. 6.
White, green. Jamaica. 1778.
— linea'ris (narrow-teamed)- 6. White, green.
July. W. Ind. 1773.
— pi'cta (painted). 4. White, green. July.' E.
Ind. 1810.
— rosmarinifo' lia (rosemary-leaved). 5. June.
N. Holland. 1S24. Greenhouse.
— Ti'glium (Tiplium). 10. White, green. E.
Ind. 1/96.
— variega'ta (variegated). 10. White, green. E.
Ind. 1804.
cri'sjta (curled). 6. White, green. July.
E. Ind. 1804.
longifo'lia (long-leaved). 2. White, green.
India. 1847.
me'dia (intermediate). 6. White, green.
July. E. Ind. 1804.
CROWBERRY. Empe'trum ni'grum.
CRO'WEA. (Named after J. Crowe, a
British botanist. Nat. ord., Rueworts [Ru-
taceae]. Linn., \Q-Decandria \-Monotjy-
nia. Allied to Boronia.)
Greenhouse evergreen shrubs, from New Hol-
land. Cuttings root readily in sand, under glass ;
loam and peat.
C. elli'ptica (ovzl-leuved). S. Pink. July. 1845.
— lafifo'li'i (broad-leaved). 3. Purple. July. 1825.
— sail' gnu. (willow- leaved). 3. Purple. Sep-
tember. 1790.
— stri'cta (upright). 2. Pink. 1845.
CROWFOOT. Eanu'nculus.
CRU
[361]
CUO
OEUCIFEES. Crossworts. Flowers are
called crucifers when composed of four
petals placed opposite each other, like
those of the cabbage and turnip. They
include all those plants arranged by
Linnseus in the 15th class of his system
Tetradynamia.
CBUCIANE'LLA. Crosswort. (From the
diminutive of crux, a cross ; referring to
the way the leaves are arranged. Nat. ord.,
Slellates [Galiacese]. Linn., k-Tetran-
drla \-Monogyn\Ht Allied to Eubia.)
The leaves of all the plants in this order are
produced in whorls along the stem. Hence the
name of the order, which has been reared on the
ruins of Rubiaceae, which is now cancelled. The
greenhouse species thrive well in loam and peat,
and readily increase by cuttings ; the hardy per-
ennial kinds by seed and division, in garden-
»oil. There are several annual species, but not
worth cultivating.
GEEEKHOUSE EVEEGEEENS.
C, America' na (American). 1. Yellow. July.
S. Amer. 1/80.
— mari'tirr.u (maritime). 1. Yellow. July. France.
1640.
HAEDY HEEBACEOUS.
C. ano'mala (anomalous). 1. Yellow. July. Cau-
casus. 1820.
— a'spera (rough). Greenish-yellow. July. Iberia.
1837.
— ohlorosta'chys (greenish-yellow-spiked). Green-
ish-yellow. July. Persia. 1837.
— Giln'nica (Ghilan). Yellow. July. Persia. 1837.
— glumeru'ta (crowded). 1. Yellow. July. Iberia.
1824.
— pube'scens (downy). 1. Purple. July. Candia.
1799.
— ttyln'sa (targe-styled'). ]. Pink. July. Persia.
~- suave' olens (sweet-smelling). 1. Yellow. July.
Russia. 1838.
CBYPTOCHI'LUS. (From kryptos, hid-
den, and cheilos, a lip ; the lip, or label-
lum, being partly hid by the sepals. Nat.
ord., Orchids [Orchidaceae]. Linn., 20-
Gynandria 1-Monandria. Allied to Acan-
thophippium.)
Stove orchid ; root 'division ; soil, rough fibry
peat and rotten wood.
C. sangui'nea (blood-coloured). 1. Scarlet. June.
Nepaul.
CEYPTOCO'EYNE. (From&?v//>£os, hidden,
and Isoryne, a club; the club-shaped
spadix, or spike, in the centre of the
llower, is hidden by the hooded spathe
peculiar to this order. Nat. ord., Arads
[Aracese]. Linn., 2l-Moncecia 2-Dian-
dria. Allied to Arum.)
Stove herbaceous perennial; divisions, and
•eeds when obtainable; loam and peat. Summer
temp., 60° to 80° ; winter, 45° to 55°, and dry.
C. eilia'ta (hair-fringed). Green, purple. May.
E. Ind. 1824.
CKYFTOGRI'MMA. A spurious name for
Sir W. Hooker's Parke'ria, a Fern
lished in 1825 in Hooker's .Exotic Flora,
page 147. See PAEKE'EIA.
CEYPTOME'EIA. Japan Cedar. (From
kryptos, hidden, and men's, part; the
structure of all the parts of the flower
being hidden, or not easily understood.
Nat. ord., Conifers [Pinacese]. Linn.,
21-Moncecia 10-Monadelphia. Allied to
Taxodium.)
A splendid evergreen tree, from 60 to 100 feet
high, from the north of China, where it grows iu
damp situations. Seeds imported ; some have
ripened in Britain ; cuttings in sandy soil, under
a hand-light ; a pure loam seems to suit it best.
C. Japo'nica (Japanese). 100. May. Japan. 1844«
na'na (dwarf). North China.
CEYTOPHEA'GMIUM. (From kryptos,
hidden, and phragma, a division or par-
tition; the flowers partly concealed by
the leafy bractes. Nat. ord., Acanthads
[Acanthacese], Linn., 2-Diandria \-Mo-
nogynia. Allied to Justicia.)
Stove evergreen shrub. Cuttings, in April, of
young shoots, in sandy loam, under glass, and in
bottom-heat ; peat and loam. Summer temp.,
60° to 80° ; winter, 50°.
C. venu'stum (beautiful). 5. September. Purple.
Bengal.
CRYPTO STE'GIA. (From kryptos, hid-
den, and steye, a covering; the cup, or
corolla, is hidden. Nat. ord., Asdepiadt
[Asclepiadacese]. Linn., 5-Penlandria 2-
Dtgynia. Allied to Periploca.)
Climbing stove evergreens. Loam and peat;
cuttings root readily in sand, under glass, in heat.
C. grandiflo'ra (large-flowered). 6. Pink. June.
India. 1818.
— Madugaxcarie'nsis (Madagascar). 10. Pink.
July. Madagascar. 1826.
CEYPTOSTE'MMA. (From kryptos, hid-
den, and stemma, a crown ; the crown of
the flower hidden. Nat. ord., Composites
[Asteracese]. Linn., I9-Syngenesia3-Frus-
tranea. Allied to Arctotis.)
Tender annuals, from Cape of Good Hope, re-
quiring to be sown on u gentle hotbed ; when
large enough may be potted two or three plant*
in a pot, and protected again in the same way,
and planted out in the open border the beginning
of June.
C. calendula' ceum (marigold-^foit'ered). 1. Yel»
low. July. 1752.
— hypochondri'acum (melancholy). 1. Yellow.
July. 1731.
— runcina'tum (saw-fearerf). 1. Yellow. July.
1794.
CUCKOO FLOWEE. Carda'mine prate' nets
and Ly' chnis flos-cu' culi.
CUCKOO-SPIT. See TETTIGOKIA §WJ-
MAEIA.
CUCULLIA VEEBASCI. Mullein Moth.
This is the parent of a greenish- /
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[ 202 ]
cue
or slaty-coloured caterpillar, found from
the end of May until August, feeding on
the various species of mullein ( Verba's-
cuw) and figwort (Scrophula'ria). On
each segment of this caterpillar are four
large black dots, sometimes separate, and
sometimes running together; there are
smaller black dots along the sides, and a
double row of yellow spots on the back,
with others on the sides. The head is
yellow, spotted with black. This moth
appears commonly in May. It is about
two inches across the expanded fore-
wings, which are of a dark reddish-
brown colour, clouded and lined with
black, and with a large white spot on
«ach resembling the figure 3, as shown
in the annexed drawing. The hind-
wings are also reddish-brown, but paler,
and sometimes almost white. The fe-
male lays her eggs upon the mulleins,
and their relative species of plants,
which eggs are hatched in a few days if
the weather be warm. The caterpillars,
when of full growth, descend into the
ground at the roots of the plants on
which they have been feeding, where
they form cocoons of half-rotted leaves
and earth, so firmly bound together as to
resemble small, hard clods. They re-
main in the pupa state until the follow-
ing May, or even for two years.
CU'CUMIS. Cucumber. (From cucwnis,
the Latin for cucumber. Nat. ord.,
Cucurbits [Cucurbitacese]. Linn., 21-
Moncecia 10-Monadelphia.)
Half-hardy trailing annuals. The C. colocy'n-
thus produces the Colocynth of medicine. The
•whole of the species require to be sown in hotbeds,
and, when of sufficient strength, to be planted
out either in frames or under hand-glasses.
C. angu'ria (round-prickly). 2. Yellow. July.
Jamaica. 1692.
— Citru'llus (Citrul). 6. Yellow. June. S. Amer.
1597-
— Ja'ce (water-melon). 6. Yellow. July.
1597-
Paste'ca (Pastequecueumier). 6. Yellow.
July. 1C07.
C. colocy'nthit (bitter colocynth). fl. Yellow.
June. Cape of Good Hope. 1551.
— delicio'sus (delicious). 4. Yellow. July. E.
I ml. 1818.
— Jamaice'nsis (Jamaica). 4. Yellow. July.
Jamaica. 1824.
— Maderasputa'nus (Madras). 3. Yellow. July.
E. Ind. 1805.
— me'lo (melon). 4. Yellow. July. 15"0.
Cantalu'pa (Cantalupe). 4. Yellow.
July. 1570.
Melite'nsis (Maltese). 4. Yellow. July.
1570.
— reticula'tut (netted). 4. Yellow.
July. 15/0.
— momo'rdica (elaterium-like). 4. Yellow.
July. E. Ind. 1820.
— murica'tus (point-covered). 4. Yellow.
July. E. Ind. 1817.
— sati'uns (common cultivated). 4. Yel-
low. August. E. Ind. 159/.
a'lbus (white). 4. Yellow. July.
— fustigia'tus (peaked). 4. Yellow.
July.
fla'vus (yellow). 4. Yellow. July.
variega'tus (variegated). 4. Yellow.
July.
— vi'ridis (green). 4. Yellow. July.
E. Ind. 1597.
— tttili'ssimus (most useful). 4. Yellow. July.
E. Ind. 1820.
CUCUMBEB. Cu'citmis sati'vus.
Varieties.
1. Early short green prickly. Fruit
4 inches long.
2. Early long green prickly. 7 in.
3. Most long green prickly. 9 in.
4. Early green cluster. C in.
5. White Dutch prickly. G in.
6. Long smooth green Turkey. 10 in.
7. Large smooth green Roman. 10 in.
8. Flanegans. 15 in.
9. Russian. 12 in.
10. White Turkey. 15 in.
11. Nepaul. 17 in.
12. Fluted (from China). 9 in.
13. The Snake. 12 feet.
14. Brownston hybrid. 15 in.
15. Victory of England. 21 in.
16. Ringleader. 15 in.
17. Pratt's hybrid. 18 in.
18. Sion House. 9 in.
19. Duncan's Victoria. 28 in.
20. Allen's Victory of Suffolk. 24 in.
21. Victory of Bath. 17 in.
22. Prizefighter. 16 in.
The Early short prickly is often pre-
ferred for the first crop, as being a very
plentiful bearer, quick in coming into
production, and the hardiest of all the
varieties. The Early long prickly is a
hardy, abundantly-bearing variety, but
not quick hi coming into production.
It is generally grown for main crops.
The Most long prickly is a hardy good
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[263 ]
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bearer. There- is a white sub-variety.
The Early green cluster is a very early
bearer. It is chiefly characterized by its
fruit growing in clusters. The whole
plant grows compact, and is well suited
for hand-glass crops. The White Dutch
prickly has an agreeable flavour, though
differing from most of the others. It
comes quickly into bearing. The other
varieties are slow in coming into produc-
tion, and are chiefly remarkable for their
great size. The Nepaul often weighs
twelve pounds, being occasionally eight
inches in diameter. It is a native of
Calcutta. The Snake cucumber is very
small in diameter. Victory of England
is a favourite variety at Ipswich for early
forcing. It is prolific, and the best black-
spined kind of that town. Nos. 14, 16,
17, and 18 have been awarded many
prizes. They are not abundant bearers ;
but their fruit is very handsome, averag-
ing a length of sixteen inches, and a
diameter of one inch and three quarters.
Standard of Merit. — Length, not less
than twelve inches. Diameter, one-ninth
of the. length. Colour, dark green. Spines,
black and numerous. Blcom, unremoved.
Circumference, circular and equal through-
out. Neck and Nose, each not more than
a diameter long. Flesh, crisp and juicy.
Flower, remaining on the fruit.
Soil. — A fresh loam, as the top spit
of a pasture, is perhaps as fine a soil as
can be employed for the cucumber.
Culture : in Dung Beds. — The time of
sowing the cucumber depends upon the
time when the plants are required for
final ridging out. Three or four weeks
will always be required for raising the
plants to a fitness for that purpose. The
seed-bed should be made up three and a
half feet high at the back, and from two
feet six inches to three feet high in the
front, and on a dry bottom. The frame
should be put on as soon as the bed is
made, and the seed should not be sown
until the heat of the bed is sweet and
healthy, to which state it may be hastened
by its surface being stirred once or twice
daily and watered, plenty of air also
being given. The best material to put
on the seed-bed to plunge the pots or
pans of seeds in is old tan, or well-rotted
dung, or leaf-mould, which may be run
through a very coarse sieve. With this
material the bed may be covered all over
or any part of it, to any thickness, to
•suit the purpose intended ; and its being
sifted makes it the more pleasant to
handle, either for raising the plants
nearer to the glass or lowering them.
The seeds may be sown either in small
pots or in pans, and the seedlings to be
noved from one to three plants in a pot.
tf sowu in the pots so as not to need
shifting, the pots may be crocked, and a
ittle better than half filled with earth,
and three seeds in each covered half an
nch deep. When the plants are up,
they may be thinned either to one or
two in each pot ; and as the plants ad-
vance in height, so the pots may be filled
up with rich, light earth, which should
be kept in the frame for the purpose ;
also, a small pot of water should be kept
in the frame, for moistening the earth or
sprinkling the plants when required.
The plants should be kept within three
or four inches of the glass. Three or
four sowings maybe made during January.
It is important to have the seed-bed in
the winter months defended from pierc-
ing winds, by thatched hurdles both on
the west, north, and east sides. As soon
as the young plants have formed two
rough leaves they should be stopped.
Fruiting - bed. — The materials for
making up either this or the seed-beds
should be thoroughly well worked by
being turned over four or five times,
shaken together well and mixed, and, if
dry and husky, thoroughly well watered
at the first two turnings, as the work
goes on. The lumps should be broken
up, and the short mixed with the long,
until the whole mass has one uniform
appearance, and is nearly half rotten.
The size of the beds depends on the
season. In February, six feet high at
the back and three feet in front; and if
in January, a foot higher will be required ;
and if March, a foot less will be sufficient.
A dry bottom in all cases, and the mate-
rials well put together, shaken up, and
beat down well as the work goes on;
and the bed should be always six or
eight inches wider than the frame all
round. As soon as completed, put on
the frame and lights. When settled,
and all become sweet and healthy, the
hillocks of earth may be put on for the
young plants to be placed in ; but, before
the hillocks are made, particularly in
the early season, when the very strong
beds cause some danger of burning,
some preventive measures must be
adopted. Almost every dung-bed cu-
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[ 264 ]
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Dumber grower has bis favourite way to
prevent tbis occurrence. Some pave
the bottom of the hillock Avith six or
eight bricks; others with a thick twist
of straw or some hay-bands, over which
three or four inches thick "of cowdung
are placed of about the substance of
mortar ; others, again, remove a little of
the centres, and place therein a good thick
turf with the grass side turned downward,
and on this a good thick paste of cowdung.
But the best plan for the bottom of the
hillocks is that given by Mr. Errington
in The Cottage Gardener, at page 164 of
Yol. iii., by carrying up a cold bottom
of brick-bats, &c., from the bottom of
the bed, as the work goes on. Which-
ever method is adopted, the hillock must
be about a bushel of rich earth pre-
pared for the purpose, and in a cone
shape, so as to bring the plants within
six or seven inches of the glass. Do
not cover the whole surface of the beds
with earth at this time; for, should the
beds be very strong, it may be neces-
sary to undermine the hillocks. As
the roots put out round the hillock,
they should be covered with a handful
or two of earth ; and if all goes on well,
the hillocks will very soon require to
be extended, and the plants stopped
and pegged down.
Hand-glass Crops. — Sow for these
towards the end of March or beginning
of April. The plants to be ridged out
towards the middle or end of April,
under hand-glasses. If the open, warm
quarters are to be occupied by this
fruit, trenches one or one and a half feet
deep should be dug out, by two and a
half feet wide, and ten feet wide from
row to row ; these to be filled with good,
fermenting dung, that has been well
worked as for other hotbeds. The
trenches should be filled six or eight
inches above the common level of the
soil before the earth is put on. Put on
the earth in the form of a ridge until
the heat is up, which will be in the course
of three or four days, when it may be
levelled down, the glasses put on, and
the plants turned out under them, and
watered with tepid water. The pots out
of which the plants were turned may
remain to tilt the lights with when a
little air is required; and when the
plants begin to fill the lights, two similar
pots or half bricks will be required to
stand the lights upon oyer the plants,
after which they may be -trained out bj
degrees, and as they begin to extend over
the beds, the sides or alleys must be
forked and well broken up, making a neat
level surface for the plants to be trained
out upon. The plants will require stop-
ping, training, and plenty of water in
dry, hot weather.
Temperature. — Air is to be admitted
every day as freely as contingent cir-
cumstances will admit, and also at night,
if the degree of heat and steam threatens
to be too powerful. It must never be
neglected to cover the glasses at night,
apportioning the covering to the tempe-
rature of the air and bed. The heat
should not exceed 80° in the hottest
day, or sink below 65° during the coldest
night. If the heat declines, coatings of
hot dung are to he applied in succession
to the back, front, and sides, if that
source of heat be employed. As the
mould appears dry, moderate waterings
must be given, care being taken not to
wet the leaves. The hest time for ap-
plying it is between ten and two of a
mild day, the glasses being closed for an
hour or two after performing it. The
temperature of the water must be be-
tween 65° and 80°. The interior of the
glass should be frequently wiped, to
prevent the condensed steam dropping
upon the plants, which is very injurious
to them.
Hot- Water Beds.— Mr. Latter, one of
the most successful of cucumber grow-
ers, employs hot- water to heat his beds ;
and he gives us these leading points in
his culture : — He sows in the first week
of September, and the vines from this
sowing will be in bearing and very
strong before February. The seedlings
are first shifted into sixty sized pots,
secondly into twenty-fours, and lastly
into the largest size. If to be trained
on a trellis, the runner must not b&
stopped until it has, trained to a stick,
grown through the trellis. The tempe-
rature in the pit or frame is kept as
nearly 65° as possible during the night,
and from 75° to 85° during the day ; air
being admitted night and day, little or
much, according to the state of the wea-
ther. The bottom-heat (Mr. Latter is
the champion of the hot-water system)
is kept as near as can be to 70W, although
he finds that 85° does not hurt the
plants. He waters them with soft water'
until February, and then employs liquid-
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[ 205 ]
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manure, talcing care that, the temperature
of the liquid is always from 75° to 80°. (
The earth over the hot-water tank or
pipes ought not to be less than fifteen
inches deep. During severe frosts it is
an excellent plan to keep a small floating
light burning within the frame every
night.
Open Ground Crops. — The sowing for
these crops must be performed at the
close of May, or early in June. A rich,
south-west border, beneath a reed or
other fence, is peculiarly favourable, as
they then enjoy a genial warmth with-
out suffering from the meridian sun.
The border being dug regularly over,
and saucer-like hollows, about fifteen
inches in diameter and one or two deep,
formed five feet apart, the seed may be
sown six or eight in each.
Seed may also be sown beneath a
hedge of similar aspect, and the plants
either trained to it or to bushy brandies
placed perpendicularly. If the weather
be dry, it is requisite to water the patches
moderately two or three days after
sowing. In four or five days, if the
season be genial, the plants will make
their appearance, and until they have
attained their rough leaves, should be
guarded from the small birds, who will
often destroy the whole crop by devouring
the seminal leaves.
If the season be cold and unfavourable,
plants may be raised in pots, under a
frame or hand-glasses, as directed for
those crops ; to be thence transplanted,
when of about a month's growth, or
when the third rough leaf appears, into
the open ground, shelter being afforded
them during the night. Water must be
given every two or three days, in propor
tion to the dryness of the season, ap-
plying it during the afternoon or early in
the morning.
Only three or four plants may be
allowed to grow together in a patch,
and these pressed far apart. The train-
ing must be as carefully attended to as
for the other crops ; but stopping is sel-
dom necessary, as the plants are rarely
super-luxuriant. They will come into
production in August and September.
To obtain Seed. — For the production
of seed, some fruit must be left of the
earliest forced production, as this is
found to vegetate and produce fruit in
much less time than that raised under
liand-glasses, from whence the seed for
he open -ground crops is usually ob-
tained. The fruit that is left to produce
seed should grow near the root, and
upon the main stem, not more than one
being left on a plant. They must re-
main as long as the seed can obtain any
nourishment from the plant, which it
does whilst the footstalk remains green.
When this withers, and the rind of the
cucumber has attained its full yellow
hue, they may be gathered, and reared in
the sun until they begin to decay. The
seed then being scraped out into a vessel,
allowed to remain for eight or ten days,
and frequently stirred until the pulp at-
tached to it is decayed, may be cleansed
by frequent agitation in water : the refuse
rises to the top, and passes away with
the liquid. Being thoroughly dried by
exposure to the air for three or four days,
it is then fit for storing. Seed three or
four years old is found to be best for
use, producing less luxuriant but more
productive plants.
Propagidion by Cuttings. — Cuttings five
or six inches in length, taken from the
tops of bearing branches of vigorous
plants, about the end of September, or
early in October, planted in pots of rich
mould, and plunged in a hotbed or bark-
bed in a stove, will take root, if regularly
watered, in less than a fortnight, and
may then be planted in a hotbed for
fruiting, which they will do as soon as
the roots can support them, perfecting
the fruit before Christmas. They may
thus be had in succession, and being
propagated from year to- year, are ren-
dered, as it were, perennial. The plants
are less succulent, and consequently less
liable to damp off, or suffer from the low-
temperature to which they are liable ta
be exposed in severe seasons. Mr.
Mearns puts four inches and a half of
mould in pots nine inches deep, in which
the cuttings are planted and watered,
the tops of the pots being covered with
flat pieces of glass, which answers the
purpose of a hand-light, whilst the sides
of the pot afford a sufficient sh ad ~nn til the
roots are formed. When the points have
afforded their first crop, any small fruit
must not be waited for, but the plants be
cut back to the lowest shoot, the mould
gently stirred, and a little fresh spread
over the surface ; the same attention*,
must be paid them as before, when they
will shoot afresh, and produce a good
crop.
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[ 266 ]
CUP
Diseases. — The cucumber is liable to be
attacked by the MILDEW, CANKER, GUM-
MING (extra vasated sap), and DEFORMITY.
( See those articles.) The fruit is also
liable to bitterness, an ill quality usually
it moved by increasing the temperature,
and exposure to the light. It arises
from an imperfect elaboration of the
juices: those in the neck of the cu-
cumber being least digested, are always
niore bitter than in any other part of the
fruit.
Insects. — See APHIS, ACARUS, and
Ta KIPS. For Melon-culture sec MELON.
CUCUMBER - TREE. Magno'lia acumi-
'/itt' tu, and Ave rho'a bili'mbi.
OUCU'RBITA. Gourd. (From curbita,
a ^ourd. Nat. ord., Cucurbits [Cucurbi-
taoeae]. Linn., 21-Moncecia IQ-Monadel-
ph a.)
Half-hardy trailing annuals, requiring the same
culture as the Cucumber.
C. auranti'aca (onnge-fruited). 3. Yellow. July.
1802.
•— orangi'na (false orange). 3. Yellow. July.
1802.
colocynth i'des (colocynth-like). 3. Yel-
low. July. 1802.
— nta'xima (largest). 4. Yellow. July.
1 — melope'po (melon-pumpkin. Squash). 3. Yel-
low. June. 1597.
— m scholia (musky). 4. Yellow. July.
— ovi'fera (egg-shape). 3. Yellow. August. As-
tracan.
gri'sea (grey-fruited). 3. Yellow. July.
pyrifo'rmis (peai-form-fruited). 3. Yel-
low. July.
subglobo'sa(&vh-g\o\)e- fruited). 3. Yel-
low. July.
— pe'po (pumpkin). 1 6. Yellow. July. Levant.
oblo'nga (oblong-fruited). 6. Yellow.
July. 1570.
tutrotu'nda (nearly-round-/rwzYerf). 6.
Yellow. July. Levant. l'750.
— po'tira (potiron, large-fruited). 10. Yellow.
gourge'ra (gourd-bearing). 10. Yellow.
July.
vi'ridis (green potiron). 10. Yellow. July.
— verruco'sa (warty). 12. Yellow. June. 1608.
CULCA'SIA. (Derivation same as Colo-
casia. Nat. ord., Arads [AracefeJ. Linn.,
21-Monasda 7-Ifeptandria. Allied to Ca-
ladium.)
Stove climber. For culture, see COLOCA'SIA.
C. sca'ndens (climbing). White. Guinea. 1822.
CULLUMBINE, or COLUMBINE. Aquile'-
yia.
CUMIN. Lagoe'cia cuminoi'des.
CUMI'NUM CYMI'NUM. Common Cumin,
an annual, native of Egypt, bearing
white flowers, and belonging to the Nat.
ord., Umbellifers. It is cultivated for its
aromatic seeds. Sow in a warm situation
in March, in a rich, light soil; the plants
flower in June, and ripen their seeds in
the autumn.
CuaiMi'NGiA. (Named after the lat<
Lady Gordon dimming, of Altyre, in Mo
rayshire. Nat. ord., Lilyworts [Liliacese]
Linn., 6-Hexandria 1-Honogynia. Alliei
to Conanthera.)
Beautiful little half-hardy bulbs from Chili
which succeed best in a light, rich border in fro.
of a greenhouse, with Ixias, Brodiaeas, Zeph
ranthes, Anomathecas, and the like. Offset-
loam and peat.
C. campanula! to. (bell-flowered). J. Blue. Augus
1823.
— tene'lla (delicate). f. Blue. November. 18'-><
— trimacula'ta (three-spotted), f. Blue. D
cember. 1829.
CU'NILA. (After a town of that nam-
Nat. ord., Labiates [Lamiacese], Linn., '<!
Diandria 1-Monogyniu. Allied to Bain
and Mint.)
North American hardy herbaceous perennials
root divisions ; in loam and peat.
C. cocci'nea (scarlet). 1$. Scarlet. September
1823.
— Maria'nu (Maryland). 1. Red. September
1759.
CUNNINGHA'MIA. Broad -leaved Chin,
Fir. (In honour of two brothers, J. an
A. Cunningham, British botanists in Aus
tralia. Nat. ord., Conifers [Pinaceee]
Linn., 21-Moncecia lO-Monadelphia. A!
lied to the Spruce Fir.)
Greenhouse evergreen tree, but in some situa-
tions hardy ; light soil, well drained; cuttings cat
be rooted, but seldom make handsome plants ;
seedlings are best.
C. Sine'nsis (Chinese). 40. China. 1804.
CUNO'NIA. (Named after J. C. Cuno, o4.
Amsterdam. Nat. ord., Cunoniads [Cnno
niaceae]. Linn., W-Decandria 2-Digynia. ,
Greenhouse evergreen tree ; loam and peat ;
cuttings in sand, under glass, in heat.
C. Cape'nsu (Cape). 20. White. August. Cape
of Good Hope. 1816.
CUPA'NIA. (Named after F. F. Oupam
an Italian monk, who wrote on botany.
Nat.ord.,#0a;n00r/s [Sapmdaceffi]. Linn..
S-Octandria 1-Monogynia. Allied to Sa
pindus.)
Stove evergreen trees, all with white flowers ;
loam and peat; cuttings of half-ripe shoots in
sand, under glass, in heat. Summer temp., 60° to
85° ; winter, 55° to 60°.
C. cane'scens (hoary). 16. E. Ind. 1818.
— denta'ta (toothed). 12. Mexico. 1824.
— exce'lsa (lofty). 20. Mexico. 1824.
— gla'bra (smooth). 14. May. Jamaica. 1822.
— sa'pida (savoury. Akee-tree). 20. Africa. 1/93.
— saponarioi'des (saponaria-like). 6, April. W.
Ind. 1810.
— seti'gera (bristly). 20. November. Moretoa
Bay. 1830.
— tomeuto'sa (downy). 15. W. Ind. 1818.
CUP t'\
CO*PHEA. (From kuphos, curved; re
ferring to the form of the seed-pods.
Nat. ord., Loosestrifes [Lythracese] . Linn.,
11-Dodecandria I-Monogynia. Allied to
Ly thrum.)
Dry, rich soil; seeds; and cuttings in the
spring months.
ANNUALS, &C.
C. Circceoi'des (Circsea-like). f . Purple. Sep-
tember. S. Amer. 1821. Greenhouse.
— parviflo'ra (small-flowered), f. Pink. Novem-
ber. Demerara. 1824. Stove.
— procu'mbens (lying-down). 1. Pale purple.
August. Mexico. 1816. Stove.
— silenoi'des (silene-like). 1*. Bluish. Septem-
ber. 1836. Hardy.
— spica'ta (spiked). Rose. Peru. 1S1Q. Hardy.
— viscosi'ssima (clammiest). 1. Purple. July.
America. 1/76. Greenhouse.
— virga'ta (twiggy). l£. Purple. August. Mexico.
1824. Greenhouse.
STOVE & GEEENHOUSE EVERGEEENS, &C.
C. corda'ta (he&rt-leaved). l£. Scarlet. June.
Peru. 1842.
— deca'ndra (ten-stamened). l£. Purple. July.
Jamaica. 1/80.
— gra'cilis (slender). 1. Purple. July. Orinoco.
1824.
— lanceolu'ta (spear-head-feawe<f). l£. Purple.
Mexico. 1786- Stove biennial.
— Lla'vea (Llave's). l£. Purple. June. Mexico.
1830. Greenhouse.
— Melvi'lla (Melville's). 3. Scarlet. August.
Guiana. 1823. Herbaceous perennial.
— microptftala (small-petaled). 1. Purple. July.
Mexico. 1824.
— minia'ta (vermilion-coloured flower). Purple,
crimson. June.
purpu'rea (purple-flowered). l£. Purplish.
June. 1847.
— multiflo'ra (many-flowered). 14. Purple. Sep-
tember. Trinidad. 1820.
— platyce'ntra (broad-centred). l£. Scarlet,
white. June. Mexico. 1845. Green-
house.
— — — a'lba (white-flowered). l£. White. June.
1848.
— racemo'sa (raceme-flowered). 1. Purple. June.
W. Ind. 1820.
— serpyllifo'lia (thyme-leaved). 14. Red. Au-
gust. Trinidad. 1822.
— strigillu'sa (coarse-haired). l£. Yellow, red.
July. Andes. Greenhouse.
CU'PIA. See STYLOCO'EYNE.
CUPEE'SSUS. Cypress. (From kuo, to
produce, and parisos, equal ; in reference
to the symmetrical growth of the Italian
cypress, C. sempervi'rens. Nat. ord., Co-
nifers [Pinacesej. Linn., 2I-Moncecia 10-
Monadelphia.)
Evergreen trees ; hardy, unless otherwise stated ;
rich, loamy soil ; and readily increased from seeds ;
can be raised from cuttings.
C. austra'lis (south. Slender - branched). 10.
April. N. Holland. Greenhouse.
— baccifo'rmis (berry - shaped). 20. May.
— CouUe'ri (Coulter's). May. Mexico. 1838.
•—fla'ccida (drooping).
— fune'bris tfunebral). 50. April. China. 1840.
Cali-
7 3 CUB
C. Govenia'na (Mr. Gowen's). 10. April.
fornia. 1848.
— Lusita'nica (Portuguese. Cedar of Goa). 50.
April. Goa. 1683. Greenhouse.
— macroca'rpa (large-fruited). 60. California.
1847.
— pe'ndula (hanging-down). 20. May. Japan.
1808. Greenhouse.
— sempervi'rens (common evergreen). 20. May.
Candia. 1548.
horizonta'lis (horizontal). 30. May. Me-
diterranean. 1834.
stri'cta (erect). 20. May. Mediterranean.
variega'ta (variegated)." 20. May. Eng-
land. 1848.
— thuri'fera (frankincense-bearing). 100. Mexico.
1836.
— thyoi'des (thya-like. White Cedar'). 20. May.
N. Amer. 1736.
fu'liia - variega'tis (variegated - leaved).
April. Ireland. 1831.
— torulo'sa (twisted. Bhotan). 30. Nepaul. 1824.
— Uhdea'na (Uhde's). 60. Mexico. Greenhouse.
CUEATE'LLA. (From kureno, to shave;
in reference to the leaves being covered
with asperities so hard as to ^render them
fit for polishing. Nat. ord*, Dilleniads
[Dilleniacese]. Linn., IS-Polyandria 2-
Digynia. Allied to Delima.)
Stove evergreen shrubs ; sandy loam and peat ;
cuttings in sand, under glass, in heat.
C. ala'ta (winged-leaf -stalked). 8. \Vhite. Guiana.
— America'na (American). 8. White. S. Amer.'
CUECU'LIGO. (From curculio, a wee-
vil ; the seeds have a point like the ros-
trum, or beak, of the weevil. Nat. ord.,
Hypoxids [Hypoxidaceae]. Linn., Q-Hex-
undria 1-Monoyynia.)
Hypoxids are distinguished from Amaryllids by
the absence of bulbs, and by their harsh and
hairy leaves. Stove herbaceous perennials, except
one; sandy loam and peat ; offsets.
C. brevifo'lia (short-leaved). |. Yellow. June.
E. Ind. 1804.
— latifo'lia (broad-leaved). l£. Yellow. Poolo
Pinanpr. 1804.
— orchioi'des (orchis-like). $. Yellow. June. E.
Ind. 1800.
— plica'ta (plaiteA-leaved). lj. Yellow. June.
Cape of Good Hope. 1/88. Greenhouse.
glu'bra (smooth). l£. Yellow. June.
Cape of Good Hope. 1788. Greenhouse.
— recurvn'ta (rolled-back-feaced). 1. Yellow.
Bengal. 1805.
— Sumutra'na (Sumatran). 3. Yellow. July.
Sumatra. 1818.
CUECULIO. This destructive genus of
Beetles are popularly known as Weevils.
The following are some of the chief
species : —
(J. alliaria. Stem -boring Weevil.
Steel-green colour. Bores the shoots
and grafts of young fruit-trees. Appears
in June and July.
C. bacchus. Purple or Apple Weevil.
Pierces the fruit of the apple, depositing
within it its eggs. June and July.
CUR
[268 ]
CUR
O. betuleti. Vine Weevil. Colour steel-
blue. Attacks the leaf, rolling it up as a
nest for its eggs. The pear is liable to
its attacks also. Appears in June and
July.
C. cupreus. Copper-coloured Weevil.
Attacks the leaves and young shoots of
the plum and apricot, as well as their
fruit. June and July.
C. lineatus. Striped Pea Weevil. Every
gardener must have observed the edges
of the young leaves of his peas, and some-
times of his beans, eaten away in scollops,
or semicircular pieces. This is often
done by the Sitona libialis, but still more
frequently by another of the short-snouted
beetles, Curculio lineatus. In Scotland
it is commonly called " the Cuddy," or
Donkey, from its grey colour. In our
drawing it is magnified ; but the line by
its side shows the natural length. Tho
whole body is grey, and marked with black
lines; the antennae reddish; the eyes black.
They survive the winter sheltered beneatli
moss, &c., and in bad weather at all
seasons retire under stones, only to re-
appear with the sunshine.
C. macularius. Spotted Weevil. Grey
colour. April. Also destroys the pea.
Soot or lime sprinkled over peas early
in the morning before the dew is off from
them, and so thickly as to cover the soil
about them, would probably save them.
To mitigate the attack of the weevils upon
trees, the only mode is to spread a sheet
beneath them, to shake each branch,
wad to destroy those beetles which fall.
They usually feed at night.
C. nucum. Nut Weevil, of which the
maggot is so frequent in our filberts.
Mr. Curtis thus describes it : — " The in-
•ect is brown, with darker bands; is
about a quarter of an inch long, and has
a long horny beak, about the middle of
which are placed antennae. When the
nut is in a young state the female weevil
deposits a single egg. The maggot is
hatched in about a fortnight, and con-
tinues feeding in the interior of the nnt
till it is full grown, when the nut falls.
The maggot has no legs, nor, indeed, has
it any use for them, being hatched in the
midst of its food; and when the nut
remains on the tree, it forces itself out of
the hole it eats in the nut, and falls
almost immediately to the ground. The
only remedy we are aware of is, in the
course of the summer, to frequently
shake the trees, which will cause all the
eaten nuts to fall to the ground, when
they must be collected and burned."
<7. oblongus. Oblong Weevil. Reddish-
brown colour. Feeds on the young leaves
of the peach, apricot, plum, pear, and
apple. Appears in May.
C. picipct is a dull black, and is very
injurious in the vinery.
C. pomorum. Apple Weevil. Colour,
dark brown. Attacks the blossom of the
apple, and often destroys the whole crop.
More rarely it attacks the pear blossom.
Appears iu March and April.
G. pyri. Pear Weevil. Dark brown,
very like the Apple Weevil. April.
(7. suleatus. During the winter months,
succulent plants, suoh as Sedums, &c.,
become sickly, and die, apparently without
a cause. They are thus destroyed by a
small, footless grub feeding upon them
just below the surface of the earth. This
grub is about half an inch long, colour
dirty white, fleshy, slightly cm-ved, bristly,
and without legs, but furnished at the
sides with tubercles, which aid it in
moving. At the latter part of May, these
grubs enter the chrysalis state, becoming
white, and having the appearance of tha
body of a beetle stripped of its wings,
and in a mummy state. From this atate
the perfect insect comes forth, at the eod.
CUR
[269 ]
CUR
of June, in the form of a small beetle,
as pictured in the accompanying drawing,
but not longer than the curved line by its
side. It is black, slightly glossy, nume-
rously granulated, so as to resemble sha-
green, and a few pale-grey hairs scattered
over it. The best mode of saving succu-
lents from this pest is to have it very
assiduously sought for among them
during the month of June. If the
beetles are allowed to deposit their eggs
the mishief is done.
C. tenebricosus infests the apricot. Mr.
Curtis says, that " every crevice in old
garden-walls often swarms with these
weevils ; and nothing would prove a
greater check to their increase than stop-
ping all crevices or holes in walls with
mortar, plaster of Paris, or Eoman
cement, and the interior of hothouses
should be annually washed with lime;
the old bark of the vines under which
they lurk should be stripped off early in
the spring, and the roots examined in
October, when they exhibit any unhealthy
symptoms from the attacks of the maggots
of C. sulcalus. When the larvse are
ascertained to reside at the base of the
wall, salt might be freely sprinkled,
which will kill them as readily as it will
the maggots in nuts. Strong infusions
of tobacco-water, aloes, and quassia are
also recommended."
CURCU'MA. Turmeric. (Frum kurkum,
its Arabic name. Nat. ord.. Gingerworfs
[Zingiberncete]. Linn., 1-Monandria 1-
JWonogynia.')
Most of the species possess the same aromatic
stimulating properties in the roots or rhizomes,
and seeds, as the common ginger, and are objects
of some beauty from their coloured bractes.
Stove herbaceous perennials ; rich, sandy loam ;
root division.
C. arugino'sa (bronzed). 5. Red, yellow. May.
E. Ind. 1807.
— Ama'da (Amada-g-inger). 2. Red, yellow.
April. Bengal. 1819-
— amari'ssima (most bitter). Red, yellow. April.
E. Ind. 1822.
— angustifo'lln (narrow-leaved). 3. Yellow. July.
E. Ind. 1822.
— aroma'tica (aromatic), 2« Yellow. June.
E. Ind. 1304.
— cce'sia (grey). 1. Yellow. May. Bengal. 181Q.
— como'sa (tufted-jfowered). 2. Red, yellow.
May. E. Ind. 1819.
— ela'ta (tall). 3. Crimson. May. E. Ind. 1819.
— ferrugi'nea (rusty). 1. Yellow. May. E. Ind.
181Q.
— latifo'lia (broad-leaved). 12. Yellow. May.
E. Ind. 1820.
— leucorhi'za (white-rooted). 1. Red, yellow.
May. E. Ind. 1819.
— lo'nga (long-roofed). 2. August. E. Ind.
1/59.
C. monia'na (mountain). 2, Red, white. May.
E. Ind. 1824.
— parviflo'ra (small-flowered), g. White, violet.
January. Prome. 1828.
— petiola'ta (long - flower - stalked). 2. Blue.
August. Pegu. 1822.
— Roscaea'na (Mr. Roscoe's). 1. Scarlet. Sep-
tember. E. Ind. 1837.
— reclina'ta (leaning), i. Pink. April. E. Ind.
1829.
— rube'scens (blushing). 3. Red. July. E. Ind.
1805.
— rubricau'lis (red-stemmed). 1. Yellow. May.
E. Ind. 1822.
— viridiflo'ra (green-flowered). 2. Yellow, green.
July. Sumatra. 1822.
— x author hi' z a (yellow-rooted). 4. Red. May.
Amboyna. 1819.
— sedoa'ria (zedoary). 3. Red. July. E. Ind.
1797-
— Zeru'mbet (Zerumbet). 3. Yellow. July.
E. Ind. 1807.
CURRANTS. THE RED, JRi'bes ru'brum ;
THE WHITE, R. ru'brum, var. a'lbum; and
THE BLACK, or JR. ni'yrum, are all de-
ciduous shrubs. The culture of the
RED and WHITE differs in some degree
from that of the BLACK.
Bed Varieties. — The following are the
best :—
Red Dutch. Fine fruit ; bunch very
long.
White Dutch. Very large and juicy
berries.
Knight's Sweet Red. As its name
imports.
Knight's Large Red. Said to be larger
than Red Dutch.
Houghton Castle Red, or Goliath.
Said to be both late and fine.
Red Dutch. A good kind ; bushes
short, but berries large and sweet.
White Varieties. — Common White ;
Pearl White ; and White Dutch, the last
being the largest and best.
Propagation : by Cuttings. — This is the
ordinary way. Young shoots of the most
vigorous and straight wood are to be pre-
ferred. Shoots of this description should
be preserved at the early autumn prun-
ing, and all the immature portion at the
point being pruned away, the best of the
remainder must form the cutting, and it
should be at least one foot in length — if
fourteen inches, all the better. Blind all
the eyes or buds below the surface of
the ground, to prevent suckers springing
up; for these cuttings will emit roots
from the internodes or points between
the joints. Cuttings placed in a somewhat
shaded situation, and fastened tolerably
firm in the soil, will make two or three
shoots the first summer. They may be
put in rows eighteen inches apart; the
[270]
CUR
puttings about eight inches apart in the
rows. In the succeeding autumn prune
the shoots they have made back to about
four or five eyes or buds on each ; and by
the succeeding autumn they will be fine
bushes, possessing some six or eight
shoots each, from which a selection must
be made, for on this depends the future
form of the tr»e. It is seldom that more
than five shoots can be retained ; indeed,
sometimes the shoots are produced so ir-
regularly, that not more than three can
be saved— standing, of course, nearly in a
triangular form. However, only those
should be reserved which are really well
placed, not only with regard to form, but
their distance apart. In forming the bush,
let there be no central shoot left, but let
the whole, if possible, form either a tri-
angle, if three ; a square, if four ; or a bowl-
like character — in fact, about the form of
a good tulip, if more than four. The
trees are now ready for their final desti-
nation, if necessary, or they will stand
another year before final removal.
By Layers. — This is seldom resorted to.
If, however, any one should possess a
choice seedling of which he is desirous
to make much profit, he might elevate
the soil to the branches, as in the act of
layering carnations, and lay the shoots
for propagation flat on the surface, cut-
ting a notch below each bud, pegging the
shoot down, and soiling it over about an
inch : every bud becomes a shoot with a
root.
By Seed. — This is resorted to for the
sake of raising new varieties. Sow the
seeds as soon as ripe, and in the spring
place them in a hotbed ; the plants will
grow above a foot high the same season.
Many of them fruit at two years old, and
nearly all at three.
Suckers. — They grow readily from
suckers. There is little doubt but that
plants thus reared are more liable to pro-
duce suckers than those from cuttings.
8oil. — The Eed and White currants
love a free, upland soil ; a clayey soil is
too cold, and a very sandy one is too
hungry. Water lodgments they are quite
averse to.
Culture in the Growing Period. — In the
first place, if the soil is liable to suffer from
drought, let a top-dressing of half-de-
cayed manure, or littery material, be
spread three inches thick over their roots,
at the end of May, after rain. The next
point is '* stop," or remove, what is termed
the watery wood. All shoots growing into
the interior of the bush, to the exclusion
of light and air, may be cut back when
about nine inches in length, far enough
to render the centre of the bush com-
pletely open. This will be necessary
about the middle of June. In about
another fortnight, the watery or wild-
looking breast-spray all round the exte-
rior may be pruned back to within four
inches of their base. This leaves a re-
gular tuft of foliage all round, absolutely
necessary for a partial shade to the swell-
ing fruit. Some intervening spray be-
tween each two branches must be served
likewise; and if growing freely, the lead-
ing points of the shoots may be stopped
also.
Culture in the Rest Season. — Early prun-
ing is the first thing to be thought of, as
soon as possible after the leaves are
fallen. Every healthy branch in a bear-
ing state will, during the summer, pro-
duce abundance of side -shoots from
amongst the spurs : this is the wood we
have first named as being all the better
for stopping in June. All this must be
cut back, at the winter's pruning, to
within one inch or so of the main stem.
An exception must, however, be taken in
favour of gaps or blanks, and a shoot
here and there must be reserved to fill
such, taking care that they are well
placed, and that they are low enough
down ; the lower the better. Pruning
being thus far carried, it is best to
shorten every terminal point. This in-
duces a liberal production of side-shoots
in the ensuing summer; and the base of
each becomes a centre, around which a
host of fruit-spurs will be engendered.
Any decayed or decaying wood must be
cut away; but, if there is much of this,
it is best to destroy the bush and plant
anew ; for it seldom makes a good bush
again. Those who have not top-dressed
in the summer may now do so, and the
winter's work will be complete.
Fruit: uses; how to keep. — The fruit
commences ripening, under ordinary cir-
cumstances, in the end of June, and con-
tinues hanging for a length of time, if
unmolested by the birds or wasps. The
White will hang nearly two months, and
the Red we have gathered, uncovered
and unprotected, in the first week of No-
vember. The ordinary way of retarding
the currant is by enclosing the trees in
mats when the fruit is rather more th&n-
CUB
[271]
CUB
three parts ripe. These mats should be
taken off at least once a week on dry
days, to dispel the damp. All decaying
leaves and berries should, at such times,
also be carefully removed. Some train
against north walls, where the fruit keep
very late, but is exceedingly acid. A
White Currant or two, planted against a
south wall or fence, will come in very
early for the dessert.
Diseases. — We are not aware of any
except a premature decay of- the old
shoots, after the manner of apricots, the
i;auses of which are not well understood.
Insects. — The caterpillar sometimes at-
; acks them ; but their greatest enemy is
in aphis, which distorts the leaves in a
•uckered form, producing red blisters,
i obacco-water is the best remedy.
CURRANT (THE BLACK).
Varieties. — We are not aware of any
more than two in this section really de-
serving of notice, which are —
The Common Black. A good bearer,
but fruit small.
The Black Naples. A short bunch,
:>ut noble berries.
The latter kind is now almost univer-
sally cultivated. It both requires and
leserves a generous treatment. The
' Black Grape" is recommended by some ;
bat we question if it is not synonymous
>\ith the Black Naples.
Propagation : by Cuttings, Seeds, and
Layers, similarly to the Red and White.
Soil. — Moisture of a permanent cha-
racter is the great desideratum with this
shrub; dry soils can never do justice to
it. A soil somewhat adhesive in character
suits it best, but not a cold clay; al-
though, with due culture, we have known
t hem succeed well in a soil of which clay
or marl formed one of the principal com-
pounds. A soft and darkish-looking soil,
such as the scouring of old ditches, rest-
ing on a clayey sub-soil, and especially if
large trees overhang, becomes, by the ac-
tion of water, an excellent material for a
Blatfk Currant plantation. The clayey
principle is generally incorporated with
it ; and being rich in vegetable matter, it
constitutes a fat and pulpy mass. It
must, however, be thrown out some time
to mellow, previously to its being mixed
with the soil. In Cheshire, it is very
usual to see them planted on the sides
of ditcnes, which convey the impure
drainage from the house or farmstead ;
and there they luxuriate, with a very in-
ferior course of culture in other respects.
It may, nevertheless, be observed, that
alinost any ordinary garden- soil, if of
tolerably sound texture, will grow them
pretty well, with the mulchings we shall
have to recommend.
Culture in the Growing Pmorf.-— There
are three essential points of spring and
summer culture, viz.— mulching, water-
ing, and the extermination of the aphides.
Mulching we prefer done in November,
as soon as the bushes are pruned ; we
will, therefore, advert to this under "rest
culture." If, however, it has been omit-
ted at that period, apply it in the early
part of May, immediately after a liberal
rain. If dry weather ensue between the
period of the berries attaining the size
of small peas and their final change
towards ripening, the water-pot must be
used freely. The want of a permanency
of moisture is the predisposing cause
towards a severe visitation from the
aphides ; but these are easily destroyed
if the bushes are syringed two evenings
in succession with soap-suds, in which
tobacco, after the rate of six or eight
ounces to the gallon, has been well soaked.
Culture in the Rest Period. — Prune and
then top-dress. The pruning should
be done as soon as the leaves have
fallen, unless the trees are very gross,
when it will, perhaps, be as well to allow
them to waste a little of their surplus
strength for fear of the bud being impelled
too early into action. In pruning, very
little of the shortening, as applied to the
Eed and White kinds, is necessary ; in
fact, we practise none at all, unless in the
case of overgrown bushes, when we mere-
ly remove altogether, or shorten back,
those which are becoming inconveniently
high. The whole of the process of win-
ter pruning, therefore, resolves itself into
thinning out," except in the case of
young trees forming their head. In thin-
ning bearing trees, suffer no two shoots
to touch in any part of the tree. En-
deavour to remove all cross or very ob-
:ique shoots, in order to promote easy
pruning in subsequent seasons ; and
where a bare part of the bush occurs, let
a strong shoot or two, in a proper situa-
tion, be shortened back about one-third
their length, inorderto cause young wood
to abound in that part the following
year. A.S a general rule, let the shoots
average four inches apart all over the
tree when pruned. When trees acquire
CUR
[ 272 ]
cus
some age, let the primer, as his first
act, look carefully over the bush, and
see what old shoots may be completely
pruned away. All those which possess
merely a twig or two of young wood at
the extremity may be at once cut out,
for they take more from the tree than
they repay. As to forming young trees,
the directions given for the other cur-
rants will apply very well ; only there is
no necessity to preserve the interior of
the bush open, as in the Bed and White
kinds. A young tree, therefore, at three
years old, may contain ten or twelve
shoots, at equal distances. As soon as
such a number can be obtained, short-
ening may cease.
Fruit: how to keep. — This fruit is
soon over ; for, once ripe enough for the
table, it is gone in a few days ; and it
is so liable to drop, that this is one of
the very few fruits that bid defiance to
tbe art of keeping on the bush. Keep-
ing on the tree, if attempted, must be
on the retarding principle; and canvass
or mats must be thrown over the bushes
when the fruit is about one-third ripe.
CUBIIANT SPHINX. (Trochilum tipuli-
Jbrme.) Every one acquainted with old
gardens must have frequently noticed
that one or more of the branches of the
currant-trees tenanting them have sud-
denly withered and died without any ap-
parent cause. In such cases, if the wood
of the branch be split down the centre,
the pith will be found all consumed, the
tube where it had been blackened, and
nothing remaining but the excrements of
a caterpillar, which may also be caught
at his work of destruction if the ex-
amination is made so soon as the branch
first shows symptoms of withering.
This caterpillar — fleshy, whitish, with
four yellowish-brown spots near its head
— is the larva of the Currant Sphinx.
The parent moth is beautiful, and may
be seen at the end of May and early in
June during hot sunshine, either settled
on the leaves of the currant, or flying
around the flowers of the syringa and
lilac. It is about three-quarters of an
inch across the wings when these are
quite opened; the prevailing colour is
bluish-black, with various parts yellow;
the antennae black; the breast with a
yellow line on each side ; the abdomen,
or lower part of the body, has three yel- j
low rings round it in the females, and four
in the males ; the four wings are barred
and veined with black ; it has a brush of
fine scales at the end of its abdomen,
which fan it can expand as it pleases.
The Ked, White, and Black Currant, and,
we think, the Gooseberry, are all liable
to its attacks. It lays its eggs at this
time in openings of the bark of a young
shoot ; and the caterpillar, immediately
it is hatched, penetrates to its pith, and
eats its way down this until it reaches
the pith of the main branch. The only
securitive measures are to kill the moth
whenever seen, and to split open the
withered branches, and serve the cater-
pillars similarly. — The Cottage Gardener,
ii., 115.
CDRTI'SIA. Hassagay-tree. (In ho-
nour of the late William Curtis, who
originated the Botanical Magazine. Nat.
ord., Cornels [Cornacese]. Linn., B-Tri-
andria 1-Jlfonogynia.)
Cornels are entirely distinct from Caprifoils,
with which they have long been associated. The
Hottentots and Caffres make from this tree the
shafts of their javelins. Greenhouse evergreen
tree ; sandy loam and peat ; cuttings in sand,
under glass, in heat.
C. fagi'nea (beech-leaned). 30. Pale. Cape
of Good Hope. 1775.
CU'SCUTA. Dodder. (From kechout,
its Arabic name. Nat. ord., Dodders
[Cuscutacese]. Linn., 5-Pentandria 2-
Digynia.)
One peculiarity in all the Dodders is that their
seeds germinate in the earth ; but, as soon as the
roots of the seedlings are grown sufficiently to
take hold of a neighbouring plant, or even of
each other, they lose their attachment to the soil.
Curious parasitical plants, with white flowers ; sow
in April. They will live upon almost any plant
they can lay hold of, such as the common stinging-
nettle, clover, hemp, &c.
STOVE.
C. America 'na (American). August. S. Amer.
1816.
— Hookr'ri( Hooker's). September. E.Ind. 1823.
— odora'ta (sweet-scented). January. Lima.
1820.
— verruco'sa (warted). August. Nepaul. 1S21.
GREENHOUSE.
C. austra'lis (southern). August. N. Holland.
1818.
— Chile' nsis (Chilian). August. Chili. 1*821.
— Chine' nsis (Chinese). August.
— mono'gyna (one-styled). July. Levant. 1818.
HARDY.
C. Califo'rnica (Californian). July. California.
1847.
— epili'num (flax-frequenter). July. Britain.
— epi'thymum (true dodder)* July. Britain.
— Europce'a (European). July. Britain.
— lupulifo'rmis (hop-like). July. Silesia. 1824,
— macrocn'rpu (large-seeded). July. Siberia,
1627.
— trifo'lii (clover dodder). July. Britain,
cus
[273 ]
CUT
CUSSO'NIA. (Named after P. Cusson,
ft French botanist. Nat. ord., Ivyworts
[Araliacese]. Linn., 5-Pcntandria 2-Di-
$ynia. Allied to Panax.)
Greenhouse evergreen shrubs from the Cape of
Good Hope, with green flowers ; cuttings in sand,
under a glass, with bottom-heat ; loam and peat.
C. spica'ta (spike-./Zozc^mZ,). 6. 1789-
— thrysijtu'ra (thyrse-ttowered). 6. 1795«
— tri'pteris (three-winged). 4. 1816.
CUSTARD APPLE. Ano'na.
CuTTiNa is a part of a plant capable
of emitting roots, and of becoming an
individual similar to its parent. The
•ircumstanoea requisite to effect this are
a suitable temperature and degree of
moisture
A rooted cutting is not a new plant ;
it is only an extension of the parent,
gifted with precisely the same habits,
and delighting in exactly the same de-
gree of heat, light, and moisture, and in
the same food. There are numbers of
plants which strike most readily from
the young shoots ; others from partially-
ripened wood ; some from a leaf with a
bud at its base ; a fourth set from off-
shoots from the base of the old plants;
and a fifth from leaves or portions of
leaves only ; and in some rare cases,
from the mere scolloped edges of the
leaves; whilst several can only, be pro-
pagated by cuttings of the roots, and a
few by cuttings of the flower-stems.
Particular cases will be described tinder
the names of the species requiring some
peculiar mode. In this place only gene-
ral hints can be given.
Cuttings of hardy floivt ring-plants. —
Most kinds of quick- growing, soft-Avood-
ed plants are best propagated by the
young shoots or tops of the plants.
The following list embraces the prin-
cipal of them : — Soft-icooded plants. —
Auagallis, Antirrhinums, Calceolarias,
Carnations, Chrysanthemums, Dahlias,
Dinathus, Double Wallflowers, Double
Stocks, Gorterias, Gaillardias, Dwarf Lo-
belias, Fuchsias, Pelargonium, Petu-
nias, Penstemons, Pinks, Salvias, and
Verbenas. These may all be placed in
pots, in sand, in a frame heated either by
leaves, manure, or tan, or in a pit or
house built purposely, and heated by a
tank and hot-water pipes. Greenhouse
hard wooded plants or shrubs that strike
best from young shoots or tops : — Aca-
cias, Aphelexis, Azalea (Chinese), Bo-
ronia, Bossisea, Chironia, Chorozema,
Crowea, Correa, Cytissus, Daviesia, Dil-
18
wynia, Epacris, Eriostemon bnxifoliura
(for stocks to graft the other species
on), Erica, Gastrolobium, Gompho-
lobium, Hardenbergia, Leschenaultia,
Kennedy a, Mirbeiia, Oxylobium. Platy-
lobiura, Pleroma, Podolobium, Pimelia
decussata (for stocks to graft the rest o£
the genus upon), Pultensea, Styphelia,,
Tacsonia, Zichya, and all New Holland
shrubs of similar habit. These require
to be placed in a gentle tan-bed, planted
in pots, in silver sand, closely covered
with bell-glasses, which should be wiped
dry occasionally, and shaded from clear,
bright sunshine. Great numbers of stove
plants of woody habit require the same
mode of treating their cuttings, for which
see the body of the Dictionary.
Cuttings of partially -ripened Wood. —
Camellia, Cape Pelargoniums, Conifers,
Erythrina, Echites, Gardenia, Gordonia,
Hakea, Magnolia, Metrosideros, Neiium,
Portlandia, Kosa, especially the China
and Tea-scented, and most kinds of hardy
evergreen shrubs.
Cuttings of Leaves loith a Bud at the
Base. — When cuttings of any kind of
large-leaved plants are scarce, they may
be successfully increased by single leaves
with a bud at the base. We need not
particularize any species, as most of the
last section, and several of the others
that have moderate-sized leaves, may be
propagated in this mode of making cut-
tings.
Cuttings' of Leaves only, without Buds. —
The following will increase readily by
this mode : Achimenes, Gesnera, Glox-
inia, and all of similar habit, as well as
some Begonias.
Cuttings of Offshoots from the base of.
the old plants. — Cinerarias, tall Lobelias,
Statices, and most kinds of herbaceous
plants, increase readily by this mode.
Cuttings of the Roots. — There are a
few plants that will not readily increase
by any of the above modes, particularly
some herbaceous plants: (Enothera ma-
crocarpa is one, and CEnothera cjsspitosa
is another. Amongst hardy shrubs the
Pyrus Japonica and its varieties will
propagate by this mode ; also the Abelo
poplar. In the stove, the Ardisias, Cle-
rodendrums, Dracsenas, Ipomseas (the
tuberous-rooted species), and the Petrcea
Stapelia.
Cuttings of the Flower-stem. — Double
white and yellow Kockets, the tall Lobe-
lias, Double Lychnis, and a few others,
CUT
[274]
CUT
may be increased by cutting the flower-
«tem into lengths, and placing the cut-
tings under ft hand-glass in a shady
border.
In all hollow-stemmed plants the pre-
sence of a node, or joint, to cut through
at is essential. This is the reason A?hy
cutting through at a joint is also of im-
portance in other cases, and also the
reason why taking those little shrubby
eide-shoots as cuttings is often so suc-
cessful, what is technically termed the
heel — the point of junction between the
elder branch and the young shoot — being
well-supplied with incipient buds, which
readily produce roots. Whatevermay be
the mode and the time in which a cut-
ting is made, and whether it is necessary,
in the peculiar circumstances, to cut
clean through at a joint, it is of import-
ance that the cut be made with a clean,
sharp knife.
Time when Cuttings should le taken. —
When any particular period is mentioned
for this operation in this work, it is
'merely the period when, under general
circumstances, the practice would be
most suitable. Other things being equal,
spring and summer are the best times
for propagating greenhouse and stove
shrubs, as thus the plants are established
before winter.
Leaves of a Cutting. — Unless in par-
ticular circumstances, as many leaves
should be removed as would enable the
cutting to be firmly fixed in the cutting-
pot, and if the leaves be large, a portion
more may be removed, or lessened in
their dimensions, in order to reduce the
evaporating surface, success consisting
in keeping the cutting healthy, and yet
preventing it from parting with itsstored-
up juices ; and hence the reason why we
cover them with bell-glasses', and shade
them from bright sunshine. The more
leaves left, provided they can be kept
healthy and vigorous, the sooner will
roots be formed by the elaboration of
fresh material, and the more quickly and
•without flagging will this elaboration
take place, the more light the leaves
receive. Shading, or diffused light, is
essential at first ; but the sooner it can
be dispensed -with the better. Continued
too long, the shading would make the
cuttings weak and spindly.
Soil. — Except for particular cases,
nothing is better than silver sand placed
over a layer of soil in which the plant
delights, and beneath this the pot to be
filled with drainage. In general cases,
half an inch of sand, and three quarters
of an inch of sandy peat, or sandy loam
will be amply sufficient ; and the nearer
the cuttings are inserted to the side of
the pot, the sooner will they protrude
roots. When a bell-glass is used that
would come close to the side of the pot,
it is a good thing to put one pot inside a
larger one, fill up the space between them
to within a requisite distance of the top
with drainage, then with the soil and
sand, and place the cuttings firmly round
the outside of the inner pot. In this
case the inner pot may be empty, be sup-
plied with damp moss, or even, in some
peculiar cases, filled with water, though
the latter would be more generally appli-
cable to stove than greenhouse plants.
The turning of a smaller pot topsy-turv}
inside of a large one, so that the inner
forms a sort of chimney, and inserting the
cuttings round the sides of its inverted
bottom, now the top, is also a good plan,
especially when it is desirable to give
the plants the stimulus of a good bottom
heat, as, by stopping with potsherd tht
hole in the bottom, now uppermost, the
stimulus is applied to the base of the
cutting ; and thus roots are encouraged,
rather than lengthened upwards.
Bottom-heat. — Unless where fresh
growth is rapidly making, and the plant>
have received extra stimulus on purpose.
greenhouse plants should not have bottom-
heat, in general, until a callus is formed
at their base. When that is done, a
mild, moist bo! lorn-heat— "a heat a me-
dium between the general temperature o!
a greenhouse and a stove— may be given
with advantage. When, however, in many
hard-wooded plants, heat has been given
to cause the protrusion of short new
shoots from one to two inches in length
and these are taken off just as their bot-
toms are getting a little firm, then in
their case a mild, sweet hotbed at once
will just suit them, care being taken that
the atmosphere is not kept too hot, to
cause more elongation upwards. Stove
plants, on the other hand, as they require
more heat at all times than greenhouse
plants, so scarcely ever do their cuttings
suffer from bottom-heat, though pretty
strong ; and hence it often happens that
they are more readily propagated than
greenhouse shrubs.
Cuttings of hardy Fruit-tret9.—
CUT
[_ 275
CYC
time between the fall of the leaf and the
first swelling of the bud in the spring,
such cuttings may be put out. As a ge-
neral rule, we should say that the end of
October is a very good time, provided the
trees in question have cast their leaves.
By early planting, the wounded portions
become, as it were, healed by the callo-
sity which will frequently form at the
lower end, even during the winter. It is
of importance to select a good situation :
a sunny and dry spot is a bad one ; and
one too shady, especially if with over-
hanging trees, is apt to cause the cut-
tings to grow weakly. The north side
of a wall is very good, placing the cut-
tings not nearer than within four feet
of the wall, and not farther than seven
feet. Here they will get shading during
the more difficult portion of their root-
ing period, which will be during April
and May ; and by Midsummer, or soon
after, when all those which will succeed
will be well rooted, they will both receive
and enjoy a liberal amount of sunshine.
rlhe cuttings must be made somewhat
firm at their lower end ; and if a very dry
time occurs in March, April, or May, it
may become necessary to lightly sprinkle
them occasionally.
CUTTINO-IN is shortening the branches.
CYANA'NTHUS. (From kyanos, blue, and
anthos, a flower. Nat. ord., Phloxworls
f Polemoniacese]. Linn., 5-Pentandria 1-
Hanoyynia. Allied to Polemonium.)
A pretty little hardy herbaceous plant ; requires
the same treatment as alpine plants. Divisions
and cuttings under a hand-light ; sandy soil.
C. loba'tus (lobed). 4. Purple, blue. August.
Chinese Tartary. 1844.
GYANE'LLA. (From the diminutive of
iyanos, blue. Nat. ord., Lilyworts [Lilia-
«efe]. ULrm.iG-Hexandria 1-Monoyynia.
Allied to Anthericum.)
Pretty little bulbous plants, from the Cape of
•Good Hope, which succeed best planted out in
• deep border of light, rich compost in front of a
greenhouse, to be protected from frost like Ixias,
and such-like bulbs. All the small bulbs we re-
commend to be thus treated may be grown in
pots like Ixias. Increased by offsets.
C. a'lba (white). 1. White. July. 1819.
— Cape'nsis (Cape). 1. Blue. July. 1/68.
— linea'ta. (lined). !. Striped. July. 1816.
— lu'tea (yellow). 1. Yellow. July. 1788.
— odvrati'ssima (most fragrant). 1. Red. July.
— orehidWrmi, (orchiKlike), 1. Blue. August.
CYANOTHA'MNUS. (From kyanos, blue,
ancl thamnos, a shrub; referring to its
flowers. Nat. ord., Rueworts [Rutacese].
Linn., 8-Octandria l-Monogynia. Allied
to Boronia. )
Greenhouse evergreen shrubs, from Swan River.
Cuttings in moderate heat, in sand, under a glass ;
sandy loam and peat.
C. ramo'sua (branched). Blue.
— te'nuis (slender). Blue.
CYANO'TIS. (From kyano&, blue, and
ous, an ear ; referring to the shape of the
petals. Nat. ord., Spiderworts [Comme-
linacese]. Linn., 6-Hexandria 1-J/otto-
gynia. Allied to Tradescantia.)
Rich soil ; C. barba'ta is increased by root cii-
vision, the others by seed.
C. axttta'ris (axillary). 1. Blue. August. E.Ind.
1822. Greenhouse biennial.
— barba'ta (bearded). 1. Blue. August. Ifc«
paul. 1824. Hardy perennial.
— crista'ta (crested). 1. Blue. August. .Ceylon.
1770. Greenhouse biennial.
CYATHE'A. (From kyatheion, a little
cup; in reference to the appearance of
the spore or seed-cases on the back of
the leaves. Nat. ord., Ferns [Polypodia-
cese]. Linn., 24:-Cryptogamia l-Filicet.)
Stove evergreen tree-ferns, except otherwise
specified ; loam and peat ; root division or seeds.
C. arbo'rea (tree). 15. W. Ind. 1793.
— dealba'ta (whitened). New Zealand. Green-
house.
— e'legans ( elegant). Jamaica. 1843.
— exce'lsa (tall). 20. Mauritius. 1825.
— inte^gra (entire-/ecr»eril. Isle of Luzon.
— medulla' ris (pithy). New Zealand. Greenhoute
— petiolu'ta (ftrng'-leaf-stalied). Jamaica*
CYATHO'DES. (From kyathos, a cup;
referring to the form of the limb, or ex-
panded opening of the flower. Nat. ord.,
Epacrids [Epacridacese]. Linn., 5-Pen-
tandria l-Monogynia. Allied to Styphelia. )
Greenhouse evergreens with white flowew, from
New Holland. Peat and loam ; cutting* in wind,
with a little peat, under glass.
C. ncKro'sa (chaffy). 8. July. 1823.
— glau'ca (milky-green). 20. April. 1818.
— oxyce'drus (prickly-cedar). 6. April. 1882.
CY'CAS. (Greek name for a Palm.
Nat. ord., Cycads [Cycadaceae]. Linn.,
22-Dicecia 12-Polyandria.)
This order is in close affinity with Conifers. Dr.
Lindley says, "The undoubted remains of Cycads
attest their having once formed a considerable
portion of the vegetation of Great Britain."' Stove
herbaceous perennials ; require plenty of potroom ;
rich, sandy loam, and moist heat. Young plants
are often obtained from suckers.
C. angula'ta (sharp-eornered). 4. N. Holland.
18-24.
— circtna'lis (round-/e«wed). 3. E. Ind. 180«.
— glau'ca (milky-green). 4. E.Ind. 1818.
— revolu'ta (rolled-back-/eav<?d). 3. July. Chiua.
1737.
— squarro'sa (spreading). 4. E. Ind. 181**
CY'CLAMEN. Sowbread. (From kydicot,
circular; referring to the shape of the
CYC
[378]
CTC
corm, or bulb -like root. Nat. ord., Prime-
worts [PrimulaceeeJ. Linn., b-PtmUmdria
\-Monogynia.)
Cyclamens are very acrid, yet are the favourite
food of wild boars of Sicily, whence the English
name. Beautiful bulbous plants.
HAKDY.
C. Co'um (Cos). $. Lilac, red. February, South
Europe. 15Q6.
— E'urropce'wn (European). $. Lilac, red. Au-
gust. Switzerland. 15Q6.
*-hederifo'lium (ivy-leaved). £. Purple. April.
Britain.
a'lbidum (whitish-cowered). *. White.
July. Britain.
purpura'scens (purplish -powered), $.
Purple. July. Britain.
— Ibe'ricum (Georgian). £. Asiatic Georgia. 1831.
— latifo'lium (broad-leaved). $. Eed. April.
South Europe. 1800.
— linearifo'lium (narrow-leaved). £. Purple.
April. South Europe. 1824.
— Ktora'le (shore-inhabiting). J. Deep rose.
Lake of Como. 1845.
— Hfeapollta! num. (Neapolitan). J. Red. April.
Italy. 1824.
— ve'rnum (spring). \. Purple. April. South
Europe.
GREENHOUSE.
C. Pe'rsicum, (Persian). £. Red, white. Febru-
ary. Cyprus. 1731.
albiflo'rum (white-flowered). $. White.
February. Cyprus. 1731.
inodo'rum (scentless). £. Red, white.
February. Cyprus. 1731.
lacinia'tum (jagged -petaled). $. Red,
white. April.
— lila'ceum (lilac-coloured-./Zou;ered). i-
Lilac. February.
odora'tum (scented). £. Red, white. Fe-
bruary. Cyprus. 1731.
puncta'tum (spotted-cowered). £. White,
lilac. March.
— repa'ndum (wavy-edged). $. April. Greece.
181(5.
Propagation : by Seed. — This is the only
way of propagating Cyclamens. The roots,
being a solid corm, will not divide suc-
cessfully. Gather the seed as soon as
ripe, dry it slowly, and sow it in Febru-
ary, in shallow, wide-mouthed pots, in a
compost of peat, loam, and sand, cover-
ing the seeds scarcely a quarter of an
inch deep ; place them in a cold frame,
excepting C. Pe'rsicum, which should be
placed in a greenhouse, on a shelf near
the glass ; sow the seeds thinly, so that
they may remain in the seed-pots for one
year.
Soil. — Equal parts light, turfy loam,
sandy-peat, and leaf-mould; or, if this
cannot be had, half a part of very rotten
dung may be substituted.
Summer Culture. — Pot in autumn, and
when spring comes in most of the kinds
will be in flower. They require then a
good supply of water. Though some of
the species are hardy, yet it is safer to
cultivate them in pots in frames, and
bring them into the greenhouse when
in flower. Some of the varieties of (7.
Pe'rsicum are very fragrant ; but there is
no certainty that the seedlings from them
will continue fragrant. Seedlings of a
year old should be potted singly into
thumb-pots, and be re-potted in April in
3i-inch pots, and kept in a gentle heat,
to encourage the bulbs to grow larger^
As soon as the flowering season is over,
set them out of doors, giving no water ;
and as soon as the seed is gathered, and
all the leaves dead, trim these off, and
lay the pots on one side, to keep them
dry till the plants require potting.
Winter Culture. — When frost begins,
shift them into pots of a size in propor-
tion to that of the bulbs, leaving the bulbs
just out of the soil, excepting C. Co'um,
which should be covered about half an
inch. The largest bulbs may require pots
six inches in diameter. As soon as potted,
place them in a cold frame, covering up
securely from frost; give air on all fa-
vourable occasions, and water very mo-
derately till the leaves are full-grown and
the flowers begin to appear, when it may
be more liberally given.
Insects. — Slugs, green fly, and wire-
worms prey upon them.
Diseases. — Sometimes when the bulbs
become large they lose the power of grow-
ing again ; the buds on the crown appear
to be dead. We know of no remedy.
Culture in the open air. — All the spe-
cies, excepting C. Pe'rsicum and its va-
rieties, will live in a warm border of the
compost out of doors ; but, on account of
their early blooming, the flowers are often
injured by late frosts. The border should
be well drained, and a covering of tan-
ner's bark or coal-ashes should be spread
over the roots in autumn, and allowed to
remain on till the warm weather of spring
arrives, when it may be removed and re-
newed in the autumn. The bulbs may
either be taken up and replanted in Oc-
tober, or allowed to remain for two years.
CYCLOBO'THRA. (From kyklos, a cir-
cle, and bothros, a pit; in reference to-
a cavity at the bottom of each sepal.
Nat. ord., Lily worts [Liliacese]. Linn.,
6-Hexandria 1-JHonogynia. Allied to
Calochortus.)
Little hardy or half-hardy bulbs, with drooping
flowers ; succeed best in a sunny border of light
soil ; to be protected in winter. Readily increased
CYC
[ 377]
GYM
l/y the little viviparous bulbs produced on the
upper part of the stems.
C. a'lba (\\-\iite-petaled). 1. White. August.
California. 1832.
— baarba'ta (bearded). 8. Yellow. August.
Mexico. 1827.
s— fe'fcra (yellow-petaled). Ifc. Yellow. Sep-
tember. Mexico. 1827.
— monophy'lla (single-leaved). J. Bright yel-
low. California. 1848.
— pulche'lla (pretty-flowered). 1. Yellow. Au-
gust. California. 1832.
— pvtrpu'rea (purple). 3. Purple, green. Au-
gust. Mexico. 1827.
CYCLO'GYNE. (From kyklos, a circle,
and gyne, a stigma, or female organ ; in
reference to the disposition of the pistils
'Nat. ord., Leguminous Plants [Fabacerc].
Linn., 17-Diadelphia^-Decandria. Allied
-to Galega.)
C. cane'scens (hoary), l. Purple. May. Swan
Hirer. Greenhouse evergreen.
CYCNO'CHES. Swan -neck. (From
kyknos, a swan, and auchen, the neck ; in
reference to the long and gracefully-curved
column. Nat ord., Orchids [Orchida-
cese]. Linn., 20-Gynandrial-Monandria.
Allied to Cyrtopoclium.)
Stove orchids. Strong, moist heat whilst
growing ; rough, fibry peat, and half-decnyed
leaves, with a little sand ; root division.
C. barba'tum (bearded). White, pink. New
Grenada.
— cklorochi'lum (greenish-yellow-lipped). 2.
Yellowish. June. Demerara. 1838.
— Cummi'ngii (Cumniing's). White, yellow.
June. Singapore.
— Laddige'sii (Loddige's). 1. White, purple.
May. Surinam. 1830.
--- leucpchi'lum (white- lipped). 1. Yellow,
white. June. Guiana.
— macula' turn (spotted). 1 . Buff, purple.
June. Mexico. 1833.
— pentada'ctyfon (five-fingered). 1. Yellow,
brown. March. Brazil. 1841.
~~ stelli'ferum (starry). Green, brown. May.
Oaxaca. 1843.
•- - ventrico'sum (inflated-^/?), 2. Green, white.
Guatimala. 1835.
--- Egertonia'num (Sir P. Egerton's). 2.
Purple, green, pink. June. Guatimala.
1840.
CYDO'NIA. Quince. (Its native place
Cydon, in Caudia. Nat. ord., Appleworts
fPomacese]. Linn., 12-Icosandria 2-
Ui-pentayynia.)
Hardy deciduous trees and shrubs. C. Japo'-
?o is one of our handsomest flowering shrubs 5
layers in September, and to remain until that
fame twelvemonths before taken off: also by seeds.
See QUINCB.
C. Japo'nica (Japan). 4. Scarlet. Japan. 1815.
— "Ma (white-
ite-flowered). 4. White.
— eu rnea (flesh-coloured). Flesh-coloured.
March.
Red. August.
C. Sine'nsis (Chinese), is. Pink. May. China.
1813.
pyramida'lis (pyramidal). White. May.
1847»
— vulga'ris (common Quince). 20. White.
May. Austria. 1573.
Lusita'nica (Spanish). 20. White. May.
Spain.
tnalifo'rmis (apple-formed). 20. White.
May. 1573.
— -— oblo'nga (oblong-/V««ted;. SO. White.
May. Europe.
OYLI'STA. (From kylistos, twining ; re-
ferring to the habit of the plants. Nat.
ord., Leguminous Plants [Fabacese].
Linn., 17-Diadelphia &-Decandria. Allied
to Rhynchosia.)
Stove evergreen twiners. Loam and peat;
cuttings ia sand, under glass, in bottom-heat.
C. albiflo'ra (white-flowered). 6. White. April.
Mauritius.
— tcario'sa (membranous). 4. Yellow. E
Ind. 1806.
— tomento'sa (woolly). 4. Yellow. E.Ind. 1S16.
— villo'sa (shaggy). 6. Yellow. April. Cape
of Good Hope. 1776.
CYMBI'DIUM. (From kymbe, a boat;
referring to a hollow recess in the lip,
orlabellum. Nat. ord., Orchids [Orchi-
daceffl]. Linn., 2Q-Gynandria l-Monan-
dria.)
Stove orchids. Fibry loam, fibry peat, and leaf*
mould, well drained; root division.
C. aloifo'lium (aloe-leaved). 1. Purple, black.
September. E. Ind. 178Q.
— bi'color (two-coloured-./ZoH;erain. Purple, crim-
son. April. Ceylon. 1837.
— chlora'nthum (greenish-yellow-flowered). Yel-
low, crimson. May. Nepaul. 1840.
— Devonia'num (Duke of Devonshire's). 1.
White, crimson. March. Khooseea. 183/.
— diu'rnum (fay -flowering). Bahama.
— ebu'rneum (ivory-white-flowered). White, yel-
low-striped. May. E. Ind. 1846.
— e'legans (elegant). Yellow. May. Nepaul.
1840.
-- Finlaysonia'num (Finlayson's). Cochin China.
— Gibso'nii (Gibson's). White, red. January.
Sylhet. 1837.
— giga'nteum (gigantic). Brown, purple. Ne-
paul. 1837.
— iridifo'lium (iris-leaved). Dark brown. March.
E.Ind. 1837.
— lancifo'lium (lance-leaved), f . White, red.
September. Nepaul. 1822.
— ma'didum (moist). Olive-green. May. E.
Ind. 1839.
— margina'tum (red-edged-sepal). J. Yellow,
purple. Brazil.
•— Maste'rsii (Masters's). 1$. White, yellow,
red. August. E. Ind. 1841.
— ochroleu'cum (yellowish - white). Yellow.
Trinidad.
— pe'ndulum (hanging-down). S. Yellow, red,
white. June. Nepaul. 1838.
brevila'bre (short-lipped). 2. Green,
red, yellow. June. Singapore. 1840.
— pube'scens (downy). 1. Purple, yellow.
April. Singapore. 1838.
— Sine'nse (Chinese). 1}. Purple browu.
China. 1703.
CTN
278
CYN
C. ttta've (sweet), Green, brown. May. Aus
tralia. 1826.
-~tri'pterum (three-winged). White* Jttry
Jamaica. 1790.
CYUA'NCHUM. (From kyont a dog, and
agche, to kill ; referring to its poisonous
qualities. Nat. ord., Asclepiads [Ascle-
piadacese]. Linn., 5-Pentandria 2-Digy-
nia. Allied to Asclepias.)
Cuttings root readily ; the hardy kinds in com-
mon garden-soil ; usual stove or greenhouse treat-
ment for the others.
STOVE EVERGREEN TWINERS.
C.fimbria'tum (fringed). 10. Purple. July.
Cumana. 1826.
— Heynia'num (Heynes'a). 6. White. E. Ind.
1825.
— hirsu'tum (hairy). 6. Trinidad. 1825.
GREENHOUSE EVERGREEN TWINERS.
O. Cape'nse (Cape). 6. White. July. Cape
of Good Hope. 1820.
— pilo'sum (soft-haired). 6. White. July.
Cape of Good Hope. 1726.
HARDY HERBACEOUS PERENNIALS.
C. acu'tum (pointed-/ea»ed). 3. White. July.
Spain. 1596.
— cirrho'sum (tendriled). 3. 1825. Deciduous
twiner.
— «ee/;««ra(tall). 10. White. July. Barbary.
1816. Deciduous twiner.
— lu'teum (yellow-cowered). 2. Yellow. June.
Europe. 1596.
— me'dium (middle-sized). 3. White. June.
— • mela'nthos (black-flowered). 3. Purple.
July. 1818. Deciduous twiner.
— Monspeli'acum (Montpelier). 3. White.
August. South Europe. 1596.
— ni'grum (black). 3. White. July. South
Europe. 1996.
-~<vo!teum (rosy). 3. Purple. July. Davuria.
1818. Deciduous twiner.
— tJjtfo'sMTw (shaggy). 3. White. July. 1821.
Deciduous twiner.
— Vinceto'mown (Vincetoxicum). 2. White.
July. Europe. 1596.
CYNA'RA. Artichoke. (From kyon, a
dog; the spines on the involucre, or
guard-leaves, immediately below the
flower, being likened to dogs' teeth.
Nat. ord., Composites [Asteracese]. Linn.,
I&Syngenesia l-^Equalis.)
Haidy herbaceous perennials, except where
otherwise stated. Increased by seeds and root
division. See ARTICHOKE
C. cardu'nculus (cardoon). 6, Blue. August.
Candia. 1658.
— /e'ro* (fierce). 5. Blue. July. Italy. 1820.
— glomera'ta (clustered). £. Blue. August.
Cape of Good Hope. 1S24. Half-hardy.
— ho'rrida (horrid). 6. Purple. August.
Madeira. 1768. Greenhouse.
— integrlfo'lia (whole-leaved). 4. Blue. July.
Spain.
~~pygnue?a (pigmy), l. Purple. July. Spain.
1820.
•~;«ro'(j/m«s (scolymus. Artichoke}. 8. Purple.
August. South Europe. 1548.
flftrfma (spiniest). 4. Blue. July.
Sicily. 1826.
CTNTPS Kosas, C. Bedegaris, or RhodiUs
ros<t, is one of the Grail -forming insects.
It deposits its eggs in a hud of the
young shoots of the Dog-Rose and
Sweet Briar. The gruhs or larv»
hatched from these eggs produce those
galls, or lumps, covered with green
and reddish fibres looking like moss, sa
frequently found upon those shrubs.
CYNOGLO'SSUM. Hound's Tongue.
(From kyon, a dog, and glossa, a tongue ;
referring to the shape of the leaves.
Nat. ord., Borageworts [BoraginaceseJ.
Linn., 5-Pentandria 1-Monogynia.)
Nearly all hardy; some are very .pretty border-
flowers ; common soil ; seeds or root division.
ANNUALS.
C. cane'scens (hoary). 2. Blue. July. E. Ind.
1819.
— diffu'sum (spreading). White. July. India.
1820.
— hirsu'tum (hairy). 1. Blue. July. Cape of
Good Hope. 1806.
— lanceola'tum (spear - head - lenved)» White,
blue. July. Africa. 1806.
BIENNIALS.
C. Apenni'num (Apennine). 6. "Red. May.
Italy. 1731.
— bi'color (two-coloured). 2. White, purple-
July. Germany. 1820.
— ccelesti'num (celestial-6/we). 2. White, blue.
August. India. 1837.
— cheirifo'lium (wallflower-leaved). Ij. Blue.
June. Levant. 1596.
— clandesti'num (clandestine). 2. Brown. July.
Spain. 1820.
— Colu'mnte (Columna's). 2. Blue. July.
Apennines. 1825.
— Dioscofridis (Dioscorides'e). 2. Purple. July.
France. 1820.
— divaricn'tum (straggling). Purple. June.
Siberia. 1837.
— elonga'tum (lengthened). 2i. Flesh. July.
1819.
— glochidia' turn (burred). 2. Blue. June.
India. 1837. Greenhouse.
— glomcra'tum (clustered). 2. June. N.Amcr.
1812.
i (Hsenke's). 2. Blue, purple. July.
Bohemia. 1819-
— holoseri'ceum (velvety). 2. Violet. July.
Siberia. 1821.
— lateriflo'rum (side-flowered). Purple. June.
Europe. 1838.
— officina'le (shop). 2. Purple, red. June.
Britain.
— pi'ctum (painted). «. Light 'blu«. August.
Madeira. 1658.
— syloa'ticum (wood). 3. Blue. June. Britain.
— umbella'tum (umbel -flowered). 2, Purple.
June. Hungary. 1817.
PERENNIALS.
C, amplexfoau'le (stem-clasping). 2. Blue. Jane.
N. Amer. 1812.
— anchusoi'des (anchusa-like). 1. Blue. May.
Cashmere. 1640.
— austra'le (southern). 2. Pale red. June.
N. Holland. 1820. Greenhouse.
— grandiflo'rum (large -flowered). 3. Blue*
white. India. 1830.
CYN
[ 279 ]
CYB
C. longifla'rvm (long-flowered). 1 £. Purple, red.
June. India. 1839.
— Magelle'nse (Magellan). 1. Purple. June.
Naples. 1823.
— tomento'sum (downy -flowered). Violet. May.
Italy. 1823.
~ Virgi'rticum (Virginian). Blue. White. June.
N. Amer. 1812.
CYNOIHE'TRA. (From kyon, a dog, and
metra, matrix ; referring to the seed-pods.
Nat. ord., Leguminous Plants [Fabacete].
Linn., iO-Decandria \-Monogynia. Allied
to Hardwickia.)
Stove evergreen trees, from the East Indies.
Loam and sandy peat ; cuttings in sand, under
glass, with bottom-heat.
C. cauliflo'ra (stem-flowering). 30. Red. 1804.
— polya'ndra (many-stamened). 20. Red. 1822.
CYPE'LLA. (From kypellon, a goblet
or cup; referring to the form of the
flowers. Nat. ord., Irids [Iridacese].
Linn., IR-Monadelphia 1-Triandria. Al-
lied to Herbertia.)
Pretty little half-hardy bulbs, requiring the
same treatment as Ixias. Sandy loam and peat;
offsets.
C. Drttmmo'ndii (Drummond's). Purple, yellow.
June. San Felipe. 1834.
— Herbe'rti (Herbert's). 1. Vermilion. July.
Buenos Ayres. 1823.
— plu'tnbea (leaden-coloured). Blue. Mexico.
1838.
CY'PERUS. This genus of the Sedges
would not deserve notice here if C. alter
nifo'lius, a native of Madagascar, and
C.papy'rus (see PAPY'KUS) were not some-
times grown in the stove aquarium.
CY'PHIA. (From kyphos, curved; re-
ferring to the shape of the style and
stigma. Nat. ord., Bellworts [Campanula-
ceaej. Linn., §-Pentandria \-Monogynia.
Allied to Campanula.)
Greenhouse plants, from Cape of Good Hope.
The perennial species root freely from young
cu- tings; the annual kinds by seed; loam, peat,
and sand.
C. bulbo'sa (bulbous). £. Pale blue. August.
1/91. Annual.
— carda'mines (cardamine-like). 3. July. 1.823.
Herbaceous perennial.
— mci'sa (cut-leaved). £. Pale red. July. 18 IS.
Annual.
— phyteu'mu (rampion). 1$. Pink. February.
1822. Perennial tuber.
— volu'btiis (twining). 1. Pale blue. 1295.
Annual.
CYPRESS. See CUPRE'SSUS.
CYPRIPE'DIUM. Ladies' Slipper. (From
Kypris, Venus, and podion, a slipper.
Nat. ord., Orchids [Orchidacese]. Linn.,
20-Gynandria I-Monandria.)
Both the stove and hardy «peefai of these
orchids succeed well in turfy peat, mixed with a
little loam, charcoal, and potsherds. The hardy
kinds, when grown in pots, should have frame
protection during the winter months ; root division .
STOVE.
C. barba'tum (bearded). £. Purple, white, red.
April. Malacca. 1838.
— gutta'tum (spotted). J. Yellow. April.
Siberia. 1829.
— insi'gne (striking). 1. Green, red, orange.
June. Nepaul. 1819.
— Irapeu'num (Irapean). 1. Yellow. June.
Mexico. 1844.
— Lo'wi (Mr. Low's). 1. Variegated. April.
Borneo. 1847.
— venu'stum (handsome). J. Green, red. Oe«
tober. Nepaul. 18lS.
HARDY.
C. acau'le (stemless). Rose, purple. May. N.
Amer. 1786.
— a'llium (white). 14. White. May. N. Amer.
1800.
— aricti'num (ram's-^eod). £. Green, rose*
April. Canada. 1808.
— calsc'olus (common slipper). 1. Yellow. June.
England.
Helve' ticum (Swiss). 1. Yellow. June.
Switzerland. 1825.
— ca'ndidum (white). 1. White. June. N.
Amer. 1826.
— maera'nthos (large-flowered), f . Purple. May.
Siberia. 1828.
— parviflo'rum (small-flowered). 1. Yellowish.,
June. N. Amer. 1759.
— pube'scens (downy). 1. Yellow, purple. June*.
N. Amer. 17QO.
— purpura'tum (purple-^owererf). f. Purple.
September. Archipelago. 1836.
— specta'bile (remarkable). 1$. White, purple.
June. N. Amer. 1731.
incurna'twn (flesh - coloured). White,
purple. June. N. Amer.
a'lbum (white). White. June. N. Ame»*
1827.
— vent rico' sum (swollen). 5. Dark purple. April.
Siberia. 1829.
CYEI'LLA. (After D. Cyrillo, an Italian
botanist. Nat. ord., Cyrillads [CyrillaceffiJ*
Linn., 5-Pentcaidria \-Monogynia, Allied
to Heathworts.)
Greenhouse evergreen shrubs. Sandy IORHX
and peat ; cuttings in sand, under glass, with
slight bottom-heat.
C. Antilla'rum (Antilles). 6. White. July.
Antilles. 1824.
— Carolinia'na (Carolina). 6. White. July.
Carolina. 1765.
CYETA'NTHUS. (From kyrtos, curved,
and antkos, a flower ; the flowers bend
down from the summit of the scape, or
stalk. Nat. ord., Amaryllids [Amaryllida-
ceoe]. Linn., 6-Hexandria 1-Monogynia.
Allied to Vallota.)
Greenhouse bulbs, from Cape of Good Hope*
C. obli'quus and C. ct/rneus have evergreen
leaves ; they, therefore, require to be watered all
the year round. Strong, friable loam suits them
best in deep, narrow pots, and the bulbs covered-
Greenhouse culture from April to November, and
an airy place in the stove near the glass in winter.,
The rest are deciduous, and require to be kept?
dry in winter. Offsets.
C. angustifo'Kut (narrow-leated). I. Orange.
May. 1774.
CYE
£280]
CYT
C. ca'rneui (flesh-coloured). 1. Flesh. August.
— cul/i'nus (hill), f. Crimson. June. 1816.
— obli'quus (twisted- leaved). 2. Green, orange.
June. 1774.
— odo'rus (sweet-scented), j. Crimson. June.
1818.
— pa'llidus (pale). 1. Pink. June. 1822.
— spira'lis (spirit-leaved). 1. Scarlet. June. 1790.
— xtria'tus (streaked), f. Orange. July.
— ventrico'sus (swollen). 1. Red. June. 1770.
CYRTO'CERAS. Unitedto Centrostemma.
CYRTOCHI'LTJM. (From kyrtos, curved,
or concave, and chcilos, a lip ; tbe form
of the labellum, or lip. Nat. ord., Orchids
TOrchidaceseJ. Linn., %Q-Gynandria 1-
Monandria. Allied to Acanthophippium.)
Stove orchids. On blocks of wood, with moss
and sphagnum fastened over the.ir roots. Summer,
aioist temp., 60° to Q0°; winter, 55° to 60°;
wither dry.
C. Btctonie'nse (Bicton). 2. Red. October.
Guatimala. 1836.
—fi'Upes (thread-stalked). 1. Red, yellow.
March. Guatimala. 1838.
— flave'scens (straw-coloured-^owerffd). 1. Yel-
lowish. June. Mexico. 1830.
— graminifo'lium (grass-leaved).
— macula' turn (spotted). 1. Green, purple.
VeraCruz. 1837.
ecornu'tum (hornless). 1. Yellow, pur-
ple. March. Mexico.
paroiflo'rum (small-flowered). 1 . White,
yellow, purple. February. Guatimala.
183Q.
Russelliafnum (Russell's). Spotted.
March. Guatimala.
— mystaci'num (whiskered). lj. Yellowish.
October. Peru. 1836.
— stelldtum (starry - flowered). Cream, pink.
March. Brazil. 1830.
C'YRToao'Niusr. (From kyrtos, curved,
and gonu, a knee ; referring to the creep-
ing stems, or rhizomes. Nat ord., Ferns
{Polypodiacees]. Linn., 24i-Cryptogamia
l-Filices. Allied to Platicerium.)
Stove Ferns, with brown spores. Division* ;
peat and loam. Summer temp., 60° to 80°; win-
ter, 60° to 55°.
C. eosta'tum (ribbed). July. Java.
— crispa'tulum (curled). May. E. Ind.
— divorsifo'lium (various-leaved). May. E. Ind.
— flageUi'ferwn (rod- bearing). E. Ind. 1825.
— lucinia'tum (jagged-/eouedj. Mar. Isle of
Leyte.
— punctula'tum (small-dotted). May. J&ra.
— repa'ndum (waved). May. E. Ind.
— scn'ndt'ns (climbing). May. E. Ind.
— serratifu'lium (saw- leaved). May. E. Ind.
— stnuo'sum (crooked). May. Isle of Luzon.
— subcrena'tum (slight-scolloped). Maj. E. Ind.
— vi'rens (green). May. Java.
CYRTO'MIUM. (From kyrtos, curved;
the shape of the spore-cases, or seed-
vessels. Nat. ord., Ferns [Polypodiacese].
linn., 24^-Orypfogamia 1-Filices.}
Stove Ferns. Culture a» for Cyrtogonium.
C.caryoti'deum (caryota-like). Yellow June.
E. Ind.
C.falcaftum (sickle-like-teat-ed). Yellow. June.
S. Amer. 1830.
CYRTOPE'RA. (From hyrtos, curved,
and pera, a small sack ; alluding to the
sack-like appendage to the labellum, or
lip. Nat. ord., Orchids [ Orchid acese].
Linn., 20-Gynandria \-Monandria. Allied
to Galeandra.)
Stove orchids. Root division; peat, rotten
wood, and potsherds.
C.fia'va (yellow). 3. Yellow. June. E. Ind.
1831.
— fiave'scens (yellowish). Pale yellow. June.
Mexico. 1830.
— pHca'ta (plaited-/tw.'t'd). India. 1840.
— IVood/o'rdii (Woodford's). Pink. September.
S. Amer. 1819.
CYRTOPHLE'BIIJM. (From kyrlos, curved,
andphlebs, a vein; referring to the dis-
position of the veins in the leaves. Nat.
ord., Ferns [Polypodiacese]. Linn., 24-
Cryptogamia I-Filices.)
Stove Ferns. Culture as for Cyrtogonium.
C. decu'rrens (leuf-bordered-sfemmetf). 4. Yd-
low. July. Brazil.
— ni'tidum (shining). Yellow. July. W. Ind.
CYRTOPO'DIUJL (From kyrtos, curved.
and poca, a foot ; referring to the form of
the labellum, or lip. Nat. ord., Orchids
[Orchidacese]. Linn., 2Q-Gynandria 1-
Monandria.)
Stove orchids. Divisions ; peat, sphagnum, and
broken pots ; plants raised above the pots, or sus-
pended in shallow baskets. Summer temp., 60°
to Q0°; winter, 55° to 60°.
C. Anderso'nii (Anderson's). 2. Yellow. April.
St. Vincent. 1804.
— cnsta'tum (crested).
—fla'vum (yellow). 2. Yellow. 1831.
— glutini'ferum (clammy). Yellow. S. Amer.
— puncta'tum (spotted). 3. Yellow, red. April.
Brazil.
— Wibno'rei (Wilmore's) 4$. Yellowish-red.
June. Venezuela.
CYSTO'PTEEIS. A genus of Ferns, com-
posed of aspi'dium, alpi'num,alomari'nttin,
bulbi'ferum,denta'ium,fra'gile,&ndre'gium.
CY'TISUS. (From Cythrus, one of tho
Cyclades, where one of the species was?
first found. Nat. ord., Leguminous Plants
[Fabacecc]. Linn., 16-Monudelphia 0-
Decandria.}
Shrubs and trees. Readily increased bv seeds ;
choice kinds are grafted or budded upon "the Ln-
burnum ; common garden-soil.
GREENHOUSE AND STOVE EVERGREENS.
C. e'legam (elegant). 3. Yellow. Cape of Goo, I
Hope. 1821.
—fi'lipes (thread-stemmed). White. March.
Teneriffe. 1888.
— glomera'tui (crowded). 3. Zauiibar. 18*6.
Stove.
— ta'niger (woolly). 2. Yellow. June. 8pah-.
1821. Half-hardy.
ri'gidus (stiff -spincd). 6. Yellow. Juce.
CYT
r
D.EM
C. nubi'genus (cloud-born). 6. Yellow. May
Teneriffe. 1779.
— proli'ferus (proliferous). 2. Yellow. April
Canaries. 1779-
HARDY DECIDUOUS, &C.
C. j&o'licus (JEolian). 7. Yellow. May. Strom-
boli. 1836.
flo 're-pie 'no (double-flowered). White
May. England.
fo'liis variega'tis (variegated-leavet!)
Yellow. May. Gardens.
— a'lbidus (white). "4. White. June. South
Europe.
— a'lbus (white. Portugal Laburnum).
White. May. Portugal. 1752.
incarna'tus (flesh-coloured). 8. Flesh.
May. Portugal. 1/52.
lu'ttus (yellow-flowered}. 8, Yellow.
May. Gardens.
— atpi'nus (alpine. Scotch Laburnum). 30.
Yellow. June. Europe. 1596,
— arge'nteus (silver-leaved). 3. Yellow. Au-
gust. France. 1739.
— Austri'acus (Austrian). 3. Yellow. July.
Austria. 1741.
— biflo'rus (two-flowered). 8. Yellow. May.
Hungary. 1760.
— calyci'nus (large-cz.lys.ed}. 2. Yellow. Au-
gust. Tauria. 1820.
— capita'tus (round-headed). S. Yellow. July.
Austria. 1/74.
— ciliii'tus (hair-frinired). 3. Yellow. July.
Carpathia. 1817.
— ehnga'hu (long-branched). 4. Yellow. May.
Hungary. 1804.
— falca'tus (sickle-shaped}. 3. Yellow. July.
Hungary. 18 1 6.
— grandiflo'rus (large-flowered). 4. Yellow.
June. Portugal. 1816.
— hirsu'tus (hairy). 5. Yellow. July. South
Europe. 1739.
— labu'rnum (common laburnum). 15. Yel-
low. May. Switzerland. 1596.
fo'liis variega'tis (variegated-leaved). 15.
Yellow. May.
fra'grans (fragrant). 15. Yellow. June.
Gardens.
— pe'ndulus (hanging-down-8rafieA«d). Yellow.
May.
querc'fo'lius (oak-leaved). 15. Yellow.
May.
— Urale'nsis (Ural). May. Russia. 1832.
— leuca'nthus (white-flowered). 4. Pale yellow.
June. Hungary. 1806.
— mo'llis (soft). 4. Yellow. June. 1818.
— tnultiflo'rus (many-flowered). 4. Yellow. June.
Europe. 1818.
— miei-opfij/'lln (small-leaved). J. Yellow. May.
— Hti'nus (dwarf), if. Yellow. May. Levant.
1816.
— ni'gricans (black-rooted). 3. Yellow. June.
Austria. 1730.
— orient o1 Us (eastern). 3. Yellow. June. South
Europe. 1818.
— pa't ens (spreading-). 4. Yellow. June. Por-
tuiial. 1752.
— poly trichus (many-haired). lj. Yellow. June.
Tauria. 1818.
— purpu'reut (purple-flowered). 3. Purple.
Austria. 1792.
albijWru* (white-flowered). 2. White.
June. Austria.
—pygma'tu (pigmy). 1. Yellow. Juno. Ca-
laeea.
— raeemo'itus (raceme-flowered} . 9. Yellow.
July. 1835. Evergreen.
C. rhodophe'na (beautiful). 2. Yellow. May.
— Ruthe'nicus (Russian). 3. Yellow. June.
Russia. 1817.
— scopa'rius (common broom). 6. Yellow.
June. England.
a'lbus (white-flowering. 6. White.
June. England.
flp're-ple'no (double-flowered). 6. Yellow.
April. England.
fo'liis variega'tis (variegated-leayed). 6.
Yellow. April. Gardens.
— sessiliflo'rus (stalkless-flowered). 6, Yellow.
July. Italy. 1629.
— spino'sus (spiny. Broom). 2. Yellow. June.
South Europe. 1596. Evergreen.
— supi'nus (supine). 1. Yellow. June. South
Europe. 1755. Trailer.
— triflo'rus (three-flowered). 4. Yellow. June.
Spain. 1640.
— Welde'nii (Baron Welden's). 10. Yellow.
April. Dalmatia. 1840.
pro'cerus (lofty). Yellow. June. Por.
tugal. 1816.
sero'tinus (l&te-flowering). Yellow. July.
Hungary. 182(5.
so'rdidus (mean). Yellow, purple. May.
CZA/CKIA. (After Czack, a Eussian
botanist. Nat. ord., Lily worts [Liliacese].
Linn., 6-Hexandria L-Monogynia.)
United to ANTHE'RICUM, which see for culture.
C. lilia' strum (liliaster). 1^. White. May.
South Europe. 162Q.
D.
DACEY'DIUM. (From dakru, a tear;
referring to the resinous drops, glands,
or exudations. Nat. ord., Taxads [Taxa-
cese]. Linn., %1-Moncccia IQ-Decandria.
Allied to Podocarpus and Yew. )
D. taxifo'lium is the feakaterro of the natives ;
its young branches, like those of the Norway
Spruce, afford a beverage of the same qualitif-s as
spruce beer. Greenhouse evergreens. Cuttings
of firm young wood in sand, under a glass; peat
and loam. Summer temp., 60° to 75° ; winter,
35° to 45°.
D. cupre'ssinum (cypress-like). 16. New Zealand.
1825.
— ela'tum (lofty). 20. Pulo Penang. 1830.
— - exce'lsum (tall). New Zealand.
— Frankla'ndii (Frankland's. Huon Pine). 100.
Tasmania. 1844.
— Ma'i (Mai). New Zealand. 1843.
— taxifo'lium (yew-leaved). New Zealand. 1848.
DACTYLICA'PNOS. (From daktylos, a
inger, and kapnos, fumitory; literally,
fingered-fumitory, tendrils being finger-
shaped. Nat. ord., Fumeworfs [Fumari-
aoese] . Linn.,17-Z> iadelphia 2-Hexandria. )
Greenhouse perennial climber. Seeds in slight
hotbed, in March ; cuttings under a glass, in
April; sandy loam. If kept over the winter, re-
quires the protection of a cold pit.
D. thalictrifo'iia (thalictrum-leaved). 3. Yellow.
brown. August. Nepaul. 1831.
D^'MIA. (Its Arabic name. Nat. orJ.,
Asclepiads [Aselepiadacese]. Linn., ft-
DAF
[282 ]
DAH
Pentandria 2-Digynia. Allied to Euste
gia.)
Stove evergreen twiners, with white flowers,
blooming in July. Cuttings of firm side-shoots
in sandy soil, under a glass, and in bottom-heat,
in April ; peat and loam, both fibry, with a little
silver sand. Summer temp., 60° to 65° ; winter,
50° to 55°.
D. bi'color (two-coloured). 6. E. Ind. 1806.
— corda'ta (he&rt-leaved). 10. Arabia. 1824.
— exte'nta (extended). 3. E. Ind. 1777.
— sca'ndens (climbing). 10. Gambia. 1824.
DA'FFODIL. Narci'ssuspse'udo-narci'ssits.
DA'HLIA.. (Named after Dakl, a Swedish
botanist. Nat. ord., Composites [Astera-
cese]. Linn., IQ-Syngenesia 2-Siiperflua.)
Hardy perennial tubers. Division of the tuber-
ous roots ; cuttings when they have grown three
or four inches in length, in the spring, and in-
serted in light, sandy soil, with a little bottom-
heat, and hardened off by degrees ; seeds for in-
suring the different species ; fresh, rich, light soil.
The roots, after the stems are cut down by frost,
must be taken up and plunged in dry soil.
D, Barke'ria: (Miss Barker's). 2. Blush. Au.
gust. Mexico. 1838.
— CervanWsii (Cervantes'). Scarlet. August.
Mexico.
— croca'ta (rusty). Scarlet. July. Mexico. 1802.
— exce'lsa (tall).
anemoncefltfra (anemone-flowered). 30.
Light. September. Mexico. 1830.
— frustra'nea (barren-rayed). 6. Scarlet. Oc-
tober. Mexico. 1802.
— — — aura'ntia (orange- coloured). 6. Orange.
October. Mexico. 1802.
cro'cea (saffron). 6. Yellow. October.
Mexico. 1802,
lu'tea (yellow). 6. Sulphur. October.
Mexico. 1802.
— glabra'ta (smooth). 3. Lilac. July. Mexico.
1838.
— scapi'gera (..'awg'-flower-stemined). 2. White.
June. Mexico. 1837.
— supe'rflua (superfluous). 6. Purple. October.
Mexico. 1789.
DAHLIA AS A FLOEIST'S PLOTVEE. — The
innumerable varieties in our gardens are
the descendants of D. supe'rflua.
Propagation by Cuttings. — The time for
striking these extends from February to
August. The young shoots that spring
from the bulbs make the best cuttings,
and are the most sure to grow ; but the
young tops taken off at a joint will strike
root and form small bulbs even so late as
August, and often are more sure to grow
in the spring following, if kept in small
pots, than roots that have been planted
out late. This more particularly applies
to new varieties. If the shoots on the old
bulbs are numerous, or there appears
many buds ready to start, the shoots
that have grown three inches long may
be slipped off with the finger close to
the bulb ; but if the shoots are few, or
only one, they must be cut off so as to
leave two buds at the base of the shoot
to grow again. The cuttings, or slips,
must be put in pots filled with light
earth, with a layer of pure white sand.
on the surface, and placed in a gentle
hotbed. If the pot of cuttings can be
plunged in coal-ashes, or other material,
the cuttings will strike the sooner ; water
very moderately and carefully, and shade
from bright sun. They will strike root in
a fortnight or three weeks, and should be
immediately potted in 3^-ineh pots, and
kept close for a few days, till they make
a few more roots. They may then be
placed in a cold frame, shaded from the
sun, and protected from frost and wet.
Pot them again into 4^-inch pots, before
the roots become matted, and then begin
to give air daily, and keep them well
watered.
By Division. — The roots may be di-
vided from the crown downwards, taking
care to have a bud or two to each divi-
sion. Pot them, if too early to plant out,
or plant the division out at once in their
places, but not earlier than the middle of
April.
By Seed — Save the seed from such
double flowers as are partially fertile,
having bright distinct colours and good
form. Gather it as soon as ripe, and
hang the pods up in a dry place. When
the scales of the pod turn brown, sepa-
rate the seeds, dry them in the sun in
the morning only, and when dry store
them in a dry room. Sow them in March,
in shallow pans, and transplant the seed-
lings singly into small pots. As soon as
the frosts are passed, plant them out a
foot apart every way, and allow them to
flower. All bad- shaped or dull-coloured
throw away ; there is no hope of their
I improving by culture. Such as have good-
j formed petals and bright colours, though
not perfectly double, maybe kept another
year for a further trial ; and such as are
excellent should be propagated from the
young tops, to preserve the kinds, as the
old root might perish.
Soil. — The dahlia requires a rich,
deep, friable soil ; and, as the branches
are heavy and brittle, a sheltered situa-
tion should be chosen, neither too low
nor too high. The ground should be
trenched, if it will allow it, eighteen
inches or two feet deep, a good coating of
well-decomposed dung spread on the sur-
face after the trenching is completed, and
DAE
[ 283 ]
DAH
immediately dug in one spit deep. Lay
the soil so mixed up in slight ridges, to
be levelled down just before planting.
Summer Culture. — Prepare the plants
for planting out by constant and full ex-
posure when the weather is mild. The
season for planting is as soon as there is
no fear of any more frost. To grow them
fine, and to obtain high colours, they
should have plenty of room between each
plant — five feet apart every way for the
dwarf-growing kinds, and six feet for the
tall ones, will not be too much. It is a
good method to have the places for each
marked out, by driving in the stakes in
the exact places first, arid then there is
no danger of the stakes injuring the roots.
As late frosts might possibly occur, it is
safer to cover the plants at night with
clean empty garden-pots of a sufficient
size to cover them without touching the
leaves, until all fear of frost has subsided.
When the plants have obtained a con-
siderable growth, cover the surface round
each plant with some half-rotted, littery
stable-dung ; this will preserve them from
drought, and afford nutriment when the
plants are watered.
Tying is a very important operation.
As soon as the plants are high enough,
they should be tied to the stakes with
some rather broad shreds of soft bass
matting; and the side-shoots must also
be secured by longer pieces of matting,
to prevent the winds and heavy rains
from breaking them off. It may some-
times be necessary to place three or four
additional stakes at a certain distance
from the central one, to tie the side-
branches to. The best kind of stakes
are the thinnings of larch plantations.
They should be stout, and six or seven
feet long, at least. As the plants grow,
if the weather is hot and dry, abundance
of water should be supplied.
Protecting the Flowers. — This will be
necessary if intended for exhibition.
Caps of oiled canvass stretched upon a
wire frame are very good for the purpose ;
even a common garden-pot turned up-
side down is no bad shelter. They may
easily be suspended over each flower by
being fastened to a stake, and the flower
gently brought down and tied to the
stake under them. The best shade, how-
ever, is a square box with a glass front,
and a slit at the bottom to allow the stem
of the flower to slide into it, and thus
bring the flower within the box. The
flower then has the advantage of light
and air, and is still protected from the
sun, wind, and rain.
Winter Culture. — As soon as 'the au-
tumn frosts have destroyed the tops of
the plants, cut down the stems, and take
up the roots immediately. If the roote
come up clean out of the ground, they
will only require gently drying, and may
be stored at once in some place where
they will be safe from frost. If the soil
clings much to the tubers, these should
be washed and dried, and then stowed
away. The place should not only be free
from frost, but from damp also, yet not
so dry as to cause them to shrivel up too
much. It is a good plan to have two or
three of each kind struck late and kept
in pots through the winter ; but the soil
must be perfectly dry before they are
put to rest, and no wet or frost allowed
to reach them. A good place for them
is to lay the pots on one side under the-
stage of a greenhouse. In these winter
quarters they must be frequently exa-
mined, and all decaying roots or stems-
removed.
Insects. — In the early stages of growth,
the great pest to the dahlia is the slug.
Watering with clear lime-water is the
best article to destroy them, or a dusting
of quick-lime in dewy mornings will be
useful ; a circle of lime round each plant
will be a good preventive, and also a care-
fully gathering up, very early in the
morning, of these vermin will greatly re-
duce their numbers. When the plants are
in flower, the earwig is almost sure to at-
tack them, and frequently in one night
will disfigure the finest and. most perfect
bloom, and render it unfit for exhibition.
Traps must be set to catch them. Small
garden-pots with a little hay or moss put
in them, and then turned upside down
upon the stakes, are a. good trap for them.
They should be examined every morning,
and the insects in them destroyed. Dried
bean stalks are also a good trap : place
them among the branches, and the in-
sects will creep into them as a hiding
place. Also, as they feed chiefly in the
night, take a lantern at that time, and
examine every flower.
Preparing for Exhibition. — Cut the
flowers the night before, and if they are
to be conveyed a considerable distance,
have a box or boxes made with water-
tight tin tubes securely fixed in the bot-
tom, to hold water ; pass the stem of each.
DAI
[ 284 ]
DAM
flower through a plug of wood with a
hole in the centre, just wide enough to
allow the stem to pass through it, and
just thick enough to fit like a cork into
the tin tube. Make the flower quite firm in j
the wooden plug, and let the lid of the j
box he so elevated as not to touch the
flower.
DA'IS. (From daio, to heat; referring
the causticity of the hark. Nat. ord.,
Daphnads [Thymelacesej. Linn., 10-De-
candria l-Monr-'jynia. Allied to Meze-
reon.)
Greenhouse evergreen. Seeds sown in slight
hotbed, in March ; cuttings of half-ripened shoots,
or of the roots, in April, in sand, under a glass,
and with a little heat; peat ami loam. Summer
temp., 55° to 75°; winter, 40° :o 45°.
D. cotinifo'lia (cotinus- leaved). 10. White,
green. June. Cape of Good Hope.
1776.
DAISY. (Be'llis pere'nnis.) There are
many double varieties of this hardy
perennial; some white, others crimson,
and many variegated. A more curious
variety is the Proliferous or Hen and
Chicken Daisy. They all will flourish
in any moist soil, and almost in any si-
tuation. They bloom from April to
June. Propagated by divisions; the
smallest fragment of root almost en-
ables them to grow. To keep them
double and fine, they require moving oc-
casionally. Planted as an edging round
the Ranunculus-bed their roots tempt the
wireworrn from those of the choicer
•flower.
DALBE'RGIA. (Named after Dalberg,
a Swedish botanist. Nat. ord., Legumi-
nous Plants [Fabacese]. Linn., 17-Dia-
delphia ^-Decandria.)
The wood of D. Si'ssoo is remarkable for its
excellence. East Indian stove evergreen trees,
almost all with white flowers. Cuttings of firm
young shoots in March, in sand, under a glass,
and in a little bottom-heat ; fibry peat and turfy
loam, with a portion of sand. Summer temp.,
60° to 85°; winter, 50° to 55°.
D. Barefoot (Barclay'*), 15. Blue. Mauritius.
1823.
—frondo'sa (fronded). 30. 1818.
— margina'ta (bordered). 20. 1823.
— Ougeine'nsis (Ougein). 30. 1820.
— panicula'ta(p3inic\ed). 30. 1811.
— rimo'su (chinky). 20. 1823.
-— rubigino'sa (rusty). 10. 1811.
— sca'ndens (climbing). 20. 1812.
— Si'ssoo (Sissoo). 30. 1820.
— tamarindifo'iia (tamarind-leaved). 16, 1820.
— Telfm'rii (Telfair's). 15. Mauritius. 1823.
— volu'bilis (twining). 20. 1818.
DALECHA'MPIA. (Named after Dale-
champ, a French botanist. Nat. ord.,
JEuplwrbiads [Euphorbiaceae]. Linn.,
; 2l-Monoecia 1-Monandria. Allied to
Poiusettia.)
Stove evergreen climbers, with yellowish»gree»
flowers. Cuttings a little dried at their base
before insertion into sandy soil, under a hand-
light, in April ; peat and loam. Summer temp.,
60° to 85°; winter, 50°.
D. Brazilic'nsis (Brazilian). 6. July. Brasfl.
1824.
—ftc'ifo'lia (fig-leaved). 6. July. Brazil. 1829.
— sca'ndens (climbing). 12. June. W. Ind. 1/SO,.
DALIBA'EDA. (Named after Dalibard,
a French botanist. Nat. ord., Roscworts
[Rosaceee]. Linn., 12-Icosandria 2-Di-
ptntagynia. Allied to Potentilla.)
An alpine, or rock-plant. Division ; light,
sandy soil ; a sheltered, dry place, or the protec-
tion of a cold pit in winter.
D. uiolaoi'des (violet-like). $. White. May.
N. Amer. 1768.
DAMASO'NIUJI. Plants of no interest
to the gardener, belonging to a small
group of fresh-water plants, singular for
flowering under water, except at the tirna
of fertilization, when the flowers rise
above the water for a few hours. The
group is called Hydrocarads ; but these
Damasoniums are now referred to the
genus Ottelia, allied to Stratiotes.
DAME'S VIOLET. He'speris matrona'tis.
DA'MMARA. (The Dammar Pine of
New Zealand. The Kawrie of the natives.
Nat. ord., Conifers [Coniferaa], Linn.,
21-Muncecia IQ-Monadelphia.)
The finest masts are now prepared from the
D. austra'lis for our navy ; it also yields a brittle,
resin-like copal. Cuttings of young, ripe, firm
shoots, inserted in sand, in the spring, in a
gentle bottom-heat, under a bell-glass; loam,
with a little sand. Summer temp., 55° to 80° ;
winter, 38° to 45°.
D. austra'lis (southern. Coicdie Pine'). 2CO. New
Zealand. 1821.
— orienta'lis (eastern). 50. Amboyna. 1804.
DAMPIE'EA. (Named after the circum-
navigator, Capt. W. Dampier. Nat. ord.,
Goodeniads [Goodeniacese]. Linn., 5-
Pentandria 1-Monogynia. Allied to Sce-
vola.)
Greenhouse herbaceous perennials, with blue
flowers, from New Holland. Division ; and cut-
tings of young shoots in sand, under a glass;
peat and loam. Summer temp., 55° to 74°;
winter, 38° to 45°.
D. ala'ta (winged-/eaw«f). May. 1842.
— corona'ta (crowned-flowered). May.
— cunea'ta (wedge-leaved). May.
—fascicula'ta (bundle-flowered). May. 1841.
— lavendufa'cea (lavender-teat'ed). 184S.
— linea'ris (narrow-leaved). 1840.
— ovalifo'lia (oval-leaved). $. July. 1814.
— stri'cta (upright). 1. July. 1814.
— tc'ris (round-leaved), June.
DAMPING OFF is a name applied by
DAN
[ 285 ]
DAE
gardeners to an ulceration of the stems
of seedlings, and other tender plants.
This ulceration arises from the soil and
air ill which they are vegetating being
kept too moist or damp. Flower seed-
iiugs are especially liable to he tlras
affected; and, to prevent this, one third
of the depth of the pot should be filled
•with drainage, and the soil employed,
instead of being sifted, allowed to retain
all moderately-sized stones. The seeds
should be sown very thinly, pressed
down, and a little white sand be sprinkled
over the surface, because this is not
easily disturbed by watering, and is not
a medium that retains moisture to the
neck of the seedlings, where dampness
most affects them. A pot of sand should
be kept hot, and whenever symptoms of
the disease appear, a little whilst hot
sprinkled on the soil.
DAN^E'A. (Named after P. M. Dana,
who wrote on the Mora of Piedmont.
Nat. ord., Danceaworts [Danseacece].
Linn., 2±-Cryptogamia \-Ftiices.~)
This small order consists of Fern-like plants,
and for all the purposes of cultivation may be
considered as Ferns. Stove herbaceous peren-
nial. Divisions ; peat and loam. Summer temp.,
60° to 90° ; winter, 48° to 55°.
D. ala'ta (winged). W. Ind. 3823.
DA'PHNE. (So called after the fabled
nymph of that name. Nat. ord., Daph-
nads [Thymelacese]. Linn., 8-Octandria
1 -Monogynia. )
Extreme causticity is the general property of
the Daphnads — the Spurge Laurel and Mezereum
particularly so. Seed for most of the species,
especially of the D. luum'ola, or Spurge Laurel ;
used as a grafting stock for most of the rarer and
tender kinds. As the seed is two years in vege-
tating, it is usual to keep it some time in sand,
in aheap. D, cneo'rum and other d'.varf kinds,
especially if at all trailing, are generally propa-
gated by layers in summer. A close pit for graft-
ing the finer kinds, in March or April, is an ad-
vantage. Most of them like a good proportion of
sandy peat ; but the deciduous Meze'reum prefers
pure loam. The odo'ra and odo'ra ru'bra are
nearly hardy in the climate of London ; but farther
north they require the cold pit or greenhouse.
HARDY DECIDUOUS.
D. Fortu'ni (Fortune's). 3. Lilac. February.
China. 1844.
— Mi'xe'reum (Mezereum). 4. Pink. March.
England.
oflbum (v/h\te~flowered") . 4. March.
autum.nu.He (autumnal). 4. Red. August.
Europe.
ru'brum (red-flowered). 4. Pink. March.
England.
HARDY EVERGREENS.
D. alpi'na (alpine). 2. White. June. Italy. 1759.
— AHa'ica (Altaic). 3. White. April. Siberia.
1796.
D. austra'lis (southern). 3. Pin?:. April. Napletv
— cneo'rum (garland-flower). 1. Pink. July.
Australia. 1753.
fo'liis vai-iega'tis (variegated-leared). 1.
Pink. April.
grandiflo'ntm (large- flowered). 1. Pink..
April.
col/i'na (hill). 8. Purple. March. Italy.
1752.
— Gni'dium (Gnidium). 2. White. July. Spain.
1597.
— laurc'ola (Sp?/r#e-laurel). 6. Green. Fe-
bruary. Britain.
— Neapolita'na (Neapolitan). 2. Purple. March.
Naples. 1822.
— oleoi'des (olive-like). 2, White. Crete. 1815.
— Po'ntica (Pontic). 4. Green, yellow. April.
Pontus. 1759.
fo'liis variega'tis (variegated-leaved). 1.
Pink. August. Pontus.
— pubtSxcens (downy). 3. Yellow. April. Austria.,
1810.
— stri'eea (silky). 2. White. April. Crete.
1830.
— stria'ta (streaked). 2. Purple. May. Switzer-
land. 1819.
— Tu'rton-rai'ra (T arton-raira). 3. White. June.
France. 1640.
— tonicntu'sa (shaggy). 2. White. June. Asia*
1800. Halt-hardy.
— thyrnelafa (Wild Olive). 3. Yellow. March.
Spain. 1815.
— viridiflo'ra (green-flowered). Green. Nepaul.
1829.
GREENHOUSE EVERGREENS, &C.
D. Auclda'ndii (Lady Auckland's). 2. Hima-
layas. 1841. Stove.
— Chine'nsis (Chinese). 4. Yellovr. May. China,
1825.
— I'ndica. ( Indian). 4. White. June. China.
1800.
ru'bra (red). Purplish-pink. China.
— Japo'nica (Japan). 2. Pink. March. Japan.
1840.
— odo'ra (sweet-scented). 3. Pink, white. July.
China. 1771.
ru'bra (red). 4. Pink. April. China. 1831.
variega'ta (variegated). 4. White. Oc-
tober. Japan. 1800.
— papyra'cea (paper). 4. White. May. Ne-
paul. 1824.
— tinifo'lia (tinus-leaved). 6. Jamaica. 1/7?.
Stove.
DARE'A. (Named after Dar, a bota-
nist. Nat. ord., Ferns [Polypodiacese].-
Linn., 24i-Cryptogamia 1-FUices. Allied
to Asplenium.)
Stove Ferns, requiring the name treatment as-
Csenopteris.
D. uln'ta (winged). Brown. July. W. Ind.
— bulbi'ferum (bulb-bearing). 1. Brown. June.
New Zealand. 1820.
— cicuta'rlum (cicuta-like). 1. Brown. June.
W. Ind. 1&20.
— diversifo'lia (various-leaved). 2. Brown.
March. N. Zealand. 1831.
— myriophy'lla (thousand-leaved). Brown. July.
S. Amer.
— rhiiso'phorum (root-bearing). 1. Brown.
July. Jamaica. 1/93.
— rhizophy'llum (rooting-leaved). f. Brown.
June. N. Amer. JtiSO.
— ruteefo'lia (rue-leaved). Brown. July. W.
Ind.
DAB
[286]
DAV
,D<Ke/ndem (climbing). Brown. July. We of
Leyte.
— vioi'parurn (viviparous). I. Brown. June.
Mauritius. 1820.
DAKWI'NIA. (Named after Dr. Darwin,
author of The Botanic Garden. Nat. ord.,
fringe-myrtles [Chamaelauciaceee]. Linn
3.0-Decandria l-Monogynia. Allied to
Oenetyllis.)
Greenhoune evergreens^ from New Holland.
Cuttings of young shoots 'in sand, under a bell-
plass ; peat and loam, both fibry, aud with sand.
Summer temp., 55° to 75°; winter, 38a to 45°.
rC.fascicula'ta (fascicled). 29. Red. June. 1820.
— taxifo'lia (yew-leaved). 29. White. June. 1824.
DASYSTE'MON. (From dasys, thick,
and stemon, a stamen. Nat. ord., House-
leeks [Crassulacese]. Linn., S-Pentandria
5-Pentagynia. Allied to Crassula.)
Hardy annual. Seeds in April ; sandy loam.
D. calyci'num (/ea/y-calyxedj. White. June.
Australia. 1323.
DATE PALM. Phos'nix.
DATE PLUM. Diospy'rus.
DATTJ'RA. Thorn Apple. (From its
Arabic name, Tatorali. Nat. ord., Night-
shades [Solanaceae]. Linn., Pentandria
l-Monogynia. Allied to Solandra.)
Violent narcotic principles pervade this order,
the seeds being the most powerful. Annuals, by
seeds in hotbed, in March, and either potted and
bloomed in the greenhouse, or transferred to a
rich, sheltered border. Evergreen shrubs, by
cuttings any time in spring or summer, in litrht
soil, in a little heat, with a hand-light over them ;
jich, fibry loam ; do well in a sheltered border in
•summer, and may either be protected there, or
•removed to a shed or house where the temperature
will not fall below 35° to 40° in winter.
HARDY ANNUALS.
D. a'lba (white-lowered). White. July. E. Ind.
— ceratocau'lon (horn-stalked). 2. White. Au-
gust. S. Amer. 1805.
— fastuo'sa (proud). 3. Purple. Angust. Egypt.
1629.
—•ftfrox (fierce). 3. White. August. Ckina.
1731.
— frutico'sa (shrubby). White. June. S. Amer,
1825.
— Guayaguile'nsis (Guayaquil). 2. White. Au-
gust. Guayaquil. 1826.
— la;' vis (smooth -/rutted). 2. White. July.
Africa. 1710.
— Ntftel (Metel). 2. White. July. Asia. 1596.
- — murica'ta (muricated). 2. White. May. 1820.
— qutrcifo'lia (oak-leaved). Lilac. July. 'Mexico.
1824.
— Stramo'nium (Stramonium). 3. White. Aur
gust. England.
fla'va (yellow). Sulphur. August.
— Ta'tula (Tatula). 3. Blue. August. N. Amer.
1629.
GREENHOUSE EVERGREENS.
H. bi' color (tvvo-coloured-coroWffl). 20. Dark
red. August. Peru. 1833.
— ca'ndida (vrhite-stalked). 10. White. Au-
gust. Peru. 1813.
D.corni'gera (horn-bearing), 10. White. Jufa.
Brazil. 1844.
flo're-pWno( double-flowered). 10. White.
July. 184fi.
—floribu'nda (many-flowered). Ortng*. June.
8. Amer. 1838.
— Gardne'ri (Gardner's). White. S. Amer. 1733*
— lu'tea (yellow-flowered). 20. Yellow. Sep.
tember.
— suave'olens (sweet-scented). 1 5, White* An-
gust. Peru. 1733.
— Wayma'nii (Wayman'a). 2. White, purple.
May. S. Amer. 1827.
DAUBENTO'NIA. (Named after M.
Daubenton, a naturalist. Nat. ord., Le-
guminous Plants [Fabacese]. Lirm., 17-
Dladelphia 4-Decandria. Allied to Ses-
bania.)
Stove evergreen shrubs. Cuttings of ripened
young shoots in sand, under a glass, and in heat ;
loam and peat, open aud fibry, with a little sand.
Summer temp., 60° to 85° ; whiter, 50° to 55°.
D. longifo'lia (long-leaved). 3. Yellow. July.
New Spain. 1820.
— puni'cua (red). 3. Vermilion. July. New
Spain. 1820.
— Tripetia'nu (Mr. Tripet'a). Scarlet, orange.
September. Buenos Ayre*. 1840.
DAUBE'NYA. (In honour of Dr. Datt-
beny, professor of botany in the Uni-
versity of Oxford. Nat. ord., Lilyworls
[Liliaceas]. Linn., 6-Hexandrial-Mono-
ijynia. Allied to Massonia.)
Pretty yellow-fldwering-bulbs, from the Cape of
Good Hope, which will succeed in a warm border
in front of a greenhouse, if protected from frost
in winter ; and also in pots, in rich, sandy loam,
eithei in a greenhouse or frame, and to be kept
quite dry while at rest ; offsets.
D. au'rea (golden-flowered). $. June. 18SJ.
— fu'lna (tawny). £. 1836.
DAU'CUS. Carrot. (From daucus, a
carrot. Nat. ord., Umbellifers [Apiacese].
Linn.,. 5-Pentandria 2-Digynia.)
The cultivated species is a white-flowered hardy
biennial; but there are others, biennials and
smnuals, mere weeds. Seeds in March or April;
deep, light, well-pulverized soil. See CARROT.
D. caro'ta (common carrot). 3. June. Britain.
aura'ntia (long-orange'). 3. June.
horte'nsis (yetfow-garden). 3. May.
pree'cox (early- horn). 3. June.
DAVA'LLIA. Hare's-foot Fern. (Named
after E. Davali, a Swiss botanist. Nat.
ord., Ferns [Polypodiacese]. Linn., 24-
Cryptogamia l-Filices.)
The rhizomes or creeping stems of this Fern,
clothed with a light-brown down, when without
eaves, look much like a hare's foot. Greenhouse
Ferns. Divisions and severing the roots, and by
spores ; peat and loam. Summer temp., 60° to
90° ; winter, 45° to 55°.
D. ala'ta (winged). June. E. Ind.
— Canane'nsis, (Canary). l£. June. Canaries.
1699.
— Concavade'nsii (Coocavedo). I. BrsutiK 1823.
— du'bia (doubtful), I. June N. Holland. 18*6.
TAV
[267]
DEL
D. «'/tf#art* (elegant). 1. June. N. Holland. 1824.
—fla'ccida (feeble). ).. June. N.Holland. 1820.
— fumarioVdes (fumaria-like). August. W. Ind.
1823.
— gibbero'sa (swollen-roofed). 3. June. N.
Holland. 1325.
— pentaphy'lla (five-leaved). April. Singapore.
— pyxida'ta (box-like). J. June. N. S. Wales.
1808.
— relu'sa (abrupt-ended). June. Isle of Luzon.
— so'lida (solid). July. Isle of Luzon. 1844.
— tenuifo'lia (slender-leaved). July. Isle of
Luzon.
DAVIE'SIA. (Named after the Rev. H.
Davies, a Welsh botanist. Nat. ord.,
Leguminous Plants [Fabacese]. Linn.,
\0-Decandria 1-Monogynia. Allied to
Viminaria.)
Greenhouse ever greens, fromNew Holland. Cut-
tings of young shoots, rather firm, (stumpy side-
shoots are best,) in sand, under y. bell-glass ; seeds
sown in a slight hotbed in March ; peat and loam.
Summer temp., 55° to 80°; winter, 38° to 45°.
D, acicula'ris (needle-leaved). 2. Yellow. June.
1604.
— ala'ta (winged). 3. Yellow. June. 1818.
— angula'tu (sharp-cornered). Yellow. April.
— corda'ta (heart-leaved). 3. Yellow. June.
1824.
— corymbo'sa (corymbose). 2. White, red.
July. 1804.
— genistoi'des (genista-like). Yellow. May, 1823.
— incrussa'ta (thick-leaved). i>£. Yellow. June.
1820.
— juniperi'na (juniper-like). 2. Yellow. May.
1825.
— ju'ncea. (rush-like). 2J. Yellow. July. 1923.
— latifo'lia (broad-leaved). 3. Yellow. June.
1805.
— leptophy'lla (slender-leaved). 2. Yellow. July.
1824.
— linea'ris(iia.rTOvr-leavsd'). l£. Yellow. July.
1827.
— longifo'lia (long-leaved). Yellow. May. 1810.
— mimosoi'des (mimosa-like). 2. Yellow. May.
1809.
— peduncula'ta f/&»g--flowered-stalked). Yellow.
May.
— physo'des (bladdery). 2. Yellow. May.
— polyphy'lla (many-ieaved) . Yellow. May.
1842.
— pu'ngens (pungent). Yellow. May. 1825.
— (juadrila'tera (four - sided - leaved). Yellow.
May. 1840.
— racemulo'sa (slightly-racemed). 2i. Yellow.
July. 1823.
— ramulo'sa (branching). Yellow* May. 1842.
— squarro'sa (spreading). 2£, Yellow. June.
1824.
— ulici'na (furze-leaved). 3. Yellow. June. 1792.
— umbellula'ta (small-umbdled). 2.J. Yellow.
May. 1816.
— virga'ta, (twiggy). 2. Tawny, July. 182?.
BAY LILY. Hemeroca'llis.
DE'CODON. See NESJE'A.
DECUMA'RIA. (From decuma, a tenth ;
referring to the ten valvate divisions of
the calyx, and the ten cells of the cap-
sule, or seed-pod. Nat. ord., Syringas
[Philadelphaceas] . Linn., 1 l-Dodecandria
1-Monogynia. Allied to Philadelphia.)
Kardy deciduous twiners, with «»all white
flowers, requiring supports, or to be trained
against a south wall in a dry, warm border of
light, rich soil. Cuttings under a hand-light, in a
shady placs, and in sandy soil, in summer.
D. ba'rbara (barbarous). 4. July. Carolina. 1785.
— prostra'ta (prostrate). 5. July. N. Amer.
1820.
— tarmento'ta (twiggy). 30. July. Carolina.
1758.
DELI' MA. (From delimo, to shave or
polish; referring to the hard asperities
which cover the leaves, and render them
fit for polishing. Nat. ord., Dilleniads
[Diileniaceeej. Linn., I3-Polyandria 1-
Munogynia. Allied to Tetracera.)
Handsome stove evergreen twiners, with fins
large leaves and yellow flowere, having much th«
aspect of small Magnolia flowers-. Cuttings of
fine young shoots in April, in sand, under a bell-
l-claas, and in bottom-heat ; peat and loam, both
uirfy and fibry, with a little sitver sand, pieces of
charcoal, ana good drainage. Summer temp., 60°
to 85° ; winter, 50° to 55°.
D. ni'tida (shining-icaw«f). 10. Trinidad, 1830.
— sarmento'sa (twiggy). 10. Ceylon. 1820.
DELPHI'NIUM. Larkspur, (From del-
phm, a dolphin; supposed resemblance
of the spur to a dolphin's head. Nat,
ovd., Crowfoots [Kanunculacese]. Linn.,
13-Polyandria S-Triyynia.)
Annuals and biennials, by seeds in. common
soil, in the open border, ?n M~rch and April ;
perennials, by division of the roots in spring and
summer, and by seeds in March or April.
HARDY ANNUALS AND BIENNIALS.
D. Aconi'ti (Aconite-like). 1. Purple. June.
Levant. 1801.
— Aja'cis (Ajas). l£. Pink. June. Switaerland.
1573.
fitfre-pltfno (double-flowered). 1 . Varie-
gated. June. Europe. 1578.
— ambi'guum (doubtful). Blue. June. Bturbary.
1759.
— oordiope1 ialum (heart-petaled). 1. Bloc. June.
Pyrenees. 1818.
— conso'lida (uniting. Branched). 2. Blue.
April. England.
fio're-ple'no (don1 ^-flowered). 1. Var
rie gated. June. .England*.
— divariea'fum (straggling). Purple. July.
Persia. 1830.
— Oliveria'num (Oliver's). 1&. Sloe. Juue.
South Europe. 1826.
— pei-9gri'num (diffuse) . I. Blue. July. Italr.
1629.
— pi'etum (painted). 1^. Light bine. J«n3. South
Europe. 1816. Biennial.
— pultefscens (downy). 2. Blue. Aoigtjst. Me-
diterranean. 1816.
— Requie'nii (Requien's). 4. Blue. Joly. Ma-
jorca. 1824. Biennial.
— Staphisa'gria (Stavesacre). 2. Light blae.
July. South Europe. 1595. Biennial.
— tenui'ssimum (slenderest-6rancfted). 1. Purple.
August. Greece. 1835.
— virga? turn (twiggy). l£. Blue. June. Syria.
1823.
DEL
[ 288 ]
DEN
HARDY HERBACEOUS PERENNIALS.
I), albiflo'rum (white-flowered). 4. White. July.
America. 1823.
— alpi'num (alpine. Bee). 5. Blue July. Hun-
gary. 1816.
— Alta'icurn (Altaian). 4. Blue. July. Altaia.
1829.
— amce'num (pleasing). 2. Pale blue. July. Si-
beria. 1818.
— azu'reum (azure). 1 6. Light blue. July. Ca-
rolina. 1805.
— cheila'ntkum (lin-flowered). 2. Dark blue.
May. Siberia. 1819.
— Chine'nse (Chinese). 2. Blue. July. China.
1818.
— crasslcau'le (thick-stemmed). Blue. June.
Siberia. 1822.
— cunea'tum (wedgc-featvif). 4. Blue. June.
Siberia. 1816.
— dasyca'rpum (thick-fruited). 4. Bluo. July.
Caucasus. 1819-
— dcco'rum (comely). l£. Blue. June. Russia.
1838,
— dictyoca'rpum (netted-fruited). 4. Blue. July.
Siberia. 1817.
— di'zcolor (two-coloured). 6. Blue, white. Au-
gust. Siberia. 1834.
— ela'tum (tall. Common nee). 6. Blue. July.
Siberia. 1597.
-- eflegans (elegant). 1$. Blue. July. N.
Amer.
— —— flo' re-pie1 no (common- double • flowered).
14. Blue. July. N. Amer. 1741.
— exalta'tum (lofty). 3. Blue. July. N. Amer.
1758.
—fi'wtm (cleft). 4. Blue. June. Hungary. ISlG.
— fiexuo'sum (zigzaar). 2. Blue. May. Caucasus.
1820.
— gra'clle (graceful). Red. July. Spain. 1826.
— grandiflo'rum (large-flowered). 2. Dark blue.
July. Siberia. 1816.
a'lbum (vthite-Jloivered). 2. White. July.
a'lbum-ple'no (double-white). 2. White.
June.
flo're-ple'no (double-A/we-flowered). 2.
Dark blue. June.
pa'llidum (pale blue). 2. Blue. June.
ru'brum (red-flowered). 3. Red, pink.
August.
— ky'bridum (hybrid). 3. Blue. July. Siberia.
1794.
— iatterme'dium (intermediate). Blue. August.
Silesia. 1710.
— ecerule'scens (downy-leaved, sky-bluel. 7-
Light blue. July. 1836.
la'xum (loose-spiked). 6. Blue. May.
— leptosta'chyum( slender-spiked). 6. Blue. May.
Pyrenees.
pa'llidum (pale blue). 2. Blue. July.
pilosi'ssimum (hairiest). 6. Blue. July.
Siberia.
ranunculifo'llum (ranunculus-leaved). 6.
Blue. July. Pyrenees.
sapphi'rinum (sauphite-blue-flowered), 7.
Blue.
— laxiflo'rum (loose-flowered). 4. Blue. July.
Siberia.
— M enzi e'sii (Menzies'). 2. Blue. July. N.
Amer. 1826. Tuberous-rooted.
— mesoleu'cum (white-middled). 3. Blue. July.
1822.
— monta'num (mountain). 4. Blue. July. Swit-
zerland. 1819-
— — — bracteo'sum (bracteose). 8. Blue. June.
South Europe. 1816.
D. moscha'tum (musk-scented). 6. Dark Mus*
August. Switzerland. 1831.
— ochroteu'cwn (yellowish-white). 2. White,
Iberia. 1823.
— pa'llidum (pale). Pale blue. June. Siberia.
1822.
— palmati'fidum (hand- like- cleft). 3. Blue,
July. Siberia. 1824.
glabe'llum (smoothish). 3. Blue. June.
Siberia. 181?.
— pentagy'num (five-styled). 2. Blue. July*
South Europe. 1819.
— pseu'do-peregri'num (rather-diffuse). 3. Red.
June. Siberia. 1823.
— pum'ceum (sc&rlet-flowered). 1. Purple. July.
Siberia. 1/85.
— revolu'tum (rolled-back). 6. Pale blue. April.
— Sine'nse flo're-ple'no (Chinese double -flow-
ered). Deep blue. June. China.
— specio'sum (showy). 4. Blue. July. Caucasus.
1816.
— spu'rium (spurious). 4. Blue. August. Siberia.
1810.
— Mcu'rne (three-horned). J. Blue. July. N.
Amer. 180(5.
— tri'stc (sadj. 2. Blue, July. Dahuria. IS 19.
— Ucru'nicum (Ukraine). Blue. June. Siberia.
1818.
— urceolu'tum (pitcher-like). 2. Blue. June. 1S01.
— vefuti'num (velvety). 4. Blue. July. Italy. Irfig.
— villo'sum (long-haired), 4. Blue. July. Cau-
casus. 1818.
— vimi'neum (wand-like). 4. Blue. August. N.
Amer. 1835.
DENDRO'BIUM. (From dendron, a tree,
and bios, life; referring to the way these
air-plants fasten on trees for support.
Nat. ord., Orchids [Orchidacete]. Linn.,
2Q-Gynandria 1-Monamlria.)
Stove orchids. Dividing the plant when in a
dormant state; turfy peat, a few broken potsherds,
and fastening the plant above the surface of the
pot ; cutting pieces of peeled oak as long as the
diameter of the pot inside at the rim ; fixing the
plant to this wood ; and, after placing it in the
pot, banking up around it with tiie suitable com-
post— prevents all danger from damp, owing to
the plant sinking. Temp., 60° to 90° when grow-
ing, with moisture in the air; and when at rest,
55° to 60°, and drier.
D. a'mulum (rival). 4. White, brown. N. Hol-
land. 1823.
— acero'sum (pointed- leaved). Yellow, pinfe.
Singapore. 1840.
— acieula're (needle-leaved). Yellow, pink. Sin-
gapore. 1840.
— acuminati'ssimum (most pointed). Greenish.
Manilla. 1840.
— adu'ncum (hooked). 2. Pink. Manilla. 18^2.
— aggrega'tum (clustered). 1. Yellow. April.
India.
ma' jus (larger). White. April. India. 1P35.
— alpe'stre (rock). White. Himalayas. 1S40.
— amee'num (lovely). White, yellow. June. Ne-
paul. 1843.
— a'mplum (ample). Straw-coloured. Khooseea*
1837.
— ano'smum (scentless). l£. Purple. June. Phi-
lippines. 1840.
— a'queum (watery). 1. Greenish. November.
Bombay. 1842.
— au'reum (golden-flowered). 1. Yellow. Ceylon.
palli'dum (pale-golden-./?ow>tfn»d). 1. Pale
yellow, March. Ceylon. 1836.
DEN
[ 289 ]
DEN
D.nurfferum (gold-bearing). Yellow. China.
1<U3.
— barba'tum (bearded). Buff. Bombay. 1SS8.
— bicantei'u'tum (two-chambered). Yellow, pur-
ple. August. Khooseea. 1837-
— biflo'rum (two-flowered). White. Society
Islands. 1844.
— breviflo'rum (short-flowered). Green, brown.
June. Indies.
— c&rule'scens (bluish). 2. Sky-blue. April.
Khooseea. 1837.
— calceola'ria (calceolaria). 2, Orange, pink.
June. E. Ind. 1820.
— calce'ulus (slipper-like). Yellow. India. 1838.
— Cambridgea'num (Duke of Cambridge's). 1.
Yellow. Khooseea. 1837.
— ca'ndidum (white-flowered). White. April.
Khooseea. 1837.
— cassythoi'des (cassytha-like). Yellow. Sep-
tember. Australia. 1839.
— chlo'rops (green-eyed). Buff. Bombay. 1842.
— chrysa' nthum (golden -flowerrcl). 1. Yellow.
February. Nepaul. IS'iS.
— chrysoto'xum (golden-arched). 1. Yellow.
March. Indies. 1845.
— compre'ssum (flat-stemmed). §. Yellow. Cey-
lon. 1842.
— crumena'tum (pouch-stfewirned). 1. White.
April. Sumatra. 1823.
violcendo'rum (violet-scented). White.
April. J;iva. 1838.
— cretu'ctiuru (chalked). 1. Dark, white-coloured
veins. Java. 1846.
— crini'ferum (long-haired). Yellowish. Ceylon.
1843.
— crinpa'tum (curled). White. E. Ind. 1838.
— curulla'tum (hooded). Straw. India. 1835.
— cucume'rinum (cucumber-like). $. White,
pink. N. Holland. 1841.
— Cunningha'mii (Cunningham's). White. New
Zealand. 1843.
— cu'preum (coppe^-co/owraf). 2£. Bed, buff.
June. E. Ind. 1825.
— cuspida'tum (spine-pointed). White. Savoy.
1844.
— cymbidioi'des (cymbidiiim-like). Yellow. Java.
— Dalhousiu'num (Lady Dalhousie's). 3. Purple,
rose. Brazil. 1837.
— Devonia'num (Duke of Devonshire's). 1.
White, yellow, pink. May. E. Ind. 1837.
— dem'flo'rum (thickly-flowered). l£. Orange.
June. Nepaul. 1829.
pa'llidum (pale;. Pale yellow. India. 1837.
— di'scolor (two-coloured). 4. Yellow, brown.
October. Java. 1838.
— Egerto'niee (Lady Egerton's). Pink, yellow.
Sahararipoor. 1844.
— elonga'tum ( lengthened >. l£. Yellow, red.
N. Holland. 1835.
— Farme'rii (Mr. Farmer's). Ij. Pnle straw-
yellow. March. E. Ind. 184?.
— fimltria'tum (fringed). 2. Yellow. May. Nc-
paul. 1823.
ocula'tum (eyed). Orange, brown. Ne-
paul.
— fiaoe'scens (yellowish). Yellow. Java. 1844.
— J'ormo'sum (beautiful). White. May. Khooseea.
18:17.
— Gibso'nii (Mr. Gibson's). Orange. June.
Khooseea. 1837.
~ glumn'ceum (chaffy). Green. Philippines,
— Grtffithiafmtm (Griffith's). Yellow. March. £.
Inrl. 1838.
— tf«K*e'KtVfHa8»eU'«). Purple. Java. 18J4.
— Aete»v>fM'»7;M//i>(various-8eeu'ed). Pale yellow.
Kbootttea. 1837.
19
D. //^nea'n«m(Heyne's). White, green. March,
Bombay. 1838.
— hymenophy' Hum (membrane-leaved). Green-
ish. May. Java. 1844.
— inii'gne( remarkable). Yelluwish-greeo. Khoo-
seea. 1837.
— Jenki'nsii (Capt. Jenkin's). 1. Yellow. May.
Gualpara. 1838.
— ju'nceum (rush-Zeaoed). Green. Singapore.
1841.
— Kingia'num (Capt. King's). £. Pink spot.
February. N. Holland. 1843.
— Ku'hlii (Kuhl's). 2. Pale purple. Java. 1844.
— latifn'lium (broad-leaved). Green. Manilla.
— lingucefu'rme (tongue-leaved). ^. Purple. N.
tf. Wales. 1810.
— longico'lle (long-necked). Straw, purple. Sin-
gapore. 1840.
— longicu'rnu (long-spurred). 1. White. May.
Nepaul, 1828.
— Macra'i (Macrae's). Pink. India. 1839-
— macro.1 nthum (large-flowered). 2. Lilac.
Manilla. 1842.
— macroclri' turn (large-lipped). Rose. Manilla.
1838.
— macrophy'lhim (large-leaved). Purple. July.
Philippines. 1838.
— mesoc/ilo'rum (liifht green). White. June.
India. 184(5.
— minu'tum (small). White. March. N. Hol-
land. 1826.
— Mirbelia'num (Mirbel's). Lilac. Guinea.
— mi'serum (poor). White. March. Philip-
pines. 1837.
— monilifo'rme (bracelet-formed). §. Blue.
April. Japan. 1824.
— moschn'tum (musk-scented). Rose, buff. May.
E. Ind. 1828.
— mu'tabile (changeable). Rose. April. Java.
1344.
— ndbile (noble). 2. Green, yellow, pink. China.
Walii'chii (WalJicfi's noble). Purple,
crearn, white. March. E. Ind. 1840.
— nu'dum (naked). Pale purple. June. Java.
1844.
— ochren'tum (yellowish). Yellow, purple. June.
Khooseea. l&afj.
— ocula'tum (dar/c-eyed). 2. Orange, blood-
red-spotted. September. Nepaul.
— Puxto'ni (,1'axton's). Orange, brown. April.
Khooseea. 1837.
— Piera'rdi (Pierard's). 2. Whitish. April.
E. Ind. 1815.
Intifo'tium (broad-leaved). Purple, rose,
yellow. June. Singapore. 18^0.
lute'scens (yellowish). Yellowish. May.
India. 183.5.
— ma'jus (larger). Whitish. April. India.
1830.
— putche'llurn(f&ir). 1. Yellow. April. E. lad.
purpu'reum (purple). Purple. March.
Ragabosa. 1834.
— reoolu'tum (rolled-back). Straw. April. Sin-
gapore. 1842.
— rho'nibeum (d\zn\<>nL\.!ipppd). 1. Pale yellow.
Ausriigt. Manilla. 1834.
— Ru'clceri (Ruclter's,. i£. Yellow. February.
Philippine*. 1843.
— rugo'sum (rough). 1. Pale yellow. April.
Java. 1844.
— sanguinole'ntnm (blood-stained). 4. Buff,
violet. March. Ceylon. 184«.
— schtEiti'num (fluted). White. June. N.
Holland. 18U).
— Mteu'ndum (vifo.-fltnvering}. Rose, purpi*.
July. Malacca, l&i*.
DEN
[ 290 ]
DES
D. seciSndum pa'llidum (pale). Pale purple. July.
Sumatra. 1840.
— specio'sum (showy). 1. Yellow, white. Ja-
nuary. N. Holland. 1824.
— sulca'tum (furrowed). 1. Orange. April.
Khooseea. 1837.
— tauri'num (bull-headed). 5. Yellow, purple.
October. Philippines. 1837.
— teretifo'lium (round-leaved). 1. Purple. July.
N. Holland. 1823.
— tetrago'num (four- angled). 2. Yellow, green.
May. Moreton Bay. 1838.
— transpa'rens (transparent). Rose. Nepaul.
— triade'nium (three-gland-/(>^ed). 2. White,
lilac. E. Ind. 1844.
— widula'tum (waved). Yellow, brown. March.
Manilla. 1838.
— vagina'tum (sheathed). Straw, purple. Sin-
gapore.
— veratrifo'tium (veratrum-leaved). Lilac. Oc-
tober. Guinea.
— Veitchia'num (Mr. Veitch's). Yellow, white,
cream. Java. 1 846.
DENTA'RIA. Toothwort. (From dens,
a tooth; referring to the fanged roots.
Nat. ord., Crudfers [Brassicacese]. Linn.,
15-Tetradynamia. Allied to Cardamine.)
Hardy herbaceous perennials. Divisions of
tuberous-like roots ; seeds sown in April ; rich,
light soil, in moist, shady situations.
D.bulbi'fera (bulb-bearing). 1$. Purple. April.
England.
— dasy'loba (hairy-lobed). Russia. 1838.
— digita'ta (finger-/eaw<?d). 1J. Pale purple.
Switzerland. 1656.
— diphy'lla (two-leaved). J. White, purple.
May. N. Amer.
•-- enneaphy'lla (nine-leaved). 1. Pale yellow.
May. Austria. 1656.
— glandulo'sa (glanded). I. Light purple. May.
Hungary. 1815.
— lacinia'ta Gagged). 1. White. May. N.
Amer. 1822.
— ma'xima (largest). 2. Pale purple. May.
N.Amer. 1823.
— pinna'ta (leafleted). 1. Pale purple. May.
Switzerland. 1683.
— polyphg'lla (many-leaved). 1. Purple. May.
Hungary. 1818.
— quinquefo'lia (five-leaved). 1. Purple. May.
Tauria. 1820.
— tenuifo'lia (fine-leaved). 1. Light purple.
May. Siberia. 1825.
— trifo'lia (three-leaved). 1. White. May.
Hungary. 1824.
* DESFONTAI'NIA. (In honour of M.
Desfontain, the French botanist. Nat.
ord., Niyhtshades [Solanaceae], Linn.,
6-Penlandria \-Monogynia.}
A lovely greenhouse evergreen shrub. Its cul-
ture is the same as for the more tender kinds of
Fuchsia. The soil should be on« third peat ; it
should be shaded from mid- day sun, and have
plenty of moisture.
D. spino'sa (spiny-holly-leaved). 3. Scarlet,
yellow. August. Peru. 1853.
DESIGN. " Consult the genius of the
place " before you determine upon your
design, is sound advice; for in gardening,
as in all the fine arts, nothing is pleasing
that is inappropriate. Mr. Whateley, our
best authority on such subjects, truly
says : — A plain simple field, unadorned
but with the common rural appendages,
is an agreeable opening ; but if it is ex-
tremely small, neither a haystack, nor a
cottage, nor a stile, nor a path, nor much
less all of them together, will give it an
j air of reality. A harbour on an artificial
lake is but a conceit ; it raises no idea of
refuge or security, for the lake does not
suggest an idea of danger: it is detached
from the large body of water, and yet is
in itself but a poor, inconsiderable basin,
vainly affecting to mimic the majesty of
the sea.
When imitative characters in garden-
ing are egregiously defective in any ma-
terial circumstance, the truth of the
others exposes and aggravates the failure.
But the art of gardening aspires to more
than imitation; it can create original
characters, and give expressions to the
several scenes superior to any they can
receive from illusions. Certain proper-
ties, and certain dispositions of the ob-
jects of nature, are adapted to excite par-
ticular ideas and sensations; they require
no discernment, examination, or discus-
sion, but are obvious at a glance, and in-
stantaneously distinguished by our feel-
ings. Beauty alone is not so engaging
as this species of character; the impres-
sions it makes are more transient and
less interesting ; for it aims only at de-
lighting the eye, but the other affects
our sensibility. An assemblage of the
most elegant forms in the happiest situa-
tions is to a degree indiscriminate, if
they have not been selected and arranged
with a design to produce certain expres-
sions ; an air of magnificence or of sim-
plicity, of cheerfulness, tranquillity, or
some other general character, ought to
pervade the whole; and objects pleasing
in themselves, if they contradict that
character, should therefore be excluded.
Those which are only indifferent must
sometimes make room for such as are
more significant — may occasionally be
recommended by it. Barrenness itself
may be an acceptable circumstance in a
spot dedicated to solitude and melan-
choly.
DESMA'NTHUS. A genus of pea-flow*
ered plants, allied to Mimosa, said to
be good-looking in their native wilds ;
but we never saw a fine Desmauthus in
cultivation.
DES
[ 291 ]
DIA
DESMO'NCUS. (From desmos, a band,
and oykos, a hook ; the ribs of the leaves
ending in bands at the point, like ten-
drils. Nat. ord., Palms [Palmacese].
Linn., 2l-Hfoncecia Q-Hexandria. Allied
to Cocos.)
Stove Palms. Seeds in a hotbed ; sandy loam.
Summer temp., 60° to 84° ; winter, 55° to 60°.
D. America'nus (American). 6. St. Vincent. 1824.
— du'ltius (doubtful). 6. Trinidad. 1824.
— orthaca'nthus (straight-spined). 6. Brazil.
1 822.
— potyaca'nthus (many-spined). 6. Brazil. 1822.
DEU'TZIA. (Named after J. Deutz, a
sheriff of Amsterdam. Nat. ord., Syringas
[Philadelphacese]. Linn., IQ-Decandria
3-Trigynia.)
We believe that Deutzia and Philadelphia are
only different sections of the same genus, and
that some of the species of each will yet cross
with each other, to prove our position. D sca'bra,
grown as a dwarf standard, and pruned like the
black currant, or cutting out the shoots after
flowering, would form a great ornament for a
border of select shrubs. It is also a good subject
for spring flowering for the conservatory. Hardy
deciduous shrubs. Cuttintrs under a hand-glass,
or strong shoots may be planted in a sheltered
place in autumn. Are fine ornaments to a wall in
the early summer months ; common soil.
D. corymbo'sa (corymb-flowering). 5. White.
Himalayas.
— gra'cilis (slender). White. April. Japan.
— sangm'tiea (red-flowered). Red. April.
— sca'bra (rough-leaved). 6. May. Japan. 1833.
— stami'nea (6>-oad-stamened). 3. White. April.
Himalayas. 1841.
DEVONSHIEING. See PAEINO AND
BURNING.
DEW-BERRY. Ru'bus ca'sius.
DIACA'LPE.' (From dis, two, or double,
and calpis, an urn ; referring to the dis-
position of the spore-cases, or seed-ves-
sels. Nat. ord., Ferns [Polypodiacese].
Linn., 2±-Cryptogamia l-Filices. Allied
to Woodsia.)
Stove Fern. Division ; peat and loam. Sum-
mer temp., 60° to 85°; winter, 50° to 55°.
D. aspidioi'des (aspidium-like). Yellow. July.
J ava.
DIANE'LLA. (A classical diminutive
from Diana, the goddess of hunting;
the first discovered species being found
in a grove. Nat. ord., Lilyworts [Lilia-
ceffi]. Linn., 6-Hexandria i.-Monogynia.}
Greenhouse or frame bulbs. They would an-
swer in a mixed border of half-hardy bulbs in
front of a stove or greenhouse, with Anthericums,
Albucas, Blandfordias, Cummingias, and the like.
All from New Holland, and with blue flowers, ex-
cept where otherwise specified. Seeds sown in a
slight hotbed in spring, and division ; loam and
peat. Summer temp., 55° to 75° ; winter, 40° to 4b°.
£t. ceem'lea (sky-blue). 2. June. 1783.
— €ongelsta (crowded). 2. Juue. 1820.
D. divarica'ta (straggling). 3. July. 1805.
— ensifo'lia (sword-leaved). l£. White. Au-
gust. E. Ind. 1731.
— lat'vis (smooth). 2. August. 1822.
— longifo'lia (long-leaved). 2j. August. 1822-
— nemoro'sa (grove). 2. August. E. Ind. 1731.
— revolu' ta (rolled-back)- 2. August. 1823.
— strumo'sa (swollen). 14. March. 1822.
DIANTHOI'DIS. (Dianthus - like; so
named from its flowers resembling the
Pink. Nat. ord., Phloxworts [Polemo-
niacese]. Linn., 5-Pentandria l-Mono-
gynia.)
Some have ventured to change its name to
Fenzlia. Hardy annual from California. Seeds
in open border in April, or in a slight hotbed
in March, to be afterwards transplanted in patches ;
sandy loam.
D. dianthiflo'ra (pink - flowered). $. Purple,
yellow. June. 1833.
DIA'NTHUS. Pink. (From dios, divine,
and anthos, a flower. Nat. ord., Clove-
worts [Caryophj'llacese], Linn., IQ-De-
candria 2-Digynia.)
Seeds, divisions, and cuttings, under a hand-
light, in light soil, any time about midsummer.
The tender kinds should be kept in pots, and
protected in a cold pit during the winter. See
CARNATION, PINK, and SWEET WILLIAM.
HARDY ANNUALS AND BIENNIALS.
D. aggrega'tus (crowded). 1. Pink. June.
1817. Biennial.
— arme'ria (armeria). 1. Red. June. Eng-
land.
— armerioi'des (armeria-like). 1. Red. June.
New Jersey. 182^.
— Chine'nsis (China). 1. Red. July. China.
1713. Biennial.
— margina'tus (bordered). 1. White. July.
South Europe. 1820. Biennial.
— pro'lifer (proliferous). J. Pink. July.
England.
— pubefscena (downy). 1. Red. July. Greece.
1820.
— velu'tinus (velvety). Red. May. Calabria.
1837.
HALF-HARDY PERENNIALS.
D. a'lbens (whitish). J. White. August. Cape
of Good Hope. 1787.
— arbo'reus (tree). lj. Pink. July. Greece.
1820. Evergreen.
— arbu'scula (little tree). l£. Red. July.
China. 1824. Evergreen.
— crena'tus (scolloped). 1. Flesh. August.
Cape of Good Hope. 1817.
— frutico'sus (shrubby. Carnation). 3. Pink.
July. Greece. 1815. Evergreen.
— Japo'nicus (Japanese). 1. Pink. June.
China. 1804.
— juniperi'nus (juniper - like). Red. July.
Greece. 1825.
— suffrutico'sus (half-shrubby). lj. Pink.
August. Siberia. 1804. Evergreen.
HARDY PERENNIALS.
D. alpe'stris(roc\i). £. Red. June. Europe. 18I7-
— alpi'nus (alpine). $. Red. June. Austria.
1759.
— arena'rius (sand). 2. Purple. August.
Europe.
DIA
[ 292
DIA
I) n'spcr (rough -stalked). J. Pink, July.
Switzerland. 1822.
— a'tro-ru'bens (dark red). 1. Crimson. Au-
gust. Italy. 1802.
— attenua'tus (tapering). 4. Red. July.
Spain. 1822.
— Balbi'sii (Balbis's). 1, Red. August. Genoa.
1817.
— barba'tus (bearded. Sweet William). l\.
Pink. July. Germany. 1573.
Itttifo'lius (broad-leaved). 14. Scarlet.
July. 1826.
— In'color (.two - coloured). 1. Pink. July.
Tauria. 1816.
~ fiiflo'rus (two-flowered). Red. June. Greece.
— ,lrd vis (short). Red. June. Jurassa.
— Buchtorme'nsis (Buchtormian). 1. Red.
July. Russia. 1826.
— cee'sius (grey). $. Flesh. July. Britain.
— campe'stris (field). 1. White, red. August.
Tauria. 1815.
— • capita'tus (headed). 1$. Purple. August.
Caucasus. 1822.
— Caroliniu'nus (Carolina). 1. Purple. June.
N. Amer. 1811.
— Carthusiano'rum (Carthusian's). Ij. Red.
July. Germany. 15/3.
— caryophylloi'des (clove-like). 1. Red. June.
1817.
— caryophy'ttus (clove). 2. Flesh. June.
Enpand.
— — — flo're-ple'no (double. Carnation). 2.
Crimson. August. England.
frutico'sus (shrubby. Carnation). 3.
Crimson. July. England.
imbrica'tus (imbricated. Wheatear).
14. Flesh. August. England.
— Cauca'sicus (Caucasian). 1. Purple. July.
Caucasus. 1803.
— cephulo'tes headed), ij. Pink. July. 1823.
— cilia'tus (hair-fringed). 14. Pink. July.
Naples. 1829.
— cli^a'tus (club-shaped). 1. Flesh. July.
— colli'nus (hill) J. White. August. Hun-
gary. 1800.
— Cy'ri (Cyri's). Red, June. Natolia. 1843.
— deltoi'des (triangle), f . Flesh. June. Bri-
tain.
— denta'tus (toothed). 1. Red. July. Siberia.
1826.
— diffu'sns (wide-spreading). 14. Red. July.
Cyprus. 1820.
— diminu'tus (small -flowered). 4« Pink. July.
South Europe. 1/71.
— di'scolor (two-coloured), i. Pink. August.
Caucasus. 3803.
— diuti'nus (long-lasting). Red. June, Hun-
gary. 1820.
— divarica'tus (straggling). 1. Purple. Au-
gust. Greece. 1822.
— du'bius (doubtful). White, rose. May.
— e'le^ans (elegant). Red. June. Levant. 1825.
— erude'scens (blushing), Blush. July. Pyre-
nees. 1825.
— ferrugi'neus (rusty). Brown. July. Italy.
1/06.
sulphu'reux (sulphur-coloured). 14. Sul-
phur. August. Italy, laiio'.
— fimbria'tus (fringed). 14. Brown. July.
Iberia. 1815.
— Fische'ri (Fischer's). 1. Red. June, Ru8»ia.
1820.
a'lbus (white). 14. White. August.
Gardens. 1830.
— fro! grans (fragrant). 1. White. August.
Austria. 1804.
D.furea'tus (forked). 1. Pale reel. July.
Piedmont. 1819.
— Ga'llicus (French). j. Purple. August.
South France.
— giga'nteus (gigantic). 3. Purple. August.
Greece. 1824.
— glacia'lis (icy). ;J. Red. June. South
Europe. 1820.
— glaucuphy'llus (milky-green-leaved), 14- Red.
July. 1827.
— glau'cus (milky- green). \. White. June.
Britain.
— gutta'tus (spotted), 1. Red. July. Cau-
casus. 1816.
— Henders'mia'nus (Henderson's). 1. Crimson.
July.
— tii'rtus (hairy). 1. Red. July. France. 1821.
— Hurneina'nni (Hornemann's). 1. Red. Au-
gust. Italy.
— horte'nuis (garden). 1. Red. July. Hun-
frarv. 1805.
— Jiyssopifa'lius (hyssop - leaved). f. Pink.
Aup-ust. Europe. 1810.
— lbe'ricus( Iberian). 4. Purple. July. Iberia.
1R17.
— liififu'd'is (broad-leaved). 14. Pink. June.
— ic/}'i'.>}>e't<tlus (fine petaled). 1^. White. June.
CiiMcasus. 1814.
— llbantt'tis (rosemary-like). 4. White. July.
Lebanon. 1830.
— Liboschiixia'nus (Libo«chiti's). 4- White.
Juk. Tauria. 18i/.
— tnnffifi'iii'lis (long-stemmed). 1. White. Au-
gust. Italy. 1820.
— rno nude' 'Iphus (monadeljihous). 1. White,
pink. August. Levant.
— i/«M/»w«a/«'iM»»(lfontpelier). l. Red. July.
Moutpclier. 1/64.
— montu'nus (mountain). |. lied. July.
Caucasus. 1803.
— multlpuncta'tus (many - dotted). Spotted.
June. Levant. 1825.
— Mussi'ni (Mussini's). 4. \Vhite. June.
Caucasus. 1823.
— na'nus (dwarf). j. Crimson. August.
Switzerland. 1820.
— ni'tidus (shining). I. Red. July. Carpa-
tliia. 1822.
— ochroleu'cus (yellowish-white). Yellow. June.
Levant. 1821.
— paliidiflu'rus (pale- flowered). 1. Purple.
July. Siberia. 1817.
— petra>'us(Tock). White. July. Hungary. 1804.
Jlo1 ribus-majo'rihus (larger-flowered). 4.
Pink. June. 1804.
— P(,tV<tf?:«'nMs(Poiret's;. 1. Purple. August.
1816.
Jto're-ple'no (double-flowered). 1. Pur-
ple. April. Greece. 1820.
— polymo'rphus (many-form). 1. Bed. March.
Crimea. 1822.
— pomeridia'nus (afternoon). 1. Yellow. July.
Levant. 1804.
— pluma'rius (feathered). 4- White, purple.
July. South Europe. 1629.
— plumo'sus (feathery - petaled). 14. White,
lilac. June. M. Baldo.
— prate'nsis (meadow). 1. White, yellovr.
August. Crimea. 1820.
— prostra'ius (prostrate). A- ^e^' September.
Cape of Good Hope*. 1824. Evergreen.
— pscu'do-arme'ria (false-armeria). 1. Purple.
August. Crimea. 1820.
— puichu'lhts (pretty). 1. White, red. June.
Siberia. 1827.
— puncta'tu* (dotted). 1. Pale lilac. August.
DIA
[ 293 ]
DIG
D pu'ngens (pungent). 1. Pink. August,
Spain. 1781.
— re'pena (creeping). Red. Siberia. 1825.
— ri'gidua (stiff). j{. Red. July. Caspian
Sea. 1802.
— rupico'la (rock-inhabiting). 1. Red. June.
Italy. 1820.
— Ruthe'nicus (Russian). 1. Purple. June.
Russia. 181(5.
— saxa'tilis (rock). £. White. June. South
Europe. 1816.
— Seguie'rii (Seguier's). Switzerland. 1832.
Evergreen.
— sero'tinus (fate.- flowering). 1. Purple. Au-
gust. Hungary. 18CJ.
— surra' tus (saw - edged). 1. Pink. June.
Pyrenees. 182/.
— Si'culus (Sicilian). 1. Red. August. Sicily.
1820.
— spino'sus (spiny). 2. Pink. July. Mount
Lebanon. 1831.
— squarro'sus (spreading). $. White. June.
Tauria. 1817.
— Sternbe'rgii (Sternberg's). l£. Red. June.
— suave'olens (sweet -smelling). 1. White.
August. 1820.
— sua'vis (sweet). 1. Pink. July.
— supe'rbus (superb). 2. White. August.
Europe. 1596.
— sylva'ticus (wood). l£. Red. June. Ratis-
bon. 1815.
— sylve'stris (wild). 1. Red. July. South
Europe. 1732.
— TaM'ricws(Taurian). 1. Pink. July. Tauria.
1831.
— te'ner (tender). £. Red. August. Europe.
1817.
— umbella'tus (umbel-flowered). Red. July.
1825.
— versi'culor (changeable-coloured). 1$. Red.
August. Russia. 1823.
— virgi'neus (virgin). 1. Red. June. Mont-
pelier. 1816.
DIAPE'NSIA. (From dis, two, or twice,
and petite, five; five sepals compose the
calyx, and five stamens with petal-like
filaments. Nat. ord., Diapensiads [Dia-
pensiaceae]. Linn., 6-Pentandria 1-Mo-
uogynia.)
An extremely rare alpine prostrate little under-
shrub, from Lapland ; yet it requires the protec-
tion of a frame in winter, to compensate for the
winter covering of snow in its native climate.
Seeds or division of the plant ; peat and loam ; a
dry situation on a bank in summer, and a dry
corner in a cold pit in winter.
D. barbula'ta (small-bearded). $. White. June.
New Jersey. 1851.
-Lappo'nica (Lapland). $. White. July.
DIASTE'MA. (From dis, two, and ste-
mon, a stamen. Nat. ord., Gesnerworts
[Gesneracese]. Linn., l^Didynamia 2-
Angiospermia. Allied to Conradia.)
Stove herbaceous perennial. Divisions ; cut-
tings of its young shoots, when two or three
inches in length, after commencing to grow; peat
an. 1 loam. Summer temp., (50° to 85°; winter,
48 to 55 .
D. ochroleu'
gust. New Grenada. 18*4.
1. Au-
DIBBER, or DIBBLE. This
J instrument for making holes
V //in which to insert seeds or
plants is usually very simple
in its construction, being at
the best the head of an old
spade - handle. To secure
uniformity of depth in plant-
ing beans, &c., by this in-
strument, it is useful to have
it perforated with holes to re-
ceive an iron peg, at two and three
inches from the point, as in
the annexed outline. It
should be shod with iron;
for if this be kept bright it
will make holes into which
the soil will not crumble from
the sides. The crumbling
is induced by the soil's ad-
hesion to the dibble. For
planting potatoes, a dibble
with a head three inches in
diameter at the point, eight
inches long up to the foot-
rest, and with a handle four
feet long, is to be preferred.
For the insertion of seed, a
dibble that delivers the seed
has been invented by a Mr.
Smith, and another by Dr.
Newington ; the last is the best.
DIBBLE'MMA. (Derivation not known.)
A stove Fern, allied to Parkeria. Division ;
peat and loam. Summer temp., 60° to 85°;
winter, 50° to 5&°.
D. Samare'nse (Samarese). E. Ind.
DICE'RMA. (From dis, two, and erma,
a prop ; referring to the two bractelets
under the flower. Nat. ord., Leguminous
Plants [Fabaceee], Linn., 17-Diadelphia
4^-Decandria.)
Stove evergreens, with yellow flowers. Seeds
in hotbed, in March ; cuttings of half-ripened
shoots in sand, under a bell-glass, in bottom-heat,
in April or May ; peat and loam. Summer temp.,
60° to 80°; winter, 50° to 55°.
D. biarticula' turn (two-jointed). 2. July. E.
Ind. 1808,
— e'legans (elegant). 1. July. China. 181Q.
— pulcht'llum(ne&t). 1. July. E. Ind. 1/98.
DICHI'LUS. (From dis, two, and cheilos,
a lip; in reference to two divisions of the
calyx being longer than the rest. Nat.
ord., Leguminous Plants [Fabacew].
Linn., 16-MonadelpMa 6-Decandria. Al-
lied to Hypocalyptus.)
Greenhouse evergreen. Cuttings of young
shoots getting firm at the bane, in sand, under a
bell-glass ; sandy peat, bummer teuip., 55° to
80° ; winter. 40° to 48°.
DIG
[ 21)4]
DIG
D. Ltteckioi'des (Lebeckia-like). 2j. White
yellow. April. Cape of Good Hope
1826.
DICHORISA'NDKA. (From dis, twice
chorizo, to part, and aner, an anther
.referring to the anthers being two-celled
Nat. ord., Spider worts [Commelinacese]
Linn., 6-Hexandria 1-Monoyynia. Alliec
to Campelia.)
D. thyrsiflo'ra is the handsomest plant of this
order, and one of the best stove plants in cultiva-
tion, for winter or late autumnal flowering. We
have seen it, under liberal treatment, rise to ten
feet, branched all round, and every branch ending
in a long spike or thyrse of densely-set, sky-blue
flowers. When the flowers begin to expand, it
may be removed to a warm conservatory, where ii
will last in bloom from six weeks to two months
Stove herbaceous perennials, from Brazil. Di-
vision of the plant, when growth is commencing ;
seeds sown in a hotbed in spring ; peat and loan
with sand and leaf-mould. Summer temp., 60°
to 80° ; winter, 45° to 55°.
D. di'scnlur (two-coloured). September. 1848
— gra'cilis (slender). 1$. Blue. August.
— leucophthu'lmus( white-eyed). Blue and white.
June. Brazil.
— ovalifo'lia (oval -leaved). Purple. May. 1846
— oxype'tala (sharp-petaled). 2. Red. August.
1810.
— pi'ciu (paints-leaved). $. Blue. September.
1830.
— pube'rula (downy). 3. Blue. August. 1823.
•-- thyrsiflo'ra (thyrse-flowered). 4. Blue. Au-
gust. 1822.
DICKS O'NIA. (Named after James
Dickson, a British /botanist, who studied
this Nat. ord., Ferns [Polypodiacesej.
Linn., 2±-Cryptoyamia 1-Filices.)
Who that has visited the first resting-place of
the remains of Napoleon Buonaparte, at St.
Helena, did not admire the native tree-ferns,
D. arbore'scens, a little beyond ? To transport
this memorial, with the weeping willow, to our own
and other shores, any time within a month before
your departure from the island, cut off all the
branches or fronds to within two inches of the
stem, making a clean cut from the under-side ;
clear away the soil till you see the fang-like roots ;
cut them with a chisel and mallet without moving
the stem ; smooth the cut end of the roots, and
the trunk is ready to travel, packed in a dry case,
When the gardener receives it, let him set the
bottom of the trunk on a bed or box of half sand,
and half peat, in a temperature of 80°, and give
no water for the first six weeks. The new leaves
by that time issue from the top ; water then in
abundance. Thus any of the colossal Ferns or
Cacti may be safely removed. Division of the
roots ; best done when growth is commencing ;
peat and loam. Summer temp., 60° to 80°;
winter, 48° to 55°.
D. adiuntoi'des (adiantum-like). 2. November.
W. Ind. 18-28.
— anta'rctica (antartic). September. N.Hol-
land. 1824.
— arbore'scens (tree-like). 15. September. St.
Helena. 1786.
— Davalliofdes (Dava!lia-like). 3. September.
N. Holland.
— diss'ecta (cut-ieaved). 3. August. Jamaica.
1793*
D. pilosiu'scula (rather-hairy). 2. August. N.
Amer. 1811.
— rubigino'sa (rusty). Brazil.
— sca'ndens (climbing).
— squamo'su (scaly). New Zealand.
DICLI'PTEKA. (From dis, twice, and
kleio, to shut ; referring to the two-celled
capsule, or seed-vessel. Nat. ord., Acan-
thads [Acanthacete]. Linn., 2-Diandria
\-Monoyynia. Allied to Justicia.)
Annuals, by seed in a hotbed, in spring ; peren-
nials, by cuttings of side-shoots, or the points of
shoots, in sandy soil, in bottom-heat, with a
hand-light, not so close as a bell-glass. Loam
and peat, open and fibry, with a little rotten leaf-
mould. Summer temp., 60° to 85° ; winter, 48°
to 55°.
STOVE ANNUALS.
D.hcxangula'ris (six-angled). 2. Red. July.
S. Anier. i/33.
— resupina'ta. (lying-back). 1$. White, purple.
March. S. Amer. 1805.
GREENHOUSE PERENNIALS.
D. Chine'nsis (Chinese). Pale blue. September.
E. Ind. 1816. Herbaceous.
— verticilla'ris( whorl -flowered). 1. Purple. May.
Cape of Good Hope. 1826. Evergreen.
STOVE EVERGREENS, &C.
D. cssu'rgens (rising). 2. Red. July. W. Ind.
1818.
— biva'lvis (two-valved). J. Purple. June.
E. Ind. 1818.
— Martinice'nsis (Martinique). 2. Purple. July.
W. Ind. 1818.
— pectina'ta (comb-like). lj. Blue. June.
E. Ind. 1/98.
— Peruvia'na (Peruvian). 2. Purple. June.
Peru. 1818.
— retu'sa (abrupt-ended). 2. Purple. July.
W. Ind. 1821. Herbaceous.
— scorpioi'des (scorpion-like). 3. July. Vera
Cruz. 1802.
— gpino'sa (spiny). 2. Yellow. April. Mau-
ritius. 1824.
DICTA'MNUS. Fraxinella, or Dittany.
(Diclamnus, a name adopted from Virgil;
Fraxinella a diminutive of fraxinus, the
ash, from the similarity of their leaves.
Nat. ord., Rueworts [Rutacese]. Linn.,
IQ-Decandria l-Monogynia.)
This is one of the oldest and best border-plants
of our cottage-gardens. Instances are known
here the Fraxinella has outlived father, son, and
and grandson in the same spot, without increase,
all attempts at multiplying it, to give away a
rooted slip to a newly-married member of the
"amily, having failed ; yet the Fraxinella is easily
ncreased from seeds. Sow, as soon as they are
•ipe, in the common soil of the border, and cover
jne inch deep ; they will not sprout till the follow-
ng April. If they are kept over the winter, and
sown in the following spring, they will remain
;welve months before they sprout ; and not one
iced put of a hundred sprouts at all. When the
seedlings are two years old, transplant them
vhere they are to remain, &nd they will flower the
bird season. They prefer a deep, rich border, OQ
a dry bottom, and all flower in June.
D. a'l&us (white). 3. White. Germany. 1596.
DIG
I 295 ]
DIG-
D. angustifo'lius (narrow- leaved). 2. Lilac.
Altai. 1821.
—fraxine'lla (fraxinella). 3. Purple. Germany.
1590.
DICTYA'NTHUS. (From dictyon, net-
work, and anthos, a flower; alluding to
the markings on the corolla. Nat. ord.,
Asdepinds [Asclepiadacese], Linn., 5-
Pentandria l-l\fonoyynia.)
Stove climber. For culture, see PASSIFLO'EA.
D. Pavo'nii (Pavon's). 10. Green, brown. Sep-
tember. New Spain. 1854.
DICTYOGLO'SSUM. See ACRO'STIOHUM
CRINI'TUM.
DICTY'MIA ATTENUA'TA. A very pretty
Fern, brought from New Holland in 1828 ;
requires only the shelter of a greenhouse
and the usual cultivation. See FERNS.
DICTYO'PTERIS. (From dictyon, net-
work, and pteris, a Fern; referring to
the leaves, or fronds.)
Greenhouse Ferns. See FERNS.
D. altenua'ta (tapering). June. Australia.
— luncsnla'ta (spear-head-/eayerf). June. Mau-
ritius. 1824. Stove.
— macrndo'ntti (large-toothed). May. Australia.
1840.
— pteroi'des (brake-like). June. Australia. 1842.
DIDYMGCA'RPUS. (From <&fym0«,twin,
and carpos, fruit; referring to a double
division along the centre of the seed-
vessel. Nat. ord., Gesnerworts [Gesner-
acese]. Linn., \&-Didynamia 2-Angio-
spermia. Allied to Chirita.)
This must not be confounded with its ally,
Streptocarpus. Stove herbaceous. Division ;
cuttings of young shoots, wheu commencing
growing, in sandy soil, in bottom-heat; peat and
loam, with sand, a little turf-mould, and rotten
cow-duns. Summer temp., 60° to 80°; winter,
45° to 55°.
D. crini'tus (Jora#-haired). 1. White, yellow.
July. Pulo Penang. 1815.
— Humboldtia'na (Humboldt'e). Lilac. Oc-
tober. Cejlon.
DIDYMOCHUE'NA. (Fromdidymos, twin,
and chlaina, a cloak; referring to the co-
verings of the spore-cases, called seed-
vessels. Nat. ord., Ferns [Polypodiacese].
Linn., %±-Cryptogamia i-Filices.)
Handsome stove Ferns, allied to Oxygonium.
Divisions; peat and lomi. Summer temp., 60°
to 85° ; winter, 50° to 55°.
/>. pulche'rrima (fairest). July. Brazil.
•— trunca'tula (little tree). 4. June. Brazil.
1838.
DIELY'TRA. (From dis, two, and ely-
tron, a sheath ; referring to the two se-
pals, which embrace the flowers in this
order, and give the remarkable brilliancy
to the flowers of D. specta'bilis. Nat. ord.,
Fumeworts [Fumariaceee]. Linn., 17-Di-
adelphia %-Hexandria. Allied to Cory-
dalis.)
D. specta'bilis is the most brilliant hardy plant
added to our collections for many years, but fur-
nishes the most obvious example of the remark-
able economy of the sexual organs of its race.
The flowers of Fumitories never open, and their
peculiar construction seems to offer no means for
the pollen to escape ; but, by a peculiar contriv-
ance connected with the parts, fecundation i*
effectually and simply brought about. We have
failed, however, to effect the process artificially
with D. tpeetafbilit. This most beautiful plant
was described by Linmeus from dried specimens,
but was not seen alive by any European until Mr.
Fortune found it in gardens in the north of China,
and sent it, in 1846, to the London Horticultural
Society. It is a spring-flowering, deciduous, her-
baceous plant, with large fleshy roots ; the stalks
and leaves rise to 18 inches or two feet, and look
like a small-leafed tree-peony; the flowers are
produced on spikes from four to six inches long;,
and hanging down gracefully on one side. It re-
quires rich, light soil, and is readily increased by
dividing the crown of the roots early in spring, or
by cuttings after the plant is in growth. It will
find its way, like the China Rose, into every cot-
tage-garden. All hardy herbaceous, and flowering
in June ; the same culture is applicable to all the
species.
D. hructeo'sa (bracted). 1. White. N. Amer. 1823.
— Canade'mis (Canadian). J. White. N. Amer.
1819.
— eueulla'ria (monk's-hood). J. White. N. Amer.
1731.
— exi'mia (choice). 1J. Flesh. N.Amer. 1812.
— /ormo'*.'* (handsome). 1. Flesh. N. Amer. 1796.
— Lac/itn«/t«/?o'ra(Lachenalia- flowered). 1. Pur-
ple. Siberia. 1826.
— specio'sa (showy). 1. Flesh. I'.IO.
— specta'bilis (remarkable). 1$. Purple. Siberia.
1810.
— tenuifo'tia (fine-leaved). J. Pink. Kamt-
schatka. 1820.
DIERVI'LLA. (Named after M. Dler-
ville, a French surgeon. Nat. ord., Capri-
foils [Caprifoliaceae]. IAnn.,5-Pentandria
L-Monogynia. Allied to Leycesteria.)
A creeping-rooted, hardy shrub. Suckers from
the roots ; cuttings in the open ground, in au-
tumn ; common, moist, shaded garden-soil.
D, lu'tea (yellow-yZowered). 3. June. N. Amer*
1739.
DIE 'TIS. See MORE' A.
DIGGING with the spade or fork has for
its object a loosening of the soil so as to
render it more fit for the reception of
seeds or plants. Begin at one end of the
piece of ground, and with your spade
open a trench quite across, one good
spade wide and one deep, carrying the
earth to the end where you finish ; then,
keeping your face to the opening, pro-
ceed to dig one spade deep regularly
from one side of the piece to the other,
turning the spits neatly into the trench,
and the next course against these; and
so keep digging straight back, spit arid
DIG
[ 296 ]
DIG
spit, still preserving an open trench, a
good spade width and depth, between the
dug and undug ground, that you may
have full room to give every spit a clean
turn, taking all the spits perpendicularly
and not taking too much before the
spade, especially in stiff land, or where
the surface is full of weeds, or is much
dunged ; so giving every spit a clean turn,
the top to the bottom and the bottom to
the top, that the weeds or dung on the
surface may be buried a due depth, and
that the fresh earth may be turned up.
As you proceed, break all large clods, and
preserve an even surface carrying both
sides and middle on equally, unless one
side shall be hollow; then carry on the
hollow side first in a gradual sweep, in-
clining the spits of earth rather that way,
which will raise that side and reduce the
high one, observing the same it' both
sides are high and the middle hollow, or
both sides hollow and the middle high,
always keeping the lower ground advanc-
ing gradually before the higher, by which
you will always maintain a uniform level.
The same should also be observed in
beginning to dig any piece of ground,
that if one corner is much lower than
another, carry on the lower part some-
what first, in a slanting direction, as far
as necessary. Likewise, in finishing any
pieces of digging, gradually round upon
the lower side so as to finish at the high-
est corner; and having dug to where you
intend to finish, then use the earth taken
out of the first trench to make the larst
opening equal with the other ground.
In plain digging dunged ground, if the
dung is quite rotten you may dig clean
through, giving each spit a clean turn to
bury the dung in the bottom of the
trench ; but if you cannot readily do this,
trim the dung a spade's width at a time
into the furrow or open trench, and so
dig the ground upon it, which is rather
the most effectual method, whether rot-
ten or long fresh dung.
All weeds that are perennial should be
carefully picked out, particularly couch-
grass and bear-bind. But annual weeds,
groundsel, and the like, should be turned
down to the bottom of the trench, where
they will rot.
A man will dig, by plain digging of
light, free- working, clean ground, eight,
ten, or twelve rods a day, from six to six,
though in some of the light, clean ground
about London, a man will turn up fifteen
or twenty rods a day, from fire to seven ;
but in stiff, stubborn soils, a man may
work hard for six or eight rods in a day
of twelve hours. Trenchiny, if only one
spade deep, without the crumbs or sho-
velling at bottom, a man will dig almost
as much as by plain digging; or two
spades' depth, from four to six rods a
day may be good work, though in harsh-
working ground digging three or four
rods per day may be hard work. — (Maiue.)
Most garden soils dig best the day after
a fall of rain; and if the soil has in its
composition a larger proportion than
usual of clay, the operation will be fa-
cilitated by dipping occasionally the spade
into water. Most gardeners object to
digging while snow is upon the ground,
and the objection is not mere prejudice,
for experience proves the bad result of
the practice. The evil is owing to the
great quantity of heat required to reduce
ice or snow from the solid to the fluid
state ; and when buried so that the at-
mospheric beat cannot act directly upon
it, the thawing must be very slowly ef-
fected, by the abstraction of heat from
the soil by which the frozen mass is sur-
rounded. Instances have occurred of
frozen soil not being completely thawed
at midsummer.
DIGITA'LIS. Foxglove. (From the Latin
digitale, a finger-stall; referring to the
shape of the flowers. Nat. ord., Fiyworts
[Scrophulariacese]. Linn., l±-Didynamia
2-Angiospermia.)
The seeds shov1 •,* • un ; when
sown in the .« iJj*\ twelve
months befor ,?& most
of them ple"4^
D. erio
— pi
D. ambi'gu
— • au'rea (goldenj.
— fusee' scens (dark brow
gary. 1823.
—fu'lva (tawny). 3.
— lacinia'ta (cut-le
Spain. IF
— leeviga'ta (smoc
Hungary.
— lana'ta( woolly)! 2. Yellow.
178?.
— leucophai'a(grey). 2. White, brown. June.
Greece. 1788.
— lu'tea (yellow). 2. July. France. 1629.
DIL
L 297 ]
DICE
D. lu'teafuca'ta (dyed). 2. Yellow, red. June
South Europe.
— me'dia (intermediate). 2. Yellow. June, Ger-
many. 1817.
— micra'ntha (small-flowered). 2. Yellow, brown
July. Switzerland. 1817.
— mi1 nor (smaller), f. Purple. July. Spain. 178Q
— nervo'sa (large-uerved-leuved). Yellow. July
1836.
— obscu'ra (obscure), t. Orange. June. Spain.
1778. Halt-hardy evergreen.
— ochroleu'ca (yellowish-white). 4. June. Eu-
rope.
— orienta'lis (eastern). 1$. White. June. Levant.
1820.
— parviflu'ra (small-fiowered). 14. Brown. July
1798
— purpura'scens (purplish). 2. Pink. June.
Germany. 1/76.
— ri'gida (stiff). 1A. Yellow, red. June.
— Sibi'rica (Siberian). Yellow, red. July. Si-
beria. 1820.
— Ttia'Tjsi (Tnapsi). li. Purple. June. Spain.
* 1752.
— tomento'sa, (woolly). 3. Red. July. Por-
tugal. 1818.
— tubifln'ra (tube-flowered). 2. Yellow. June.
— viridiflu'ru (green-flowered). July. Levant.
1827.
DILA'TRIS. (From dilato, to open wide ;
referring to the opening of the flower.
Nat. ord., Bloodroots [Hsemodoracese].
Linn., 8-Triandria 1-Monogynia. Allied
to Anigozanthos.)
Greenhouse herbaceous plants, with sword-
shaped leaves, from the Cape of Good Hope.
Divisions, when fresh growth is commencing ;
seeds in a slight hotbed, in March or April ;
sandy loam and peat. Summer temp., 55° to
75°; winter, 40° to 45°,
D. corymbo'sa (corymb-flowered). 1. Purple.
Mav. 1790.
— panicula'ta (panicled-/o«;ererf). 1. Blue.
June. 1825.
— visco'sa (clammy), f . Blue. 17Q5.
DILL. (Ane'thum grave'olens.) Its
leaves and umbels are used in pickling,
and the former in soups and sauces.
Soil. — It maybe cultivated in any open
compartment ; but if for seed, a sheltered
soil, rather dry.
Sowing. — Sow immediately the seed is
ripe, for if kept out of the ground until
the spring it often is incapable of germi-
nating. If neglected until the spring,
sow from the close of February until the
commencement of May. Sow in drills a
foot apart, the plants to remain where
sown. When of three or four weeks'
growth thin them to about ten inches
apart. The leaves are fit for gathering
as wanted, and the umbels about July
and August. In September their seed
ripens, when it must be immediately cut,
and spread on a cloth to dry, being very
apt to be shed.
DILLE ' NIA. (After Dilleniut, once pro-
fessor of botany at Oxford. Nat. ord.,
Dilleniads [Dilleniacea?]. Linn., 13-Po-
lyandria 6-Polygynia.)
Valuable timber-tree, with leaves after the
manner of Magnoliads. Stove tree. Cuttings of
ripe wood in sand, under a glass, in bottom-heat,
in April; sandy loam. Summer temp., 60° to
85° ; winter, 48° to 55°.
D. specio'sa (showy). 30. White, yellow. E.
Ind. 1800.
DILLWY'NIA. (In honour of L. W.
Dillwyn, a British patron of botany.
Nat. ord., Leguminous Plants [Fa.bacefR~j.
Linn., 10-Dfcandria l-Moiioyt/niu. Al-
lied to Eutaxia. )
Greenhouse evergreens, with yellow or orange-
coloured flowers, from New Holland. Cuttings
of rirm side-shoots in March or April, in sand,
under a bell-glass ; seeds in peaty suil, in a slight
hotbed, in March ; sandy peat two parts, fibry
loam one part, with a little silver sand, arid piece'*
of charcoal. Summer temp., 55° to 75° ; winter,
40° to 88°.
D. aciculti'ris (needle-leaved). }$. May. 1826.
— cineru'scens (greyish-leaped). 2. May. 18ly.
— clava'ln (club-shaued). 3. May. 183Q.
— erimjo'lia (heath-leaved). 2. May. 179*.
— floribu'uda (bundle-flowered). 2. May. J794.
— glabt'rrimu (smoothest). 2. May. 180o.
— glycinifti'iia (glycine-leaved). l£. April. 1830.
— juniperi'na (pumper-leaved). 2. May. 18lb.
— purvifi.'liii (small-leaved). 2. May. 1800.
— plii/licvi'dcs (phylica-like). 2. May. 1824.
— pu'ngem, : (pungent). June. 1825.
— ru'dis (rustic). 2. April. 1824.
brevifoiia. (short-leaved), 2. April. 1824.
kispi'dula (slight-bristled). 2. May. 1824.
teretifo' tin (round-leaved). 2. May.
— seri'ceu (silky). 1$. April. 1824.
— specio'su (showy). 2. June. 1838.
— tenuifo'lia (fine-leaved). l£. May. 1824.
DIMA'CRIA. (One of seventeen sec-
tions into which the genus Pelargonium
has been split. From dis, twice, and
makros, long ; referring to the two lower
stamens being twice the length of the
other three.)
There are about twenty species included under
this head, all little botanical things, with fleshy
or tuberous roots. Generally they are grown in
sandy peat ; they live much longer, however, con-
fined in small pots in equal quantities of peat,
loam, and pounded brick, well drained.
DINE'TUS. (From dinetos, to twine;
alluding to the mode of growth. Nat.
ord., Bindweeds [ConvolvulaceaeJ. Linn.,
5-Pentandria I-Monogynia.)
Cuttings of side-shoots in sandy soil, and in
tieat ; light, rich soil. The annual may be sown
in a little heat, and transplanted in May, and it
will thrive like the Convolvulus.
D. panicula'ta (panicled). 10. White. August.
E. Ind. 1823. Evergreen twiner.
— racemo'sa (racemed). 12. White. August.
Nepaul. 1823. Annual twiner.
DICECIOUS. Two-housed; applied to
any species having the female and male
DIO
[ 293 ]
DTO
flowers in separate flowers on separate
plants.
DIOME'DEA. (After Diomeda, a clas-
sical name. Nat. ord., Composites [As-
terace.se]. Linn., l9-8yngene$ia 2-Super-
Jlua.)
This genus of greenhouse evergreen* should
be united to BUPHTHA'LMUM, which see for cul-
ture. They have all yellow flower*.
D. arge'ntea (silvery-leaved). 2. June. S. Amer.
1824.
— bidenta'ta (two-toothed). 2. July. W. Ind.
1696.
— glabra'tu (smooth). 3. June. S. Amer. 1699.
DI'ON. (From dis, two, and oon, an
egg ; referring to the two-lobed scales
which compose the large cones of the
Cycad, bearing a large nut-like seed at
the bottom of each scale ; otherwise from
seeds being borne in twos. Nat. ord.,
Cycads [Cycadaceze]. Linn., %'2-Dicecia
11-Dodecandria. Allied to Cycas revoluta.)
A fine Palm-like plant. The fruit of this Dion,
which is as large as a chestnut, is powdered by
the natives, and formed into a kind of arrowroot.
Supposed to he propagated by suckers, and seeds
when obtainable ; rough, sandy loam, with some
broken bricks and charcoal. Summer temp., 60°
to 90°; winter, 55° to 6(1°.
D. edu'le (eatable-seeded). 2. April. Mexico.
1844.
DION^'A. Venus's Fly-trap. (After
Dione, one of the names of Venus. Nat.
ord., Sundeivs [Droceraceae]. Linn., 10-
Decandria I-Monogynia.)
Notwithstanding all the fables about this plant,
it is one of extreme interest to cultivators, owing
as much to the care and skill necessary for its
management, as to the irritability displayed by
the stipulary fringes on the winged leaves. The
irritability is in three hair-like teeth, set on either
side of a hollow leaflet on the top of the main
leaf, so situated that an insect cannot pass along,
or alight on the part, without touching one of
them, when they suddenly fold, like the fingers of
the two hands clasped together, and enclose the
insect with a firmness beyond its strength to es-
cape. Greenhouse evergreen. Division of the
plant ; seeds at times ; leaves laid in damp moss,
under a glass, will sometimes emit a young plant
at its margin ; peat earth, with a little sphagnum,
moss, and bits of potsherds broken small. The
pot is set in a pan, stuffed round, not very tight,
with clear moss, and the pan filled with water ;
a bell-glass is placed over the plant, but kept
from going close down all round. Summer temp.,
60° to 85° ; winter, 50° to 60°.
D. musci'pula (fly-catcher). $. White. July.
Carolina. 1788.
DIOSCO'REA. Yam. (After P. Dios-
corides, a Greek physician. Nat. ord.,
Tamworts [Dioscoreacese]. Linn., 22-
Dioecia 6-Hexandria.)
Stove, green-flowered, tuberous-rooted plants,
used as potatoes. Dividing the tubers ; light,
rich soil. Summer temp., Co0 to 80°; winter,
*0° to 55°.
D. acuIea'ta(priMv-s'emmed). 10. E.Ind. 1803.
— uln'ta (\v\n%-stalktd). 15. India. 1/39.
— Brasilie'naii (Brazilian). 8. Brazil. 1823.
— bulbi'fera (buib-bearing). 12. July. E. Ind.
169'..
— cinnamonifo'lia (cinnamon-leaved). 6. Rio
Janeiro. 1827»
— pentnphy'lla (five-leaved). 10. E. Ind. 1/68.
— suti'va (cornmon-cultivAtcd-yam), 20. Au-
gust. W. Ind. 1/33.
DIO'SMA. (From <tios, divine, and
osme, odour; referring to the powerful
perfume which characterizes these and
other Muewurts [ liutaceaj}. Linn., 5-
Pentandria \-Monogynia,}
These are among the Bucku-plants of the Cape
colonists, and old inhabitants of our greenhouses ;
but some of the more showy species now form the
new genera Adenandra, Atrathosma, Barosma. &c.
Greenhouse evergreens, from the Cape of Good
Hope. All are white-flowered, except where
otherwise mentioned. Cuttings of short-jointed
young shoots in April, in sand, under a bell-glass ;
sanely peat three parts, tibry loam one part, with
silver sand and a few pieces of charcoal, to keep
the soil open ; some of the most robust species
should have more loam, but in a fibry, rough state.
Summer temp., 55° to 75°; winter, -40D to 45°.
D. cordu'ta (heart-shaped), ij. May. 1823.
— curymbn'su (corymb-flowered), li. May. 1818.
— cupressi'na (cypress-leaved). 1^. Pink. May.
1790.
— ericoi'des (heath-like). 2. June. 1/56.
— foelidi'ssirna (most foetid). 2. June. 1324.
— hirsu'ta (hairy-leaved). 4. Pink. May. i;31.
— hy'Mda (hybrid). 2. May. 1823.
— longifo'tia (long-leaved). 2. June.
— oppositifo'liu (opposite-leaved). 3. June. 1752.
— pectina'ta (comb-leaved). 1. Blue. May. 1813.
— punrta'ta (dotted). 2. June. 1823.
— ru' bra (red). 2. Red. March. 1/52.
— scopa'ria (broom-tike) . l£. June. 1812.
— sphoeroce'phala (round-headed). May.
— squamo'sii (scaly). 1. June. 1818."
— subulu'ta (awl-s"haped-/eawd). 3. June- 1818.
— succule'nta (succulent-tertwed). 2. June.
— tene'lla (delicate). 1. May. 1823.
— tenui'ssima (slenderest). 1. July. 1820.
— tcnuifu'lia (a\ender-lnaved). 2. June.
— tetrago'na (four-angled). 1. June. 17S0.
— ulici'na (furze-like). 1. May. 1823.
— virga'ta (twiggy). 1. June. 1820.
DIOSPY'ROS. The Date Plum. (From
dios, divine, and puros, wheat; literally,
celestial food. Nat. ord., Ebenads [Ebe-
nacese]. Linn., IS-Polyyamia %-Diceciu.}
The European Lotus, or Date Plum, is rather
tender in Britain, but ripens its fruit in tb«
south of France. The Virginian Diospyros, of
which Loudon says all the other American sorts
are only varieties, is not unlike the European
Lotus ; it thrives best in damp peat, and is often,
much injured by frost. In India many specks of
Diospyros are found, where they are remarkable
for the hardness of the wood. The Ebony on
which the order is; founded is D. ebe'nus. The
Iron-wood is also one of the species. The Kau
Apple of the Cape, and the Kaki preserve from
China, are said to be the fruit of a Diospy/os.
Greenhouse species by cuttings of half-ripened
shoots in sand, under a bell-giass. Stove species
strike best from ripened shoots in sand, under a
DIP
[ 299 ]
DIP
glass, and in a brisk bottom-heat, any time from
March to May. The hardy species are best pro-
pagated by seeds, and sown out of doors in a shel-
tered, moist place.
HARDY.
D. Itftus (lotus). 20. Yellow, green. June. Italy.
15Q6. Evergreen.
— lu'cida (shining). 15. Yellow. June. N. Ainer.
1820.
— wbe'scens (downy). 20. Yellow, green. April.
N. Amer. 1812. Evergreen.
— Virginia' na (Virginian). 20. Yellow, green.
June. N. Amer. 16.29.
du'lcis (sweet). Yellow. July. America.
1629.
GREENHOUSE EVERGREENS.
D. Ka'ki (Kaki). 12. White, green. Japan. 178Q.
— lotia'ta (lobe-fruited). 16. China. 1822.
— munta'nti (mountain). 6. White, green. E.
Ind. 1822.
— reticula'ta (netted). 20. Mauritius. 1824.
— rugulo'sa (small-wrinkled). 20. N.Holland.
1823.
— »ae«mVn'des(vaccinium-like). 2. White. May.
China. 1823.
STOVE EVERGREENS.
D. chloro'xylon (green-wooded). 20. White. E.
Ind. 1822.
— cordifo'li a (heart-leaved). 15. White, green.
E. Ind. 1/94.
— di'scolor (two-coloured). 20. Philippine. 1821.
— ehenu'ster (ebenaster). 20. Bengal. 1792.
— ebe'num (ebony). 30. White. E. Ind. 1792.
— edu'lis (eatable). 20. E. Ind. 1821.
— embryo' pteris (embrvopteris). 25. White,
green. July. "E. Ind. 1818.
— Mrsu'ta (hairy). 20. Ceylon. 1820.
— tyrioi'des (lycium-like). 10. 18o6.
— Jfa6o'te(Mabola). 8. Yellow, green. Philip-
pines. 1822.
— mclano'xylon (black-wooded). 20. White.
E.Ind. 181/.
-obova'ta (reverseci-egg-tercred). 15. White,
green. W. Ind". 1796.
— Sapo'ta (Sapota). White. July. Philippines.
1843.
— sylva'tica (wood). 20. White. E.Ind. 1812.
DI'PHACA. (From dis, two, or twice,
and pliake, a lentil ; referring to the seed-
pods being divided into two divisions,
having one seed in each. Nat. ord., Le-
guminous Plants [Fabacese]. Linn., 17-
Diadclphia k-Dtcandria.}
A greenhouse evergreen, of strong habit; old
plants of it may be turned out into the borders in
summer, and left to their fate, young ones only
being good for pot cultivation. Cuttings of half-
ripened shoots in April ; peat and loam. Summer
temp., 60° to 80°; winter, 45° to 48°.
D. Cochinchine'nsis (Cochin China). 3. White.
China.
DIPHYI/LE'JA. (From dis, two, and
phyllon, a leaf; the leaves produced in
twos. Nat. ord., Berberids [Berberida-
ceae]. Linn., 6 Hexmidria 1-Monoyynia.
Allied to Jeffersonia.)
A pretty, hardy herbaceous plant, best treated
as an alpine plant, or on the shady side of a rock-
work ; divisions ; rich, light soil.
D. cymo'sa (c\me -flowered). 4. White. May.
M.Aiiusr. 1812.
DIPHY'SA. (From dis, two, and physa,
a bladder; referring to the seed-pods
being produced in twos, and bladdery-
like, as in Sutherlandia, to which it is
nearly allied. Nat ord., Leguminous Plants
[ Fabacese]. Linn., 17-Diadelphia 4-Ztecan-
dria.)
Stove evergreen. Cuttings of young shoots, a
little firm at the base, in sand, under a glass, and
in a mild bottom-heat; sandy loam and fibry
peat. Summer temp., 60° to 85° ; winter, 50° to
55°.
D. Carthagine'nsis (Carthagena). 10. Yellow.
Carthagena. 1827.
DI'PLACUS. (From dis, two, and plakos,
a placenta, or the part inside a seed -pod
on which the seeds originate. When the
seeds are ripe, the placenta in this and
some other genera divides into two parts,
—a very slight feature to separate Di-
placus from Mimulus, to which it is al-
lied. Nat. ord,, Fiyworts [Scrophularia-
cese]. Linn,, Ik-Didynamia 2-Anyiosper-
mia. )
This and the old Mi'mulus glutino'sus are as
nearly one and the same thing, botanically con-
sidered, as any two plants can be ; yet they will
not interbreed. Both are good plants for turning
out into warm borders through the summer, and
for planting in mixed flower-beds. Greenhouse
evergreens, from California. Cuttings of young
shoots, getting firm at the base, in April, in sand,
under a bell-glass ; rich, fibry loam, with a litlls
peat. Summer temp., 55° to 75°; winter, 40° to
45°.
D. glutino'sus (clammy). 3. Orange. 1794.
— puni'ceus (scarlet-cowered). 4. Scarlet. 1837,
DIPLADE'NIA. (From diploos, a double,
and aden, a gland ; referring to the pre-
sence of two gland-like processes on the
ovary. Nat. ord., Dogbanes [Apocynacese].
Linn., 5-Pentandria \-Monogynia. Allied
to Mandevillia. )
Stove evergreen twiners. Cuttings of ripe shoots
in sand, under a glass, and in a sweet bottom-
heot ; turfy peat, with silver sand, and plenty of
drainage; abundance of water in summer, bnt
very little in winter. Summer temp., (50° to 80°;
winter, 55° to 60°.
D. acumina'ta (pointcd-/>ef«/ed). 10. Pink. July.
Brazil. 1854.
— a'tro-purpu'rea (durkpurple). 10. Dark purple.
July. Brazil. 1842.
— crass'mu'da (thick-jointed). 10. Rosy. October.
Rio Janeiro.
— fla'va (yellow-flowered). Yellow. May. New
Granada. 1845.
— Harri'sii (Lord Harris's). 10. Yellow. Sep-
tember. Trinidad. 1854.
— sph'mlens (shining). 10. Rose. July. Orgaa
Mountains. 1841.
— uropfiy'lla (tail-leaved). 3. Deep salmon.
Brazil. 1847.
DIPLA'ZIUM. ( From diplazo. to double ;
DTP
[ 300 ]
DIP
referring to the double covering of the
spore- cases, or seed-vessels.)
A genus of handsome stove evergreen Ferns, or
Polypods. The root-stocks of D. escult'ntum are
eaten in India by natives. The spores of all are
brown, or brownish-yellow ; divisions ; loam and
peat. Summer temp., 60° to 85°; winter, 50° to
55°.
D. acumina'tum (/ong--pointed-tea»ed). £. Brazil.
— aJfi'nK (allied). Isle of Luzon.
— arlttire'scens (tree-like). 12. Mauritius. 1826.
— alisniaefu'liti (water-plantain-leaved). Isle oi
Luzon.
— auric al a1 fum (eared). 10. August. Caraccas.
18^0.
— Barbudt'nse (Barbadoeb). August. W. Ind.
1822.
— brenflo'rum (short-flowered). Isle of Luzon.
— castaneeeff/ Hum (chestnut-leaved). 1. July.
Guiana. 1824.
— cnudu'tum (tailed). Isle of Luzon.
— coarcta'tum (close-pressed). Bnizil. 1841.
— decussa'tum (cross-frondeil) . 2. June. E. liid.
— defle'xum (turned-down). MuUcca.
— ebe'num (black). Isle of Luzon.
— e'legnns (elegant). July.
— escule'ntum (eatable). 3. E. Ind. 1822.
— exte'nsum (lengthened). Malacca.
— frottdo'tum (froudose). August. E. Ind.
— grandifo'tium (large-leaved). 4. August. Ja-
maica. 1793.
— integrifo' Hum (entire-leaved). June. Java.
—•juglandifo'lium (walnut-leaved). 3. August.
Jamaica. 1822.
— - Malnba'ricum (Malabar). 8. E. Ind. 1818.
— ova'ta (egg-shaped). April. Isle of Leyte.
— plantagi'neum (plantain-teaued). 2. August.
W. Ind. 1819-
— porre'ctum (stretched-out). Malacca.
— Sera/npore/wse(Serampore). 3. August. Se-
rumpore. 1820.
— Schltn'nrii (Schkuhr's) Malacca.
— Sliephi-'rdii (Shepherd's). Brazil. 1822.
— spinulo'sa (small-spined). July. Java.
— stria' turn (streaked). 1. August. W. Ind. 1793.
— thelypteroi'des (thelypteris-like). I.July. N.
Amer. 1823.
— ttndulo'sum (wavy). August.
— tt?7l<e/o'rmts(vittaria-like). July. Isle of Java.
— Walli'chi (Wallich's). April. E. Ind.
(From diploos, double,
and chiton, a coat of mail ; referring to a
cup-like process covering the top of the
ovary. Nat. ord., Mdaslomads [Melasto-
xnacese]. IAnn.,S-Octandria l-Monogynia.)
Stove evergreens. Cuttings of side-shoots in
sand, under a glass, and in heat, in April; peat
and loam. Summer temp., 60° to 85°; winter, 55°
to 60°.
D. Fothergi'lla (Pother-nil's). 15. White. May.
Trinidad. 1818.
— macrophy'lla (law-leaved). 10. Rose. May.
Mexico. 1820.
— Swartzia'na (Swartz's). 12. Rose. April. Ja-
maica. 1816.
DIPLO'COMA. (From diploos, double, and
A-oma, a hair; referring to the two forms
of the pappus, or seed appendages. Nat.
ord., Composites [Asteracese], Linn., 19-
Sunyene&ia
Rather a pretty perennial border-plant, but not
quite hardy. We have adopted the name by
which it is best known ; but the original and le-
gitimate name is Eteruthe'cu, Division ; common
soil, in a dry, sheltered place.
D. villo'sa (long-haired). I. Yellow. June. Mexico.
1826.
DIPLOL^E'NA. (From cfiploos, double,
and /<e««, a cloak ; referring to the coat-
ing of the ripe fruit splitting into two
divisions, as is general in this section jf
Rueworts [Rutaceaej. Linn., 10-Decan-
dria 1- Monoyynia. Allied to Correa.)
Greenhouse evergreens, from Swan River, with
cream-coloured flowers. Cuttings of young shoots
getting firm ; peat, and a very little fibry loam.
Summer temp., 55° to 75°; winter, 40° to 45°.
D. angustifo'lia (narrow-leaved). May.
— grandiflo'ra (large-flowered). 4. May.
— Dampie'ri (Uatupier's). 4. April. 1837.
DIPLOPA'PPUS. (From diploos, double,
and pappos, a plume; referring to the
feathery ornaments called pappus, which
crown the seeds, as in the Dandelion.
Nat. ord., Composites [Asteracese]. Linn.,
IQ-Si/ngcnesia 2-Superflua. Allied to Cal-
listephus.)
All by cuttings under a hand or bell-glass;
sandy loam ; they require the protection of a cold
pit in winter. A'sterjilifo'lius, linurifo'lius, obtu-
sa'tus, pluriflo'rus, and ri'gidus have recently
been added to this genus. See A'STER.
D. inca'nus (hoa.Tj-herbaged). 2. Light yellow.
August. California. 1832.
DIPLOPE'LTIS. (From diploos, double,
and pelte, a shield; referring to a double
appendage attached to the inside of the
petals. Nat. ord., Soapivorts [Sapinda-
cese]. Linn., %&-JPotyytimia l-Moncccia.)
Greenhouse evergreen. Cuttings of young
shoots in sandy soil, under a glass, in April;
peat and loam. Summer temp., 50° to 75°;
winter, 40° to 45°.
D. Huge' Hi (Baron Hugel's). 1. Rose, white.
July. Swan River. 1837.
DIPLOTHE'MIUM. (From diploos, double,
and thema, a sheath ; referring to the
spathe, or sheath, out of which issues
the flower-stem of Palms, Arums, &c.
Nat. ord., Palms [Palmacea?]. Linn.,
2l-Moncecia Q-Enneandria. Allied to
Gocos.)
Those who cannot afford bead-room for the
giants of this noble race have here three dwarf
species to represent the order. Stove Palms.
Seeds ; rich, fibry loam. Summer temp., 60° to
90° ; winter, 50° to 60°.
D. campc'stris (field). 10. Brazil. 1823.
— lituru'le (sea-shore). 4. Yellow. May. Brazil.
— mari'timum (sea- side). 10. Brazil. 1823.
DI'PSACUS. Teasel. (From dipsao,
to thirst ; referring to the cavity formed
by the leaves clasping the stem holding
DIP
[SOI ]
DIS
water. Nat. ord., Teaselworts [Dipsaca-
ceeej. Linn., 4-Tetrandria 1-Monogynia.
Allied to Scabious.)
The onlv plant in this genus worthy of any
remark is D.fullu'num, used by fullers in dress-
ing cloth. For the cultivation of this piant,
ami the use of the heads by the fuller, sef Cottage
Gardener, v. 83. Hardy biennials. Seeds ; com-
mon soil.
D.fti'rox (fierce). 3. Purple. July. South
Europe. 1818.
—fullo'num (fuller's;. 6. Purple. July. Britain.
— Gmeli'ni (Gmelin's). 3. Blue. July. Cau-
casus. 1820.
— ine'rmis (unarmed). 4. White. Nepaul. 1823.
— iacinia'tus (cut-leaved). 6. Purple. July.
Germany. 1683.
— pilo'sus (shaggy). 4. White. August. Britain.
There are other species, but mere weeds.
DIPTERACA'NTKUS. (From dis, two, or
double, and akantha, a spine ; double-
spined. Nat. ord., Acantliads [Acan-
thacese]. Linn., ]A-Didynamia 2-Anyio-
spermia. Ailed to Euellia.)
Stove evergreens. Cuttings in sandy soil, under
a glass, not close ; loam and peat. Summer
temp., 60° to 85° ; winter, 50° to 55°.
D. cilia'ta (hair-fringed). 2. Purple. July.
E. Ind. 1806.
— pa'tuln (spreading). l£. Pale violet. July.
E. I ud. 1774.
— sca'ndens (climbing). White.
DI'PTERIX. Tonquin Bean. (From dis,
double, and pterix, a wing; referring to
the two upper segments of the calyx.
Nat. ord., Leguminous Plants [Faba. -ete].
Linn., \l-Diadelphia ±-Decandria. Allied
to Dalbergia.)
The Tonga, or Tonquin Bean, used by per-
fumers and snuff-makers, is the seed of this tree :
hence the specific name. Stove evergreen tree.
Cuttings in sand, under a glass, in moist heat, in
April; rich, rough loara. Summer temp., 60° to
85° ; winter, 60° to 55°.
D. odora'ta (sweet-scented). 60. Purple. Guiana.
179J.
DI'RCA. Leather- wood. (From dirkc,
a fountain; the plant growing in moist
places. Nat. ord., Daphnads [Tbymela-
ceaj]. Linn., S-Octandriu \-Monog\jnia.
Allied to Daphne.)
Hardy deciduous shrub. Layers in autumn;
seeds in spring; sandy, peaty soil, and moist si-
tuation.
D. palufstrls (marsh). 6. Yellow. March. Vir-
ginia. 1750.
DI'SA. (Probably the native name. A
genus of curious ground-orchids, natives
of the Cape of Good Hope. Perhaps the
most splendid is D. grandijlo'ra, a native
of the top of Table Mountain, behind
Cape Town, growing in a spongy kind of
peat earth, on the margin of pools, in tl <s
wet season ; but it has hitherto resisted
the skill of British cultivators.)
Greenhouse terrestrial orchids. Division ; peat
and loam, with a portion of sand. Summer tc;np.,
60° to 80°; winter, 45° to 55°.
D. bractea'ta (bracted). f. Green. June. .1818.
chrysosta'chya (yellowish-spiked). 1. Yellow.
June.
— cornu'ta (horned). l£. Pale blue. June. 1805.
— draco'nis (dragon). 1. White, purple. June.
1823.
— ferrugi'nea (rusty). £. Brown. June. 1820.
— flexua'sa (zigzag), f. 1823.
— graminifo'lia (grass-leaved). l£. Blue. 1825.
— grandifio'ra (large-flowered). 1. Scarlet. July.
1825.
— la'cera (jagged), f. White. June. 1826.
— macuta'ta (spotted). 1. Blue. June. I8i5.
— prasina'ta (itek-green-flowered). J. Green,
red. June. 1810.
— tpatula'ta (spatula-fipped). 1. Pale blue. June.
1805.
DISA'NDRA PBOSTRA'TA we have united
to Sibthorpia.
DISBUDDING is the removal, soon after
they have burst into leaves, of such imds
as, if allowed to grow into shoois, wouid
be misplaced. Thus, buds protruded di-
rectly in the front of branches trained
against walls, or fore-right shoots, as they
are correctly termed, and buds that
would produce shoots in places already
sufficiently filled with branches, may be
removed, or disbudded. The object is to
strengthen the desirably-placed buds by
thus confining to them the expenditure
of sap. There is no better mode of aid-
ing a weakly plant to a more vigorous
and robust growth than judicious dis-
budding ; but an over-robust and super-
luxuriant tree had better be allowed to
exhaust itself by a more profuse deve-
lopment of leaf-buds. By judicious dis-
budding, which should always be per-
formed gradually, any winter pruning is
almost rendered unnecessary, and in all
instances is diminished.
DISCA'RIA. (From diskos, a disk; hav-
ing a large fleshy disk. Nat. ord., Mham-
nads [Khamnace®]. Linn., ^-Tetrundria
\-Monogynia. Allied to Colletia.)
Greenhouse evergreen, from New Holland. Cut-
tings of half-ripe shoots in sand, under a glass,
in April, kept rather close and hot ; sandy loaiu
and peat. Summer temp., 65° to 75°; winter,
40° to 45°.
D. austra'lia (southern). Yellow. May. 1824.
DISCHI'DIA. (From rfis, twice, and schizo,
to split ; referring to an obscure process
in the construction of the flower. Nat.
ord., Asclep%ads [Asclepiadacese]. Linn.,
&-Pentandria l-Monoyynw. Nearly related
to Stephanotis and Hoya.)
DIS
[ 302 ]
DOL
Stove evergreen trailers, with white flowers.
Cuttings in sandy soil, in heat, any time in the
spring and summer months ; sandy loam. Sum-
mer temp., 60° to 80°; winter, 48° to 55°.
D. Bengale'usis (Bengal). 1$. September. India.
1819.
— nummulft'ria (moneywort-leaved). £. August.
Ambcyna.
DISEASES. The morbid affections to
•which the vegetable part of the creation
are liable, are almost as numerous as
those which render decrepid and de-
stroy the animal tribes. The smut
which ravages our corn crops; the mil-
dew which destroys our peas ; the curl
infecting our potatoes; the ambury, or
club root, to which our turnips and other
species of cabbageworts are liable ; the
shanking, or ulceration, which attacks the
stalks of our grapes, are only a few of
the most commonly observed diseases to
which the plants we cultivate are liable.
Disease is the negation of health ; and
as the health of a plant is the correct
performance of its functions, disease
may be denned to be an incorrect per-
formance of the functions.
Such incorrectness arises from the
vital energy declining in consequence of
old age ; from parasites ; from wounds ;
from food improper either in quality or
quantity ; and from unfavourable tempe-
rature. If all these could be avoided, a
plant might enjoy a vigorous immortality.
Sach, however, is not the lot of any
organized being, and we note them chiefly
to remind the gardener, that in propor-
tion as he can save any plant from such
unfavourable circumstances, will it enjoy
health, and length of vigorous life.
BISE'MMA. (From dis, double, and
stcmma, a crown ; referring to the double
coronet, or rays. Nat. ord., Pnssinnworts
[Passifloracese]. Linn., IG-Monadelphia
2-Pentandria. Allied to Tacsonia.)
Greenhouse evergreen climbers, from New Hol-
land. Cuttings of young shoots in summer, in
sandy soil, under a glass, and in gentle bottom-
heat ; peat and loaui. Winter temp., 45° to 50°.
D. adiantifo'lia (adiantum-leaved). 20. Orange.
July. 1/92.
— aura'ntia (orange). 15. White, red. July.
— Herbertia'na (Herbert's). 30. Green, white.
July. 1821.
DISOCA'CTUS. (From dis, twice, isos,
equal, and caclos ; the divisions of the
petals and sepals equal, and twice two,
and the habit of a Cactus. Nat. ord.,
Cactusworts [Cactacese]. Linn., 12-Jco-
nandria \-Monocjynia. Allied to llhip-
salis.)
This curious plant forms the connecting: link
between the Epiphyllum and Rhipsalis section*
of the order, but, in general appearance inclines
much more to Rhipsalis. Stove evergreen.
Cuttings after fresh growth has commenced ;
also seeds ; turfy loam and leaf-mould, with sand
and broken pots, to keep the compost open. Sum-
mer temp., 60° to 85°, with moisture; winter, 48°
to 55°, kept rather dry.
D. bifo'rmis (two-formed). 2 J. Pink. Hondura«.
1839.
DISPE'RIS. (From dis, double, and
pera, a pouch; from the form of the
perianth's outer segments.)
A genus of ground, or terrestrial orchids, natives
of the Cape of Good Hope. Division ; peat and
loam, with a little sand and charcoal. Summer
temp., 60° to 80° ; winter, 45° to 50°.
D. Cape'nsis (Cape), f. Scarlet. July. 1816.
— cuculla'ta (hooded). f. Purple. June. 1822.
— secu'nda (side-flowering). |. Purple. June.
1799.
DI'SPORUM. (From dis, double, and
poros, a pore; application not stated. Nat.
ord., Melanths [Melanthaceae]. Linn.,
Q-PIexandria \-Monogynia. Allied to
Uvularia.)
Half-hardy herbaceous plants. Division of the
roots in spring ; also by seeds, sown under glass,
in April ; peat and loam, most of the first ; re-
quire a cold pit in winter.
D.fu'luum (t&vfny-flowered). Ij. Brown. Oc-
tober. China. 1801.
— parviflo'mm (small-flowered). 3* Yellow.
July. Nepaul. 1820.
DITTANY. Dicta'mnns.
DITTANY OF AMORGOS. Ori'yanum
Tourncfo'rtii.
DITTANY OF CRETE. Ori'ganum dic-
ta'mnns.
DODDER. Cu' scuta.
DODECA'THEON. American Cowslip.
(An ancient name applied by Pliny to
a plant having a leaf like a lettuce. Nat.
ord., Primeioorts [Primulaceae]. Linn.,
5-Pentandria \-Nonogynia. Allied to
Cyclamen.)
Hardy herbaceous perennials, from North
America. Dividing the roots ; sandy loam.
D. integrifo'lium (whole-leaved). £. Light pur-
ple. April. 1829;.
— Mea'dia (Meadia). 1. Light purple. May.
1744.
albiflo'rum (white-flowered). 1. White.
May. 1824.
eflegans (elegant). 1$. Rosy. May. IS?;.
— — — gipa'nteum (gigantic). 2. Lilac. May.
181Q.
lilaci'num (\\\&c-flowered). 1. Lilac.
DOG-BERRY- TREE. Co'rnus sangui'nea.
DOG BRAMBLE. Ei'bes cyno'sbati.
DOG'S BANE. Apo'cynum.
DOG'S-TOOTH VIOLET. Erythro' Kinm.
DOGWOOD. Co'rnus.
DO'LICHOS. (From dollkos, long; re-
DOL
[ 303 ]
DOR
ferring to the twining shoots. Nat. ord.,
Leguminous Plants [Fabacese]. Linn.,
\7-Diadelphia l-Decandria. Allied to
Lablab.)
Generally weedy-looking things ; D. ligno'sus
is the one most favoured by gardeners. Seeds
for all ; cuttings of perennial species in sand
under glass, the stove ones requiring a little extra
heat. The treatment common to the greenhouse
and plant stove will suit them. All the flowering
species are twiners.
D. Cape'nsis (Cape). 6. Yellow. July. Cape
of Good Hope. 1823. Greenhouse
evergreen.
— • Jacqui'nii (Jacquin's). 8. White. July. S.
Amer. 1800. Stove evergreen.
— ligno'sus (woody;. 12. Purple. July. E. Ind.
1/76. Greenhouse evergreen.
— Lu'bia (Lubia). 14. White, blue. July.
Egypt. 1818. Hardy annual.
— Sinefnsis (Chinese). 6. Pale red. July. India.
1//6. Hardy annual.
DOLIOCA'RPUS. (From dolios, deceitful,
and karpos, a fruit; in reference to the
juice being used as rouge. Nat. ord.,
Dilleniads [Dilleniacese]. Linn., iS-Poly-
undria L-Monogynia. Allied to Delima.)
Stove evergreen climber. Cuttings of young
firm shoots in sand, under a glass, and in bottom-
heat; peat and loam, most of the former, and a
little silver sand. Summer temp., 60° to 85°;
winter, 50° to 55°.
D. Caline'a (Calinea). 10. Yellow. Guiana.
1822.
DOMBE'YA. (Named after J. Domley,
a French botanist. Nat. ord., Byttnerlads
[Byttneriaceffij. Linn., IQ-Monadelphia
7-JDodecandria. Allied to Astrapsea. )
Stove evergreen trees. Cuttings of young
shoots, getting firm, in sand, under a glass, and
in bottorn-heat, in April ; sandy loam and turfy
peat. Summer temp., 60° to 85° ; winter, 60°
to 55°.
D. cannnbi'na (hemp). 10. White. March.
Mauritius.
— cordifv'li't (heart-leaved). 16. Red. E. Ind.
18-20.
— crythro'a-ylnn (red-wooded). White. January.
-ferrugi'nea (runty-leaved). 15. White. Mau-
ritius. 1815.
— mo'llls (soft-leaved). 30. Pink. March.
— ova'ta (egg-shaped). 16. White. Bourbon.
1822.
— punctu'ta (dottcd-leaved) . 16. White. Bour-
bon. 1820.
— tilitefo'lia (lime-leaved). 15. White. Bourbon.
1820-
— viburniflo'ra (Guelder - rose - flowered). 13.
White. February. Comorin Islands.
1850.
DOO'DIA. (Named after S. Doody, a
London apothecary and botanist. Nat.
ord., Ferns [Polypodiaceffl], Linn., 24-
Oryptogamia l-Filices.)
Grepnhouse herbaceous Ferns. Spores brown,
or yellowish-brown. Divisions, just before fresh
growth commences, in spring; peat and loam.
Summer temp., 55° to 75° j winter, 45° to 50°.
D. a'spera
(rough-sta/Aed).
Wales. 1808.
3. June. N. S,
— blechnoi'des (blechnum-like). August. N;
Holland. 1835.
— cauda'ta (tailed). 1. June. N. Holland. 1820.
— Kunthiu'na (Kunth's).
— lunula'ta (crescent-leaved'). New Zealand.
1834.
— me'dia (intermediate), f . June. N. Holland.
1823.
— Virgi'nica (Virginian). August. Virginia.
1774.
DOKE'MA. (From dorema, a gift; re-
ferring to its product — guin ammoniac,
but not Dioscorides's plant, which was
some species of Ferula, supposed F.
orienta'lis. Nat. ord., Umbellifers [Api-
acesej. Linn., 5-Pentandria 2-Digynia.
Allied to Ferula.)
The plant from which gum ammoniac is ob-
tained. Hardy herbaceous plant. Seeds sown in
a sheltered place at the end of April ; common
garden-soil.
D. ammoni'acum (ammoniac). 7. White, yellow.
June. Persia. 1831.
DORO'NICUM. Leopard's Bane. (From
doronigi, the Arabic name. Nat. ord.,
Composites [Asteracese] . Linn., 19-£?//»-
genesia 2-Superflua. Allied to Arnica. )
A genus of early-flowering, low, hardy, herba-
ceous plants for borders. D. Colu'mna makes an
excellent bed or large patch ; will bear removing
with a ball as soon as it has done flowering; trans-
plant about the end of September to the flower-
garden. Yellow flowers, except D. Altafimm.
Dividing at the roots 5 common garden-soil ; if
dry and light all the better.
D. Alta'icum (Altaic). 1. White. July. Siberia.
1783.
— Austri'acum (Austrian). 1 . May. Austria.
1816.
— Cauca'sicum (Caucasian). 1. July. Caucasus.
1815.
— Colu'mna! (Columna's). 2. May. Italy. 1824.
— cordifo'lium (heart-leaved). Russia. 1838.
— dentutum (toothed-teaoed). May. 1825.
— macrophy'llum (large-leaved). 2. July. Eu-
rope. 1828.
— pardalia'nches (panther-strangler). 2. May.
Britain.
— plantagi'neum (plantain-tea»ed). 2. May.
South Europe. 15/0.
— scorpioi'4es (scorpion-like). 1. May. Ger«
many.
DORSTE'NIA. (Named after T. Dorsten,
a German botanist. Nat. ord., Morads
[Horace®]. Linn.,4-7WraHdrm \-Mona-
gynia. Allied to the Fig and Mulberry.)
Little tufted stove herbaceous plants, cultivated
for the curious way they produce their incon-
spicuous green flowers, on a flattened leaf-like
receptacle. They are worth growing for covering
rock-work, or side-edgings in a damp stove. Di-
vision, before active growth ; also seeds in a hot-
3ed, in March or April ; rich, sandy loam. Sum-
mer temp., 60° to 85° ; winter, 50° to 55°.
D, cordifo'lia (heart-leaved). 4. June. W. Ind.
1822.
DOTI
[ 304]
DOU
D Hatufti'ni (Houston's). £. June. S. Amer.
1/47.
— tultici'na (trumpet). June. Trinidad. 1817-
DORYA'NTHES. (From dory, a spear,
and a/jf/ios, a flower; the flower-stem
shoots up from twelve to twenty feet high,
like the handle of a spear, bearing flowers
on the top. Nat. ord., Amaryttid* [Ama-
ryllidacea^]. Linn., ft-Hexandria l-Mono~
yynia. Allied to the American Aloe, but
not with succulent leaves.)
Tids gigantic half-lily and half-palm looking
plant, with its bundled fleshy roots, seems rather
out of place among Ainaryllids. This, with its
fellows, Littsea and Fourcroya, can only tintl head-
room ia the loftiest conservatories. Greenhouse
evergreen. Suckers and seeds at times ; pear and
rich loam. Summer temp., 6*)° to 80°; winter,
45° to 60°.
D. efue'ha (lofty). 20. Cream. July. N. S.
Wales. 1800.
DORY'CKIUM. (From dory, a spear;
adopted from Pliny, who applied the
name to "a poisonous herb wherewith
they poisoned arrow-heads, darts, &c."
Nat. ord., Leguminous Plants [Fabacese],
Linn., Yi-Diaddphia±-Decandria. Allied
to Lotus and Trifoiium.)
Seeds in March ; herbaceous ones also by divi-
sioa ; common garden-soil.
HARDY HERBACEOUS.
D. herbu'ceum (herbaceous). 14. White. July.
South Europe. 1802.
— intermedium (intermediate). White. June.
Caucasus. 1838.
— tatifo'tium (broad-leaved). 1$. White. July.
Iberia. 1818.
HARDY EVERGREEN.
D. hirsu'tum (hairy). 3. lied, white. July.
South Europe. 1683.
— re'cium (upright). 2. Red. July. South
Europe. 1(540.
— sufrutieo'sum (sub-shrubby). lj. White.
July. South Europe. 1640. Halt-hardy.
— tomento'sum (woolly). 3. Red, white. July.
South Europe. 1817.
DORYO'PTERIS. (From dory, a spear,
and pteris, a fern ; spear-leaved Fern
[Polypodiacese]. Linn., 2±-Cryptoyamia
1 -Filices. Alii ed to P teiis. )
Stove herbaceous Ferns, with yellowish-brown
spores. Division, chiefly in spring; peat and
loam. Summer temp., 60° to 80°; winter, 45°
to 55°.
D. colli'na (hill). August. Brazil.
— cordifit'lia (heart-leaved).
— husta'ta (halbert-teuwed). June. W. Ind. 1823.
— pulma'ta (hand-shaped). J. July. Caraccas.
1821.
— sagittifn'lia (arrow-head-leaved), i. July.
— Waiti1 chit (W allieh's). E. Ind.
DOUBLE FLOWERS. Hybridizing, aided
by cultivation, gives birth to these objects
of the gardener's care. To the uniniti-
htud it seems incredible that the double
moss rose should be a legitimate descend-
ant from the briar ; neither do the flowers
of the Fair Maid of France appear less
impossible derivatives from those of the
JRariu'nculiis platan if u'lius ; nor bachelor's
buttons from the common butter-cup; yet
so they are. Double flowers, as they are
properly called, are more correctly dis-
criminated as the full flower, the multi-
piieate flower, and the proliferous flower.
The full flower is a flower with its
petals augmented in number by the total
transformation into them of its stamens
and its pistils. Orte-petaled flowers
rarely iindergo this metamorphosis, but it
is very common in those having many
petals, as in the carnation, ranunculus,
rose, and poppy. But this is not the only
mode in which a flower becomes full, for
in the columbine (Aquile'yia) itis effected
in three different ways, viz., by the mul-
tiplication of petals to the exclusion of
the nectaries; by the multiplication oi
the nectaries to the exclusion of the
petals; and by the multiplication of the
nectaries whilst the usual petals remain.
Radiated flowers, such as the sunflower,
dahlia, anthemis, and others, become
full by the multiplication of the florets of
their rays to the exclusion of the florets
of their disk. On the contrary, various
species of the daisy, matricaria, &e., be-
come full by the multiplication of thy
florets of the disk.
The muliiplicate flower has its petals
increased by the conversion of a portion
of its stamens, or of its calyx. It occurs
most frequently in polypetalous flowers.
Linneeus gives the only instances we know
of the conversion of the calyx into petals,
and these are to be observed in the pin'!;
(Dia'iithus car yophy' Hits), and a few ol
the alpine grasses.
A proliferous flower has another flowvr
or a shoot produced from it, as in the
variety of the daisy popularly known r.s
the Hen-and-chickens. It occurs al-u
more rarely in the ranunculus, pink,
marigold, and kawkweed. A leafy shoot
often appears in the bosom of the double-
blossomed cherry, anemone, and rose.
A due supply of moisture, but rather
less than the plant most delights in,
when the production of seed is the de-
sired object, a superabundant supply of
decomposing organic matter to its roots,
and an exposure to the greatest possible
degree of sun-light, are the means suc-
cessfully employed to promote excessive
DOU
[ 305 ]
DHA
development of the petals which charac
terise double flowers.
By these means a greater quantity ol
sap is supplied to the flower than the
natural extent of the petals can elabu
rate; and those parts required for the
extra elaboration are developed at the
expense of those not demanded for the
purpose.
In double flowers, as was observed by
the late Sir J. E. Smith, the corolla is
much more durable than in single ones
of the same species, as anemones and
poppies, because, as he conceived, in such
double flowers the natural function nol
being performed, the vital principle o]
their corolla is not so soon exhausted
Advantage may be taken of this to pro-
long the duration of flowers by cutting
away the pistils or stamens, whichever
are least conspicuous, with a sharp pair
of pointed scissors.
DOUCIN STOCK. See STOCK.
DOUGLA'SIA. (In memory of the un-
fortunate .ZX. Douglas, botanical traveller
in North West America. Nat. ord.,
Primeworls [Primulacese]. Linn., 5-Pen-
/a«rfnal-Mono<7y ma. Allied to Androsace.)
An extremely rare, hardy, evergreen, alpine
plant. Seeds ; peat and loam ; should be used
as an alpine plant, and protected in winter; it
will not bear sudden changes.
D. niva'lis (snowy). $. Purple. Jane. Rocky
Mountains. 1827.
DOYE FLOWER. Periste'ria.
DRA'BA. (From drabe, acrid ; refer-
ring to one of the universal characters of
its Nat. ord., Critcifers [Brassicacese].
Linn., 15-Tetradynamia. Connected, but
not in close alliance, with Aubretia, Alys-
sum, and Cochlearia.)
Hardy rock or alpine plants. Yellow-flowered,
except where otherwise mentioned. Perennials,
by dividing the roots ; also with the annuals and
biennials, by seeds in spring, and under a hand-
light, in summer; peat and loam for the tender-
est ; sandy loam and dry situation for the hardiest.
They make interesting pot-plants, treated as al-
pines ; and that is the satest way to treat many of
them.
ANNUALS.
D. grti'rilis (slender). £. June. N. Amer. 1827.
— lu'tea (yellow). £. June. South Europe. 1820.
— mura'lis (wall). J. White. June. England.
— nemora'lis (grove). $. June. Europe. 175fi.
BIENNIALS.
D au'rea (golden). £. June. Denmark. 1820.
— cmerea (grey). $. White. July. Siberia. 1818.
— omfu'sa (confused). 3. White. July. North
Europe.
— Dau'rica (Daurian). $, White. July. Dauria.
- inca'na (hoary). |. White. May. Britain.
HERBACEOUS PERENNIALS.
D. Aizoi'des (Auoon-like). $. March. W»fc«.
--^Wow(Aizuon). $. May. Carinthia. naa.
— alpi'na (alpine). i,. April. Lapland. l&iO.
sili'culiS'piln'sis (hairy-podded). J. AJ-
gu»t. Greenland. 18:20.
— a'spera (rough). June. Siberia.
— Austrt'aca (Austrian). $. White. June.
Austria. 1824.
— brachyste'mon (short-stamened). 4. March.
Switzerland. 181Q.
— Brunicefu'lia (Brunia-leaved). J. June. Cau.
oasus. 1820.
— bryoi'des (bryum-like). i. March. Tauria.
1820.
— cilia'ris (hair-fringed-feawedj, |. March.
Switzerland. 1/31.
— corymbo'sa (corymbed). $. White. May.
Baffin's Bay. 1823.
— crassifu'liu (thick-leaved). -J. June. N.
Amer. 1826.
— cuspida'ta (spine-poinWea»ed). $. March.
. Iberia. 1820.
— dasyca'nxi (hairy-fruited). White. May. Altai.
1837.
— erieafo'lia (heath-leaved), i- June. Cau-
casus. 1821.
— Fladnice'nsis (Fladniso). J. White. June.
Switzerland. 1819.
— glacid'lis (icy). £. June. Siberia. 1826.
— Gmdi'ni : (Gtnelin's). ^. June. Siberia. 1823.
— grand>flo'ra (large-flowered). ^. White. May.
Altai. 183-2.
— Helne'tica (Swiss). $. August. Switzerland.
1819-
— fti'rta (hairy). j. White. June. North
Europe. 1823.
— inco'mpta (rough). ^. April. Caucasus. 1821.
— Lappo'nica (Lapland). J. White. April.
Lapland. 1810.
— lasioca'rpu (woolly-iruited). J. White. May.
Ib20.
— murice'lla (small-prickly). £. White. June.
Lapland. 1810.
— niva'lis (snowy). $. White. June. Switz-
erland. 1824.
— obtonga'ta (oblongate). £. White. May.
Baffin's Bay. 1823.
— pilo'ia (soft-haired). *. White. June. Si-
beria. 1825.
— re'pens (creeping). J. June. Siberia. 1818.
— rupe'titris (rock). $. June. Scotland.
— siliquo'sa (/ur^e-podded). ^. White. June.
Caucasus. 1822.
— stella' tu (starry). ^. White. June. Pyrenees.
1820.
— styla'ris (long-styled).
— ttunento'sa (woolly). £. White. June. Switzer-
land. 1819.
— tridenta'ta (three- toothed). 1. August. Russia.
1838.
DRAC^'NA. (From drakaina, a female
dragon ; because, if this Dragon-tree is
wounded, the milky juice on drying be-
comes a hard gum, having the same pro-
perties as the resinous substance called
Dragon's-blood. Nat. ord., Li !y worts [Lili-
aceae]. Linn., 6-ffexandnu \-Mnnogynia.)
Evergreens, with white flowers, except D. nw'-
ans. Large pieces of the branches strike when
mt in strong bottom-heat ; rich, fibry loam, well
drained. Summer temp., 60° to- Si1-0;, winter, 48°
,0 55°.
C 306 ]
DBA
D. vndn'sa (knottc dj. 4. 1820.
— no! tuns (nodding). 4. Brown. July. N.
Holland. 1820.
— undulu'ta (waved). 6. Cape of Good Hope.
1816.
STOVE.
D. arbo'rea (tree). 30. May. Sierra Leone. 1800.
— BraziiiSnsis ( Brazilian)". 6. Brazil. 1825.
— ce'rnua (drooping. 10. May. Mauritius.
— dra'co (drasjon. Common). 10. E. Jnd. 1640.
— elli'ptica (elliptic-.'eaoed). 24. Yellow. March.
Amboyna.
— ensifo'lia (sword-leaved). 4. 1800.
— fe'rren (iion). 8. April. China. 1771-
— 'jfufgrnns (swcet-sceuted). 6. April. Africa.
1768.
-r- inters t:.'pta (interrupted). 2. June. Sierra
Leone. 1798.
— Leone' H.KI.S (Sierra Leone). 3. June. Sierra
Leone, 1S24.
— mnrgina'ta (honored). August. Madagascar.
— lilauritia'na (Mauritian). 4. May. Mauri-
tius. 1826.
— ova'ta (egg-shape-/etty<?<f). 2. August. Sierra
Leone.
— purpu'rea (purple-feaoerf). 15. June. E. Ind.
1820.
— refie'xa (bent-back-?ea»ed). 4. June. Mada-
gascar. !81Q.
— sal'clfu'iia (.Willow -leaved).
— stria1 ta (streaked). 4. April. Cape of Good
Hone. 1820.
— surculo'sa (twiggy). 4. July. Sierra Leone.
!821.
— terminu'lis (terminal). 10. June. E. Ind. 1820.
— tensellti'ta fchequered). Madagascar. 18l6.
— umbraculi' fera '.(umbrella-bearing). 10. Mau-
ritius. 1X88.
DRACOCE'PHALUM. Dragon's Head.
(From drakon, a dragon, and kephale, a
Lead; referring to the gaping flower.
Nat. ord., Lipworts, or Labiates [Lamia-
cere]. Linn., l±-Didynamiu 1-Gymno-
spermia. Allied to Nepeta.)
Annuals, by seed in the open ground at the end
of March ; perennials, by seeds and divisions ; the
tender evergreens, by cuttings of young shoots
under a hand-glass, in April or May; light, rich
soil.
HARDY ANNUALS.
D. cane'scens (hoary). 2. Blue. July. Levant
1711.
— Molda'ncum (Moldavian). 2. Blue. July
Moldavia. 1596.
albiflo'rum (white-flowered). 2. White
July. Moldavia. 1595.
— peregri'num (diffuse). £. Purple. July. Si-
beria. 1759.
— thymiflo'rum (thyme-flowered). £. Purple,
July. Siberia. 1/52.
GREENHOUSE EVERGREENS.
D. Canariefnse (Canary. Balm <-f Mead). 3,
Pale purple. Auzust. Cauuncs. 1697
— chama-drt/oi'des (germander-like). 5. Blue,
July. 1823. Trailer.
— origanoi'des (marjoram-like). $. July. Siberia
1829. Trailer.
KARDY PERENNIALS.
D Altaiefnse (Altaic). 4. Purple. July. Georgia
5. Argune'nse (Argun). 1|. Blue. July. Siberia.
1822.
— Austri'ucntn (Austrian). 1. Blue. June. Au-
stria. 1597.
— botryoi'des f>otrys-like). £. Purpla. July.
Siberia. 1822.
— Ibe'r'x'uin (Iberian). 1. Blue. Julv. Iberia. 1820.
— integrifu1 ium (whole-leaved). Blue. July, ai-
— Mexica'tium (Mexican). 2. Blue. July. Mexico.
— nu'tans (nodding). 1. Blue. July. Siberia.
1731.
— palmn'tum (hind-leaved). 1$. Purple. July.
Siberia. 1815.
— parvifl/i'rum (small-flowered). £. Blue. July.
N. Asner. 1825.
— pelta'tum (•hield-/eot>ed). ij. Purple. July.
Levant. 1/11.
— pinna'tum (leafleted). Blue. June. Siberia.
— Ruyschiu'num (Ruysch's). 2. Blue. July.
North Europe. l6()9.
— Sibi'rieum (Siberian). 1. Blue. August. Si-
beria. 1760.
DRACO'NTIUM. Dragon. (From drakon^
a dragon; referring to its spots and
streaks being like those on serpents.
Nat. ord., Orontiads [Orontiacere]. Linn.,
7-Heptandria 1-Monogynia. Allied to Po-
thos and Orontium.)
Stove evergreen creepers. Dividing the roots ;
fibry loam, and a little decayed dung and leal-
mould. Summer temp., 60° to 85° ; winter, 48°
to 55°.
D. polyphy'llnm (many-leaved). 2. May. India.
1769.
— spino'sum (prickly). 2. April. Ceylon. 1759-
DRACOPHY'LLUM. (From drnkon, a dra-
gon, and phi/lion, a leaf; referring to the
long bractes, which resemble the young
leaves of the Dragon-plant, Dracte'na
dra'co. Nat. ord., Epacrids [Epacrida-
ceffl]. Linn., 5-Pentandria \-Monogynia.
Allied to Sphenotoma and Eichea.)
Greenhouse evergreens, from New Holland.
Cuttings of young wood, getting firm at the base,
in April ; peat and loam, both fibry, with a little
silver sand. Temp., winter, 40° to 45°.
D. capita' turn (headed). 1830.
— longifo'lium (long-leaved). 2. White. June.
1824.
— seeu'ndum (aide- flowering). 2. White. June.
1823.
DRACO'PSIS. (From drfikon, a dragon,
and o/;sfs, appearance; referring to the
rays, or florets. Nat. ord., Composites
[Asteraoera]. Linn., IQ-Syuyentsia 3-Su-
perflua. Allied to Eudbeckia.)
Harciy annual. Seeds and divisions ; open
garden-soil-
D. amplexicau'iis (stem-clasping). Yellow. July.
Louisiana. 1793.
DRAGON. Draco 'ntium and A' rum dra-
co'nfiuvi.
DRAGOIX'S-BLOOD. Ca'lamus dra'co.
DRA
[307]
DRI
DRAGON'S-HEAD. Dracoce'phalum.
DRAGON-TREE. Dracdna dra'co.
DRAINING is drawing away the surface
water, instead of allowing it to chili the
land by evaporation, and further injuring
the crops by an excessive supply of mois-
ture. There is scarcely a garden exist-
ing that would not be benefited by under-
draining. Every gardener knows the ab-
solute necessity for a good drainage
under his wall-trees and vines, but few
gardeners ever think for a moment
whether there is any escape and outfall
for the water he has drained from im-
mediate contact with the roots of the
above-named favoured trees. Every gar-
den should have drains cut, varying in
depth from two to three feet, according to
the depth of the soil, with an interval of
twenty-four feet between the drains;
twelve feet will not be too near in clayey
soils. At the bottom of the drains should
be placed one-inch pipes; these should
be well puddled over six inches deep with
clay, and then the earth returned. They
should have an outfall into a ditch, at
the least elevated side of the garden.
By having the pipes with a bore no
larger than an inch moles cannot creep
in; and that bore is large enough to
carry off all the water, after even the
heaviest rains. For full directions we
refer our readers to Donald's shilling
volume, entitled Land Drainage.
DRAKE'A. ^ (Named in honour of Miss
Drake, botanical painter for the Botanical
Register. Nat. ord., Orchids [Orchida-
ceoej. Linn., 20-Gynandria 1-Monandria.
Allied to Caleya.)
The only species is an extremely curious ground-
orchid, having one flower on the top of a slender
stalk, eighteen inches long, " resembling an in-
sect suspended in the air, and moving with every
breeze." Greenhouse. Divisions ; peat, loam, and
rough sand.
D. ela'stica (elastic). Variegated. September.
Swan River.
DRAWN. A plant is said to be drawn
when it is unnaturally increased in
length. This is usually by an access of
heat and moisture, and a deficiency of
air and light.
DBBPASOOA'BPUS. The Sickle-pod. (From
drepanon, sickle, and carpos, a fruit; re-
ferring to the shape of the seed-vessel.
Nat. ord., Leguminous Plants [Fabacese].
Linn., L7-Diadelp/,ia 4,-Decandria.)
Stove evergreen. Cuttings of young shoots
nearly ripe, with their leaves entire, in sand, under
a glass, and m bottoui-heat ; peat aad loaia, both
fibry^ Summer temp., 60° to 80°; winter, 50°
D. luna'tus (half -moon-capsuled). 12. White.
S. Amer. 1792.
DRESSING. Putting the borders in
order; also manuring strawberries, as-
paragus, and other permanent beds.
DRIFT SAND is the sand washed by
floods into drifts or banks, whether by
the sides of roads or streams.
DRILLING. Scarcely a crop in the gar-
den should be sown broadcast, for drill-
ing saves seed and labour; and although
in some cases it takes more time to in-
sert the seed in drills, yet this is more
than compensated by the time saved dur-
ing the after-culture, for the thinning
and hoeing are greatly facilitated. (See
BROADCAST.)
The distance apart appropriate for the
drills for particular crops will be found
under their respective titles; they are
usually made with a hoe and line, but the
drill-rake is often used. The teeth are
set six inches apart, and. are broad and
coulter-formed. When the drills are re-
quired to be less than six inches apart
the implement can he worked diagonally ;
but it may be made with teeth moveable
to any desired space apart.
DRI'MIA. (From drimys, acrid; refer-
ring to the juice of the bulbs. Nat. ord.,
Lily worts [Liliaceffl]. Linn., Q-Hexandrla
l-Monogynia. Allied to Massonia.)
Little greenhouse bulbous plants, from the Cape
of Good Hope ; elegant, though less showy than
the Ixias. Offsets; peat, or leaf -mould, and
sandy loam. Summer temp., 50° to 75°; winter,
35° to 45°; potted when beginning to grow, and
until then kept dry after the withering of the leaf.
D. acumina'ta (pointed). *. Brown. August.
1829.
— alti'ssima (tallest). l£. White, green. August.
1791.
— cilia'ris (hair-fringed). Ij. Purple, white. Au-
gust. 1800.
— ela'ta (tall). 2. Red, green. October. l/gp.
— lancecufo'lia (spear-leaved). £. Purple. Sep-
tember. 1800.
— lanceola'ta (spear-head-/ea»ed). $. Yellow,
green. September. 1774.
— ?on(g'fperfw»CK/u'/a(long-flower-stalked).Green,
purple. September. 1800.
— me'dia (intermediate). White. August. 1820.
— purpura'scens (purplish). £. Purple. August.
1818.
— pusi'llti, (little). 4. Green. May. Cape of Good
Hope. 1793.
— undulti'ta (waved). £. Green-striped. May.
1819.
— villo'na (long-haired). Green. August. 1826.
DRI'MYS. (From drimys, acrid ; re
["erring to the "bitter tonic taste " of ilie
bark, one of the characteristics of ito
DRO
[ 308 ]
DRY
Nat. ord., MagnoHads [Magnoliacese].
Linn., 13 - Poly undria k-Tetra<iynia.)
The Winter Bark of commerce is that of D.
Winte'ri, atrood substitute for cinnamon. Green-
house evergreen trees, with white flowers. Cut-
tings of half-ripe shoots in sand, under a glass,
suiii, after standing a fortnight shaded from sun,
transferred to a sweet bottom-heat; fihry peat
and sandy, lumpy loam. Winter temp., 40° to 46°.
D Chile'nsis (Chilian). 12. Chili. 1829.
— Wintftri (Winter's). Magellan. 1827.
DRO'SERA. Sundew. (From droseros,
dewy. Nat. ord., Sundews [Droseracese].
Linn., 5-Pentandria 5-Pentagynia.)
The Sundews are delicate herbaceous plants,
chiefly inhabitants of marshes ; the whole plant
is thickly clothed with glandular hairs, giving
them the appearance of being studded with dew-
drops. We have often viewed D. rotundifo'lia
with amazement, on the opposite side of a little
pool, arrayed in hundreds of little stars, and
sparkling beneath a midday's sun. Seeds, gene-
rally, and divisions; peat earth, above it tresh
sphagnum moss, in which the tiny plant is to be
fixed, and then the pot is to be set in a pan of
water; when cultivated, they should all be in-
dulged in the greenhouse.
D. acau'lis (stemless). $. White. July. Cape
of Good Hope. 1823.
— America'na (American). ^. White. July.
N. Amer. 1820.
— A'nglica (English). $. White, red. July.
England.
- bina'ta (twin-leaved). §. White. July. N.
Holland. 1821.
— evythrorhi'za (scarlet-rooted). White. July.
Swan Kiver. 1843.
— fittcau'lis (thready-stemmed). Rose. May.
Swan River. 1841.
— filifo'rmis 'thread- form). $. Purple. July.
North Jersey. 1811.
— giga'ntca (gigantic). White. July. Swan
River.
— linea'ris (narrow-feared)- $. Purple. July.
N. Amer. 1818.
— longifo'lia (long-leaved). $. White, red.
July. Britain.
— macrafntha (large-flowered). Rose. July.
Swan River.
— macrophy'lla (large-leaved). White. July.
Swan Kiver. 1842.
— pa'llida (pale). White. July. Swan River.
1843.
— pa«ci/Zo'ra (few-flowered). £. White. July.
Cape of Good Hope. 1823.
— rotundifo'lia (round-leaved), i- White. July.
Britain.
— stoloni'fera (creeping-rooted). White. July.
Swan River.
DROPWORT. Spira'a Jilipe'ndula and
Potenli'lla filipe'ndula.
DRUMMO'NDIA. (Named after Thomas
Drummond, who sacrificed his life in the
cause of botany. Nat. ord., Saxifrages
[Saxifragacese]. Linn., 5-Penta.ndria 2-
Digynia. Allied to Mitella.)
An alpine or rock- plant, from the Rocky Moun-
tains. Unfortunately Drurnmo'ndia must be can-
c I led : theplant was named Mitello'psis previously
kyMeisner. Hardy herbaceous perennial. Divi-
sions and seeds; light, sandy soil, in a dry place
or rock-work.
D. mitelloi'des (mitella-like). $. Yellowish.
July. Rocky Mountains. 182;.
DRYA'NDRA. (Named after Dryander,
a Swedish botanist. Nat. ord., Proteads
[Proteacese]. Linn., k-Tetrandria 1-
Monogynla. Allied to Banksia.)
Greenhouse evergreen shrubs, from New Hol-
land, with yellow flowers. Cuttings of firm side-
shoots taken off in August, inserted in sand,
under a bell-glass, shaded to keep the foliage
from flagging, and in a fortnight or three weeks
transferred to a mild bottom-heat; fibry peat
and fibry loam, with a portion of sand, broken
potsherds, and a few pieces of charcoal ; pots par-
ticularly well drained. Winter temp., 38° to 45°.
D. arctntoi'des (arctotis-like). 1830.
— arma'ta (armed). 3. 1803.
— Baxte'ri (Baxter's). 3. 1824.
— bipinnati'fida (doubly-leafleted). 1840.
— blechnifo'lia (blechnum-leaved). 1$. 1824.
— culophy'lla (beautiful-leaved). 1830.
— earduu'cea (thistle-like). 3. April.
angustifo'lia (narrow-leaved). 3. April.
— cunea'ta (vf edge-leaved). 3. June. 1803.
brevifo'lia (short-wedge-leaved). 3. June.
1803.
longifo'lia (long-wedge-leaved). 3. June.
1803.
— fano'sa (honey-combed). 1840.
— flori bu'nda (many-flowered). 3. 1803.
— fuliola'ta (leafleted). 183C.
— fnrmo'sa (handsome). 4. 1803.
— Franc' ri ( Kraser's). 1 840.
— longifo'lm (long-leaved). 2. 1803.
— mucronula'ta (small-sharp-pointed). 3, 1624.
— nerno'su (large-nerved), 2. 1824.
— ni'nea, (snowy-leaved). 2. 1805.
— no'bilis (noble). 1840.
— obtu'sa (b\unt-leaved). 2. 1803.
— plumo'sa (feathered). 3. 1803.
— Proteoi'des (Protea-like). 1840.
— pteridifo'lia (pteris-leaved). 14. 1824.
— stupo'sa (heavy). 1840.
— tenuifo'lia (fine-leaved). 2. April. 1803.
DRY'AS. (From Dryades, the god-
desses of the woods, to whom the oak
was sacred. The leaves of D. octope'tala,
a Scotch plant on which the genus was
founded by Linnaeus, resemble small oak-
leaves ; and he, in a playful mood, made
Dryas the badge of Virgil's Dryades, after
the manner of the Scottish clans. Nat.
ord., Eoseworts [Rosaceae]. Linn., 12-
Icosandria 3-Polygynia. Allied to Coluria
and Cowania.)
All the species but D. Drummo'ndi have white
flowers, blooming in July. Divisions and seeds
in spring ; cuttings under a hand-light in sum-
iiier ; a peat-border, or, still better, in pots, and
protected during winter in a cold pit.
HARDY EVERGREENS.
D. interme'dia (intermediate). £. N. Amer. 1832.
— octope'tala (eight-petaled). £. Britain.
— America'na (American). 4. N. Amer.
1800.
DRY
[ 36!) ]
DPtY
HARDY HERBACEOUS.
D. decapeftala (ten-petaled). N. Amer. 183Q.
— depre'ssa (depressed). £. Ireland.
— mi'nor (smaller). $. N. Amer.
HALF-HARDY EVERGREENS.
D. Drummo'ndi (Drummond's). £. Yellow. N.
Amer. 1828.
— integrifu'lia (whole-leaved). £. Greenland.
1824.
— tene'lla (delicate). £. Canada. 1820.
DRYMOGLO'SSUM. The Wood-tongue.
(From drymos, a wood, and g/ossum, a
tongue ; alluding to the place of growth
and form of the fronds. Allied to Poly
podium.) See FERNS.
Spores yellow. Division; peat and loam.
Summer temp., 60° to 80° ; winter, 48° to 55°.
D. earno'sum (fleshy). Australia.
— lanceola'tum (spear-head). June. India. 1843.
— pUoselloi'des (pilosella-like). June. E. Ind.
1828.
— spatula'tum (spatulate). E. Ind.
DRYMO'NIA. (From drymonia, wood-
land ; their habitation. Nat ord., Ges-
nerworts [GresneraceseJ. Linn., 14-
Didynamia %-Angiospermia. Allied to
Besleria.)
Stove evergreen climbers. Cuttings in sandy
soil, in bottom-heat ; rich, sandy loam. Summer
temp., 60° to 80° ; winter, 50° to 55°.
D. bi' color (two-coloured). 6. Purple. W. Ind.
1806.
— puncta'ta (spotted-flowered'). f. Yellow,
violet. May. Guatimala.
— villo'sa (shaggy). 1$. White. May. Surinam.
DRYNA'RIA. (From drys, a tree; dwell-
ing among trees.)
A large genus of stove Ferns, with brownish-
yellow spores. Allied to Dryostachyum. Divi-
sion ; peat and loam. Summer temp., 60° to 80° ;
winter, 50° to 55°.
D. a'lbido-squama'ta (white-scaled). June. Isle
of Luzon.
— Billardie>ri (La Billardiere's). 1. June. N.
Holland. 1824.
— caspito'sn (tufted). April. India. 1841.
— capitella'tu (small-headed). July. S. Amer.
1822.
— coria'cea (leathery). June. India. 1840.
— co'ronans (crowned). June. W. Ind.
— crassifo'lia (thick-leaved). August. W. Ind.
1823.
— cuspidiflu'ra (pointed-flowered). June. Isle
of Luzon.
— diversifo'lia (various-leaved). July. Australia.
— du'bia (doubtful). June. Isle of Luzon.
— glau'ca (milky-green). Isle of Luzon.
— hemioniti'dea (spleenwort-like). 2. Yellow.
March. E. Ind. 1843.
— HVs/?e//du(Horsneld'8). Yellow. Java.
— irioi'dcs (iris-.ike). 3. June. E. Ind. 1824.
— jugtandifit'lium (juplans-leaved). 1$. May.
S. Amer. 1822.
— leiorhi'zn Smooth-rooted). March. E. Ind.
— lomarini'des (lomaria-like). Isle of Luzon.
— lo'nirifrnns (long-ironded). Isle of Luzon.
•— lo'nsfipes (long-stalked). E. Ind. 1823.
— loagi'stima (longest-teaoed). Isle of Luzon.
— propi'nquu (allied). May.
— pustula'ta (pimpled). 1.
D. lonff/rnrin (slrap-'-ike). March. E. Ind.
— negle'cta (neglected). Isle of Luzon.
— normn'Hs (normal). March. Nepaul.
— palmu'ta (hand-shaped). Isle of Luzon.
— plantaffi'nea (piautain-like). June. E. Ind.
1842.
E. Ind.
March. Manilla.
1840.
— quercifu'lia (oak-leaved). l£. March. Isle
of Luzon. 1824.
— ru'bida (red). Isle of Luzon.
— rupe'stris (rock). Isle of Luzon.
j — sesquipeda'lis (foot-and-a-half). May. Nepaul.
— stenophy'lla (narrow-leaved). March. Java.
— subfalca'ta (rather-sickle-shape). Isle of Luzon.
— tenuilo'ris (slender-thonged). Mindanao.
— unduln'ta (waved-leaved). Isle of Luzon.
— vulga'ris (common). March. W. Ind. 1816.
— Walli'chii (Wallich's). March. E. Ind.
DRYOBA'LANOPS. Camphor-tree. (From
drys, a tree, and ballo, to flow ; from the
tree yielding much sap. Nat. ord., Lin-
deriblooms [Tiliacese]. Linn., IB-Poly-
andria 1-Monoyynia.}
A stove tree, which produces the chief of the
natural camphor imported. We say natural
camphor, because camphor is now manufactured
from turpentine.
D. ca'mphora (camphor). 100. Yellow. Sumatra.
DRYO'PTERIS. (From drys, a tree, and
pteris, a fern. A genus of stove Ferns.
Allied to Pteris.)
Division ; peat and loam. Summer temp., 60°
to 80° ; winter, 50° to 55°.
D.vagittifo'lia (arrow-leaved). Yellow. April.
E. Ind.
DRYOSTA'CHYUM. (From drys, a tree,
and stachys, a spike. A genus of Stove
Ferns, with yellow spores. Allied to
Drynaria.)
Divisions; pent and loam. Summer temp.,
60° to 80° ; winter, 50° to 55°.
D. caudal turn (tailed). May. Celebes. 1842.
— pilo'nurn (hairy). May. Isle of Luzon. 1841.
— sple'ndens (shining). May. Isle of Luaon.
1842.
DRY'PETES. (From drypto, to lace-
rate ; being a spiny shrub. Nat. ord.,
Spitrgeworts [Euphorbiacea?]. Linn.,
22-Dicecia 4,-Tetrandria. Allied to Sarco-
cocca.)
Stove evergreen shrub. Cuttings in sandv
_oam, under a glass, in heat ; peat and loam,
both fibry and sandy. Summer temp., 60° to
80°; winter, 50° to 55°.
D. cro'cea (copper-coloured). 6. June. W.
Ind. 1820.
DRY'PIS. (From drypto, to lacerate;
eaves armed with spines. Nat. ord.,
Gloveworts [CaryophyllaceaB]. Linn., 5-
Pentaiidria 3-Triyynia. Allied to Acan-
thophyllum).
Hardy evergreen. Seeds ; cuttings under a
land-light in the early summer months ; requires
DRY
310
DUN
a dry situation, and equal portions of loam, peat,
and rough sand.
D. spino'xa (pricklv). |. Pale blue. June.
Italy. 17/5.
DRY-STOVE is a hothouse devoted to
the culture of such plants as require a
high degree of heat, but a drier atmo-
sphere than the tenants of the Bark-stove.
Consequently, fermenting materials and
open tanks of hot-water are inadmissible ;
but the sources of heat are either steam
or hot-water pipes or flues. See STOVE.
DUBBING is a gardener's term for clip-
ping. The dubbings of a hedge are the
parts clipped off with the shears.
DUCK'S-FOOT. Podophy'llum.
DUMA'SIA. (Named after M. Dumas,
one of the editors of Annales des Sciences
Naturelles. Nat. ord., Leguminous Plants
[Fabacese].. Linn., 17 -Diadelphia &-
candria. Allied to Clitoria.)
Greenhouse evergreen twiners, from Nepaul,
both introduced in 1824. Seeds sown in a hot-
bed, in spring; cuttings of young shoots getting
firm, umier a glass, and in sand, in a little bot-
tom-bent, in April; sandy peat and fibry loam.
Summer temp., 65° to 75° ; winter, 45° to 50°.
E. pube'scens (downy). 6. Yellow. October.
— vitlo'sa (long-haired). 6. Pale yellow. Oc-
tober.
DUMB-CANE. Cala'dium Seyui'mtm.
DUMERI'LIA. (In honour of Constant
Dumeril, a French naturalist. Nat. ord.
Composites [Asteracese]. Linn., 19-Syn-
genesia I-^Squalis.)
Stove evergreen shrub. Cuttings in sandy soil
under a hell-glass ; sandy loam. Summer temp.
60° to 80°; winter, 45° to 55°.
D. panicula'ta (panicled). 3. Purple. August
Columbia. 1825.
DUNG. Under this title our attention
must be confined to the fseces and urines
of animals, and that one most common
compound, stable-dung.
Night-soil is the richest of these ma
nures. It is composed of human faeces
and urine, of which the constituents are
as follows : Fceces. — Water, 73.3 ; vege
table and animal remains, 7 ; bile, 0.9
albumen 0.9 ; peculiar and extractive
matter, 1.2 ; salts (carbonate of soda
common salt, sulphate of soda, ammonia
phosphate of magnesia, and phosphate
of lime), 2.7 ; insoluble residue, 14.0
Urine. — Urate of ammonia, 0.298 ; sal
ammoniac, 0.459 ; sulphate of potash
2.112; chloride of potassium, 3.674
chloride of sodium (common salt)
15.060; phosphate of soda, 4.267; phos
phate ot lime, 0.209 ; acetate of soda
2.770 ; urea and colouring matter,
23.640; water and lactic acid, 47.511.
After stating the above analyses m
his excellent work On Fertilizers, Mr.
Cuthbert Johnson proceeds to observe,
that the ^ery chemical composition, there-
fore, of this compost would indicate the
powerful fertilizing effects which it is
proved to produce. The mass of easily
soluble and decomposable animal matters
and salts of ammonia with which it
abounds, its phosphate of lime, its carbo-
nate of soda, are all by themselves ex-
cellent fertilizers, and must afford a
copious supply of food to plants.
The disagreeable smell may be de-
stroyed by mixing it with quick-lime, or
still better with either chloride or sul-
phate of lime ; and if exposed to the at-
mosphere in thin layers in fine weather,
it speedily dries, is easily pulverized, and
in this state may be used in the same
manner as rape- cake, and delivered into
the furrow with the seed.
From the experiments of M. Schubler
and others, the relative value of night-
soil is as follows : —
" If a given quantity of the land sown
without manure yields three times the
seed employed, then the same quantity
of land will produce five times the quan-
tity sown when manured with old herb-
age, putrid grass or leaves, garden stuff,
&c. ; seven times with cow-dung, nine
times with pigeon's-dung, ten times with
horse-dung, twelve times with human
urine, twelve times with goafs-dung,
twelve times with sheep's-dung, and four-
teen times with human manure or bul-
lock's blood. But if the land be of such
quality as to produce without manure
five times the sown quantity, then the
horse-dung manure will yield fourteen,
and human manure nineteen and two-
thirds the sown quantity."
Fowl-dung, if composed partly of that
of the duck, which is a gross feeder, is
nearly equal to guano. This and that of
the pigeon contain much ammonia, and
all abound in phosphate of lime, mixed
with decomposing organic matters and
uric acid, all highly valuable as fertilizers.
Stable or Farm-yard Dung is usually
composed of the following matters:
Horse-urine. — Water and mucus, 94; car-
bonate of lime, 1.1 ; carbonate of soda,
0.9 ; hippurate of soda, 2.4 ; chloride of
potassium, 0.9 ; urea, 0.7. But besides
the above, it contains common salt, phos-
DUN
[ 311 ]
DUN
phate of lime, and sulphate of soda.
Cow-urine. — Water, 66 ; phosphate of
lime, 3 ; chloride of potassium, and sal
ammoniac, J5; sulphate of potash, 6;
carbonate of potash and carbonate of
ammonia, 4 ; urea, 4.
One thousand parts of dry wheat-straw
being burnt, yielded M. Saussure forty-
eight parts of ashes; the same quan-
tity of the dry straw of barley yielded
forty-two parts of ashes. The portion dis-
sipated by the fire would be principally
carbon (charcoal), carburetted hydrogen
gas, and water ; one hundred parts of
these ashes are composed of — Various
soluble salts, principally carbonate and
sulphate of potash, 22£; phosphate of
lime (eaithy salt of bones), 6$; chalk
(carbonate of lime), 1 ; silica (flint),
01J; metallic oxide (principally iron),
1 ; loss, 7 4.5ths. The straw of barley
contains the same ingredients, only in
rather different proportions.
The solid excrements of a horse fed
on hay, oats, and straw, contain, accord-
ing to the analysis of M. Zierl, in 1000
parts. Water, 698; picromel and salts,
20; bilious and extractive matter, 17;
green matter, albumen, mucus, &c., 63 ;
vegetable fibre and remains of food, 202.
These, when burnt, yielded to the same
chemist sixty parts by weight of ashes,
which were composed of — Carbonate,
sulphate, and muriate of soda, 5 ; carbo-
nate and phosphate of lime, 9; silica, 46.
— Jour. Roy. Ayr. Soc., vol. 1, p. 489.
There have been many arguments and
much difference of opinion among cul-
tivators with regard to the advantage of
employing dung in a fresh or in a putrid
state, and, as is too often the case, both
parties have run into extremes — the one
side contending for the propriety of em-
ploying it quite fresh from the farm-yard,
the other contending that it cannot well
be too decayed.
The mode employed by Lord Leicester
is the medium between these equally
erroneous extremes. He found that
the employment of the fresh dung cer-
tainly made the dung go much farther,
but then a multitude of the seeds of
various weeds were carried on to the
land along with the manure. He has,
therefore, since used his compost when
only in a half-putrefied state (called
short dung by iarmers), and hence
the seeds are destroyed by the effects
of the putrefaction, and the dung still
.Y tends much farther than if suf-
fered to remain until quite putrefied.
Putrefaction cannot go on without the
presence of moisture. Where water is
entirely absent, there can be no putre-
faction ; and hence many farmers have
adopted the practice of pumping the
drainage of their farm-yards over their
dung-heaps ; others invariably place them
in a low, damp situation. This liquid
portion cannot be too highly valued by
the cultivator. The soil where a- dung-
hill has lain in a field is always dis-
tinguished by a rank luxuriance in the
succeeding crop, even if the earth be-
neath to the depth of six inches is re-
moved and spread with the dunghill.
Guano. — This now celebrated manure
has been known as the chief fertilizer
employed by the Peruvians, almost as
long as that part of the New World has
been recognised by geographers. Its
name, in the language of that country,
signifies the manure ; and it merits such
distinction, as being one of the most
powerful assistants to vegetation which
can be applied to the soil. Guano is not
peculiar to Peru, but is found in immense
beds upon many rocks and islands of
the Atlantic, being the excrements of
the marine birds frequenting those ocean
solitudes. It has been lately analyzed
by Dr. Ure, who reports it as composed
of the folio wing proportional constituents :
Azotized organic matter, including urate
of ammonia, and capable of affording
from 8 to 17 per cent, of ammonia by
slow decomposition in the soil, 50.0 ;
water, 11.0; phosphate of lime, 25.0;
ammonia, phosphate of magnesia, phos-
phate of ammonia, and oxalate of am-
monia, containing from 4 to 9 per cent,
of ammonia, 13.0 ; siliceous matter, 1.0.
This analysis explains the source from
whence failure has been derived to many
who have tried it. It is the most
violently stimulating of all the known
natural manures, and they have applied
it too abundantly. This is shown by the
experiments of Mr. Maund. When ap-
plied to Strawberries once a week in a
liquid state (four ounces to a gallon ), it
made them very vigorous and productive;
but sprinkled upon some young seedlings
of the same fruit, it killed them. Two
ounces per yard (five cwt. per acre), were
sprinkled over Onions, and they doubled
the untreated in size. Potatoes, manured
with one ounce and a half per yard, were
DUE.
[312 ]
rendered much more luxuriant than
others having no guano. Brussels Sprouts
were half destroyed by being planted in
immediate contact with nine parts earth
and one part guano. Geraniums were
greatly injured by liquid-manure of guano
U'our ounces per gallon), but "plants of
various sorts, in pots, watered only with
guano-water, half an ounce to a gallon,
have flourished astonishingly ; none have
failed. These are lessons which cannot
be mistaken." — Auctorium, 223. Mr.
Hendle and other persons record, as the
result of dearly-purchased experience,
that where guano has failed to be bene-
ficial, or has been injurious, it has been
applied in quantities too powerful for the
plants to bear. In a liquid state, half an
ounce per gallon, and given to growing
plants once a week, it never fails to be
productive of vigour. When sown as a
top-dressing, it should be mixed with five
times its weight of dry earth, ashes, <fec.,
and then scattered as thinly as possible.
When used as atop-dressing for a flower-
pot, a small pinch between the thumb
and two fingers will be sufficient.
Cow-dung, for potting purposes, should
be collected whilst fresh, kept under a
dry shed, be frequently turned over, and
used when in a dry, loose condition.
Two years' old dung is best.
DURA'NTA. (Named after C. Durantes,
a physician and botanist. Nat. ord.,
rerbenas [Verbenacea?]. Linn., 14-
Didy namla 2 -A iigiospcrm ia. )
Stove evergreeen shrubs, with ' blue flowers.
Cuttings in sand, under a bell-glass, in bottom-
heat ; loam and peat. Summer temp., 60° to 80° ;
winter, 45° to 55°.
D. arge'ntea (silvery). 6. E. Ind. 1824.
— Elli'sia (Ellis's). 6. August. W. Ind. 1739-
— ine'rmis (unarmed). 6. August. S. Amer.
1739.
— macroca'rpa (large-fruited). 6. W. Ind. 1818.
— Muti'sii (Mutis's). 6. W. Ind. 1820.
— Plumie'ri (Plunder's). 15. October. S.Amer.
1733.
— Xalape'nsis (Xalapa). 6. Mexico. 1822.
DU'RIO. (From Dnryon, the Malay
name of the fruit, "one of the most
delicious productions of nature." Nat.
ord., Slerculiads [Sterculiacesej. Linn.,
18-Polyadelphia 1-Decandria. Allied to
Cheirostemon.)
In a putrid state the fruit is used as a bait to
trap the civet-cat: hence the specific name.
Stove evergreen tree. Cuttings of firm young
shoots in spring, in sand, under a glass, and in
bottom-heat ; peat, loam, and leaf-mould. Sum-
mer temp., 60° to 80° ; winter, 50° to 55°.
D. xibethi'nus (civet). Co. White. £. Ind. 1825.
DUVA'LIA. Applied by Haworth to a
section of Stapelia ; but the name was
pre-occupied by Nees von Esenbeck for
a genus of Liverworts, of which no ac-
count is taken in this work. The species
will be found under STAPE'UA.
DUVAU'A. (After Duvau, a French bo-
tanist. Nat. ord., Terebinths or Anacards
[Anacardiacese]. Linn., 21-Moncecia 7-
Octandria. Allied to Schinus.)
Fine evergreens, requiring greenhouse protec-
tion north of London.
D.denta'ta (toothed). 20. White. June.
Owyhee. 1/95.
— depe'ndens (hanging). 20. White. Chili. 1790.
— latifo'lia (broad - leaved). 20. Yellowish.
June. Chili. 1830.
— longifo'lia (long-leaved). 3. Pale yellow.
June. Buenos Ayres. 1835.
— ova'tii (egg-leaved). 6. Greenish. Chili, 1824.
DWARF FAN-PALM. Cham drops 1> u' mills.
DWARF STANDARD is a fruit -tree on a
very short stem, with its branches un-
trained.
DY'CKIA. (Named in honour of Prince
Salm-Dyck, a German author of a splen-
did work on Succulents. Nat. ord.,
Bromelworts [Bromeliacese]. Linn., 6-
Hexandria 3- Trlgynia. Allied in appear-
ance to a small Pitcairnia.)
Like a pine-apple plant in miniature ; usually
grown with small greenhouse succulents. Suck-
ers ; loam and peat, with lime-rubbish, and well
drained. Summer temp., 55°to75°; winter, 38°
to 45°.
D. alti'ssima (tallest). Orange. September.
Buenos Ayres.
— rariflo'ra (scattered-flowered). 2. Orange.
June. Brazil. 1832.
DYER'S GREEN-WEED. Geni'sta tine-
to'ria.
DYSOPHY'LLA. (From dysndes, fetid,
and phyllon, a leaf; referring to the
strong peppermint -like smell of the
leaves. Nat. ord., Lipirorls or Labiates
[Lamiacece]. Linn., 14 Didynamia 1-
Gymnospermia. Allied to Mint.)
Division of the roots, just as fresh growth ia
commencing, in spring; common, sandy soil.
D. pu'mila (dwarf). £. Purple. August. Ne-
paul. 1826. Hardy herbaceous.
— quadrifo'lia (lour-leaved). 2. Puiyle. July.
Nepaul. 1820. G eenhou.-e everprem.
— stella1 /a (starry -flowered). \. Purple. India.
IS 1 6. Greenhouse herbaceous.
— verticil la' ta (whorled). Lilac. Nepaul. 1828.
Greenhouse herbaceous.
E.
EARI'NA. (From earinos, the spring,
the time of their blooming. Nat. ord.,
Orchids [Orchid ace 03]. Linn., 20-G'i/-
EAR
L
J
ECH
nandria 1-Monandria. Allied to Pholi-
dota.)
Stove orchids, from New Zealand. Division
of the plants when fresh growth is commencing ;
sphagnum-moss and fibry peat, in which the
roots are fixed above the surface of a pot, or in a
shallow basket, and suspended from the roof.
Sum: ,er temp., 60° to 85°, with moisture; win-
ter, 50° to 60°, and rather dry.
E. mucrtma'ta (sharp-pointed). White. May.
1845.
— suave'olena (sweet-scented). White. May.
1843.
EARTH. Every cultivated soil is main-
ly composed of four earths in various
proportions: — Silica, or pure flint; alu-
mina, or pure clay ; lime, combined with
carbonic acid in the state 'jf chalk ; and
magnesia. See SOIL.
EARTHING-UP, or drawing the soil in a
ridge to the stems of plants, is beneficial
to those fibrous-booted, by reducing the
distance from the surface of the extremi-
ties of the plant's roots ; by inducing the
production of rootlets from the stem ;
and sheltering the winter standing crops,
for the closer the leaves of these are to
the earth the less is the reduction of
heat from the latter, either by radiation
or contact with the colder air; but to
tuberous-rooted plants, as the potato, it
is detrimental. In our experiments, it
lias, on an average, reduced the produce
one -fourth.
EARTH-NUT. A'rachls.
EARWIG. (Forjicula aitricularis.) This
destroyer of the peach, apricot, plum,
dahlia, pink, and carnation, commits its
ravages only at night, retiring during the
day to any convenient shelter in the
vicinity of its prey. Advantage must be
taken of this habit, and if small garden-
pots with a little moss within be inverted
upon a stick, and pieces of the dry hol-
low stem of the sunflower, or Jerusalem
artichoke, be placed in the neighbour-
hood of the fruits and flowers enumerated,
many of the insects will resort thither,
and may be shaken out and destroyed.
As earwigs are winged insects, it is use-
less to guard the stems of plants in any
mode.
E'BENUS. The following species have
been separated from Anthyllis by some
botanists, to make this genus; but they
should be reunited to it. See ANTHY'LLIS.
E. Cre'ticn (Cretan), li. Pink. June. Candia.
1737.
— pinna'ia (leafleted). £. Pink. June. Barbary.
1/86.
(Sibthorp's). Pink. July. Greece.
E'BONY. Diospy'ros e'benum.
ECASTAPHY'LLUM. See PTEROCA/RPUS.
ECCREMOCA'RPUS. (From ebttremes,
pendent, and kurpos, fruit; position of
the seed-pods. Nat. ord., B'ujnoniads
[BignoniaceseJ. Linn., l^-Didynamia
2-Angiospermia. Syn., Cale'mpdis.)
Half-hardy evergreen climbers, with orange
flowers. Seeds sown on heat, in February, will
bloom out of doors during the summer; cuttings
taken oif in August, and kept in a cold frame
during .the winter, will bloom better. In sheltered
places the fleshy roots will remain safe in the
ground during the winter; but in most places it
is safest to protect them from frost and wet, or
take them up and keep them from frost, and
plant again in May ; any light, fertile soil.
E. longiflo'rus (long-flowered). 6. July. Peru.
1825.
— sca'bra (rough). 6. July. Chili. 1824.
ECHIA'NDIA. (Derivation unknown.
A rare Lily wort [Liliacese], Linn., 6-
Hexandria I-Monogynia. Allied to An-
thericum.)
Division, and, it is believed, by seeds; peat and
loam ; greenhouse and cold pic culture.
E. terniftu'ra (three-flowered). Golden. July.
Mexico. 1837.
ECHEVE'RIA. (After M. Echeveri, a
botanical draughtsman. Nat. ord., Houst-
leeffs [Crassulacece]. Linn., -IQ-Uecaiidria
k-Pentayynia. Allied to Sedum.)
Cuttings, chiefly in spring, that the plants may
be established during summer; the base of the
cutting should be dried for several days, though
the leaves are kept green by shading and moisture,
before inserting them in sandy soil ; a bell-glass,
if not kopt close, will do them good, and ftlso a
little bottom-heat ; sandy loam, peat, and lime-
rubbish. Winter temp., 40° to 45°, and kept
almost dry.
GREENHOUSE EVERGREENS.
E. acutifo'lia (pointed-leaved). 1. Scarlet, yel-
low. April. Mexico. 184).
— bractcola'ta (small -bract*d). Red, yellow.
Caraceas. 1840.
— ceespito'sa (tufty). 1. Yellow. July. Cali-
fornia. 1796.
— cocci 'nea (scarlet-cowered). 2. Scarlet. Oc-
tober. Mexico. 1816.
— farino'sa (mealy). Pale yellow. California.
— gibbiflo'ra (swollen-flowered). 2. Yellow,
pink. September. Mexico. 1826.
— grandifo'lia (large-leaved). 2. Orange. Oc-
tober. Mexico. 1828.
— la'xa (loose). Yellow. California. 1847-
— pulverule'nta (powdery). White, red. Sep-
tember. Mexico. 1840.
— retu'sa (blunt- leaned). 1. Crimson, yellow.
November. Mexico. 1846.
— roVa (rosy). 1. Rose, yellow. September,
Brazil. 1640.
— ScAee'/ii (Scheer's). 1$. Pink, yellow. No-
vember. Mexico. 1842.
STOVE EVERGREENS.
E. lu'rida (dingy-/«°aoed). 1. Scarlet. July.
Mexico. 1830.
ECH
[ 314 ]
ECH
E. racfimn'sa (racemed). 2. Crimson. October.
Mexico. 1830.
— secu'nda (one-sided;. Scarlet. June. Mex-
ico. 183/.
ECHINA'CEA. (From echinos, a hedge-
hog; referring to the involucre, or scaly
covering of composite flowers. Nat. ord.,
Composites [Asterace?e]. Linn., \Q-Syn-
gtnesiaZ-Superflua. Allied to Rudbeckia.)
Hardy herbaceous perennials. Division and
seeds in spring ; common or sandy soil.
E. Dickso'ni (Dicltson's). 1. Lilac. August.
Mexico.
— du'biu (doubtful). 4. Lilac. September.
Mexico. 1837.
— heterophy'lla (various-leaverl). 1^. Purple.
October. Mexico. 1829.
— napifo'lia (rape-leaved). 2. Red. July.
North Spain. 1824.
— purpu'ren (purple-flowered'), 4. Red. Sep-
tember. N. Amer. 1690.
— sero'tina (l*tt-Jlowering). 3. Red. Septem-
ber. N. Amer. 1816.
ECHINOCA'CTUS. (From echinos, hedge-
hog, and cactus. Nat. ord., Indian Figs
[Cactaceae]. Linn., 12-Icosandria 1-
Monogynia.)
Like the section Mammillaria, this of Melocacti
is encumbered by one-half too many names of
species, founded on trifling variations, peculiar
either to different ages of the same plants, or to
accidental forms from seeds. For species and
culture, see CA'CTUS.
ECHI'NOPS. Globe Thistle. (From
echinos, hedgehog, and opsis, like ; refer-
ring to the spiny scales of the involucre,
or covering of composite flowers. Nat.
ord., Composites [Asteraeese]. Linn.,
19-Syngenesia 5-Segregata. Allied to
Gazania.)'
Biennials, chiefly by seeds in April. Perennials,
by division in March ; common soil.
HARDY BIENNIALS.
E. Barma'ticus a'lbus ( Hungarian white). White.
Hungary. 1832.
— Gmeft'ni'Gmelin's). White, blue. 1835.
— hu'milis (humble). l£. Blue. June. Cau-
casus. 1816.
— lanugina'sus (woolly). 2. Blue. July. Levant.
1/36.
— plnty'lap s (broad-scaled). September. 1835.
— pu'ngens ( pungent). Russia. 1835.
— Tau'ricus (Taurian). 4. Blue. August. Tauria.
1816.
— Tournefo'rtii (Tournefort's). Caucasus. 1835.
HARDY PERENNIALS.
U. crista'ta (crested). Cream, white. July.
Bolivia.
— Dahu'ricus (Dahurian). 3. Blue. August.
Dahuria. 1828.
— exalta'tus (lofty). 6. White. July. Austria.
1817-
— glabe'rrimus (most smooth). Blue. August.
Sinai. 1830.
— panicula'tus (panicleu). 6. Blue. July.
Spam. 1815.
— Pe'rsicua (Persian). White. August. Persia.
1821.
E. Ri'trn (Ritro). 3. Blue. July. Europe. 1570.
— Ruthe'nii'us (Russian). 3. Blue. July.
Russia. 18:6
— spino'sus (s\>\ny -headed). 4. White. July.
Egypt. 1597-
— stri'ctua (erect). 3. Pale blue. July. Europe.
1830.
— tenuifo'lius (fine-leaved). 2. Blue. August.
Russia. 1820.
— virga'lus (twiggy). 2. Blue. June. South
Europe. 1820.
ECHINO'PSIS. (From echinos, hedgehog,
and opsit, like; referring to the spines
which clothe its globular stem. Nat. ord.,
Indian Figs [Cactacese]. Linn., 12-
Icosandria l-Honogynia. Allied to Echi-
nocactus.)
Stove Cactuses. Light loam, a little leaf-mould,
and afew lumps of lime-rubbish, and well drained.
Water sparingly in winter, and air to be kept dry.
Winter, night, 50°; day, 80°. Summer, night,
65°; day, 90°.
E.campylacn'nthn (eurved-spined). 1. Pink.
May. Andes. 1851.
— arista' ta'i 'crested). £. Purple. May. Bolivia.
1846. There is a white-flowered variety.
ECHI'TES. (From echis, a viper ; re-
ferring to the snake-like coils of the
twining shoots. Nat. ord., Dogbanes
[Apocynaceas]. Linn., 5-Pentandria 1-
Monogynia.)
Nearly all evergreen climbers. Cuttings in
sand, in bottom-heat, in spring; lumpy loam
and peat. Summer temp., for stove specie.--, 60°
to 80° ; winter, 48° to 60°. Others, usual green-
house temperatures.
GREENHOUSE.
E. bispino'sa (twin-spined). 1, Pink. Sep'em-
ber. Cape of Good Hope. 1/95. Uncler-
shrub.
— diffo'rmis (two-formed). 8. Pale yellow. July.
Carolina. 1806.
STOVE.
E. antidysente'rica (antidysenteric). Pink. E.
Ind. 1821.
— a'tro-purpu'rea (dark purple). Brown, pur-
pie. July. Brazil. 1814.
— biflo'ra (twin-flowered). 20. White. July.
W. Ind. 1783.
— caryophylla'ta (clove-leaved). 6. Pale yellow.
October. E. Ind. 1812.
— cymo'sa (cymosed). 10. Julv. E. Ind. 1828.
— Dominge'mis (St. Domingo). 10. Yeliow.
June. W. Ind. 1820.
— Franci'scea (River Francisco). Rose, greeu.
September. Brazil. 1845.
— frute'scens (shrubby). 10. E. Ind. 1816.
— grund'flo'ra (large-flowered). 8. Pink. E.
Ind. 1823.
— He'ynii (Heynes's). 5. Yellow. June. E.
Ind. 1818.
— hirsu'ta (hairy). 10. Yellow, rose. Sep-
tember. Brazil. 1843.
— longijlo'ra (long-flowered). 6. White. June.
Brazil. 1816.
— Malaba'ricu (Malabar). 6. Red. June. Mala-
bar. 1822.
— paniculu'ta (panicled). 19. Yellow. July.
S. Amer. 1823.
ECH
[ 315 ]
EDO
E. petMta (shield-teamed). 10. Trinidad. 1826.
— reticula'ta (netted). 6. Yellow. July. E.
Ind. 1818.
— sple'ndens (shining). White, rose. Septem-
ber. Brazil. 1841.
— Ricka'rdii (Richard's). 3. Yellow. July.
Guiani. 1824.
— rubricau'lis (red-stemmed). 6. YeHow. July.
Guiana. 1824.
— stella'ris (st&r-eyed-corallaed). 1Q. Eose,
yellow. July. Rio Janeiro.
— subere'cta (slightly-bent. Savannah-flower).
10. Yellow. July. Jamaica. 1/59.
— tortfsa (twisted). 10. Yellow. July. Ja-
maica. 1778.
— umbellu'ta (umbelled). 15. Yellow. July.
Jamaica. 1/33.
E'CHIUM. Viper's Bugloss. (From
echis, a viper ; seeds like the viper's head.
Nat. ord., Borageworts [Boraginacese].
Linn., 5 Pcntandria l-Monogynia. Allied
to Anchusa.)
Annuals and biennials, by seed in common
garden-soil, in March; evergreen shrubs, also, by
seeds, sown in spring, in a slight hotbed ; by
layering the young shoots in summer; and cuttings
in sandy soil of firm young shoots, in April or
May, under a bell-glass, but not kept very close,
and receiving a little bottom-heat ; peat and loam.
Winter temp., 4t>° to 4s°.
HARDY ANNUALS.
E. angustifo'lium (narrow-leaved). Blush. July.
Spain. 1826.
— arena'rium (s&nd-inhabiting). Purple. July.
Calabria. 1826.
— calyci'num (^o-g-e-calyxed). Blue, yellow.
July. South Europe. 1829.
— macra'nthum (large-flowt-red). 1. Violet.
July. Barbary. 1818.
— Si'/ns/i(Sims's). Red, blue. August. South
Europe. 1816.
HARDY BIENNIALS.
E. amas'num (agreeable). Blue. July. Caucasus.
1826.
— aspe'rrimum (very rough). Blue. July. Cau-
casus. 1826.
— Dahu'ricum (Dahurian). Blue. July. Dahuria.
1827.
— Ita'licum (Italian). 4. White. July. Jersey.
— Hibthu'rpii (Sibthorp's). 1. Red. June. Eu-
rope. 1824.
— te'nue (slender). 1. Blue. July. Sicily. 1824.
— tuberculit'tum (pimpled). 1. Violet. August..
Spain. 1820.
— viola'ccum (\io\et-flowered~). 3. Blue. June.
Austria. 1658.
— vulga'refio're-a'lbn (common- white-flowered).
1. White. July. Britain.
HERBACEOUS PERENNIALS.
E. caudu'tum (tailed). 1. Red. July. Cape of
Good Hope. 1819. Greenhouse.
— Lagusca'num (Lagasca's). Lilac. July. Spain.
1826. Hardy.
— Merte'nsii (Merten's). 1$. Blue. June. Spain.
1H24. Hardy.
— prostra'lum (prostrate). 1. Red. July. Egypt.
1825. Hardy.
— spica'tum (spiked-dwar/). $. White. July.
Cape of Good Hope. 1791. Greenhouse
GREENHOUSE EVERGREENS.
E. uculea'tum (prickly). 4. White. June. Cana-
ries. 1815.
E, umbi'guum (doubtful). 3. White, red. July.
Canaries. 1820.
— arge'nteum (silvery). 3. Blue. June. Cape of
Good Hope. 1789-
— bi'frons (two-faced). 3. White, red. June.
Canaries. 1820.
— bruchyti'nthum (short-flowered). Ij. White.
June. Cape of Good Hope. 1819.
— ca'ndicnnn (whitish). 3. Blue. June. Madeira.
1777-
— capita1 turn (headed). 2. Red. June. Cape of
Good Hope. 18! 9-
— cynoglossoi'des (bugloss-like). 3. Blue. July.
Canaries. 1816.
— densiflo'rum (thickly-flowered). 2. Blue. June.
Canaries. 1820.
—fastuo'sum (proud). 4. Purple. April. Cana-
ries. 1779.
— feroci'ssinmm (fiercest-sta/Aed). 6. Blue. June.
Madeira. 1/94.
—folio'sum (leafy). 3. White. July. Canaries.
1815.
— fruticu'sum (shrubby). 3. Pink. May. Cape
of Good Hope. 1759.
— glga'nteum (gigantic). 10. White. June. Ca-
naries. '779>
— glu1 bruin (smooth). 2. White. May. Cape of
Good Hope. 1/91.
— glaucophy'llum (milky -green-leaved). 2. Vio-
let. May. Cape of Good Hope. 1792.
— grandiflo'rum (large-flowered). 3. Pink. June.
Madeira. 1/87.
— hi'spidum (bristly). 2. White. June. Cape
of Good Hope. 1818.
— inca'num (hoarv). Blue. June. Cape of Good
Hope. 1816.
— laevlga'tum (smooth-stalked). 2. Blue. July,
Cape of Good Hope. 1/74.
— lasiophy'llum (hairy-leaved). 2. White. May*
Cape of Good Hope. 1819-
— linea'tum (lined). 2. White. July. Canaries.
1815.
— longiflo'rum (long-flowered). 3. Blue. July.
Cape of Good Hope. 1806.
— macrophy'tlum (large-leaved). 3. Blue. July.
Canaries. 1823.
— mo'lle, (soft). 6. \Vhite. June. Teneriffe.
1820.
— nervo'sum (nerved). 4. Purple. July. Madeira.
1777-
— j9anze«/a'^Mm(panicled). 3. \Vhite. July. Cape
of Good Hope. 1815.
— petrae'urn (rock). 2. Blue. May. Dalmatia.
1843. Hardy.
— pyramida'tum (pyramidal). 3. Blue. July.
Cape of Good Hope. IS'-'O.
— sca'brurn (rough). 2. Purple. Blue. July.
Cape of Good Hope. 1820.
— si'mplex (simple). 1. White. June. Teneriffe.
1820.
— sphosroce'phalon (round-headed). White. July.
Cape of Good Hope. 1824.
— stri'ctum (erect). 3. Blue. June. Canaries.
1779-
— strigo'sum (stiff-haired). 2. Violet. August.
Cape of Good Hope. 1821.
— Swa'rtzii (Swartz's). Blue. June. Cape of
Good Hope. 1816.
— verruco'sum (warted). 3. White. July. Capa
of Good Hope. 1822.
— vire'scens (greenish). 2. Bluish. July. Cana-
ries. 1820.
EDGING. The material- used for divid-
ing beds and borders from the paths.
For the kitchen-garden, and all other
EDO-
[316
EL.E
places where neatness only need be con-
sidered^ slates set edgeways form the
best edging. In peaty, or any light soils,
the common heath (Eri'ca vulga'ris} is
very advantageously employed; it re-
quires to be clipped twice annually, and
may be planted at any season. Box is
neat, but objectionable as a harbour for
vermin, liable to decay, troublesome, and
as a great impoverisher of the soil. Thrift
is almost as objectionable; when em-
ployed, it is best inserted by the dibble
during September, the plants being
placed two inches apart. It requires fre-
quent trimming, and to be renewed every
three years. Gentiane'lla makes a very
beautiful edging, but is expensive. It
may be planted in September. Various
other substitutes have been recom-
mended, but none seem so deserving of
attention as the Saxi'fraga hypnoi'des. It
is a native plant, and is strongly recom-
mended. Sprigs have to be planted a
few inches asunder; they soon spread
out and unite, only require paring once
in autumn or summer, and no other at-
tention than a second paring in winter or
early spring. In winter the leaf of this
saxifrage is a refreshing green, and in
spring and summer it is in great beauty,
from its multitude of white flowers and
pink buds. The cuttings strike without
difficulty. Turf is sometimes employed,
and should be of the finest grasses, such
as are found on the chalk downs. Cast-
iron edgings, if kept constantly painted,
either very dark green, or dark brown,
are very neat, and, if of an open basket-
work pattern, very ornamental.
EDGWO'RTHIA. (Named after M . Edge-
worth. Nat. ord., Daphnads [Thymela-
cese]. Linn., 8-Octandria l-Monogynia.
Allied to Daphne.)
The flower-heads at the end of the shoots are
in round balls, covered with hairs; when open
they are clear, yellow, and fragrant. Must not be
confounded with Edgewo'rthia of Falconet, now
called Repto'nia. A Daphne-like, greenhouse
plant. Cuttings in sand, under a bell-glass, in
spring; and grafting should be tried on the
Spurge-laurel ; peat and loam. Winter temp.,
40° to 45°.
E. chrysa'ntha (golden-flowered). 3. Yellow.
June. China. 1845,
EDWA'RDSIA. (After Mr. Edwards, bo-
tanical draughtsman. Nat. ord., Legumi-
nous Plants [Fabaceffl]. Linn., 10-Z><?-
candria l-Monoyynia. Allied to Sophora.)
All have yellow flowers. Cuttings of firm side-
•hoots, several inches in length, in sand, under a
glass, in summer ; sandy peat and a little lumpy
loam. If in pots in a greenhouse, winter temp.,
35° to 45°; jf kept dry during winter, all except
E. ni'tida will stand against a wall.
E. Chile'nns (Chilian). May. Chili. 1822.
— cttrysopht/'lla (golden-leaved). 12. May. New
Zealand.
— grundiflu1 ra (large-flowered). 12. May. New •
Zealand. 17/2.
— Macnubia'na (Mr. Macnab's). 6. July. Aus-
tralia. 1820.
— microphy'lla (small-leaved). 6. May. New
Zealand. 17/2.
— mi'nima (least). 4. May. New Zealand. 1818.
— myriophy'lla (many-leaved). 5. May. New
Zealand.
— ni'tida (shining). 8. Bourbon. 1820.
EGG-PLANT or BEARER. Sola'num ovi'-
yerum.
EGG-SHELLS. See ANIMAL MATTERS.
EGLANTINE. Ro'sa lu'tea and Eu'bus
Eglante'ria.
EGYPTIAN LOTUS. Nympha'a lo'lus.
EGYPTIAN THORN. Aca'cia ve'ra.
EHRE'TIA. (After Ehret, a German
botanical draughtsman. Nat. ord., Ehre-
tinds [Ehretaceae]. Linn., fy-Pentandria
\-Monoyghia. Allied to Tournefortia and
Heliotropium.)
All of them unfold their flowers from twisted
(gyrate) stalks, like the Heliotrope. All evergreens
and white-flowered. Cuttings in sandy soil, in
April, under a bell-glass, and in bottom-heat;
loam and peat. Summer temp., 60° to 80°; win-
ter, 50° to 55°. The New Holland species will do
in a temperature, in winter, of 35° to 45°.
E. acumina'ta (/cmo'-pointed). 15. July. N.
Holland. )8'20.
— buxifo'lia (box-leaved). 8. E. Ind. 1823.
— dinarica'ta (straggline). 15. Havannah. 1820.
— inter-no' dis (interknotted). 6. Antilles. 1819.
— Its' vis (smooth). 12. E. Ind. 1823.
— microphy'lla (small-leaved). 10. July. E.
Ind. 1818.
— serra'tn (saw-edged-feawed). 6. E. Ind.
1823,
EKEBE'RGIA. (After Capt. Ekeberg, a
Swede. Nat. ord., Meliacts [Meliaceae].
Linn.. 10-Decandria 1-Muiwgynia. Al-
lied to Trichilia.)
A fine tree, with the aspect of a large Meflia
Azeda'rach.
E. Cape'nsis (Cape). White. July. Cape of Good
Hope. 1789.
ELJEA'GNUS. Oleaster, or Wild Olive.
From el&ngnos, Dioscorides's name for
the Wild Olive. Nat. ord., Oleasters [Else-
agnacesej. Linn., -i-Tetrandria \-Mono-
nia. Allied to Shepperdia. )
The flowers of E. orientit'lis are highly fragrant,
and the fruit is esteemed in Persia. The de-
ciduous species and their varieties, by seeds
sown in spring, and cuttings inserted in the o|>en
ground, in autumn ; the evergreen species, t>y
layers in autumn, and cuttings under a hand-
light, in summer ; sandy soil ami a little peat, and
requiring, during the winter, the assistance of the
greenhouse. The hardy kiuus are very graceful.
EL.E
[ 317 ]
ELD
GREENHOUSE EVERGREENS.
E. acumina'ta (long- pointed). 4.
— liitifo'li't (broad-leaved). 4. July. E. Ind. 1712.
— orienta'lis (eastern). 10. July. Levant. 1/48.
HARDY DECIDUOUS.
E. angustifo'lia (narrow-leaved). Yellow. July.
South Europe. 1633.
dactylifo'rmis (d&te-foim-fruited). White.
July.
— arge'nteu (silvery). 10. N. Amer. 1813.
— Cunude'nsis (Canadian). White. Canada. 1848.
— cnnfc'rta (crowded). 10. White. Nepaul. 1825.
— horte'nsis (garden). 20. Yellow. July. South
Europe. 1633.
— parvifrf lius (small-leaved). 10. White. June.
India. 1843. Evergreen.
— salicifo'lia (willow -leaved).
— spind'sus (prickly). White. July. Egypt. 1826.
— Sonifa'ricu-s (Songarian). Pale yellow. July.
Siberia. 1821.
— triflo'rus (three -flowered). White. July.
Nepaul. 1825.
— umbella'tus (umbelled). White. July. Ne-
paul. 1829.
ETJEOCA'RPUS. (From elaia, the olive,
and karpos, fruit ; resemblance of fruits.
Nat. ord., Lindenblooms [Tiliacese].
Linn., \\-Dodecandria 1-Monogynia.)
The rough, bony fruit, or stone, divested of the
pulp and polished, makes handsome necklaces.
Evergreens, with white flowers. Seeds in a hot-
bed, in spring ; cuttings of ripened young shoots,
with the leaves attached, in sandy soil, under a
bell-jflass, and bottom-heat; loam and a little
fibry peat. Summer temp., 60° to 80° ; winter,
50° to 55° ; E. cyu'neus, winter, 35° to 45°.
E. cya'neus (blue-fruited). 10. July. N. Hol-
land. 1803.
— grandiflo'rus (large-flowered). 20. White,
crimson. E. Ind. 1829.
— serru'tus (saw-edge-teau<?d). 20. E. Ind. 1/74.
EL^EODE'NDRON. Olive Wood. (From
elaia, olive, and dendron, a tree ; alluding
to the resemblance. Nat. ord., Spindle-
trees [Celastracese]. Linn., 5-Pentandria
1-Moiiogynia. Allied to Hartogia.)
For culture, see EL.SOCA.'RPUS.
GREENHO-USE EVERGREENS.
E. austra'le (southern). 3. Green, white. July.
N. S. Wales. 1796.
— Cape'nse (Cape). 18. Green. June. Cape
of Good Hope. 1828.
— cro'ceum (rusty). White. June. Cape of
Good Hope. 1794.
— integrifo'lium (entin--leaved). 3. Green, white.
July. N. Holland.
STOVE EVERGREENS.
E. glau'cum (milky-green). 6. Green. Ceylon.
1824.
— orienta'te (eastern). 12. Green, yellow.
Mauritius. 1771.
— xyloca'rpu*n ( wood-fruited). 3. Green, yellow.
Antilles. 1816.
ELA'IS. The Oil Palm. (From elaia,
the olive ; similarity of expressing oil
from the fruit. Nat. ord., Palms [Pal-
maceae]. Linn., 22-Dicecta Q-Hexnndria.
Allied to Cocos.J
The best kind of palm wine is from this palm.
Palm oil, so much used in the manufacture of
soap, and as a sort, of grease, is chiefly the pro-
duce of E. Qutnetfnttt and melanoco'cca. Stove
Palms, with greenish-white flowers. Suckers and
seeds; rich, sandy soil. Summertemp., 60° to
85° ; winter, 55° to 60°.
E. Ouinee'nsis (Guinea). 30. Guinea. 1730.
— melanoco'cca (black-seeded). 30. New Gre-
nada. 1821.
— Occident^ 'tis (western). 30. Jamaica. 1820.
— Pernambucu'na (Pernambuco). 50. Brazil.
1825.
— specta'bilis (showy). E. Ind. 1831.
ELAPHAGLO'SSUM. See OLFE'RSIA.
ELATER. See WIRE-WORM.
ELDER. Sambu'cus ni'gra.
Varieties. — There are several kinds
in cultivation, but the old S. ni'gra, is in
most general esteem, being the best
adapted for wine-making. The White-
berried (8. a'lbida) is much esteemed by
some, especially as an ornamental shrub.
8. vi'ridis, or the Green-berried, and 8.
ni'gra variega'ta, the Silver-striped, and
8. ni'gra au'rea, the Golden-edged, are
interesting vaiieties. One with scarlet
berries is said to be very handsome.
Most of the varieties of S. ni'gra are
ornamental, and well adapted to assist in
forming screens to the exterior of small
gardens, or even as hedge-row fruits.
Propagation. — Generally by cuttings,
which strike easily, even as large trun-
cheons. They are readily produced,
also, by suckers, and in all these cases
care should be taken to cut away from
the stem those buds which are to be
placed below the ground. They are
easily produced from seed, and by such
means varieties may be obtained.
Soil. — They will thrive in almost any
ordinary soil ; still they prefer an upland,
light loam, containing a fair amount of
vegetable matter.
Culture. — The form will depend on the
situation it is to occupy. The elder will
bear fruit either as a huge bush, or as a
small tree, provided the preparatory course
of training is properly carried out. Those
for fruiting as bushes should be formed
almost as a gooseberry-bush in its earlier
stages, keeping the centre somewhat thin.
Indeed, thinning out superfluous shoots
is nearly all that can be practised.
Those for standard trees, or with stems,
must be trained by clearing away side-
shoots, and forming a head at a higher
level. About five or six feet are comrmmlv
allowed for stem height, and the hon-l
must then be formed as recommended
ELE
t 318
ENC
for the bushes. They require scarcely
any subsequent culture, and will endure
for many years.
Fruit. — The making of elder wine is
the principal use. Elder flowers are
used occasionally to flavour confections.
ELECAMPANE. 1'iuda hele'niiim.
ELICHRY'SUM. See HELICHRY'SDM.
ELISE'NA. (Ancient name of romance.
Nat. ord., AmaryUids [Amaryllidaceae].
Linn., G-Ifexandria l~Monogynia. Allied
to Pancratium.)
A fine, rare, greenhouse bulb, with a flower-
scape a yard high, with six to eight lartre white
flowers, more like a Peruvian Daffodil (Isme'ne)
than a Pancratium, and requires more than one-
half sand, with light loam, to flower it well. Off-
sets ; peat and very sandy loam. Summer temp.,
55° to 80° ; winter, 45° to 65°.
E, lengip&tala (long-petaled). May. Lima. 1837.
ELLIO'TTIA. (After S. Elliot, an Ameri-
can botanist. Nat. ord., Oyrillads [Cy-
rillacese]. Linn., 8-Octandria I-Mono-
gynia.)
A little evergreen bush, with spikes of Andro-
meda-looking flowers. It requires a warm situa-
tion and a peat border. Cuttings of small shoots
under a hand-light in spring, or layers at the end
of summer ; sandy loam and peat. If in a green-
house, winter temp., 35° to 40°.
E.racemo'sa (racemed), 2. White. June.
Georgia.
ELLOBOCA'RPUS. Pod Fern. (From en,
in, lobos, a pod, and carpos, a seed-vessel ;
alluding to the appearnce of the divided
fronds. Nat. ord., Ferns [Polypodiacese].
Linn., 2^-Cryptoqamia l-Filices.)
A beautiful stove Fern. Divisions ; peat and
loam, rather most of the latter. Summer temp.,
55° to 80° ; winter, 48° to 55°. By some botanists
called Cerato'pteris.
E. olera'ceus (potherb). l£. Brown. August.
Tranquebar. 1818.
ELM. U'lmus campe'stris.
ELM-BEETLE. See SCOLYTUS.
ELobE'A. (From elodes, a marsh, the
native place of the species. Nat. ord.,
Tutsans [Hypericaceoe]. Linn., 3-Trian-
dria 3-Trigynia. Allied to Parnassia.)
Aquatic annuals, requiring a cool stove. Sow
in light loam annually, and keep the pots standing
in trays of water.
E.Guiane'nsis (Guiana). £. White. July. Gui-
ana. 1820.
— pulche'lla (pretty). E. Ind. 1831.
EMBF/LIA. (From JEm'belia, its name
in Ceylon. Nat. ord., Ardisiads [Myrsi-
nacese]. Linn., 5-Pentandria I-Mono-
gynia. Allied to Ardisia.)
Like Ardisia, the chief ber.uty resides in the
leaves and berried fruit. The pungent berries of
Embe'lia ri'ocs are eatable, and called currants
in India. Stove evergreen. Cuttings of half-
ripe young shoots in sandy soil, under a bell-glass,
in heat ; peat and loam. Summer temp. 60° to
89° ; winter, 50° to 55°.
E. robu'sta (robust). 20. White, green. E. Ind,
1823.
E'MBLICA. (The native name. Nat.
ord., /?/JH>-</«<;or/s[Euphorbiaceoe]. Linn.,
21-Moncecia W-Decandria. Allied to Phyi-
lanthus.)
Stove evergreens, from the Molucca Islands.
Cuttings, dried at their base, in sandy soil, in
heat; sandy peat. Summer temp., 60° to /5°j
winter, 48° to 55°.
E. officina'lis (shop). 12. Pate vellow. July,
1768.
— racemo'sa (racemed). 2. Green, yellow.
July. 17Q3.
EKTBO'THRIUM. (From en, in, and bo-
thrion, a little pit ; referring to the pollen-
cases, or anthers. Nat. ord., Protends
[Proteacese]. Linn., k-Tetrandria 1-
Monogynia. Allied to Knightia.)
Greenhouse evergreeen shrub, from New Hol-
land. Cuttings in sandy soil, taken when the
wood is ripe, under a glass ; sandy peat, with a
little fibry loam. Winter temp., 35° to 45°.
E. cocci'neum (scarlet). 3. Scarlet. Africa.
May. 1851.
— strobili'num (strobile-like). 3. Green, yellow.
April. 1824.
E'MPETRUM. Crow Berry. (From err,
in, or upon, and petros, a rock ; plants
grow in stony places. Nat. ord., Crow-
berries [Empeti'aceee]. Linn., 22-Dicecia
3-Triandria.)
Low, spreading, heath-like plants, better suited
for damp peat-beds than rock-work. The black
berries are as wholesome as black currants, and
more palatable. Their Gaelic name means raven-
berries ; but ravens or crows never touch them.
Grouse eat them greedily, and Ptarmigans feed
on the leaves in winter. Hardy evergreens ; propa-
gated by cuttings under a hand-light, in sandy
peat, in summer, and by seeds sown in spring or
autumn, which generally remain a year in the soil
before vegetating j heathy soil, and rather moist
situation.
E. ni'grum (black-berried). 1. April. Britain.
Sco'tirum (Scotch). |. April. Scotland.
— ru' bruin (red-fruited"). Brown, purple. 8.
Amer. 1833.
EMPLEU'RUM. (From en, in, and p/eu-
ron, a membrane; referring to the seed
being suspended from the seed-cord by a
thin membrane. Nat. ord., Rucworts
[Kutacese]. Linn., %l-Aff>ncecia 4^-Tetran-
dria. Allied to Diosma.)
Greenhouse evergreen shrub, Cuttings of points
of shoots when two inches in length, and getting
a little firm at their base, taken off with a heel ;
peat, one part, sandy fibry loam, two parts. Win-
ter temp., 40° to 45°.
E. serrula'tum (fine-saw-edged). 3. Pink. June.
1774. Cape of Good Hope.
ENCE'LIA. (From egchelion, a little eel;
formation of the seeds. Nat. ord., Com-
ENC
[319]
END
posit PS [Asteracese]. 19 Syngenesia 3-
Ffmtrunea. Allied to Selerocarpus.)
Greenhouse evergreens. Seeds, when obtain-
at)l-%, in spring; cuttings, a little dried at the
base, in sand, under a glass, and shaded ; sandy,
titii-y loam, with a little peat. Winter temp.,
3:>°'to 45°.
K. cane'scens (hoary). 1£. Orange. July. Peru.
1786.
— haiimifo'lia (halimus-leaved). 1$. Yellow.
July. Mexico. 1826.
ENCHANTER'S NIGHTSHADE. Circa" a.
KNDIVE. (Cicho'rium endi'via.) Used
in salads.
Varieties. — The green-curled is culti-
vated for the main crops, as it best en-
dures wet and cold ; the white-curled,
chiefly grown for summer and autumn ;
the broad-leaved, or Batuvian, is preferred
for soups and stews, but is seldom used
for salads.
Soil and Situation.— A. light, dry, but
rich soil, dug deep and unshaded. It is
best to form an artificial bed by laying
a foot in depth of earth on a bed of
brickbats, stones, &c.
Sowing. — For a first crop about the
middle of April, to be repeated in May,
but only in small portions, as those which
are raised before June soon advance to
seed. Towards the middle of June the
first main crop may be sown again, in
the course of July, and lastly, early in
August; and in this month the main
plantation is made. Sow in drills twelve
inches apart, and about a quarter of an
inch below the surface. When an inch
in height, thin the plants to three or four
inches apart : those taken away are too
small to be of any service if pricked out.
Give water freely in dry weather.
When the larger seedlings have been
transplanted, the smaller ones which
remain should have a gentle watering,
and in twelve or fourteen days they will
afford a second successional crop ; and,
by a repetition of this management, in
general, a third. The plants are gene-
rally fit for transplanting when of a
month's growth in the seed-bed, or when
five or six inches high.
Planting. — Set them in rows twelve
or fifteen inches apart each way; the
Batavian requires the greatest space
Water must be given moderately every
evening until the plants are established
after which only in excessive and pro
tracted drought Those which are left
in the seed-bed, in general, attain a finer
growth than those that have been moved
[n November, some plants that hava
attained nearly their full size may be re-
moved to the south side of a sloping bank
of dry,1 light earth, raised one or two feet
behind ; to be protected by frames, mats,
or thick coverings of litter, during severe
and very wet weather ; but to be care-
fully uncovered during mild, dry days.
The plants, in this instance, are not re-
quired to be further apart than six or
eight inches. This plan may be followed
in open days during December and Janu-
ary, by which means a constant supply
may be obtained. Instead of being
planted in the above manner on a terrace,
t is sometimes practised to take the
plants on a dry day, and the leaves being
tied together, to lay them horizontally in
the earth down to the tip of the leaves ;
this accelerates the blanching, but other-
wise is far more subject to failure. As
the number necessary for a family is but
small, but few should be planted at a time.
Blanching.— About three months elapse
between the time of sowing and the fit-
ness of the plants for blanching. This
operation will be completed in from ten
to fourteen days in summer, or in three
or four weeks in winter. To blanch the
plants tie their leaves together ; or place
tiles or pieces of board upon them, or
tie their leaves together, and cover them
to their tips with mould, making it rise to
a point, so as to throw off excessive rains.
All these methods suceed in dry seasons,
but in wet ones the plants, treated accord-
ing to any of them, are liable to decay.
The one which succeeds best in all sea-
sons is to fold the leaves round the heart
as much as possible in their natural posi-
tion ; and, being tied together with a
shred of bass-mat, covered up entirely
with coal-ashes in the form of a cone,
the surface being rendered firm and
smooth with the trowel. Sand will do*
but ashes are equally unretentive of
moisture, whilst they are much superior
in absorbing heat, which is so beneficial
in the hastening of the process. If the
simple mode of drawing the leaves toge-
ther is adopted to effect this blanching,
they must be tied very close, and, in a
week after the first tying, a second liga-
ture must be passed round the middle of
the plant to prevent the heart-leaves
bursting out. A dry afternoon, when the
plants are entirely free from moisture,
should be selected, whichever modo is
adopted.
ENG
[320]
ENS
A very excellent mode is to spread over
the surface of the bed about an inch in
depth of pit-sand, and covering ^ each
plant with a small pot made of earthen-
ware, painted both within and on the out-
side to exclude the wet — that worst hin-
derance of blanching. To avoid this, the
pots should be taken off daily to allow
the plants to dry, and the insides of the
pots wiped. A sea-kale pot in minia-
ture, like the annexed figure, is to be
preferred ; and if made of zinc or other
metal, it would be better, because not
porous and admissive of moisture.
To obtain Seed. — The finest and sound-
est plants should be selected of the last
plantation. For a small family three or
four plants of each variety will be suffi-
cient. Plant these in March beneath a
south fence, about a foot from it, and
eighteen inches apart. As the flower-
stem advances, fasten it to a
stake, or, if they are placed
beneath palings, by a string,
to be gathered as the seed
upon it ripens ; for if none are
gathered until the whole plant
is changing colour, the first
ripened andbest seed will have
scattered and be lost. Each
branch must be laid, as it is
cut, upon a cloth in the sun ;
and when perfectly dry, the
seed beaten out, cleansed, and
stored.
ENGINE. This name is ap-
plied to many contrivances for
supplying water to plants.
1. The pump-syringe, or
syringe-engine, can be sup-
plied with water from a com-
mon bucket, from which it
sucks the water through a per-
forated base. The handle is
sometimes made to work like
that of the common pump.
2. The barrow watering-
engine is represented in the
next figure. It will throw
the jet of water to a distance of forty or
fifty feet, or somewhat less if a rose is
upon the end of the delivery-pipe. It
holds from twenty to thirty gallons of
water ; but may be made, with a leather-
hose attached, to communicate with a
pond or other reservoir of water.
3. The curved barrel-engine is excel-
lent; for the barrel, piston-rods, &c.,
being so constructed as to be turned on
a lathe, they are so accurate that there is
the least possible loss of power, either
from unnecessary friction or from an im-
perfect vacuum.
ENKYA'NTHUS. (From enkuos, enlarged,
and anthos, a flower; the flowers swollen
n the middle. Nat. ord., Heathwvrts
[Ericaceae], Linn., I0-Decandria 1-Mo-
<togynia. Allied to Arbutus.)
Greenhouse evergreen shrubs, with pink flow-
ers, from China. Cuttings of firm young shoots in
sand, under a hand-light, in April or May ; a bell-
glass is too close, unless a little air is admitted ;
sandy loam two parts, and fibry peat one part.
Winter temp., 40° to 45°.
E. quinqueflo'rus (five-flowered). 3. May. 1812.
— retieula'tus (netted).
ENSLE'NIA.
3. January. 1822.
(Named after A. Enslen,
a botanist. Nat. ord., Asctcpiads [AscJ
ENT
[321 ]
EPA
piadacese]. Linn., 5-Pentandria Z-Digy-
nta. Allied to Asclepia.)
Virginian hardy herbaceous climber. Seeds and
divisions in spring ; common soil.
E. a'lbida (whitish). White. July. 1828.
ENTA'DA. (The Malabar name. Nat.
ord., Leguminous Plants [Fabaceae].
Linn., %S-Polygamia \-Moncecia. Allied
to Mimosa.)
The large brown beans, called Gela in India,
and used by the natives for washing their hair,
are the seeds of E. Pursee'tha. Stove evergreen
climbers, with white flowers. Cuttings of young
shoots getting firm, in sand, under glass, and in
heat ; loam and peat in equal portions. Summer
temp., 60° to 75° ; winter, 48° to 55°.
E. adena'nthera (adenanthera-like). 20. South
Sea Islands. 1817-
— monoslu'chya (single-spiked). 20. Malabar.
1800.
— polystn'chya (many-spiked). 26. W. Ind. 1816.
— Pursce'tka (Pursaetha). 20. E. Ind. 1780.
ENTELLE'A. ( From enteles, perfect; the
stamens all fertile. Nat. ord., Linden-
blooms [Tiliacese]. Linn., 13-Polyandria
1-Monogynia. Allied to Grewia.)
Greenhouse evergreens, from New Zealand.
Cuttings of half-ripened shoots in sand, under a
glass ; sandy loam and a little peat. Winter
temp., 35° to 46°.
E. arbore'scens (tree-like). 20. White. May. 1820.
— pulma'ta (hznd-leaved). 4. White. May. 1830.
— pube'scens (downy). White. May. 1836.
ENTRANCES. Upon these parts of a
residence, which should give a first and
appropriate impression, Mr. Whateley
has these just remarks : — The road which
leads up to the door of the mansion may
go off from it in an equal angle, so that
the two sides shall exactly correspond ;
and certain ornaments, though detached,
are yet rather within the province of ar-
chitecture than of gardening ; works of
sculpture are not, like buildings, objects
familiar in scenes of cultivated nature;
but vases, statues, and termini, are usual
appendages to a considerable edifice; as
such, they may attend the mansion, and
trespass a little upon the garden, pro-
vided they are not carried so far into it
as to lose their connexion with the struc-
ture. The platform and the road are also
appurtenances to the house; all these
may therefore be adapted to its form,
and the environs will thereby acquire a
degree of regularity ; but to give it to the
objects of nature, only on account of their
proximity to others which are calculated
to receive it, is, at the best, a refinement.
Upon the same principles regularity has
been acquired in the approach ; and an
additional reason has been assigned for
21
it, that the idea of a seat is thereby
extended to a distance ; but that may
be by other means than by an avenue.
A private road is easily known ; if
carried through grounds, or a park, it
is commonly very apparent; even in a
lane, here and there a bench, a painted
gate, a small plantation, or any other
little ornament, will sufficiently denote
it. If the entrance only be marked,
simple preservation will retain the im-
pression along the whole progress; or it
may wind through several scenes distin-
guished by objects, or by an extraordinary
degree of cultivation : and then the
length of the way, and the variety of im-
provements through which it is con-
ducted, may extend the appearance of a
domain, and the idea of a seat, beyond
the reach of any direct avenue. A nar-
row vista, a mere line of perspective,
be the extent what it may, will seldom
compensate for the loss of that spa^-e
which it divides, and of the parts which
it conceals.
EPA' cms. (From epi, upon, and akros,
the top. The Epacris grows on the- tops
of hills and rising grounds. Nat. ord.,
Epacrids [Epaeridacese]. Linn., 5- Pen-
tandria l-Monogynia.)
Greenhouse evergreen shrubs, from Australia.
Cuttings of the tips of the shoots when from one
to two inches in length, in sand, under a bell-
glass, in spring or early summer ; three or four
round a small pot. Sandy, fibry peat suits them
best. They are better kept in turf-pits than in
the open air during the summer, as the aun
striking upon the pots is apt to scorch the hair-
like roots. If set out of doors, the pots should
be plunged in earth or ashes. The plants should
be cut back when done flowering, and kept close
until new growth is making. Winter temp., 40*
to 48°.
E, AndromedtKflo'ra (Andromeda-flowered), 2.
White, rose. 1848.
— apiculafta 'small-tufted). 2. May. 1825.
— bi'color (two-coloured -flowc red). 2. Deep
crimson, white. 1818.
— campanula' ta (bell-./foirererf). 3. Deep blush.
April. 1830.
a! Vta (white-flowered). 2. White. April,
1830.
maxima (largest-bell-^owered). 3. Darfc
crimson. February. 1848.
— cerceflo'ra (wax-flowered). 2. White. April.
1831.
— exse'rtu (drawn-out). 2. White. May. 18)2.
— deiica'ta (delicate). 2. Blush, white. April.
1348.
— denaifiu'ra (crowded-flowered). 3. Blush. April
1848.
— du'bia (doubtful). 3. White. April.
— grandiflu' ru (lar^e-flowered). 3. Scarlet.
March. 1803.
— fteterone'ma (various-stemmed). 3. White.
Juua. 1823.
EPII
[322]
EPI
E. imprefssa (flattened). 3. Crimson. June. 1824
paroiflo'ra (small-flowered). 3. Red
April. 1836.
— microphy'lla (small-leaved). 2. White. May
1822.
— minia'ta (vermilion). 3. White, vermilion
May. 1844.
— niva'lis (snowy-cowered). 3. WThite. February
1829-
< — onosmceflo'ra (onosma - flowered). 2. Red.
June. 1823.
— paludo'sa (marsh). 3. Pale red. May. 1825.
—pulcke'lla(ne&t). 4. Pink. May. 1804.
— purpura'scens (purplish). 3. Purple. February.
1803.
— ru> bra (red-flowered). 3. Red. February.
1803.
— varia'bilis (variable). 2. Pink. March. 1829-
EPHE'DRA. (The Greek for the Hip-
puris, or Horsetail, which it resembles.
Nat. ord., Joint Firs [Gnetacese]. Linn.,
3,2-Dicecia 13-Monadelphia.)
Evergreens. E. monosta'chya inhabits the mar-
gins of salt lakes and springs in Siberia, and
•would be a useful little plant to cover spaces
flooded by spring tides ; both that and E.diski'-
chya would live on the sea-shore, and bear clip-
E°'
alti'ssima (tallest). 24. Barbary. 1825. Half-
hardy twiner.
— dista'chya (two-spiked). 2. June. France. 1570.
— mi'ncr (less). 1838.
— » monosta'chya (one-spiked). 2. October. Si-
beria. 1772.
EPIDE'NDBUM. (From epi, and dendron,
a tree ; air -plants attached to trees. Nat.
ord., Orchids [Orchidacese]. Linn., 20-
Gynundria 1-Monandria. Allied to Lselia.)
Stove orchids. Division of the plant before ac-
tive growth commences ; fibry peat, broken pots,
a little charcoal, and sphagnum-moss ; the plant
fixed above the surface of a pot nearly filled with
drainage. Summer temp., 60° to Q0°, with mois-
ture ; winter, bS? to 60°, with more dryness.
E< aggrega'tum (clustered). Peru.
— aloifo'lium (aloe-leaved). Green, white. March.
E. Ind. 1835.
— aroma'ticum (aromatic). 3. Yellow. May.
Guatimala. 1835.
— • t'sperum (rough). Yellowish. Mexico.
— auranti'acum (orange). Orange. Guatimala.
1835.
— auri'tum (eared). Pale green. Guatimala. 1843.
— au'ro-purpu'reum (gold and purple). Yellow,
purple. July. Hispaniola.
—*bicornu'tum (two-horned). l£. White. April.
Jamaica.
— Boothia'num (Boothe's). £. Green. September.
Crba. 1835.
•- brachyc.d'lum (short-lipped). Yellow, brown.
Sierra Nervada.
— ccRspito'sum (tufted). White, rose. Peru.
— Canuo'llei (De Candolle's). Brown, yellow.
Mexico. 1836.
— carno'sum (fleshy). Yellow. Brazil.
— cauliflo'rum (stem-flowering). Yellow. Rio
Janeiro. 1830.
— cepifor'me (onion-shaped). 3. Green, yellow.
May. Mexico. 1838.
— chio'neum (snowy). White. North Grenada.
^.etfioVe (hair-fringed). 1. White. July. Mar-
tinique. 1793,
E. cinnabari'num (crimson). I. Crimson. Per-
nambuco. 1837-
— lutifo'lium (broad -leaved). Trinidad.
1836.
— mi'nus (smaller). Trinidad. 1836.
— clava/tum (club-stemmed). J. Green, whit/;.
July. Cumana. 1834.
— Clowe'sii" (Clowes'). Yellow, white. Guati-
mala. 1835.
— cochlea'tum (spiral). 1. Purple. July. W.
Ind. 1799.
latifo'lium (broad-leaved). Xalapa. 1828.
— cplla're (banded). 1J. White. Guatimala.
1843.
— corda'tum (heart-shaped). Peru.
— crassifo'lium (thick-leaved). Pink. April. St.
Vincent.
— crispa'tum (curled). White. May. Mexico.
1839.
— Cube'nse (Cuban). Yellow, purple. June. Cuba.
1842.
— cuspida'tum (pointed). 1. White. June.
Mexico. 1808.
— dentiflo'rum (dense-flowered). Green, brown.
Mexico. 1836.
— di'scolor (two-coloured). Mexico.
— du'rum (hard). Yellow. Guiana.
— elonga'tum (long-stalked). 2. Red. May. W.
Ind. 1798.
pa'llidum(p&le). Brazil. 1836.
— ensa'tum (sword-leaved). Mexico.
— erubefscens (blushing). Rose. Mexico. 1337.
— falca'tum (sickle-shaped). Yellow. Oaxaca.
1838.
— fimbria'tum (fringed). White, violet. Peru.
— fla'vidurr. (yellowish). Yellow. Pamplona.
—fla'vum (yellowV Yellow. Brazil.
— fleauo'sum (zigzag). White, green. Deme-
rara. 1836.
— floribu'ndum (many-flowered). 1. Green, blue.
October. Mexico.
— fra> grans (sweet-scented), f. White. Sep-
tember. Jamaica. 1778.
cinnamo'meum (cinnamon - scented).
White. September. Jamaica. 1836.
— Funckia'num (Funck's). Brown. Mexico.
— gigante'um (gigantic). Brazil. 1843.
— glau'cum (milky-green). Green, purple. June.
Mexico. 1837.
— gluma'ceum (chaffy). White. Brazil. 1839.
— gra'cile (slender). 3. Red, green. March.
Bahamas.
— Gh'aha'mi (Dr. Graham's). 2. Yellow, green.
August. Mexico.
— grandiflo'rum (large-flowered). Mexico.
— grani'ticum (grained). Green, white. June.
Guiana. 1840.
— Hanbu'rii (Hanbury's). 2. Rose. August.
Mexico. 1843.
— Hartwe'gii (Hartweg's). Peru.
— hormi'dium (clary-like). Yellow, green. Au-
gust. Mexico. 1836.
— Hnvane'nse (Havanna). Havanna. 1836.
— herba'ceum (herbaceous). Brazil. 1837.
— imatophy'llum (thong-leaved). Rose. De-
merara.
— iono'smum (violet-scented). Yellow, green.
June. Guiana. 1836.
— Zffl'<?erMm(torn). 3. Pale pink. November. Ha«
vannah. 1835.
— lactiflo'rum (milky-flowered). White. Mexico.
— lamella' turn (lamellated). Pink. Honduras.
— lancifo'lium (lance -leaved). Pale yellow.
March. Mexico. 1839.
— latila'brum (broad-lipped). Green. March.
Brazil. 1840. W '~ '
[ 323 ]
EPI
E. lacerti'num (lizard- tailed}. Yellow, green.
March. Guatirnala. 1837.
— ledifo'lium (ledum-leaved). Yellow. Mexico.
— lentigino'sum (freckled). Yellow, green. March.
Demerara. 1837.
— leucochi'lum (white-lipped). Yellow, green.
March. Caraccas. 1840.
— Linde'nii (Mr. Linden's). Rose. Merida.
— tinea' re (narrow-/mwed). Peru.
— linearifo'lium (narrow-leaved). 1. White,
purple. June. Mexico. 1850.
— Linkia'num (Link's). Yellow, white. March.
Mexico. 1840.
— longibu'lbon (long-bulbed). Guiana, 1830.
— mucrocM 'lum (large-lipped), f. Brown, white.
July. Mexico. 1836.
a'lbum (white-lipped'), White, rose. May.
S. Amer. 1824.
-ro'seum (rosy). Rose. May. Guatimala.
1842.
- macrosta1 chyum (large-spiked). Green, white.
Ceylon.
— Miehuaca'num (Michuacan). Pale yellow.
Mexico. 1840.
— monophy'llum (one-leaved). White. Demerara.
— Monroea'num (Monroe's). White, pink. July.
Guatimala. 1840.
— musci'ferum (fly-bearing). Demerara. 1836.
— ncevo'sum (freckled). White, yellow. February.
Oaxaca. 1846.
— nemora'le(vtQod). Purple. June. Mexico. 1840.
— noctu'rnum (night-fragrant). 1. White. Sep-
tember. Martinique. 1836.
angustifo'lium (narrow-leaved). W. Ind.
1835.
latifo'lium (broad-leaved). 1. Yellow,
white. October. W. Ind. 1836.
pu'milum (dwarf). Ensequibo. 1835.
— nu'tans (nodding). 1. Green, July. Jamaica.
1793.
— odorati'ssimum (sweetest-scented). 1. Dingy
green. August. Rio Janeiro. 1827.
— oncidioi'des (oncidium-like). 3. Yellow, brown.
S. Amer.
— orchidiflo'rum (orchis - flowered). Brown.
Bahia.
— orgyu'le (wrathful). Yellow. St. Bogota.
— ooalifo'lium (oval- leaved). Green, white. April.
Mexico. 1835.
— o'vulum (egg-like). Green, white. July. Bo-
lanos. 1842.
— oxype'talum (sharp-petaled). Yellow. April.
Cuba.
~ pachya'nthum (thick-flowered). Green. Guiana.
1837.
— Parltinsonia'num (Mr. Parkinson's). 2. Green,
yellow. September. Mexico. 1838.
— pasto'ris (shepherd's). White, green. March.
Mexico. 1836.
— pollens (spreading). White. October. St. Vin-
cent.
— phaeni'ceum (purple) . £. Cream, purple, green.
June. Cuba. 1840.
— piperi'num (peppery-scented). Quito. 1846.
— poly stu' chyum (many-spiked). Yellow. June.
Peru. 1840.
— •primuli'num (primrose - scented). Yellow,
brown. Bahamas. 1837.
— propi'nquum (related). Brown. Mexico.
— puncta't urn (dotted). Dotted. W. Ind.
— pyrifo'rme (pear-shaped-6w/6erf). Red, yellow.
January. Cuba.
— radia' turn (r&y- flowered). 1. Green, purple.
Mexico. 1835.
— r*'dicans (stem-rooting). Orange, yellow, Oc-
tober. Mexico. 1839.
E. rani'fernm (frog-bearing). $. Green, brown.
May. Mexico. 1839.
— recurva'tum (bent-back). Rose. April. Co-
lombia.
— refra'ctum (broken). Dark red. May. Caracoas.
— rhizo'phorum (rooting). Guatiraala. 18:<6.
— ri'gidum(tttiS-petaled). 1. Yellowish-white.
June. Jamaica. 1836.
— ru'bro-ci'nctum (red-edged). Yellow, brown.
March. Brazils. 1836.
— saxa'tile (rock). Red, purple. Guayana.
— sce'ptrum (sceptre-like). Yellow, purple. Jago.
— Schomfiu'rgkii (Schomburg's). 2. Scarlet.
Guiana. 1837.
— scute1 lla (saucer, shaped). Green, yellow.
Guayana.
— selli'gerum (saddle-formed). Pale white. April.
Mexico. 1836.
— se'rpens (snake-like). Violet. Peru.
— Skinne'ri (Skinner's), f . Green, white. July.
Cum ana. 1834.
— - ma'jor (large-flowered). 1. Light purple.
November. 1847.
— equa'lidum (squalid). Yellow, brown. June.
Mexico. 1840.
— Stamfordia'num (Stamford's). White, red.
April. Guatimala. 1836.
— stenope'talum (acute-petaled). 1. Rose. March.
Jamaica.
— stria1 turn (streaked). White, red. May. Mexico.
1838.
— subulatifo'lium (awl-leaved). Yellow. Mexico.
— tibi'cinis (piper's). 8. Rose. Honduras. 1836.
— tigri'num (tiger-like). Yellow, red. Merida.
— Tolime'nse (Tollman). Yellow. Tolima.
— torqua'tum (twisted). Peru.
— tri'dens (three-toothed). White, green. April.
Demerara. 1836.
— itariega'tum (variegated- Jeaued and flowered).
1. Green, white. January. Rio Janeiro.
1829.
-- coriu'ceum (leathery). 1. Green, purple.
Demerara.
— veno'svm ( veined -lipped). White, violet.
Mexico.
— verruc(i'sum(\va.Ttedi-flower-stalked), 1. Green,
brown. Jamaica. 1825.
— Vincenti'num (St. Vincent's). St. Vincent. 1840.
— vi'rens (green). Green. Serampore.
— vitelli'num(yohe-Qf-egfr-coloured). 1. Orange,
yellow. September. Mexico. J840.
-- ma'jus (larger). Orange, yellow. Sep-
tember. Oaxaca. 1841.
— vivi'parum (viviparous). White. January.
Guayana. 1838.
— volu'bile (twisting). Peru.
EPIGJE'A. (From epi, upon, and gai, the
earth ; referring to its trailing habit. Nat.
ord., Heathworts [Ericaceae]. Linn., 10-
Decandria 1-Monogynia.)
Hardy evergreen sweet-sce»ted trailers, suitable
for rock-works, and delighting in moist, peaty
soil ; propagated chiefly by layers ; would be better
in a cold pit during severe weather.
E. re'pens (creeping). £. White. July. N. Amer.
1736.
— mbicu'nda (red-lowered). £. Red. March,
1836.
. Willow Herb. (From epi,
upon, and lobos, a pod ; flowers superior,
or seated on the seed-pod. Nat. ord.,
Onagrads [Onagracea?]. Linn., 8-O~ta)r-
EPI
[ 324 ]
EPI
dria l-Monogynia. Allied to Clarlda and
Zauschsneria.)
Hardy herbaceous perennials. Divisions, and
many by seeds; common, light garden-soil. E.
villo'sum requires the greenhouse or a cold pit.
E. alpe'stre (alpine). $. Purple. June. Switzer-
land. 1820.
— angustifu'lium (narrow-leaved). 4. Purple.
July. Britain,
a'lbum (white-flowered). 4. White. July.
Britain.
— angusti'ssimum (narrowest-teanerf). 2. Purple.
July. Alps, Europe. 17/5.
— cane'scens (hoary). Rose. June. 1826.
— culora'tum (coloured). 3. Purple. June.
N. Amer. 1805.
— crassifo'lium (thick-leaved). 1. Red. June.
182Q.
— cyli'ndricum (cylindrical). Red. June. South
Europe. 1837.
— Dahu'ricum (Dahurian). f . White. June. Da-
huria. 1822.
— Dodones'i (Dodoen's). l£. Purple. July.
France. 1/00.
— hirsu'tum (hairy. Codlins and Cream}. 4. Pur-
ple, July. Britain.
— variega'tum(v&Tie%a.ted.-leaved). 4. Rosy.
June. England.
— hypericifo' Hum (hypericum- leaved). Red.
June. South Europe. 1837-
— lanceola1 turn (spear-head-k'ttyed). l£. Purple.
July. Italy. 1810.
— minu'tum (small). 1. White. August. Russia.
1838.
— nu'tans (nodding). Blush. June. Bohemia.
1827.
— rosmarinifo'lium (rosemary-leaved). 2. Purple.
June. North Europe. 1800.
— spica'tum (spiked). 4. Purple. June. N. Amer.
— stri'ctum (erect). 1 £. Purple. July. Pennsyl-
vania. 1817,
— tomento'sum (downy). 3. Purple. June. Asia.
18! 8.
— villo'sum (long-haired). 2. Purple. July. Cape
of Good Hope. 1799-
— virga'tum (twiggy). 2. Purple. July. Sweden.
EPIME'DIUM. Barrenwort. (From epi-
medion, a name used by Pliny. Nat orcl.,
Berberids [Berberidacese]. Linn., 4- 7V
trandria \-Monoyynia. Allied to Jeffer-
souia.)
Hardy herbaceous perennials. Cuttings and
divisions; sandy loam. E. viola'ceum likes the
protection of a cold pit. E. atpi'num does best
in moist, peaty soil.
E. alpi'num (alpine), f. Crimson. May. Eng-
land.
— diphy'tlum (twin), f . Red. May. Japan.
1830.
— grandiflo'rum (large-flowered). White. April.
Japan. 1836.
— hexa'ndntm (six-stamened). J. Lilac. May.
N. Amer. 1827.
— macra'nthum (large -flowered). 1. White,
violet. April. Japan. 1S36.
— Musschiu'num (Mussch's). 1. White. March.
Japan. 1836.
— viola'ceum (violet). £. White, violet. April.
Japan. 1837-
EPIPA'CTCS. (From cpipegmio, to co-
agulate; its effect on milk. Nat. ord..
Orchids [Orchidaceffi]. Linn., 2Q-Gynan-
dria l-Monandria. Allied to Listera. )
Pretty British orchids, not difficult to grow.
Divisions ; common soil ; kept rather dry during
the resting period.
E. lutifu'lia (broad-leaved). 1$. Purple. July.
me'dia (intermediate). l£. Green, pur-
ple. September. In woods.
owi'tis (oval). 1$. Blush, red. July,
Mountain sides.
purpuru'ta (purpled). l£. Green, pink.
July.
— palu'stris (marsh). J. Purple. July.
— purpura'ta (purpled). 1. Purple. June.
EPI'PHOEA. (From epiphora, inflamma-
tion of the eyes. A Cape terrestrial or
ground Orchid [Orchidacese]. Linn,
20 Gynandria I-Monandritt. Allied to
Aspacia.)
Greenhouse orchid. Division, before starting
into fresh growth ; fastened to a piece of peeled
oak, and decayed moss fasti-ned over the roots.
Summer temp., 60° to 90°, with moisture ; winter,
50° to 60°, dryish.
E. pube'scens (downy). Brown, yellow. May.
Delagoa Bay. 1833.
EPIPHY'LLUM. (From epi, upon, and
phyllon, a leaf; flowers borne on the
edges of the leaf-like branches. Nat.
ord., Indian Figs [Cactacese]. Linn., 1.2-
Icoaandria \-Monogyn ia.)
Stove fieshy-leaved plants. Cuttings in sum-
mer, dried at the bottom before inserting them,
or rather, laying them down in any loose material,
such as gravel and rough leaf-mould ; soil, loam,
peat, lime-rubbish, and dried cow-dung in equal
proportions. The smaller kinds do well grafted
on the Ca'ctus speciosi'ssimus, &c. Summer
temp., .60° to 80° ; winter, 38° to 45°. For species
see CA'CTDS.
EPI'SCIA. See EKINO'SMA and LEU-
CO 'JUM.
E.melittifo'lla (melittis-leaved). 1. Crimson.
March. Dominica. 1852.
EPISEMA C^RULA-CEPHALA. The Fi-
gure-of-eight Moth appears early in Oo-
tober. The bluish-grey upper wings
have a yellowish -white spot in their
centres. The spot being shaped like a
double kidney, or 8, gives the popular
name to the insect. It should be de-
stroyed whenever observed, as its cater~
pillars, at the end of the iollowing spring,
ERA
[ 325 ]
ERI
"very often destroy the young leaves of
plums and peaches.
ERA'NTHEMUM. (From eroo, to love,
and atithos, a flower; referring to the
beauty of the flowers. Nat. ord., Acan-
thuds [Acanthaceae]. Linn., 2-Diandria
1-Monoyynia.)
Cuttings of points of shoots when a little firm
in sandy loam, in bottom-heat, under a hand-
glass ; peat one part, loam two parts. Sunimei
temp., 60° to 75°; winter, 45° to 55°.
E. acanthopfw'rum (thorny). Lilac. July. China.
1822.
— albiflo'rum( white-flowered). 2£. White. July.
— ambi'guum (doubtful). 2. Red. July. 1821.
— Barlerioi'des (Barleria-like). Blue. August.
E. Ind. 1824.
— bi'color (two-coloured). £. White, red. July.
Lucona. 1802.
— Cape'nse (Cape). 1. Purple. May. E. Ind.
1818.
— crenulu'tum (scolloped). 1. Lilac. October.
Nepaul. 1824.
— e'legc^ns (elegant). 3. Scarlet. June. Guinea.
1824.
— .facu'ndum (ever-blowing). 1$. Lilac. June.
Brazil. 1829.
— monta'nvm (mountain). 2. Lilac, purple.
March. Ceylon. 1843.
— pulche'llum (pretty). 2. Blue. April. E.
Ind. iryS.
— racemo'sum (racemed). Blush. August. E.
Ind. 1826.
— ro'seum (rosy). 2. Red. May. E. Ind. 1820.
— spino'sum (spined). 3. July. W. Ind. 1733.
— utri'cium (erect). 2. Purple. April. Nepaul.
1818.
— varia'bile (variable). 2. Purple. June. N.
Holland. 1820.
ERA'NTHIS. Winter Aconite. (From
er, spring, and anthos, a flower; referring
to its early flowering. Nat. ord., Crow-
foots [Eanunculaceee], Linn.^ 13-Poly-
aiuirla 6-Polygynia.)
Hardy tubers ; offsets ; common soil.
E. hyema'lis (common winter). £. Yellow. Fe-
bruary. Italy. 1596,
— Sibi'rica (Siberian). *. Yellow. March.
Siberia. 1825.
EREM^'A. ( From eremos, solitary; re-
ferring to the female organ, or solitary
style. Nat. ord., Myrthblooms [Myrta-
jese]. Linn., IS-Polyadelpliia %-Polyan-
dria. Allied to Metrosideros.)
Greenhouse evergreens, from Swan River. Cut-
tings of young shoots in April or May, in sand,
under a bell-glass ; peat one part, and loam two
parts. Winter temp., 35° to 45°.
E. ericifo'lia (heath-leaved). White. June.
— fimbria'ta(tr'mKed-floieered). Purple. June.
1841.
— pilo>sa (hairy). Pink. June. 1842.
ERE 'MIA. (From eremos, solitary ; re-
ferring to the seed being but one in a
cell. Nat. ord., Heatkivorts [Ericaceae].
Linn., S-Octandria 1-Monogynia, Allied
to Erica.)
Greenhouse evergreen, from Cape of Good
Hope. Cuttings of the points of shoots when
fresh growth has extended beyond one inch; sandy
peat. Winter temp., 35° to 45°.
E. To'tta (Hottentot). 2. Red. June. 1810.
EREMU'RUS. (From eremos, solitary,
and oura, tail ; referring to the flower-
spike. Nat. ord., Lily worts [Liliacese].
Linn., 6-Hexandria I-Monogynia. Allied
to Asphodel.)
Hardy herbaceous perennial, with yellow flowers.
Divisions ; sandy loam.
E. Caucu'sicus (Caucasian). May. Caucasus.
1834.
— spectu'biiis (beautiful). 2. May. Siberia. 1800.
E'HIA. (From erion, wool; referring
to the down on the leaves of some of the
species. Nat. ord., Orchids [Orchidacese].
Linn., 20-Gynandria I-Monandria. Al-
lied to Dend'robium.)
Stove orchids. Divisions ; fibry peat and chop-
ped, decayed moss; the plant to be raised, roots
and all, above the surface of the pot or shallow
basket. Summer temp., 60° to 90°, with plenty
of moisture ; winter, 50° to 55°, dry.
E. clavicau'lis (club-stemmed). White, yellow
Chirra. 1837.
— excava'ta (hollowed). Nepaul.
—floribu'nda. (many-flowered). 1. White, crim-
son. Singapore. 1842.
— longicau'lis (long-stemmed). White. Chirra.
1837.
— longila'bris (long-lipped). White, purple.
Philippines. 1838.
— panicutu'ta (panicled). Greenish-yellow. E.
Ind.
— polyu'ra (many-tailed). Pink, purple, yellow.
Manilla.
— pulche'lla (pretty). Yellow. India. 1840.
— sfella' to, (starred). 2. Yellowish-red. Fe-
bruary. Java.
— vesti'ta (clothed). 1. Red, brown. India. 1842.
ERI'CA. Heath. (From erico, to break ;
referring to the brittle nature of the wood.
Nat. ord., Heathworts [Ericaceae] . Linn.,
8-Octandria \-Monoyynia.}
All natives of the Cape of Good Hope, except
where otherwise mentioned. Cuttings of the
points of shoots, when fresh growth enables the
landling of them easily, inserted in sand, the
pots previously being half-filled with drainage,
and then filled with sandy peat, in various degrees
of fineness — the rough over the drainage, the fine
at the top, all surmounted by, at least, half an
nch of silver sand, well pressed and watered, and
jressed again a day before using, and then covered
with a bell-glass, and set in a close pit or frame.
Some slow-growing kinds require to be put into
icat, in onier to get cuttings. Sandy peat for
all, especially the slow-growing using plenty of
drainage; for the very strong-growing, a very
ittle fibry loam may be used. In potting from
the cutting-pots, it is best to place three or four
•ound the sides of small pots for the first winter,
jingling them out, and then keeping them close
the following spring, hardening them off by de-
grees ; as larger pots are wanted, pieces of char-
coal and sandstone are valuable for keeping the
oil open. The pots, if set out of doors, should
ERI
[ 326 ]
EHI
be protected from th« sun in summer ; if plunged,
drainage should he secured by setting the pot on
bricks. Winter ternp., 35° to 45°, with abundance
of air.
HAEDY EVERGREEN.
B. arbo'rea (tree). 5. White. May. South
Europe. 1658.
— mi'nima (least). White. April. South
Europe.
— squan-o'sa (spreading). 4. White. April.
South Europe. 1800.
stylo's'i (long-styled). 5. White. May.
South Europe. 1658.
— ca'rnea (flesh-coloured). £. Pale purple.
February. Germany. 1763.
— ——herba'cea (herbaceous). £. Pink. Fe-
bruary. Germany.
— herba'uea (herbaceous). Flesh. May. South
Europe. 1763.
— Mackia'na (Mackie's). Purple. July. Ireland.
— Mediterra'nea. (Mediterranean). 4. Purple.
April. Portugal. 1648.
— stami'nea(bent-&ack-stemrned). 2. Red. June.
1799.
— viridipurpu'rea (green and purple). 3. Green,
purple. May. Portugal.
GREENHOUSE EVERGREEN.
E. acumina'ta (pointed-leaved). l£. Bed. Au-
gust. 1800.
pa'llida (pale). 1. Pale red. June. 1820.
— acu'ta (pointed-cupped), ft. Red. June. 1799.
— Aitonia'na (Alton's). 2. White, purple.
August. 1790.
— a'lbida (whitish). 2. White. July. 1826.
— amoi'na (pleasing). 1. Purple. June. 1/95.
— ampullu'cea(na.sk-sh&pe-flowered). 2. White,
red. June. 1790.
— Andromedeeflo'ra (Andromeda-flowered). 2.
Pink. May. 1803.
— arbu'scula (shrub by), l. Red. May. 1810.
— Archeria'na (Lady Archer's). Ij. Dark scar-
let. September. 1/96.
— a'rdens (glowing). 2. Scarlet. May. 1800.
— arista1 ta (awned). 1J. Purple, white. June.
1801.
— assu'rgens (rising). 1. White. May. 1821.
— au'rea (golden). 2. Oranpe. August. 1799.
— axalecefo'lia (azalea-leaved). Lilac. June. 1798.
— Bandonia'na (Bandon's). 2. Purp!e. July. 1810.
— Bunksia'na (Bank's). $. White, purple.
April. 1789.
— a'lba (white). J. White. June. 1812.
pwrpu'mi(purple). $. Purple. June. 1800.
— Beaumontia'na (Beaumont's). £. Purple.
June. 1820.
— Bergia'na (Bergius's). 1$. Purple. June. 1787.
— bi'color (two - coloured). 2. Green, red.
June. 1790.
— bla'nda (Rollinson's charming). 2. Purple,
orange. May. 1798.
— Blandfordia'na (Biandford's). 1$. Yellow.
May. 1803.
— Bonplandia'na (Bonpland's). 1. Pale yellow.
July. 1812.
— Bowiea'na (Bowie's). 1. White. October. 1822.
— brevifo'lia (short-leaved). 1. April. 1800.
— Ca'/ra (Caffrarian). 14. White. May. 1802.
— spica'ta (spiked). l£. White. Septem-
ber. 1800.
— Caledo'nica (Caledonian). Rose. June. 1816.
— campanula1 'ta (bell- flowered). 1. Yellow.
June. 1791.
— campylophy'lla (crooked-leaved). Lilac. April.
1802.
T- cane'scens (hoary). 1J. Pink. June. 1/90.
E. carinn'ta (keeled). 1J. Purple. September*
1820.
— Cilsia'nii (Cola's). 1. Orange, rose. May. 1810.
— cerinthoi'dei (honeyvvort-iike). Dark scarlet.
September. 1774.
ma'jor (larger). 4. Scarlet. May. 1800.
nn'na (dwarf). 1. Scarlet. May, 180(1.
— cinei'n'acensfarey-leaved). l. Purple. May. 1810.
— Cli/ordia'na (Lady Clifford's). 1. White.
April. 1812.
— cncci'nea (scarlet). l£, Scarlet. 1783.
— co'lorans (colouring). 2. White, red. May. 1817.
— como'sa (tufted), "f. Red. June. 1/87.
a'lha (white). $. White. June. 1787.
ru'bra (red). J. Red. June. 1787.
— Comptunia'nu(Compton's'). 2. Purple. June.
1802.
— conci'nna (neat). 2£. Flesh. September. 1773.
— cu'ncolor (one-coloured). 2. June. 1820,
— co'nica (conical). 2. Purple. June. 1820.
— conspi'cua (conspicuous). 2. Dark yellow.
July. 1774.
— Coventrya'na (Lord Coventry's). 1. Pink.
May. 1801.
— crassifu'lia (thick-leaved). Lilac. May. 1826.
— cu'bica (cube-lowered). 1. Purple. May. 1790.
ma'jor (larger). I. Purple. June. 1800.
— curviflo'ra (curve - flowered). 2. • Yellow.
August. 1774.
ru'bra (red). 2. Red, August. 1800.
— Cushinm'na (Cushin's). 2. September. 1816.
— Daphnoi'des (Daphne-like). 2. White. May.
— deci'pient> (deceiving). Flesh. May. 1S'22.
— deco'ra (graceful). 2. Purple. June. 179^«
— dc'nsa (closely-/ea«ed). l£. Red. June. 1810.
— denticula'ta (small-toothed). 1^. Purple.
April. 1821.
— depre'ssa (depressed), f. Yellow. July. 178Q.
— dichroma'ta (two-coloured). 3. Yellow, pink.
August. 1800.
— Dickso'nia (Dickson's). 2. Yellow. June. 1809.
a'lha (white). 2, White. June. 1809.
ru'bra (red). 2. Red. May. 1809-
— di'stans (distant). Violet. November. 1822.
— d/osMj«/?oV«(diosma-flowered). 2. May. 1/92.
— droseroi'des (drosera-like). Purple. August.
1788.
— dumo'sa (bushy). 1. Purple. May. 1812.
— echiiflo'ra (echium-flowered). l£. Scarlet.
April. 1798.
cncci'nea (scarlet). 1. Scarlet. April. 1812.
— e'legans (elegant). £. Green. August. 1/99.
— episto'mia (spout-flowered). 2. Yellow, green.
May. 1810.
— erioce'phala (woolly-headed). White, July.
1816.
— erube'scens (blushing). l£. Flesh. May. 1800.
— exi'mia (choice). 2. Scarlet. June. 1800.
— expa'nsa (expanded). 1. Scarlet. July. 1818.
— expnsi'ta (exposed). Red. August. 1820.
— exsu'rgens (rising). l£. Dark orange. 1792.
ca'rnea (flesh-coloured). 1. Orange. 1800,
grnndiflu'ra (large-flowered). 1. Orange.
1800.
ma'jor (larger). 1. Orange. 1SOO.
pa'llida (pale). 1. Pale red. 1810.
— Ewera'na (Ewer's). 2. Pink. August. 1793.
longiflo'ra (long -flowered). 2. Red.
June. 1793.
specio'sa (showy). 2. Red. August. 1733«
— fascicula'ris (parcel-flowered). l£. Purple.
April. 1/8/.
— ffistigia'ta (peaked). 1^. White. July. 1797.
— ferrugi'nea (rusty). 1. Red. May, ' 1793.
— flu'mmea (nasae- flowered), 1^. Light yellow*
June. 1/98.
ERI
1327]
ERI
E. flava (yellow). 2. Yellow. July. 179*.
imbrica'ta (imbricated). 2. Yellow.
July. 1795.
— florilu'nda (bundle-flowered). 1. Pale pink.
May. 1800.
—Jio'rida (florid). 1. Red. June. 1803.
• moscha'ta (musky). 1. Red. May.
—formo'sa (handsome). 2. Red. August. 1/95.
a'lba (white). 2. White. August. 1795.
— fra'gruns (fragrant). §. Purple. April. 1803.
— • ge'tida (ice-cold). 3. Green, white. June. 1799.
u'lbens (whitish). 2. White. June. 1820.
— gemmi'fera (many-budded). Orange. August.
1820.
— globo'su (globe-flowered). 14. Pink. August.
1789.
— glomifio'ra (crowded-flowered). White. June.
— gra'cilis (slender). 1. Purple, red. March. 1791-
— grandiflu'ra (large -flowered). 3. Yellow.
July. 1785.
/m'rmVis (lowly). 2. Yellow. May. 1806.
— grandino'sa (hail-stone). 4- White. March.
1810.
— halicaca'ba (red nightshade). 1. Yellow.
June. 1780.
— Har*rteWi(Hartnell's). 2. Purple. July. 1820.
— Hibbertia'na (Hibbert's). 2. Orange, yellow.
July. 1800.
— hispi'dula (short-bristled). Purple. July. 1790.
— Humea'na (Sir A. Hume's). 14. Pink.
March. 1808.
— igne'scens (dowing). Ij. Red. May. 1792.
— imperials (imperial). 2. Scarlet. June. 1802.
— inca'na (hoary). 14. White. July. 1810.
ru'bra (red-flowered). 14. Red. July.
1810.
— infla'ta (swollen). 1£. White, red. July. 1809.
— infundibutifo'rmis (funnel-shaped). 2. Pale
red. September. 1802.
— Irbya'na (Irby's). 14. White, green. August.
1800.
— jasminiflo'ra (jasmine-flowered). 2. White,
pink. August. 1794.
a'lba (white). 2. White. August.
— /a6a7a(maned). 2. August. 1800,
— Julia'na (July). 3. Red. July. 1800.
— luchncefo'lia (lachnse-leaved). l£. White.
June. 1793.
— Lambertia'na (Lambert's). 1. White. June.
1800.
— larici'na (larch-like). Pink; July. 1824.
r- Luwso'ni (Lawson's). 3. Flesh. May. 1802.
— Leeu'na (Lee's). 2£. Orange, yellow. April.
1/88.
— leptoca'rpa (slender-berried). Red. June.
1824.
— LinncKu'na (Linnsean). 14« Purple, white.
March. 1790.
— Linnceoi'des (Linnsea-like). 1$. Purple, red.
April. 1812.
— longiflo'ra (long-flowered). 2. Red, orange.
May. 1812.
— longipeduncula'ta (long-flower-stalked). 1.
Pink. July. 1K05.
— lu'tea (yellow). $. Pale yellow. March. 1774.
— mammo'sa (nippled). 2. Purple. August. 1/62.
mi'nor (smaller). 1. Purple. August. 1800.
— Masso'ni (Massotx's). 3. Red, green. Au-
gust. 1787.
mi'nor (smaller). 1. Red, green. August.
— tnela'stoma (black-mouthed). 2. Red, brown.
June. 1795.
— metulaiflu'ra (ninepin - flowered). 1. Red.
April. 1793.
— minutasflo'ra (small-flowered). Purple. June.
1B22.
E. mira'bilis (admirable). 1. Purple. May. 1800.
— mollea'ris (soft). Purple. June. 1803.
— Monsonia'na (Lady Monson's). '., White.
July. 1787.
— moscha'ta (musky). Ij. Green. June. 1805.
— mu'ndula (neatisb). 2. Purpie. June. 1810.
ma'jor (larger). 2. Purple. June. 1810.
— muscosoi'des (muscosa-like). Lilac. May. 1800.
— niva'lis (snowy). White. June. 1820.
— ni'vea (snowy). 2. White. April. 1816.
— obla'ta (flattened). Red, white. June. 1796.
— obli'qua (twisted-/eaved). 14- Purple. Au-
gust. 1800.
— oblo'nga (oblong). Red. July.
— obtu'sa (blunt-leaved). 1. Purple. Septem-
ber. 1789.
— odora'ta (perfumed). 1. Pink. June. 1829.
— or ba'ta (globular). White. 1810.
— ovalifo'lia (oval-leaved). White, pink. North
India. 1842.
— ova'ta (egg-shzpe-flowered). 1. Purple. June.
1811.
— palu'stris (marsh). 1. Flesh. July. 1799.
— Purmentieria'na (Parmentier's). 1. Pale
purple. July. 1810.
— ro'sea (rosy). 1. Red. July. 1810.
— Patersonia'na (Paterson's). 24. Yellow.
May. 1791 .
ma'jor (larger). 3. Yellow. May.
— Patersonioi'des (Patersonia-like). 2. Orange,
red. June. 1800.
— pellu'cida (clear). 2. White. September. 1SOO.
— pelta'ta (shield'leaved). Green, purple. July.
1804.
— persolu'ta (garland-cowered) , l£. Purple.
April. 1774.
_. a'lba (white). 1. White. March. 1800.
— perspi'cua (clear-lowered). 2. White, pur-
ple. May. 1790.
nu'na (dwarf). 1. Pink. April. 1800.
— Pelive'rii (Petiver's). 2. Yellow. May. 1/74.
cocct'nea (scarlet). 2. Scarlet. May.
— Pezi'za (Peziza). 1. White. June. 1812.
— physo'des (puffed-out). 1 j. White. May. 1/88.
— pilula'ris (pill-like). White. November. 1820.
— pi'nea (pine-leaved). 2, Red. October. 1790.
di'scolnr (two-coloured). 2. Red. October.
faooi'dcs (honeycomb-like). 2. Red. Oc-
tober.
pulche'lla (pretty). 2. Red. October.
— Plukene'tii (Plukenet's). £. Red. May. 1774.
pa'llidu (pale). 1. Pale red. June. 1794.
— pres'gnans (swelled). 2. Red. August. 1/96.
— prce'stans (excelling). 1. White. August. 1810,
— primuloi'des (cowslip-like). 4. Purple, red.
May. 1802.
— pri'nceps (princely). 14. Scarlet. June. 1800.
ca'rnea (flesh-coloured). 1. Flesh. June.
1801.
— pro'cera (lofty). 6. White. May. 1791.
— prope'ndens (forward-hanging). 14. Purple,
July. 1800.
— pulche'lla (pretty). 14. Red. July. 1/Q2.
— pulverule'nta (powdered). 1. Purple. July.
1820.
— pu'mila (dwarf). 1. Purple. June. 1812.
— purpu'rea (purple). 2. Light purple. l/8o.
— pyramida'lis (pyramidal). 14. Pink. Manh
1787.
— racermt'sa (racemed). 14. Pink. April. 1796.
— radia'tn (rayed). 1. Crimson. September. 1798.
— ramenta'cea (scaly). 14. Dark red. Sep-
tember. 1786.
— rcfu'lgens (refulgent). 2. Scarlet. May. ISOfl.
— rege'rminans (resproutiug). l£. Red. Juut.
1791.
EHI
EHI
JS. reto'rta (curled-hack-Jeoued). 1. Pink, white.
June. 1787-
— Rollinso'nii (Rollinson's). 2. Purple. June.
1820.
— rube'lla (reddish). 2. Pink. June. 1814.
— ru'bens (red). 1. Dark red. July. 1810.
— rubrose'pala, (red-sepaled). Red, white. June.
1825.
— Russeltiu'tta( Russell's). lj. Pink. May. 1820.
— Salisbury d' na (Salisbury 's). Rose. June. 1815.
— Sanisburi/u'na (Sainsbury's). 2. Purple. July.
1800.
— snngui'nea (bloody). 1. Crimson. 1815.
— Saj'ilea'na (Smile's), f. Red. June. 1800.
— scabriu'scula (roughish). 1. White. May.
1805.
— Seba'na (Seba's). 2. Orange. April. 1774.
fu'sca (brown). 2. Brown. May. 1812.
lu'tea (yellow). 2. Yellow. May. 1800.
mi'nor (smaller). 1. Orange. May. 1810.
— Sffiunnonia'na (Lady Shannon's). 1$. White,
purple June. 1816.
— Smithia'na (Smith's). 2. Purple. April. 1791.
— Solanctrin'na (Solander's). 2. Pink. June.
1800.
-f specwsa ('showy). 2. Red, green. July. 1800.
— sple'ndens (shining). 2. Scarlet. July. 1792.
— Sprenge'lii (Sprengel's). 2. Yellow, purple.
June. 18«6.
— Cpu'riu (spurious). 2. Purple. June. 1796.
- squammcEjiu'ra (scaly-flowered). 2. April.
1796.
— Stri'cta (erect). 2. Purple. September. South
Europe. 1795.
— &ttaoe'olens (sweet-scented). 1. Pink. August.
1800.
— SUlphu'rea (sulphur-coloured). 2. Yellow.
June. 1805.
— Swainso'nii (Swainson's). 3. Red, purple.
August. 1794.
— taxifo'tia (yew-leaved). Pink.
— Templeu'na Temple's). 2. Red. Purple.
July. 1820.
— tene'lla (delicate). 4- Purple. June. 1791.
— Thunbergiu'na (Thuuberg's). 14. Orange.
June. 1794.
— thymifo'lia (thyme-leaved). f . Purple. July.
1789.
— toga'ta (gowned), f . Red. June.
— tornentjsa (downy). 2. Purple. June. 1778.
— tortuo'sa (twisted). 2. May. 1816.
— translu'cens (clear). 2. Red. June. 1797-
— transparent (transparent). l£. White. May.
1800.
— bla'nda (charming). Carmine. February.
1843.
— tri'color (three-coloured). 2. Red, green. June.
1810.
ma'jor (larger). 2. Red, green. June.
1810.
mi'nor (smaller). 1. Red, green. June.
1810.
— triflo'ra (three-flowered). 1$. White. April.
1774.
— triv'mphans (conquering). 2. White. April.
1808.
— tro'ssula (spruce), 1$. White, pink. April.
1800.
ru'bra (red). 1. Red. April. 1810.
— tubiflo'ra (tube-flowered). 2. Pink. May.
1/75.
— tu'midn (swollen). l£. Scarlet. July. J812.
— tu'rpidu (bloated). 1. Purple. May. 1821.
— vu'ria (various). 1. Purple, yellow. Julv.
1810.
•— ve'ilrico'sa (bellied). 1. Flesh. June. 1787-
E. ventrirofsa c'lba (white). 1. White. June.
ca! rnea (flesh-coloured). 1. Flesh. June.
corci'nea (scarlet). 1 . Scariet. June.
— — — ere' eta (erect). 1. Flesh. June.
hirsu'ta (hairy). 1. Flesh. June.
nn'na, (dwarf). 4. Flesh. June.
supe'rba( superb). 1. Scarlet. June.
— verna'lis vspiinp). 3. Pink. March. 1827.
— verai'colur (various-coloured). 2. Orange,
red. August. 1720.
mn'jor (larger). 2. Scarlet. September.
1800.
— verticilla'ta (whorled). 3. Scarlet. August.
1774.
ma'jor (larger). 2. Scarlet. September.
1800.
— vesti'ta (clothed). 3. White. 1789.
a'lba (white). 2. White. 1/89.
bla'nda (charming). 2$. Pink. May. 1827.
cucci'nea (scarlet). 3. Scarlet. 1789.
e'legans (elegant). 2. Purple. 1810.
fu'lgida (bright). 3. Orange. 1789.
incarna'ta (flesh-coloured). 2. Pink.
1789-
lu'tea (yellow). 3. Yellow. 1789.
muta'bilis (changeable). 3. Scarlet,
white. 1800.
purpu'rea (purple). 2. Purple. June.
1789.
ro'sea (rosy). 3. Light red. August.
1/89-
— viridiflo'ra (darAr-green-flowered). 2. Orange.
July. 1810.
— vi'ridis (green -/towered). 2£. Dark green.
July. 1800.
— Walker id'na (Walker's). Red. July. 1806.
— Ze'yheri (Zeyher's). Lilac. June. 1824.
EKI'GEKON. (From er, the spring, and
geron, old man ; some being hoary with
a downy covering early in the season.
Nat. ord., Composites [Asteracese]. Linn.,
}Q-Syngenesia 1-JEqualis. Allied to Ste-
nactis.)
Seeds and divisions ; garden-soil.
HARDY ANNUALS.
E. Bonarie'nsis (Buenos Ayres). 1$. Purple.
July. S. Amer. 1/32.
— Canade'nsis (Canadian). 1. White. August.
— Chine'nsis (Chinese). 1. White. August.
China. 1818.
— fce'tidum (stinking). Yellow. June. Malta.
1688.
— graven' lens (strong-smelling). 1J. Yellow.
July. South Europe, 1633.
— linifo'lius (flax-leaved). 1. Purple. July;
S. Amer.
HARDY BIENNIALS.
E. a'cris (sharp). l£. Blue. July. Britain.
— Chile'nsis (Chili). 2$. Yellow. September.
Chili. 1816.
— delphinifo'lius (lark-spur-leaved). 1$. Purple.
August. S. Amer. 1816. Greenhouse.
— divarica'tus (straggling). 1. White. August.
Mississippi. 1818.
— laeviga'tus (smooth-teaued). 1. White. July.
Cayenne. 1822.
— Podo'licus (Podolian). 1. Purple. July.
Podolia. 1821.
HABDY PEEENNIALS.
E. ctpi'nus (alpine). 1. Purple. July. Scotland.
— armerieefo'iius (thriff-leaved). Purple. July.
Barcelona. 1829.
[ 3S9
ERI
E. a'sper (rough). Purple. August. N. Amer.
18-28.
— asteroi'des (aster-like). l£. White. July.
Hudson's Bay. 17/6.
— A'tticus (Attic). 1£. Purple. July. Attica.
1816.
— bdlidifo'lius (daisy-leaved). lj. Purple. July.
N. Amer. 1790.
~ Carolinia'nus (Carolina). 1. Purple. July.
N. Amer. 1/27.
— Cuuca'sicus (Caucasian). J. Purple. July
Caucasus. 1821.
— cnmpo'situs (composite). $. White, red. July.
N. Amer. 1811.
— grami'neus (grass-like), i. Purple. July.
Siberia. 1824.
— grandiflo'rus (large-flowered). j. Purple.
July. Switzerland. 13IQ.
— hu'milis (humble), i Flesh. August. N.
Amer. 1828.
— LcA7wa'nwi(Lehmann's). Lilac. August. 1828.
— ma'ximum (largest). Purple. July. Mexico.
1830. Half-hardy.
— Philade'lphicus (Philadelphian). 1. Purple.
July. N. Amer. 1778.
— pube'scens (downy). White. July. Mexico.
1827.
— pulche'llum (pretty). Purple. April. Dahuria.
— pu'milum (dwarf). White. August. Dahuria.
1818.
— purpu'reus (purple). 1. Purple,
u..j.nn>u ii~«
August.
Switzer-
Call-
Hudson's Bay. 1/76.
— rupe'stris (rock). £. Purple. July.
land. 1819.
— specio'sum (handsome). Blue. June.
fornia. 1838.
— Villa'rsii (Villars's). 1. Purple. July. Pied-
mont. 1804.
ERINO'SMA. (From er, the spring, and
osme, to smeil ; referring to the early
flowering of this sweet-scented bulb.
Nat. ord., Amaryllids [Amaryllidacese].
Linn., 6-Hexatidria 1-Monogynia. Allied
to Galanthus.)
Once called Leuco'jum ve'rnum. Hardy bulb,
with white flowers ; offsets ; light garden-soil.
E. ve'rnum (spring), j. February. Germany.
1596.
• Carpa'thieum (Carpathian), j. February.
Carpathian Mountains. 181t).
multiplex (full-flowered), f. March'.
ERI'NUS. (From er, the spring; re-
ferriug to the early time of flowering.
Nat. ord., Figworls [Scrophulariaceoe].
Linn., l±-Didynumia 2-Angiospermia.
Allied to Wulfenia.)
Half-hardy plants. Seeds and divisions ; mostly
require the protection of a cold pit in winter.
Succeed well as rock-plants in summer, if the soil
is sandy loam.
HERBACEOUS PERENNIALS.
E. alpi'nus (smooth alpine). $. Blue. March.
Pyrenees. 17:19.
— Hispa'n>cus(/tairi/. Spanish). £. Red. March.
Spain. 1739.
EVERGREENS.
E.fra'grans (fragrant.). £. White, yellow. May.
Cape of Good Hope. 17/6.
~Lychnide'a (Lychnidea). £. Yellow, white.
May. Cape of Good Hope.
E. tri'stia (A^rY- flowered). 1. Purple. May.
Cape of Good Hope. 1825.
ERIOBO'TRYA. Loquat. (From erion,
wool, and botrys, a bunch of grapes ; re-
ferring to the downy flower -racemes.
Nat. ord., Appleworts [Pomacese]. Linn.,
12-Icosandria 2-Digynia. Allied to Pho-
tima.)
Half-hardy evergreen fruit-trees, with white
flowers. Cuttings of side-shoots, from one to two
inches in length, in sand, under a hell- glass, and
iu a few days placed in bottom-heat ; by seeds in
a hotbed as soon as gathered ; also by grafting on
the White Thorn, or, better still, on the Quince.
Peat and loam ; will grow against a wall with a
protection in winter ; has been fruited in pots by
turning it out to rest in summer, giving a stove
heat in winter, when it flowered in December, and
fruited in April.
E. elli'ptica (oval-fruited). 12. Nepaul. 18.23.
— Japo'nina (Japanese). 15. October. Japan.-
1787-
ERIOCAU'LON. Pipewort. (From erion,
wool, and caulos, a stem. Nat. ord., Pipe-
worts [Eriocaulacese]. Linn., 3-Triandria
3-Trigynia.)
The only known European Pipewort is E. sep-
trtngula're, a small bog or marsh-plant in the Isle
of Skye. There are five other species, but all more
curious than beautiful.
ERIOCE'PHALUS. (From erion, wool, and
kepliale, a head ; referring to the appen-
dage. Nat. ord., Composites [Asteracese].
Linn., 19-Syngenesia 4^-Nacessaria.)
Greenhouse evergreens, from the Cape of Good
Hope. Cuttings of young shoots, getting firm, in
April, in sand, under a glass ; sandy loam and a
little peat. Winter temp., 38° to 45C.
E. decussa'tus (crossed). 4. Yellow. April. 1816.
— purpu'reus (purple). 4. Purple. April. I&l6.
— raceMJo'stts(rucemed). 3. Yellow. March. 1739.
ERIOCHA'SMA. (From erion, wool, and
chasme, a rent; referring to the spore-
cases. Nat. ord., Ferns [Polypodiacese].
Linn., 24^-Cryptogamia 1-Filices.)
Ferns, with brown or brownish-yellow spores.
Division, before fresh growth commences; peat
and loam. Summer temp., 60° to 80°; winter,
50° to 55°. The greenhouse species will do with
5° to 10° lower temperature. E. vesti'ta is hardy.
GREENHOUSE.
E. di'stans (distant), f. May. Wales. 1823.
— hi'rtu (hairy). £. May. Cape of Good Hope.
1816.
— stella'pilis (starry-haired). May. N.S.Wales.
1810.
— silica' t a (furrowed). May. N. S. Wales.
— vesti'ta (clothed). £. August. America. 1812.
Hardy.
STOVE.
E. hr/poleu'ca (whife-beneath). July. W. Ind.
— Innugino'sn (woolly), f. July. Bourbon. 1818.
— ru'fu (reddish). August. W. Ind. 1830.
— tumento'sn (woolly). May. N. S. Wales. 18 12.
ERIOCHI'LUS. (From erion, wool, pnd
chtilos, a lip ; downy on the labellum, or
EKI
000 ]
ERI
lip. Nat. ord., Orchids [Orchidaceae]
Linn., 20-Gynandria 1-Monandria.)
Ground orchids, from Australia. Divisions; peai
and loam, both fibry, with a portion of sand and
lumps of charcoal. Winter temp., 40° to 50°.
E. autumnu'lis (autumnal). ). Bed. October
1823.
— dilata'tus (dilated). May.
— latifo'lius (broad-leaved). October.
— multiflo'rus (many-flowered). March.
— sea1 her (rough). September.
ERIO'COMA. (From enow, wool, and
Awn<?,hair ; referring to the appendage on
the seed of Composites. Nat. ord., Com-
posites [Asteracece]. Linn., 19-8yngcnesia
3-Frustranea. Allied to Rudbeckia.)
Half-hardy evergreens, with white flowers, from
Mexico. Cuttings in May, in sandy soil, under a
hand-light ; sandy loam. Winter temp., 35° to 40°.
E.floribu'nda (many-flowered). 3. October. 1828.
— fru' grans (fragrant). 3. September. 1828.
ERIODE'NDRON. (From erion, wool, and
dendron, a tree; referring to the silky
wool in seed-pods. Nat. ord., Sterculiads
[SterculiaceseJ. lArm.,I6-Monadclphia 8-
Polyandria. Allied to Bombax.)
Stove trees ; seeds in a hotbed ; rich, sandy
loam. Summer temp., 60° to 80°; winter, 50° to
55 .
E. anfractuo'sum (winding). 100. Scarlet. E.
Ind. 1739.
— Caribce'um (Caribean). 70. Cream. W. Ind.
1739.
•- Guinee'nse (Guinea). 150. Scarlet. Guinea.
1826.
— leianthe'rum (smooth-flowered). 70. Scarlet.
Brazil. 1818.
ERIO'GONUM. (From erion, wool, gomt,
a joint; downy at the joints of the stems.
Nat. ord., Buckwheats [Polygouacese].
Linn., $-Enneandria l-Monogynia. Allied
to Polygonium.)
Hardy herbaceous perennials with yellow
flowers, from North America. Seeds and divi-
sions in Mareh and April ; loam and a little peat.
E. compo'situm (compound). l£. June.
— longifo' Hum (long-leaved). 2. June. 1822.
— puuciflo'ruin (few-flowered). 2. June. 1820.
— seri'ceum (silky). 1. July. 1811.
— tumento'sum (woolly). 2. May. 1811.
ERIO'PHORUM. Cotton Grass. (From
erion, wool, and phoreo, to bear; in refer-
ence to the silky tails or coverings of the
seeds. Nat. ord., Sedges [Cyperaceasj.
Linn., 3-Triandria l-Monogynia.)
With the exception of the Sundews, the Cotton
Grasses are the prettiest genus in the British
Flora, particularly E. capita1 turn and vagina' turn.
They are natives of peat marshes, and do not be-
long to Grasses, though erroneously so called.
ERIOPHY'LLUM. (From mow, wool, and
phyllon, a leaf; woolly-leaved. Nat. ord.,
Composites [Asteracese], Linn., 19-Syn-
genesia 2-Stipe>flua.)
Hardy evergreens, from North America. Divi-
sions of the roots in spring; common soil.
E. caspitn'sum (turfy). 1. Yellow. May. 1826;
— oppositifo'lium (opposite-leaved). l£. Yellow.
ERIO'PSIS. (From Eria, a genus of or-
chids, and opsis, like. Nat. ord., Orchids
[Orchidacefej. Linn., 2Q-Gynandria 1-
Monandria.)
Stove orchid. Division ; fastened to wood with
a little moss. Summer temp., 6l)° to go0 : winter.
55° to 60°.
E. bilo'ba (two-lobed). 1$. Orange. September.
1845.
ERIOSPE'RMUM. (From erion, wool, and
spermos, a seed ; woolly-seeded. Nat. ord.,
Lily worts [Liliacese]. Linn., Q-Hexan-
dria l-Monogynia. Allied to Anthericum.)
Greenhouse bulbs from Cape of Good Hope.
Offsets ; sandy peat. Winter temp., 35° to 45°.
E. BeUende'ni (Bellenden's). 1. Light blue. July.
1806.
— folioli'ferum (leaflet-bearing), f. Yellow, ereen.
July. 1806.
— lanceafo'lium (spear-head-leaved). 1. Light
blue. July. 1/95.
— lanuginu'sum (woolly). 1. White, green. July.
1820.
— latifo'lium (broad-leaved). 1. Light blue. July.
1800.
— paradn'xum (wonderful). J. July. 1825.
— parnifo'lium (small-leaved). £. Dark blue.
July. 1796.
— pube'scens (downy). 1. White, green. July.
1820.
ERIOSE'MA. (From erion, wool, and
sema, a standard ; referring to the top
petal, or standard, in a pea-flo\ver. Nat.
ord., Leguminous Plants [Fabacese].
Linn., 17-Diadelphia 4.-Decandria. Allied
to Rhynchosia.)
Stove evergreen shrubs. Seeds in March; cut-
tings in April, in sand, under a glass, and in
heat ; peat and loam. Summer temp., 60° to 75° ;
winter, 48° to 55°.
E. grandiflo'ra (large-flowered). 2. Yellow. Au-
gust. Mexico.
— viola'cca (violet). 4. Purple. March. Guiana.
1820.
ERIOSTE'MON. (From erion, wool, and
stemon, a stamen ; appearance of stamens.
Nat. ord., Xtueworts [Rutacese]. Linn.,
IQ-Decandria l-Monogynia. Allied to
Crowea.)
Greenhouse evergreens, from New Holland.
Cuttings of young shoots in April, in sand, under
a bell-glass, and in about a week plunged in a
mild hotbed; three parts sandy peat, and one
andy, fibry loam. Summer temp., 65° to 75°;
winter, 45° to 50°.
E. buxifo'lius (box-leaved). 2. Pink. May. 1824.
— cuspida'tus (spine-pointed). 8. Red. May. 1824.
— ericifo'lius (heath-leaved). 3. Red. June. 182i.
— gluuce'scens (milky-green). Lilac. April. 18-24.
— gra'cilis (graceful). 1. Lilac. June. 1831.
— interme' ilium (intermediate). Rose. April.
— lanceola' tus (spear-head-feaoed). 3. Red.
June. IBS?..
ERI
[ 331 ]
ERY
j:. latifo'lium (broad-leaved). 3. White. 1845.
— linearifn'lius (narrow-leaved). 3. Bed. June.
1823.
— myoporoi'des (mjoporum-like) . l£. White.
September. 1S24.
— neriifo'lium (oleander-leaved). 4. Pale pink.
April. 1847.
— nodiflo'rum (knot-flowered). Blush. 1841.
— oblongifo'lium (oblong-ieaved). White. April.
1825.
— sca'brum (rough- leaved). l£. Pink. April. 1840.
ERI'OTHRIX. (From mow, wool, and
thrix, hair ; referring to the appendages
on the seeds. Nat. ord., Composites [As-
teracese]. Linn., W-Syngenesia 2-8itpcr-
Jlua. Allied to Neurolaena.) See BA'C-
CHARIS LYCOPODIOI'DES.
ERI'SMA. (From erisma. strife; refer-
ring to the difficulty of assigning their
position in the natural arrangement.
Nat. ord., Vochyads [ VochyaceaB J . Linn.,
l-Monandria 1-Monogyma.)
Stove evergreen tree. Cuttings of young shoots
getting firm, in April, in sand, under a glass, and
in bottom-heat; sandy loam and peat. Summer
temp., 55° to 80° ; winter, 48° to 55°.
E.floribu'nda (many-flowered). 40. Blue, Oc-
tober. Guiana. 1825.
ERITHA'LIS. (From erithallo, to grow
green ; referring to the glossy, deep green
of the leaves. Nat. ord., Cmchonads
[Cinchonacese]. Linn., b~Pentandria 1-
Monogynia. Allied to Guettarda.)
Stove evergreen trees. Cuttings of young
stubby side-shoots in spring or summer, in sand,
under a bell-glass, and in bottom-heat; sandy,
fibry loam, and a little peat, bummer temp.,
60° to 80° ; winter, 50° to 55°.
E.fructicu'sa (shrubby). 13. White. July.
Jamaica. 1/93.
— Ti'mon (Timon). 12. E. Ind. 1823.
ERNO'DEA. (From ernodes, branched.
Nat. ord, Cinclwnads [Cinchonacese].
Linn., 5-Pentandria i-Monogynia. Allied
to Spermacoce.)
Half-hardy evergreen trailer. Division ; dry,
gravelly soil; protection of a cold-frame in
winter.
E. monta'na (mountain). $. . Red. June. Sicily.
1820.
ERO'DIUM. Heron's-bill. (From ero-
dios, a heron ; referring to the resem-
blance of the style and ovaries to the
beak and head of the heron. Nat. ord.,
Cranesbills [Geraniacese], Linn., 16-
Monadelphia 2-Penlandria. Allied to
Geranium.)
The biennials and annuals may be sown in front
of a border in April; perennials, divided in
March ; the half-hardy, by seeds and divisions ;
sandy loam, and the protection of a cold pit in
winter.
HARDY ANNUALS.
E. Chi'um (Chian). Blush. June. Levant, 1724,
E. elco'nium (stork's). Lilac. July. South
Europe. 1711.
— grui'num l crane's). Blush. July. Crete. 1596.
— rnwica'tum (prickly). £. Red. July. 1827.
— Mu'rcinum (Murcian). 1. Red. July. 1827.
— pimpinellifo'lium (burnet-ieuvedj. J." Purple.
July. South Europe. 1SOO.
HARDY BIENNIALS.
E. bipinna'tum (doubly-leafleted). Pink. June,
Numidia. 1804.
— geifo'lium (geum-leaved). 1. Lilac. 1835.
— pulverule'ntum (powdered). 1. Lilac. Spain.
— Roma'num (Roman), A. Purple. June. Rome.
1724.
HARDY HERBACEOUS.
E. alpi'num (alpine). £. Red. June. Italy. 1814.
— anthemidifo' Hum (chamomile-leaved). £.
Purple. June. Iberia. 1820.
— caucalifo'lium (caucalis-leaved). 1. Purple.
June. France. 1816.
— glaucophy'llum (grey-leaved). Lilac. July.
Egypt. 1732.
— Gusso'ni (Gusson's). 1. Pale purple. June.
Naples. 1821.
— hi'rtum (hairy). 4. Purple. June. Egypt.
— lito'reum (sea-shore). Lilac. June. Nar-
bonne. 1818.
— malapoi'des (malope-like). £. Purple. June.
N. Africa. 1800.
Co'micum (Corsican). £. Purple. June.
Corsica. 1817.
— petrcE'uin (rock). £. Purple. July. South
Europe. 1640.
— • sero'tinum (late). J. Blue. August. Siberia.
1821.
— Stephania'num (Stephan's). £. Blue. June.
1820.
— stylo.' turn (frmg-.styled). £. Purple. June.
1826.
HALF-HARDY HERBACEOUS.
E. crassifo'lium (thick-leaved). £. Scarlet. June.
Cyprus. 1788.
— gland ulu' sum (jrlanded). £. Purple. June.
Spain. 1798.
— Hymeno'des (Hymen-like). |. Pink. July.
Barbary. 178Q.
— incarna'tum (flesh-coloured). £. Flesh. June.
Cape of Good Hope. 1787. Evergreen.
— lacinia1 turn (fringed). £. Red. June. Crete.
1/94.
— melusti' gnum (black-stigmaed). 1. Purple.
June. 1823.
— Reichu'rdii (Reichard's). $. White. July.
Minorca. 1783.
ERO'PHILA. (From er, the spring,
and phileo, to love ; referring to the time
of flowering. Nat. ord., Crucifers [Bras-
sicaceai]. Linn., \b-Tetradynamia. Al-
lied to Draba.)
Hardy annuals, with white flowers. Seeds;
common soil.
E. America'na (American). $. March. N,
Amer. 1816.
— prcs'cux (early). ^. March. Caucasus. 1829.
— nu/ga'ris (common). £. March. Britain.
ERPE'TION. New Holland, or Spurless
Violet. See VI'OLA.
ERY'NGIUM. Eryngo. (From Eryn peon,
a name adopted by Pliny from Uiosco-
ERY
[ 332 ]
ERY
rkles. Nat ord., Umbellifers [Apiacete].
Linn., 5-Penlandria 2-Diyynia. Allied to
Sanicula.)
The roots of E. mari'timum and campe'stre
are sweet, aromatic, and tonic ; they are candied,
and sold by the name of Eringo-roots. Annual,
biennial, and perennial hardy kinds, by seeds and
divisions in common soil; if sandy loaru, they
will thrive best. Half-hardy species require the
protection of a pit or greeuhou.se in winter, and
sandy loam.
HARDY ANNUALS, &C.
E. te'nue (slender). 1. Blue. July. Spain. 1824.
— tricuspida'tum (three- pointed). 2. Green.
September. Spain. 1699- Biennial.
HALF-HARDY HERBACEOUS.
E.Carli'na; (Carlina-like). Blush. August.
North Spain. 1827.
— Cervante'sii (Cervantes's). 1. Green. August.
Mexico. 1820.
— como'sum (tufted). Blue. July. North Spain.
1818.
— ebracteu'tum (bractless). 2. July. Buenos
Ayres. 1817-
— grami'neuin (grass-teureeZ). Blush. August.
New Spain. 1825.
— monoce'phulum (one-headed). Purple. August.
Mexico. 1824.
— ovi'num (sheep). 14. White. July. N.
Holland. 1824.
— serra'tum (saw-edged). 1. Blue. July. New
Spain. 1800.
— ternu'tum (three-leafleted). Purple. August.
Crete.
STOVE HERBACEOUS.
E. bromeliaefo'lium (pine- apple- leaved). 3.
White. July. New Spain.
—fte'tidum (stinking). 1. Green. September.
W. Ind. 1714.
— gra'cile (slender). 1. Blue. July. New
Spain. 1824.
— longifo'lium (long-leaved). 3. White. July.
Mexico. 1820.
HARDY HERBACEOUS.
E. alpi'num (alpine). 2. Blue. July. Switz-
erland. 1507-
— amethy'stinum, (amethystine). 3. Light blue.
July. Styria. 1648.
— Anderso'nii (Anderson's). 2. Blue. July. 1800.
— uqua'ticum (aquatic). 4. White. August.
N. Amer. 1699-
— aquifo'lium (holly-leaved). 1. Blue. August.
Spain. 1816.
— asperifu1 Hum (rough-leaved). 2. White.
July. 1820.
— azu'reum (light blue). 2. Blue. July. South
Europe. 1/90.
— Buldwi'nii (Baldwin's). Blush. August. Ca-
rolina. 1824.
- BiHardWrii (Biilardiere's). Blush. July.
South France. 1/31.
— Bourga'ti (Bourgati's). 2. Pale blue. July.
South France. 1731.
— c*ru'leum (sky-blue). 2. Blue. July. Cas-
pian. 1816.
— cnmpe'stre (field). 2. Blue. July. Britain.
— cornicula' turn (small-horned). 1. Green. July.
Portugal. 1803.
— crini'tum (irine;e-teuoed). Blue. August.
Spain. 1826.
— dicho'tomum (spreading). 2. Blue. July.
South Europe. 1820.
E. dilata'tum (dilated). l£. Blue. July. Por-
tugal. 1821.
— gulioi'des (galium-like). £. Green. July.
Portugal. 1810.
— gigante'um (giant). 4. Blue. July. Cau-
casus. 1820.
— glornera'tum (crowded). 1. Blue. July*
South Europe. 1826.
— macrapky'llum .(large-leaved). 1831 .
— man'timum (sea-hully). l£. Blue. July.
Britain.
— pltt'num (fizt- leaved). 3. Light blue. July.
Europe. 1596.
— pusi'tlum (small). J. Green. July. Spain.
1640.
— ri'gidiim (stiff), j. Blue. July. France. 181 6.
— spi'na-a'tba (white-spined). White. August.
South Europe. 1816.
— trique'trum (triangular). 1. Blue. July.
South Europe. 1824.
— virga'tum (twiggy). 1. Light blue. June.
N. Amer. 1810.
— Virginia' num (Virginian). 2. Blue. August.
N. Amer.
ERY'SIMUM. Hedge Mustard. (From
eryo, to draw ; supposed to produce blis-
ters. Nat. ord., Crucifers [Brassicacew].
Linn., \b-Tetradynamia. Allied to Si-
symbrium.) •
Annuals and biennials, by seed in the open
border, in September or March ; perennials, seeds
and divisions.
HARDY PERENNIALS.
E. sitffrutico'sum (sub-shrubby). 2. Yellow.
June. Europe. 1820. Evergreen.
— versi'color (party-coloured). 1. Variegated.
May. Caucasus. 1825.
HARDY ANNUALS.
E. perfolia'tum (leaf-pierced). 1. White. May.
Austria. 1818.
— quadrico'rne (four-horned). 1. Yellow. June.
Siberia. 1821.
HARDY BIENNIALS.
E. alti'ssimum (tallest). 3. Yellow. June. Ger-
many. 1818.
— Andrxejoskia'num (Andrzejoski's). l£. Yel-
low. June. Tauria. 1818.
— au'reum (golden). 1. Yellow. June. Cau-
casus. 1820.
— bi' color (two- coloured). 1. Yellow. May.
Switzerland. 1818.
— cant'scens (hoary). 1. Yellow. June. South
Europe. 1816.
— colli'num (hi)l). 1. Yellow. May. Caucasus.
1823.
— cra'ssipes (thick-leaf-stalked). 1. Yellow.
June. 1835.
— decu'mbens (decumbent). £. Yellow. June.
Switzerland. 1819.
— fi'rmum (firm). 1. Yellow. July. Switzer-
land. 1819.
— hieracifo'Hum (hawkweed-leaved). 1. Yellow.
June. North Europe. 1816.
— Ibe'ricum (Iberian). 1. Yellow. May.
America. 1803.
— inlerme'dium (intermediate). 2. Yellow.
June. Switzerland. 1819-
— leptopluj'llum (fine-leaved), l. Yellow. June.
Iberia. 1821.
— longifo'lium (long-leaved). 1. Yellow. June.
South Europe. 1823.
ERY
[ 333 ]
ERY
E. longisfiliquo'sum (long-podded). 1|. Yellow.
June. Switzerland. I8iy.
— pa'tulum (spreading). 1. Yellow. June.
South Europe. 1820.
— Perofskia'num (Perofski's). 1$. Orange. July.
1838.
— pu'tnilum (dwarf). J. Yellow. May. Switzer-
land. 1819.
— Redo'wskii (Redowski's). 1. White. June.
Siberia. 1821.
— RfKB'ticum(KhsHia.n'). 1. Yellow. June. Swit-
zerland. 181 9.
— slrigo'sum (short-bristled). 1. Yellow. June.
Siberia. 1806.
— stri'ctum (erect). 2. Yellow. June. Austria.
1819.
ERYTHR.E'A. (From erythros, red ; the
colour of the flowers of some species.
Nat. ord., Gentianworts [Gentianacese].
Linn., 5-Pentandria l-Monoyynia.)
The biennial should be sown in autumn ; the
perennials, by seedis and division ; sandy loam,
with a little peat. The species worth cultivating
require a pit or frame in winter.
E. aggrega'ta (clustered). $. Red. July. South
Europe. 1824. Biennial.
— confe'rta (crowded). £. Pink. June. Spain.
1824. Herbaceous perennial.
— mari'tima (sea). 4. Yellow. July. Switzerland.
17/7. Herbaceous trailer.
— Masso'ni (Masson's). Yellow. July. Azores.
1/77. Herbaceous.
ERYTHRI'NA. Coral-tree. (From ery-
thros, red; the colour of the flowers.
Nat. ord., Leguminous Plants [Fabacese].
Linn., 17 -Diadelphia 4^-Decandria.)
According to Dr. Royle, gum lac is the produce
of a species of Coral-tree, J5. monospe'rma, not
here in cultivation. Stove plants; all scarlet-
flowered. By cuttings of the young shoots break-
ing from the old collar of the plant in spring, and
when two or three inches long ; also oy cutting up
the old flowering-stems when ripe, and in both
cases covering with a bell-glass, after placing them
in sand, and in a strong bottom-heat ; peat, loam,
and dried cow-dung, in equal proportions, with a
portion of sand. Summer temp,, 55° to 80° ; win-
ter, 45° to 55°. E. cri'sta-ga'lli and laurifo'lia do
out of doors in sheltered places, cut down, and the
roots slightly protected as for fuchsias, in winter.
E. eorallodifndrum (coral-tree). 20. May. W.
Ind. 1690.
— cri'sta-ga'lli (cock's-comb). 40. June. Brazil.
1771-
— fu'lgens (brilliant). 10. E. Ind. 1810.
— herba'cea (herbaceous). 3. July. Carolina.
1824. Herbaceous.
— laurifo'lia (laurel-leaved). 4. August. S. Amer.
1800. Herbaceous.
— macrophy'lla (large-leaved). 20. Teneriffe.
18^2.
— ovalifo'lia (oval-leaved). 10. E. Ind. 1816.
— pi'ctti (painted). 6. E. Ind. 16^6.
— Portorice'nsis (Porto Ilico). 10. Porto Rico.
1800.
— secundiflo'ra (side-flowering). 20. Brazil. 1820.
— specio'sa (showy). 10. September. W. Ind.
1805.
ERYTHROCHITON. (From erythros, red,
and chiton, a tunic; referring to the
flower- envelope, or calyx. Nat. ord., Rue-
worts [Rutaoece], Linn., 5-Pentandria
l-Monogyniu. Allied to Galipea.)
Stove evergreen tree. Seeds and cuttings, in
sand and heat; peat and loam. Summer temn..
60° to 80° ; winter, 50° to 55°.
E. Brazilie'nsis (Brazilian). 10. White. July.
Brazil. 1842.
ERYTHROLS'NA. Mexican Thistle.
(From erythros, red, and Icena, a cloak ;
referring to the scarlet flowers. Nat. ord.,
Composites [Asteraceae]. Linn., 19-Syn-
genesia 1-^Eqitalis. Allied to Carduus.)
The prettiest of all the Thistles ; seeds in April ;
should be treated as a biennial, or not allowed to
seed ; the young plants to be kept over the winter
in frames, and planted out in May in the Ame-
rican beds, where they will rise with numerous
branches, crowned with scarlet, thistle-looking
flowers.
E. conspi'cua (conspicuous). 8. Scarlet, orange.
September. Mexico. 1825.
EEYTHRO'NIUM. Dog's-Tooth Violet.
(From erythros, red ; refeiTing to the
colour of the leaves and flowers of the
species first discovered. Nat. ord., Li'y-
worts [Liliaceae]. Linn., 6-Hexandria 1-
Monogynia. )
Hardy bulbs ; offsets ; common garden-soil ;
E. lunceola'tum requires a little heat.
E. a'lbidum (whitish). $. White. April. Lou si-
ana. 1824.
— de'ns-ca'nis (dog's-tooth. Common). $. Lilac.
March. Europe. 1596.
a'Midum (whitish). $. White. March.
Italy. 15Q6.
ru1 brunt (veA-flowered). $. Red, lilr.c.
March. Europe. 15«6.
— gigante'um (gigantic). Yellow. April. N.
Amer.
— grandiflo'rum (large-flowered). £. Yellow. May.
N. Amer. 1826.
— lunceolti1 tuin (gpear-head-/i?awed). £. Yellow.
April. N. Amer. 1665.
— longifu' Hum (long-leaved). Rose. March.
Switzerland.
ERYTHROPO'GON. (From erythros, red,
and pogon, a beard ; referring to the co-
lour of the chaffy scales of the flowers.
Nat. ord., Composites [Asteracesej. Linn.,
].Q-Synqenesia 1-sE quails.)
Greenhouse evergreens, from the Cape of Good
Hope. Cuttings of young shoots in April, in sand,
under a bell-glass ; sandy loam, and a little peat.
Winter temp., 35° to 45°.
E. imbrica'tus (imbricated). White. May. 18lff.
— umbella'tus (umbelled). Rose. May. 18l6.
ERYTHROPHLE'UM. Red Water -tree.
(From erythros, red, and phleos, an au-
cient name for a prickly plant ; referring
to the flow of red juice when the tree is
wounded. Nat. ord., Leguminous Plant*
[Fabaceaej. Linn., lO-bccandria i-3/a-
noyynia. Allied to Mimosa. )
Stove evergreen tree. Cuttsigs of ripened ehooU
EftY
[ 334 ]
ESP
in sand, under a bell-glass, in heat ; rich, fibry
loam, with a little peat. Summer temp., 60° to
80° ; winter, 48° to 55°.
E. Guinee'nse (Guinea). 100. Pale yellow. Sierra
Leone. 1793.
ERYTHKO'XYLON. (From erythros^ red,
and zylon, wood. Nat. ord., Enjthroxyh
[Erythroxylaces&]- Linn., lO-Dccandria
3-Trigynia.)
The wood of some species is deep red. E. Ha-
vane'nse is the best garden-plant among them.
Stove evergreen trees, with yellowish - green
flowers. Cuttings of half-ripe shoots in sand,
under a glass, and in heat; peat and loam. Sum-
mer temp., 60° to 75° ; winter, 48° to 55°.
E. Hayane'nse(Havannah). 10. Havannah. 1822.
— hypericifo' Hum (hypericum-leaved). 40. Mau-
ritius. 1818.
— laurifo'lium (laurel-leaved). 50. Mauritius.
1823.
ESCALLO'NIA. (Named after Escallon,
a Spanish traveller. Nat. ord., Escalom-
ads [Escalloniacese]. Linn., 5-Pentan-
dria I-Monogynia.)
Evergreen greenhouse shrubs. Cuttings of
young shoots rather ripe, in sandy soil, under a
hand-light, in summer ; or younger smaller
shoots under a bell-glass, in the greenhouse;
peat and loam, with a little road-drift, and well
drained ; most of them will do against a wall, with
the protection of a spruce-branch in frosty wea-
ther, in winter, especially if the wall has a broad
coping.
E. Caracasa'na (Caraccas). White. Caraccas.
1827.
— di'scolor (two-coloured). 6. White. S. Amer.
1820.
— fioribu'nda (many-flowered). White. July.
New Grenada. 1827.
— glandulo'sa (glanded). Red. September. Chili.
1827.
— grandiflo'ra (large-flowered). 5. July. 1846.
— illini'ta (varnished). 5. White. August. Chili.
1830.
— inca'na (hoary). July. 1847.
— Muntemdefnsis ( Monte Video). 6. White. July.
Brazil. 1827.
— Organe'nsis (Organ Mountains'), 3. Rose.
Organ Mountains. 1844.
— ptero' cladon (winged-branched). 4. White,
red. July. Patagonia. 1854. Hardy.
— pul»erule'nta (dusted). 8. Chili. 1831.
— ru'bra (red-flowered). 3. Red. September.
Chili. 1827.
albiflo'ra (white-flowered). 6. White.
albifio1
July.
pube'scens (downy). 6. Red. July.
— visco'sa (clammy). 5. White. Mendoza. 182Q.
ESCHALLOT, or SHALLOT. A'lliurn Asca-
lo'iiicum.
Varieties. — The Common, which puts
up long, slender, dark- green leaves ; and
the Long-keeping, with larger hulbs and
dwarfer habit, and keeps good for nearly
or quite two years. Both have a stronger
taste than the onion, yet not leaving its
disagreeable smell on the palate.
Propagation. — Each offset will increase
in a similar manner as its parent, and
may be planted out either in the months
of October and November, or early in the
spring, from February to the beginning
of April. Autumn is the best season for
planting, if the soil lies dry. If planted
in beds, let them be three feet and a half
wide, and three or four inches higher
than the alleys, and the surface of the
bed a little arched. Set out the rows nine
inches apart from row to row, and plant
the offsets singly with the hand upon the
surface of the bed, six inches apart in the
row, just pressing each bulb down firm
in the soil; see occasionally that they are
not cast out of their places by worms or
other vermin ; or each bulb may be co-
vered with either a little old tan or coal-
ashes, in little ridges along the rows, an
inch and a half or two inches deep.
When the bulbs are well established and
growing, this covering should be removed
with the hand; no other culture is re-
quired, except earth- stirring. Take them
up for storing, when full grown, towards
the end of June or July, as soon as the
leaves begin to decay. Spread them out
to dry, on boards, in some airy situation.
ESCHSCHO'LTZIA. (Named after Dr.
Eschschollz, a botanist. Nat. ord., Poppy-
worts [Papaveraceffi], Linn., 13-Polyan-
dria 4;-Tetragynia.)
Harby bulbs, with yellow flowers ; seeds sown
in the open border, in March ; when once intro-
duced they will generally sow themselves ; if sown
in autumn, and an evergreen branch bent over
them in severe weather, they will bloom early.
E. Calif o'rnica (Californian). 1. September.
California. 1826.
— compa'cta (compact). 1. August. California.
1833.
— cro'cea (saffron-coloured). 1. August. Cali-
fornia. 1833.
— fumaricefo'lia (fumaria-leaved). September.
Mexico. 1827.
— tenuifo'liit (tender-leaved). $. Yellow. Ger-
many.
ESPALIERS. A term used to express
modes of training fruit-trees on rails of
iron or wood, as bordering to the walks
of kitchen-gardens, whereby the margins
are rendered more ornamental, and the
walls are relieved of many trees too
tender to withstand the ordinary rigours
of our climate. The forms of these
trellises vary much; some. are placed
perpendicularly, others horizontal, and
others, again, in a curved or saddle-like
form, with various other shapes which
the fancy of the owner, or the peculiar
situation, may dictate. These rails are
ESP
[ 335 ]
EUC
generally placed within a few feet of the
garden-walk, having, also, another walk
or alley at the back, in order to facilitate
operations. Espaliers being nearer to
the ground than ordinary standards, we
need hardly say that in such a position
they are warmer. The mode of training
tends to check exuberance of growth,
which is of some service in a dwarfing,
and, by consequence, an early fruiting
system. The trees are completely with-
in reach for stopping, and various other
manipulations, which, on standards, re-
quire ladders and other cumbrous ma-
chines. Again, a much greater collection
of fruits may be cultivated, in any garden,
by an espalier system, than by the ordi-
nary course of culture. The espalier
system can be rendered conducive to the
greatest amount of produce, as well as
to the most ornamental appearance.
Form of Trellis.— This is very material.
There are fruits which must have sun-
shine to perfect them, yet will succeed
with a moderate share. There are others
which will succeed in what is commonly
termed a northern aspect ; such are
adapted for the northern side of trellises,
which run east and west. Again, others
must have a full exposure to the sun.
Kitchen-gardens are mostly rectangular,
and if most or all of the margins be
appropriated to trellises, there will be a
great difference between those which run
north and south and east and west. To
avoid over-shadowing, we think that
what have been termed Table Trellises,
that'is, those which present a flat surface,
parallel to the horizon, at about a foot or
half a yard from the ground are by far
the best for the majority of fruits.
Perpendicular Hails are, however, very
well adapted for many of our fruits, and
if iron is not used, a very nice> but some-
what perishable structure may be formed
by means of wood. Permanent stakes of
oak, larch, &c., may be driven at from
two to three feet apart perpendicularly,
and temporary stakes driven as wanted
between them, of more perishable mate-
rial. The temporary, or intervening
stakes are to be moveable at pleasure,
and when the trees acquire a strong
fabric, may be entirely dispensed with.
The Strained-wire Rail is, however,
much superior, and will, doubtless, prove
most economical in the end. Such, well-
constructed, with stone bases to the iron
uprights, would endure a century, and
are, at least, particularly to be recom-
mended for trees of slender wood. As
for perpendicular iron treillage, an or-
dinary field hurdle will give a pretty good
idea; the distance between the rails
being, of course, ruled by the mode of
growth of the tree.
With regard to Arched or Saddle Trel-
lises, we would speak with some caution.
Running north and south, and occupied
with trees properly adapted, they will
doubtless succeed, and they are assuredly
ornamental. '
Gooseberries and currants we have
found conveniently trainable to a cheap
trellis of this form —
It is not the least advantage attendant
upon this mode of training that the
fruit is easily covered and protected.
ETIOLATION. The same as Blanching.
EUCALY'PTUS. Gum-tree. (From en,
good, and kalypto, covering ; referring to
the flower- envelope, or calyx, which
covers the flower and falls off like a
cap. Nat. ord., Myrtleblooms [Myrtacese],
Linn., 12-Icosandria 1-Monogynia. Allied
to Metrosideros.)
Greenhouse evergreen trees, from New Holland,
and all with white blossoms. Cuttings of young,
inn side-shoots in the beginning of summer, in
sandy soil, under a bell-glass ; peat and loam ; a
cool greenhouse. Winter temp., 35° to 45°.
Most of them in warm places will do well against
walls, with a little protection, if dryness is
secured.
E. ala'ta (winged). 1816.
— amygdah'na (almond-leaved). 1830.
— cocci' f era (coccus-bearing). 20. Purple. De-
cember. Van Uiemen's Land.
— corymbo'sa (corymb-flowered). 1/88.
— cotinifo'lia (cotinus-leaved). 1818.
— Eugenioi'des (Eugenia-like). 1830.
— glo'i>ulus (globuled). 150. 1810.
— heemu'stoma (bloody-mouthed). 30. 1803.
— heterophy'lla (various-leaved). 30. 1820.
— hirsu'tn (hairy). 20.
— hype* icifo'lia (hypericum-leaved). 1823.
— incrassa'ta (thickened). 6. 1818.
— longifo'lia (long-leaved). June.
— marpina'ta (thick-edged). May. 1794-
— me'dia (intermediate). 1823.
— macroca'rva (large-fruited). 6. June. 1842.
— microphy'lla (small-leaved). 20. 1823.
— mucrona'ta (sharp-pointed). 1823.
— multiflo'ra (many-flowered). 1820.
— myriifo'liu (myrtle-leaved). 6. 1823.
— obli'qua (twisted- leaved) . 100. July. 1/74.
— orbicuia'ri& (globe-shaped). J8l6.
— ova'ta (egg-form-lcavcd). 6. 1820.
-perfolia'ta (leaf- pierced). 1820.
EUC
[338]
EUG
E, persiwfo'lia (peach-leaved). July. Cape of
Good Hope. 18.17.
— pMUyreei'des (phillyrea-like). 1820.
— piiula'ris (pelleted). 1804.
— pulche'lla (pretty). 1820.
— puloerule'nta (powdery). 30. June. isiS.
— pulai'gera (powdered). 1S24.
— purpura'scens (purplish-ncroed}. 1 323.
— sali'gna (willow-like). 180*.
— sca'bra (rough). 1810.
— stenophy'lla (narrow-leaved). 1223.
— stri'cta (erect,).
— verruco'su (warted). 1828,
— viminu'lis (rod-like). 1810.
— tiirga'ta (twiggy).
EUCELJE'TIS. (From eu, well, and chaite,
a head of hair ; the bottom of the petals
furnished with hairs inside. Nat. ord.,
Eueworts [Rutacese]. Linn., 5-Pentanuria
1-Hfonogynia. Allied to Diosma.)
Greenhouse evergreen shrub, from the Cape of
Good Hope. For culture, see DIO'SMA.
X. glomera'ta (daw-flowered). 1. White. May.
1818.
ETJCHARI'DIUM. (From enchant, agree-
able ; referring to the general appearance
of this exquisite little hardy annual. Nat.
ord., Onagrads [Onagraceae]. Linn., 8-
Octandria 1 - Monogynia. Allied to
Clarkia.)
Sow in the open ground, in September, March,
and middle of May, for flowering from May to
September ; sow, also, in a slight hotbed in March,
and transplant into the borders.
E. concifnnum (neat). 1. Purple. June. N.
Amer. 1836.
— grandiflo'rum (large - flowered). Rosy-red.
June. 1824.
ETJCHI'LUS. (From eu, fine, and chei-
los, a lip ; referring to the upper divi-
sion of the flowerrenvelope, or calyx.
Nat. ord., Leguminous Plants [Fabaceee].
Linn., W-Decandria 1-Honogynia. Al-
lied to Grastrolobium.)
Greenhouse evergreen. Cuttings of young,
firmish side-shoots, or points of shoots, in sand,
under a bell-glass, without any bottom-heat.
Winter temp., 40° to 45° ; peat and loam.
E. obcorduftus (reversed-heart-/«?at>ed). 2. Yel-
low. April. N. Holland. 1803.
EUCHRO'MA. (From eu, good, and
chroma, colour ; referring to the colour
of the bractes. Nat. ord., Fig worts
[Scrophulariacece]. Linn., 14 - Didy-
•lamia %-Angiospermia.)
This genus should be reunited to CASTILLK'JA,
which see for culture.
£. cocci'nea (scarlet-iracrerf). $. Yellow. July.
N, Amer. 1/87. Hardy annual.
— grandiflo'ra (large - flowered). l£. Purple,
yellow. July. Louisiana. 1811. Hardy
herbaceous.
EUCLE'A. (From enkleia, glory ; refer-
ring to the beauty of the ebony- like v/ood,
Mid fine green leaves. Nat. ord., Ebenuds
[Ebenacese], Linn., 22-D/<ma 10-De-
cundria. Allied to Diospyros.)
Greenhouse evergreens, with white flower*, froin
the Cape of Good Hope. Cuttings of half-ripe
shoots in sand, under a bell-glass, in April ; peat
and loam. Summer temp., 56° to 76° ; winter,
40° to 45°.
E. racemo'sa (racemed-rotmd-te«t»ed). 6. No-
vember. 1/72.
— vndulu'ta (waved-teat>«d). 5. 1794.
EU'COMIS. (From eukomes, beautiful.
haired; referring to the tufted crown ot
the flower-spike. Nat. ord., Lilywwls
[Liliaceie]. Linn., 6-Hexandrial-Mono~
gynia. Allied to Daubenya.)
Strong Cape of Good Hope bulbs, which, if
planted six inches deep in a rich, light border in
front of a greenhouse, remain uninjured, and
flower every year. Propagated by oivsets.
E. bifo'lia (two-leaved). $. Light green. April.
1792.
— na'nn (dwarf), j. Brov/n. May. 1774.
— puncta'ta (dotted). 2. Green, brown. June.
1783.
— purpureocauflis (purple-stalked). 2. Green,
brown. April. 1794.
— re'gia (rojai). 2. Green. March. 1702.
— stria' ta (streaked). 2. Green. 1/90.
— unduta'ta (waved-^euved). 2. Green. April.
1760.
EUCEO'SIA. (From eu, beautiful, and
krossos, a fringe ; referring to the cup
above the insertion of the stamens. Nat.
ord., Amaryllids [Amaryllidacese]. Linn.,
G-Hexandria 1-Monogynia. Allied to
Stenornesson and Elisena.)
This is the best ill-used bulb in British gardens.
Sweet, Don, Louden, and Paxton make it a na-
tive of Cape Horn, instead of the western declivi-
ties of the Peruvian Andes — a mistake which
caused the destruction of many bulbs. Hooker
and Lindley gave badly-coloured figures of it, and
the latter placed it in alliance with Phycella, with
which it has no affinity. Bi'colar refers to a dark-
green stripe in the middle of the petals, outside ;
the flower is of a bright vermilion. It delights in
strong loam; rests in winter, and prefers the
stove. Offsets ; light, rich loam. Winter temp.,
35° to 45°.
E, bi'color (two-coloured). 1. Scarlet, green.
April. Peru. 1816.
EUDE'SMIA. (From eu, beautiful, and
desma, a bundle ; referring to the con-
nected parcels of stamens. Nat. ord.,
Myrtleblooms [Myrtacese], Linn., 18-
Polyadelphia 2-Polyundria. Allied to
Melaleuea.)
Greenhouse evergreen tree. Cuttings of young
shoots getting firm ac the buse, in sand, under a
bfll-glass, in April or May ; peat and loam.
Winter temp., 40° to 45°.
E. tetrago'na (four-angled). 16. Red. July.
N. Holland. 1824.
EUGE'NIA. (Named after Prince Eug
of Saxony. Nat. ord., MyrU-eblvonu
EUL
[ 337 ]
EUO
[Myrtaceae]. Linn., 12-Icosandria 1-
Monoyynia. Allied to Jambosa and
Caryophyllus.)
Stove evergreens, all white-blossomed. For
culture see CARYOPHY'LLUS.
E. balsa'mica (balsamic). 15. Jamaica. 1816.
— buxifo'lia (box-leaved). 4. May. W. Ind.
— elli'ptica '(ov&l-f rutted). 8. July. N. 8.
Wales. 1790.
— floribu'nda (bundle-flowered). 5. W. Ind.
—fra'grans (sweet-scented). 10. April. Jamaica.
1/90.
— fcinnduli'fera (glanded). 10. E. Ind. 1825.
— Java'nica (Javanese). 10. Java. 1823.
— lutifo'lia (broad-leaved). 10. Guiana. 1793.
— macroca'rpa (large-fruited). 20. E.Ind. 1822.
— obova'ta (reversed-egg-teamZ). Isle of France.
1823.
— obtusifo'lia (blunt-leaved). 10. E. Ind. 1821.
— pulche'ila (pretty). 10. E.Ind. 1824.
— rugo'sa (wrinkly). E.Ind. 1824.
— Sinemarie'nsis (Sinemaria). 4. June. Guiana.
1823.
— U'gni (Ugni— native name). 3. Pink. July.
South Chili, 1851.
EULO'PHIA. (From culophos, hand-
some crested ; referring to the handsome
lip, or labellum, furrowed into elevated
ridges. Nat ord., Orchids [Orchidaceae].
Linn., 2Q-Gynandria l-Monandria. Al-
lied to Galeandra.)
A family of those forms of orchids, which, like
our British species, derive their nutriment from
the ground, and hence are called ground or ter-
restrial orchids. An Indian species of Eulophia
furnishes, from its tuberous roots, the nutritive
substance called salep. Division of the plant
when in a state of rest, just as fresh growth com-
mences; peat and loam, both fibry, and well
drained ; well watered when growing, kept nearly
dry when resting. Summer temp., 60° to 80°;
winter, 45° to 55°. Those from Sierra Leone and
East Indies require a few degrees more.
E- barba'ta (bearded). 1. July. Cape of Good
Hope. 1825.
— Guinee'nsis (Guinea). 1. Purple, brown.
September. Sierra Leone. 1822.
— longico'rnis (long-horned). 1. July. Cape
of Good Hope. 1825.
— macrosta'chya (large-spiked). 2. Yellow,
green. October. Ceylon.
— squa'lida (squalid). Dingy. July. Manilla.
1838.
EUMERUS JENEUS. Brassy Onion-fly.
Mr. Curtis says the maggots are brownish,
and are very rough from a multitude of
rigid bristles, especially towards the tail.
The fly itself is of a reddish-ochre co-
lour, freckled with dark brown, and there
are two spiny processes like short horns
upon the thorax, in the female at least.
It is densely clothed with short hairs,
thickly and distinctly punctured, and of
an olive-green colour, with a brassy
;inge; the antennae (feelers) are entirely
black, the seta naked j the face is very
22
hairy, simply convex, and silvery white ;
eyes dark brown, and slightly hairy ; ros-
trum very short ; thorax with two whitish
lines down the back. The maggots of
this fly do not seem to be confined to the
onion, for Mr. Curtis bred one in the
middle of May from cabbage-roots, and
specimens have been taken flying about
hedges in June and July, in the neigh-
bourhood of London and Bristol. As it
often happens, the female has not been
observed depositing her eggs; the spot
that she selects is therefore yet unknown.
Drought does not suit them.
EUNO'MIA. (From eu, well, and nomos,
arranged ; referring to the disposition of
the leaves in pairs and twin seeds. Nat.
ord., Crucifers [Brassicacese]. Linn., 15.
Tetr adynamia. Allied to Lepidium.)
Half-nardy evergreen. Seeds under a glass, in
spring ; cuttings under a glass, in summer ; com-
mon sandy soil ; requires the protection of a pir,
in most places, in winter ; may be treated as an
alpine.
E. oppositifo'lia (opposite-leaved). 1. White.
July. Syria. 1827.
EUO'NYMUS. The Spindle-tree. (From
eu, good, and onoma, a name ; literally,
of good repute. Nat. ord., Spindle -trees,
[Celastracese]. Linn., §-Pentandria 1-
Monogynia.)
Interesting trees and shrubs in autumn, their
opening capsules looking very beautiful when
other things are losing their attractions. Seeds
may be sown either in autumn or spring ; cut-
tings of rip* young shoots may be planted in a
border in autumn ; common soil. The American
species require a moist situation. Those from
Nepaul, though from a high altitude, have not
been proved quite hardy, though it is presumed
they would in many places ; protect them in
winter.
HALF-HARDY EVERGREENS.
E. Ckine'nsis (Chinese). 4. Pink. May. China.
1820.
— echina'tus (prickly). 10. White. May. Ne-
paul. 1824. Deciduous.
— grandiflo'rus (large-flowered). 8. White.
June. Nepaul. 1824.
— Hamiltonia'nus (Hamilton's). 20, White.
June. Nepaul. 1825.
— Japo'nicus (Japanese). 6. Pink. July. Japan.
1804.
macula'tus (spotted). 6. Pink. July.
Japan. 1836.
— —— variega'tus (variegated). 6. Pink. July.
Japan. 1836.
HARDY DECIDUOUS.
E. America'nus (American). 6. Pink. June.
N. Amer. 1683.
— angustifo'tius (narrow-leaved). 6. YelJow,
red. June. N. Amer. 1806. Evergreen,
— a'tro-purpu'reus (dark purple). 6. Purplet
June. N. Ainer. 1/56.
— Europa'.us (European). 15. White. June.
Britain.
EUP
[ 333
EUP
E. Europee'us fo'liis vnriega'tis (variegated
leaved). 15. White. May. Britain.
-- > — fru'cto-a'lbo (white- fruited). 12. White
May. Britain.
-- latifo'lius (broad-leaved). 15. White
May.
-- na'nus (dwarf). 4. White. May.
~—fimkrin'tu8 (fringed). Green. May. Japan
— latifo'lius (broad-leaved). 10. Green. June
Austria. 1730.
— lu'cidus (shining). 7- White. Nepaul. 1820
— obooa'tus (reversed-egg-teffwO- 3. Fink
June. N. Amer. 1820.
— ti'ngens (staining). Green. Japan.
__ veluti'nus (velvety). White. June. Caucasus
1839.
— verruco'sus (warted). 6. Green. May. Austria
1763.
EUPATO'RIUM. (Named after Milhri-
dates Eupator, King of Pontus, who dis-
covered one of the species to be an anti-
dote against poison. Nat. ord., Composites
[Asteracese], Linn., l(J-Synyenesia 1-
Stove shrubs and under-shrubs, by cuttings in
sand, under a bell-glass ; peat and loam ; stove,
greenhouse, and hardy herbaceous plants, by
division, as fresh growth is commencing ; com-
mon soil. Usual stove and greenhouse tempera-
tures.
STOVE HERBACEOUS.
2S. Btrteroia'num (Bertero's). White. August.
Guadaloupe. 1830.
— ia'nthinum (violet). 2. Purple. January.
Mexico. 1819.
— ioafo'lium (iva-leaved). 3. Pink. Septem-
ber. Jamaica. 1/9-1'
• — macrophy'llum (large-leaved). 4. White.
July. Jamaica. 1823.
— panicula'tum (panicled). 6. Pink. August.
S. Amer. 1818.
»— Schiedeu'num (Schiede's). Whit*. June.
Mexico. 1833.
STOVE EVERGREENS.
E. cane'scens (hoary). 3. Purple, yellow. Ja-
maica. 1S21.
— chameedrifo'lium (germander-leaved). 1. Blue.
August. S. Amer. 1822.
— Da'lca (Dalea-like). 6. Pink. August. Ja-
maica. 1//3.
— floribu'ndum (bundle-flowered). l£. Blue.
July, S. Amer. 1823.
— odora'turn (sweet-scented). 3. Pink. August.
Jamaica. 1752.
— tetrago'num (four-sided). White. Mexico. 1832.
— Xalape'nse (Xalapa). 3. White. July. Mexico.
1826.
HARDY HERBACEOUS.
E. ageratoi'des (ageratum-like). 4. White. Au-
gust. N. Amer. 1640.
— alti'ssimum (tallest). 5. Pink. September.
N. Amer. 1699.
— aroma,1 'ticum (aromatic). 4. White. July.
N. Amer. 1/39-
— cannabi'num (hemp-like. Agrimony}. 4. Pink.
July. Britain.
— coronopifo'lium (coronopus-leaved). 3. White.
August. Carolina. 1824.
— fasnicula'ceum (fennel-leaved). 4. Pale yellow.
August. N. Amer. 1807.
- F>-asf.'ri ' (Fraser'sl. 1$. White. August.
Carolina. 18iO.
E.hyssopifo'lium (nyssop-leaved). 1. While.
August. N. Amer. 1699.
— lanceola'tum (spear-head-/6W>e^). 3. White.
July. N. Amer. 18ig.
— macula/turn (spotty-stalked}. 3. Purple.
July. N. Amer. l6:.d.
— p erf alia' turn (pierced-leaved). 2. White. July.
N. Amer. 1699.
— pube'nccns (downy). 4. White. July. N.
Amer. 181Q.
— purpu'reitin (purple-stalked). 5. Pink. Au-
gust. N. Amer. 1640
— rotundifo'lium (round-leaved). 1. White.
July. N. Amer. 1699.
— eessilifo'lium (stalkless-leaved). 1. White.
September. N. Amer. 1"~7-
— Syria'curn (Syrian). 4. Purple. August.
Syria. 1807.
— trifoliu'tum (three-leaved). 6. Purple. Au-
gust. N. Amer. l/fiS.
— trunca'tum (cut-off). !.£. White. September.
N. Amer. 1800.
— verticilla'tum ( whorl -leaved). 5. Purple.
August. N. Amer. 1811.
EOTE'TALUM. (From en, handsome,
and pelalum, a petal; referring to tlie
large handsome flowers. Nat. ord., Be-
yoniads [Begoniaceffi], Linn., 21-Moitce-
cia 7-Heptandria.)
Stove herbaceous perennial ; division of thp
plant; cuttings of shoots when young, in sandy-
soil, under a bell-glass; sandy peat and fibrv
loam. Summer temp., 55° to 80°; winter, 4J°
to 55°.
E. jiuncta'tum (dotted). Rose, scarlet. May.
Mexico. 1839.
EUPHO'RBIA. Spurge, or Milkwort.
(Named after Euphorbus, physician to
the king of Mauritania. Nat. ord., Sptmje-
worts [Euphorbiacese]. Linn., 11-Dode-
candria 3-Trigynia.)
The unripe ieed-pods of E. la'thyrus art; the
British capers. A large family, widely differing
n their habits. Hardy annuals may be sown in
;he open border, in April; but, with the excep-
iion of plumo'sa and a few more, the rest are
not worth ground-room. Even the tropical an-
nuals are little better ; they require to be raised
in a hotbed and transplanted. Herbaceous per-
ennials are chiefly hardy; divisions of the plant,
and seeds ; sandy soil ; shrubs and under-^hrubs
chiefly require a dry stove and warm greenhouse,
and are propagated by seeds and by cuttings,
which should be dried at the base before placing
n any rough, loose material. The species which
are firm and hard require a rich, light loam, with
i little peat ; those that are very succulent should
lave a large portion of lime-rubbish and broken
ricks. Winter temp., not much below 45°.
There are two sub-evergreen shrubs, natives of
England, amygdaloi'des and cftara'cius, both of
which, and especially the latter, do well for rock-
ork. S/rino'sa, from the south of Europe, did
well in the Botanic Garden at Cambridge.
HARDY ANNUALS.
E. globo'sa (globular). 1. July. 1818.
— Neapu/tta'na (Neapolitan). l£. July. Naples
1816.
— plumo'au .( feathery). July. 1816.
— ru 'bra (red). £. June. France. 1818.
Etrp
I 339 ]
ETJP
E. serpyl.Ufcflia (thyme-leaved). £. July. S.
Amer. 18 \7>
— T'tu'rica (Taurian). 1. June. Tauria. 1820.
— variega'ta (variegated). September. Louisi-
ana. 1811.
STOVE ANNUALS.
E. hi'rta (hairy). *. July. E. Ind. 1818.
— ophthu'lmica (ophthalmic). J. July. Rio
Janeiro. 1824.
— scorrf(/b7('a(scordium-leaved). i. July. Africa.
1823.
GREENHOUSE EVERGREENS.
E. nphy'lla, (leafless). l£. Teneriffe. 1815.
— a'pius (pear-rooted). |. July. Candia. 1596.
— a'tro-purpu'rea (dark purple). 3. July. Tene-
riffe. 1815.
— batsami'fera (balsam-bearing). June. Cana-
ries. 1779-
— fruiico'sn (shrubby). I.June. Sicily. 1824.
— im&rica'ta (imbricated). 1. August. Portu-
gal. 1804.
— l&'ta (joyous). 1. June. 1758.
— nutnmulariafo'lia (money wort -leaved). £.
July. '1800.
— ornitho'pus (bird's-foot). 1. July. Cape of
Good Hope. 181 6.
— spathulcsfo'liu (spatula-leaved). 2. August.
1800.
— spino'sa (prickly). 2. June. Levant. 1710.
GREENHOUSE HERBACEOUS.
E. Alf.'ppica (Aleppo). 1. July. Europe. 1S20.
— crythri'na (erythrina). 1. July. Cape of
Good Hope. 1823.
— marginu'ta (bordered), 1. June. S. Amer. 1824.
— prunifo'li'i (plum-leaved). 2. August. 1799.
Biennial.
— serra'ta(narrow-szw-leaved). 1. July. South
Europe. 1710.
STOVE EVERGREENS.
E. anacampseroi'des (anacampseros • like). 1.
S. Amer.
— (intiquo'rum (antique). 9. April. E. Ind. 1/68.
— biglandulo'su, (twin-glanded). 3. Bourbon.
1808.
— Bo'jeri (Bojer's). 4. Scarlet. November.
Madagascar.
— tracteet-ta (bracted). ij. August. 1869.
— hryo'nii (bryony-like). Scarlet.
— (iiipleurifo'lia (bupleurum-leaved). l£. Au-
gust. Cape of Good Hope. 1793.
— Canarie'nsis (Canary). 20. July. Canaries. 1697.
— caerule'scens (bluish). 3. June. Cape of
Good Hope. 1824.
— ca'put Medu'sce (greerJ-Medusa-headed). 2.
August. Africa. 1731.
pu'mila( dwarf). I.August. Capeof Good
Hope. 1/68.
— csrelfo'rmis (cereus-shaped). 2. April. Cape
of Good Hope. 1731.
— Commeli'ni (Comrnelin's). August. Africa.
1805.
— cri'spct (curled). £. July. Cape of Good
Hope. 1819.
— cucum.f.ri'na (cucumber-like). £. June. Cape
of Good Hope.
— enneagz'na (nine-angled). 3. June. Cape
of Good Hope. 1790.
— fructuspi'na (spine-fruited). }. August. Cape
of Good Hope. 1731.
gemina'la(t\\\n-br'mched}. *. August.
Cape of Good Hope. I73T.
— fu'lgens (blazing). 4. Scarlet. August.
Mexico. 1835.
E. gra'ndidens (large-tooth ed). 5. July. Capw
of Good Hope. 1823.
— grandi/o'lia (large-leaved). 6. Sierra Leone.
1/89.
— Hawo'rtlm (Haworth's). i. May. Cape of
Good Hope. 1800.
— heptago'na (seven-angled). 3. September
Cape of Good Hope. 1731.
ru'bra(red-spined). 4. September. Capfe
of Good Hope. 1731.
— Jiy'strix (porcupine). 6. July. Cape of Good
Hope. 1695.
— la'ctea (milky). 4. July. E. Ind. 1804
— Laina'rckii (Lamarck's). l£. July. Cape of
Good Hope. 1808.
— laurifo'lia (laurel-leaved). 2. Peru. 1820.
— linifo'iiu (flax-leaved). 2. W. Ind. 1774.
— linea'ris (narrow-leaved). July. Vera Cruz.
1824.
— lophogo'na (crested-angled). 3. Madagascar.
1824.
— magnima'mma (large-nippled). 3. Mexico.
1823.
— mammilla1 ris (nippleA-angled). 2. July. Cape
of Good Hope. 1/5Q.
— melofo'rmis (melon- shaped). |. July. Cape
of Good Hope. 1774.
— myrtifo'lia (myrtle-leaved). 2. July. Cape
of Good Hope. 1(599-
— odontnphy1 lla (tooth-leaved). 5. Cape cf Good
Hope. 1824.
— officimi'rum (shop). 6. June. Africa. 1597.
— pe'ndula (hanging-down). 1. 1808.
— procu'mbens (lying-down). £. August. Cape
of Good Hope. 1 /6S.
— puni'cea (scarlet-flowered). 6. April. Ja-
maica. 17/8.
— repa'nda (wavy-edged). 2. August. E. Ind.
1808.
— svle'ndens (shining). 4. Scarlet. June. Isle
of France. 1B25.
— squctrro'sa (spreading). £.
— tetrago'na (four-angled). 4.
— tuber o'sa (tuberous). £. July. Cape of Good
Hope. 1808.
— vncina'ta (hooked). 2- July. Cape of Good
Hope. 1794.
— verticiUd'ta (whorled). August. W.Ind. 1825.
HARDY EVERGREENS.
E. amygdaloi'des (almond-like). 2. April. Eng-
land.
variega'ta (striped-leaved). 2. March.
Britain.
— chnra'cias (characias). 4. April. England.
— dendroi'des (tree-like). ^. July. Italy. l/6rf.
HARDY HERBACEOUS.
E. angustifo'lia (narrow-leaved). 1. Yellow.
July. Trinidad. 182?.
— Atla'ntica (Atlantic). I. June. South Europe.
1818.
— biumbella'ta (douhle-umbelled). 1. Barbary.
17SO.
— cxspito'sa (turfy). |. July. Italy. 1820.
— Corderia'nu (Cordcu's). 1. May. South
Europe. 1821.
— dentlcula'ta (small-toothed). 1. June. South
Europe. 1810.
— du'lris (sweet). 1. July. South Europe. 1?59.
— Jiavi'coma (yellow-haired). 1^. July. South
France. 1820.
— longifo'lia (long-leaved). 1. June. Nepaul.lS23,
— 7MMWcory>n6o'sa(ruany-corymbed). 1. July*
1805.
— Portla'ndica (Portland), f. Britain.
— purpura'ta (purpled). 1. Jane/ Fnmce. 1820
EUP
[ 310 J
BUS
/:. trunca'td (cut-off). July. South Europe. 1820.
— Vuleria'na ( Valerian- leaved}. July. Siberia.
1818.
— villo'sa (shaggy). 2. June. Hungary. 1820.
EUPHO'RIA. See NEPHE'LIUM.
EUPHRA'SIA. Eyebright. (From eitphrai-
»?<>, to delight ; fabled to cure blindness.
Nat. ord., Figworts [Scrophulariacese],
Linn., \A-Didynamia 2-Anyiospermia.
Allied to Bartsia.)
Hardy annuals. Seeds, in March or April, in
the open border.
E. alpi'na (alpine). 1. Purple. July. Europe. 1827.
— linifo'lia, (flax-leaved), jj. Purple. August.
France. 1826.
— lu'tea (yellow). 14. Purple. August. South
Europe. Ibl6.
EUPOMA'TIA. (From eu, well, and
poma, a lid ; the calyptra covering the
unexpanded flower like an extinguisher.
Nat. ord., Anonads [Anonaceae]. Linn.,
12-Icosandria 3-Polyyynia.)
Greenhouse evergreen shrub. Seeds in a slight
hotbed, in spring ; cuttings of ripened shoots in
sand, under a bell-glass •, sandy peat and fibry
loam. Winter temp., 40° to 45°.
. lauri'na (laurel-like). 4.
N, Holland. 1824.
Greenish-yellow.
EU'KYA. (From eurys, large ; referring
to the flowers. Nat. ord., Theads [Tern-
stromiacese]. Linn., 23-Polygamia 1-
Moncecia. Allied to Freziera.)
Greenhouse evergreens. Cuttings of ripened
shoots in early autumn or spring, in sandy peat,
with a glass over them ; peat and loam, both
fibry, with a portion of silver-sand. Winter
temp., 40° to 48°.
E. Chine'nsis (Chinese). 2. White. June.
China. 1823.
-r- multiflo'ra (many- flowered). 2. White. Ne-
paul. 1823.
EURY'ALE. (The name of one of Ovid's
Gorgons, whose heads he fabled to be
covered with vipers instead of hair; re-
ferring to the fierce aspect of the plant
in flower. Nat. ord., Waterlilies [Nymphae-
aceae]. Linn., 13-Polyandria 1-Mono-
gynia. Allied to Victoria regia.)
The leaves of Euryale in the East Indies vie
with those of Victoria ; but its flowers are incon-
spicuous. The seeds are eatable. Stove aquatic.
Seeds and divisions ; loamy soil, in a tub set in
water, and kept at a high temperature. Summer
temp., 60° to 80° ; winter, 55° to 60°.
S.fe'rox (fierce). Red. August. India. 1809.
EURY'BIA. (From euribies, wide-spread-
ing ; referring to the roots. Nat., ord.,
Composites [Asteracere]. Linn., 19-Synye-
ncsia %-Superflua. Allied to Aster.)
All the greenhouse species are from New Hol-
land. Division of the plant in spring, like an au-
tumn Aster j common, soil, Usual greenhouse tem-
perature*
HARDY HERBACEOUS.
E. corymlo'sa (corymbed). 2. White. July. N.
Amer. 1765.
GREENHOUSE EVERGREENS.
E, aculea'ta (prickly -leaved). 2. White. March.
1818.
~ argophy'lla (white-leaved). 10. White. March.
1804*
— chryso'trichd (golden-haired). 2.
— erube'scens (blushing). 3. Red. May.
— glutinu'sa (clammy). Pale violet.
— lyra'ta (\yiK-leaned). 3. White. September.
N.S.Wales. 1812.
— myrsinoi'des (myrsine-like). 3. Pale purple.
May. N. Holland. 1835.
EU'RYCLES. (From eurys, broad, and
Idas, a branch ; referring to the broad
leaves or branch-like footstalks. Nat. ord.,
Amaryllids [Amaryllidaceae]. Linn., 6-
Hexandria 1-Monogynia. Allied to Ca-
lostemma.)
Store bulbs, requiring rest in winter. Seeds,
but chiefly offsets; light, sandy loam, and a little
vegetable-mould, or very rotten cow-dung ; wa-
tered and heat given when growing, drier and
cooler when resting. Summer temp., 55° to 80° ;
winter, 45° to 55°.
E. Amboine'nsis (Amboyna). 2; White. May.
Amboyna. 175Q.
— Australa'sica (Australasian). 1. White. May.
N. Holland. 1821.
EURY'COMA. (From eurys^ large, and
kome, a head of hair; in reference to
fringe-like hairs on the ovary. Nat. ord.,
Connarads [Connaracesej. Linn., 5-Pe/i-
tandria 1-Monogynia.)
Stove evergreen. For culture see CO'NNARCS.
E. longifo'lia (long-leaved). 20. Purple. Su-
matra. 1826.
ERYTHA'UA. See G-ENTIA'NA.
EUSTE'GIA, (From eu, good, and steye,
a covering; referring to the bractes.
Nat. ord., Spurgcivorts [Euphorbiacefu].
Linn., 5-Pentandria 2-Digynia. Allied to
Peplonia.)
Greenhouse evergreen trailer. Cuttings in sandy
soil, and by trailing runners ; peat and loam.
Winter temp., 38° to 45°.
E. hasta'ta (halbert-teawed). 1. White. July.
Cape of Good Hope. 18)6.
EUSTO'MA. (From eusfoma, a beautiful
mouth ; referring to the opening of the
flower. Nat. OTd.^Gentianworfs [Gentiana-
ccac]. Linn., 5-Pentandria I-Monoyynia.
Allied to Leianthus.)
Seeds sown in a slight hotbed in March, and
transplanted into the border in May, and some in
the end of April. E- exalta'tum by division, and
cool greenhouse treatment.
E. exalta'tum (tall). 2. Purple. July. Mexico.
1804. Greenhouse herbaceous.
— Russellia'num (Russell's). Purple. August.
Texas. 1835. Hardy biennial.
— silenifo'lia (silene-leaved). 1. White. July.
Isle of Providence. 1804. Hardy annual.
EUS
[ 341 ]
EVO
EU'STREPHUS. (From r«, good, and
strepho, to twine; literally, beautiful
twiners. Nat. ord,, Lihjworts [Liliaeefe].
Linn., 6-Hexandria 1-Afonogynia. Allied
to Dianella.)
Half-hardy evergreen twiners, from New South
Wales, with pale purple flowers. Cuttings of firm
young shoots in early autumn or spring, in sandy
soil, under a glass; sandy peat. They will bear
the same treatment as Dianella.
E. angustifu'lius (narrow-leaved). 3. July. 1820.
— latifo'lius (broad-leaved). 3. June. 1800.
EUTA'SSA and EUTA'CTA, synonymes for
Arauca'ria Cunningha'mii and exce'lsa.
EUTA'XIA. (From eutaxia, modesty;
referring -to the delicate aspect of the
flowers. Nat. ord., Leguminous Plants
[Fabaoeae]. Linn., W-'Decandria 1-Mo-
nogynia. Allied to Dillwynia.)
Greenhouse evergreen shrubs, from New Hol-
land. Cuttings of short young shoots, getting
firm at the base, in sand, under a bell-glass, in
April or May ; pest and loam, in equal propor-
tions. Winter temp., 40° to 45°. E. myrtifo'lia,
with a little protection, will do against a wall near
London.
E. BaWeri (Baxter's). 6. Yellow, 1830.
— myrtifu'lia (myrtle-leaved). 14. Orange. Au-
gust. 1S03.
— pu'ngens (pungent). 4. Orange. May. 1825.
EUTE'EPE. ( After Euterpe, one of the
nine Muses. Nat. ord., Palms [Palma-
cese]. Linn., 2i-Moncecia Q-Hexandria.
Allied to Areca.)
Stove palms. Seeds ; rich loam. Summer temp.,
60° to 85°, and moist; winter, 50° to 60°.
E. Caribee'a (Caribean). 30. W. Ind. 1656.
— globo'sa (round -fruited). 30. Mauritius. 1819.
— monta'na (mountain). Yellow. Grenada, 1815.
Are'ca olera'cea and pvsifu'rmis are sometimes
included erroneously in this genus.
EU'THALES. (From eu, well, and thaleo,
to push or sprout. Nat. ord., Goodeniads
[Goodeniacese]. Linn., 5 Pentandria 1-
Monogynia. Allied to Leschenaultia.)
A singular characteristic of Goodeniads may be
seen in the flower of Leschenaultia; the stigma
is placed in the bottom of a cup, or indusiutn, and
when the pollen is shed, the cup closes over the
stigma; whether it does so in others has not been
recorded. Greenhouse herbaceous perennials, from
New Holland. Cuttings of young shoots getting
firm, in April or May, or early in autumn; peat
and loam. Winter temp., 35° to 45°.
E. macrophy'lla (large-leaved). 4. Yellow, brown.
July. 183Q.
— trine'rvis (three-nerved). 1. Purple, yellow.
July. 1803.
EUTHA'MIA. See SOUDA'GO.
EU'TOCA. (From eutokos, fruitful ; re-
ferring to the abundance of seeds. Nat.
ord, Hydrophyls [Hydrophylacese]. Linn.,
5- Pentandria l-Monoyynia. Allied to
Nemophila.)
Hardy annuals and biennials, from North Amc.
rica. Seeds sown in the border in April, or (in *
•light hotbed, and transplanted; sow or plaitt
thinly, or the leaves will become diseased.
HAEDY ANNUALS.
E. divaricn'ta (straggling). Light violet. May.
1833.
— Menxic'&ii (Mertzies's). Purple. June. 182(5.
— pnrvifldra (small-flowered). Blue. June. 1826.
— vi'scidu (claramy-Aaj'm/). 2. Brown, rose. 1834.
— Wrungeliafna (Wrangel's,), 1 Blue. August,
1835.
HAEDY BIENNIALS.
E. FrnnTtU'ni (Franklin's). 1. Pink. May. 1827.
— multiflo'ra (many-flowered), li. Pink. June.
1826.
— seri'cea (silky). I. Blue. June. 1827.
EUXE'NIA. (From eu, beautiful, and
xenos, a stranger. Nat. ord., Composites
[Asteracece]. 19 Syngenesiab Segreyata.
Allied to Petrobiuin.)
Greenhouse evergreen. Cuttings of yount? shoots
in spring or autumn, in sand, urid'T a bell-glaaa;
peat and loam. Winter temp., 4$ to 48°.
E. gru'ta (pleasant). 2. Yellow. Chili. 1825.
EVELY'NA. (Named after John Evelyn,
our first good writer on trees, &c. Nat.
ord., Orchids [Orchidaceee]. Linn., 20-
Gynandrial~Monandria. Allied to Bletia.)
Stove orchids, some of which are terrestrial,
anu may be grown in loam and peat, like Bietia-;
the others in shallow baskets and block* of wood,
with sphagnum-moss. Summer temp., 60° to
85° ; winter, 55° to 60° ; divisions.
E. bracte'scens (bracted). Red. July. Merida.
— capitcrta (headed). White. August. Sierra
Neva.
— columna'ris (columned). White. Purple. June.
Sierra Neva.
— ensa'ta (sword-/eot>ed). Carmine. August,
Sierra Neva.
— flare? scens (yellowish). Yellow. May. TruxiUc.
— furfuru'vea (purplish). Scarlet. June. Merid.%.
— kermesi'na (carmine). Bright carmine. 3^r
nuary. Mariquita.
— lupuli'na (lupine-like). Rose. August. Sierra
Neva.
EVENING FLOWER. He'spems.
EVENING PRIMEOSE. (Enothe'ra.
EVEEGEEENS are such plants as do not
shed all their leaves at any one time
during the year.
EVEEGEEEN THOKN. Cral&'yus pyra-
ca'ntha.
EVEELASTING. GnaphaTmm.
EVEELASTING PEA. La'thyrus latifo'lhin.
EVO'DIA. (From evodia, sweet scent;
referring to that of the leaves. Nat. ord.,
Riteworts [Rutacesej. Linn., A-Tetran-
dria 1-Monogynia. Allied to Pilocarpus.)
Stove evergreen shrub. Cuttings of half-ripened
shoots in sand, under a bell-glass, and in bottom-
heat, in April ; light, fibry loam. Summer temp.,
55° to 75° ; winter, 50° to 55°.
E. triphy'lta (three-leaved). 7. White. E. Ind.
EVO
[ 342 ]
EXT
EVO'LYULUS. (From evolvo, the oppo-
site to Convolvulus; referring to the
plants not twining. Nat. ord., Bindweeds
[Convolvulaceae]. Linn., b-Pentandria 2-
Digynia. Allied to Convolvulus.)
For culture see CONVO'LVOLUS. All blue-
flowered trailers, except where otherwise specified.
HARDY ANNUAL.
E. Nuttallia'nus (Nuttall's). £. July. N. Amer.
1824.
STOYE EVERGREENS.
E. cxru'leus (sky-blue). July. Jamaica. 1845.
— lanceola'tus (spear-head-teauecO. June. S.
Amer. 1818.
— latifo'lius (broad-leaved). 2. White. June.
Brazil. 181Q.
— purpu'reo-cceru'lcus (purplish-blue). lj. July,
Jamaica. 1845.
— irillo'sus (shaggy). 1. July. S. Amer. 1810.
STOVE ANNUALS.
E. alsinoi'des (chickweed-like). £. July. E. Ind.
1817-
— emargina'tus (end-notched). 1. September.
E. Ind. 18i6.
— Qange'ticus (Ganges). 1. July. E.Ind. 1820.
— Mrsu'tus (hairy). £. July. Trinidad. 1818.
— inca'nus (hoary), $. July. S. Amer. 1810.
— linifo'lius (flax-leaved). 2. August. Jamaica.
1/32.
— nummula'ris (moneywort-like), f . September.
Jamaica. 18 16.
— seri'ceus (silky). & White. July. W. Ind. 1816.
E'XACUM. (From ex, out of, ago, to
drive ; supposed virtue of expelling poison.
Nat. ord., Oenliauworts [ Gentian acese].
Linn., 4c-Telrandria l-Monogynla. Allied
to Chironia.)
Hardy annuals. Sow in April, in a moist bor-
der, in which there is a portion of peat.
E, maera'nthvm (large-flowered). l$. Purple.
December. Ceylon. 1853.
— pulcht'llum (pretty). £. Pink. August. New
Jersey. 1826.
— tetrago'num (four-angled). !£• Blue. August.
Nepaul. 1820.
bi'culor (two-coloured). 1. Pale purple.
June. Corcan. 1846.
EXC^SCA'RIA. (From excaco, to Wind ;
the juice and smoke of burning branches
injure the eye-sight. Nat. ord., Spurge-
worts [Euphorbiacere]. Linn., 22-I}icccia
13-Polyandria. Allied to Gussonia and
Hippornane.)
Stove evergreen shrubs, with white flowers ;
cuttings in sandy soil, under a bell-glass, in
spring or autumn ; fibry, sandy loam. Summer
temp., 60° to 75°; winter, 4o° to 55°.
E. Agallo'cha (Ceylon). 5. May. E.Ind. 1820.
— glandulo'sa(glmded'). 5. May. Jamaica. 1821.
— serra'ta (s&w-leaved). 6. May. Chili. ]/96.
EXCRESCENCE. Independently of Galls,
which are caused by the punctures of
insects, and the swellings which always
accompany Canker, the excrescences
which injure the gardener's crops are
very few. That which appears above
the point of union between the scion and
stock is caused by the former being tbe
freer grower of the two, and is a warning
that should be remembered, for it cur-
tails the longevity of the tree, the supply
of sap gradually becoming inefficient.
The excrescences which occur upon the
branches of some apples, as those of the
codling and June-eating, cannot be looked
upon as disease, for they arise from con-
geries of abortive buds, which readily
protrude roots if buried in the soil, mak-
ing those among the few apples which
can be propagated by cuttings. Of a
similar nature are the huge excrescences
so prevalent on aged oaks and elms. Bul-
bous excrescences are formed upon the
roots of many plants if compelled to grow
upon a soil drier than that which best
suits them. This is the case especially
with two grasses, Phle'um prate'nse and
Alope'citnis genicula'tus, and is evidently
a wise provision of a nature to secure the
propagation of the species, for those
bulbs will vegetate long after the re-
mainder of the plant has been destroyed
by the excessive dryness of the soil.
EXOGO'NIUM. (From exo, external, and
gonu, a joint; referring to the stems. Nat.
ord., Bindweeds [Convolvulaceffi]. Linn.,
5-Penlandria \-Monogynia. Allied to
Ipomrea.)
E. pu'rga is the true source of the best kind of
Jalap. A beautiful crimson-flowered, greenhouse
twiner, not a stove climber, as mentioned erro-
neously in books : we have even flowered it beau •
tiftflly in the open air. Greenhouse evergreen
feffiners ; cuttings of short side-shoots in sandy-
soil, under a bell-glass, and in bottom-heat. Sum*
mer temp,, 55° to 75° ; winter, 45° to 50°.
&.fitifo'rme (thread-shaped). 10. Purple. Oc-
tober. W. Ind. 1823.
— pu'rga (purgative. True Jalap). 10. Rose,
purple. September. Vera Cruz. 1838.
— repa'ndum (wavy-edged). 10. Scarlet. June.
W. Ind. 1793.
EXOSTE'MMA. (From exo, externally,
and sttmma, a crown ; referring to the
flower-heads. Nat. ord., Cinchonads
[Cinchonacese]. Linn., 5-Pcntundria 1-
Monogynia. Allied to Luculia.)
Stove evergreen tree. Cuttings of ripe young
shoots in sand, under a glass, in bottom-heat ;
loam and peat. Summer temp., 60° to 809; win-
ter, 50° to 55°.
E. tongiflo'rum (long-flowered). 30. White.
June. Caraccas. 1820.
EXOTICS. Plants belonging to a country
different from that in which they are
growing.
EXTRAVASATED SAP may arise from five
causes.
EXT
C 343
EYS
1. The acrid or alkaline state of the
sap, which has been considered already,
when treating of the Canker.
2. Plethora, or that state of a plant's
excessive vigour in which the sap is
formed more rapidly than the circulatory
vessels can convey it away. When this
occurs, rupture must take place. If the
extravasation proceeds from this cause,
there is but one course of treatment to
be pursued — root-pruning, and reducing
the staple of the soil, by removing some
of it, and admixing less fertile earthy
components, as sand or chalk. This must
be done gradually, for the fibrous roots
that are suited for the collection of food
from a fertile soil are not at once adapted
for the introsusception of that from a
less abundant pasturage. Care must be
taken not to apply the above remedies
before it is clearly ascertained that the
cause is not an unnatural contraction of
the sap vessels, because, in such case,
the treatment might be injurious rather
than beneficial. We have always found
it arising from an excessive production
of sap, if the tree, when afflicted by ex-
travasation, produces at the same time
super-luxuriant shoots.
3. Local contraction of the sap ves-
sels.— If the extravasation arises from
this cause, there is usually a swelling of
the bark immediately above the place of
discharge. In such a case the cultivator's
only resource is to reduce cautiously the
amount of branches, if the bleeding
threatens to be injuriously extensive,
otherwise it is of but little consequence,
acting, like temporary discharges of blood,
as a relief to the system.
4. The extravasation of the sap from
a wound is usually the most exhausting,
and as the wound, whether contused or
cut, is liable to be a lodgement for water
and other foreign bodies opposed to the
healing of the injured part, the discharge
is often protracted. This is especially
the case if the wound be made in the
spring, before the leaves are developed,
as in performing the winter pruning of
the vine later than is proper. In such
case, the vine always is weakened, and in
some instances it has been destroyed.
5. Heat attended by dryness of the
soil, as during the drought of summer,
is very liable to produce an unnatural
exudation. This is especially noticeable
upon the leaves of some plants, and is
popularly known as honey -dew. It is
somewhat analogous to that outburst. oF
blood, which in such seasons is apt to
occur to man, and arises from the in-
creased action of the secretory and circu-
latory system to which it affords relief.
There is this great and essential difier-
ence, that, in the case of plants, the ex-
travasation is upon the surface of the
leaves, and in proportion, consequently, to
the abundance of the extruded sap are
their respiration and digestion impaired.
Azaleas sometimes, but rarely, have
the hairs on their leaves, especially on
their lower surface, beaded, as it were,
with a resinous exudation. This can
scarcely be called a disease. It is never
found but upon plants that have been
kept in a temperature too high, and in
a soil too fertile. It is an effort to relieve
the surcharged vessels, and occurs in
various forms in other plants.
The various successful applications of
liquids to plants, in order to prevent the
occurrence of the honey-dew and similar
diseases, would seem to indicate that a
morbid state of the sap is the chief
cause of the honey-dew, for otherwise it
would be difficult to explain the reason
why the use of a solution of common
salt in water, applied to the soil in which
a plant is growing, can prevent a disease
caused by insects. But if we admit th«t
the irregular action of the sap is the
cause of the disorder, then we can under-
stand that a portion of salt introduced in
the juices of the plant would naturally
have an influence in correcting any mor-
bid tendency, either preventing the too
rapid secretion of sap, stimulating it in
promoting its regular formation, or pre-
serving its fluidity ; and that by such
a treatment the honey-dew may be en-
tirely prevented, we have often witnessed
when experimentalizing with totally
different objects. Thus we have seen
plants of various kinds, which have been
treated with a weak solution of common
salt and water, totally escape the honey-
dew, where trees of the same kind
growing in the same plot of ground not
so treated, have been materially injured
by its ravages.
EYE-BKIGHT. Euphra'sia.
EYSENHA'RBTIA. (Named after Eysen-
hardt, a Prussian botanist. Nat. ord.,
Leguminous Plants [Fabaceffi]. Linn.,
17 -Diadclphiu &-Decandria. Allied to
Amorpha.)
Cuttings ot young shoots in sand, in bottom-
FAB [ 8
heat, in April or May; loam and peat. Summer
•temp., 60° to 85° ; winter, 50° to 55°.
:£. amorphoi'des (amoniha-like). 15. Pale yel-
low. June. Mexico. 1838.
F.
FA'BA. Garden Bean. (From phago,
to eat. Nat. ord., Leguminous Plants
[Fabaceae]. Linn., I7-l)iadelphia ±-De-
candria.)
Botanists place the Garden Bean among the
Vetches (Vi'cia) ; hut, for practical purposes, we
prefer keeping it distinct, under the old name,
which now gives the comprehensive designation
Fabaceae to this large assemblage of plants.
Hardy annual. For culture, see BEAN.
F. vulga'ris (common). 3. White. July. Egypt.
equi'na (horse). 3. Purple. July.
FABA'GO. See ZYGOPHY'LLUM.
FABIA'NA. (Named after F. Fabiano,
a Spaniard. Nat. ord., Nightshades
[Solanacese]. Linn., 5-Pentandria 1-
Monogynia. Allied to Vestia.)
A half-hardy evergreen shrub, having the aspect
of a Cape Heath. Seeds in a hotbed, in March ;
cuttings of firm young shoots in sand, under a
bell-glass, in April; set at first in a cold green-
house or pit, and then plunged in a mild bottom-
heat ; sandy peat. Winter temp., 40° to 48°. '
F. imbrica'ta (scaly). 3. White. May. Chili. 1838.
FABRI'CIA. (Named after Fabricius, a
Swedish naturalist. Nat. ord., Myrtle-
blooms [Myrtaceae]. IAnn.,l2-Icosandria
1-Monoyynia. Allied to Leptospermum.)
Like Melaleucas, Beaufortias, Eucalyptus, Me-
trosideros, and other Australian Myrtleblooms,
they are peculiarly adapted for winter gardens,
either under glass, or for planting against heated
conservatory walls. Australian evergreens. By
seeds in a hotbed ; but as the plants thus raised
are long in flowering, more generally by cuttings
of the young shoots getting firm in summer, un-
der a bell-glass, and in sand; saudy loam and
peat. Winter temp., 37° to 45°.
F. Iceviga'ta (smooth-leaved), S. Yellow. June.
1788.
— myrtifv 'lia (myrtle-leaved). 3. Yellow.
— seri'cea (silky). 2. Yellow. 1820.
— stri'cta (erect). 3. June. 182;.
FADYE'MA. (Named after Dr. Fadyen,
author of a Flora of Jamaica. Nat. ord.,
Ferns [Polypodiacese]. Linn.,24-CVy/)/o
gamia l-Filices. Allied to Aspidium.)
This must not be confounded with Endlicher'»
Fadge'nia, which belongs to Garryads. Stove
Fern. Division ; loam and peat. See FKRNS.
F. proli'fera (proliferous). $. Brown. May.
Jamaica. 1843.
FAGE'UA. (Named after Fagel, a
botanist. Nat. ord., Leguminous Plant*
[Fabaceae]. Linn., 17-Diadelphia 4-De-
candria. Allied to Cajana.)
Greenhouse evergreen twiner. Seeds, steeped
4 ] FAG
in warm water, sown in light soil, and put in a
mild hotbed. Cuttings of the points of young
shoots before thty fjethard, in sand, undera bell-
glass ; peat and loam, both sandy and lumpy.
Winter temp., 40° to 48°.
F. bitumino'sa (pitchy). 4. Yellowish-purple.
June. Cape of Good Hope. 1/74.
FAGOPY'RUM. (From phago, to eat,
and pyren, a kernel ; referring to the
triangular kernel of the nut. Nat. ord.,
Buckwheats [Polygoniacese]. Linn., 8-Oc-
tandria'S-Trigynia. Allied to Polygonum.)
Hardy annual. Seed in April. Common soil.
F. cymo'sum (cymed). Pink. July. Nepaul. 1827.
FAGRJL'A. (Named after Dr. Fagraus.
Nat. ord., Zo^aniads [Loganiacese]. Linn.,
5-Pentandria 1-Monogynia. Allied to
Logania. )
Loganiads stand foremost among the most
deadly poisons in the vegetable kingdom. Stove
evergreen trees. Cuttings of young shoots be-
ginning to get firm, in April, in sand, under a
bell-glass, and in bottom-heat; peat and loam.
Summer temp., 60° to 80° ; winter, 55° to 60°.
F. obova'ta (reversed-egg-feaued). 20. White.
Silhet. 1816.
— Zeyla'nica (Ceylon). 12. White. Ceylon. 1816.
FA'GUS. The Beech. (From phago, to
eat ; referring to the edible seeds. Nat.
ord., Mastworts [Corylaceaej. Linn., 21-
Moncecia Q-Polyandria.}
By seeds, gathered in autumn, dried in the sun,
kept dry during the winter, and sown in light
soil, in March. They might be sown in the
autumn, only mice, &c., make havoc among them ;
loamy soil, over chalk, suits them well, as tha
roots* seldom run deep. The different varieties
are propagated by grafting in March and April.
The male catkins, when swept up, arc often
used for packing fruit, and filling piilows for the
poor man's bed. The morel and the truffle are
chiefly found under beeches.
EVERGREENS.
F. betuloi'des (birch-like). 50. Magellan. 1830.
Hardy.
— Cunningha'mii (Cunningham's). New Zea-
land. 1843. Halt-hardy.
HARDY DECIDUOUS.
F. anta'rctica (antarctic). 50. Magellan. 1830.
— castaneefo'lia (chestnut-leaved). June. N.
Amer.
— Comptoniafo'lia (Comptonia-leaved). May.
— ferrugi'nea (American rusty). 30. June. N.
Amer. 1/66.
Carulinia'na (Carolina). Carolina.
— puipu'rea (purple). April. Germany.
— syloa'tica (annt/io* wood). 70. June. Britain.
— — — Aniei'ica'na (American). 100. May. N.
Amer.
a'tro-ru'bens (dark-red-/ea«ed). SO. June
— — — crista'ta (crested-teawed). 30. May.
cu'prea (copper -coloured-Veaoed). 70.
May,
— fu'tiis arge'nteis (silver-leaved). May.
— fo'tiis au'rris (golden-leaved). June.
— — . heterophy'lla (various-leaved). 40. April.
May.
inci'sa (cut- leaved). 10. June.
pe'ndulu (pendulous). May. Gardens.
FAL
[ 343 ]
FEL
(Named after Fa/A-, a Swedish
botanist. Nat. ord., Bindweeds [Convol-
vulaceffi]. ~Linn.,5~Pentandria I-Diyynia.)
Greenhonse evergreen creeper. Cuttings under
a hand-glass, in sandy peat, in April or May ;
peat and loam. Winter temp., 35° to 45°.
F. refpens (creeping). $. Pink. July. Cape
of Good Hope. 17/4.
FALL OF THE LEAF. Dr. Lindley
thus explains this phenomenon : — In the
course of time a leaf becomes incapable
of performing its functions ; its passages
are choked up by the deposit of sedi-
mentary matter ; there is DO longer a
free communication between its veins
and the wood and liber. It changes
colour, ceases to decompose carbonic
acid, absorbs oxygen instead, gets into a
morbid condition, and dies; it is then
thrown off. This phenomenon, which
we call the fall of the leaf, is going on
the whole year. Those trees which lose
the whole of their leaves at the approach
of winter, and are called deciduous, be-
gin, in fact, to cast their leaves within a
few weeks after the commencement of
their vernal growth ; but the mass of
their foliage is not rejected till late
in the season. Those, on the other
hand, which are named evergreens,
part with their leaves much more
slowly ; retain them in health at the time
when the leaves of other plants are
perishing ; and do not cast them till a
i-ew spring has commenced, when other
trees are leafing, or even later. In the
latter class, the function of the leaves
is going on during all the winter, al-
though languidly; they are constantly
attracting sap from the earth through the
spongelets, and are therefore in a state
of slow but continual winter growth.
FALLOWING is needless where there is
a due supply of manure, and a sufficient
application of the spade, fork, and hoe
to the soil. Fallowing can have no other
beneficial influence than by destroying
weeds, aiding the decomposition of of-
fensive exuviae, exposing the soil to the
disintegrating influence of the air, and
accumulating in it decomposing matter.
Now all these effects can be produced by
judicious manuring, and a constant ap-
plication of the hoe and fork.
FALSE BLOSSOM is the very erroneous
name applied sometimes to the male
flowers, which, containing only stamens,
do not produce fruit, yet are essential tor
causing fruitfulness in what gardeners
call the true blossoms which contain the
pistils.
FAN PALM. Co'rypha.
FARA'MEA. (The derivation has not
been explained ; probably a commemo-
rative one. Nat. ord., Cinckonads [Cin-
chonacese]. Linn., 8-Triandria \-Muno~
yynia. Allied to the Coffee-tree.)
A sweet-scented stove evergreen bush, long
known in our gardens as Tetrame'rium. Cut-
tings of firm young shoots in May, in sand,
under a bell-glass, in bottom-heat ; peat and loam,
both fibry, with silver-sand, and lumps of charcoal.
F. odorati'ssima (most-fragrant). 6. White.
W. Ind. 1793.
FARINA, a name for the pollen or fer-
tilizing dust produ 'ed by the anthers, or
male organs, of a flower.
FARM-YARD MANURE. See DUNG.
FARSE'TIA. (Named after Farseti, an
Italian botanist. Nat. ord., Crucifurs
[Brassicaceae], Linn., Ib-Tetradynamia.
Allied to Alyssum.)
Hardy annuals sow in border, in March or
April ; hardy perennials, by division and seeds ;
half-hardy evergreens, by cuttings under a hand-
light, in May, in sandy loam. Sandy loam ; good
for rock-works and mounds. The half-hardy
should have the protection of a pit in winter.
HARDY.
F. cheiranthifo'lia (wallflower-leaved). 1. Yel-
low. July. Levant. 18)8. Annual.
— clypea'ta (buckler-podded). l£. Ye'low. July.
South Europe. 1596. Herbaceous per-
ennial.
HALF-HARDY EVERGREENS.
F. cheiranthoi'des (stock-like). 1. White, purple.
July, Levant. 1788.
— erioca'rpa (woolly-fruited). 1. Yellow. July.
Greece. 1820.
— lunanoi'dcs (lunaria-like). 1. Yellow. July.
Archipelago. 1731.
— suffrutico'sa (sub-shrubby). 1. Violet. April.
Persia. 1823.
FASCICLE is the name applied to flowers
on small stalks variously sub- divided and
attached to one flower-stem, and collected
into a close bundle, level at the top, as in
the Sweet William.
FEABERRY. A local name for the
Gooseberry.
FEATHERS. See ANIMAL MATTERS.
FE'DIA. (A word of unknown origin.
Nat. ord., Valerianworts [Valerianace;v].
Linn., 2-Diandria \-Monogynia. Allied
to Centranthus.)
Hardy annuals. Seeds in the open border,
in April.
F. cornur.o'piee (cornucopia-/ru«7/?d). 1. Red.
July. South Europe. 1/96.
— graciliftu'ra (slender-flowered). £. Pink. July.
Algiers.
FELI'CIA. (From felix, bappy; from
their cheerful appearance. Nat. ord.,
FEL
[ 346 ]
FEB
Composites [Asteracese} Linn., IQ-Syn-
genesia 2-Frustranea. Allied to Aster.)
Natives of the Cape of Good Hope. Annuals,
sown in open border, in April ; evergreens re-
quire the protection of a cool greenhouse, and
may be easily raised by cuttings under a hand-
light, in May ; soil, chiefly sandy loam.
HAEDY ANNUAL.
F. tene'lla (delicate). Violet. June. 17Gg.
GREENHOUSE EVERGREENS.
F. angustifo'lia (narrow-leaved). 4. Lilac. May.
1812.
glu'bra (smooth). 6. Blue. May. 1804.
— echina'ta (prickly). Yellow. May. 1820.
— refle'xa (bent-back). Red, white. February.
1759.
Some of the above have been described under
the genus Aster.
FELWORT. Swe'rtia,
FEMALE FERN. Asple'niumfi'lix-fce'mina.
FENCES are employed to mark the
boundary of property, to exclude tres-
passers, either human or four-footed, and
to afford shelter. They are either live
fences, and are then known as hedges; or
dead, and are then either banks, ditches,
palings, or ivalls; or they are a union of
two, to which titles the reader is referred.
FENNEL (Ane't/nimfceni'culum) in a dry
soil is longest- lived. It is propagated both
by offsets, partings of the root, and by
seed, any time between the beginning of
February and the end of April. The best
season for sowing is autumn, soon after
the seed is ripe, at which time it may
also be planted.
Insert the plants a foot apart, and the
seed in drills, six or twelve inches asunder,
according as it is intended that the plants
are to be transplanted or to remain.
When advanced to the height of four or
five inches, if they are intended for re-
moval, the plants are pricked out eight
inches apart, to attain strength for final
planting in autumn or spring. Water must
be given freely at every removal, and until
established, if the weather is at all dry.
The stalks of those that are not required
to produce seed must be cut down as
often as they run up in summer. If this
is strictly attended to the roots will last
for many years ; but those which are
allowed to ripen their seed seldom endure
lor more than five or six.
FENNEL-FLOWER. Nige'lla.
FENUGREEK. Trignne'lla.
FE'NZLIA. See DIANTHOI'DIS.
FERNANDE'ZIA. (After Fernandez, a
Spaniard. Nat. ord., Orchids [Orchi-
dacefe]. Linn., %Q-Gynandrici l-Monan
dria. Allied to Brassla.)
Stove orchids, with yellow flowers. Divisions ;
urfy peat and potsherds, raised in the pots, and
veil drained. Summer tern;)., 65° to 90°, with
moist atmosphere ; winter, 60°, and drier.
F. acu'ta (acute-leaned). £. June- Trinidad. 1834.
— e'legans (.elegant). £. June. Trinidad. 1817.
— longijo'lia (long-leaved). July. Merida.
— luni'fera(cTe¢-lipped), July. Manilla. 1810.
— robu'sta (robust). May. Guatimala. 1841.
FERNE'LIA. (Named after J. Fernel, a
French physician. Nat. ord., Cinchonads
"Cinchonacese]. Linn., k-Telrandria 1-
Monoyynia. Allied to Condalia.)
Stove evergreen shrubs. Cuttings of firm young
shoots in May, in sand, under a bell-glass, and in
Dottom-heat ; peat and loam, lumpy and sandy.
Summer temp., 60° to 80°; winter, 50° to 55°.
F. Imxifo'lia (box-leaved). Isle of France. 18l6.
— obova'ta (feversed-egg-/ea»ed). Isle of France.
1816.
FERO'NIA. (After Feronia, the goddess
of the groves. Nat. ord., Citronworts
[Aurantiacece]. Linn., IQ-Decandria 1-
Monogynia. Allied to the Orange.)
The young leaves, when bruised, are said to be
deliciously fragrant ; the flowers and wood also
partake of the fragrance of the orange and citron.
JStove evergreen. Cuttings of ripe young shoots
in spring or summer, in sandy peat, under a bell-
glass, and in bottom-heat ; loam, peat, rotten
dung, and a little sand. Bummer temp., 60° to
80° ; winter, 48° to 55°.
F. elepha'ntum (elephant-apple). 4. Blush. April.
E. Ind. 1801.
FERNS. STOVE FERNS.
Propagation : by Division. — Any species
of Fern that sends out stolons, or creep-
ing stems underground, readily increases
by division. This requires considerable
care. They should never be divided till
the parts to be separated have a portion of
roots to each. Turn the plants out of the
pots, and with a sharp knife divide the
plants into as many parts as have roots
and a small ball ; pot them into pots only
a little larger than the little ball ; drain
them well, give a gentle watering, and
place them in a shady place till they begin
to grow again, and send up fresh fronds.
By Young Buds on the Fronds. — Several
species produce miniature or embryo
plants on the fronds. These should be
pegged down in a pot filled with the
proper soil, and placed so near to the
parent plant as to allow the fronds to re-
main attached to it. When the buds
have made roots into the new soil, and
pushed forth some new fronds, they
should be detached from the parent, and
potted into 2f-inch pots, gently watered,
and placed in a shady place. Some few
kinds have thesebuds or knobs so strongly
developed, that they may, when in a
FEE
[ 317 ]
FEE
sufficiently forward state, be cut off and
potted at once. Examples of this kind
of bud may be observed in Pte'ris palma'ta,
P. fffu'sa, Dare' a rhizophy'llum, and Wvod-
wa'rdia ra'dicans.
By Seed.— Several of the finest Ferns
cannot be increased by division, or, if they
can, several years elapse. If right means
are followed, they may be raised by seed.
This requires a constantly humid, warm
atmosphere, and little, if any, sunshine.
Procure a wide earthen pan, a hand or
bell-glass that will go within it, and rest
on the bottom, and a shallow, wide pot
that will stand the within the glass and
above the rim of the pan two or three
inches. Fill this pot half full of potsherds,
and upon them a sufficient number of
small pieces of turfy peat, mixed with
small pieces of sand stone, about the size
of peas, to come up to the pot. Then
take the frond of any Fern that is full of
spores or seeds, and, with the hand, brush
them off upon the prepared pot, set it in
the pan, place the glass over the pot, and
fill the pan nearly with water. Place the
whole in the warmest part of the stove,
shading it from the sun. The small
pieces of turf and stone can be easily
separated, and the seedlings on each put
into small pots, without any danger of
destroying them by the process of potting.
In the moist atmosphere of the orchid-
house, several species of Fern will come
up spontaneously in the pots, baskets,
and upon the blocks. These may be care-
fully detached as soon as they are large
enough, and potted in small pots, placed
for a time in a shady situation, and they
will soon make nice, bushy plants.
Soil. — Ferns require a light, open soil.
A compost of sandy, fibrous peat two
parts, turfy loam one part, and leaf-
mould one part, with a free admixture of
band, will suit them well.
Summer Culture. — Temperature, 65°
minimum, 75° maximum by day, and
KO0 by night.
^ Time of Potting.— Early in March,
drain well, and give a moderate shift.
Small plants may be potted twice, the
second time the first week in July.
Watering.— Ferns are like Heaths, if
they once get thoroughly dry they will
perish, therefore keep them constantly
well watered, more especially when the
pots are full of roots. Should they by
any chance appear to be suffering severely
from drought, take such and let them
stand in a vessel of water, that will cover
the top of the pot, for an hour or two.
This will thoroughly wet every part of the
ball, and often recover the plant. If
such a convenience is at hand, the
smaller Ferns, like other stove plants,
will be greatly benefited by a few weeks'
sojourn in the middle of summer in a
deep, cold pit. Here they should be well
supplied with water, and nearly every
afternoon, about three o'clock, have a
gentle syringing, shutting them up close
afterwards. As soon as the nights begin
to be cold in September, remove them
back again into the stove, and give them
an extra supply of water for a short time,
till they become used to the drier atmo-
sphere.
Winter Culture. — Temperature, 60°
maximum, and 55° minimum by day ; 52°
by night. During this season, rather
less water will be required. Eemove all
decaying fronds, and give them a top-
dressing in December. This will carry
them through till the potting season
arrives in March.
Insects. — The green fly and thrip will
frequently appear on them. Smoking
with tobacco will destroy them both.
GREENHOUSE PERNS.
Propagation. — The same methods of
increase suit the greenhouse varieties,
and also the same compost. The only
difference is in the temperature. In
summer they may be set out of doors
with the rest of the greenhouse inhabit-
ants, and brought into it as soon as
there is any danger of frost. The great
advantage of growing Ferns in a green-
house is, that they fill up many a corner
where nothing else will grow.
HARDY FERNS.
Propagation : by Division. — All that
produce side-shoots may be increased by
division. If they are planted out in a
bed, or on rock-work, they should be
taken up and divided into pieces, with a
portion of earth to each. They may be
replanted; but a better plan is to pot
them, and place them in a cold frame,
kept close, and shaded till they make
fresh roots and fronds. Scarce kinds
may be increased by seed. Even the
the rare Woo'dsia ilve'nsis has been in-
creased by seed. Something of the same
method as that described for stove Ferns
must be adopted for hardy ones. If some
small sand-stones be placed in a dump,
FER
[ 318 ]
Shady place, and the Fern seed be scat-
tered upon them, and then be covered
with a hand-glass, the seed will germi-
nate, and the stones will be covered with
Ferns. For the more rare kinds a little
extra care will be necessary. Sow them
upon rough pieces of dead turf, place
them under a hand-glass, in a situation
where they can have a close, warm, moist
atmosphere ; a cold frame, kept close in
summer, will answer admirably.
Culture. — Hardy Ferns are found in
various situations, and, consequently, re-
quire various modes of treatment. Some
grow on rocks in exposed situations;
others in boggy, moist ground ; some grow
on hedge-banks and shady woods, whilst
others, again, grow near waterfalls, where
the spray keeps them constantly moist.
To succeed in cultivating all these in one
place, an approximation must be made to
the circumstances in which they are
found wild. A low, moist soil, at the foot
of a bank of rock-work, will suit those
found in a similar situation ; the lower
part of rock will suit those found on
hedge-banks. Those found in shady
woods may be planted on the north side
of the rock-work, near to the ground ;
whilst those that grow wild on exposed
rocks, or old walls, may be placed near
the top of the rock-work in chinks be-
tween the stones. The most difficult to
manage are those found within the reach
of the spray of a waterfall. The only
way to succeed tolerably with these is to
place them so .as they can be covered
with a hand-glass in the shady side of the
rock, and to keep them moist by sprink-
ling them every day through the rose of
a watering-pot, protecting them in winter
by a covering of matting thrown over the
hand-glass in frosty weather.
FERRA'RIA. (Named after Ferrari, an
Italian botanist. Nat. ord., Irlds [Irida-
cese]. Linn., IQ-Monudelphia 1-Tri-
andria. Allied to Pardanthus.)
Very dwarf bulbs, from the Cape of Good Hope.
Seeds sown when ripe, or kept dry until the follow-
ing spring ; offsets, which are plentifully produced ;
sandy loam and a little peat; bulbs to be kept
dry after the leaves have withered ; fresh potted
when they begin to move, and then supplied -with
moisture. If planted on a warm border, placed
at least six inches deep, and the soil and young
shoots protected from frost, they may be grown
in the open ground.
F. angustifo'tia (narrow- leaved). 4. Brown.
June. 1825.
— anthero'sa (/arg^-anthered). £. Green, brown.
June. 1800.
— atra'ta (darkened;. £. Dark purple. June.
F. divatica'fa (straggling). £. Brown. June. 1825.
— elonsfa'ta (elongated). Dark purple. July.
Monte Video. 1828.
— obtusifo'lia (blunt-leaved). £. Brown. June.
1825.
— vncina'ta (hooked). £. Brown. June. 1825
— undula'ta (w&vy-leaved). $. Green, brown.
April. 1775.
FE'RULA. Giant Fennel. (Pliny's name
for this plant. Nat. ord., Umbellifem
[Apiacese]. Linn., 6-Pentandria Z-Di-
gynia. Allied to Heraclettm.)
The Giant Fennels, like the Cow Parsnips, are
peculiarly well fitted to form striking contrasts
near water, on banks, or by the recesses of rock-
work in gardens, besides their interest as furnish-
ing assafoetida from the milky juice of F. Pe'rsica,
£c. Hardy herbaceous perennials, with yellow
flowers, except where otherwise specified. Seed
in spring ; common garden-soil.
F. ammoni'aca (ammoniac). 6. White. June.
Persia. 1831.
— assafae1 tida (assafoetida). 7« July. Persia.
— campt'stris (field). 3. June. Tauria. 1820..
— capilla'ris (hair-like). 4. June. Spain. 18'JO.
— Ca'spica (Caspian). 3. July. Caucasus. 18iy.
— commu'nis (common). 13. July. South Ku-
rope. 15Q7.
— Fcru'lago (Ferulago). 6. July. South Europe.
— gltiu'cu (milky-green). 8. July. Italy. 15y6,
— longifo'lia (long-leaved). 4. July. Siberia.
1820.
— meoi'des (meum-like). 3. July. Levant. 1810.
— nu'da (naked). 1. July. Siberia. 1821.
— nudicau'lis (naked-stemmed). January. Sicily.
1825.
— obtusifo'lia ^blunt-leaved). 1. Green. July.
Greece. 1819.
— orienta'lis (eastern). 3. July. Levant. l/f-Q.
— pauciju'ga (few-paired-Jeaucd). 1$. June.
Persia. 1830.
— Pe'rsica (Persian). 6. August. Persia. 1782.
— puhe'scens (downy). 1. July. Siberia. 18aO.
— Sibi'rica (Siberian). 4. July. Siberia. 1816.
— Songa'rica (Songarican). August. Siberia.
1825.
— stri'cta (erect). 2. July. Cape of Good Hope.
1818.
— sylva'tica (wood). 3. June. Podolia. 182Q.
— <A#rsi/Z</ra(thyrse-flowered). 14. June. Can-
dia. 1823.
— Tingita'na (Tangier). 8. July. Barbary. 1680.
— villo'sa (shaggy). 1. White. July. N.Amer.
1824.
FESTOON. An arch curving downwards,
and the most graceful form for training
climbers, either out of doors or in the
conservatory.
FESTU'CA. Fescue Grass. A genus of
grasses containing some of the best of
our pasture-grasses, such as Sheep's
Fescue (F. ovi'na), and Hardish Fescue
(F. duriu'scula).
FEVERFEW. Pyre' thrum,
FEVERWORT. Trio'steum.
FICA'RIA. Pilewort. (From jieus, a
fig ; in reference to the fig-shaped little
tubers of the root. Nat. ord., Crowfoots
[Rananculacese], Linn., 13-Polyandria
6-Polygynidi Allied to Banunculus*)
FIG
[ 349
FIG
One of the prettiest of our native early spring
flowers. Hardy tubers. Division.of the tuberous
roots at any time, but best when the plant is
pushing afresh. The garden varieties, as well as
the common one, do best under the shade of trees.
F. ve'rna (spring). 4- Yellow. May. Britain.
pa'llida(\>*\K-flowered). 4- Pale yellow.
May.
— pie! no, (double-lowered). 4. Yellow. May.
Britain.
Fi'cus. Fig-tree. (The fig-tree has
nearly the same name in all the Euro-
pean languages, and is supposed to be
derived from the Hebrew name fag.
Nat. ord., Morads [Moracese], Linn., 23-
Polygamia 2-Dicecia. )
Besides the cultivated figs, there axC % vast
number of other species b-V ^nging to Ficus, all
natives of the tropics, where they arrest the atten-
tion of the traveller either by their grateful shade,
their enormous growth, or by their manner of
sending down roots from their branches to sup-
port and extend their distorted arms, as in the
Banyan-tree. By layers and cuttings ; by the
latter mode in the case of greenhouse and stove
species. In either case, dry the cut ends before
inserting them in sandy soil, but not removing
more of the leaves than those at the joint cut
through ; in each case.place ahand-light over them.
For the stove species there should be the addition
of a hotbed ; peat and loam will suit them well,
the latter should preponderate when compactness
of growth is desirable. F. ela'stica is. the India-
rubber plant. F. Ca'rica, the cultivated fig, is
the only one hardy enough to bear our climate.
Most ol the stove species will do in a warm green-
house. See FIG.
GREENHOUSE EVEEGREENS.
f . Cape'nsis (Cape). 4. Cape of Good Hope. 1816.
— Ca'rica (Carian. Common Fig). 15. June.
South Europe. 1548. Deciduous.
— corda'ta (heart-/eawed). 6. Cape of Good Hope.
1802.
— macrophy'lla (large-leaved). 14. N. Holland.
— pu'milu (dwarf). 4. China. 1759. Trailer.
— stipula'ta (stipulate). 4- China. 1771. Creeper.
STOVE EVERGREENS.
F. arbutifo'lia (arbutus-leaved). March. 1825.
— nurnnti'aca (orange-like). 10. 1824.
— Benjami'na (Benjamin-tree). 10. E. Ind. 1/57.
— coria'cea (le&thery- leaved). 10. E. Ind. 17/2.
— corona' ta (crowned). 6. June. 1800.
— crassine'rvia (thick-nerved). 10. S.Amer. 1823.
— dvmo'ta (bushy). 6. 1825.
— eln'stica (elastic-gwm). 20. E. Ind. 1815.
— elli'ptica (oval). 20. S.Amer. 1824.
— Hooktfri( Hooker's). 6. W. Ind. 1816.
— infecto'ria (staining). 15. W. Ind. 1763.
— laniga'ta (polished), 6. W. Ind. 1823.
— ttucoto'ma (white-cleft). 20. E. Ind. 1763.
— Hchtenstei'nii (Liechtenstein's). 3. Cape of
Good Hope. 1824;
— Loga'nii (Logan's). 20< Caraccas. 1824.
— langifo'lia (long-leaved). 20. E. Ind. 1825.
— myrtifo'lia (myrtle-leaved). 4. 1824.
— nympheeifo'tia (water-lily-leaved). 10. E. Ind.
1759.
— obtusifo'lia (blunt-leaved). 20. Mexico. 1823.
— (tppositifoflia (opposite-leaved). 4. E. Ind.
1802.
— pertu'sa(piKTce&-leaved). 8. S.Amer. 1/80.
— popu'lnea, (poplar-team*). 12. S. Arner. 1812.
F. raremo'sn (racemed). 4. E. Ind. 1759.
— religin'an i religious. Banyan-tree). 25. E. Ind.
1731.
— re'pens (creeping-stemmed). $. E. Ind. 1805.
Creeper.
— rubine'rviti (red-nerved). 10. Brazil. 1824.
— sagittu'ta (arrow-head-teaued). A. E. Ind,
1810. Creeper.
— tincto'ria (dyeing). 14. May. Society Isles.
1793.
— urophy'lla (tail-leaved). 2. June. India. 1829.
— veno'sa (veiny-/eay<?d). 10. E. Ind. 1763.
— viscifo'lia (clammy-leaved). 10. 1820.
FIDDLE -WOOD. Cithare'xylnm.
FIE'LDIA. (Named after Ba ron Field,
once chief judge of New South Wales.
Nat. ord., Gesnerworts [Gesneracese],
Linn., \4t-Didynamia 1 - Gymiiospermia.
Allied to Cyrtandra.)
Greenhouse climber ; cuttings of points of
shoots getting a little firm, or, better still, firm
side-shoots, about two inches in length, IB sandy
soil, under a bell-glass, kept shaded, and after a
fortnight placed in a mild bottom-heat ; peat and
loam, with a little sand, and pieces of charcoal.
Winter temp., 40° to 43°.
F. austra'lis (southern). 1. White. July. N
Holland. 1826.
FIG. Fi'cus Ca'rica.
Varieties. — For forcing, we recommend
the Brown Turkey, or Lee's Perpetual,
Pregussata, and White Marseilles. The
Nerii is also well spoken of. To plant
out-doors, the Brunswick, Brown Turkey,
Brown Ischia, Black Ischia, and Pregus-
sata.
Propagation. — The fig roots so firmly
by cuttings, that few resort to any other
mode. They propagate, however, as freely
by layers. Some persons, also, have
raised them from seed, but it does not ap-
pear that they are valuable, though new
kinds have been originated by such
means. Cuttings of ripe wood, about
three or four inches long, planted in pots
in January or February, and plunged in
any ordinary bottom-heat, will make very
nice plants during the same summer.
Those for forcing in pots or boxes must
be potted off when rooted, and again
plunged in bottom warmth, and the
highest course of culture pursued, shift-
ing them when necessary. Those who
plant on the open walls should do so in
the middle of March ; and if the plants
are from pots, the roots must be uncoiled
and spread nicely out. Many persons
who have established trees merely take
suckers away from them ; such only need
fastening in the soil, and, it may be, a
shading when they begin to grow.
Soil. — The fig will thrive in almost, any
ordinary garden-soil, but it is said to pro,-
FIO
[ 350 ]
FIM
fer a chalky loam. When planted against
walls out of doors, care must be taken
not to make the soil rich, for invincible
grossness would be the consequence. A
plain " maiden " soil is quite good enough
lor general purposes.
Culture in Growing Period. — Out-door
culture consists in an early disbudding
of all superfluous shoots ; this is per-
formed when the young shoots are about
three inches long, reserving all those
which are short-jointed and compact-
looking. Care must be taken to reserve
shoots for blank places. This disbudding
is generally performed at twice or thrice
during the season ; for waste and watery-
looking spray will continue to spring up
until August, especially in moist sum-
mers, and when the plants are gross.
Such disbudding should be carried out
until almost every leaf of the future year's
bearing-wood obtains a free exposure to
sunshine, say by the middle of August.
About the end of this month it is ac-
counted good practice to pinch the ends
of all growing shoots, or rather to squeeze
them with the thumb and finger. Nothing
more is needed as summer culture, except
a timely training of all reserved shoots,
in order to obtain all the sunlight possible.
Culture in Rest Period. — This merely
consists in protection from frost, and in
pruning. Towards the beginning of De-
cember, some protection ought to be
given, as mats, straw, fern fronds, or
spruce boughs. Before closing them, or,
indeed, at the end of October, every fig
which has become as large as a horse-
bean, should be pulled away, for such rob
the trees, and are sure to perish. The
trees must be uncovered again in the end
of February, if matted, otherwise such
materials as fern or straw may remain on
a little longer ; the spruce, until pruning
time. The latter operation should not be
performed until the young buds are be-
ginning to swell, when wood of a proper
character may be distinguished readily
from that which is useless. All the latter
must be cut away, unless required for
blank spaces ; but if summer disbudding
has been properly performed, there will
be little for the pruner to do. After this,
they must be duly trained.
Forcing. — Some build houses for the
fig, but most prefer growing- them in tubs
cr large pots. The general principles of
forcing them so closely resemble tuose
1'or the vine, that it will be needless to go
into details. As to general temperature,
although they will bear much heat, yet
most cultivators agree that one interme-
diate between the peach-house and the
forcing vinery is the most congenial. It
requires, however, a little more excite-
ment to bring the fig into leaf than the
peach. Under good house culture it will
produce two satisfactory crops in one
year. A first crop may be obtained as
early as May, and after a couple of
mouths or so, the second will commence
ripening; the latter being those on the
wood of the current season. The first
crop, or the embryo fruit of the previous
year, is very apt to fall prematurely,
and much care is necessary. Eegular wa-
terings the moment they are dry, and an
avoidance of atmospheric extremes, are
the best preventives. Most good culti-
vators make a point of pinching the ends
of the young shoots when about six or
eight eyes or buds in length ; this soon
causes the fruit to form in the axils of
the leaves. Frequent syringings should
be practised in the growing season ;
and when at rest they should never be
subjected to a lower temperature than
40°. Under all circumstances, the fig
delights in a soil somewhat moist: a neg-
lect of watering when necessary, even for
a day, may cause them to cast their fruit.
Fruit. — Its use is almost entirely
confined to the ripe state, as dessert ;
as for keeping, if such is attempted, it
must be on the retarding system, by par-
tial shade, and a lowering of temperature
just before ripening.
Insects.— The lied Spider and the
Broivn Scale alone cause any alarm to
Fig cultivators. The spider must be
combated by the syringe, by an occa-
sional dusting of sulphur, and by dress-
ing the shoots all over, before commenc-
ing forcing, with soap water and sulphur;
three ounces of soft soap to a gallon of
warm water, well beat up, adding four
handsful of sulphur, will make a mixture,
which, brushed into every crevice, will
extirpate both scale and spider. Sulphur,
however, should be used on the pipes
during the growing season.
FIG MARIGOLD. Mesembrya'nthemum.
FIGURE- OF-S MOTH. Episema.
FILBERT. See CO'RYLUS.
FIMBRIA'RIA. (From fimbria, fringe ;
a second name for Schwa' nnia, a fine
shrub with fringed leaves ; hence the
synonyme. Nat. ord.. Malpighiads [Mai-
FIN
[ 351 J
FLO
pighiaceae]. Linn., IQ-Decandria k-Pen-
tur/ynia. Allied to Camarea.)
Stove evergreen climber. Cuttings of ripe shoots
in sand, under a bell-glass, in spring or summer,
and plunged in a sweet bottom-heat; sandy loam,
turfy peat, a little silver sand, and a few pieces of
charcoal. Winter temp., 50° to 55°; summer,
60° to 85°.
F. c'legans (elegant). Yellow, S. Amer. 1812.
FlNGERS-AND-TOES. See AlIBURY.
FINOCHIO, or AZOREAN FENNEL (Ane1-
thum Azo'ricum) cannot be cultivated
successfully in this country.
FIR. Pi'nus.
FIRE. See FURNACE.
FISH. See ANIMAL MATTERS.
FISCHE'RIA. (Named after Dr. Fischer,
jf St. Petersburg!!. Nat. ord., Asclepiads
[Asclepiadaceffi]. Linn., o-Pentandna
2-Di(/ynia. Allied to Gonolobus.)
Stove evergreen climber. Cuttings of shoots,
young or old, in light, open soil, and in heat ;
peat and loam, with broken bricks and charcoal
mixed with the compost, in addition to good
drainage. Summer temp., 60° to 80°; winter,
48° to 55°.
F. sca'ndens (climbing). Green, yellow. May.
S. Amer. 1826.
FITZRO'YA. (So called after Capt. B.
Fitzroy, R.N., commander of a surveying
expedition. Nat., ord., Conifers [Coni-
ferae]. Linn., 2l-Moncecia Q-Polyandria.)
Evergreen hardy tree. Cultivated like the
Ce'drus deoda'ra.
F. Patago'nica (Patagonian). 80. Yellow, green.
Patagonia.
FLACOU'RTIA. (Named after E. Fla-
court, a French botanist. Nat. ord.,
Bixads [Flacourtiaceae]. 'Liim.)Z2-Di(ecia
12-Polyandria.)
Stove evergreens with white flowers, the fruit of
which is wholesome. Cuttings of half-ripened
shoots in April, in sand, and in heat, under a
bell-glass ; peat and loam. Summer temp., 60°
to 85° ; winter, 50° to 55°.
F. catuphru'cta (all-armed). 4. E. Ind. 1804.
~~flave'scens (yellowish). 15. Guinea. 1780.
— ine'rmis (unarmed). 20. E. Ind. 181Q.
— Ramo'ntchi (Ramontchi). 12. July. Mada-
gascar. 1775.
— rhamnoi'des (rhamnus-like). 4. Cape of Good
Hope. 1816.
— rotundifo'lia (round-leaved). 12. E.Ind. 1820.
— su'pida (well-tasted. Esculent). 10. E.Ind. 1800.
— sepia'ria (hedge). 6. E.Ind. 18)6.
FLAGELLA'RIA. (FicomJIugello, to whip
or scourge ; in reference to the long, flexi-
ble shoots. Nat. ord., Spiderworts [Coin-
melinacese]. Linn., 6-Hexandria 3-
Tric/ynia.)
Stove evergreen climber. Cuttings in sand,
under a bell-glass, but chiefly by suckers ; peat
and loam; more curious than beautiful; leaves
very astringent.
F. I'ndica (Indian). 7. White. June. India. 1782.
FLAKE is the term by which a carnation
is distinguished that has two colours,
only, and these extending through the
length of the petals.
FLAME -LILY. Pyroli'rion.
FLAX. Li' num.
FLAX-LILY. Pho'rmium.
J?lJAX-S'lAH.L'ysiffia'c/iiali'num stella' turn.
FLINJDE'RSIA. (Named in honour ot'
Capt. M. Flinders, R.N., who explored
the coast of New Holland in the begin-
ning of this century. Nat. ord., Cedretads
[Cedrelacese], Linn., IQ-Decandria 1-
Monoyynia. Allied to Chloroxylon.)
A greenhouse evergreen tree. Cuttings of the
ripened shoots in sand, under a bell-glass, in
spring ; loam and peat. Winter temp., 38° to 45°.
F. austraflis (southern). 60. White. N. Hoi-
land. 1823.
FLORESTI'NA. (Derivation not ex-
plained. Nat. ord., Composites [Astera-
cese]. Linn., 19-Synytiiesia l-^Equalu.
Allied to Bahia.)
Seeds of callo'sa in the open ground, in April ;
seeds of peda'ta in a hotbed, in March, arid
transplanted in May to a sheltered situation, or
grown in a cool greenhouse.
F. callo'sa (hardened). 1$. White. June.
Arkansas. 1824.
— peda'ta (double-lobed-/ea»ed). White. July.
Mexico. 1803.
FLORETS. The small stalkless flowers
united on a common undivided recep-
tacle, and enclosed in one common cah x
to form a compound flower.
FLORIST. A dealer in flowers, flowering
shrubs, and their seeds.
FLORISTS' FLOWERS are those which,
by their beauty or fragrance, power to
produce permanent varieties, and facility
of cultivation, are so largely in demand
as to render them especially worthy of
cultivation as an article of commerce.
Mr. Glenny has justly enumerated the
necessary characteristics of a florists'
flower to be — 1st. The power to be per-
petuated and increased by slips and other
modes independent of its seed. 2ndly.
The power to produce new varieties from
seed, capable, like their parent, of being
perpetuated; and, thirdly, it must pos-
sess sufficient interest and variety to be
grown in collections.
At present, the chief florists' flowers
are the Amaryllis, Anagallis, Anemone,
Auricula, Calceolaria, Carnation, Chry-
santhemum, Cineraria, Crocus, Dahlic,
Fritillary, Fuchsia, Gladiolus, Hyacinth,
Hydrangea, Ixia, Iris, Lily, Lobelia,
Narcissus, Pansy, Peony, Pelargonium,
Petunia, Phlox, Pink, Polyanthus, Ra-
nunculus, Rhododendron, Rose, Tulip,
Tuberose, Verbena.
FLO
[ 35-2 j
FLO
FLOWER. Sec BLOOM.
FLOWER FENCE. Poinda'na.
FLOWERING ASH. O'rnus.
FLOWER OF JOVE. Ly' chnis flo' s Jo'vis
FLOWER-GARDEN is that portion of the
ground in the vicinity of the residence
disposed in parterres and borders, te
n anted by flowers and flowering shrubs
and among walks and lawns, so that th
occupiers of the house may have read)
access to what is so beautiful in form, co
lour, and fragance. See LANDSCAPE GAR
DENING, PLANTATION, &c.
FLOWER-POTS are of various sizes and
names : —
Thimbles and thumbs ; any size under thre
inches diameter at the top.
Width of top
in inches.
Depth in
inches.
Old
Name.
Three-inch pot
Five-inch ....
Six-inch
3
5
g
4
5
Q
60s
48s
32s
Eight-inch ..
Nine-inch ....
Elerai-inch ... .
Tw elve-inch . .
Thirteen-inch
Fifteen-inch . .
Eighteen-inch .
8
9
11
12
13
15
18
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
24s
16s
12s
8s
6s
4s
2s
In addition to the above, there is a
description of flower-pots called uprights,
which are used for growing; bulbous
plants, the roots of which do not spread
laterally, but perpendicularly. They are
deeper in proportion to their width than
common flower-pots, and may be thus
particularised : —
Top width
in inches.
1 Depth in
inches.
Upright 15-inch
(Old upright
l6s).....7
15
16
Used for growing 7, or
a large mass of Gla-
UprightS-inch
;Old upright
2ts)
8
10
bulbs of Japan lilies ;
for ordinary-sized Al-
stromerias ; and for
large tubers of Tro-
pee'olum tricolo'rum
and its allies.
For 5 Hyacinths, Nar-
cissi, or strong early
Upright 6-inch
(Old upright
3-2s)
6
7
Standard and Rex
rubo'rurn.
For 3 Hyacinths, or
Narcissi, and for 1
Upright 5-inch
(Old upright
48»)
5
6
ricula, &c.
For single Hyacinths.,
or Narcissi ; for 5
and for 4 dwarf early
Tulips, such as the
Van Houtte.
For sizes larger than 15-inch it is
needless to have any pots but those ot'
the usual proportions.
Thimbles are sometimes called "small
nineties," and thumbs, " large nineties."
The form and material also vary.
Mr. Beck makes them- very successfully
of slate ; and the prejudice against glazed
pots is now exploded.
It was formerly considered important
to have the pots made of a material as
porous as possible ; but a more miserable
delusion never was handed down untested
from one generation to another. Stone-
ware and china-ware are infinitely prefer-
able, for they keep the roots more uni-
formly moist and warm. Common
garden-pots, if not plunged, should be
thickly painted. Large pots have been
recommended to be employed, and there
is no doubt that this is a system much
abridging the gardener's labour ; but as
with due care small pots will produce
magnificent specimen plants, we cannot
recommend an adoption of large pots, in.
suring as they do such an immense sacri-
fice of room in the hot and greenhouses.
Captain Thurtell, one of the most success-
ful of growers of the Pelargonium, never
employed pots larger than twenty-fours.
It is usual to have saucers in which to
place flower-pots when in the house, and
so far as preventing stains and the oc-
currence of dirt, they are deserving adop-
tion ; but as to their being used for
applying water to plants^ they are worse
than useless, except to plants almost
aquatic. The great difficulty in pot culti-
vation is to keep the drainage regular ;
and no more eflective preventive of this
could be devised than keeping a pot in a
saucer containing water. No plan for
most cultivated plants could be invented
more contrary to nature ; for we all know-
hat she supplies moisture to the surface
of the soil, and allows it to descend, thus
supplying the upper roots first. For draw-
"ngs of various flower pots see Tite
Voltage Gardener, No. 64.
FLOWER STAGES are made for the exhi-
bition of flowers at shows, in the green-
"louse, and elsewhere. The following are
lome very judicious observations on the
mbject :*— The first object in the construc-
ion of stages should ba to have them
o formed and situated as to afford facili-
ies for grouping plants ; the second
ihould be to give plants more the ap-
learance of growing in borders than upon
FLU
[ 353 ]
FOL
artificial structures ; and the third to keep
the pot out of sight. This is requisite
for two reasons : first, because they are
no ornament; and, secondly, that it is
always desirahle to protect the plant from
being scorched by exposure to the sun.
It is also desirable to adopt another mode
of construction, for the purpose of giving
plants that aspect which is most suited to
their habits ; and, therefore, instead of
placing the stages from the front to the
back of the bouse, as is generally the case,
let them be placed in groups of stages,
thus producing an effect similar to the
borders in a well-arranged flower-garden.
The spectators, in their progress from
group to group, would be attracted by the
separate display in each, instead of
having their attention drawn away by a
whole blaze of beauty at once.
Mr. Ainger, also, makes these good sug-
gestions : — Stages are frequently formed
of an equal or nearly equal series of as-
cents, in consequence of which the upper
plants are by no means so well seen as
the lower ones. The proper plan is to
commence by small elevations, gradually
increasing as the shelves recede from the
eye. The lowest shelf to be eighteen
inches from the floor, the first rise is six
inches, the next nine, twelve, fifteen,
eighteen, twenty-one, and so on. The
upoer shelves should also be broader than
the lower, for larger pots. The advan-
tage of this arrangement, as commanding
a better view of the flowers, is obvious.
FLUES are pipes formed of brick or
slate, for conducting heated air through
stoves or other buildings where a high
artificial temperature is desired. It is a
mode of heating much less used than
formerly, being superseded by the much
more manageable and effectual modes of
heating by hot water ; and flues have the
additional disadvantages, that they re-
quire frequent sweeping, and that they
emit a sulphurous fume that is injurious
to plants, and disagreeable to the fre-
quenters of the structures so heated.
This has been obviated by using Valencia
slates in the place of bricks ; yet flues
under few circumstances can compare
with either the pipe or tank system of
hot-water heating. When flues are em-
ployed, they are constructed inside and
near the walls of the building ; each flue
eight or nine inches wide in the clear, by
two or three bricks on edge deep, ranged
In )rizontally one over the other the whole
08
length of the back wall, in three or four
returns communicating with each other,
continued, also, along the end and front
walls in one or two ranges, to be used
occasionally ; furnished with a regulator
to slide open and shut as required, the
whole proceeding from the first lower-
most flue, which communicates imme-
diately from the furnace or fire-place
behind either the back wall at one end, or
in the back part of the end walls ; or if
very long stoves, 01 more than forty feet
length, two fire-places are requisite, one
at each end ; each having its set of fluea
ranging half-way ; each set of flues ter-
minating in an upright chimney at the
end of the back outside. Flues are
merely chimneys horizontal, instead of
being entirely upright, terminating, how-
ever, generally in an upright tube or
shaft, which discharges their contents
into the open air. They are most effectual
when they traverse the ends and the front
of the house; as, if the back wall is a
solid material, there can be less danger of
cold there. Arrangements must be made
for a good draught, by having the bottom
of the furnace two feet below the level of
the bottom of the flue. The flue should,
after entering the house, rise a little to
the extreme end. It should stand a little
raised above the floor, and never be placed
below it, unless when well supplied with
air by cross drains. It should be con-
structed of the best brick and tiles, be
plastered over if a strong heat is neces-
sary, and merely whitewashed if a heat is
only wanted occasionally. Evaporating
basins should be secured, so that the
atmosphere be supplied with moisture as
well as heat. See STOVE.
FLUED WALL. See WTALL.
FLY. See BLACK FLEA.
FLYWORT. Myu'nthus.
FCE'TIDA. (From fcetidvs, fetid ; re-
ferring to the unpleasant smell of the
leaves and wood. Nat. ord., Burrinff-
oniads [Barringtoniacese]. Lirin., 12-
Icosandria '3-Polyyynia. Allied to Gus-
tavia.)
Cuttings of ripe wood, with the leaved re-
maining, in sand, in spring, under a bell-xl.™*,
md in heat; fibry loam and turfy pear, with
ilver sand. Summer temp., 60° to 75°; winter,
48° to 55°.
F. Mauritia'na (Mauritius). 26. White. Mau-
ritius. 1825.
FOGGING-OFF. The same as dumping-
>ff-
FOLLICLE, a seed vessel of one entire
2 A
TON
I 354 ]
FOR
piece, and one-celled, bursting length- 1 plantations, shrubberies, and fruit-bor-
wise, and having the seed on or near its - ders, a two-pronged fork is olten .employed;
edges, on a receptacle parallel with it. | but that with three prongs is quite as
Examples are the seed-vessels of the unobjectionable, and a multiplicity^ of
Periwinkle and Peony.
FONTANE'SIA. (In honour of the
French botanist, Des Fontaines. Nat.
ord., Oliveworts [Oleacese]. Linn., 2-Dian-
drta 1-Monogynia. Allied to Lilac.)
Grafted standard high on the Manna Ash
(Ornus) it would make an interesting object on
lawns. It resembles the common Privet, but
with rough bark. Layers and cuttings under a
hand-glass, in autumn, and by grafting on the
Privet. When grown to a single stem it has a
graceful appearance, owing to its slender, droop-
ing branches.
F.phillyraoi'des (phillyrea-like), 12. Yellow.
August. Syria. 1787.
FORCING is compelling culinary vege-
tables to be edible, flowers to bloom, and
fruits to ripen at unnatural seasons,
being the very contrary of the object for
which our greenhouses and hothouses
are constructed ; viz., to secure a tempe-
rature in which their tenants will be
in perfection at their natural seasons.
Under the heads of HOTBEDS, and of
each particular plant, will be found direc-
tions for forcing, and it will be sufficient
tools is an expensive folly. Dr. Yelloly's
fork is certainly a good working imple-
ment. Entire length, three feet three
and a half inches; handle's length, two
feet two inches ; its diameter, one and a
half inch; width of the entire prongs,
seven inches at the top; width at the
points, six inches ; prongs, thirteen and
a half inches long, and at the top seven-
eighths of an inch square, tapering to a
point. The straps fixing the head to the
handle are eleven inches long, two inches
wide, and half an inch thick, feathering
off; weight of fork, eight pounds.
Leaf-fork. Mr. Toward, of Bagshot
Park, describes a very serviceable imple-
ment of this kind. He says: — One person
with this implement will take up with
greater facility more leaves than two per-
sons could do with any other tool. It is
simply a large four-lined fork, made of
wood, shod with iron ; the tines are
eighteen inches long, and are morticed
into a head about seventeen inches long,
and one and a half inch by two and a
here to coincide with Dr. Lmdley m say- ; uarter inches thick> The tines are one
ing, that as forced flowers are always less j inch in width and Qne and a balf inch in
beautiful and less fragrant, and forced ; d th at the head dual] tapering to
vegetables and fruits less palatable : and | & int with a curye or bend rds.
less nutritious than those perfected at ; TJ£ WQod Qf which t} ^ ^^
theirnatural periods,itis desirable, atthehtto be hard and tough . either oak
very least to devote as much effort and ex- Or8agh ^ d but the jg^ ,do.
pense to obtain superior produce at accus- ; ^^ ig prefe^ble to either. T£e head
tomed times as to the procuring it un- j should b(fmade of ash with a handle of
seasonably. Karity is good, but excellence , the samej and should be two feet fcmr
is best. 'inches long. Its recommendations are
FoEE-EiGHTSHOOTsaretheshootswhich ; itg size and°lightness . the leaves, also, do
are emitted directly in front of branches | not h n it fts Qn ft common fork
trained against a wall, and consequently, ; ^ j » J f ^ tineg tearin tbem
cannot be trained m without an acute
asundey
bending, which is always in some degree j FoEMjCA See ANT
ing back fruit-trees in summer, and of
pruning forest-trees at any time, by which
the lower branches are shortened, with-
out removing them altogether.
FORGET-ME-NOT. Myoso'tis palu'stris.
FOEK. This instrument is preferable
to the spade, even for digging over open
compartments, for the soil can be re-
versed with it as easily as with the spade ;
the labour is diminished, and the pul-
verisation of the soil is more effectual.
(See DIGGING,) For stirring the soil in
ord., Oliveworts [Oleacese]. Linn., 2-Di-
andria 1 - Monugynia. Allied to Fonta-
nesia.)
Hardy deciduous shrubs. Cuttings or layers ;
common, sandy loam. F. viridi'ssima requires a
little protection.
F. suspe'nsa (hanging-down). Yellow. Japan.
— viridi'ssima (greenest). 10. Yellow. March.
North China. 1845.
FORSYTE'S PLAISTER for healing the
wounds and restoring to vigour decayed
trees, was as follows: — One bushel of
FOR
355 ]
FRA
fresh cowdung ; half a bushel of rime-
rubbish, (that from ceilings of rooms is
preferable,) or powdered chalk; half a
bushel of wood-ashex ; one-sixteenth of
a bushel of sand; the last three to be
sifted line. The whole to be mixed
and beaten together until they form a
fine plaister. There is nothing in this
compound sufficiently differing from
others recommended by his contempora-
ries and predecessors to have entitled
him to call it his invention.
FORTUNE' A. (Named in compliment to
Mr. Fortune, botanical collector in China.
Nat.ord., Jug lands [Juglandacese]. Linn.,
21-Moncecia 9-Polyandria.)
A curious plant, with the aspect of a Sumach.
By seeds, and probably by grafting on smaller
species of the Walnut and Hickory. Likely to
prove hardy.
F. Chine'nsis (Chinese). 30. Green. June. North
China. 1844.
FOTHERGI'LLA. (Named after Dr.
Fotkergill. Nat.ord., Witch-Hazels [Ha-
marnelidacese]. Linn,, 12-Icosandria 2-
Digynia.)
Hardy little shrubs, from North America ; their
white, sweet-scented flowers appearing before the
leaves. Seeds, which frequently ripen in this
country, sown in spring, in a peat border, or in
pans, and transplanted; layers in March and Au-
gust ; sandy, moist peat.
F. alnifo'lia (alder-leaved). 4. May. 1765.
acu'ta (&cute-leaved). 4. June. 1/65.
ma'jor (larger). 4. May. 1/65.
obtu'sa (blnnt-leaved). 4. June. 1765.
sero'tina (fate-flowering). 4. August. 1765.
FOUNTAINS, or, as they are sometimes
called, Jets d'cau, s.urpise by their novelty,
and the surprise is proportioned to the
height to which they throw the water ;
but these perpendicular columns of water
have no pretence to beauty. The Em-
peror fountain at Chatsworth is the most
surprising in the world, for it tosses its
waters to a height of 267 feet, impelled
by a fall from a reservoir 381 feet
above the ajutage, or mouth of the pipe
from which it rushes into the air. The
supply of water, either naturally or ar-
tificially, is brought from a higher level
than the discharging pipe ; but the water
will not rise so high as the level from
whence it came, which is owing to the
resistance of the air at the discharging
point, its own gravity, and the friction oi
the sides of the pipe in which it is con-
veyed. Whatever be the form in which
the water is discharged, if it is designed
to throw it up in a perpendicular direc-
tion, the pipe must be so narrowed where
the water issues out as not to be above
one-fourth the diameter of the conduct-
ing pipe.
FOURCRO'YA. (Named after M. Four-
croy, a celebrated chemist. Nat. ord.,
Amaryllids [Amaryllidacese]. Linn., 6-
Hexandria 1 -Monogynia. Allied to Littsea.)
Amaryllids reach their maximum grandeur in
Fourcro'ya longes'va, whose flower-stem rises to
40 feet, whilst that of F. gigante'a does not ex-
ceed that of a moderate-sized Agave, and both
would thrive in the open air with us in summer.
There are only two species introduced. The fol-
lowing synonymes belong to F. gigante'a:— Fas' -
tida, tubero'sa, Cube'nsis, ri'gidu, Austra'lis, Mn~
dugascarie'nsis, and cantu'ta. They are increased
by imported seeds, or by suckers.
F. gigante'a (gigantic). 20. Green. August. S.
Amer. 1690.
— longce'va (long-lived). 40. White. May.
Mexico. 1833.
— tubiflo'ra (tube-flowered). 1. Green, red. Fe-
bruary. Mexico. 1852.
FOXBANE. Aconi'tum vulpa'ria
FOXGLOVE. Digita'lis.
FIUCTURES. If an immaterial branch
is broken, it is best to remove it entirely ;
but it sometimes happens that a stem or
branch which cannot be replaced is thus
njured, in which case it is advisable to
attempt a reduction of the fracture ; and
f it be only partial, and the stem or
sranch but small, the parts will again
unite by being put back into their natural
position, and well propped up. The cure
may be expected not to succeed if the
racture is accompanied with contusion,
or if the stem or branch is large ; and
even where it succeeds, the woody fibres
do not contribute to the union ; but the
granular and herbaceous substance only
which exudes from between the wood
and liber, insinuating itself into all inter-
tices, and finally becoming indurated in
the wood. Splints extending at least a
foot above and below the fracture should
be bound very firmly all round, and a
plaister of grafting- clay to exclude wet be
placed over all, and every precaution,
adopted to prevent the surfaces of the
wound being moved by the force of the
wind.
FRAOA'RIA. The Strawberry. (From
fragrans, perfumed ; in reference to the
flavour of the fruit. Nat. ord., JRosewnris
[Rosacese]. Linn., 12-Icosandria 1-Mo-
nogyuia.)
Hardy evergreens. Seeds, sown early in a slight
hothed, and planted out early, will in many ruses
produce fruit in the autumn of the same season.
Plants are most easily obtained by detaching the
runners. Deep loam suits them. See STRAW-
FIU
[ 356
FIU
F.BonarzVrasts (Buenos Ayres). 2. Apetal. June.
Buenos Ayres.
— Bresli'ngii(Bres\ing). 1. White. May. France.
— calyci'na (/ar#e-calyxed). 1. White. April.
France.
— Canade'nds (Canadian). 14. White. May. N.
Amer.
— Chile'nsis (Chili), f. White. May. S.Amer.
1727.
— colli'na (hill. Green Pine). 1. White. June.
Germany. 1768.
— ela'tior (taller. Hautbois). 1$. White. May.
Britain.
— grandiflo'ra (Pine. Great - flowered). 1.
White. May. Surinam. 1759-
•— Fndica (yellow. Indian). 1. Yellow. July.
India. 1805.
— Majau'fea (Majaufe de Champ). 1. White.
May. France.
— monophy'lla (one-leaved). 1. White. May.
1773.
— platanoi'des (plane-like). 1. Red. May. N.
Amer.
— ve'sca (edible. Common wild). I. White.
May. Britain.
— Virginia'na (Scarlet. Virginia.) 1. White.
April. N. Amer. 1629.
1 FEAMES are structures employed either
in forcing, or in protecting plants, and
are of various sizes.
According to the good practical rules
'. of Abercromhie, the one - light frame
may be about four feet and a half in
width from back to front, and three feet
six inches the other way; fifteen or
eighteen inches high in the back, and nine
in front, with a glass sash or light, made
to fit the top completely, to slide up and
down, and move away occasionally.
The two-light frame may be seven feet
long, four and a half wide, and fifteen or
eighteen inches high in the back, with
bars reaching from it at top to the front,
serving both to strengthen the frame and
help to support the lights ; the two lights
to be each three feet six inches wide,
made to fit the top of the frame exactly.
The three-light frame should be ten feet
six inches long, four and a half wide, and
from eighteen inches to two feet high in
the back, and from nine to twelve or fifteen
inches in front — observing that those
designed principally for the culture of
melons may be rather deeper than for
encumbers, because they generally re-
quire a greater depth of mould or earth
on the beds ; though frames, eighteen or
twenty inches in the back, and from nine
to twelve in front, are often made to serve
occasionally both for cucumbers and me-
lons. Each frame should have two cross
bars, ranging from the top of the back to
that of the front, at three feet six inches
distance, to strengthen the frame, and
support the lights ; and the three lights
.hould be each three feet six inches wide ;
the whole together being made to fit the
top of the frame exactly, every way in
length and width.
Sometimes the above sort of frames are
made of larger dimensions than before
specified ; but in respect to this it should
be observed, that if larger they are very
inconvenient to move to different parts
where they may be occasionally wanted,
and require more heat to warm the in-
ternal air ; and in respect to depth par-
ticularly, if they are but just deep enough
to contain a due depth of mould, and for
the plants to have moderate room to
grow, they will be better than if deeper,
as the plants will be then always near the
glasses, which is an essential consideration
in early work, and the internal air will
be more effectually supported in a due
temperature of warmth ; for the deeper
the frame, the less in proportion will be
the heat of the internal air, and the
plants being far from the glasses will be
some disadvantage in their early growth.
Besides, a too deep frame, both in early
and late work, is apt to draw the plants
up weakly ; for they always naturally as-
pire towards the glasses, and the more
space there is, the more they will run up ;
for which reason the London kitchen-
gardeners have many of their frames not
more than fourteen or fifteen inches high
behind, and seven in front, especially
those which are intended to winter the
more tender young plants, such as cauli-
flower and lettuce, and for raising early
small salad, herbs, radishes, &c.
The wood-work of the back, ends, and
front should be of inch or inch and a
quarter deal, as before observed, which
should be all neatly planed even and
smooth on both sides; and the joints, in
framing them together, should be so close
that no wet or air can enter. The
cross-bars or bearers at top, for the sup-
port of the glasses, should he about three
inches broad and one thick, and neatly
dovetailed in at back and front even with
both edges, that the lights may shut
down close, each having a groove or chan-
nel along the middle to conduct off all
wet falling between the lights. At the
end of each frame, at top, should be a thin
slip of board, four inches broad, up to
the outside of the lights, being necessary
to guard against cutting winds rushing
in at that part immediately upon the
plants, when th'e lights are occasionally
FRA
C 357 ]
FRA
tilted behind for the necessary admission
of ijvah air, &c.
With respect to the lights, the wood-
work of the frame should be one inch and
a half thick and two and a half broad;
ttnd the bars for the immediate support
of the glass-work should be about an incl
broad, and not more than an inch and a
half thick; for, if too broad and thick
they would intercept the rays of the sun,
so should be only just sufficient to sup
port the lights, and be ranged from the
back part to the front, nine or twelve
inches asunder.
All the wood-work, both of the frames
and lights, should be painted, to preserve
them from decay. A lead colour will be
the most eligible ; and if done three times
over, outside and in, will preserve the
wood exceedingly from the injuries of
weather, and from the moisture of the
earth and dung.
Mr. Knight has suggested an important
improvement in the form of frames. He
observes, that the general practice is to
make the surface of the bed perfectly
horizontal, and to give an inclination to
the glass. That side of the frame which
is to stand towards the north is made
nearly as deep again as its opposite ; so
that If the mould is placed of an equal
depth (as it ought to be) over the whole
bed, the plants are too far from the glass
at one end of the frame, and too near at
the other. To remove this inconvenience,
he points out the mode of forming the
bed on an inclined plane; and the frame
formed with sides of equal depth, and so
put together as to continue perpendicular
when on the bed, as represented in the
accompanying sketch.
There are several minor points in the
construction of frames that deserve at
tention. The strips of lead or wood that
sustain the panes of glass should run
across the frame, and not lengthwise;
they then neither obstruct so much the
entrance of light, nor the passing off of
rain. The inside of the frame should be
painted white, since plants generally
suffer in them for want of light : if the
accumulation of heat was required, the
colour should be black.
Raising the Frames. — It is a well-known
difficulty that the gardener has in raising
the frames so as to keep the foliage of
the plants within them at a determined
and constant distance from the glass.
To remedy this, Mr. Nairn, gardener to
J. Cresswell, Esq., of Battersea Priory,
has introduced the ingenious contrivance
represented in the accompanying sketch
and references : — A, a moveable frame ;
B B, inside lining of the pit ; c c, outer
wall. Between these the sides of the
frame pass, and are lowered or elevated
by racks and spindles, D D.
li
1
A more simple plan might perhaps be
adopted, by having frames of the same
length and breadth as the original, but
only from an inch to three inches, or up-
wards, deep. These, as necessary, might
be put on the top, and would be kept close
by the pressure of the lights ; bolts and
nuts might also be easily applied, and
the interstices rendered still more im-
pervious to air by being faced with list.
Glass and Glazing. — See. STOVE.
Shelter for the Gluts. — In proportion
to the number of lights, matting for
shading and sheltering must be at hand.
The usual mode of covering at night is
by laying on mats, and over these litter,
in thickness according to the severity of
the season. Some gardeners lay hay
immediately in contact with the glass,
and over this the mats. Every person
conversant with these modes of shelter
is aware of their inconvenience. In
rainy weather they soon become wet,
and rapidly chill the beds ; added to
which, the trouble caused in placing and
removing them, and the danger to the
FKA
[ ,358 ]
FIIA
glass from the stones laid on as a resist- )
auee to the wind, are by no means in- '
considerable.
Mr. Seton, to obviate these inconve-
niences, employs a particular covering,
which he constructs of four laths, two
of such a length as to exceed a little that
of the frame, and the others in a similar
manner that of its breadth. These are
bound together at right angles, so as to
form a parallelogram of the form and size
of the frame; and pieces are bound across
this at a foot apart from each other.
Over this a mat is spread, and over the
mat a layer of straw is fastened, laid on
level like thatch, from three to six inches
thick, as may appear necessary. If the
breadth of the frame is, or exceeds, four
feet, it is best to have the covering in two
parts, otherwise it becomes weak and un-
wieldy. These pannels, as thsy may
be called, Mr. Seton also employs in pie-
serving tender plants through the winter.
A pit of frames, earthed up all round,
and covered with one of them, or two or
three if needful, is completely impervious
to frost.
Substitutes for Glass. — Oiled paper was
formerly employed; but this has been
superseded by linen dressed with Whit-
ney's or Tanner's compositions ; or the
gardener may employ the following pre-
paration : — Old pale linseed-oil, three
pints; sugar of lead (acetate of lead),
one ounce ; white resin, four ounces.
Grind the acetate with a little of the oil,
then add the rest and the resin. Incor-
porate thoroughly in a large iron pot over
a gentle fire; and, with a large brush,
apply hot to a fine calico stretched loosely
previously, by means of tacks, upon the
frame. On the following day it is fit for
use, and may be either done over a second
time, or tacked on tightly to remain. —
Gardener's Chronicle.
The quantity made according to this
recipe will be sufficient for about 100
square feet of calico.
FRANCISCE'A. We have referred the
species to Brunsfelsia.
FRANCO'A. (Named after F. Franco, a
Spaniard. Nat. ord., Francoads [Franco-
aceae]. Linn., 8-Octandria ^-I'etragynia.)
Hardy herbaceous perennials, natives of Chili,
and impatient of wet under cultivation. A few
plants should be kept in cold frames, to replace
such as die off during severe winters. Seeds in
a slight hotbed, in spring ; plants hardened off,
and then transplanted ; dry, sandy loam suits
them beat. In severe weather, they are worth
the labour of sticking a few evergreen boughs
round them.
F. appendiculu'ta (appendaged). 2. Purple. July.
1830.
— ramn'sa (branched). 2. White. July. 183).
— sonchifo'lia (sowthistle-leaved). 2. Purple.
July. 1830.
FRANKE'NIA. Sea Heath. (Named
after Frankenws, a Swedish botanist.
Nat. ord., Frankcniids [Frankeniacesej.
Linn., Q-Hexandria I-Monogynia.)
Small plants, found chiefly near the sea, more
curious than pretty, though useful for rock-work»,
or for a collection of alpines. Seeds, cuttings,
and dividing the roots ; sandy loam, and a little
peat.
HALF-HARDY EVERGREEN TRAILERS.
F eridfo'lia (heath-leaved). $. Red. July.
Canaries. 1816.
— nodiflo'ra (knot-flowered). £. Flesh. June.
Cape of Good Hope. 1818.
— pauci/G'.-a (few-flowered). 1. Pink. July.
N. Holland. 1824.
I.URDY EVERGREEN TRAILERS.
F. corymbo'sa (corymbose). £. Red. July,
Barbary. 181Q.
— hirsu'tu (hairy). £. Light blue. July. Si-
beria. 178Q.
— interme'diu (intermediate). $. White. July.
South Europe. 181/.
— Ice'ns (smooth). $. Flesh. July. England.
— mo' His (soft). $. Red. July. Caucasus. 1824.
— Nu'thriu (Nothria). ^. Flesh. July. Cape
of Good Hope. 1816.
— pulverule'ntu (powdery). 4. Red. July.
England. Annual.
FRANKINCENSE. Pi'nm tce'da.
FRA'SERA. (Named after John Frasrr,
botanical collector in North America.
Nat. ord., Gentianworts [Gentian aceae].
Linn., Tetrandria I-Munogynia. Allied to
Chironia.)
Hardy biennial marsh-plant. Seeds in spring,
and transplanted ; also by division of the roots ;
sandy peat, with a little turfy loam.
F. Caroline'nsis (Carolina). 4. Green, yellow.
July. Carolina. 17Q5.
FRAXINE'LLA. Dicla'mnvs.
FRA'XINUS. The Ash. (Fraxinns is the
Latin for an ash-tree. Nat. ord., Olive-
worts [Oleacese]. Linn., 2'3-Polygantia
2-Dicecia.)
Hardy deciduous trees, with green flowers.
Seeds ripe in October, then to be collected, and
stored in thin layers in the ground, mixed with
sandy soil, and turned once or twice during the
winter ; the seeds sifted from the soil, and sown
in March or April. Most of the species may also
be propagated by seeds, and the most distinct of
them ; as also the varieties by grafting. Dry,
deep loam makes them produce the best timber.
The Weeping, the Silver, and Golden-burked
varieties of F. exce'lsiur are interesting.
F. acumina'ta (pointed. Green}, 40. May. N.
Amer. 1/23.
— a'lba (white). 30. Green. May. N.Amer. 1823.
— emari'stima (bitterest). 20. May.
FKA
[ 359
FRI
F. Amerifn'na (American-H'A/7e). 20. May. N.
Amer. 1723.
latifo'lia (broad-leaved). 20. May.
— angustifo'lia (narrow-leaved). May. Spain.
1825.
— appe'ndica (anpendaged). 20. May.
— appendicula'ta (appendirulate). 20. May.
— arge'ntea (silvery). 15. June. Corsica. 1825.
— a'tro-m'rens (dark preen). 4. May. Britain.
au'rea (golden). April.
— Carolini.'i'na (Carolina). 30. June. N. Amer.
1783.
— cme'rea (grey). 30. May. N. Amer. 1824.
— cu'rvidens (curve-toothed). May. Carolina.
1811.
— elli'ptica (oval). 30. May. N. Amer. 1825.
— epi'ptera (wing-upon-wing). 30. May. N.
Amer. 1823.
— exce'lsior (taller). Common Ash). 80. May.
Britain.
-arge'ntea (silver-barked), 20. May.
Britain.
au'rea (golden- barked). 20. May. Britain.
au'rea pe'ndula (yellow-pendulous). May.
Britain.
ero'sa (gnawed). 20. May. Britain.
• -fungo'sa (fungous). 26. May. Britain.
horizontals (horizontal). 20. May.
Britain.
jaspi'dea (jasper-like. Yellow-barked). 30.
May.
Kincai'rniee (Kincairney). 40. May. Kin-
cairney.
lu'tea (yellow-edged). 20. May. Britain.
na'na (dwarf). 10. May. Britain.
pe'ndula (pendulous). 20. May.
stria' ta (streaked). 20. May. ' Brifain.
verntco'sa (\\&ned-barked). 60. May.
England.
verruco'sa pe'ndula (pendulous-warted).
May. England.
verticilla'ris (whorled). 20. May. Britain.
— expa'nsa (expanded). 30. May. N. Amer. 1824.
— fu'aca (dark brown). 30. May. N. Amer. 1823.
— heterophy'lla (various-leaved). 30. May. Eng-
land.
variega'ta (variegated-/eat>ed). 12. May.
Ireland. 1836.
—juglandifo'lia (walnut-leaved). 40. May. N.
Amer. 1783.
subintege'rrima (nearly-entire). 40. May.
— Ificinia'ta (jagged-leaved). May. N. Amer.
— la'ncea(lancfs-ieaned). 30. May. N. Amer. 1820.
— lentiscifo'lia (lentiscus-ieaved). 6. May.
Aleppo. 1710.
pe'ndula (pendulous). 20. June. Ger-
many. 1833.
— longifu'lia (long-leaved). 30. May. N. Amer.
1824.
— lu'cida (shining). 20. May.
— macrophy'lla (large-leaved). 40. May. 1R23.
— Mexica'nn (Mexican). 30. Green. May.
Mexico. 1825.
— mi'xta (mixed). 30. May. N. Amer. 1824.
— monstro'sa (monstrous). July. Britain.
— na'na (dwarf). 6. June.
— ni'gra (black- branched). 30. May. N. Amer.
1825.
— ona'ta (egg-shaped). 30. May. N. Amer.
— oxyca'rpa (sharp-fruited). 10. May. Caucasus.
1815.
oxyphy'lla (sharp-leaved). 20. South
Europe. 1821.
— pa'llida (pale). 30. May. N. Amer.
— panno'sa (cloth- leaved), 30. May. Carolina.
1820.
F. pafvifo'lia (small-leaved). 20. May. Levant.
1822.
— platycn'rpn (broad-fruited). 30. May. N.
Amer. 1P20.
— polemoniifo'lia (great- Valerian -leaved). April,
N. Amer. 18>2.
— pube'scens (downy). 20. April. N. Amer.
1811.
latifo'lia (broad-leaved). 20. May.
longifo'lia (long-leaved). 20. May.
subpube'scens (slightly-downy). 20. May*
— pulveru'e'nta (powdery). 30. May. N.Amer.
1824.
— quadrangula'ta (four-angled-fiJue). SO. May.
N. Amer. 1822,
nervo'sa (nerved). 30. May.
— Richu'rdi (Richard's). 30. May. N. Am^r.
— rubicu'nda (ruddy-veined). 30. May. N.Amer.
1824.
— ru'fa (rusty). 30. May. N. Amer. 1822.
— sumbitcifo'lia (elder-leaved). 30. May. N.
Amer.. 1800.
cri'spa (curled). 30. May.
— tamariscifo'lia (tamarisk-leaved). April. Le-
vant.
— versi'color (many-coloured). May. Britain.
— vi'rens (green). 20 May.
variega'ta (variegated). 20. April.
— vi'ridis (green). 30. May. N.Amer. 1824.
— xanthoxyloi'des (achee-tree-like). North of
India. 1845.
FREE- STONE peaches and nectarinps
are those with fruit, the flesh of which
parts fi-eely from the stone.
FREEZING. See FROST.
FREZIE'RA. (Named after A. F. Fre-
zier,& French traveller in South America,
Nat. ord., Theads [Ternstrb'miaceaj,].
Linn., 13-Polyandria 1-Monogynia. Al-
lied to Lettsomia.)
Greenhouse evergreen shrub, with the habit of
a Laurel. Cuttings of half-ripened shoots in
sandy soil, in heat, under a hand-light; lumpy
peat and fibry loam, Vi'ith a little sand. Summer
temp.. 60° to 75°; winter, 50° to 58°.
F. theoi'des (tea-like). 4. White. September.
Jamaica. 1818.
FRENCH BEAN. See KIDNEY BEAN,
FRENCH MARIGOLD. Taye'tes pa' tula.
FRIE'SIA. (Named after Dr. Fries, of
Lund. Nat. ord., Lindenblooms [Tilia-
ceae]. ll-Dodecandria 1-Monog-ynia. Al-
lied to Elffiocarpus.)
A fit plant for training against a conservatory
wall. Cuttings of young shoots, rather firm, in
sand, under a glass, in April; turfy loam and
fibrv neat, with a little sand. Winter temp., 38C
to 46°.
F. pedunculn'ritt (peduncled). 0. White. Van
Diemen's Land. 1818.
FRINGE-TREE. Chiona'nthus.
FRITILLA'RIA. Fritillary. (From fri-
tilluS) a chess-board ; referring to the
chequered flowers of some species. Nat.
ord., Lilyionrts [Liliacese]. Hardy hnlhs,
in close affinity with the true Lilies.
Linn., Q-Hexandrla \-Monogynia.)
FRI
3GJ
F a'lba (white. American). 1. White. May.
N. Afner.
— cu'prea (copper-coloured). l£. Copper. July.
Mexico. 18:i4.
— imperiii'lis (mnim-imperial). 4. Dark yellow.
April. Persia. 1596
flu'aa (yellow -flowered). 4. Yellow.
April. Persia. I5g6.
— — — ru'bra, (red-flowered). 4. Red. April.
Persia. 1596.
— sca'ndens (climbing). Yellow. April. Siberia.
1827.
— Kotschya'na (Kotscby's). £. April. Hazart-
schall. 1844.
— lunceola'tn (spear-head-/ea»«J). }. Dark
purple. May. Kamtschatka. 1/59.
— latifo'Ha (broad-leaved). 1. Ked. May. Cau-
casus. lt>!>4.
— leuca'nthn (white-flowered. Russian). 1.
White. May. Siberia. 1822.
— Lusita'nica (Spanish). 1. Brown, purple.
June. Spain. 1825.
— lu'tea (yellow-flowered). 1 . Yellow. May.
Caucasus. 1812.
— melea'gris (Guinea-fowl-like). 1. Purple.
May. Britain.
— meleagroi'des (meleagris-like). 1. Purple.
May. Siberia. 1824.
— Messane'nsis (Messina). 1. Brown, purple.
June. Italy. 1825.
— mi'tior (smaller). l£. Purple-spotted. April.
Altai Mountains. 18HO.
— nervo's'i (nerved- leaved). 1$. Dark purple.
May. Caucasus. 1826.
— ni'gra (black). 1. Yellow. Purple. May.
Pyrenees. 1596.
— obli'qua (txiste A- leaved). 1. Brown, purple.
April. Caucasus.
— oxype'tula (sharp-petaled). 1$. Purple. June.
Pindari.
— Pc'rsic t. ( Persian). 1|. Brown. May. Persia.
i ^e.
mi'nima (least. Persian). J. Brown. May.
Persia. 1596.
— prce'cox (early-white). 1. White. May. Europe.
— pudi'ca (chaste). 1. Purple, yeliow. May.
N. Amer. 1824.
— Pyrena'ica (Pyrenean). !£. Dark purple.
June. Spain. 1605.
— Ruthe'nica (Russian). 1. Purple. May.
Caucasus. 1826.
— tene'lla (slender). 1. Purple. May. Cau-
casus. 1826.
— tulipifo'lia (tulip-leaved). 1. Brown, purple.
May. Crimea. 1822.
— verticil/a' ta (whorlt-d). 1. Purple. April.
Crimea. 1823.
FRITILLARY AS A FLORIST'S FLOWER. —
Propagation : by Offsets. — The offsets are
produced round the old bulbs; these
should be detached every third year when
the bulbs are taken up, and be planted in
a bed of light, rich earth, each variety by
itself, where they may remain till they
are large enough to flower. Then take
them up, and plant them in October,
either in 5i-inch pots, three or four bulbs
in a pot, or plant them in patches near
the front of the mixed flower-border.
The above remarks apply only to the
smaller kinds of Fritilla'ria. The noble
F. imperia'lis, when the bulbs attain a
certain size, produces two flower-stems,
and each stem perfects a bulb. They
may then be taken up, divided, and re-
planted. This species, on account of
flowering early, may be planted when
divided into beds in the grouped flower-
garden, which they will highly ornament,
and will die down early enough to be
succeeded by summer flowers. This
species is too large for pots.
Soil. — The Crown Imperial, with its
varieties, should be planted in a deep,
rich soil, well drained. If the soil is nut
rich, it must be made so by the addition
of a good dressing of well-decomposed
manure. The stems send out, just above
the bulbs, alarge number of young strong
shoots. The plants will be benefited in
that stage by a top-dressing of very de-
cayed dung placed close to the stems.
If the smaller species be cultivated in
pots, the proper soil for them will be a
compost of turfy loam, peat, and vegetable
mould, in equal parts.
Growing Season. — All the smaller kinds
of the Fritillary will flower beautifully in
pots. Pot them in October in 5^-incli
pots, four bulbs in each, in a light, rich
compost. Plunge the pots in coal-ashes
in a bed, and protect them through the
winter with hoops and mats. There they
may remain till they flower, and then be
removed into the greenhouse. When in-
tended to bloom in the open ground, plant
them in patches in the mixed flower-
border.
Hesting Season. — As soon as the bloom-
ing season is over and the leaves decayed,
take the bulbs up, and keep them in a
cool, rather moist place, till the season
for planting arrives again.
FROG ORCHIS. Gymnade'nia vi'ridis.
FROST. If a plant be frozen, (and
though some defy the attacks oi frost,
others are very liable to its fatal influence, )
death is brought upon them as it is in
the animal frame, by a complete breaking
down of their tissue ; their vessels are
ruptured, and putrefaction follows.
The following contingencies render a
plant especially liable to be frozen : —
First. — Moisture renders a plant sus-
ceptible of cold. Every gardener knows
this. If the air of his greenhouse bo
dry, the plants within may be submitted
to a temperarure of 32° without injury-,
provided the return to a higher tempera-
ture be gradual.
FRO
C 801 ]
FLU
Secondly. — Gradual decrements of
temperature are scarcely felt. A myrtle
may be forced and subsequently passed
to the conservatory, to the cold-pit, and
even thence to an open border, if in the
south of England, without enduring any
injury from the cold of winter; but it
would be killed if passed at once from
the hothouse to the border.
Thirdly. — The wore saline are the
juices of a plant, the less liable are they
to congelation by frost. Salt preserves
vegetables from injury by sudden transi-
tions in the temperature of the atmo-
sphere. That salted soil freezes with
more reluctance than before the salt is
applied, is well known, and that crops of
turnips, cabbages, cauliflowers, &c., are
similarly preserved, is equally well estab-
lished.
Fourthly. —Absence of motion enables
plants to endure a lower degree of
temperature.. Water may be cooled down
to below 32° without freezing; but it
solidifies the moment it is agitated.
The seeds of some plants are benefited
by being frozen, for those of the rose and
the hawthorn never germinate so freely
as after being subjected to the winter
frosts.
Freezing is beneficial to soils, not only
by destroying vermin within its bosom,
but by aiding the atmosphere to pervade
its texture, which texture is also rendered
much more friable by the frost. A soil
in our climate is rarely frozen to a depth
of more than four inches, and in ex-
tremely hard winters it does not penetrate
more than six inches in light soils, and
ten inches in those that contain more
clay, or an excess of moisture.
If a plant be frozen, dip it into the
coldest water, or syringe it, and put it
into a dark, cold cellar, so that it may
thaw gradually.
FROST, DEGREES OF. When a gardener
uses this phrase, he means degrees oi
cold below 32°, the freezing point of
water.
FROTH-FLY. See TETTIGONIA.
FRUIT-ROOM. Fruit for storing should
be gathered before it is quite mature ;
for the ripening process, the formation
of sugar, with its attendant exhalation o*
carbonic acid and water, goes on as well
in the fruit-room as in the open air at the
season when the functions of the leaves
have ceased, and the fruit no longer en-
larges. In gathering fruit, every care
should be adopted to avoid bruising ; nnrt,
to this end, in the case of apples, pear*,
quinces, and medlars, let the gathering
aasket be lined throughout with sacking,
and let the contents of each basket be
carried at once to a floor covered with
sand, and taken out one by one, not
poured out, as is too usual, into a basket,
and then again from this into a heap ; for
this systematic mode of inflicting small
bruises is sure to usher in decay, inas-
much as that it bursts the divisional
membranes of the cells containing the
juice, and this being extravasated,
speedily passes from the stage of spi-
rituous fermentation to that of putre-
faction. To avoid this is the principal
object of fruit storing, whilst, at the same
time, it is necessary that the fruit shall be
kept firm and juicy. Now it so happens
that the means required to secure the
one also effects the other.
The following, we think, will be found
safe principles to guide the inexpe-
rienced:—
Site.— A. somewhat low level, with a
sub-soil, perfectly dry, or rendered so.
We have said low, because we feel as-
sured that by keeping the floor, if pos-
sible, even a little below the ground
level, less fluctuation of temperature will
be experienced. Sooner, however, than
be liable to much damp, we would go as
much above the level as is necessary in
order to avoid it. Concrete should be
used for the flooring, and a portion of the
foundation walls done in cement, to pre-
vent the transmission of damp upwards
by capillary attraction. The rats and
mice are great annoyances; the cement
and concrete would keep them at arm's
length. A preventive drainage may he
applied also round the exterior, if the
locality be clamp.
Aspect. — An easterly or northerly
one ; any point but south or south-west.
Frost. — The house to be rendered per-
fectly secure against this. We would
never have the general store-room sink
below forty or rise above fifty degrees.
To create an artificial warmth, and
merely to keep out the cold, or rather, to
procure, as much as possible, the amount
of warmth which the interior possesses,
are two very different affairs. The pre-
servation of the natural interior warmth
in winter is best effected by double walls,
possessing a cavity of some three inches
in v/idth. The power of what are termed
FEU
f 362 ]
FUG
hollow walls, as non-conductors of heat,
is well known. Neither can exterior
damps be readily transmitted ; and, more-
over, such are cooler in summer; for the
sluggish agency of such walls in trans-
mitting heat is as much in keeping out
summer heats as the colds of winter. If
the roof is an exterior one, it should
either be double, or other means taken
to keep out the summer heat.
Air. — The power of thorough ventila-
tion when necessary, and equally the
power of rendering it almost hermeti-
cally sealed is necessary. Of course, a
very liberal ventilation is needed when
much fruit is housed in the autumn.
There should, therefore, be a special pro-
vision for both the egress of moisture,
and for tbe ingress of fresh and dry air.
The higher the level at which the latter
enters, the brisker will, in general, be the
circulation.
Liyht. — Windows to admit light, of
course, for the sake of operations in the
room; generally speaking, however, a
fruit-room cannot be kept too dark. Most
good practitioners agree in the necessity
of excluding light as much as possible.
Scientific men say, that the surface skin
of fruits perspires exactly as the surface
of leaves, and that light is a prime
agent in inducing such perspiration :
hence, heat and light are conjoint causes
of shrivelling. Tbe windows or other
apertures, therefore, must he provided
with close-fitting shutters, and these
should be double, even as the walls.
During severe weather, mats enclosing
hay may be fastened over the exterior.
As to artificial heat, we think every
good general fruit store-room should
open into a small closet, which should
be so fitted up as to produce an artificial
warmth when necessary. If adjoining a
mushroom-house on the one side, or any
place where a surplus of heat was avail-
able, such would be readily accom-
plished without extra expense in fuel.
Some persons have advocated the placing
piping to convey heat inside the cavity
of the exterior walls : this sounds some-
what philosophical, inasmuch as in such
a situation, with a slight amount of con-
trollable ventilation, the non-conducting
cavities might be kept dry and warm.
The situation of pipes or other appa-
ratus, however, should depend on the ar-
rangement made for the fruit ; the heat-
ing source, pipes, &c., being as far re
moved from them as possible, and cer-
tainly not immediately beneath them.
Such a little closet might possess merely
a stand for drawers down the centre;
which stand should be an exact counter-
part of a stand in the centre of the ge-
neral store-room ; and the best pears, or
other tender fruits, being placed in par-
cels in the general store, might be re-
moved in portions to this ripening room,
a whole drawer at once, without moving
the fruit.
FU'CHSIA. (Named after Leonard Fuchs,
a German botanist. Nat. ord., Onayrads
[Onagracese]. Linn., 8-Octandria I-Mo-
nogynia.}
When gardeners discover the way to improve
the size and flavour of fruits, we cannot doubt
but that those of the Fuchsia and Cactus will be
among the first novelties in the dessert.
F. alpe'stris (mountain). 20. Crimson. August.
Brazil. 1841.
— ape'tala (no-petaled). 10. Purple. September.
Chili. 1824.
— arbore'scens (tree-like). 16. Pink. October.
Mexico. 1824.
— bacilla'ris (rod- branched). 5. Rose. July.
Mexico. 1829.
— cocci'nea (scarlet). 6. Scarlet, purple. August.
Chili. 1788.
— co'nica (conical). 4. Scarlet, purple. August.
Chili. 1825.
— cordifo'lia (heart-leaved). 5. Orange. August.
Mexico. 1840.
— corymMflo'ra (cluster-fleered). 6. Scarlet.
August. Peru. 1840-
— cylindra'cea (cylindrical-.tfotyererf). 2. Scarlet.
August. Demerara. 1S37.
— denticula'ta (toothed). Crimson. August. Brazil.
— depe'ndens (pendent-flowered) . 4. Crimson.
June. Brazil. 1848.
— di'scolor (two-coloured). 3. Purple, red. Au-
gust. Port Famine. 1830.
— excortica'ta (barked). 3. Green, purple. July.
New Zealand. 1824.
— fu'lgens' (glowing). 4. Vermilion. July.
Mexico. 1830.
— gra'cilis (slender). 8. Scarlet, purple. August.
Chili. 1823.
multiflo'ra (many-flowered). 6. Scarlet,
purple. August. Chili. 1824.
— integrifo'lia (whole - leaved), lied. June.
Brazil. 1841.
— macra'ntha (large-flowered). 2. Red. April.
Peru. 1845.
— macroste'mon (long-stamened). 3. Scarlet,
purple. July. Chili. 1823.
— microphy'lla (small-leaved). 6. Scarlet, purple.
August. Mexico. 1 828.
— ni'gricans (dark). Dark crimson. Venezuela.
1848.
— ra'dicuns (rooting). 20. Scarlet. September.
Brazil. 1837.
— serratifo'lia (saw-edge-leaved). 5. Scarlet,
green. August. Peru. 1844.
— simplicicau'lis (simple-stemmed). Crimson.
July. Brazil.
— specta'liilis (showy). 4. Scarlet. August.
Andes of Cuenca. 1847.
— splc'ndens (splendid). 6. Scarlet, green. Au-
gust. Mexico. 1841.
FUG
[ 363 ]
FUC
F, te.nt'lla (delicate). 8. Scarlet, purple. August.
Chili. 1824.
— tetrada'ctyla (four-fingered-.s^£»<a). 2. Rose.
July. Guatima'a. 1842.
— triphy'Ua (three-leaved). Crimson. September.
Pichinchia. 1842.
— venu'sta (beautiful). 6. Purple. October.
Mexico. 1825.
— virga'ta (twiggy). 4. Scarlet, purple. August.
Mexico. 1825.
FUCHSIA CULTURE. — Propagation: by
Cuttings. — The best time for this is in
February and March. The plants require
a little heat to stimulate them into growth.
The best kinds of cuttings are the young
siioots taken off close to the old wood as
soon as they are an inch long. Fill a suf-
ficient number of 5 -inch pots with a
compost of loam and leaf-mould, in equal
parts, to within an inch of the top ; till
the remaining space up with silver sand ;
water it gently to make it firm, then put
in the cuttings after trimming off the
lower leaves, give another gentle water-
ing, and place them in a mild hotbed,
or in a propagating house. If in the
latter, place hand-glasses over them.
The cuttings will soon strike root, and
should then be potted off into the
smallest pots ; shade them from the«un
for a time, and then repot them into pots
two sizes larger.
By Seed. — They are as easily raised
from seeds as by cuttings. The object
of raising them in this way is not so
much to increase the plants as to raise
improved varieties. There are two di
visions, in regard to colour, that should
be aimed at — light and dark varieties,
and the colours in each ought to be well
defined. The light ones should have the
sepals pure white, and the corolla rich
purple. Size is also a necessary quality,
and a good form is also indispensable.
The sepals should be stout and broad
and well reflexed ; that is, turned up-
wards, to show off the corolla to the
greatest advantage. The corolla should
be large, and protrude boldly out from
the sepals. It should be round and cup-
shaped. The flower-stalk should be not
less than three inches long, which wil
allow the flower to hang down gracefully
The flowers should be produced abun
dantly, and the foliage not too large 01
coarse. The same points should appear
in the dark varieties, except the colour
of the sepals, which should be of th
brightest scarlet or crimson. Though a
fine self-coloured flower, with every gooc
point, is not to be despised, yet a purple
corolla, with the scarlet or dark crimsoa
ubp, all other points being present, is
.he perfection of a good claik Fuchsia.
Suviny ike Seed. — Any variety possess-
ng one or more of the above qualities,
Torm being indispensable) is one to save
seed from. Supposing a fine-shaped
lower, with a tolerably pure white tube,
deficient in a good corolla of the
right form and colour; then take the
aollen of a variety that has a good corolla,
ind apply it to the stigma of the one with
a good tube and sepals, and save the
seed. The same principle must be Jbl-
Lowed to improve the dark varieties.
When the seed is ripe, gather the berries,
crush them with the fingers, and wash
away all the pulp ; then spread the seed
on a sheet of paper, and expose it to the
sun till it is dry. Then put it up in
brown paper, and store it away till March ;
sow it then in shallow pots, potting off
the plants as soon as they can be handled,
and grow them on till they flower. Seed-
lings will flower in 4-inch pots, so that a
great number of them may be grown in a
small space. As soon as they flower,
choose such as have good points ; and
give them a good shift into larger pots.
Summer Culture. — Pot the old plants
early in the spring. Commence by shak-
ing off the greater part of the old soil,
reducing the roots and trimming in the
branches, so as to leave them in a pyra-
midal form ; pot in the proper soil, and
place them in a heat of 55° by day, and
50° by night. Water moderately, and
syringe overhead frequently. When the
plants are freely growing, give weak
liquid-manure every other time. Young
plants should have a good shift from
5-inch to 8-inch pots. The tops should
be nipped off, to force out the lower
branches, the great object being the
pyramidal form. One of the upper shoots
should be removed as soon as the lower
ones have pushed a few inches, and the
other tied to a stick, to be again stopped
when it has advanced about a foot. Pro-
ceed in this way, with both old and new
plants, till the desired height is attained.
The side-shoots, if not sufficiently nume-
rous, should be stopped also, to cause
the right number of side branches to be
produced. The potting should finish in
12-inch pots, which are sufficiently large
to make fine plants fit for the exhibition
tables.
Winter Culture.— As soon as the bloom
FUG
L 301 ]
FUE
is over set the young plants out of doors
in some open place in the garden. The
older plants may either be thrown away
or be planted out in the borders, it noi
being worth while to keep them the thirc
year. When the frost begins to appear
take the plants undercover, either under
the stage of the greenhouse, or in a back
shed, or even a cellar, where the severe
frost cannot reach them ; here they may
remain without water till the potting
time comes round again.
Soil. — Mellow, strong, yellow loam one-
half, well - decomposed hotbed manure
one-quarter, and one year old decayed
tree leaves one quarter, all thoroughly
mixed, will form a suitable compost.
Insects. — The green fly and red spider
are very apt to find their way to the
young shoots. See APHIS and ACABUS.
Open Border Culture. — The whole of
those having the habit of the old coc-
ci'nea, virya'ta, co'tiica, gra'cilis, globo'sa,
&c., are well-fitted for flower-garden, pur-
poses; requiring no attention but cutting
them down after the first frost, and cover-
ing the stools with moss, coal-ashes, or
other litter, to exclude the frost, removing
it in April, and thinning the shoots in
May. When it is desirable to keep such
kinds as coccl'nea as dwarf as globo'sa,
raising the plants out of the ground in
May, and shaking the soil from them
before transplanting them, will be effec-
tual. This, also, furnishes a good means
for increasing the stock. Good stout
cuttings of the stems, planted at the
end of October, in the open ground, will
furnish nice little plants in spring, if the
ground is covered with moss or litter ;
for though what is above ground will be
killed, what is below the moss will be
safe. Those like fu'lgens in their habit
must be kept dry if left out ; it is better
to take them up, and house them in a
shed where frost will not reach them.
Standards of any kinds for the lawn may
be thus inserted in dry earth in a shed,
and transplanted again in April or May.
Most of the hybrids will stand the winter
in the open garden, and push strongly
in the spring, if, in addition to being
kept from frost, they are also kept'dvy.
Though thus able to endure cold, they will,
also, stand a high temperature and a
moist atmosphere when growing, and, in
these circumstances, grow with great
rapidity. F. cnrymbiflo'ra must have the
wood well ripened, and not be pruned too
close. Specta'liJis and serratifo' lia are
late blowers, and must be treated accord-
ingly. All sorts in pots look best trained
to a simple stern.
FUEL is no small item in the annual
expenditure of the stove, greenhouse,
and conservatory departments, and there-
fore deserves consideration. The cheap-
est of all fuel is the breeze, or small coke,
procurable at gas-works.
The heating qualities of the different
coals known in Great Britain are in the
following proportions : —
Scotch Cannel - - - - 199
Lancashire Wigan - - - - lyt)
Yorkshire Cannel - - - - 138
Newcastle (best Wallsend)- - - lf>9
Gloucestershire (Forest of Dean) - lOrf
Welsh (common) 25
Hence, if the Scotch Cannel coal cost
19s., when the Gloucestershire could be
had for 10s. per chaldron, the latter
would be no cheaper ; for the heating
powers of the first are as 199 to 108 of
the latter. In other words, 108 chaldrons
of Scotch would afford as much heat as
199 chaldrons of Staffordshire.
The following are the quantities of the
fuels named required to heat eight gallons
of water, from 52° to 112°.
lb».
Caking coals- • - • -1.2
Splint or hard coal - • - -\o,o
Cannel Coal ..... f-***
Cherry or soft coal - - - - 1.5
Wood of lime - - - - 3.10
- beech - - - - 3.16
- - elm .... 3.62
- oak (chips) - - - 4.20
- ash .... 3.50
- - • maple - - - - 3.00
- . service - 3.
cherry
fir
poplar
hornbeam
3. -20
3.52
- 3.10
3.37
Peat (average, not compressed) - 76
Charcoal of wood - - - - J .52
peat - - 3.28
It is essential to good and profitable
uel that it should be free from moisture ;
for unless it be dry, much of the heat
which it generates is consumed in con-
erting that moisture into vapour : he.nce
the superior value of old dense, dry wood,
to that which is porous and damp. A
>ound of dry will heat thirty-five pounds
)f water from 32° to 212°; but a pound
)f the same wood in a moist or fresh
itate will not similarly heat more thaa
wenty-five pounds. The value, therefore,
>f different woods for fuel is nearly iu-
'ersely, as their moisture ; and this may
>e readily ascertained by finding how
FUG
[ 305 ]
G.ER
much a pound weight of the shavings of
ecah loses by drying during two hours,
at a temperature of 212°.
FUGO'SIA. (Named after Bernard
Cien-Fuegos, a Spanish botanist. Nat.
ord., Mallowworts [Malvaceeej. Linn.,
\Q-Monadelphia Q-Polyandria. Allied to
Malvaviscus.)
Stove evergreen shrubs. Cuttinssof the points
of shoots in April or May, in sand, under a hell-
glass, and placed in a mild bottom heat ; peat
and loam, with a little silver sand. Summer
temp., 60° to 75°; winter, 45° to 55°.
F. Hakecefo'lia (Hakea-leaved). 5. Lilac, red.
August. Swan River. 1846.
— heterophy'lla (various-leaved). Yellow, red.
August. St. Martha. 1845.
FULL-FLOWER. See DOUBLE-FLOWER.
FUMA'RIA. Fumitory. (From fumos,
smoke; referring to the disagreeable
smell of the plant. Nat. ord., Fumeworts
[Furnariacese]. Linn., 17-Diadelphia 2-
Hexnndria. Allied to Corydalis.)
Hardy annuals. If once sown in March or
April, on rock- work, or undisturbed banks, they
will sow themselves annually, and maintain
themselves without care or trouble.
F. capreola'ta (tendriled). 4. Flesh. July.
Europe. Climber.
Burc/te'llii (Burchell's). 4. April. Cape
of Good Hope. 1816.
— leuca'ntha (white-flowered). 1%, White.
August. Corsica. 1836.
— me'dia (intermediate). 3. Flesh. July. Britain.
FUMIGATING is employed for the de-
struction of certain insects ; the inhaled
vapour or smoke arising from some sub-
stances being fatal to them. Tobacco is
the usual substance employed ; and it
may be ignited, and the smoke impelled
upon the insect by bellows; or the ignited
tobacco may be placed under a box, or
within a frame, together with the affected
plant. The vapour of spirit of turpentine
is destructive to the scale and other in-
sects, employed in this mode. Mr. Mills
has stated the following as the best mode
of fumigating with tobacco. According
to the size of the place to be fumigated,
one or more pieces of cast iron, one inch
thick, and three inches over, are made
red hot (pieces of old tiles, such as are
used for covering smoke flues, would pro-
bably answer equally well) ; one of these
is placed in a twenty-four sized pot, on
which is put the quantity of tobacco con-
sidered necessary to charge the structure
with Asmoke sufficient to destroy insect
life. To fumigate an ordinary sized eight-
light house, use three heaters, and three
twenty-four sized pot*, which are best I
placed on the front flue or walk; on*
pound of strong tobacco is put on the
three heaters in equal parts, and this is
found sufficient to fill the house, so as to
destroy all the kinds of insects that perish
by fumigation. The system bas these
advantages: the tobacco is so quickly
consumed, that the house is completely
filled in a very short time, and but little
smoke can escape before the insects are
destroyed ; the pure heat from the iron
heaters prevents injury from gas, and as
no blowing is required there is no dust,
it being only necessary to put the tobacco
on the heaters and leave the house. A
better mode is to soak the tobacco in a
strong solution of saltpetre, and when,
dry to ignite it. The combustion is so
complete and instantaneous that a smaller
quantity is sufficient. The best of all
instruments for fumigating with tobacco
is Browns Fumlgator.
To fumigate with sulphur , paint the
hot-water pipes with some sulphur mixed
with whitewash; or put this mixtuie
against the side of the flue furthest from
the furnace ; or put some sulphur on a
hot-water plate, and keep the water iu
this boiling by means of a lamp.
FUMITORY. Fuma'ria.
FU'NKIA. (After H. Funk, a German
botanist. Nat. ord., Lilt/worts [ Liliacest j .
Linn., G-Hexandria 1-Munogyiiia. Allied
to Hymerocallis.)
Hurdy herbaceous perennials, from Japan ;
dividing the roots ; sandy loam, and a dry situa-
tion.
F. u'lbo-margina'tn (white-margined). 1$. Lilac.
July. 1837.
— lanceafu'lia (spear-head-leaved). 1. Lilac.
August. 1829.
— ova'tn (epg- leaned). 1%. Blue. Mav. 17C!0.
— Sitboldia'na CSiebuld's). I. Lilac. Jun'. )83<>.
— sultcorda'ta (slightlv-heart-/6'a»ed). 1. W hit- .
August. 1790.
— undulu'ta (\VA\ed-leavecl'), 1. Lilac. August.
1834.
— variegu'tu (variegated). 1. Lilac. August. 1834.
FURCIUE'A. A mistaken name for
Foxrcro'ya.
FURZE. U'lex.
FUSTIC, Maclu'ra tincto'ria.
G.
GJE'RTNETU. (Named after Dr. Gart-
ner, a celebrated botanist. Nat. ord.,
Loganiads [Logauiacca?]. Linn., lO-Zte-
candria L-Motwyynia. Allied toLogania. )
All Loganiads are to be suspected, as no order
is more venomous. Stove evergreen twiner* ;
cutting* of linn young shoots in April, in sand,
under a bell-glass, and in bottom-heat; peat an»l
loam. Summer temp., 60° to 76°; waiter, 4t>° tu
GAG
[ 366 ]
GAL
G. cltusifn'Ha (blunt-leaved). 20. White. China.
1810.
~-rucemo'sa (raceraed). 15. White, yellow.
April. E. Ind. 1793.
GA'GEA. (Named after Sir Thomas
Gape. Nat. ord., LUyioorts [Liliaceae].
Linn., Q-Hexandria 1-Monogynia. Allied
to the Tulip.)
All hardy little yellow-flowering bulbs. They
chould occupy the front row of a light-soiled
border, like Crocuses ; offsets in spring or autumu.
E. Bohefmica (Bohemian). £. April. Bohemia.
1825.
— Iracte.nla'ris (small-bracted). £. April. Europe.
1817.
— bulbi'fera (bulb-bearing). May. Tauria. 1829.
~ chlora'ntha (yellow-flowered). £. April. Si-
beria. 1819.
— circina'ta (rounded). £. May. Siberia. 1789.
— fa&cicula'ris (bundle-flowered). J. April. Bri-
tain.
— elau'ca (milky-green). J. April. Switzer-
land. 1825.
— Liota'rdi (Liotard's). May. South Europe.
1825.
— Podo'lica (Podolian). May. Podolia. 1827.
'-pusi'lla (small). J. April. Bohemia. 1825.
— pygmce'a (pigmy), £. April. Spain. 1825.
— sero'tina. (late). £. June. Wales.
— spathu'cea (sheathed). £. May. Germany. 1759-
— stella'ris (starrv). £. May. Sweden. 1759-
— Stei"nbe'rgii (Sternberg's). $. May. Swit-
zerland. 1828.
— striu'ta (streaked). £. July. Europe. 1826.
— sylva'tica (wood). £. April. Europe.
— uniflo'ra (one-flowered). £. May. Siberia. 1781-
— vilio'sa (shaggy). £. April. Caucasus. 1825.
GAGNEBI'NA. (Probably the native
name of one of the species. Nat. ord.,
Leguminous Plants [Fabaceae]. Linn.,
JO-Dtcawrfria l-Monogynia. Allied to
Mimosa.)
Stove evergreens, from Mauritius. Seeds in
hotbed, in spring, after being moistened for
F-everai hours in warm water; cuttings of half-
ripened shoots in sand, in April, under a bell-
pla&s, and in mild bottom-heat; peat and loam,
both turfy and fibry. Summer temp., 60° to 75° ;
winter, 48° to 55°.
G. axilla'ris (axillary). 6. Yellow. 1824.
-- tamari'scina (tamarisk-like). 6. Yellow. 1824.
GAILLA'RDIA. (Named after M. Gail-
lard, a French patron of botany. Nat.
ord., Composites [Asteracese]. Linn., 19-
Syngenesia 3-Frustranea.)
This, like many other composite genera, is in-
clined to sport from seeds, and, therefore, may
he expected to yield double flowers some day.
Hardy herbaceous plants, with the exception of
corona'ta, which requires a cold pit in winter.
In cold, damp situations, cuttings of bi'color and
pi'cta may also be saved in a similar manner.
Cuttings under a hand-light in summer, and divi-
sion of the root in spring ; sandy loam.
G. aritta'ta (awned). 1. Orange. August. N.
Amer. 1812.
— bi'color (two-coloured). 2. Yellow. August.
N. Amer. 17»7.
— corona'tu (crowned). Bed, brown. July.
3» Drummr/ndii intege'rrima (Drummonn's
vi\\o\Q-leavtd). 2. Carnation, yellow.
August. Louisiana. 1833.
— pi' eta (painted). Yellow. August. Louisiana.
1833.
— Richardso'ni (Richardson's). Ij. Orange.
July. N. Amer. 1829.
GALA'CTIA. (From gala, milk ; in re-
ference to the milky juice of some of
the species. Nat. ord., Leguminous Plants
[Fabaceae]. Linn., \l-Diadelphia 4-
Decandria. Allied to Glycine.)
Deciduous, by division of the plant, and gro%vn
n sandy loarn. Stove, by cuttings of short,
stubby side-shoots in sanrl, m April, under a bell-
glass, and plunged in a hotbed ; sandy loam ami
peat. Summer temp., 60° to 75° ; winter, 48° to
55°.
HARDY DECIDUOUS TWINERS.
G. glabe'lla (smoothish). 3. Purple. July. N.
Amer.
— mo'llis (soft). 3. Purple. July. N. Amer. 1827.
STOVE EVEHGREEN TWINERS.
G. Cube'nsis (Cuban^. Rose. July. Cuba. 1825.
— pe'ndula (pendulous). 6. Red. July. Jamaica.
1794.
— seri'cea (silky). 6. July. Bourbon. 1824.
GALACTI'TES. (From gala, milk ; re-
ferring to the juice and to the milk-white
veins on the leaves. Nat. ord., Composites
[Asteracese]. Linn., W-Syntjenesia 3-
Frustranea. Allied to Silybum.)
Hardy annuals, requiring to be sown in the
flower-borders in March or April.
G. austra'lis (southern). 1. Purple. July. N.
Holland. 1824.
— tomento'sa (woolly). l£. Purple. July.
South Europe. 1738.
GALACTODE'NDRON. Cow- tree. (From
gala, milk, and dendron, a tree. We in-
troduce this name as being in common,
use ; but the true name of the Cow-tree
is Bro'simum u'tile, to which refer. )
GALANGALE. KtEmpfe'ria.
GALA'NTHUS. Snowdrop. (From gain,
milk, and antkos, a flower. Nat. ord.,
Amaryllids [Amaryllidacese]. Linn., 6-
Hexandria l-JIfonoffynid.)
Hardy bulbs. Offsets ; division of masses of
bulbs ; common garden-soil ; should be lifted
every four cr five years.
G. nivu'li? (common. Snow). £. White. Fe-
bruary. Britain.
— plica'tus (plaited). £. White. February.
Crimea. 1818.
— refle'xus (bent-back-/>e?ated). White, green.
Mount Gargarius. 1814.
GALATE'LLA. (A diminutive of gat<i,
milk, literally, milky ; Deferring to the
colour of the leaves. Nat. ord., Com-
posites [Asteracese]. Linn., I9-Syngenesia
3-Fnistranea. Allied to Aster.)
Hardy herbaceous. Division in spring j com-
mon garden-soil.
GAL
[ 367 ]
GAL
G.puncta'ta (dotted-te«w<?rf). 2j. Violet, yel-
low. August. Hungary. 1815.
GA'LAX. (From gala, milk; referring
to the milk-white flowers. Nat. ord., Win-
tergreens [Pyrolaceze]. Linn., 5-Penlan-
dria 1-Monogynia. Allied to Pyrola.)
Little bog-earth plants. Divisions in spring ;
rruist, sandy peat ; may be treated as an alpiue,
as it is subject to casualties in the border.
G. aphy'lla (leafless). $. White. July. N.
Amer. 1/86.
GALA'XIA. (Fromgalaklido^to abound
in milk; referring to the juice. Nat.
ord., Irids [Iridacese]. Linn., IQ-Mona-
delphial-Triandria. Alliedto Patersonia.)
Greenhouse bulbs, from the Cape of Good Hope.
Offsets ; sandy peat, with a little fibry loam. In
a state of rest keep in the greenhouse or cold pit.
If planted in a sheltered place, out of doors, the
roots must be protected from frost.
G. grami'nea (grass-leaved). $. Light yellow.
July. 1/95.
— grandiflu'ra (large-flowered). £. Dark yellow.
July. 1/99.
— mucronulu'ris (hard-pointed). $. Purple.
July. 1799-
— ona'ta (egg-leaved). £. Dark yellow. July. 1/99.
— versi'color (various-coloured). $. Purple.
July. 1/99.
GALEA'NDRA. (From galea, a helmet,
and rtner, a stamen; referring to the
crested male organ on the top of the
column. Nat. ord., Orchids [Orchida-
cese] . Linn., 20-Gynandria i-Monandria.
Allied to Eulophia. )
Stove terrestrial orchids. Fibry peat, and a
little turfy loam, with some broken pots, and
pieces of charcoal. Summer temp., 60° to 85°,
with moisture ; winter, 48° to 55°, and rather dry.
G. Bau'eri (Mr. Bauer's). £. Pink. August.
Guiana. 1840.
— erista'ta (crested-anfAered). Purple. May.
Cayenne. 1844.
— Devonia'nu (Duke of Devonshire's). 2. Purple,
white. May. S. Amer. 1840.
— gra'cilis (slender). 2. Green, yellow. May
Sierra Leone. 1822.
GALE'GA. Goat's Eue. (From gala,
milk; referring to an old idea that the
herbage was superior for milk-cows,
goats, &c. Nat. ord., Leguminous Plants
[Fabaceae]. Linn., IQ-Monadelphia 6-
Decandria.}
Hardy herbaceous, rather rambling perennials
Seeds sown in spring ; division of the plant at
the same time ; common soil.
G. biMba (two-lobed). 3. Blue. July. 1823.
— officina'lis(shop). 4. Blue. July. Spain. 1568.
a'lba (white-lowered). 4. White. July.
Spain.
— orienta'lis (eastern). 4. Blue. July. Levant.
1801.
— Pe'rsica (Persian). 2. White. July. Persia.1826
lilu'cina (lilac). 3. Lilac. June. Persia
1830.
— tricolor (three-coloured). 3. Blue. July. 1822
GALEO'BDOLON. Dead Nettle. (From
fjalc, weasel, and bdolos, fcetid ; referring
to the strong disagreeable odour of the
plant. Nat. ord., Labiates, or Lip worts
[Lamiacese]. Ij.m\.,l4: DidynamiaL-Gym-
nospermia.}
This herbaceous British plant has so long gone
by the name Galeobdolon, that we have retailed
't ; but it is only a species of Lamium. Dmsiuu
n spring ; moist, common soil.
G. lu'teum (yellow). 1. Yellow. June.
variega'tum (variegated - leaved). \.
Yellow. May.
GALIPE'A. (The Indian name in South
America. Nat. ord.. Rue worts [Eutacene].
Linn., 2-Diandria \-Monogynla. Allied
to Almeidea.)
The Angostura bark is that of trifolia'ta. Stove
evergreen shrubs. Cuttings of ripened shoots in
sand, under a bell-elass, in April, and in heat ;
peat and loam. Summer temp., 60° to /5° ; win-
ter, 48° to 55°.
G. odorati'ssima (most fragrant). 9. White.
May. Rio Janeiro.
— trifolia'ta (three-leaved). 4. Green. Guiana.
1816.
GA'LIUM. Bed Straw. (From gala,
milk ; referring to the flowers of G.
ve'rum having been used to curdle milk.
Nat. ord., Stellate* [Galiacese]. Linn., 4-
Tetrandria i-Monogynia. Allied to Eubia.)
Few of these plants are interesting to the gar-
dener, except to cover rock or root-work. They
possess, in a more or less degree, the dyeini?
qualities of Madder. Of the following selected
species all are herbaceous perennials, except G.
suave'olens, which is an annual. Annuals merely
require to be sown in the common border, in.
March ; and the perennials divided at the same
time.
G. campanula1 turn (bell- flowered). J. White.
June. South Europe. 1821.
— capi'llipes (hairy-stalked). 1. White. Octo-
ber. Russia. 1838.
— GrtK'Cum (Grecian). £. Purple. July. Can-
dia. 1798.
-— Pe'rsicum (Persian). Yellow. July. Persia.
1837.
— purpu'reum (purple). 1. Purple. July.
Switzerland. 1831.
— ru'brum (red). 1. Purple. July. Italy. 1597.
— suave'olens (sweet-scented). 1. White. July.
North Europe. 1821.
— Tau'ricurn (Taurian). 4. Yellow. July.
Tauria. 1818.
— Vailla'ntii (Vaillant's). 2. Green. May.
England.
GALL is a tumour formed in conse-
quence of the part being punctured by an
insect, the tumour becoming the nidus
of the insect brood. The Oak-apple
caused by the Cynips querci is a familiar
example ; as, also, are the bunches of
leaves, not unlike a rose, on the Eose
Willow, and the mossy tufts on the twigs
of the Wild Eose, and erroneously called
GAL
i 368 ]
GAR
Hed'-guar. These tufts are caused by the
Cynips roste, another species of Gall-fly.
GALPHI'MIA. (An anagram of Mai
pighia, to which it is nearly allied.
Nat. ord., Malpiyhiads [Malpighiacese].
Linn., 10-Decandria 3-Trigynia.)
Stove evergreens, from Mexico, with yellow
flowers. Cuttings of young shoots, firm but not
too old. in sand, under a bell-glass, and in bot-
tom-heat; peat and loam. Summer temp., 60° to
75°; winter, 40° to 55°.
G fflau'ca (milky-green). 8. 1829-
— glunriulo'm (glanded). April. 1824.
— hirsu'ta (hairy). September. 1824.
GAMMA MOTH. Just after sunset, in
October, and hovering round flowers,
rnay be seen this moth (Noctua gamma}.
It is called the Gamma Moth, because
about the middle of the upper wings, but
towards their inner border, there is a
silvery shining mark, like the Greek let-
ter gamma (7). The shape of this mark
has acquired to this insect another name,
the Y-Moth. The outspread wings are
about an inch across; the upper ones
grey-coloured, marbled with brown, and
shilling ; the under wings pale ash, with
a brown edge ; the head and throat
brownish, edged with grey lines; the
belly, or abdomen, yellowish -grey, tufted
with brown hairs. In October they de-
posit their eggs ; and it would be an aid
to the warfare against them to ascertain
what plants they select for this purpose.
The eggs hatch at various times from
May to September, but chiefly during
July. The caterpillars proceeding from
them are green, beset with greenish single
hairs ; head brownish- green ; on the back
and sides three or four yellowish-white
lines ; feet twelve in number, and marked
with a yellow stripe. These caterpillars
commit great ravages, especially in the
south of England, upon our peas and
other garden vegetables, the best re-
medy for which is hand-picking.
GANGRENE. See CANKER.
GAKCI'NIA. Mangosteen. (Named
afti.-r Dr. Garcia, an eastern traveller.
Nat. ord., Guttifers [Clusiacese]. Linn.,
ll-Dod>candria l-Monoyynia. Allied to
Mammea.)
Of all the fruits in the East, that of G. Man-
gosta'na is the most highly extolled by Europeans ;
and the Gamboge from Siam is furnished by G.
Gumbo1 gia. Store evergreen trees. Cuttings of
ripened shoots in sand, under a bell-glass, in a
strong bottom-heat ; peat and loam. Summer
temp., 60° to 90°, with moist atmosphere ; winter,
60° to 65°.
6. co'rnea (horny). 30. Yellow. E. Ind. 1823.
— Co'wu (Cowa). 20. Yellow. E. Ind. 182-2.
— Gambo'gia (Gamboge). 30. Ye'.low. E. Ind.
1820.
— Mangosta'na (Mangosteen). 20. Purple. Java.
1789.
GARDEN BALSAM. Justi'cia pectora'Hs.
GARDEN BEETLE. In June and July,
a small, pretty beetle very often may be
found among the petals of white roses.
It is nearly half an inch long, and rather
less than a quarter of an inch broad. Its
wing-cases are reddish brown, shining,
and shorter than the body ; the body and
head are dark green, and the antennas
reddish, having at their ends a dark green
club. This is the garden beetle ( Pkyl-
lopertha horticola and Melolontha horlicofa
of some). It feeds on the leaves of
apples, pears, and roses, gnawing them
full of small holes, and even transferring
its attacks to the young fruit of the apole.
During the latter part of July the female
retires into the earth for the purpose of
there depositing her eggs, from which the
grubs are speedily produced, and feed
upon the roots of plants. The only mode
of reducing the number of these beetles
is by searching for them during the even-
ing, when, if detected, they stiffen their
outstretched legs, and feign death ; but
in the day they fly about swiftly, and are
captured with great difficulty.
GARDEN PEBBLE-MOTH (Scopula for.
ficuluris). The perfect insect, says Mr.
Curtis, measures rather more than an
inch across when its wings are expanded.
The upper pair are hazel-coloured, with
four stripes, two of which are distinct,
and the other faint ; the under wings as
well as the body are whitish ; and on the
former, near the centre, there is a curved
brown streak, and another black on the
margin. The first brood of caterpillars
occurs in May, and the second in the
autumn ; and when very numerous they
do considerable injury to cabbages and
plantations of horse-radish. The cater-
pillar is eight or ten lines long, with the
head of a light brown colour, and the
body is yellowish green, with black, longi-
GAR
[ 309 ]
GAR
tudinal stripes. Like other caterpillars,
it may be destroyed by being dusted with
white hellebore powder.
GARDENER. The day is gone when
trie spade arid tlie blue apron were the
only appropriate devices for the gardener.
He must now not only have a thorough
practical knowledge of his art, hut he
must also have an intimate acquaintance
with its sciences. No man can have
stored in his mind too much knowledge ;
but there are always some branches of
information of more value than others.
Of these, to the gardener, there are none
so important as botany and chemistry —
botany, physiological as well as classical —
chemistry, especially as applied to the ex-
amination of organic nature. The rela-
tive duties between the gardener and his
master are embodied in that universal
rule— Do as you would be done by. The
head gardener is the superior of the
valet or butler ; for his education and
knowledge are of a higher order. The
under gardeners, though necessarily
hardy, and the open air is their appro-
priate whereabouts, should have work
assigned to them suitable to the cle-
mency or inclemency of the season; for
no men are more liable to suffer early
in life from rheumatism. There are two
golden sentences which we would have
always kept in mind by the gardener : —
1. Let all things be done orderly.
2. Be always ready to give an account
of your stewardship.
GARDENER'S GARTER. Phalaris.
GARDE'NIA. (Named after Dr. Garden,
an American. Nat. ord., Cinchonads
[Cinchonaceae]. Linn., 5-Pentandria 1-
Afonogynia.")
Sweet-scented evergreen shrubs. Cuttings of
saoots half ripe, in sand, under glass, and in a
moist bottom-heat. This moist heat, when grow-
ing and when starting into bloom, is the very life
of all the stove species. Even the greenhouse
Mnds do best when pruned after flowering, grown
rapidly afterwards ; if in a moist atmosphere from
decomposing material, such as dung and leaves,
all the better ; hardened off and ripened by ex-
posure to light and air in autumn, rested in a cool
and dryish atmosphere in winter, and started into
bloom in a moist heat again, and then removed to
the greenhouse; peat and loam. Summer temp.,
0>r to 85°; winter, 45° to 55°.
GREENHOUSE.
G. ama>.'na (pleasing). 4. Pink. July. China.
— anifustifo'lia (narrow-leaved). 3. White. 1823.
— fio'rida (flowery). 5. Pale yellow. August.
China. 1754.
Fortu'ni (Fortune's double-flowered'}. 5.
White. July. North China. 1844.
ple'nu (double-lowered). H. Pale yellow.
August. China. 1754.
G. flo'rida si'mfilici (s\ng\e.Jiwfred). 5. White.
January. K. [ml. 1831.
— globo'x.i (elobe-/n<i7erf). White. June. Caf-
frftria.
— ra'dicuns (rooting). 1. White. June. China.
1804.
— Rothmn'nii (Rothman's). 10. Pale yellow.
July. Cape of Good Hope. 1774.
— spino'sa (spiny). 8. White. July. China. 1SOO,
— Thunbe'rgii (Thunberg's). 6. White. Fe-
bruary. Cape of Good Hope. 1773.
STOVE.
G. arma'ta (armed). 10. White. July. W. Ind
1813.
— campanula! ta (ladl-flowered) . E. Ind. 1815,
— Dewnia'na (Duke of Devonshire's). 6. While.
September, Sierra Leone. 1845.
— dumeto'rum (thicket). 6. White. July. E.
Ind. 1777.
— fra'grans (fragrant). 4. White. E. Ind. 1820.
— latifu'lia (broad-leaved). 7. Pale yellow.
E- Ind. 1/87.
— longisty'la (long-styled). 6. Green, white.
June. W.Africa. 1845.
— lu'cida (shining). 4. White. E. Ind. 1819.
— meliei'fera (chipper- bearing). 5. Crcaiu
Sierra Leone-
— m<mta'na (mountain). 8. White. E. Ind. 1R10,,
— ni'tida (shining-teaoerf). 3. White. October.
Sierra Leone.
— pane'ttfi (pavetta-like). 6. White. July. E.
Ind. 1817.
— Sherbou' rniee (Mrs. Sherbourne's). 3. White,
red. Juno. Sierra Leone. 1842. Climber.
— Stanleya'na (Stanley's. Earl of Derby's). 6.
White, spotted red. June. Sierra Leone.
1843.
GARDENING is the art of cultivating
and arranging plants, so as to obtain
from them the greatest amount of pro-
duce and of beauty.
GARDEN ROCAMBOLE. A' Ilium ophios-
co'rodon.
GARDEN SWIFT. (Hepialas lupztlnus.)
The caterpillar of this moth is more in-
discriminate in its attacks upon our plants
than any other ravager of the garden.
The roots of the auriculas, snowdrops,
bear's-ear, parsnips, lettuces, celery, pota-
toes, and strawberries, have all been ob-
served destroyed by this larva. The
mcih, usually, is chalky -brown, head
and thorax woolly, and its upper wings
dark, bright brown, with a broad line of
white ; but sometimes this is absent, and
at other times the upper wings are chalky-
white. These moths appear about the
end of May, and are very abundant in
the evening in meadows and other grassy
places. They deposit their eggs ap-
parently without discrimination, which
soon hatch, and the caterpillars produced
are cylindrical, and yellowish-white, with
black dots and hairs on the upper part
and sides of their segments. The cater-
pillar changes to an ochreous, shilling,
cylindrical pupa. — Gard. Chron.
GAR
C 370 ]
GAS
GARDO'QUIA. (Named after Gardoqui,
a Spaniard. Nat. ord., Labiates, or Lip-
worts [Lamiacese]. Linn., \^-Didynamia
2-Angiospermia. Allied to Melissa.)
Of all the Lipworts, there is not a greenhouse
rival to G. Hooke'ri when well grown. Green-
house evergreens, except G. betonicui'des, which
is herbaceous. Cuttings of half-ripened shoots in
June, in sand, under a hand-glass ; peat and loam,
with a fair portion of sand, and pieces of broken
bricks and charcoal. Winter temp., 40° to 48° ; a
shady place in summer. They should be tried
agaiust a wall, with a slight protection in winter.
G. betonicoi'des (betony-like^. 3. Pink. October.
Mexico. 1837.
— di'scolor (two-coloured). Purple. June. Chili.
1827.
— Gillie1 sii (Gillies' a). 2. Lilac. June. Chili. 1828.
— Hooke'ri (Hooker's). 2. Scarlet. June. Caro-
lina. 1832.
— multiflo'ra (many-flowered). 1. Purple. April.
Chili. 1837.
GARLAND FLOWER. Pleura'ndra cne-
o'rum.
GABLICK. {A1 Ilium sati'vum.) Grows
best in a light, rich soil.
Planting. — It is generally propagated
by parting the root, but may be raised
from the bulbs produced on the stems.
Plant any time in February, March, and
early in April ; but the middle of March
is the usual time. A single clove to be
placed in each hole, made six inches
apart, and one deep, in straight lines, six
inches distant from each other, care being
taken to set the roots downwards. To do
this, it is the best practice to thrust the
finger and thumb, holding a clove be-
tween them, to the requisite depth with-
out any previous hole being made. Keep
them frequently hoed, and in Jnne the
leaves are to be tied in knots, to prevent
the plants running to seed. A few roots
may be taken up as required in June and
July; but the whole must not be lifted
until the leaves wither at the close
of July, or in the course of August. It
is usual to leave a part of the stalk at-
tached, by which they are tied into
bundles, being previously well dried for
keeping during the winter.
GARLIC PEAR. Crata'va.
GA'RRYA. (Named after Mr. Garry, of
the Hudson's Bay Company, who facili-
tated Douglas's botanical researches in
North West America. Nat. ord., Gar-
ry ads [Garryacea?]. Linn., 21-Honoecia
k-Tetrandria.}
Kardy evergreen shrubs. Layers in the autumn,
and cuttings toward the end of summer, in sandy
soil, under a hand-light ; sandy loam.
G. clli'ptica (oval-leaved). 0, Green, October.
California. 1828,
G. laurifo'lia (laurel-leaved). 6. White. Mexico.
1839.
— macrophy'lla (large-leaved). 6. Green. Mexico.
1846.
— Macfadyenia'na (Mac Fadyen's). 6. Green.
Jamaica. 1842.
GARU'GA. (Its East Indian name. Nat.
ord., Amyrids [Amyridacese]. Linn., 10-
Decandria \-Monoyyuia. Allied to Bos-
wellia.)
One of the frankincense-trees so celebrated in
the East. Stove evergreen trees, with yellow
flowers ; cuttings of half-ripened shoots in sand,
under a bell-glass, and set in a little bottom-heat ;
peat and loam. Summer temp., 60° to 80°; win-
ter, 50° to 55°.
G. Madagascarie'nsis (Madagascar). 60. May.
Madagascar. 1824.
— pinna'ta (leafleted). 60. E. Ind. 1808.
GAS-HEATING. If the flame is supplied
with air by the aid of a small pipe com-
municating with the outside of the house,
is enclosed in a small iron stove, and has
the gases produced carried away by a
pipe, gas may be employed for protecting
greenhouse plants in winter. We have
known a small greenhouse, 16 feet by
12, thus protected by a single Argand
burner.
GASTE'RIA. (From yaster, a belly ; al-
luding to the swollen base of the flowers.
Nat. ord., Lily worts [Liliaceae]. Linn.,
§-Hexandria 1-Monoyynia.)
Greenhouse evergreens, from the Cape of Good
Hope, and all with red flowers, except where
otherwise specified. This genus ought to be
united to ALOE, which see for culture.
G. acinacifo'lia (scimitar-leaved). 3. Orange.
July. 1S19-
mi'nor (smaller). 2. Scarlet. July. 1820.
— angula'ta (angled). 2, July. 1791.
mi'nor (smaller). l£. August. 1820-
— angustifo'lia (narrow-leaved). l£. June. 1/81.
longifo'tia (long-leaved). l£. July. 1/^b.
— bi' color (two-coloured). 1. 1824.
— brevifo'lia (short-leaved). 3. July. 180Q.
pervi'ridis (very green). 14. Scarlet. July.
1820.
— ca'ndicans (rough-marble, white). I.July. 1822.
— curina'ta (rough-keeled'). 2. July. 1731.
— conspurca'ta (dirtied). 2. June. 1796.
— crassifo'lia (thick-leaved). 1^. July. 1820.
— deci'piens (deceiving). 2. Scarlet. July. 1820.
— di'sticha (two-rowed). 2. Scarlet. July. 1820.
ma'jor (larger). 2. Scarlet. July. 1820.
— ensifo'lia (sword-leaved). 1. July. 1823.
— ezcava'ta (excavated). 1$. 1624.
obll'qua (twisted-/mi»ed). l£. July. 1759.
— fasciu'ta (banded). l£. July. 1820.
la'xa (loose). 2. Scarlet. July. 1820.
— formo'sa (beautiful). 2. Scarlet. July. 1820.
— glu'bru (smooth- keeled). 3. July. 1796.
mi'nor Smaller), 2. Scarlet. July. 1820.
— intermedia (middle-tongued). 2. July. 1/90.
uspe'mma (roughest-teamed). 2. July.
1820.
la'vior (smoother). 2. Scarlet. July. mo.
— — — lo'ngior (longer-feaued). 2. Scarlet. Juljr.
1820,
GAS
[371
GAT
G. latepunctafta (lively-spotted). 2. Scarlet. July.
1820.
— denticula'ta (small-toothed). 2. Scarlet. July.
1822.
— les'vis (smooth). 1 J. July. 1820.
— lini'ta (smeared). 2. Scarlet. July. 1820.
— macula'ta (spotted). 2. Scarlet. July. 1759
fa'llax (fallacious). 2. Scarlet. July. 1820
— mo'llis (soft-muddy-leaved). 1. July. 1823.
— ni'gricans(dark). 2. July. 1790.
marmora'ta (marbled). \\. July. 1820.
- rii'tens (shining). 2. Scarlet. July. 1820.
bre'viur (shotter-leaved). 2. Scarlet. July.
1820.
— ni'tida (shining). 1. July. 1820.
— grandipuncta'ta (large-dotted), 1. July.
1822.
— obtu'sa (blunt). l£. July. 1820.
— obtusifo'liu (blunt-leaved). l£. July. 1796.
— pa'rva (small). 2. Scarlet. July. 1820.
— pi'cta (painted). 3. Scarlet. July. 1820.
— pluripuncta'ta (many-dotted), 2. Scarlet.
July. 1820.
— pu'lchra (fair). 3. Scarlet. July. 1759.
— re'pens (creeping-rooted). 1. July. 1821.
— reta'ta (netted). 2. Scarlet. July. 1820.
— striga'ta (rigid). 2. Scarlet. July. 1820.
— subcarina'ta (obscure-keeled). 2. Orange.
July. 1818.
viri'dior (greener). 2. Scarlet. July. 1820.
— subni'gricans ( blackish). 2. Scarlet. July. 1820.
gla'brior (smoother). 2. Scarlet. July. 1826.
— subverruco'sa (small-warted). 2. July. 1820.
parmpunota'ta (small-dotted). 2. July.
1820.
— sulca'ta (furrowed). 2. Scarlet. July. 1820.
— trigo'nu (triangular). l£. July. 1820.
— unda'ta (waved). 2. Scarlet. July. 1820.
— venu'sta (lovely). 2. Scarlet. July. 1820.
— verruco'sa(vrarty). 2. July. 1731.
GASTO'NIA. (After Gaston de Bourlon,
son of Henri IV. of France. Nat. ord.,
Ivyworts [Araliacece], Linn., ll-Dode-
candria 5-Pentagynia. Allied to Aralia.)
Stove evergreen shrub. Cuttings of shoots
getting firm, in April, in sand, under a bell-glass,
and iu bottom-heat; peat and loam. Summer
temp., 55° to 75° ; winter, 48° to 55°.
G.palmalta (hand-leaved). 4. White, green.
March. Chittagong. 1818.
GASTROCHI'LUS. (From gaster, belly,
and cheilos, lip ; in reference to the
swollen lip. Nat. ord, Gingerworts [Zin-
giberacese]. Linn., \-Monandria \-Mo-
noyynia. Allied to Alpinia. )
Must not be confounded with Don's Gastochi'-
Itts, a synonyme of Saccola'bium. Stove herba-
ceous perennials. Divisions of the plant as fresh
growth is commencing; sandy loara. Summer
temp., 60° to 80°; winter, 50° to 55°.
6. Jenkinso'nii (Jenkins's). 2. Orange, crimson.
June. E. Ind. 1841.
— longifto'rus (long-flowered). 2. Yellow, red.
July. E. Ind. 1843.
— pulchefrrimus (prettiest). 2. Yellow, pink.
August. Rangoon. 1828.
GASTROLO'BIUM. (From gaster, belly,
and loboi, a pod ; inflated seed-pod. Nat.
ord., Leguminous Plants [Fabacea?].
Linn., 10-Decandria I-Monogynia. Al-
lied to Eutaxia.)
Greenhouse evergreens, from Swan Hirer, and
all with yellow flowers, except where otherwise
mentioned. Seeds sown in a hotbed in spring,
after being soaked in warm water; cuttings of
half-ripened shoots in Blay, in sand, under a hell-
glass ; peat and loam, both Sbry, with a portion
of silver sand, and small pieces of charcoal ; im-
patient of sour, stagnant soil. Winter temp., 40°
to 45°.
O. acu'tum (sharp-pointed). lj. Yellow, red.
March. 1842.
— tiilo'bum (two-lobed). 2. May. 1803.
— C'llyci'num (large-c&lys.ed). April.
— corda'tum (heart-shap«d-/eaoed). May. 1841.
— epacrioi'des (epacris-like). 1847.
— obovu'tum (reversed-egg-/£awe</). April.
— oxylobioi'des (oxylobium-like). April. 1840.
— retu'sum (blunt-leaved), 1%. Orange, scarlet.
May. 1830.
— spathula'tum (spathulate-^eawed).
— spino'sum (spined). 3. April. 1840.
— trilo'bum (three-lobed-/e«ced).
— villo'sum (shaggy). 3. Red, crimson. May. 1845.
GASTRONE'MA. (From gaster, belly, and
nema, a filament; in reference to the fila-
ments seen below the point of insertion.
Nat. ord., Amaryllids [Amaryllidacese].
Linn., Q-Hexandria 1-Monogynia. Allied
to Cyrtanthus.)
Dr. Burr-hell discovered the pretty bulb, clava'-
tum, and flowered it in an open border along with
other Cape rarities ; but we believe the plant is not
to be had now in Europe : its native place at the
Cape is in " fields beyond Camtours river." Offsets ;
sandy loam, fibry peat, and dried leaf-mould;
plenty of water when growing, and dry when at
rest. Winter temp., from 35° to 45° ; or in border,
protected in winter.
G. clava'tum (club-leaved). %. White. May. Cape
of Good Hope. 1816.
— sangui'neum (blood-red). 4. Deep rose. June.
Caffraria. 1845.
GATEN or GATEE-TREE. Co'rnus san-
yui'nea.
GATHERER. The hand is the best in-
strument for collecting fruit into the
basket ; but to avoid the danger and
breakage of branches incidental to using
Long ladders, the following instruments
No. i. No. 2.
have been designed. No. 1 for apples and
other single fruit; No. 2 for grapes, the
stalk of which it severs and retains in
ts grasp.
GATHERING. See FBUIX-KOOM.
G.VU
[ 372 ]
GET
G AUDIO ETAU'DIA. (Named after O. Gau-
dic/unid, a French naturalist. Nat. ord.,
Malpighiads [Malpighiaceaej. Linn., 5-
Pttntandria 1 -Motioyyn ia.)
Stove evergreen. Cuttings of ripe shoots in
summer, in sand, under a bell-glass, and in bot-
tom-heat ; peat and loam, with sand, and pieces
of charcoal to keep it open. Summer temp , 60°
to 75° ; winter, 50° to 55°.
tr. cynanchoi' des (doz's-bane-like). 10. Yellow.
Mexico. 1824.
GAULTHE'RIA. (Named after Dr. Gnult-
}>nr, a Canadian. Nat. ord., Heathwurls
[Ericaceae] . Linn., I0-Dccnndria I-Mo-
noyynia. Allied to Pernettia.)
The oil of Wintergreens used to flavour drugs,
and also by perfumers, is obtained from the ber-
ries of O. procu'mbens. Chiefly by layers and
speds. Procu'mbens requires a moist peat-soil ;
Shii'llon will grow in any soil. The fruit is prized
for its flavour so much by the natives, that they
make it into bread tor winter use. The green-
house kinds require peat, and similar treatment,
with the exception of a temperature from 33° to
4o3 in winter.
HARDY.
G. procu'mbens (procumbent). $. White. July.
N. Amer. 1762.
— Sha'llon (Shallon). 4. White. May.- N.
Amer. 1826.
GREENHOUSE.
O. anti'pndn (antipodal). 6. White. Ncxv Zea-
land. 1820.
— bractea'ta (bracted). Red. July. Columbu.
1843.
— cnrdn'ta (he^rt-leaved). White. May. Japan.
— fwugi'nea (rusty). Pink. June. Brazil. 1852.
— yVa'graras (fragrant). 6. Purple, red. Nepaul.
1824.
GAU'RA. (From yauros, superb ; re-
ferring to the beauty of some of the
species. Nat. ord., Onaymds [Onagracere]
Linn., S-Octandria 1-Monogynia. Allied
to Stenosiphon.)
O. frutico'sa may be propagated either hy
seeds or cuttings ; the others — annuals, biennials,
a/id perennials'— are all hardy, and may also be
sown in April, and the perennials may also be
divided. Sandy, rich loam suits them all.
G. angnstifo'lta (narrow-leaved). 2. Pink. Au-
gust. Perennial,
— bie'nnis (biennial). 5. Red, white. Septem-
ber. N. Amer. 1/62.
— cocci'nea (scarlet). £. Scarlet. September,
Louisiana. 1811. Perennial.
—frutico'sa (shrubby). 3. Red, white. S
Amer. 1815. Stove evergreen.
— muta'ftitis (changeable). 2. Yellow. July
N. Amer. 1/Q5. Biennial.
— aenotheraefo'lia (oenothera-lonve'1). l£. Purple
July. S. Amer. 1816. Bieriiisil.
—iparviflo'ra (small-flowered). 4. Yell»w. Au.
gust. N. Amer. 1S35. Biennial.
— sinua'ta (twisted). Blush. July. N. Amer
182t>. Biennial.
— tripe'talu (three-petaled). 1$. Pink. August
Mexico. 1804. Annual.
GAYLUSSA'CIA. (Named after M. Gay
Xsiissuc, a celebrated French chemist
STat. ord., Cranberries [Vacciniace*].
Linn., 10-Decandria \-Monoyynia. Allied
to Vaccinium.)
Cranberry-like half-hardy evergreens. Seed and
avers ; sandy peat, a little loam, and leaf-mould ;
require the protection of a pit or the greenhouse
n winter.
G, pseu'do-vacci'nium (bilberry-like). l£. Rose,
red. May. Brazil. 1843.
— rafsen (rosy-flowered). Rose. May. Peru. 1843.
GAZA'NIA. (From yaza, richness ; in
reference to the large, gaudy flowers.
Nat. ord., Composites [Asteracese]. Linn.,
IQ-Synyenesia '3-Frustranea. Allied to
Gortena.)
Natives of Cape of Good Hope. Cuttings of
side-shoots, produced in abundance near the
base of -the plant, in August; more sparingly in
s;!riaar, in sandy soil, under a hand-light; peat
and loam, with a portion of sand. Winter temp.,
38° to 45°.
GREENHOUSE EVERGREENS.
G. ri'gc-ns (stiff). I. Orange. June. 1755.
— uniflu'ra (one-flowered), 1. Yellow. July. 1816.
GREENHOUSE HERBACEOUS.
G. heterophy'lla (variable-leaved). £. Orange.
July. 1812.
— pavo'nia (peacock). l£. Yellow. July. 1(504.
— subulu'ta (awl-leaved). 1. Yellow. July. 17<U.
GEISSOME'EIA. (From (frisson, a tiie,
R-nd meris, a part; referring to the way
the bractes ai'e imbricated, or fall over
each other as tiles on a roof. Nat. ord.,
Acanthads [Acanthaceoe], Linn., 14-
Didynamia 2-Anyiospermia. Allied to
Barleria.)
Stove evergreen shrubs. Cuttings of shoots
getting firm, any time in summer, in sand, um!<r
a bell-glass, and a sweet bottom-heat; loam and
peat, with sand, and a little old cow-dung.
G. auranti'aca (orange-coloured). 2. Orange,
red. Autumn. 1848.
—fu'lgida (brilliant). Scarlet. August. W. Ind.
1801.
— longiflu'ra (Ions-flowered). 3. Scarlet. July.
Brazil. 1826.
GEISSORHI'ZA. Tile Root. (From
ycisson, a tile, and rhiza, a root; referring
to the dry coats which cover the fleshy
roots like tiles on a roof. Nat. ord.,
Irids [Iridacese], Linn., 3-Triandria ]-
Monoyynia. Allied to Triehonema.)
Half-hardy bulbs, from Cape of Good Hope.
Except when planted out on a border, in front of
a gieenhouse, the roots should be planted in a
handful of white sand ; offsets ; «andy peat, with
a little loam; must be kept from the frost in
winter.
G. cilia'ris (hair-fringed). 1. May.
— ere' eta (upright). Yellow, blue. May. 1824.
— c.rci'sa (abrupt-/eawerf). ,-J. Wliite. May. 1789.
— Iri'rta (hairy). 1. White- May. 1825.
— /tu'milis (humble). Yellow, rose. May. 1822.
— imbrica'tn (imbricated). 1. Variegated. May.
1825.
— jVncett ;ru»h-like). 1. White. July. 1822.
GEL
[ 373 ]
GEN
0. Laro'c.Jiei (De la Roche's), f . Violet. May.
179(>.
— obtusa'ta (blunted). 1. Yellow. May. 1801.
— secu'nda (nAe-flowefmg). 1. White. May. 1795.
ulfie'scens (whitish). 1. White. May. 17y5.
casru'lea (blue). 1. Blue. May. 1795.
— setu'cea (brist\e-/e«wed). 1. Sulphur. July. 1809 .
— sublu'tea (yellowish). 1. Yellow. May. 1825.
— vagina' tit (sheathed). 14. Yellow, blue. May.
1S24.
GE'LA. (From geleo,to shine; refer-
ring to the surface of the leaves. Nat.
ord., JRueworts [Kutacere]. Linn., S-Oc-
tandria I-Monoyynia.)
Greenhouse evergreen shrubs. Cuttings of half-
ripened shoots in May, under a hand-light, in
sandy soil ; sandy peat. Winter temp., 38° to 45°.
G. lunceola'ta (spear-head-teaued). 4. Yellow.
Cochin China. 1820.
— oblongifo'lia (oblong-leaved). 6. White, green.
June. N. Holland. 1823.
GELASI'NE. (From pelasinos, a smiling
dimple; referring to the flowers of these
pretty hulbs. Nat. ord., Irids [Iridaceae] .
Linn., 3-Triandria 1-Monoyyuia. Allied
to Trichonema.)
A bulb, from the Rio Grande in South America,
almost, if not altogether, hardy ; but we fear it
has been lost at the dispersion of Dr. Herbert's
collection, who had dry specimens of five more
species of Gelasine. Nuttall's Nemosty'tis is the
nearest genus to it; but Trie-hone' >na, so well
known, will give a good idea of it ; light, sandy
soil suits them best ; they seed freely, and MOaliOgl
flower the second season from the sowing, and,
li'xe most Irids, they increase by offset-bulbs.
G. uzu'rea (blue). 1. Blue. May. S.Amer. 1833.
GENETY'LLIS. (From genetyllis, pro-
tective of birth ; alluding to the form and
position of the flowers. Nat. or A., Myrtle-
blooms [Myrtacesej. Linn., ~L2-2cosaiidria
1 - Man oyy nia.)
Greenhouse evergreens. Cultivated like the
Myrtle.
G. tulipi'fera (tulip-bearing). 2J. Straw, crim-
son. April. Swan River. 1854.
— macroste'gia (large-involucred). 2. Crimson.
May. Western Australia. 1854.
GENI'PA. Genip-tree. (From Gene-
papa, the native name. Nat. ord., Cin-
dwnads [Cinchonacese]. Linn., 5-Pfw-
tandriu \-Monoyynia. Allied to Gardenia. )
The Genipap, a South American fruit, is pro-
duced by G. America! na ; it is as large as an
orange, and much esteemed. Stove evergreen
trees. Cuttings of shoots just getting a little
firm, in May, in sand, under a bell-glass, and in
bottom-heat; peat and loam, with a little sand
and cow-dung. Summer temp., 60° to 80° ; win-
ter, 45° to 50°.
G. America' na (American). 30. Pale yellow. S.
Amer. 1/79.
— edu'lis (eatable). 30. White. Guiana. 1824.
— fucuk'nta (eatable). 20. China. 1823.
— Mena'nee (Merian's). 10. White. Cayenne.
1800.
— oblongifo'lia (oblong-leaved). 20. Yellow.
Peru. 1821.
GENI'STA. (From the Celtic, gen, a
small bush. TS&t.o\:d.,Leyumiituus Plants
[Fabacese]. Linn., lQ-Monetdelph,iq 6-
Decandria. Allied to Spartium.)
Low shrubs, all with yellow flowers, good for
making quickly an ornamental appearance in a
shrubbery. The greenhouse and half-hardy kinds
like peat and loam, with a little sand and leaf-
mould, and are propagated by cuttings of the
young shoots in summer, in sand, under a bell-
glass. The hardy kinds are easily propagated by
seed, and the most rare by cuttings under a
hand-light, after April, in a shady place. What-
ever plan is adopted, they should be frequently
transplanted, or at once removed to their position
in the shrubbery, as they make long, naked roots.
Canarie'nsis is about the best of the greenhouse
ones, and that in a dry place requires only a little,,
protection out of doors. Lusita'nica and radia ta
look interesting, even in winter, when the leaves
are gone. Ange'lica is the rough-looking spring
dwarf-bush that blooms so freely in our moist
moors. Tincto'ria is used in all its parts for pro-
ducing a yellow dye; and on a rock-work, or on
the top of a mound, with its branches allowed to
creep downwards, few things in spring and the
beginning of summer are more splendid than the
trailing trique'tru, and its next-door neighbour,
triungtUa'rit. Common, loamy soil suits all the
hardy ones.
GREENHOUSE DECIDUOUS.
G?. conge'stu (close-irancAed). 4. June. Tene-
riffe.
— monospe'rma (single-seedec!). 4. July. South
Europe. 1690.
— tphteroca'rpa (round-podded). 4. July. South
Europe. 1/31.
GREENHOUSE EVERGREENS.
G. bracteola'ta (small-brarted). 2. May. 1823.
— Cunnrie'nsis (Canary). 2. June. Canaries. l65<].
— claoa'ta (club-leaved), 3. June. Mogadoie.
1812.
— fe'rox( fierce). 1$. July. Barbary. 1800.
— linifo'lia (flax-leaved). 3. June. Spain. 1739.
— S/>iichia'na (Spach's). 2. Canaries.
— umbellu'ta (umbelled). 3. June. Barbary. !/99.
HARDY DECIDUOUS.
G. aphy'lla (leafless). 4. Violet. July. Siberia
1800.
— humifu'sa (trailing). 1. July. France. 1819-
Trailer.
— sco'rpius (scorpion). 4. April. South Europe.
1570.
— tetrago'na (four-argled-6rancAed). 1. July.
Podolia. 1822. Trailer.
— virga'ta (/on^-twigged). 5. June. Madeira.
1777-
HARDY EVERGREENS.
G. Mthne'nsis (Etna). 3. July. Sicily. 181 8.
— A'nglica (English. Petty whin}. 2. July. Britain.
— angula'ta (angled). 3. June. Maryland. 1739-
— Anxu'nticn (Anxantic). 4. July. Italy. 1818.
— ca'ndicans (whitish). 2. May. Spain. 1735.
— cine'rea (greyish). 4. July. South Europe.
— decu'mbens (decumbent). 4. June. Burgundy.
1775. Trailer.
— di/u'sa (spreading). 3. June. Hungary. 18)6.
— fl,.irida (flowery). 6. July. Spain. 1?52.
— Germa'nica (German). 2. July. Germany. 17/3.
ine'rmis (near/^-unarmed). 2. July. Ger-
many.
— 7/fspa'rck'afSpanish). 2. July. Spain. 1759.
GEN
[ 374 ]
GEN
G. hn'rrida (horrid). 3. July. Pyrenees. 1821.
— Ita'ticn (Italian). 3. July. Italy.
— Lusita'nica (Portuguese). 2. May. Portugal.
1771.
— 3fa'rt£iea(Mantic). 3. July. South Europe. 1816.
— ova'ta, (egg-leaned). 3. July. Hungary. 181b'.
— parviflo'ra (small- flowered). 3. July. South
Europe. 1817.
— pa'tens (spreading). 2. June. Spain.
— pu'tula (wide-open). 3. July. Caucasus.
1818.
— pilo'sa (downy. Green weed). 6. June. Eng-
land.
— polygalcefo'lia (poly gala-leaved). 3. July.
Spain. 1820.
— procu'mbens (lying-down). lj. July. Hungary.
1816. Trailer.
— radia'ta (rayed). 1 £. July. Italy. 1758.
— sagittu'lis(a.m\v-jointed). £. June. Germany.
1570.
— mi'nor (less). May. Trailer.
— scario'so, (membranous). 6. July. Italy. 1821.
— seri'cea (silky). 3. June. Austria. 1812.
— Sibi'rica (Siberian). 2, July. Siberia. 1785.
— silve'stris (wood). 2. July. Hungary. 1118.
— tincto'ria (dyer's. Green weed). 3. July.
Britain.
flo're-ple'no (double-flowered). 2. July.
hirsu'ta(somewhatha.\ry). 2. July. Britain.
latifo'lia (broad-leaved). 2. July. Au-
vergne. 1824.
pratefnsis (meadow). 2. July. Italy.
— triaca'nthos (three-spined). 2. July. Spain.
interru'pta (interrupted). 2. May. Tan-
gier.
— triangula'ris (three-angled-steromed). 2. June.
Hungary. 1815.
— trigue'tra (three-cornered-fifentwied). 3. June.
Corsica. 1770.
GENTIA'NA. Gentian. (Named after
Gentius, king of Illyria, who first experi-
enced the virtue of Gentian. Nat. ord.,
Gentianworts [Gentianacese]. Linn., 5-
Pentandria 2-Digynia.)
The root of G. lu'tea is the true Gentian of the
druggists, an intense bitter, only exceeded by that
of Ale'tris farino'sa, a little North American
Blood root, the most intense bitter known, and by
Qua'ssia ama'ra. The smaller kinds may be
treated as al pines ; and whether grown in pots or
not, a little heat and sandy leaf-mould should be
given them. All may be propagated by seed
sown as soon as ripe ; the perennials, also, by di-
vision in spring. Some of the creeping, low-
growing kinds, as acau'lis, make nice edgings to
walks and borders.
HARDY ANNUALS.
G. amnre'lla (amarella). 4. Purple. August.
Britain.
lu'tea (yellow). £. Yellow. August.
— angustifo'lia (narrow-leaved), i. Purple. July.
N. Amer. 1812.
— Carinthi'aca (Carinthian), $. Blue. August.
Switzerland. 1817.
— Germu'nica (German). £. Blue. August. Ger-
many. 1818.
— glticia'lis (icy). £. Blue. July. Alps. 18JQ.
— hu'milis (humble). ^. Purple. April. Cau-
casus. 1824.
— nioa'lis (snowy). $. Blue. August. Scotland.
— obtusifo'lia (blunt-leaved). £. Yellow. July.
Switzerland. 1826.
— prate>ntia (meadow). *. Blue. July. Siberia.
1817.
BIENNIALS.
G. ba.ba'ta (bearded). $. Blue. August. Si-
beria. 1/64.
— Caucu'sica (Caucasian). £. Violet. July. Cau-
casus. 1804.
— confefrta (crowded). Blue. August. Altaia. 1827.
— crini'ta Uo«#-haired). £. Blue. July. N. Amer.
1804.
— uligino'sa (marshy). Blue. August. Germany.
1827.
— uniflo'ra (one-flowered). Violet. July. Carpa-
thian Mountains. 1828.
HARDY HERBACEOUS PERENNIALS.
G. aesti'va (summer). £. Blue. July. Austria. 1818.
— acau'lis (stemless. Gentianella). %. Blue.
May. Wales.
— angustifo'lia (narrow-leaved). £. Blue. May.
Alps. 1819.
— adscc'ndens (ascending), f . Blue. July. Si-
beria. 1799.
decu'mbens (decumbent). £. Blue. June.
Siberia. 1799.
— a'lgida (cold). £. White. July. Siberia. 1808.
— alpi'na (alpine). J. Blue. July. Alps. 1817.
— Alta'ica (Altaic). 1. Purple. May. Siberia. 1&2*.
— angulo'sa (angled). £. Purple. Altai. 1824.
— asc/e/nVdea(swallowwort-like). 1. Blue. July.
Austria. 1629.
ma'jor (greater). 2. Blue. July.
ochroleu'^a (yellowish-white). 1. Cream.
July.
— au'rea (golden). 4. Yellow. August. Nor-
way. 1823.
— Bava'rica (Bavarian). £. Blue. July. Ger-
many. 1775.
— fa7o'4a (two-lobed). 2£. Yellow. July. Alps.
1820.
— Bursefri (Burser's). 2. Yellow. July. Pyrenees.
1820.
— campanula' t a (bell-flowered). 2. Sulphur. July.
Switzerland. 1810.
— Catesbce'a (Catesby's). 1^. Blue. July. N.
Amer. 1803.
— cilia'la (hair-fringed), f. Blue. Germany. 17.c.9.
— clavn'ta (studded). £. Blue. 1820.
— crucia'ta (crossed). 1. Dark blue. July.
Austria. 1596.
— fimbria'ta (fringed). £. Blue. August. Cau-
casus. 1818.
— Fortu'ni (Mr. Fortune's). Lilac. Siberia.
— fri'gida (frigid). 4. White. July. Syria. 1817.
— Ge'/»/<?ri(Gebler's). Blue. August. Russia, 1832.
— ge'lida (ice-cold). 1. Blue. July. Siberia. 1807.
— hy'brida (hybrid). 2£. Yellow, purple. July.
Switzerland. 1817.
— imbrica'ta (imbricated). \. Blue. July. Swit-
zerland. 1819.
— incarnafta (flesh-coloured). 2. Pink. Sep-
tember. N. Amer. 1812.
— intei-me'dia (intermediate). 2. Purple. Sep.
tember. N. Amer. 1820.
— linea'ris (narrow-/e«i>ed). 1. Blue. August.
Carolina. 1816.
— lu'tea (yellow). 4. Yellow. July. Alps. 15g6.
— macrnphy'lla (large-leaved). 1. Blue. July.
Siberia. 1796.
— ochroleu'ca (cream-flowered). 2. Yellowish.
N. Amer. 1803.
— Panno/n«ca(Pannonian). 1. Purple. July. Alps.
— plebe'ta (vulgar), f. Dark blue. July. Ger-
many. 1834.
— pneumona'nthe (wind-flower). £. Blue. An-
gust. England.
— ——flo're-a'lbo (white-flowered). £. White,
green. August. Germany. 1834.
CEO
[ 375 ]
GER
O. pneumonn'nthe gutta'ta (spotted). £. Blue.
August.
— pseu'do-pneumonii'nthe (bastard-wind-flower).
£. Blue. August. N. Anier. 1800.
— pu'mila (dwarf). *. Blue. May. Switzerland.
18)7.
— puncta'ta (spotted-flowered). 3. Yellow. July.
Alps. 1775.
— purpu'rea (purple). 3. Blue. July. Alps. 1/68.
fio're-u'lbo (white-flowered). 2. White.
July. European Alps. 1823.
— Pyrena'ica (Pyrenean). £. Blue. July. Pyre-
nees. 1825.
*- quinqueflo'ra (five-flowered). $, Blue. August.
N.Amer. 1824.
— sapona'ria (so&pv/ort-leaved). 2. Blue. August.
N.Amer. 1776.
flo're-a'lbo (white-flowered). J. White.
September. N. Amer. 1826.
— septe'mfi'da (seven-cleft). |. Blue. July. Persia.
1804.
gutta'ta (spotted). £. Blue. June. Le-
vant. 1804.
Cauca'sica (Caucasian). Blue. August.
Caucasus.
— triflo'ra( three -flowered). $. Blue. July. Si-
beria. 1807.
— umbella'ta (urabelled). |. Purple. June. Cau-
casus. 1823.
— utriculo'sa (bladdery). £. Purple. April.
South Europe. 1822.
— ve'rnn (spring;). |. Blue. May. England.
flo're-a'lbo (white-flowered). $. White.
April.
GEOFFRO'YA. Bastard Cabbage -tree.
(Named after Dr. Geojfroy, of Paris,
author of " Materia Medica." Nat. ord.,
Leguminous Plants [Fabacese]. Linn.,
17-Diadelphia k-Pentagynia. Allied to
Andira.)
Stove evergreen trees. Cutting! of ripened
shoots in sand, in peat, and under a bell-glass j
peat and loam. Summer temp., 60° to 75° ; winter,
4>»° to 55°.
G. Bredeme'yeri(Bredemeyet'&'). Yellow. July.
Caraccas. 1824.
— spino'sa (spined). 30. Yellow. S. Amer. 1818.
— viola'cea (violet). 20. Violet. Guiana. 1823.
GEOMETRA. The Amphidasis and Hy-
lernaria of some entomologists is a genus
of moths including G. polosaria, Pale
Brindled Beauty-Moth, which appears in
March ; eggs deposited in bands round a
twig, as done by the Lackey-Moth. Cater-
pillars appear with the opening leaves of
the elm, lime, lilac, and apple-tree. They
are, at first, a light green.
G. defoliaria, Lime-Looper, or Mottled
Umbre-Moth, feeds on the leaves of the
lime and apple. Moth appears in No-
vember. Caterpillar reddish, with a bright
yellow stripe on each side. Female moth
has no wings, so that a piece of cloth
dipped in tar, and bound round a tree's
stem, prevents its ascent.
G. piniaria attacks the pine and fir
tribe.
GEO'NOMA. (From geonomo*, skilled in
agriculture; as much as to say that only
a skilful plauter could increase the^e
palms. Nat. ord., Palms [Palmaceaa].
Linn., 22-Dioecia 6-Hexandria. Allied to
Borassus.)
Stove palms. Seed ; rich, sandy loam. Summer
temp., 60° to 80° ; winter, 55° to 60°.
G. acau'lis (stemless). 5. Brazil. 1823.
— coralli'fera (coral-bearing). 5£. Red.
— macrosta'chys (large-spiked). 5. Brazil. 1328.
— pinna' tifrons (leaflet- leaved). 15. Caraccas.
1821.
— Schottia'na (Schott's). Brazil. 1820.
— simpli' cifrons (simple-leaved). 6. Trinidad.
is'is.
— Spixia'na (Spix's). 15. Brazil. 1824.
GEORGI'NA. Attempts were made some
years since to substitute this name for
that of Dahlia; but the law of prioriiy
settles the question. Dahlia was named
by the Spanish botanist Cavanilles in
1791 ; and neither Wildenow nor Spren-
gel's Georgina appeared for more than
eighty years subsequently.
GERA'NIUM. See PELARGO'NIUM.
GERA'NIUM. Crane's Bill. (From
geranos, a crane ; referring to the beak-
like torus, or projection beyond the seeds.
Nat. ord., Cranesbills [Geraniacese]. Linn.,
IG-Monadelphia 6-Decandria.)
A very few require the pit or greenhouse in
winter, and these should have equal portioni of
peat, loam, leaf-mould, and sand. Almost all
are hardy, and flourish in common ground;
many grow under the shade of trees and hedges,
and thus secure a portion of vegetable earth.
There are worse things than the common weed
Robertia'num for twining itself round the sides
of a rustic basket, or crawling over a rock-work.
The following are a few of the best for gardens : —
Mexica'num, rubifo'lium, stmgui'neum, Lancux-
trie'nse, Wallichia'num, pra'e'nse flo're-ple'no,
Dahu'ricum, pilv'sum, and cristu'tum. There is
hardly an annual worth sowing.
HALF-HARDY HERBACEOUS.
G. aconitifo'lium (aconite-leaved). l£. White.
June. Switzerland. 1775.
— arge'nteum (silvery-teawed). $. Striped. July.
South Europe. 1699.
— cantfscens (hoary). 4. Pink, June. Cape
of Good Hope. 1787.
— inca'num (hoary-wany-ete/0. i« Pink, June.
Cape of Good Hope. 1701.
— Mexica'num (Mexican). 1. Pale purple.
August. Mexico. 1832.
HARDY ANNUALS.
G. lanugino'sum (woolly). Rose. July. N. Amer.
1817.
— pa' liens (pale). Pale. June. Iberia. 182F.
HARDY HERBACEOUS.
G. affi'ne (related). 1. Blue. June. Altaia. 1832.
— dlbiflu'rum (white-flowered). 14. Whitish.
July. N. Amer. 1827.
— Alta'icum (Altaic). 1$. Pale red. July. Altaia.
1818.
— anemonfifo'lium (anemone-leaved). 3. Red.
August. Madeira. 1788. Greenhousa
evergreen.
376 ]
GEE
G. nngula'tum (angular-s£u/#ed). It Purple,
.lurie. 1769.
— asphod,:lui'des (asphodel-like). Levant. 1828.
— batruchim'des (batrachium-like). 1. Blue.
July. Europe. 1817-
— cceru'teum (blue). 1. Blue. July. Dahuria. 1824.
— cine'reum (grey). 1. Red. August. Pyrenees.
— colli'nnm (hill). 1. Purple. July. Siberia. 1815.
— cristu'tum (crested). 1$. Red. July. Iberia.
1820.
— Duhu'ricum (Dahurian). 1. Purple. June.
Dahuria. 1820.
— eria'nthum (woolly-floweret). 2. Crimson.
June. California. 1839.
— erioste'mon (woolly-stemmed). lj. Blue. July.
Siberia. 1822.
pa'llidum (pale). 14. Pale blue. August.
Nepaul. 1822.
—fu'scum (brown). l£. Brown. July. South
Europe. 1759-
— gymnocau'lon (naked-stemmed). 1. Blue.
July. Iberia. 18U.
— Ibe'ricum (Iberian). l£. Blue. July. Levant.
1 802.
— Lambe'rti (Lambert's). 14- Red. July.
Nepaul. 1824.
— Lancttstrie'nse (Lancaster). $. Striped. June.
Britain. Trailer.
— lo'ngipes (long-stalked). 1. Lilac. July.
1823.
— lu'cidum (shining). 4- Pink. June. Britain.
— macrorki'zum (large-roo(ed). l£. Purple.
June. Italy. 15/6.
— macula1 turn (spotted). J. Purple. July.
N. Amer. 1732.
— multi'fidum (mucti-cut). 1. Red. August.
Cape of Good Hope. 1817.
— nemoro'sum (grove). 1. Purple. July. Italy.
1821.
— Nepale'nse (Nepaulese). 4- Red. June.
Nepaul. 1818.
— palu'stre (marsh). 2. Purple. July. Germany.
1732.
— parviflo'rum (small-flowered), f. Purple.
June. Van Diemen's Land. 1816.
— phee'um (dusky). 14. Black. May. England.
— pilo'sum (shaggy). 3. Purple. July. New
Zealand. 1821.
— pratefnse (meadow. Crowfoot-leaved). lj.
Blue. June. Britain.
— flo're-a'lbo (white-flowered). 1^. White.
June. Britain.
— flo're-a'lbo-plelno(AoublR- white-flowered) .
2. White. May. Britain.
~ —— flo're-ple'no (double-flowered). 2. Blue.
June. Scotland.
— flotre-variega'ta (variegated-flowered). 14.
Variegated. July. Britain.
— Pyrena'icum (Pyrenean). 1. Purple. June.
Britain.
— refle'xum (berit-back-Jfoujered). l£. Red. July.
Italy. 1758.
— Roltertia'num (herb Robert). 1. Red. April.
Britain.
.'— flo're-a'lbo (white-flowered). 1. White.
April. Britain.
— rubifo'lium (bramble-leaved). 1. Pink. JuJy.
Himalayas. 183<j.
— sangui'neum (bloody). 1. Crimson. July.
Britain.
.— villnsi'ssimum (hairiest). $. Blood. July.
Europe. Trailer.
.— Sibi'rieum (Siberian). I. White. July. Si-
beria. 1/58
~ stria' turn (channelled), 1. Striped. August.
Italy. 1629.
G. tubero'sum (tuberose-roof e<2). 1. Pink. July.
Italy. 1596.
ramo'sum (branching). 1. Purple. July.
South Europe.
— umbro'sum (shaded). 1. Purple. July. Hun-
gary. 1804.
— Vlassuma'num (Vlassov's). 1. Red. July.
Crimea. 1821.
— WalUchia'num (Wallich's). g. Striped. July.
Nepaul. 181Q.
GERA'RDIA. (Named after £erarr/,the
English herbalist. Nat. ord., Figworls
[Scrophulariaceaa]. Linn., l^-Didynamia
2- A ngiospermia. )
All but delphinifo'lia from North America. An-
nuals, biennials, and perennials by seed, in sandy
peat ; perennials and biennials also by cuttings in
sandy peat, under a hand-light ; such as querci*
fo'lia, by divisions in spring; sandy, fibry loam,
if peat is not to be had ; the stove species re-
quires similar treatment, but extra heat.
STOVE HERBACEOUS.
<?. delphinifo'lia (larkspur-leaved). 2. Pink.
July. E. Ind. 1800.
HARDY ANNUALS AND BIENNIALS.
O. aphy'llu (le&fiess-sternmed). 3. Rose. July.
1834. Annual.
— mari'tima (sea-side). 2. Yellow. July. 1823.
— pedicula'ria (pedicularis-like). Yellow. June.
1826.
— purpu'rea (purple). 14. Purple. July. 17/2.
— tenuifii'lia (slender-leaved). 1. Purple. Juiy.
1812.
HARDY HERBACEOUS.
G.fla'tta (yellow). 1$. Yellow. July. 1/96
— quei-cifo'lia (oak-leaved). 1. Yellow. July.
1812.
GERBE'RA. (Named after Gerber, a
German naturalist. Nat. ord., Composites
[Asteracese]. Linn., 19-Syngenesia 2-
SitperJIua.)
A greenhouse biennial ; seeds or cuttings of
the side-shoots, and preserved over the winter ;
sandy loam and a little peat. Winter temp., 40°
to 45°.
G. crena'ta (scollop-leaved). £. Purple. July.
Cape of Good Hope. 1822.
GERMAN CATCHFLY. Visca'ria vulga'ris.
GERMANDER. 2\'u'crium.
GERMINATION is the sprouting or first
step in vegetation of a seed. To enable it
to germinate it must have a perfectly-
developed embryo, and be ripe, or nearly
ripe. It must not be too old, and there
must be present a certain degree of heat,
moisture, and oxygen gas, the latter
| being furnished by the air.
GEROPO'GON. Old Man's Beard. (From
yeron, old man, and pot/on, a beard ; re-
ferring to the hair-like pappus which
crowns the calyx in this order. Nat. ord.,
Composites [Asteracese], Linn., I9-Synqe-
nesia l-J£qualis. Allied to Scorzouera.)
Hardy plants, from Italy. Animale by seed in
April, iu common soil; perennial by seed and
division or the plant in spring.
GES
[ 377 ]
GES
G. calycula'tiis (tor^r-calyxed). 2. Pink. July.
1774. Perennial.
— gla'ber (smooth). l£. Pink. July. 1704.
— hirsu'tus (hairy). )£. Red. July. 1759.
GE'SNERA. (Named after Conrad Ges-
ncr, a celebrated botanist of Zurich. Nat.
ord., Gesnerworts [Gesneracesej. Linn.,
14.-Didynamia 2-Angiospermia. Allied to
Gloxinia. )
A most interesting family of plants, that, by
regulating their rest period, may be brought into
bloom at almost any time. All scarlet-flowered,
except where otherwise stated.
O. acau'lis (stemless). 1. June. Jamaica. 1793.
— aggrega'ta (ajigreeate). 3. June. Brazil. 1816.
— aUugophy'lla (shifting-leaved). l£. Orange.
July. Brazil. 1834.
- Arno'ldi (Arnold's). 1. July. Brazil. 1841.
- breoiflo'ra (short-flowered), "l. Red. August.
1847-
— bulbo'sa (bulbous). 2. June. Brazil. 1816.
— c/tlffci'na (/arg-e-calyxed), 14. Jamaica.
— Curaccasa'nu (Caraccas). 2. July. Caraccas.
1812.
— Coope'ri (Mr. Cooper'*). 2. May. Brazil. 1829.
— corda'ta (heart-/e«/>ed). f . Pale scarlet. July.
— f-orymbn'sa (corymbed). 2. July. Jamaica. 1822.
— digita'lis (foxglove-like). June. Brazil. 1842.
— di'ncolor (two-coloured). Red, yellow. Sep-
tember. S. Amer. 1843.
— Dougla'sii (Douglas's). l£. Red, yellow.
September. Rio Janeiro. 1826.
verticilla'tatyhorled-flowered'). 2. Crim-
son. May. Rio Janeiro. 1&35.
— elli'ptica (oval).
lu tea (y Mow-flowered). 1. Yellow. May.
Santa Martha. 1844.
— elonga'ta (elongated). 2. Scarlet. Septem-
ber. S. Amer. 1835.
frutico'aa (shrubby). 2. August.
— faucia'lis (wide- mouthed). 2. July. Brazil. 1833.
— Gardne'ri (Gardner's). 2. Red. July. Brazil.
1841.
— Gerardiu'na (Gerard's). 2. Red, yellow.
September. S. Amer. 1843.
— hirsu'ta (hairy). 1. July. Cumana. 1826.
— Honde'/isis (Honda). 1. Red, yellow. May.
Brazil. 1845.
— hu1 mills (humble), f . Cuba.
— lasiu'ntha (woolly-flowered). 3. Autumn.
Mexico.
— lateri'titi (brick-ied). 2. July. Brazil. 1834.
— latifu'lia (broad-leaved). August. Caraccas.
1839.
— Libane'nsis (Lebanon. Many-flowered}. $.
June. Cuba. 1847.
— Lindle'yi (Lindley's). Scarlet, yellow. July.
Brazil. 1825.
— longifo'lia (long-leaved). 2. Red. June.
Guatimala^. 1841.
— macra'ntha (large-flowered). Purplish.
purpu'rea (purple-flowered). %. August
1847.
— macrosta'chya (large-spiked). Rio Janeiro.
1825.
— magni'flca (magnificent). August.
— oblonga'ta (oblong). Crimson. April. S.
Amer. 1830.
— p(mli'na(leov*rd-spotted). l£. Orange, red-
spotted. August. Brazil. 1847.
— )enduli'na (drooping-^owered). 2. June
S. Amer. 1825.
- polt/a'ntha (many.flowered). 2. June. Brazil
1830.
G. reflt'xa (bent-back). April. Valparaiso. 1937.
— rupe'stris (rock-inhabiting). $. August. 1835.
— rupi'cola (rock), f. May. B azil. 1835.
— ru'tilu (brilliant). 2. Scarlet, yellow. Au-
gust. Brazil. 1825.
a'tro-sangui'nea (dark red). 2. Crimson.
August. Brazil. 1826.
— tca'bra (.rough). 1. July. Jamaica. 1820.
— sce'ptrum (sceptred). 4. July. Brazil. 18a5.
i'gnea (fiery). 3. Rendish-yellow. Sep-
tember. Brazil. 1835.
— Schiedia'na (Schiede's). 1$. July. Mexico.
1844.
— Sello'wii(Sellov>'B'). 2. July. Brazil. 1835.
— spica'ta (spiked). Grenada. 1831.
— stri'cta (upright). 5. July. Brazil. 1835.
— Sutto'nii (Captain Sutton's). 2. July. Rio
Janeiro. 1833.
a'lba (white). July. Brazil. 1840.
— triflo'ra (three-flowered). 2. Yellow, red.
July. New Grenada. 1846.
— ttibero'sa (tuberous), J. Autumn. Brazil. 1834.
— tubiflo'ra (tube-flowered). 2. March. S.
Amer. 1815.
— vesti'ta (clothed). l£. Oranj-e. July. Bo-
gota. 1842.
— zebri'na (zebra-^n;?ed). 2. Scarlet, yellow.
September. Brazil. 1840.
Propagation : by Cuttings. — They may
be propagated by cuttings of three kinds.
1st, the young shoots, as soon as they are
three inches long, springing from the old
tubers (these are the best) ; 2nd, leaves
taken off with a bud at the base ; and
3rd, by the leaves only, without buds.
The first mode may be used when the
kind or variety is plentiful, and the bulbs
so strong as to send out more shoots
than are wanted for flowering ; the
second mode, w^pn the variety is new
and more scarce ; and the last when it
is more rare still. There is an advantage
in the first and second mode, that the
cuttings, if struck early in the year, will,
with moderate care and attention to re-
potting, flower the same year ; whereas
those struck from leaves, or parts of
leaves, will only form small tubers that
season. Each kind of cutting requires
to be put in sand, under bell or hand-
glasses, in bottorn-heat, to strike them
quickly. A moist, warm heat is neces-
sary ; a moist, cold place would rot the
cuttings immediately. Such species as
do not make bulbs must be propagated
by the first kind of cuttings.
By Seed. — To raise new varieties it is
necessary to save seed. Choose the
finest and brightest-coloured to save it
from. As soon as it is ripe, gather it and
dry it ; keep it very dry till the March
following ; then sow the seed on the sur-
face of a light, sandy compost, place it in
a warm, moist atmosphere, and as soon as
the seedlings are up, and the plants have
GET
[ 378 ]
GTL
attained a leaf or two, transplant them
thinly on the surface of shallow pots,
and let them grow there during the sum-
mer. Allow them to go to rest in the
autumn, and keep them in the same
pots through the winter, giving but little
water. As soon as life appears again in
the spring, pot them off singly into small
pots, watering and re-potting the same
as the cuttings ; but it is more than
probable they will not flower till the
second year.
Soil. — Light, fibrous loam, turfy peat,
and half-decayed leaves, in equal parts,
with a due portion of sand, well-mixed,
but not sifted.
Summer Culture. — To have a succes-
sion of bloom, pot a portion of the
bulbs in January, and place them in heat,
giving a little water. Temp., 60° to 80°.
Pot a second batch about the middle of
February, and another towards the end
of March. These will supply flowers for
several months. Put them in pots, ac-
cording to the size of the bulbs ; keep
them regularly watered, but never very
wet._ They may be syringed occasionally
previously to flowering, but not much ;
for the leaves are so woolly that they hold
moisture too long, if syringed severely.
When the blooming season is over they
may be set out of doors during summer,
but should be sheltered from heavy rains.
They will then gradually go to rest.
Winter Culture. — All that they require
is to be kept in their pots in a place where
neither frost nor wet can reach them ; yet
the place should never be below 45°, nor
above 55°. If the cold is much lower
they will be apt to rot ; and if higher, to
start into growth.
Diseases. — The only disease that these
plants are subject to is a kind of dry rot
in the bulbs, which changes the sub-
stance into a soft pulp, destroying the
buds, and so causing them to perish.
There is no cure for it.
GETHY'IJS. (From getheo, to rejoice;
referring to the sweetness of the flowers
of some of them. Nat. ord., Amaryl-
lids [Amaryllidacese]. Linn., 6-Hexan-
dria l-Monoyynia. Allied to Sternbergia. )
Here the Amaryllid* reach their minimum
stature ; G. cilia? rig, if not the smallest, is as
dwarf as any in the order. There are only three
of them in cultivation : A'fra, cilia'ris, and spi-
ra'/is. Greenhouse bulbs, from the Cape of Good
Hope, with white flowers. Offsets and seeds ;
sandy loam and peat; kept nearly dry in winter.
Winter temp., 35° to 45°.
G. A!fm (African). £. July. 1820.
— cilin'ris (hair-fringed). £. July. 1788.
— la-nceolu'ta (spear-head-terawerf). 3. July. 1790.
— spira'lis (spira.1- leaved), j}. July. 1780.
— villo'sa (shaggy), f . July. 1787.
GETO'NIA. (Probably the native name.
Nat. ord., Myrobalans [Combretacepej.
Linn., 10-Decandria li-Monogynia. Allied
to Terminalea.)
Stove evergreen climbers. Cuttings of ripened
shoots in sand, under a glass, in bottom-heat ;
sandy peat and fibry loam. Summer temp., to0
to 80° ; winter, 50° to 55°.
G.floribu'nda (bundle-flowered). 6. Yellow,
green. E. Ind. 1815.
— nu'tans (nodding). 6. E. Ind. 1816.
GE'UBI. Avens. (From geyo, to sti-
mulate ; the roots of some of them, and
of allied species, have the same properties
as Peruvian bark. Nat. ord., Roseivorls
[Rosacese]. Linn., 1%-Icosandria 3-Poly-
gynia. Allied to Potentilla.)
Hardy herbaceous perennials. Cocci'neum is
very showy. Seeds, and dividing the plants in
spring; sandy loam, with a little leaf-mould.
G. agrimonioi'des (agrimony-like). 1|. White.
July. N. Amer. 1811.
— a'lbum (white). 1. White. July. N. Amer.
1730.
— Atla'nticum (Atlantic). 1. Yellow. July.
South Europe. 1810.
— brachype'talum (short-petaled). 1. Yellow.
July. 1818.
— Canade'nse (Canadian). l£. Yellow. July.
Canada. 1810.
— Chile'nse (Chili). 2. Copper. July. Chili. 1825.
a'tro-sungui'neum (dark-blood-coloured).
2. Dark blood.
grandiflu'rum (large-flowered). l£. Scar-
let. July.
— cilia' turn (hair-fringed). 1. Yellow. July.
N. Amer. 1818.
— heterophy 'Hum (various-leaved). 2. White.
July. 1816.
— hy'bridum (hybrid). 1. Red, brown. July.
Europe.
— interme'dium (intermediate). l£. Yellow.
July. Volhinia. 1794.
— macrophy1 Hum (large-leaved). 2. Yellow.
July. Kamtschatka, 1804.
— niva'le a'lbum (snowy-white). White. June.
— nu'tans (nodding). 14. Yellow. July. N.
Amer. 1825.
— Portenschlagia'num (Porlenschlag's). l£.
Yellow. July. 1820.
— Pyrenn'icum (Pyrenean). 1£. Yellow. July.
Pyrenees. 1804.
— radio.' turn (radiated). 1. Yellow. July. N.
Amer. 1815.
— ranunculoi'des (ranunculus-like). 1. Yellow.
July. 1823.
— rotundifo 'Hum (round-leaved). 1. Yellow.
July, Russia. 1820.
— stri'ctum (upright). 1. Striped. June. N
Amer. 1//8.
— Virginia'num (Virginian). l£. White. July.
N. Amer.
GIANT FENNEL. Fe'rula.
GI'LIA. ( Named after Gilio, a Spanish
botanist. Nat. ord., Phloxworts [Pole
GIL
[ 370 J
CLA
moniacese] . Linn., 5-Pentandria \-Mono-
gynia.)
Hardy annuals, except G. aggrega'ta. Sown
in September, and slightly protected during win-
ter, they bloom early in the summer ; sow in the
end of March in open border; common soil.
The greenhouse biennial, sown in August, potted,
and kept over the winter, will bloom, freely the
following summer.
G. achillecefo'lia (milfoil - leaved). l£. Pink.
August. California. 1833.
— aggrega'ta (crowded). Scarlet. July. Ame-
rica. 1822. Greenhouse biennial.
— arena' ria (sand-inhabiting). 1. Blue. June.
California. 1833.
~ caaita'ta (rownrf-headed). 2$, Blue. July.
Columbia. 1826.
coro'lla a'lba (white-coroilaed). 2. White.
June. Gardens. 1829.
— coronopifo'lia (coronopus- leaved). 2£. Scar-
let. July. Carolina. 1726.
— crassifu'lia (thick-leaved). 2. Yellowish. June.
Chili. 183-2.
— gra'cilis (slender). $. Pink. July. N. Amer.
1826.
— inconspi'cua (inconspicuous). 2. Blue. Au-
pust. N. Amer. 1/93.
— lacinia'ta (cut-leaved). £. Purple. July. Chili.
1831.
— liniflo'rn (flax-flowered). £. White. June.
California. 1833.
— lu'tea (yellow). Yellow, f. California. 1852.
— multicau'lis (many-stemmed). 2. Blue. Cali-
fornia. 1833.
— parviflo'ra (small-flowered). 2. Blue. Oc-
tober. America. 1/03.
— pharnaceoi'des (pharnaceum-like). £. White.
June. California. 1833.
— pulche'tla (pretty). 2$. Scarlet. July. North-
west America. 1826.
— pu'ngens (prickly). 1%. Pink. July. N.
Amer. 1827.
— pusi'lla (dwarf). $. June. Chili. 1833.
— tenuiflo'ru (thin-flowered). 2. Rose, violet.
August. California.
— tri' color (three-coloured). 1. Purple, orange.
August. California. 1833.
— flo'rihusalbica'ntibus (whitish-flowered).
£. White. July. California. 1833.
GILIBE'RTIA. (Named after Gilibert, a
German botanist. Nat. ord., Ivy worts
[Araliacea?]. Linn., 5-Pentandria 1-
Monogynia. Allied to Cussonia.)
Stove evergreen shrub. Cuttings of the young
shoots in sand, under a bell-glass, and in heat ;
sandy peat and fibry loam. Summer temp.,
to 80° ; winter, 48° to 55°.
6. palma'ta (hand-leaved). 6. White. March.
E. Ind. 1818.
GILLE'NIA. (Named after one Glllenius.
Nat. ord., Eoseworts [Kosaceae]. Linn.,
12 Icosandria 2-Penlagynia. Allied to
Spiraea.)
Hardy herbaceous perennials, with red and
white flowers, from North America. Division ol
the plant ; common soil.
G. stipula'cea (tar^e-stipuled). 2. July. 1805.
— trifoha'ta (three-leaved). 2. July. 1713.
— —-ma'jor (greater). 3. July.
GILLYFLOWER. Jtfatthi'ota inca'na.
GINGER. (Zingi'ber ojficina'le.} Green
ginger maybe easily cultivated two ways,
either in pots, or in a deep pit. If in pots,
take the plants, shake them out of the pots
when at rest in February, divide them,
and pot each piece into a pot six inches
across ; plunge them, as soon as the heat
is temperate, in a bark-pit, or a frame
heated with dung like a cucumber-bed,
the surface being covered with tan deep
enough for the pots. As soon as the
plants come up give a small supply of
water, gradually increasing the quantity
as the plants advance in growth. By
August they will be fit to take up and
preserve. If a large quantity is re-
quired, a deep pit of two or three
lights will be necessary, the bottom to
be filled with rich soil to the depth of a
foot; plant the roots in this soil, and
line the pit with hot dung, renewing it
as the heat declines. The time for plant-
ing in the pit is February or March.
Water whilst growing, give air in hot
weather, and in September you will have
a large supply of fine ginger-roots, equal
to foreign.
GINGERBREAD-TREE. Parina'rium ma-
crophy'llum.
GLADI'OLUS. Corn Flag. (From yhi-
dius, a sword ; referring to the shape of
the leaves. Nat. ord., Irids [Iridacese],
Linn., %-Triandria l-Monogynia.)
Bulbs, from the Cape of Good Hope, except
where otherwise mentioned. The hardiest merely
require border-room, and are propagated by seeds,
and by taking up and dividing the bulbs before
growth has commenced. Those generally desig-
nated frame and greenhouse species will thrive
very well in dry, sandy loam and peat out of doors,
if planted from six to ten inches deep, according
to the strength of the bulbs. The earliest-flower-
ing, such as lila'ndus, &c., may be planted in the
end of October ; rumo'sus, formosi'ssimus, &c.,
in December; and Gunduue'nsis, florifni'ndus,
psittaci'nus, and spte'ndens from February to
March, when they will keep blooming all the
autumn. The whole make fine pot plants, potted
in autumn and spring, and kept in a cold pit
until they show flower. They may also be forced
for the greenhouse after the roots have filled the
pots.
G. cequinoctia'lis (equinoctial). April. Sierra
Leone. 1842.
— ala'tus (wing-flowered). J. Scarlet, yellow.
June. 1/95.
Algoe'nsis (Algoa Bay). |. Orange. July.
1824.
— a'lbidus (whitish). 1. White. June. 177*.
pi'ctus (painted). 1. Red, white. July.
'794.
— angu'stus (narrow-tea»ed). 2. Yellow. June.
)7o6.
— bln.ind.wi (fair). l£. Flesh. June. 1774.
— brevifu'lius (short- leaved). 1$. Pink. June. 1802.
GLA
[350 ]
GLA.
G. Byx/tnti'nus (Byzantine). 2. Red. July. Tur-
key. l'J2y.
— campanula' tu* (bell-flowered). l£. Light
purple jfay. 1791-
-^C«JvftMa'/tSv~-trdinal). 2. Red. July. 1/89-
— c'i'meM.9(flesn-coloured). 2. Flesh. June. 1796-
— Cuuca'sicus (Caucasian). Caucasus. 1842.
— cochlea1 t us (spoon- lipped). 1$. White, red.
March. I8ig.
— commu'nis (common). 2. Red. July. South
Europe. 1596.
a'lbus (white-flowered). 2. White. June.
South Europe.
ca'rneus (flesh-coloured). l£. Flesh.
July. South Europe. 15Q6
— co'ncolor (one-coloured). 1. Yellow. June.
— crispiflo'rus (curled-flowered). Various. July.
1842.
— cuspida'tus (pointed). l£. White, brown. May.
1795.
— de'bilis (weak). l£. White. May.
— «dM'/is(eatable-roo^d). l£. White. June. 1816.
— festi'vus (festive). Pale rose. July. 18J4.
— flexuu'sus (zigzag). 1. Orange. June. 1S25.
— floribu'ndus (bundle-flowered). 1. Citron. July.
1788.
— Kru'cilis (slender). 2. Blue, white. April. 1800.
— haatu'tus (haibert-shaped). 1. Flesh. May.
1816.
— hirsu'tus (hairy). l£. Pink. June. 1795.
— hi/uli'nus (grass-like). 1. Yellow, red. June.
1825.
— imbrica'tus (imbricated). 1. Red. June.
Russia. 1S2U.
— involu'tus (rolled-inward). 1$. Pink. June.
1757.
— MWe'ri (Miller's). 1$. Violet. May. 1751.
— Morto'nius (Morton's), 1$. White. 18:17.
— Namaque'nsis (Namaqua). 2- Orange. June.
1800.
— Natale'nsis (Natal). 4. Scarlet, yellow. Au-
gust. Natal River. 1830.
— oppositiflo'rus (opposite - flowered). April.
Madagascar. 1843.
— permea' bills ( penetrable). J. Orange. June.
1825.
— ramo'sus (branching). 5. Rose. July. 1838.
— recu'rwts (rolled-back). 2. Striped. May.
1758.
— se'getum (corn-field). 2. Purple. July. South
Europe. 1596.
— tene'llm (tender), £. Yellow. June. 1825.
— te'nuis (slender). 1. Red. June. Tauria. 18'23.
— trichonemifo'lius (trichonema - leaved). l£.
Yellow. June. 1800.
— trimaculu' tus (three-spotted). 1. Red, white.
June. 1794.
— tri'stis (sad). 1. Brown, red. July. 1745.
— undula'tus (waved-flowered). 1. Pink. May.
1/60.
pa'llidus (pale). 1. Pink. May. 1760.
— versi'color (various - coloured). 1$. Brown.
June. 1794.
bine'rvis (two-nerved), 1 J. Pink. June.
1806.
tenu'ior (slenderer). 1. Variegated. June.
1779-
— viperu'tuy (viper-like). $, Green, white. May.
1787-
— Watso'nius( Watson's). 1. Red. March. 1791.
variegu'tus (variegated). 1$. Red, whice.
April. 1801.
Propagation : by Offsets. — The offsets
are produced plentifully round the ba*e
of each bulb. When the bulbs are taken
up, separate the flowering bulbs from the
offsets, and then again divide the latter
into two lots, one of the larger roots and
one of the smaller. Towards the end of
August prepare a bed for them in an
open situation, and drain the ground
well if damp. Place a layer of brick-
rubbish under the soil, not less than a
foot deep, and not more than fifteen
inches; upon the drainage place a layer
of stable-litter, then throw in the soil,
mixing it freely with well-decomposed
manure; let it settle about a fortnight,
then plant the larger offsets in one bed
and the smaller ones in another; the
larger sized four inches apart in the row,
six inches from row to row, and three
inches deep. Plant by drawing drills
across the beds with a triangular-shaped
hoe, and put in the bulbs with the hand,
pressing each pretty firmly down into
the soil. When all are planted, level
the soil with a rake. The small-sized
offsets may be planted much thicker, but
in every other respect the same as the
larger sized. The reason for planting
them in two sizes is, because the larger
sized produce such large leaves as smother
the smaller ones ; besides, the larger
sized will produce, after one year's growth,
flowering bulbs, which, when taken up
after the growth is perfected, may be
sorted to plant with the older flowering
ones. The smaller size had better re-
main in the bed for two years, then be
taken up, sorted, and replanted in two
sizes again, till they are large enough to
flower.
By Seed new varieties are obtained.
All that is wanted are a few square yards
of ground, a few roots of the best kinds,
but as dissimilar in habit as possible,
and then, when in bloom, to exercise a
little taste and discernmentin hybridising,
by impregnating the finest form as the
breeder of seed, with the pollen of the
highest and most distinct coloured male
parent, removing the poilen of the breeder
before it bursts, and applying the pollen
of the male parent as soon as the anthers
open. When the seed is ripe gather it,
and keep it dry till spring; then sow it
in shallow pots or hoxes ; place them
in a gentle heat, and when the seedlings
are up give plenty of air, and very mode-
rate supplies of water. As soon as the
weather will permit, set them in the open
I air, and as the leaves advance in size give
GLA
[ 381 ]
GLA
more water, and allow gentle showers to
lull upon them, but shelter them from
heavy rain. When the leaves are all
decayed, take the soil and carefully sift
it through a fine sieve, picking out every
bulb, however small. Prepare a bed in
the same manner, and of the same mate-
rials, as is described above for offsets.
Plant the seedling bulbs in it the first
week in September, in the same way as
the small offsets. Let them remain in
this bed for two years ; then take them
and replant them in a bed fresh prepared.
It is likely that some of the strongest
will then flower, and the very worst will
be worth planting in the borders.
Summer Culture.— The bulbs want very
little attention during summer. Keep
them clear of weeds, and when the flower-
stems are a foot high place a stick to
support them, as the winds are apt to
twist them off close to the bulbs. When
the bloom is over, and the leaves turn
yellow, take them up dry, and sort them,
separating the bulbs that are large enough
to flower from the offsets ; put them away
in drawers marked with the name of each
variety, keeping them dry and cool till the
planting season arrives again.
Winter Culture. — In September prepare
the beds by throwing out all the soil to
the depth of fifteen inches; if in the
same situation as beds were before, exa-
mine the drainage. If it is open and
ready to work well, it will need nothing
doing to it, but if it be choked up, remove
it entirely ; sift it, throwing in the rough
and removing the fine earthy part ; add
some fresh rubble, and then cover it with
litter; mix a goodly portion of thoroughly
decayed dung with the soil, or, which is
better, renew it entirely ; level the bed
leaving it a few inches higher. Plant the
first week in October, three inches deep
giving each of the bulbs six inches square
to grow in. Place a thin layer. of half-
rotten dung upon the bed, to protect the
bulbs in severe frost. They will require
no other care during this season.
Vermin. — Mice, wireworms, and the rec
spider prey upon them. Wireicoiins ma\
be caught with slices of potatoes buriec
in the soil, and taken up occasionally
The red spider, happily, only appears
when there is a long continuance of dry
weather. Watch for its first appearance
and as soon as it is perceived causing the
leaves to appear spotted, let every leaf be
sponged over with water impregnated
vith flower of sulphur. If dry weather
revails much, syringe the plants every
evening severely.
Diseases. — The bulbs sometimes are
attacked by a kind of dry rot, which turns
hem into a powdery substance, prevents
hem sending forth roots, and then the
.ops, if they have made any, turn yellow,
and the whole plant perishes. There is
ao known remedy. To prevent its spread-
ng, remove the infected bulbs, and a
portion of the soil near them.
GLASS is the best agent employed by
the gardener to exclude the cold, whilst
the light is admitted to his plants which
are natives of hotter climates than that
n which he cultivates them. Now that
the excise -duty is removed from glass,
the gardener is enabled to employ the
best, and a thicker kind than formerly,
when the duty was high in proportion to
the good quality and weight. Anxiety
to obtain the best glass for hothouses,
&c., is every way laudable ; but, the bene-
fit sought for is frustrated if it be not
constantly well cleansed. The best glass,
if dirty, allows fewer rays of light to pass
through than inferior glass kept bright.
A thorough cleansing should be given
both to the outside and inside twice an-
nually, during the first weeks of Febru-
ary and of October, and a third cleans-
ing, on the outside only, at the end of
June. In proportion to the deficiency of
light does the plant under glass become,
in the gardener's phraseology, drawn;
that is, its surface of leaves becomes un-
naturally extended, in the vain effort to
have a sufficient elaboration of the sap
effected by means of a large surface ex-
posed to a diminished light, for which a
less surface would have been sufficient if
the light were more intense. Taking
into consideration the consequences of
breakage, and other contingencies to be
avoided as well as secured, we consider
glass of 21 ounces to the square toot, and
in panes of 18 inches by 12 inches, the
substance and size most desirable. Rough
plate-glass is desirable, because, without
diminishing the light, it reduces the dan-
ger of scorching the leaves.
GLASS CASES are of various kinds.
One is formed of glazed wooden frames,
fitting together, to protect espaliers, wall-
trees, or shrubs, too large to be covered
with a hand-glass.
Another glass case is made for protect-
ing a single branch. It is thus described
GIA
[ 382 ]
GLE
by Mr. Maund, the author of that most
useful periodical the Botanic Garden : —
** Grapes grown on open walls in the
midland counties are rarely
well ripened; therefore I
provide a small glazed
frame, a sort of narrow
hand-glass, of the shape
shown in the annexed out-
line, to fix against the wall,
and enclose one hranch of
the vine, with its fruit and
foliage. The open part,
which rests against the wall,
is thirteen inches wide, and
may be of any length re-
quired to take in the fruit.
The sides are formed of
single panes of glass, seven
inches wide, and meet on a bar which
may represent the ridge of a roof, the
ends enclosed by triangular boards, and
having a notch to admit the branch.
This is fixed on the branch a month be-
fore the vine is in flower, and brings it a
week earlier than the exposed. The
frame is not fitted closely to the wall, but
in some places may be a quarter of an
inch from it. The lateral branches being
shortened before it is fixed, it does not
require removal even for pruning, because
I adopt the long-rod mode of training,
which is peculiarly adapted to my partial
protection system. The temperature within
the frame is always higher than without,
sometimes at mid-day even from 20° to
30°. By this simple protection I find
grapes may be ripened from three weeks
to a month earlier than when wholly ex-
posed, and this saving of time will, I be-
lieve, not only secure their ripening well
every year in the midland counties, but
also that such advantage will be available
in the north of England, where grapes
jiever ripen on the open walls."
Lastly, there is the Wardian-case, to
cover plants growing in rooms, preserving
to them uniform moisture, and excluding
dust. To prevent the dew which is oc-
casionally deposited inside the glass, it is
only necessary to open the case frequently,
for a few minutes, to render the tempera-
ture within similar to that outside. They
are not intended to exclude the air, and
are now made very ornamental.
GLASTONBUEY THOEN. A variety of
Craloe'gus oxycu'ntha.
GLASS WOET. Salico'rnia.
GLAU'CIUM. Horn Poppy. (From
glau/sos, greyish-green ; referring to the
colour of the leaves. Nat. ord., Poppy-
worts [Papaveracese]. Linn., 13-Poty-
andria 1-Monogynia. Allied to Esch-
scholtzia.)
Seeds in common borders, in March or April.
HAEDY BIENNIALS.
G.fla'vum (yellow). 2. Yellow. August. Britain.
— fu'lvum (tawny). 2. Orange. August. South
Europe. 1802.
HAEDY ANNUALS.
(?. Ara'bicum (Arabian). Red. June. Arabia. 1837.
— Pe'rsicum (Persian). 1. lied. August. Vul-
hynia. 1829.
— phaeni'ceum (purple). 2. Purple. July. Eng-
land.
flaviflo'rum (yellow-flowered). 2. Yellow.
July. Tauria. 1823.
— ru'brum (red). 1. Red. July. Greece. 1818.
— tri'color (three-coloured). 1. lied. July. Persia.
1828.
GLAUCOUS. Greyish, or milky-green.
GLAU'X. (From glaukos, greyish-green.
Nat. ord., Primew;oris[Primulace8e]. Linn.,
5-Pentandria I-Monoyynia. Allied to Sol-
dan ella.)
Hardy British perennial trailers, found in
marshes near the sea. Sandy, moist soil; seeds.
G. mari'tima (sea). Flesh. June.
a'lba (white-flowered). %. White. May.
GLAZING. See GEEENHOUSE and STOVE.
GLECHO'MA. See NEPE'TA.
GLEDI'TSCHIA. ( Named after Gleditsch,
a German botanist. Nat. ord., Leguminous
Plants [Fabace£e]. Linn., 23-Polyyamia
2-Dicecia. Allied to Ceratonia.)
Ornamental hardy deciduous trees. Seed im-
ported from America and the South of France,
where tricu'nthos, &c., ripen their seeds. Si-
ne'nsis ine'rmis, &c., are generally grafted on the
other. The seed should be sown in March, after
being soaked twelve hours in warm water. Com-
mon soil.
O. ko'rrida (horrid). 10. Green. JuJy. China. 1774f
purpu'rea (purple). 20. Green. July.
China. 1774.
— maera'ntha (large-spined). 20. Green. July.
icrucu'ntluM (small-spined). 10. Green. July.
— monuspe'rmii (one-seeded). 20. Green. July.
N. Amer. 1723.
— Sine'nuis (Chinese). 20. Green. China. 1812.
GLE
363
GLO
O. Sine'nsis ine'rmis (unarmed). 20. Green. June.
mu'jor (larger). 30. Green. June. China.
na'na (dwarf). 12. Green. June. China.
pe'ndula (weeping). Green. June.
— Mca'/»Mos(three-spined. Honey Locust). SO.
Green. N. Amer. 1700.
— ine'rmis (unarmed). 30. Green. July.
GLEICHE'NIA. (Named after Gleichen,
a German botanist. Nat. ord., Ferns
[Polypodiacese], Linn., 2^-Cryptoyamia
I-Filices.)
Stove Ferns, with brown spores. Division of the
plant ; peat and loam. Winter temp., 45° to 65°.
G. bifurca'ta (two-forked). May. Malacca.
— exce'lsa (lofty). May. Isle of Luzon.
— flabella'ta (fan-fea»crf). July. N. Holland. 1823.
— gigante'u (gigantic). June. E. Ind.
— Herma'nni (Hermann's). Isle of Luzon. 1839
— microphy'lla (small-leaved;. July. N. Holland.
1823.
— mucrona'ta (sharp-pointed). Mindora.
— pectina'ta (comb-like). 3. August. Trinidad.
1824.
— pube'scens (downy). 3. August. S, Amer. 1822.
— ri'gida (stiff). June. Isle of Luzon. 1839.
— semivesti'ta (half-clothed). May. Malacca.
— spelu'nces (cavern). July. N. Holland. 1824.
GLO'BBA. (A native name. Nat. ord.,
Gingerworts [Zingiberacese]. Linn., 1-
Monandria l*Monogynia. Allied to Cole-
brookia. )
Stove herbaceous plants. Farting the roots;
sandy loam.
O. bulbi'fera (bulb-producing). 2. Yellow. July.
E.Ind. 1820.
— Carey a'na (Dr. Carey's). 1$. Yellow. August.
Pegu. 1822.
— ere'cta (upright). 1. White. July. E. Ind. 1820.
— Maranti'na (Maranta-like). 1$. Yellow. July.
E. Ind. 1800.
— Orixe'nsis (Orixian). 2. Pink. July. E. Ind.
1819.
— pe'ndula (weeping), 1. Yellow. July. E.Ind.
1822.
— racemo'sa (racemed). 1. Yellow. July. Ceylon.
1812.
- sessiliflo'ra, (stalkless-flowered). l£. Yellow.
August. Pegu. 1807.
GLOBE AMARANTH. Gomphre'na.
GLOBE FLOWER. Tro'llius.
GLOBE MALLOW. Sphara'lcea.
GLOBE THISTLE. Echi'nops.
GLOBTJLA'BIA. (From globulos, a small
round head; referring to the flower-heads.
Nat. ord.,Selagids [Selaginaceae]. Linn.,
k-Tetrandria I-Monogynia. Allied to Se-
lago.)
Seeds in spring; cuttings of young shoots in
summer, in sandy soil, under a hand-light ; sandy
loam and peat. The greenhouse species require
similar treatment; Inngifo'lia will do against a
conservative wall; va&Aly'pum should be tried in
a dry, sheltered place, on a rock-work, with a
spruce-branch over it in winter.
GREENHOUSE HERBACEOUS.
G. Alyfpum(&[ypo). 2. Pale. August. South
Europe. 1640.
— — - integrifo'lium (entire-leaved), 2, Pale.
August. South Europe.
G. longifo'lia (long-leaved). 3. White, July.
Madeira. 1775.
HARDY HERBACEOUS.
G.bellidifo'lia (daisy-leaved). *$. Red. July.
Italy. 1825.
— cordifo'lia (heart-leaved). $. Blue. July.
Germany. 1633.
— incane'scens (hoary). Purple. June. Italy. 1828.
— linifo'iia (flax-leaved). £. Blue. June. Spain,
1818.
— na'na (dwarf), f. Blue. July. France. 1824.
— nudicnu'lis (naked-stalked). £. Blue. July
Germany. 1629.
— spino'sa (prickly-teo»ed). £. Blue. June.
Spain. 1640.
— vulga'ris (common). £• Blue. June. Europe.
1640.
GLOBU'LEA. (From globulos, a small
globe; referring to glands on the petals.
Nat. ord., Houseleeks [Crassulaceee],
Linn., 5-Pentandria 5-Pentagynia. Al-
lied to Crassula.)
Greenhouse succulents, from the Cape of Good
Hope, and with white flowers, except a'tro-pur-
pu'rea. Cuttings of firmish young shoots, taken
off and dried for a day or two before inserting
them in sandy soil, and placing a hand-light over
them, but not close. Sandy loam, a little peat,
charcoal, and brick-rubbish, in small pieces, tbe
dust being sifted out. Winter temp., 40° to 4«a,
and little water given them.
G. a'tro-purpu'rea (dark purple). £. Purple-
August. 1823.
— cane'scens (hoary). £. July. 1800.
— capita' ta (^oz^er-headed). \. July. 1819.
— cultrn'ta (sharp-feawed). 1. July. 1732.
— hi'spida (brist\y-flat-leaved).$. November. 1823.
— impre'ssu (flattened). £. August. 1820.
mi'nor (smaller). ^. August. 1820.
— mu'llis (soft). 1. August. 1774.
— nudicau'lis (naked-stemmed). 5. July. 1732.
— obuallu'ta (guarded-teamed). 4- July- 1/95-
— panicula'ta (panicled). 4. July. 1823.
— sulcu'ta (furrowed). ^. August. 1813.
GLORIO'SA. (From gloriosus, glorious ;
referring to the flowers. Nat. ord., Lily-
worts [Liliacese]. Linn., Q-Hexandria 1-
Monogynia. Allied to the Lily.)
These bulbs are so well known by this name,
that we have retained it ; but Clinosty'lis is the
true name, referring to the way the style bends to
one side away from the stamens. Stove bulbs, ex-
cept Nepale'nsis. Divisions of the roots and seeds ;
if by the former, take a pot that has been kept dry
all the winter, say in March, turn it out, and se-
parate the bulbs carefully, without bruising them.
Place each bulb, with the end farthest from the
old tuber, uppermost in the centre of a clean pot,
covering it with an inch or two of soil, the pot
being five or ten inches, or any intermediate size,
in diameter, according to the size of the bulb ;
peat, loam, leaf-mould, old cow-dung, and sand
in equal proportions, with good drainage. Give no
water until the bud appears above ground, then
water and place in a strong, moist heat, growing
vigorously, and training as the plant proceeds.
When done flowering, and the leaves turn yellow,
refrain from watering, and shortly after turn the
plants on their broadsides in a dry place, and
allow them to rest until next season.
G. Nepale'nsis (Nepaul). 2. Yellow. Jane.
Nepaul, 1S25, HaU-haidy.
GLO
[ 334 ]
CLY
G. simplex (simple). 2. Blue. July. Senegal. 1756.
— sitpe1 i-ha (superb). 6. Orange. July. K.jnd.lficjO.
Lfopoldin'na (King Leopold's). 6. Yellow.
July. 1847.
— vire'scens (greenish). 4. Orange. August.
Mozambique. 1R23.
GLORY PEA. Clia'nthus.
G LOS so co' MIA. (From ylossokomos, a
money-bag ; referring to the shape of the
ilower. Nat. ord., Bellworts [Campanu-
lacese]. Linn., 5-Pentandriu \-Monoyynia.
Allied to Canarina.)
Hardy herbaceous plants. Seeds and divisions ;
common garden-soil.
G. ova'ta (egg-leaved). l£. White. July. 1839-
North India.
— lu'rida (lurid). 3. Green, purple. May. 1838.
North India.
GLOSSO'DIA. (From glossa, a tongue,
and eidos, like; referring to the lip, or
labellum. Nat. ord., Orchids [Orchkla-
cese]. Linn., %0-Gynandria \-Monoyyniu.
Allied to Limodorum.)
Greenhouse, New Holland, terrestrial orchids.
Oitsets ; sandy loam and peat ; dryish in winter.
Winter temp., 45° to 50°.
G. ma' jar (larger). Blue. June. 1810.
— minor (smaller). Blue. June. 1810.
GLOTTI'DIUM. (From glollis, the valve
of the windpipe; referring to the division
in the seed-pod. Nat. ord., Leguminous
Plants [Fabacese]. Linn., 17 -Diadelphia
4.-Decandria. Allied to Daubentonia.)
Greenhouse annual. Seed in a hotbed, and
hardened otf by degrees ; sandy peat.
G. Floridn'num (Florida). 2. Yellow. July.
Florida. 1810.
GLOXI'NIA. (Named after P. B. Gloxin,
a botanist of Colmar. Nat. ord., Gesncr-
worts [Gesneracese]. Linn., l±-Didy-
namia 2-Angiospermia.)
Stove herbaceous perennials. For culture see
GE'SNERA.
G. cuule'sccns (stemmed), j. Purple. July. Per-
nambuco. 1826.
— diqitaliflo'ra (foxglove -flowered). f. Pale
crimson. June. Mexico. 1843.
— di'scolor (two-coloured-/mued). 1$. Lilac, blue.
March. Brazil. 1843.
— hirsu'ta (hairy). £. Blue. July. S. Amer. 1824.
•»- macrophy'lla (large-leaved). Violet. September.
Brazil. 1844.
— macula' la (spotted -stalked}. 1. Purple. Sep-
tember. S. Amer. 1739-
— Passingha'mi (Passingham's;. $. Violet.
September. Rio Janeiro. 1845.
— pi'cta (painted-leaved). Lilac, blue. June.
S. Amer. 1842.
• variega'ta (variegated-feaved). Pale blue.
S. Amer.
— ru'bra (red). Scarlet. September. Rio Ja-
neiro. 1840.
— specio'sa (showy). £. Purple. September.
S. Amer. 1815.
a'lba (white-lowered). }. White. Bep-
tembef. S. Amer.
— tubiflo'ra (tube-flowered). 1. White. July.
South Brazil. 1847.
GLY'CE. (From ylyfajs, sweet; allud-
ing to its flavour. Nat. ord,, Crucifcrs
( [Cruciferse]. Linn., IS-Tetradynamia.)
\ By various botanists this British annual has
i been called Aly'ssum. Adyse'tum, and Ktrniga.
, G m'tri'tima by seed in open border; bat tvm'e-
ga'lti as a greenhouse shrub, by cuttings in
spring, under a hand-glass.
G. mari'tima (sea-side). 4. White. July.
— variega'ta (variegated). White. July.
I GLY'CINE. (From ylykys, sweet; re-
ferring to the taste of the roots of some.
Nat. ord., Leguminous Plants [Fabacese].
Linn., 17-Diadelphia 4^-Decanana.)
The well-known Chinese twiner, popularly
called G'y'c'-ne Sine'nsis, belongs to Widia'riu.
Seeds in a hotbed, in spring; cuttings of young
side-shoots in spring, in sand, under a bell-giass;
peat and loam, with silver sand.
STOVE EVERGREEN TWINERS.
G. B/icJchousiu'na (Backhouse's).
— liedysaroi'des (hedysarum-like). 1 J, Purp!e<>
July. Guinea. 1823. Shrub.
— mo'llis (soft). 3. Yellow. July. W. Ind. 1S24.
— ro'tea (ro*y). 1. Rose. Ceylon. 1843.
I — stria'ta (streaked). 4. Yellow. July. S. Anier.
1818.
GREENHOUSE EVERGREEN TWINERS.
! G. heterophy'lla (various-leaved). 2. Yellow.
July. Cape of Good Hope. 1825.
— mi'nima (smallest). 2. Purple. July. N.
Holland. 1818.
GLYCYRRHI'ZA. Liquorice. (From
• glykys, sweet, and rhizu, a root ; referring
to the sweet juice of the roots of tlie
'. liquorice. Nat. ord., Leguminous Plants
[Fabaceffi]. . Linn., 17 '-Diadelphia 4-Z>«-
' candria. Closely allied to Galega.)
! Hardy herbnceous perennials. The true liquorice
'< is the root of G. glu'bra; but those of echina'ta
and glundulvferu are equally esteemer] as a pec-
; toral. Dividing the roots, taking care that there
! is one or several buds on each piece ; deep, sandy
loam.
G. aspe'rrima (roughest). 2. Blue. July. Si
beria. 1795.
— echina'ta (prickly-headed). 8. Pale. July.
Italy. 1596.
— fae'tida (stinking). 3. Pale yellow. July.
Africa. 1817.
— gta' bra (common-smooth). 3. Pale blue. July.
Italy. 1562.
— glanduli'fera (glanded). 3. Pale. July. Hun-
gary. 1805.
— hirsu'ta (hairy). 3. Pale. July. Levant. 1739.
— lepido'ta(scaled-silfeii-leaved). 3. Pale. July.
Missouri. 1811.
— Uralensis (Ural). 3. Pale blue. July. Si-
beria. 1818.
GLYCYRRHI'ZA GLA'BRA CULTURE. Com-
mon Liquorice.
Soil and Situation. — It thrives best in
a rich, light soil, two or three feet deep,
which should be trenched completely to
the bottom before planting, and a litiJe
well-decomposed manure turned in with
the bottom spit. In shallow or poor
GME
[ 385 ]
GOE
ground it will not succeed : the situation
cannot be too open.
Planting. — It is propagated by cuttings
of the side-roots, which spring from the
crown of the plants, and run horizontally
just beneath the surface. Plant in Ja-
nuary, February, or early in March
Each set, having a bud or two, should be
about two inches beneath the surface.
The only cultivation they require is to be
frequently hoed, and in autumn the de
cayed stalks to be cut down, and the
earth stirred between the rows.
The roots are not fit for use until of
three or four years' growth. The season
for taking them up is December, January,
or February. A trench must be dug up
regularly along each row, quite down to
the extremity of the principal roots,
which descend two feet and more.
GMELI'NA. (Named after G. Gmelin,
a German naturalist. Nat. ord., Verbenas
[VerbenacesB]. Linn., ll-Didynamia 2-
Angiospermia. Allied to Tectona.)
Evergreen trees. Seeds ; cuttings of firm young
shoots in sand, and in heat; rich, fibry loam.
Summer temp., 60° to 80° ; winter, 50° to 55°.
G. Asia'tica (Asiatic). 10. Yellow. E. Ind.
1792. Stove.
— Rhee'dii (Rheede's). 14. Orange. May. E.
Ind. Stove.
— speciosi'ssima (showiest). 15. White. Ne-
paul. 1823. Greenhouse.
GNAPHA'LIUM. Cudwort, or Everlast-
ing. (From gnaphalon, soft down ; in
reference to the woolly covering of the
leaves. Nat. ord., Composites [Asteracese].
Linn., 19-Syngenesia 2-Superflua. Allied
to Helichrysum.)
Seeds of the hardy and tender annuals and
biennials in the open ground, and in heat respect-
ively ; shrubs, by cuttings under a hand-light ;
and perennials, by divisions ; sandy loam and
leaf-mould. Albe'scens requires a cool stove, and
the addition of a little peat.
<G. albe'scens (whitish). 2. White. Jamaica.
1793. Stove evergreen.
— involucra'tum (involucred). 1. Brown, yellow.
July. New Zealand. 1699. Hardy her-
baceous.
— obtusifo'lium (blunt-leaved). 1. Yellow. July.
N. Amer. 1732. Hardy annual.
— purpu'reum (purple-cowered). 1$. Purple.
July. N.- Amer. 1732. Greenhouse
biennial.
— Mtngui'neum (bloody). 1$, Crimson. July.
Egypt. 1768. Hardy biennial.
— undula'tum (waved). 1. Yellow, white. July.
Africa. 1732. Hardy annual.
GNI*DIA. (An ancient name for laurel.
Nat.ord., Daphnads [Thymelaceffi].Linn.,
8-Octandria 1-Monogynia. Allied to
Pimelea.)
Greenhouse evergreens, with pale yellow flower*,
from the Cape of Good Hope. Young shoots,
when two or three inches long, in sand, above
sandy peat, well drained, under a bell-glass;
sandy peat, well drained ; stagnant water quickly
destroys them. Winter temp., 40° to 48° ; rather
shaded in summer.
G. arge'ntea (silvery). 3. June. 1826.
— biflo'ra (two-flowered). 2. June. 1800.
— capita'ta (round-headed). 1. July. 1?88.
— fla'va (yellow). 2. Dark yellow. June. 1825.
— juniperifo'lia (juniper-leaved). 24. June. 1810.
— laeviga'ta (polished). 1. June. 1822.
— pinifo'lia (pine-leaved). 2. June. 1768.
— oppositifo'lia (opposite-leaved). 1. June. 1783.
— seri'cea (silky). 1J. July. 1/86.
— si'mplex (simple). 1. July. 1786.
— stri'cta (upright). 2J. June. 1818.
GOAT MOTH. See Cossus.
GOAT'S BEARD. Spirae'a aru'ncus.
GOAT'S FOOT. O'xalis capri'na.
GOAT'S RUE. Gale'ga.
GOAT'S THORN. Astra'galus tragaca'ntha.
GOBBO. See ARTICHOKE.
GODE'TIA. (Named after M. Godett
a foreigner. Nat. ord., Onagrads [Ona-
graceffl]. Linn., 8-Octandria 1-Monogy-
nia. Allied to (Enothera.)
Hardy annuals. Seed sown in common soil, in
March and April ; also in September, and pro-
tected with an evergreen branch in winter.
G. albe'scens (whitish). l£. Purple. June. Co-
lumbia River. 1841.
— decu'mbens (leaning-down). 1. Purple. June.
California. 1827-
— grandiflo'ra (large-flowered). 2£. White,
purple. July. Columbia River. 1831.
— le'pida (pretty). 1$. Pink. August. Cali-
fornia. 1835.
— Lindle'yii (Lindley's). 1J. Purple. June.
N. Amer. 1826.
— purpu'rea (purple-flowered). 1. Purple. May.
N. Amer. 1794.
— quadrivu'lnera (four-spotted-petaled). If.
Pink. September. N. Amer. 1826.
— Romanzo'vii (Romanzow's) 1. Purple. June.
N. Amer. 1827.
— ro'seo a'lba (red and white). 1. Red, white.
May. Nepaul. 1827.
— rvbicu'nda (ruddy). 2. Purple-flame-colon red.
July. California. 1834.
— tene'lla (delicate) $. Purple. April. Chili. 1322.
— tenuifo'lia (fine-leaved). 1. Purple. Jine.
Chili. 1828.
— vimi'nea (twiggy). 3. Purple. June. Cali-
fornia. 1826.
— vino'sa (wine-coloured-cowered) . 2. Blush.
July. California. 1835.
GODO'YA. (Named after E. Godoy>
hose Spanish title was the Prince of
Peace. Nat. ord., Theads [Ternstromia-
ceae]. Linn.. 13-Polyandria 1-Monogynia*
Allied to Tnea.)
Stove evergreen tree. Cuttings of ripened
shoots in sand, under a glass, and in strong bot-
tom-heat. Summer temp., 60° to 80°; winter,
50° to 55°.
G. gcmmifln'ra (bud- flowered). 8. Yellow. Brazil.
1820.
GOE'THEA. (In honour of the poet
2c
GOL
[ 386 ]
GON
Goethe. Nat. ord., Mallowworts [Malva-
cere]. Linn., IQ-Monadelphia 8-Polyan-
dria.)
Stove evergreen* For culture see PAVO'NIA.
Q. strictiflo'ra (upright-flowering). l£. Crimson,
white. August. Brazil. 1852.
GOLDEN APPLE. JE'gle.
GOLDEN HAIK. Chryso'cuma comau'rea.
GOLDEN ROD. Solida'go.
GOLDEN SAXIFKAGE. Chrysosple'tmtm.
GOLDEN THISTLE. Sco'lymus and Pro'-
tea sco'lymus.
GOLDFU'SSIA. (Named after Dr. Gold-
fuss, professor of natural history in the
university of Bonn. Nat. ord., Acanthacls
[Acanthacese]. Linn., 1^-Dldynamia 2-
Angiospermia. Allied to Ruellia. )
Stove evergreen shrubs, from Silhet, that should
be cut down freely after flowering iu winter;
young shoots when three inches long, after the
plant has commenced growing, in sand, under a
glass, in heat; sandy peat and fibry loam. Sum-
mer temp., 60° to 85°; winter, 45° to 55°.
G. anisophy'lla (unequal-leaved). 3. Blue. July.
1823.
— glomera'ta (crowded-jfowererf). 1. Purple.
October. 1838.
— isophy'lla (equal-leaved). 2. Pale lilac. Sep-
tember.
GOLDY LOCKS. Chryso'coma.
GO'MPHEA. Button Flower. (From
gomphos, a club ; said to be the shape of
the fruit. Nat. ord., Ochnads [Ochnacere].
Linn., I0-Decandria 1-Monogynia.}
Stove evergreen shrubs, with yellow flowers.
Cuttings of young shoots getting firm, in sand,
under a bell-glass, and in heat ; sandy loam and
a little peat. Summer temp., 60° to 85°; winter,
50° to 55°.
G. Jabota'pita (Jabotapita). 5. Jamaica. 1820.
— Iceviga'ta (smooth-leaved). 4. 1820.
— laurifo'lia (laurel-leaved). 5. Jamaica. 1823.
— ni'tida (glossy-leaved). 4. Jamaica. 1803.
— oktusifo'lia (blunt-leaved). 3. Jamaica. 1803.
— Zeyla'nica (Ceylon). 4. Ceylon. 1823.
GOMPHOCA'RPUS. (From gompfios, a
club, and /carpos, a fruit; shape of the
seed-pods. Nat. ord., Asclepiads [Ascle-
piadacese]. Jjirm.,5-Pentandria %-Digynia.
Allied to Asclepias.)
Greenhouse evergreens, from the Cape of Good
Hope. Seeds sown in a hotbed in spring. Cut-
tings of the points of shoots, and better still,
small side-shoots, when growth is commencing, in
sand, under a bell-glass. Sandy loam and fibry
peat. Summer temp., 5 5° to 75°; winter, 40° to 48°.
G. arbore'scens (tree-like). 5. White. December.
1714.
— cri'spus (curled-fcawd). 1. Yellow. July. 1714.
-frutico'sus (shrubby). 5. White. July. 1J14,
GOMPHOLO'BIUM. (From yomphos, a
club, andfo&os, apod; shape of seed-vessel.
Nat. ord., Leguminous Plants [Fabacese].
Linn., "LQ-Decandria \-Monogynia.}
Greenhouse evergreens, from New Holland. Cut-
tings of young shoots, about two inches in length,
in sand, under a bell-glass, in a shaded place, in
April or May ; peat and loam in little fibry pieces,
with rubbly charcoal, potsherds, and silver sand ;
drainage must be well attended to, as saturated soil
is their ruin. Winter temp., 40° to 48°. All have
yellow flowers, except where otherwise mentioned.
G. adu'ncum (hooked). May. 1837.
— angustifo1 Hum (narrow-leaved). May. 1825.
— arista'tum (awned). May. 1837.
— barbi'gerum (bearded- keeled}. 2. June. 1824.
— capita'tum (round-head-./?ouwe(f). 2. July.
1830.
— Drummit'ndii (Druimnond's). August. 1839.
— glabra'tum (smooth). l£. June. 1820.
— glauce'scens (milky-green). J. June. 1824.
— grandiflo'rum (large-flowered). 2. June. 1803.
setifo'lium (bristle-leaved). 2. June. 1826.
— Henderso'nii (Henderson's). August. 1840.
— Knightia'num (Knight's). |. August. 1830.
— lana'tum (woolly). l£. May. 1824.
— latifo'lium (broad-leaved). 2. May. 1S03.
— margina'tum (edged). 2. May. 1820.
— Mirbelioi'des (Mirbelia-like). l£. May. 1823.
— peduncula're (/ow^-flower-stalked). £. May
1824.
— pinna'tum (leafleted). £. May. 1820.
— IHilymo'rpJium (many-form). 2. June. 1803.
— reticula'tum (netteA-leaved). 1^. May. 1824.
— sple'ndens (shining). June. 1843.
— tene'llum (delicate). l£. May. 1824.
— te'nue (slender). 1. August. 1838.
— ^>-«Me«n'd<?s(tetratheca-like). l£. May. 1824.
— tomento'sum (shaggy). 3. May. 1803.
— venulo'sum (veiny-leaved). !£. Purple. June.
1830.
— venu'stum (beautiful). 3. May. 1803.
— versf color (changeable-coloured). l£. Reel,
yellow. March. 1838.
— — cau'llbus purpu'reis (purple-stalked). !£•
Red. March. 1838.
— virgu'tum (twiggy). l£. May. 1820.
GOMPHEE'NA. Globe Amaranth. (From
gomphos, a club ; the shape of the flowers.
Nat. ord., Amaranths [Amaranthacesej.
Linn., 5-Pentandria 1-Monogynia.)
Stove plants. Perennials, by seed and divisions;
the shrubby, by seed and cuttings ; the annuals
and biennials, by seed in a hotbed. The Globe
varieties are very useful for ornament, and should
have equal care, potting, soil, heat, &c., as the
Cockscombs.
G. globo'sa (globe-flowered). l£. Red. July.
India. 1714. Annual.
a'lba (white). 1. White. July. India.
1714. Annual.
— pere'nnis (perennial). 2. Pale yellow. Au-
gust. S. Amer. 1732. Herbaceous.
— pulche'lla (pretty). l£. Rosy. July. Brazil.
1843. Annual.
— villo'sa (long-haired). Striped. June. Monte
Video. 1826. Evergreen shrub.
GOMU'TUS. (A palm of that name in
Malabar. Nat. ord., Palms [Palmaceffl].
Linn., 2l-Dicecia 9-JEnneandria.)
Seed, on strong heat ; peat and loam. Sanmor
temp., 60° to 85° ; winter, 55° to 60°.
G. saechn'rifer (sugar-bearing). 40. Moluccas.
1820.
GONGO'RA. (Named after a Spanish
GON
[ 387
GON
viceroy of New Grenada. Nat. ord.
Orchids [Orchidacese]. Linn., 20- (Tynan
dria\-Monandria. Allied to Batemannia.)
Stove orchids. Divisions ; baskets filled and
packed with sphagnum, fibry peat, and broken
pots, and pieces of charcoal. Summer temp.,
to 90°, with plenty of atmospheric moisture;
winter, 55° to 65°, and dryish.
G. a'tro-purpu'rea (dark purple). 1. Dark purple.
June. Trinidad. 1824.
ma'jor (larger). Purple. May. Deme-
rara. 1834.
pi'cta (painted). Yellow, purple. May.
Dernerara. 1836.
— bufo'nia (toad -coloured). 1. Variegated.
May. Brazil. 1841.
ieucoclei'la (white-lipped). Purple, white.
May. Brazil. 1840.
ma'jor (larger). Purple, white. May.
Brazil. 1837.
fu'lva (tawny). $. Yellow, blue. Julv.
Mexico. 1838.
vitelli'na (yolk-of-egg). Yellow. May.
Mexico. 1841.
— (jaleottia'na (Galeott's). Mexico.
— macula'ta (spotted flowered). 2|. Yellow-
spotted. May. Deraerara. 1832.
a'lba (white-flowered). 2. White. May.
Guiana 1836.
— — — aura'ntia (orange). Orange. May. Guiana.
1842.
ca'ndi da (white). White. May. Guiana.
1843.
citri'na (citron). Yellow. May. Guiana.
1837.
fu'igens (blazing). Guiana. 1837.
fu'sca (dark brown). Guiana. 1830%
gra'cilis (slender). Guiana. 1839.
gri'sea (grey). Demerara. 1836.
i'gnea (flame-coloured). 2. Flame. May.
Brazil. 1837.
lu'tea (yellow). Guiana, 1835.
sangui'nea (blood-coloured). Demerara.
1836.
squa'lens (mean). Guiana. 1837.
tri'color (three-coloured). 2. Golden-
brown. May. Panama. 1842.
— nigri'ta (blackish). Dark purple. July. Deme-
rara. 1838.
— quinquene'rvis (five-nerved). Yellow, purple.
May. Peru.
— trunca'ta (blunt-cowered). Red, yellow. April.
. Mexico. 1842.
GONIOPHLE'BIUJT. (From gonia, an
angle, and phlebia, a vein; alluding to the
veins of the fronds. Nat. ord., Polypods
[Polypodiacese]. Linn., 24L-Cryptogamia
1-Filices. Allied to Polypodium and
Acrostichum.)
Stove Ferns. Division in the spring, as fresh
growth is commencing ; peat and loam. Summer
temp., 60° to 85° ; winter, 50° to 55°. Attenua'tum
will do with greenhouse treatment.
G. a'lbo puncta'tum (white-dotted). Brown, yel-
low. July. S. Amer. 1840.
•— argu'tum (sharp). Brown. Nepaul. 1845.
- attenua'tum (thin). $. Yellow. June. N.
S. Wales. 1823.
— Catheri'nee (St. Catherine's). 1. Brown. Brazil.
- dissi'mile (unlike), 2, Yellow. June. Brazil.
1820.
G. harpeo'des (scimitar-like). Brown. Brazil. 184K
— inca'num (hoary). W. Ind. 1840.
— la'tipes (broad-footed). Brown. Brazil. 1841.
— menisciifo'lium (meniscium-leaved). Brazil.
— neriifo'lium (oleander -leaved). 5. Brown.
July. Brazil. 1837.
— pectina'tum (comb-leaved), li. Yellow. July.
W. Ind. 1/93.
— piloselloi'des (pilosella-like).
— sepu'ltum (enclosed). 1. Brown. Brazil. 1841.
— vacciniifo'lium (bilberry-leaved). Brazil. 1841.
GONIO'PTERIS. (From gonia, an angle,
and pteris, a fern ; referring to the leaves.
Nat. ord., Polypods [Polypodiacese],
Linn., 24,-Cryptogamia l-Filices.)
Stove Ferns. Treatment as for Goniophlebium.
The New Zealand and New Holland species will
thrive in the greenhouse.
G. a'spera (rough). Brown, yellow. July. Isle
of Luzon.
— asplenioi'des (aspleniura-like). Brown, yellow* '
July. Jamaica. 1841.
— costa'ta (ribbed). Brown, yellow. June. E.IncL '
— crena'ta (scolloped). W. Ind. 1835.
—fraxmifo'lia (ash-leaved). 2. Brown. Au>
gust. Brazil. 1841.
— megalo'des (picture-like). Brown. July. W.
Ind. 1843.
penni'gera (feathered). Brown, yellow. July.
New Zealand. 1835.
— proli'fera (proliferous). 1. Brown, yellow.
May. E, Ind 1820.
— ru'bida (red) Brown. July. Isle of Luzon.
— tetrago'na (four-angled). Brown. W. Ind. 1843.
— uropJiy'lla (tail-leaved). Brown, yellow. June.
£!. Ind.
GONO'LOBUS. (From gonia, an anglej^
and lobos, a pod; referring to the shape
of the seed-vessel. Nat. ord., Asclepiads
[Asclepiadaceasj. Linn., 5-Pentandria
2-Digynia.}
The hardy species by seeds and divisions, in"'
dry, sandy soil. The greenhouse and stove species. '
divisions, by seed in heat, and by cuttings of the ,
young shoots in sand, under a bell-glass. The stove
kinds require bottom-heat ; peat and loam, with
silver sand, and a little dry cow-dung.
HARDY DECIDUOUS TWINERS.
G. di'scolor (two-coloured). 8. Green. July.
N. Amer. 1809.
— macrophy'llus (large-leaved). 6. Yellow. July.
N. Amer. 1822.
— Nuttalliafnus (Nuttall's). 4. Green, July.
Mississippi. 1822.
GREENHOUSE TWINERS.
G. Caroline'nsis (Carolina). 6. Purple. July.
Carolina. 1824. Deciduous.
— prostra'tus (lying-down). 3. Green. July,
Mexico. 1823. Evergreen.
STOVE DECIDUOUS TWINERS.
G. crispiflo'rus (curled-flowered). 2. White, green»;
July. S. Amer. 1741.
— grandiflo'rus (large-flowered). 10. Green.
July. Trinidad. 1826.
STOVE EVERGREEN TWINERS.
G. hi'spidus (bristly). Black. July. Brazil. 1837.
— mari'timus (sea-srhore) . 6. "Green, June.
Carthage. 1823.
GOO
388
GOO
(black). 6. Dark purple. October.
Mexico. 1825.
— subero'sus (cork-barked). 6. Greco. August.
S. Amer. 1732.
GOODE'NIA. (Named after Dr. Good-
enough, bishop of Carlisle. Nat. ord.,
Goodeniads [Goodeniaceffi]. Linn., 5-
Pentandria 1-Monoyynia.)
All New Holland plants, with yellow flowers,
except where otherwise mentioned. Herbaceous,
by seeds and divisions in spring ; the shrubby, by
cuttings in sand, under a bell-glass, in April ;
peat and loam. Winter temp., 40° to 45°.
G. bellidifo'lia (daisy-leaved). J. July. 1823.
— decu'rrens (running-do wn-leaved). 1. May.
1825.
— gra'cilis (slender). l£. July. 1822.
— grandiflo'ra (large-flowered). 4. July. 1803.
— hedera'cea (ivy-leaved). $. July. 1313.
— heterophy'lla (various-leaved). 1. Pale red.
July. 1826.
— inca'na (hoary). $. Blue. May. 1842.
— ova'ta (epg-Jeaoerf). 2. July. 1793.
— panicula'ta (panicled). 1. July. 1823.
— ri'gida (stiff). Blue. June.
— stelli'gera (star- Aat red), f . June. 1823.
GOO'DIA. (Named after P. Good, a
collector of plants in Australia for Kew
Gardens. Nat. ord., Leguminous Plants
[Fabacece]. Linn., IQ-Monadelphia 6-
T)ecandria. Allied to Templetonia.)
Greenhouse evergreen shrubs, with yellow blos-
soms, from Van Diemen's Land. Seeds and cut-
tings of the young shoots in May, in sand, under
a glass ; sandy peat and fibry loam. Winter
temp., 40° to 48°. A shady place for the pots in
'summer. All, and especially lotifo'lia, should be
tried against a wall, with a little protection in
'•winter.
G. lotifo'lia (lotus-leaved). 3. June. 1793.
— polyspe'rma (many-seeded). 2. June. 1/90.
— pubefscens (downy). 3. June. 1805.
GOODYE'RA. (Named after J. Goody er,
a British botanist. Nat. ord., Orchids
'[Orchidaceee]. Linn., 2Q-Gynandria 1-
Monandria. Allied to Neottia.)
Terrestrial orchids. Divisions of the roots; peat
and loam, with a little decayed wood and charcoal.
HARDY.
O.pube'scens (downy), f. White. July. N.
Amer. 1802.
— re'pens (creeping). |. White. July. Scotland.
— tessella'ta (chequered), f . White. July. N.
Amer. 1B21.
STOVE.
G. di'scolor (two-coloured). 1. White. Novem-
ber. S. Amer. 1815.
— pro'eera (tall). 2. White. June. Nepaul. 1821.
— rubicu'nda (reddish -powered). Cinnamon
July. Manilla. 1838.
GOOSEBERRY. JRi'bes grossula'ria.
VARIETIES. — General Dessert kinds. —
Champagne, R. and Y.; Early Green,
hairy, G. ; Golden Drop, Y.; Rockwood,
Y.; Pitmaston Green-Gage, G.; Warring-
ton, or Aston Seedling, R.; Taylor'e Bright
Venus, w.; Whitesmith, w. ; Glenton
Green, G.; Walnut, G.; Early Sulphur,
Y.; Massey's Heart of Oak, G.; Welling-
ton's Glory, w. ; Kumhullion, Y.
Late Dessert kinds (for retarding on
trellises). — Warrington, R.; Pitmaston
Green- Gage, G.; Coe's Late Red, B, ; the
Champagnes, R. and Y.
Bottling. — Rumbullion, Y.
Preserving. — Rough Red, Warrington,
Champagne.
Large kinds (very good). — Prince Re-
gent, R.; Wonderful, R.; Roaring Lion,
R.; Top Sawyer, R.; Rockwood, Y.; No
Bribery, Y.; Sovereign, Y.; Wellington's
Glory, w. ; Queen Charlotte, w. ; Green-
wood, G.; Glenton Green, o.
The letters R. Y. G. w. refer to the
colours, red, yellow, green, white.
Propagation : by Cuttings. — Large,
straight, and healthy young shoots should
be procured at the end of autumn, and
these may be shortened to about fifteen
inches in length, cutting away the weaker
portion — the point. All the eyes or buds
must be cut out, except the four top ones,
in order to prevent the future plant from
producing suckers. These should be
planted in any ordinary garden-soil, in a
light situation, but not too sunny. Plant
about four inches deep, and keep them
tolerably moist during spring and early
summer. Cuttings of young growing
shoots, also, strike readily under a glass.
Layering is performed as with other
deciduous shrubs ; if in the old wood, at
the same period as the cuttings, and for
the same reasons ; if in the young shoots,
when they have acquired some strength,
about the beginning of July.
Seed. — This is the source whence new
varieties may be obtained. The seed
being washed out of the pulp when ripe,
may be sown immediately ; and in the
ensuing spring, if the plants can be
early subjected to a slight bottom warmth,
they will be a foot in height in the first
summer, and may, with good management,
be brought to bear, some in the second
year, and all in the third.
Soil. — A deep, sandy loam is best
adapted to the gooseberry. Any free
garden-soil, of average quality, will pro-
duce them in tolerable perfection, if well
manured, and, above all things, freed
from excess of moisture. Gooseberries
will never thrive in stagnant soil; they
will become hide-bound speedily, and
their stems covered with moss. Never-
[389 ]
GOS
theless, they are very partial to a perma
nency of surface moisture in the growing
season, and for that purpose top-dressings
are had recourse to. Wherever fine
gooseberries are required, the situation
must he totally unshaded ; it, however
becomes good policy at times to plant
some under the partial shade of small
trees. In such situations they will set in
a frosty spring, when those exposed are
cut off.
Culture in Growing Period.— A due
training, especially whilst young, is neces
sary. Those who grow them for exhibi-
tion use two sorts of sticks, viz., forks
and hooks. These are cut out of any
ordinary brush-wood, about half a yard
long, and they must be neatly pointed.
Thus the hooks are made to draw down
refractory shoots, and the forks to prop
up the drooping ones. It is a good prac-
tice to apply a top-dressing of half-rotten
manure in the beginning of May ; and
just before the fruit has completed its
last swelling, the points of all the longest
straggling shoots may be pinched or
dubbed. It is well to go over the bushes
in the early part of June, and remove
much of the waste spray which chokes
the interior of the bush. Some of the
grosser shoots may be entirely removed,
and all others of a doubtful character
may have the points pinched. This will
throw both size and flavour into the
berry, and add to the value of the
remaining wood for the ensuing crop.
Culture in the Rest Period. — Pruning
is the first point; and the sooner this is
performed after the fall of the leaf the
better. It consists, mainly, in thinning
out. When a bush is well thinned, no
two shoots will touch ; indeed, they should
be, on an average, three inches apart all
over the bush. Most good cultivators
keep the middle of the bush very open.
This is especially necessary during the
first three years from striking the cutting;
and the principle should be attended to,
less or more, at every annual pruning
afterwards. In selecting wood to remain,
choose that which is strong, but not over
luxuriant ; the latter, with all weakly and
inferior wood, may be cut clear away;
cutting away, also, all coarse snags in
the interior of the branches. Lastly,
shorten every point which appears weakly
or incomplete in character, just so far as
such inferiority is manifest. The root
must now receive attention. Some of our
show gooseberry growers open a trench
around their bushes annually, at about
the distance the branches extend, cutting
away all coarse roots beyond that line.
They then fill in the trench with good
fresh loam and cow-dung blended. Whe-
ther this be done or not, a top-dressing of
half- decayed manure should be annually
applied, scraping away the loose surface,
and placing the manure next the top
fibres, and then soiling the whole over.
Insects. — See ABRAXUS, APHIS, and
NEMATUS.
GORDO'NIA. (Named after Mr. Gordon,
a London nurseryman. Nat. ord., Theads
[Ternstromiaceae], Linn., 16-Monadel-
phia 8-Polyandria. Allied to Stuartia.)
Hardy deciduous shrubs, except hainnto'xylon,
which is a stove evergreen, and requires peat soil;
cuttings of young shoots in sand, under a bell-
glass, in heat. The others, though hardy, flower-
ing late, are ornaments for the greenhouse ; lay-
ers in autumn, seeds in spring, and cuttings in
sandy peat, under a hand-light, in summer, in a
shady place. Pube'scens and Frankli'ni are the
hardiest; but lasia'nthus is the most beautiful,
and blooms chiefly in summer and autumn. Peat,
leaf -mould, and sand, with a trifle of loam, deep,
and on a retentive sub-soil ; if not naturally so,
puddled with clay, so that the plant may obtain
something of its native position in swampy soil.
<?. Frankli'ni (Franklin's). 4. White. September.
N. Amer. 1774.
— hasmato'xylon (red-wood). 40, White. Jamaica.
1820.
— lasia'nthus (hairy-flower). 6. Yellow. Sep-
tember. N. Amer. 173Q.
— pub^scens (downy). 4. White. July. Carolina.
1774.
GORTE'KIA. (Named after D. Qortert
a Dutch botanist. Nat. ord., Composites
[Asteracese], Linn., 19 - Syngenesia 3-
Frustranea. Allied to Gazania.)
Greenhouse annual. Sow in common soil in
the greenhouse, in March ; or in the open border
at the end of May.
G. persona'ta (masked). £. Yellow. August. Cape
of Good Hope. 1774.
GOSSY'PIUIT. Cotton-tree. (From yoz>
Arabic for a soft substance. Nat. ord.,
Mallowworls [Malvacees]. Linn., 16-
Monadelphia 8-Polyandria.)
The cotton of commerce is the hairy covering
of the seeds of several species of this genus. Bar-
bade'nse and herba'ceum, especially the former,
furnish the best cotton. Stove plants. Annuals
and biennials, by seed in moist heat, in spring ;
perennial herbaceous, by seed and divisions, in
similar circumstances; shrubs, by cuttings of
young shoots, just getting firm, in sandy soil,
under a bell-glass, and in bottom-heat; rich,
sandy loam. Summer temp., 60° to 85°; winter,
50° to 60°.
G. arbo'reum (tree). 12. Yellow. July. E, Ind,
1694. Evergreen shrub.
— Barbade>nse (Barbadoes). 5. Yellow. Sep.
tember. Barbadoea. 1739' Biennial.
GOU
[ 390 ]
GEA
Q. herba'ceum (commo/t-herbaceous). 3. Yellow.
July. E. Ind. 15Q4. Annual.
— Fndicum (Indian). 3. Yellow. August. E. Ind*
1800. Biennial.
— latifo'lium (broad-leaved). 5. Yellow. July.
1800. Evergreen shrub.
— obtusifu'lium (blunt-leaved). 5. Yellow. July.
E. Ind. Evergreen shrub.
— religio'sum (religious). 3. Yellow. July. India.
1777» Herbaceous perennial.
GOUA'NIA. (Named after A. Gonan,
once professor of botany at Montpelier.
Nat. GTcdi^Rhamnads [Rhamnacese] . Linn.,
23-Polygamia 2-Dicecia. Allied to Tryma-
lium.)
Evergreen stove climbers. Cuttings of half-
ripened shoots in sand, under a bell-glass, in
bottom-heat ; fibry peat and sandy loam. Sum-
mer temp., 60° to 80° ; winter, 50° to 58°.
G. cordifo'lia (heart-leaved). 10. Yellow. Rio
Janeiro. 1820.
— Dominge'nsis (St. Domingo). 10. Yellow. W.
Ind. 1739.
— integrifo'lia (entire-leaved). 10. Green, yellow.
1800.
— Mauritia'na (Mauritian). 10. Green, yellow.
Mauritius. 1823.
— tiliafo'lia (lime-tree-leaved). 10. Yellow. July.
E. Ind. 1810.
— tomento'sa (woolly). 10. Green, yellow, W.
Ind. 1823.
GOUED. Cucu'rbita.
GOVE'NIA. (Named after J.R. Gowen,
a distinguished horticulturist, and cross-
breeder of plants. Nat.ord., Orchids [Or-
chidacese]. Linn., 2Q-Gynandria l-Mo-
nandria. Allied to Batemannia.)
Stove terrestrial orchids. Divisions of the plant ;
peat and loam, with a little charcoal and silver
sand. Summer temp.. 60° to 85° : winter. 50° to
55°.
G.fascia'ta (banded-flowered). 1^. Yellow. Ja-
nuary. Mexico. 1843.
— Ga'rdneri (Gardner's). 2. Green, yellow. De-
cember. Organ Mountains. 1837.
— t lageno'phora (bottle-bearing). lj. White.
January. Mexico. 1844.
— lilia'cea (lily -flowered}. 1. White. July.
Mexico. 1837.
— supe*rba (superb). 5. Yellow. March. Mexico.
1828.
— utricula'ta (bladdery-sAeaMed). l£. Cream.
August. Jamaica. 1843.
GBJE'LLSIA. ( Name unexplained. Nat.
ord., Crucifers [Brassicacese]. Linn., 15-
Tetradynamia. Allied to Cochlearia.)
Hardy herbaceous plant, suited for rock-work ;
common, sandy soil ; division, and cuttings under
a hand-light, in sandy soil, in summer.
Q. sanifragcefo'lia (saxifrage -leaved), f . White.
July. Persia. 1844.
GRAFF, or GRAFT. This, also called
the scion, is the portion of a branch se-
lected to be inserted or grafted upon a
stock or rooted stem, to form the head of
the future plant. See GRAFTING and
.STOCK.
GRAFTING is uniting a scion of one
plant to the root, branch, or stem of
another. The scion and stock must be
of nearly-related species.
The objects of grafting are :— 1st. To
ncrease choice kinds. 2nd. To increase
the vigour of delicate kinds. 3rd. To
reduce the vigour of those which are too
gross. 4th. To accelerate the period of
fruiting. 5th. To adapt kinds to soils for
which they would be unfitted on their
own roots. 6th. To renovate old kinds.
We now proceed to give a series of
cuts, illustrative of all the modes which
are usual in general horticulture : —
1. Whip Grafting, called also Splice
and Tongue Grafting.— This is the most
ommon mode, and is that almost uni-
versally adopted in our nurseries; and
,vhen the stock and scion are equal
in size, is perhaps the handiest. The
head of the stock is pruned
off at the desired height, and
then a slip of bark and wood
removed at the upper portion
of the stock, with a very clean
cut, to fit exactly with a cor-
responding cut which must be
made in the scion. A very
small amount of wood must be
cut away, and the surface
made quite smooth. Care must
be taken that no dirt be upon
the cuts in this, and, indeed,
in all the other modes. The
scion must now be prepared.
This should have at least three
or four buds, one of which
should, where possible, be at
the lower end, to assist in uniting it to
the stock. A sloping cut must now be
made in the scion : this cut must corre-
spond with that on the stock, and a slit
made to fit in a cleft made in the stock
when heading it. This slit serves to
maintain the scion steadily in its place
until properly fastened, and is more a
matter of convenience than anything
else. Care must be taken that the
scion fits bark to bark, on one side at
least; for it is not the old or existing
portion of wood that forms the union,
but a tissue which has to be produced,
just as when the sides of a wound have
to be reunited. This power exists in the
alburnous matter, which lays next the
inner bark; and the substance which
forms the union, and which is secreted
by the returning sap, is termed cambium.
GRA
GEA
Where the stock aud scion disagree in
point of size, of course only one side can
touch, and great care should be taken in
this part of the operation; and, in the
case of a young scion on aix old tree,
some allowance must be made for the
ruggedness of the bark. The scion
being thus adjusted, the whole is bound
close, but not too tightly, with a shred of
bass mat, care being taken that the inner
barks coincide. The clay is now applied,
in order to keep the parts moist, and
some practitioners pile soil over the
grafted part, when near enough the
ground. In all the modes of grafting it
may here be observed, that tha chief
ground of success lies in, nicely jilting to-
gether some corresponding portions of the
inner lark of the scion and stock.
2. Crown, called also Cleft or Wedge
Grafting. — This is applied to various
plants as well as fruits, as, for instance,
the rose, cactuses, &c. Vines, also, are
frequently grafted by this mode. As in
•whip grafting, it accelerates the union if
the bottom of the scion has a bud or two.
In the case of the vine, it is considered
necessary to let the stock grow a little
before grafting; care must betaken, how-
ever, to keep some growing portions on
the stock, above the graft, or severe
bleeding would ensue. As the name in-
dicates, a cleft, or division, is
made in the stock to receive
the scion, which is cut like a
wedge ; again taking care, in
case of inequality of size, to
make one side fit bark to bark.
When the scion and stock are
unequal in size, both sides of
the scion may be brought to fit
_ by cutting the cleft nearer to
one side of the crown than the other.
The wound is bound over, as in the other
processes, with bast, and covered over with
clay, or grafting- wax. The camellia suc-
ceeds well when grafted this way : even a
single bud will make a plant, provided
the stocks are kept in a damp and shady
atmosphere for a few weeks after graft-
ing. The stock here, also, should be
slightly in advance, that is, should be
forwarder in growing than the graft or
scion. The best time is just as the sap
is rising.
3. Cleft Grafting, as represented in
this sketch, is only a kind of crown
grafting, and is practised on stocks
one or two inches in diameter, and, there-
fore, too large for whip graft-
ing. Cut or saw off the head
of the stock in a sloping form ;
with a knife or chisel cleave
the stock at the top, making
the cleft about two inches deep ;
keep it open by leaving in the
chisel; cut the lower end of
the scion into the form of a
wedge, one inch and a half long,
and the side that is to be to-
wards the middle of the stock
sloped off to a fine edge ; place the bark
of the thickest side of the wedge-end of
the scion so as to correspond exactly with
the bark of the stock ; take away the
chisel, and then the sides of the stock
will pinch and hold fast the scion. Two
scions may be inserted, one on each side
of the cleft ; but in this case the top of
the stock must not be cut off sloping.
Bast and clay must be put on as in the
other modes of grafting,
4. Saddle Grafting. — The top of the
stock is cut to a wedge shape, and
the scion or graft cleft up the mid-
dle, and placed astride on the
wedge of the stock; hence the
name. The binding and claying
are performed as in the other
modes, care being taken to make
at least one of the sides meet
bark to bark.
A modification of this mode is
practised in some of our cider
counties, where they do not hesi-
tate to practise it in the middle of
summer, when the young wood has
become somewhat mature. The
scion is chosen smaller than the
stock, and is cleft about three
inches at the lower end, so that
one side is rather thicker than
the other. The rind of the
stock is then opened on one
side, and the thick side of the
scion introduced between the
bark and wood ; the thinner por-
tion is carried astride the stock,
and down the opposite side, a
slight cutting having been made
to receive it, on the principle of
making corresponding parts
meet. This, though tedious^ is
a very safe mode of grafting, in-
asmuch as it presents a greater
expanse of alburnum for effect-
ing the junction.
5. Side Grafting. — This, in
GRA
[392 ]
GRA
general, is performed on
trees on which the top is^\ ^
required to remain, and is\\
well adapted for the inser- ^\
tion of new kinds of pears, N|\
or other fruits, on esta- V
Wished trees, in order to
increase the collection, or
to hasten fruit-bearing. It
is also adapted to furnish
naked portions of old shoots.
It is, however, not so safe /
a mode as some of the
others. Little description is needed;
the cut will sufficiently illustrate it.
6. Chink or Shoulder Graft-
$nfl._This is not much in use
in this country ; and, indeed, we '
see little occasion for its prac-
tice. When the stock and scion
are equal in size, however, it „
offers an opportunity of gaining [ I" ?
the advantage of an extra amount |\ 9
of alburnous union. The cut will | \ ?
explain it.
7. Boot Graf liny. — An old practice ;
but, with regard to deci-
duous fruit-trees,it offers
no particular advantage
over the ordinary whip
grafting,when performed
near to the ground. It is,
perhaps, better adapted
for very large scions, for
in many trees such may
be used when two or
three inches diameter.
When strongly bound
they may be soiled over-
head, merely leaving a hole for the bud
of the scion to come through, which, in
this case, will rise like a sucker.
8. Peg Grafting. — This mode is now
never practised in England,
and we only insert the an-
nexed engraving, because it
completes our catalogue of
all the known modes. Of
these eight modes there are
many modifications ; but they
are all derived from the eight
enumerated. Peg grafting
never having been practised
by ourselves, we shall only
make this extract relative to
it : " The scion must be of the exact size
of the stock ; bore a hole into the centre
of the stock, one and a half inch deep ;
cut the bottom of the scion to fit ; the
edges of the barks must be very smooth
and fit exactly."
General Observations. — For ordinary
garden purposes, we think the whip, the
cleft, the saddle, and the crown, the most
eligible modes by far. These may be-
said to be the rule, the others are merely
exceptional cases.
In all these proceedings a few axioms
or main principles must be kept steadily
in view. Of such are the following : —
1st. The scions of deciduous treea
should be taken from the parent tree
some weeks before the grafting season,
and " heeled " (the lower ends put into
the soil) in some cool and shady place.
This causes the stock to be a little in
advance of the graft, as to the rising of
the sap, a condition admitted on all hands
to be essential.
2nd. Let all the processes be performed
with a very clean and exceedingly sharp
knife, taking care that nothing, such as
dirt or chips, gets between the scion and
the stock.
3rd. Let the bandage be applied equally
and firmly ; not so tight, however, as to-
cut or bruise the bark. For this reason,
broad strands of bast are exceedingly
eligible.
4th. In selecting grafts be careful in
choosing the wood, avoiding, on the one
hand, exhausted or bad-barked scions,
and, on the other, the immature, watery
spray which frequently springs from the
old trunks of exhausted or diseased trees.
Grafting Clay, to make. — Take some
strong and adhesive loam, approaching
to a clayey character, and beat and knead
it until of the consistence of soft-soap.
Take, also, some horse-droppings, and
rub them through a riddle, of half-inch
mesh, until thoroughly divided. Get;
some cow-manure (the fresher the better),
and mix about equal parts of the
three, kneading and mixing them until
perfectly and uniformly mixed; some
persons add a little road-scrapings to the
mass. A vessel with very finely-riddled
ashes must be kept by the side of the
grafter, and after the clay is closed round
the scion the hands should be dipped in
the ashes : this enables the person who
applies the clay to close the whole with
a perfect finish. It must be so closed
as that no air can possibly enter; and
it is well to go over the whole in three or
four days afterwards, when, if any have
rifted or cracked, they may be closed.
GRA
[ 393 ]
GRA
Grafting Wax. — The following recipe
has been recommended by a first-rate
authority: — Take common sealing-wax,
any colour but green, one part ; mutton
fat, one part ; white wax, one part ; and
honey, one-eighth part. The white wax
and the fat are to be first melted, and
then the sealing-wax is to be added gra-
dually, in small pieces, the mixture being
kept constantly stirred ; and, lastly, the
honey must be put in just before taking
it off the fire. It should be poured hot
into paper or tin moulds, to preserve for
use as wanted, and be kept slightly stirred
till it begins to harden.
GRAINS OF PARADISE. Amo'mvmgra'na.
paradi'si.
GRAMMA 'NTHES. (From gramma, writ-
ing, and anthos, a flower ; marks like V
being on the corolla. Nat. ord., House-
leelcs [Crassulaceoe]. Linn., 5-Pentandria
5-Pentagynia.)
Greet'7-." *• annuals, from the Cape of Good
II - .n pots, well drained; lime-
rubbish and sandy loam, equal Darts; plants may
be kept in greenhouse, or p' ited on rock-work
8' 1). 4. Yellow, red.
jVf). $• Pinkish-red.
to
,u. ord.,
|B, %0-Gynan-
Stova . .v s; huau Y ._- . ''*ed in
it, and trmim ana - %at.
Smir ... winter, 50° to "55°.
GfiJRultiflo'rinn (many-flowered). 2. Brown, green.
May. Manilla. 1S33.
— — — tigri'n.'tm (tiger-like). Spotted. May.
Manilla. 1837.
— specio'sum (showy). 6. Yellow, brown. May.
E. Ind. 1837.
GRAMMI'TIS. (From gramme, lettering;
in reference to ,'the spore-cases, or seed
apparatus. Nat. ord., Ferns [Polypodi-
acese] . Linn., 24- Cryptogamia \-Filices.}
Chiefly stove Ferns, with brownish-yellow
spores. Division ; peat and loam. Summer
temp., 60° to 80°; winter, 50° to 58°.
O. Austra'lis (Australian). July. N. S. Wales.
1822.
— cuculla'ta (hooded). July. Isle of Luzon. 1840.
— elonga'ta (elongated). July. W. Ind. 1824.
— furca'ta (forked-teawed). July. Trinidad. 1825.
— hi'rtu (hairy). July, isle of Luzon. 1840.
— lanceola'ta (spear-head-tea»ed), July. Mau-
ritius. 1824.
— linea'ri* (narrow-/eaoed). July. Jamaica. 1823.
^ GRANADfLLA. This is a name some-
times given to several species of the Pas-
siflora ; but one only is the true Grana-
dilla, Passiflo'ra quadrangula'ris ; but P.
edu'lis also produces edible fruit, and may
be similarly cultivated. We are aware
that there are other species of Passiflora,
the fruits of which are eatable, such as
the P. malifo'rmis, or sweet calabash ; P.
laurifo'lia, the laurel-leaved or water-
lemon; and P. incarna'ta, or the flesh-
coloured, &c.
Propagation. — They are nearly all
readily propagated by seeds; but most
cultivators who grow them for table pur-
poses prefer cuttings ; and they are quite
right; for, like most of the Cucurbita-
ceous group, to which they approximate,
they are apt to run much to bine if raised
from seed. Plants from cuttings grow
more moderately, and blossom sooner.
Seedlings will fruit readily at two years
old; but cuttings struck very early in
the spring, and highly cultivated, will
fruit the same autumn, but not produce
a full crop.
Soil. — A somewhat light and generous
soil is best. The following is an excel-
lent compost : — Decomposed, mellow,
turfy loam, two parts ; old leaf-soil, two
parts; heath-soil, one part; and sand,
one part.
Culture in Growing Period. — P. quad-
rangula'ris requires a greater heat than
P. edu'lis — in fact, a heat equivalent to
the Pine stove ; whilst P. edu'lis will suc-
ceed well in an ordinary vinery. Bottom-
heat is most essential, especially for the
P. quadrangula'ris; and, indeed, in this,
and a generous soil, consists the chief
secret of successful culture. No place
can exceed the corner of the bark-bed
for the culture of either, provided they
can ramble freely overhead, unshaded by
vines or other creepers ; for light is also
essential. The corner of the bark-bed
must be separated by bricks, pigeon-
holed; a triangular space, which will
hold a wheelbarrow of soil, will suffice,
putting some bricks below for drainage.
The shoots must be carried up to within
a foot or so of the roof, and may then be
trained in any way most convenient. The
P. edu'lis will produce many branches ;
these must be kept thinned out, after
the manner of Melons ; but no stopping
is requisite. The P. quadrangula'ris does
not so soon crowd itself with spray;
nevertheless, it will at times require thin-
ning out. Liberal waterings must be
given, and it must be remembered thai
GRA
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GEA
the roots -will extend through the pigeon-
holes into the bark-bed, and will princi-
pally follow the side of the pit walls.
The most important matter, however, is
the artificial impregnation of the blos-
soms; for thry will seldom, "set" with-
out it. The following is Mr. Appleby's
mode of setting P. quadrangula'ris : —
The whole of the calyx, corolla, and
crown must be cut off with a sharp pair
of pointed scissors; and this must be
done without injuring the flower-stem.
"When all these are cut away, there only
remains the essential parts of the flower;
the stamens, five in number, and the
three stigmas. Then cut off one or more
of the stamens bearing the anthers ; and
do this without shaking the dust or
pollen out of the anthers; then touch
each stigma with the anther, covering
them with the fertilizing powder. Take
an opportunity of performing this opera-
tion early in the morning, at the very
time when the anthers are observed to
be bursting. So far Mr. Appleby is,
doubtless, right as concerns the P. quad-
rangula'ris, which has an exceedingly suc-
culent calyx, and other appurtenances ;
but we never took any further pains with
P. edu'lis than to look over the plants
every day about noon; and whatever
blossoms might be out, to pluck one of
the anthers from it, and touch the face
of the stigmas with it. By these means
they generally become impregnated.
Culture in Rest Period. — As soon as the
bearing season is over, towards October,
the plants will sink to rest, and this may
be facilitated by withholding water en-
tirely. They will now become partially
deciduous, and this will induce a ripe-
ness in the shoots ; and in the following
February they may be pruned, cutting
back all spongy and immature growths.
Fruit. — It is used in the dessert, and
is capable of being kept for a fortnight
or so in a fruit-room, or other place, if
perfectly dry.
Insects. — We have known the Eed
Spider to attack the P: quadrangula'ris.
!For remedy, see ACARU&.
GRANGE'RIA. ( Named from N. Granger,
a traveller in Egypt and Persia. Nat.
ord., Ckrysobalans [Crysobalanacese],
Linn., 11,-Dodecand-ria l-Monogynia.}
Stove evergreen tree. Cuttings of ripe shoots
in sandy soil, in heat, under a glass : peat and
loam. Summer temp., 60° to 85° ; winter, 55° to
60°.
G. Borbo'nica (Bourbon). 40. White. Bourbon.
1823.
GRAPE HYACINTH. Musca'ri.
GRAPE PEAR. Amela'nicherbotrya'pium.
GRAPE VINE. Vi'tis vini'fera.
Tarielies for Walls. — 1, August Muscat.
2, Early Black July. 3, Miller's Bur-
gundy. 4, Espeiione. 5, Hatif di
Genes. 6, Eoyal Muscadine, White. 7,
Royal Muscadine, Black. 8, Sweet Water,
White Dutch. 9, Sweet Water, Black.
10, Black Hamburgh. 11, Black Prince.
12, Claret. 13, Verdelho. 14, Pitmaston
White Cluster. 15, Lashmar's Seedling.
As superior kinds for a pretty good
climate and aspect, we recommend Nos.
2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 11 ; as kinds for inferior
aspects, Nos. 2, 6, 10, 14.
For Greenhouse. — 1, Black Hamburgh.
2, Black Damascus. 3, Black Prince. 4,
West's St. Peter's. 5, Eoyal Muscadine.
6, Dutch Sweet Water. 7, Chasselas
Musque. 8, Esperione. Of these, Nos.
1, 3, 5, 6, are the most to be relied on.
For Stove. — 1, Muscat of Alexandria.
2, Cannon Hall Muscat. 3, White Fron-
tignan. 4, Black Frontignan. 5, Black
Hamburgh. 6, Black Damson. 7. Eoyal
Muscadine. 8, Dutch Sweet Water. 9,
Chasselas Musque. 10, West's St. Peter's.
11, Charlesworth Tokay. 12, Black Bar-
barossa. Of these, Nos. 1, 2, 3, 4, 11,
are kinds of superior merit, and require
much heat. No. 7, 8, at the warmest
end, will be exceedingly early. Nos. 5,
6, 9, 10, will provide for a succession.
Of No. 12, we at present have no expe-
rience : it is stated to be a very long
keeper, and is highly recommended.
Propagation. — Layering has almost
fallen into disuse, their culture from eyes
or single buds having superseded it.
Layers will root either from the growing
shoot, or from young wood layered in a
state of rest. The latter operation is
performed any time from November to
the beginning of March, and no tongue
or slit is requisite. Most of the Vines,
in former days, were raised in this way ;
the nurserymen having old plants, or
stocks for the purpose, around which the
shoots were layered in pots, generally in
February, and they made saleable plants
by the autumn. Layering of the growing
shoot is a more delicate procedure, and
it is well to introduce a portion of the
previous year's wood where possible.
Cuttings are best made from shoots in
the rest state, and may either be made
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GKA
short or long. Speechly recommends two
inches of the two year old, and one bud
or eye of the new. These were inserted
perpendicularly in pots, the bud just
level with the surface. They will, how-
ever, strike root from thick shoots, of
three or four years old, of a greater
length, and these may, if necessary, be
planted at once in the border ; or if in
pots, deep ones must be used, and the
cutting may be sloped or bent. In all
these cases, the cuttings must be buried
nearly their whole length bereath the
surface. Bottom-heat will facility Le speedy
rooting.
Eyes. — This is the most appr >ved plan,
for the plant thus approaches nearest to
a seedling state. These are generally
planted in pots, a single eye in each, at
the end of January, and plunged -in a
bottom-heat of from 70° to 80°. Prim-
ings are reserved for this purpose in the
autumn, and these being cut in conve-
nient lengths, are imbedded in moist soil
until winter. About half an inch of wood
may be : served above the eye, cutting it
sloping a.vay from the bud, and about an
inch or so below the bud; the latter sec-
tion made horizontally. These, inserted
singly in five-inch pots, may be plunged
in a bottom-heat of from 70° to 80°, and
care must be taken that the worms do not
get into the soil. When grown nearly a
foot in height, they should be re-potted
into pots of about seven inches diameter,
using a rich, turfy soil, and draining
thoroughly. Many good gardeners reserve
a poriion of the two years old wood at
the base of each eye, and there can be
little doubt that it is good practice.
Coil*. — Obtain primings from healthy
and fruitful vines on the rod system;
these prunings should be from two to
four feet in length. Such being plunged
in a bottom-heat of from 70° to 80°, and
in an atmosphere ranging from 50° to
60°, have a tendency to produce roots be-
fore shoots ; and this is the object sought.
Fruiting-pn^ of twelve to fifteen inches
in diamete; -hould be used, and a com-
post of turfy loam and half-rotten ma-
nure, with the addition of charred ma-
terial, lime-rubbish, or sand ; any or all
of them added in the proportion of a
sixth of the mass, in> order to insure
the free passage of moisture. Thorough
drainage being secured, the end of the
shoot is pressed down against the bottom
of the pot, and the shoot bent round,
until as many coils or turns as possible
are made; leaving, at last,, four or five
stout eyes above the level of the pot rim.
The pot is then filled with the compost,
and careful watering, a judicious control
of heat, augmenting the amount of at-
mospheric warmth as the leaves unfold,
together with the usual routine of stop-
ping, thinning the berries, &c.,as applied
to established vines, must be carried out.
The turfy compost is filled in as the coil-
ing proceeds.
Grafting is not often practised. As in.
most other cases of grafting, the stock
should be slightly in advance of the sciou.
Perhaps the stock should have unfolded
a few large leaves before the operation is
practised. Then the usual whip grafting
is the best plan. A couple of eyes on the
graft are sufficient. It is good practice to
bind moss round the whole at last, even
shading the buds of the scion for a while.
The moss may be moistened daily.
Inarching. — This may be performed
with either the growing shoot, or with
that in a rest state. A plant established
in a pot of the kind to be introduced
must be procured. With regard to in-
arching in a rest state, it is proper that
the sap should be in motion at the
period of operating, and that the stock,
if possible, should, as in grafting, be
slightly in advance of the scion. Vines
which are breaking are in an eligible
state, and the kind to be inarched may
be just emerging from a rest state. The
point of junction being determined, the
pot must be so fixed as that no slipping
can occur, and that the shoot may be
readily bent to meet the parent plant.
Nothing is necessary but to pare a thin
slice of bark with a little of the wood
from the facings of the scion and stock,
which are to be fitted, and then to bind
them carefully together close, but not too
tight, just as in ordinary grafting. A
little moss may be fastened round the
point of junction, and this frequently
moistened. Inarching of the growing
shoot is, however, the best practice ; but,
it is an operation that requires nice
handling. The shoot of the stock is best
at about the middle of its annual growth,
when it has begun to acquire some so-
lidity and toughness. The scion may be
somewhat younger,, and everything being
adjusted, a section must be made hi each,
as before, cutting through the bark and
a little into the alburuous matter, and
GRA
[396
OKA
fitting them nicely together. It may he
observed, that the ligature must not be
so tight as in the old wood. The whole
may be covered with moss, and in six
weeks the junction will be complete. In
the mean time a progressive stopping oi
the spray on the stock must take place,
in order, by degrees, to transfer a portion
of the luxuriance of the stock to the
scion. When the pruning season arrives
the stock may be cut back in part or
wholly. Thus, a vinery possessing infe-
rior kinds may be renovated in a very
short period.
Seed. — Perfectly ripe grapes of the
kinds intended to be propagated from
should be pressed, the seeds washed and
thoroughly dried, and then secured, like
other seeds, until the following February.
They may then be sown in well-drained
pots, in a light, rich soil, rather sandy,
and plunged in a bottom-heat of from
70° to 80°. In about a month they will
vegetate; the seedlings may be potted
oif, and henceforward reared as plants
from eyes, continuing bottom - warmth
until Midsummei, and train'ngthe shoot
(unstopped) fully to the light in a warm
situation. They may, in the autumn, be
cut back to two or three eyes, and grown
through the following summer as before,
again pruning back in the autumn. In
about four years they will fruit on their
own roots ; but, perhaps, a year will be
gained by inarcbing them near the ex-
tremity of a sound and fruitful old vine.
Wall Culture. — The first essential is
a mellow and thoroughly-drained soil.
An ordinary sandy loam is the best staple ;
but almost any common garden-soil will
suit, if it is capable of receiving and
transmitting moisture with facility. Vine
roots will descend to a considerable depth
if the soil be mellow ; but we would
rather grant them extra width, especially
if the situation is not particularly favour-
able. Whether borders, or, what are
much more economical, stations, are
made, we would first thoroughly drain the
site, and then place some imperishable
material, as stone, brick, or clinkers
rammed close beneath them, leaving only
half a yard of soil in depth, unless the
roots are securely limited in width. This
done, the natural soil must be examined
with practical accuracy, and accordingly,
as sand or clay predominates, so must be
the amount and character of the correct-
ing material. If destitute of organic
matter or turfy fibre, something must be
introduced to enrich it, such as fresh
manure, and abundance of rotten weeds,
leaves, &c., indeed, anything of a decay-
ing vegetable kind ; remembering that a
good portion must be such as will endure
long, and slowly give out its enriching
qualities. Some coarse bone-manure
and rubbly charcoal will be a capital ad-
dition ; and a good deal of charcoal-rub-
bish or brush-wood. If the situation is
cool and damp, place half the volume of
this material above the ordinary ground
level.
Planting. — The end of March is the
most eligible time; and strong plants
being at hand, if in pots, let the soil be
shaken away gently, and every root be
carefully uncoiled, and spread out, liko a
tree fan-trained, and place a little supe-
rior compost about the roots, covering
the surface with three inches of coarse
charred material. This will absorb a
great amount of heat from the sun, and
admit water freely when necessary. As
the plants grow, they must be carefully
trained, and no stopping practised the
first season. In the autumn, however
they must be pruned back to three or four
eyes ; and in the next season the shoots
from these eyes must be trained to the
desired form, which will be regulated by
the character of the space they are to oc-
cupy, whether on a building or a wall.
Out-door Culture duriny the Rest Period.
— Pruning is a first consideration, and
this is done soon after the fall of the
leaf. Many conflicting practices, as to
out-door culture, have competed for the
palm of victory here, even as with in-door
vines; but it is probably best not to
attempt to tie the hands of those who
try their culture by too severe rules. One
safe maxim is, that no two of the principal
leaves should so overlap each other as to
obstruct the solar light. From about
eight to ten inches, therefore, at least,
may be given between each of the grow-
ing shoots. This, then, will be a guide
as to the distance at which the shoots
should be trained. As for root culture
at this period, nothing will be needed but
to preserve the surface fibres from the
spade, which is but too apt to approach
;oo close to those ofa kitchen-garden walls.
When vines become somewhat exhausted
with much bearing, top-dressings of good
soil and manure become necessary.
Out-door Culture during Growth*— We
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GKA
must heie be brief, for the mam princi-
ples will be found somewhat identical
with those connected with in-door culture
All superfluous young spray must be
thinned away, and the bearing shoots
stopped an eye or two beyond the bunch
Where, however, there is walling to be
filled, the dresser may leave several eyes
or buds beyond the bunch. In due time
the bunches must be thinned; one to a
square foot of wall will, in general, suffice.
The berries, too, must be thinned out at
the proper period, and a frequent stopping
of the lateral shoots practised, never
suffering them to shade the principal
leaves. Towards the beginning of Sep-
tember, all the stopped laterals may be
entirely removed, in order to permit a
free circulation of air, and allow the
sun to heat the wall ; protection, also,
must be afforded to the bunches against
wasps, flies, &c.
Greenhouse Culture. — Having attended
to the character of the soil requisite for
the vine, we have little to report on the
subject of border-making, which must,
however, be at all times considered the
most important point in the whole of the
proceedings. A more generous soil is
necessary for in-door vines, inasmuch as
a greater demand exists at times on their
vital powers through the powerful effects
of solar light beneath glass ; as also
owing to a greater amount of dryness at
times in the atmosphere. The first point
is to elevate the border above the ground
level in proportion to the lowness, cold-
ness, or dampness of the situation.
Thorough drainage we have before pointed
to ; it is not possible to drain too much
if the soil be of proper texture. As to
soil, turfy loam, inclining to sand, should
form nearly one-half the volume of soil.
To this may be added one quarter part
of coarse manure, leaf-mould, &c., rather
raw than otherwise ; and the other quarter,
part of rubbly and imperishable materials,
such as lumpy charcoal, old plaster, and
the rubbish of old buildings, coarse bone-
manure, <fec. All these well blended, and
filled in when dry, will produce a first-rate
compost, taking care to place a layer of
turf at the bottom.
Course of Culture.— Whatever combina-
tion exists as to a greenhouse vinery,
whether it be for vines alone or used in
conjunction for pot-plants, an uniform
system should be pursued as to the vines,
both during the growing season and
the rest period. This system consists in
the regular pruning, dressing of the wood,
in order to the extirpation of all insects,
and the usual vine-dressing during the
growing period, the latter being, disbud-
ding, stopping, thinning the berry, and
training — principles applicable to the
vine in all its positions.
Stove Culture.— Vines in stoves are
generally combined with pine culture, and
the excitement by heat is, therefore, at
times considerable. In former days it
was supposed that vines must be turned
outside the house and frozen, in order to
restore their energies ; but abundant
proofs exist that from 50° to 55° may be
submitted to, in extreme cases, during
the rest season. Whatever culture is
combined with that of the vines, it is
best to confine these to the rafters on the
spurring system. For early forcing, and
where the house is specially devoted to
vines, it is another affair : here either the
long-rod system or the spurring may be
used. We need not repeat advice as to
border-making, and the usual routine of
disbudding, stopping, thinning the berry,
and the frequent pinching of the laterals.
One remark may be permitted as to bor-
ders ; let them be inside the house if the
interior arrangement will permit, and
the front wall on arches. When at rest,
we would not allow the thermometer to
sink below 35°.
Vines in Pots is a mode of culture only
to be recommended as an adjunct to late
vineries, and where the possessor, not
desiring to build a house for early forc-
ing, yet desires to have a few early grapes.
The plants should be reared from eyes,
and receive very high culture ; and at
the end of the second summer they
should be strong canes, and in high per-
fection for forcing. They must receive
iberal shifts when they need re-potting,
and their shoots be constantly trained in
a very light situation. The young plants,
at the end of the first season's growth,
will require pruning back to two buds,
Vom which one may, during their pro-
gress, be carefully trained, and the other
emoved. When the cane has grown about
five feet in length, during the second
season, it is well to stop it, in order to
strengthen the lower leaves, on the
lealthy action of which the future crop
depends. The leader, however, which
succeeds, may be laid in full length, well
exposed to the light; but the laterals
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which push from the sides must be
pinched back, leaving one bud only, and
this pinching must be continued all
through the season, when necessary. In
the second autumn they will be strong
canes, with remarkably plump buds; and
they may now, when the leaves are de-
cayed, be pruned back to some five or six
eyes, according to the wish of the culti-
vator. Having received their final shift
into pots of about fifteen inches in
diameter in the preceding June, they
will require nothing but a rich top-dress-
ing. They enjoy a bottom-heat of 70°
to 80°; but they may be made to succeed
on the kerb-stones or back shelves of
the stove, away from cold draughts, and
near the flues or piping. Liquid-manure
must be liberally supplied, and the same
course of culture as to disbudding, stop-
ping, thinning the berry, and training,
pursued as with the rafter vines. A rich,
turfy loam must be used as compost; three
parts of this to one of rich, half-decom-
posed manure, will be found excellent,
adding some charcoal and a little lime-
rubbish. The turfy loam should be
nearly a year old, and must be well
chopped with the spade, not sifted. The
pots must be most carefully drained
nearly one-fifth of their depth : any
stagnation whatever will surely prove
fatal. If the pots were unpiunged, some
screen, such as moss or old matting,
should be interposed between them and
the sand, or they may have double pots.
Diseases. — Shrivelling of the berries of
the grape in stoves appears to arise from
the roots of the vine not supplying a
sufficiency of sap, as well as from its not
being duly elaborated in the leaves.
This occurs if the roots are in a cold
soil, or are vegetating in an outside
border, the temperature of which is too
low compared with that of the stove. In
the first case, thorough draining and the
incorporation of calcareous rubbish, and
in the second case, protection to the
border and stem, will remove the evil. If
the sap be not duly elaborated, it must
arise, either separately or conjointly, from
the leaves vegetating in an ungenial atmo-
sphere, or from their being too reduced in
number.
If the roots of the vines are found to
have penetrated the soil deeply, they
should be lifted very carefully, brickbats
placed beneath the roots, and these
trained about nine inches beneath the
surface. If drainage of the border has
been neglected, let it be effected at the
same time. If the loss of the crop which
would be occasioned by the lifting of the
whole of the vines would be inconvenient,
only one or two can be so treated in suc-
cessive autumns. The most injurious
time for an unnatural disparity of tempe-
rature in the air and soil to occur is at
night ; for, as was justly observed by the
late Mr. Knight, an ill effect of high
temperature during the night is, that it
exhausts the excitability of the tree much
more rapidly than it promotes the growth
or accelerates the maturity of the fruit,
which is, in consequence, ill supplied with
nutriment at the period of its ripening,
when most nutriment is probably wanted.
The Muscat of Alexandria, and other late
grapes, are, owing to this cause, often
seen to wither upon the bunch in a very
imperfect state of maturity ; and the want
of richness and flavour in other forced
fruit is often attributable to the same
cause. The Frontignans are among the
varieties apt to shrivel under great dis-
parity of temperature between the roots
and branches.
Somewhat alliedinits causes to shrivel-
ling is that unsightly imperfection where
the berries do not come to maturity at
the point of the bunches, leaving from
five to ten quite colourless and sour,
though others on the same bunch are fine
and large. In such case the remedies
are to give more heat and air, keeping the
border warmer than before, and to avoid
cold damps in the house : leave as much
foliage as can be exposed fully to light.
The leaves removed must be by little at
a time. In thinning, clip off a few ber-
ries at the lower extremity of the bunch ;
the rest will swell better.
Shanking is an uloeration, or gangrene,
attacking the footstalks of the bunches,
and appears to be occasioned, like shrivel-
ling, by the temperature of the soil being
too much below that in which the branches
are vegetating; and, consequently, the
supply of sap to the grapes is much
diminished, and the parts -which thus fail
of support immediately begin to decay.
This is an effect always the consequence
of a diminished supply of sap, apparent
either in the leaves, flower, or fruit. The
disease, like every other putrefaction, does
not advance rapidly unless there be much
moisture in the atmosphere.
The coldness of the soil causes this
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[ 39!)
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torpidity in the action of the root ; and
this, perhaps, at the very period when the
greatest demand is made upon it to sus-
tain the excessive perspiration which is
going on in the leaf, and to furnish fresh
matter for elaboration, to both which
ends it is frequently quite inadequate,
owing to drenching rains. If the young
fibre be examined at such inclement pe-
riods, it will be found somewhat disco-
loured, and, in some cases, quite rotten.
Shanking, we conceive, is generally caused
by the unnatural disagreement of tem-
perature between the root and top, inde-
pendent, in the main, of the question of
moisture. It generally occurs with vines
which have been somewhat forced ; sel-
dom on open walls — seldom with vines
forced in pots or tubs. The obvious
prevention of shanking is securing a
congenial relative temperature to the
roots and foliage.
Rust comes upon the berries in the
form of a rough, rusty appearance of
their skins, which have, in fact, become
thick and indurated. Some think it arises
from their being handled, or the hair of
the head touching them ; but the disease
is often too general to admit of this
topical explanation. We believe it to
arise from an over-heating of the vinery,
however unintentional, whilst the grapes
were young, and thus tending to force
them to a premature rapidity of growth.
Any excessive pressure upon the cuticle,
whether from within or from without,
causes its thickening. This considerable
elevation being succeeded by a sudden
reduction of temperature, will almost
certainly induce the disease.
The Spot affecting the berries seems to
be the same disease as shanking, only
affecting a different part. Like this dis-
ease, it is a gangrene, and is probably oc-
casioned by an irregularity in the supply
of moisture and vicissitudes of tempera-
ture, but especially if one of the extremes
is much below the degree of heat most
favourable to the healthy growth of that
plant. Muscats are particularly liable to
the spot. Our opinion that sudden vi-
cissitudes of temperature are the causes
' >f this disease, seems to be well sustained
l>y the fact, that the parts nearest the
glass, that is, the upper portions of the
bunches, and those parts most exposed
to the sun's influence, are the first to
suffer; and this, also, goes far towards
substantiating the assertion, that the
shade of the foliage is necessary to the
well-doing of grapes.
Want oj Colour is often a defect of the
Black Grape, but not at all necessarily
arising from deficient light The green
colour of leaves depends entirely upon
the presence either of light or of uncom-
bined hydrogen gas ; but vegetable reds,
purples, and other colouring matters of
fruits are formed, though less intense,
even in a total absence from light. So
far from full exposure to light being
requisite for the full colouring and ripen-
j ing of grapes, they never attain these
desired qualities so well as when shaded
by one thickness of leaf. ' The colouring
matter of all fruit is dependent partly
upon the leaves immediately above it, and
partly upon the fruit itself, the necessary
digestion of the sap being commenced
in the one and perfected in the other.
If this digestion or elaboration of the
sap is checked by ungenial temperature,
but more particularly if the crop is too
heavy for the vine, or if the leaves, es-
pecially above the bunches, are too much
thinned, defect of colour will be the very
usual consequence to the berries. We
have seen the blackest of berries in situ-
ations where the sun had never shone
on them since they blossomed ; indeed,
it only requires a little close observation
for one season to dispel such a fallacy.
It sometimes, however, happens, that the
principle leaves on the same shoot with
the bunch are shaded by other main
leaves, or by laterals. Such shading is
sure to be prejudicial to the colouring of
the berry, as well as to the maturation of
the buds connected with the shaded leaves.
And here we have one of the reasons for
such close stopping as the vine is sub-
jected to. Over-cropping alone will lead to
bad colouring ; indeed, is one of the most
fruitful sources of it. It exhausts the
tree of every rpartic]e of prepared sap,
and produces debility in the root, which
renders it readily susceptible to the stag-
nating rains of an unpropitious season.
In order to promote good colouring,
the ripening process should not be hur-
ried. It is evident that very high tem-
peratures are not required for this pur-
pose, for the Black Hamburgh, on com-
mon walls, is not deficient in colour, in a
good season. Now, the colouring process,
in the latter case, occurs in the end of
September, when the temperature ^ at
nightmust sometimes be near the freezing
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point. It is a common observation of
practical men, that the cold nights of au-
tumn hasten maturity in many crops ;
and this is undoubtedly a fact, and trace-
able, we presume, to a cessation of the
growing principle, causing thereby a
concentration of the energies of the
plant. We would say, therefore, beware
of too high a temperature during the
colouring process, unless accompanied
with much solar light, and even then
avoid extremes. We would more espe-
cially avoid night heat at this period, and
would promote a circulation of air night
and day.
Bleeding. — This only occurs to the
vine from the unhealed surfaces of cuts
made after the sap has commenced its
motion, and before the leaves are well
expanded. A red-hot iron, applied to the
bleeding surface until it be charred, will
stop the effusion of sap for a time, if not
permanently ; and to effect a complete
stoppage at once, coat the charred surface,
and rub well into it a paste made of lime
newly burnt and grease. This hardens
and forms an effectual plaister.
Mr. Knight's plaister we know to be
effectual, and is thus composed : —
One-fourth of calcined oyster-shells,
beaten to fine powder in a mortar, and
three-fourths of cheese, worked together,
until they form a sort of paste. This mix-
ture, pressed into the pores of the wood,
either with the thumb or any other means,
•will effectually stop the flow of the sap :
sometimes a repetition may be necessary,
if it is not well forced into the pores.
See MILDEW.
Insects. — See ACARUS, APHIS, Coccus,
CURCULIO, and THRIPS.
GRAPXOPHY'LLUM. (From grapho, to
write, and phyllon, a leaf ; referring to the
markings on the leaves. Nat. ord.,
dcanllmds [Acanthaceae]. Linn., 2-Di-
undria 1-Monogynia. Allied to Belope-
rone.)
Stove evergreen shrub. Cuttings of young
shoots, just getting a little firm, and a heel of the
older wood at its base, in sand, under a bell-glass,
in heat; peat and loam. Summer temp., 55° to
75° ; winter, 50° to 55°.
a, horte'nse a'lbum (garden white). Crimson.
July. E. Ind. 1815.
'GRASSES for lawns and grass-plots
must be varied according to the nature
of the soil, and we know of no more
judicious selections than the following,
recommended by Messrs. Lawson, of
Edinburgh :—
I'3
Sw
f!
K
Ave'na flave'scens (Yellowish Oat
Grass)
Ibs.
1
Ibs.
Ibs.
Cynosu'rus crista'tus (Created
Dog's Tail)
5
ft
7
Festu'ca duriu'scula (Hardish
A
<?
4
Festu'ca tenuifo'lia (Fine-leaved
Fescue)
8
7
Lo'lium pere'nne te'nue (Fine Bye
20
?0
20
Po'a nemora'lis (Wood Meadow
Grass)
'$
15
£
Po'a nemora'lis sempervi'rens
(Evergreen Ditto)
12
j
Po'a trivia' Us (Rough -stalked
Meadow Grass)
1£
if
2
Trifo'lium re'pens (White Clover)
Trifo'lium mi'nus (Smaller Yellow
Clover)
7
2
7
2
7
The above mixtures are enough for an
acre. Where the ground is overshadowed
with trees, both the kinds of Festu'ca
should be omitted, and similar quantities
of the two kinds of Po'a nemora'lis substi-
tuted. The best time for sowing is early
in the spring.
GRASS-PLOT, correctly speaking, is a
parterre, or bed of flowers, arranged with
grass-turf between them, instead of gravel.
It is usually confounded with LAWN,
which see.
GRATI'OLA. Hedge Hyssop. (From
gratia, grace; referring to its medicinal
virtues. Nat. ord., Figworts [Scrophu-
lariaceae]. Linn.,2-Z>iandna l-Monogynia.
Allied to Mimulus.)
Hardy herbaceous plants. Division of the plants
in spring ; rich, moist soil. Latifo'lia and tetra*
go'na require the protection of a frame in winter.
G. au'rea (golden). $. Yellow. June. N. Amer.
1820.
— latifo'lla (broad-leaved). 1. White. July.
N. Holland. 1822.
— megaloca'rpa (large-fruited). Pale yellow.
July. N. Amer. 1828.
— officina'lis (common-shop). 1. Light blue.
July. Europe. 1568.
— pilo'sa( hairy). White. July. N. Amer. 1827.
— quadridenta'ta (four-toothed). $. White.
June. N, Amer. 1821.
— tfefrag'o'rta (square-stemmed). 1. Blue. Au-
gust. Buenos Ayres. 1830.
— Virgi'nica (Virginian). 1. Yellow. August.
Virginia. 17*9.
GRAVEL WALKS, like all other walks,
require a good substratum of drainage,
and the facing about five inches deep of
gravel. It must have no stones mixed
with it larger than good-sized marbles,
and about one-fourth of it must be much
finer to fill the interstices. Pit-gravel,
with a slight admixture of clay, and the
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more rubbly the better, is the best for
binding and forming a solid walk. The
more speedily it is laid clown after digging
from the pit, the more firmly will it bind.
The following is an excellent plan to
make or turn gravel walks in dry weather :
If of a sandy or gravelly nature, strew a
little clay or marl upon the walk. When
turned over, take away the large stones
and place them at the bottom of the soil.
Immediately after you level your walk,
apply your iron roller steadily, and let a
labourer follow the roller, pouring upon
it water regularly as it passes over the
ground ; in twenty-four hours after, if the
weather is dry, it will be as solid as a
stone-floor.
The best method of extirpating grass
from a gravel walk, is to spread salt in
considerable quantities over its whole sur-
face ; and if, after the first application, it
is found that portions of the ground still
exist, let another coating of salt be applied,
which will effectually destroy it. Care must
be taken, however, if the walk is edged with
box, that the salt does not come in con-
tact with it, otherwise it will destroy the
edging also.
In the early part of April, gravel
walks are usually turned. After the walk
has been broken up and levelled, and a
facing of new gravel spread over, this
ought to be left for three or four days,
and until a shower of rain has fallen,
before the roller is used. This bleaches
the gravel, and washes down the fine
particles, so that, immediately after roll-
ing, the walk is solid, and has a clean,
bright surface.
The above directions relate to the old
system of gravel-walk making; but we
strongly recommend the general adoption
of CoxcKE'Be WALKS, which see. They
are far more durable, and free from
weeds.
GREAT BURNET. Sanguiso'rba.
GREAT CENTAU'REA. Centau'rea cen-
tau'rium.
GREENHOUSE. This is a light, airy
structure designed for plants which can
sustain a lowish temperature, but cannot
withstand the vicissitudes from frost to
sunshine, and from damp to dry, of our
common winters. It is distinguished
from a plant-stove in requiring but little
artificial heat; and from a conservatory
in having all the plants (with, perhaps,
the exception of climbers for the rafters)
grown in portable pots or tubs, and these
90
generally set upon a stage to bring them
nearer the glass.
The mode of constructing such a house
must be regulated by the wishes of the
proprietor, and the conveniences at his
disposal. For general purposes any as-
pect will do in an emergency, except the
north, and that might be selected for
those plants that delight in the shade.
The more command of light, with the
means at hand of reducing its fierceness
and heat when too powerful, the better.
From due south to south-east and south-
west may be considered the best aspects.
If it is a lean-to house, having a sloping
roof from a back wall, it should always
have a considerable amount of upright
glass in front to receive the oblique rays
of the sun in winter. By the side of a
cottage ornee the front of the house may
thus partake of the same style of archi-
tecture, while the shed-like, sloping roof
may be exchanged for a ridge-and-furrow
one, and that concealed from external
observation by a light entablature or
frieze work. For a neat detached struc-
ture it should stand, less or more, north
and south, have a ridge-and-furrow roof,
and means for breaking the sun's rays
in the morning and afternoon. We aro
supposing it to be glass all round. When
in connexion with other buildings a very
useful and elegant house is formed, hav-
ing the front and ends of glass, a hipped
roof, and an opaque back wall. Here,
likewise, by an ornamental entablature,
the roof, if desirable, may be wholly or
partially concealed, so as not to interfere
with architectural propriety, though we
should have no great scruples on this
score, as the utility of an object, if ap-
parent, gives its appropriateness.
The size of the glass to be used must
depend upon the taste and the money
wished to be spent by the proprietor.
For the roof, especially, it will be desir-
able to have it at least sixteen ounces to
the foot. Small squares can be procured
in boxes very cheap ; but what you gain
in glass you partly lose from requiring so
many sash-bars. We should not care
about having them much above eighteen
inches in length. All things considered, if
we were to roof a house most economically,
we should obtain strong machinery-cut
sash- bars, dispense with rafters, use gla^s
from fifteen to eighteen inches wide, and
say a foot in depth, and secure means <-f
ventilation without touching the roof by
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the upright glass and wooden ventilators
at the ridge in the roof and in the back
wall.
Stages. — These are generally shelves,
arranged in stair-like fashion, partaking
less or more of the character of the roof.
Tor a general collection, the stage may
l>6 from five to six feet from the glass
roof; for insuring dwarf, compact, hushy
plants, the distance should he from three
to four feet. The lowest shelf of the
stage should he a little higher than the
shelf that surrounds the house next the
front glass. Where the roof is hipped,
even though the hack wall he opaque, if
the house faces the south the stage should
be hipped too, terminating in a single
shelf, broad or narrow in the centre.
The north part would be admirable for
keeping many plants in winter, and ex-
hibiting in summer those that were in
full bloom. In a wide house it is always
preferable to have several stages, in the
shape of circles, ovals, or triangles, which-
ever is most approved, with walks between
them. The expense, and the room
apparently lost, are more than compen-
sated by the ease with which all the
plants may be examined, and the greater
thickness with which they may be safely
set, as the pathway will be so many
breathing zones. (See FLOWER STAGES. )
For low-hipped, roofed, and ridge-and-
furrow roofed houses, flat, table-like,
trellised stages will be the best; the
highest plants being set in the centre, or,
if necessary, one being placed now and
then on a pot. As an improvement on
this, where extreme economy was the
object, we would dispense with the wooden
trellis, and substitute a bed of earth, kept
in its place by brick walls, the earth being
first covered with cinders, and then with
pure sand, on which to set the pots.
The damping of this sand from watering
in summer would be a source of health
to the plants, and save them from many
visitations. Small inclosures in such an
earth-pit, if suitable compost were used,
would be excellent for the less hardy
creepers, which would be likely to main-
tain a lingering existence if planted, as
they sometimes are, in a border close to
the front wall.
Temperature. — If merely preserving the
plants is the object, then artificial heat
may only be applied to maintain a
temperature of from 35° to 40°. This
low temperature must not, however, be
long continued in a stagnant atmosphere.
It will, therefore, be necessary to raise
the temperature to admit air during the
day. Where it is desired slowly to grow
the shoots, and to keep a winter display
of plants in bloom, the temperature must
not sink below 45°. In either case a
rise of 10° or 15° may be allowed for
sunshine in winter. In summer, the
chief difficulty will be to keep the house
cool by admitting all the air possible,
and having it on night and day. If the
plants are turned out into pits and shady
places, and even very sunny places if
their nature requires it, and their place
is supplied with tender annuals, &c., then
more closeness and moisture must be
obtained — a limitation of air and plenty
of moisture giving all the essentials of a
plant stove.
Artificial Heat.— The best, because the
most equal and the cleanliest, is hot water ;
and the simplest of all contrivances is
the best : a compact little boiler, well set,
and a flow and return pipe on the sim
plest principles. A small boiler and two
or three-inch pipes are the moist suitable
for a greenhouse where only quick and
occasional fires are wanted. Flues are
far from being despicable conveniences.
In some respects, in small houses where
a higher temperature is wanted at one
end than another, they answerbetter than
hot water. When neatly built they are
no eye-sore in a house. To insure
draught the flue should be at least a third
deeper than it is wide, and the mouth of
the flue should be eighteen inches above
the bottom of the surface. For green-
houses,one foot of four-inch pipe will be
necessary for every forty cubic feet of air,
making allowance, less or more, according
to the surface of glass, or the presence
of opaque walls; or, in other words,
taking the square foot of glass, it would
require a foot of four-inch pipe for every
six feet of glass ; or a foot of a common
flue above the ground for about ten or
eleven feet of glass.
Ventilation. — Means should be secured
for a thorough circulation of air from the
sashes in front, and the highest point in
the roof, as there the heat will generally
be the greatest. In cold weather in
winter, unless there are means for heat-
ing the air before it enters, the little
given should be at the top of the house,
as thus the cold, dry air would be heated
and absorb the moisture before reaching
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the bulk of the plants. When the air is
very dry, and the weather very cold, the
less air that is given the better. In such
circumstances,the heating medium should
be cool before the sun strikes upon the
house, and then the sun-heat will raise
the house the less ; and 10° or 20° for a
short time, from sun-heat, is a very differ-
ent affair from having that increase from
artificial means. For greenhouse plants,
generally, in favourable weather, too
much air cannot be given, night or day,
from the middle of May to the middle of
September. For two months preceding
May, and subsequent to September, air
should be given early in the morning,
even if it should be withdrawn or reduced
soon afterwards, or early in the afternoon.
In winter, unless the air is very mild, it
will be time enough to give air by ten
o'clock, and shut up between two and
three. When the weather is very severe,
one hour, or even less, in the middle of
the day must be sufficient. In dull, close
weather, air should be given, though a
brisk fire should be put on during the day
on purpose. When, however, the green-
house is changed into a vinery, a place
for growing tender annuals, &c., the for-
warding of the growth of Camellias, Epa-
cris, Azaleas, &c., then the temperature
in spring and summer must be higher,
and the atmosphere closer and moister.
By means of divisions, you may have
almost as many temperatures and atmo-
spheres in one house as you please, by
regulating the ventilation of the different
compartments. Slight wooden moveable
divisions we find extremely useful in pots,
as we can then give a peculiar treatment
to one or any number of lights at pleasure.
Firing. — The heat from the furnace
merely extends vegetable tissues; that
from the sun expands and concentrates
them. No stoker should visit his furnace
without knowing the temperature of his
house, the temperature of the external
atmosphere, the direction of the wind,
and the changes that have taken place
in a certain number of hours, and thence
calculate what will be the most likely to
happen. The minimum temperature
should never be exceeded by fire-heat
during the night More than sufficient
is not only waste, the plants are drawn
and dried, while less advantage can be
taken of the glorious light and heat
which come from the sun. For dispers-
ing damps, &c,, use a brisk little fire
during the day, and allow it to go out.
In very dull, close weather in winter,
such a fire often, if even for an hour,
would be useful; not for heat, but for
enabling us to give more air, and causing
a rapid circulation among the plants.
Watering. — The rule is, water so as to
reach every fibre of the plant's roots, and
then wait until a similar repetition is
necessary. A plant may want watering
twice a day in summer, and, perhaps,
only twice a month in dull weather in
winter. From the end of September to
the middle of May, let the temperature
of the water used be from 5° to 10° higher
than the minimum temperature of the
house. From the periods mentioned,
making, of course, due allowance for
peculiar weather, watering should be
performed in the morning ; in cold weather
not too early. Thus the stimulus of sun-
heat, diminished though it be, meets the
plants when they have received their re-
fresher; the extra moisture is parted
with before the evening comes ; and there
is not that rapid cooling of the soil by
evaporation during the night. In the
summer we reverse the time of watering,
and perform the operation in the after-
noon and evening. Anything that tends
to cool the soil and the plant is then re-
freshing. By watering in a bright morn-
ing, the moisture is exhaled rapidly from
the soil, as well as through the foliage of
the plant, which does not, in consequence,
receive the full benefit of the watering,
and, therefore, soon requires a fresh
supply. In the evening the evaporating
tendencies are approaching the minimum ;
the plant has full time to absorb and re-
fresh itself, and thus is more able to
stand the brunt of the following day.
Manure Watering. — This should be
applied often, but weak and clear ; a little
quick-lime added will effect the clearing,
at the expense of driving off a portion
of the ammonia. It is applicable in
almost any case where luxuriance of
plant is the chief object ; where size of
bloom and compact, rather than slender,
growth, are the desideratum, it should not
be applied until the flower-buds appear.
Syringing. — This is a most valuable
mode of applying water, as it promotes
cleanliness, and is as necessary for re-
moving dust and incrustations from the
foliage as soap and water are for cleaning
our own skins. In winter it should be
done at mid-day, when the sun shines;
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in spring and autumn, in the morning
in summer, chiefly in the evening, though
at that season we frequently give them a
dash several times a day.
Pruning. — This is generally done when
the plant has finished flowering — when
we wish it to start into fresh growth. Of
course there are exceptions ; without
these exceptions the nature of a plant
and the mode of its growth must be the
"basis for a system of pruning. For in-
stance, we cut down the flowering shoots
of an Epacris and a Pelargonium ; hut
we act very diiferently both before and
after in the two cases. The Epacris i
hard-wooded, and, if tolerably ripened,
it requires no preparation. The long
tranches of most kinds are cut in at once,
and the plant is then transferred to a
closer and warmer atmosphere, to en
courage the formation of new shoots. A
cold pit, kept close, is the thing ; some
people, with great success, keep them a
couple of months in a plant stove. Of
course they are duly hardened, and the
wood ripened by autumn. On the other
hand, the stems of the Geranium are
soft and spongy ; if a very valuable kind,
this will have been increased by shading,
to preserve the colour of the flower. The
plant altogether is at a minimum as re-
spects its possession of organisable ma-
terial ; while, for the sake of the old plant
to be kept, and the cuttings for seed from
its stems, it is desirable it should be at
the maximum. The plants are, therefore,
exposed fully to the sun; not a drop
more water is given than just to keep
the leaves from flagging ; and the stems,
instead of being soft and green, become
hard and brown, by parting with their
watery evaporations, and assimilating
fresh solid material. Many other close-
headed plants, such as the Azalea, merely
require, in general, the stopping of a few
of the strongest shoots.
Time of Potting.— This should gene-
rally be done after pruning, and when
fresh growth has taken place, because it
is advisable never to give more checks to
a plant at once than can be avoided.
When cut down, or pruned, the energies
in the stems, and the unmutilated, un-
touched roots, are at once put forth in
the production of fresh shoots. When
these are formed and forming, and the
plant is kept close for a time after shifting,
fresh roots will soon be formed through
their agency, upon the same principle
that roots are protruded from a cutting
of half-ripened wood under a hand-glass.
Time for Cuttings. — Now we speak
merely in general terms. Other things
being equal, the older and harder the
wood of the cutting, the longer will it be
in striking. The younger the wood is,
provided it is just hard enough at the
base to possess a sufficiency of organisable
material, the sooner it will strike ; if too
soft and spongy it will rot and damp off.
Hence the general time for propagating
is regulated by the general time of
pruning and fresh growth taking place.
Small side-shoots, from 1$ to 3 inches in
length, just getting firm at the base, cut
to a point with a clean, sharp knife, or
taken off close to the older branch, and
a few of the lower leaves removed, will
succeed in the great majority of cases.
It is desirable to get them in in April or
May, in the case of slow-growing plants,
to have them established before winter.
We shall merely add a few requisites:
1st, clean pots ; 2nd, secure drainage by
an inverted small pot inside a larger one,
or by crocks so as to fill it three-quarters
full ; 3rd, place rough material or moss
over the drainage, to prevent the finer
soil washing through it; 4th, cover it
with an inch or so of sandy soil, similar
to what the plants delight in, if a little
charcoal is added all the better, finishing
with a layer of pure sand, watering all
well, and then allowing it to drain before
inserting the cuttings ; 5th, insert the
cuttings firmly, fill the small holes made
by the dibber with sand, dew all over
with the fine rose of a watering-pot,
allow the foliage to become dry, place
each pot under a bell-glass, or a number
under a hand-light, and shade from the
sun, either in a corner of the greenhouse,
or, better still, in a close frame or pit
without any artificial heat being applied,
at least none before the cutting begins to
swell at its base. Some things may have
bottom-heat at once, especially those that
have been a little forced previously.
Though shade be indispensable, yet as
much light as the cuttings will endure
must be given, increasing the quantity
gradually.
Sowing Seeds. — This may be done at
any time when the seeds are thoroughly
ripe. As it is of importance to have the
seedlings potted off and established be-
fore winter, April and May are the best
periods in several circumstances. Where
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[405]
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there is no hotbed the latter period will
be the best, and even then, for confining
heat and moisture, the pot should be
covered with a bell-glass, or a square of
glass laid over it. Where there is a hot-
bed, such as a cucumber frame, the seeds
may be sown a month or six weeks earlier,
and hardened off as soon as they are
fairly up and potted off. In sowing, any
light, sandy soil will do; for all fine
hairy-rooted plants sandy peat is the best.
The pots should be nearly as well drained
as for cuttings, watered, and allowed to
drain before sowing, as the less water
they have afterwards until they are up
the better. Hard seeds that have been
kept dry over the winter will vegetate all
the sooner for being steeped several
hours in warm water, say from 13° to 14°.
In covering the seeds the thickness
should be regulated by the size of the
seeds. Hence, for very small dusty seeds,
the surface of the fine soil should be
made smooth, the seeds evenly scattered
over it and slightly pressed in, and then
just dusted with a little fine sand ; but in
unpractised hands it is safer to be content
with the slight pressing in with a clean,
round board, having a nail in the centre
to hold by, and then place a square of glass
over the pot, with moss or paper above,
to shade until vegetation has taken place.
After-Treatment of Cuttings and Seed-
lings.— This is almost identical. Neither
«uttings nor seedlings, if at all thick, will
thrive long in the cutting and seedling
pot The sooner they are potted off the
better they will thrive. Before that, air
must be given to prevent them damping ;
first at night ; next, night, morning, and
evening ; and lastly, when roots are well
formed, during the day, removing the
glasses altogether from the cuttings. All
this time the little moisture necessary
must be carefully given. The less it
touches either the stems or leaves, the
better. When a little advanced, dust
them overhead with a fine rose watering-
pot; or a syringe, but be careful to have
the foliage dry before shutting up for the
night. In potting off tender plants that
are very small, three or four may be put
round the sides of a four-inch pot ; a
strong-growing one into such a pot at
once. In every such potting, and every
time that re-shifting is necessary, a moist,
close atmosphere is of importance for a
short time afterwards; thus lessening,
•by means of shading and syringing, the
evaporating processes until the roots
have begun to work in the new soil, when
air must be given, first gradually, and
ultimately plentifully.
GREEN MANURE is a mass of recently-
growing plants dug whilstgreen and fresh
into the soil, for the purpose of enriching
it ; and it is a rule without any exception
that all fresh vegetable matters so turned
into the earth do render it more fertile ;
and if plants are grown upon the soil for
this purpose, the greater the amount of
the surface of leaves in proportion to that
of roots the better, because such plants
obtain a large proportion of their chief
constituent — the chief constituent of all
plants, carbon — from the atmosphere.
They therefore return to the soil more
decomposing matter than they have taken
from it.
The putrefaction of the vegetables,
and the gases in that case emitted, says
Mr. Cuthbert Johnson, appear to be on
all occasions highly invigorating and
nourishing to the succeeding crop. During
this operation, the presence of water is
essentially necessary, and is most probably
decomposed. The gases produced vary
in different plants ; those which contain
gluten emit ammonia ; onions and a few
others evolve phosphorus ; hydrogen,
carbonic acid gas, and carburetted hy-
drogen gas, with various vegetable matters,
are almost always abundantly formed.
All these gases, when mixed with the soil,
are very nourishing to the plants growing
upon it. The observations of the farmer
assure us that they are so. He tells us
that all green manures cannot be em-
ployed in too fresh a state.
Sea Weed is a species of green manure,
for it ought to be employed whilst quite
fresh. There are many species, and they
differ very essentially in their components.
The Lamiina'ria, those long, tawny-green,
ribbon-like algae, so common on our
coasts, contain, besides vegetable matter,
a large proportion of the salts of potash
in addition to those of soda; whereas
the Fu'ci contain none of the salts of
potash. All, however, are excellent ma-
nures; and we know a garden, near
Southampton, very productive, that for
some years had no other manure. It is
particularly good as a manure for pota-
toes. The Fu'cus vesiculo'sus, so distin-
guishable by the bladders full of air
embedded in its leaves, is a very excellent
manure. It contains, when dry, about
GRE
[406 ]
GUI
eighty-four parts vegetable matter, thir-
teen parts sulphate of lime and magnesia,
mth a little phosphate of lime, and three
parts sulphate and muriate of soda.
GREENWEED. Geni'sta pilo'sa and
tincto'ria.
GKENVI'LLEA OONSPI'CUA. This is Pe.
largo' nium conspi'cuum.
GEEYI'LLEA. (Named after G. P.
Greville, a patron of botany. Nat. ord.,
Proteads [Proteacese]. Linn., 4-Tetran-
dria L-Monogynia. Allied to Hakea.)
Greenhouse evergreen shrubs, from New Hol-
land. Seeds sown in a slight hotbed, in spring,
or in the greenhouse, as soon as ripe ; cuttings of
the young shoots when ripened, in sand, under u
bell-glass, and when callused at the base to have
a slight bottom-heat ; peat and loam, with silver
sand and bits of charcoal, to keep the soil open.
Winter temp., 35° to 45°. Rosmarinifo'lia and
acumina'ta have stood out in sheltered places,
with little or no protection.
G. acanthifo'lia (acanthus-leaved). 4. Purple,
June. 1824.
— acumina'ta (pointed-leaved'), 4. Red. April.
1805.
— aquifo'lia (holly-leaved). 1820.
— a'spera (rough). 3. Pink. June. 1824.
— asplenifo'lia (asplenium-leaved). 5. Pink.
July. 1806.
— Bau'eri (Bauer's). 4. Red. June. 1824.
— berberifo'lia (barberry-leaved). 4. Red. June.
1821.
— bipinnati'fida (doubly-leafleted). 1837-
— brachya'ntha (short-flowered). Purple.
— buxifo'lia (box-leaved). 6. Pink. June. 17§0.
— Cale'yi (Caley's). 5. Red. June. 1830.
— cane'scens (hoary-teayed). 5. Green, tawny.
1824.
— ceratophy'lla (horn-leaved) . 1 839.
— cine'rea (ashy-coloured). 4. Red. June. 1822.
— colli'na (hill). 4. Pink. June. 1812.
— conci'nna (neat). 4. Purple. June. 1824.
— eriosta'chya (woolly-spiked). Orange.
—ferrugi'nea (rusty). 3. 1837.
— Flinde'rsii (Flinder's). 3. Purple. June.
N. S. Wales. 1824.
— gibbo'sa (swollen-s£e7ramed). 1821.
— heterophy'lla (variable-leaved). 4. White.
June. 1821.
— juniperi'na (juniper-like). 4. Pink. June. 1822.
— Lawrencea'na (Mrs. Lawrence's). White.
1839.
— linea'ris (narrow-leaped), 6. White, June.
1790.
a'lba (white-lowered). 4. White. June.
1/90.
incarna'ta (flesh-coloured). 4. Flesh.
June. 1790.
— longifo'lia (long -leaved), Reddish - yellow.
May.
— Mangle'sii (Mangles').
— monta'na (mountain). 4. Violet. June. 1822
— mucronifo'lia (pointed-leaved). 3. Violet.
June. 1824.
— mucronula'ta (small-pointed-Jeawed). 4. Pink
June. 1809.
— planifoHia (flat-leaved). 2. Orange. June.
1823.
~— puni'cea (scarlet). Purple. June. 1822.
— *-obu'sta (robust, or silk-oak). 5. Orange
June. 1829.
G. rosmarinifo'lia (rosemary-leaved). 4, Bed:
June. 1824,
— seri'eea (silky). 6. Pink. June. 1790.
— stri'cta (erect). 4. Pink. June. 1820.
— stylo'sa (long-styleA). 9. Red. June. 1809.
— sulphu'rea (sulphur-coloured). 4. Pale yel-
low. June. J824.
— Thielemunnia'na (Thielemann's). Crimson.
1838.
— trifurca'ta (three-forked). 3. Red. June. 1821,
GKf AS. Anchovy Pear. (From grao,
to eat; the fruit being eatable. *Nat.
ord., Barringtoniads [Barringtoniacese].
Linn., 13-Polyandrial-Monogynia. Allied
to Gustavia.)
Stove evergreen tree. Cuttings of ripe shoots
n sand, under a bell-glass, in peat ; rich, sandy
oam. Summer temp., 60° to 80° ; winter, 50° to
55°.
G. cauliflo'ra (stem-flowering). 50. White. Ja-
maica. 1768.
GEIE'LUSL (From grielum, old-looking;
referring to the grey, hoary aspect of the
plants. Nat. ord., Eoseworts [Rosacese],
Linn., 13-Polyandria k-Tetragynia. Allied
to Neur&da.)
Greenhouse herbaceous perennials, from the
Cape of Good Hope, all having yellow flowers.
Division of the roots in spring ; rough, sandy soil,
well drained. Winter temp., 40° to 45°.
G. humifu'sum (trailing). 1. May. 1825.
— lacinia'tum (jagged). £. August. 1825.
— tenuifo'lium (slender-leaved;. 2. May. 1/80.
GF.UFFI'NIA. (Named after W. Griffin,
Esq., a patron of botany. Nat. ord.,
Amaryllids [Amaryllidacese]. Linn., 6-
Hexandria 1-Monogynia. Allied to Eu-
crosia in leaf, and to Lycorus in the
flower.)
Stovi bulbs, from South America. Seeds in a
hotbed, either when ripe or early in spring, and
young offset-bulbs ; peat and loam, with plenty
of sand, and a little dried leaf-mould. Temp.,
when growing, 60° to 80°, with plenty of moisture ;
when at rest, 40° to 50°, and dry.
G. hyaci'nthina (violet-coloured). 1. Blue. July.
1815.
— interme'dia (intermediate). &. Blue. April.
1823.
— parviflo'ra (small-flowered). 2. Pale purple,
August. 1815.
GRINDE 'LIA. ( Named after H. Grindel,
a German botanist. Nat. ore!., Composites
[Asteracese]. Linn., Id-Syngenesia 2-
Superjlua.)
Half-hardy plants, all with yellow flowers, and
from Mexico, except when otherwise mentioned.
Cilia' ta is a hardy biennial, by seeds sown in au-
tumn, or early in spring, under protection ; her-
baceous species by division and cuttings ; ever-
greens, cuttings in April of half-ripened shoots,
in sand, under a bell-glass; peat and loam.
Winter temp., 40° to 48°.
HERBACEOUS.
G. angustifo'lia (narrow-leaved), 1. August,
1822.
GRI
[407]
GUA
G. cilia'ta (hair-fringed}. 1$. August. N. Amer.
1821. Biennial.
— grandifin'ra (large-flowered). 4. Orange.
July. Texas. 1851. Biennial.
— squarro'sa (spreading). 2. August. Mis-
souri. 1811.
EVERGREEN.
G, eoronopifo'lia (coronopus-leaved). !£. Au-
gust. 1826.
— Duvarlii (Duval's). l£. August. 1820.
— glutino'sa (clammy ) .2. 1 803 .
— inuloi'des (inula-lilte). l£. August. 1815.
— Lambe'rtii (Lambert's). 2. August. 1816.
— spatula'ta, (spatulate). 1J. August. 1819-
GRI'SLEA. (Named after G. Grisley, a
Portuguese botanist. Nat. ord., Loose-
strifes [Lythracese] . Linn., 8-Octandria
I-Monogynia. Allied to Cuphea.)
Stove evergreen shrubs. Cuttings in April of
firm young shoots, in sandy soil, under a bell-
^lass, in heat ; peat and loam, fibry and sandy,
bummer temp., 60° to 75° ; winter, 50° to 55°.
G.secu'nda (side-flowering'). 4. Pale pink.
Cumana. 1820.
— tomento'sa (downy). 3. Red. June. E.
Ind. 1804.
GRO'SYA. (Named after Lord Grey of
Groly. Nat. ord., Orchids [Orchidacese].
Linn., 20-Gynandrial-Monandria. Allied
to Huntleya.)
Stove orchids. Division of the plant ; shallow
basket, in sphagnum, tihry peat, and potsherds.
Summer temp., 60° to 90°, when growing ; winter,
when comparatively at rest, 55° to 60°, and dryish.
G. Amhe'rstitz (Lady Amherst'a). $. Ochre-
spotted. September. Brazil. 1829-
Green, purple. July.
spotted
— galea'ta (helmeted)
Brazil. 1836.
GROTTO is a resting place, formed
rudely of rock -work, roots of trees, and
shells, and is most appropriately placed
beneath the deep shade of woods, and on
the margin of water. Its intention is to
be a cool retreat during summer.
GROUND CHERRY. Cc'rasus cham<s-
ce'rasus»
GROUND CISTUS. Rhodode'ndron chamce-
ci'stus.
GROUND IVY. Ne'peta glecho'ma.
GROUND SENNA. Ca'ssia chamoBcri'sta.
GROVE is a moderately extensive asso-
ciation of trees without underwood. The
most fitting character of a grove is
beauty ; for fine trees are lovely objects,
and a grove is an assemblage of them,
in which every individual retains much
of its own peculiar elegance, and what-
ever it loses is transferred to the superior
beauty of the whole. To a grove, there-
fore, which admits of endless variety in
the disposition of the trees, differences
in their shapes and their greens are sel-
dom very important, and sometimes they
are detrimental. Strong contrasts scatter
trees which are thinly planted, and which
have not the connexion of underwood;
they no longer form one plantation ; they
are a number of single trees. A thick
grove is not, indeed, exposed to this mis-
chief; and certain situations may recom-
mend different shapes and different greens
for their effects upon the surface. The
eye, attracted into the depth of the grove,
passes by little circumstances at the en-
trance : even varieties in the form of the
line do not always engage the attention :
they are not so apparent as in a con-
tinued thicket, and are scarcely seen if
they are not considerable.
GRYLLOXA'LPA. See MOLE CRICKET.
GUAI'ACUH. Lignum Vitse Tree. (The
aboriginal name in South America. Nat.
ord., JBeancapers [Zygophyllacese] . Linn.,
IQ-JDecandria 1-Monogynia.)
The Guaiacum bark of G. officina'le is well
known for its medicinal properties. Stove ever-
green trees. Cuttings of ripe shoots in April or
May, in sand, under a bell-glass, in brisk bottom-
heat ; rich, sandy, fibry loam. Summer temp.,
60° to 85° ; winter, 50° to 60°.
G. arbo'reum (tree). 30. Blue. Trinidad. 1816.
— officina'le (shop). 40. Blue. August. W.
Ind. 1694.
— vertica'le (vertical). 8. Blue. W. Ind. 1820.
GUANO. See DUNGS.
GUA'REA. (The native name. Nat. ord.,
Meliads [Meliacese]. Linn., S-Octandria
l-Monogynia. Allied to Carapa.)
Stove evergreen trees. Same culture as for
Guaiacum.
G. grandiflo'ra (large-flowered). 20. White. June.
S. Amer. 1/52.
There are two other species, G. ramiflo'ra and
Swu'rtzii.
GUATTE'RIA. (Named after Guatteri, an
Italian botanist. Nat.ord.,^uonorfs [Ano-
naceae]. Linn., 13-Polyandria Q-Polyjy-
nia. Allied to Anona.)
The flowers of G. nirga'ta are exceedingly
sweet. Stove evergreen trees and shrubs. Cut-
tings of half-ripened shoots in April, as for Gua-
jacum.
G. cerasoi'des (cherry-like). 16, Green. E. Ind.
1820.
— laurifo'lia (laurel-leaved). 8. White. Jamaica.
1818.
— ru'fa (reddish). 3. Brown. July. China. 1822.
— subero'sa (cork-barked). 8. White. E. Ind.
1820.
•— virga'ta (twiggy. LancewootT). 30. White. Ja-
maica. 1793.
GUAVA. (Psi'diumCattlcya'num.) This
evergreen shrub is not generally culti-
vated for the sake of its fruit ; but it is
deserving of some encouragement where
hothouse room is plentiful. Its fruit, in
GUA
[408]
GYM
size and appearance, somewhat resem
bles a small Orleans plum, and is of a dul
purple colour; it is juicy, and in flavour
somewhat resembles a strawberry.
Propagation is effected by cuttings
layers, and seeds.
Soil. — Two parts of learn and one part
peat.
Culture.— It requires the ordinary cul
ture given to evergreen shrubs in our
stoves. As soon as the plants attain a
little age they bear abundantly and in
long succession, often producing fruil
through the winter. They will succeed
very well in a comfortable conservatory,
but a climate of an intermediate cha-
racter will suit them best, as they enjoy a
moderate amount of heat. They occa-
sionally require the primer's assistance
in thinning-out crowded or cross shoots,
when such occur, and in pinching the
tops from those which become over
luxuriant.
Fruit. — It is used for the dessert, and
making jelly.
GUAZU'MA. Bastard Cedar. (The abo-
riginal name in Mexico. Nat. ord., JBytt-
neriads [Byttneriacese] . Linn., 18-Polya-
cteZp/aal-Zteeandria.Allied to Theobroma. )
The fruit of G. ulmifo'lia is full of a sweet,
agreeable pulp. Stove evergreen trees. Cuttings
of ripened shoots, and general treatment as for
Guajacum.
G. polybo'trya (many-racemed). 12. Yellow.
Brazil. 1816.
— tomento'sa (woolly). 20. Cumana. 1820.
— ulmifo'lia (elm-leaved). 40. Yellow. Jamaica.
1739.
GUELDER EOSE. Vibu'rnum o'pulus.
GUEENSEY LILY. Neri'ne Sarnie'nsis.
GUETTA'RDIA. (Named after E. Guet-
tard, a French botanist. Nat. ord., Cin-
chonads [Cinchonacese]. Linn., 21-Mo-
noecia 6-Hexandria.)
Stove evergreen trees. General treatment as for
Guajacum.
G.hirsu'ta (hairy). 20. Peru. 1820.
— lu'cida (shining). 20. Jamaica. 1818.
— odora'ta (sweet-scented). 10. Red. Jamaica.
1818.
— rugo'sa (wrinkly-Zeawed). 20. W. Ind. 1793.
— tomento'sa (woolly). 20. Jamaica. 1820.
— sca'bra (scaly). 20. White. W. Ind. 1818.
— specio'sa (showy-flowered). 20. Scarlet. E.
Ind. 1771.
GUILANDI'NA. Nicker-tree. (Named
after M. Guilandina, a Prussian botanist.
Nat. ord., Leguminous Plants [Fabacese].
Linn., IQ-Decandria \-Monogynia. Al-
lied to Poinciana.)
Stove evergreen shrubs. Seeds in a hotbed, in
spring | cuttings, &c., M tor Guajacum.
G. Bo'nduc (Bonduc). 19. Yellow. India, 1640.
— Bonduceflla (small Bonduc). 8. Yellow. E.
Ind. 1700.
— microphy'lla (small-leaved). E. Ind.
GUINEA PEACH. Sarcoce'phalus.
GUINEA PLUM. Parina'rium exce'lsum,
GUM AMMONIAC. Dore'ma ammoni'acum
GUM ARABIC TREE. Aca'cia Ara'bica.
GUM CISTUS. Ci'stus iadani'ferus.
GUM ELEMI TREE. A'myris Plumie'ri.
GUM LAC TREE. JBu'teafrondo'sa.
GUM SENEGAL TREE. Aca'cia Senega'l.
GUM-TREE. Eucaly'ptus robu'sta.
GUMMING. See EXTRAVASATED SAP.
GUSTA'VIA. (Named after Gustavus III.
of Sweden. Nat. ord., Barringtoniads
[Barringtoniacesa], Linn., W-Monadel-
phia S-Polyandria.)
There are several species of these fine stove
evergreens not yet in cultivation. Cuttings of ripe
shoots in Bandy soil, under a bell-glass, and in
bottom-heat; rich, loamy soil. Summer temp.,
60° to 90° ; winter, 55° to 60°. G. augu'sta is a
splendid, low, evergreen tree, something like a
Myrtle or a Barringtonia.
G. augu'st a (august). 10, White. Guiana. 1794.
—fastuo'sa (disdainful). 20. White. May.
Guiana. 1824.
GUZMA'NNIA. ( Named after A. Guzman,
a Spanish naturalist. Nat. ord., Bromel-
worts [Bromeliacese]. Linn., 6-Hexandria
1-Monoyynia. Allied to Bonapartea.)
Stove herbaceous perennial. Suckers ; rich soil.
Stove temp., 60° to 80°; winter, 55° to 60°.
G. tri'color (three-coloured). 1. Green, scarlet.
April. S. Amer. 1820.
GYMNE'MA. (From gymnos, naked, and
nema, a filament; in reference to the sta-
mens. Nat. ord., Asclepiads [Asclepiada-
cese]. Linn., 5-Pentandria 2-JDigynia.
Allied to Stephanotis. )
G. lacti'ferum is the Cow Plant of Ceylon, the
milk of which is used as food by the natives.
Stove evergreen twiners, with yellow flowers.
Cuttings- of stiff young side-shoots in May, in
sand, under a bell-glass, in heat; fibry loam and
sandy peat, well drained. Summer temp,, 60° to
80° ; winter, 50° to 58°.
G. tenaci'ssimum (most tenacious). 8. E. Ind.
1806.
— ti'ngens (staining). 8. July. E. Ind. 1823.
GYMNO'CLADUS. Kentucky Coffee-tree.
^From gymnos, naked, and klados, a
Dranch ; in reference to the soft young
wood, devoid of buds. Nat. ord., Legumi-
nous Plants [Fabacea?]. Linn.,22--Z>ta?cia
9-Decandria. Allied to Parkinsonia.)
Hardy deciduous tree. By imported seeds and
cuttings of the roots, keeping the part nearest the
surface uppermost ; deep, mellow loam. The tree
las a peculiar dead-like appearance in winter, as
he buds are inconspicuous, but has a fine effect
n summer with its very large green leaves.
G. Canade'nsis (Canadian). 20. White. Canada.
1748.
GYM
[409]
GYP
GYMNODI'SCUS. (From gymnos, naked,
and discus, a disk. Nat. ord., Composites
[Asteraceae]. Linn., 19-Synyenesia &-Ne-
cessaria. Allied to Othonna.)
Hardy annual. Seeds in March or April, in any
common soil.
G. ea;>i7/a'rw (hair-like). Yellow. June. Cape of
Good Hope. 1822.
GYMNOGRA'MMA. (From gymnos, naked,
and gramma) writing ; in reference to the
spore-cases. Nat. ord, Polypods [Polypo-
diaceoe]. Linn., 2^-Cryptogamial-Filices.)
Beautiful stove Ferns, with brown spores, ex-
cept where otherwise stated. Division of the
plant, and spore-cases from the fronds scattered
freely on rough peat, in a pot, and covered with a
square ef glass, before being placed in a damp,
•warm, shady place ; peat and loam, most of the
former, with a little silver sand. Summer temp.,
60° to 85°, a little shade ; winter, 50° to 60°, and
rather dry.
G. calomela'nos (beautiful-black). 2. July. W.
Ind. 1/90.
— chesrophy'lla (chervil-leaved). £. June. Brazil.
1825.
— chrysophy'lla (golden-leaved). 1. July. W.
Ind. 1824.
— corda'ta (heart-shaped). 1. August. Cape of
Good Hope. 1838.
—falca'ta (sickle-shaped). May. W. Ind.
— hy'brida (hybrid). May. S. Amer.
— Java'nica (Javanese). May. Java.
— leptophy'lla. (slender-leaved). 1. July. South
Europe. 1819.
— myriophy' lla (myriad-leaved). 1. Brazil. 1824.
— ochra'cea (yellow). 1. Yellow. March. Buenos
Ayres.
— peda'ta (doubly-lobed). $. June. New Spain.
1822.
— Peruvia'na (Peruvian). I.July. Peru. 1822.
— rn'f a (red-haired). %. June. Jamaica. 1793.
— sulphu'rea (sulphur-coloured). 1. July. Ja-
maica. 1808.
— tarta'rea (infernal). 1. August. W. Ind. 1817-
— tornento'sa (downy). Brazil. 1831.
— trifolia'ta (three-leaved). 2. July. Jamaica.
1810.
— vesti'ta (clothed). Yellow. May. W. Ind.
— villo'sa (shaggy). June. Brazil. 1836.
GYMNO'PSIS. (From gymnos, naked,
and opsis, like ; naked-looking grains.
Nat. ord., Composites [Asteracese]. Linn.,
IQ-Syngenesia 3-Frustranea.)
Same as Gymnolomia. Stove evergreen shrubs,
with yellow flowers. Cuttings of half-ripened
shoots in spring or summer, in sand, under a bell-
glass, and in heat ; peat and loam. Summer
temp., 60° to 75° ; winter, 50° to 55°. Macula' ta is
very pretty.
G. conna'ta (joined). 4. October. Brazil. 1821.
— macula'ta (spotted). 3. June, W. Ind. 1821.
— tripline'rvia (triple - nerved). 3. October.
New Spain. 1825.
GYMNO'PTEEIS. (From gymnos, naked,
and pteris, a fern. Nat. ord., Polypods
[Polypodiacece]. Linn., ^-Cryptogamia
1-Filices.)
Stove Feme. Treatment similar to Gymno-
gramma.
G. acumina'ta (sharp-pointed). Brown, yellow.
July. 1831.
— axilla'ris (axillary -spared) , Brown, yellow.
June. Isle of Luzon.
— nicotianifo1 lia (tobacco-leaved). Brown. July.
W. Ind. 1843.
— norma'lis (normal). Brown, yellow. June.
Samarcand.
— ophioglossoi'des (adder's-tongue). Brown. July*
W. Ind.
— platyrhy'nchos (broad-tip). Brown. W. Ind.
— quercifo'lia (oak-leaved). Brown. W. Ind. 1840.
— subrepu'nda (slightly-waved-/eawed). Brown,
yellow. June. Isle of Luzon.
— tacafo'lia (yew-leaved). Brown, yellow. June.
E. Ind.
— <ri7o6a'/a(three-lobed). Brown, yellow. Au-
gust. Isle of Luzon.
GYMNOSPHJE'RA. (From gymnos, naked,
and sphaira, a globe; referring to the
spore-cases. Nat. ord., Polypods [Poly-
podiaceae]. Linn., Zi-Cryplogamia 1-
Filices.)
Stove Fern. Treatment similar to Gymno-
gramma.
G. squamula'ta (scaly). Brown, yellow. April.
Malacca.
GYMNOSTA'CHYS. (From gymnos, naked,
and stachys, a spike. Nat. ord., Orontiads
[Orontiacese]. Linn., ^-Tetrandria 1-
Monogynia. Allied to Acorus.)
Greenhouse herbaceous perennial. Suckers
and divisions ; peat and loam. Summer temp.,
55° to 75° ; winter, 40° to 50°.
G. a'nceps (two-edged). 1. June. N. Holland. 1820.
GYNANDRO'PSIS. (From gyne, female,
andros, a male, and opsis, like; referring
to the appearance of the stamens as if
borne on the style. Nat. ord., Capparids
[Capparidacese]. IAnn.,\^-Tetradynamia,.
Allied to Cleome.)
Hardy annuals, seed in the open border, in
April, or in a slight hotbed, in March, and trans-
planted ; tender annual and biennial in a hotbed
in March, potted and flowered in the greenhouse ;
rich, sandy, loamy soil.
STOVE.
G. pentaphy'lla (five-leaved). 2. White. July.
E. Ind. 1640. Annual.
— specio'sa (showy. 3. White. July. Cartha-
gena. 1818. Biennial.
HARDY ANNUALS.
G. candela'brum (chandelier). 1. Red. July.
S. Amer. 1824.
— pulche'lla (neat). 1. White. June. Maran-
hatta. 1825.
— sessiliflo'ra (stalkless-flowered). 1. White.
July. W. Ind. 1820.
— triphy'lla (three-leaved). 1. White. July.
W. Ind. 1816.
GYPSO'PHILA. (From gypsos, chalk,
and phileo, to love ; in reference to the
soil most suitable for them. Nat. ord.,
Cloveworts [Caryophylacese]. Linn., 10-
Decandria2-Digynia. Allied to Saponaria.)
Both annuals and perennials by seed, and the
latter al«o by division ; common garden-toil.
GYP
[410]
HAB
HABDY ANNUALS.
G. tene'lta (delicate). 1. White. July. Europe.
1816.
— visco'sa (clammy). 1$. White. June. Levant.
1773.
HAEDY PERENNIALS.
G. e'legans ( elegant). 1. White. July. Crimea.
1828.
—fastigia'ta (peaked). l£. White. June. Ger-
many. 1769.
— glau'ca (milky-green). 1 J. White. August.
Caucasus. 1822.
— glomera'ta (crowded). 1. Pate red. July.
Tauria. 1818.
— Gmeli'ni(GmeIin's). 1. White. August. 1831.
— perfolia'ta (leaf-pierced). 2. Flame. July.
Spain. 1732.
— prostra'ta (trailing). 1. Red. August. Si-
beria. 1759.
— re'pens (creeping). £. Striped. August. Si-
beria. 1/74.
— ri'gida (stiff). £. Pink. July. France. 1769.
Trailer.
— sabulo'sa (sandy). 1$. White. July. Tauria.
1817.
— sali'gna (willowy). Pink. June. Europe. 1837-
— saxiffraga (saxifrage). £. Pink. July. Ger-
many. 1774. Trailer.
— spino'sa (spiny). Pink. June. Persia. 1837.
— Steve'ni (Steven's). 2. White. July. Iberia. 1822.
— stru'thium (slruthium). 2. White. July.
Spain. 1729.
— temtifo'lia (fine-leaved). 1. Red. July. Cau-
casus. 1824.
GYPSUM, or PLASTEB OF PAEIS, is a sul-
phate of Kme, composed ot — Sulphuric
acid, 43 ; lime, 33 ; water, 24. It has been
employed advantageously as a manure to
clover, the turnip, and potato, at the rate
of 3 cwt. per acre. Potato sets are fre-
quently rolled in it when pulverized. It
has been recommended to be sprinkled
in stables, and to be mixed with dung-
hills, "to fix the ammonia," as it is
popularly termed. All tbe ammonia lost
in fumes from a dung-hill might be more
readily and as cheaply restored to it by
mixing with it, when dug into the soil,
a little of the ammoniacal liquor from
the gas-works.
H.
HABENA'EIA. (From habena, a rein;
referring to the long, strap-shaped spur.
Nat. ord., Orchids [Orchidacese]. Linn.,
20-Gynandria 1-Monandria. Allied to
Gymnademia.)
Some will grow in peaty soil in the open border,
if kept a little protected, and somewhat dry in
winter ; others are stove orchids, requiring peat
and loam, and treatment similar to a Bletia. Di-
visions of the root. Summer temp., 60° to 80°;
rest period, in winter, 50°; and when starting into
flower, 70°.
HAEDY.
H. bifo>Ua (two-leaved). White. June. Britain.
— pro'cera (tan-stemmed). 2. Green. August.
N. Amer. 1822.
STOYE.
H. ala'ta (winged). £. Yellow. June. W. Ind.
1823.
— corda'ta (heart-shaped). Green. Madeira. 1830.
— ca'ndida (white-flowered'). 1. White. July.
Sierra Leone. 1844.
— fla'va fyellow). Yellow. July. Australia. 1823.
— gigante'a (gigantic). 4. Gree;,. White. July,,
Bombay. 1834.
— Goodyeroi'des (Goodyera-like). I. White,
December. Bombay. 1834.
— gra'cilis (slender). Ij. Yellow. July. E. Ind,
1823.
— lepto'ceras (slender-horned). l£. Green, yel-
low. October. 1824.
— Linde'nii (Linden's). White. August. Caraccas.
— longicau'da (long-tailed). Greenish - white.
Demerara. 1830.
— macro'cerus (large-horned). 2. White. June,
W. Ind. 1825.
— maculo'sa (small-spotted). White. September.
Nerida.
— margina'ta (bordered). £ . Yellow. July. E.
Ind. 1822.
— membrana'cea (skinny). July. Siefra Leone.
1826.
— ochroleu'ca (yellowish- white). £. Pale yellow,
June. N. Holland. 1824.
There are several other species.
HABIT is the appearance or mode of
growth. Thus a Verbena may be of
straggling or shrubby, compact habit.
This habit is much influenced by soil and
cultivation. Thus Bu'xits sempervi'rens
in a poor soil is dwarfish, but in a rich
soil becomes tree-like. The term habit
is applied to the power a plant possesses
of vegetating earlier or later, when once
accustomed to do so. Thus, a vine once
forced to break early will retain the habit
of doing so the following year, though,
not forced.
HABITAT. The native place of a plant.
HABBA'NTHUS. (From habros, delicate,
and anthos, a flower. Nat. ord., Amaryllids
[Amaryllidacese]. Linn., 6-Hexandria 1-
Monogynla. Allied to Phycella and Ze-
phyranthes.)
The Habranthi are natives of dry, gravelly places,
and are half-hardy with us, but retaining their
leaves in winter ; if in an open border, they re-
quire a glass covering; they flower without the
leaves after a period of rest. Offsets and seeds,
which are produced often freely, and which should
be sown when gathered, or carefully saved until
the following spring, and then have the assistance
of a hotbed ; sandy loam and a little peat.
H. angu'stus (narrow). £. Red. August. Brazil.
1822.
— Anderso'ni (Anderson's), l. Yellow, red.
May. Montevideo. 1829.
— au'reus (golden). Yellow. June. S.
Amer. 1829.
cu'preus (coppery). Brown. June. 8.
Amer. 1829.
Texa'nus (Texian). 1. Yellow. Texas;
1834.
— Bagno'ldi (Bagnold's). 1. Yellow. October.
Chili. 1829.
HAB
[411 ]
H2E1M
H. bi'fidus (two-cleft), 2- Pink. June. Buenos
Ayres. 1823.
— co'ncolor (one - coloured -flowered). Straw.
April. Mexico. 1844.
— gracilifu'lius (slender-leaved). £. White.
January. S. Amer. 1821.
-- Boothia'nus (Booth's). $. Pink. Oc-
tober. Buenos Ayres. 1836.
— hespe'rius (western). Straw. June. S. Amer.
1807-
— interme'dius (intermediate). Red. February.
Brazil. 1827.
— kermesi'mus (crimson). Crimson. July. Brazil.
— lorifo'lius (strap-leaved). £. Pink. July. S.
Amer. 1821.
— mtm'aVws (red-lowered), 1. Bed. June. Chili.
1832.
— no1 bills (noble). Crimson. October. Brazil. 1 844.
— pa'llidus (pale-./?ou;ered). 1. Pink. June. Val-
paraiso. 1830.
— ?%ee«oi'des (phycella-like). |. Scarlet. Sep.
tember. Chili. 1805.
— prate'nsis (meadow). 1. Scarlet, yellow. May.
Chili. 1840.
— — — quadriflo'rus (four-flowered). 1. Crimson,
yellow. May. Chili. 1841.
— pu'milus (dwarf). £. Red. September. Chili.
1831.
— robu'stus (robust). 1. Red. June. Buenos
Ayres. 1827-
— ro'seus (rosy). £. Rose. June. Chiloe. 1827-
— spatha'ceus (/ar#e-spathed). £. August.
Buenos Ayres. 1825.
— versi'color (changeable-coloured). £. Pink.
September. S. Amer. 1821.
HABKOTHA'MNUS. (From halros, gay,
°nd thamnos, a shrub. Nat. ord., Night-
shades [Solanacese]. Linn., 5-Pentan-
dria \-Monogynia. Allied to Cestrium.)
Greenhouse evergreen shrubs, from Mexico.
H.fascicula'tus grown against a conservatory
wall, on an east or west aspect, is not surpassed
by any in the Mexican flora. The sun is too pow-
erful for the flowers on a south aspect ; it flowers
on last year's wood, and should not be pruned till
after the flowers fade. They may be grown as
specimens, or against pillars. Cuttings of firm
side-shoots, taken off when the plant is growing,
in sand, under a bell-glass, and placed in a mild
bottom-heat ; loam and peat, lightened with sand
and charcoal. Winter temp., 40° to' 48°.
H. corymbo'sus (corymbed). 4. Rose. March. 1844.
— cya'neus (blue-Cowered). 6. Violet, blue.
March. 1844.
— e'legans (elegant^. 4. Carmine. January. 1844.
— fascicula'tus (cluster-lowered). 5. Crimson.
March. 1843.
— purpu'reus (purple-cowered;. Purple. August.
1844.
— tomento'sus (downy), 4. Purple. August. 1844.
HACQUE 'TIA. ( In honour of B. Hacquet,
a German botanist. Nat. ord., Umbellifers
[Apiacem]. Linn., 5-Pentandria 2-Di-
yynia.')
Hardy herbaceous perennial. Division; peat
and loam. Does best in a pot among alpines.
H. eptpa'c«s(epipactis). i. Yellow. April. Alps.
(From haima, blood,
;irid diktyon, a net; referring to the veins
in the leaves. Nat. ord., Dogbanes [Apo-
cynacese]. Linn., 5-Pentandna \-Mono~
gynia. . Allied to Prestonia.)
Yellow-flowered, stove, evergreen twiners, from
the West Indies. Cuttings of half-ripened shoots
in sand, under a bell-glass, and in bottom-heat ;
loam and peat, both fibry and sandy. Summer
temp., 60° to 80° ; winter, 50° to 55°.
H. subere'ctum (nearly-erect). July. 1759.
— veno'sum (red-weiwed). 20. July. 1821.
HJEMA'NTHUS. Blood Flower. (From
haima, blood, and anthos, a flower; re-
ferring to the colour of the spathe and
filaments of some species. Nat. ord., Ama-
ryllids [Amaryllidacese]. Linn., Q-Hexan-
dria 1-Monogynia.)
Bulbs from the Cape of Good Hope, except
where otherwise mentioned. Chiefly valued for
their leaves, and the markings on the flower-scape.
Except multiflo'rus they will all live in a border,
with a glass covering in winter, protected from
frost. Under such treatment they rest in summer,
and grow in winter. Offsets ; sandy loam, fibry
peat, and a little dried cow-dung.
H. a'lbiflos (white-flowered). 1 . White. June. 1791 •
— amarylloi'des (amaryllis-like). £. Pink. Au-
gust. 1825.
— ca'rneus (flesh-coloured). £. Pink. June. 1819-
— carinu'tus (keel-leaved'). $. Pink. August. 175Q.
— coarcta'tus (straitened). 1. Pink. February.
1795.
— cncci'neus (scarlet). 1. Red. September. 1629.
— cra'ssipes (thick-leaf-stalked). j. Red. June.
1820.
— hu'milis (low). $. Scarlet. September. 1825.
— hyalocu'rpus (glass-fruited). 1. Red. July. 1822.
— insi'gnis (showy). Scarlet. August. Natal.
— lancecefo'lius (spear-head-leaved). 1 . Red. Oc-
tober. 179*.
— macula.' tus (spotted-Zeawtf) - 1. June. 1790.
— magni'ficus (splendid). l£. Scarlet. July. 1838,
— moscha'tus (musk-scented). 1. Red. Sep-
tember. 1816.
— multiflo'rus (many-flowered). 1. Scarlet. June.
Sierra Leone. 1783. Warm greenhouse.
— orbicula'ris (globe-shaped). £. White. July.
1820.
— pumi'lio (dwarf). £. Pink. August. 1789*
— pube'scens (downy). 1. White. July. 1774.
— puni'ceus (scarlet). 1. Scarlet. June. 1722.
— quadriva'lms (four-valved). 1. Flame. Sep-
tember. 1/90.
— rotundifo'lius (round-leaved). I. Scarlet. July.
1790.
T- sangui'neus (bloody). 1. Crimson. August. 1830.
— tenuiflo'rus (slender-flowered). 1, Bright red.
April. Mozambique. 1839.
— tigri'nus (tiger-like). 1. Flame. April. 1790.
HJEMATO'XYLON. Logwood. (From haimat
blood, and xylon, wood. Nat. ord., Legu-
minous Plants [Fabacese]. Linn., \Q-De-
candria 1-Monoyynia.)
Stove evergreen tree. Cuttings of young shoots
getting firm, in sand, under a bell-glass, in heat ;
and seeds steeped before sowing, and then placed
in a hotbed, in spring ; peat and loam. Summer
temp., 60° to 85° ; winter, 48° to 55°.
H. Campechia'num (Campechy). 20. Yellow. S.
Amer. 1724.
H^MODO'RDM. Bloodroot. (From haima,
HAH
c
HAS!
Wood, and doron, a gift; referring to th<
roots being eaten by the natives of Aus
iralia. Nat. ord., Bloodroots [Hsemodora
<;eae]. Linn., 3-Triandria %-Digynia.)
Greenhouse herbaceous plants, from Australia
with orange flowers. Division of the roots, a:
prowth commences, in spring; peat and loam
Winter temp., 35° to 40°.
S. plunifo'lium (flat-leaved). Ij. August. 1810
— teretifo'lium (round-leaved). 1. August. 1822
HA-HA is a sunk fence, being placed
at the bottom of a deep and spreading
ditch, either to avoid any interruption to
an expanse of surface, or to let in a de
sired prospect. As all deceptions are un-
satisfactory to good taste, and as, when
viewed lengthwise, these fences are
formal and displeasing, they ought never
to be adopted except in extreme cases.
HAIR. See ANIMAL MATTERS.
HA'KEA. (Named after Baron Hake, a
German patron of botany. Nat. ord., Pro
leads [Proteacese]. ~Lmn.,4L-Tetrandria 1-
Monogynia.)
Greenhouse evergreen, New Holland shrubs, all
"with white flowers, except where otherwise men-
tioned. Cuttings of young shoots well ripened, in
sand, over peat, and under a bell-glass, kept cool
until a callus is formed, and then placed in a mild
bottom-heat ; peat two parts, and one of loam,
•with sufficiency of sand and broken freestone and
pieces of charcoal, to keep the compost open
Winter temp., 35° to 45°. A shady place out of
doors in the very height of summer.
H. acicala'ris (needle- Jeawed). 3. June. 1/90.
— acanthophy'lla (prickly-leaved). 3. 1821.
— Ba'xteri (Baxter's). 1830.
— ceratophy'lla (horn-leaved). 4. Brown. June.
1824.
— cine'rea (grey-leaved). 5. June. 1803.
— clava'ta (club-teawed). 5. July. 1824.
— crista'ta (crested). 1837.
— cuculla'ta (hooded). 4. June. 1824.
— dactyloi'des (dactylis-like). 7. July. 1790.
— denticula'ta (small-toothed). 1837.
— echina'ta (hedgehog). 3. June. 1824.
— epiglo'ttis (windpipe-valved). 4. May. 1819.
— fle'xilis (pliant). 4. 1824.
— flo'rida (flowery). 5. 1803.
— gittbo'sa (swollen-/VMt7ed). 7. May. 1"90.
— glabe'lla (smoothish).
— ilicifo'lia (holly-leaved). 4. August. 1803.
— Lamfte'rti (Lambert's). 4. 1825.
— lani'gera (woolly). 3J. June. 1820.
— latifo'lia (broad-leaved). 4. 1825.
— linea'ris (narrow-teawed). 4. May. 1824.
— longiftt'lia (long-leaved). 3. 1825.
— margina'ta (bordered). 4. July. 1824.
— mi'xta (mixed).
— myriceefo'lia (gale-leaved). 1823.
— myrtoi'des (myrtle-like). 1$. Bed, February.
Swan River.
— ni'tida (glossy). 5. June. 1803.
— nodo'sa (knotted). 1824.
— obli'qua (unequal-lowered). <J. May. 1803.
— oleifo'li a (olive-leaved). 5. June. 1794.
— pectina'ta (comb-like). 4. May. 1810.
— /wgiontTb'rmi* (dagger-formed). 6. 1796.
— repa'nda (wavy-/ea0ed). 4. June. 1824.
H. ruscifo'lia (ruscus-leaved). 4. July. 1824.
— sali'gna (willow-/ea»ed). 7. April. 1791.
— scopa'ria (broom-like). Yellow. Swan Rive
— suaveo'tens (sweet-smelling). 4. 1803.
— subula'ta (awl-shaped-/ea«ed). 4. May. 181
— sulca'ta (furrowed-leaved). 4. May. 1820.
— trifo'rmis (three-form).
— trifurca'ta (three-forked). 5. June. 1824.
— tubercula'ta (knotted). 1830.
— ulici'na (furze-like). 4. 1844.
— undula'tu (wavy-leaved). 3. June. 1803.
— va'ria (variable). 3. July. 1825.
— Victo'riee (Queen Victoria's). White, yellow
HALE'SIA. Snowdrop-tree. ( Named afte
Dr. Hales, author of Vegetable Statics.
Nat. ord., Storaxworts [Styracaeeae]. Linn.,
\\-Dodecandria I-Monogynia.)
Hardy deciduous shrubs ; by seed in spring, by
layers, and cuttings of the roots in spring an<i
autumn ; require a deep, sandy, moist soil to grow
them to a large, healthy size.
H. tetra'ptera (four- winged). 10. White. May.
Carolina. 1756.
— parviflo'ra (small-flowered). 8. White. May.
N. Amer. 1822.
— di'ptera (two-winged). 6. White. April. N.
Amer. 1758.
HALF-HARDY PLANTS are those which
require partial shelter, as in a cold pit or
frame, during the winter. Here some at-
tention is required to exclude from them
dampness and frost, but especially the
first.
HALIMODE'NDRON. Salt-tree. (From ha-
limos, sea-coast, and dendron, a tree; re-
ferring to its native habitat. Nat. ord.,
Leguminous Plants [Fabaceae]. Linn., 171
Diadelphia 4^-Decandria. Allied to Co-
lutea.)
Hardy deciduous shrubs, natives of Siberia.
Grafted standard high on the Laburnum it forms
one of the most graceful drooping trees that can
adorn a lawn. Seeds, cuttings, and layers of the
roots ; common soil ; if sandy and open all the
better.
H. arge'nteum (silvery). 6. Pink. May. 1//9.
brachyse'ma (short-standarded). 6. Pink.
June.
subvire'scens (pale-greenish). 6. Pink.
May.
HALLE'RIA. (Named after Dr. Hallert
a botanist. Nat. ord., Figworts [Scro-
phulariaceee]. Linn., lA-Didynamia 2-
Angiospermia. Allied to Collinsia.)
Greenhouse evergreen shrubs, from the Cape of
Good Hope. Cuttings of half-ripened shoots in
sand, under a Sell-glass ; rich, sandy loam.
Summer temp., 60° to 70°; winter, 35° to 46°,
with plenty of ventilation at both seasons.
H. clli'ptica (oval). 6. Scarlet. May. 1816.
— lu'cida (shining-leaved). 6. Scarlet. May. 1752.
HALTICA. See BLACK FLEA.
HAMAME'LIS. Witch Hazel. (From
hama, together with, and mefa, fruit; re-
erring to the flowers and fruit being on
this tree at the same time. Nat. ord.,
HAM
[413
HAN
Witch Hazels [Hamamelidacese], Linn.,
i-Tetrandria 2-Digynia.)
Hardy deciduous shrubs, from North America,
which produce their yellow flowers during the
winter, after the leaves have fallen. Cuttings of
the roots, layers, and seeds, the latter generally
requiring two years to vegetate ; soil sandy and
moist ; male and female flowers generally on se-
parate plants ; the female flowers are the most
attractive.
S. macrophy'lla (large-leaved). 15. May. 1812.
— Virgi'nica (Virginian). 10. May. 1812.
HAMBURGH PARSLEY. Petroseli'mtm
aati'vum, var. latifo'lium.
Use, — This, known also by the name
broad-leaved and large-rooted Parsley, is
cultivated for its root, which attains the
size of a middling parsnip, boiling ex-
ceedingly tender and palatable. It is
eaten both as a sauce to flesh, meat, and
in soups, &c.
Sowing.— Sow at monthly intervals,
from February until the middle of June,
thinly in drills nine inches apart. The
plants appear in about a month after sow-
ing, and require to be thinned to nine
inches asunder. Frequent hoeing is the
only cultivation required. By the end of
July, or during August, the earliest sow-
ings will have acquired a sufficient size
for occasional use ; but the roots seldom
attain their full growth until Michaelmas ;
and the latest crops not until the follow-
ing year. On the arrival of frost, some
of them must be taken up, and buried in
sand, in a dry situation under cover.
To save Seed.— Some plants must be
left where grown, and allowed to run in
May. Their produce will ripen in July
or August. Then to be cut, dried, beat
out, and stored.
HATME'LIA. (Named after the cele-
brated botanist, Du Hamel. Nat. ord.,
Cinchonads [Cinchonacesej. Linn., 5-Pew-
tandria \-Monogynia.)
Stove evergreen shrubs. Cuttings of half-
ripened shoots in the beginning of summer, in
sand, under a bell-glass, and in bottom-heat;
sandy peat and fibry loam. Summer temp., 60°
to 85° ; winter, 50° to 54°,
H.axilla'ris (axillary). 2. Yellow. August.
W. Ind. 1822.
— chrysa'ntha (yellow-flowered). 8, Yellow.
November. Jamaica. 1822.
— latifo'lia (broad-leaved). Scarlet. August.
Trinidad. 1819.
— patens (spreading). 5. Yellow. July. His-
paniola. 1752.
— sph<sroca'rpa (round-fruited). 10. Orange.
July. Mexico. 1811.
— ventrico'sa (much-swollen). 8. Yellow. Sep-
tember. W. Ind. 1778.
HAMILTO'NIA. (Named after Mr. Ha-
milton, an American botanist. Nat. ord.,
Cinchonads [Cmchonacese]. Linn., 22-
Dicecia 3-Triandria. Allied to Guettarda.)
Stove evergreen shrubs, with sweet-scented
flowers. Cuttings of half-ripened shoots in sand,
under glass, and in a moist bottom-heat. Sum-
mer temp., when growing, 60° to 80° ; in winter,
when at rest, 48° to 55° ; when in bloom, 55°.
H. sca'bra (scaly). Pale blue. January. Nepaul.
1823.
— suave1 olens (sweet-scented). White. Octo-
ber. £. Ind. 1818.
HAMMATOPHORA BUCEPHALA. Buff-tip
Moth. This moth is from two to three
inches across the opened fore- wings, which
are silvery-grey, crossed by a slender black
line, and preceded by a red one near
the base of the wings, several dusky bars
in the middle, and with a large oval cream-
coloured patch, enclosing some small buff
spots ; edged with a curved red line, pre-
ceded by a black one ; the edges of the
wings varied, black, grey, and tawny red.
Hind-wings whitish ; body buff, dark
brown at the sides, and behind. The
caterpillars are yellow, with black legs,
and several rows of interrupted black
stripes. Sometimes the green and black
most prevail, so that the yellow seems to
constitute the bands. They are found
whilst young, thirty or forty together, on
the leaves of the filbert during August and
September, but also on the leaves of the
elm, oak, &c. The chrysalis is found in
the earth ; it has two small points at its
tail.
HAMMERS for gardening purposes are
made with a clawed head, for drawing as I
well as driving in nails. They are made
of five different sizes, No. 5 being the
largest. Those are best with a stud in
the centre of the head, as this acts as a
fulcrum in drawing nails, and prevents
bruising any branch beneath the hammer
during the operation.
HANBURY. See AMBURY.
HAND-BARROW is best made of this
form: —
The cage below is useful for carrying
leaves and other litter; and when the
close, moveable cover is on, it serves as a
conveyance for plants in large pots or
tubs, which, when in flower or bearing
HAN
[414]
HAR
fruit, might lie too violently shaken in a
wheelbarrow.
HAND-GLASS is a portable glass-case
used for sheltering cauliflowers and other
plants in winter, and during early spring
or to retain a regular supply of moisture
to cuttings, or until they are rooted. The
most durable and convenient are made
with cast-iron framing of this form: —
They are sometimes made with moveable
tops, as here represented ; but the only
advantage it affords is, that several of the
lower portions may be placed upon each
other to protect any tall-growing shrub in
severe weather, otherwise they are more
troublesome to move, and more liable to
breakage than if made entire.
HAND PLANT. Cheiroste'mon.
HAND-WEEDING might be banished al-
most from the garden, if in the kitchen
department all crops were inserted in
drills. This is most desirable ; for the
stirring of the surface consequent to hoe-
ing is much more beneficial to the crops,
and cannot be repeated too frequently.
HANGING is when a plant is so badly
inserted by the dibble, that the lower
parts of the roots are in an unfilled hole,
while the earth is pressed round their
collar, so as to keep them suspended up-
right in their place.
HARDENBE'RGIA. (Named after the
Countess of Harderiberg, in Germany,
sister to Baron Hugel. Nat. ord., Le-
guminous Plants [Fabacese]. Linn., 17-
Diadelphia ±-Decandria. Allied to Ken-
nedya.)
•reenhouse evergreen climbers, from Australia,
with purple flowers, except where otherwise
mentioned. Cuttings of the young: side-shoots,
a little firm at their base, taken off in April, in
sand, under a bell-glass, and placed in a close
frame or pit without bottom-heat ; peat two parts,
loam one part, with sand and a little charcoal, to
keep the compost open. They like a little shade
in the middle of summer, and a temperature of
40° to 48° in winter.
H. Comptonia'na (Compton's). 12. Parole,
lilac. March. 1803.
— cordafta (heart-teawed). April. 1820.
— digita'ta (finger-fcat>«*). 10. April. 1839.
H.macrophy'lla (large-leaved). 15. Scarlet. April.
1835.
— monophy'lla (one-leaved). 10. April. 1790.
— longiracemo'sti (long-racemed). 10, April. 1323.
— ova'ta (egg-leaned). 6. April. 1820.
HARDENING-OFF. By this term gar-
deners intend the gradual preparation of
plants to endure exposure to a colder and
more airy situation. Thus, before bed-
ding-out geraniums, or ridging-out cu-
cumbers, in open beds, the plants that
have been nursed under glass are, by
degrees, exposed to more air and less
warmth, by opening the lights wider, and
for a greater length of time, not only by
day, but by night, until they become
inured to so low a temperature as to suf-
fer no check by being placed in the open
ground.
HARDWI'CKIA. (Named after General
Hardwicke, of the East Indian Company.
Nat. ord., Leguminous Plants [Fabacese].
Linn., 10-Decandria ~L-3fonogynia. Allied
to Cynometra.)
Stove evergreen trees, with yellow flowers, from
the East Indies. Cuttings of ripe young shoots in
sandy soil, and in a brisk heat ; rich, sandy loam.
Summer temp., 6o°to 85°; winter, 50°.
H. bina'ta (twin-leaved). 40. March. 1820.
— pinna'ta (leafleted). 40. April. 1818.
HARDY PLANTS are those which endure
uninjured our seasons without protection.
HAREBELL. Campanula rotundifo'lia.
HARES and BABBITS are deterred from
injuring trees and shrubs, by mixing
night-soil and clay in water, and daubing
it over the stems, with a brush, in No-
vember; and, if the winter proves very
wet, in February. The November dress-
ing is, however, generally sufficient. This
mixture has stopped their depredations
entirely, even when they had commenced
operations.
HARE'S-EAR. Bupleu'rum.
HARE'S-FOOT. Ochro'ma layo'pus.
HARE'S-FERN. Dava'llia Canarie'nsis.
HARICOT. See KIDNEY BEAN.
HARO'NGA. (From ronya, the name in
Madagascar. Nat. ord., Tutsans [Hype-
ricaceaej. Linn., IS-Polyadelphia 2-Poly-
andria. Allied to Elodea.)
Evergreen stove shrub. Cuttings of young
hoots getting a little firm, in sandy peat, under a
jell-glass, in heat ; sandy loam and peat. Summer
emp., 60° to 70°; winter, 48° to 55°.
5T. Madagascarie'nsis (Madagascar). 10. Yellow.
July. Madagascar. 1825.
H ARPA'LIUM. ( From Harpalyce, daugh-
;er of Lycurgus. Nat. ord., Composites
" Asteraceae] . Linn., 19-SyngenesiaB-Frus-
ranea. Allied to Helianthus.)
HAR
[415 ]
HA*
Hardy herbaceous plant. Division of the plant
in spring ; common soil.
H. ri'gidum (stiff). Yellow. August. N. Amer.
HAEEISO'NIA. (Named in honour of
Mrs. Harrison, of Liverpool, its intro-
ducer. Nat. ord., Asclepiads [Asclepia-
dacese]. Linn., 5-Pentandria 2-Digynia.')
This is really a Baxte'ria. Stove evergreen
shrub. Cuttings of the young shoots, a little firm
at their base, after fresh growth has commenced,
in spring, in sandy soil, under a glass, in bottom-
heat ; peat and sandy loam. Summer temp., 60°
to 85° ; winter, 48° to 55°.
H. Loniceroi'des (Lonicera-like). 6. Scarlet. July.
Brazil. 1825.
HABTO'GIA. (Named after J. Hartoy,
a Dutch naturalist. Nat. ord., Spindle-
trees [Celas trace »]. Linn., 5-Pentandria
1-Monogynia. Allied to Elseodendron.)
Evergreen shrub, from the Cape of Good Hope.
Cuttings of the ripe shoots under a bell-glass, or
under a hand-light, and protected ; sandy loam and
peat. Usually grown in the greenhouse, but will
stand out of doors in elevated, and yet sheltered
places.
H. Cape'nsis (Cape). 6. July. 1800.
HAET'S TONGUE. Scolope'ndrium.
HAETWE'GIA. (Named after M. Hart-
weg, court gardener to the Emperor of
Austria, once a botanical collector for the
Horticultural Society. Nat. ord., Orchids
[Orchidacese]. Linn., 2Q-Gynandria 1-
Monandria.)
Stove orchids. Division of the plant in spring ;
very fibry peat, potsherds, and charcoal. Summer
temp., 60° to 85° 5 winter, 50° to 55°.
H. crassifo'lia (thick-leaved). Purple. April.
Guatimala. 1840.
— purpu'rsa (purple). 1. Purple. August. Vera
Cruz. 1837.
angustifo'lia (narrow-leaved). 1. Purple.
June. Mexico. 1842.
HASSAGAY-TEEE. Curti'sia.
HATCHET-VETCH. Sise'rrula.
HAUTBOY or HAUTBOIS. See STEAW-
EEEEY.
HAWK-PLY. See SC.ZEVA.
HAWKWEED. Hiera'ceum.
HAWO'ETHIA. (Named in honour of A.
H. Haworth, Esq.., a distinguished Eng-
lish botanist.)
For culture, &c., see ALOS, of which it is a
section. They are all natives of the Cape of Good
Hope, and all have grey flowers.
H. a' Ibicans (white-edged], 1. July. 1795.
— altili'nea (ridged-lined). \. August. 1824
— angustifo'lia (.narrow- leaved). £. June. 1824.
— arachnoi'des vcobweb-like). I.August. 1727.
mi'nor (smaller). 1. August. 1819-
— ansta'ta (awned). i. July. 1820.
— asperiu'scula iroughish). *. June. 1818.
— dtro-vi'rens (dark green). 1. May. 1823,
— aftenua'ta (attenuated). 1. July. 1/90.
— bre'vis (short). $. June. 1810.
H. chloraca'ntha (green-spined). i. August.
1820.
— claripe'rla (clear-pearled). £. June. 1824.
— coarcta'ta (compressed). £. August. 1821.
— conci'nna (neat). £. 1823.
— cordifo'lia (heart-leaved). $. June. 1817*
— cu'rta (short-twisted), £. July. 1816.
— cuspida'ta (spine-pointed). £. August. 1819.
— cymbifo'rmis (boat-formed), f . June. 1795.
— denticuia'ta (small-toothed). $. August. 1819,
— ere' eta (erect-pearl), 3. August. 1818.
— expa'nsa (expanded). 1. August. 1/95.
— fascia'ta (banded-oear/J. £• August. 1818.
ma'/or (larger). £. July. 1820.
— grana'ta (grained). 4- July. 1?35.
ybrid). J. June. 1821.
— indura'ta (.hard-branchy). £. June. 1820.
— lee'te-vi'rens (lively-green). $. August. 1819.
— lee'vis (smooth-white-edged^. §. August. 1820.
— li'mpida (limpid). £. August. 1819.
— margariti'fera (pearl-beariug). 1. July. 1739-
— mi' nor (leaser-pearl). 1. June.
— mirabilis (admirable-ews/u'on). f . July. 1795.
Ju
— multifu'ria (many-sided).
uly. 1824.
— mucrona'ta (sharp-pointed). £. July. 1820
— mu'tica (blunt-cushion). £. July. 1820.
— ni'gricans (granulated-lol&tk). £• August.
1822.
— ni'tida (shining). 1. July. 1825.
— obtu'sa (small- blunt). £. June. 1S24.
— pa'llida (pale-green). ^. June. 1820.^
— planifo'lia Cflat-leaved). ^. April. 1824.
— papillo'sa (nippled). 1. June. 1820.
-- semipapill&'sa (half-nippled). l£. June.
1820.
— pa'rva (small). J. May. 1821.
— pseu'do-tortuo'sa(sliehtlj-tviistedL'triangtilar).
1. July. 1818.
— pu'mila (dw&rf -cobweb). 1. May. 1752.
— ra'dula (file-surfaced-pearl). lj. May. 1805.
-- aspe'rior (rougher). 1. August. 1820.
-- ice'vior (smoother). 1. August. 1825.
-- pluriperla't a (many-pearled). 1. August.
1820.
— r ami' f era (branch-bearing). $. August. 1821.
— recu'rva (curled-back-Zeawrf). I.August. 1795.
— Reinwa'rti (Reinwart'spearZ). ^. June. 1820.
— reticula'ta (netted). ^. June. 1794.
— retu'sa (bent-bacfc-czisAJo?^. !• June. 1/20.
— sca'bra (rough). £. June. 1818.
— semimargariti'fera (half-pearUiearing). 1.
April. 1819.
-- ma'jor (larger). 1. April. 1819-
-- mi'nor (smaller). 1. April. 1819.
— multiperla'ta (many-pearled). 1. April. 1819.
— semiglabraJta (half-smoothed). |. June. 1811.
— seta' ta (bristle-leaved). 1. June. 1820.
-- ma'jor (larger). 1. July. 1820.
-- me'dia (»ediate). 1. July. 1820.
-- ni'gricans (blackish). 1. July. 1820.
— so'rdida (sordid). £, July. 1820.
— tessella'ta (dof/r-checkered). i. June. 1823.
— torqiiu'ta (collared). 1. August. 1823.
— torte'lia (slightly-twisted). 4. July. 1817-
— tortuo'sa (twisted). 1. July. 1794.
— translu'cens (transparent). |. June. 1/95.
— tu'rgida (swollen-cws&f'cm). ^. August. 1819*
— veno'sa (veiny). $. June. 1820.
— vire'scens (greenish). 1. August. 1819.
-- mi'nor (smaller). £. August. 1819.
— visco'sa (clammy). 1^- June. 1727«
HAWTHOEN. Crata'yus.
HAWTHOEN-BUTTEEPLY. Pieris.
HAYLO'CKIA. (Named after Mr. Hay-
lock, gardener to Dr. Herbert. Nat. ord.,
HAZ
[ 416
HEA
Amaryttlds [Amaryllidacece]. Allied to
Cooperia.)
A small bulb, with very narrow leaves and one
flowered scape. Offsets ; sandy loam, with a little
peat and leaf-mould ; requires the protection of a
frame, or to be deeply planted in a dry place in
winter.
H.pusi'lla (dwarf). £. Straw. September
Buenos Ayres. 182Q.
HAZEL. Co'rylus avella'na.
HEADING, or as it is also termed, Cab-
baging or Loaviny, is an inaptitude to un-
fold the central leaves, characterizing the
various members of the Cabbage tribe.
They have their centre or bud composed
of a larger number of leaves than usual,
and these, in some instances, are so com-
plexly combined that the plant has not
sufficient power to force them open to
permit the protrusion of the seed-stem.
The closeness of the heading is regulated
by the exposure to the light. In a shady
situation all the leaves are required to
elaborate the sap, on account of the defi-
cient light rendering each less active;
therefore they open as they are formed.
In a free exposure a few leaves are able
to effect the requisite decomposition ; and
hence the reason why cabbages always
have "harder hearts " in summer than in
spring or autumn, when the light is less
intense.
HEADING-DOWN, is cutting off entirely,
or to a considerable extent, the branches
of a tree or shrub — a process not rashly
to be resorted to, and adopted only to re-
duce them when the plant seems declin-
ing in vigour, or has attained an undesir-
able size.
.HEABT'S-EASE. See PANSY.
HEAT is the prime agent employed by
the Almighty Creator to call vegetable
life into existence, to develope vegetable
form, to effect all vegetable changes, and
to ripen all vegetable produce. All these
effects are performed most efficiently, in
the case of every plant, at some different
temperature or degree of heat ; and he
who ascertains most correctly those heats
has taken a gigantic step towards excel-
lence as a gardener. An uncongenial
heat is as pernicious to vegetables as to
animals. Every plant has a particular
temperature, without which its functions
cease ; but the majority of them luxuriate
most in a climate of which the extreme
temperatures do not much exceed 32°
and 90°. No seed will vegetate, no sap
will circulate, in a temperature at or below
the freezing point of water. No cultiva-
tion will render plants, natives of the tor-
rid zone, capable of bearing the rigours of
our winters, although their offspring,
raised from seed, may be rendered much
more hardy than their parents. Others
are capable of resisting the greatest
known cold to which they can be exposed ;
yet all have degrees of temperature most
congenial to them, and if subjected to
lower temperatures, are less or more in-
jured proportionately to the intensity of
that reduction. If the reduction of
temperature be only slightly below that
which is congenial, it merely causes the
growth of the plant to diminish and its
colour to become more pale ; this effect
being now produced by the plant's tor-
pidity, or want of excitement to perform
the requisite elaboration of the sap, as it
is by over-excitement when made to vege-
tate in a temperature which is too elevated.
If blossoms are produced at all, they
are unfertile, and the entire aspect of the
plant betrays that its secretions are not
healthy, and its functions are deadened.
Mr. Knight says, " that melons and
cucumber plants, if grown in a tempera-
ture too low, produce an excess of female
blossoms ; but if the temperature be too
high, blossoms of the opposite sex are
by far too profuse." The drier the air
the greater is the amount of moisture
transpired; and this becomes so exces-
sive, if it be also promoted by a high
temperature, that plants in hothouses,
where it has occurred often, dry up as if
burned. The justly -lamented Mr. Daniell
has well illustrated this by showing, that
if the temperature of a hothouse bo
raised only five degrees, viz., from 75° to
80°, whilst the air within it retains the
same degree of moisture, a plant that in
the lower temperature exhaled fifty-seven,
grains of moisture, would, in the higher
temperature, exhale one hundred and
twenty grains in t?ie same space of time.
Plants, however, like animals, can bear
a higher temperature in dry air than they
can in air charged with vapour. Animals
are scalded in the latter if the tempera-
ture is very elevated, and plants die under-
similar circumstances, as if boiled. MM.
Edwards and ^Colin found kidney-beans,
sustained no 'injury, when the air was
dry, at a temperature of 170°; but they
died in a few minutes if the air was moist.
Other plants under similar circumstances
would perish probably at a much lower
temperature ; and the fact affords a warn-
HEA
HEA
ing to the gardener to have the atmo-
sphere in his stoves very dry whenever he
wishes to elevate their temperature for the
destruction of insects or other purposes.
Certain plants flourish in hot-water
springs, of which the temperature varies
between the scalding heats of from 150°
to 180° of Fahrenheit's thermometer;
End others have been found growing freely
on the edges of volcanoes, in an atmo-
sphere heated above the boiling point of
water. Indeed, it is quite certain that
most plants will better bear, for a short
time, an elevated temperature, which, if
long continued would destroy them, than
they can a low temperature. Thus a
temperature much above the freezing
point of water, to orchidaceous and other
tropical plants, is generally fatal if endured
by them for only a few minutes ; whereas
a considerable elevation above a salutary
temperature is rarely injurious to plants.
But this is not universally the case ; for
the elegant Pri'mula margina'ta is so im-
patient of heat, that, although just about
to bloom, it never opens a bud if brought
into a room in which there is a fire.
The temperature should always be regu-
lated, in our hothouses, with a due regard
to the light. At night it should be so low
as to put the circulation of the sap into a
comparative state of rest; and in dull
days the temperature should be full 10°
lower than in those of bright sunshine.
HEATHS. See EKI'CA.
Propagation : by Cuttings. — In order
to be successful in striking the hard-wooded
heaths, it is necessary to put a plant of
each kind in gentle heat, to cause them
to push forth young shoots. Whilst they
are growing, the materials for the opera-
tion of propagation should be prepared :
these are the requisite number of clear
bell-glasses. It will be advantageous to
have them of different sizes ; the smallest
3J inches, and the largest 6 inches di-
ameter, with two sizes between. Also pre-
pare the drainage by breaking a quantity
of potsherds. These should be in three
sizes, the largest about an inch across,
the next half an inch, and the smallest
the size of marrow-fat peas, with the
dust sifted out from amongst them. Next,
have the soil ready. The best is to be
had from some dry moorland where the
heather grows wild. Break the turves
into a fine state, and pass it through a
fine sieve, reserving the rougher pieces
to cover the drainage with. The next
27
things to look after are the pots. If newr
they must placed in a tub of water for a
few hours ; if old, they must be well
scoured and made perfectly clean. Lastly,,
procure a sufficient quantity of pure silver
sand, a pair of propagating scissors, and a
small ivory-handled knife of the very best
material. All these being in readiness,
see that the cuttings are in a fit state t&
take off the plants. If they have made
fresh shoots an inch long, they are ready
for use. Then take a small clean pot,
invert it, and place it over the hole at the
bottom of the pot for the cuttings, then
fill in round a few of the largest potsherds,
and cover them with some of the second
size, and then, lastly, with a consider-
able quantity of the smallest size, cover
these with a layer of the rough siftings.
The whole of these should fill the pot
to within two and a half inches of the
rim of the pot. Upon that place an inch
and a half of the heath mould, with a
large admixture of the silver sand ; level
this last layer with a circular piece of
wood, with a nail driven into the centre,
to form a handle. Finish with a layer
of the pure white sand quite level with
the rim of the pot. Give a good water-
ing with a fine rose pot, to settle the
same. Then take off the cuttings with
the scissors, and dress them with the
knife; cut the bottom of the cutting
clean off with a level cut, just at the
part between the new and the old wood ;
then cut off the leaves close to the stem,
without wounding its bark, about two-
thirds of its length from the bottom. As
each cutting is made, place it under the
bell-glass upon the sand, till a sufficient
number are made to fill the pot. Make
a mark in the sand to show the size of
the glass, and then proceed to put in the
cuttings in regular rows across the pot,
keeping the leaves just clear out of the
sand. When they are all planted, give
another gentle watering, to settle the
sand firm ; allow them to dry partially
before the glass is put on. Then place
them in a house where they can be shaded,
from the sun, and keep up a gentle heat
of 55°, as near as possible. Wipe the
glasses dry every morning, and as soon
as the cuttings are rooted, remove them
into a cooler house, and give a little air
by placing three short pieces of wood, a
quarter of an inch thick and two inches
long, so as to form a triangle, and let the
bell-glass rest upon them. In this house
a K
HEA
[ 418-J
HEB
it will still be necessary to shade them
from the blazing sun. This is easily done
by spreading some sheets of paper over
them; but remove this shade instantly
when the sun is overclouded. When they
have been in this situation for a month,
remove the glasses entirely, and a month
afterwards commence potting them off
in 3-inch pots, four in a pot, stopping
them at the same time, to make them
bushy. Place them in a cold frame,
upon a layer of river-sand on coal-ashes ;
shade again for a time, and give air mo-
derately. When they have made fresh
roots expose them occasionally to gentle
showers, but by no means to heavy rain.
Give them due supplies of water in dry
weather, and keep them clear of weeds.
In these pots they must remain till the
spring following. During the winter
place them on a shelf, near the glass, in
a light, airy greenhouse. About March,
pot them singly into the same sized pots,
shading them again till fresh roots are
formed. They are then ready for the
usual routine of culture. Heaths, with
soft wood and free growth, are more easy
to propagate, and do not require so much
preparation; but in other respects the
management is the same.
By Seed. — Several kinds of heaths
produce plenty of good seed ; even some
that are extremely difficult to propagate
any other way, such, for instance, as E.
e'legans, E. odo'ra ro'sea, E. halicaca'ba,
E.triu'mphans, and some others of similar
habit. Fffl the pots in the same way as
for cuttings, only mix the top layer of
sand with as much heath-mould ; make
the surface smooth, and sow the seed in
spring on the surface, covering it as
slightly as possible ; water with the finest
syringe, so that it may fall upon the seed
like the finest dew ; place the pots near
the glass, shade from bright sun, and
keep the surface just moist. The seed-
lings will soon come up, and require great
care, or they will fog off. To prevent
this give air daily. As soon as they can
be handled transplant them into 5-inch
pots rather thickly, but standing clear of
each other. In this state they may re-
main for six or eight months, and then
pot them off into 3-inch pots, four in a
pot, and manage them afterwards in the
same way as the cuttings.
Soil. — This has been already described
above, in writing of the soil proper fox
the cuttings to root into ; but for larger
plants it must not be sifted so fine. For
very large plants do not sift it at all ; for
such, if a few pieces of sand-stone are
mixed amongst the mould, they will be
useful to allow the water to penetrate to
the centre of the ball.
Potting.— Heaths thrive best if the
mould is left below the rim of the pot
from half an inch for small plants in 6-
inch pots, to two inches in large ones.
This space holds a supply of water which
gradually sinks through, and effectually
moistens the ball to the centre. Drain
thoroughly with broken potsherds, half
an inch for small plants, to three inches
for very large ones.
Culture. — Cold pits or frames, in spring
and autumn, are the best protection to
place heaths in during their youth, and a
good, airy, light, span-roofed greenhouse
for them through winter and spring, when
they are too large for the frames. In
summer they should be set out of doors
upon a thick bed of coal- ashes, behind a
low wall or hedge. Whilst in this position
they must have an abundant and constant
supply of water. If the ball ever becomes
thoroughly dry, the plants will certainly
die; therefore, attend to this point of
watering most rigidly and perseveringly.
In winter they do not require so much ;
but even in that season they must be kept
moderately, but constantly and thoroughly
moistened.
Diseases. — Heaths are subject to go off
at the point where the stem ends and the
roots begin. This is caused often by an
irregular supply of water, and cannot be
cured when it once takes place. The
plant may appear green and nourishing,
and the roots fresh, and the ends are
lively even when the stem is dead.
Another fell disease is the mildew. This
may be sometimes cured by first damping
the plants infected, and then dusting
them over with flowers of sulphur. This
disease is often brought on by a long-
continued damp atmosphere ; and if that
is not dried by a little heat, with abun-
dance of air, the disease will spread
rapidly, and soon destroy the plants. If
only one or two are infected, they had
better be sulphured, and placed by them-
selves till the mildew fungus is killed.
Insects. — See APHIS for cure, whan the
Green Fly attacks them.
HEATH-MOULD. See BOG-EARTH.
HEATHEK. Callu'na vulya'ris.
HEBENSTBEI'XIA. (Named after Pro-
HEB
fessor Hebenstreit, of Leipsic. Nat. ord
Selagids [Selaginacese]. Linn., 14-D
na-mia 2-Anyiospermia. Allied to Selago.
Most of the Cape Selagids are well adapted fo
planting out in summer, in mixed borders. Green
house evergreen shrubs, except H. denta'ta, whic
is an annual ; all from the Cape of Good Hop
and all white-flowered. Short young shoots i
sandy peat, in spring, under a bell-glass ; sand\
fibry loam, and a little peat. Summer temp., 50
to 75°; winter, 38° to 45°. Denta'ta b.y seed in
early spring.
H. albiflo'ra (white-flowered). 1. July. 1822.
— captfa'ta (headed-cowered). 1. June. 1823
— chamcedrifo'lia (germander-leaved). 2. 1822
— cilia'ta (hair-fringed). 1. June. 1815.
— corda'ta (he&rt-leaved). 1. July. 1774.
— denta'ta (toothed). 1. July. 1739.
— erinoi'des (erinus-like). 1. May. 1816.
—frutico'sa (shrubby). l£. August. 18l6.
— integrifo'lia (entire-leaved). 1. May. 1/92
— sca'bra (rough). 1. June. 1824.
HEDARO'HA. (From hedys, sweet, anc
aroma, perfume. Nat. ord., Myrtleblooms
[Myrtaceae]. Linn., IQ-Monadelphia 8-
Polyandria.)
Evergreen stove trees, all purple-blossomed
and from Swan River. For culture, see MT'KTUS
H. latifo'lia (broad-leaved). May.
— pinifo'lia (pine-leaved). May.
— thymoi'des (thyme-like). May.
HEDE'OMA. (From hedeoma, the Greek
name of mint. Nat. ord., Labiates or
Lipworts [Lamiacese], Linn., 2-Diandria
1-Monogynia. Allied to Cunila.)
Hardy annuals. Seed in early spring; light,
rich garden-soil.
H. pulegioi'des (pennyroyal- like). J. Blue. July.
N, Amer.
— thymoi'des (thyme-like). }, Red. July.
France.
HE'DEBA. The Ivy. (Hedra is the
Celtic word for cord, alluding to the Ivy's
stems. Nat. ord., Ivy worts [Araliacese].
Linn., 5-Pentandria I-Monogynia.)
The common ivy (H. he'lix} may be propagated
by seeds, but in all its varieties is quickest propa-
gated by slips, inserted in a north border, in sandy
soil, kept moist in the autumn. This is a far better
plan than inserting it at once where it is intended
to remain. Deep, rich soil suits the common
ivy ; the tender kinds should have lighter soil.
For clothing dead trees, covering open fences,
giving an air of antiquity, security, and warmth
and dryness to buildings, and even producing ar-
ntectural effects, and covering the ground in
shady places with a green carpet, where scarcely
anything else would grow, the ivy is invaluable.
GREENHOUSE EVERGREEN SHRUBS.
H.aculea'ta (prickly). White. Nepaul. 1816.
—fra'grans (fragrant). White. Nepaul. 1816.
— macropWll a (large-leaved). White. N. HoL
STOVE EVERGBEEN SHRUBS.
JT. capita'ta (headed-^otecred). Green. August.
W. lad. 1779.
3
HED
H. digita'ta (finger-team*). White. March. E,
Ind. 1818.
— emargina'ta (end-notched). Green. 1848.
—ferrugi'nea (rusty). White. W. Ind. J820.
— glomerula'ta (glomerulated). 7. Yellow.
April. Java. 1847.
— pefndula (weeping). Green. Jamaica. 1824.
— umbraculi'fera (umbrella- leaved). White.
March. E. Ind. 1818.
— Xalape'nsis (Xalapan). White. Mexico. 1824.
HARDY EVERGREEN CLIMBERS.
H. Jie'lix (common). 40. Green. September.
Britain.
arbore'scens (tree-like). 8. Green. Britain.
Canarie'nsis (Canary. Irish). 20. Green.
October. Canaries.
chrysoca'rpa (yellow-berried). 30. Green.
October. India.
digita'ta (finger-leaved). 20. Greeflu
October. Britain. Shrub.
fo'liis arge'nteis (silver-sfriped-leaved).
20. Green. October. Britain.
fo'liis au'reis (gold-striped- leaved). 2«.
Green. October. Britain.
Tau'rica (Taurian). Green. October.
Tauria. 1841.
vulga'ris (common). Green. Britain.
HEDGE properly includes every kind of
ence ; but the present details apply, for
,he most part, to growing fences. Aber-
crombie says, that all outward hedges
designed as fences should have a ditck
>n the outside, three or four feet wide at
x>p, three deep, sloping to one wide at
jottom, raising a low bank on the inside
n which to plant the hedge. Having
ined out the width of the ditch, then
Jong the inner edge lay a row of square
pit turves, grass side downwards, to form
he beginning of the bank, backing it up
with spits of earths from the formation
f the ditch, and top it with a little of
tie fine mould or crumbs ; and then upon
"lis proceed to lay the first row of plants,
'irst let the sets be headed to about five
r six inches, and the roots trimmed; then
,y them upon the bed of turf with their
ops outward, in an upward direction,
bout ten or twelve inches asunder,
overing their roots with mould, also out
f the ditch ; and then lay another row
turf along upon the necks of tha
[ants, and more mould from the ditck
pon and behind the turf; and when the
ink is thus raised a foot above the row
' sets, plant another row in the same
anner, placing each set against the
jaces of those of the first row, so covering
lem with more earth from the ditch to
le depth of three feet, sloping each side
i one foot width at bottom, and trim up
1 remaining earth, throwing a sufficiency
jhind the top of the banking to bank
p the whole even. But in planting for •
HED
[420 ]
HED
an outward fence, some form the ditch
and bank first as above, and plant the
sets in two rows along the top ; that is,
after having formed the ditch and bank,
then levelling the top, forming a foot of
border all along a yard wide ; plant the
sets along its middle upright, in two rows
a foot asunder, and six inches distant in
each row, observing the same when in-
tended to raise a hedge at once from seed
sowed where you design the hedge to be,
sowing them along the top in drills a
foot asunder. Sometimes, when hedges
are designed for middle fences to divide
fields, a two-sided bank is raised a yard
high, and as broad at top, having a slight
ditch on each side ; and each side of the
bank is formed with square spit turves
from the adjoining ground, and the middle
filled up with mould from the ditches on
each side ; so that when finished, it forms
a yard-wide border all the way along the
top, find along the middle of which plant
two rows of hedge-sets or seed, in drills,
as before observed. But in places where
no ditch nor raised bank is required, as
may be the case for middle hedges in the
interior parts of grounds, especially in
gardens, then the place for the hedge
being marked out on the level ground
two or three feet broad, dig it along one
good spade deep at least, and then plant
your sets of any sort in two rows, rang-
ing along the middle ; or, if you design
to sow seeds, &c., of any sort at once,
•where you intend to have the hedge, sow
them in two drills a foot asunder the whole
length.
In respect to general culture of these
sorts of hedges it must be remarked, that
all such as are exposed to cattle must,
as soon as planted, be fenced either with
a stake and bush hedge, with hurdles, or
•with rails and open paling, for four or
five years, till the hedge grows up, ob-
serving not to place the fence too close
to the hedge to interrupt its growth.
The hedge must, also, be duly weeded
while young, and this should be particu-
larly attended to the first two years.
Evergreen Hedge -shrubs are Holly, Yew,
Laurel, Laurustinus, Phillyrea, Alaternus,
Bay, Furze, and Evergreen Oak ; but the
Holly and Yew form the best hedges for
general use.
Deciduous kinds. — Hawthorn, Black-
thorn, Grab, Elder, Hornbeam, Beech,
Elm, Lime-tree, and Alder are all proper
either for middling or tall hedges, as they
may be trained up from about six or eight
to fifteen or twenty feet high, and the
Elm to double that height if required.
Privet is also sometimes used for mode-
rately high hedges ; and for low hedges,
the Eose, Sweet-briar, Syringa, and Bar-
berry.
All full -trained hedges, in order to
preserve them in proper form, must be
clipped, both on the sides and top, once
or twice a year, but never less than once ;
and the best time of the year for. this
work is summer, from about the middle
or latter end of June to the end of August,
for then the hedges will have made their
summer shoots, which should always, if
possible, be clipped the same season
while in leaf, and before the shoots become
hard, whereby you will be able to perform
the work more expeditiously and with
greater exactness, for regular hedges
should be cut as even as a wall on the
sides, and the top as straight as a line ;
observing, after the hedge is formed to its
proper height and width, always to cut
each year's clipping nearly to that of the
former year, particularly on the sides ; for
by no means suffer them to grow above
a foot or two wide, nor suffer them to
advance upon you too much at top, where
it is designed or necessary to keep them to
a moderate height. But to keep hedges
in perfectly good order, they should be
clipped twice every summer; the first
clipping to be about Midsummer, or soon
after, when they will have made their
summer shoots ; and as they will shoot
again, what may be called the autumn
shoot, the second clipping is necessary
towards the middle or latter end of Au-
gust, and they will not shoot again that
year. However, when it does not suit to
clip them but once in the summer, the
clipping should not be performed until
the beginning of August ; for, if cut sooner,
they will shoot again, and appear almost
as rough the remainder of the summer
and all winter as if they had not been
clipped. Very high hedges are both
troublesome and expensive to cut. The
clipping is sometimes performed by the
assistance of a high machine, scaffolding,
or stage, twenty or thirty feet high or
more,havingplatformsatdifferentheights
for the men to stand upon, the whole
made to move along upon wheels. It is
composed of four long poles for uprights,
well framed together, eight or ten feet
wide at bottom, narrowing gradually to
HED
r 421 ]
HED
four or five at top, having a platform or
stage at every seven or eight feet high,
and one at the top of all ; and upon these
the man stands to work, each platform
having a rail, waist high, to keep the man
from falling, and a sort of ladder formed
on one side for the man to ascend, and
at bottom for low wheels to move it along.
Upon this machine a man may be em-
ployed on each stage or platform,trimming
the hedge with shears, and sometimes
with a garden hedge-bill fixed on a handle
five or six feet long, which is more ex-
peditious, though it will not make so neat
work as cutting with the shears.
A hedge is not only an imperfect screen,
but in other respects is worse than use-
less, since nothing can be trained to it,
and its roots exhaust the soil in their
neighbourhood very considerably. As the
south fence of a garden, it may be em-
ployed ; and hawthorn, in some respects,
is the worst shrub that could be made
use of. It is the nursery of the same
aphides, beetles, and caterpillars, that
feed upon the foliage of the apple and
pear, from whence they often spread to
the whole garden. Evergreen are better
than deciduous hedges, and more espe-
cially those of the holly, which is not so
slow a grower as is generally imagined.
In a cloudy day, in April or May, the
wind seems to be actually refrigerated in
passing through a thick hawthorn hedge ;
and this may be accounted for on the
same principle that cool air is obtained
in the houses of India by sprinkling
Dranches of trees with water in their
rerandas. Holly, laurel, and most ever-
greens, exhale but little moisture from
their leaves, except for about a month in
June ; consequently, in April and May,
when we most require warmth, and in
September and October, the leaves of
these, when fully exposed to the sun,
become heated to the touch to 85° or 90°.
Added to this, hoar frost, or a deposition
of moisture of any kind, never attaches
so readily, or remains for so long a time,
upon the foliage of evergreens as upon
the sprays of deciduous shrubs ; conse-
quently, the refrigeratory power is greatly
diminished. When the garden is of con-
siderable ^extent, three or four acres and
upwards, it admits of cross-walls or fences
for an increase of training surface and
additional shelter.
Hedges should always be clipped into
a conical form, as the diminution of the
branches towards the top increases their
development at the bottom.
Furze makes one of the best and hand-
somest of hedges if kept regularly clipped.
Upon the formation of such a hedge, we
have the following remarks by Mr. McL,
of Hillsborough : — The most ancient,
and perhaps the most simple of all fences,
are walls made of turf. These walls,
however, are much injured by the atmo-
sphere, and the rubbing and butting of
the cattle. To guard against this they
should be planted or sown with the LTlex
Europeans, or Furze. The roots of this
plant will soon penetrate the turf, and
tend to bind the wall. The plants not
only afford shelter as well as food for
the cattle, but add to the height of the
wall, and give it a formidable appearance.
When walls are made for this, the founda-
tion should be three feet wide, and taper-
ing to fifteen inches at top. As the
plants advance in growth, they should be
regularly trimmed with the shears : by
proper attention to this they will be pre-
vented from growing too tall and thin at
the bottom. If this is annually repeated,
the plants will be longer preserved in a
healthy and vigorous state : clipping has
also a good effect in checking the furze
from spreading over the field. A good
and substantial fence may thus be quickly
formed on a soil that will not produce a
biding fence of any other kind.
Sweet-briar (Eo'sa rubigino'sa) makes
a good hedge. Its heps may be sown in
the autumn, as soon as ripe, or, which is
better, in the month of March, having
kept them, in the mean time, mixed with,
sand. But it is far more convenient to
buy young plants, and to plant them a
foot apart early in the month of Novem-
ber. Let them grow as they like for the
first year, and cut them down to the
ground the second ; they will then spring
up and require no more care than occa-
sionally trimming with the pruning-knife
or shears to keep the hedge in shape.
When it gets naked to the bottom, it
must be again cut down. — Gard. Chron.
HEDGE-HOG THISTLE. Ca'ctus (Echi-
noca'ctus}.
HEDGE HYSSOP. Gratl'ola.
HEDGE MUSTARD. Ery'sinwm.
HEDGE NETTLE. Sta'chys.
HEDWI'GIA, of Swartz. (Named after
Jrtn Hedywig, a botanist. Nat. ord.,
Amy rids [Amyridacece]. Linn., S-Octan-
dria l-Monogynia.)
HED
[ 429 ]
HEI
The Amyritis are closely allied to the Orange
tribe. Beaume a sucrier, a substitute for Co-
paiva, is obtained from this Hadwigia. Stove
evergreen tree. Cuttings of ripe shoots in sandy
soil, and in a good heat ; sandy loam and a little
peat. Summer temp., 60° to b5°; winter, 50° to
55°,
H.balsami'fera (balsam-yielding). 40. White.
August. W. Ind. 1820.
HEDY'CHIUM. (From hedys, sweet, and
chion, snow; in reference to the sweet-
scented, snow-white flowers of H. ma'xi-
mum and corona' rium,the best two garden-
plants of the genus. Nat. ord., Ginger-
worts [Zingiberaceae]. Linn., 1-Monan-
dria l-Monogynia.)
Stove herbaceous plants. Division of the plant*
before fresh potting them ; loaro and peat, with a
portion of sand and dried cow-dung. They must
have plenty of water and light when growing. It
should be tried to give them their rest period by
keeping them cooler and drier in winter, and, if
•well grown before, the advancing heat in spring
and summer will bring up the beautiful flowers.
Summer temp., 60° to 85°, with moist atmosphere
•when growing, cooler and drier when flowering ;
winter, 50° to 55°.
H. acumina'tum (long-pointed). 4. White. July.
E. Ind. 1820.
— angustifo1 Hum (narrow -leaved). 5. Scarlet.
August. E. Ind. 1815.
— auranti' acurn (orange-coloured). 5. Orange.
July. E. Ind. 1812.
— ca'meum (flesh-coloured). 4. Pink. August.
E. Ind. 1823.
— cocci'neum (scarlet). 6. Scarlet. July. E.
Ind. 1815.
— corona'rium (garland). 5. White. E. Ind. 1791.
— ela'tum (tall). 5. Pale red. E. Ind. 1818.
— ' elli'pturum (oval). 5. White. August. E.
Ind. 1804.
—flavefscens (yellowish). 6. Yellow. June.
India. 1822.
' —fla'vum (yellow). 3. Yellow. July.Nepaul. 1822.
— Gardneria'num ( Gardner's). 7, Yellow. July.
E. Ind. 1819.
— glau'cum (milky-green). 4j. White. July.
E. Ind. 1822.
— gra'cile (slender). 3. White. June. Bengal.
1823.
— heteroma'llum (variable-haired), 3. Yellow.
July. Indies. 1822.
— longifo'lium <long-leaved). 6. Eed. June.
E. Ind. 1819.
— ma'ximum (largest). 8. White. August.
E. Ind. 1820.
— specio'fyim (showy). 8. Pale yellow. August.
E. Ind. 1823,
— spica'tum (spiked). 3, Yellow. June. India.
1810.
— stenope'talum (narrow-petaled). 7. White.
April. India. 1830.
— thyrsifo'rme (thyrse-formed). 4. White. July.
Nepaul. 1818.
— urophy'llum (tailed-leaved), 4. Yellow. Au-
gust. India. 1828.
— villo'sum (shaggy). 3, Cream. July. E. Ind.
1823.
HEDYSA'RUM. (A plant's name adopted
from Theophrastus. Nat. ord., Legumi-
nous Plants [Fabacese]. Linn., 11-Dia-
delphia ±-Decandria.)
Annuals and biennials in the open border, in
spring; perennials by division of the plant in
spring; common soil. The dwarfer ones are
pretty for mantling knolls and rock-works.
HARDY ANNUAL.
H. carno'sum (fleshy). £. Purple. July. Barbary.
1820.
HARDY BIENNIALS.
H. corona'rium (garland). 4. Scarlet. June.
Italy. 1596.
— pa'llidum (pale). 3. Pale red. June. N.
Africa. 1820.
HARDY HERBACEOUS PERENNIALS.
II. alpi'num (alpine). 2. Purple. June. Siberia.
1798.
pedicela're (Jowg'-flower-stalked). Purple.
June. Siberia.
Alta'icum (Altain). 4. Purple. July. Siberia.
1818.
— argophy'llum (white-leaved). Purple. June.
Altaia. 1827.
— arge'nteum (silvery). Purple. June. Siberia.
1827.
— brachyse'mum (short-standarded). ij. Pur-
ple. July. Siberia. 1817.
— ca'ndidum (white). £. Purple. May. Tauria.
1824.
hu'mile (humble). J. Purple. June.
Tauria. 1817.
— Cauca'sicum (Caucasian). I. Purple. July.
Caucasus. 1820.
— consangui'neum (closely-allied). 1. Purple.
July. Siberia. 1820.
— creta'ceum (chalky). 1. Purple. July. Si-
beria. 1819.
— elonga'tum (lengthened)* Purple. June.
Russia. 1823.
— fructico'sum (shrubby). 4. Purple. June.
Siberia. 1782.
— grandiflo'rum (large-flowered). l£. Purple.
June. Tauria. 1821.
— Ibe'ricum (Iberian). £. Purple. July. Iberia.
1818.
— lasiocu'rpum (hairy-podded). 1. Purple. Si-
beria.
— obscu'rum (obscure). £. Purple. July.
Alps. 1640.
— polymo'rphum (many-formed). Rose. June.
Altaia. 1828.
— ro'seum (roseate). £. Pink. August. Cau-
casus. 1803.
— rutidoca'rpum (wrinkled-podded). $. Purple.
August. Siberia. 1826.
— sple'ndens (shining). £. Cream. July. Si-
beria. 1819.
— Tau'ricum (Taurian). $. Pale purple. July.
Tauria. 1804.
— va'rium (variable). 1. White. July. South
Europe. 1820.
— venu'stum (lovely). Purple. June. Altaia.
1828.
HEEL. When a cutting is taken off
with a small portion of the older wood
from which it sprang, that older portion
is called the heel.
HEI'MIA. (Named after Dr. Helm,
a German. Nat. ord., Loosestrifes [Ly-
thraceae]. Linn., \\-Dodecandria \-Mo-
nogynia. Allied to Ly thrum.)
Heimia is the only Loosestrife with yellow
Sowers. Haif-hardy evergreen shrubs with yel-
HEI
[423 ]
HEL
low flowers. Cuttings of short shoots m sandy
soil, under a hand-light, in May ; sandy loam and
a little peat. They require the protection of a
cold pit in winter, but would do against a conser-
vative wall, where they could be protected from
severe frost.
H. linaricefo'lia (linaria-leaved). &. S. Amer.
— myrtifo'lia (myrtle-leaved). 5. S.Amer. 1826.
— salicifft'lia (willow-leaved). 5. August. Mex-
ico. 1821.
grandiflo'ra (large-flowered). 5. Sep-
tember.
HEI'NSIA. (Named after M. Heinsius.
Nat. ord., Cinchonads [Cinchonacese].
Linn., 5-Pentandria I-Monandria. Allied
to Gardenia.)
Stove evergreen shrub. Cuttings of young
shoots in sand, under a bell-glass, and in a brisk
bottom-heat ; fibry peat and sandy loam, with a
little dried leaf- mould. Summer temp., 60° to
80° ; winter, 48° to 53°. It would probably suc-
ceed grafted on Garde'niaflo'rida.
H.jasminiflo'ra (jasmine-flowered). 4. White.
March. Sierra Leone. 1824.
HEISTE'RIA. Bois Perdrix. (Named
after L. Heister, a Swedish botanist.
Nat. ord., Olacads [Olacaceae]. Linn.,
10-Decandria L-Monogynia. Allied to
Olax.)
This is the source of the Partridge-pea of Mar-
tinique, but not of the Partridge-wood, as has
been erroneously asserted. Stove evergreen tree.
Cuttings of firm young shoots in a brisk heat ;
sandy loam and a dash of peat. Summer temp.,
60° to 85° ; winter, 50° to 55°.
H. cocei'nca (scarlet)- 20. Scarlet. W. Ind. 1822.
HE'LCIA. (From helcium, a horse-
collar ; in reference to the curious forma-
tion of the flowers. Nat. ord., Orchids
[Orchidacese]. Linn., 2Q-Gynandria 1-
Monogynia. Allied to Trichopilia.)
Stove orchid. Division of the plant ; shallow
basket, in fibry peat, sphagnum, charcoal, and
decayed wood. Summer temp., 60° to 90° ; win-
ter, 50° to 60°.
U.sanguinole'nta (bloody). Green, brown, white.
Guayaquil. 1843.
HELE'NIUM. (Named after the beau-
tiful Helena, cause of the Trojan war.
Nat. ord., Composites [Asteracese], Linn.,
IQ-Syngenesia 2-Superflua.)
Hardy herbaceous perennials, with yellow
flowers. By division of the plant in spring;
common garden-soil. There are some annuals
and biennials, but not deserving cultivation.
H. aMtumna'le (autumnal). 3. September. N.
Amer. 1729.
— canalicula'tum (channelled), 3, August. N.
Amer. 1800.
— Mexica'num (Mexican). 3. August. Mexico.
1825.
— piibe'scens (downy), 3. August. N. Amer.
1776.
— pu'milum (dwarf), i. August. 1818.
— undula'tum (waved-feaued), 3. September.
California. 1830.
HELIA'NTHEMUM. Sun Eose. (From
helios, the sun, and anthemon, a flower.
Nat. ord., Hock-roses [Cistacese]. Linn.,
If gardeners would turn their attention to
these Rock-roses, and cross them judiciously,
they might expect in time to produce a race
\ ; ich would rival the Verbenas. Annuals, by
seeds in the open border, in April. A few of
the best shrubby ones are rather tender, and
young plants might be saved in a cold pit.
Shrubby evergreens, by inserting little pieces of
ripened and half-ripened shoots with the leaves
attached, in June, in sandy soil, in a shady place,
under a hand-light. Few things can surpass the
beauty of these plants when trailing over stones,
and banks, and rock-works, in spring and sum-
mer. In such positions, the tenderest merely re-
quire, at times, an evergreen branch placed over
them in winter; sandy loam, with a little peat,
suits them well.
ANNUALS.
H. 2Egypti'acum (Egyptian). $. White, June.
Egypt. 1764.
— eriocau'lon (woolly-stemmed). J. yellow.
Spain. 1817.
— gutta'tum (spotted-flowered). J. Yellow. June.
England.
— ledifo'lium (ledum-leaved). J. Yellow. June.
England.
— Nilo'ticum (Nile). £. Yellow. June. South
Europe. 1817-
-- ma'jus (larger). 1. Yellow. Europe. 1817.
— plantagi'neum (plantain-like). $. Yellow. June.
South Europe. 1823.
— puncta'tum (dotted). J. Yellow. July. South.
France. 1816.
— salicifo'lium (willow-leaved). $. Yellow. July.
South Europe. 1759-
— sangui'neum (bloody-stemmed). 4« Yellow.
July. Spain. 1826.
— villo'sum (shaggy). £. Yellow. July. Spain. 1823.
HERBACEOUS PEEENNIALS.
H. Canade'nse (Canadian). 1. Yellow. June. N.
Amer. 1799-
— Carolinia'num (Carolina). 1. Yellow. July.
Carolina. 1823.
— globularicefo'lium (globular-leaved). £. Yellow.
June. Portugal. 1826.
— rosmarinifo'livm (rosemary-leaved). 1. Pale
yellow. June. Canada. 1823.
— tubera'ria (tuberaria). f . Yellow. June. South
Europe. 1752.
EVERGREEN TRAILERS.
H. acumina'tum (long-pointed), £. Yellow. Junei
Nke. 1820.
— alpe'stre (rock). £. Yellow. June. Germany.
— angustifo'lium (narrow-leaved). J. Yellow*
June. 1800.
— ca'num (hoary), f. Yellow. June. South
Europe. 1772.
— confu'sum (confused). £. White. June. South
Europe.
— • cro'ceum (copper-coloured). $. Yellow. July.
Spain. 1800.
— dicho'tomum (twin-branched). 1, Yellow. July.
Spain. 1826.
— grandiflo'rtim (large-flowered). 1. Yellow*
June. Italy. 1800.
— hi'spidum (bristly). *. White, South Europe.
1816.
[424]
HEL
H.hijssopifo'Uum (hyssop-leaved). £. Yellow. May.
Italy
— cu'preum (copper-coloured).
May. Naples.
Copper,
— — multiplex (double-lowered). £. Copper.
May. Italy.
— — — croca'tum (saffron-coloured). £. Copper.
June. Europe.
— Ita'licum (Italian). 1. Yellow. August. Italy.
1799.
— Laga'scce (Lagasca's). £. Yellow. July. Spain.
1826.
— leptophy1 Hum (fine-leaved). 1. Yellow. Spain.
1818.
— lu'cidum (shining-feaued). 1. Yellow. June.
1826.
— maera'nthum (large-flowered). 1. White, yel-
low. July.
multiplex (double-lowered). 1. White,
yellow. June. Europe.
— marifo'lium (marum-leaved). £. Yellow. May.
South Europe.
— Mi'lleri (Miller's), $. Yellow. June. South
Europe.
— muta'bile (changeable). |. Red, yellow. July.
Spain. 1829.
— nudicau'le (naked-stemmed). £. Yellow. June.
Spain. 1826.
— nummula'rium (money wort-/«aued). 4. Yellow.
July. Spain. 1752.
— obova'tum (reversed-egg-feaued). 1. Yellow.
Spain. 1826.
— (Ela'ndicum ((Eland), f . Yellow. July. Ger-
many. 1816.
— origanifo'lium (marjoram-leaved). £. Yellow.
Spain. 1795.
— ova1 turn (egg-leaved). £. Yellow. Geneva. 1818.
— penicilla'tum (pencilled). £. Yellow. June.
Spain. 1817.
— pllo'sum (hairy). 1$. White. July. South
France. 1831.
— polifo'lium (polium-leaved). J. White. June.
England.
— procu'mbens (lying- down). J. Yellow. South
Europe.
— pulche'llum (neat). $. Yellow. May. South
• Europe. 1820.
— pulverule'r.tum (powdered). f . White. June.
France.
— rhoda'nthum (red-flowered). $. Red. June.
Spain. 1800.
— ro'seum (roseate) . J. Pink. June. South Eu-
rope. 1815.
— mu'ltiplex (double-lowered). £. Pink.
June. 1815.
— strami'neum (straw-coloured). £. Straw. Eu-
— mu'ltiplex (double-flowered), £. Striped. Eu-
rope.
— sulphu'reum (sulphur-coloured). Pale yellow.
Spain. 1/95
— Surreja'num (Surrey)
England.
J. Yellow. August.
— Tau'rioum (Taurian). 1. Yellow. June. Tauria.
— tomento'sum (trAtte-downed). f . Yellow. July.
—- venu'stum (beautiful). J. Red. June. South
Europe. 1800.
flo're-plefno (double-flowered). J. Red.
June. South Europe. 1800.
— viola'aeum (\iolet-calyxed). 1. White. Spain.
1826.
— vulga're (common-dicar/). £. Yellow. June.
Britain.
— — pfe'nttTO (double-lowered), i. Yellow.
June.
EVEttGEEEN SHRUBS.
3. Yellow.
H.Algane'nse (Algarve).
Portugal. 1800.
— Apenni'num (Apennine).
July.
White. June.
Italy. 1731.
— barba'tum (bearded-stt/mfed). 1. Yellow.
June. South Europe. 1820.
— P'/)-re//e'ri(Barrelier's). ]. Yellow. July. Italy.
1825.
— Canarie'nse (Canary). l£. Yellow. June. Ca-
naries. 1790.
— ca'ndidum (white-feared). 3. Yellow. June.
Spain.
— cane'scens (hoary). £. Red. June.
— cheiranthoi'des (stock-like). 3. Yellow. June.
Portugal. 1818.
— cilia' turn (hair-fringed). 1. Red. June. South
Europe.
— cine'reum (grey). 1. Yellow. July. Spain.
— conft'rtum (close-flowered). 1. Yellow. Au-
gust. Teneriffe.
— crassifo'lium (thick-leaved). 1. Yellow. June.
Barbary. 1818.
— diversifo'lium (various -leaved). £• Flame. June.
Europe.
— elli'pticum. (oval-leaved'). 3. Yellow. July.
Egypt.
— ericoi'des (heath-like). l£. Yellow. June. South
Europe.
— farino'sum (mealy). White. June. Spain.
— formo'sum (beautiful). 4. Yellow. Portugal.
1780.
— glau'cum (milky-green- leaved). 2. Yellow. July.
Spain. 1815.
— glomera'tum (round-Aeaded). 1. Yellow. June.
Mexico. 1823.
— glutino'sum (clammy). 2. Yellow. July.
— fiulimifo'lium (sea-purslane-leaved). 4. Yellow.
July. Spain. 1656.
— hi'rtum (hairy-calyxed). 1. Yellow. June.
Spain. 1759.
— involucra'tum (involucred). 3. Yellow. Spain.
1826.
— juniperl'num (juniper-like). 1. Yellow. July.
South Europe. 1800.
— Kahi'ricum (Kahirian). 1. Yellow. June.
Egypt. 1820.
— lae've (smooth). I. Yellow. June. Spain.
1826.
— lasia'nthum (hairy-flowered). 3. Yellow. June.
Spain. 1826.
— lavandulcEfo'lium (lavender-leaved). 1. Yellow.
June. South France. 1817-
— libano'tis (rosemary-Jea»ed). 1. Yellow. South
Europe. 1762.
— ligno'sum (woody). $. Yellow. June. South
Europe. 1806.
— linea're (narrow-fenced). 1. White. June.
South Europe 1818.
— Li'ppii (Lippius's). 1. Yellow. Egypt. 1820.
— lunula'tum (crescent-feared; . 4. Yeiiow. July.
Spain. 1826.
— marjoranifo'lium (marjoram-leaved). ' £. Yel-
Yellow. June.
low, white. June.
— microphy'llum (small-leaved). J.
Europe. 1800.
— mo'lle (soft). 1J. Yellow. July. Spain, 1817.
— muta'bile ro'seum (rosy-changeable). £. Red.
July. South Europe
— ocymoi'des (basil-like). 3. Yellow. June. Spain.
Yellow. July.
1800.
— panicula'tum (panicled).
Spain. 1826.
— racemo'sum (raceraed). 1. White. July. South
Europe. 1S20.
HEL
[ 425 ]
HEL
U.rugo'sum (wrinkled). 3. Yellow. June. For- I
tugal. 1800.
— scabro'sum (rough). 3. Yellow. Portugal. 17/5.
— squama'tum (scaly). 1. Yellow. June. Spain.
1815.
— stri'ctum (upright). 1. White. June. Spain. 1820.
— thymifo'lium (thyme-leaved). l£. Yellow, July.
Spain. 1658.
— vmbella'tum (umbel-flowered), 3. White. July.
South Europe. 1731.
ere'ctum (straight-stemmed). White. June.
South Europe.
subdecu'mbens (leaning). White. July.
South Europe.
— versi'color (party-coloured). 1. Red, white.
July. South Europe. 1800.
— virga'tum (twiggy). £. White. Barbary. 1818.
HELIA'NTHUS. Sunflower. (From helios,
the sun, and anthos, a flower; in reference
to the opinion that the flowers turn round
after the sun. Nat. ord., Composites [Aster-
acese]. IAmi.,ld-Syngenesia %-Superflua.)
Hardy herbaceous plants, all yellow-flowered ;
well fitted for the back of flower- borders and the
front of shrubberies, where such modes of plant-
ing prevail. The annuals, such as the common
Sunflower, should be sown in a slight hotbed, and
afterwards transplanted ; the perennials must be
divided in the spring ; common, good soil ; a few
of the tenderest want a little protection in very
cold and wet winters.
ANNUALS.
H. a'nnuus (annual. Common). 6. July. S. Amer.
15Q6.
— I'ndicus (dwarf '-Indian) . 3. July. Egypt. 1785.
— ova'tus (egg- leaved). 4. Mexico. 1S2Q.
— petiola'ris (/cmg-leaf-stalked). 3. September.
Arkansas. 1826.
— specio'sus (showy). 5. August. Jorulla. 1833.
— tubcefo'rmis (tube-formed). 5. July. Mexico.
1799-
PERENNIALS.
H. angustifo'lius (narrow-leaved). 3. September.
N. Amer. 1799.
— alti'ssimus (tallest). 8. August. N. Amer.
1731.
— a'tro-ru'bens (dark-red-eyed). 3. August. N.
Amer. 1732.
— cornifo'lius (cornus-leaved). 3. August. Mexico.
1825.
— decape1 talus (ten-petaled). 6. September. N.
Amer. 1759.
— diffu'sus (spreading). 3. N. Amer. 1821.
— divarica'tus (straggling). 6. N. Amer. 1/5Q.
— exce'lsus (lofty). 8. Mexico. 1820.
— gigunte'us (gigantic). 10. N. Amer. 1714.
— Hooke'ri (Hooker's). 3. September.
— leetiflo'rus (lively-flowered). 3. August. N.
Amer. 1810.
— lenticula'ris (pea-shaped). 1827.
— linea'ris (narrow - leaved). 2. September.
Mexico. 1823.
Hus (long-leaved). 6. Georgia. 1812.
— macrophy' lius (large-leaved). 6. N. Amer.
1800.
— Missu'ricus (Missouri). 3. Missouri. 1821.
— tnofllis (soft). 4. August. N. Amer. 1805.
— multifio'rus, (many-flowered). 6. N. Amer.
1597.
ple'n ««(double.flowered). 6. N. Amer.
1797-
(small.flowered). 3. July. Mexico.
1820.
H.pa'tens (spreading). 3. August. N. Amer. 1829.
— pauciflo'rus (few-flowered). 2. August. Louisi-
ana. 1824.
— prostra'tus (prostrated). 2. August. N.
Amer. 1800. Trailer.
— pube'scens (downy). 4. N. Amer. 1759.
— strumo'sus (swollen). 8. N. Amer. 1710.
— trachelifo'lius (trachelium-leaved). 6. Sep-
tember. N. Amer. 1825.
— triloba'tus (three -lobed). 3. September.
Mexico. 1824.
— tubero'sus (tuberous. Jerusalem Artichoke).
8. September. Brazil. 1617.
— villo'sus (shaggy). 3. August. N. Amer. 1820.
See JERUSALEM ARTICHOKE and SUNFLOTVEE.
HELICHRY'SUM. (From helios, the sun,
and chrysos, gold ; referring to the beauty
of the flowers. Nat. ord., Composites
[Asteracese]. Linn., 19-Syngenesia 2-
Superflua. Allied to Aphelexis.)
Many may be raised from seed ; others, such
as hardy and greenhouse herbaceous, by division
and cuttings in spring, in sandy soil, under a
hand-glass ; evergreen shrubs from the Cape, if
small side-shoots are taken off when getting firm
at their base, will strike freely in sandy, peaty
soil, under a bell-glass ; peat and loam, three of
the former to one of the latter. Temp, for
greenhouse kinds, winter, 40° to 45°. Stee'chas
is the hardiest shrubby kind, flourishing in a
sheltered place in dry, calcareous soil. Angusti-
fo'lium, conge'stium, and fru'ticans are the
next in point of hardiness, and probably would do
on a conservative wall.
HARDY ANNUALS.
H. bi'color (two-coloured). 3. Yellow. July.
Van Diemen's Land. 1835.
— bractea'tum (bracted). 4. Pale yellow. Sep-
tember. N. Holland. 1/99-
involu'cro-a' Ibido (whitish-involucred). 3.
Yellow. July. 1833.
— robu'stum (robust). White, yellow. July.
Swan River. 1839.
— specta'bile (showy). 2. Orange. June. Swan
River. 1840.
HARDY HERBACEOUS PERENNIALS.
H. arena'rium (sand). 1. Yellow. August.
Europe. 1739-
— candidi'ssimum (whitest). 2. Pale yellow.
June. Caspian. 1823.
— macra'nthum (large-flowered). Blush. Swan
River. 1837.
— ni'veum (snowy). 4. White. Yellow. July.
Swan River. 1837.
HARDY EVERGREEN SHRUBS.
H.angustifo'lium (narrow-leaved). 2. Yellow.
August. Naples. Half-hardy.
— co'nicum (conical). 2. Yellow. July. South
Europe. 1824.
— rupe'stre (rock-inhabiting). Yellow. June.
Naples. 1830.
— Stee'chas (common-shrub). 2. Yellow. Au-
gust. Europe. 1629.
GREENHOUSE HERBACEOUS PERENNIALS.
H. apicula'tum (small-pointed). 1$. Yellow.
Van Diemen's Land. 1804.
— argefnteum (silvery). 2. White. June. Cape
of Good Hope. 1800.
— cri'spum (curled). 6. Pink. Cape of Good
Hope. 1809.
— cyli'ndricum (cylindrical). 1. Yellow. June*
Cape of Good Hope. l/so.
HEL
[ 426 3
HEL
fl.cymo'suni (cymed) i£. Yellow. June. Africa.
1731.
— dealba'tum (whitened). l£. White. Van
Diemen's Land. 1812.
~- odorati'ssimum (sweetest-scented). 2. Yellow.
June. Cape of Good Hope. 1691.
— ru'tilans (shining-flowered). 1. Red, yellow.
June. Cape of Good Hope. 1731.
•— scorpioi'des (scorpion-like). Yellow. N. Hol-
land. 1838.
GREENHOUSE EVERGREEN SHRUBS.
H.acumina'tum (sharp-pointed). 3. White.
July. Cape of Good Hope. 1823.
— affi'ne (related). l£. Pale yellow. August.
Cape of Good Hope.
— arWreum (tree -like). 6. White. May. Cape
of Good Hope. 1770.
«^» cephalo'tes (large-hei&ed). 4. Pink. June.
Cape of Good Hope. 178Q.
— conge'stum (close- headed). 3. Purple. June.
Cape of Good Hope. 1/91.
— crassifo'lium( thick-leaved). 1. Yellow. Au-
gust. Cape of Good Hope. 1774.
— dasycfnthum (thick-flowered). 4. Yellow.
July. Cape of Good Hope. 1812.
— diosmaefd'lium (diosma-leaved). l£. White.
June. Cape of Good Hope. 1812.
— divarica'tum (spreading). 3. White. July.
Cape of Good Hope. 1820.
— ericoi'des (heath-like). l£. Pink. June. Cape
of Good Hope. 1774.
— fru'ticans (shrubby). 3. Yellow. July. Cape
of Good Hope. 1779-
—fu'lgidum (shining). 2. Yellow. July. Cape
of Good Hope. 1774.
— grandiflo'rum (large-flowered). 3. White.
July. Cape of Good Hope. 1781.
— helianthemifo'lium (helianthemum-leaved). 1 .
White. July. Cape of Good Hope. 1774-
— lasiocau'lon (woolly-stemmed). 3. White.
July. Cape of Good Hope. 1823.
— orieuta'le (eastern). l£. Yellow. June. Africa.
1629.
— panicula'tum (panicled). 2. White. July.
Cape of Good Hope. 1800.
— pa'tulum (spreading). 3. White. May. Cape
of Good Hope. 1771-
— ri'gidum (stiS-leaved). l£. White. July.
Cape of Good Hope. 1801.
— vesti'tum (clothed). 2. White. August. Cape
of Good Hope. 1774.
HELICO'NIA. (From helicon, a Mil,
consecrated to the Muses; in reference
to the affinity of this genus to Musa.
Nat. ord., Musads [Musacese]. Linn., 5-
Pentandria 1-Monogynia.)
The fleshy roots of H.psittaco'rum are eatable.
Stove herbaceous perennials. Division of the
roots ; strong, rich, loamy soil. Summer temp.,
60° to 90°, with plenty of moisture ; winter, 50"
to 60°.
H. bi'color (two-coloured). 3. White, crimson.
Brazil. 1828.
— Braxilie'nsis (Brazilian). 8. Scarlet. August.
Brazil. 1820.
— dealba'ta (whited). 3.
— hirsu'ta (hairy-flowered), 5. Orange. S,
Amer. 1800.
— I'ndica (Indian). 4. Madagascar. 1818.
— psittaeo'rum (parrot-Sea&ed). 4. Orange.
August. W. Ind. 1797.
~—pulv&rule'nta (dusted-teawed). 2. Greenish-
scarlet. July. S.Amu. 1830.
H.Swurtzia'na (Swartz's). 4. Yellow. July.
Jamaica. 1800.
HELIOCA'RPUS. (From helios, the sun,
and karpos, a fruit; in reference to the
fringes on the cells, or carpels, of the
fruit. Nat. ord, Lindenblooms [Tiliaceas].
Linn., \\-Dodecandria \-Monogynia. Al-
lied to Sparmannia.)
Stove evergreen shrub. Cuttings of half-ripened
shoots in summer, in sand, under a bell-glass,
and in heat ; sandy loam and fibry peat. Summer
temp., 60° to 80°; winter, 50° to 55°.
H. America'nus (American). 16. Purple. Vera
Cruz. 1733.
HELIO'PHILA. (From helios, the sun,
and phileo, to love ; referring to the sunny
aspect where they delight to grow. Nat.
ord., Crucifers [BrassicaceseJ. Linn., 15-
Tetr adynamia.)
All from the Cape of Good Hope. Annuals, by
seed in a warm, dry border, in April, or, better
still, in a slight hotbed, under a glass, in March,
and transplant in May. The under-shrubs re-
quire the greenhouse, or cold, dry pit, to winter
them in, and are propagated by cuttings of young
shoots in sandy soil, under a hand-glass.
GREENHOUSE EVERGREENS.
H. cleomoi'des (cleome-like). 1. Yellow. July.
1802.
— linear if o'lia (narrow-leaved). 1. Blue. June.
1819.
— platysi'liqua (broad - podded). 1. Purple.
July. 1774.
— scopa'ria (broom-like). 1. Red. June. 1802.
HARDY ANNUALS.
H. amplexicau1 Us (stem-clasping). J. White,
purple. July. 17/4.
— Araboi'des (Arabis-like). f. Brown. June.
1768.
— coronopif o'lia (buckhorn-leaved). l£. Violet.
July. 1778.
— crithmif o'lia (samphire-leaved). £. Violet.
July. 1816.
— diffu'sa (spreading), f. White. June. 1818.
— digita'ta (finger-leaved). 1. Brown. June. 1819.
— disse'cta (deeply-cut). 1. Blue. June. 1792.
7>mw«'ta(leafleted). 1. White. June. 1792.
—fasnicula'cea (fennel-like). l£. Purple. June.
1774.
— pectina'ta (comb-leaved). 1. White. June. 1819.
— pe'ndula (weeping). l£. Yellow, white. July.
1792.
— pilo'sa (shaggy). 1. Blue. July. 1768.
— stri'cta (erect), f. Blue. June. 1823.
— tri'fida (three-cut), j. Purple. June. 1819.
HELIO'PSIS. (From helios, the sun,
and opsis, like; the appearance of the
flowers. Nat. ord., Composites [Aste'r-
aceae]. Linn., \S-Syngenesia%-8uperjlua.
Allied to Zinnia.)
Hardy herbaceous perennials, with yellow
flowers. By seed and division; common soil;
treatment similar to that for Helianthus.
H. cane'nsis (hoary). 2. August. Mexico. 1818.
— l&'vls (smooth). 6. August. N. Amer. 1714.
— sca'bra (rough). 5. August. N. Amer. 1824.
HELIOTRO'PIUM. Turnsole. (From
HEL
[427 ]
HE1I
helios, the snn, and trope, twining ; in
reference to the curled or twining of the
flower - branch. Nat, ord., Ehretiads
[Ehretiacese]. Linn., 3-Triandria 1-
Monogynia.)
Hardy annuals, sown in open border, in April ;
tender annuals and biennials, in hotbed, and
transplanted; biennials to be kept on by cuttings;
shrubs, by cuttings at any time, but best in spring
and autumn: at the first period give a little
bottom-heat, at the latter period place them under
glass, and shade ; rich, light soil.
STOVE ANNUALS AND BIENNIALS.
H. brevifo'lium (short-leaved). 1. White. Nepaui.
1824. Biennial.
•— Coromandeli'num (Coromandel). £. White.
E. Ind. 1812.
— parviflo'rum (small-flowered). 1. White.
August. W. Ind. 1732. Biennial.
HARDY ANNUALS.
H. JEgypti'acum (Egyptian). White. June.
Egypt. 1842.
— Cape'nse (Cape). $. White. Cape of Good
Hope. 1824.
— commuta'tum (changed). $. White. Au-
gust. South Europe. 1800.
— Europa'um (European), f. White. July.
South Europe. 1562.
— oblongifo'lium (oblong-leaved). f. White.
July. South Europe. 1824.
— obova'tum (reversed-egg-/eaued). £. Brown.
May. Nepaui. 1825.
GREENHOUSE AND STOVE EVERGREEN
SHRUBS.
H, corymlo'sum (corymbed). 4. Lilac. July.
Peru. 1800.
— Tiu'mile (humble). 1. White. June. W.
Ind. 1/52. Stove.
— inca'num (hoary). 2. White. June. Peru. 1844.
— linifo'lium (flax-leaved). l£. White. July.
Cape of Good Hope. 1815.
— Marocca'num (Morocco). I. White. June.
Morocco. 1823.
— undula'tum (waved-leaved). £. Lilac, brown.
July. N. Africa. 1820.
GREENHOUSE DECIDUOUS SHRUB.
H. Peruvia'num (Peruvian). 2. Lilac. July.
Peru. 1757.
HELLE'BORUS. Hellebore. (From
heleim, to kill, and bora, food ; referring
to its poisonous quality. Nat. ord., Crow-
foots [Ranunculacese]. Linn., 13-Poly-
andria Q-Polygynia. Allied to Eranthis.)
Hardy herbaceous perennials; by seeds, and
by division of the plant in spring ; common soil,
in a shady place.
H. a'tro-ru'bens (dark red). 1. Purple. March.
Hungary. 1820.
— eu'preus (copper-coloured- flowered). Copper.
January. 1838.
— dumeto'rum (thicket). l£. Green. March. 181/.
— fas'tidus (foetid. Beards-foot), ij. Green.
March. England.
— grave1 olens (strong-scented), Yellow. Fe-
bruary. 1838.
— tividus (livid-three-leaved). 1. Purple. March,
Corsica. 1710.
integrilo'bus (entire-lobed). 1 . Purple,
February. Cornea. I/IO.
H.ni'ger (black. Christmas-Rose). 1. Pink.
Austria. 15Q6.
angustifo'lius (narrow-leaved). 1. Pink.
March. Austria. 1596.
— odo'rus (sweet-scented). i£. Green. March.
Hungary. 1817.
— Oly'mpicus (Olympian). 2. Green. February.
India. 1840.
— orienta'lis (eastern). 1, Dark. February.
India. 1839.
— purpura'scens (purplish). l£. Purple, green.
March. Hungary. 1817.
— verna'lis (spring). £. White. March.
Austria. 1596.
HELLE'NIA. (Named after C. N. Hel-
lenius, professor at Abo. Nat. ord., Gin-
gerworts [Zingiberacese]. Linn., 1-Mo-
nandria \-Monogynla. Allied to Alpinia.)
Stove herbaceous perennials, with white flowers ;
division in spring; rich, sandy loam and a little
peat. Summer temp., 60° to 85° ; winter, 50° to
55°. Treatment similar to Hedychium.
H. abno'rmis (irregular). 10. June. China. 1824.
— ceeru'lea (blue-berried). 4. N.Holland. 1820.
— Chine'nsis (Chinese). 3. China. 1825.
HELMET FLOWER. Corya'nlhes.
HELO'NIAS. (A diminutive of helos, a
marsh; small marsh-plants. Nat. ord.,
Melanths [Melanthacese]. Linn., 6-Hex-
andria S-Trigynia. Allied to Veratrum.)
Hardy herbaceou* perennials, from North
America. By seeds, and dividing1 the roots in
spring ; sandy, fibry loam and peat, and requiring
a moist, somewhat shaded situation.
H. angustifo'lia (narrow-leaved). 1. White.
May. 1823.
— bulla'ta (boss-garnished). 1. Purple. April
1/58.
— erythrospe'rma (red-seeded). £. White. June.
17/0.
HEMEROCA'LLIS. Day Lily. (From
hemero, a day, and hallos, beauty. Nat.
ord., Lily worts [Liliacese]. Linn., 6-
Hexandria \-Monoyynia.)
Hardy herbaceous perennials. Division in
spring ; common garden-soil.
H. di'stichfi (two-rowed). 2. Orange. May.
China. 1798.
—fla'va (yellow). 2. Yellow. June. Siberia. 1596.
— fu'lva (tawny). 4. Tawny. July. Levant. 1596.
flo're ple'no (double-flowered). 4. Cop-
per. July.
— _— _ variega'ta (striped-leaved). 4. Copper.
July.
— gi'ami'nea (grassy-leaved). 1. Lilac, yellow.
June. Siberia. 1759.
— Ste6o'WH(Siebold's). Pink. September. Japan.
1833.
— specio'sa (showy). Yellow. July.
HEMIA'NDRA. (From hemi, half, and
aner, a man ; in reference to the absence
of the two upper stamens, being half
their number. Nat. ord., Labiates or Lip-
worts [Lamiacesej. Linn., I4.-J)idynamia
l-Gymnospermia. Allied to Prostanthera.)
Greenhouse evergreen shrubs, from New Hol-
land. Cuttings of half-ripened ahcots in sand,
HEM
[428 ]
HER
under a bell-glass, in April ; loam and peat,
lightened with sand and pieces of charcoal. Sum-
mer temp., 85° to 75° ; winter, 38° to 45°.
H. brevifo'lia (short-leaved). May. 1840.
— emargina'ta (notch-ended). White, pink.
May. 1840.
— hirsu'ta (hairy). May.
— rupe'stris (rock). May. 1837.
HEMICU'DIA. (From hemi, half, and
kleio, to shut ; referring to the appearance
of the flowers. Nat. ord., Proteads [Pro-
teacese]. Linn., 4c-Tetrandria Ti-Mono-
gynia. Allied to Dryandria.)
Greenhouse evergreen shrub. Cuttings of firm
young shoots in sand, under a bell-glass, and
when callused at the base, assisted with a mild
bottom-heat ; a little fibry loam, but chiefly peat,
with a few chips of sandstone and charcoal, and
•well-drained. Winter temp., 35° to 45°.
H.Ba'xteri (Baxter's). 3. Yellow. June.
Lucky Bay. 1824.
HEMIDI'CTYON. (From hemi, half, and
di/dyon, a net. Nat. ord., Poly pods [Poly-
podiacese]. Linn., 24i-Cryptogamia 1-
miices.)
A stove Fern. Division in spring ; peat and loam.
Summer temp., 60° to 8.0°; winter, 50° to 55°.
H. margina'tum (bordered). Brown. S. Amer.
HEMIGE'NIA. (From hemi, half, and
genea, to beget ; referring to the absence
of the two upper stamens, being half
their number. Nat. ord., Labiates [La-
miacese]. Linn., l^-Didynamia 1-Gym-
nospermia. Allied to Hemiandra.)
Greenhouse evergreen shrub. Cuttings of
short young shoots in sand, under a bell-glass ;
peat and loam. Winter temp., 40° to 45°; re-
quires good drainage.
H. purpu'rea (purple-flowered").
N. S. Wales. 1824.
Purple. April.
HEMIGO'NIUM. (From hemi, half, and
(fonu, angle. Nat. ord., Polypods [Polypo-
diacese] . Linn., 24^-Oryptogamia l-Filices.}
Herbaceous stove Fern. Divisions in spring ;
peat and loam. Summer temp., 60° to 80° j win-
ter, 45° to 55°.
H. cadu'cum (naked). Brown, yellow. May.
W. Ind.
HEMI'MERIS. (From hemi, half, and
meris, a part ; referring to the appearance
of the flowers as if in two halves. Nat.
ord.,Figworts [Scrophulariacese]. Linn.,
2-Diandria 1-Monogynia. Allied to
Alonsoa.)
Stove herbaceous perennial. Cuttings of young
shoots in sandy soil, and in bottom-heat ; sandy
loam and a little peat. Summer temp., 60° to 80°:
winter, 48° to 55°.
H. monta'na (mountain),
Good Hope. 1816.
July. Cape of
HEMIONI'TES. (From hemionos, a mule;
supposed to be barren. Nat. ord., Poly-.
pods [Polypodiacese]. Linn., 2<L-Crypto-
gamia 1-Filices.)
Stove herbaceous perennials. Dividing the
roots; sandy loam and peat. Summer temp., 60°
to 85°; winter, 45° to 55°.
H. corda'ta (heart-leaved). Brown, yellow. July.
E. Ind.
— palma'ta (hand-teased). $. July. W. Ind.
1793.
— pinna'ta (leafleted). Brown, yellow. July.
E. Ind.
HEMITE'LIA. (From hemi, half, and
mitella, a mitre; shape of root-stock.
Nat. ord., Polypods [Polypodiacese].
Linn., 2±-Cryptogamia I-Filices.)
A stove Fern, from Jamaica, requiring similar
treatment to Hermionites.
H. ho'rrida (horrid). 20. Brown, yellow. 1843.
— multiflo'ra (many-flowered). Brown, yellow.
1824.
HEMLOCK. Coni'um.
HEMLOCK SPEUCE. Pi'nvs Canade'nsis.
HEMP AGRIMONY. Eupato'rium canna-
bi'num.
HEN-AND-CHICKENS. See DAISY.
HENBANE. Hyoscy'amits.
HE'NFKEYA. (Named after Arthur
Heiifrey, Esq., a distinguished botanist.
Nat. ord., Acanthads [Acanthacese].
Linn., 2-Diandria 1-Monogynia. Allied
to Dicliptera.)
Stove evergreen twiner. Cuttings of small side-
shoots in sand, under a bell-p'.ass, in a brisk bot-
tom-heat ; turfy loam and fibry peat ; keep a high,
moist temperature after shifting. Summer temp.,
60° to 90°; winter, 55° to 60°.
H. sca'ndens (climbing). White. May. Sierra
Leone. 1845.
HENNA-PLANT. Lawso'nia ine'rmis.
HEPA'TICA. (From hepaticos, relating
to the liver ; referring to the lobed leaves.
Nat. ord., Crowfoots [Kanunculacese],
Linn., 13-Polyandria G-Polygynia.
Hardy herbactvns perennials; seeds and division
of the plant, or roots, in spring ; sandy loam,
with the addition of a little peat or leaf-mould.
H. acutilo'ba (acute-lobed). £. Blue. March.
N. Amer. 1818.
— Americu'na (common. American). §. Blue.
March. N. Amer. 1800.
a'lba (white-flowered). $. White. March.
N. Amer. 1835.
ru'bra (red-flowered). J. Red. March.
N. Amer. 1835.
— angulo'sa (angled). §. Blue. March. N. Amer.
— trilo'ba (™?w»ioM-three-lobed). J. Pink.
April. England.
Of America'na and trilo'ba there are many
varieties,
HEKACLE'UM. Cow Parsnip. (From
heracles, a plant consecrated to Hercules.
Nat. ord., Umbellifers [Apiaceae]. Linn.,
5-Pentandria 2-Diyynia.)
Strong, coarse plants, adapted forrough ground,
HER
[429]
HE 11
hanks of lakes, rivers, and waterfalls. H. gigan-
te'um is the best for these purposes. All the
species are hardy biennials or herbaceous per-
euuials, and white flowered.
HERBACEOUS PLANTS are those peren-
nials which lose their stems annually,
whilst the roots continue alive in the
earth.
HERBARY was a department of the
garden formerly much more cultivated
than at present, when the more potent
medicinal plants of hotter climates are
so easily procurable. The following is a
list of the tenants of the herhary, the
appropriate cultivation of which will be
found under their particular titles: —
Angelica, Balm, Basil, Blessed Thistle,
Borage, Burnet, Caraway, Chamomile,
Chervil, Coriander, Dill, Hyssop, Laven-
der, Liquorice, Marigold, Marjoram, Mint,
Pennyroyal, Peppermint, Purslane, Rue,
Sage, Savory, Scurvy Grass, Tansey, Tar-
ragon, Thyme, Wormwood.
HERBE'RTIA. (Named after Dr. Her-
bert, Dean of Manchester, a distinguished
investigator of bulbous plants. Nat. ord.,
Irids [Iridaceae]. Linn., 16-Monadel-
phia I-Triandria. Allied to Cypella.)
Pretty little half-hardy bulbs. Seeds and offsets
in spring ; sandy loam and a little peat ; should
be kept in a cold pit in winter, or protected in a
dry border.
H. caeru'lea (sky-blue). Blue. April. Texas. 1842.
— Drummondia'na (Drummond's). Violet.
April. Texas. 1842.
— pulche'lla (neat). |. Blue, purple. July.
Chili. 1827.
— pusi'lla (small). Yellow, June. Brazil. 1830.
HERB-BENNET. Ge'um.
HERB-GRACE. See RUE.
HERB PARIS. Pa'ris.
HERB ROBERT. Gera'nium Robcrtia'-
ntftn.
HERCULES' CLUB. Zantho'xylum cla'va
He'rculis.
HERITIE'RA. Looking - glass plant.
(Named after L'Heritier, a French bota-
nist. Nat. ord., Stercullads [Sterculi-
aceae]. Linn., 2l-Monoecia 10-Decandria.
Allied to Sterculia.)
Stove evergreen trees ; cuttings 'of ripe young
shoots in sand, under a glass, and in brisk bot-
tom-heat; sandy, rich loam and a little peat;
Summer temp., 60° to 85° ; winter, 50° to 60°.
H. litora'lis (shore). 20. Red. E. Ind. 1780.
-mi'nor (smaller). 12. Mauritius. 1842.
HERMA'NNIA. (Named after Paul Her-
mann, & botanist. Nat. ord., Byttneriads
[Byttneriacece]. Linn., 16-Monadelphia
Z-Pentandria. Allied to Mahernia.)
Greenhouse evergreen shrubs, from the Cape of
Good Hope, with yellow flowers, except where
jtherwise mentioned. Cuttings of young shoota
n sandy soil, in spring, under a glass ; sandy
oam and a little fibry peat. Winter temp., 40°
H. alm'fo'lia (alder-leaved). 7. March. 1728.
— althasifo'lia (mallow-leaved). 2$. April. 1728.
— arge'ntea (silvery). 2. Orange. May. 1820.
— coronopifo'lia (buckhorn-leaved). 2. June.
1823.
— cuneifo'lia (wedge-leaved). 2. August. 1791.
— decu'mbens (lying-down). 1. May. 1821.
— diosmcefo'lia (diosma-leaved). April. 1/94.
— fla'mmea (flame-flowered"). 3. Orange. De-
cember. 1794.
— fra'grans (fragrant). 2. 1822.
— glandulo'sa (glandular). 2. June. 1822.
— grandiflo'ra (large-flowered). Red. 1791.
— hispi'dula (slightly-bristled). March. 1824.
— holoseri'cea (velvet-leaved). 2. June. 1792.
— fiyssopifo'Ka (hyssop-leaved). 7- Straw. May.
1725.
— inci'sa (cut-leaved}. 2. June. 1816.
— infla'ta (swollen). 3. Tawny. September.
S. Amer. 1829.
— involucra'ta (involucred). 2. May. 1794.
— lavandulafo'lia (lavender-leaved). 1$. June.
1/32.
— mi'cans (glittering). 2. 1790.
— multiflo'ra (many-flowered;. 3. April. 1791.
— odora'ta (sweet-scented). 3. May. 1780.
— plica'ta (plaited-teaued). 3. November. 17/4.
— procu'mbens (lying-down). l£. May. 1792.
— pulverule'nta (powdered). 2. June. 1820.
— sca'bra (rough-leaved). 3. April. 1789.
— tenuifo'lia (slender-leaved). 2. June.
— trifolia'ta (three-leaved). 2. 1752.
— trifurca'ta (three-forked). 3. Purple. May.
1789-
— triphy' lla (three-leaved). 2. June. 1819.
HERMI'NIUM. (Derivation not ex-
plained. Nat. ord., Orchids [Orchida-
cese]. Linn., 20-Gynandrial-Monandria,
Allied to Gymnadenia.)
Terrestrial orchids, inhabiting dry, chalky
banks. Divisions of the roots ; chalky loam and
fibry peat ; some hardy enough for a shady border,
and others requiring the greenhouse.
H. alpi'num (alpine). White. May. Switzer-
land. 1824.
— corda'tum (heart-team?), f. Yellowish-green.
March. N. W. Africa. 1830.
— conge'stum (crowded-flowered). Green. No-
vember. Madeira.
— mono'rchis (one - bulbed). Green. June.
England.
HERNA'NDIA. Jack-in-a-box. (Named
after F. Hernandez, M.D., a Spanish bo-
tanist. Nat. ord., Daphnads [Thyme-
lacece]. Linn., 21-Moncecia 3-Triandria.
Allied to Inocarpus.)
Stove evergreen trees. Cuttings of ripe shoots
in sand, under a bell-glass, and in brisk bottom-
heat ; peat and loam. Summer temp., 60° to 85°;
winter, 50° to 60°.
H. Guiane'nsis (Guiana). 50. Guiana. 1820.
— ovi'gera (egg-bearing). 50. E. Ind.
— sono'ra (sounding). 50. E. Ind. l6g3.
HERON'S BILL. Ero'dium.
HERPE'STES. (From herpestes, a creep-
ing thing ; in reference to the creeping
HER
t430]
HET
stems. Nat. ord., Figworts [Scrophula-
riacese]. Linn., l^-Didynamia 2-Angio-
spermia. Allied to Gratiola.)
Aquatic perennials. Seeds and divisions ; rich,
loamy soil. H. cuneifo'lia is har*Jy ; the other
two require pans or tubs of water in a store.
H. cuneifo'lia ( wedge-leaved). J. Blue. August.
N. Amer. 1812.
— Monnie'ria (Monnier's). £. Light blue. Au-
gust. S. Amer. 1772.
— stri'cta (erect). 1. Blue. August. 1824.
HESPERA'NTHA. Evening Flower. (From
hesperoSfthe evening, and anthos, a flower,
Nat. ord., Irids [Iridaceae] . Linn., 3-Tri-
andria \-Monogynia. Allied to Ixia.)
Small bulbs, from the Cape of Good Hope.
Offsets; sandy loam and peat ; requiring the pro-
tection of a cold pit in winter.
H. angu'sta (narrow-feawed). £. White. May.
— cinnamo'mea (cinnamon). A. Violet. April.
1787.
—falca'ta (sickle-tensed). £. Violet. May. 1787.
— radia'ta (radiated). £. Violet. May. 1794.
HE'SPERIS. Eocket. (From hesperos,
the evening star ; rockets being sweeter
towards the evening. Nat. ord., Crucifers
[Brassicacea?]. Linn., 15-Tetradynamia.)
Annuals and biennials sow in open border, in
March and April; perennials, division of the root,
and giving them fresh soil ; the best time for this
is after they have finished flowering and fresh
growth has commenced ; light, rich soil.
HARDY ANNUALS.
H.pulche'lla(next). 1. Red. July. Levant. 1327.
— pygma'a (dwarf). Purple. June. Syria. 1828.
— ramosi'ssima (branchiest). A. Red. July.
Algiers. 1819.
HARDY BIENNIALS.
H. ela'ta (tall). 4. Pink. June. Europe. 1824.
—fra'grans (fragrant). 1. Purple. May. Si-
beria. 1821.
— grandifto'ra (large-flowered). 4. White, pur-
pie. July. 1820.
— heteropky'lla (various-leaved). 4. Red. May.
Italy. 1823.
— laeinia'ta (fringed). l£. Purple. May. South
France. 1816.
— runcina'ta (irregular-lobed). l£. White, pur-
ple. June. Hungary. 1804.
bitumino'sa (clammy). 1$. White, pur-
ple. June.
— trfstis (sad), l. Purple. May. Austria. 1629.
HARDY HERBACEOUS PERENNIALS.
H. a'prica^xposed). $. Purple. May. Siberia.
— exce'lsa (lofty). 3. White. May. 1828.
— matrona'lis (matronly). 4. Purple. June.
Europe. 1597.
albiflo'ra (white-flowered). 4, White.
June. Europe. 1759.
— a'lbo-ple'na (double- white-lowered). 2.
White. June. Europe. 1597.
folnflo'ra (leaf-flowered). 2. Green.
June. Europe. 1597.
— horte'nsis (garden). Purple. June. Eu-
rope. 1759.
— ——purpu'reo'ple'na (double-purple). Bed.
June. Europe. 1597.
H. matrona'lis SiWrica (Siberian). 3. Purple.
June. Siberia. 1 800.
sylve'stris (wood). Pink. Jtme. Britain.
variega'ta (v&neg&tcd-doteble-flowered').
2. White, red. June. Europe. 1597.
— repa'nda (wavy-edged). 2. Purple. June.
Spain. 1821.
— tpecio'sa (showy). $. Rose, purple. April.
Siberia. 1829.
HESPEROSCO'RDUM. (Literally, the
onion of the west; from hesperos, the
evening, and scordon, garlic. Nat. ord.,
Lilyworts [Liliacese]. Linn., 6-Hexan-
dria \-Monogynla. Allied to Allium.)
Seeds or offsets in spring; sandy loam; require
a little protection in winter.
H. hyaci'nthinum (hyacinth-like). 1. Blue.
July. 1826.
— la'cteum (milk-white). 1£. White. July,
Cailfornia. 1833.
HE'SSEA. (A genus of little Cape
bulbs, named after M, Hess, a mission-
ary ; found in all our books, but the living
plants remain still tojbe introduced.)
HETERANTHE'RA. '(From heteros, va-
riable, and aner, anther Nat. ord.,
Pontederads [Pontederacese]. Linn., 3-
Triandria \-Monoygnia.}
Water perennials, allied to Lilies. Limo'sa will
thrive in a pond or stream ; the others require
tubs in the greenhouse and stove; division; rich
loam.
H. acu'ta (acute). White. June. Virginia. 1812.
— limo'sa (bog). Blue. July. N.Amer. 1822.
renifo'rmis (kidney-leaved). Blue. July. S.
Amer. 1824.
HETEROCHaa'TA. (From heteros, variable,
and chaite, a bristle; referring to the
flower-envelopes. Nat. ord., Composites
[Asteracese]. Linn., 19-Syngenesia 2-
Superflua. Allied to Erigeron.)
Hardy herbaceous perennial. Division of the
plant in spring; deep, sandy loam.
H. pube'scens (downy). White. July. Mexico.
1827.
HETEROMO'RPHA. (From heteros, va-
riable, and morpha, form; referring to
the leaves. Nat. ord., Umbellifers [Api-
acese.] Linn., 5-Pentandria 2-Digynia.)
Greenhouse evergreen shrub. Cuttings of young
shoots under a bell-glass, in sand ; sandy loam.
Winter temp. ,35° to 45°.
H. arbore'scens (tree-like). 2. Yellow. August.
Cape of Good Hope. 1810.
HETERO'NOMA. (From heteros, vari-
able, and nome, distribution; referring
to the leaves. Nat. ord., Melastomads
[Melastomacese]. Linn., 8-Octandria 1-
Monogynia. Allied to Ehexia.)
Stove evergreen shrubs, from Mexico. CBttings
of young shoots in spring, in sandy peat, under a
bell-glass, and then placed in bottom-heat; sandt
peat, and pieces of charcoal and sandstone, witfc
HET
£431 ]
HIB
good drainaee. Summer teinp., 60° to 80°; win-
ter, 48° to 55°.
H. diversifo'lium (various-leaved). 2. Ked. June.
1830.
— subtripline'rvium (under- three-nerved). White.
June. 1824.
HETEEO'PTEBYS. (From heteros, various,
and pteron, a wing; referring to the
wings of the seed-vessels being of differ-
ent forms. Nat. ord., Malpighiads [Mal-
pighiacese]. Linn., LQ-Decandria 3-Tri-
gynia. Allied to Banisteria.)
Stove climbers, except ni'tida, which is a shrub.
Cuttings of firm young shoots in silver sand, over
sandy peat, and plunged in bottom-heat, in April ;
sandy peat and loam, with pieces of charcoal,
and thorough drainage. Summer temp., 60° to
85°; winter, 50° to 55°.
H. casru'lea (blue). 10. Blue. W. Ind. 1823.
— chrysophy'lla (golden-leaved). Orange. Brazil.
1793.
—floribu'nda (bundle-flowered). Blue. Mexico.
1824.
— niftida (glossy). 10. Yellow. Brazil. 1809.
— undula'ta (wavy-teaaed). July. Buenos Ayres.
1838.
HETEROSPE'BMOTI. (From heteros, va-
riable, and sperma, seeds. Nat. ord.,
Composites [Asteracese]. Linn., 19-Syn-
genesia 2-Superflua.)
Hardy annual. Sow in the open border in April,
or in a slight hotbed in March ; seedlings to be
transplanted.
H. pinna' turn (leafleted). 2. Yellow. August.
New Spain. 1799.
HETEEOTHE'CA. (From heteros, various,
and theca, a covering; referring to the
flower-envelopes. Nat. ord., Composites
[Asteraceae], Linn., 19-Syngenesia 2-
Superflua.)
Hardy herbaceous perennial. Seeds and divi-
sions of the plant in spring ; common garden-soil.
H. sca'bra (rough). Yellow. August. N. Amer.
HETERO'TRICHUM. (From heteros, va-
rious, and thrix, hair; referring to the
disposition of the hairs on the leaves, &c.
Nat. ord., Melastomads [Melastomacese].
Linn., IQ-Decandria 1-Monogynia. Al-
lied to Miconia.)
Stove evergreen shrubs. Cuttings of young
shoots in sandy peat, under a bell-glass, and in
bottom-heat, in spring ; sandy peat and fibry loam.
Summer temp., 60° to 80° ; winter, 48° to 55°.
H.ma'crodon (long-toothed). 7. White. Sep-
tember. S. Arner. 1848.
— nVveum (snowy). White. May. St. Domingo.
1820.
— pa'tens (spreading). Blush. May. St. Do-
mingo. 1825.
HETJ'CHERA, (Named after Professor
Heucher, a German botanist. Nat. ord.,
Saxifrages [Saxifragacese]. Linn., 5-
Pentandria 2-Digynia.)
Hardy herbaceous perennials ; divisions of the
plant any time m spring ; common gwden.»oil.
H.Ameiica'na (American). 1. Purple. May.
N, Amer. 1606.
'-cylindra'cea (cylindric-panjcted). 2. Green.
May. N. Amer. 1830.
— gla'bra (smooth-). 1. Pink. May. N. Amer.
1827.
— hi'spida (bristly). 3. Purple. May. Virginia.
1826.
— M enzie'sii (Menzies'). White. May. N.
Amer. 1812.
— pube'scens (downy). 1. Pink, violet, June. N«
Amer. 1812.
— Richardso'nii (Richardson's). 1. Green. N.
Amer. 1827.
— villo'sa (shaggy), f. Violet. May. Canada. 1812.
HEWA'RDIA. (Named after Mr.Heward.
Nat. ord.,Polypods [Polypodiacese]. Linn.,
2±-Cryptogamia I-Filices.)
A stove Fern ; divisions in spring ; peat and
sandy loam. Summer temp., 60° to 80°; winter,
48° to 55°.
H. adiantoi'des (maiden - hair - like). Brown.
June. Guiana.
HEXACE'NTEIS. (From hex, six, and.
centron, a spur; alluding to two of its
stamens having one spur each, and two
of them two spurs each. Nat. ord.,
Acanthads [Acanthacese]. Linn., 14-
Didynamia 2-Angiospermia. Allied to
Thunbergia.)
Stove climbing evergreen shrub, and one of the
best. Cuttings of side-shoots under glass. Loam,
peat, sand, and leaf-mould in equal parts. Young
shoots pruned back after flowering. Temperature
not less than 55° in winter. In summer it can be
scarcely too hot. A damp air suits it.
H. Mysore'nsis (Mysore). 8. Yellow. June.
Mysore. 1854.
There is a variety with a crimson border to the
limb of the corolla.
HEY'NEA. (Named after Dr. Heyne,
a German botanist. Nat. ord., Meliads
[Meliacese]. Linn., IQ-Decandria 1-
Monogynia. Allied to Trichilia.)
Stove evergreen, white-flowered trees. Cuttings
of well-ripened young shoots in sand, under a
bell-glass, in bottom-heat ; sandy, rich loam and
a little peat. Summer temp., 60° to 85° ; winter,
55°.
H. quinque'juga (five-paired). 20. Java. 1816.
— tri'juga (three-paired). 20. September. Ne-
paul. 1812.
HIBBE'RTIA. (Named by G. Hibbert, a
distinguished promoter of botany. Nat.
ord., Dilleniads [Dilleniacese]. Linn.,
13 - Polyandria 3-Trigynia. Allied to
Candollea.)
Greenhouse evergreen shrubs, with yellow
flowers, from New Holland, except where other-
wise mentioned. Cuttings of half-ripened shoots
in sandy soil, under a bell-glass, in spring ; sandy
loam and a little peat. Winter temp., 40° to 45°.
Volu'bilis is an elegant twiner, and grossularia-
fo'lia makes either a creeper or a trailer ; it has
a fine effect suspended from a basket ; does beau-
tifully for hanging down the sidea of a rock-work
HIB
[432]
HIB
//. cistlfo'Ha fcistus-leaved). I. June. 1»26.
— Cwwm'ngAa'mt (Cunningham's). 2. July. 1832.
Twiner.
— denta'ta (toothed). 6. 1814. Twiner.
— flexuo'sa (zigzag). 2. May. 1823.
— grossulariaf(/lia (gooseberry - leaved). 6.
May. 1816. Trailer.
— linea'ris (narrow-leaved). 6. June. 1821.
— obtusifo'lia (blunt-leaved). 2. Van Diemen's
Land. 1824.
— peduncula'ta (/ow^-leaf-stalked). 2. June.
1821.
— perfolia'ta (leaf-pierced). 3. May. 1842.
— sali'gna (willow-leaved). 3. July. 1823.
— virga'ta (twiggy). 3. July. 1822.
— volu'bilis (twining). 8. June. Cape of Good
Hope. 1790. Twiner.
HIBI'SCUS. (Virgil's name for the
Marsh Mallow. Nat. ord., Malloivworts
[Malvaceae]. Linn., 16-Monadelphia 8-
Polyandria.)
Hardy annuals sow in open border, in the be-
ginning of April ; tender annuals sow in hotbed —
seedlings to have out-door or greenhouse treat-
ment ; hardy herbaceous require dividing in spring,
and a moist situation to grow in ; hardy shrubs
require an open situation fully exposed to the sun,
by seeds, and double ones by layers, by cuttings of
ripe shoots under a hand-light, in autumn, and
kept on all the winter, and also by grafting. Green-
house and stove species are propagated by young
shoots in sandy soil, under a bell-glass, the stove
kinds also requiring bottom-heat, and the green-
house kinds liking a little, too, after they have
stood a week in the cutting-pots ; peat and loam ;
usual greenhouse and stove temperatures.
HARDY ANNUALS.
H. Africa'nus (African). 2. White. June. Africa.
1826.
— Huge'lii (Baron Hugel's). May. Swan River.
1841.
— trio'nwn (three-coloured. Bladder-ke'tmia).
2. Yellow, brown. July. Italy. 1596.
STOVE ANNUALS.
H. digita'lus (finger-leaved). 2. White, red. Au-
gust. Brazil. 1816.
Keria'nus (Ker's). 2. White, red. Au-
gust. Brazil. 1816.
— longifio'rus (long-flowered). Pale yellow. Au-
gust. E. Ind. 1817.
— radio.' tw (rayed). 2. Yellow. July. E. Ind.
1790.
— tetraphy'ltus (four-leaved). 1|. Yellow. July.
* Bengal. 1818.
— vitifo'lius (vine-leaved). 2. Yellow. August.
E. Ind. 1690.
HARDY HERBACEOUS PERENNIALS.
H. grandiflo'rus (large-flowered). 3. Flame.
July. Georgia. 1816. Half-hardy.
— inca'nus (hoary). 3. Yellow. September.
Carolina. 1806.
— milita'ris (military). 3. Purple. August. N.
Amer. 1804.
— moscheu'tus (mallow-rose). 4. White, pink.
August. N. Amer.
— palu'stris (marsh). 3. Pink. August. N.
x Amer. 1759.
— pentaca'rpus (five-fruited). 3. Lilac, red.
August. Venice. 1752.
—>rofseus (rose-coloured). 4. Pink. August.
France. 1827. '
— tca'ber (rough). 2. Yellow. August. Caro-
lina. 1810.
H. specio'sus (showy). 2. Scarlet. July. N. Amer.
1804.
— Syri'acus (Syrian). 8. Purple. August. Syria.
1596. Deciduous shrub.
a'lbus (vtliite-flowered). 8. White.
a'lbus-ple'nus (double- white). 8. White.
August.
margina'tus (border-leaved). 8. Purple,
white. August. Syria.
— purpu'reus (purple-flowered). 8. Purple.
August.
— — — purpu'reo-ple'nus (double-purple). 8.
Purple. August.
ru'ber (red-flowered). 8. Red. August.
variega'tus (variegated-yZoz^ered). 8.
Striped. August.
— Virgi'nicus (Virginian). 2. Red. August. Vir-
ginia. 1/98.
— Wra'yce (Mrs. Wray's). 10. Purple. October.
Swan River. 183Q. Deciduous shrub.
GREENHOUSE EVERGREEN SHRUBS.
H. gossypi'nus (cotton-like). 4. Yellow. July.
Cape of Good Hope. 1818.
— grossula'rite (gooseberry-leaved). 4. Blush.
June. Swan River.
— heterophy'llus (various-leaved). 6. White,
red. August. N. S. Wales. 1803.
— multi'fidus (many-parted- Jeawed). 2. Azure.
September. N. Holland. 1837- Deciduous.
— Richardso'ni (Richardson's). 3. Yellow.
August. N.S.Wales.
STOVE EVERGREEN SHRUBS, &C.
H. abelmo'schus (musk-akro). 3. Yellow. Au-
gust. India. 1640.
— JEthio'picus (Ethiopian). 15. Purple. August.
Cape of Good Hope. 1774.
— bifurca'tus (two-forked). 2. Purple. June.
Brazil. 1825.
— Borbo'nicus (Bourbon). 10. Yellow. July.
Bourbon. 1820.
— Camero'ni (Cameron's). 1. Rosy. July. Mada-
gascar. 1838.
fu'lgens (brilliant). Red. August. Mada-
gascar. 1843.
— cancetla'tus (latticed). S. Yellow. July. E.
Ind. 1817.
— colli'nus (hill-inhabiting). 4. Yellow, brown.
January. 1836.
— crini'tus (long-li&ireA). 3. Yellow, red. Sep-
tember. Prome. 1828. Herbaceous per-
ennial.
diversifo'lius (various-leaved). 6. Yellow. June.
E. Ind. 1798.
— fe'rox (nerce-stinging). 5. Yellow. May. New
Grenada. 1844.
— ferrugi'neus (rusty). 15. Scarlet. Madagascar.
1824.
—ficu'lneus (fig-like). 4. Yellow, purple. June.
Ceylon. 1732.
— furca'tus (forked-calyxed). 2. Yellow. Au-
gust. E. Ind. 1816. Herbaceous per-
ennial.
— Jerroldia'nus (Mr. Jerrold's). 6. Crimson.
July. Brazil. 1843. Herbaceous perennial.
— la'mpas (lamp). 10. Pink. E. Ind. 1806.
— lila'cinus (lilac- flowered). 6. Lilac. N. Hoi-
land. 1836.
— liliiflo'rus (lily-flowered). 10. Scarlet. July.
Mauritius. 1828.
— Li'ndleyi (Lindley's). 3. Purple. December.
India. 1828.
— Macleaya'nus (MacLeay*s). Yellow. August.
W. Ind. 1827.
— Jtfo'n»Ao*(Manihot). 3. Yellow. July. E.Ind.
1712. Herbaceous perennial.
HIC
HIE
H. muta'bilis (changeable). IS.White. November.
E. Ind. 1690.
— peduncula'tus (/on#-leaf-stalked). 2. Red. Au-
gust. Cape of Good Hope. 1812.
— pentaspa'rmus (five-seeded). 3. Yellow. July.
Jamaica. 1825.
— phceni'ceus (purple-cowered). 8. Purple. July.
E. Ind. 1/96.
— pulche'llus (beautiful). 3. July. E. Ind. 1820.
— rhomb ifu'lius (diamond-leaved). 4. Purple.
July. E. Ind. 1823.
— ro'sa-Malaba'rica (Malabar-rose). 2. Scarlet.
August. E. Ind.
— ro'sa-Sine'nsis (Chinese-rose). 10. Red, July.
E. Ind. 1/31.
— —— ca'rnea-ple'na (double-flesh). 10. Flesh.
July. E. Ind. 1/31.
— fia'va-plt'nu (double -yellowish). 10. Yel-
low. July. E. Ind.
lu'tea (double-yellow). 10. Yellow. July.
E. Ind. 1823.
ru' bra-pie' no, (double-red). 10. Red. July.
E. Ind.
variega'ta-ple'na (double-variegated). 10.
Striped. July. E. Ind.
— sple'ndens (shining). 10. Rose. May. N. Hol-
land. 1S28.
— Telfai'riae (Mrs. Telfair's). 2. Rose. July.
Mauritius. 1825.
— *n'/oiws(three-lobed). 2. Yellow. July. W.
Ind. 1818.
— tu&ulo'sus (tubular). 2. Yellow. August. E.
Ind. 1/96.
~- veluti'nus (velvet). 6. White. July. Timor.
1818.
HICKORY. Ca'rya.
HIDE-BOUND, tiee BAP.K-BOUND.
HIERA'CIUM:. Hawkweed. (A name
from Pliny for eye-salve ; referring to the
ancient employment of the juice. Nat.
ord., Composites [Asteracese], Linn., 19-
Synyenesia 1-JEqtialis.)
Hardy herbaceous perennials, with one excep-
tion, and all yellow-flowered, except where other-
wise mentioned. The dwarf ones fitted for the
front of borders, rock-works, and alpine grounds.
Seeds and divisions of the plant in spring ; light,
rich loam. Frutico'xum is a greenhouse shrub;
cuttings will strike in sandy soil, either under a
bell-glass or a hand-light, during the summer;
sandy loam suits it, with a little peat. Winter
temp., 35° to 40°.
H.alpe'stre (alpine). £. J%ly. Switzerland. 1822.
— alpi'num (mountain). £. July. Britain.
— amplexicau'le (stein-clasping). l£. July. Pyre-
nees. 1739.
— —— pulmonarioi' des (lungwort-like). 1J. July.
Switzerland. 181Q.
— ancfttisa/o'/mm(bugloss-leaved). 1. July. Italy.
1816.
— ongustifo'lium (narrow-leaved). $. May. Switz-
erland. 1828.
— avranti'acum (orange). l£. Orange. June. Scot-
land.
fla' vum (yellow), li. July. Switzerland.
1819.
— auri'cula(umbel-e*rtd). Ij. July. England.
— bi'fidum (twice-cut). i£. June. Hungary.
— bracteola'tum (bracted). 14. August. Europe.
— calca'reum (chalky). $. July. Europe. 1816.
— Canade'nse (Canadian). 2. July. Canada.
1800.
28
H. cerinthoi'des (honey wort-like). Ij. August.
Scotland.
— cilia'tum (hair-fringed). 2. July. Crete. 1824.
— colli'num (hill). 2. July. Switzerland. 1819.
— corymbo'sum (corymbed). 2. July. 1817.
— crassifo'lium (thick-leaved). $• July. Hungary,,
1820.
— cro'ceum (saffron). 1. June. Siberia. 181 Sj
— cydonicEfo'lium (quince-leaved). 2. July.
France. 1816.
— cymo'sum (cymed). 1. May. Europe. 1730.
— dtnticula'tum (small-toothed). 1. July. Scot-
land.
— echioi'des (viper's bugloss-like). f . July. Hun-
gary. 1802.
— elonga'tum (lengthened). 1. July. Switzer-
land. 1819.
— eriopho'rum (wool-bearing). I.August. South
Europe. 1817.
— eriophy'llum (woolly-leaved). 1^. June.
— fascicula'turn (bundled). 5. July. Canada.
— fagella're (twiggy). 1. May. 1816.
— Florenti'num (Florentine). 2. July. Germany.
1791-
—folio'sum (leafy). 2. July. Hungary. 1805.
— frutico'sum (shrubby). 2. July. Madeira.
1785. Greenhouse shrub.
— glabra'tum (smooth). £. July. Switzerland.
1819.
tubulo'sum (tubulous). £. July. Switzer-
land. 1819-
— Gmeli'ni (Gmelin's). 1^. June. Siberia. 1798.
— Goc/iwo'^XGochnati's). 1. June. Switzerland.
1819.
— Grono'vii (Gronovius's). 1. June. N. Amer.
1798.
— Halle'ri (Haller's). 4. July. Britain.
— heterophy'llum (various-leaved). 2. August.
Woods.
— Hoppea'num (Hoppe's). ^. June. Switzerland.
1819.
— hu'mile (humble). J. July. Germany. 1S04.
brachia'tum (brachiate). i. June. Switz-
erland. 1819-
— inca'num (hoary). 2. July. Caucasus. 1817.
— incarna'tum (flesh-coloured). l£. Pink. June.
Carniola. 1815.
— inci'sum (cut-leaved), i- July. Switzerland.
1819.
— inuloi'des (inula-like). 4. August. Scotland.
— Ka'lmii (Kalm's). lj. August. Pennsylvania.
1794.
— lizviga'tum (smooth). 2. August. 1804.
— Lau'so'ni (Lawson's). *. June. Britain.
— longifo'lium (long-leaved). 1^. July. 1821.
— mucula'tum (spotted-/eo»ed). lj. August.
— mo'lle (soft-leaved), li- August. Scotland.
— ova1 turn (egg-teaued). i- July. Switzerland.
— palle'scens (pzle). 1. July. Hungary. IMS.
— panicula'tum (panicled). lj. June. Canada.
1800.
— pi'ctum (painted). lj. July. Switzerland.
1819.
— piloce'phalum (hairy-headed). 1. July. 1823.
— piloseltifo'rme (mouse-ear-lifc*). i. June.
Switzerland. 181Q.
— porrifo'lium (leek-leaved). 1. July. Austria.
1640.
— preemv'rsum (bitten-/ea»ed). 1. June. Switx-
rrland. 1818.
— prenant hoi'des (prenanthu»-like). 2, July.
France. 1819-
— prunellatfo'lium (self-heal-leaved). 4. July.
Switzerland. 1820.
HIG
[434]
HIP
H. pulmonarioi'des (lungwort-like). 1. July.
France. 1819.
~- pulmona'rium (lungwort). l£. July. Scotland.
.•-pusi'llum (small), i- July. Labrador. 1800.
— racemo'sum (racemed). 2. July. Hungary. 1810.
— rarno'sum (-branchy). 2. August. Hungary.
1805
— re'pens (creeping). l£. July. Switzerland. 181Q.
— ri'gidum (stiff). 2. June. Britain.
-- angustifo'Uum (narrow-leaved). 2. June.
Britain.
-- pi'ctum (painted). 2. June. Britain.
— rotunda' turn (round-leaved). 3. July. Hun-
gary. 1817-
— rupe'stre (rock). J. June. Switzerland. 1820.
— saxa' tile (rock). 1. July. Austria. 1801.
— Schmi'dtii (Schmidt's). l£. June.
— Schrade'ri (Schrader's). 1. July. Switzer-
land. 1819.
— speciosi'saimum (showiest). 1|. August.
South Europe. 1821.
— specio'sum (showy). 1&. June. 1818.
— staticifo'lium (thrift-leaved). 1^. June. Eu-
rope. 1804.
— Sternbe'rgii (Sternberg's). £. July. Switz-
erland. 1819.
— stoloni'ferum (runner-growing). 1. May.
Switzerland. 1820.
— succiscefo1 Hum (lopped-leaved). 1, June.
Switzerland. 1819.
— sylva'ticum (wood). l£. August. Britain.
— tricnce'phalum (hairy-headed). 1. July. 1823.
— umbella'tum (umbelled). 3. August. Britain.
— undula'tum (waved). l£. July. Spain. 1778.
— veno'sum (veiny). £. July. N. Amer. 1/90.
— verbascifo'lium (mullein-leaved). 1, May.
South .Europe. 1732.
— verrucula'tum (warted) . 1. July. 1821.
— villo'sum (shaggy). 1. July. Scotland.
— virga'tum (twiggy). 2. July. N. Amer. 1816.
HIGGI'NSIA. (Named after Don
gins, a Spanish -American officer. Nat.
ord., Cincho.na.ds [ Cinch onaceee]. Linn.,
5-Pentandria 1-Monoyynia. Allied to
Hernilia.)
A greenhouse evergreen shrub. Cuttings of
half-ripened shoots in sand, under a bell-glass, in
spring ; peat and loam. Winter temp., 38° to
45° ; will thrive out of doors in summer.
H. Mexica'na (Mexican). Yellow. June. Mex-
ico. 1840.
HI'LLIA. (Named after Sir John Hill,
a botanical author. Nat. ord., Cinchonads
[Cinch onaoese]. Linn., G-Hexandria 1-
Mofiogynia. Allied to Cinchona,)
^ Stove evergreens, with white flowers. Cuttings
in sand, under a glass, in bottom-heat ; sandy
loam and peat. Summer temp,, 60° to 85°; win-
ter, 48° to 55°.
H. longiflo'ra (long-flowered). l£. March. W.
Ind. 1789.
— tetra'ndra (four-stamened) . Ij. June. Ja-
maica. 1/93.
HI'NDSIA. (Named after E. JB. Hinds,
A promoter of botany. Nat. ord., Cincho-
nads [Cinchonaceae]. Linn., 5-Pentandria
\-Monogynia. Allied to Kondeletia.)
Greenhouse evergreen shrubs, from Brazil.
Cuttings of young shoots in. sand, under a bell-
glass, in bottom-heat. Summer temp., 60° to
85°; winter, 48° to 55°.
H. longiflo'ra (long-flowered), 2. Blue. Au-
gust. 1841.
a'lba (\vhite-fiowered). 2. White. May.
1845.
— viola'cea (violet-coloured). 3. Violet. May.
1844.
HIPPEA'STEUM. Equestrian Star. (From
hippeus, a knight, and astron, a star ; re-
ferring to one of the species, eque'stre.
Nat. ord., AmaryUids [Amaryllidacese],
Linn., Q-Hexandria 1-Monogynia. Allied
to Habranthus.)
This genus of bulbs has no affinity with Ama-
ryllis, with which the species are often confounded.
Offsets; sandy loam, peat, and leaf-mould.
Temp., 60° to 80° when growing ; 40° to 60°
when at rest.
GREENHOUSE.
H. Banksia'num (Banks's). Pink. October. 1840.
— Forbe'sii (Forbes's). 2. Purple, white. July.
Cape of Good Hope. 1823.
purpu'reum (Forbes's purple). 2. Pur-
ple. July. Cape of Good Hope. 1823.
— formosi'ssimum (handsomest). 1. Dark red.
July. N. Amer. 1658.
— Japo'nicum (Japan). Yellow. July. Japan.
— linea'tum (lined), g. April. S. Amer. 1820.
— pudi'cum (modest). 1. Pink. June. Cape
of Good Hope. 1795.
— Slateria'na (Slater's). Ked. March. Cape
of Good Hope. 1844.
STOVE.
H. ambi'guum (ambiguous). White and red.
June. Peru.
longiflo'rum (long- flowered). Whitish
and purple. June. Lima. 1836.
— ano'malum (anomalous). Crimson, green. S.
Amer.
— au'ricum (courtly). l£. Green, crimson. May.
Brazil. 1810.
glaucophy' Hum (milky - green - leaved).
Crimson, green.
— platype'talum (broad-petaled). 2. Crimson,
green. August. Brazil. 1824.
•—barba'tum (bearded -tube}. White, green.
Surinam.
— breviflu'rum (short-flowered). 3. White, red.
April. Buenos Ayres. 1836.
— bulbulo'sum (many-bulbed). Orange. Brazil.
1810.
acuminu'tum (pointe<i-petaled). Orange.
Brazil.
— i crocu'tum (saffron-coloured). 1. April.
Brazil. 1815.
— ——fu'lgidum (shining). 1. Light orange.
April. Brazil. 1810.
igne'scens (fiery). Red, orange. Brazil.
ru'tilum (refulgent). 1. Orange, scarlet.
Annl. Brazil.
— calyptra'tum (hooded). l£. Green, red.
June. Brazil. 1816.
— eque'stre (equestrian). 1. Orange, green.
August. W. Ind. 1710.
_ — ma'jor (larger). 2. Orange, green. Au-
gust. W. Irid. 1/10.
semiple'num (half-double). 2. Orange,
green. August. Cuba. 1809.
— hy'bridum (hybrid). Numerous cross-breed
varieties.
— intermedium (intermediate). 2, Striped. Au-
gust. Brazil. 1821. --*
HIP
[ 435 J
HOE
S. kermcsi'num (carmine). June. Brazil. 1833.
— minia'tuni. (vermilion). 1. Vermilion. June.
Peru. 1H25.
— Organe'nse (Organ Mountain). Crimson,
white. Brazil. 1841.
— — — compre'ssum (flattened). Red, white.
Brazil.
— psittaci'num (parrot). 2. Green, scarlet.
July. Brazil. 1816.
~ re'gium (queen's. Mexican Lily). 2. Scar-
let. May. Mexico. 1725.
— reticula'tum (netted- veined). 1. Scarlet.
April. Brazil. 1777-
— striatifo'lium (w/itYe-striped-leaved). 1.
Purple. August. Brazil. 1815.
— retine'rma (netted-nerved). 2. Scarlet. May.
W. Ind. 1822.
— • Solandriflo'rum (Solander - flowered). l£.
White, green. May. Guiana. 183Q.
— stria' turn (streaked 'flowered). Green,
white.
— stylo'sum (long-styled). 1. Red. April.
Maranham. 1821.
— varia'bilis (variable). 1. Red, white. June.
Cape of Good Hope. 1821.
— vitta'tum (striped-flowered). White, red.
• latifo'lium (broad-leaved). White, red,
green.
HI'PPION. (From hippice, the name
of a herb from Pliny, which, he said, if
put into a horse's mouth, makes him in-
sensible to hunger or thirst. Nat. ord.,
Gentianworts [Gentianacess], Linn., 5-
Pentandria \-Monogynia.)
Stove biennials. Sown in a hotbed, in spring,
or the end of summer, and carefully kept in stoves
and greenhouses during the winter, they will
bloom early the following season.
H. hyssopifo'Uum (hyssop -leaved). 1. Tawny.
July. E. Irid. 1825.
— verticilla1 turn (whorled). 1 J. White. July.
Trinidad. 1817.
— visco'sum (clammy). 2. Yellow. June.
Canaries. 1781.
HIPPOBKO'MA. (From hi^ipos, a horse,
and bromos, poison. Nat. ord., 8oapworts
[Sapindacese] . Linn., 5-Pentandria 1-
Monogynia.)
Stove herbaceous perennials, with white flowers.
Cuttings, suckers, and division of the roots ; sandy
loam, peat, and decayed, but dry, cow-dung.
Summer temp., 60° to 80°; winter, 48° to 55°.
If forced on in spring, they will bloom in the
greenhouse. The plants are poisonous even to
the touch, and should, therefore, be carefully
handled.
H. bremflo'rum, (short-flowered). July. S. Amer.
— longiflo'rum (long-flowered). May. W. Ind.
1752.
HrppocRE'pig. Horse - shoe Vetch.
(From hippos, a horse, and crepis, a shoe ;
referring to the form of the seed-pod.
Nat. ord., leguminous Plants [Fabaceffl].
Linn., II-IHadolphia 4-Deconrfria.)
Hardy pea-blossomed, yellow-flowered plants.
The annuals merely require sowing in the open
border, in March or April ; the herbaceous trailers
require dividing at a similar period. Balea'rica is
the only bhrub it resftmbles, and requires similar
treatment to the Coronilla, needing a cold pit or
a greenhouse in winter.
H. Bulea'rica (Balearic). 2. May. Minorca.
1776. Shrub.
— como'su (tufted). £. April. England. Per-
ennial trailer.
— glau'ca (milky-green). £. May. Italy. 1819.
Perennial trailer.
— Helvetica (Swiss-tufted). $. May. Switzer.
land. 1819. Perennial trailer.
— multiailiquo'sa (many -podded). 1. July.
South Europe. 1570. Annual.
HIPPO'PHAE. Sea Buckthorn. (From
hippos, a horse, and phao, to kill. Nat.
ord., Oleasters [Elseagnacese]. Linn. ,22-
Dicecia 4>-Tetrandria. Allied to Sliep-
herdia.)
Hardy deciduous shrubs. Layers, suckers, cut-
tings of the roots, and seeds ; common soil.
These are first-rate shrubs for the sea-coast, for
fixing sands along with ca'rex and other grasses.
H. rftamnoi'des (rhamnus - like). 12. May.
England.
-- angustifo'lia (narrow-leaved). 2. May.
South England.
-- Sibi'riea (Siberian). April. Siberia.
— salicifo'lia (willow-leaved). 8. Nepaul. 1822.
HHLE'A. (Named after De La Hire,
a French botanist. Nat. ord., Malpighiads
[Malpighiaceee], Linn., W-Dccandria
Stove climbers. Cuttings of firm young shoots
in sand, under a bell-glass, in bottom-heat;
sandy, fibry loam, and fibry peat, with a little
freestone or charcoal. Summer temp., 60° to 90° ;
winter, 50° to 60°.
H. glauce'scens (milky-green). Yellow.
— 1'ndica (Indian). 10. White. July. E. Ind. 1820.
— nu'tans (nodding). 10. White. July. E.
Ind. 1820.
— odora'ta (sweet-scented). 8. Yellow. Guinea.
1823.
— reclina'ta (leaning). 10. Yellow. July. W. Ind.
HOE. This is the implement which
should be most frequently in the gar-
dener's hand, for the surface of the soil
scarcely can he too frequently stirred.
The handles should never be made of
heavy wood, for this wearies the hand,
and is altogether a useless weight thrown
upon the workman. It is merely the
lever, and every ounce needlessly given
to this diminishes, without any necessity,
the available moving power. The best
woods for handles are birch or deal.
For earthing-up plants, broad blades
to hoes are very admissible, and they
may, without objection, have a breadth
of nine inches ; but for loosening tha
soil and destroying weeds, they should
never extend to beyond a breadth of six
inches, and the work will be done best
by one two inches narrower. The iron
plate of which they are formed should be
well steeled, and not more than one-six-
HOE
[436 ]
HOL
teenth of an inch thick. The weight
necessary should be thrown by the work-
man's arm and body upon the handle;
and the thicker the blade, the greater is
the pressure required to make it pene-
trate the soil. It should be set on the
handle at an angle of 68", as this brings
its edge at a good cutting angle with the
surface of the soil, and the workman soon
learns at what point most effectively to
throw his weight, and holds the handle
further from, or nearer to, the blade, ac-
cordingly as he is a tall or short man.
Mr. Barnes, of Bicton Gardens, employs
nine sized hoes, the smallest having a
blade not more than one-fourth of an
inch broad, and the largest ten inches.
The smallest are used for potted plants
and seed-beds, and those from two inches
and a half to four inches wide are used
for thinning and hoeing among crops
generally. These have all handles vary-
ing in length from eight inches and a
half to eighteen inches, all the neck or
upper part formed of iron, for the smaller
sizes not thicker than a large pencil, and
that part which has to be grasped by the
workman is only six inches long, and
formed either of willow or some other
soft, light wood, which is best to the feel
of the hand. Each labourer works with
one in each hand, to cut right and left.
The blade is made thin, and with a little
foresight and activity it is astonishing
how much ground can be got over in a
short time.
Mr. Barnes has all his hoes made with
a crane neck, as in the accompanying
sketch No. 1. The blades broader than
four inches Mr. Barnes has made like a
Dutch hoe, No. 2.
No. 1. No. 2.
The crane neck allows the blade to
pass freely under the foliage of any crop
where the*earth requires loosening ; and
the blade works itself clean, allowing the
earth to pass through, as there is no
place for it to lodge and clog up as in
the old-fashioned hoe, to clean which,
t?hen used of a dewy morning, causes
the loss of much time.
The thrust, or Dutch hoe, consists
of a plate of iron attached somewhat
obliquely to the end of a handle by a
DOW, used only for killing weeds or loosen-
ng ground which is to be afterwards
raked. As a man can draw more than
can push, most heavy work will be
easiest done by the draw-hoe.
In the island of Guernsey a very effec-
tive weeding-prong is used, something in
the shape of a hammer, the head flattened
into a chisel an inch wide, and the fork
the same. The whole length of this
prong is nine inches, and it is attached to
a staff five feet long. Such an imple-
ment is light and easy to use, it requires
no stooping, and will tear up the deepest-
rooted weeds.
HOITMANSE'GGIA. (Named after J. C.
Hoffmanseyg. Nat. or A., Leguminous Plants
[Fabacese]. Linn., IQ-Decandria 1-Mo-
nogynia.)
Stove, yellow, pea-blossomed evergreens. Cut-
tings of young shoots in sand, in bottom-heat ;
also division of the plant in spring ; peat and loam.
Summer temp., 60° to 80° ; winter, 50° to 55°.
H.falca'ria(sic\i}e-leaved), 2. July. Chili. 1806.
— prostra'ta (trailing). July. Lima.
HOHENBE'RGIA. (Named after M.
Hohenberg, a German botanist. Nat. ord.,
Bromelworts [Bromeliaceee]. Linn., 6-
Hexandria 1-Monogynia. Allied to Bil-
bergia.)
Stove herbaceous perennial. Suckers, and di-
viding the plant ; peat and loam. Summer temp.,
60° to 85°, with plenty of moisture ; winter, 50°
to 55°, and rather dry. When heat and moisture
are applied in the spring, the flower-stems will
shortly appear, if the plant was well exposed to
the sun in summer, and water gradually withheld
in autumn.
H. strobila'cea (coned). Yellow. May. S.Amer.
1842.
HOI'TZIA. (From hoitzil, its Peruvian
name. Nat. ord., Phloxworts [Polemoni-
acese]. Linn., 5-Pentandria l-Monogynia.
Allied to Ipomopsis.)
Greenhouse evergreen shrubs, from Mexico.
Cuttings of half-ripened shoots in sand, under a
glass; fibry peat and sandy loam. Winter temp.,
40° to 4 5°.
H. caru'lea (blue). 1. Blue. June. 1824.
— cocci'nea (scarlet). 3. Scarlet. 1824.
— glandulo'sa (glanded). 2. Pale red. June,
1825.
— Mexica'na (Mexican). 3. Scarlet. 1824.
HOLAKRHE'NA. (From holos, entire, and
arrhen, a male ; referring to the anthers.
Nat. ord., .Dogbanes [Apocynacese]. Linn.,
5-Pentandria \-Monogynia. Allied to
Alstonia.)
Stove evergreen. Cuttings of young shoots, as
fresh growth has commenced, in sand, under a.
bell-glass, and in bottom-heat; peat and loanj.
Summer temp., 60° to 80°; winter, 48° to 85°.
H. villo>sa (shaggy), E. Ind. 1820.
HOL
[437]
HOL
HOLBO'LLIA. (Named after F. L.
Holboll, of the Royal Botanic Gardens,
Copenhagen. Nat. ord., Lardizabalads
[Lardizabalacese]. Linn., 21-Monoeda
6-Hexandria. Allied to Akebia.)
Greenhouse climbers, from Nepaul, valued for
the fragrance of their dull flowers. Their fruit
is eaten in India. Cuttings of half-ripened young
shoots in sandy soil, under a glass ; open, sandy
loam, with a little peat ; will stand in a cool green-
house, in winter, and probably would twine up
the wires of a conservative wall in summer.
H. acumina'ta (pointed- leafleted}. Purplish.
February. 1846.
— angustifo'lia (narrow-leaved). Purple. March.
— latifo'lia (broad-leaved). 10. Green. March.
1845.
HOG-NUT. Ca'rya porci'na.
HOG-PLUM. Spo'ndias.
HOLLY. (I'lex aquifo'lium.) Of this
hardy evergreen shrub there are eight
varieties: — 1, Silver-edged; 2, Golden-
edged ; 3, Thick-leaved ; 4, Prickly ; 5,
Yellow-leaved; 6, Variegated; 7, Spotted ;
8, Eecurved.
The holly will not thrive in any poor,
light, sandy soil, or in a swampy situation,
"but likes a strong, deep, dry, loamy soil.
If grown as single ornamental shrubs
they should not be overshadowed by
other trees ; and if the land is manured,
so much the better. As to pruning it,
vith a view to make it grow fast, the less
you do of that the better. All that is
necessary is to encourage the leader,
"by stopping any laterals that try to in-
terfere with it.
The most expeditious way of making
holly-hedges is to procure large pi ants from
'some nursery; but, with the smallest ex-
pense and more time, the following maybe
recommended :— Gather a sufficient quan-
tity of berries when ripe ; then dig a hole
three or four feet deep, and throw the
berries in, crushing and mixing them
"with some fine soil at the same time;
close the hole with the soil taken out,
'and throw some litter, or other covering,
over the whole, to prevent the wet or frost
"penetrating. Take them up and sow them
in March. They will make nice little
•plants the first season ; and, by trans-
planting the stronger ones, you will have
•fine plants in about three years.
Large hollies are best moved about the
third week in August. With a small cord
tie up the lower branches, then mark a
tjircle two feet from the bole of the tree,
'and another circle two feet beyond the
first; the space between the two circles
must have all the soil dug deeply out of
it ; whilst this is going on, let another
labourer be digging a hole larger than
the ball of the tree will require, making
it rather deeper ; fill in some of the best
soil, chopped fine, and mix it with water
till it forms a puddle of the consistence
of thick paint. Gradually undermine
the ball below the roots till it stands quite
loose; then wrap some garden -mats
round, and tie the ball firmly together
with a strong rope ; then wrap the stem
round as near the soil as possible with
some old carpet or sacking; tie to the
stem at that part a stout pole eight or
nine feet long ; then lower the tree gently
down, and let as many men as are neces-
sary to carry it take hold of the pole, and
remove the tree to its place, letting it
down gently into the hole amongst the
puddle, taking care that it is not below,
but rather above, the general level ; fill
in good soil round the ball after the tree
is set upright, and the mats, ties, &c.,
removed. Mix this soil with water till it
is a puddle like the bottom ; secure the
tree with props, to prevent the winds
from shaking it.
The best time for cutting hollies is
early in the spring, about the end of
February, before they have begun to
shoot. Never clip them with shears, but
cut them in with a sharp knife.
HOLLYHOCK. (Althae'a ro'sea.) By
Cuttings. — These are made from the
young shoots that rise from the base of
the strong flower- stems. They may be
formed of the tops only, or, if the young
shoots are long, they may be cut into
lengths of two joints each, removing
the lower leaf, and shortening in the
upper one. To cause them to send
forth roots, a gentle hotbed should be
made either of well-fermented dung,
tanner's old bark, or fresh-fallen leaves.
As soon as the heat is moderated, place
the frame upon it, and a covering of dry
saw-dust upon the bed within the frame
to the depth of five inches. Then pre-
pare the cuttings, put them round the
edge of pots filled with moist, sandy loam,
press the earth close to the bottom of
each cutting, and fill up the holes with a
little more soil. Then plunge them
nearly up to the rim in the saw dust, but
give no water, because they are very full
of sap, and would damp off immediately.
Shade closely and give no air, excepting
a little at the back to let out the steam
'or an hour in the morning. In six
*
HOL
[438 ]
HOL
weeks they will begin to show signs of
growth, and should then have a little
water given without wetting the leaves.
When roots are formed, pot them off into
small pots, place them ia a cold frame
kept close, and shaded for a week or two.
Then gradually inure them to bear the
full sun, and give plenty of air, and mode-
rate but constant supplies of water. They
are then ready for planting out. The
best time to perform this is in early
spring, but it may be done also in August,
so as to have them rooted before the
winter sets in.
By Division.— Large, strong plants,
with numerous shoots, may be taken up
as soon as they have done flowering, and
be divided with a strong knife. Care
must be taken that each division has' a
good share of roots, and at least one
shoot to it. Plant these divisions in a
bed in a shady part of the garden, but
not under the drip of trees. They may
remain here till March, and then are
ready to plant out in the place where
they are to flower.
By Seed. — Save seed from the most
double and best coloured flowers. Clean
it from the husks, and keep it in a dry
drawer, or in a bag hung up in a dry
room. Sow early in March in shallow
wide pans, in a gentle heat. When the
seedlings are so large as to be readily
handled, transplant them either into
boxes three inches apart, or prepare a
bed of rich earth in a frame without
heat, and plant them out in it at the same
distance from each other. As soon as
the weather will permit, make a sufli-
ciently large piece of ground very rich
with well-decomposed hotbed dung, in a
dry, open part of the garden. Take the
plants up carefully with a garden trowel,
keeping as much earth as possible to
each. Carry them, a few at a time, in a
basket, to the prepared ground, and plant
them out in rows two feet apart, and one
foot between each plant. There they
may remain till they flower. Then mark
such as are well shaped and bright co-
loured; cut them down, and plant them
in the place where they are to flower next
season, giving a name to each. Write in
a book kept for the purpose a description
of each, both of shape and colour.
Single and badly-shaped flowers throw
away at once.
Soil. — They nrast have a dry, deep
Boil, enriched with plenty of manure. If
the situation is damp, they will die off
in the winter, unless well drained, and
the bed elevated above the natural level.
Summer Culture. — When the plants
begin to grow in the spring, give them a
mulching about two inches thick, with
some light littery manure. This will
protect the roots from the drying winds,
and strengthen the flower-shoots. Place
tall, strong stakes to them in good time,
and as they advance in growth, tie the
shoots separately to the stakes regularly,
but not too tightly, and leave room for
the stems to swell. During dry weather,
give, once a week, a thorough good
watering. If the flowers are intended
for exhibition in spikes, cut oif their ex-
treme ends. This will cause the flowers
to form a fine pyramid of bloom, and make
them open more equally and much larger.
Winter Culture. — Cut down the flower-
stem as early as possible after the bloom
is over, and the seed is ripened. Dig the
ground between the plants, leaving it
moderately rough to mellow with tha
weather, adding a dressing of well-de-
composed manure. Before the severe
frosts are likely to set in, give a mulching
of light, half-decayed dung, closing it
round the plants. This will keep the
roots warm through the frosty weather,
and will enrich the ground as it decays.
Insects. — The green fly will, in dry
seasons, attack the leaves and young
shoots. (See APHIS.) Slugs will also
attack the young shoots. They must be
diligently sought for and destroyed, or, if
very numerous, give the ground a water-
ing with clear lime-water occasionally.
In new ground, a brown grub is sometimes
very destructive by eating off the young
sJboots just level with the ground. No-
thing will kill these except hand-picking,
the soil must be stirred with the hand,
and the insects found and destroyed.
Diseases. — Sometimes they die off sud-
denly, the consequence of a too rich or
too damp soil. Whenever a plant is
struck with this disease it should be in-
stantly removed. If it has any young,
healthy shoots, they may be taken off and
put in as cuttings. The place must have
the soil removed for a foot square, fresh
soil put in* and a new healthy plant in-
serted.
HOLMSKIO'LDIA. (Named after 21
Holmskiold, a Danish botanist. Nat. ord.,
Labiates, orLipworts [Lamiacese}. Linn.,
%-Angiospermia.)
HOM
439 ]
HOB
Stove evergreens, with scarlet flowers, from the
East Indies. Cuttings of young shoots just get-
ting firm at the base, in sandy soil, under glass,
aad in heat ; sandy peat, and light, fibry loam.
Summer temp., 60° to 90°; winter, 50° to 60°.
H. sangui'nea, (bloody). 4. 1796. Shrub.
— sca'ndens (climbing). May. 1824. Climber.
HOMALONE'MA. (From homalos, regu-
lar, and nema, a filament; in reference
to the regularity of the numerous sta-
mens. Nat. ord., Arads [Aracese]. Linn.,
21-Moncecia 7-Heptandria. Allied to
Kichardia.)
Greenhouse herbaceous perennial. Offsets from
the roots, and dividing the plant; rich, open
loam, Winter temp., 40° to 45°.
H. corda'ta (heart- leav ed). White. June, China.
1820.
HONESTY. Luna'rla.
HONEY-BEBBY. Mellco'cCCt.
HONEY-DEW. See EXTBAVASATED SAP.
HONEY-IXOWEB. Melia! nthus.
HONEY-GAELIC. Nectarosco'rdum.
HONEY-LOCUST. Gledi'tschia trica'nthos.
HONEYSUCKLE. Caprifo'lium.
HONEYWOET. Ceri'nthe.
HOOP-PETTICOAT. Narci'ssus bulboco'-
dium.
HOOP-ASH. Ce'ltis crassifo'lia.
HOP. Hu'mulus.
HOP-HOBNBEAM. Phologo'phora.
HOBEHOUND. Marru'bium.
HOBKE'LLA. (Named after J. Horkel,
a German botanist. Nat. ord., Roseworts
[Kosaceee], Linn., W-Decandria 1-
Monoyynia. Allied to Potentilla.)
Hardy herbaceous perennial. Seeds and divid-
ing the plant in spring ; common garden-soil.
H. conge'sta (crowded-flowered). 2. White.
August. California. 1826.
HOEMI'NUJH. (From hormao, to excite ;
its medicinal qualities. Nat. ord., Lip-
worts [Lamiacesej. Linn., l^-Didynamia
I-Gymnospermia. Allied to Monarda.)
Hardy herbaceous perennial. Division of the-
plant, and seeds in spring ; requires a dry situa-
tion, or a damp winter will injure it.
H . Pyrena'icum (Pyrenean). 1. Blue. June,
Pyrenees. 1820.
HOBN. See ANIMAL MATTEES.
HOBNBEAM. Carpi' mis.
HOBN-OF-PLENTY. Fe'dict.
HOEN-POPPY. Olau'cium.
HOESE-CHESTNUT. ^E'scuhtS.
HOESE-EADISH. (Cochlea'ria Armo-
ra'cia.) Delights in a deep, rich soil,
tanks of a ditch, &c. Should the ground
require manure, it should he dug in at
the depth at which the sets are intended
to he planted. It is propagated by sets,
provided by cutting the main root and
I offsets into lengths of two inches. The
j tops, or crowns of the roots, form the
| best, those taken from the centre never
becoming so soon fit for use, or of so
nne a growth. Each set should have at
least two eyes; for without one they re-
fuse to vegetate at all. For a supply of
the crowns, any inferior piece of ground,
planted with sets six inches apart and
six deep, will furnish from one to five
tops each, and may be collected for
several successive years with little more
trouble than keeping them clear of
weeds ; but the times for planting are in.
October and February.
Insert the sets fn rows eighteen inches
apart each way. The ground trenched
between two and three feet deep, the cut-
tings being placed along the bottom of
the trench, and the soil turned from the
next one over them. The earth ought
to lie lightly over the sets; therefore
treading on the beds should be carefully
avoided. The shoots make their appear-
ance in May or June, or earlier if the
sets were planted in autumn.
Remove the leaves as they decay in
autumn, the ground being also hoed and
raked over at the same season, which
may be repeated in the following spaing.
In the succeeding autumn they merely
require to be hoed as before, and may be
taken up as wanted. By having three
beds devoted to this root, one will always
be lying fallow and improving ; of which
period advantage should be taken to ap-
ply any requisite manure.
Taking up, — To take them up, a trench,
is dug along the outside row down to the
bottom of the roots, which, when the bed
is continued in one place, may. be cut off
level to the original stool, and the earth
from the next row then turned over them,
to the requisite depth ; and so in rotation
to the end of the plantation. By this
mode a bed will continue in perfection
for five or six years, after which a fresh
plantation is usually necessary. But the
best practice is to take the crop up en-
tirely, and to form a plantation annually;
for it not only causes the roots to be
finer, hut also affords the opportunity of
changing the site. If this mode is fol-
lowed care must be taken to raise every
lateral root; for almost the smallest will
vegetate if left in the ground.
HOESE-EADISH TEEE. Mori'nga.
HOBSE-SHOE VETCH. Hippocre'pis.
HOESE-THISTLE. Ci'rsium
HOS
C440 ]
HOT
HOSA'CKIA. (Named after Dr. Hosack,
an American botanist. Nat. ord., Legu-
minous Plants [Fabacese], Linn., 17-Dia-
delphia k-Decandria. Allied to Ononis.)
Hardy plants, with yellow flowers, except where
otherwise mentioned. Suitable for front of borders
and rock-works ; speeds and division of the plants
in spring; cuttings of perennials in summer,
under a hand-light.
ANNUALS.
H. subpinna'ta (rather-leafleted). June. Chili.
1836.
— Wrangelia'na (Wrangel's). June. California.
1836.
HEKBACEOUS PERENNIALS.
H. bi'color (two-coloured). £. Yellow and white.
August. N. Amer. 1826.
— crassifo'lia (thick-leaved). June. California.
1833.
— decu'mbens (lying-down). 4. August. N. Amer.
1827.
— paroiflo'ra (small-flowered). £. August. N.
Amer. 1827.
— Purshia'na (Pursh's). J. July. N. Amer. 1824.
— stoloni'fera (creeping-rooted). 3. Red. June.
N. Amer. 1830.
HOSE IN HOSE is a form of double
flowers when one corolla is inserted
within the other, as is frequently the case
with the primrose.
HO'STA. (Named after N. T. Host, a
German botanist. Nat. ord., Verbenas
[Verbenaceee]. Linn., 2-Diandria l-Mo-
noyynia. Allied to Lantana.)
Stove evergreen shrubs, with blue flowers, from
Mexico. Cuttings in sand under a glass, in bot-
tom heat, in spring; peat and loam. Summer
temp., 60° to 80°; winter, 48° to 55°.
H, cceru'lea (sky-blue). 6. July. 1733.
— latlfo'lia (broad-leaved). 6. July. 1824.
— longifo'lia (long-leaved). 6. July. 1826.
HOTBED is a bed of earth, or other
material, usually covered by a glazed
frame, and heated artificially, and em-
ployed either for forcing certain vege-
tables, for raising seedlings, or for strik-
ing cuttings. It is heated either by dung,
or leaves, or tan in a state of fermenta-
tion, or by hot water.
Hotbed ofStaUe Dung : Preparation of
Dung. — We will commence with the dung
fresh at the stable door : the first thing is
to throw it into a close body to " sweat."
Those amateurs who have plenty, and to
spare, will do well to shake it over loosely,
and reject a portion of the mere drop-
pings ; for these take the most purifying,
and, moreover, engender an over-power-
ful, and sometimes unmanageable heat,
which, in unpractised hands, is capable of
much mischief. The main bulk of the
material thus thrown together will, in a
week or so, become exceedingly hot, and
must then be turned completely inside
out ; and, in so doing, every lock or patch
which adheres together must be divided.
Water will now be requisite, and must be
regularly applied as the work proceeds,
rendering every portion equally moist.
After the mass has lain for about four
days longer, it is well to administer a li-
beral amount of water on the top; this
will wash out at the bottom of the heap
much of its gross impurities. In a few
more days it must be again turned inside
out, using water if dry in any portion,
and after laying nearly a week it should
be almost fit for use ; but it is well to give
it even another turn. If any tree-leaves,
strawy materials, &c., or any simple ve-
getable matter is to be added to the mass,
it may be added at the last turning but
one. The heap ought now to be " sweet,"
and such may be readily ascertained even
by unpractised persons; for a handful
drawn from the very interior, and applied
to the nostrils, will not only be devoid
of impure smell, but actually possess a
somewhat agreeable scent, similar to the
smell of mushrooms.
Beds.— All things will now be in readi-
ness for building the bed, and one ne-
cessary point is to select a spot perfectly
dry beneath, or rendered so. It must,
moreover, be thoroughly exposed to a
whole day's sun ; but the more it is shel-
tered sideways the better, as starving
winds, by operating too suddenly in low-
ering the temperature, cause a great
waste of material as well as labour. The
ground plan of the bed, or ground sur-
face, should be nearly level. A good
builder, however, will be able to rear a
substantial bed on an incline; and such
is not a bad plan, so forming the slope as
to have the front, or south side, several
inches below the back; the front being
with the ground level, the back raised
above it. By such means there will be
as great a depth of dung at front as back,
which is not the case when the base is
level; for then, unluckily, through the
incline necessary for the surface of the
glass, the dung at back is generally much
deeper than the front, at which latter
point most heat is wanted. Good gar-
deners not unfrequently use a portion of
weaker material at the back, such as lit-
tery stuff, containing little power as to
heat. It is well, also, to fill most of the
interior of the bed, after building it half
a yard in height, with any half-decayed
HOT
[441 ]
HOT
materials, such as half-worn linings, fresh
leaves, &c. This will, in general, secure
it from the danger of burning, whilst it
will also add to the permanency of the
bed.
For winter-forcing a bed should be at
least four feet high at the back — if five
feet, all the better ; and as soon as built
let some littery manure be placed round
the sides, in order to prevent the wind
searching it. As soon as the heat is well
up, or in about four days from the build-
ing of it, the whole bed should have
a thorough watering. It is now well to
close it until the heat is well up again,
when a second and lighter watering may
be applied; and now it will be ready for
the hills of soil any time.
In making the hills of soil for the
plants, in forcing melons or cucumbers,
make a hollow in the centre of each ligbt,
half the depth of the bed. In the bottom
of this, place nearly a barrowful of brick-
bats, on this some half-rotten dung, and
finally a flat square of turf, on which the
hillock is placed. It is almost impossible
for the roots of the plants to "scorch"
with this precaution.
As the heat declines, linings, or, as
they might be more properly called, coat-
ings, are made use of, which consist of
hot fermenting dung laid from eighteen
to twenty-four inches, in proportion to
the coldness of the season, &c., all round
the bed to the whole of its height ; and if
founded in a trench, one equally deep
must be dug for the coating, it being of
importance to renew the heat as much as
possible throughout its whole mass. If,
after a while, the temperature again de-
clines, the old coating must be taken
away, and a similar one of hot dung ap-
plied in its place. As the spring advances,
the warmth of the sun will compensate
for the decline of that of the bed ; but as
the nights are generally yet cold, either
a moderate coating, about nine or ten
inches thick, is required, or the mowings
of grass, or even litter, may be laid round
the sides with advantage.
Various structures have been suggested,
whereby the heat only of fermenting dung
is employed, and its steam is prevented
from penetrating within fhe frame. One
of the best of these structures is the fol-
lowing, proposed by Mr. West : —
D D, chamber in which the dung is
placed, three and a half feet deep, sur-
rounded by nine-inch brickwork. One
half of this is filled longitudinally with
dung at the commencement, which, if
kept close shut up, will last twelve or
eighteen days, according to the quality
of the dung. As the .heat declines, the
other side is filled, and the temperature
is further sustained by additions to the
top of both as the mass settles. "When
this united heat becomes insufficient, the
side first filled being cleared, the old •
manure must be mixed with some fresh,
and replaced, this being repeated alter-
nately to either heap as often as neces-
sary. A A, are the doors, two of which
are on each side for the admission of the
dung. They are two and a half feet
square, fitted into grooves at the bottom,
and fastened by means of a pin and
staple at the top. B B, are small areas
sunk in front, surrounded by a curb of
wood ; G G G, are bars passed longitudi-
nally as a guide and support in packing
the dung; c, represents a bar of cast-iron,
two inches wide, and three quarters of an
inch thick, placed on the edge of which
there is a row, a foot asunder, across the
chamber, to support a layer of small
wood branches and leaves, H, for the pur-
pose of sustaining the soil, K, in the
upper chamber; E E, represents the ori-
fices, of which there are a series all
round the pit, communicating with the
flue F F F, which surrounds the beds ; the
exterior wall of this flue is built with
bricks laid flat, the inner one of bricks
set on edge. The flue is two inches wide,
and, for the sake of strength, bricks are
passed occasionally from side to side as
ties. The top of the flue, and the internal
part of the wall, which rises at the back
and front to the level the earth is
meant to stand, are covered with tiles,
over the joints of which slips of slate,
bedded in mortar, are laid, to prevent the
escape of the steam of the dung ; i, re-
presents one of two plugs, which stop
holes left to regulate the heat and steam
H0T
[442]
HOU
as may be necessary. The outer wall
supports the lights. For the conve-
nience of fixing the dung, it is best to
fill half of the chamber at the com-
mencement, before the branches, mould,
<fcc., are put in.
Hot-Water Beds.— If hot water be the
source of heat, the following sketch of
the bed and frame employed by Mr.
Mitchell, at Worsley, is about the best
that can be employed. The objects kept
in view when it was constructed, were —
1st. A circulation of air without loss of h eat.
2nd. A supply of moisture at command,
proportionable to the temperature. 3rd.
A desirable amount of bottom-heat. 4th.
A supply of external air (when necessary)
without producing a cold draught.
The method by which the first of these
is accomplished will be understood by
referring to the section, in which a is the
flow-pipes, b b I the return-pipes in the
chamber A. It is evident that, as the
air in the chamber becomes heated, it
will escape upwards by the opening c,
and the cold air from the passage B will
rush in to supply its place; but the
ascending current of heated air, coming
in contact with the glass, is cooled, de-
scends, and entering the passages, passes
into the chamber A, where it is again
heated; and thus a constant circulation
is pro'duced. In order to obtain the
second object, to some extent are combined
the tank-and-pipe systems. The flow-
pipe a is put half its diameter into the
channel c, which, when filled with water
(or so far as is necessary), gives off a
vapour, exactly proportionable to the
heat of the pipe and pit.
The third requisition is produced by
the surrounding atmosphere and heating
materials. The fourth is accomplished
simply by lowering the upper sash ; the
cold air thus entering at the top only,
falls directly into the passage B, and
passes through the hot chamber be-
fore coming in contact with the plants.
When the heat in the chamber is 95°, in
the open space over the bed it is 71° ; in
the bottom of the passage only 60° ; and
in the mould in the bed it is 80°. The
amount of vapour is regulated with the
greatest facility, even from the smallest
quantity to the greatest density. — Gard.
Chron.
HOTHOUSE. See STOVE.
HOTTENTOT BREAD. Diosco'rea.
HOTTENTOT CHEEKY. Cassi'ne Mauro-
ce'nia.
HOTTENTOT FIG. Hesembrya'nthemum
edu'le.
HOTTO'NIA. Water Violet. (Named
after P. Holton, a Dutch botanist. Nat.
ord., Primeworts [Primulacess]. Linn.,
5-Pcntandria \-MonogyniaS)
A hardy aquatic or marsh plant. Divisions in
spring ; ponds or ditches.
H, pulu'stris (marsh"), 1. Flesh. August. England.
HOT WALL is a hollow wall, the interior
air being so heated by flues or hot water
as to keep the bricks of which its faces
are composed so warm as to promote the
ripening of the wood and fruit trained
against them. See WALL (Fhted).
HOT WATER, as a source of heat for
gardening purposes, is preferable to any
other for large structures. In these it
is less expensive, and in all it is more
manageable and less troublesome than
any other. See GREENHOUSE, HOTBED,
and STOVE.
HOULLE'TIA. (Named after M.Houllet,
a French gardener. Nat. ord., Orchids
[Orchidacese]. Linn., 2Q-Gynandrict 1-
Monandria. Allied to Stanhopea.)
Stove orchids. Division of the plant; peat,
broken pots, charcoal, and rotten wood; plants
elevated above the pot, or in a shallow basket.
Summer temp., 60° to 90°; winter, 50° to 60°.
H. Brocklehurstia'na (Mr. Brocklehum's). 2.
Brown, yellow. June. Brazil. 1841.
— vittu'ta (striped). 1. Brown, yellow. June.
Brazil. 1841.
HOUND'S TONGUE. Cynoylo1 ssum.
HOUSELEEK. Sempervi'vitm.
HOUSTO'NIA. ( Named in honour of Dr.
W. Houston, an English botanist. Nat.
ord., Ginchonads [Cinchonacese] . Linn.,
4,-Tctrandria I-Monogynia.)
Hardy herbaceous perennials, from North
America. Division in spring ; sandy loam and
peat ; beautiful for small beds and rock-worka.
This genus, should be added to Bouvardia.
H. albiflo'ra (white-flowered). White. June. 1823.
— ceeru'lea (blue). £. Blue. June. 1/85.
— cilia'ta (hair-fringed). Whitish. July!/
— longifo'lia (long-leaved). J. Scarlet.
HOU
[ 443
HUE
H.purpu'rea (purple). 1. Purple. July. 1800.
— serpyllifo'lia (wild-thyme-leaved). ^. White.
July. 1826.
— tene'lla (tender,. Purple. May. 1812.
HOUTTUY'NIA. (Named after Dr.
Houttuyn, of Amsterdam. Nat. ord.,
Sanrurads [Saururacese]. Linn., 3-Tri-
andria 3-Trigynia.)
Herbaceous greenhouse marsh -plant, from
Japan, with yellowish-green flowers. Seeds, or
dividing the plant in spring ; peat and loam, kept
moist, and the plant a little shaded. Winter,
temp., 40° to 50°. H. corda'ta is really Poly'go-
num cuspida'tum.
H.fa'tida (foetid). 4. July. 1800.
HO'VEA. (Named after A. P. Hove, a
Polish botanist. Nat. ord., Leguminous
Plants [Fabacese]. Linn., W-Monadel-
phia 6-Decandria. Allied to Lalage.)
Greenhouse evergreen shrubs, from New Hol-
land, with purple flowers, except where otherwise
mentioned. Seeds, which should be sown in a
hotbed, and moistened in warm water before sow-
ing ; cuttings of young side-shoots in April or
May, in sand, under a bell-glass, and kept in a
close frame ; sandy peat with a very little fibry
loam, and pieces of charcoal and freestone, or
small places of pounded bricks. Winter temp.,
40° to 48°, with plenty of air ; in summer they
•hould b« a little shaded from bright sunshine.
H. Ce'lsii (Cei's). 4. Blue. June. 1818.
— cri'spa (curled). 2. February. 1837.
— elli'ptica (ova\-leaved). 3. April. 1817-
— ilicifo'lia (holly-leaved). 3. April. 1844.
— lanceola'ta (spear-head -leaved). 3. May. 1805.
— latifo'lia (broad-leaved). 3. June. 1820.
— linea'ris (narrow-/e««e<i). 3. July. 1796.
— longifo'lia (long-leaved). 3. July. 1805.
— Mangle'sii (Captain Mangles'). I. January.
1837.
— mucrona'ta (sharp-pointed). 4. May. 1824.
— panno'sa (ragged). 3 May. 1824.
— pu'ngens (pungent). Blue. 1837.
jno'jar(lanrer). Blue. Alay. 1841.
— purpu'rea (purple). 3. June. 1820.
— racemulo'sa (spikeleted). 2. May. 1842.
— rosmarinifo'lia (rosemary-leaved). 3. Blue.
June. 1824.
— tple'ndens (shining). 2. Blue. March. 1843.
— trispe'rma (three-seeded). Vermilion. May,
— villo'sa (shaggy). 3. Lilac. April. 1829.
HOYE'NIA. (Named after D. Hoven, a
Dutch senator. Nat. ord., Mhamnads
[Rhamnaceee]. IAnn.,5-Pentandria I-Mo-
nogynia. Allied to Alaternus.)
Greenhouse evergreen shrubs, with white flow-
ers. Cuttings of ripe young shoots in sand, under
a glass; sandy loam and a little peat. Winter
temp., 40° to 45°. H. du'lcis has stood against a
wall in the Horticultural and Kew Gardens, with
a little protection.
H. du'lcis (sweet). 8. July. Japan. 1812.
— inmquali* (unequal). 10. Nepaul. 1820.
HOY'A. Honey Plant. (Named after
Mr. Hoy, once gardener at Sion House.
Nat. ord., As<iepiads [Asclepiadacese].
Linn., 6-Pentandria %-Digynia.)
Stove evergreen twiners. Cuttings inserted in
almost any open soil, and plunged in a moist
heat, root quickly ; even the leaves will root, and
soon produce a plant ; peat and loam, with a con-
siderable portion of little pieces of pounded bricks
and lime-rubbish. They nourish best in the tem-
perature of the stove, and full exposure to the
sun ; but in winter they should be kept rather
dry, and in the temperature of a warm green-
house— 45°, 50°, or even lower.
H. a'tro-purpu'rea (dark purple). Brownish-
purple. September. Java. 1848.
— austra'lis (southern). White. N. Holland. 1820.
— be>lla (beautiful). l£. White, purple. Taung
Kola. 1847.
— campanula! to, (beVL- flowered). Green, yellow.
May. Java. 1845,
— carno'sa (fleshy-teaued). 10. Pinkish-white.
July. Asia. 1802.
fo'liis-variega'tis (variegated-leaved) . 10.
Pink. July.
— cinnamonifo'lia (cinnamon-leaved). 10. Pale
green. July. Java. 184".
— coria'cea (leathery). 2. White, yellow. August.
Manilla. 1838.
— crassifo'lia (thick -leaved). 10. China. 1817.
— fratetma (brotherly). Brown. July. Java. 1851.
— frutico'sa (shrubby). 1848.
— fu'sca (dark brown). Brownish. Sylhet. 183/»
— imperia'lis (imperial). 20. Scarlet. June.
Borneo. 1847-
— lacuno'sa (furrowed). 3. Greenish - yellow.
March. Java; 1854.
— ovalifo'lia (oval-leaved). Pinkish-yellow. July.
E. Ind. 1840.
— pa'llida (p&le). 6. White. July. E. Ind. 1815.
— parasi'tica (parasitical). Yellow. E. Ind.
— Po'tsii (Pots's). 10. Yellow. E. Ind. 1824.
— trine'rvis (three-nerved). 10. Yellow. July.
China. 1824.
The last two are probably varieties of JET. car-
no'sa. Feate'rna is brother to coria'cea.
HUDSO'NIA. (Named after W. Hudson,
F.K.S., author of the Flora Anglica. Nat.
ord., Hock-roses [Gistacese], Linn., 11-
Dodecandria l-Monogynia. Allied to He-
lianthemum.)
Half-hardy evergreens, from North America,
with yellow flowers. Generally by layers in spring
and autumn, and cuttings in sand, during *um-
n«er, under a hand-licrht ; sandy peat, and a moist
situation. They require a little protection in win-
ter, and may b2 placed in a pit. Unlike any other
group of the order, the foliage more resembles a
Heath than a Cistus.
H. ericoi'des (heath-like). 1. June, 1805.
— Nuttit'llii (Nuttall's,. 1. July.
— tomento'su (downy). 1. May. 1826.
HUE'ENIA. (Named after J. Huermust
a collector of Cape plants. Nat. ord., As-
clepiads [Asclepiadacese]. Linn., 5-Pen-
landria Z-Digynia. Allied to Stapelia.)
Greenhouse evergreen succulents, from the Cape
of Good Hope. Cuttings in spring, well dried be-
fore inserting, or dividing the plant after flower-
ing; sandy loam, and a little peat, leaf-mould,
and lime-rubbish ; plenty of water when growing
and flowering, but dry, or nearly so, during the
winter. Summer temp., 60° to 85°; winter, 45°
to 50°.
H. barba'ta (bearded), i. White- striped. Au-
gust. 1795.
HUG
£444 ]
HUR
H. clavi'gera (club-bearing), £. Yellow-striped
September. 1795.
— cri'spa (curled). $.
— hu'milis (humble), £. Yellow-striped. Sep-
tember. 1/95.
— lentigino'sa (freckled). £. Yellow-striped. 1/95
— ocella'ta (eyed). $. Yellow-striped. September
— reticula'ta (netted). £. Pink-striped. August,
1793.
— venu'sta (graceful). £. Yellow-striped. June,
1795.
HUGE'LIA. (Named after Baron Hug el
of Vienna. Nat. ord., Phloxworts [Pole-
laomacese]. Linn., 5-Pentandria l-Mono-
gynia. Allied to Gilia.)
Hardy annuals, from California. Seeds sown in
open border, in March ; common garden-soil.
H. densiflo'ra (crowded-flowered). J. Blue. June
1833.
— elonga'ta (lengthened). £. Blue. June. 1833.
— lana'ta (woolly), g. Light blue. July. 1847-
— lu'tea (yellow). 4. Yellow. June. 1833.
— virga'ta (twiggy). £. Blue. June. 1833.
HUMA'TA. (Probably from humatus, in-
terred; the stems being deep in the
earth. Nat. ord., Polypods [Polypodia-
cese]. Linn., 2^-Cryptogamia 1-f'ilices.)
Stove Ferns, with brownish-yellow spores. Di-
vision ; peat and loam. See FERNS.
H. angusta'ta (narrow). April. Singapore.
— heterophy'lla (various-leaved). April. Samaria.
— pectina't a (comb-like). April. Isle of Luzon.
— peda'ta (double-lobed). May. E. Ind.
HUMBLE PLANT. Mimo'sapu'dica.
HU'MEA. (Named after Lady Hume.
Nat. ord., Composites [Asteracea?]. Linn.,
IQ-Syngenesia 1-JEqualis.)
Greenhouse biennial. Sow in heat, in spring ;
prick out and grow under glass; place out of
doors in the heat of the summer ; house in good
time in the autumn; shift into larger pots as
wanted, and transfer to its blooming-pots in
April, or plant out in good, rich soil in May.
Single plants in a sheltered corner have a fine
effect.
H. e'legans (elegant). 6. Red. July. N. S. Wales.
1800.
HU'MTTLUS. The Hop. (From /mwtts,the
ground; creeping on the ground if not
supported. Nat. ord., Hempworts [Canna-
binacese]. Linn., 22-Dicecia 5-Pentandria.}
Hardy perennial twiner. Seeds and divisions in
r'ng ; deep, loamy soil. It is useful for summer
le, as it grows very quick.
H. lu'pulus (common. Hop). 15. Yellow. July.
Britain.
variega'tus (striped- Jeaved). 15. Yellow.
July. Britain.
HU'MUS. When the putrefaction of
dead plants is completed, there remains
a soft, black mass, known as vegetable
mould, or humus. One hundred parts of
the humus of wheat straw have of ex-
tractive, or apotheme, rather more than
twenty-six parts, and the residue is lime.
peroxide of iron, phosphate of lime, and
carbonaceous matter. This apotheme is
identical with the humic acid of Liebig,
the ulmic acid of Braconnot, and the geic
acid of Berzelius. It contains— carbon,
46.6; hydrogen, 20.0; oxygen, 33.4. It
was once believed, indeed, is still believed
by a few men of science, that this apo-
theme is the immediate fertilizing com-
ponent of organic manures, being soluble
under some circumstances, and entering
at once into the roots of plants, dissolved
in the moisture of the soil. But every
relative research of more modern che-
mistry is against this conclusion ; and it
is now tolerably certain, that a chief nu-
tritive portion of vegetable manures is
their carbon converted into carbonic acid,
absorbed either in solution with the
earth's moisture, or in gaseous form by
the roots.
HuNGAKiANLoTUS.AfywpA^a thermdlis.
HUNNEMA'NNIA. (Named after J. Hun-
nemann, a botanical agent. Nat. ord., Pop-
py worts [Papaveraceas]. Linn., 13-Poly-
andria \-Monogynia.)
Greenhouse herbaceous perennial. Seeds in
spring ; rich soil ; will bloom the second year in
greenhouse treatment, or may be kept over the
winter in a dry, cold pit.
H.fumarieefo'lia (fumaria-leaved). 2. Yellow.
Mexico. 1827-
HUNTLE'YA. (Named after the Eev.
Mr. Huntley, a zealous collector of plants.
Nat. ord,, Orchids [Orchidaceae]. Linn.,
20-Oynandria l-Monandria. Allied to Zy-
gopetalum.)
Stove orchids. Slips of shoots, and dividing the
plant ; fibry peat, &c. ; grown in a high, moist
temperature. Summer temp., 60° to 90° ; winter,
55° to 60°.
H. melea'gris (Guinea-hen). 1. Yellow, brown.
July. S. Amer. 1836.
— sessilifln'ra (stalkless-flowered). Violet. Guiana.
1835.
— viola 'cea (violet - coloured). Violet. June.
Guiana. 1837.
HU'KA. Sand-box-tree. (The native
name. Nat. ord., Spurgeworts [Euphor-
cea}]. Linn., 21-Moncecia Il-Monadel-
phia. Allied to Hippomane.)
Stove evergreen trees, with whitish-yellow flow-
_.s. Seeds, and cuttings of ripe young shoots
under a bell-glass, in sandy soil, and in heat ; rich
oam and peat. Summer temp., 60°to 80° ; winter,
50° to 55°.
H. crefpitans (rattling. Equal-toothed). 13. S.
Amer. 1733.
— stre'pens (sounding, Unequal-toothed^. 12.
S. Amer.
HUBBLE s of iron are the most eligible
modes of fencing, whether for perma-
HUS
[ 445 ]
HYB
aency or temporary purposes. They are
invisible at a short distance, elegant, and
durable. See BAILING.
HUSKY. The dung for a hotbed, when
too dry, is said to be husky.
Huicm'NSiA. (Named after Miss
Hutchins, an accomplished Irish crypto-
gamist. Nat. ord., Cructfers [Brassica-
cese]. Linn., 15-Tetradynamia. Allied to
Lepidium.)
Annuals, by seeds in April, in dry situations.
Herbaceous perennials, by seed and divisions in
spring, and cuttings under a hand-light, in sum-
mer ; sandy loam, with a little peat or leaf-mould,
and dry situations, such as banks or rock-work.
HAKDY ANNUALS.
H. petra'a (rock). }. White. April. England.
— procu'mbens (lying-down). $. White. May.
South Europe. 1823.
HAKDY HERBACEOUS.
H. alpi'na (alpine). *. White. May. South
Europe. 1775.
— brevi'styla (short-styled). White. May. Syria.
1825.
— calyci'na (/arg'e-calyxed). $. White. April.
Siberia. 1823.
— cepecefo'lia (cepese-leaved). *. Pink. June.
Carinthia. 1824.
— pu'mila (dwarf). June. Caucasus. 1821.
— rotundifo'lia (round-leaved). $. White, pur-
ple. June, South Europe. 1759-
— stylo'sa (/ong-styled). £. White, pink. June.
Caucasus. 1825.
HYACI'NTHUS. The Hyacinth. (In
mythology, a beautiful boy, who, after
being killed, was transformed into this
flower. Nat. ord., Lily worts [Liliacese].
Linn., 6-Hexandria \-Monogynia.}
Offsets from the bulbs, after the foliage has
died down in summer ; light, rich, sandy loam,
with a little leaf-mould. A valuable bulb for
forcing. Best florists' kinds grown out of doors,
should be taken up after the foliage is withered,
kept in shelves and drawers until the end of au-
tumn, and then planted and protected from severe
frost in winter, and frost and heavy rains in
spring, by an awning. For a brilliant out-door
display, where the kinds are not so valuable, the
roots may remain in the ground many years if
top-dressed, and the balbs are not too near each
other. When grown in pots, these should be
deeper than usual, in proportion to the diameter-
nine inches are not too much. The compost we
have found most suitable for them in pots is a
"good loam, three-fourths, and decayed cow-dung,
'two years old, one-fourth. In October they ought
to be potted, and immediately plunged in tan or
.ashes, quite overhead, at least two inches. In
potting, make the soil very firm under the bulb,
to prevent the roots going directly down too soon.
In a month after potting and plunging, a few
may be brought into heat, and forced to flower
.about Christmas ; and others may be brought in,
month after month, to supply flowers till May.
To grow them in water, glasses with a hollow cup
at the top, to hold the bulb, are used. It is not
good to begin too soon with glasses. December
is quite early enough. After being kept for a few
<l*ya in slightly-damped sand, they should be
placed in their glasses. At first the water should
only just touch the base of the bulbs, and the
glasses should be kept in a dark closet until the
roots have attained the length of an inch. Two
drops of spirit of hartshorn may be added to the
water in each glass when the bulbs are growing,
and whenever the water is changed. Dark-coloured
glass is always to be preferred, as the absence of
light is natural to all roots. By keeping the
glasses in a dark closet until the roots are full an
inch long, the hyacinths will not get top-heavy,
but the roots, being in advance of the leaves, will
preserve the plant balanced erect. The bloom
will also be finer, as the roots will be in a state to
nourish the leaves before these are prematurely
advanced. A piece of charcoal put into each glass
feeds the plant, andprevents putridity in the water.
H. amethy'stinus (amethyst- colour). |. Blue.
April. South Europe. 1759.
— bruma'lis (winter), f . Various. February.
— orienta'lis (oriental). f . Blue. March. Le-
vant. 1596.
a'lbus (white). |. White. March. 1596.
fla'vus (yellow), f. Yellow. March. 1596.
multiplex (double), f . Variegated. April.
1596.
ru'ber (red), f. Red. March. 1596.
semiple'nus (semi-double). £• Variegated.
March. 15Q6.
— spica'tus (large-spiked). $. Blush. February.
Zante. 1826.
— vi'ridis (green). Green. August. Cape of
Good Hope. 177*.
HYBANTHE'RA. (From hylos, a curve,
and anthera, an anther, or pollen-bag;
referring to the curve in the gouty anthers.
Nat. ord., Asdepiads [Asclepiadacesej.
Linn., 5-Pentandria 2-Digynia. Allied to
Pergularia.)
Stove herbaceous climber. Divisions of the
plant ; cuttings, when growth commences ; sandy
loam and peat. Summer temp., 60° to 85° ; win-
ter, 50° to 55°.
H. cordifo'lia (heart -shaped -leaved). Green,
yellow. May. Brazil. 1840.
HYBRIDIZING, or CROSS - BREEDING,
though not quite identical, have with the
gardener similar objects, viz., either im-
proving the beauty of his flowers, or the
flavour and prolificacy of his fruits and
culinary products. Hybridizing, strictly
speaking, is obtaining a progeny between
two different species, by fertilizing the
stigma of one with the pollen of another;
and cross -breeding is obtaining a progeny
between varieties of the same species.
The progeny of hybrids cannot produce
seed; but cross-breds are fertile. Our
own observations, and those of others,
justify the following statements, as afford-
ing some guide to the raiser of varieties:—
1. The seed-vessel is not altered in
appearance by impregnation from another
plant ; therefore, no hasty conclusion of
failure is justified by that want of change.
2. The colour of the future seed, not
HYD
[440]
HYD
of that first hybridized, seems to he most
influenced by the male plant, if its seeds
and flowers are darker than those of the
female. Capt. Thurtell, from his experi-
ments on the pelargonium, found the
colour and the spot of the petals to be
more influenced by the male than by the
female parent. Indeed, all experience
proves that the progeny usually, though
not invariably, most resembles in colour
the male parent.
8. Large stature and robustness are
transmitted to the offspring by either
parent ; but Mr. Knight generally found
the most robust female parent produced
the finest offspring.
4. Capt. Thurtell, from lengthened
observation and experiment, has ascer-
tained that the form of the petals follows
most closely that of the female parent.
5. Mr. Knight says that the largest
seed from the finest fruit that has ripened
earliest and most perfectly should always
be selected. In stone-fruit, if two kernels
are in one stone, these give birth to in-
ferior plants.
6. The most successful mode of ob-
taining good and very distinct varieties
is to employ the pollen from a male
.•flower grown on another plant than that
bearing the female parent. To avoid
previous and undesired impregnation, the
anthers in the female parent, if they are
produced in the same flower with the
pistils, must be removed by a sharp-
pointed pair of scissors, and the flower
in closed in a gauze bag, to exclude insects,
until the desired pollen is ripe. Another
effectual mode of avoiding undesired im-
pregnation is bringing the female parent
into flower a little earlier than its con-
genors, and removing the anthers as
above described : the stigma will remain
a long time vigorous if unimpregnated.
7. When double flowers are desired, if
a double flower should chance to have a
fertile anther or two, these should be
employed for fertilization, as their off-
spring are almost sure to be very double.
HYDKA'NGEA. (From hyd-or, water,
and aygeion, a vessel; referring to the
cup-form of the capsule, or seed-vessel.
Nat. ord., Hydranycads [Hydrangeaceaj],
Linn., IQ-Decandria %-Diyynia.')
Deciduous shrubs. Propagated by division of
the roots, cuttings of the ripened shoots, and
flourishig best in moist, sheltered places. Hvr-
te'nsis, the common garden Hydrangea, though a
little more tender, stands the winter well in the
southern parts of the island, and though cut
down in most winters in the neighbourhood of
London, yet, if a slight protection of mulching
is thrown over the roots, the stems will rise
strongly, and bloom well after Midsummer, if
care be taken to remove all the weaker ones, just
as is done with a Fuchsia stool. This species
makes, also, fine ornaments in pots, and may be
propagated at almost any time ; the young side-
shoots, when two or three inches in length, in-
serted in sandy soil and in heat, striking in a
few days, while the old stems will strike anywhere,
but require their time. To grow it well requires
light, rich compost, well drained, and abundance
of water. The flower generally appears first of a
greenish colour, becoming of a pale rose ; but in
some districts the colour becomes a beautiful
blue. Notwithstanding all the experiments that
have been made, there is still a little doubt as to
the cause that produces the change. When iron
fiiings and a solution of alum are used, in some
soils the blue colour is produced, while the same
means will not produce it in others; and other
soils will almost invariably produce this blue
colour without any peculiar matter whatever
being added. The loams at Kenwood, at Hamp-
stead Heath, and Stanmore Heath, and the peats
at Wimbledon, as well as some bogs near Edin-
burgh, are famous for producing this bine in the
Hydrangea. When trying artificially with iron
filings and alum-water, we have had different
colours on the same plant. This variation is
merely temporary — it cannot be propagated like
a variety : a cutting from a blue plant will pro-
duce a rose one, unless the peculiar treatment be
continued.
GREENHOUSE.
H. Belzo'nii (Belzoni's). 3. Blue. Japan.
— Japo'nica (Japan). 3. Blue, white. July.
Japan. 1843.
caru'lea ('olue-flowered). 3. Blue, white.
June. Isle of Nepau. 1844.
— etella'ta (starry -flowered), 3, Pink. July.
Japan.
HARDY.
H. arbor e'scens (tree-like). 6. White. July.
Virginia. 1736.
di'scolor(two-colouTed-leaved). 6. White,
green. August. N. Amer.
— eorda'ta (heart-leaved). White. July. Caro-
lina. 1806.
— heteroma'lla (various - surfaced - leaved). 4.
White. Nepaul. 1821.
— horte'nsis( garden). 3. Pink. May. China. 1740.
— ni'vea (snow- white- leaved). 5. White. August.
Carolina. 1786.
glabe'lla, (smoothish-leaved). 5. White,
green. July.
— quercifo'lia (oak-leaved). 4. White. July.
Florida. 1803.
HYDKA'STIS. Yellow Boot. (From hydor,
water; referring to the marshy places
where it grows. Nat ord., Crowfoots [Ra-
nunculacese]. Linn., 13-Polyandria l-Mo-
noyynia. Allied to Adonis.)
Kardy herbaceous perennial. Division of the
root ; loam and peat ; moist situation.
H. Canade'nsis (Canadian). £. Green. May. N.
Amer. 1759-
HYDRO'LEA. (From hydor, water, and
elaia, oil; referring to the marshy ha-
bitat and oily feel of the leaves. Nat. ord.x
HYD
C
•HYO
Hydrophyte [Hydrophylaceas]. Linn., 5-
Pentandria 2-Diyynia.}
Greenhouse herbaceous plants. Divisions, cut-
tings, and seeds; spino'sa is a small aquatic, grow-
ing best in peat and loam; quadrlva'luis is also
found in boggy places.
H. quadriva'iois (four-divided). Pale blue. July.
Carolina. 1824.
— spino'sa (thorny). 1. Blue. S. Amer. 1791.
HYDEOME'STUS. (From Jiydor, water,
and mestos, half; referring to the plant
living in water during the rainy season.
N&t.ord.iAcanthads [Acanthacese]. Linn.,
I4:-Didynamia 2-Angiospermia. )
Stove evergreen shrubs. Cuttings of young
shoots any time in spring and summer, in sandy
soil, and bottom-heat ; peat and loam. Summer
temp., 60° to 80° ; winter, 48° to 55°.
H. macula'tus (spotted). 2, Yellow. May.
Mexico. 1842.
HYDEOPE'LTIS. ( From hydor, water, and
pelte, a shield ; referring to the floating
shield-like leaves. Nat. ord., Watershidds
[Cabomhacese]. Linn., I3-Polyandria 6-
Polygynia.)
A very neat little hardy water-plant, well worth
growing by the edges of an aquarium, round a
mass of water-lilies, its nearest allies. Division ;
marshy soil ; should be protected in winter.
H.purpu'rea (purple). Red. July. N. Amer. 1798.
HYDKOPHY'iATna. Water-leaf. (From
hydor, water, and phyllon, a leaf. Nat.
cx&.tHydrophyls [Hydrophylacese]. Linn.,
5-Pentandria 1-Monogynia. Allied to No-
nophila.)
Hardy herbaceous perennials, from North Ame-
rica. Divisions and suckers ; rich loam and peat ;
in marshy situations.
H. appendicula'tum (appendaged-caty*e<Z). |.
Blue. May. 1812.
— Canade'nse (Canadian). £. White. May. 1759.
— Virgi'nicum ( Virginian). £. Blue. June. 1739.
HYDBOTJE'NIA. (From %dor, water, and
tainia, a band ; referring to a triangular
band in the flower secreting a liquid.
Nat. ord., Irids [Iridacese]. Linn., 3-Tri-
andria l-Monogynia. Allied to Beatonia.)
A pretty half-hardy bulb, with the aspect of a
Tigndia, and flowers like a Fritillaria. Seeds,
sown when ripe, or kept, and given a little heat in
the spring ; division of the offsets ; light, rich,
sandy loam ; taken up, and kept after the foliage
is decayed, and planted out the following spring.
If left in the ground, and covered to protect from
rains and frosts, the plants will be stronger than
ie bulbs were kept dry all the winter.
H. loba'ta QobeA-flowered) . ij. Yellow, purple.
, May. Lima. 1843.
— tnelea'zris (Guinea-fowl-like). 1. Yellow. July.
Mexico. 1837.
HYGROMETER. An instrument for as-
certaining the quantity of moisture in the
air. Everything that swells by moisture,
and contracts by dryness, is capable of
being formed into one. Every gardener,
who has taken a cool bunch of grapes
into a hothouse well-supplied with mois-
ture, would, in the grapes almost instantly
being covered with dew, see the principle
upon which the hygrometer acts. The
colder the grapes, the warmer the house,
the more the vapour contained in it, the
sooner would the dew be formed, and the
more plentiful its depositure. Pouring
cold water into a glass tumbler, in similar
circumstances, will be attended with, a si-
milar result : dew will be deposited on the
outside of the glass ; because, in either
case, the cold body condenses the vapour
in its neighbourhood ; and this is what is
called the dew point, being that tempera-
ture at which moisture is deposited from
the surrounding atmosphere upon any
object of that particular temperature. The
drip in frames, greenhouses, &c., is simi-
larly caused. The thermometer is the best
instrument for showing the temperature ;
and by taking two similar ones, covering
their bulbs with a fold of muslin or silk,
keeping one dry and the other wet, with
a thread of flos-silk acting as a syphon
from a 'vessel of water, the greater the
difference of temperature indicated by
the moist and dry thermometer, the
greater the deficiency of atmospheric
moisture. The nearer the temperature
of the moist and dry bulb, the nearer is
the air to being saturated with moisture.
To obtain more perfect details Daniel's
Hygrometer is the best instrument. It is
represented in the following figure. It
consists of two hol-
low glass balls con-
taining ether, and
communicating by
the glass tube
which rests on the
support. The ball
which forms the
termination of the
longer leg is of
black glass, in or-
der that the forma-
tion of clew on its
surface may be the
more perceptible.
It includes the bulb
of a delicate thermometer dipping in the
ether, its scale being inclosed in the tube
above the ball; and whatever change
takes place in the temperature of the
ether is indicated by this thermometer.
The other ball is covered with zraslua.
HYG
[448 ]
HYM
In making an observation it is first ne
cessary to note down the temperature o
the air ; next turn the instrument, si
that when the muslin-covered ball is heli
in the hand, the ether may escape into tin
blackened ball; and it should also be
held till the included thermometer rise
a few degrees above the temperature o
the air, when it should be replaced on the
support. Then drop, or gently pour, s
little ether on the muslin. The evapora
tion of this extremely volatile substanci
produces cold ; and attention must be in
stantly directed to the black glass bal
and included thermometer. The lattei
will be seen falling rapidly ; and at lengtl
a ring of dew will appear at the line
which runs across the black ball— quickly
if the air is very moist, slowly, if the air is
dry. If the air is very dry, no moisture
wiil be thus deposited till the thermo
meter falls to 10°, 20°, or 30° below the
temperature of the air. But at whatever
temperature the dew forms, that tempe-
rature should be noted as the dew-point
and the difference between it and the
temperature of the air, at the time, is the
degree of dryness according to the indi-
cations of this hygrometer. Thus, in a
moderately dry day, let it be supposed
that the temperature of the air is 65° in
the shade, and that the muslin requires
to be kept moist, before dew is formed,
till the blackened ball containing the
ether has its temperature reduced to 50°,
as indicated by the included thermo-
meter, there are then said to be 15° of
dryness. Again, supposing the tempe-
rature is 85°, and the dew-point found, as
before, to be 70°, the degree of dryness is
still expressed by 15°; but the quantity
of moisture diffused in the air is, not-
withstanding, somewhat greater in the
latter case than in the former. If 1000°
represent complete saturation, the quan-
tity of moisture, when the temperature is
65° and the dew-point 50°, will be 609 ;
but when the temperature is 85° and the
dew-point 70C, the moisture will be repre-
sented by 623 ; these numbers being as-
certained by tables prepared for the pur-
pose. The difference, however, in such a
case is so small, it is not worth taking
into account in a horticultural point of
view. But as these numbers can only be
ascertained by calculation, it is more con-
venient to reckon by the degrees of dry-
ness, bearing in mind that the dryness of
the air is indicated by the difference be-
tween the temperature of the air and of
the dew-point. Thus, if the ring of dew is
formed as soon as ether is applied, and
only 1° difference is observable, the air is
nearly saturated; if the difference is 5°
to 10° the dryness is very moderate;
while 15° to 20° of difference indicate
excessive dryness, and beyond this the
air is parching. — Gard. Chron.
HYGRO'PHILA. (From hygros, moist,
and phileo, to love; referring to the
habitat of the plant. Nat. ord., Acanthads
[Acanthaceoe], Linn., 14-Didynomta 2-
Angiospermia. Allied to Ruellia.)
Stove evergreens, from the East Indies. Cut-
tings of young shoots in sandy soil, in heat; peat
and loam. Summer temp., 60° to 80°; winter,
45° to 55°.
H. longifo'lia (long-leaved). Purple. June. 1821.
— ri'ngens (gaping). £• 1820.
— salicifo'lia (willow-leaved). Violet. June. 1822.
HYLE SINUS PINIPERDA. A species of
beetle, which preys upon the pith of young
shoots of sickly or recently-felled Scotch
and spruce- firs. It is not very injurious
in this country.
HYLOTONIA KOS.ZE. A saw-fly, which
injures rose-trees seriously, by puncturing
in rows their young shoots, and depositing
its eggs in the holes. The best remedy
is spreading a cloth beneath the trees in
the evening, and killing the insects
shaken down upon it.
HYMENIE'A. Locust-tree. (From Hy-
men, the god of marriage ; referring to
he leaflets being joined. Nat. ord., Le-
guminous Plants [Fabacese]. Linn., 10-
Decandria \-Monogynia. Allied to Bau-
linia.)
Fine, close-grained, hard wood ; and the resins
Anime and Copal are produced by these stove
evergreen trees. Cuttings of firm young shoots
n spring, inserted firmly in sand covered with a
jell-glass, in bottom-heat ; peat and rich loam.
Summer temp., 60° to 85°; winter, 55° to 60°.
H. Candollia'na (Decandolle's). 30. White.
Acalpulco. 1824.
— Cou'rbaril (Courbaril). 40. Yellow, purple.
W. Ind. 1688.
— verruco'sa (warty-podded). 20. White. Ma-
dagascar. 1808.
HYMENANTHE'RA. (From hymen, a
membrane, and anthera, an anther, or
ollen-bag. Nat. ord., Violetworts [Vio-
acese]. Linn., 5-Pentandria i-Jkfono-
gynia. Allied to Alsodeia.)
Greenhouse evergreen shrub. Cuttings of
oung shoots, getting a little firm, in spring, in
and, over peat, and well drained, under a bell-
lass; sandy peat, with a third of fibry loam.
Winter temp., 40° to 45°.
H, denta'ta (toothed-teawed). 6. Yellow. May,
N, Holland. 1824.
HYM
[ 449 ]
HYP
HYHENOCA'LLIS. (From hymen, a
membrane, and kalos, beautiful ; referring
to the membranous cup inside the
flower. Nat. ord., Amaryllids [Amarylli-
dacese]. Linn., 6-HexandriaI-Monogynia.
Allied to Pancratium.)
They have all white flowers, and much resemble
Pancratiums. Their seeds differ in being large
and green, the seeds of Pancratium having a
black, brittle skin. Offsets; rich, sandy loam.
See AMAR-J'LLIS.
HAKDY BULBS.
H. adna'ta (adhering-teawed). May. S. Amer.
1758.
— -' — acutifo'lia (pointed-leaved). May. Mexico.
1824.
litora'lis (sea-shore). May. S. Amer. 1/58.
— Drya'ndri (l)ryander's). 2. May.
— rota'ta (\vheel-crowned). 1. August. Mobile.
1803.
— Staple'sii (Staples's). June. Mexico. 1826.
GKEENHOUSE BULBS.
H. bistuba'ta (double-tubed). 14. April. Mexico.
1844.
— Caroliniu'na (Carolina). 2. June. Carolina.
1/59.
— Panamc'nsis (Panama). May. Panama. 1844.
— Skinneria'na (Skinner's). March. Guatimala.
1843.
STOVE BULBS.
H. amae'na (handsome). 1. August. Guiana. 1/QO.
— ova'ta (egg-/e«ued). 1. August. W. Ind.
— angu'sta (nurvow-leaved). l£. July. S. Amer.
— Caribee'a (Caribean). lj. July. W. Ind. 1730.
— Caymane'nsis (Cayman). August. Cayman.
1823.
— crassifo'lia (thick-leaved). ]£. July. S. Amer.
— expa'nsa (expanded). 2. May. W. Ind. 1818.
— fra'grans (fragrant). 1. July. W. Ind.
— Guiane'nsis (Guiana). 2. August. Guiana. 1818.
— Hnrrisia'na (Harris's). June. Mexico. 1838.
— Mexico,' na( Mexican). 1. August. Mexico. 1732.
— ovalifo'lia (oval-leaved). June. S.Amer. 1820.
— pa'tenn (spreading). 2. July. W. Ind. 18'22.
— peda1 Us (long-leaf -staXkeA). May. Brazil. 1815.
— pediu'le (long-flower-stalked). 3. August.
Brazil. 1820.
— specio'sa (showy). 1$. July. W. Ind. 175Q.
— tenuiflo'ra (thin-flowered). August.
— undula'ta (wavy-/eaw«d). I. July. S.Amer.
HYMENODI'CTYON. (From hymen, a
membrane, and diktyon, a net ; the en-
velope of the seeds being a net like
membrane. Nat. ord., Cinchonads [Cin-
chonacese]. Linn., 5-Pentandria 1-Mo-
noyynia. Allied to Luculia.)
Stove evergreen trees, from the East Indies,
with greenish-yellow flowers. For culture, see
CINCHO'NA.
H. exceflsum (tall). 30. July. 1820.
— thyrsiflo'rum (thyrse-flowered). 15. June.
1810.
HYMENOPHY'LLUM. Filmy-leaf Fern.
(From hymen, a membrane, and phyilon,
aleaf. Nat. ord., Polypods [Polypodiaceae] .
Linn., 24,-Cryptoyamia l-Filice*.)
Ferns, all with brownish-yellow spores, except
where otherwise mentioaed. By spores, and
dividing the roots ; peat and loam ; should be
rather cramped for room. See FKENS.
HAKDY.
H. Tunbridge'nse (Tunbridge). £. Brown. June.
Britain.
— Wilso'ni (Wilson's). £. Brown. June. Britain.
GREENHOUSE.
H. dilata'tum (swollen). August. New Zealand.
— flexuo'sum (zigzag). April. New Zealand.
— ni'tens (shining). May. New Zealand.
— sanguinole'ntum (bloody). May. New Zea-
land.
STOVE.
H. biva'lve (two-valved). May. Isle of Luzon.
— fimbria'tum (fringed). April. Isle of Luzon.
— hirsu'tum (hairy). May. Trinidad. 1823.
— polya'nthum (many-flowered). W. Ind. 1824.
HYOSCY'AMUS. Henbane. (From hyos,
a hog, and kyamos, a bean ; fruit eaten by
swine. Nat. ord., Nightshades [Solana-
ceae]. Linn., 5-Pentandria l-Monogynia.
Allied to Datura.)
The annual, by seed in the open, dry border,
towards the end of March ; the shrubby kinds, by-
cuttings under a bell-glass, in April ; or under a
hand-light in a shady place, in summer. Sandy,
fibry loam, and a little leaf-mould ; when planted
out of doors, young plants must be reared for
saving through the winter in a cold pit or green-
house. There are many other species besides the-
following ; but they are mere weeds.
//. Camera'rii (Camerarius's). Yellow, purple.
July. South Europe. Hardy annual.
— Canarie'nsis (Canary). 1$, Yellow. December.
Canaries. 1816. Greenhouse evergreen.
— dato'ra (datora). \\. Yellow. May, Egypt.
1829. Half-hardy evergreen.
HYPE'COUM. (From hypecheo, to rat-
tle; referring to the seeds in the pods.
Nat. ord., Fumeworts [Fumariacese],
Linn., &-Tetrandria 2-Digynia.)
Hardy annuals, with yellow flowers. Seeds in
the open border, in March.
H. ere'ctum (erect). $. May. Siberia. 1759.
— pefndulum (hanging-down). £. June. South
France. 1640.
— procu'mbens (lying-down). 1. July. South
Europe. 15Q6.
HYPE'RICUM. St. John's Wort. (The
Yperikon of Dioscorides ; said to be from.
yper, on account of, and ereike, heath ;
from its growing in similar places. Nat.
ord., Tutsans [Hypericacese]. Linn., 18-
Polyadelphia Z-Polyandria.)
All yellow-flowered, except where otherwise
mentioned. The hardier ones flourish in common
and sandy loam, and the more tender in loam and"
peat. Annuals, sow in the open border, in March ;
herbaceous, sow, and divide the plants in spring ;
shrubs are easily divided, as they stole freely, and
also by seeds ; greenhouse and frame kinds, by
divisions, but chiefly by cuttings of young shoots
in sand, under glass ; most of them, if protected
in winter, would grow against a wall. For exposed
places the following are the best shrubby ones : —
Eta'twr, hirci'num, calyci'num, Kulmia'nutn, and
proli'ficum.
HYP
[ 450 ]
HYP
HARDY BIENNIAL.
H. tfmplex (simple). 1. July. N. Amer. 1825.
GREENHOUSE EVERGREEN SHRUBS, &C.
H. Mgypti'acum (Egyptian). 2. June. Egypt.
1787.
— Mthio'picum (Ethiopian). 1. July. Cape of
Good Hope. 1817-
— Balea'ricuui (Balearic). 1&. May. Majorca.
17/4.
— Canarie'nse (Canary). 2. August. Canaries.
1699.
— Chine'nse (Chinese). 3. June. China. 1753.
— Co'chin-Chine'nse (Cochin-Chinese). 3. Red.
July. China. 1821.
— cordifo'lium (heart - leaved). 2. Nepaul.
1825. Half-hardy.
— co'ris (coris-leaved). 1. June. Levant. 1640.
Half-hardy.
— empetrifo'lium (empetrum-leaved). 1. July.
South Europe. 1820. Half-hardy.
— ericoi'des (heath-like). 1. June. Spain.
1821. Half-hardy.
— fioribu'ndum (bundle-flowered). 3. June.
Madeira. 1779. Deciduous.
— folio'sum (s/«nm#-leafy). 3. August. Azores.
17/8.
— glandulo'sum (glanded). 2. June. Madeira.
1777-
— grandiflo'rum (large - flowered). 3. July.
Teneriffe. 1718.
— heterophy'llum (various-leaved). 2. July.
Persia. 1812.
— oblongifo'lium (.o'olong -leaved). 1. June.
Nepaul. 1823.
HARDY DECIDUOUS AND EVERGREEN
SHRUBS.
H. axilla'refa'Killa.ry-Jlowered'). 2. July. Georgia.
Evergreen.
— calyci'num (/arge-calyxed). 1. July. Ireland.
— ela'tum (tall). 5. July. N. Amer. 1762.
— fasciculaf turn (fascicled). 1. July. Carolina.
1811.
—frondo'sum (leafy). 5. July. N.Amer. 1806.
— galioi'des (galium-like-Zenoed). 2. August. N.
Amer. Evergreen.
— Ge'bleri (Gebler's). July. Altai. 182Q.
— glau'cum (milky- green). lj. August. N.Amer.
1812.
— Mrci'num (goat-scented). 3. August. South
Europe. 1640.
— mi'nus (smaller). 2. August. South Eu-
rope.
— Katmia'numCK.&lm's). 2. June. N. Amer. 1759-
— nummula'rium (moneywort-heaved). 1. June.
South Europe. 1823. Trailer.
— Oly'mvicum (Olympian). 4. August. Levant.
1706. Evergreen.
— pa'tulum (spreading). I. June. Nepaul. 1823.
Evergreen.
— proWficum (prolific). 4. July. N. Amer. 1758.
— puncta'tum (dotted). l£. June. N.Amer. 1823.
— rosmarinifo'lium (rosemary-leaved). 2. July.
Carolina. 1812.
— serpyllifo'lium (thyme-leaved). £. July. Le-
vant. 1688. Evergreen.
— Ura'lum (Urala). 1. July. Nepaul. 1823.
HARDY HERBACEOUS PERENNIALS.
H. amee'num (pleasing). 4. July. Carolina. 1802.
— angulo'sum (vMgled-tooth-Jlowercd). 2. June.
N.Amer. 1812.
— a'scyron (St. Peter* s-wort). 2. June. Siberia.
1774.
— ascyroi'des (ascyron-like), 2. June. N, Amer.
1312.
H. attenua'tum (thin-leaved'). l£* July Dahuria,
1822.
— bar ba' turn (bearded). 2. July. Scotland.
Cala'bricum (Calabrian). l£. August.
Calabria. 1816.
— Canade' n$e (Canadian). I.August. N.Amer.
1770.
— cilla'tum (hair-fringed-./?OM>ered). 2. July. Le-
vant. 1739.
— cri'spurn (curly-leaved'). 1. July. Greece. IfiSS.
— denta'tum (toothed). 2. August. Mediterranean.
1820.
— dolabrifo'rme (hatched-formed). 2. June. N.
Amer. 1821.
— e'legans (elegant). l£. June. Siberia. 1822.
— fimhria'tum (fringed). 2. July. Pyrenees. 1821.
— Jiyssopifo'lium (hyssop-leaved). 1. July, South
Europe. 1823.
— involu'tum (rolled-inward-^owererf). 1. July.
N. S. Wales. 1822. Half-hardy.
— Japo'nicum (Japanese). l£. July. Nepaul. 1823.
— macroca'rpum (large-podded). August. N.
Amer. 1828.
— monta'num (mountain). l£. July. Britain.
— myrtifu'lium (myrtle-leaved). 1. July. N.
Amer. 1818.
— Nepaule'nse (Nepaul). l£. September. Nepaul.
1826.
— nudijlu'rum (naked-flowered). l£. July. N.
Amer. 1811.
— perfoliatum (stem-pierced-^eayed^. 1. July.
Italy. 1785.
ungiistifo'lium (narrow-leaved). l£. July.
Britain.
— perfora'tum (perforated), ij. July. Britain.
— prucu'mbens (lying-down). ^. August. N.
Amer. J.822.
— pusi'llum (small). £. July. N.S.Wales. 1818.
Half hardy.
— pyr ami ida1 turn (pyramidal). 2. July. Canada.
1759.
— quadra' ngulum (square-sfa/fted). 1^. July.
Britain.
— quinquene1 rvium (five-nerved). 1. July. N.
Amer. 1759.
— tomento' sum (woolly). 1. August. South Eu-
rope. 1648.
— tripline'rve (three-nerved). 14. July. N.Amer.
1821.
— virga'tum (twiggy). l£. July. N. Amer.
1820.
— Virgi'nicum (Virginian). l£. August. N.
Amer. 1800.
HYPH^'NE. (From hyphaino, to en-
twine ; referring to the fibres of the fruit.
Nat. ord., Palms [Palmacese]. Linn., 22-
Dicecia Q-Hexandria. Allied to Latania.)
This is the Doom Palm, and the Gingerbread-
tree of Egypt, the bark having the appearance of
that cake. Stove palm. Seeds ; rich, sandy loam.
H. coria'cea (leather-leaved), 20. Egypt. 1824.
HYPOCALYrMMA.(From hypo, under, and
kalymma, a veil; referring to the calyx
falling off like a veil or cape, on account
of the cohesion of the points, or apex.
Nat.ord., Myrtleblooms[M.yrt&ce8z'] .Linn,
12-Icosandria \-Monogynia.)
Greenhouse evergreen shrubs, from Australia*
Cuttings of young shoots in sand, under a bell-
glass ; loam and peat, with a little silver sandaud
pieces of charcoal. Winter temp., 40° to 45°.
HYP
[ 451 ]
IBE
H. angustifo'lium (narrow-leaved). 2. White
May. 1843.
— robu'stum (robust). 1. Rose. May. 1843.
— sua've (sweet-scented). Purple. May. 1844
HYPOCALY'PTUS. (From hypo, under,
and kalypto, to veil ; referring to the two
bractelets under the flo%er. Nat. ord., Le-
guminous Plants [Fabace8e].Linn.,16-afo-
nadelphia ^-Decandria. Allied to Loddi-
gesia. )
A very old evergreen greenhouse plant, once
called a Crotolaria, and one of the best of that
section. Cuttings of young side-shoots in April,
in sand, under a bell-glass ; peat and loam. Win-
ter temp., 40° to 45°.
//. oicoraV£Ms(reversed-egg-/ea»ed). l£. Purple.
June. Cape of Good Hope. 1823.
HYPODE'RRIS. (From hypo, under, and
derris, a skin. Nat. ord., Polypods [Polypo-
diacese]. Jjiwn.,24;-Cryptogamia l-Filices.)
A stove Fern. See FEENS.
H. Bro'wnii (Brown's). 2. Brown. May. Trinidad.
HYPOE'STES. (From hypo, under, and
estcs, covering ; referring to the bractes
covering the calyx. Nat. ord., Acanthads
[Acanthacese]. Linn., %-Diandria 1-Mo-
nogynia. Allied to Dicliptera.)
Stove plants. Cuttings of young shoots in
sandy soil, under a glass, in heat ; peat and loam.
Summer temp., 60° to 85° ; winter, 48° to 55°.
DECIDUOUS.
H. Co'chin-Chine'nsis (Cochin- China). White.
July. China. Climber.
*- purpu'rea (purple). 2. Purple. May, China.
1822. Herbaceous.
EVERGREEN.
H.fasttto'sa (sumptuous). 2. Red. June. E. Ind.
1818.
— involucra'ta (involucred). 1&. White. July.
E. Ind. 1811.
— se'rpens (creeping). $. July. Australia. 1820.
HYPOLE'PIS. (From hyp?., under, and
lepis, a scale. Nat. ord., Poiypoas [Poly-
podiacese]. Linn., 2±-Cryptogamia l-Fi-
lices.)
Ferns, with brown spores. The first two require
the stove, and the others a warm greenhouse.
See FERNS.
H. aculea'ta (sharp-pointed). August. Jamaica.
— re'pens (creeping). 5. Augusi. W. Ind. 1824.
— rugulo'sa (rather-rough). September. Van
Diemen's Land. 1844.
— tenuifo'lia (slender-leaved). June. N. S. Wales.
1824.
HYPO'XIS. (From hypo, beneath, and
oxys, sharp; referring to the seed-pod.
Nat. ord., Hypoxids [Hypoxidaceae].
Linn., Q-Hexandria 1-Monoyynia.)
Very pretty little bulbs, with the bulb solid, j
from the Cape of Good Hope, and with yellow I
flowers, except where otherwise mentioned. They
are little known either to botanists or gardeners.
Division of the plant in spring, and division ol the
roots; peat and loam. Temperature, according
as the species is hardy, or requiring the green-
house or stove.
HARDY.
H.ere'cta (upright). £. June. N. Amer. 1762.
— serra'ta (sa.\v-leaved). l. June. 1788.
— veratrifo'lia (veratrum-leaved). 2. June. 1778.
STOVE.
H.gra'cilis (slender). ^. July. Mexico. 1829.
— Sello'wii (Sellow's). June. Buenos Ayres. 1827.
GREENHOUSE.
H. Caroline'nsis (Carolina). 4. June. Carolina.
1822.
— e'legans (elegant), f. White, blue. May. 1752.
— latifo'lia (broad-leaved). Yellow. Natal. 1854.
— obli'qua (odd-sided-Zeawed). £. July. 1795.
— obtu'sa (blunt). £. June. 1816.
— prate'nsis (meadow). $. April. N.Holland. 1824.
— ramo'sa (branchy-stemmed). £• June. 1828.
— soboli'fera (shoot-bearing). £. August. 1774.
— stella? ta (star-lowered!), j. White, blue. May.
1752.
— villo'sa (shaggy). |. June. 1774.
HYSSO'PUS. Hyssop. (Tssopus of Dios-
corides, but certainly not the same plant.
Nat. ord., Llpworts [Lamiacese]. Linn.,
I±-Didynamia 1-Gymnospermia.)
Hardy, blue - flowered evergreens. Sow in
March or April ; propagate by dividing the plant
at the same time, or in September ; also, by stout
cuttings at a similar period ; the varieties are pro-
pagated by cuttings, and, if rare, require a hand-
"ight over them ; dry, light soil. The plant is not
only aromatic, but the flowers are beautiful.
H. di'scolor (two-coloured). June. Siberia. 1818.
— officinal lis (common. Shop). 2. June. South
Europe. 1548.
— — • angustfo'lius (narrow-leared). July. Cau-
casus.
— vane'scens (hoarv). June. Switzerland.
1819.
flo're-ru'bro (red-flowered). 2. Bed. July.
Gardens.
— variega'tus (variegated-feayed). !&• July-
Gardens.
— septemcrena' tus (seven -scolloped). June.
Egypt. 1829.
— septemfi'dtis (seven-cleft). June. Egypt. 1827.
I.
IBE'RIS. Candy Tuft. (From Iberia, the
ancient name of "Spain, where the species
abounds. Nat. ord., Crucifers [Brassi-
caceae]. Linn., 15-Tetradynamia. Allied
to Thlaspi.)
All white-flowered, except where otherwise spe-
cified. Annuals and biennials, by seeds in March
and April ; most of the annuals, and especially
the umbella'ta group, are very hardy, and if sown
in autumn will generally stand the winter, and
bloom in April and May in consequence. The
shrubby evergreen group, by seeds, but chiefly by
cuttings after flowering, under a hand-light, in a
shady corner, in summer. I. sempervi'rens may
be taken as a type of this group, and whether in
a clump, by the side of borders, or hanging over
knolls and rock-works, its masses of white flowers
are really beautiful.
HARDY ANNUALS AND BIENNIALS.
I. cilia'ta (hair-fringed-teat?ed). J. June. Pro-
vence. 1802. Biennial.
ICE
[ 452 ]
ICE
J. corona'ria (crown-cowering'). 1. July. 1836.
— interme'dia (intermediate). 1. June. France.
1823. Biennial.
— odora'ta (sweet-scented). 1. June. Crete. 1806.
— Tau'rica (Taurian). J. May. Caucasus. 1802.
Biennial.
— umbella'ta (umbelled). 1. Purple. June.
South Europe. 1596.
— viola'cea (violet). £. Purple. June. 1/82.
— Virgi'nica (Virginian). June. N. Amer. 1836.
GREENHOUSE EVERGREEN.
/. Gibralta'rica (Gibraltar). 1. Whitish-pink.
May. Gibraltar. 1732.
HARDY EVERGREENS.
J. confe'rta (crowded). £. June. Spain. 1827.
— contra'cta (contracted). £. May. Spain. 1824.
— corifo'lia (coris-leaved). &. June. South
Europe. 1739.
— Garrexia'na (Garrex's). £. May. Piedmont.
1820.
— pube'scens (downy). £. Pale violet. June.
— pu'mila (dwarf). May. Sicily. 1828.
— saxa'tilis (rock). 3- May. South Europe. 1739.
— semperflo'rens (ever-flowering). 1£. May.
Sicily. 1679.
— sempervi'rens (evergreen), f. May.Candia.1731 .
HARDY HERBACEOUS.
2. Tenorea'na (Tenore's). %. Pale purple. June.
Naples. 1802.
ICE. Mr. Beaton finds that the cheapest
and most effectual mode of preserving
this is in what he terms an Iceberg, and
it is thus constructed : — Choose a natural
hollow for the sight of the iceberg, where
the bank on one side is steep, and let the
outside of the cone, when it is finished,
be at six feet from the bottom of the bank.
Some such space is necessary between
the bank and the ice, to get rid of any
rain or snow water that may run down
the bank before it gets to the ice. At the
bottom of the bank, and half way up,
pots are to be let into the ground in pairs,
four feet apart, and braced together with
a strong piece of timber set across, as
builders do their scaffolding ; letplanksfor
wheeling on be made into a long trough,
inclining from the top of the bank, and
resting on those cross pieces; the bottom
of the trough being carried out to near
the intended centre of the cone, and far
above it ; and the ice should be broken
on a platform of boards at the top of the
bank, and poured down the inclined
trough. The broken ice should be spread
a little by some one as it falls from the
spout, care being taken that the cone is
"brought up regularly ; and when the ice
reaches the height of the bottom of the
spout, the planks are to be re-arranged,
so as to allow room for throwing off the
ice as fast as it comes down; and, finally,
when the cone is finished into a sharp
point, the whole must be left till theirs/
frost after mild or thawing weather. The
outside of the iceberg lias then melted a
little; but on the first hard frosty night
the whole is frozen over again, and the
outside of the cone is then as if it were
one solid face of lagged ice; and now is
the time to thatch it entirely over with
good long straw, about the same thick-
ness as you would a wheat or barley
stack, and no more, provided you have
cheaper materials to give it a good thick
covering afterwards. At Shrubland Park
they use large quantities of leaves, and
nothing else, over the straw; these are
thrown on at intervals, so that the leaves
do not heat by putting too many on at
once. The depth of covering over the
straw is sometimes twice as much as in
other seasons, according to the quantity
of leaves on hand ; but two feet in thick-
ness does not preserve the ice better than
one foot. The ice is never uncovered by
high winds blowing off the leaves, though
nothing is put upon them to keep them
down.
Perfect exemption from wet or damp
is necessary for the bottom of an iceberg ;
and a few pieces of rough wood, put upon
such a place, and covered with brush-
wood about a foot, and that again covered
with six inches of straw, is sufficient.
The brushwood and straw are soon com-
pressed into a few inches by the weight
of the ice ; and as the ice melts, the
water passes through, without hinderance,
into cross, open drains at the bottom.
When ice is required, the thatch is
opened at the bottom, each time, the ice
cut out with a pickaxe, and the thatch
replaced.
If an Ice-house is built, Mr. Cobbett's
plan, as follows, is the Fi?- *•
best: — Fig. 1 a is the «,*'rnf»*
centre of a circle, the
diameter of which is ten
feet, and at this centre £ *• a "* •
you put up a post to \ *.,»»* 2
stand fifteen feet above •, * ^
the level of the ground, ' * • • • * v
which post ought to be about ten inches
through at the bottom, and not much
smaller at the top. Great care must
be taken that this post be perfectly
perpendicular, for if not, the whole
building will be awry ; b b are fifteen
posts, nine feet high, and six inches
through at the bottom, without much
tapering towards the top. These posts
stand about two feet anart, reckoning
.*./"
ICE
T 453 '!
ICH
from centre of post to centre of post,
which leaves between each two a space of
eighteen inches ; c c c are fifty-four
posts, five feet high, and five inches
through at the bottom, without much
tapering towards the top. These posts
etand about two feet apart from centre
of post to centre of post, which leaves
between each two a space of nineteen
inches. The space between these two
rows of post is about four feet in width,
and is to contain a wall of straw : e is a
passage through this wall ; d is the out-
side door of the passage ; / is the inside
door; and the inner circle, of which a is
the centre, is the place in which the ice
is to be deposited. The wall is to be
made of straw, wheat straw, or rye straw,
with no rubbish in it, and made very
smooth by the hand as it is put in. Lay
it in very closely and very smoothly, so
that if the wall were cut across, as at
g g in Fig.* 2 (which Fig. 2 represents
the whole building cut down through the
middle, omitting the centre post), the
ends of the straw would present a com-
pact wall. It requires something to
keep the straw from bulging out between
the posts ; little stakes as big as your
wrist will answer this purpose. Drive
them into the ground, and fasten at the
top to the plates, which are pieces of
wood that go all round both the circles,
and are nailed upon the tops of the posts.
Their main business is to receive and
sustain the lower ends of the rafters, as
at m m and n n in Fig. 2. From s to m
there need be only about half as many
as from m to n. The roof is forty-five
degrees pitch, as the carpenters call it
If it were even sharper it would be none
the worse. There will be about thirty
ends of rafters to lodge on the plate as
at m, and these cannot all be fastened to
the top of the centre post rising up from
a. The plate which goes along on the
tops of the row of posts, b b b, must be
put on in a somewhat sloping form
itherwise there would be a sort of hip
"ormed by the rafters. The best way to
put on such deep thatch is to have a
strong man to tie for the thatcher. The
thatch is to be of clean, sound, and well-
prepared wheat or rye straw, four feet
thick, as at h h in Fig. 2. The bed for
the ice is the circle of which a is the
centre. Begin by laying on the ground
round logs, eight inches through or there-
abouts, and placing them across the area,
leaving spaces between them of about a
foot. Then, cross ways on these, poles
about four inches through, placed at six
inches apart. Then, crossways on them,
rods as thick as your finger, placed at an
inch apart. Then, again, small, clean,
dry, last winter-cut twigs, to the thick-
ness of about two inches, or, instead of
these twigs, good, clean, strong rushes,
free from grass and moss, and from rub-
bish of all sorts. Upon this bed the ice
is put, broken, and beaten down together
in the usual manner. As we have seen,
there is a passage, e; two feet wide is
enough for this passage, so that you may
have two doors, and the inner door open.
This inner door may be of hurdle-work
and straw, and covered on one of the sides
with sheep-skins with the wool on, so as
to keep out the external air. The outer
door, which must lock, must be of wood,
made to shut very closely, and covered,
besides, with skins like the other. At
times of great danger from heat or from,
wet, the whole of the passage may be
filled with straw. The door, Fig. 3,
should face the north, or between north
and east. As to the size of the ice-house,
that must of course depend upon the
quantity of ice that you may choose to
have. A cubic foot of ice will, when
broken up, fill much more than a Win-
chester bushel.
ICE-PLANT. Mest'mbrya'nthemum crys-
talli'num.
ICHNOCA'RPUS. ( From ichnos, a vestige,
and karpos, a fruit ; in reference to the
slender seed-vessels. Nat. ord., Dogbanes
ICI
[ 454]
ILL
[Apocynaceae]. Linn., 6-Pentandr'a 1
Monofjynia. Allied to Apocynum.)
Stove evergreen twiner. Cuttings of small side-
shoots in April, in sand, and in heat. Summei
temp,, 6015 to 80° ; winter, 50° ; peat and loam.
I.frut&scens (shrubby). JO. Purple. July
E. Ind. 1759.
I'CICA. (The native name in Guiana
Nat. ord.,Amyrids [Amyridaceae]. Linn.,
IQ-Decandria 1-Mottoyynia. Allied to
Bursera. )
Stove evergreen balsam, producing trees with
white flowers, and all but one natives of Guiana
Cuttings of ripened young shoots in stroni; heat,
in sand, and under a bell-glass; peat and loam.
Summer temp., ou° to 80°; winter, 50° to 55°.
/. alti'ssima (highest). 100. 1822.
— deca'ndru (ten-stamened). 40. 1825.
— enneu'ndra (ntne-stamened). 20. 1822.
— Guiune'nsis (Guiana). 50. 1823.
— heterophy'llu (various-leaved;. 50. 1826.
— Tacanz«A'/'cu('facamahac). 30. Trinidad. 1810.
I'LEX. The Holly. (From the re
semblance of the leaves to the Ilex of
Virgil, Que'rcus i'hx. Nat. ord., Holbj-
worts [Aquifoliacese], linn., k-Tetrun-
dria 3 • Tetrat/y nia.)
All white-flowered but one. By seed, which
should be kept in the rot-heap for a twelvemonth
after gathering, Irequently turned in the mean
time, to rot the pulp, and then sown in beds.
The varieties by grafting and budding— the first
in March, and the second in July ; by cuttings of
the ripened summer shoots in autumn, on a north
border, and covered with hand -glasses; soil, sandy
loam, in any place free from stagnant water. See
HOLLY.
GREENHOUSE EVERGREENS.
I. angustifu'lia (narrow-leaved). 6. May. Caro-
lina. 1806.
— Chine'nsis (Chinese). 10. July. China. 1814.
— Magetla'nicu (Magellan). Magellan. 183s.
Halt-hardy.
— Pera'do (Perado). 10. Pink. May. Madeira,
1/60.
~ serra'ta, (saw-edged-teaued). Japan. 1840.
STOVE EVERGREENS.
I. myrtifo'lia (myrtle-leaved). 6. July. W.
Ind. I8o6.
— Paraguaye'nsis (Paraguay lea}. 15. Para-
guay. 1823.
— salicifo'lia (willow-leaved). 5. May. Mau-
ritius. 1818.
HARDY EVERGREENS.
/. aquifo'lium (prickly-leaved. Common). 20.
May. Britain.
o'Mo mnrgina'tum (white -edged). 12.
May. Britain.
«''*» pi'ctum (white-painted. Milkmaid).
20. April. Britain.
Altadare'nse (High-Clere). 20. April.
Britain.
~~ angustifo'lium (narrow-leaved). 20. May.
Britain.
— au'reo margina'tum (gold - edged) l °
May. Britain.
— au'reo pi'ctum (gcU*
May. Britain.
I. aquifo'lium eilia'tum (hair-fringed-fea&erf).
20. May. Britain.
• eilia'tum mi'nus (small - hair - fringed-
leaved). 20. May. Britain.
crassifa'lium (thick-leaved). 20. May.
Britain.
cii'spum (curled - leaved). 20. May.
Britain.
fe'rox (fierce. Hedgehog). 12. May.
Britain.
fe'rox arge'ntcum (silvery - fierce). 20.
May. Britain.
fe'rox au'reum (golden -fierce). May.
Britain.
fla'num (yellow). 15. May. Britain. •
fru'ctu a'lbo (white-berried). 20. May.
Britain.
fru'ctu lu'teo (yellow-berried). 20. May.
Britain.
fru'ctu ni'gro (black-berried). 20. May.
Britain.
heterophy'llum (various-leaved). 20. May.
Britain.
latifo'lium (broad -leaved). 20. May.
Britain.
luurifo'lium (laurel-leaved). 20. May.
Britain.
marg im'tum (thick - margined - leaved) ,
20. May. Britain.
me'dio pi'ctum (middle-painted). 10. May.
Britain.
plutyphy'llum (broad- leaved). May. Eu-
rope. 1844.
recu'rvum (bent-back-/e«wed). 20. May.
Britain.
sene'scens (aged-s/nneZess). 20. May.
Britain.
serratifo'lium (saw-edged-leaved). 20.
May. Britain.
— Balea'rica (Balearic). 10. May. Minorca. 1815.
— Cancrie'nsis (Canary Island). 16. May. Ca-
naries. 1820.
— cassi'ne (cassine). 12. August. 'Carolina. 1700.
— Dahoo'n (Uahoon). 6. May. Carolina. 1726.
— dipyre'na (two-seeded). 12. May. North
India. 1840.
— latifo'lia (broad-leaved). 20. Japan. 3840.
— laxtflo'ra (loose-flowered). 20. May. Carolina.
1811.
— opa'ca (opaque). 30. May. Carolina. 1/44.
— recu'rva (bent-back). 6. May.
— vomit o'ria (emetic). 10. July. Florida. 1/00.
ILLE'CEBRUM. Knot Grass. (From
'llecebra, a charmer ; referring to the
pretty little annuals giving a charm to
>vaste places. Nat. ord., Knotworts [II-
iecebracese]. Linn., 5-Pentandria \-Mo-
oyynla.)
All white-flowered, and all propagated by seed ;
common soil, though vert icillu' turn likes a little
moist peat. The greenhouse and stove perennials
merely require the extra heat, and may also be
ropagated by division in the spring.
. diffu'sum (spreading). 1. June. Trinidad.
1817. Greenhouse herbaceous perennial.
— glomera'tum (clustered). £. June. Brazil.
1820. Stove herbaceous perennial.
— gomphrenoi'des (gomphrena-liKe;. £. June.
Peru. 1810. Stove annual.
— verticilla'tum (whorled). £. July. England.
Hardy trailing annual,
IMJ'CIUM. Aniseed-tree. (From illicio,
ILL
[455 ]
IMP
to allure; referring to the perfume. Nat.
ord., Magnoliads [Magnoliacese]. Linn.,
13-Polyandria 6-Polyyynia. Allied to
Drirnys.)
The fruit of anisa'tum has the flavour of anise,
being used as a spice in Chinese cookery ; and
the seed of religio'sum is burnt as incense in their
temples. Half-hardy evergreen shrubs. Cuttings
of the young ripened shoots in sand, under a
glass, in summer ; by layers, from a stool in a
cold pit, where they generally remain two years
before being removed; sandy loam and peat;
require the protection of the cold pit or green-
house in winter, though Floridu'num has sto d
out in many places with but a slight protection in
severe weather.
J. anisa'tum (anise-scented). 6. Red. Slay.
Japan. 1790.
— Floridu'num (red. Florida). 8. Red. May.
Florida. 1/66.
•«— parviflo'rum (small-flowered). 6. Yellow.
May. Florida. 1790.
— religio'sum(lio\y). 4. Yellow, green. March.
Japan. 1842.
ILLTJPIE-TREE. Ba'ssia.
IHANTOPHY'LLTJM. (From imas, a leather
thong, and phyllon, a leaf; alluding to
shape and substance of the foliage. Nat.
ord., Amaryllids [Amaryllidaceffi]. Linn.,
Q-Hexandria 1-Monogynia.)
A greenhouse bulb. For culture, see CLI'VIA.
We think Cli'via no' Mils should be here included
as Imantophy'llum Aito'ni.
I. minia'tum (brick-coloured). 1. Red. February.
Natal. 1854.
IMBRICA'RIA. (From imbrico, to cover
like tiles on a roof; referring to the
divisions of the calyx. Nat. ord., 8apo-
tads [Sapotacese]. Linn., Q-Octandria 1-
Monogynia. Allied to Mimusops.)
Stove trees, which produce fruit similar to an
orange. Cuttings of ripe shoots in sand, under a
glass, in strong, moist heat ; sandy loam and peat.
J. Borbo'nica (Bourbon). White. Isle of Bour-
bon. 1820.
IMBEICATED. Leaves, sepals, &c., are
said to be imbricated when one laps over
the next, and so in succession, like the
tiles of a house, as in the leaves of the
common Heath, or Ling, Eri'ca vulga'ris.
IMPA'TIENS. Balsam. (From impatiens ;
referring to the elasticity of the valves of
the seed-pod, which discharge the seeds
when ripe, or when touched. Nat. ord.,
Balsams [Balsamacese], Linn., 5-P<?n-
tandria 1-Monogynia.}
Hardy annuals and biennials, by seed in the
open border, in April. Scapiflo'ra, a bulb, re-
quires stove heat, and to be kept almost dry in
winter. Greenhouse annuals and biennials merely
require to be sown in a hotbed in March, and
planted out as half-hardy and tender annuals.
All these may be kept over the winter by taking
off cuttings in the beginning of autumn, which
would bloom in the house early in the spring
See BALSAMS.
HARDY ANNUALS.
r. biflo'ra (two-flowered). Orange. June. N.Amer.
— crista'ta (crested). 2. Yellow. August.
China. 1827.
— di'scolor (various-coloured). 1. Yellow. Au-
gust. Nepaul. 1820.
— fu'lva (yellow). 3. Dark yellow. June. N.
Amer. Aquatic.
— macrochi'la (long lipped). 8. Pale purple.
August. India. 1839.
STOVE ANNUALS AND BIENNLVLS.
. ca'ndida (white). 6. White. May. Himalayas.
183Q. Biennial.
— cocci' nea (scarlet). 2. Scarlet. August. E.
Ind. 1808.
— eornu'ta (horned). 2. Red. August. Cey-
lon. 1826.
— Hookeria'na (Hooker's). 2$. White. Ceylon.
1852.
— fasciculu'ta (fascicle-cowered). 2. Pink. July.
Ceylon. 1851.
— horte'nsis (common. Garden). 3. Red. Sep-
tember. E. Ind. 1596.
— latifo'lia (bread-leaved). 1. Pale red- Au«
gust. E. Ind. 1818.
— longico'rnu (long-horned). May. E. Ind.
na'tans (floating). 2. Red. July. E.
Ind. 1810.
— macrophy'lla (long-leaved. Ceylon}. 2£. Red
and orange. Ceylon.
— Mastersia'na (Mr. Masters's). 1. Purple. July.
Khooseea Hills. 1837-
— pi'cta (painted). 2. Pink. June. E. Ind.
1837. Biennial.
— platypc'tala (bro&A-petaled). l£. Rose. June.
India. 1844.
eVmna (handsonje). l£. Purple. July.
Bombay. 1850.
— re1 pens (creeping). lj. Yellow. June. Ceylon.
1848.
— scapiflo'ra (scape-flowered). |. Lilac. Au-
gust. E. Ind. 1835. Bulb.
— trico'rnis (three-horned). 6. Yellow-spotted.
June. India. 1839.
GREENHOUSE ANNUALS.
J. bi'fida (two-cleft). £. Red. August. Japan. 1820.
— Cape'nsis (Cape). *. Red. August. Cape
' of Good Hope. 1318.
— Chine'nsis (China). 1. Purple. August.
China. 1824.
— glanduli'fera (gland-bearing). 12. Purple.
August. India. 1839-
- Jerdo'nia: (Mrs. Jerdon's). |. Green, red,
and yellow. June. Neilgherries. 185«.
— Madagascarie'nsis (Madagascar). J. Red.
August. Madagascar. 1820.
— mi'nor (smaller). $. Red. August. E. Ind.
— Mysore'nsis (Mysore). £. Red. August.
Mysore, 1820.
- ro'sea (rose-coloured). 6. Rose. July. Hima-
layas. 1839.
— triflo'ra (three-flowered). 1. Pale red, Au-
gust. Ceylon. 1818.
— tripe'tala (three-petaled). 1. Bed. AugTUfc
Nepaul. 1625.
IMPATIENT. A plant is said to be im-
patient of heat or cold when it is speedily
injured by a slight excess of cither one
or the other.
IMPREGNATION. No seed ever attains
the power of germinating, unless the
INA
[ 456 ]
IND
pollen from the stamens in the same, or
some nearly-allied flower, has reached
and impregnated its pistils. In favour-
able seasons, when genial warmth and
gentle winds prevail, impregnation is
readily effected by the plant's own provi-
sion. The pollen is never shed from the
anther of the stamen until the stigma of
the pistil is fully developed, and this
soon withers after the contact.
Insects aid in effecting this impregna-
tion, and in frames, hothouses, &c., from
whence they are almost totally excluded,
other artificial means might be adopted
"with success to render flowers fertile that
had hitherto failed in producing seed.
Thus the gardener always finds the ad-
vantage of using the camel-hair pencil to
apply pollen to the stigmas of his forced
melons, cherries, and peaches. See HY-
BRIDIZING.
INARCHING, or Grafting by approach,
differs from grafting only in having the
scion still attached to its parent stem
whilst the process of union with the stock
is proceeding. It is the most certain
mode of multiplying an individual that
roots or grafts with difficulty, but is at-
tended with the inconvenience that both
the stock and the parent of the scion
must be neighbours.
Having the stocks properly placed,
make the most convenient branches ap-
proach the stock, and mark in the body
of the branches the parts where they
will most easily join to the stock, and in
those parts of each branch, pare away
the bark and part of the wood two or
three inches in length, and in the same
manner pare the stock in the proper
place for the junction of the graft ; then
make a slit upward in the branch so
as to form a sort of tongue, and make a
slit downward in the stock to admit it ;
let the parts be then joined, slipping the
tongue of the graft into the slit of the
stock, making the whole join in an exact
manner, and tie them closely together
with bass, and afterwards cover the whole
with a due quantity of clay, or wax.
After this let a stout stake be fixed for
the support of each graft, and so fas-
tened as to prevent its being disjoined
from the stock by the wind.
The operation being performed in
spring, let the grafts remain in that posi-
tion about four months, when they will
"be united, and they may then be sepa-
rated from the mother-tree. In doing j
his be careful to perform it with a steady
land, so as not to loosen or break out
the graft, sloping it off downwards close
to the stock ; and the head of the stock
cu' J.own close to the graft, and all the
old clay and bandage cleared away and
replaced with new, to remain a few weeks
ionger. Observe, however, that if the
grafts are not firmly united with the
stock, let them remain another year till
autumn, before you separate the grafts
from the parent tree. Instead of ap-
proach-grafting in the usual manner, it
is sometimes convenient to detach shoots
of the kinds to be propagated from the
plants on which they grew, and inarch
them upon the single plant, leaving a
piece at the bottom of each shoot suffi-
ciently long to thrust into a phial, which
must be kept constantly supplied with
water.
INDIAN BAY. Lau'rus Tndica.
INDIAN BLUE. Nympha'a cya'nca.
INDIAN CRESS. (Tropce'>jlum.) See
NASTU'RTIUM.
INDIAN FIG. Opu'ntia.
INDIAN GRASS. Aru'ndo.
INDIAN HAWTHORN. Eaphio'lepis.
INDIAN HEMP. Apo'cynumcanjia'binum.
INDIAN LOTUS. Nympha'a lo'lus.
INDIAN MULBERRY. Mori'nda.
INDIAN PHYSIC. Magno'lia auricula' ta.
INDIAN PINK. Dia'nthits Chlnc'nsis.
INDIAN SHOT. Ca'nna I'ndica.
INDIGENOUS. Native, or naturally pro-
duced. Thus, the Crab-tree is indige-
nous to England.
INDIGO'FERA. (From indigs, a blue
dye, and fero, to bear. Nat. ord., Legu-
minous Plants [Fabacese]. Linn., 17-Dto-
delphia &-Decandria.)
Annuals and biennials, in hotbed, in spring,
potted and treated as tender and half-hardy an-
nuals ; shrubby plants, by cuttings of young
shoots, getting firm, iu summer, in sand, under a
bell-glass, and a litth: bottom-heat, especially the
tropical species ; sandy loam and peat, equal parts.
Red spider is their chief enemy.
GREENHOUSE HERBACEOUS PERENNIALS.
I. echina'ta (hedgehog). Red. June. E. Ind.
1824. Stove.
Blood. June.
— procu'mbens (lying-down). £. B
Cape of Good Hope. 1818.
— sarmento'sa (twiggy),
of Good Hope.
$. Purple.
1786.
July. Cape
STOVE ANNUALS.
I.diphy'lla (two-leaved). $. Purple,
July.
July.
Africa. 1816.
— enneaphy'lla (nine-leaved). 4. Purple.
E. Ind. 1776. Trailer.
— gla'bra (smooth). 1. Red. July. E. Ind.
1820. Trailer.
ING
[ 457 ]
INT
I. glanduio'sa (glanded). 1. Purple. July. E.
lud. 1820.
— lateri'H-i .(brick-coloured). 1. Purple. Guinea.
i sOt). Trailer.
— Leschenau'ltii (Leschenault's). I. Purple.
July. E. Ind. 1820. Greenhouse.
— linifo'liu (flax-leaved). 1. Bed. July. E.
Ind. 1/92. Trailer.
— trifolia'ta (three-leaved), £. Purple. July.
E. Ind. 1816.
— visco'sa (clammy). 1. Red. May. E. Ind. 1806.
STOVE EVERGREEN SHRUBS.
I. bifio'ra (two-flowered). Purple. May. E. Ind.
1826.
— cesru'leu (sky-blue). Blue. June. E.Ind. 1820.
— elli'ptica (o\a.l-leaved). Red. July. Bengal.
1820.
— f, -a' grans (fragrant). 1. Purple. July. E.
Ind. 1816.
— hirsu'ta (hairy). £. Dark purple. July.
Guinea. 1823.
— leptostn'chya (slender-spiked). 3. Purple.
June. E. Ind. 1818.
— nnicrona'ta (sharp-pointed). Red. July. Ja-
maica. 1824.
— pulche'lla (handsome). Red. July. E.Ind.
1823.
— tincto'ria (East Indian. Dyer's). 3. Pink.
July. E. Ind. 1731.
— vwlu'cea (violet-coloured). 5, Pale rose.
June. E. Ind. 1819.
— virga'ta (twiggy). l£. Purple. June. E.
Ind. 1820.
GREENHOUSE EVERGREEN SHRUBS.
I. alopecuroi'des (alopecurus-like). Rose. April.
Cape of Good Hope. 1825.
— umce'na (pleasing). )£. Purple. March. Cape
of Good Hope. 1774.
— angustifo'lia (narrow-leaved). 2. Purple.
August. Cape of Good Hope. 1774.
— arge'nteu (silver-leaved). 2. Purple. July.
E. Ind. 1776.
— a'tro-purpu'rea (dark purple). 3. Purple.
July. Nepaul. 1816.
— anstra'lis (southern). 4. Pink. April. N.
S.Wales. 1790.
— ca'ndicans (white-leaved). l£. Red. July.
Cape of Good Hope. 1774.
— coria'cea (leathery-/e«yed). 3. Purple. July.
Cape ot Good Hope. 17/4.
— cyli'ndrica (cylindrical). Rose. June. Cape
of Good Hope. 1822.
— deco'ra (graceful). Pink. July. China. 1840.
— dinarica'ta (straggling). 3. Red. July.
— filifu'lia (thread-kaved). 1. Purple. August.
Cape of Good Hope. 1812.
—filifo'rmis (thread-like). 2. Purple. July.
Cape of Good Hope. 1822.
^frute'scens (shruhhy). 3, Purple. July. Cape
of Good Hope. 1822.
— inca'na (hoary). 2. Pink. August. Cape
of Good Hope. 1812.
— lotoi'des (lotus-like). 3. Red. July. Cape
of Good Hope. 1800.
— macrosta'chya (large-spiked). Rose. May.
China. 1822.
— nu'da (naked), l. Purple. June. Cape of
Good Hope. 1820.
— n'gida (stiff). 2. Red. July. E.Ind. 18)6.
-*jwtosa^(spiny). i. Purple. June. Arabia.
— sylva'tica (wood). 8. Rosy, lilac. June. N.
Holland. 1825.
I'NGA. (The name in South America.
Nat. ord., Leguminous Plants [Fabacese].
Linn., 23-Polygamia \-Moncecia. Allied
to Acacia.)
Stove evergreens. Cuttings of young shoots,
getting firm, in spring and summer, in sandy
peat, under a bell-glass, and in bottom-heat ; peat
and loam. Summer temp., 60° to 85° ; winter,
45° to 55°. Pulche'rrima has large clusters of
long crimson stamens. To succeed well with it,
and in a small plant, give it a fair heat in eura-
mer, and plenty of moisture ; but keep it cool
and rather dry for several months in winter.
/. affi'nis (kindred). 20. Pink. Brazil. 1800.
— ano'mala. (anomalous). 10. Red. June.
Mexico. 1729.
— Bourgo'ni (Bourgon's). 20. Pink.Guiana.1752.
— como'sa (tufted). 30. Pink. Jamaica. 1818,
— Coromandelia'na (Coromandel). White. E.
Ind. 1818.
— cycloca'rpa (circle - podded). 60. White.
Caraccas. 1826.
— du'lcis (sweet). 20. Pink. E.Ind. 1800.
— fce'tida (foetid). 20. Pink. W. Ind. 1816.
— fastuo'sa (splendid). Red. Caraccas. 1820.
— FenVllei (Fenillee's). 8. White. Lima. 1824.
— Harri'sii (Harris's). Crimson. February.
Mexico. 1836.
— Housto'ni (Houston's). 10. Purple. July.
Mexico. 1729.
— Hymenoi'dez (Hymenia-like). 20. Pink.
Cayenne. 1823.
— Jirtnga (Jiringa). White. Malacca. 1828.
— latifo'lia (broad-leaved). 10. Purple. May.
W. Ind. 1768.
— lauri'na (laurel - leaved). 20. White. S.
Amer. 1818.
— margina'ta (margined). 20. Pink. S. Amer.
1820.
— melli'fera (honeyed). White. Arabia. 1826.
— microphy'lla (small-leaved). 20. Pink. Cu-
mana. 1817.
— pulche'rrima (fairest). 20. Mexico. 1822.
— purpu'rea (purple. Soldier Wood). 6. Pur-
pie. April. W. Ind. 1733.
— Sa'man (Saman). 60. Jamaica. 1826.
— seti'fera (bristle-bearing). 20. Pink. Guiana.
1824.
— sple'ndens (shining). White. March. Ca-
raccas. 1825.
— stipula'ris (stipuled). Cayenne. 1831.
— terge'mina (three-paired). 20. Pink. W.
Ind. 1820.
— veluti'na (velvety). 30. Para. 1820.
INOCA'RPUS. Otaheite Chestnut. (From
is, a fibre, and karpos, a fruit. Nat. ord.,
Daphnads [Thymelacese]. Linn., W-Dc-
candria 1-Monogynia. Allied to Her-
nandia.)
The kernels are roasted and eaten in the islands
as we use chestnuts. Stove evergreen tree. Cut-
tings of the ripened shoots in sand, and in heat ;
peat and loam.
I. edu'lis (eatable). 20. White. July. South
Sea Islands. 1/93.
INOCULATION. Same as Budding.
INOCULATING GRASS. See TURF.
INTERMEDIATE. A species is often
named intermediate, because possessing
the different characteristics of two others.
A hothouse is intermediate when kept
INU
[458 ]
IPO
at a temperature higher than that usua
in a greenhouse, and lower than that
usual in a stove.
I'NULA. (A word of doubtful origin
said to he a corruption of helenium. Nat
ord., Composites [Asteracesej. Linn., 19
Si/ngenesia 1-JEqualis.)
'I'nula hele'nium or Elecampane, furnishes the
Yin d'Aulnee of the French. Hardy herbaceous
perennials, with yellow flowers. The annuals no
being worth cultivating, are omitted. Seeds, or
divisions of the roots ; common garden-soil. They
are interesting, though rather rough-looking.
J. ca!yci'na(iarge-ca.\yx.ed'). l£. July. Sicily. 1827
— ensifo'lia ^sword-leaved). J. August. Aus-
tria. 1/93.
•— Germa'nica ( German). 4. July. Germany. 1759
— gla'bra (smooth). June. Caucasus. 1831.
— glandulo'su (glanded). 2. August. Georgia
1804.
— grandifiu'ra (large-flowered). 2. July. Cau
casus. 1810.
— Mrta (hairy). 1. July- Austria. 1759.
— hy'brida (hybrid). 2. July. Podolia. 1813.
— Maria'na (Maryland). 1. July. N. Atner. 1742.
— mo' His (soft). 2. July.
— monta'na (mountain). l£. August. South
Europe. 1/59.
— o'culus Chri'sti (Ghrist's-eye). l£. July.
Austria. 1^59.
— odo'ra (fragrant).' l£. July. South Europe.
1821.
— quadridenta'ta (four -toothed -powered). 1.
August. Spain. 1820.
— so*a'ft7is(rock). g. July. South Europe. 1816.
— suave'olens (sweet-scented). 1$. July. South
Europe. 1758.
— trUo'ba (three-lobed). July. Sinai. 1837.
— Vailla'ntii (Variant's). 2. September.
France. 1739.
— verbasdfo'lia (mullein-leaved). 1J. July.
Caucasus. 1819.
— visco'sa (clammy), l£. July. South Europe.
1596.
lo 'CHROMA. (From ion, violet, and
chroma, colour ; referring to the purple
colour of the flowers. Nat. ord., Night-
shades [Solanaceas]. Linn., 5-Pentandria
1-Afonogynia. Allied to Habrothamnus.)
Greenhouse shrubs. Cuttings of young shoots,
getting a little firm, in sandy soil, with a bell-glass
in summer ; sandy peat and fibry loam. Winter
temp., 40° to 45°.
I. calyd'na (/ar#e-calyxed). Green. Guiana.
— grandiflo'ra (large-flowered). Saragina.
— tubulo'su (tubular). Purple. August. Yangana.
- loufDiuM. (From ion, violet, and
eidos, resembling. Nat. ord., ^ioletworts
[Violaceae] . Linn., 5-Pentandria 1-Mono-
gynia. Allied to our Violets.)
The South American species possess much of the
qualities of, and are substituted for, Ipecacuanha.
Herbaceous plants, flowering in June, by division
and seed ; under-shrubs, by cuttings in sand,
under a bell-glass ; peat and loam. All the fol-
lowing require greenhouse culture, except stri'c-
tum, which is a stove plant.
I. Cape'nse (Cape). U White. Cape of Good
Hope. 1824.
I. pnlygalcBfo'lium (polygala-leaved). I. Green
yellow. S. Amer. 1797.
— Sprengelia'num (Sprengel's). 1. Whhr.
Pennsylvania. 1818.
— stri'ctum (upright). £. White. W. Inrt.
1824.
IONO'PSIS. (From ion, violet, and opsis,
like. Nat. ord., Orchids [Orckidacesej.
Linn., 20- Gynandria L-JWonandria. Allied
to Burlingtonia.)
Stove orchids. For culture, see BT;E.LINGTO'NIA.
I. pulche'lla (handsome). Violet. July. Meri. a
— utricularioi'des (utricularia-like). £. White,
purple. October. Trinidad. 1822.
IPECACUANHA. Cephae'lis ipecacuanha .
IPOIOS'A. (From ips, bindweed, and
homoios, similar. Nat. ord., Bindice«i*
[Convolvulacea}]. Linn., 5-Pentandria
1-Monogynia.)
Annuals, by seed in a hotbed ; perennials, by
seed and cuttings of the short side-shoots, in
sandy peat, under a bell-glass, and in a good
bottom-heat; bulbous and tuberous, by division,
and by cuttings of the young shoots, as they
com ence growing; the bulbs and tuberous
ones, especially the hardier ones, are used for hcr-
bn-eous grafting, merely making a cleft, and slip-
shoot into the place, claying over,
ring the young s
ind plunging in
and plunging in a hotbed ; stout, short stems,
with roots of Sello'ivii, are frequently used for
grafting the more tender sorts; peat and loam.
T mp. for stove kinds, 60° to 85° in summer ; 50°
to 60° in winter. The crimson Horsfa'Uice requires
a good heat.
STOVE ANNUALS.
/. calesti'na (sky-W?<e). Blue. August. 1840.
Twiner.
—filicau'lis (thread-stalked). Yellow. July.
E. Ind. 1/78.
— murica'ta (point-covered). 8. Blue, purple.
August. E. Ind. 1777.
— tridenta'ta (three - toothed). 10. Yellow.
July. E. Ind. 1778.
HARDY TWINERS.
I. ca'ndicans (whitish). 15. White, July. N.
Amer. 1776.
— laeuno'sa (pitted). 10. White. June. N.
Amer. 1640. Deciduous.
— pandura'ta (fiddle-shaped). 12. White, pur-
ple. June. N. Amer. 1732. Deciduous.
— sagittifo'lia (arrow-head-leaved). 3. Rose.
July. Carolina. 1819. Deciduous.
— Sibi'rica (Siberian). 8. Flesh. July. Siberia.
1779. Deciduous.
— sinua'ta (scollop-leaved). 6. White. July.
Florida. 1813. Evergreen.
GREENHOUSE TWINERS.
I. arma'ta (armed). 6. Purple. July. Mexico.
1824. Biennial.
— cra'ssipes (thick-flower-stalked). 3. Purple.
August. S. Africa. 1842.
— macrorhi'za (long-rooted). 10. White. Au-
gust, Georgia. 1815. Tuber.
ru'bra (red). Red, purple. August.
Mexico. 1815.
— pe'ndula (hanging-down). 10. Pink. July.
N. S. Wales. 1805. Evergreen.
— quina'ta (five-leafle.ted). Violet. July. Mexico
— Sello'wii (Sellow's). 10. 1831. Deciduous.
IPO
£459 ]
IEI
STOVE DECIDUOUS TWINEES.
/. Aito'ni (Alton's). 10. Pale purple. June.
— batatoi'des (batatas-like). 6. Purple, crimson.
July. Mexico. 1840.
— campanula' ta (beU.~Jlowered) . 8. Purple,
white. August. E. Ind. 1800.
— Caroli'na (Carolina). 10. Purple. July.
Carolina. 1732.
—ficifo'lia (fig-leaved). 3. Purple. November.
Buenos Ayres. 1840.
— involucra'ta (involucred). 4. Red. July.
Guinea. 1823.
— leuca'ntha (white-flowered). 6. White. Au-
gust. S. Amer. 1823.
— longifo'lia (long-leaved). 5. White. July.
Mexico. 1838.
— multiflo'ra (many-flowered). 6. Pink. June.
Jamaica.
— ochra'cea (yellowish). Yellow. August.
Guinea. 1826.
— pes-ti' gridis (tiger's-foot). 6. Red. August.
E. Ind. 1732.
— pilo'sa (long-haired). 4. Pink. August. E.
Ind. 1815.
— ru'bro-cceru'leii (reddish-blue). 8. Blue, red.
September. Mexico. ] 823,
— Schiedia'na (Schiede's). Blue. October.
— seto'sa (bristly). 9- Purple. August. Brazil.
— solanifo'lia (nightshade-leaved). 8. Pink.
July. America. 17^9.
— viola'cea (violet-flowered). 8. Purple. Au-
gust. S.Amer. 1792.
STOVE EVEEGBEEN TWINEES.
/. acumina'ta (sharp - pointed). 6. Purple.
July. W. Ind. 1818.
— albive'nia (white-veined). Yellow. Septem-
ber. Algoa Bay. 1824.
— Bonarie'nsis (Buenos Ayres). Purple. Au-
gust. Buenos Ayres. 1826.
— Cai'rica (Cairo). 8. Red. July. Egypt. 1680.
— chrysoi'des (golden). 4. Yellow. July. China.
1817.
— corymbo'sa (corymbed). 2. White. July. E.
Ind. 1823.
— fastigia'ta (pyramidal). 10. Purple. June. W.
Ind. 1816.
— grandiflo'ra, (large-flowered). 8. White. Sep-
tember. E. Ind. 1802.
— Hooke'ri (Hooker's). White, red. August.
Mexico. 1830.
— Horsfa'lliee (Mrs. Horsfall's). 20. Rose-co-
loured. October. E. Ind. 1833.
— jala'pa (jalap). 10. Red. August. America.
1/33. Tuber.
— Lea'rii (Mr. Lear's). 30. Dark red. September.
Ceylon. 1839.
— muta'bilis (changeable). 10. Blue. July. S.
Amer. 1812.
— pes-ca'prcE (goat's-foot). Purple. June. India.
1//6. Creeper.
— poly a'nthes (auricula-flowered). 20. Yellow.
August. W. Ind. 1739.
— pudibu'nda (blushing), b". Rose-coloured.
August. St. Vincent. 1822.
— pulche'llu (pretty). 20. Purple. December.
Ceylon. 1845.
— pu'rga (purgative). Crimson. August. Mexico.
— repa'nda (wavy-edged). 10. Scarlet. July.
o. Amer. 1793.
— re'ptans (creeping). 4. Purple. July. E. Ind.
1800. Creeper.
— tepia'ria (hedge). 8. Red. July. E. Ind.
1817*
— stipula'cea (stipuled). 6. Purple. September.
E.Ind. 1805. Creeper.
I. tubero'sa (tuberous-rooted). 10. Pale yellow.
August. W. Ind. 1731. Tuber.
uniflo'ra (one -flowered). August. S.
Amer. 1731.
— Turpe'thum (Turpeth). 5. White. August.
E. Ind. 1752.
— Tweedie'i (Mr. Tweedie's). 6. Reddish-purple.
July. Parana. 1838.
— tyria'nthina (purple). Purple. October. Mexico.
— umbella'tafambelled). Scarlet. June. S.Amer.
1739.
— vitifo'lia (vine-leaved). 10. Yellow. July. E.
Ind. 1820.
IPUHO'PSIS. (From ipot to strike for-
cibly, and opsis, sight. Nat. ord., Phlox*
worts [Polemoniacese]. Linn., 5-Pcntan-
dria 1-Monogynia. Allied to Navarretia.)
A beautiful hardy plant, once known as Gi'lia
pulche'lla. Must be treated as a biennial; it is
most impatient of wet, and yet it must not be al-
lowed to get dry ; sow in beginning of August, and
if sown thinly round the edges of a pot, it will be
better than having to transplant the seedlings, as
they are touchy things to shift as well as to water.
For a six-inch pot, three or four plants may be
left; but it is best not to thin too much until
spring, for fear of winter deaths. The greatest
care is necessary during winter to keep the plants
in an airy situation in a cool greenhouse, as the
least extra moisture, either near the neck of the
plant, or from drip, will send it off. Soil, fibry
loam and turfy peat, with pieces of charcoal and
broken potsherds, so as to make the soil open,
covering it with finer material on the top, to pre-
vent drying too rapidly. If thus attended to, the
plants will bloom at Midsummer, or earlier ; but,
generally, all the better if not till within ten
months of the seed being sown.
I. e'legans (elegant). Scarlet. July. N. Amer. 1820.
I'PSEA. (Not explained. Nat. ord., Or-
chids [Orchidaceee]. Linn., 20-Gynandria
1-Monandria. Allied to Paxtonia.)
Stove orchid. Rough peat and a little fibry
loam. Summer temp., 60° to 90° ; winter, 55°.
J. specio'sa (showy). May. Ceylon. 1840.
IEESI'NE. ( From eiros, wool; referring
to the woolly aspect of the branches.
Nat. ord., Amaranths [Amaxanthacese].
Linn., 22-Z>io?cia 8-Pentandria. Allied to
Gomphrena.)
Half-hardy, herbaceous, white-flowered peren-
nials. Division in spring, and by saving and sow-
ing the seeds in a gentle hotbed ; nandy loam,
leaf-mould, and a little peat. If saved over, must
be protected in a cold pit or frame during the
winter.
I. celosioi'des (celosia-like). l£. July. S.Amer.
1733.
— diffti'sa (straggling). l£. July. S. Amer. 1818.
— ela'tior (taller). 3. July. Antilles. 1820. Annual.
— elonga'ta(}ong-leaved). 2. July. S. Amer. 1822.
— flave'scens (pale yellow). I.July. S.Amer. 1824.
I'EIS. (From iris, the eye ; referring to
the variety and beauty of the flowers.
Nat. ord., Irids [Iridacese]. Linn., 3-2H-
andria 1-Monogynia.)
A beautiful hardy family of summer-flowering
plants, though most of the bulbous species will,.
IRI
[ 460 ]
IEI
by forcing, flower early in spring. Herbaceous
species, by suckers from the root, and division of
their fleshy rhizomes. Bulbous ones, by offsets ;
and all by seeds. Rich, loamy soil suits the her-
baceous ; but the others should have a good pro-
portion of sand, leaf-mould, and peat.
GREENHOUSE HERBACEOUS.
I. clandesti'na (secret). May. Brazil. 1829.
— coelesti'na (sky-blue). l£. Blue. June. N.
Amer. 1824.
— crassifo'lia (thick-leaved). £. Pale blue. June.
Cape of Good Hope. 1830.
— defle'xa (bent-down). lj. Lilac. June. Nepaul.
1833.
HARDY BULBS.
/. ala'ta (winged), £. Blue. June. Algiers. 1801.
— Lusita'nica (Portuguese). 2. Blue. April. Por-
tugal. 1796.
— Pe'rsica (Persian). £. Blue, yellow. May.
Persia. 1629.
— tenuifo'lia (slender-leaved), ij. Light blue.
May. Dauria. 1796.
— tubero'sa (tuberous). £ . Green, blue. March.
Levant. 1597-
— xi'phium (xiphium). 1£. Blue, yellow. June.
Spain. 1596.
— xiphiol'des (xiphium-like). 1$. Blue, yellow.
June. Spain. 1571.
HARDY HERBACEOUS.
J. acu'ta (pointed-leaved). 2. Blue. May.
— amce'na (delicate). 1. Blue. May. 1821.
— arena'ria (sand). $. Yellow. June. Hungary.
1802.
— au'rea (golden). 2.Yel!ow. June. Germany.1826.
— bi' color (two-coloured). 1. Yellow, purple. May.
— biflo'ra (two-flowered). l£. Purple. June.
South Europe. 1596.
— biglu'mis (two-grlumed). £. Blue. April. Si-
beria. 1811.
— Blondo'vii (Blondow's). Blue. April. Altai.
1832.
— Bohe'mica (Bohemian). 1. Blue. May. Bo-
hemia. 1825.
— Boltonia'na (Bolton's). 2. Blue. May. N.
Amer. 1825.
— brachycu'spis (short -pointed). l£. Purple.
May. Siberia. 1819.
— Cauca'sica (Caucasian). £. Yellow. July. Cau-
casus. 1821.
— Chinefnsis (Chinese). 1, Pale blue. China. 1792.
— crista'ta (crested). £. Pale blue. June. N.
Amer. 1/56.
— cu'prea (copper-coloured). 2. Orange. June.
N. Amer. 1812.
— curtope'tala (short- petaled). 1 J. Yellow, blue.
May. 1823.
— deserto'rum (desert). l£. Blue. July. Russia.
1811.
— dichtftoma (forked). 1. Light blue. August.
Dauria. 1784.
— e'legans (elegant). 2. Yellow. July. 1823.
— ensa'ta (sword-shaped-?ea»e<f). l£. Blue, pur-
ple. June. Austria. 1787-
— flave'scens (pale yellow). 2. Yellow. May. 1818.
—flavi'ssim a (yellowest). |. Yellow. May. Siberia.
1814.
—flexuo'sa. (zigzag), 2. White. May. Germany.
1810.
— Florenti'na (Florentine). 2. White. May.
South Europe. isg6.
mi'nor (less). 14. Grey. May. Gardens.
— fcetidi'ssima (most-foetid. Stinking Gladwyri).
l£. Livid. June. Britain.
— — — variega'ta (variegated-feared). 1$. Livid.
Juno. Britain.
I.fra'grans (sweet-scented). Blue, white, purple,
June. India. 183g.
— furca'ta (forked). 4. Blue. March. Tauria. 1822.
— Germa'nica (German). 3. Blue. May. Germany.
1573.
flo're-a'lbo (white-flowered). 3. White.
May. Gardens.
— grami'nea (gr&ss-leaved). f. Striped. June.
Austria. 1597.
— Guldensta'dtii (Guldenstadt's). 2. Yellow.
April. Siberia. 1757.
— halo'phila (salt-loving). 3. Blue. August. Si-
beria. 1780.
— Hooke'ri( Hooker's). l£. Purple. May. N.
Amer. 1826.
— Hu'mei (Sir A. Hume's). 2. Blue. April. Ne-
paul. 1822.
— Jiii'milis (low). 1. Blue. April. Caucasus. 1812.
— Hunga'rica (Hungarian). 1. Violet. May.
Hungary. 1815.
— Ibe'rica (Iberian). 14. Red. May. Iberia. 1820.
— imbrica'ta (itubiiczted-bracted). 2. Yellow.
May.
— Icemga'ta (smooth). Blue. May. Siberia. 1836.
— li'vida (livid). 14. Livid. April. Levant.
— longiflo'ra (long-flowered). 2. May. 1824.
— longifo'lin (long-leaved). £. Greenish. Apiil.
Naples. 1829.
— longispa'tha (long-spathed). 3. Purple. July
Siberia. 1823.
— lu'rida (dingy). 2. Brown. April. South Eu-
rope. 1758.
— lute'scens (clayey). £. Yellow. April. Germany.
1748.
— Mowm'e'ri(Monnier's). £. Yellow. May. Greece.
1820.
— negle'cta (neglected). 2. Pale blue. May.
— Nepale'nsis (Nepaul). 1^. Blue. April. Ne-
paul. 1823.
— Nertchi1 nskia, (Nertchinsk). £. Blue. May.
Siberia. 1831.
— no'tha (bastard). l£. Blue. May. Italy. 1820.
— nudicau'lis (naked-stemmed). 1. Blue. May.
1820.
— ochroleu'ca (yellowish-white). 4. Light yellow.
July. Levant. 1757.
— odora'ta (sweet-scented). 2. Blue. June. J821.
— orienta'lis (eastern). 1. Light blue. May.
China. 1790.
— Pa«a'su(Pallas's). 2. Blue. May. Tartary. 1820.
— pa'llida (pale). 3. Pale blue. May. Turkey. 1596.
— plicu'ta (plaited). 2. White, blue. June. 1S2I.
— prisma'tica (prismatic). 1. Purple. May. N.
Amer. 1812.
— pseu'do-a'corus (bastard acorus). 3. Yellow.
June. Britain.
— pa'llida fla'va (pale yellow). 3. Pale yel-
low. June. N. Amer. 1812.
variega'tis (variegated-leaved). 3. Yellow.
June. Britain.
— pu'mila (dwarf). 3. Purple. May. Austria.
1596.
a'lba (white-lowered). £. White. May.
_ aiiba cceru'lea (white and blue). £. White,
blue. May.
ceeru'lea (blue-flowered). £. Blue. May.
— reticula'ta (netted). $. Blue. March. Iberia.
1821.
— Ruthenica (Russian). 1. Blue. May. Si-
beria. 1804.
— sambuci'na (elder-scented). 3. Light blue.
June. South Europe. 1658.
— scario'sa (membranous). 1. Blue. May.
Russia. 1826.
— seto'sa (bristle-pointed). ]£. Blue, purple.
May. Siberia. 1844.
IRE
L 461 ]
ISM
I.Sibi'rica (Siberian). 3. Light blue. May.
Siberia. 1596.
flo're-u'lbo (white-flowering). 2$. White.
May. Siberia. 1596.
— flo'rc-ple'no (double-flowered). 3. Purple.
May. Gardens.
— so'rdida (dirty). l£. White. May. 181Q.
— spatliula'tu (spathulate-yZoM>em?). !• Pale
blue. June. Germany. 1759.
— spu'ria (spurious). If. Pale blue. May.
Siberia. 175Q.
— squa'lens (daubed). 2. Striped. May. South
Europe. 1/68.
— steno'gyne (narrow-stigmaed). lj. Yellow.
June. 18J9.
— stylo'sa (J«r£e-styled).Blue. May. Corfu. 1844.
— sub-biflo'ra (sub-two-flowered). l£. Violet.
July. Portugal. 1596.
— Susia'na (Susian). 2. Striped. April. Le-
vant. 1596.
— Swe'rtii (Swert's). l£. White. May. 181Q.
— Tange'rica (Tangier). Yellow. June. Tan-
giers. 1820.
— Tuu'rica (Taurian). Yellow. June. Tauria.
1827.
— te'nnx (tough). Purple. July. California. 1826.
— ti-identa'ta (three-toothed), ij. Blue. May.
N. Amer. 1820.
— triflo'ra (three-flowered). 1. Blue. June.
Italy. 1821.
— variega'ta (variegated). 2. Striped. May.
Hungary. i597.
— ventrico'su (swollen). 1. Pale blue. June.
Dauriu. 1800.
— ne'rna (spring) . l. Purple. April. Virginia.
1748.
— versi'color (various-coloured). 1. Variegated.
May. N. Amer. 1732.
— viola' cea (violet-coloured). £. Violet. May.
South Europe. 1800.
- vire'scens (greenish). 1. Yellow. May. 1820.
-- Virgi'nica( Virginian). 1. Blue. June. JN.
Amer. 1758.
IRISH HEATH. Memie'sia polifo'lia.
IKON-TREE. Sidvrode'ndrtm*
IKONWORT. Sideri'tis.
IRON WOOD. Sidero'xylon and Metro -
side'ros.
IRRIGATION. Experience shows that
there is in the kitchen-garden scarcely a
crop that is not benefited by a much more
abundant supply of water than can be
obtained usually ; and we can bear testi-
mony to the correctness of Mr. Knight's
conclusion, not limiting, however, our
approval of such abundant watering to
late crops of peas, bat to all, as well as
beans, spinach, and the entire eabbrfge
tribe. Kidney beans and potatoes are
not benefited by such an abundance of
water. " The quantity of water," says
Mr. Knight, " which may be given with
advantage to plants of almost every kind,
during warm and bright weather, is, I
believe, very much greater than any gar-
dener who lias not seen the result will
be inclined to suppose possible ; and it
is greater than I myself could have be-
lieved upon any other evidence than that
of actual experience. My garden, in
common with many others, is supplied
with water by springs, which rise in a
more elevated situation ; and this cir-
i cumstance afforded me the means of
j making a small pond, from which I can
j cause the water to flow out over every part
j throughout the summer ; and I cause a
I stream to flow down the rows of celery,
! and along the rows of brocoli and other
plants, which are planted out in summer,
with very great advantage. But the most
extensive and beneficial use which I make
of the power to irrigate my garden by
the means above-mentioned, is in supply-
ing my late crops of peas abundantly
with water, by which the ill effects of
mildew are almost wholly prevented, and
my table is most abundantly supplied
with very excellent peas through the
month of October."
ISA'NTHUS. (From isos, equal, and
anthos, a flower; referring to the regula-
rity of the flowers. Nat. ord., Lipworls
[Lamiacese]. Linn., l^-Dldynamia 1-
Gymnospermia. Allied to Mint.)
Hardy annual. Seeds in April, in a peaty
j linrder, or in a, little heat, in March, and trans-
I planted.
j 1. ctKru'lws (blue). 1. Blue. July. N. Amer.
1818.
ISE'RTIA. (Named after P. E. Isert,
1 a German surgeon. Nat. ord., Cinchonads
j [Cinchonacese]. Linn., 6-Hexaudria 1-
i Monogynia.}
Stove evergreen shrub. Cuttings in ?andy soil,
in a hotbed, in spring or summer ; peat and loam,
| \vith a little charcoal and silver sand. Summer
temp., 60° to 85°; winter, 55°.
/. cocci'neu (scarlet). 10. Scarlet. July. Guinea.
1820.
ISME'LIA. (Probably a commemora-
tive name. Nat. ord., Composites [Aster-
acese] . Linn., 19-Syngenesia 2- Superflua. )
This should be united to Chrysanthemum.
Half-hardy evergreeen shrub. Seeds in spring,
in a gentle hotbed; cuttings of firm young side-
shoots in summer ; sandy loam. Winter temp.,
35° to 40°.
/. Madere'nsis (Madeira). 2. Straw. May.
Madeira. 1834.
ISME'NE. Peruvian Daffodil. (After
Ismene, the daughter of CEdipus and
Jocasta. Nat. ord., Amaryllids [Amaryl-
lidaceae]. Linn., G-Hexandria 1-Mono-
gynia. Allied to Choretis.)
"Absolute rest in winter is essential to this
genus." They should be planted out in a border
in April, and taken up when the frost cuts the
I leaves; deep, sandy soil suits them best. Offsets.
ISO
[462]
1TE
J. Ama'nciKS (Amancees). 2£. Yellow. June.
Peru. 1804.
— calathi'num (cup-flowered). 2j. White. June.
Brazil. 1800.
— defiefxa (turned-down). Yellow. June.
— Kni'ghtii (Knight's). 2. White. March,
Florida. 1836.
— Maclea'na (M'Lean's). 2. White. June.
Lima. 1837.
— nu'tans (nodding). 2£. White. June. Brazil.
1800.
—proli'fera (proliferous). Yellow. June. Peru.
1836.
— vire'scens (greenish). l£. Greenish-white.
July. Cusco. 1840.
Isocm'iiUS. (From isos, equal, and
cheilos, a lip. Nat. ord., Orchids [Orchi-
dacese]. Linn., 2Q-Gynandria i-Monan
dria. Allied to Coalogyne.)
Stove orchids ; cultivated like the first section
of Ccelogyne.
I. carnosaflo'rus (fleshy-flowered). l£. Purple
November.- Honduras. 1841.
— fusifo'rmis (spindle-rooted). £. Yellow. July
Trinidad.
— graminifo'lium (grass-leaved). £. Green:
yellow. May. Jamaica. 1823.
— grandiflo'rus (large-flowered). Peru. 1840.
ISOLD 'MA. (From isos, equal, and
loma, an edge; referring to tbe edges oi
the fronds. Nat. ord., Polypods [Polypo-
diacese] . Linn., Z±-Cryptogamia l-Filiccs.}
Stove Ferns. See FERNS.
I. divefrgens (wide-spread). Brown, yellow. July.
Malacca.
— lanugino'sa (woolly). Brown. July. E. Ind.
ISO'MEEIS. (From isos, equal, and
mem, a part; referring to the petals, with
the stamens and pistils, which are of
equal length. Nat. ord., Capparids [Cap-
paridacese]. Linn., Q-Hexandria 1-Mo-
nogynia. Allied to Cleome.)
Hardy deciduous shrub. Cuttings of the ripe
young shoots, in autumn; sandy loam and a little
leaf-mould. The flowers are anything but sweet.
JT, arbo'rea (tree-like). 10. Yellow. May. Ca-
lifornia. 1839.
ISONA'NDRA. Gutta Percha-tree. (From
isos, equal, and ander, the male organ, or
stamen ; referring to an equal number of
fertile and barren stamens. Nat. ord.,
Sapotads [Sapotacea}]. Linn., 5-Pentan-
dria 1-Monogynia. Allied to Bumelia.)
An evergreen tree, supposed to be propagated
by cuttings, requiring stove treatment, and light
•oil, consisting of sandy peat and fibry loam.
/. gu'tta (guttajjerc/m). Borneo. 1847.
ISOPLE'XIS. (From isos, equal, and
pleco, to plait ; the upper plait or segment
of the flower being of equal length with
the lip. Nat. ord., Fiyicorts [Scrophula-
riacess]. Linn., ll-Didynam-ut Z-Angio-
spermia. Allied to the Foxglove.)
Greenhouse evergreen shrubs. Seeds and cut*
tings of half-ripened short shoots in spring, ha
sand, under a bell-glass ; sandy loam and rough
leaf-mould. Winter temp., -40° to 45°.
I. Canarie>nsis (Canary). 4. Yellow. June.
Canaries. 1698.
— sce'ptrum (sceptre). 2. Yellow, brown. July.
Madeira. 1777.
ISOPO'GON. (From isos, equal, and
pogon, a beard; referring to the beard-
like fringes on all parts of the inflores-
cence. Nat. ord., Proteads [Proteacese].
Linn., k-Tetrandria 1-Monogynia. Allied
to Protea.)
Greenhouse evergreen shrubs, from New Hol-
land. Cuttings of ripe youne; shoots, with most
' of the leaves left, inserted firmly in silver sand,
over sandy loam and peat, and covered with a
bell-glass or hand-light, and kept in the shade ;
when the cuttings are callusing at the bottom,
they may be pushed on by giving them a little
mild bottom-heat, but not before; fibry loam
three parts, fihry peat one part, charcoal, broken
freestone, and broken crocks one part; good
drainage ; watering must be given with great at-
tention, as much dryness or much moisture are
alike ruinous. Summer temp., 50° to 75°; winter,
35° to 45°. In summer, if the plants are out of
doors, the sun should not strike freely on the
sides of the pot.
/. anemonifo1 lius (anemone-leaved). 5. Yellow.
July. 1791-
— Bn'xteri ; (Baxter's). 2. Rose. April. 1831.
— co'rniger (horned).
— divarica'tus (spreading). 3. Pale. May. 1824.
— forma'sus (handsome). 4. Rose. April. 1805.
— longifo'Uus (long-leaved). 3. Yellow. April.
1823.
— Loudo'ni (London's). 4. Purple. June. 1830.
— ro'seits (rose-coloured). Rose. 1840.
— sca'ber (rough-/eaued). 3. Lilac. April. 1842.
— spatula1 ris (spatulate-Jeayerf). Purple.
linea'ris (narrow). 2. Purple. September.
1830.
— sphceroce'phalus (round-headed). 4. Yellow.
March.
ISO'TOMA. We have not separated this
genus from Lobelia.
ISO'TROPIS. (From isos, equal, and
tropos, turned; referring, probably, to
the distinctly-forked veins in the flower.
Nat. ord., Leguminous Plants [Fabaceae].
Linn., IQ-D.ecandria 1-Monogynia. Allied
to Oxylobium.)
Greenhouse evergreen shrub. Cuttings of the
young shoots, when getting a little firm, in sand,
over sandy peat, and covered with a bell-glass, in
June ; sandy peat, with a little fibry loam, pieces
of charcoal, and broken crocks; drainage and
watering must be particularly attended to. Win-
ier temp., 40° to 48°; summer, a shady place, or
i cold pit, where the plant partly, and the pot
wholly, are sheltered from the sun's rays.
I. striu'ta (streaked-flowered). 1. Orange. June.
Swan River. 1838.
I'TEA. (The Greek name for the
Willow, applied to this genus on account
of its rapid growth in damp soil. Nat.
ovd.,,Escalloniads [Escalloniaceae], Linn.,
IVY
[ 4C3 ]
IXO
5-Pentandria 1-Monogynia. Allied to Es-
callonia.)
A hardy deciduous shrub. Seed and suckers
in spring; layers in summer; moist, sandy
peat.
I. Virgi'nica (Virginian). 6. White. July. N.
Amer. 1774.
IVY. He'dera.
I'XIA. (From ixia, bird-lime; in re-
ference to the clammy juice. Nat. ord.,
Irids [Iridacesej. Linn., 3-Triandria 1-
Monogynia.)
Half-hardy bulbs, from the Cape of Good
Hope. The true Ixias are known from Spara'xis
by not haying, like it, a jagged sheath ; from
Babia'na, in having a dry seed-pod instead of a
berry ; and from Trito'nia, by having the stamens
inserted at the bottom of the petals instead of
in the tube of the flower. They will all grow in
rough peat ; the strong ones require very little
sand, and the smaller ones want one-third sand
in the compost. They succeed well in a warm
border, if sheltered from hard frosts, and not al-
lowed to get dry when they are in growth. By
seeds sown in a little heat, in spring ; also by off-
sets ; sandy loam, peat, and a little leaf-mould.
When done flowering, they may be kept in or out
of the pots, after the leaves get withered, without
any water, until fresh growth commences. They
will generally require to be potted in October,
and should then be placed in a cold pit, and pro-
tected from frost, and cojd, heavy rains, and
taken to the greenhouse or window, after roots
are plentifully formed. Many will do very well if
planted in sandy soil and leaf-mould, about four
inches deep, in a dry, raised border, and protected
there from severe frost and heavy rains by litter,
and any material that will throw off the water.
J. am ce'na (delicate). 1. Red. April. 1822.
— arista'ta (awned). 1. Pink. April. 1800.
— au'lica (courtly). 2. Pink. April. 1774.
— capilla'ris (capillary). 1$. Violet. April. 1774.
— capita'ta (headed). 2. W'hite, blue. May. 1780.
— columella'ris (pillar). $. Variegated. August.
1790.
— co'nicu (conical). 1. Orange. April. 1757.
— crateroi'des (crater-like). £. Dark yellow.
May. 1778.
— cri'spa (curled-leaved'). 1. Blue. April. 1787.
— du'bia (doubtful). |. Red. April.
— ere'cta (upright). l£. White. June. 1757.
— — — incama'ta (flesh-coloured). 1. Flesh.
May. 1757.
lu'tea (yellow). 1. Yellow. May. 1757.
— flexuo'sa (zigzag-stalked). 2. Pink. April. 1757.
— furca'ta (forked). £. Pink. April. 1800.
— hy'brida (spurious). 1. White. June. 1757.
— incama'ta (flesh-coloured). |. Flesh. May
— leuca'ntha (white-flowered).li. White. April.'
1779.
— hnea'ris (narrow- leaved). $. White. May. 1796.
— macula't a (spotted). 1. White, brown. April.
ochroleu'ca (cream-coloured). 1. Purple,
yellow. May. 1780.
— monade'lpha (monadelphous). £. Blue. May.
1/92.
cu'rta (short). J. Orange. April. 1792.
— ova'ta (egg-ahaped). i. Red. April. 17&0.
— #a'to« (spreadingvfowerai). i. Purple. April.
— retu'sa (abrupt). 1, Light yellow. April. 1793.
J.scilla'ris (squill-flowered). !. Variegated,
January. 1787.
— viridiflo'ra (green-flowered), l. Green. May.
IXO'DIA. (From ixodes, viscid ; in re-
ference to the viscid secretions on the
plant. Nat. ord., Composites [Asteracese],
Linn., 19-Syngenesia L-JEqualis. Allied
to Ammobium.)
Greenhouse evergreen shrub. Cuttings of the
young shoots, getting hard at their base, in May,
in sand, under a bell-glass, and kept in a close
frame or pit ; sandy peat, and a little fibry loam.
Winter temp., 45° to 50°.
I. achilleoi'des (milfoil-like). 2. White. June.
N.Holland. 1803.
IXIOLI'IIION. (From ixia, and leirion,
a lily ; literally, Ixia-like Lily. Nat. ord.,
Amaryllids [Amaryllidacese]. Linn., 6-
Hexandria I-Monogynia. Allied to Bra-
voa.)
Extremely rare, pretty, hardy bulbs, Dr. Her-
bert being the only person who recently possessed
them in this country. His own plant of I. mon-
ta'num was the first specimen he saw in flower,
and that in May, 1846, as he told us. It had a
spiked inflorescence, while that of I. Tata'ricum
is terminal; both have sky-blue flowers. Mon-
ta'num has been taken by some to be the "lily of
the field." Seeds, and offsets of the bulbs, which
are not at all particular as to soil.
J. monta'num (mountain). 1. Blue. June. Syria.
1844.
— Tata'ricum (Tartar). 1. Blue. Tartary.
IXO'KA. (Named after an Eastern
heathen god, Iswara,to which the flowers
are offered. Nat. ord., Cinchonads [Cin-
chonacese]. Linn., 4^-Tetrandria 1-flfono-
gynia.)
Beautiful stove evergreen shrubs. Cuttings of
the half-ripened shoots in sand, over sandy peat,
under a bell-glass, and in a brisk bottom-heat ;
sandy, fibry loam, and fibry peat, with pieces of
charcoal, and broken bricks or pots. Summer
temp., 60° to 90° ; winter, 50° to 60°. Most stove
plants delight in bottom-heat, where it can be
given to them when growing and preparing for
blooming, but none more so than this genus, as
it is next to impossible to get it in its most
splendid condition without such aids. Of all
means of bottom-heat, this, like the Cape Jas-
mines and others, delights in that produced from
sweet, fermenting dung and leaves ; and if so
given, the insects that attack it — the scale, the
red-spider, and sometimes the mealy bug — will
be kept away. If this method is not resorted to,
the plants will require frequent sponging with
soap-water.
I. arbo'rea (tree-like). 3. Scarlet. August. E.
Ind. 1800.
— Bandhu'ka (Bandhooka). 3. Scarlet. July.
E. Ind. 1815.
— barba'ta (bearded;. 12. White. July* E.
Ind. 1823.
— bla'nd* (gentle). 4. White. August. E.
Ind. 1768.
— cocci'nea supe'rba (scarlet-superb). 4. Scar-
let, August. Java. 1846.
JAB
[464]
JAM
J. croca'ta (saffron-coloured). S. Orange. Au-
gust. China. 1822.
— cunsifo'lia (wedge-leaved). 3. White. June.
E. Ind. 1822.
— fla'ua (yellow). 3. Scarlet. July. E.Ind. 182J.
—fu'lgene (shining). 5. Orange. August. E.
Ind. 1823.
— grandifto'ra (large-flowered). 4. Red. Au-
gust. E. Ind. 1814-
— Griffifthii (Griffith's). 4. Bed, yellow. July.
Singapore. 1845,
— incaraa'ta (flesh-coloured). 2. Purple. June.
Moluccas. 1822.
— Java'nica (Javanese). 3. Orange. June.
Java. 1846.
— lanceola'ria (spear-head-fea»ed). 6. Greenish-
white. Aprfl. E.Ind. 1847-
— odora'ta (sweet-scented). 3. Oream, rose.
May. Madagascar. 1844.
— olova'ta (reversed-egg-/eao«f). Crimson. May.
E. Ind. 1810.
— parvrfto'ra (small-flowered). White. August.
£. Ind. 1800.
-ro'*ea(rosy). 4. Rose. July. Bengal. 1819.
— salicifo'lia (willow leaved). Orange. Bor-
neo. 1847.
— iC'ssilis (stalk [ess-flotcered). 4. White.
E. Ind. 1828.
— stri'ct a (upright). 3. Scarlet. July. Mo-
luccas. 1690.
— undula'ta (wavy-leaved). White. June. E,
Inci. 1818.
J.
JABORO'SA. (From Jalorose, the Ara-
oic for the Mandrake, an allied plant.
Nat.ord.,JVJ<//i£s/MJrdes[Solanace8e]. Linn.,
b-Pentandria l-Monogynia.)
Herbaceous perennials. Division of the plant
in sprmg; seeds in spring; and cuttings of the
young shoots under a hand-light ; light, sandy
loam.
J. integrtfo'lia (entire-leaved), f . White. Au-
gust. Buenos Ayres. Hardy.
— runcina'ta (runcinate). £. Green, yellow.
Plata. 1831. Greenhouse.
JACAKA'NDA. (The Brazilian name.
Nat. ord., Bignoniads Bignoniacese].
Linn., \k-Didynamia 2-Angiospermia.)
Stove evergreen trees. Cuttings of half-ripened
shoots in the beginning of summer, in sand, over
sandy peat, and placed in bottom-heat, well
shaded, or covered with a bell-glass ; sandy peat,
fibry loam, with charcoal, to keep the soil open.
Summer temp., 60° to 85° ; winter, 45° to 50°. In
summer give plenty of water, but keep them cool
and dryish in winter.
J. Bahame'nsis (Bahama). 10. Blue. July. Ba-
hamas. 1824.
— Brazilia'na (Brazilian). 20. Yellow. Brazil.
1820.
— filicifo'lia (fern-leaved). 25. Blue. W. Ind.
1800.
— mimostfo'lia (mimosa-leaved). 10. Blue.
April. Brazil. 1818.
— pube'scens (downy). 15. Blue. 1825.
•— tomento'sa (woolly). 20. Purple. Brazil. 1824.
JACA, or JACK-TREE. Artoca'rpus in-
tregrifo'lia.
JACK-IN-A-BOX. Herna'ndia.
JACKSO'NIA. (Named after G. Jackson,
librarian to A. B.Lambert, Esq. Nat. ord.,
Leguminous Plants [Fabacea]. Linn.,
10-Decandria 1-Monogynia. Allied to
Burtonia.)
Greenhouse evergreen shrubs, with one excep-
tion, all from Australia, and all, but that one,
yellow-flowered. Cuttings of half-ripened shoots
in sand, under a glass, in April ; peat and loam.
Winter temp., 38° to 45°. Seopa'ria might be
tried against a wall.
/. densiflo'ra (crowded-flowered).
— flQributnda (many-flowered).
— ftircellafta (fork-branclied) . 1 814.
! — grandiflo'ra (large-flowered). April. 1898.
| — ho'rridn (horrid). 3. AprM. 1826.
i — ligustnfo'lia (privet-leaved). White, May.
Nepaul. 183Q.
; — reticnla'ta (netted). 2. June. 1820.
! — seopa'ria (broom-like). 2. July. 1808.
— spino'sa (spinous). 2. July. 1808.
— Sternbergla'na (Sternberg's). April. 1837-
— thesioVdes (thesium-like). April. 1820.
JACOBJE'A LILY. Hippea'gtrum Jomio-
si'ssimutn.
JACOB'S LADDEK. Polemo'nium caru'-
leum.
JACQUEMO'KTIA. (Named after Victor
Jacquemont, a natural historian. Nat.
ord., Bindweeds [Convolvulaceajj. Linn.,
5-Pentandria I-Monoyynia. Allied to
Ipomaea.)
Blue-flowered evergreen twiners; cane'scens
requiring a moderately warm greenhouse, and trio-
la'cea a Rtove. Cuttings of small side-shoots in
April or May, in sandy soil, under a bell-glass,
and placed in a sweet bottom-heat; peat and
loam.
J. cane'scens (hoary). August. Mexico, 1845.
— viola'cea (violet). August. E. Ind. 1808.
JACQUI'NIA. (Named after the cele-
brated botanist, Jacquin. Nat. ord., Ar-
disiads [MyrsinaceseJ. Linn., 5-Pentan-
dria 1 - Monogynia. Allied to Theo-
phrasta.)
Stove evergreens. Seeds in a hotbed ; cutting*
of ripened shoots in summer, and in a moist
bottom-heat, in sand, covered with a bell-glass ;
sandy peat, with a very little fibry loam. Sum-
mer temp., 60° to 90°; winter, 5Sb to 65°. They
require a highish temperature at all times.
J. nrbo'rea (tree-like). 10. White. July. W.
Ind. 1829.
— armilla'ria (bracelet). 6. White. June. W.
Ind. 1768.
— auranti'oea (orange). 4. Orange. June.
Sandwich Islands. 1796.
— linea'ris (narrow -leaved). 1. Red. June.
W.Ind. 1823.
— macroca'rpa (large -fruited). 6. Orange.
June. Mexico. 1825.
— ruscifo'lia (ruscus-leaved), 3. White. S.
Amer. 1729.
JALAP. Exogo'nium pu'rga.
JAMAICA EBONY. Bry'a e'benus.
JAMAICA MILEWOOD. Bro'simutn «/?«'-
rium.
JAM
[465 ]
JAS
JAMAICA PEPPER. Pime'nta vulga'ris.
JAMAICA REDWOOD. Gordo'nia h<cma-
to'xylon.
JAMAICA ROSE. Meria'nia.
JAMBO'SA. (From schamber, the native
name. Nat. ord., Myrtleblooms [Myr-
tacese]. Linn., I2-Icosandria \-Mono-
gynia. Allied to Eugenia.)
Stove evergreens, from the East Indies, except
austra'lis, which is a greenhouse evergreen. Cut-
tings of th,e shoots getting firm, in sand, under a
bell-glass, and in heat ; peat and loam. Summer
temp., for stove shrubs, 60° to 85° ; winter, 50° to
.55°.
J. ucuminu'ta (pointed-leaved). Green. May.
1816.
— amplexicau'lis (stem-clasping). 10. White.
June. 1823.
— a'quea (watery). 20. White. 1820.
— austra'lis (southern). White. June. N.
Holland. 1800.
— laurifo'li'i (hay-leaved). White. May. 1824.
— macroca'rpa (large -fruited). 20. White.
May. 1822.
— macrophy'lla (large-leaved). 10. White. 1820.
— Malacce'nsis (Malay Apple-tree). 25. Scarlet.
July. 1/68.
— purpu'rea (purple). Purple. June. 17wS.
— ternifo'lia (three-leaved). White. May. 1822.
— veno'sa (veined). White. May. Madagascar.
1824.
— vulga'ris (common). 25. Green, yellow.
April. 1768.
JAMESO'NIA. (Named after Dr. Jame-
son, professor of botany at Quito. Nut
ord., Polypods [Polypodiaceflo]. Linii.3
24- Cryptoyamia l-Filices. )
A greenhouse Fern. Sec J?SRNg.
/. imbricu'ta (imbricated). Urovni. May.
JAPAN CEHAK. Cryptome'ria.
JAPAN EARTH. Aca'cia cate'chu bark.
JAPAN VARNISH-TREE. Ehu's verni-
ci'feru.
JAPANESE YEW. Cephnlota'xus.
JANI'PHA. (Its Brazilian name is
Janipdba. Nat. ord., Spurgeworts [Eu-
phorbiaeese]. Linn., 2l~Monoecia 1-
Monadclpliia. )
Should be united to Manihot. Stove evergreen
shrubs, with brown flowers. Seeds in a sweet
hotbed; cuttings of young shoots getting firm,
in a strong bottom-heat, in sandy peat, and
covered with a bell-glass ; peat and loam, sand,
with a little charcoal. Summer temp., 60° to 90° ;
winter, 55° to 60°.
/. asculifo'lia (horse-chestnut-leaved). 3. Spain.
1826.
— angustifu'lia (narrow-leaved). 3. Brazil. 1829.
—fa'tida (foetid). 3. Mexico. 1824.
— Ltefli'ngii (Lading's). 3. July. Carthagena.
1820.
— Ma'nihot (Cassava). S.July. S. Amer. 1739-
JASJ'ONE. Sheep's Scabious. (An
ancient name used by Theophrastus.
Nat. ord., Bellworts [Campanuiace«ej.
Linn., b-Pentandria \-Monogynia.)
Hardy herbaceous perennials, except monta'na,
and all with blue flowers. Seeds, divisions, and
cuttings under a hand-light, in spring. They re-
quire a sheltered place in winter, and like sandy
soil, with a little peat or leaf-mould.
J.folio'sa (leafy). 1. June. Spain. 1826.
— hu'milis (dwarf). $. July. France. 1824.
— monta'na (mountain). 1. June. Britain.
Annual.
— pere'nnis (perennial). 1. July. France. 1787.
JASMI'NUM. Jasmine. (From Ysmyn,
the Arabic name. Nat. ord., Jasmin-
worts [Jasminacese]. Linn., 2-Diandria
1-Monogynia.)
All white-flowered, except where otherwise
stated. The stove and greenhouse species, by
cuttings in sand, in a little peat; the hardy
species, by suckers, layers, and cuttings under a
hand-light. A bud of the variegated plants of
officina'lis wiil frequently communicate the pro-
perty to the whole of the plant ; peat and loam,
for the house species ; good, common soil for the
hardy; revolu'tum and proli'ferum require a
little protection in winter.
HARDY DECIDUOUS CLIMBERS, &C.
J. affi'ne (related). June. Himalayas. 1843.
Shrub.
—fru'ticans (shrubby). 3. Yellow. July.
South Europe. 1570. Shrub.
— hctcrophy'llum (variable-leaved). 14. June.
Nepaul. 1020. Shrub.
— hu'mile (low). 3. Yellow. July. South
Europe. lOsfi. Deciduous.
— njfictiui'Lc (c.ummon. Shop). 15. July. E.
3:;d. 1548.
— fo'liis arge'nteis (silver-leaved). 15. July.
E. Ind.
—fo'liis au'reis (golden-leaved). 15. July.
E. Ind.
flo'ribus ple'nis (double-flowered). 15.
July. E. Ind.
HARDY EVERGREEN CLIMBERS, &C.
J.pubi'gerum (down-bearing). 10. Yellow.
June. Nepaul. 1827. Evergreen.
— Ree'vesii (Reeves's). Yellow. September.
Shrub.
GREENHOUSE EVERGREEN CLIMBERS.
J. acumina'tum (pointed-leaved). 10. June.
N. Holland. 1820.
— Azo'ricum (Azorian). 5. July. Madeira. 1/24.
— Cape'nse (Cape). 8. May. Cape of Good
Hope. 1816. Shrub. •
— glau'cum (milky-green). 3. August. Capo
of Good Hope. 177*«
— gra'cile (slender). 3. Norfolk Island. 1791-
— grundiflo'rum (large-flowered). 15. July.
India. 1629.
— lanceolu'rium (spear - bead - leaved). Sylhet.
1826.
— ligustrifu'lium (privet-leaved). May. Ne-
paul. 1839. Shrub.
— nudiflo'rum (naked-flowered). 3. Yellow.
December. China. 1844. Deciduous.
— odorati'ssimum (sweetest-scented). 3. June.
Madeira. 1656.
— suliuia'tuin (awl - shaped - leaned). Yellow.
September. China. 1842. Shrub.
— turtuu'tium (twisted) 6. June. Cape of
Good Hope. 1818.
STOVE EVERGREEN CLIMBERS.
J. angiMtifo'livm (narrow.leaved). 10. E. Ind.
1816.
StB
JAT
[ 460 j
JUG
J. arbore'scens (tree-like). 12. E. Ind. 1824
Shrub.
— Ir actea' turn (targ'e-bracted). 30. April. E.
Ind. 1818.
— campanula' turn (bell-flowered). 4. 1812.
Shrub.
— cauda'tum (J<wi§--tailed). 10. May. Sylhet.
1838. Deciduous.
— dianthifo' Hum (dianthus-leaved). May. De-
ciduous.
— flefxile (flexible). 10. April. E. Ind. 1825.
— hirsu'tum (hairy). 3. June. E. Ind. 1759-
Shrub.
— latifo'lium (broad-leaved). 20. June. E.
Ind. 1819- Twiner.
— laurifo'lium (bay-leaved). 4. June. E. Ind.
1319.
— multiflo'rum (many-flowered). May. Shrub.
— panicula 'turn (panicled). 6. January. China.
1818.
— reeolu'tum (rolled-back-^owCT'ed). 12. Yel-
low. June. E. Ind. 1812.
— Sa'mbac (Zambaek). 6. E. Ind. 1665. Twiner.
flo're-ple'no (double-flowering), 6. E.
Ind. 1700.
trifolia'tum (three-leaved). 6. E. Ind.
1730.
— sca'ndens (climbing). 10. August, E, Ind.
1820.
— simplicifo'lium (simple-leaved). 3. June.
South Seas. 1800.
— syringifo'lium (lilac-leaved). April. E. Ind.
1838.
— trine'rve (three-nerved). 20. E. Ind. 1804.
— undula'tum (wavy). 5. January. China. 1819.
JA'TROPHA. (From iatros, physician,
and trophe, food ; referring to its medi-
cinal qualities. Nat. ord., Spurgeworts
[Euphorbiaceae]. Linn., 21-M oncecia
IQ-Jbfonadelphia.)
Cassava bread and tapioca are made from the
loots, although the juice is an acrid poison. Stove
evergreen shrubs, except herba'cea. Sometimes
by seed, in sandy peat, in a hotbed ; cuttings of
Toung firm shoots in sandy soil, in a brisk bottom-
lieat ; let the bottom of the cutting be dried be-
fore inserting ; sandy peat and fibry loam. Sum-
mer temp., 60° to 85°; winter, 55° to 60°.
H. cocci'nea (scarlet). 4- Scarlet. Cuba. 1824,
— intege'rrima (most-entire. Spicy -leaved}. 3.
Scarlet. June. Cuba. 1809.
— multi'fida (many-cleft). 3. Green. July. S.
Amer. 1696.
— panduroefo'lia (fiddle-leaved). 4. Scarlet. July.
Cuba. 1800.
— pnda'grioa (gouty-stalked). ]J. Orange, red.
Santa Martha. 1847.
JEFFERSO'NIA. (Named in honour of
T. Jefferson, president of the United
States of North America. Nat. ord.,
JBerberids [Berberidacese]. Linn., S-Oc-
tandria \-Monogynia. Allied to Diphyl-
leja.)
Hardy herbaceous perennial. Seeds and division
of the plant, in spring ; common, sandy garden-
soil .
J. diphy'lla (two-leaved). 4. White. May. N.
Amer. 1792.
JEESEY THISTLE. Centau'rea isna'rdi.
JERUSALEM ARTICHOKE (ffelia'nthus
tubero'sits), flourishes most in a rich.
light soil, with an open exposure. Plant
middle-sized tubers, or cuttings of the
large ones, one or two eyes being pre-
served in each. Plant towards the end of
March, though it may be performed in.
February, or even preferably in October.
Insert by the dibble in rows three feet
apart each way, and four inches deep.
The only attention necessary is an occa-
sional hoeing to loosen the surface, a
little of the earth being drawn up about
the stems. Early in August cut the stems
off about their middle, to admit more
freely the air and light, and in other re-
spects to be beneficial to the tubers.
They may be taken up as wanted dur-
ing September, and in October, or as
soon as the stems have withered entirely,
for preservation in sand for winter's use.
They should be raised as completely as
possible ; for the smallest piece of tuber
will vegetate and appear in spring. It
is for this reason that they are often al-
lotted some remote corner of the garden ;
buttheir culinary merits certainly demand
a more favourable treatment.
JERUSALEM SAGE. Plilo'mis frutico'sa*
JERUSALEM THORN. Parkinso'nia acu-
lea'ta.
JET D'EAU. See FOUNTAIN.
JEW'S APPLE. Sola'num melonge'na.
JOB'S TEARS. Co'ix.
JOLLI'ITA AFRICA'NA. See TELFAI'BIA
PEDA'TA.
JONE'SIA. (Named after Sir W.Jones*
Nat. ord., Leguminous Plants [Fabacese].
Linn., 7-Heptandria \-Monogynia. Allied
to Amherstia.)
Stove evergreens. Cuttings of ripened shoots in
sand, in a brisk heat ; peat and loam. Summer
temp., 60° to 85°; winter, 55° to 60°.
J. Aso'ca (Asoca). 20. Orange. E. Ind. 1796,
— sca'ndens (climbing). 20. Orange. E. Ind. 1820t
JONQUILL. Narci'ssusjonqui'lla,
JOSSI'NIA. See MY'RTUS.
JOVE'S FRUIT. Lau'rus diospy'ros.
JUANULLO'A. (Named after two Spa-
niards, Don G. Juan and Don Ulloa,
Nat. ord., Nightshades [Solanacess], Al-
lied to Lycium.)
Stove evergreen shrubs, with orange flowers.
Cuttings in sand, under a glass, in bottom-heat j
rough peat ; and a moist, high temperature, in a
stove. Parasi'tica is considered a parasitical
plant in its native country.
/. auranti'aca (orange). June. S. Amer. 1840.
— parasi'tica (parasitic). 3. May. Peru. 1840.
JUDAS-TREE. Ce'rcis.
Ju' CUBANS. Walnut. (From Jovis, the
heathen god, and <jlanst a nut. Nat. ord..
JUJ
L i«
JUS
Juglands [Juglandacese]. Linn., 21-If<
ncecia Q-Enneandria.}
Hardy deciduous trees, all blossoming in Apri
Nuts sown when gathered, or preserved until th
following spring, in order to keep them from ver
inin ; also grafting and budding the more rar
species and varieties. In budding, the small, a
most inconspicuous buds at the base of the year'
shoot are to be chosen ; deep, loamy soil. In sue
soils the nut should be inserted where the tree i
to grow; in all poor soils it is better to be trans
planted, so as to cut the tap-root, and cause th
roots to feed more among the good surface-soil.
J. cine'rea (prey. Butter Nat}. 30. N. Amer. 1656
— fraxinifft'lia (ash-leaved). 40. N. Amer.
— ni'gra (black)- 30. N. Amer. 1629.
— pteroca'rpa (winged-fruited). 40. N. Amer
— re' gia (common. Royal). 50. Persia. 1562.
Incinla'ta (cut- leaned). 50. Persia.
ma'xima (largest-fruited). 50. Persia.
pe'ndulu (weeping).
sero'tinn (lute-vegetating). 50. Persia
te'nera (thin-shelled). 50. Persia.
JUJUBE. Zi'zyphusju'juba.
JULUS. Snake millipede. J. terrestri
has about 200 legs. Lead colour. Scaly
like the woodlouse. Is said to eat the
roots of the pansy.
J. pulchellus. — Ochreous colour, with
crimson spots down its sides. Legs, aboui
170. Is said to attack roots of beans
cabbages, peas, and scarlet beans.
J. complanatus. — Lilac colour. Sixty
legs, Is said to eat potato-tubers. Pul-
chellus is also found in the fruit of the
strawberry; but in every instance we
doubt whether the plant in which the
millipede is found has not first been
injured by slugs, or some other cause,
so that decay has commenced.
JULY-FLOWER. Pmso'pis juliflo'ra.
JUNI'PEBUS. Juniper. (From the
Celtic juniperus, rough. Nat. ord., Coni-
fers [Pinacese]. Linn., 22-Dicecia 13
Monadelphia. )
Seeds, which will retain their vitality for years,
and when sown, seldom vegetate under a twelve-
month, and sometimes nearer two years ; cuttings
in the end of summer, in a shady border, in sandy,
firm soil, and covered with band-glasses ; sandy
loam. The berries of the common juniper are
used for flavouring gin.
HALF-HARDY EVERGREENS.
J. Barbade'nsis (Barbadoes Cedar}. 20. Florida.
1811.
— Bermudiu'na (Bermuda Cedar). 20. May.
Bermudas. 1683.
- Cape'nsis (Cape). May. Mexico. 1836.
— fla'ccida, (weak). May. Mexico. 1836.
— Mexicans (Mexican). May. Mexico. 1846.
— tetmgo'na (four-angled). May. Mexico. 1836.
HARDY EVERGREENS.
J. Chine'nsis (Chinese). 10. May. China. 1804.
— commu'nis (common). 5. May. Britain.
Canade'nris (Canadian). 20. May. Ca-
nada. 1820.
nu'na (dwarf). 2. May. Siberia.
J. commu'nis oblo'nga (obloug./rttiYed). June.
oblo'nga pe'ndula (oblong-weeping). 5.
May. Britain.
— Sue'cica (Swedish). 12. May. North Europe.
— Craco'ma (Cracow). 4. May. Poland. 1820.
— Dau'rica (Daurian). 8. July. Dauria. 1791.
— drupa'cea (drupe-fruited). 4. May. Syria. 1820.
— exce'lsa (tall). 20. Siberia. 1806.
— glau'ca (milky-green). May. China. 1814.
— hemisphee'rica (half- globe - headed). May.
Mount Etna. 1844.
— Herma'nni (Hermann's). May.
— Ly'cia (Lycian). 10. May. South Europe. 1759.
— macroca'rpa (large-fruited). May. Greece.
— Neoborace'nsis (Naumburg). May.
— oblu'nera (oblong). May. America. 1829.
— oxyce'drus (sharp-cedar). 15. May. Spain. 1739.
— Phasni'cea (Phoenician). 20. May. South Eu-
rope. 16S3.
— recu'rna (bent-back). 4. May. Nepaul. 1817.
— religio'sa (religious). May.
— sabi'na (common savin). 4. May. South Europe.
1548.
alpi'na (alpine), ij. May. Britain.
cuprcssifo'lia (cypress-leaved). 4. May.
South Europe. 1548.
fu'liis vanega'tis (variegated-leaved). 4.
May. Europe.
— prostra'tit (prostrate), f. May. N.Amer.
— tamariacifo'lia (tamarisk - leaved). 4. May.
South Europe. 1562.
variega'ta( variegated). 5. May. South
Europe.
— Smi'thii (Smith's). May. Nepaul.
— squama' ta (scaly). 4. May. Nepaul. 1824.
— thuri'fera (incense-bearing). 10. May. Spain.
1572.
— uvi'fera (grape bearing). Cape Horn.
— Virginia' na (Virginian. Red Cedar). 30. May.
N. Amer. 1664.
Carolinia'na (Carolina). May. Carolina.
hu'milis (humble). 12. May. N'. Amer. 1800.
JUPITER'S BEARD. Antliy'llis ba'rba-
To'vis.
JUPITER'S EYE and JUPITER'S BEARD.
Sempervi'vum tecto'rum.
JURI'NEA. (Derivation not explained.
"Tat. ord., Composites [Asteracese]. Linn.,
D-Syngenesia 1-JEqualis. Allied to Ser-
atula.)
Hardy herbaceous perennials, with purple
owers. Seeds and division of the plant in spring ;
ommon soil.
. specta'bilis (showy). June. Europe. 1837.
— subacau'lis (short-stemmed). June. Caucasus.
1837.
JUSSIEU'A. (Named after the celebrated
otanical family of Jussieu. Nat. ord.,
Jnatjrads [Onagracese]. Linn., 10-Dc-
andria l-Monogynia. Allied to Lud-
igia.)
All stove aqua'ics except grandiflo'ra, which
elongs to the g eena ;use. and frutt'scens, which
a shrub, and all yellow-flowered. Cuttings, di-
sions, and seeds; loamy toil, in basins of water.
frute'scens (shrubby). Yellow. June. 1824.
Evergreen shrub.
— grandiflo'ra (large-flowered). 1J. Yellow. Au-
gust. Carolina. 1812.
octo'fida (eight-cleft). Yellow. July,
JUS
[468]
J. oefowa'Jm«(eight.valved). Yellow. July. S. i
Am.er.
— pilo'sa (downy). Yellow. July. Caraccas. 1829-
— reveres (creeping). 1. Yellow. August. VV.
Ind. 1817.
— tea/bra (rough). 4. Yellow. July. S. Amer.
1816.
— su/rutico'sa (half-shrubby). 1&. Yellow. Au-
gust. India. 1808.
— Swartzia'na(S\v&rto's). Yellow. July. W. Ind.
1826.
— mllo'sa (shaggy). Yellow. July. E. Ind. 1826.
JOSTI'CIA. (Named after J. Justice, a
celebrated Scotch horticulturist. Nat. ord.,
Acanthads [Acanthacese]. Linn., 2-Dian-
drial-Monogynia. Allied to Eranthemum. )
Annuals and biennials, by seed in a hotbed, and
to be treated as tender and half-hardy annuals ;
many of them, and all the shrubs and herbaceous
species, are easily propagated by cuttings, old
snoots, and young side-shoots, striking very soon
in sandy soil, under a glass, in heat, most of the
leaves beiriK allowed to remain. As they are fast
growers, where room is at all valuable, young ones
should be grown, and the old ones thrown away
every year ; peat and loam. Summer temp., 60° to
85° ; winter, 48° to 55°. The following are a few
of the best: — Cocci'nea, ca'rnea, cnma'ta, for-
mo'sa, lu'cida, salvieeflo'ra, and specio'sa.
STOVE ANNUAL AND BIENNIAL.
J. eiliafris (hair-fringed). 1. White, July. W.
Ind. 1780.
GREENHOUSE EVERGREEN SHRUB.
J. pa'tula (spreading). White. April. Cape of
Good Hope. 1824.
STOVE HERBACEOUS PERENNIALS.
J. coma'ta (tufted). 2. Purple. July. Jamaica. 1795
— eeAun'd<?s(echium-like). 1. Red. April. E. Ind.
1820.
— elonga'ta (lengthened). 2. Red. May. E.Ind
1812.
— gutta'ta (targe-spotted). l£. Yellow. April.
E. Ind. 1828.
— nemoro'sa (grove). 2. Purple. May. W. Ind.
1795.
— pectora'lis (pectoral-iafoam). 3. Purple. May.
W. Ind. 1787-
— reflexiflo' ra (bent-back-flowered). 1. Purple.
June. W. Ind. 1824.
STOVE EVERGREEN SHRUBS.
/. a'lba (white). 2. White. June. E. Ind. 1816.
— ama'bilis (lovely). Red. S. Amer.
— bracteola'ta (small-bracted). 6. Purple: July.
Caraccas. 1323.
— caly'tricha (beautiful-haired). 2. Yellow. Fe-
bruary. Brazil. 1824.
— Caracasu'na (Caraccas). 5. Violet. May. Ca-
raccas. 1822. Trailer.
— ca'rnea (flesh-coloured). 4. Flesh. August. Rio
Janeiro. 1827.
— Carthagine'nsis (Carthagena). 1$. Purple. July.
Carthagena. 1/92.
•—cocci'nea (scarlet). 5. Scarlet. February. S.
Amer. 1770.
— euspida'ta (spine-pointed). 1$. July. Arabia.
1820.
— ecbo'Hwn (expelling). 3. Blue. June. E. Ind.
1759.
—formo'sa (beautiful). 2. Purple. May. 1818.
—funtt'ta (forked). 5. Violet. April. Peru. 1795.
Trailer.
— genievla'tu (jointed). 2, Purple. June. W.
Ind. 18-20.
/. lanceola'ta (spear-head-teawed), 3. Red. April.
E. Ind. 1818.
— lythospermifo'liu (grom well-leaved). 3. Purple*
April. Peru. 1/96. Trailer.
— lu'cida (shining./eaoed). 3. Scarlet. July. W.
Ind. 1/95.
— Macdone'lliai (Mrs. McDoneli's). Yellow. No-
vember.
— macula'ta (spotted). 2. Purple. June. W. Ind.
1823.
— nasu'ta (large-snouted). 2. White. June. E.
Ind. 1790.
— nodo'sa (knotted). Red. August. Brazil. 1820.
— pi'cta (painted). 8. Crimson. July. E.Ind.
1780.
— lu'rido sangui'nea (lurid -blood '-leaved). 8.
Crimson. July. E. Ind. 1/80.
— polysta'chya (many-spiked). 2. Pink. June.
Guiana. 1821.
— pu'mila (dwarf;. £. April. S. Amer. 1820.
— rumosi'ssima (most-branchy). 2. Purple. June.
E. Ind. 1825.
— Roxburghid'na( Roxburgh's) . l.Pink. August.
E. Ind. 1815.
— sulvixflo'ra (sage-flowered). 4. Scarlet. July.
Mexico. 1824.
— specio'sa (showy). 4. Purple. August. E.Ind.
1826.
— £,tyrs(/2o'ra(thyrse-flowered). 8. Scarlet. April.
E. Ind. 1812.
— variega'ta (striped-/<wem2). 2. Red. May.
Guiana. 1825.
— ventrico'sa (swollen). White, red. June. China.
1826.
— vitelli'na (yolk-coloured). 1. Yellow. May. E.
Ind. 1818.
K.
KADSU'RA. (The Japanese name.
Nat. ord., Kudsitrads [Schizandraceas].
Linn., 22-Dicecia 12-Polyandria.)
A trailing half-hardy evergreen. Cuttings of
halt-ripened wood in sand, under a bell-glass, and
in heat, in May ; peat and loam.
K. Japo'nica (Japan), White. June. Japan. 1846.
KJEMPFE'RIA. Galangale. (Named after
Kcsmpfer, a German naturalist. Nat. ord.,
Ginyerworts [Zingiberacese]. Linn.,l-M0w
nandrial-Monogynia. Allied to Curcuma.)
Stove herbaceous perennials. Division of the
plant as fresh growth commences ; sandy loam,
fibry peat, and leaf-mould. Temp., 45° to 55°
when at rest ; from 60° to 85° when growing.
K. e'legans (elegant). 1. Purple. Pegu. 182S»
— gala'nga (galanga). 1. White, purple. July.
E. Ind. 1728.
— margina'ta (bordered). l.Blue. July. E.Ind.
1822.
— ovalifu'lia (oval-leaved). 1. Blue. June. Ma-
lacca. 1822.
— rotu'nda (round-rooted'), 1. Red, white. July.
E. Ind. 1/64.
KAGENE'CKIA. (Named after Count
Kageneck, a patron of botany. Nat. ord.,
Roseworts [Kosacese]. Linn., 12-Itosan-
dria 2-Pentagynia.)
Half-hardy evergreen trees, from Chili, with
white flowers. Cutting* of rather ripe shoots in
sand, under a bell-glass ; probably, also, by graft-
ing OB some rosaceous plant, as the Hawthorn ;
KAL
KEN
Joum, with a little sandy peat. Winter temp., 35°
to 45°. Cratacgoi des has stood for years against a
conservative wall in the Chiswick Gardens, and
produced fruit there in 183/. The male flowers
are in clusters ; the female flowers are solitary.
K. cratcegoi'des (hawthorn-like). 60. 1831.
— oblo'nga (oblong-leaved). 30. June, 1830.
KALANKO'E. (From the Chinese name
of one of the species. Nat. ord., House-
leeks [Crassulacese]. Linn., S-Octandria
^-Tetragyma. Allied to Kochea.)
Stove succulent evergreens. Cuttings dried at
their base soon root in sandy loam, in a little heat ;
sandy loam. Summer temp., 60° to 80°, and
abundance of water when growing and flowering.
Winter temp., 45° to 55°, and almost dry.
K. acutiflu'ra (pointed-flowered). 2. White. Au-
gust. E. Ind. 1806.
— Mgypti'aca. (Egyptian). 2.Yellow. July. Egypt.
1820.
— 'Ceratophy'lla (horn-leaved'). 2. Yellow. July.
China. 'l820.
— crena'ta (scolloped). 2. Yellow. August.
Sierra Leone. 1793.
— lacinia'ta (cut-leaved). 2. Yellow. July. E.
Ind. 1781.
— rotundifu'lia (round-leaved). 2. White. July.
Cape of Good Hope. 1820.
— ,9paWwfa7a(spatulate). 2. Yellow. July. China.
1820.
— va'rians (variable). Yellow. July. E.Ind.
KALE. See BORECOLE.
KA'LMIA. (Named after Peter Kalm,
a Swedish botanist. Nat. ord., Heath-
worts [Ericaceae]. Linn., 10-Decandna
1-Monoggnia. Allied to Azalea.)
Hardy evergreens, all from North America, and
all red-flosvered, except where specified. By cut-
tings of young shoots in sandy peat, in a shady
place, under hand-lights ; by layers made at the
end of summer; by seeds sown ;n shallow pans
filled with sandy peat, and kept close in a frame
until the seedlings are up, pricked off when fin-
gerable, kept close again, and gradually inured
to the open air ; sandy peat-soil is best, though
the.7 often thrive well in sandy loam and leaf-
mould ; good for forcing.
K. angustifo'lia (narrow-leaved). 3. June. 1736.
fo'liis variega'tis (variegated-leaved). 2.
June.
mi'nima (least). 2. June.
na'na (dwarf). 2. June.
ova' ta (egg-leaved). 2. June.
pu'mila (dwarf). 2. June.
ro'sea (rosy). 3. June.
— ru'bra (red-flowered). 3. June.
— cunea'ta (wedge-leaved). 2. White,red. June.
1820.
— glau'ca (milky- green). 2. Purple. April. 1767.
rosmarinifo'lia (rosemary - leaved). 2.
April. 1812.
— fttrsu'ia (hairy). J. August. 1786,
— latifo'lia (broad-leaved). 8. June. 1734.
KALOSA'NTHES. Asynonymeof Kochea,
and now erroneously applied to Cra'ssula
tocci'nca and its varieties. See KO'CHEA.
KANGURU VINE. Ci'ssus anta'rclicus.
KABELI'NIA. (Derivation not explained.
.Nat. ord., Composites [Asteracea?] . Linn.,
IQ.Syngenesia
Hardy herbaceous. Divisions of the plant ia tie
spring ; common garden-soil.
K. Ca'spia (Caspian). Purple. August. Caspia.
KAULFU'SSIA. .(Named after F. Kaul-
fuss, M.D. Nat. ord., Composites [Aster-
acese]. Linn., 19-Syngenesia2-Superflua.}
Hardy annuals. Seeds in the flower-border, in
April, or in a slight hotbed, in March, and trans-
planted afterwards. The last method is the best.
K. aesculifo'lia (chestnut-leaved). Brown, yellow.
June. Isle of Leyte.
— amelloi'des (amellus-like). 1. Blue. July. Cape
of Good Hope. 1819-
KELP is the ash remaining after sea-
weed is burnt, and has been used with
great advantage as a manure to potatoes,
brocoli, and other species of cabbage-
worts. Jt is composed of carbonate of
soda, and iodide and bromide of potas-
sium, carbon, sulphates of lime and
magnesia, and other matters of trivial
importance. See GREEN MANURE.
KENNE'DYA. (Named after Mr. Ken-
nedy, of the firm of Lee and Kennedy,
nurserymen. Nat. ord., Leguminous
Plants [Fabacese]. Unn^n-Diadclphia
'3-Decandria.
Greenhouse evergreen twiners, from New Hol-
land. Cuttings of short side-shoots getting firm,
in April and May, in sand, over sandy peat, under
a bell-glass, kept close for a fortnight, and then
put into a little extra heat ; peat and sandy loam.
Winter temp., 40° to 48°, and most of them like
a little shade in summer. All the species, also,
may be easily propagated by seeds, which, after
being soaked in warm water for a few hours, may
be sown in sandy soil, and placed in a hotbed.
K. cocci'nea (scarlet). 10. Scarlet. June. 1803.
— Comptonia'na (Compton's). 12. Blue. April.
1803.
— heterophy'lla (variable-leaved), 4. 1824.
— inophy'lla (nerve-leaved). 4. Scarlet. June. 1824.
— macrophy'lla (large-leaved). 15. Purple. 1835.
— Marrya'ttcc (Mrs. Marryatt's). 4. Scarlet.
April. 1834.
— monophy'lla (simple-leaved). 10. Purple. May.
1790.
longiracemo'sa (long-racemed). 3. Pink.
1828.
— ni'gricans (d&rk-corollaed). 3. Purple, green.
March. 1832.
— ova'ta (egg-leaved). 6. Purple, June. 1816.
— parviflo'ra (small-flowered). 4. 1824.
— prostra'tu (prostrate). 4. Scarlet. April. 1790.
mi'nor (smaller). Red. June. 1836.
— rubicu'nda (red). 10. Dark red. June. Brazil.
1788.
— seri'cea (silky). 4. Scarlet. May. 1824.
— SterWngii (Stirling's). 3. Scarlet. May. 1834.
KENTROPHY'LLUM. (From kentron, a
spine, and phyllon, a leaf; literally, spine-
leaved. Nat. ord., Composites [Asteraceoe].
Linn., l9-8yngenesia 3-Frustranea.)
Hardy annuals, except arbore'scens, which ifc
a half-hardy evergreen shrub. Seed in April, but
better still in a hotbed, in March, and trans-
planted in May. Cuttings of the young shoots of
KEN
[ 470 ]
KID
arbore'scens under a hand-light, in spring; com-
mon garden-soil.
K. arbore'scens (shrubby). 6. Yellow. August.
Spain. 1731.
— Cre'tica (Cretan). 2. White. June. Candia.
1/31.
— lana'ta (woolly). 2. Yellow. July. South
Europe. 1596.
— Tau'rica (Taurian). 2. Yellow. June. Cau-
casus. 1818.
KENTUCKY COFFEE-TREE. Gymno'cladus.
KE'RBIA. (Named after M. Kerr, once
superintendent of the Botanic Garden,
Ceylon. Nat. ord., Roseworts [Kosacese].
Linu., 12-Icosandria 3-Trigynia. Allied
to Spiraea.)
Hardy deciduous shrub, with yellow flowers,
from Japan, formerly called Corcho'rusJapo'nicus.
Cuttings of the young shoots under a hand-light;
layers, and division of the plant ; common loam.
K. Japo'nica (Japanese). 3. Blooms through
summer. 1700.
— — — flo're-ple'no (double-flowered). 6. June.
1700.
KIDKEY BEAN. Phase'olus vulga'ris.
Varieties. — There are three kinds — the
Runners, or twining varieties ; the Dwarfs ;
and the Skinless, or Mange-tout. These
last, and the runners, are those most
commonly cultivated, being eaten pod and
seed together, whilst of others only the
seeds are eaten.
Runners. — Large Running White, While
Long Pod, Dutch Case Knife, Long White,
or Large White Sugar. A good hearer, and
one of the hest for late use.
Sabre. Seeds white. This is, perhaps,
the hest of all, being a good bearer, an.!
its pods of great length and size. This
sort grows very high.
Prudhomme, or Prodommet. Seeds grey-
ish, oval, and small. There is a yellow
variety of this.
Prague, or Red Pea. Seeds round, of
violet colour. A moderate bearer, and late.
Prague Bicolor. Similar to the last, seed
alittle larger. A good bearer, but very late.
Sophie. Like the Prague, but seeds
whiter and larger. A moderate bearer,
and late.
Small White French Runner. White
seeds, oblong, and very thin. It is a good
bearer, but is too tender to ripen its seeds
in this country, except under a wall in a
very warm situation.
Lima. Seeds very large, thick, and of a
dirty white ; pods large, short, slightly
rough, and wrinkled. Prolific, and the
seeds are very mealy ; but in this climate
a crop can only be obtained by forward-
ing the plants in a hotbed, and planting
them out singly in May. It is eaten both
n a green state and shelled. It grows
high.
Venetian Sugar. Kesembling Lima,
the principal difference consisting in the
seeds being flatter, larger, and speckled
with red. An abundant bearer, but must
be used young.
Pale Turkey, or Scarlet Runner. Of this
there are two varieties distinct from the
common Haricot, one with scarlet, the
other with white flowers ; the latter is
preferable for culinary purposes on ac-
count of its greater mealiness and thinner
skin. There is also a third variety with
two-coloured flowers, but it is not supe-
rior to either of the above. A good
bearer, but not very early.
Dwarf. — Dwarf White Dutch, Dutch
Long Pod, or Early Dwarf Dutch. Pods
long, narrow, and excellent when green ;
seeds white, small, a little compressed.
Not very early in this country.
Early White, or Brewer's White. Seeds
white, narrow, rather long, and cylin-
drical. It is very dwarf, early, good for
forcing, equally suited for eating green,
and when the seeds are ripe.
Dwarf White Sans - parchemin forms
thick? bushy plants. Good whilst green ;
stringless till three parts grown, and ex-
cellent when ripe.
Dwarf American White. Pod short, of
a strong and branching habit, sometimes
climbing a little, but generally dwarf, and
not requiring support; very prolific; its
short, swollen pod a little hooked, strongly
coloured with reddish-brown, particularly
at the two extremities; this is not in the
least stringy.
Of the Haricot Suisse there are many
varieties, of which the principal are the
White, the Grey, and the Red.
Dwarf Slack- Spotted. — Grown particu-
larly in the Maine. The Mohawk from
the United States.
Dwarf Red-Speckled, Fulner's Spotted
Dwarf, and Long-Spotted French. These
have peculiar characters, according to
the length and form of their seeds. They
are all excellent in a green state, for
which they are chiefly used.
Dwarf Negro. Used in a green state ;
this rivals the Swiss varieties. This is
one of the best for general use, and an
abundant bearer.
Haricot Noir de JBelgiquf. Is perfectly
dwarf, and is the earliest which we are
yet acquainted with. Its pods, although
rather pale, are very good in a young state.
KID
KID
Crimson Runner. Highly esteemed for
stewing when ripe ; seeds red, flat, and
small.
Flat Yellow Canada. The most dwarf
and one of the earliest skinless, anc
therefore either good when young, or
when full grown; seeds nearly round
pale yellow, very good when dried. A
good bearer.
Polish Beans. A prolific sort, excellent
cither fresh-shelled or dried; seeds ra-
ther large, roundish, and sulphur-co-
loured. There is a sub-variety of it with
clear, bronze-coloured seeds, which also
appears to be good. A good bearer, and
early. — Gard. Ckron.
Soil and Situation. — A very light, mel-
low, well-drained loam. For the early and
late crops, a sheltered border must al
ways be allotted, or in a single row about
a foot from a south fence, otherwise the
situation cannot be too open.
Sowing commences with the year. They
may be sown towards the end of January
in pots, and placed upon the flue of the
hothouse, or in rows in the mould of a
hotbed, for production in March, to be
repeated once every three weeks in
similar situations in February and
.March, for supplying the table during
April j a small sowing may be made, if
line open weather, under a frame without
heat, for removal into a sheltered border
early in May. The chief requisite for
success in the hothouse is to have them
near the glass ; to keep them well wa-
tered; the air moist, and ventilated as
much as the season permits.
During May, and thence until the first
week in August, sowings may be madn
once every three weeks. In September,
forcing recommences, at first merely un-
der frames without, bottom-heat ; October,
and thence to the close of the year, in
hotbeds, &c., as in January. Sowing,
when a removal is intended, should al-
ways be made in pots, the plants being
less retarded, as the roots are less injured,
than when the seed is inserted in patches
or rows in the earth of the bed. It is a
good practice, likewise, to repeat each
sowing in the frames without heat after
the lapse of a week, as the first will often
fail, when a second, although after so
short a lapse of time, will perfectly suc-
ceed. In every instance the seed is bu-
ried one and a half or two inches deep.
The rows of the main crops to be two feet
apart, the seed being inserted either in
drills or by the dibble, four inches apart ;
the plants, however, to be thinned to
twice that distance. If a vacancy occurs,
it may always be filled by plants which,
have been carefully removed by the
trowel from where they stood too thick.
The seed insei'ted during the hottest pe-
riod of summer should be either soaked
in water for five or six hours, laid in
damp mould for a day or two, or the
drills be well watered previously to sowing.
The pods of both kinds are always to
be gathered while young ; by thus doing,
and care being had not to injure the
stems in detaching them, the plants are
rendered prolific and long lived.
Forcing.— The hotbed must be of mo-
derate size, and covered with earth nine
inches thick. When the heat has become
regular, the, seed may be inserted in
drills a foot apart, and the plants allowed
to stand sis. inches asunder in the rows.
Air must be admitted as freely as to the
melon. The same precautions are like-
wise necessary as to keeping up the tem-
perature, taking the chill off the water,
&c., as for that plant. When the seed
begins to sprout, the mould should be
kept regularly moistened; and when
grown up, water may be given mode-
rately three times a week. The tempe-
rature should never be less than 60°, nor
higher than 75°.
Those sown under frames in March for
transplanting into a border, when two or
three inches in height, must, in a like
manner, be hardened gradually for the
exposure, by the plentiful admission of
air, and the total removal of the glasses
during fine days. If any are raised in
pots in the hothouse, they must be pre-
pared similarly for the removal, by set-
ting them outside in fine days, and there
watering them with cold water.
If the season is too ungenial to re-
move them even to a warm border, the
plants are often inserted in patches, to
lave the protection of frames or hand-
ights at night, or as the weather demands.
Runners. — As these are more tender,
and the seed is more apt to decay, than
hose of the dwarfs, no open-ground crop
must be inserted before early in May, to
be continued at intervals of four weeks
hrough June and July, which will insure
a supply from the middle of this last
month until October.
They are so prolific and such perma-
nent bearers, that three open -ground
KIE
[ 472 ]
KNI
sowings of a size proportionate to the
consumption, will, in almost every in-
stance, be sufficient.
They are inserted in drills, either
singly, three feet apart, or in pairs ten or
twelve inches asunder, and each pair four
feet distant from its neighbour. The seed
is buried two inches deep, and four apart
in the rows, the plants being thinned to
twice that distance.
If grown in single rows, a row of poles
must be set on the south side of each ;
.being fixed firmly in the ground, they
may be kept together by having a light
pole tied horizontally along their tops,
or a post being fixed at each end of a
row, united by a cross bar at their tops :
a string may be passed from this to each
of the plants. If the rows are in pairs, a
row of poles must be placed on each side,
so fixed in the ground that their sum-
mits cross, and are tied together.
If the runners are nipped off as fast as
they appear, the plants become bushy,
and are nearly as prolific as if allowed to
climb.
To obtain Seed.— Forty or fifty plants
of the dwarf kinds, or thirty of the run-
ners, will be sufficient for a moderate-
sized family. They must be raised pur-
posely in May, or a like number from the
crop in that month left ungathered from ;
for the first pods always produce the
finest seeds, and ripen perfectly. In au-
tumn, as soon as the plants decay, they
must be pulled up, thoroughly dried, and
stored in the pods.
KIELME'YEKA. (Named after a German
patron of botany. Nat.ord., Theads [Tern-
stromiacese] . Linn., 13-Polyandria 1-Mo-
nogynia.)
Stove evergreen tree. Cuttings of young shoots
getting firm, in sand, under a bell-glass, and in
heat; fibry, sandy loam. Summer temp., 60° to
75° ; winter, 45° to 55°.
K. exce'lsa (tall). 60. White. July. Brazil. 1833.
KIRGANE'UA. (Derived from the Ma-
labar name. Nat. ord., Spurgeworts [Eu-
phorbiacese]. Linn., 21-Monoecia lO-Jfo-
nadelphia. )
Stove evergreen shrub. Cuttings of ripe shoots
in sand, under a bell-glass, in a strong, moist
tottom-heat ; fibry loam and sandy peat. Sum-
mer temp., 60° to 85°; winter, 55° to 60°.
K. e'legans (elegant). 6. July. Mauritius. 1820.
KITCHEN-GARDEN.
Situation. — A gentle declination to-
wards the south, with a point to the east,
is the most favourable aspect; to the
north-es.st the least so : in short, any
point to the south is to be preferred to
one verging towards the north. A high
wall should inclose it to the north and
east, gradually lowering to the south and
west. If, however, a plantation or build-
ing on the east side, at some distance,
shelter it from the piercing winds which
blow from that quarter, and yet are at
such a distance as not to intercept the
rays of the rising sun, it is 'much to be
preferred to heightening the wall. It is a
still greater desideratum to have a si-
milar shelter, or that of a hill on the
south-west and north-west points. The
garden is best situated at a moderate
elevation; the summit of a hill or the
bottom of a valley is equally to be avoided.
It is a fact not very difficult of explana-
tion, that low-lying ones are the most
liable to suffer from blights and severe
frosts ; those much above the level of the
sea are obviously most exposed to incle-
ment winds.
Size.— To determine the appropriate
size of a kitchen-garden is impossible.
It ought to be proportionate to the size
of the family, their partiality for vege-
tables, and the fertility of the soil.
It may serve as some criterion to state,
that the management of a kitchen -gar den
occupying the space of an acre affords
ample employment for a gardener, who
will also require an assistant at the bu-
siest periods of the year. In general, a
family of four persons, exclusive of ser-
vants, requires a full rood of open kitchen-
garden.
KLEINHO'VIA. (Named after Mr. Klein -
hoff, a Dutch botanist. Nat.ord., Byttne-
riads [Byttneriacese]. Linn., 16-Monadcl-
phia 7 -JDodecandria. Allied to Theobroma.)
Stove evergreen tree. Cuttings of ripe young
shoots in sand, under a bell-glass, in heat ; peat
and loam. Summer temp., 60° to Q0°; winter,
50° to 60°.
K. ho'spita (stranger). 20. Pink. Constant. Mo-
luccas. 1800.
KNI'GHTIA. (Named a.fterJ.A.Knighh
late president of the London Horticul-
tural Society. Nat. ord., Proteads [Prote-
aceee]. Linn., 4^-Tetrandria 1-Monogynia.
Allied to Grevillea.)
Greenhouse evergreen tree. Cuttings of ripe
shoots, with all the leaves on, except a few at the
base of the cutting, in sandy soil, under a bell-
glass, and removed in a few weeks into a mild
bottom-heat ; peat, with a little sandy loam, and
a few broken potsherds. Winter temp., 35° to 4.6°.
In summer the pots should be shaded.
K. exce'lsa (lofty). 10. Flesh. New Zealand. 18*1,
KNIGHT'S STAR. Hippea'strum.
KNO
[473 ]
KUII
KNOL-KOHL, or KOHL-RUBI (Bra'ssica
cau'lo-ra'pa), the Turnip-stemmed Cab-
bage. It is sometimes called, also, the
Cape Cabbage. The stem is thick, rises
about eight inches out of the ground, is
swollen into a globular form, very like
a large Swedish turnip growing above
ground, and is crowned with leaves,
slightly scolloped on the edges, undu-
lated, and milky-green, like those of the
turnip we have mentioned. There are
several varieties of it; but the green-
stemmed and the purple- stemmed (espe-
cially the latter) are to be preferred.
It is sweeter, more nutritious, and more
solid than either the Cabbage or White
Turnip; will produce a greater weight
per acre than the turnip, and prefers a
heavier soil than that root ; is hardier, and
keeps better than any other bulb ; and
imparts very little of that flavour, either
to milk or butter, known as turnipy. So
much relished is it both by cows and
sheep, that they will leave either turnips
or cabbages to partake of it. Hares and
rabbits are so fond of it, that where they
abound, Knol-kohl can scarcely be grown.
It is excellent when boiled for table.
Sow in the first week of March, and
plant out in June in rows four feet apart,
if the soil is fertile, but only three feet
if the soil is less productive, and three
feet from plant to plant in the rows.
The plants must have the chief part
of their stems left uncovered by the
soil. Two pounds of seed produce enough
plants for an acre. It is an excellent
crop for cleaning the soil, as the width
between the plants and rows enables the
'hoe to be efficiently used, and during a
lengthened period. When blanks occur,
these may be filled up from the seed-bed
with fresh plants. The produce is from
eighteen to twenty tons, and upwards,
per acre. The bulbs may be kept sound
and nutritious until very late in the
spring, even much later than the Swedish
turnip.
KNO'XIA. (Named after R. Knox, a
traveller, long resident in Ceylon. Nat.
ord., Cinchonads [Cinch onacecej. Linn.,
4^-Tetrandria l-Monogynia.)
Stove evergreens. Cuttings of young shoots in
sand, under a glass, in April or May ; peat and
loam. Summer temp., 60° to 85° ; winter, 50° to
K. exse'rta (outside-s^awenerf). White. June.
Ceylon. 1828.
— la'vis (smooth). Pink. July. Bengal. 1818.
— Sumatre-nsis (Sumatran). White. July. E.
lad. 1818.
K. te'res (cylindrical-stemmed). White. July.
E. lad. 1820.
— Zeyla'nica (Ceylon), 4. White. July. Cey-
lon. 1826.
KOELREUTE'RIA. (Named after Koel.
renter, a celebrated German botanist, the
father of hybridizing plants. Nat. ord.,
Soapworts [Sapindacese], Linn., 8-Oc-
tandria \-Monoyynia.}
Hardy deciduous tree. Cuttings of the root ;
cuttings of the young shoots under a hand-light;
seeds in spring; layers in the end of summer;
common soil, in a sheltered situation ; beautiful
in its leaves, flowers, fruit, and the mode of
growing, as it gets old.
K. panicula'ta (panicled). 10. Yellow. July.
China. 1/63.
KOHL-RABI or RUBI. See KNOL-KOHL.
KCE'NIGA. See GLY'CE.
KO'PSIA. (Named after Professor Kops.
Nat. ord., Dogbanes [ Apocynacese] . Linn.,
5-Pentandria 1-Monogynia. Allied to
Cerbera.)
Stove evergreen shrub. Cuttings of the young
shoots, getting a little firm at their base, in sand,
over sandy soil, and in bottom-heat; peat and
sandy loam. Summer temp., 60° to 85°: winter,
50° to 60°.
K. frutico'sa (shrubby). Red. May. Pegu. 1818.
KRAHE'RIA. (Named after the two
Kramers, German botanists. Nat. ord.,
Milkworts [Polygalacesa]. Linn., 14-
Didynamla 2-Angiospermia.)
This is the intensely-astringent called Rhatany-
root in South America. Stove evergreen shrub.
Cuttings in s;ind, under a glass, in heat ; sandy
loam and fibry peat. Summer temp., 60° to 90°;
winter, 48° to 60°.
K, paucifiit'ra (few-flowered). 4. Red. Mexico.
1824.
KREYSI'GIA. (Named after Kreysig,
a German botanist. Nat. ord., Melanths
[Melanthacese]. Linn., Q-Hexandria 1-
Monogynia. Allied to Uvularia.)
Greenhouse herbaceous perennial. Division of
the plant in spring ; light, sandy loam ; requires
the protection of a cold pit, or a cool greenhouse,
in winter.
K. multifio'ra (many-flowered). 1. Rose. June.
N. S. Wales. 1823.
KU'HNIA. (Named after Adam Kuhn,
an American botanist. Nat. ord., Com-
posites [Asteracese]. Linn., 19-8yngenesia
l-JEqualis. Allied to Liatris.)
Herbaceous perennials. Divisions in spring ;
sandy loam. Pretty little plants ; the tenderest re-
quire a cold pit, or a greenhouse, in winter.
HARDY.
K. Crito'nia (Critonia). 1$. White. July. N.
Amer. 1816.
— Eupatorioi'des (Eupatorium-like). 1$. White.
July. N. Amer. 1812.
KUN
[474 ]
LAC
GREENHOUSE.
K. linearifo'lia (narrow-leaved). Brazil. 1829-
— rosmarinifo'lia (rosemary -leaved). White.
July. Cuba. 1828.
KU'NTHIA. (Named after C. 8. Kunth,
a Prussian botanist. Nat. ord., Palms
[Palmacese]. Linn., %1-Moncecia 6-
Hexandria. Allied to Areca.)
Stove Palm. Seeds, in hotbed ; rich loam.
Summer temp., 60° to 90°; winter. 55° to 60°.
K. monta'na (mountain). 10. Grenada. 1S2Q.
KY'DIA. ( Named after Col. Kyd, first
director of the Calcutta Botanic Garden.
Nat. ord., Byttneriads [Byttneriacese],
Linn., 16-Monadelphia 7 ' -Dodecandria.
Allied to Dombeya.)
Stove evergreen trees, with white flowers. Cut-
tings of half- ripened shoots in sand, under a bell-
glass, and in heat ; sandy peat and fihry loam,
well-drained. Summer temp., 60° to 85° ; winter,
50° to 60°.
K. calyci'na (/ar#e-calyxed), 30. E. Ind. 1818.
—frate'rna (brotherly). 40. E. Ind. 1823.
LABEL. Many are the forms and sub-
stances employed in making labels for
plants. For general use they should em-
brace among their good qualities cheap-
ness, durability, facility of being written
upon, and legibility. We have before us
specimens in zinc, porcelain, and gutta
percha; but most of them are deficient in
some one or more of the desirable quali-
ties. The least objectionable are those
of zinc, made by Mr. S. Rooke, jun.,
7, Whittall-street, Birmingham, and may
be had at prices varying from 15s. to 40s.
per 1000. They are written upon with
an ink of which the recipe has been
given in The Cottage Gardener ; but the
letters are indelible, so that when a label
has been written upon it cannot be em-
ployed for a second plant. This makes
us prefer a small piece of deal, planed
smooth, painted white, and written upon
with a lead pencil. If fastened to the
plant by a shred of thin lead the label
retains any desired position. When re-
quired for a seed-bed, a small stake is to
be driven into the ground, and from it
the label to be suspended.
LABICH^'A. ( Named after M. Labiche,
a French officer. Nat. ord., Leguminous
Plants [Fabacese]. Linn., 10-Decandria
1-Monoyynia. Allied to Cassia.)
• Yellow-blossomed greenhouse evergreen shrubs,
from Swan River. Cuttinprs of half-ripened shoots
in summer, in sand, under a bell-glass; peat and
loam. Winter temp., 38° to 45°.
L. bipuncta'ta (two-dotted). 3. April. 1843.
— lanceola'ta (spear-head-/ea&ed). 4. April. 1837.
LA'BLAB. (The Arabic name of the
convolvulus ; referring to the twining
habit. Nat. ord., Leguminous Plants
[Fabacese]. Linn., \7-DiadeIphia 4-Jte-
candria. Allied to Dolichos.)
Greenhouse and stove deciduous climbers and
twiners. By cuttings of young shoots in spring,
in sandy soil, and in a little heat; peat and loam.
Temperature, what is usual for greenhouse and
stove.
L. pere'nnans (lasting. White China], 8. White.
July. China. 1820. Greenhouse.
— vulga'ris'(common). 8. Violet. July. E.
Ind. 1794. Stove.
albiflo'ra (white-flowered). White. Au-
gust. E. Ind. 1800.
purpu'rea (purple). July. E. Ind. 1790-
There are also several annuals.
LABRADOR TEA. Le'dum.
LABURNUM. Cy'tisus labu'rmim.
LABYRINTH is an arrangement of walks,
inclosed by hedges or shrubberies, so
intricate as to be very difficult to escape
from. From the twelfth century to the
end of the seventeenth they were a very
favourite portion of English pleasure-
ground; but they are now more judi-
ciously banished.
LACUNA. (One of the names of Helen.
Nat. ord., Orchids [Orchidacese].. Linn.,
2Q-Gynandria I-Monandria. Allied to
G-ovenia.)
Divisions in spring, or after blooming; turfy
peat, sphagnum, rotten wood, charcoal, and
broken crocks ; fixed to a block, and that built
above the surface of a pot, and packed with the
above material, or grown in a shallow, open bas-
ket. Summer temp., 60° to 90°, and moist; win-
ter, 55° to 60°, and dry.
L. bi'color (two-coloured). 1. Greenish-yellow.
May. Guatimala. 1843.
LACE -BARK. Lnge'tta.
LACHENA'UA. (Named after M. de la
Chenal, a botanical author. Nat. ord.,
Lilyiports [Liliaeea?]. ~Linn.,Q-Ifexandria
1-Monogynia. Allied to Triteleja.)
All greenhouse bulbs, from the Cape of Good
Hope, except glau'ca. Offsets at potting period,
and seeds in a hotbed, in spring ; sandy peat, with
a little fibry loam. Winter temp., 35° to 45°, and
dry, or the bulbs may be kept in drawers or bags.
They are very beautiful little plants, and grow
LAC
LAC
freely under the abovt, conditions, potting them
whenever growth commences, and watering «*o
long as the leaves are green, but no longer ; when
the.pots are full of roots they stand gentle forcing.
The small species require sand round their bulbs,
whether in the border or pots.
L. angui'nea (serpent). 1. White. April. 1825.
— angustifo'lia (^grrow -leaved). 1. White.
April. 1793.
— bifo'lia (two-leaved). $. Pink. April. 1813.
— contamina'ta (contaminated). £. Pink.
March. 1774.
— fla'va (yellow). £. Yellow. May. 1790.
— fra' grans (sweet-scented). 1. White, red.
April. 1798.
— glau'ea (milky-green). Purple, red. May.
Persia. 1825.
— glaud'na (milkyish-green). 1. Green, white.
May. 1795.
— hyacinthoi'des (hyacinth-like). £. White, red.
May. 1812.
— isope'tala (equal-petaled). f. White, purple.
May. 1801.
— lanccefo'iia (spear-head-leaved). $. White,
green. May. 1818.
— liliiflo'ra (lily-flowered). £. White. May.
1825.
— lu'cida (glossy-leaved). $. Pink. April. 1798.
— lute'ola (yellowish). 1. Yellow, red. March.
1774.
macula' ta (spotted-leaved). 1. Yellow,
red. March. 1774.
— muta'bilis (changeable). $. Blue. November.
1825.
— nervo'sa (nerved-leaved). |. Pink. June.
1810.
— orchioi'des (orchis-like). 1. Green, white.
March. 1/52.
— pa'Mda (pale-flowered). £. Pale blue. May.
1782.
carule'scens (bluish). £. Bluish. Sep-
tember. 1782.
mi'nor (smaller). £. Pale blue. 1782.
— pa'tulu (spreadin^-flowered). f. White, pink.
April. 1795.
— pe'ndula (weeping). |. Rad, yellow. April.
1789- '
macula'ta (spotted - leaved). £. Red,
yellow. April. 1789.
— puncta'ta (dotted). £, Purple. May. 1824.
— purpu'rea (purple). £. Purple. April, 1826.
— purpu'reo-caru'lea (purplish-blue). 1. Pur-
ple. April. 1789.
— pusi'lla (small). 4. White. June. 1825.
— pustula'ta (blistered). 1. Purple, green.
February. 17<*0.
— quadri' color (four-coloured). 1. Scarlet, yel-
low. March. 1774.
colora'ta (coloured-leaved). $. Scarlet,
yellow. April. 1774.
— racemo'sa (racemed). 1J. White, green.
May. 1811.
— ro'sea (rosy). 1. Pink. May. 1800.
— ru'bida (red-dotf fid-flowered), f. Red. Sep-
tember. 1803.
— sero'tina (late), f. Pink. August. 1820.
— sessiliflu'ra (stalkless- flowered). 4. Red.
May. 1804.
— tri'color (three-coloured). 1. Red, yellow.
April. 1774.
— uni1 color (one-coloured). £. Pink. May. 1886.
— uniflo'ra (one-flowered). White, blue. March.
1795.
— viola'ceu (violet). 1. Violet. March. 1795.
LACHN&'A. (From lachne, down; re-
ferring to the downy clothing of the
flower-heads. Nat. ord., Daphnads [Thy-
melacesej. _ Linn., 8-Oclandria \~Mono-
gynia. Allied to Gnidia.)
Greenhouse evergreen shrubs, from the Cape of
Good Hope, and all but one white-flowered. Cut-
tings of short young shoots in sand, under a bell-
glass, in spring ; sandy peat, with a little fibry
loam. Winter temp., 35° to 45°. In summer, a
sheltered, somewhat shady place.
L. buxifo'lia (box-leaved). 2. May. 1800.
— conglomera'ta (clustered). 2. June. 1/73.
— eriocc'phala (woolly-headed). 2. June. 1/93.
— glau'ea (milky-green). 2. June. 1SOO.
— purpu'rea (purple-flowered). 2. Purple. April.
1800.
LACHNA'NTHES. (From lachne, down,
and anthos, a flower. Nat. ord., Blood-
roots [Hsemodoracese]. Linn., 3-Trian-
dria I-Monogynia. Allied to Anigo-
zanthos.)
Half-hardy herbaceous perennial. The red
colour found in the roots is used in dyeing in
North America. Livision of the roots in spring;
peat and loam. Winter temp., 40°.
L. tincto'ria (dyer's). l£. Pink. July. N, Amer.
1812.
LACKEY MOTH. Clisioca'mpa.
LACTU'CA. Lettuce. ( From Zac, milk ;
referring to the milky juice. Nat. ord.,
Composites [Asteracese]. Linn., 19-Syn-
yenesia 1-^Equalis.)
Of the numerous species none need be men-
tioned but the common lettuce, which is a hardy
annual.
L. sati'va (cultivated). 4. Yellow. June. 1562.
Varieties. — There are the Cos and the
Cabbage ; the first more grovni in sum-
mer than in winter; the second at all
seasons, but more usually in winter, on
account of their superior hardihood.
The Cilicias are of a nature intermediate
the two. When young, the Cabbage
varieties are, in general, sweeter than
those of the Cos at the same a^e ; but of
a full growth this is reversed. Hence the
latter are preferred for salads, and the
former for soups. The Cabbage varieties
succeed better in a hotbed than the Cos.
Cos Varieties. — Brighton, Silver, Black-
seeded Green, Spotted, or Leopard, Eailj
Egyptian, Green and Brown Cilicia, Green,
Lop, White, or Versailles, White Paris
Cove, the finest summer kind ; Greer
Paris Cove, rather hardier; Buih Cos, and
Brown Cos.
Cabbage Varieties. — Drum - headedv
Princes, Brown Dutch and Common
White Dutch, both good for winter;
Tennis Ball, or Button, good lor winter;
Large White, Hardy Green, or Capuchin,
good for winter; Imperial Grand Ad-
LAC
[476 ]
oiirable, Prussian, Large Roman, Malta,
for summer ; Neapolitan, for summer.
Soil.— Lettuces thrive best in a ligbt,
very rich soil, with a dry substratum.
For the first and last crops of the year a
warm, sheltered situation is required;
but for the Midsummer ones, a border
that is shaded during mid-day.
Sowing. — The first sowing in a frame
on a warm border, or slender hotbed, at
the close of January, or early in February ;
at the close of this last month a larger
one in any open situation, and smaller
repeated once every three weeks, until
the end of July, for summer and autumn
use, to be continued at similar intervals
until the close of September, for winter
and early spring. Sow moderately thin,
each variety separate.
Pricking out. — When the plants are
About a month old, or two inches in
height, thin them to three or four inches
apart, and prick out those removed at
similar distances. Those from the sow-
ings in January and February in frames,
and thence until August, in any open
situation. Those of the August sowing
must be divided into two portions ; the
largest being selected and planted in an
open compartment for late autumn use,
and the smaller on a warm border for
winter and early spring.
Plant out, finally, in rows a foot apart
each way. At the time of every removal,
whether of pricking out or planting, water
.must be given moderately, and until the
plants are rooted. It may be remarked,
that transplanted lettuces never attain
so fine a growth as those left where sown,
nor become so soon fit for use; those
which are planted out at once to remain
being better in these respects than those
pricked out previous to final planting.
The varying in their time of becoming
fit for use, however, is of advantage, as
by these means a more perfect succession
is obtained. Those which are planted to
withstand the winter, which they easily
do if sheltered with hoops and matting
during severe weather, and continue in
a fit state for use, are best planted on
ridges, as a protection from excessive
wet, from which they always suffer. In
every stage of growth they must be kept
•well watered, and the earth around them
frequently stirred, for the extirpation of
slugs and snails. No vegetable is more
'benefited than the lettuce by the applica-
iion; occasionally, of liquid-manure. To
check the Cos plants running to seed before
the heart is perfectly blanched, it is a good
practice, at the time of tying them up,
to cut out the centre bud of each with a
sharp knife.
Frame Crops. — The plants raised from
the September sowing may be divided as
directed for those of August; but, in
addition, some of the Cos varieties may
be planted on a warm border, to have the
shelter of frames and hand-glasses. Somo
of the strongest of these may, in succes-
sion during November, December, and
January, be planted in a moderate hotbed,
being removed with as little injury as
possible to the roots, to bring them for-
ward for immediate use. Whilst in frames
they require much attention. Being
watered and shaded until established,
they must afterwards have as much light
and air admitted as possible, as well as a
regular supply of moisture.
At night the additional shelter of mat-
ting, and in severe weather an increased
covering, must be afforded. The day
temperature should never exceed 80°;
nor fall below 65°. The plants may be'
set in rows about six inches apart ; but
of those which are merely sheltering
during the winter, on the return of mild
weather, at the beginning of March or
April, every second one must be carefully
removed, and planted in a warm border
at the usual open-ground distance.
To obtain Seed. — Some of the finest
and most perfect plants of each variety
that have survived the winter, or from
the forwardest sowing of the year, should
be selected. The seed from any that
have run up prematurely cannot be de-
pended upon. If two varieties flower
near each other, only mongrel varieties
will be obtained. Each stem is to be
tied to a stake as a support against
tempestuous weather. The branches
must be gathered as the seed ripens upon
them. It must be thoroughly dried be-
fore it is stored.
LADY-BIRD. Coccine'lla.
LADY'S FERN. Lastra'a thely'pteri".
LADY'S LACES. Aru'ndo.
LADY'S MANTLE. Alchemi'lla.
LADY'S SLIPPER. Cypripe' dium.
LADY'S SMOCK. Carda'mine.
LADY'S TRESSES. Neo'ttia spira'lit and
Sjira'nihes.
LE'LLA. (Lalia was a Vestal virgin ;
alluding to the delicacy of the flower.
Nat. ord., Orcltids [Orchidacese]. Linn.,
LAP
[477]
LAG
SQ-Gynandria 1-Monandria. Allied to
Epidendium.)
Stove orchids. Divisions ; turfy peat, chopped
old moss, and charcoal, raised above the surface
of a pot, filled with drainage, or a block of wood
firmly laid across. Treatment similar to Cattleya.
L. acumina'ta (pointed-lipped). 2. Pinkish-
white. June. Mexico. 1840.
— a'lbida (whitish). Yellowish-white. Oaxaca.
1838.
_ viola'cea (violet-lipped). White, violet.
— a'nceps (two-edged-scoi/oped). l£. Rose,
purple. December. Mexico.
Barkeria'na (Barker's). lj. Purple.
December. Mexico. 1833.
— autumna'lis (autumnal). 3. Rosy. Septem-
ber. Mexico. 1836.
— carule'scens (bluish). Costa Rica. 1838.
— ca'ndida (white-y?o«/ered). White. June.
Bolanos. 1840.
— cinnabari'na (scarlet-J?otwered). 2. Reddish.
May. Brazil. 1836.
— erythrobu'lbon (red-bulbed). Brazil. 1843.
— epidendroi'des (epidendrum-like). Purple,
crimson. July. Brazil. 1839.
— fla'va (yellow). Yellow. Mexico. 1841.
—furfura'cea (scurfy-stalked). l£. Rose. No-
vember. Mexico. 1838.
— grandiflo'ra (large-flowered). 1. Xalapa.
— Linde'nii (Linden's). Pale rose. June. Cuba.
— maja'lis (May -flowering), f . Pink, purple.
Mexico. 1838.
— pedunculu'ris (ton#-flower-stalked). Violet.
Mexico. 1841.
— Pm-i'rnt (Perrin's). Lilac. September. Brazil.
1831.
— purpura'scens (purplish). Pink. September.
Brazil. 1838.
— rube'scens (blushing). $. Cream, pink. May.
Mexico. 1840.
— rupe'stris (rocky). Violet. Brazil. 1840.
— supe'rbiens (gorgeous-flowered). 1. Pink,
crimson. November. Guatimala. 1840.
LAFOE'NSIA. (Named in honour of
the Duke of Lafoens, president of the
Lisbon Academy ©f Science. Nat. ord.,
Loosestrifes [Lythracese]. Linn., 12-
Icosandria \-Monoyynia. Allied to La-
gerstroemia.)
A stove shrub. Cuttings of rather ripe wood
in autumn, in sand, and in bottom-heat; peat
and loam. Summer temp., 60° to 90° ; winter,
60° to 55°, and kept rather dry. Prune freely in
winter.
L. microphy'lla (small-leaved). Brazil. 1847.
LAGA'SCA. (Named after D. M. La-
yasca, professor of botany at Madrid.
Nat. ord.,Composites [Asteracese], Linn.,
l®-Syngenesia 1-^Equalis.)
Stove annual. Raised in a hotbed, several
times potted there, and bloomed in summer, in
a greenhouse or plant »tove.
L. mo'llia (toft). 8, White. July. S.Amer. 1815.
LAGEHA'RIA. Bottle Gourd. (From
lagena, a bottle ; referring to the shape
of the fruit of some species. Nat. ord.,
Cucurbits [Cucurbitace«]. Linn., 21-
Moncccia IQ-Mnadelphia. Allied to Cu-
cumber.)
Hardy annuals, from the East Indies, and yel-
low-flowered, except where otherwise specified.
Seeds in a hotbed, and either fruited there, or
hardened off and cultivated out of doors, under
hand-lights, against palings and other fences;
rich, light soil. For culture, see CUCUMBER.
L. idola'trica (idolatrous. Pear-fruited). White.
— vitta'ta (banded). White. June.
— vulga'ris (common). 10. August. 15Q7.
clava'ta (club-shaped). 10. August. 1597.
depre'ssa (depressed). 10. August. 1597.
courgou'rda (courgourde). 10. August.
1597-
turbina'ta (top-shaped). 10. August. 1597.
LAGENO'PHORA. (From lagenos, a bot-
tle, and phoros, to bear ; referring to the
flower-heads. Nat. ord., Composites [As-
teracese]. Linn., \Q-Syngenesia 3-Frus-
tranea. Allied to Brachycome.)
Greenhouse herbaceous perennial. Division in
spring ; light soil ; a cool greenhouse, or a dry,
cold pit in winter.
L. Fo'rsteri (Forster's). Yellow and purple. New
Zealand. 1837.
LAGERSTRCE'MIA. (Named after M\
Lagersircem, a German. Nat. ord., Loose-
strifes [Lythracese], Linn.,13-Po/t/andna
\-Monogynia. )
Cuttings of small, firm side-shoots in spring,
under a bell-glass, and cuttings of ripened shoots
in autumn, in strong bottom-heat ; peat and loam.
Summer temp., 60° to 90°, with plenty of mois-
ture, both at the root, and also at the top, except
when in flower. Winter temp., 55° to 60°, and
dryish, after being pruned in autumn. The green-
house species require only warm greenhouse tem-
peratures.
GREENHOUSE EVERGREEN SHRUBS.
L.Tndica a'lba (Indian-white). 12. White. Ait.
gust. China. 1816.
ro'sea (rosy). 12. Rose. August. China..
1825.
— specitfsa (showy). Rose. August. China. 1826.
STOVE EVERGREEN SHRUBS.
L. e'legans (elegant). 10. Rose, yellow. August.
E. Ind. 1841.
— grandifto'ra (large- flowered). 12. Red. July.
E. Ind. 1818.
— I'ndica (Indian). 6. Flesh. July. E.Ind. 175£K
— parvifto'ra (small-flowered). 12. White. E. Ind.
1818.
— regi'nee (queen's). 12. Red. E.Ind. 17Q2.
LAGE'TTA. Lace Bark. (Its Indian
name. Nat. ord., Daphnads [Thymela-
cece]. Linn., Q-Octandria 1-Monogynia.)
The inner bark of this stove evergreen is the
beautiful Lace Bark of the West Indies. Cuttings
of half-ripened shoots in sand, under a glass, and
in bottom-heat, in April or May ; peat and fibry
loam. Summer temp. , 60° to 80°; winter, 45° to 5&°.
L. lintta'ria (linen). 6. White. Jamaica. 179».
LAGUNA'RIA. (From its resemblance
to Lugunaea^ an allied genus. Nat. ord.,
Malhwworts [Malvaceae]. Linn., 16-
Monadelphia S-Polyandria.)
Greenhouse evergreen shrubs. By cuttings of
LAL
[478 ]
LAN
half-ripened shoots in sand, under a glass, and in
heat, in May ; peat and loam. Winter temp., 40°
to 45°.
L. cuneifo'rmis (wedge-team?). 15. Red. June.
Australia.
— lilaci'na (lilac). Lilac. June. Swan River. 1832.
— Paterso'nii (Paterson's). 20. Pale red. June.
Norfolk Island. 1/92.
LA'LAGE. (Named after Lalage, a gay
witty dame immortalized by Horace
Nat. ord., Leguminous Plants [Fabaceas]
Linn., \Q-Monadeiphia Q-Decandria. Al-
lied to Platylobium.)
Greenhouse evergreen shrubs, from New Hol-
land. Cuttings of the young shoots when thcj
are getting firm ; seeds in a slight, sweet hotbed
and seedlings gradually hardened ; sandy peat
with a little fibry loam, broken crocks, and char-
coal, and extra draining ; in summer, a very airy
greenhouse. Winter temp., not below 45°.
L. #oi'<?tf/0'#a(Hovea-leaved). 2. Yellow, orange
March. 1841.
— ornafta (gay). 2. VTellow, purple. April. 1830.
LAMBE'RTIA. (Named after the late
Mr. Lambert, a distinguished patron of
botany. Nat. or^Proteads [Proteaceas]
Linn., 4=-Tetrandria l-Monogynia. Allied
to Hakea.)
Greenhouse evergreen shrubs, from New Hol-
land. Cuttings of the ripened shoots, before fresh
growth commences, in the spring, in sand, over
sandy peat, in pots nearly filled with drainage,
and covered with a bell-glass, and kept close and
cool until the base of the cutting swells, when a
little bottom-heat may be applied ; sandy loam
and fibry peat, well-drained, and mixed with
rough pieces of charcoal. Winter temp., 38° to 45°.
L. echina'ta (hedgehog). 3. July. 1824.
— formo'sa (handsome). 4. Red. July. 1/88.
— longifo'lia (long-leaved). 4. Red. July. 1826,
— multiflo'ra (many-flowered). Orange.
— ovalifo'lia (oval-leaved). 1836.
— propi'nqua (related), 1830.
LAMB'S LETTUCE. See COEN SALAD.
LAMOUHOU'XIA. (Named after J. V.
?*. Lamouroux, a naturalist. Nat. ord.,
Fig worts [Scrophulariacea}]. Linn., 14-
Didynamia 2-Angiospermia. Allied to
Bartsia.)
Greenhouse herbaceous perennials, scarlet -
flowered, from Mexico. For culture, see ANGE-
LO'NIA.
L. cordn'ta (heart-shaped-teayerf). l£. 1846.
— multi'fida (m&ny-cleft-leaved). 14. 1846.
LAMPWICK. Phlo 'mis lychni'tis.
LANCE-WOOD. Guatte'ria.
LAND -DITCHING. See DRAINING.
LANDRA. Rapha'nus la'ndra.
LANDSCAPE GARDENING, as its name
intimates, is the composition of beautiful
scenery, so that all artifice is concealed
by the blending of trees, shrubs, ground,
and water; thus forming vistas as gratify-
ing as those which occur naturally. Admi-
ration for such scenery is an innate
quality of the human mind; and success-
fully to imitate such scenery requires
judgment as well as taste. It is not pos-
sible, without a heavy outlay, to introduce
j any desired species of landscape b'eaufcy
upon a given plot of ground. There is
the beauty of the level surface, quite un-
attainable without such outlay, upon &
surface which is abrupt and broken. The
beauty of the clay districts is not other-
wise to be secured upon those of the
chalk ; neither on light uplands can be
arranged the dense beauties of well-
watered, alluvial vales. " Consult the
genius of the place " is an axiom which
has been derided, but which is dictated
by the soundest sense.
Under this general head we have not
space to enter fully into details ; but
some of these will be found, under their
appropriate titles, in other pages, and
chiefly borrowed from Mr. Whately, who
has published more correct views upon
the art of tastefully arranging grounds
than most men who have written upon
the subject.
LANKESTE'RIA. (Named after Dr. E.
Lankester, a distinguished botanist. Nat.
or&., Acanthads [Acanthacea3]. Linn. ,14-
Didynamia 2-Angiospermia. Allied to
Eranthemum.)
Stove evergreen shrubs, from Sierra Leone.
Cuttings of young shoots in sandy soil, in heat,
in sprine ; peat and loam, well drained. Summer
temp., 60° to 85° ; winter, 48° to 58°.
L. langiflit'ra (long-flowered). Yellow. April.
— pari)//2o'><a(8mall-flowered).Yello\v. April. 1844.
LANTA'NA. (An ancient name for Vibur-
num. Nat. ord., Verbenas [Verbenaeese].
Linn., l-L-Didynumia 2-Anf/iospermia.)
Stove evergreen shrubs. Cuttings of the short
side-shoots, two inches in length, taken off close
to the old wood, when fresh growth commences, in
spring; fibry loam and a little peat; Sellovia'ne,
requires sandy peat. Summer temp., 60° to 85°;
winter, 45° to 55°.
L. aculea'ta (prickly). 10. Red. June. W. Ind.
1692.
— Brasilie'nsis (Brazilian). 3, White. June.
Brazil. 1823.
— cocci'nea (scarlet). 3. -Scarlet. June. S. Amer,
1824.
— cro'cea (copper-coloured). 4. Copper. June.
Jamaica. 1818.
— Mspida (bristly). 3. Purple. July. Mexico. 1824.
— ho'rrida (horrid). 3. Red. June. Mexico. 1824.
— involucra'ta (involucred). 3. Pink. July. W.
Ind. 1690.
— lavandula'cea (lavender-like). 3. Red. July.
S. Amer. 1820.
— melissifo'lia (balm-leaved). 2. Yellow. August.
W. Ind. 1732.
— mo'lUs (soft). 4. Red, white. July. Mexico. 1828.
— multiflo'ra (many- flowered). 1834.
LAP
L 479 ]
LAS
L. nivea muta'bilis (snowy-changeable-coloured), j
5. Yellow, rose. May.
— odora'tti (scented). 2. White. May. W. Ind.
1758.
— pilo'sn (downy). 3. Purple. July. Cuba. 1823.
— purpu'wt (purple). 2. Purple. July. S. Amer.
IS'20.
— ra' •!nt't(nmg\\-leaved). 3. Purple. W. Ind. 1803.
— culviafo'/la (sage-leaved). 3. Red. June. Cape
of 'r.uiil Hope. 1823.
•— Sellout i'-t't (Sellow's). 1. Rose. April. Monte
Vid.'o. 182S.
— / / -f;eol<i't(i (spear - head - leaved). Deep
rose. July. Monte Video. 1838.
— s'.ri'ct'i (erect). 3. Pale purple. Jamaica. 1733.
— trifo'Ha vthree-leaved). 3. Purple. July. W.
Ind. 1/33.
— viola'cea (violet). 3. Violet. July. S, Amer. 1818.
LAPAGE'RIA. (Probably a commemora-
tive name. Nat. ord., Phllesiads [Phile-
siacese]. Linn., G-Hexandria 1-Mono-
gynia.)
A fine hardy herbaceous twiner, like a Simlax,
•with large, rosy flowers, like Bomarea.
L. ro'sea (rose-flowered). Patagonia. 1847 or 1848.
LAPLA'CEA. (Named after Laplace, the
distinguished philosopher. Nat. ord.,
Theads [Ternstrb'miacese]. Linn., lo-Poly-
andria 1-Monogynia. Allied to Bonnetia.)
Stove evergreen twiner. Cuttings of half- ripened
shoots in sand, in heat, under a bell-glass ; sandy
Tieat and fibry loam, well drained. Summer temp.,
<50° to 85° ; winter, 50° to 60°.
L. semiserra'ta (half-saw-edged-/e«»ed). 2. White.
September. Brazil. 1842.
LA'EIX. The Larch. See PI'NUS.
LARKSPUR. Delphi' nium.
LA'RREA. (Named after a Spaniard of
that name. Nat. ord., Bean-capers [Zygo-
phyllaceae]. Linn., IQ-Decandria 1-Mono-
yyiua. Allied to Zygophyllum.)
Greenhouse evergreens, from South America,
•with yellow flowers. Cuttings of young half-
ripened shoots in sand, under a bell-glass, in
summer; peat and fibry loam, with silver sand,
and pieces of broken pot, and charcoal, to keep
the soil open. Winter temp., 40° to 48° ; summer,
in a shaded position.
L. divnrica'ta (straggling). 2. July 1829.
— ni'tida (shining-leaved). 2. June. 18^'9.
LARVA. The name by which an insect
is described when in the state between
the egg and the chrysalis form. The
larva of a butterfly or moth is commonly
known as a caterpillar ; of a fly or beetle,
as a maggot or (/rub.
LASERWORT. Tka'psia laserpe'tii.
LASIA'NDRA. (From lasios, woolly, and
aner, an anther; woolly stamened. Nat.
ord., Melastomads [Melastomaceae] . Linn.,
IQ-Decandria l-Monogynia. Allied to Orf-
beckia. )
Stove evergreen shrubs, with purple flowers.
Cuttings of young half-ripened shoots in •ummer,
in sand, in heat, under a bell-glass ; Jumpy, rough
compost, consisting of sandy peat, fibry loam,
silver sand, broken pots, and charcoal. Summer
temp., 60° to 80°; winter, 50° to 60°.
L. arge'ntea (silvery. leaved}. 5. July. Rio Ja-
neiro. 1816.
— Fontanesia'na (Des Fontaines'). 6. Rio Janeiro.
— })etiula'ta (/owe--leaf-stalked), 5. June. Brazil.
1836.
LASIOPE'TALUM. (From lasios, woolly,
and petalon, a petal, or flower-leaf. Nat.
ord., Byttneriads [Byttneriacese], Linn.,
5-Pentandria I-Monogynia.)
Greenhouse evergreen shrubs, from New Hol-
land. Cuttings of half-ripened shoots in sand,
under a glass, in April or May ; sandy peat and
fibry loam, well drained, and carefully watered ;
either stagnant moisture or a sour soil destroys
them. Winter temp., 40° to 45°.
L.ferrugi'neum (rusty). 4. White. June. 1791.
— macrophy'llum (large-leaved). 5. Pale green.
May. 1825.
LASIOSPE'RMUM. (From lasios, woolly,
and sperma, a seed. Nat. ord., Composites
[Asteracese], Linn., 19 - Syngenesia 1-
JEqualis. Allied to Santolina.)
Half-hardy evergreen trailing plants, with
yellow flowers. Division in spring, and cuttings
under a hand-light, in a shady place, in summer ;
common garden-soil. Most of them require the
protection of a cold pit in winter. The Italian
species are most hardy.
L. anthemoi'des (anthemis-like). £. August. Italy.
1729.
— crithmifo'lium (samphire-leaved). £. August.
Macedonia. 1817.
— eriospe'rmum (woolly- seeded). 1. August.
Italy. 1816.
— peduncula're (long- flower-stalked), f. July.
Italy. 1798.
— ri'gidum (stiff). 3- August. Greece. 1816.
LASTHE'NIA. (Derivation not explained,
Nat. ord., Composites [Asteraceas], Linn.,
19-Synyenesia %-Superflua.)
Hardy annuals, with yellow flowers. Seeds in
October, and plants protected by boughs of ever-
greens during the winter ; or BOW in March and
April in the open border.
L. Calif o'rnica (Californian). 1. May. California.
1834.
— glabru'ta (smooth). 1|. May. California. 1834.
— obtusifo'lia (blunt-leaved). 1. May. Chili. 1633.
LASTRJE'A. (Derivation unexplained.
Nat. ord., Ferns [Polypodiacece]. Linn.,
24:-Cryptof/umia l-Filices.)
For culture, see FERNS. They have all yellowish
spores.
HARDY.
L. aeulea'ta (common-prickly). 2. June. Britain.
— cristu'ta (teener-crested). 4. July. Britain.
— dilala'tit (enlarged-crested'). 2. June. Britain.
— fi'lix-rnas (male-fern). 3. Britain-
— - Guldia'na tGoldin's). July. N. Amer. 1822.
— intermt'dia (intermediate). June. N. Amer.
1837.
— margina' Us (border-spore^. 2. June. N.
Amer. 1772.
— Novebornce'nsis (NTei7 York). !$, J«ly« N.
Amer, 1822.
IAT
[ 480 ]
LAT
L. oredpteris (mountain-fern). 3. July. Britain.
— recu'rva (bent-back). July. Britain.
— spinulo'sa (crested-prickly). 1. June. Britain.
— thely'pteris (lady-fern). 1. July. Britain.
GREENHOUSE.
L. decompo'sita (decomposed). £. July. N. Hol-
land. 1825.
— deeu'rrens (running-down). June. China. 1840.
STOVE.
L. appendiculafta (appendaged). July. K. Ind.
— asce'ndens (rising). August.
— atra'ta (blackish). June. E. Ind.
— attenua'ta (thin). June. Isle of Samaria. 1839.
— chryso'loba (golden-lobed). July. Brazil. 1840.
— conte'rmina (bordering). W. Ind. 1835.
— ebu'rnea (ivory). July. Nepaul. 1841.
— elonga'ta (lengthened). 2. July. Madeira. 1/99-
— erioca'rpa (woolly-spored). June. E. Ind.
— exi'gua (little). July. Isle of Luzon.
—falfiicula'ta (sickle-like). July. S. Amer.
— indioi'sa (undivided). July. W. Ind. 1840.
— invfsa (unseen). 2. July. Jamaica. 1830.
— la'tfi (broad). June. Isle of Luzon. 1834.
June. Isle of Luzon.
1839.
— maeroca'rpa (larRa-spored). August. E. Ind.
1827.
— mambranifo'lla. (membrane - fronded). June.
Isle of Lu*on. 1844.
— miftttjV^a (mF.ny-paired). July. E. Ind. 1839-
— pa'tertK (spreading). 2. July. W. Ind. 1/84.
— patenti'ssinw. (very-spreading). August. E.
Ind. 1825.
— yolyphy'lla (many-fronded). August. India.
— "Presliafnu, (Presl's). June. India.
— pn^L'nqua (allied). July. Isle of Luzon.
-7- jmbti'snens (downy). July. Jamaica..
— semicorda'ta (half - heart - shape,. June. W.
Ind. 1822.
— stfrra (saw-like). 2. July. W. Ind. 1810.
— afinilis (like). July. Malacca.
— specta'bilis (showy). June. Isle of Luzon .
— Sprenge'lii (Sprengel's). August. India.
— venu'sta (handsome). August. India. 1825.
— verruco'sa (warty). June. E. Ind. 1840.
— vestVta (clothed). July. Brazil. 1844.
— villo'sa (shaggy). 3. July. Jamaica. 1844.
— visco'sa (clammy). July. Malacca. 1839.
LATA'NIA. Bourbon Palm. (The Bour-
bon name is Latanier. Nat. ord., Palms
[Palmacese]. Linn., 22-Dicecia 13-Mcna-
delphia.)
Stove palms, with greenish- white flowers. Seeds
in a hotbed ; rich, loamy soil. Summer temp.,
60° to 90° ; winter, 55° to 60°.
L. Borbo>nica (common-Bourbon). 20. Bourbon.
1816.
— glaucophy'lla (milky-green-leaved). 15. E.
Ind. 1823.
— ru'bra (red). 15. Mauritius. 1788.
LATERALS, or Side-Shoots, are those
which spring from the sides of the main
branches, and are thus described in con-
tradistinction to the terminal or leading
shoots of the branches : — The laterals on
the lower branches, like those branches
themselves, are usually longer as they
approach the base of the tree, because
they extend to obtain the benefit of the
light kept from them by the bmnches
above. If unable thus to extend, ;ts in
the case of inner trees of those planted
in clumps, the laterals die, and occasion
the nakedness of their trunks. If the-
terminal shoot of a branch be cut away,
the laterals increase more in length, not
only because more sap is thus afforded
them, but because an extra effort is made
to advance into the desired degree of light.
LA'THYRUS. (From la, to add to, and
thouros, an irritant; to increase excite-
ment, the supposed qualities of the seeds.
Nat. ord., Leguminous Plants [Fabaceae].
Linn., \l-Diadelphia 4^-Dccandria.)
Seeds of annuals, in common soil, in spring;
perennials, by division at the same time, or cut-
tings of the younp: shoots under a b«ll-glass;
common garden-soil.
HARDY ANNUALS.
L. amphicafrpus (double-fruited). l£. Pink.
June. Levant. 1680.
— angula'tus (angular-seeded). 1. Red. June.
South Europe. 1683.
— leptophy'llus (fine-leaved). 1. Purple. June.
Caucasus. 1818.
— setifo'lius (bristle-leaved). 1. Bed. June.
South Europe. 1739.
— rphafricus (round-seeded). 1. Crimson. June.
South Europe. 1801.
HARDY CLIMBING ANNUALS.
L.ala'tus (winged). 3. Purple. July. Italy. 1823.
— a'nnuus (annual). 4. Yellow. July. South
Europe. 1621.
— auricula' tus (eared). 4. Purple. July. South
Europe. 1800.
— ci'cera (flat-podded). 2. Red. South Eu-
rope. 1633.
— cornu'tus (horned). 3. Purple. July. 1818.
— hirsu'tus (hairy-podded). 4. Purple. July.
England.
— It a! li CHS (Italian). 3. Pink. August. Italy.
— Lusita'nicus (Portuguese). 3. July. Spain.
1827.
— odora'tus (fragrant. Sweet Pea). 4. Va-
riegated. July. Sicily. 1700.
— purpu'reus (purple). 3. Purple. July. Crete.
— suti'vus (cultivated. Chickling Vetch). 3.
White. South Europe. 1640.
— tenuifo'lius (fine-leaved). 3. Blue. July.
N. Africa. 1820.
— Tingita'nus (Tangier). 4. Dark purple;
July. Barbary. 1680.
— tu'midus (swollen). 1. Red. July. Pied-
mont. 1817-
HARDY DECIDUOUS CLIMBERS, &C.
L. Alta'icus (Altaic). Altai. 1832. Herbaceous
perennial.
— Armitagea'nus (Armitage's). 10. Purple,
blue. May. Brazil. 1824. Shrub.
— Califo'rnicus (Californian). 4. Purple. June-
California. 1826.
— decaphy'llus (ten-leaved). 4. Red, lilac.
June. N. Amer. 1827.
— grandifto'rus (large-flowered). 4. Rose. July.
South Europe. 1814.
— heterophy'llus (various-leaved). 4. Fletb.
Auguit. Europe. 1731.
— incu'rmu (cvuieA-podded). a. Bine. July.
Rttuia. 1808,
LAU
[481 ]
LAV
L. interme'diua (intermediate). 4. Reel. Au
gust. North Europe. 1820.
— latifo'lius (broad-leaved. Everlasting Sweet
Pea). Pink. August. England.
— Macrae'i (MacRae's). 3. Purple, white. Oc
tober. Chili. 1824.
— Magella'nicus (Magellan). 3. Purple, blue
May. Cape Horr.. 1744.
— muta'bilis (changeable). 4. Purple, red
July. Siberia. 1825.
— tnyrtifo'lius (myrtle-leaved). 3. Red. May
Philadelphia. 1822.
— neroo'sus (nerved). 3. Blue. June. Mont
Video. 1843. Greenhouse evergreen
shrub.
— palu'stris (marsh). 4. Pale purple. June
Britain.
— pisifo'rmis (pea-formed). 3. Purple. July
Siberia. 1795.
— polymo'rphus (multiform). 3. Pale purple
July. Missouri. 1824.
— prate'nsis (meadow). 3. Yellow. Britain.
— pube'scens (downy). 3. Purple, blue. May
Buenos Ayres. 1843. Greenhouse ever-
green shrub.
— purpu'reo ccerule'scens (purplish-blue). 10
Purple, blue. August. Brazil. 1836
Twiner.
— ro'sews (rosy). 2. Red. July. Iberia. 1822
— rotundifo'lius (round - leaved). J£. Rose,
July. Tauria. 1822.
— stipula'ceus (/arg-e-stipuled). 3. Purple,
July. New York. 1816.
— sylve'stris (wood. Everlasting Pea). 3.
Purple. July. Britain.
— tomento'sus (woolly). 3. Lilac. June,
Buenos Ayres. 1839.
— tubero'sus (tuberous). 2. Red. July. Hol-
land. 1596.
— veno'sus (veiny). 4, White, red. June.
Pennsylvania.
LAUEEL. Lau'rus.
LAUKEL CHERRY. Ce'rasus lau'ro-ce'-
rasus.
LAURESTI'NUS. Vibu'rnum ti'nus.
LAU'RUS. Laurel. (From the Celtic
blaur, or laur, green. Nat. ord., Laurels
[Lauracere]. Linn., 9-Enneandria 1-
Monogynia.)
The Bay (Lau'rus no'bilis) represents this large
order. They are all more or less aromatic, and
produce camphor, cinnamon, nutmegs, cassia, and
other fruits and products in commerce. Few of
the best of these, even no'bilis, the Sweet Bay,
will flourish in the north of the Island without
protection. It and its allies, the Sassafras, Ben-
zoin, &c., are propagated by cuttings under hand-
lights, in the end of summer ; by layers, by pieces
of the roots, and by seeds, which generally require
to bn m the rot-heap a season before vegetating ;
common soil, if good and dry, suits them. The
stove and greenhouse species by cuttings in sand,
under a bell-glass, and potted off in sandy peat
and fibry loam, and the usual temperature of
these compartments. Many, however, would do
better planted against a conservative wall, heated
and protected in winter.
HARDY DECIDUOUS.
L. tMtiva'Ks (summer). 6; Yellow. April. N.
Amer. 1775.
— albida (whitish-termed). 10. Yellow. Caro-
lina. 1824.
01
L. Be'nzoiv (Benzoin). 8. Yeiiow, green. April*
N. Amer. 1683.
— Caroline'nsis (Carolina). 15. Yellow, green.
May. N. Amer. 1806.
gla'bra (Smooth). Yellow, green. May.
N. Amer. 1806.
obtu'sa (blunt-fca»e<i). 15. Yellow,
green. April. Carolina. -1805.
pube'scens (downy). 15. Yeiiow, green.
April. N. Amer. 1806.
— Catesbia'na (Catesby's). 10. White. Caro-
lina. 1820.
— diospy'rus (Jove's-fruit). 6. Green, yellow.
April. N. Amer. 1810.
— geniculu'ta- (jointed). 6. Yellow. April. N»
Amer. 1759.
GREENHOUSE EVERGREENS.
L. aggrega'ta (crowded-./7oM;ered). 3. Green.
yejlow. China. 1821.
— bulla'ta (blistered. African Oak). Green.
June. Cape of Good Hope. 1823.
— Canarie'nsis (Canary). 10. Yellow, green.
Canaries. 1815.
— foe'tens (strong-smelling). 20. Green, yellow.
Madeira. 1760.
— I'ndica (Indian-Bay). 20. Green, yellow.
July. Madeira. 1765.
STOVE EVERGREENS.
L. chloro'xylon (green-wood. Cogwood - tree)
60. Green, white. W. Ind. 1778.
— coria'cea (leather-teamed). 50. White. W.
Ind. 1810.
— crassifo'lia (thick-leaved). 40. White. Cayenne.
1800.
— exaltn'ta (lofty). 60. White, yellow. Ja-
maica. 1800.
— floribu'nda (bundle-flowered). 40. Yellow,
green. W. Ind. 1800.
— ni'nea (snow-white). 1820.
— pa! tens (spreading). 15. White, yellow. W.
Ind. 1824.
— pendula (weeping). 40. Jamaica. 1800.
— salicifo'lia ( willow-leaved). 20. Yellow, green.
April. W, Ind. 1826.
— sple'ndens (shining). 40. Yellow, green. E»
Ind. 1800.
— thrysiflo'ra (thryse-flowered). 30. Yellow,
green. Madagascar. 1810.
HARDY EVERGREENS.
L. no'bilis (noble. Bay). 15. Yellow, white*
April. South Europe. 156].
cri'spa (curled-teaued). 20. Yellow,
white. May.
flo're-ple'no (double-flowered). 20. Yel-
low, white. May.
latifo'lia (broad-leaved). Yellow, white.
May. Asia. Half-hardy.
salicifo'lia (willow-leaved). 6. Yellow*
white, April.
undula'ta (wavy-teawed). 4. Yellow,
white. April.
varlegu'ta (variegated-tecwed). 20. Yel-
low, white. May.
— rega'lis (royal). California. 1847.
LAVA'NDULA. Lavender. (From lavo,
o wash ; referring to lavender-water,
ord., Lipworts or Labiates [Lamia-
ere]. Linn., l±-Didynamia \-Gymno-
oermia.')
Cuttings of large pieces, in spring and autumn,
rmly inserted in the ground ; but small, young*
hoots in spring, under a hand-light, nictke the
LAV
C 482
LAX
atatest plants; sandy loam suits them best.
Those that require the protection of a pit or cool
greenhouse are propagated in a similar manner,
and require the same soil. The flowers of the
common lavender (L. spi'ca) are ready for drying
or distilling at the end of June.
HARDY EVERGREENS.
L. latifo'lia (broad-leaved). 2. Lilac. August.
South Europe. 1568.
'—spi'ca (common-lavender-apike). 2. Lilac.
August. South Europe. 1568.
— ate'cAas (stsechas). l£. Lilac. June. South
Europe. 1568.
— ve'ra (true). Blue. July. South Europe. 1568.
GREENHOUSE EVERGREENS.
L. abrotanoi'des (southernwood-like). l£. Lilac.
July. Canaries. 1699.
— denta'ta (toothed-leaved), l£. Lilac. August.
' South Europe. 1597.
— multi'fida (many-cleft). !£. Lilac. August.
South Europe. 15Q7- Biennial.
— pinna! ta (leafleted). l£. Lilac. June. Ma-
deira. 1/77-
— yube'scens (downy). Lilac. June. !8l6.
— vi'ridis (green). 1 J. Purple. June. Ma-
deira. 1777.
LAVA'TERA. (Named after the two
Lavaters, Swiss naturalists. Nat. ord.,
Mallowworts [Malvacese]. Linn., 10-
Monadelphia S-Polyandria.)
Annuals and biennials, in common garden-soil,
by seed in spring ; herbaceous, by division, and
cuttings at the same time ; shrubby, by cuttings
under a hand-light, in sandy soil ; light, sandy
loam suits them all. The frame and cool green-
house species merely require the protection of
these departments in winter.
HALF-HARDY EVERGREENS.
L. acerifo'lia (maple-leaved). 5. Pink. July.
Teneriffe. 1820.
— Africa'na (African). 5. Pink. June. Spain.
1820.
— hi'spida (bristly). 6. Pink. June. Algiers.
1804.
— Lusita'nica (Portuguese). 3. Purple. August.
Portugal. 1748.
— mari'tima(se&-side). 2. White. May. South
Europe. 1597.
— mi'cans (glittering). 3. Purple. June. Spain.
1796.
— <yibia (Olbia). 3. Red, purple. August.
Provence. 15/0.
— phasni'cea( fine-red). 5. Pink. June. Canaries.
1816.
— pseu'do-o'lbia (bastard-olbia). 5. Red. June.
1817.
— trilo'ba (three-lobed). 3. Light purple. June.
Spain. 1759.
— unguiculu'ta (clawed). 6. Lilac. August.
Samos. 1807.
HERBACEOUS PERENNIALS.
L. Neapolita'na (Neapolitan). 6. Purple. June.
Naples. 1818. Hardy.
— plebe'ia (vulgar). 2. Pale. September. N.
Holland. 1820. Greenhouse.
— Thuringi'aca (Thuringian). 4. Light blue.
August. Germany. 1731. Hardy.
HARDY ANNUALS AND BIENNIALS.
L. ambi'gua (doubtful). 2. Purple. August.
Naples. 1824.
— arbo'rea (tree-maMnv). 6. Purple. August.
Britain. Biennial.
L. austra'Ks (southern). 2. Purple. August.
South Europe. 1820.
— bie'nnis (biennial). 4. Red. August. Cau-
casus. 1819. Biennial.
— Cre'tica (Cretan). 4. Light blue. July,
Candia. 1723.
—fla'va (yellow). 4. Yellow. July. Sicily. 1818.
— lanceola'ta (spear-head-/ear>ed). 2. "Purple.
August. Europe. 1817-
— punctu'ta (dotted-stalked). 2. Pale. August.
Italy. 1800.
— Salvitelle'nsis (Salvitella). 6. Pink. July.
1831. Biennial.
— sylve'stris (wood). 2. Purple. August. Portu-
gal. 1817.
— trime'stris (three-monthly). 2. Flesh. June.
Spain. 1633.
LAVENDEB. Lav&'ndula.
LAVENDER COTTON. Santoli'na.
LAVRA'DIA. (Named after the Marquis
of Lavradio. Nat. ord., Sauvageads [Sau-
vagesiacese]. Linn., 5-Pentandria \-Mo-
nogynia.)
Sauvage'sia, Lavra'dia, and Luxembu'rgia,
compose this small order, which is intermediate
between Violetworts and Frankeniads. Stove
evergreen. Cuttings of ripened shoots in sand,
under a bell-glass, and in heat; sandy peat and
fibry loam, well drained. Summer temp., 60° to
80°; winter, 48° to 55°.
L. monta'na (mountain). 1. Purple. Brazil. 1826.
LAWN is a surface of turf in the vicinity
of the house, requiring to be kept smooth
by the regular application of the roller
and scythe. When first constructed,
after the ground has been dug over as
level as may be, it must be rolled, the
hollows filled up, and this repeated until
a level surface of earth is obtained. It
must then be slightly pointed over with
a fork, and the turf laid, or the grass-
seed sown. For directions to lay the
turf, see TURFING; and for the proper
grasses, if seed is employed, see GRASSES.
In very dry weather all lawns should
be watered, and, if a little guano and
muriate of lime be dissolved in the water,
it will keep the surface gently moist, and
the turf green, even in dry weather.
LAWSO'NIA. (Named after Isaac Law-
son, M.D., author of " A Voyage to
Carolina." Nat. ord., Loosestrifes [Ly-
thraceae]. Linn., 8-Octandria 1-Mono-
gynia. Allied to Grislea.)
Stove trees, from the East Indies. Cuttings of
ripe shoots in sand, under a bell-glass, and in
strong heat ; sandy peat and turfy loam. Sum-
mer temp., 60° to 85°; winter, 50° to 55°.
L. a'lba (white). White. 1752.
— purpu'rea (purple). 12. Purple. 1820.
LAXMA'NNIA. (Named after E. Lax-
mann, a Siberian traveller. Nat. ord.,
Lilyworts [Liliaceoe]. ~Linn.,6-Hexandria
l-Monogynia. Allied to Aphyllanthes.)
LAY
LEA
Greenhouse herbaceous perennials, from New
Holland. Divisions ; loam and peat ; require a
cold pit or cool greenhouse during winter.
L. gra'cilis (slender). £. Purple, white. June.
1824.
— grandiflo'ra (large-flowered). White, brown.
LAYER. The following excellent com-
bination of practice and science is from
Dr. Lindley's " Theory of Horticulture:"
—A layer is a branch bent into the earth,
and half cut through at the bend, the
free portion of the wound being called " a
tongue." It is, in fact, a cutting only
partially separated from its parent. The
object of the gardener is to induce the
layer to emit roots into the earth at the
tongue. With this1 view he twists the
shoot half round, so as to injure the
wood- vessels ; he heads it back, so that
only a bud or two appears above ground,
and when much nicety is requisite, he
places a handful of silver-sand round the
tongued part; then, pressing the earth
down with his foot, so as to secure the
layer, he leaves it without farther care.
The intention of both tonguing and
twisting is to prevent the return of sap
from the layer into the main stem, while
a small quantity is allowed to rise out of
Ae latter into the former ; the effect of
ihis being to compel the returning sap to
organize itself externally as roots, instead
of passing downwards below the bark as
wood. The bending back is to assist in
this object by preventing the expenditure
of sap in the formation, or rather, com-
pletion of leaves, and the silver-sand is
to secure the drainage so necessary to
cuttings.
In most cases this is sufficient ; but it
must be obvious, that the exact manner
in which the layering is effected is un-
important, and that it may be varied
according to circumstances. Thus, Mr.
James Munro describes a successful
method of layering brittle - branched
plants by simply slitting the shoot at the
bend, and inserting a stone at that place;
(Gardeners Magazine, ix. 302;) and Mr.
Knight found that, in cases of difficult
rooting, the process is facilitated by ring-
ing the shoot just below the tongue about
Midsummer, when the leaves upon the
layers had acquired their full growth ;
(Hart. Trans, i. 256 ;) by which means
he prevented the passage of the return-
ing sap further downwards than the
point intended for the emission of roots.
It will sometimes happen that a branch
of a plant cannot be conveniently bent
downwards into the earth ; in such cases,
. the earth may be ele-
\ ' r vated to the branch by
\ f various contrivances, as is
\iv / commonly done by the
Chinese. When this is
done, no other care is
necessary than that re-
quired for layers, except
to keep the earth sur-
rounding the branch stea-
dily moist. See figure.
LAYING-IN is a gar-
dener's term for training
the branches of espaliers
and wall-trees. Laying -in-by-the-heels is
his mode of describing a plant's having
its roots roughly buried in the soil for
some temporary purpose.
LAZY-BEDS are beds dug for the growth
of potatoes, the sets being then placed in
rows on the surface, and covered by the
soil dug out of narrow, deep alleys be-
tween the beds.
LEADWOET. Plumba'go.
LEAF-MOULD. This is formed of leaves
kept moist and in a heap, frequently
turned over, until completely decayed,
and reduced to a dark brown, moist
powder. It usually takes two years to
complete this process. An excess of
water delays the decaying, and either
lime or gas ammoniacal liquor promotes
it; but then few potted plants are bene-
fited by any such excess of either of these
additions.
LEATHEBWOOD. Di'rca.
LEAVES are highly vascular organs,
in -which are performed some of the most
important functions of a plant. They
are very general, but not absolutely ne-
cessary organs, since the branches some-
times perform their offices. Such plants,
however, as naturally possess them, are
destroyed, or greatly injured, by being
deprived of them.
The duration of a leaf is, in general, for
a year only, though in some plants they
survive for twice or thrice that period.
These organs are generally of a green
colour. Light seems to have a powerful
influence in causing this, since, if kept
in the dark, they become of a pale
yellow, or even white hue, unless un-
combined hydrogen is present, in which
case they retain their verdure though
light be absent. Hence their blanching
would seem to arise from their being
unable to obtain this gas iincler ordinary
LEA
I
circumstances, except when light is
present. Now, the only source from which
they can obtain hydrogen is by decom-
posing water; and how light assists in
the decomposition, may, perhaps, be ex-
plained by the dis-oxygenizingpowerwith
which it is gifted. The violet rays of the
spectrum, and those just beyond them,
have this power in the greatest degree;
and Sennebier has ascertained by experi-
ment, that those rays have the greatest
influence in producing the green colour
of plants.
"When leaves are of any other hue than
green they are said to be coloured. This
variegation is often considered to be a
symptom either of tenderness or debility ;
and it is certain, when the leaves of a
plant become generally white, that that
individual is seldom long-lived. Mr.
Knight, however, has demonstrated that
variegation is not a certain indication of
a deficiency of hardihood.
The functions of the leaves appear to
be a combination of those of the lungs
and stomach of animals ; they not only
modify the food brought to them i'rom the
roots, so as to fit it for increasing the size
of the parent plant, but they also ahsorb
nourishment from the atmosphere. The
sap, after elaboration in these organs,
differs in every plant, though, as far as
experiments have been tried, it appears
to be nearly the same in all vegetables
•when it first reaches them. The power of
a leaf to generate sap is in proportion to
its area of surface, exposure to the light,
and congenial situation.
The transpiration of plants decreases
with that of the temperature to which
they are exposed, as well as with the pe-
riod of their growth. This explains why
the gardener finds that his plants do not
require so much water in cold weather,
nor during the time that elapses between
the fall of their blossoms and the ripen-
ing of their seed. During this period
they do not transpire more than one-half
so much as during the period preceding
and attending upon their blooming.
The transpiration takes place from the
upper surface of the leaves. Hence arises
the benefit which plants derive in rooms,
greenhouses, and other confined inclo-
sures, by keeping these surfaces cleansed
with the sponge and syringe. Some
plants are particularly sensitive to injury
from any check to their transpiration,
among which are the tea-scented roses ;
4 ] LED
and it thence arises that they cannot now
be cultivated in nursery gardens near
London, whe,re they once flourished when
that metropolis was less extensive. It
must be remembered, however, in using
the sponge and syringe, that the under
side of leaves is also an absorbing sur-
face, benefited by being kept clean, and
by the application of moisture.
During the day leaves absorb car-
bonic acid gas, which they decompose,
retaining its carbon, and emitting the
greater part of the oxygen that enters into
its composition. In the night this opera-
tion is, in a certain measure, reversed, a
small quantity of oxygen being absorbed
from the atmosphere, and a yet smaller
proportion of carbonic acid emitted.
Carbonic acid gas in small proportions
is essential to the existence of leaves ; yet
it only benefits them when present in
quantities not exceeding one-twelfth of
the bulk of the atmosphere in which they
are vegetating, though one-twenty fifth
is a still more favourable proportion ; and
as hotbeds, heated by fermenting matters,
have the air within their frames rapidly
contaminated to a much greater extent
than the proportions above named, thence
arises the injury to the plants they con-
tain from a too long neglected ventilation.
The leaves turn yellow from the excess of
acid, which they are unable to digest, and
which consequently effects that change
of colour which also occurs in autumn.
LECANO'PTEEIS. (From lefcane, a basin,
and pteris, a fern. Nat. ord., Ferns [Poly-
podiaceee]. Linn., 24^-Cryplogamia 1-JF'i-
lices.)
A fine stove Fern. See FERNS.
L. carno'sa (fleshy-/ea»ed). Yellow. May. Java.
LECHEKAU'LTIA. See LESCHEKAU'LTIA.
LEDEBOU'RIA. (Named after M.Lcde-
lour, a botanical writer. Nat. ord., Lily-
worts [Liliacea?.]. Linn., Q-Hexandria 1-
Monogynia. Allied to Bessera.)
Greenhouse bulb, not to be confounded with
Ledebu'ria, a name given to an umbel-bearirig
penus. Offsets; sandy loam, with a little peat;
bulbs protected from cold and wet in winter.
L. hyaci'nthlna (hyacinth-like). ^.Greenish-white.
E. Ind. 1832.
LEDON GUM. Ci'slus le'don.
LEDOCA'RPUM. (From Icdon, the Cistus,
and karpos, a fruit; fruit like that of the
Cistus. Nat. ord., Oxallds [Oxalidacese].
Linn., 10-Decandria 5-Pentagynia.)
Greenhouse evergreen. Cuttings in sandy loam,
under u bell-glass ; sandy loam. Winter temp.,
40° to 48°.
LED
[ 485 ]
LEO
L. peduncula'ris (ton/r-flower-slalked). 1, Yellow.
August. Chili. 1825.
LE'DUM. Labrador Tea. ( From ledon, the
Greek name of Cistus. Nat. ord., Heath-
worts [Ericaceae]. Linn., IQ-Decandria
1-Monogynia. Allied to the Bhododen-
dron.)
Hardy, evergreen, white-flowered shrubs. Lay-
ers ; peat, with a little sand. Very pretty for bor-
dering Rhododendrons.
L. Canade'nse (Canadian). 1$. April. Canada.
— latifo'lium (broad-leaved). 3. April. N.Amer.
1/63.
— palu'stre (marsh). 2. April. Europe. 1762.
— decu'mbens (lying-down). £. April. Hud-
son's Bay. 1762.
LEE-CHEE. Nephe'lium Litchi'.
LEEK. (A'llium po'rrum.) The leek is
a hardy biennial; for although it attains
perfection in size and for culinary pur-
poses the first year, it does not run to
seed until the second, the perfecting of
which it often survives. The whole plant
is eaten, being employed in soups, &c.,
and boiled and eaten with meat.
Varieties. — The Musselburgh and the
large London Leek, which are by far the
best ; the Scotch, or Flag, which is larger
and hardier ; and the Flanders.
Sowing. — Sow first in the end of Fe-
bruary a small crop for transplanting in
June and July, as well as in part to re-
main where sown ; again, for the main
crop, in the course of March or early in
April; and lastly, towards the close of
April or beginning of May, for late trans-
planting. Sow in drills, some to remain
after thinning ; the leek, however, is much
benefited by transplanting.
Cultivation. — When the plants are three
or four inches in height, hoe and thin to
two or three inches apart; water, also,
in dry weather, will strengthen and for-
ward them for transplanting, when six or
eight inches high. They must be taken
away regularly from the seed-bed, the
ground being well watered previously, if
not soft and easily yielding. When thinned
out they may be left to remain in the
seed-bed six inches asunder, as they do
not grow so large as the transplanted
ones, which must be set by the dibble in
rows ten inches apart each way, nearly
down to the leaves, that the neck, by being
covered with the earth, may be blanched ;
water in abundance at the time of plant-
ing, and shorten the long, weak leaves,
but leave the roots as uninjured as pos-
sible. By this treatment, and by cutting
off the tops of the leaves about once a
month, as new ones are produced, the
neck swells to a much larger size. The
several sowings above directed will yield
a supply from August until the following
May, when they advance to seed. A por-
tion should be always taken up and laid
in sand previous to the ground being
locked up by continued frost ; but they
will not keep many days in this situation.
LEIA'NTHUS. (From leios, smooth, and
anthos, a flower. Nat. ord., Gentianworts
[Gentianaceffi]. Linn., 5-Pentandria 1-
Monogynia. Allied to Lisianthus.)
Stove plants. Seeds, sown carefully in a pot,
placed in a hotbed ; cuttings of young shoots in
sandy soil, under a glass, in heat ; sandy peat and
fibry loam ; a good heat when growing, cool and
airy when blooming. General temperature, from
55° to 80°.
L. longifo'liua (long-leaved). 2. Yellow. Au-
gust. Jamaica. 1844. Evergreen shrub.
— nigre'scens (black-jfowered). 14. Blackish.
August. Guatemala. 1842. Biennial.
— umbeUa'tus (umbel-flowered). 20. Green, yel-
low. May. Jamaica. 1843. Evergreen tree.
LEIOPHY'LLUM. (From lews, smooth,
and phyllon, a leaf. Nat. ord., Heathworts
[Ericaceae] . Linn., IQ-Decandria L-Mono-
gynia. Allied to Ledum.)
Hardy evergreen shrub. Cuttings and layers ;
peaty soil. See AMMY'RSINE.
L. Lyo'nii (Lyon's). White. April. Carolina. 1812.
LEMON. See CI'TEUS.
LEMO'NIA. (Named after Sir O. Lemon,
M.P. Nat. ord., Eueworts [Kutaceee].
Linn., 5-Pentandria l-Monogynia. Allied
to Monnieria.)
Stove evergreen shrub. Cuttings of half-ripe
shoots in sand, under a bell-glass, in bottom-
heat ; sandy peat and fibry loam. Summer
temp., 60° to 85° ; winter, 50° to 60°.
L. spectafbilis (beautiful). Deep rose. Septem*
ber. Cuba. 183Q.
LENNE'A. (Named after M. Lenne, a.
foreign landscape-gardener. Nat. ord.",
Leguminous Plants [Fabacese]. Linn.,
n-Diadelphia 4-Decandria. Allied to
Robinia.)
Greenhouse deciduous shrub. Young shoot*
in spring, or ripened shoots towards autumn,
under a hand-light. Must have similar protection
and treatment to the Geni'sta Canarie'nsis.
L. Robinoi'des (Robinia-like). Crimson. April.
Mexico. 1843.
LEOCHI'LUS. (From leiost smooth, and
cheilos, a lip. Nat. ord., Orchids [Orchi-
dacesej. Linn., 20-Gynandria 1-Monan-
dria. Allied to Oncidium.)
Stove orchids. Division in spring; fibry peat,
sphagnum, and crocks, and cultivated in shallow
baskets, suspended from the roof of a moist or-
chid-house. Winter temp.. 55° to 6u° ; sur
60° to 90°.
LEO
[ 486 ]
LEP
L. carina'tns (keeled). Orangp. Xalapa. 1842.
— cochlan'ris (spoon-lipped). Yellow. Dominica.
1842.
— sanguimile'ntus (bloody). Crimson. La Guayra.
1842.
LEONO'TIS. Lion's Ear. (From Icon,
a lion, and ous, an ear ; some resemblance
in the flower. Nat. orct., Labiates [Lami-
acese]. Linn., i4^-Didynamia \-Gymno-
spermia. Allied to Phlomis.)
Annuals, by seed in hotbed, and young plants
then treated as tender annuals ; shrubs, by cut-
tings in sand, under a bell-glass, in peat; sandy
peat and fibry loam. Common greenhouse and
plant-stove treatment. Herbaceous species, by
seeds, and division of the plant.
L. cardi'acn (cordial). 3. Red. June. Britain.
crt'spus (curled-leaved). 2« Red. July.
Siberia. 1658.
villo'sus (shaggy). 3. Purple. July.
Tauria. 1820,
— interme'dia (intermediate). 3. Orange. Sep-
tember. Cape of Good Hope. 1822.
— la'cerus (torn). 3. Pink. June. Nepaul. 1824.
— lana'tus (woolly). 2. Yellow. July. Siberia.
1/5-2.
— leonu'rus (lion's-tail). 3. Scarlet. November.
Cape of Good Hope. 1812.
— • nepetcefo'lia (catmint-leaved). 3. Orange.
September. E. Ind. 1/78.
— ova'fa (e%%-leaved). l£. Orange. June. Cape
of Good Hope. 1813.
— Sibi'ricus (Siberian). 2. Red. July. Siberia.
1759.
LEONTOPO'DIUM:. Lion's Foot. (From
leon, a lion, and pous, a foot ; resem-
blance of the flower-heads. Nat. ord.,
Composites [Asteracese]. Linn., 14-
Syngenesia 2-Superflua. Allied to An-
tennaria.)
Hardy herbaceous perennial. Seeds, and divi-
sion of the roots in spring ; common soil.
L. Helve' ticum (Swiss). 4. Yellow. June.
Austria. 1776.
LEONU'RUS. See LEONO'TIS.
LEOPARD'S BANE. Doro'nicum.
LEOPOLDI'NIA. (Named after the late
Empress of Brazil. Nat. ord., Palms
[PalmacefBJ. Linn., 21-M.onoscia 6-
Jfexandria.)
Stove Palm. Seeds ; rich, loamy soil. Sum-
jner temp., 60° to 90° ; winter, 55° to 60°.
L.pu'lchra (beautiful). 60. Brazil. 1825.
LEPECHI'NIA. ( Named after Lepechin,
a Eussian botanist. Nat. ord., Labiates
or Lipworts [Lamiacese]. Linn., 14-
Didynamia \-Gymnospermia. Allied to
Sphacele.)
Hardy herbaceous perennials. Division of the
plant in spring, and cuttings of young shoots in
sandy soil, under a hand-light, in spring and
summer; loam and a little peat. Spica't'.t re-
quires a little protection in winter.
L. chenopodifo'lia (chenopodium-leaved). £. Red.
July. Siberia. 1818.
— spica'ta (spiked). 1. Pale yellow. July.
Mexico. 1800.
LEPIDA'GATHIS. (From lepis, a scale,
and agathis, a ball ; referring to the
bractes. Nat. ord., Acanthads [Acantha-
ceas]. Linn., \k-Didynamia%-Angwsper-
mia. Allied to Geissomeria.)
Stove evergreen. Cuttings of young shoots,
getting a little firm, in May, in sandy soil, in
bottom-heat ; fibry, sandy loam, and a little peat
and leaf-mould. Summer temp., 60° to 80° ;
winter, 45° to 58°.
L. arista' ta (crested). 2. E. Ind. 1820.
LEpfDiuM. See CRESS and MUSTARD.
LEPI'SMIUM. (From lapis, a scale ; re-
ferring to the small scales at the crena-
tures. Nat. ord., Indian Figs [Cactacese].
Linn., 12-Icosandria L-Monogynia. Al-
lied to Kipsaiis.)
Greenhouse fleshy-leaved plants. For culture
see CE'REOS.
It. commu'ne (common). Rose, white. Septem-
ber. 1836.
— myosu'rus (mouse- tail- like). 4. Yellow,
white. July. 1837-
— parado'xurn (paradoxical). 3. 1846.
LEPTA'NDRA. See VERO'NICA.
LEPTA'NTHUS. (From leptos, slender,
and anthos, a flower. Nat. ord., Pontcde-
rads [Pontederacese]. Linn., 3-Triandria
A hardy perennial marsh-plant. Offsets ;
properly an aquatic, but will flourish in a moist
place and boggy soil.
L. grami'neus (grassy). 1. Yellow. July. N.
Anier. 1823.
LEPTOCA'LLIS. See IPOM^'A.
LEPTO'CERAS. (From leptos, slender,
and keras, a horn ; referring to the form
and substance of the column. Nat. ord.,
Orchids [Orchidaceoe]. Linn., ZQ-Gynan-
dria 1-Monandria. Allied to Limodorum.)
Greenhouse terrestrial orchids, from Swan
River. Division in spring ; fibry peat, well
drained, with a little leaf-mould and sand. Win-
ter temp., 45° to 50°.
L.fimbria'ta (fringed). Yellow. May.
— oblo'nga (oblong). Yellow. May.
— pectina'ta (comb-like). Yellow. May.
LEPTODE'RMIS. (From leptos, slender,
and derma, the skin; referring to the
thin bark. Nat. ord., Cinchonads [Cin-
chonacesa]. Linn., 6-Pentandria 1-Mono-
gynia. Allied to Hamiltonia.)
Greenhouse evergreen shrub. Cuttings of half-
ripened young shoots in April, in sand, under a
bell-glass, and in a mild bottom-heat ; sandy peat
and fibry loam. Winter temp., 45° to 48°.
L. lanceola'ta (spear-head-teaaed). 3. Yellow.
June. Nepaul. 1842.
LEPTOGRA'MMA. (From lepto$, slender,
and gramma, writing; referring to the
form of the spore or seed-cases. Nat.
ord., Ferns [Polypodiaceaej. Linn., 24-
Cryptoyamict l-Fiiices.)
LEP
[ 487 ]
LES
Stove Ferns, with brownish-yellow spores.
See FERNS.
L. asplenioi'des (asplenium-like). June. Ja-
maica.
— gra'cile (slender). June. Brazil.
— polypodioi'des(polypQdium-\ike'). June. Brazil.
— villo'sa (shaggy). 2. July. Brazil. 1836.
LEPTOME'RIA. (From leptos, slender,
and meris, a part; referring to the slender
and almost leafless shoots. Nat. ord.,
Sandalworts [Santalaceae]. Linn., 5-
Pentandria l-Monoyynia.)
Greenhouse evergreens, with white blossoms,
from New Holland. Cuttings of firm young shoots
in sand, under a bell-glass ; sandy peat and fibry
loam, with pieces of charcoal. Winter temp., 40°
to 48°.
£. a'cida (acid). 1. 1823.
— Billardie'ri (Labillardi^re's). 1. 1823.
LEPTO'SIPHON. (From leptos, slender,
and siphon, a tube ; alluding to the tube
of the flower. Nat. ord., Phloxworts
[Polemoniaceae]. Linn., 5-Pentandria
i-Jtfonogynim.}
Hardy annuals, from California. Sown in the
borders at the end of March ; sandy loam suits
them ; but they will do better still if assisted with
leaf-mould or peat soil,
L. androsa' ceus (androsace-like). 1. Blue, white.
August. 1833.
— ' densiflo'rus (clustered-flowered). g. Purple.
June. 1833.
« coro'lla a'lha (white-corollaed). f . White.
June. 1833.
— grandiflo'rus (large-flowered). l£. Blue,
yellow. September. 18:33.
— hi' tens (yellow), li. Deep yellow. Septem-
ber. 1833.
pa'llidus (pale). l£. Pale yellow. Sep-
tember. 1833.
— parviflo'rus (small-flowered). l£. Yellow.
September. 1833.
LEPTOSPE'EMUM. (From leptos, slen-
der, and sperma, a seed. Nat. ord., Myr-
tleUuoms [Myrtaceae]. Linn., 12-Icosan-
dria \-Monoyyniq. Allied to Metrosi-
deros.)
New Holland, greenhouse, evergreen plants,
with white flowers. Seeds in a hotbed, in March ;
«uttings of young shoots, getting firm, in May, in
well-drained pots, in sand, under a glass; loam
two parts, peat one part, sand and charcoal half a
part. Winter temp., 38° to 48°. Some, such as
lani'gerum and grandiflo'rum, would do well on
conservative walls.
L. arachnoi'deum (cobwebbed). 3. June. 1/95.
— attenuu'tum (thin). 5. June. 1795.
— bacca'tum (berry-fruited). 3. June. 1790.
— emargina'tuTn (notch-leaved,). 5. June. 1818.
— ftave'scens (yellowish). 5. June. 1/87.
— flexuo'sum (zigzag). 10. June. 1823.
~ grandiflo'rum (large-flowered). 5. June. 1810.
— juniperi'num (juniper-leaved). 2. June. 1790.
— lani'gerum (woolly). 5. June. 1774.
— multicau'le (many-stemmed). 4. June. 1S24.
— obli'quum (twatoA-leaved) . June. 1800.
— pe'ndulum (weeping). 4. July.
— seri'ceum (silky). S.June. N.S.Wales. 1818.
— squarru'sum (spreading). 4. July.
— tltymifo'lium (thyme-leaved). 5. June. 1824.
— trUocula're (three-relied). 2. June. 1800.
LEPTOSTE'LMA. See ERI'GERON MA'XI-
MUM.
LEPTO'TES. (From leptos, slender; re-
ferring to the leaves. Nat. ord., Orchids
[Orchidaceae]. Linn., 2Q-Gynandria 1-
Monandria. Allied to Brassavola.)
Stove orchids. Divisions in spring ; fibry peat,
potsherds, and old moss chopped, with the pot
nearly filled with drainage. Summer temp., 60°
to 85°; winter, 55° to 6u°.
L. bi'color (two-coloured). $. White, red. April.
Brazil. 1831.
gto«co/;/iv7/tt(miIky-green-leaved). White,
purple. February. Organ Mountains. 1838.
— co'ncoloi-' (one-coloured). White. February.
Brazil. 1838.
LESCHENAU'LTIA. (Named after M.
Leschenault, a French botanist. Nat. ord.,
Goodcniads [Goodeniacese]. Linn., 5-Pen-
tandria \-Monogynia.)
Greenhouse evergreens, from New Holland.
Cuttings of the points of young shoots in sand,
under a bell-glass, and as soon as struck, potted
and grown in an open compost of turty peat,
fibry loam, silver sand, and pieces of broken pots
and charcoal, the pots being well drained. Winter
temp., 38° to 45°, with plenty of air when possible.
A shady position in summer.
L. arcua^ta, (bowed-branched'). 1, Yellow. Au-
gust. 1844.
— • bilo'ba (two-lobed). 1. Blue. June. 1840.
— formo'sa (handsome). 1. Scarlet. June. 1824.
— oblu'ta (flattened -round -lobed). 1. Orange.
June. 1824.
— sple'ndens (shining). l£. Scarlet. June. 1844.
LESPEDE'ZA. (Named after Lespedez,
once governor of Florida. Nat. ord., Le-
yuminous Plants [Fabacese]. Linn., 17-
Diadelphia 4^-Decandria. Allied to Des-
ra odium.)
North American plants, except where otherwise
specified. Annuals, by seed, in a sandy, peaty
border ; perennials, by the same means in spring,
and division of the roots ; shrubs, cuttings either
of young or ripened wood in sand, under a bell-
glass ; sandy, fibry peat. Eriocu'rpa requires the
greenhouse, and glamera'ta must be used as a
tender annual.
ANNUALS.
L. glomera'ta (crowded). 3. Purple. July. E.
Ind. 1819- Stove.
— SfM'»ei(Stuve's). )£. Purple. July. 1824. Hardy.
SHRUBS.
L. eri oc a'rpa (woolly-fruited). 1. Violet. July.
Nepaul. 1819. Greenhouse evergreen.
— frute'scens (shrubby). 4. Purple. July. 1739.
Deciduous shrub.
HARDY HERBACEOUS PERENNIALS.
L. angustifo'lia (narrow-leaved). 2. Pale purple.
June. 1800.
— polysta'chya (many-spiked). 3. White. July.
1789.
— prostra'ta (prostrate). $. Purple. July. 1810.
Trailer.
— villo'sa. (shaggy). White. July. 1819-
— viola'cea (violet). 2. Violet. July. 1739-
dwe'rgens (diverging). 2. Violet. July.
4800.
LES
[488 ]
LEU
X. viola'cea reticula'ta (netted). 2. Purple.
1816.
SKssilifln'ra (stalkless-flowered). 3. Purple.
July. 1800.
LESSE'RTIA. (Named after the French
'botanist, Baron Delessert. Nat. ord., Le-
guminous Plants [Fabacese]. Linn., 17-
Diadclphia l-Decandria. Allied to Swain-
sonia. )
All natives of the Cape of Good Hope. Shrubby
kinds, by seed in spring, and cuttings of young
shoots in sand, under a glass ; loam and peat ; an-
nuals, by seeds ; and perennials, by seeds and di-
vision in spring ; the seedlings should be potted
off, when a few inches in height, into light, sandy
loam. Winter temp., 40° to 48°.
GREENHOUSE ANNUALS.
L, tomento'sa (downy). £. Purple. June. 1822.
— vesica'ria (bladder -podded). Purple. June. 1825.
— virga'ta (twiggy). Purple. June. 1828.
GREENHOUSE HERBACEOUS PERENNIALS.
L. pere'nnans (lasting). 1. Red. August. 1776.
— procu'mbens (lying-down). Purple. June. 1753.
GREENHOUSE EVERGREENS.
L, brachysta'chya (short-spiked). 1. Purple. July.
1826.
— falcifo'rmis (sickle-formed). 1. Purple. July.
1826.
—frntico'sa (shrubby). 1. Purple. July. 1826.
— pu'lchra (pretty). l£. Red. May. 1817-
LETTSO'MIA. (Named after J. O. Lett-
som, a British physician and naturalist.
Nat.ord.,Z%eads [Ternstromiacese] . Linn.,
IB-Polyandria l-Monogynia. Allied to
Freziera.)
Stove evergreen shrub. Cuttings of young
shoots, getting firm, in April or May, in sand,
under a bell-glass, and a sweet bottom-heat;
*and\', fibryloam, and sandy, turfy peat. Summer
temp., 60° to 85°; winter, 55° to 60°.
L. tomento'sa (woolly). 4. White. Peru. 1823.
LETTUCE. Lactu'ca.
LEUCADE'NDRON. (From leukos, white,
and dendron, a tree; the white-leaved
Silver-trees of the Cape colonists. Nat.
ord., Proteads [Proteacese]. Linn., 22-
Dloecia ^-Tetrandria.)
Greenhouse evergreen shrubs, with yellow flow-
ers, from the Cape of Good Hope. Cuttings of
the ripened shoots in summer, in sand, under a
glass, and kept cool until tKfc base of the cutting
has callused, when extra heat may be applied ;
iibry loam and sandy peat, with a few rough
pieces of charcoal, to keep the compobt open.
Winter temp, 38° to 45°.
L. cf'mulum (rival). 3. July. 1739.
— angusta'tum (narrowed). 3, June. 1820.
— arge'nteum (silver-tree). F5. August, 1693.
— cauda'tum (tailed). 3. May. 1800.
— cinefrtum (grey). S. July. 1774.
— como'sum (tufted). 3. May. 1818.
~ conci'nnum (neat). 3. 1800.
— co'ncolor (one-coloured). 3. May. 1774.
— corymbo'sum (corymbed). 3. April. 1790.
— deco'rum (decorous). 3. 1790.
—fln'ridum (florid). 3. April. 1795;
— pla'brum (smooth). 3. May. )'81'0.
-L. grandiflo'rum (larfre-flowered). 3. April. 178Q.
— imlmca! turn (imbricated). 4. 1/PO.
— infle'xum (bent-in). 3. April. 1800.
— Levisa'nus (Lewis's). 4. April. 1/74.
— linifo'lium (flax-leaved). 4. May.
— margina'tum (bordered). 3. May. 1800.
— ova'le (oval-leaved'). 3. May. 1818.
— plumo'sum (feather-/7owered). 4. July. 1774.
— retu'sum (bent-back). 3. May. 1810.
— sali'gnum (\v\\\Q\\-leaved). 3. May. 1774»
— seri'ccwot (silky). 3. May. 1817.
— tjmMM/«YM/n(spatulate). 3. May. 1818.
— squarro'slim (spreading). 3. 1824.
— stri'ctum (upright). 3. June. 1795.
— veno'sum (veiny). 3. May. 1816.
LEUCHTENBE'RGIA. (Named after Prince
Leuchtenburg. N at. ord.., Indian Figs [Cac-
tacese] .Linn.,12-7cosanrfnal -Monogynia.)
Greenhouse evergreen. For culture, see
C A'CT u s — Echinoca'ctus.
L. pri'ncipis (noble). 1 .Yellow. June, Mexico.1847.
LEUCOCA'RPUS. (From leukos, white, and
carpos, a fruit. Nat. ord., Figworts [Scro-
phulariacese]. Linn., Ik-Didynamia2-An~
giospermia. )
Half-hardy annual. Seed in autumn ; division
and cuttings in spring ; requires a little protec-
tion in winter ; loam, leaf-mould, peat, and a little
sand.
L. alu'tus (winged-stalked). 2. Yellow. Vera
Cruz. 1830.
LEUCOCO'RYNE. (From leukos, white,
and koryne, a cluh ; referring to the ste-
rile anthers. Nat. ord., Lilyworts [Lilia-
cese]. Linn., 3 - Triandria l-Monogynia.
Allied to Brodisea.)
Beautiful little half-hardy bulbs, from Chili, re-
quiring the same treatment as Ixias.
L. allia'cea (garlic-scented). 1. White. 1825.
— ixioi'des (ixia-like). Lilac. October. 1821.
— odora'ta (sweet-scented). 1. White. August.
1826.
LEUCO'JUM. Snowflake. (From leukost
white, and ion, a violet ; referring to the
colour and fragrance of the flowers. Nat.
ord.,Amaryllids [Amaryllidacese]. Linn.,
6-Hexandria l-Monogynia. Allied to Ga-
lanthus.)
Hardy bulbs. Offsets in spring ; sandy loam.
See ERINO'SMA.
L. <KstV Hum (summer). 1$. White. May. England.
— pulehe'llum (ne&t). 1|. White. April.
LEUCOPO'GON. ( From leukos, white, and
pogon, a heard ; referring to the hairs on
the flowers. Nat. ord., Epacrids [Epa-
cridacese]. Linn., 5-Pentandria \-Mono-
gynia. Allied to Lissanthe.)
This is " the native currant " of settlers in New
Holland. Greenhouse, New Holland, white-flow-
cring, evergreen shrubs. Cuttings of the points
of shoots, getting a little firm in May, in sand,
under a bell-glass ; peat and loam, both fibry, with
•ilver sand, and nodules of charcoal to keep the
compost open ; drainage and watering must ba
carefully attended to. Winter temp., 38° to 45°.
LETT
[489 ]
LIA
L. amplericau'lis (stem-clasping). 3. 1815.
— colli'nus (hill). 3. May. 1824.
— ericoi'des (heath-like). 6. 1815.
— juniper oi'des (juniper-like). 3. May. 1804.
— lanceola'tus (spear-head-teawed). 12. May. 1790.
— obova'tus (reverse-egg-/eawed). 1, June. 1824.
— polystn'chys (many-spiked). 2. June. 1826.
— Ri'chei (Riche's). 6. June. 1822.
— seti'gera (bristly). 2. 1824.
— stria' tus (channelled). 3. June. 1823.
— verticilla'tus (whorled). 1 837.
— virga'tus (twiggy). 2. June. 1824.
LEUCOSPE'RMUM. (From leukos, white,
and sperma, a seed. Nat. ord., Proteads
[Proteace«e]. Linn., 4-Tetrandria \-Mo-
nogynia. Allied to Protea.)
Greenhouse evergreen shrubs, with yellow flow-
ers, from the Cape of Good Hope. Cuttings of
ripe young shoots, with the leaves left on, except
those close to the base of the cutting, firmly in
sand, and covered with a bell-glass, kept cool, and
care taken to prevent damping ; light, sandy, fibry
loam, with a little peat, nodules of charcoal, free-
stone, and brick. Winter temp., 35° to 45°.
L. attenua'tum (thin). 3. June. 1820.
— ca'ndicans (whitish). 2. August. 17QO.
— furmo'sum (handsome). 4. July. 1784.
— grandifto'rum (large-flowered) 4. June. 1800.
— linea're (narrow-feauerf). 4. July. 1774.
— me'dium (middle-sized). 3. July. 17Q4.
— pa'rile (matched). 2. August. 178Q.
— pa'tulum (spreading). 2.. August. 1823.
— spathula'tum (spatulate) 2. June. 1825.
— tomento'sum (.cottony}. 2. June. 178Q.
LEUCOSTE'MMA. Synonyme of Elichry-
sum.
LEUCO'THOE. Synonyme of Andromeda.
LEU'ZEA. ( Named tfterDe Leuze. Nat.
ord., Composites [ Asteraceas] . Linn., 19-
Syngenesia 3-Frustranea. Allied to Ser-
ramla.)
Hardy herbaceous perennials, wkh purple
flowers. Seeds, and divisions of the plant in
spring ; common garden-soil.
L. Altn'lca (Altaian). $. August. Siberia. 1822.
— austr/i'lis (southern). 1. August. N.Hol-
land. 1821.
— carthumoi'des (carthamus-like). 2, August.
Siberia. 1816.
— fonif/era (cone-bearing), f. July. South
Europe. 1683.
— tali' no, (salt). 1. June. Siberia. 1817.
LEVI'STICUM. (From levo, to assuage;
said to relieve flatulency. Nat. ord.,
Umbellifers [Apiacem]. Linn., 5-Pen-
tandrial-Monoyynia. Allied to Angelica.)
Hardy herbaceous perennial. Seeds, and divi-
sions of the plant in spring ; common soil.
L. officinafle (shop). 6. Pale yellow. June.
Italy. 15Q6.
LEWI'SIA. (Named after Captain Lewis,
the traveller. Nat. ord., Ficoids [Mesem-
bryacese]. Linn., IS.Polyandria \-Mono-
gynia,)
Hardy herbaceous perennial. Seeds, and di-
Yidmg the roots in spring; light, sandy loam,
with brick-rubbish.
L. redivi'va (revived). J. Rose. N. Amer. 1826.
LEYSSE'EA. (Named after T. W. Leys-
ser, a German botanist. Nat. ord., Com-
posites [Asteracese]. Linn., 19-Synge*
nesia 2-Superflua.)
Greenhouse evergreens, orange-flowered, and
from the Cape of Good Hope, except cupillifo'lia.
Cuttings of half-ripened shoots in sand, over
sandy peat, in summer; peat and loam, both
rough and sandy.
L. capillifo'lia (hair-leaved). £. Yellow. June*
Barbary. 1822.
— cilia'ta (hair-fringed). Ij. August. 1816.
— gnaphalni' des (gnaphalium-like). 2. August.
1774.
— pnlifo'lia (polium-leaved). 1$. August. 1820.
— squarro'sa (spreading). 2. August. 1815.
LEYCESTE'EIA. (Named after W.Leys-
ser, once chief justice at Bengal. Nat,
ord., Caprifoils [Caprifoliacese]. Linn.,
5-Pentandria 1-Monogynia. Allied to
Symphoricarpus.)
Half-hardy evergreen shrub. Seeds in spring;
cuttings of young, short shoots in spring, under 8
glass, and older shoots in autumn, under a hand-
light ; light, sandy soil ; will require a few ever-
green boughs over it in a very hard winter.
L.formo'sa (handsome). 4. White, purple.
August. Nepaul. 1824.
LHO'TSKYA. (Named after Dr. John
Lhotsky, a German botanist. Nat. ord.,
Fringe-myrtles [Cbamselauciaceffi]. Linn.,
12-Icosandria I-Monogynia. Allied to
Calytrix.)
Greenhouse evergreens, from Swan River. Cut-
tings of young shoots, when the base is a little
firm, in sand, and under a glass; loam, and a
little peat and sand. Winter temp., 38° to 45°.
L. acutifo'lia (sharp-leaved). Pale yellow. June.
— viola' cea (violet-coloured). Violet. June. 1843.
LI'ABUM. (Derivation not explained.
Nat. ord., Composites [Asteracese]. Linn.,
W-Syngenesia 2-Superflua. Allied to
Andromachia.)
Stove herbaceous perennial. Division in spring ;
sandy loam, leaf-mould, and a little peat. Sum-
mer temp., 60° to 80"; winter, 48° to 55°.
L. Bro'wnei (Brown's). Yellow. June. Jamaica.
1768.
LIA'TEIS. (Derivation not known. Nat.
ord., Composites [Asteracese]. Linn.,
19-Syngencsia 1-JEqualis.)
Hardy herbaceous perennials, from North
America. Division in spring ; sandy loam and
peat; those from Carolina require protection iu
winter.
L. bellidifo'lia (daisy-leaved). 2. Pink. August.
— borea'lis (northern). 1$. Pink. August.
— corymbo'sa (corymbed). 3. Purple. Sep-
tember. Carolina. 1825.
— cyli'ndrica (cylindric-/?ow)crcd). 4. Pink.
September. 1811.
— e'legans (elegant). 4. Purple. September;
1787.
— gra'cilis (slender). 1$. Purple. September.
Carolina. 1818.
— graminifo'lin (grass-leaved). 3. Pink. August*
LIB
[ 490 ]
LI a
L. heteropJiy'lla (various-leaved). 3. Purple.
July. 1790.
— interme'dia (intermediate). 2. Purple. Sep-
tember. 1823.
— odorati'ssimu (sweetest-scented). 3. Purple.
September. Carolina. 1/86.
— paniculn'ta (panicled). 3. Purple. August.
Carolina. 1826.
— pilo'su. (hairy -leaved}. l£. Purple. Septem-
ber. 1783.
— propi'nqua (related). 2. Purple. August. 1838.
— pu'mila (dwarf). 1. Purple. September.
— pycnostu'chya (dense-spiked). 3. Purple.
September. 1732.
— scario'sa (membranous). 4. Purple. July. 1739.
— sphceroi'dea (globular-cupped). 3. Purple.
September. 1817.
— squarro'sn (spreading). 3. Purple. July. 1732.
— spica'ta (/ow#-spiked). 6. Purple. Septem-
ber. 1732.
— tenuifo'lia (fine-leaved). l£. Purple. Sep-
tember. Carolina. 1820.
— turbina'ta (top-form). 2. Purple. September.
1823.
LIBE'RTIA. (Named after M. A. Libert,
a Belgian lady and botanist. Nat. ord.,
Irids [Iridacese]. Linn., 16 - Mona-
delphia 1-Monogynia. Allied to the Pea-
cock Iris.)
Half-hardy bulbs, with white flowers, thriving
•well in a front, outside border, if light soil. Di-
vision of the roots, and sowing the seed, in spring ;
loam and peat.
L. formo'sa (handsome). l£. May. Chili. 1831.
— grandiflo'ra (large-flowered). Jj. April. New
Zealand. 1822.
— paniculu'ta (panicled). l£. April. N.Holland.
1823.
— pulche'lla (pretty). 1. April. N. Holland.
1823.
LIBOCE'DEUS. See THU'JA.
LICHTENSTEI'NIA. (Named after Von
Lichtenstein, a German botanist. Nat.
ord., Umbellifers [Apiacese]. Linn., 5-
Pcntandria \-Monogynia.~)
Half-hardy herbaceous perennials, with blue
flowers, from the Cape of Good Hope. Seeds,
and division of the plant in spring ; sandy loam,
with a little leaf-mould; require a cold pit in
winter.
L. laniga'ta (smoothed). 1. 1824.
— undula'ta Iw&ved-leaved). 1. July, 1814.
LICUA'LA. (From the native name.
Nat. ord., Palms [Palmacese]. Linn., 6-
Hexandria \-Monogynia. Allied to
Corypha.)
Stove Palms, from the East Indies. Seeds in
strong hotbed ; rich, sandy loam. Summer temp.,
•60° to 80° ; winter, 60°.
L.pelta'ta (shield-leafed). 6. White, yellow.
1825.
— spino'sa (spiny). 6. White, green. 1802.
LIDBE'CKIA. (Named after E. G. Lid-
lecky a Swedish botanist. Nat. ord.,
Composites [Asteraceee]. Lion., IQ-Si/n-
fjenesia 2-Superflua. Allied to Lasthenia. )
Greenhouse evergreen shrubs, with yellow
flowers, from the Cape of Good Hope. Cuttings
of half-ripened short shoots in April, in sandy
peat, under a bell-glass ; peat, with a little fibry
of half-ripened short shoots in April, in sandy
th a little fibry
loam, and a few pieces of charcoal and silver-sand.
Winter temp., 40° to 45°.
L. lohn'ta (lobed). 2. May. 1800.
— pectma'ta (comb-leaved). 2. May. 1744.
LIEBI'GIA. (Named after Liebig, the
celebrated German chemist. Nat. ord.,
Oesnerworts [Gesneracese]. Linn., 14-
Didynamia 2-Angiospermia. Allied to
^Eschynanthus.)
Stove evergreen shrub. Cuttings of the herba-
ceous-like shoots in sandy soil, in heat, in spring
and summer ; sandy peat and fibry loam, with a
little dried dung. Summer temp., 60° to 80°;
winter, 55° to 60°.
L. specio'sa (showy). l£. White, purple. Sep-
tember. Java. 1845.
LIFTING is sometimes used as meaning
the same as transplanting, and at others
merely means passing the spade under a
plant, and, by raising it up, disturbing its
roots to check its luxuriance.
LIGATURES, twisted very tightly round
the small branches of trees, and the
stems of plants, to check the return of
their sap, and thus promote their fruit-
fulness, and the size of the fruit, are
much to be preferred to ringing, or other
removals of the bark, which cause wounds
and canker. Ligatures should be removed
as soon as the fruit is ripened.
LIGHT has a most powerful influence
over the health and life of a plant, from
the moment its leaves pierce through
the surface of the soil. If absent, they
become yellow, or even white, unless un-
corabined hydrogen be present, in which
case they retain their verdure. It de-
serves notice, that it has been proved by
the experiments of Dr. Hope and others,
that light from artificial sources may be
concentrated so as to enable plants to
absorb oxygen, and perfect those elabo-
rations on which their green colour de-
pends; and the light of the moon has
a like influence. A similar concen-
trated light will make the Pimpernel and
other flowers, which close until sunrise,
open their petals, and rouse from their
rest; a fact which gives another reason
why plants in rooms frequented at night
become weak and exhausted sooner than
those which remain as nature dictates,
unexcited by light. A deiiciency of light
decreases the decomposing power of the
leaves. For this reason the best glass
should always be employed in the sashes
of the hothouse, conservatory, and other
structures of the forcing department.
LIG
[491 ]
LIL
But the benefit sought for is frustrated
if that glass be not constantly well
cleansed. The best glass, if dirty,
allows fewer rays of light to pass through
than inferior glass if kept bright.
Solar light is essential to the ripen-
ing of all fruit : it will not ripen in the
dark ; and the greater the light's inten-
sity, and the longer its daily endurance,
the sweete1- and the higher is the fruit's
flavour. No fruits are so luscious as
those grown within the tropics, and the
fruits of the temperate zone are excel-
lent in proportion to the brightness of
its seasons. That light is essential in
causing the colour of the leaves and
other parts of plants has been noticed
already ; and it aids the ripening process
of fruit in a similar manner, to convert
their acid and mucilaginous constituents
into sugar. How light operates in pro-
moting this and other decompositions
which are effected by the vegetable organs
is, at present, a mystery ; but so it is ;
and the gardener promotes its access as
much as lies within his power, by re-
moving overshadowing leaves, by em-
ploying the best glass in his hothouses,
and by having their interior whitened;
for white surfaces reflect all the rays of
light back upon the object those surfaces
inclose.
LIGHTFOO'TIA. (Named after the Rev.
J. lAghtfoot, a Scotch botanist. Nat. ord.,
Bellworts [Campanulacese]. Linn., 5-
Pentandria 1-Monogynia. Allied to Ca-
narina.)
Greenhouse blue-flowered evergreens, from the
Cape of Good Hope. Cuttings of young shoots
in sand, containing a little peat, under a glass ;
iibry loam and sandy peat; pots well drained.
Winter temp., 38° to 48°.
L. Lo<Wz§y?'su'(Loddige's). f. July. 1822.
— oxycoccoi'des (oxycoccos-like). £. July. 1787.
— subula'ta(snvil-leaved). $. August. 1/87.
LIGULA'RIA. (From ligula, a strap ;
referring to the florets. Nat. ord., Com-
posites [Asteraceae]. Linn., 19-Syngenesia
2-8uperflua. Allied to Arnica.)
Hardy herbaceous perennials, with yellow
flowers, and blooming in June. Seeds, divisions,
and cuttings of the young shoots under a hand-
light, in a shady corner; sandy loam, with a
little leaf-mould.
L. Alta'ica ( Altaian). Altaia. 1837.
— Cauca'sica (Caucasian). Caucasus. 1820.
— Sibi'rica (Siberian). Siberia. 1784.
— specio'sa (showy). Siberia. 1818.
— thyrsoi'dea (thyrse-^owered). Altaia. 1837.
LIGU'STRUM. Privet. (From ligulare,
to tie ; referring to the use made of the
flexible shoots. Nat. ord., Oliveworts
[Oleaceae]. Linn., 2-Diandria \-Mono-
gyjiia.}
Shrubs, all with white flowers. Generally by
cuttings of the young shoots in sandy loam ;
seeds may also be sown, either when ripe, or
placed in a rot-heap for a number of months pre-
viously. The common kinds are useful for fence",
and will grow under trees where scarcely anything
else would live; lu'cidum and its variety, and
vesti'tum, require a little protection in exposed
places.
HARDY EVERGREENS.
L. Japn'nicum (Japanese). June. Japan. 1845.
— lu'cidum (shining). 8. June. China. 1794.
florittu'ndum (profuse-flowered). 8. July.
China. 1794.
— vesti'tum (clothed). April. Nepaul. 1840.
— vulga're chloroca'rpum (common- green-ber-
ried). 8. June. Britain.
sempervi'rens (evergreen). 8. June. Italy.
HARDY DECIDUOUS.
L. spica'tum (spike-cowered). 8. June. Nepaul.
1823.
— vulga're (common). 10. June. Britain.
angustifo'lium (narrow-leaved). 8. June.
Britain.
— — — leucoea'rpum (white-berried). 8. June.
Britain.
variega'tum (variegated). 8. June. Bri-
tain.
xanthoca'rpum (yellow-berried). 8. Au-
gust. Italy.
LILAC. See SYRI'NGA.
LI'LIUM. The Lily. (From the Celtic
li, white. Nat. ord., Lily worts [Uili&cedz].
Linn., Q-Hexandria I-Monogynia.)
Offsets from the bulbs; also seeds, and, in
some cases, small stem-bulbs ; in general, light,
rich, sandy loam ; some, however, as those from
America and Japan, like the addition of some
fibry peat, and the latter are generally the better
for a cold pit treatment in winter, though they
will do in a bed well-drained.
GREENHOUSE BULBS.
L. a'tro-sangui'neum (dark-blood-coloured). 2.
Dark red. July. Japan. 1835.
macula' turn (spotted). Orange, red. Au-
gust. Japan.
— coru'scans (glittering). 2. Scarlet. August.
— exi'mium (splendid). 4. White. July. Japan.
— gigante'um (gigantic). 10. White. July.
Himalaya. 1852.
— lancifo'lium (spear-leaved). White. June.
Nepaul. 1824.
. ro'seum (rosy). White, pink. June.
Nepaul.
— ro'seum (rose-coloured). 12. Purple. April.
Missooree.
— specio'sum (showy). 2. Orange. August.
Japan. 1833.
. a'lbum (white-jZotrered). 3. White. July.
Japan. 1833.
Kai'mpferi (Ksempfer's). 3. Rose,
purple. July. Japan. 1833.
puncta'tum (spotted-./?ou>ered). 3.
White-spotted. July. Japan. 1835.
ru'brum (red-flowered). 3. Rose. July.
Japan. 1833.
— testa'ceum (light brown). 3. Pale orange,
red-spotted. June. Japan. 1841.
— Thompsonia'num (Dr. Thompson's). 3. Rose.
April. NuBsooree. 1843.
LIL
[492 ]
LIL
L, Thunbergia'num (Thunberg's). J£. Orange,
scarlet. July. Japan. 1835.
— volu'bile (twining). Crimson. July. 1830.
— Wallichia'num (Wallich's). 5. Greenish-
white. October. Nepaul. 1850.
HARDY BULBS.
L. Andi'num (Andes). 4. Scarlet. July. N.
Amer. 1819.
— auranti'acum (light orange). Orange. July.
Japan. 1835.
—- auru'ntium (orange). 3. Dark orange. June.
Italy. 1835.
flo're-ple'no (double-flowered). 3. Dark
orange. June.
mi'nus (small). 2. Orange. June.
variega'tum (variegated-teawed). 2. Dark
orange. June.
— Buschia'num (Busch's). 1. Orange. June.
Siberia. 1829.
— Canade'nse (Canadian). 4. Light orange.
July. N. Amer. 1829.
— ru'brum (red- flowered). 4. Orange. July.
N. Amer. 1629.
— ca'ndidum (white). 3. White. June. Levant.
15Q6.
puncta'tum (spotted-^ou'ered). 4. White,
purple. June. Nepaul. 1835.
— — — spica'tum (spiked). 4. White. June.
stria'tum (channelled-yfowered) . 4. White.
June.
— variega'tum (variegated). 4. White. June.
— Carolinia'num (Carolina). 2. Orange. July.
N. Amer. 1819.
— Catesbee'i (Catesby's). 1. Scarlet. July.
China. 180(5.
— Chalcedo'nicum (Chalcedonian). 4. Scarlet.
July. Levant. 1796.
— co'ncolor (one- coloured). 2. Red. July. China.
1806.
— cro'ceum (saffron). 3. Yellow. July. 1596.
— exce'lsum (tall). Striped. July. Japan.
— gla'brum (smooth). 4. Orange. June. 1595.
— Japo'nicum (Japan). 2. White. July. China.
1804.
— latifo'lium (broad-leaved. Bulbiferous). 2.
Orange. July. Europe. 1820.
— longifo'liurn (long-leaved). White. May.
China. 1820.
— ma'rtagon (martagon). 3. Purple. July.
Germany. 1596.
a'l&o-ple'no (double-white). 3. White.
July. Germany.
— — — dorsipunctu' turn (spotted-backed). 3.
Purple. June.
ela'tum (tall). 3. Purple. June.
— — - ocella're (eyed). 3. Lilac. June.
pa'llidum (pale). 3. Lilac. June.
perpurpu'reum (deep purple). 3. Dark
purple. June.
petiola're (petioled). 3. Purple. June.
pube'scens (downy). 3. Orange. June.
Germany. 1596.
purpu'reum (purple). 3. Purple. June.
sepa'lis-albis (white-sepaled). 2£. White.
July. Germany.
sepa'lis-plu'rimis (double-flowered). 3.
Purple. July. Gardens.
— monade'lphum (monadelphous). 2. Yellow.
June. Caucasus. 1820.
— Nepale'nse (Nepaulese). 3. White. July.
Nepaul. 1825.
— penduliflo'rum (pendulous-flowered). 1. Cop-
per-coloured. June. N. Amer. 1820.
— peregri'num (straggling). 4. White. June.
Cape of Good Hope. 1824.
L. Philade'lphicum (Philadelphian). 5. Scarlet.
July. N. Amer. 1757.
— pompo'nium (scarlet-pompone). 2. Red. May.
Siberia. 1659.
flo're-ple'no (double-flowered). 3. Red.
June.
— pulche'llum (pretty). Scarlet. Dahuria. 1829.
— pu'milum (dwarf). 1. Scarlet. July. Dahuria.
1816.
— Pyrena'icum (Pyrenean). 2. Dark orange.
July. Pyrenees. 1596.
flo're-ple'no (double-flowered). 2. Yellow.
July.
— sangui'neum (blood-coloured). Orange, red.
July.
— Sibi'ricum (Siberian). 2. Yellow. July.
Siberia.
— specta'bile (showy). 2. Light orange. June.
Dahuria. 1754.
— tenuifo'lium (fine-leaved). 2. Scarlet. June.
Siberia. 1820.
— tigri'num (tiger-spotted). 6. Orange. July.
China. 1804.
LI'UUM CA'NDIDUM. Common Whito
Lily.
Propagation. — By offsets. When the
old bulbs have several small ones formed
around them, take them up in September,
divide them into single bulbs, replant the
large flowering-bulbs immediately into
fresh, rich earth, where they are to flower.
The small bulbs plant in a bed of the
same kind of soil, in some corner by
themselves ; let them remain here for
two years, then take them up, select the
large bulbs, and plant them where they
are to flower, taking care to enrich the
earth with well-decomposed manure. The
small ones may be replanted again till
they are the same size, and should then
be taken up and planted in the borders
to bloom.
The Soil should be well drained, and
fresh, maiden loam, made rich with a
good coating of manure, and dug over
two or three times previously to the
planting season.
Winter Culture. — When the stools of
bulbs have become large, they will have
exhausted the soil, and it will be advisa-
ble to take them up, divide them, then
dig holes, taking away the old exhausted
soil, and put at the bottom of each hole
a shovelful of rotten dung ; fill up with
fresh earth, and plant immediately three
strong bulbs in each hole, covering them
about three inches deep. The best time
to do this is in September, and the rea-
son for planting immediately is because
these bulbs will not bear exposure to the
air without injury. By this treatment
they will flower well the next season, but
much finer the second.
Insects. — The most troublesome are
LIL
[493 ]
LIL
the WIREWORM and the common GARDEN-
SLUG, which see. Whenever a leaf is
observed to droop, the grub will be found
to be the cause. Gently remove the
earth near the drooping leaf, and the
enemy will be discovered at work.
Diseases. — The canker sometimes at-
tacks the bulbs. This disease arises
from too much moisture in the soil.
This must be corrected by draining. All
cankered bulbs should be taken up and
thrown away, to prevent the contagion
from becoming general.
LI'LIUM MA'RTAGON. Martagon, or
Turk's-cap Lily. The propagation of all
the varieties of this species is the same
as described above for L. ca'ndidum.
The soil, however, should be liberally
mixed with sand. Some species, such as
L. co'ncolor and L. supe'rbum, require a
considerable quantity of sandy peat
mixing amongst the soil.
LI'LIUM TIGRI'NUM, Tiger Lily; and
L. BULBI'FERUM or AURA'NTIUM, the Orange
Lily, produce at the axils of the leaves of
the flower-stem a considerable number of
small embryo bulbs. These afford a
ready way of propagating them. Gather
the bulbs as soon as they part readily
from the stem ; prepare a bed for them,
by digging it over, and adding some well-
rotted dung. Plant them in rows across
the bed at three inches apart in the row,
and nine inches from row to row. Let
them remain in this bed for two or three
years, then take them up, sort the bulbs
into two sizes, plant the largest in a bed
of rich earth, six inches apart in the row,
and a foot between each row. Several of
them will flower weakly the first year,
tut stronger the second, and will then be
large enough to take their place amongst
the old strong bulbs. The smaller-sized
bulbs should be planted again rather
thickly, and will afford a second crop of
flowering bulbs the second year. The
other points of summer and winter cul-
ture are similar to those required by L.
ca'ndidum, excepting in one particular.
As the flower- stems advance in growth,
they put forth a number of young roots
from the stem above the bull); when that
is perceived, place round each stem some
rough, hard pieces of dung for these roots
to strike into; this will encourage the
flower-stems to grow strongly, and flower
finely, besides increasing very much the
siz« of the bulbs below.
LI'LIUM LANCIFO'LIUM and its varieties,
puncta'tum and specio'snm. This is the
finest of all the genus. The petals turn
buck, like those of the L. ma'rtagon. It
throws out roots above the bulbs like
L. tigri'num, but does not produce in-
cipient bulbs in the axils of the leaves,
like the latter species, and must, there-
fore, be propagated like L. ca'ndidum, by
offsets. This fine species, in the southern
parts of Britain, is hardy enough to bear
cultivating in the open air, like the rest
of the genus ; but it is worthy of being
cultivated in pots to bloom in the green-
house, everywhere in this country,
flowering in June and July, when the
generality of the usual inhabitants are
enjoying the open air. To cultivate it for
that purpose, pot the larger bulbs in
eleven-inch pots. If bulbs are plentiful,
put three in each pot. Do this early in
March, and use a rich, sandy compost.
Place them in' a pit or frame sheltered
from frost, by covering with mats, giving
plenty of air in mild weather, but very
little water. Grow them as slowly as
possible, so that they may have a large
strength of roots to cause a strong growth.
When the frosts are over, plunge them
in a bed of old tan till the greenhouse is
thinned of its plants, and then bring
them into their place ; put pans under
the pots, and a mulching of dung on the
surface of the soil. Water freely, and
give plenty of air. The culture in the
air is the same as is required by L. ca'n-
didum, with the addition of a covering of
dry ashes over the bulbs in winter.
LILY. Li'lium.
LILY- HYACINTH. Sci'llali'lia-hyaci' nthus.
LILY-OF-THE-VALLEY. ( Convalla'ria ma-
ja'lis.) We know a garden where no one
can flower the lily-of-the-valley well, and
we also know places where it flowers in
the greatest abundance without any care
whatever. We have seen it growing
naturally by the acre, in a shady wood,
the soil being mere sand, enriched by the
fallen leaves ; we have dug it out in that
wood, and found all the roots within three
inches of the surface. We have also
seen it flower abundantly on a south bor-
der, in a rich kitchen-garden soil. Where
it refuses to succeed we would make a
bed for it on the north side of a wall ;
dig out the natural soil a foot deep, and
drain the bottom ; then fill up the bed
with a compost of light, sandy earth and
rotten leaves, half of each ; press it down
gently when within two inches of the top ;
UL
[494]
LIM
then lay the roots regularly, four inches
apart, all over this surface, and then cover
them two inches deep, and give them a
good watering with a rose-pot ; and, after
that, we would cover the whole with an
inch of quite rotten leaves, and water
them once a week the foil owing summer.
February, or early in March, is the best
time to plant them ; and the third season
they are in full perfection, and will last
for ten or a dozen years.
Forcing.- — Pot them in thirty-two-sized
pots, filled to within three and a half
inches of the rim with rich loam, upon
which the roots are closely placed, and
then covered about two inches in thick-
ness with equal parts of leaf-mould and
sand ; they are then well watered, so as
to settle the mould about the roots ;
place them on a shelf near the glass,
in a moist stove or forcing-house, the
temperature of which may range from
65° to 75°, and take care that the soil
does not become dry. When they are
so far advanced that the plants show
their heads of flowers, remove them into
a warm greenhouse, still placing them
near the glass, until, as they advance in
growth, they are withdrawn by degrees
into a shaded part of the house, from
whence they are removed to the drawing-
room as required, their places to be im-
mediately filled with others, which are
similarly treated, and thus an ample
succession will be kept up. Care and
attention are requisite in lifting and se-
lecting the plants for forcing ; they re-
quire a minute examination to distinguish
those that will flower from those that will
not, the only difference being that the
buds of the former are more round and
short than those of the latter. —^-Florists'
Journ.
LILY-PINK. Aphylla'nthes.
LILY-THORN. Catesba'a.
LIME. Ci'trus hme'tta.
LIMK is valuable as a manure, for some
one or more of its salts enter into the
composition of every vegetable. But it
is not the lime of every district that is
suitable for the purpose. Some specimens
contain a very large proportion of mag-
nesia, which, absorbing carbonic acid
very slowly, remains in a caustic state, to
the injury of the roots of the plants,
and the diminution of benefit from the
carbonic acid evolved by the decomposing
constituents of the soil. Neither can
the gardener apply it to all his soils with
advantage. Thus, peat and bog earth
are beneficial to the plants grown upon
them by their containing Gallic and
other acids, which lime removes. To
garden-soil of the usual staple about fifty
bushels of lime per acre is a sufficient
quantity. If the soil be clayey the quan-
tity may be doubled. A very excellent
manure is formed by mixing one bushel
of salt with every two bushels of lime.
Lime cannot be applied to the soil too
fresh from the kiln ; for if allowed to
absorb carbonic acid from the air, it is
rapidly converted into chalk.
When crops are devastated by the slug,
dress them, some evening, so as to render
the surface of the soil quite white, with
caustic lime, during the promise of a
few days' dry weather. It is instant
destruction to every slug it falls upon ;
and those that it misses are destroyed
by their coming in contact with it when
moving in search of food.
Lime-rubbish is the old mortar and
plaster obtained when brick - buildings
are pulled down. It is an excellent ma-
nure, abounding with the salts of potash
and lime. It should be reduced to pow-
der before spreading and digging in.
LIME, or LINDEN-TREE. Ti'lia.
LIME-LOOPER MOTH. Geometra.
LIME-WATER. To forty gallons of clean
water, half an hour before using, put one
peck of fresh-slaked lime. As soon as
it is clear it is fit for use.
A watering-pot containing four gallons
will water a bed of four feet by thirty
feet, or rows of cauliflowers, cabbages,
&c., of double the length.
LIMNA'NTHES. (From limne, a marsh,
and anthos, a flower. Nat. orcl., Indian
Cresses [Tropseolacese]. Linn., 10-Decan-
drla \-Monogynia.}
Hardy trailing annuals, from California. Seeds
in April, in a moist and shady situation.
L. a'tbn (white). £. White. July. 1843.
— Douglafsii (Douglas's). 1. Yellow. July. 1833.
— ro'sea (rosy). £. Pink. July. 1833.
LIMNO'CHABIS. (From limne, a marsh,
and diairo, to delight in ; water-plants.
Nat. ord., Butomads [Butomaceas]. Linn.,
13-Polyandria 1-Monogynw. )
Stove, perennial, yellow - flowered aquatics,
from Brazil. Divisions, runners, and seeds ; tuba
or cisterns, in a stove, or the shallow part of an
aquarium. Summer temp., 60° to 90°; winter,
55° to 60°.
L. HnmWldtii (Humboldt's). 1$. May. 1831.
— Plumie'ri (Plumier's). 1£. July. 1822.
LIMO'NIA. (From limoun, the Arabia
LIM
[ 495 ]
LIN
name of the citron. Nat. ord., Citron-
worts [Aurantiacese]. Linn., IQ-Decan-
dria 1-Monoyynia.)
Evergreens, with white flowers. Seeds in a hot-
bed, and seedlings grafted the same season, with
the most desired varieties ; cuttings of any shoots,
young or ripened, in spring or summer, in saudy
'soil, under glass, and in a few weeks plunged in
bottom-heat; peat, loam, dried cow-dung, and a
few pieces of charcoal. For crenula'ta, winter
temp., 35° to 45° ; summer, 60° to 80° ; the others
v. ill succeed against a wall, in the south of Eng-
land, protected in winter; and in other districts
they require a greenhouse.
L. austra'lis (southern). 25. N. Holland. 1830.
— citrifo'lia (orange-leaved). 4. China. 1800.
— crenula'ta (scolloped-/ea?;e<i). 4. E. Ind. 1808.
— parviflo'ra (small-flowered). 6. China.
— sca'ndens (climbing). 6. China. 1800. Climber.
LIMOSE'LLA. Mudwort. (Trom limus,
mud; where it grows. Nat. ord., Figivorts
[Scrophulariacese]. Linn., 14,-Didynamia
2-Angiospermia. Allied to Sibthorpia.)
Hardy annual. Seeds in a marsh, or near a
pond or rivulet.
L. aqua'tica (water). £. Flesh. August. Britain.
LINA'NTHUS. (From linon, flax, and
a-nthoSj a flower. Nat. ord., Phloxworts
[Polemoniacese]. Linn., b-Pentandria 1-
MonogyniaJ)
Hardy annual. Seeds in the open border, in
spring.
L- dicho'tomus (forked - branched}. l£. Pink.
California. 1838.
LINA'KIA. Toadflax. (From linon, flax ;
referring to the resemblance of the leaves.
Nat. ord., Figworts [Scrophulariacese].
Linn., 14:-Didynamia 2-Angiospermia. Al-
lied to Antirrhinum. )
All by seed at the end of March, and the per-
ennials also by division, and cuttings of the young-
shoots under a hand-light, in sandy soil ; light,
sandy loam suits them all. A few like a cold pit
in winter ; they are good rock-work plants.
HALF-HARDY HERBACEOUS, &C.
L. alpi'na (alpine). 1. Blue. July. Austria. 1750.
— biparti'ta (two-parted). £. Purple. August.
Barbary. 1815.
— circina'ta (curled-leaved), f. Yellow. June.
N. Africa. 1833. Evergreen.
— Dalma'tica (Dalmatian). l£. Yellow. June.
Levant. 1731. Evergreen.
— fru'ticans (sprouting). 1. Yellow. June. Cape
of Good Hope. 1822. Evergreen.
— origanifo'lia (marjoram-leaved). 1. Blue. Au-
gust. South Europe. 1785.
— reticula'ta (net-flowered). 1$. Purple. June.
Algiers. 1788.
— scopa'ria (broom). 1. Yellow. June. Tene-
riffe. 1816. Evergreen.
— triornitho'phora (three-birds-bearing). 1. Pur-
pie. August. Portugal. 1710.
— villo'sa (shaggy), i. Blue. July. Spain. 1786.
HARDY EVERGREENS.
L. acuti'loba (acute-lobed). i. Purple. August.
Siberia. 1825.
— tequitri'loba (equal-three-lobed). J. Purple.
June. Sardinia. 1829.
L. cymbala'ria (cymbalaria). £. Violet. May.
England.
a'lba (white). £. White. June. Gardens.
— — — variega'ta (variegated-teoved). $. Violet.
June. Gardens.
— pilo'sa (hairy-leaved). £. Purple. August. Py-
renees. 1800.
— pube'scens (downy). £. Pale. August. Naples.
1820.
— saxa'tilis(Tock). J. Yellow. August. Spain. 1819.
HARDY HERBACEOUS.
L. galioi'des (galium-like). 2. Blue. July. South
Europe.
— genistaefu'lia (broom-leaved). 2. Yellow. July.
Austria. 1704.
— hcterophy1 lla (variable-leaved). 1£. Yellow,
brown. July. N.Africa. 1825.
— hi'ans (gaping). 1. Yellow. July. South Eu-
rope. 1818.
— linifo'lia (flax-leaved). 1. Yellow. July. Cau-
casus. 1820.
— macrou'ra (long-tailed). 1. Yellow. August.
Crimea. 1822.
— margina'ta (margined). Yellowish. August.
Barbary. 1820.
— Monspessula'na (Montpelier). 3. Blue. July.
France.
a'lba (white). 3. White. July.
— pro'cera (tall). 4. Pale blue. July.
— purpu'rea (purple). 1. Purple. August. South
Europe. 1648.
— silenifo'lia (silene-leaved). 3. Yellow. July.
Armenia. 1819.
— tri'stis (dark). 1. Brown. July. Spain. 1727.
lu'tea (yellow). 1. Yellow. August. Gar-
dens.
— veno'sa (veined). Yellow, brown. May. India.
183Q.
— vulga'ris pelo'ria (common peloria). 1. Yellow.
August. Britain.
HARDY ANNUALS.
L. Mgypti'aca (Egyptian). 14. Yellow, purple.
July. Egypt. 1771.
— alsinifo'lia (alsine-leaved). £. Blue. June.
Corsica. 1824.
— amethy'stina (amethystine). 1. Blue, yellow.
July. Spain. 1728.
— arena'ria (sand)» •£. Yellow. July. South
Europe. 1823.
— arve'nsis (corn). 1. Purple, blue. July. South
Europe.
— bipuncta'ta (two-dotted). 1. Yellow. July.
Spain. 1749.
— Canade'nsis (Canadian). 1. Violet. July. N.
Amer. 1812.
— Cauca'sica (Caucasian). £. Yellow. July. Cau-
casus. 1818.
— Chalepe'nsis (Aleppo). 1. White. June. Levant.
1680.
— cirrho'sa (tendriled). $. Pale blue. July.
Egypt. 1771.
— creta'cea (chalky). 1. July. Siberia. 1827.
— dcalba'ta (whited). £. Yellow. August. Por-
tugal. 1820.
— delphinioi'des (larkspur-like). l£. Blue. Au-
gust. Russia. 1838.
— diffu'su (spreading). £. July. Spain. 1826.
— elatinoi'des (elatine-like). *. Yellow. August.
South Europe. 1821.
— fla'va (yellow), £. Yellow. July. N. Africa.
1820.
— glanduli'fera (glanded). Purple. May. 1830.
— hi'rta (hairy-teaued). 1. Purple. August. Spain.
1/59.
LIN
[496]
LIK
L. lanfgera (uroolly). *. Yellow. July. Portugal.
1818.
— Lose'lii (Load's). I. Blue. July. Tauria. 1823.
— multicau'lis (many-stalked). 1$. White. June
Levant. 1728.
— Pelinseria'na (Pelisser's). 1. Violet. August,
South Europe. 1640.
— purpuru'scens (purplish). l£. Purple. June,
South Europe. 1829. Biennial.
— Pyrena'ica (Pyrenean). 1. Yellow. June. Py-
renees. 1821.
— rubrifo'lia (red-leaved). 1. Blue. June. South
France. 1826.
— si'mplex (simple). 1. Purple. July. South Eu-
rope. 1816.
— spa'rtea (broom-like). 1. Yellow. August.
Spain. 1772.
— thymifo'lia (thyme-leaved). |. Blue. June.
South Europe. 1818.
— triphy'lla (three-leaved). 1. Yellow, purple.
August. Sicily. 1596.
— vcrsi'colttr (various-coloured), 1. Purple, yel-
low. August. France. 17/7.
— virga'ta (twiggy). £. Blue. June. N. Africa.
1817.
— visctfaa (clammy). 1. Brown. July. Spain. 1786.
LIKCO'NIA. (A commemorative name.
Nat. ord., Bruniads [Bruniaceae], Linn.,
5-Pentandria2-Digynia. Allied to Brunia.)
Greenhouse evergreen shrubs, with white flow-
ers, from Cape of Good Hope. For culture, see
DIO'SMA.
L. alopecuroi'dea (fox-tail-like). 2. May. 1816.
— cuspida'tu (pointed- leaved). 2. May. 1825.
— thymifo'lia (thyme-leaved). 2. May. 1825.
LINDLE'YA. (Named after Professor
Lwdlcy. Nat. brd., Roseworts [Kosacese] .
Linn., ,12-lcosandria 2-Pentagynia. Allied
to Quillaja.)
Stove evergreen shrub. By seeds ; ripe cuttings
under a glass, in bottom-heat, and grafting on the
Hawthorn. The same generic name is applied to
very different plants, among the Theads and Su-
myds.
L. mespiloi'des (medlar-like). 12. White. July.
Oaxaca. 1843. '
LINDS#/A. (Named after M. Lindsay,
an English botanist. Nat. ord., Ferns
[Polypodiacese]. Linn., 2±-Cryptogamia
1-Filices.)
Ferns, with brown spores. For culture, see
FEENS.
STOVE.
L. adiantoi'des (maiden-hair-like). July. Isle of
Luzon. 1840.
— conci'nna (neat). July. Isle of Luzon. 1842.
— cultru'tra( knife-shaped). July. Isle of Luzon.
1840.
— decompo'sita (decomposed). July. Malacca.
— e'legans (elegant). July. E. Ind. 1840.
— /atea'ta (sickle-shaped ).f. May. Trinidad. 1810.
— Guiane'nsis (Guianan). May. Guiana. 1845.
— oblongifo'lia (oblong-leaved). July. E. Ind.
— renifo'rmis (kidney-shaped-tea»ed). July. Tri-
nidad. 1826.
— ri'gida (stiff/. 1. July. Malacca. 1839.
— stri'cta (upright). July. Malacca. 1839.
— te'nera (tender). Malacca.
— trapczafo'rmis (diamond-shaped). 1. May. S. <
Amer. 1819.
GREENHOUSE.
L. linea'ris (nmow-leavcd). j. May. N. Holland.
1820.
— me'dia (intermediate). 1. May. N. Holland.
1823.
— microphy'lla (small-leaved). J. May. N. Hol-
land. 1820.
LING, or LING-HEATHEB. Callu'na vul-
ga'ris.
LININGS, or, as they might be more
properly called, Coatings, are applications
of fermenting dung to renew the heat in
hotbeds made of dung. See HOTBED.
LINN^E'A. ( Named after Linnaus. Nat.
ord., Capri/oils [Caprifoliacea?]. Linn.,
l^-IUdynamia 2-Angiospermia. Allied to
Abelia. )
Hardy trailer. Plants are easily obtained from
its trailing-rooted stems. It should, whether in
the front of a border or in a good sized pot, be
grown solely in peat or heath-soil, kept shady and
moist.
L. borea'lis (northern). $. Flesh. June. Scotland.
LINO'SYRIS. (Derivation not given. Nat.
ord., Composites [Asteraceae]. Linn., 19-
Syngenesia 2-Angiospermia. Allied to
Chrysocoma.)
Hardy herbaceous perennial. Division of the
plant in spring ; common soil.
L, divarica'ta (spreading). Yellow. July. Australia.
LI'NUM. Flax. (From linon, flax. Nat.
A., Flax worts [Linacess]. Linn.,5-Pe«-
tandria 5-Pentagynia.}
Annuals and biennials, by seed in the open
border, in April ; perennials, by seed, but princi-
pally by divisions in spring, and cuttings of young
shoots under a hand-light ; hardy shrubs, by cut-
tings in sandy soil, under a hand-light, in summer ;
greenhouse shrubs, cuttings in sand, under a bell-
a;lass ; for the latter, peat and loam. Winter
temp., 38° to 45°. Many, however, such as arbo'-
reum, salsuloi'des, Tau'ricum, &c., will thrive in
the border, in the climate of London, with but
ttle protection.
GREENHOUSE EVERGREENS.
L. Mthio'picum (Ethiopian). Yellow. June.
Cape of Good Hope. 1771-
— Africa' nurn (African). 1. Yellow. June.
Cape of Good Hope. 1/71-
— arbo'reum (tree). 2. Yellow. May. Candia. 1788.
— Cumi'ngi (Cuming's). g. White. July. Chili.
1830.
— quadrifu'lium (four-leaved). 2. Yellow. May. '
Cape of Good Hope. 1787.
— suffrutico'sum (sub-shrubby). 1. Pink. Au-
gust. Spain. 1759.
— tri'gynum (three-styled). 2. Yellow. June.
E. Ind. 1799.
HARDY ANNUALS AND BIENNIALS.
L. au'reum (golden). £. Yellow. June. Hun-
gary. 1820.
— Berendie'ri (Berendier's). 2. Yellow, orange.
September. Bijar. 1835. Half-hardy.
— bi'color (two-coloured). l£. Yellow, blue.
June. Morocco. 1820.
— ri'gidum (stiff-leaved). 1. Pale yellow. JuJy.
Missouri. 1807.
LIO
[497]
LIQ
June.
. 1836.
Austria.
£,. stri'ctum (erect). 1. Yellow. June. South
Europe- 1759. Biennial.
— usitati' ssimum (most-common. Common Flax}.
1$. Blue. June. Britain.
HARDY EVERGREENS.
L. salsoloi'des (salsola-like). 1. Pink. June.
South Europe. 1810.
— Tau'ricum (Taurian). l£. Yellow.
Tauria. 1818.
HARDY HERBACEOUS.
L. atrrc'ste (field). 2. Lilac. Portugal
— alpi'num (alpine). $. Blue. July.
1739.
a'lbum (white). White. July. Gardens.
— A Ita'icum (Altaic). 1. Blue. July. Altai.
1829.
— A'nglicum (English). 2. Blue. June. England.
a'lbum (white -flowered). 2. White.
June. Gardens.
— angustifo'lium (narrow-leaved). 1.
July. England.
— ascyrifo'lium (ascyrum-leaved). 1.
June. Portugal. 1800.
— Austri'acum (Austrian). 1. Blue.
Austria. 1775.
— campanula' turn (be\l-fl»u<ered), $. Yellow.
July. Europe. 1/95.
— capita' turn (rownd-headed). 1
Austria. 1816.
— Dahu'ricum (Dahurian). 1. Yellow.
Dahuria. 1816.
— decu'mbens (lyiner-down). 1.4. Red.
N.Africa. 381".
— di/u'xum (spreading), k- Blue- June. 1823.
— fiu'aitm (yellow). 2- Yellow. July. Austria.
'793.
— grandr/lo'rum (large-flowered). 1. Crimson.
June. North Africa. 1820.
— 7ilrsu'tum (hairy). l£. Blue. July. Austria.
1759.
— hypericifoflium (St. John's- wort-leaved). l£.
Purple. June. Caucasus. 1807.
— Lewi'sii (Lewis's). 3. Blue. June. N. Amer.
1820.
— margina'tum (?r/a"/e-margined). 1$. Blue.
June. 1810.
LION'S FOOT. Leontopo'dium.
LION'S TAIL. Leono'tis leonu'rus.
LIPA'RIA. (From liparos, unctuous ;
referring to the shining leaves. Nat. ord.,
Leguminous Plants [Fabacese], Linn.,
\l-Diadelphia 4^-Decandria. Allied to
Priestley a.)
Greenhouse evergreens, with orange flowers,
from Cape of Good Hope. Cuttings of young
shoots in sand, under a bell-glass, but care taken '
to prevent damping; fibry loam and turfy peal,
with sand and a little charcoal ; watering and drain-
ing carefully attended to. Winter temp., 40° to 48°.
L. pa'rva (small). 2. March. 184S.
— sphce'rica (globe-flowered'). 4. July. 1704.
LI'PARIS. (From liparos, unctuous ;
referring to the leaves. Nat. ord., Or-
Purple, j chids [Orchidaceae]. IAnn.,2Q-Gynandria
White. 1-Monandria.)
Stove orchids. Fibry peat, sphagnum, charcoal,
and broken pots, in shallow, open baskets. Sum-
mer temp., 60° to 90° ; winter, 55° to 60°. There
are some hardy terrestrial species not worth culti-
vating.
L. a'nceps (two-edged). Yellowish-green. China.
1837.
— di'scolor (two-coloured). Green, brown. May.
Demerara. 1836.
— e'legans (elegant). E. Ind.
— ferrugi'nea (rusty-lipped). Green. January.
Penang. 1848.
— ftave'scens (yellowish). Yellow. Bourbon.
— folio'sa (leafy). $. Green. September. Mauri-
tius. 1823.
— prio'chilus (saw-lipped). Orange. July. China.
1830.
— purpura'scens (purplish). Purple. Bourbon.
— Walke'rice (Mrs. Walker's). £. Purple. Ceylon.
LIPO'STOMA. (From leipo, to fall off, and
stoma, mouth ; referring to the lid of the
capsule. Nat. ord., Cinchonads [Cincho-
June.
Yellow. June
June.
June
— mari'timum (sea). 2. Yellow. July. South
Europe. 1596.
— Rlexica'num (Mexican). June. Mexico. 1S38.
Half-hardy.
— mono'gynum (united-styled). 2. White. July.
New Zealand. 1822.
— monta'num (mountain). 1. Blue. June.
Switzerland. 1817-
— Narbone'nse (Narbonne). 2. Blue. May.
South France. 1759- Half-hardy.
— nervo'sum (nerved). l£. Blue. June. Hungary.
1822.
— nodijlo'ntm (knotted-flowered). £. White.
May. Italy. 1759.
— palle'scens (palish). 1. Lilac. January. Si-
beria. 1831.
— refle'xum (bent-back-Ze«wed). 1$. Blue. July.
South Europe. 1/77.
— Sibi'ricum (Siberian). 2. Blue. June. Si-
beria. 1775.
— squamulo'sum (scaly). 1 4. Blue. July. Tauria.
1819.
— tenuifo'lium (slender-leaved). 1$, Pink. June.
Europe. 1759.
— mscn'sum (clammy). 2. Purple, July. 1818.
— Virginiu'num (Virginian), l. Yellow. July.
" N. Amer. 1807.
LION'S EAR.
33
Leono'tis.
nacese] . Linn., 5-Pentandrial-Monogynia.
Allied to Pentas.)
Stove evergreen trailer. Cuttings of half-ripened
shoots in sand, under a glass, in heat; turfy loam
and fibry peat. Summer temp., 60°to 80° ; winu r,
50° to 55°.
L. campanuliflo'ra (bell-flowered). £. Blue. .T ;ly.
Brazil. 1825.
LIQUID A'MBAR. (From liquidus, liq- id, .
and ambar, amber; referring to the g:im
called liquid storax produced by so ne
species. Nat. ord., Liquidambars [Al; in-
Hardy deciduous trees. Cuttings, but layers
chiefly ; also by imported seeds, which should not
be taken out of the catkins until they are to be
sown ; if exposed to sun or fire-heat, the catkins
crack, and the seeds easily shake out. They often
require a year to send up their seedlings ; moist,
loamy soil.
L.imbe'rbe (beardless. Oriental). 6. March.
Levant. 1759.
— styraci'flua (storax-flowing. Sweet Gum). 60.
March. N. Amer. 1683.
LIQUID-MANUBE is the most advan
LIQ
[ 498 ]
LIS
tageous form in which fertilizers can be
applied by the gardener to his crops. It
is the most economical, most prompt, and
most efficient mode. The manure is pre-
sented to the roots in one of the only
forms in which the roots can imbibe
food, and the manure is spread regularly
through the texture of the soil. If, in-
stead of digging-in stable-manure, each
crop was watered occasionally 'with liquid-
manure, the produce would be finer and
more abundant.
" I have often employed with decided
effect, in my own garden, for vines, peach,
and standard apple-trees, liquid -manure,
prepared either by mixing one part by
weight of cow-dung with four parts of
water, or the collected drainage of the
stable and cow-house. It has been found
advantageous to plants cultivated in
stoves to apply even a liquid-manure,
composed of six quarts of soot to a hogs-
head of water ; and although this is a
very unchemical mixture, yet it has been
found by Mr. Robertson to be peculiarly
grate/ul and nourishing to pines, causing
them to assume an unusually deep, healthy
green; and, for stoved mulberry, vine,
peach, and other plants, the late Mr.
Knight, of Downton, employed a liquid-
manure, composed of one part of the
dung of domestic poultry and fotir to ten
parts of water, with the most excellent
result." — Johnson on Fertilizers.
Guano Liquid- Manure. — Ten gallons
of water will readily dissolve, or keep
suspended in a state of minute division,
about SOlbs. weight of guano. "When
applied to plants not more than five
ounces should be added to that quantity
of water. If it be made stronger, it in-
jures or kills the plants to which it is
applied.
Sheep's-dung, if employed for making
liquid-manure, should be a peck to thirty
gallons.
'When cow-dung is used, boiling water
should be first poured upon it, as it is apt
to be full of destructive larvee.
Sulphate of ammonia, and any other
salt of ammonia, must not be used more
than a quarter of an ounce to each gallon.
The rule applicable to all these liquid-
manures is — Give it weak and often.
LIQUORICE. Glycyrrhi'za.
LIKIODE'KDKON. Tulip-tree. (From
lirion, a lily, and dcndron, a tree. Nat.
ord., Magnoliads [Magnoliacese]. Linn.,
lu-Polyandria Q-Polygynia.}
| Hardy deciduous tree, with yellow and red
j flowers, from North America. Generally by seeds,
! which, if sown in the autumn, usually come ur»
j the succeeding spring, but if sown in spring,
generally remain a year in the ground ; varieties
j by layers, grafting, and budding; deep, rich,
loamy soil.
L. tulipi'fera (tulip.'uearing). 60. June. 1663.
obtusifo'iia (blunt-leaved). 60. June.
1G63.
LISIA'NTHUS. See LISYA'NTHUS.
LISSA'NTHE. (From lissos, smooth, and
anthos, a flower. Nat. ord., Epacrids
i [Epacridacese]. Linn., 5-Pentandria 1-
| Monogynia. Allied to Leucopogon.)
' Greenhouse evergreen shrubs, with whits
flowers, except verticitla'ta, and all from New
Holland. Cuttings of the points of shoots ia April
and May, in sand, under a bell-glass; chiefly
sandy, fibry peat. Temp., 40° to 45°, when resting
and flowering ; a higher temperature and a closer
atmosphere, when making their wood, after
flowering and pruning.
L. cilia'ta (hair-fringed). 3. June. 1825.
— Dnpimoi'des (Daphne-like). 3. June. 1818.
— sa'pida (savoury). 4. June. 1824.
— stctla'ta (starry). April. 183(J.
— slrigo'sa (bristly). 3. June. 1824.
— -subula'ta (awl-shapfd). 2. May. 1823.
— verticilla' ta (whoried) . Purple. April.
LISSOCHI'LUS. (From lissos, smooth,
and cheilos, a lip. Nat, ord., Orchids
[Orchidaceae]. Linn., 2Q-Gynandria 1-
Monandria. Allied to Cyrtopera.)
Stove orchids. Division in spring, when fresh
growth commences and potting takes place ; fibry
peat, a little fibry loam, dried leaf-mould, and
plenty of drainage. Summer temp., 60° to 90C ;
winter, 55° to 60°.
L. lu'teus (yellow). l£. Yellow. May. Cape
of Good Hope. 1822.
— parvijlo'rus (small-flowered). 1. Pale red.
December. Algoa Bay. 1822.
— ro'seus (rosy). Rose. February. Sierra
Leone. 1841.
— speclo'sus (showy). 2. Yellow. June Cape
of Good Hope. 1818.
— streptope' talus (twisted-petaled). Yellow.
December. Cape of Good Hope. 1826.
LISTS, for fastening trees against Avails,
are usually merely shreds of woollen cloth
cut into lengths, varying from two to four
inches. Strips of very thin sheet-lead
are preferable, as not harbouring insects.
Wires and twine have been recommended
to tie the branches to the walls : but
the process is tedious, and cuts are in-
flicted, inducing gum ttiid canker. Shreds
of a black, blue, or red colour look best,
harmonizing with that of the leaves. If
old lists are re-employed, they should be
previously boiled, to destroy the larvae of
insects.
LISYA'NTHUS. (From lysis, the termi-
nation of a disease, and anl/ws, a ilower;
referring to its intense bitterness, Nat.
LIT
[ 499 ]
LIT
ord,, Gren^an7f7orfe[Gentianacese]. Linn.,
5-Pentandria 1-Jlfonogynia.)
Seeds in spring, in a hotbed, and cuttings of
shrubby kinds in sandy soil, under a bell-glass ;
sandy loam and peat. Summer temp., 60° to 80° ;
•winter, 50° to 55°. Russellia'nus, if not propa-
gated by cuttings, may be considered a biennial ;
young plants raised in heat one year, and safely
kept over the winter in a cool stove or a warm
greenhouse, and potted in spring, will bloom
beautifully in summer.
STOVE ANNUALS.
L. acuta'ngulus (acute-angled). 6. Yellow.
July. Peru. 1820. Biennial.
— aMtus (winged). 1*. White. July. Mexico.
1824.
— grandiflo'rus (large-flowered). 3. Yellow.
June. Trinidad. 1818. Biennial.
— Ku'nthii (Kunth's). Green. May. S. Amer.
— Russellia'nus (Duke of Bedford's). 3. Purple.
July. Mexico. 1835. Biennial.
STOVE EVERGREENS.
L. glaucifo'lius (milky-green-leaved). 2. Purple.
— latifo'lius (broad-leaved). 4. Yellow. Au-
gust. Jamaica. 1821.
— sple'ndens (shining). Red. June. New
Grenada. 18*6. Trailer.
— umbella'tus (umbelled). 6. Yellow. July.
Jamaica. 1822.
LITHOSPE'RMUM. Gromwell. (From
lithos, a stone, and sperma, a seed. Nat.
ord., Borageworts [Boraginaceae]. Linn.,
5-Pentandria l-Monogynia. Allied to
Echium.)
Annuals and biennials, by seed in common gar-
den-soil, in April ; perennials, by division, seed,
and cuttings of young shoots ; shrubby species,
by cuttings, and by seeds ; indeed, all of thern
will soon multiply themselves by seeds in suitably
places ; sca'brum and di'stichum will require pro-
tection in winter, and a little heath-soil joined to
the loam.
HARDY ANNUALS, &C.
L. dispe'rmum (two-seeded). J. Blue. June.
Siberia. 1/99.
— linca'tum (lined), l. Purple. July. Greece.
1826. Biennial.
— tenuijli.'rum (slender-flowered). $. Blue.
May. Egypt. 1/96.
HARDY EVERGREENS.
-L. grarninifo'tium (grass-leaved). 8$. Blue.
May. Italy. 1825.
— prostra'tum (lying-flat). 1. Blue. June.
France. 1825. Trailer.
— rosmarinifo'iium (rosemary -leaved). l£.
Blue. September. Italy. 1833.
HARDY HERBACEOUS.
L. cme'seens (hoary), f. Orange. May. N.
Amer. 1847.
— di'stichum (two-rowed). l£. Yellow, white.
May. Cuba. 1806. Half-hardy.
— Jrutzcosum (shrubby). 2. Blue. May.
oouth Europe. 1683.
- offioma'le (shop). 2. Yellow. June. Britain.
lattfo'livm (broad-leaved). 2. Yellow.
June. N. Amer. 1825.
— orienta'le (eastern). 2. Yellow. June. Le-
vant. 1713.
— purpu'reo-cemfleum (purplish-blue). 1. Pur-
ple. May. England.
L, sca'brum (rough). l£. White. September.
Cape of Good Hope. 1822. Half-hardy.
— strigo'sum (bristly). 1. Blue. July. Tauria.
18-20.
— • tincto'rium (dyer's). 1$. Blue. July. South
Europe. 1596.
— villo'sum (shaggy). 1. Blue. July. South
France. 1817.
LITHRE'A. (From lythron, black blood;
referring to the juice staining black.
Nat. ord., Anacards or Terebinths [Ana-
cardiacese]. Linn., 5-Pentandria 3-Tri-
yynia. Allied to Khus.)
Greenhouse evergreen tree. See BHUS for cul-
tivation.
L. cau'stica (caustic). 40. Pale yellow. Chili. 1832.
LITOBRO'CHIA. (A commemorative
name. Nat. ord., Ferns [Polypodiacese].
Linn., %^-Cryptoya',nia 1-Filices.)
Stove Fern. See FERNS.
L. aculea'ta (•prickly-stemmed'). 10. Brown.
August. W. Ind. 1793.
— a'mpla (large). Brown, pale yellow. May.
— auri'ta (eared). Brown, yellow. July. Isle
of Luzon.
— -Dawato'oi'des (Davallia-like). Yellow. May.
— decu'rrens (running-down). Brown, yellow.
Julv. Brazil.
— denticula'ta (toothed). 2. Brown. July.
Brazil. 1824.
— grandifo'lia (large-leaved). 2. Brown. Au-
gust. W. Ind. 1793.
— Hesnkea'na(H&uke'&). Brown, yellow. June.
— hirsu'ta (hairy). 1. Brown. June. W. Ind.
1793.
— intermc'dia (intermediate). Brown, yellow.
June. Isle of Luzon.
— leptophy'Ua (slender-leaved). 2. Brown.
July. Brazil. 1824.
— macro'ptera (large-winged). Brown, yellow.
June. W. Ind.
— peda'ta (doubly-lobed). 1. Brown. June.
Jamaica. 1793.
— podophy'lla (duck'e-foot). Brown, yellow.
June. W. Ind.
— poli'tu (polished). 6. Brown, yellow, ilay.
Jamaica. 1841.
— spinulo'sa (spiny). Brown, pale yellow. W.
Ind.
— sple'ndens (shining). Brown, pale yellow.
June. W. Ind.
— vespertillo'nis (bat-winged'). 3. Brown. May.
N. Holland. 1823.
LITME'A. (Named after the Duke of
Litta, near Milan. Nat. ord., Amaryllids
[Amaryllidacese]. Linn., 6-Hexandria
l-Monogynia. Allied to Agave.)
Greenhouse evergreen. Suckers ; sandy loam
and leaf-mould, and a little dried cow-dung.
Winter temp., 40° to 45°.
L.geminiflo'ra (twin-flowered). 15. Green.
July. America. 1810.
LITTO'NM. (In honour of Dr. 8. Lit-
ton, professor of botany, Dublin. Nat
ord., Lily worts [Liliacese]. Linn., 6-
He.xandria 1-Monogynia. .)
A stove bulb. Onsets, Light garden-soil.
LIV
[ 500 ]
LOB
Orange. April.
L. modefsta (unassuming). 2$
S. Africa. 1853.
LIVERY. Soil that is dug or moved
fjbout whilst wet is liable to set close
together like mortar, and is said to be
livery, or like liver.
LIVISTO'XIA. (Named after P. Murray,
of Livingston, near Edinbui'gh. Nat.
ord., Palms [Palmacese]. Linn., Q-Hex-
andria 3-Trigynia. Allied to Corypha.)
Greenhouse Palms, from New Holland. Seeds
in a hotbed ; rich, sandy loam. Summer temp,,
60° to 80°; winter, 50° to 60°.
L. hu'milis (humble). 6. 1824.
— ine'rmis (unarmed). 10. 1824.
LLOY'DIA. (Named after Mr. Lloyd,
an English botanist. Nat. ord., Lily worts
[Liliacese]. Linn., 6-Hexandria l-Mono-
gynia. Allied to Calochortus.)
Hardy biennial. Division of the bulbs in
spring ; a dry, sandy loam, in front of a border
of flowers.
L. stria1 'ta (streaked). White-striped. May.
Siberia. l?8p.
LOAM is a very indefinite term, almost
every cultivator of the soil associating it
with a different explanation. In some
parts of England clay is so called, and
in others it is employed to designate
brick-earth! As usually employed, it
really is only synonymous with the word
soil; for it has to be qualified by the
terms turfy, sandy, clayey, and chalky,
just as turf, sand, clay, or chalk predo-
minates. Hazel loam is a rich, friable
soil, having a dark brown, or hazel co-
lour, owing to the predominance of de-
caying vegetable matters.
In this work we use the term loam to
describe a soil that is easily worked at
any season, being sufficiently retentive,
yet not too retentive, of water. Maiden
loam is iised often among gardeners to
describe the fat earth forming the top
spit of pasture-ground, and used by them
for composts: that with a yellowish-
brown colour is most preferred. Sandy
loams are the easiest worked, and yield
the earliest produce ; chalky loams, if the
chalk does not abound too much, are
early and fertile; in fact, no soil will
continue fertile without calcareous mat-
ter ; and clayey loams are bad to work,
either in wet or dry weather, being wet
and sticky in the one case, and hard and
cracking in the other. Fine late crops,
however, are produced from such soils,
especially when the surface is moved to
prevent cracking in hot weather.
LOA'SA. (Meaning unknown; proba-
bly a commemorative name* Nat. ord./
Loasads [Loasacese]. Linn., IQ-Polya-
delphia %-Polyandria.)
Curious flowers, that would be ?ery interesting,
were it not for the poisonous, stinging property
possessed by the leaves. The annoyance and
danger combined have limited their culture.
They will all fare the better by being raised ia
a gentle hotbed in April, though most of them
will flower freely if sown in a warm place the end
of that month ; but in a cold autumn they would
be cut down in their prime ; light soil.
ANNUALS.
L. aflba (white). 1. White. July. Chili. 1831.
— grandiflo'ra (large-flowered). 2. Yellow. Peru.
1825.
— hi'spida (bristly). 2. Yellow. July. Lima. 1830.
— ni'tida (shining). 2. Yellow. July. Chili. 1822,
— pa' tula (spreading). 1. Yellow. July. Chili.
1827.
— Pla'cei (Place's). 4. Yellow. July. Chili. 1822.
— volu'bilis (twining). 1$. Yellow. June. Chili.
1824.
GREENHOUSE BIENNIALS.
L. lateri'tia(rt&). 20. Red. May. Tucuman. 1835.
— Pentla'ndii (Mr. Pentland's). 4. Orange.
August. Peru. 1840.
GREENHOUSE EVERGREENS.
L, inca'na (hoary). 2£. White. October. Peru.
1820.
— In'eida (bright-footed) , White. June.
LOAVING. See HEADING.
LOBE'LIA. (Named after M. Label,
a botanist, physician to James I. Nat.
ord., Lobeliads [Lobeliaeese], Linn., 5-
Pentandria I-Monogynia.)
Seeds of hardy kinds in open border, in April 5
greenhouse annuals and biennials, by seed ia
hotbed, in April; herbaceous kinds, whether
hardy or requiring protection, by dividing the
roots or suckers in spring, after growth has com-
menced ; shrubby kinds, by small cuttings of the
young shoots ; indeed, all of them may be so
propagated ; sandy loam, leaf-mould, and a little
peat suit the tenderest kinds, and for the strong-
growing, herbaceous sorts, such as sple'ndens and
cardina'lis, it is scarcely possible to make the
soil too rich by top-dressings of rotten dung ; the
soil itself should be light. The finest of the
species must be kept in a cold pit or greenhouse
during the winter ; lacu'stris has been grown in
peat and gravel, in a pot, plunged in a cistern or
slowly-running stream.
HARDY ANNUALS.
L. a'nceps (two-edged). $. Blue. June. Cape
of Good Hope. 1818.
— campanula1 ta (\tz\\-flowered). $. Blue. June.
Cape of Good Hope. 1821.
— Cliffortia'na (Clifford's). l£. Pink. July.
N. Amer.
—fenestru'lis (windowed). £. Blue. July.
Mexico. 1824.
— semila'ta (saw-edged). $. Blue. June. Spain,
1820.
GREENHOUSE ANNUALS.
L. bi'color (two-coloured). §. Pale blue. July.
Cape of Good Hope. 1795.
— gra'cilis (slender). 1. flwk blue, July. N.
S. Wales. 1801.
LOB
[ 501 ]
LOB
L. Laure'ntia (Laureatian). £. Blue. July.
Italy. 1778.
— - si'mplex (simnle-stalked). £. Blue. July.
Cape of Good Hope. 1794. Biennial.
GKEENHOUSE HERBACEOUS.
L. ala'ta (winged-stalked). 1£. Blue. June. N.
Holland. 1804.
— argu'ta (sharp-notched). 2. Blue. Septem-
her. Chili. 1824.
— bellidifo'lia (daisy-leaved). £. Blue. Sep-
tember. Cape of Good Hope. 1790.
— Bridge'sii (Mr. Bridges'). 4. Pink. June.
Chili.' 1836.
— cceru'lea (blue). l£. Blue. June. Cape of
Good Hope. 1824.
— campanuloi'des (campanula-like). £. White.
June. China. 1820.
— cardlna'lis (cardinal-^oz^er). 3. Scarlet.
July. Virginia. 1620.
— Cavanillesia'na (Cavanilles'). 3- Red. June.
Spain. 1825.
— coronopifo'lia (coronopus-leaved). §. Blue.
July. Cape of Good Hope. 1752.
— crena'ta, (scolloped-feauerf). i. Blue. April.
Cape of Good Hope. 1/94.
— decu'mbens (lying-down). J. Blue. Octo-
ber. Cape of Good Hope. 1820.
— denta'ta (toothed). 1. Blue. June. N.
Holland. 1824.
— di'scolor (two-coloured). Blue. August. Swan
River. 1818.
— eri'nus (erinus). £. Blue. July. Cape of
Good Hope. 1/52.
— - compa'cta (compact). 3. Blue. June.
Gardens.
• -- compa'cta a1 Ida (white-compact). $,
White. June. Gardens. 1847.
— - grundiflo'ra (large-flowered). $. Blue.
June. Gardens. 1841.
— - lu'cida (shining). Blue, white. June.
Gardens.
— fu'lgens (shining). 3. Scarlet. July. Mexico.
1809.
-- Marrya'ttee (Mrs. Marryatt's). 3. Crim-
son, purple. May, 1847-
-- multiflu'ra (many-flowered). 4. Scarlet.
May. 1847.
-- pyramida'lis (pyramidal). 4. Scarlet.
May. 1847.
— heterophy1 lla (various-leaved). 2. Blue. Sep-
tember. Van Diemen's Land. 1837.
— — ma'jor (larger). 3. Slug. June. Swan
River. 1840.
— hirsu'ta (hairy). £. Blue. July. Cape of
Good Hope. 1759.
— i'gnea (fiery). 4. Flame. June. Chili. 1838.
— ilicifo'lia (holly-leaved). £. Pink. June. Cape
of Good Hope. 1815.
-~Krau'ssii (Krauss's). 1J. Blue. January.
Dominica. 1828.
— minima (least). l-12th. White. July. Cape
of Good Hope. 1800.
— mo'llis (soft). Purple. June. Dominica. 1828.
— mucrona'ta (spme-pointed-teaoed). 3. Bright
crimson. August. Chili. 1831.
— multifto'ra (many-flowered). Purple. June.
Swan River. 1838.
— ;>ed«nc«/a'*a(/onff-flower-8talked). 1. Blue.
October. N. S. Wklefi. 1819-
— /?erttct/o'/ia (Peach-leaved}i> 1. Purple. June.
W. Ind. 1824. Stove'.*
-pube>scem (downy). 4. Blue. September.
Cape of Good Hope. 1780.
— purpura'scens (purplish), j. Blue.
N. S. Wales. J809.
July.
L. pyramida'lis (pyramidal). 4. Blue. Sep-
tember. Nepaul. 1822.
— rugulo'sa (wrinkled). 2. Blue. June. New
Zealand. 1826.
— senecioi'des (senecio-like) . 1. Blue. July.
N. Holland. 1824.
— seta'cea (short- bristled). £. Blue. June. Cape
of Good Hope. 1816.
— Si'msii (Sims's). 1. Blue. October. Cape
of Good Hope. 1819-
— sple'ndens (shining). 3. Scarlet. June.
Mexico. 1814.
— Texe'nsis (Texian). Scarlet. June. Mexico. 1345.
— thapsoi'dea (mullein-like). 6. Rosy-purple.
Organ Mountains. 1843.
— Thunbe'rgii (Thunberg's). 1. Blue. August.
Cape of Good Hope. 1822.
— trique'tra (triangular). 1. Blue. July. Cape
of Good Hope. 1774.
— umbella'ta (umbelled). 1. Blue. June. 1818.
— Zeyla'nica (Ceylon). 1. Blue. June. E.
Ind. 1821.
GREENHOUSE EVERGREENS.
L. assu'rgens (rising). 3. Scarlet. August. W.
Ind. 1787.
— Begoniqfo'lia (Begonia-leaved). $. Pale blue.
June. Nepaul. 1827.
— decu'rrens (running-down). 3. Purple. J*:ly.
Chili. 1826.
— gigante'a (gigantic). 14. Orange. August.
S. Amer. 1828.
— heteroma'lla (diversely-haired). Blue. 1829.
— linea'ris (narrow-teawrf). £. Blue. Cape of
Good Hope. 1791.
— macula'ta (spotted). $. White. May. New
Zealand. 1829.
— odora'ta (fragrant). §. White. September.
Buenos Ayres. 1832.
— pinifo'lia (pine-leaved). l£. Blue. June.
Cape of Good Hope. 1782.
— purpu'rea (purple). 1. Purple. June. Val-
paraiso. 1825. Stove.
— robu'sla (robust). 3. Blue. August. Hayti.
1830. Stove.
HARDY HERBACEOUS.
L, amce'na (pleasing). 3. Blue. July. N.
Amer. 1812.
— Claytonia'na (Clayton's). 2. Blue. June.
N. Amer. 1824.
— caele'stris (heavenly). 2. Blue. July. N.Amer.
1831.
— colora'ta (coloured- leaved). 5. Orange. Au-
gust. N. Amer. 1832.
— cri'spa (curled). 2. Blue. June. N. Amer. 1825.
— glandulo'sa (glanded). 2$. Blue. September.
New Carolina. 1840.
— Ka'lmii (Kalm's). 1. Blue. July. Carolina.
1820.
— lacu'stris (lake). Pale blue. July. Britain.
— tfM«a'Mi(Nuttall's). i.Blue. July. N. Ainer.
1824.
— paludo'sa (marsh). Pale blue. July. N.Amer.
— polyphy'lla (many-leaved). 4$. Purple. Au-
gust. Valparaiso. 1829-
— pubetrula (mossy), i. Pale blue. June. N.
Amer. 1800.
glabe'lla (smoothish). 4. Purple, blue.
July. Louisiana. 1832.
— ramo'na (branching). 2. Dark blue. August.
Swan River. 1838.
— syphyli'tica (syphilitic). 2. Light blue. Sep-
tember. Virginia. 1665.
a'lba (white). 3. White. August.
— tene'lln (delicate). *. Purple, violet. May.
Sicily. 1821.
LOB
502 ]
LON
LOBL.OLLY-BAY. Gordo'nia lasia'nthus.
LOCUST-TEEB. Hymcna'a.
LODDIGE'SIA. (Named after Conrad
Loddige, the founder of the well-known
nursery at Hackney. Nat. ord., Legumi-
nous Plants [Fabaceae]. Linn., 16-Mona-
delphia G-Decandria. Allied to Hypoca-
lyptus.)
Greenhouse evergreen. Cuttings of the points
of the shoots in April, in sandy soil, under a bell-
glass ; sandy peat and a little loam. Whiter
temp., 40° to 48°; a cool place in summer.
L. oxalidifo'lia (oxalis-leaved). l£. Pale purple.
June. Cape of Good Hope. 1802.
LoDOfcEA. (Named after Laodice, the
daughter of Priam and Hecuba. Nat.
ord.,P«/ms [Palmaceae]. Linn., 22-Dieecia
12-Polyandria.)
Stove Palm. Seeds in a strong, moist heat ;
loam and peat. Summer temp., 60° to 90°, with
lauch moisture in the atmosphere: winter. 58°
to 60°.
L.SeycJiella'rum (Seychelles). SO. Seychelles
Islands.
LOOA'NIA. (Named after J. Logan, a
distinguished botanist. Nat. ord., Lofju-
niads [Loganiaceoe J . Linn., 5-Pentandria
\-Monogyma. Allied to Fagreea.)
Greenhouse evergreens, with white flowers, from
New Holland. Stiff side-shoots, getting well
ripened at the base, in sandy soil, under a bell-
glass, in summer; sandy loam and fibry peat,
kept more open still by pieces of charcoal. Win-
ter temp.. 38° to 45°. In summer the pots pro-
tected from strong sunshine.
L. floribu'nda (bundle-flowered). 2. April. 1/97.
— latifo'lia (broad-leaved). 3. 1816.
— revolu'ta (rolled-back-feawed). 2. 1826.
LCESE'LIA. Sec HOI'TZIA.
LOGWOOD. Hamato'xylon.
LOMAGRA'MMA. (From loma, an edge,
and gramma, writing; referring to the
appearance and position of the spore
or seed-cases on the leaves. Nat. ord.,
Ferns [Polypodiacess]. Linn., %±-Cryp-
togamia l-Filices.) '
Stove Fern. See FERNS.
L. pterioi'des (brake-like). Brown. May. Isle
of Luzon. 1840.
LOMA'RIA. (From loma, an edge ; re-
ferring to the position of the spore or
seed-cases on the leaves. Nat. ord., Ferns
[Polypodiacese]. Linn., 24,-Cryptogamia
l-Filices.)
All brown-spored. See FERNS.
HARDY.
L. spi'eant (spiked), i. June. Britain.
GREENHOUSE.
L. alpi'na (alpine). Falkland Isles. 1843.
— anta'rctica (antarctic). Magellan. 1813.
— attenua'ta (thin), i. August. 1838.
— falca'ta (sickle-shaped). 2. Jul^. Van Die-
men's Land. 1823.
L. Frasefri (Eraser's). New Zealand. 1843.
— lanceola'ta (spear-head-shaped). J. Sep*
tember. N. Holland. 1830.
— Mag-ella'nica (Magellan). Falkland Isles. 1843.
— nu'da (naked). 2. June. Van Dieiaen's Land.
1822.
— Paterso'ni (Paterson's). *. September. N.
Holland. 1830.
— pro'cera (tall). 3. July. New Zealand. 1822.
STOVE.
L. Borya'na (Bory's).
— CMle'nsis (Chilian). Chili.
— di'scolor (two-coloured). Brazil.
— fluuia'tilis (floating).
— Gillie'sii (Gillies'). Brazil. 1841.
— longifo'lia (long-leaved). 2. June. W. IncU
1810.
— onocleoi'des (onoclea-like). July. Jamaica.
1824.
— sorbifo'lia (sorb-leaved). August. W. Ind.
" 1793.
— vesii'ta (clothed). Isle of Luzon.
LOMA'TIA. (From loma, an edge; re-
ferring to the winged edge of the seeds.
Nat. ord., Proteads [Proteacese]. Linn.,
±-Tetrandria l-Monoyynia. Allied to
Telopea.)
Greenhouse evergreens. Cuttings of firm young
shoots early in spring, or late in summer, in sand,
under a l>ell-gl*ss ; sandy peat, with a little loam.
Winter temp., 38° to 40°.
L. dtiiiti'ta (toothed). 3. Chili. 1824.
— ilic-fu'l-a (holly-leaved). 3. July. N. Hol-
land. 1824.
— sitaifo'lia (silaum-Icaved). 2. Orange. July.
N. S. Wales. 1792.
— tlncto'na (dyer's). 2. N. Holland. 1S22.
LCXCIII'TJS. (From lonclie, a lanco ;
the sliape of the leaves, or fronds. Nat.
ord., Ferns [Polypotliaceas]. Linn., 24-
Cryptogamia 1-Fiiices.)
Stove Ferns, with brown spores, from the Tro-
pics? Some species are now joined to Lito
brockia. See FERNS.
Li cnir'i'ia (eared). July. S. America.
— gla'bra (smooth). July. S. Africa.
— pube'scens (downy). July. Mauritius.
LONCHOCA'RPUS. (From lonche, alance,
and carpost a fruit ; shape of seed-poet.
Nat. ord., Leguminous Plants [Fabaceee],
Linn., 17-Diadelpkia 4^-Dccandria. Allied
to Dalbergia.)
Stove evergreen trees, with purple flowers, ex-
cept where specified otherwise. Cuttings of half-
ripened shoots in sand, under a bell-glass, and in
a sweet bottom-heat, in May; tnrfy loam and
fibr,y peat, with sand ami charcoal io keep it open,
though pressed firmly together. Summer temp.,
60° to 85° : winter, 55° to 60°.
L. Dominge'nsis (St. Domingo). 20. Red. St.
Domingo. 1820.
— laiifo'livs (broad-leaved) . 20. W. Ind. 180S.
— macro jrfty'llvs (large-leaved). 40. S. Auicr.
1S18.
— pube'scens (Jowny). 25. Purple. Caraccas. 1824.
— pyxida'rius (box). 20. Cuba. 1S20.
— ru'seus (rosy). 16. Red. S.Amer. 1/00.
— se'pium (hedge). 30. S. Am*r. 1820.
— seri'ceus (silky). 20. W. Ind. 1«S6.
— viola' ecus (violet). 12. Carthage. 1759.
LON
[ 503 ]
LOP
LONDON PKIDE. Saxi'fraga umbro'sa.
LONI'CERA. (Named after Adam Loni-
fcr, a German botanist. Nat. ord., Capri-
coils [Caprifoliaeese]. Linn., 5-Pentan-
drla l-Monogynia. Allied to Caprifolium.)
Hardy deciduous shrubs. By cuttings and
layers in the autumn ; with all the succulent,
pithy-stemmed kinds, the latter mode is the best,
as cuttings are apt to rot; when planted they
should have a shady, sheltered situation ; good,
loamy soil.
L. alpi'gena (alpine). 6. Yellow. April. South
Europe. 1596.
Sibi'rica (Siberian). 5. Yellow. April.
Siberia. 1810.
— angustifo'lia (narrow-leaved). 5. Pale yellow.
April. North India. 184/.
— cxru'lea (blue-berried). 4. Yellow. May.
Switzerland. 1629.
— Canade'nsis( Canadian). Yellow. May. Canada.
1812.
— cane'scens (hoary). 10. April. Europe.
— cUia'ta (hair-fringed). 4. White, red. April.
N. Amer. 1824.
a'lba (white-berried). 4. White, red.
April. N. Amer. 1824.
— di'scolor (two-coloured). 4. Yellow, crimson.
June. E. lad. 1844.
— diversifo'lia (various-leaved). 4. Yellow. May.
Himalaya. 1843.
— fiexuo'sa (zigzag). 15. Orange. July. Japan.
1806.
— Ibe'rica (Iberian). 6. Orange. April. Iberia.
1824.
— involucra'ta (involucred). 3. Yellow. April.
Hudson's Bay. 1824.
— Ledebnu'rii (Ledebour's). 3. Yellow, red.
June. California. 1833.
— microphy'tta (small-leaved). 4. Siberia. 1818,
— ni'gra (black). 4. Pale yellow. April. Switzer-
land. 1597.
campaniflo'ra (bell-flowered). 4. Yellow.
May. N. Amer.
— oblongifo'lia (oblong-leaved). 3. White. April.
N. Amer. 1823.
— orienta'lis (eastern). 16. Yellow. June. Iberia.
1825.
puni'ceus (crimson). Crimson. May. N.
Amer. 1822.
— Pyrena'ica (Pyrenean). 4. White. Pyrenees.
1739.
— Tata'rica (Tartarian). 10. Pink. April.
Russia. 1752.
albiflo'ra (white-flowered). 10. White.
May. Pyrenees. 1/39.
latifo'lia (broad-leaved). 10. Pink. April.
lu'tea (yellow-flowered). 10. Yellow.
April.
rubriflo'ra (red-flowered). 10. Red. April.
Russia. 1752.
— villo'sa (shaggy). 4. Yellow. April. Canada.
1820.
— scylo'steum (fly). 8. Yellow. June. England.
leucoca'rpiim (white-berried). 8. Yellow.
June. Britain.
melanoca'rpiim (black-berried). 8. Yellow.
June. Britain.
tttmthoca'rpum (yellow-berried). 8. Yel-
low. June. Britain.
LOOKING-GLASS PLANT. Heritie'ra.
LOOSESTRIFE. Lysima'chia.
LOPE'ZIA. (Named after J. Lopez,
a Spanish botanist. Nat. ord., Onagrads
| ("Onagraeefle]. Linn., \-Monandria 1-
I Monoyyiiia. Allied to Cirecea.)
Annuals, from Mexico, all of which thrive the
better it' sown on a light hotbed in the middle of
March, and are transplanted in the middle of
' May ; light soil.
L. cordu'ta (heart-teawed). li. Purple. August.
1821.
— corona' ta (coroneted). l£. Red. August. 1805.
— hirsu'ta (hairy). l£. Red. August. 1796.
— liuea'ta (streaked-/eaued). 3. Iv/se. February.
183Q.
— pu'mila (dwarf). $. Red. August. 1824.
— racemo'sa (racemed). l£. Red. August. 1792.
LOPHA'NTHUS. (From lophos, a crest,
and anthos, a flower; referring to the
middle lobe of the flower. Nat. ord., La-
biates, or Lipworts [Lamiaceae]. Linn.,
14^-Didynamia 1-Gymnospermia. Allied to
Mentha.)
Hardy herbaceous perennials, from North Ame-
rica. Seeds sown in April ; cuttings of the young
shoots at the same time, in a shady place, in 'sandy
soil, under a hand-light ; division of the plant in
spring ; good garden-soil.
L. anisa'tus (anise-scented). 3. Blue. July. J828.
— Nepetoi'des (Nepeta-like;. 5. Yellow, white.
July. 1692.
— scrophularioi'des(Rgvroit-like). 5. Pink. July.
1800.
— urticcefu'lius (nettle-leaved).2.Blue. July.l82fi.
LOPHI'OLA. (A diminutive of lophos, a
crest; referring to the crested sepals, or
flower-leaves. Nat. ord., Lilyworts [Lili-
acese]. Linn., Q-ffexandna I-Monoyynia.
Allied to Wachendorfia.)
Hardy herbaceous perennial. Division of the
roots in autumn or spring ; peaty soil, in a damp,
shady situation.
L. au'rea (golden-flowered). l£. Yellow. June.
N. Amer. 1811.
LOPHI'RA. (From lophos, & crest; re-
ferring to two of the sepals finally ex-
panding into crested wings. Nat. ord.,
Lophirada [Lophiracese]. Linn., 12-Ico-
sandria 1-Monoyynia.}
This is the Scrubby Oak of Sierra Leone, a
handsome tree, with panicled yellow flowers. End-
licher founded the order on it because it is " allied
to nothing yet known." A tropical evergreen
shrub ; cuttings of firm young wood in sand, under
a bell-glass, and in a sweet bottom-heat ; sandy
loam and fibry peat. Summer temp., 60° to 90°;
winter, 50° to 60°.
L. Africti'na (African). 10. Yellow. June. Sierm
Leone. 1822.
LOPHOSPE'RMUM. (From laphos, a crest,
and spcrma, a seed; the seeds are fur-
nished with a crested wing. Nat. ord.,
Fiijworts [Scrophulariacese]. Linn., 14-
Didynamia 1-Gymnospermia.)
Beautiful evergreen climbers, requiring the
greenhouse or cold frame in winter, growing
against poles, fences, &c., during summer ; pro-
pagated by preserving the fleshy roots in dry
LOQ
[504 ]
LOT
earth in winter; by seed sown in a hotbed, in
March and April, and cuttings of young shoots
taken in August, inserted in sandy soil, and placed
in a cool frame, or under a hand-light, and shaded ;
rich, sandy loam.
L. a'tro-sangui'neum (dark-bloody). 10. Dark
purple. June. Mexico. 1833.
— erube'scens (blushing). 10. Rosy. August.
Jalapa. 1830.
— sca'ndens (climbing). 10. Purple, violet.
Mexico. 1834.
LOQTJAT, or JAPAN QUINCE. (Eriolo'trya
Japo'nica.) It ripens its fruit with a mo-
derate amount of heat in this country.
Some varieties are said to succeed on
the open wall; but it must be in such
mild localities as the warmer parts of
Devon or Cornwall. The temperature of
the peach-house — or what is sometimes
called the intermediate-house — will, how-
ever, suit it ; and as to wintering, it re-
quires little more than the exclusion of
frost. As the growth of this, for dessert
purposes, has never been, as far as we
are aware, systemized in this country,
we can only offer a few general hints as
to its culture. It has been affirmed that
it succeeds best grafted on the quince,
and it is very probable ; for it belongs to
the same natural order, Appleworts, in
addition to which, individuals from the
genera Pyrus, Arnelanchier, Mespilus, and
even the Photi'nia serrula'ta, being itself
an evergreen, present most likely stocks.
Grafting is recommended, in order to
check its excessively robust character;
for in its natural growth it would be too
coarse for ordinary hothouses. Grafting,
therefore, or any of the expedients re-
sorted to in pear culture, may be had re-
course to. It may be readily propagated
from seed, and doubtless by cuttings, and
•will grow in any ordinary soil. We would,
however, use no manurial matters, but
simply peat and strong loam, the latter
predominating.
LORD ANSON'S PEA. La'thyrus Magel-
la'nictis.
LORE'YA. (Named after M. Zorey. a
botanist, author of the Flora of Burgundy.
Nat. ord., Melastomads [Melastomacese].
Linn., IQ-Decandria 1-Monogynia. Allied
to Miconia.)
Stove evergreen tree. Cuttings of young shoots
in April, in sand, over sandy peat, and that extra
•well drained ; sandy peat, a little fibry loam, and
pieces of charcoal and broken freestone. Summer
temp., 60° to 85°; winter, 50° to 55°.
L. arbore'scens (tree-like). 30. White. July.
Guiana. 1822.
LOTE. Zi'zyphus lo'tus.
LO'TUS. Bird's-foot Trefoil. (From the
lotus of Theophrastus, which is Zi'zyphus
lo'tus. Nat. ord., Leguminous Plants [Fa-
bacese]. Linn., 17 ' -Diadelphia ^-Decan-
dria. Allied to Trifolium.)
Annuals, by seed at the beginning of April ; a
very few require the assistance of a gentle hotbed,
and transplanting afterwards ; herbaceous and
semi-shrubby, low- trailing plants, by division,
and cuttings in summer under a hand-light, in a
shady place. These are very useful for banks and
rock-works. Greenhouse and frame kinds, by cut-
tings of young shoots in sandy soil, under a hand-
light or frame ; light, sandy soil for all.
STOVE ANNUAL.
L. I'ndicus (Indian). 1. July. E. Ind. 1793.
GREENHOUSE HERBACEOUS PERENNIALS.
L. arge'nteus (silvery). £. June. 1827.
angustifof lius (narrow -leaved). £. July.
1827.
— austra'lis (southern). Pink. July. N. Hol-
land. 1800.
— glau'cus (milky-preen). 1 . June. Madeira. 1/77-
— sessilifo'lius (stalldess-leaved). 1. July. Tene-
riffe. 1820.
GREENHOUSE EVERGREENS.
L. anthylloi'des (anthyllis-like). |. Dark purple.
June. Cape of Good Hope. 1812.
— a'tro-purpu'reus (dark purple). 1. Dark brown.
Teneriffe. 1820.
— Cre'ticus (Cretan). 1$. June. Levant. 1680.
— Gebe'lia (mountain}. 1. May. Aleppo. 1816.
— Jacoba'us (St. James's Island). 2. Dark brown.
July. Cape de Verd Islands. 1/14.
lu'teus (yz\\o\\ -flowered). 2. July.
— spectaf bills (showy). 2, Teneriffe.
HARDY ANNUALS.
L. angusti'ssimus (narrowest-podded). 1. May.
Britain.
— .dra'£zeus( Arabian ).$. Pink. July. Arabia. 17/3.
— arena'rius (sand). §. April. Teneriffe. 1831.
— cilia'tus (hair-fringed). £. July. Sicily. 1812.
— Coimbrice'nsis (Coimbra). J. White, red. June.
Portugal. 1800.
— cytisoi'des (cytisus-like). 1. June. South
Europe. 1752.
— decu'mbens (lying-down). J. July. Europe. 1816.
— Dioseo'ridis(DioscQii&es'). I.June. Nice. 1653.
— edu'tis (eatable). £. July. Italy. 1759-
— glabe1 rrimus (very smooth). £. White. July.
South Europe. 1816.
— gra'cilis (slender). 1. July. Hungary. 1812.
— odora'tus (sweet-scented). 1$. June. Barbary.
1804.
— peregri'nus (spreading). $. July. South Eu-
rope. 1713.
— pusi'llus (small). J. July. South Europe. 18)6.
HARDY HERBACEOUS PERENNIALS.
L, cornicula'tus (small-horned). l£. June. Britain.
alpi'nus (alpine). £. June. Switzerland.
1819.
flo're-ple'no (double-flowered). £. July.
Gardens.
— crassifo'lius (thick-leaved). £. August. South
Europe. 1812.
— depre'ssus (depressed). July. Hungary. 1819.
—flexuo'sus (zigzag). $. July. Europe. 1810'
— Forste'ri (Forster's). £. July. Britain.
— ma'jtir (greater). l£. June. Britain.
villo'sus (shaggy). J. June. Switzerland.
— palu'stris (marsh). *. June. Crete. 1821.
— peduncul>i'tus(long-aQV>er~ataHLed). 1. July
Spain. 1814.
LOU
[ 505 ]
LUB
L. Portosancta'nus (Porto Santo). July. Porto
Santo. 178Q. Evergreen shrub.
— suave'olens (sweet-scented). £. July. South
France. 1S16.
— tenuifo'lius (slender-leaved).July.Europe.l837.
— tefnuis (slender). 1. July. Hungary. 1816.
— uligino'sus (bog). June. Europe. 1836.
LOUSE. See APHIS.
LOUSEWORT. Pedicula'ris.
LOVE-APPLE, or TOMATO. Lycope'rsicum
escule'ntum.
Varieties. — Of the Red — the Common
Large, Small, Pear - shaped, Cherry -
shaped. Of the Yellow— the Large Yel-
low, Small or Cherry Yellow.
Soil. — Eich, light, and on a dry sub-
soil. Sea-weed may be applied with ad-
vantage to the border on which it is
grown, as may kelp, or common salt in
small quantities. The situation must be
sheltered.
Sowing. — Sow at the close of March or
early in April in a hotbed or stove. The
hotbed must be of a moderate durability,
earthed about six inches deep. In a hot-
house, sow in pots or boxes set on the
flues, or round the edges of the pits.
In whatever situation, sow thin, and
not buried more than a quarter of an
inch. The plants, when two or three
inches high, must be thinned to three
inches apart, and those removed pricked
at the same distances, in a similar bed
to that from which they were removed ;
shade and water freely in every stage of
their growth; for if, from the want of
this, a due exposure to the light, or any
other cause, they become weak, they sel-
dom are productive. Plant out in the open
air early in June; prepare them for this,
until at length they can endure the tem-
perature of the greenhouse, where they
may be kept until finally moved. But,
before that time arrives, another thinning
•will be requisite; those in the hotbed to
six inches apart, and those in the stove,
oach plant separate into tolerable-sized
pots. They are to be finally planted five
feet apart beneath a south paling or wall,
to which their branches must be trained ;
for if allowed to trail on the ground the
fruit scarcely ever ripens, and never is in
perfection. Water and shade during
midday must be afforded until they are
established ; and if the nights are cold
during the first week or two, the shelter
of a hand-glass, or even of a garden-pot,
is advantageous.
The training may commence as soon
as the branches are a foot long, and con-
tinued throughout their growth. In case
of a want of space of wall or paling,
they may be trained with stakes as espa-
liers. Throughout the summer clear
away all lateral shoots, as well as thin
the leaves, so as to expose the fruit to
the full influence of the sun.
The berries begin to ripen about the
middle of August, and continue to do so
until October, or the arrival of the first
frosts, which always destroy the plants.
To obtain Seed. — Some of the forwardest
berries must be left until perfectly ripe.
It must be separated from the pulp by
washing, as directed for the Cucumber.
LOVE-LIES-BLEEDING. Amara'nthus cau-
da'tus.
LOVE-TREE. Ce'rcifi siliqua'strum.
LOWE 'A. (Named after Rev. Mr. Lowe,
travelling Bachelor of the University of
Cambridge. Nat. ord., Roseworts [Ro-
sacese]. Linn., I2-Icosundria 3-Trigyuia.
Allied to the Eose.)
Half-hardy deciduous plant, very shy and diffi-
cult to manage ; a little protection in severe win-
ters ; seeds, and cuttings of the half-ripened
wood ; fibry peat, and open, sandy loam.
L. berberifo'lia (berberry-leaved). l£. Yellow,
purple. June. Persia. 1790.
LOXOGRA'MMA. (From loxos, slanting,
and gramma, writing ; referring to the
spore or seed-cases. Nat. ord., Ferns
[Polypodiacese]. Linn., 2&- Cryptogam I a
1-FHices.)
Stove Fern. See FERNS.
L. lauceola'ta(speaLr-hend-lcaved'). Yellow. May.
E. Ind.
LOZOTENIA BOSARIA is a small moth,
of which the caterpillar feeds upon the
leaves of the rose-tree. Mr. Curtis says,
that " the eggs are laid in the summer
or autumn, and hatch with the opening
leaves ; and the little caterpillar begins
at once to form a residence by drawing
two or more leaflets together, on which
it feeds. This operation soon points out
where the caterpillar is ; and the best
method which we know of getting rid of
it is hand-picking, which should be prac-
tised as soon as the operation of the
caterpillar becomes visible."
LUBI'NIA. (Named after M. St.Liibin,*
French botanist. Nat. ord., Primeworls
[Primulaceaj]. Linn., 5-Pentandria 1-
Monogynia. Allied to Trientalis.)
Half-hardy herbaceous perennial. Cuttings
under a hand-light, in May, and seeds sown in a
slight hotbed ; loam and peat, with sand to keep
it open ; requires the protection of a cold pit in
winter.
L. a'tro-purpu'rea (dark purple). 2. Purple.
Cape of Good Hope. 1820.
LUC
[ 506 ]
LUP
LUCU'LTA. (From lucnli swa, the na-
tive name. Nat. ord., Cinchonads [Cin-
chonaceee]. Linn., 5-Pentandria J.-Mono-
gynia. Allied to Hymenodictyon.)
Greenhouse evergreens, from Nepaul. Cuttings
of the young shoots getting a little firm, about
Midsummer, in sand, over sandy peat, well-
drained, and covered with a bell-gi."us, set in a
close pit or frame, and in a fortnight supplied
with a little bottom-heat; peat ar.u loam, both
fibry, with sand and pieces of charcoal to keep it
open. As soon as established as a little plant,
which it will be by the following spring, to be
transferred at once to a good large pot ; a conser-
vatory-bed, however, is the place where it flou-
rishes and shows off to the best advantage,
blooming in the autumn, winter, and spring
months. It should also be tried against a con-
servative wall.
L. grati'ssima (most- welcome). 9. Red. 1823.
— Pincia'na (Pince's). 5. White. 1843.
LUCU'MA. (The Peruvian name. Nat.
ord., Sapolads [Sapotacese]. Linn., 5-
Pentandria \-Monogynia. Allied to Sa-
pota.)
Stove evergreen trees, with white flowers. Cut-
tings of the ripe shoots in sand, uncLr a bell-
glass, and in heat; rich, fibry, sandy ;• nm. Sum-
mer temp., 60° to 85° ; winter, 50° to 65"-*.
L. Bonpla'ndia (Bonpland's). 40. Cuba. 1822.
— mammo'sa (nip pled). 50. S.Amer. 1739.
— obova'ta (revers.ed-egg-/e«i'e^). 40. Peru. 1822.
— salicifo'lia (willow-leaved). 40. Mexico. 1823.
LU'DIA. (From ludo, to sport; refer-
ring to the various forms of leaf of L.
heterophy'lla. Nat. ord., Bixads [Bixaceee].
Linn., 19-Polyandria 1-Monogynia. Al-
lied to Proclda.)
Stove evergreen shrubs, with yellow Sowers,
from Mauritius. Cuttings of half-ripened shoot;-,
in sand, under a bell-glass, in bottorn-heat ;
fibry loam, with a little peat, and dried cow-
dunpr. Summer temp., 60° to 85°; winter, 50°
to 55°.
L. heterophy'lla. (various-leaved). 4. July. 182".
— sessz7(/?o'ra(stalkless-fiowered). 4. July. 181:0.
LUHE'A. (Named after Luke, a Ger-
man botanist. Nat. ord., Lindenblooms
[Tiliacese]. Linn., IQ-Polyadclphia 2-
Polyandria. Allied to Sparrnannia.)
Stove evergreens. Cuttings of half-ripened
shoots, two inches in length, in sand, under a
bell-glass, and plunged in bottom-heat; fibry
peat and sandy loam. Summer temp., 60° to 80°;
winter, 48° to 55°.
L. Caraccasa'na (Caraccasian). Caraccas. 1847.
Shrub.
— panicula'ta (panicled). 10. Rosy. April.
Brazil. 1828. Climber.
LufsiA. (Name not explained. Nat.
ord., Orchids [Orcbidacere]. Linn., 20-
Gynandria 1-Monandria. Allied to
Yanda.)
Stove orchid. Detaching the side-shoots; a
block of wood covered with moss, or elevated
above a pot, with sphagnum, peat, crocks, &c.
Temperature, 60° to 00°, when, growing in sum-
mer, with a moist atmosphere : 50° to 68° in win-
ter, and flry ; 00° to Q0° in spring, and rather dry,
to start the flower-buds, kept cooler afterwards,
and excited again when the flowering is over.
L. alpi'na (alpine). Green, purple. April. Sylhct.
1S8J.
LUMNI'TZERA. (Named after L-umnitzer,
a botanical author. Nat. ord., Myrola-
lans [Combretacere]. Linn., ]A-Didyna-
mia %-Gymnospermia, Allied to Poivrea.)
Stove avmnl and herbaceous plants. One of
the latter : well-worth cultivating ; seed, division
of the pla^ , and by cuttings of the young shoots
in spring ; requires a warm greenhouse or a cool
stove; sar !y loam.
L. teiuiijlo'ra (slender-flowered). 1. Pale pur-
ple. July. E. Ind. 1703.
LUNA'RIA. Moomvort, or Honesty.
(From luna, the moon; referring to the
shape of the seed-vessels. Nat. ord.,
Crucifers [Brassicacese], Linn., 15-2V-
tradynamia. Allied to Alyssum.)
Hardy plants, natives of Germany, and flower-
ir.g in May; 6ceds and divisions in sp-:: ,. Com-
mon garden-soil.
L. biefnnis (biennial). 4. Light pur,.:e. 1570.
Bieniiial.
-- albiflo'ra (white-flowered). 3. White. 1570c
— redivi'vu (revived). 3. Liorhr purple. 15g6.
Herbaceous perennial.
LUNGV/ORX. Pulmona'r'ia.
LUPI'NUS. Lupine. (From lupus, a
vrolf ; devastates laud, as the wolf does
.he fold; literally, destroyer. Nat. ord.,
Leguminous Plants [FaLacece]. Linn.,
}.G-j\lonadelphia G-Decandria.)
They are generally arranged into annuals, per-
ennials, and frame evergreen rhvubs; bi;': they
all produce seed so freelj-, that it is easiest to
propagate them by that means, only the ever-
greens, instead of being sown in the open ground,
should have the assistance of a gentle hotbed
to rear them before planting them out. If such
hinds as muta,1 bills and Ontiksha'nkii are sown
in August, and kept in pots all the \vinter in r.
pit, they make splendid specimens on a lawn the
following summer.
HALF-HARDY EVERGREENS.
§. Blue. September. California. 1833.
— arbo'reus (tree). 6. Yellow. July. 1793.
— arbu'stus (shrub). l£. Pale purple. July.
California. 1826. Herbn us.
— arve'nsis (field). 1^. Lilac, /ipril. Peru.
1843. Biennial.
— limacula'tus (twin-spotted). IUue. Septem-
ber. Texas. 1835. Herbaceous.
— canalicula'tus (channelled). ' 4. Blue. July.
Buenos Ayres. 1828.
— Cruilcslia'nkii (Cruikshrxyk'c). 5. Variegated.
July. Pern. 1829.
— i«ca'nrw(hoary-/iej-*«^c'a). Pale lilac. July.
Buenos Ayres. 1830.
,',/y.s- (Mexican;. •>. Blue. February.
Mexico. 1819- Biennial.
-- multiflo'rus (many-flowered). 4. Blue. July.
Monte Video. 1810.
— muta'liilis (changeable). 5. Blue, yelloc?. July.
Bogota. 1819.
LUP
[ 507 ]
LYC
L. pulche'llus (pretty). 3. Blue, purple. July.
Mexico. 1828.
— tomento'sus (Mic/c-downed). 6. Pink, white.
July. Peru. 1825.
— wersi'ralor (party-coloured). 2. Pink, blue. July.
Mexico. 1825.
HARDY ANNUALS.
L. ajfi'nis (related). £. Deep blue. June. Call-
fornia. 1848.
— a'lbus (white). 3. White. July. Levant. 1596.
— angustifo'lius (narrow-leaved). 2. Blue. July.
Spain. 16S6.
— Ba'rkeri (Mr. Barker's). 3. Blue, pink. July.
Mexico. 183Q.
— bi 'color (two-coloured). £. Pale blue. July.
N. Amer. 1826.
— bracteola'ris (bracted). l£. Blue. July, ilonte
Video. 1820.
— dcnsiflo'rus (dense-flowered). |. White, pink.
July. California. 1833.
— Ehrenbef'rgii (Ehrenberg's). 3. Blue. June.
Mexico, 1843. Biennial.
— e'leguns (elegant). 2. Violet, rose. June.
Mexico. 1831.
— exalta'tus (tall). 1332.
— Hartwc'gii (Mr. Hartweg's). 3. Blue, pink.
July. Mexico. 1838.
— hirsu'tus '(hairy). 2. Blue. July. South Eu-
rope. 1629.
— hirsuti' ssimus (most-hairy). 2. Eed. July. Ca-
lifornia. 1838.
— leptoeu'rpus (slender-fruited). 3. Purple. June.
Mexico. 1839. Biennial.
— Icptophy'llus (slender-leaved). 2. Blue, lilac.
July. California. 1833.
— linifo'lius (flax- leaved}. 2. Blue. July. Monte
Video. 1799-
— lu'teus (yellow). 2. Yellow. July. Sicily. 1596.
— micra'nthus (small-flowered). $. Purple, blue.
May. N. Amer. 1826.
— microca'rpus (small-podded). !£. Blue. April.
Chili. 1821.
— na'nus (dwarf). 1. Blue. July. California. 1833.
— pilo'sus (shaggy). 3. Fleah. July. South Eu-
rope. 1710.
— pub&scens (downy). 2. Violet, blue. June.
Quito. 1844. Biennial.
— pusi'llus (little). £. Pale blue. July. N. Amer.
1817.
— ramosi'ssimus (much-branched). 3. Crimson,
blue. Chimborazo,
— Texe'nsis (Texan). l£. Blue. June. Santa Fe.
— Te'rmis (Tennis). 3. White. June. Egypt.
1802.
— va'rius (variable). 3. Blue, white. July. South
Europe. 1596.
HARDY PERENNIALS.
L. argcfnteus (silvery). White. June. N. Amer.
1826.
— a'ridus (dry). 1. Purple, blue. August. N.
Amer. 182/.
— grandifo'lius (large-leaved). 4. Purple. July.
N. Aiaer.
— laxiflo'rus (loose-flowered). 1. Blue, pink. Co-
lumbia. 1826.
— hitifo'lius (broad-leaved). 4£. Blue. Jury. Ca-
li fornia. 1834.
— le'pidut (pretty). 4. Blue, pink. August. Co-
lumbia. 1826.
— leuewhy'llus (white-leaved). 2. Pink. July.
N. Ajuar. 1326.
— UtoraHw (»lu>re). i. Blue, pink. July. Co-
lumbia. 1625.
— lu'cidus (shining-leaved). 2. Purple. July. N.
Amer.
L. macrophy'llus (lar^e-lcaved). 4. Blue. July*.
California. l 834.
— Nootkate'nsis (Nootka Sound). 2. Purple.
July. Nootka Sound. 1794.
— orna'tus (ornamented). 2. Blue, pink. May.
Columbia. 1826.
— pere'nnis (swzooM-percnnial). 2. Blue. June.
N. Amer. 1658.
— plumo'sus (feathery). 3. Blue. June. Cali-
fornia. 1820.
— polyphy'llus (many-leaved). 4. Blue. June.
Columbia. 1826.
albiflo'rus (white-flowered). 4. White.
July. Columbia. 1826.
— rivula'ris (river-side). 3. White, purple. April.
California. 1831.
— Sabinia'nus (Sabine's). 3. Yellow. N. Amer.
1827.
— seri'ceus (silky). 1. Purple. May. N. Amer. 1826.
— subcarno'sus (fleshyish-tearW). 1. Blue, white.
July. Texas. 1835.
— tri'stis (sa.d-coloured) . 4. Pale brown. July.
N. Amer.
— villo'sics (shaggy). £. Pink. July. Carolina. 178/.
LUXEMBE'RGIA. (Named after the
Duke of Luxemberg. Nat. ovd. , Sauvaqeads
[Sauvagesiacese]. Linn., IQ-Monadelphia
8-Polyandria. )
Stove evergreen shrubs, yellow-flowered, from
Brazil. Cuttings of half -ripened shoots in sand,
under a bell-glass, and in a ^en^e bottom-heat;
peat and loam. Summer temp., 60C to 75° ; winter,
48° to 55°. They require a constant liberal supply
of moisture.
L. cilio'sa (hair-fringed-teamO. 4. June. 1841.
— corymbo'sa (corymbed). 5. May.
LYCA'STE. (Named after a beautiful
woman of Sicily. Nat.ord., Orchids [Or-
chidacese]. Linn., %Q-Gynandria 1-Mo-
nandria. Allied to Maxillaiia.)
Stove orchids. Division of the plant, as growth
is comsisnclng ; open baskets, in sphagnum, fibry
peat, and pieces of charcoal. Summer temp., 60°
to 90° ; winter, 50° to 60°.
L. aroma'tica (aromatic). Orange. May. Mexico.
1828.
retu'sa (bent-back-##perf). l. Yellow.
May. Brazil.
— Barringto'niee (Barrington's). Yellow, brown.
April. Jamaica. 1790.
— cili'i'ta (hair- fringed). July. Brazil. 1839.
— Colle'yi (Collej's). Brown. July. Demerara.
1830.
— costa'ta (ribbed). Peru. 1842.
— mni'^a (hairy). 1. Yellow, brown. March.
Guatemala. 1840.
— cruefnta < bloody). 1. Orange, crimson. March.
Guatimala. 1841.
— De'ppii (Deppe's). 1. Yellow, brown. June.
Xalapa. 1828.
— fulve'scens (tawny). 2. Brown, orange. Co-
lumbia.
— gigante'a (gigantic). 2. Greenish. August.
Guayaquil. 1848.
— Harriso'niae (Mrs. Harrison's). 1&. Cream,
purple. Brazil. 1838.
a'lba (white). 1$. White. August. Brazil.
1840.
— la'nipes (woolly-flower-stalked). Purple, preen.
Guayaquil. 1848.
— pla'na (flat- flowered). Greenish. October.
Bolivia. 1B11.
LYC
[ 508 ]
LYC
•ti< macrophy'lla (large-leaved). Green, brown,
white. December. Mexico. 183".
— Ski'nneri (Skinner's). 1. White, crimson. Oc-
tober. Guatimala. 1842.
a'lba (white). White. October. Guatimala.
1841.
— tetrago'na. (four-angled), f. Greenish. Brazil.
1842.
— tyrianthi'nn (bright violet). Bright violet. July.
Brazil. 1836.
LY'CHNIS. (From lychnos, a lamp ; re-
ferring to the brilliancy of the flowers.
'.Nat. ord., Cloveworts [Caryophyllacese].
linn., 10-Decandria •L-Pentagynia.}
The hardy herbaceous are chiefly cultivated ;
seed, division, and cuttings under a hand-light of
the young shoots, as growth commences, in spring.
Small side-shoots may be obtained from flowering
stems, but they do not answer so well ; rich, sandy
loam. They require dividing often in spring, and
fresh soil to grow in. Grandifio'ra requires pro-
tection in a cold pit in winter; double flowers re-
quire more attention in changing the soil than
single ones.
TENDER KINDS.
L. grandiflo'ra (large-flowered). l£. Red. July.
China. 1/74. Greenhouse herbaceous.
— • muta'bilis (changeable). Pink. June. Andes.
1844. Stove evergreen.
HARDY ANNUALS.
L. CCE'II ro'sa (rose of heaven). 1. Flesh. July.
Levant. 1713.
— Niccee'nsis (Nicean). 3. White, red. June.
Nice. 1796.
HARDY HERBACEOUS.
L. alpi'na (alpine). £. Pink. April. Scotland.
— • ape'tala (petal-less). 1$. White. June. Lap-
land. 1810.
— pauciflo'ra (few-flowered). White. June.
Siberia. 1817-
— Chalcedo'nica (Chalcedonian). 2. Scarlet. June.
Russia. 1593.
n'lba (white). 2. White. June. Russia.
— jlft're-a'llto-ple'no (double-white-flower-
ed). 2. White. June. Gardens.
— ' flo're-ple'no (double-flowered). Scarlet.
June. Russia.
— corona'ria (crowned). 3. Red. July. Italy. 1596.
a'lba (white). 3. White. July.
ple'na (double). 1A. Red. July.
ru'ltra (red). Red. July.
— Co'rsiat (Corsican).iJ. Red. June. Corsica. 1818.
— diu'rna (day-/OM>ermg-). 2. Purple. June. Bri-
tain.
plo'na (double). 1. Purple. June. Britain.
— flo's-Ju'ois (flower-of-Jove). l£. Red. July.
Germany. 1726.
— flo's-cu'culi (cuckoo-flower). l£. Pink. July.
Britain.
albiflo'ra (white-flowered). lj. White.
July. Britain.
ple'na (double). 1. Pink. July.
— fu'lgens (shining). 1$. Scarlet. June. Siberia.
1822.
— Helve'tica (Swiss-a/pme). £. Red. July. Swit-
zerland. 1814.
— Its'ta (joyful). £. Flesh. Portugal. 1778.
— negle'tita (neglected). £. White. June.
'-Pyrena'ica (Pyrenean). £. White. June. Py-
renees. 1819.
— Sibi'rica (Siberian). £. White. June. Siberia.
1817.
— wesperti'na (evening -flowering). 2. White.
June. Britain.
L. vesperti'na mu'ltiplex (double). White. June.
ro'sea (rosy). White, red. June. Britain.
— visca'ria (clammy). 1. Pink. May. Britain.
ple'na (double). 1. Red. May. Britain.
LY'CIUM. Box Thorn. (From lychion>
an ancient name of no meaning. Nat»
ord., Nightshades [Solanaceae]. Linn., 5-
Pcntandria 1-Monogynia. Allied to Juan-
ulloa.)
Cuttings of ripened shoots in autumn or spring,
under a hand-light; common, sandy loam. The
tender kinds require protection. They are mostly
of a free, rambling, half-climbing character ; and
Europee'um and its congeners are thus well-fitted
for covering arbours, unsightly walls, &c. ; A'frum
does well on a conservatory wall, and its fruit is
pretty, and it blooms very freely.
EVERGREENS.
L. Carol inia'num (Carolina). 4. Blue. July.
Carolina. 1806*. Hardy shrub.
— cine'reum (ash-coloured). 5. Violet. June.
Cape of Good Hope. 1818. Greenhouse
shrub.
— ho'rridum (horrid. Very prickly'). 3. White.
July. Cape of Good Hope. 17Q1. Green-
house shrub.
— te'nue (slender). 4. Violet. June. Cape of Good
Hope. 1819. Greenhouse shrub.
DECIDUOUS CLIMBERS.
L. A'frum (African Tea Tree). 10. Violet. .June.
Cape of Good Hope. 1712. Tree.
— Ba'rbarum (Barbary). 12. Violet. June.
Barbary. 1696.
— Chine'nse (Chinese). 6. Purple. July. China.
^-EuropcE'um (European). 12. Pink. June.
South Europe. 1730.
chrysoca'rpum (yellow-fruited). 12, May.
sphairoca'rpum (round-fruited). 12. May.
— fuchsioi'des (fuchsia-like). 5. Scarlet, yel-
low. June. Azoques. 1843.
— lanceola1 turn (spear-head-Jeaued). 12. Pink.
June. South Europe.
— microphy'llum (small-leaved). 4. Violet.
June. Cape of Good Hope. 179*'-
— ri'gidum (stiff). 4. Violet. April. Cape of
Good Hope. 1795. Shrub.
— Ruthe'nicum (Russian). 6. White. Siberia.
1804.
Ca'spicurn (Caspian). July. Caspian
Sea.
— Sha'wii (Shaw's). 8. Pink. July. Cape of
Good Hope. 1700. Greenhouse climber.
— tetra'ndrum (four-stamened). 4. Violet.
June. Cape of Good Hope. 1810.
— Trewia'num (Trew's). 15. Purple. June.
China. 1818.
— turbina'tum (top-shaped). 12. Violet. June.
China. 1709.
LYCOPE'RSICON. Love-apple, or To-
mato. (From lykos, a wolf, and pcrsicon,
a peach. Nat. ord., Nightshades [Sola-
iiacese]. Linn., 5-Penlandria I-Mono-
gynia.) See LOVE-APPLE.
All annuals, except Peruvia'num, and natives
of South America. Seeds in a hotbed, in March,
potted once or twice, and planted out in May;
escule'ntum generally against walls or palings, in
order that the fruit may be ripened for sauce and
soups ; rich soil ; the plant must be well thinned
and stopped above the fruit. To have the fruit
is the object.
LYC
[ 500 ]
LIT
i. cerasifo'rme (cherry-shaped). 3. Green.
July. 1800.
lu'teum (yellow -fruited). 3. Green.
July. 1596.
— commuta'tum (changed). 3. Yellow. July. 1818.
— escule'ntum (eatable). 3. Green. July. 1596.
— chrysoca'rpum (yellow - fruited). 3.
Green. July. 1596.
erythroca'rpum (red-fruited). 3. Green.
July. 1596.
leucoca'rpum (white-fruited). 3. Green.
July. 1596.
— HMm6o'Wtfi(Humboldt's). 3. Yellow. Au-
gust. 1822.
— Peruvia'num (Peruvian). 3. Yellow. May.
1823. Stove herbaceous.
•— vrocu'mbens (lying-down). 1. Cream. July.
1/00.
— pyrifo'rme (pear-shaped). 3. Yellow. Au-
gust. 1823.
LYCOPO'DIUM. Club Moss. (From
tykos, a wolf, and pous, a foot ; the roots
having a resemblance to that animal's
paw. Nat. ord., Lycopods [Lycopodinese].
Linn., ^-Cryptogamia 3-Lycopodinece.)
These flourish best in a greenhouse or conser-
vatory. They may be grown in pots, but do best
as a carpet over the surface of the beds or borders.
They are easily propagated by cuttings in the
spring. L. apo'dum, apothe'cium, circina'tum,
corda'tum, cen'sium, denticula'tum, lepidophy't-
lum, stoloni'ferum, and umbro'sum may be pro-
pagated by division at the same season. They
require a plentiful supply of moisture, and a
turfy loam for their soil, though they will grow
in any light loam. L. cae'sium and Helve'ticum
turn brown if exposed to much light.
L. apo'dum (stemless). £. N.Amer. 181Q.
— Brazilie'nse (Brazilian). $. Brazil.
— circina'tum (circular). £. E. Ind. 1831.
— corda'tum (heart-shaped-fcaved). 1. 1838.
— ccE'sium (blue). £. China. 1845.
arbo'reum (tree-like).
— denticula'tum (toothed). $. Switzerland. 1/79.
— dicfto'tomum (two-ranked),
— flabula're (slender).
— Galeo'tti (Galeott's).
— lepidophy' Hum (scale-leaved). This is very
small, very rare, and requires stove heat.
— plumo'sum (feathery). £.
— Scho'ttu (Schott's).
— stoloni'ferum (runner-bearing). 1. Brazil. 1831.
— Wildeno'vii (Wildenow's).
LYCO'RIS. (The name of a woman in
Koman history. Nat. ord., Amaryllids
[Amaryllidacese], Linn., G-Hexandria
1-Monogynia. Allied to Valotta. )
Hardy bulbs, from China. Au'rea is a pretty
bulb, with greyish leaves, requiring a deep, sandy-
soiled border ; but, as it grows all the winter, it is
best kept in a pot. Radiu'ta is ashy bloomer, For
culture, see AMARY'LHS.
L. au'rea (golden). 1. Yellow. August. 1777.
— radia'ta (rayed). l£. Pink. June. 1758.
— atrami'nea (straw-coloured -flowered). Striped.
June. 1847.
LYGO'DIUM. Snake's Tongue. (From
lygodes, flexible ; referring to the twining
habit. Nat. ord., Ferns [Polypodiacese].
Linn., ZbCryptogamia l-Filices.)
Stove climbing Ferns. See FERNS.
L. arlicula'tum (jointed). Brown, yellow. May.
New Zealand. 1344.
— circina'tum (curled). 6. Brown. August. E,
Jnd. 1823.
— flexuo'sum (zigzag). Brown, yellow. May. E,
Ind. 1834.
— hasta'lum (halbert-shaped). 6. Brown. August.
Maranhatta. 1S20.
— Japo'nicum (Japanese). Brown, yellow. May.
Japan. 1830.
— Mexica'num (Mexican). Brown. Mexico. 1831.
— paltna'tum (hand-shaped). 6. Brown. August.
N. Amer.
— polymo'rphum (many-form). 6. Brown. Au-
gust. 8. Amer. 1820.
— sca'ndens (climbing). 6. Brown. May. E.
Ind. 1793.
— venu'stum (pleasing). Brown, yellow. May.
S. Amer. 1845.
— volu'bile (twining). 6. Brown. August. W.
Ind. 1810.
LYO'NIA. (Named, by Nuttall, after
J. Lyon, an American collector of plants.
Nat. ord., Heathworts [Ericaceae]. Linn.,
IQ-Decandria L-Monogynia. Allied to
Andromeda.)
Hardy white-flowered evergreens, from North.
America. Chiefly by layers, in a damp, peat
border ; also by seeds in sandy peat, best under
hand-lights, and sparingly covered ; sandy peat,
and cool situation. Several species of Andromeda
should be moved to this genus.
L. caprecefo'lia (tendril-leaved). 3. July. 1812.
— ferrugi'nea (rusty). 3. June. 1/34.
— frondo'sa (leafy). 3. May. 1806.
— multiflo'ra (many-flowered) . 2. July.
— panicula'ta (panicied). 3. May. 1/48.
— ri'gida (stiff). 30. July. 1774.
LYO'NSIA. (Named after J. Lyons,
who first taught botany to Sir Joseph.
Banks. Nat. ord., Dogbanes [Apocyna-
cesel. Linn., 5-Pcntandria \-Monogynia»
Allied to Parsonsia.)
Greenhouse evergreen twiner. Cuttings of the
young shoots in sand, under a glass, and in a close
frame, in April ; sandy peat, with a little fibry
loam. Winter temp., 40° to 48°.
L. strami'nea (straw-coloured). 6. Striped. June.
N. Holland. 1820.
LYPE'EIA. (From lyperos, sad ; from
the dulness of some of the flowers. Nat.
OY&., Figworts [Scrophulariacese]. Linn.,
Ik-JDidynamia %-A»yiospcrmia. Allied to
Manulea.)
Greenhouse evergreens, from Cape of Good
Hope. By seed in a slight hotbed, in March and
April, and cuttings of young shoots in spring and
autumn, in sandy soil, under a hand-glass ; sandy
lo'un ; the protection of a cold pit or greenhouse
in winter. Eri'nus Lychni'dea and tri'stis should
be added to this genus.
L. arge'ntea (silvery). 1$. White. August. 1801 >
Annual.
— fra'grarw (fragrant). $. White, purple. June.
1776.
— peduncula'ta (/on^-flower- stalked). 1J. White.
Aueust. 1/90.
— pinnuti'fida (leaflet-like-fcawed). g. Purple.
July. 1840.
— viola'cea (violet). 2. Violet. July. 1816.
LYS
[ 510 ]
MAC
LYSIMA'CHIA. Loosestrife. (From
'lysis', concluding, and mache, strife; sup-
posed soothing qualities. Nat. ord.,
Primeworts [Primulacese]. Linn., 5-
Pentandriii 1 - Man ogy nin.)
All yellow -flowered, except where otherwise
mentioned. Division in spring, and catlings of
the young shoots under a hand-light, in sandy
loam, in a shady corner. There are a few annuals
and biennials not worth culture.
GREENHOUSE.
L. a'tro-purpu'rea (dark purple). 1. Dark purple.
August. Levant. 1820. Herbaceous.
— ca'ndida (white). 1. White. June. China. 1846.
Herbaceous.
— macula1 ta (spotted). £. June. N. Holland.
1822. Evergreen trailer.
HARDY HERBACEOUS.
£. affi'nis (related). 2J. July.
— angustifo1 lia (narrow-leaved). l£. July. N.
Amer. 1803.
— Azo'rica (Azorean). \. June. Azores. 1831.
— cnpita'ta (headed), 1. June. N. Amer. 1813.
— cilia'ta (hair-fringed). 2. July. N. Amer. 1/32.
— epfie'merum (transient). 2. White. -
Spain. 1730.
— hy'brida (hybrid). 1^. July. N. Amer* 1806.
— Lobelioi'des (Lobelia-like). 1. White. July.
North of India. 1810.
— longifo'lia (long- leaved). 2. July. N.Amer. 1/98.
— nummula'ria (moneywort-like). 5. June.
Britain. Evergreen.
— puncta'ta (dotted). l£. July. N.Holland. 1658.
— quadrifo'lia (four-leaved). 2. July. N. Amer.
1794.
— stri'cta (erect). 1&. July. N.Amer. 1781.
— thyrsiflo'ra (thyrse^flowered). 1$. June. Eng-
land. Aquatic.
— verticilla'ta (whorled). 1. July. Crimea. 1820.
LYSINE'MA. (From lysis, freeing, and
uema, a filament. The stamens not ad-
hering to the sides of the corolla, as is
usual in this Nat. ord., Epacrids [Epa-
cridacese]. Linn., 5-Pentandria \-Mono-
;rynia. Allied to Epacris.)
Greenhouse evergreen shrubs, from New Hol-
tand. Cuttings of the young shoots, getting firm
at the base, — short shoots, a couple of inches in
length, are the best, — in sand, under a bell-glass,
in the beginning of summer ; rough, sandy peat,
with pieces of charcoal, broken bricks, and free-
stone, and well-drained. Winter temp., 40° to
45°.
L. attenua'tum (thin). 2. White. February. 1812.
— conspi'cuum (conspicuous). 3. March. 1824.
— lasia'nthum (hairy-flowered). 2. Pink. March.
1820.
— pentape'talum (nve-petaleV. 2. Pink. March.
1823.
— pu'ngens (pungent). 2. White. March. 1804.
ru'brum (red). 2. Red. March. 1804.
LYSIONO'TUS. (From lysis, freeing,
and notos, the back ; seed-vessel opening
from the back. Nat. ord., Gesnerworts
[Gesneracese]. Linn., I±-Didynamia 1-
Gymnospermia. Allied to Agalmyla.)
Stove herbaceous. Seeds in light, sandy soil,
in a hotbed, in spring ; division ot the plant at
the same time ; peat and loam. Summer temp.
60° to 75°; winter, 45° to 50°.
L. longifio'rus (long-flowered). Criiasca. No-
yember. Java.
LY'THRUM. (From lythron, black-
blood; the prevailing purple colour of
the flowers. Nat. ord., Loosestrifes [Ly
thraceae]. Linn., ll-JDodecandria l-Mo-
nogynia.)
All purple-flowered, except linea're- Seeds of
annuals, in the common border, in spring ; per-
ennials, by division at the same time. Ala' turn
is an old resident of the greenhouse, propagated
by division and cuttings of the young shoots, or
the points of old ones, and forms a fair bed of
purple for the flower-garden in summer, requiring
the greenhouse or cold frame in winter. The fol-
lowing are all hardy herbaceous, except al'atum,
just mentioned, and Gree'fferi, which is a hardy
annual.
L. ala'tum (wing-stalked). 3. July. Amer. 1812.
— Gree'fferi (Grseffer's). 1$. July. Italy. 1800.
— lanceola'tum (spear-head-Zeaoed). July. Ca-
rolina. 1800.
— linea're (narrow-leaved). l£. White. Julv.
N.Amer. 1812.
— myrtifo'lium (myrtle-leaved). 2. July. N.
Amer. 1820.
— salica'ria (willow-like). 4. July. Britain.
— (omento'sum (woolly). 2. July. Caucasus. 1828.
— virga'tum (twiggy). 3. July. Austria. 1775.
M.
MA'BA. (From the native name. Nat.
ord., Ebenads [Eberiacese]. Linn., 22-
Dicecia 6-Hexaudria. Allied to Diospyros.)
Stove evergreen shrubs. Cuttings of half-
ripened shoots in May, under a glass, in sand,
over fibry peat, and a very slight bottom-heat ;
peat and loam.
M. buxifo'lia (box-leaved). 1$. Yellow. E. Ind.
1810. Stove.
— lauri'na (laurel-like). 3. July. N. Hol!andf
1824.
MACBRI'DEA. (Named after Dr. Mac-
bride, of S. Carolina. Nat. ord., Labiates^
orLipworts [Lamiacese]. Linn., \4L-Dldy-
namia \-Gymnospermia. Allied to Me-
littis.)
Greenhouse evergreen. Cuttings of young
shoots, getting firm at their base, in May ; loam
and a little sandy peat, well-drained.
M.pu'lchra (pretty). Bed-striped. July. Ca-
rolina. 1804.
MACHERA'NTHEEA. (From maJtairat a
bent sword, and anthera, an anther; al-
luding to the shape of that part of the
flower. Nat. ord., Composites [Astera-
cece]. Linn., W-Syngenesia 2-Superflua.')
A tender biennial, but hardy enough for the
border in summer.
M. tanacetifo'lia (tansy-leaved). 1. Purple. July.
New Mexico. 1851.
MACLEA'NIA. (Named after John
Mactean, Esq., of Lima, a British mer-
chant, and a distinguished patron of bo-
tany. Nat. ord., Cranberries [Vaccinia-
MAC
MAD
cesej. Linn., 10-Decandria \-Monogynia.
Allied to Thibaudia.)
Greenhouse evergreens. Cuttings under a
hund-light or bell-glass of the points of the
shoots, when getting firm at their base, in sand,
and kept close in a cold pit, a little air left tmdCT
the glass, if placed in a slight hotbed; s;;n(!y
loam and fibry peat. Winter temp., 40° to 48°.
M. ungula'tu (angled). 3. Red, yellow. June.
Peru. 1842.
— corda'ta(hea.rt-leaved). Orange. Mexico. 1848.
— longiflo'ra (long-flowered). 5. Red. May.
Peru. 1844.
MAGLEA'YA. ( Named after A. Macleay,
a British naturalist. Nat. ord., Poppy-
worts [Papaveracese] . Linn., \\-Dodccan-
dria 1-Monogynia. Allied to Bocconia.)
Hardy herbaceous. By seeds, and dividing the
roots in spring ; rich soii.
M. corda'ta (heart-Zeawerf). 6. Red, yellow. June.
China. 1/95.
MACLU'RA. (Named after W. Macluru,
a North American geologist. Nat. ord.,
Morads [Moraceae]. Linn., 21-Moncecia
<L-Tetrandria. Allied to Broussonetia.)
Cuttings of ripe shoots under a glass, in heat ;
auranti'uea by cuttings of the root and layers ;
soil, peat and loam. Although auranti'uea, is
hardy, it requires a warm situation.
M. aurunti'aca (Os«,s*e-orange). 20. N. Amer.
1818. Hardy deciduous.
— Plumit'ri (Planner's). 20. W. Ind. 1804.
Stove evergreen.
— tincto'ria (dyer's). 20. W. Ind. 1739 . Stove
evergreen.
MACRADE'NIA. (From makros, long,
and aden, a gland ; referring to the long
process of the pollen-masses. Nat. ord.,
Orchids [Orchidaceaej. Linn., 2Q-Gynan-
dria l-Monandria. Allied to Notylia.)
Stove orchid. Division when growth is com-
mencing; fibry peat, charcoal, and broken pots
and sphagnum ; the plants raised above the pot
requiring a strong, moist heat in the orchard-
house when growth is proceeding, and cooler and
drier when resting.
JJf. lute'scens (clay-coloured). £. Olive. Novem-
ber. Trinidad. 1821.
MACRA'NTHUS. (From makros, long,
and anthos, a flower. Nat. ord., Legu-
minous Plants [Fabacese]. Linn., 17-
Diadelphia k-Decandria. Allied to Abrus.)
The seed-pods are used in Cochin China as a
vegetable, cooked like kidney-beans. Hardy
climbing annual ; by seeds in a hotbed, hardened
off, and then grown out of doors, or in a green-
house ; rich loam, and a little peat.
M. Cochinchine'nsis (Cochin China). White.
June. Cochin China. 1826.
(From makros, long,
and kneme, a leg ; referring to the flower-
stalks. Nat. ord., Cinchonads [Cindio-
naceae]. Linn., b-Pentandria l-Monot/y-
nia. Allied to Portlandia.)
Stove evergreen trees. Cuttings of ripe shoots
in sand, under a bell-glass, and in a brisk bot-
tom-heat ; peat and fibry loam, well drained.
Winter temp., 55° to 60° ; summer, 60° to 85°.
M . Jamaice'nse (Jamaica) . 14. White. Jamaica.
1S06.
— tincto'rium (dyeing). 30. Red. September.
Trinidad. 1820.
MACROMEDIA. (From makros, long, and
mem, a part; referring to the unusual
length of the stamens. Nat. ord., Bo-
rageworts [Boraginacese], Linn., 5-Pen-
tandria \-Monogynia.)
Half-hardy evergreen shrub, requiring the pro-
tection of a cold pit in winter ; seeds and divi-
sions in spring ; sandy loam and fibry peat.
M. exse'rta (projecting-stamened). 3. Yellow.
September. Mexico. 1846.
MACRO' STYLIS. (From waAros,long, and
stylis, a style, or female organ. Nat. ord.,
Rueworts [Rutacese]. IAnn.,5-Pentandria
I-Monoyynia. Allied to Agathosma.)
Greenhouse evergreen shrubs, from the Cape of
Good Hope. Cuttings of young shoots getting
firm, in April or May, in sand, under a bell-giass,
and kept in a close place, but without bottom-
heat ; sandy peat and fibry loam, but most of the
former. Winter temp., 40° to 48°.
M. barba'ta (bearded). 2. White. May. 1810.
— barbi'gera (beard-bearing). Lilac. April. 1826.
— corda'tn (heart- leaved). Lilac. April. 1S23.
— obtu'sa (blunt-leaved). 2. Purple. May. 17/4.
lanceola'ta (spear-head-/eam£). 2. Pur-
ple. May. 1774.
oblo'nga (oblong- leaved). 2. Purple.
May. 1774.
ova'ta (egg-leaved). 2. Purple. May. 1774.
— squarro'sa (spreading). Lilac. April. 1821.
MACRO'TROPIS. (From macros, tyng, and
tropis, a keel ; referring to the length and
name of the lower part of a pea-flower.
Nat. ord., Leguminous Plants [Fabacese].
Linn., 10-Decandria 1-Monogynia. Allied
to Sophora.)
Greenhouse evergreen shrubs, from China. Cut-
tings of small side-shoots, taken off in spring, in
sand, under a bell-glass ; seeds sown in a slight
hotbed, and potted off when up ; peat and loam,
in equal divisions. Winter temp., 40° to 48°.
M.fce'tida (fetid). 6. Yellow. April. 1820.
— • inodo'ra (scentless). White. April. 182!.
MADAGASCAR NUTMEG. Ayathophy'lhnn.
MADAGASCAR POTATO. Sola'num aitgui'vi.
MAD-APPLE. Sola'num insa'num.
MADDER. Ru'bia.
MA'DIA. (The Chilian name of M.
sati'va. Nat. ord., Composites [Astera-
ceae]. Linn., 19-Syngencsia %-Stiperflua.
Allied to Sphenogyne. )
Hardy annuals. Seeds in a slight hotbed, -in
March or April, and afterwards transplanted or
sown in the middle of May, on a warm border,
where they are to bloom ; any garden-soil, ii not
fully exposed to the midday sun, for then there
will be no danger of a rusty appearance.
M. corymbo'sa (corymbed). White. September.
California. 1847.
MAD
512 ]
MAH
M. e'legans (elegant). 14. yellow. August.
North West America. 1831.
— auti'oa (cultivated). Yellow. July. Chili. 1794.
MADWORT. Aly'ssum.
M^S'SA. (From maas, the Arabic name
of one of the species. Nat. ord., Ar-
disiads [Myrsinaceaej. Linn., 5-Pentan-
dria I-Monogynia. Allied to Ardisia.)
Stove evergreen shrubs, with white blossoms,
from the East Indies. By seeds, which are a
considerable time in vegetating; by cuttings of
the half-ripened shoots in sand, over sandy peat,
under a bell-glass, and in bottom-heat; peat and
loam. Winter temp., 50° to 60°; summer, 60° to
85°.
If. arpe'ntea (silvery). 5. April. 1818.
— 1'ndica (Indian). 5. November. 1817.
— macrophy'lla (large-leaved). 12. June. 1818.
— nemora'lis (wood). 5. March. 1830.
— pube'scens (downy). 4. June. 1824.
MAGNO'LIA. (Named after Professor
Magnol, of Montpelier. Nat. ord., Mag-
noliads [Magnoliacese]. Linn., I3-Poly-
andria G-Polyyyiiia.)
A noble genus, all white-flowered, except where
otherwise mentioned. Propagated by seeds,
layers, grafting, and budding; and each of these
modes best suits different kinds. Seeds of most
of the American kinds are easily procured thence,
and from France, where, in their clearer sky, the
trees thrive better, and ripen their seeds, which
they seldom do with us. The seeds should be
sown in a hotbed, in spring, and a little patience
should be exercised until the seedlings make their
appearance, when they must be successively pot-
fced, and kept several years in a cold pit in winter.
Though the most vigorous plants are thus raised,
yet, as they are long in blooming, preference is
usually given to plants raised from layers of all
the stronger-growing kinds. These are generally
laid down in the autumn, and the best part of
two years generally elapses before they are fit to
be moved, when they should be potted, and kept
in a pit until well established. No one should
purchase a young plant, except in a pot, as the
few, but large, fleshy roots are easily injured.
Some of the more succulent-stemmed kinds, with
large pith, can neither be easily layered nor
grafted— such as tripe' tala and macrophy'lla. For
these seedlings are the best, and the seed ripens
freely in different parts of France. Most of the
varieties and the weaker species may be budded,
and grafted, and inarched on the stronger-growing,
more easily-reared kinds. Obova'ta and acumi-
na'ta are much used for this purpose. In most
cases it requires a considerable time to effect the
union. In many cases, where inarching is re-
sorted to, two years must elapse before the
separation can be effected safely. The tenderer
Chinese and Asiatic species require, in general,
protection in winter; the former a cold pit or
greenhouse, the latter a wall, &c. They are pro-
pagated by layers, and also by cuttings, as well
as seeds. The cuttings should be of ripe shoots,
and inserted in sand, under a glass. Many kinds,
however, will propagate by the herbaceous-like
young shoots ; but more attention to shading, &c.,
is required. All delight, when planted out, in a
deep, sandy soil, quite dry, and enriched with
peat and a little leaf-mould. Glau'ca, however,
generally thrives best in a peaty soil rather re-
tentive of moisture,
HALF-HA.RDY DECIDUOUS.
M. conspi'cua (conspicuous). 30. March. China.
1789-
o6o»a7a(reversed-egg-teaved). 6. Pur-
ple. July. China. 1790.
di'scolor (two - coloured). 6. Purple,
white. May. 1790.
HALF-HARDY EVERGREENS.
M.fusca'ta (brown-stalked). 3. Brown. April.
China. 1789-
anoncefo'lia (anona-leaved).S. Bed. June.
China. 1789.
— cdorati'ssima (sweetest-scented). 10. July.
Java. 1829. Stove.
HARDY EVERGREENS.
M. grandifio'ra (large-flowered). 20. August.
Carolina. 1/34.
angustifo'lia (narrow-leaved). 20. July.
Paris. 1825.
cri'spa (curled). 20. June. N. Amer.
elli'ptica (oval). 20. August. Carolina.
1734.
Exonie'nsis (Exeter). 20. August. N.
Amer.
-ferrugi'nea (rusty). 20. August. N.Araer.
lanceola'ta (spear-head-teaued). 20. Au-
gust. Carolina. 1/34.
obova'ta (reversed-egg-teacerf). 20. Au-
gust. Carolina. 1734.
pree'cox (early). 20. August. N. Amer.
rotundifo'lld (round-leaved). 20. Au-
gust. N. Amer.
— Ko'bus (Kobus). Purple, white. July. Japan.
1804.
HARDY DECIDUOUS.
M. acumina'ta (pointed-leaved). 60. Yellow,
green. June. N. Amer. 1736.
Cando'llii (De Candolle's). 60. June.
N. Amer. 1736.
mu'xima (largest-teawed). 60. June. N.
Amer. 1736.
— auricula'ta (ear-beared). 40. April. Carolina.
1/86.
— corda'ta (heart-leaved). 40. June. N. Amer.
1801.
— glau'ca (milky-green). 20. July. N. Amer,
1683.
Burchellia'na (Burchell's-doM«e). 20.
June.
Gordonia'na (Gordon's- double}. 20.
June. 1/50.
— gra'cilis (slender). Purple. April. Japan. 1804.
— macrophy'lla (large-leaved). 30. July. N.
Amer. 1800.
— purpu'rea (purple). Purple. April. Japan. 1/90.
— pyramida'ta (pyramidal). 20. May. Carolina.
1811.
— tripe' tala (three-petaled)? 30. May. N. Amer.
1752.
MAGPIE MOTH. See ABRAXAS.
MAHE'RNIA. (An anagram of Her-
mannia an allied genus. Nat. ord., Bytt-
neriads [Byttneriacea3]. Linn., IQ-Mo-
nadelphia 2-Pentandria.)
Greenhouse evergreen shrubs, about two feet
high, from the Cape of Good Hope. Cuttings of
young shoots, an inch or two in length, in sandy
soil, under a glass any time in summer ; fibry
loam and sandy peat, with lumps of charcoal and
broken pots, intermixed when grown in pots.
In summer they will do in the flower-garden, and,
did the flowers look up a little more, they would
MAH
C 513 ]
MAL
be very interesting; from their habit they are
seen to best advantage in a pot.
M. glnbra'ta (smooth). Yellow. June. 1789.
— grandiflo'ra (large-flowered). Red. June. 1812.
— heterophy'lla (various-leaved). Yellow. May.
1731.
— inci'sa (cut-leaved). Yellow, white. July. 1792.
— oxalidifo'lia (oxalis-leaved). Yellow. June.
1817-
— pulche>lla (ne&t). Reddish. July. 1792.
— vernica'ta (varnished). Vermilion. July. 1816.
— verticllla'ta (whorled). Yellow. July. 1820.
— vesica'ria (bladdery). Yellow. June. 1818.
MAHOGANY-TREE. Swiete'nia.
MAHO'NIA. A synonyme of Berberis.
MAHU'KEA. (The native name. Nat.
ord., Theads [Ternstromiacese]. Linn.,
IQ-Monadelphia Q-Polyandria. Allied to
Stuartia.)
Stove evergreen tree. Cuttings of half-ripened
shoots in sand, under a bell-glass, and in a mode-
rate bottom-heat, any time in summer; sandy
peat and fibry loam. Wnter temp., 50° to 60° ;
summer, 60° to 80°.
&I. palu'stris ( marsh). 15. Purple. May. Trini-
dad. 1820.
MAIDEN-HAIR. Passiflo'ra adia'ntum,
and Adia'ntum capi'llus Vene'ris, <fec.
MAIDEN-HAIR-TREE. Salisbu'ria adi-
antifo'lia.
MAIDEN PLUM. Comocla'dia.
MAIDEN TREE is a seedling tree which
has not been grafted.
The time which elapses before seed-
lings attain a bearing age is very various.
The pear requires from twelve to eighteen
years ; the apple, five to thirteen ; plum
and cherry, four to five ; vine, three to
four; raspberry, two; and the straw-
berry, one.
MAI'RIA. (Derivation not explained.
Nat. ord., Composites [Asteraceas]. Linn.,
IQ-Syngenesia l-JBqwUix. Allied to Aster.)
Half-hardy herbaceous plants, from Cape of
Good Hope ; seeds, and division in spring ; re-
quiring the protection of a dry, cold pit in winter ;
sandy loam and a little peat.
M. crenu'ta (scolloped- leaved). Lilac. April. 1820.
— taxifo'lia (yew-leaved). Yellow. July. 1816.
MAJE'TA. (The native name. Nat.
ord., Melastomads [Melastomacese].
Linn., W-J)ecandrial-Monogynia. Allied
to Medinilla.)
Stove evergreen shrub. Cuttings of young
shoots, getting a little firm, in sandy soil, and in
bottom-heat, in April and May ; peat and loam,
with a little charcoal and brick-rubbish. Winter
temp., 50° to 60° ; summer, 60° to 80°.
M. <?«tane'«sw(Guianan). 2. White. Guiana.
1824.
MAJORA'NA. See ORI'GANUM.
MALABAR LEAF. Cinnamo'mum Mala-
"ba'thrvm.
MALABAR NIGHTSHADE. Base'lla.
MALABAR ROSE. Hibi'scus ro'sa Jfefa-
laba'rica.
MALOCHODE'NDRON. See STUA'RTIA.
MALA'XIS. (From mala'xis, delicate ;
referring to the whole plant. Nat. ord.,
Orchids [Orchidacese]. Linn., 20-%-
nandria \-Monandria. Allied to Catypso. )
Terrestrial orchids, growing in sandy peat, and
in moist places ; division of the roots.
M. paludn'sa (mar»h). £. Yellow, green. July.
England. Hardy.
— Partho'ni (Parthon's). Green. June. Brazil.
18»8. Stove.
MALAY APPLE. Jambo'sa Malacce'nsis.
MALCO'LMIA. (Named after W. Mal-
colm, mentioned by Ray. Nat. ord.,
Crucifers [Brassicace®]. Linn., 15-Te-
tradynamia. Allied to Hesperis.)
Hardy annuals, blooming in June, if gown
early in April ; but a succession may be kept up
by sowing in the three fcUowing months ; com-
mon garden-soil. Arenn'n*, Chi' a, incrassa'ta,
and mari'tima are the handsomest.
JH. Africa'na (African), f. Purple. Africa. 1744.
— arena'ria (sand). Violet. Algiers. 1804.
— Chi' a (Chian. Dwarf -branching). 1. Purple.
Chio. 1732.
— ero'sa (gnawed-teaved). £. Portugal. 1818.
— incrassa'ta (tiiick-leaf-stulked). Purple. Te-
nedos. 1820.
— interme'dia (intermediate). Purple. Caraccas.
1837.
~ la'oera (torn-leaved). White, yellow. South
Europe. 1780.
— la'xa (loose). 2. Purple. Siberia. 1820.
— litto'rea (shore). 1. White, yeJlow. South
Europe. 1683.
— lyra'ta (lyre-shaped). J. Purple. Cyprus. 1820.
— mari'tima (sea-side). £. Violet. South Europe.
1713.
— parviflo'ra (small-flowered). $. Lilac. South
Europe. 1823.
— runcinu'ta (runcinate). Purple. Caraccas. 183".
— taruxacifu'lia (dandelion-leaved). 4. Purple.
Siberia. 1795.
MALE FERN. Aspi'diumfi'lix-ma's.
MALESHE'RBIA. (Named after a French
patron of botany. Nat. ord., Crownworts
[Malesherbiaceae]. Linn., 5-Pentandria
\-Monogynia.}
Greenhouse annuals, from Chili. Seedg sown
in a hotbed, in March, seedlings pricked off,
potted, and flowered in the greenhouse; sandy
peat and fibry loam, with a little very reduced
Leaf-mould.
M.fasciculat'a (fascicled). White. July. 1832.
— ftu'milis (humble). £. White. 1831.
— lineanfo'lia (narrow-leaved). 14. Purple,
blue. September, 1831.
— thyrsiflo'ra (thyrse-flowered). Yellow. July.
1832.
MALLOW. Ma'lva.
MALLOW ROSE. Hibi'scus moscheu'fos.
MA'LOPE. (From malos, soft, or tender ;
referring to the texture of the leaves.
t.ord.,Ma/&MM£or/s [Malvaceae]. Linn,
16-Monadelphia §-Polyandria. )
2L
MAL
31AM
Hardy annuals, with purple flowers, from Bar-
bary. Seeds sown under a glass, in March, or in
the open border towards the end of April ; ear-
lier, if the ground is sandy and early.
M . malacni' des (mallow-like). 1. June. 1710.
sinua'ta (\va.vj-edged). July. 1/10.
— tri'fida (three-cleft). 2. July. 1808.
MALPI'GHIA. Barbadoes Cherry.
(Named after Professor M<i!pii/7>i, of Pisa.
Nat. ord., Malpighiarls [Mapighiaceee].
Linn., 10-Decandria 3-Triyynia. Allied
to Galpbimia.)
Stove evergreen shrubs. Cuttings of young
shoots almost ripe, but with leaves attached,
except at the joint cut through, in sand, under
a beil-glass, and in bottom heat, in summer;
sandy peat and fibry loam. Winter temp., 50° to
55° ; summer, 60° to 85°.
M. aquifo'tla (holly-leaved). 7. Pink. August.
S. Arner. 1/59.
— b iflo'ra (two-flow ert-d). 10. Pale red. Julr.
S. Amer. 1310.
— cocci'fera (berry-bearing). 2. Pink. S. Amer.
1733.
— gla'bra (smooih-leancd). iG. Rose. May.
W. lad. 1755.
— inca'na (hoary). Rose. Cam peachy. 17*2.
— macrophy 'lla (large-leaved). Red, pink. July.
Brazil. 1820.
— ni'tida (glossy -leaved}. 6. Pink. May. W.
Ind. 1733.
— punicifo'lia (pomegranate- leaved). 12. Rose.
W. Ind. 1690.
MA'LVA. Mallow. (From walacho, to
soften; referring to their emollient qua-
lities. Nat. ord., Mallowwurts [Malva-
ceae]. Linn., IQ-Monade/phia Q-Polyan-
dria. )
Hardy annuals, by seeds in the open border in
April ; perennial herbaceous, such as Monroa'na,
&c., by seeds under a hand-lisrht, by division in
spring, and by cuttings of the young shoots under
a hand-light; stove and greenhouse species, by
cuttings, generally inserted in sandy soil, under a
hand-light; these last are best grown in rich,
fibry loam and peat, and require merely the com-
mon treatment suitable to greenhouse and stove.
GREENHOUSE HERBACEOUS.
M. angulu'ta (angled). 1. Purple. July. 1830.
— campanuloi'des (campanula-like). £. Blush.
October. N. Amer. 1825.
— purpura'ta (purpled). 1^. Pale red. July.
Chili. 1825.
GREENHOUSE EVERGREENS.
If. amas'na (pleasing). 3. Purple. April. Cape
of Good Hope. 179(5.
— aspe'rrima (roughest). 3. Red. July. Cape
of Good Hope. 1796.
— balsa'mica (balsamic). 4. Pink. July. Cape
of Good Hope. 1800.
— bryontfo'lia (bryony-leaved). 4. Purple. July.
Cape of Good Hope. 1/31.
— campanula1 ta (^M-fiowrred). 1. Pink, lilac.
July. Chili, mg.
- Capc'nsis (Cape). 10. Red, white. June.
Cape of Good Hope. 1/13.
— C'tjiita'ta (headed). 2. Ked. April. Peru. 1708.
— Jru'grans (fragrant). 3. Scarlet. June. Cape
of Good Hope. 1759.
M. la'ctea (milk-coloured). 4. White. January.
Mexico. 1780.
— minia'ta (red). 4. Red veins. June. S.
Amer. 1698.
— retu'sa (bent-back leaved), 4. Pink. April.
Cape of Good Hope. 1803.
— stri'cfa (erect). 3. White. April. Cape of
Good Hope. 1805.
— r tridactyli'tes (three-fingered). 3. Pink. July.
Cape of Good Hope. 1791.
STOVE HERBACEOUS.
M. Dominge'nsis (Domingo). 2. Yellow. July.
St. Domingo. 1824.
— tricuspida'ta (three-spined). 1. Yellow. July.
W. Ind. 1726. Biennial.
STOVE EVERGREENS.
M. Borbfi'nica (Bourbon). 4. Yellow. July.
Mauritius. 1816.
— coccl'nea (scarlet). 5. Lilac. July. S. Amer.
1835.
— conci'nnn (neat). 5. Lilac. May. S. Amer.
1835.
— • aca'bra (rough-stemmed). 4. Yellow. June.
Peru. 1/98.
— scopa'rm (broom-like). 6. Yellow. Apri!.
Peru. 1/82.
— spica'ta (simple- spiked). 2. Gran-re. July.
Jamaica. 1726.
— tumento'sa (woolly). 3. Yellow. July. E.
Ind. 1820.
HARDY ANNUALS.
M. rri'sna (curled). 5. White. June. Syria. 15/3.
— ht'rida (shining). Pink. June.
— Maurltia'na (Mauritania). 6. Pink. Juli.
South Europe. 1/68.
— Mulle'rii (Muller's). Sardinia. 1332. B.iennial.
HARDY HERBACEOUS.
M. #e»mi'ng-n(Henning'5). 3. White, red. June.
Russia. 1820.
— involur.ro) 'ta (involucrated). l£. Purple. July.
N. Amer.
— It a'licn( Italian). 3. Purple. August. Italy.
1 829.
— lateri'tia (brick-coloured). £. Red. Sep-
tember. Buenos Ayres. 1840.
— Monroa'na (Monro's). 2. Scarlet. August.
Columbia. 1828.
— Mort'nii (Moveni's). 3. Red. July. Italy. 1820,,
— inoacha'tit, (musk). 2. Fiesh. June. Britain.
undula'ta (waved). 2. White. July.
MALVAVI'SCUS. (From nutlva, the Mal-
low, and viscus, glue ; referring to the
mucilage with which it abounds. Nat.
ord., Mallowworts [Malvacetej. Linn.,
\Q.MonadelpMa S-Polyandria.)
Stove evergreen trees. Cuttings of the some-
what stubby side-shoots in sand, under a bell-
glass, and in heat ; but the bell-glass must l»e
elevated at night, to prevent damping; fibry
peat, and sandy, lumpy loam. Winter temp.,
SO0 ; summer, 60° to 85°.
M. urbn'reus (tree). 12. Scarlet. W. Ind. 1/14.
— mn 'I/is (soft). 12. Scarlet. August. Mexico, 17^0.
— pilu'sus (shaggy). 12. Red. October. Ja-
maica. 1780.
MAMME'A. Mammee-tree. (The na-
tive name. Nat. ord., Guttifers [Clusia-
ee«j]. Linn., l^-Po^'audria \-Mdnogynia.
Allied to Marcinia.)
MAM
[ 515 ]
MAM
Cultivated in the West Indies and South] Winter temp., 40° to 48°; does little good ac *
pot-plant, but is splendid when planted out and
America for its fruit, called the Mammee Apple,
or Wild Apricot, said to rival the Mangosteen.
Stove evergreen trees, with white flowers. Cut-
tings of the hulf-ripened shoots in sand, under a
bel!-^>lass, and in bottom-heat ; fiery, sandy
loam, and a little dried leaf-mould. Winter
temp., 50° to 55°; summer, 60° to 80°.
M. Africa1 na (African). 60. July. Africa. 1823.
— America'iui (American). 60. S. Amer. 1/30.
MAMMILLA 'RIA. A section of the
CA'CTUS, which see.
Dwarf plants, composed of an assem-
blage of tubercles, somewhat resembling
the teats of animals; these are generally
terminated with bunches of hairy bristles,
and between them the flowers appear.
To grow them successfully, they should
be fresh dressed, or repotted, in sandy
loam and peat, with a iair portion of
brick rubbish and cow-dung, old and
dried, in April or May; afterwards kept
in a temperature of from 7;")° to 90°, with
plenty of atmospheric moisture, but little
or no water given to the roots until they
are rooting freeiy; then water may be
given, and the stimulus to growth con-
tinued for two or three months, when
moisture must be gradually withdrawn,
even when the sun heat is allowed to re-
main in as great a degree to consolidate
the tissues ; and in the end of autumn
the atmosphere must be gradually cooled,
to enable the plants to stand dry, and in
a dry atmosphere, and a temperature cf
from 45° to 50° during the winter. No
shade will be required, unless just after
potting, before fresh growth is made.
Those who try them in windows may
easily give them the above treatment by
placing them in a close box or pit for two
months in summer. Easily propagated
by offsets and protuberances. Their
greatest enemy is the red spider ; plenty
of syringing when growing in summer,
and steaming with sulphur from a hot-
water plate at other times, is the best
remedy. Water somewhat liberally in
summer, when in flower and growing ;
little or none must be given at other
times.
MANDARIN ORANGE. Ci'trus no'bilis.
MANDEVI'LLA. (Named after H. J.
Mandevillc, Esq., our minister at Buenos
Ayres. Nat. ord., Dogbanes [Apocyna-
cea?]. Linn., 5-Penlandna 1-Monogynia.
Allied to Echites.)
Half-hardy evergreen climber. Generally by
cuttings of the small, stiff side-shoots, when about
three inches in lengttf, taken off close to the old
wood, and inserted in sand, under a bell-glass,
and in a mild bottom-heat ; peat and loam, I
allowed room in a greenhouse or conservatory,
where fine climbers are prized.
M. suave'olens (sweet-scented). 20. White.
June. Buenos Ayres. 1837.
MANE 'TTIA. ( Named after X. Manetti,
an Italian botanist. Nat. ord.,Cinchonads
[Cinchonacese]. Linn., k-Tetrandria 1-
Morwyynia. Allied to Bouvardia.)
Stove evergreen climbers. In a cool green-
house they thrive only in summer ; cuttings of
young shoots in sandy soil, under a bell-glass ;
„ i_: i_ _ •/ * _ i f . . ",. . ,
s cocci' nea also by division of the
'
such kinds a
fleshy, tubercled-like roots as 'growth is com-
mencing ; sandy peat arid fibry loam. Winter
temp , 45° to 50°; summer, 60° to 85°.
M. Li'color (two-coloured). 3. Scarlet, yellow.
March. Rio Janeiro. 1843.
— cocci'nea (scarlet). 20. Scarlet. June. Guiana.
1806.
— gla'bra (smooth-surfaced). 5. Scarlet. Au-
eust. Buenos Ayres.
— Lygi'stum (Lygistuin). 20. Pink. March.
Cuba. 1822.
— sple'ndens (splendid). Crimson. May. Ca-
raceas. 1840.
— uniflo'ru (one-flowered). 3. Rose. Novem-
ber. St. Martha. 1844.
MANGI'FERA. Mango-tree. (From
mango, the Hindoo name of the fruit,
and fero, to bear. Nat. ord., Anacards
[Anacardiaceae]. Linn., 2'3-Polyoamia 1-
.Mon&cia.)
The Mango is the most esteemed fruit in India,
having a grateful perfumed flavour. Stove ever-
green trees, from the East Indies. Cuttings of
the nearly ripe shoots in sand, under a glass, and
in heat; peat and ricli loam. Winter temp., 50°
to 60° ; summer, 60° to 90°.
M.fas'tida (fetid). 20. Red.
M. l'ndica( Indian).
1824.
White. July.
l6gO.
— opposthfo'liu (opposite-leaved). Yellow. June.
1823.
MA3IESTRA. The larva of the Bright-
line-brown-eye, or Pot-herb Moth (Mu-
mestra oleracea), may be found early iu
December, beneath the surface of the
earth, undergoing its transformations.
This caterpillar is one of the most de-
structive cf our garden enemies, feeding
on the stem, just under the surface, of
cabbages, but more especially brocoli,
lettuces, and some other garden produce
during the autumn. It is of a livid yel-
lowish-brown colour, darkly striped on
the back and sides, and with a white
stripe nearly over the feet, which are
light brown. It has black dots between
the dark stripes. When young, and some-
times even when fully grown, it has a
green ground colour. The moth comes
forth in the summer. It measures one
and a half inch across the fore-wings,
which are nearly of a uniform chestnut
MAM
[ 516 ]
MAN
colour, but slightly clouded, and with a
whitish irregular line near the outer edge,
with an orange-coloured, kidney-shaped
spot near it, and a roundish dark spot
near the centre. The under-wings are
dusky-white, with the veins and a cre-
scent-shaped spot in the centre all dusky.
Mamestra brass'ica. — During the latter
part of the evenings of May and June, a
middle-sized, brown moth may be seen
very often flying in our gardens, and
visiting our beds of cabbages and lettuces,
of which its caterpillars are most destruc-
tive. This is the Cabbage Moth (Mamestra
brassica, and Noctua brassica of some
naturalists). It measures about one inch
andthree quarters acrossthe opened fore-
wings, which are dusky-brown, clouded
with darker shades, and marked with
pairs of dark spots on their front edge ;
from these spots proceed the streaks
which mark the wings across ; there are
various spots on the wings, some yellowish,
and those in the middle surrounded with
white, the kidney-shaped one with a
whitish-grey crescent round it, and black-
ish beyond; the wings have a grey, yel-
lowish-striped fringe, and near this, at the
point farthest from the body, they have a
row of black, triangular marks ; the hind-
wings are light brownish-grey, with dark
veins ; the body and head are of various
shades of blackish-grey, with a darker
stripe of the same colour down the centre
of the back. During the day this moth
rests on the shady sides of the stems of
trees, or the branches of hedge -row
"bushes, and even by the side of clods on
the soil.
The caterpillar is green, variously
marked with grey or black, with a dark
stripe down the back, and a dirty-yellow
one down each side; the spiracles (breath-
iug-holes) are white, surrounded with
black, and close above the yellow stripe.
The caterpillar is found in July, August,
and September, feeding upon the hearts
of cabbages and lettuces. The only re-
medies are destroying the moths when-
ever seen, and hand-picking the cater-
pillars. The latter bury themselves in
the ground, and remain in the pupa or
chrysalis state all the winter. — The Cot-
tage Gardener.
MANGLE'SIA. (Named after Captain
Mangles, and his brother, Robert Mangles,
Esq., of Sunning Hill, distinguished pa-
trons of botany. Nat. ord., Proteads [Pro-
teaceee]. IAun.,4:-Tetrandrial-Monoyyniat
Allied to Grevillea.)
Greenhouse evergreen shrubs, from Swan River.
Cuttings of ripe shoots in sand, under a glass, and
in heat, after the base of the cutting begins to
swell ; sandy loam and fibry peat. Winter temp.,
35° to 45°.
M. glabra'ta (smooth). 5. White. May. 1838.
— purpu'rea (purple). Purple. May. 183Q.
— vesti'ta (clothed). Purple. May.
MANGO GINGER. Curcu'ma ama'da.
MANGOSTEEN. Garci'nia.
MANGO-TREE. See MANGI'FERA.
MANGROVE. Rhizo'phora.
MANICA'RIA. (From manica, a glove, rs-
ferring to the spathe, or rolling leaf which
surrounds the flower-stem. Nat. ord.,
Palms [Palmacesej. Linn., %I«Moncecia
9'Enneandria.)
Stove Palm. Seeds in a strong heat, in a hot-
bed ; rich, sandy loam. Winter temp., 55° to Stf ;
summer, 65° to 80°.
SI. sacci'fera (bag-bearing). 30. S. America.
1823.
MA'NIHOT. (The Brazilian name of
the root. Nat.ord., Spurge worts [Euphor-
biacese]. IArm.,2l-Moncecia7-Heptandria.
Allied to Jatropha.)
Stove evergreen shrubs, except digit a' fa, which
only requires a greenhouse; all the species placed
under Jani'pha should be restored to this genus.
For culture, see JANI'PHA and JA'TKOPHA.
M. digita'ta (finger-tewed). Blue, green. July.
Australia. 1820.
— gra'cilis (slender). Brown, green. July. Brazil.
1822.
— sinua'ta (wavy-erfg-ed). Brown. July. Brazil.
1824.
— tenuifo'lia (thin-leaved). Blue, brown. June.
Brazil. 18*22.
MANNA. Allui'gi.
MANNA ASH. O'rnus rotundifo'lia.
MANTI'SIA. Opera Girls. (Named after
an insect, Mantis, to which the flowers
have been compared. Nat. ord., Ginger-
ivorts [Zingiberacese]. IAnn.,I-Monandria
l-Moiwgynia. Allied to Ginger.)
Stove herbaceous evergreens, from the East In-
dies. Division of the roots, as growth commences ;
sandy peat and fibry loam, well drained. Winter
temp., 48° to 55°; summer, 60° to 85°.
M. saltato'ria (dancing). 1. Purple. July. 1808.
- spathuititn (spatulate). 1. Blue. Juue. 1823.
MAN
[ -517 J
MAN
MANU'LEA. (From manus, the hand ;
from a faint resemblance in the divisions
of the flower. Nat. ord., Fiyworts [Scro-
phulariacese]. Linn., Ik-Didynamia 2-An-
giospermia. Allied to Chsenostoma.)
Greenhouse evergreens, from the Cape of Good
Hope. Several species are taken from this genus
and added to Lyperia. Seeds, sown in spring, in
a slight hotbed ; cuttings of the young shoots,
firm at their base, in sand, under a bell-glass, but
without bottom-heat ; sandy loam and peat, and
leaf-mould. Winter temp., 38° to 48°.
M. cheira'nthus (wallflower). 1. Orange. August.
1/95.
— corda'ta (heart-teat^). £. Red. July. 1816.
— ru'bra (red). l£. Red. June. 1/90.
— visco'sa (clammy). 1. Pink. September. 1/74.
MANURES are either animal, vegetable,
or mineral. They directly assist the growth
of plants, by entering into their compo-
sition, by absorbing and retaining mois-
ture from the atmosphere, by absorbing
tbe gases of the atmosphere, and by sti-
mulating the vascular system of the plants.
Manures indirectly assist vegetation, by
killing predatory vermin and weeds, by
promoting the decomposition of stubborn
organic remains in the soil, and by pro-
tecting plants from violent changes of
temperature.
All these properties seldom, if ever,
occur in one species of manure ; but each
is usually particularized by possessing
one or more in a superior degree. That
is the most generally applicable manure
which is composed of matters essential
to the growth of plants: the chief of
these are carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen ;
therefore all animal and vegetable sub-
stances are excellent manures. It would
evidently be of great benefit if every
plant could be manured with the decaying
parts of its own species. This rule mighl
be so far followed as that the stems oi
potatoes, peas, &c., could be dug respect
ively into the compartments where those
crops are intended to be grown in th
following year; but such manure requires
the addition of ammoniacal salts.
Some manures ameliorate a soil by ab
sorbing moisture from the atmosphere
This property is, at least, as beneficial to
ground that is aluminous as to that which
is siliceous ; for it is equally useless t<
either during periods of plentiful rain
but in the drought of summer, when
moisture is much wanting to plants, it i
beneficial to both ; in very dry seasons i
is even of greater importance to claye;
than to light soils ; for vegetation on th
former suffers more from long-continuei
rought thtm on the latter, the surface of
he clayey soil becoming caked and im-
lervious to air, the only grand source of
ompensatory moisture that is available
o the languishing plants, and which is
nore open to those which grow on light,
and, consequently, more pervious soils.
The following table of the comparative
absorbent powers of many manures is
xtracted chiefly from An Essay on the
Use of Salt in Agriculture, by Mr. Cuth-
>ert Johnson :—
Horse-dung evaporated previously to
Iryness, at a temperature of 100°, ab-
orbed during an exposure of three hours
,o air saturated with moisture at 62°, 145
mrts ; putrefied tanners' bark, under
similar circumstances (66°), 145 parts;
unputrefied tanners' bark, 115 parts ; cow-
lung, 130 parts; pig-dung, 120; sheep-
dung, 81; pigeon-dung, 50; refuse marine
salt (60°), 49|; soot (68°), 36; burnt
clay, 29 ; the richest soil (in one hour),
23 ; coal-ashes, 14; lime (part carbonate),
11 ; crushed rock-salt, 10 ; gypsum, 9 ;
lialk, 4.
The absorbing power of a manure is
much influenced by the state in which it
is presented to the atmosphere. In a
finely-divided state mere capillary attrac-
tion assists it ; hence the importance of
keeping the soil frequently stirred by
hoeing, &c. But a mere mass of cotton,
by means of capillary attraction, will ab-
sorb moisture from the air ; yet it parts
with it at a very slight elevation of tem-
perature. It is of importance, therefore,
to ascertain which are the manures that
not only absorb but retain moisture
powerfully. The following results of our
experiments throw some light on this
point : —
Pig-dung evaporated to dryness at a
temperature of 106°, and then moistened
with six parts of water, required for
being reduced to dryness again, at the
above temperature, 135 minutes ; horse-
dung under similar circumstances, 90;
common salt, 75 ; soot, 75 ; rich soil, 32 ;
chalk, 29 ; poor soil (siliceous), 23 ; gyp-
sum, 18.
These experiments point oat a criterion
by which we easily ascertain the com-
parative richness of any two given soils
or manures : the most fertile will be
most absorbent and retentive.
Some manures increase the growth and
vigour of plants by stimulating their
absorbent and assimilating organs. Tu*
MAN
t
MAK
stimulating powers of excrementitious J principle that putrescent substances
manures arise from the salts of ammonia
they contain.
Sir H. Davy found vegetation assisted
by solutions of muriate of ammonia (sal-
nmmonmc), carbonate of ammonia (vola-
tile salt), and acetate of ammonia. Night
soil, one of the most beneficial of
manures, surpasses all others in the
abundance of its ammoniacal constituents
in the proportion of three to one. It
may be observed, that the nearer any
animal approaches to man in the nature
of its food, the more fertilizing is the
manure it affords. We have no doubt
that a languishing plant — one, for ex-
ample, that has been kept very long with
its roots out of the earth, as an orange-
tree recently imported from Italy — might
be most rapidly recovered, if its stem
and branches were steeped in a tepid,
weak solution of carbonate of ammonia ;
and when planted, an uncorked phial of
the solution were suspended to one of
the branches, to impregnate the atmo-
sphere slightly with its stimulating fumes.
Manures are also of benefit to plants
by affording some of the gases of the
atmosphere to their roots in a concen-
trated form. A soil, when first turned
Tip by the spade or plough, has generally
a red tint, of various intensity, which, by
a few hours' exposure to the air, subsides
into a grey or black hue. The first colour
appears to arise from the oxide of iron
which all soils contain, being in the state
of the red or protoxide; by absorbing
more oxygen during the exposure, it is
converted into the black or peroxide.
Hence one of the benefits of frequently
stirring soils; the roots of incumbent
plants abstract the extra dose of oxygen,
and reconvert it to the protoxide. Coal-
ashes, in common with all carbonaceous
matters, have the power of strongly at-
tracting oxygen. Every gardener may
have observed how rapidly a bright spade
of iron left foul with coal-ashes becomes
covered with rust or red oxide.
Manures assist plants by destroying
predatory vermin and weeds. This is not
a property of animal and vegetable ma-
nures— they foster both those enemies of
our crops. Salt and lime are very efficient
destroyers of slugs, snails, grubs, &c.
Stable -mamire, and all decomposing
animal and vegetable substances, have a
tendency to promote the decay of stub-
born organic remains in the soil, on the
hasten the process of putrefaction in
other organic bodies with which they
come in contact. Salt, in a small pro-
portion, has been demonstrated by Sir
J. Pringle to be gifted with a similar sep-
tic property; and that lime rapidly breaks
down the texture of organized matters is
well known.
There is no doubt that rich soils, or
those abounding in animal and vegetable
remains, are less liable to change in tem-
perature with that of the incumbent
atmosphere than those of a poorer con-
stitution. This partly arises from the
colour of the soils. Some manures, as
salt, protect plants from suffering by
sudden reductions of temperature, by
entering into their system, stimulating
and rendering them more vigorous, im-
pregnating their sap, and, consequently,
rendering it less liable to be congealed.
MAPLE. A'cer.
MAHANHAO NUTS. BerthoUe'tia.
MARA'NTA. Arrow-root. (Named after
B. Maranti, an Italian botanist. Nat.
ord., Marants [Marantaceae]. Linn., 1-
Monandria 1-Monogynia. Allied to
Canna.)
A kind of arrow-root is obtained from the rhi-
zomes, or fleshy roots, of some of the species.
Stove evergreen's ; division of the roots in spring ;
rich, sandy loam, with nodules of peat. Winter
temp., 50° to 60°; summer, 60° to 85°.
M. angustifo'lia (narrow-leaved). 2. Red. July.
\V. Ind. 1820.
— bi'color (two-coloured), f. White. July.
Brazil. 1823.
mi'nor (smaller). J. White. April.
S. Amer. 1828.
— Knea'ta (white-ttned-leaved). 1. 1848.
ro' sea (rosy-lined-/e««erf). 1. 1848.
— Matacce'nsis (Malacca). 2. Green, white.
December. E. Ind. 1820.
— obli'qua (twisted-/eaued). 2. Red. July.
Guiana. 1803.
— Tou'chat (Touchat). 8. Red. July. E. Ind,
1819-
— varieg/i'ta (variegated). 1. July. S. Amer.
1825.
MAEA'TTIA. (Named after J. F. Mn-
ratti, an Italian botanist. Nat. ord.,
Danceaworts [DanseaceaeJ. Linn., 24-
Cryptoyamia 1-Filices. Allied to Ferns.)
Stove evergreens. Division in spring, or by
spore-like seeds ; peat and loam. Winter temp.,
55° to 60°; summer, 60° to 85°.
M. ala'ta (winged). l£. Brown. August.
Jamaica. 1/93.
— cicuteefo'tia (cicuta-leaved). Brown, yellow.
Brazil. 1843.
— e'legan.i (elegant). 8. Brown, yellow. Nor-
folk Ishmd.
— Ite'vis (smooth). 2. Brown, yellow; Jamaica,
1793.
MAE
[ 519]
MAE
MARGINS of streams and other waters
must always accord with the pleasure-
grounds in which they are placed. Art,
therefore, must imitate each in its proper
place, not always by a studious picturesque
arrangement of the marginal accompani-
ments in each case, hut by excavating
the groundwork, planting the trees and
shrubs, and leaving the rest to the motion
of the waves of the water. After the
effects of one winter, stones or gravel
may be deposited in spots suitable for
stony or gravelly shores.
MARGYRICA'RPUS. (From margaron, a
pearl, and karpos, a seed-vessel ; referring
to the pearly succulent fruit. Nat. ord.,
Sanguisorbs [Sanguisorbaceae]. Linn.,
2 Diaiidria l-Mcnogynia. Allied to
Cliffortia.)
Stove evergreen shrub. Cuttings of half-ripened
shoots in April or May, in sand, under a hell-
glass, and in bottom-heat ; sandy peat, with
pieces of charcoal. Winter temp., 48° to 55°;
summer, 60° to 85°.
M. seto'sus (bristly). 2. Green. Peru. 1829.
MARIA 'LIA. See TOVO'MITA.
MARIA'NTHUS. (From Marian, Mary,
and anthos, a flower; dedicated to the
Virgin Mary. Nat. ord., Pltlosporads
[Pittosporacea?]. Linn., 5-Pentandria
1-Monogynia. Allied to Sollya.)
Greenhouse deciduous climbers. Cuttings of
young side-shoots in sand, under a bell-glasw, in
May ; sandy loam, fibry peat, with potsherds and
charcoal, to keep the soil rather open. Winter
temp., 40° to 45°.
M. can-u'leo-puncta'tus (orange -blue- spotted).
4. Blue. April. Swan River. 1840.
— frutico'sus (shrubby). Swan River. 1841.
MA'RICA. (From maraino, to flag ; re-
ferring to the ephemeral nature of the
flowers, which last hardly a day. Nat.
ord., Irids [Iridacese]. Linn., 3-Triandria
\-Monogynia. Allied to Iris.)
Marica has been long known, therefore we
retain it ; but the true name is Cipu'ra. Herba-
ceous evergreens. By seed, sown in a slight hot-
bed in spring ; by offsets, in abundance," though
seed ripens very freely ; sandy loam, peat, and
leaf-mould; they require the protection of a
greenhouse or a cold pit in winter.
M. ceeru'lea (blue). 2. Blue. May. Brazil. 1818.
— c<Ele>stis (sky-blue). 3. Blue. Brazil. 182Q.
— gra'cilis (slender). 2. Yellow, blue. August.
Brazil. 1830.
— longifo'tia (lon^-leaved). Striped. August.
Brazil. 18:10.
— Martinice'nsis (Martinico). 2. Yellow. Mar-
tinico. 1/8-2.
— Northiana (North's). 4. Yellow. June. Bra-
zil. 1/89.
— paludo'sa (marsh). 1. White. July. Guiana.
1/92.
— Sali'ni (Captain Sabine's). 2. Yellow. Au-
gust. St. Thomas. 1822.
MARIGOLD. Cale'ndula ojfidna'lis.
Varieties. — Single, Common double,
Largest very double, Double lemon-
coloured, Great Childing, Small Childing.
The single-flowered, and those which
have the darkest orange colour, possess
the most flavour.
Soil. — Light, dry, poor, and unshaded.
In rich ground they grow larger, but
lose much of their flavour.
Sow anytime from the close of February
until June; or in autumn, during Sep-
tember. If left to themselves, they multi-
ply from the self sown seed. Sow in
drills, ten inches apart ; the plants to he
left where raised, being thinned to ten or
twelve inches asunder; but when the
seedlings are two orthree inches in height,
they maybe removed into rows at similar
distances as above. Water must be given
moderately every other day in dry weather
until established.
Gathering. — The flowers, which the
spring-raised plants will produce in the
June of the same year, but those of au-
tumn not until that of the following one,
will be fit to gather for keeping in July,
when they are fully expanded, as Avell as
for use when required. Before storing,
they must be dried perfectly.
MARIGOLD (GREAT CAPE). Cale'ndula
hy'brida.
MARI'LA. (From marile, live embers,
or sparks ; referring to pellucid clots on
the leaves, or yellow fringe round the
seed-pod. Nat. ord., Theads [Ternstrcmi-
acefle]. Linn., 13-Polyandria b-Penta-
gyniu. Allied to Mahurea.)
Stove evergreen shrub. Cuttings of shoots,
when short, and getting firm at their base ; sandy
peat and loam, well-drained, and open. Winter
temp., 50° to 55°; summer, 60° to 80°.
M.rucerno'sa (racemed). 12. Yellow, green.
August. W. Ind. 1827.
MARJORAM. (Ori'ganum.) O.majora'na,
Sweet or Summer Marjoram. O. hera-
deo'ticum, Winter Marjoram. O. oni'trs,
Common or Pot Marjoram.
Soil. — Light, dry, and moderately fer-
tile. The situation cannot be too open.
Propagation. — The Sweet Marjoram is
propagated solely by seeds ; the others
by seed, as well as by parting their roots,
and slips of their branches. Sow from
the end of February, if open weather, to
the commencement of June; but the
early part of April is best. Portions of
the rooted plants, slips, &c., may be
planted from February until May, aud
duiing September aud October.
[ 520 ]
MAR
Sow in drills, sis inches apart, the
seed being buried not more than a quarter
of an inch deep. When the seedlings
are two or three inches high, thin to six
inches, and those removed may be pricked
in rows at a similar distance. Those of
the annual species (O. majora'na) are to
remain ; but those of the perennials, to
he finally removed during September,
water being given at every removal, and
Jmtil the plants are established.
Plant slips, &c., in rows ten or twelve
inches apart, where they are to remain ;
they must be watered moderately every
evening, and shaded during the day until
they have taken root. In October the
decayed parts of the perennials are cut
away, and some soil from the alleys
scatered over the bed about half-an-iuch
in depth, the surface of the earth between
the stools being previously stirred gently.
The tops and leaves of all the species
are gathered when green, in summer and
autumn, for use, in soups, &c. ; and a
store of the branches are cut and dried
in July or August, just before the flowers
open for winter's supply.
Seed. — If a plant or two are left un-
gathered from of the Pot Marjoram, the
seed ripens in the course of the autumn.
Eut the others seldom ripen their seed
in this country ; consequently it is usually
obtained from the south of France or
Italy.
Forcing. — "When the green tops are
much in request, a small quantity of seed
of the Summer Marjoram is sown in
January or February, in a moderate
hotbed.
MARKET-GARDENER, one who grows
garden produce for sale.
MARL is a compound of chalk (carbo-
nate of lime) with either siliceous sand
or alumina. In the first instance it is a
siliceous marl, best applied to heavy soils ;
and in the latter a clayey marl, adapted
for light lands. Slaty and shell-marls
are varieties of the siliceous. The rela-
tive proportions of the constituents vary
indefinitely, the chalk amounting to from
15 to 75 per cent. The quantity applied
per acre must also vary greatly, according
to the object to be attained. To render
a light soil more tenacious, 100 tons per
acre of clayey marl are not too much ;
neither is the same quantity of siliceous
marl an excess, if applied to a heavy soil
to render it more friable.
MARKING FRUIT. Anaca'rdium.
MA'RLEA. (From marlija, the Indian
name. Nat. ord., Alanyiads [Alangi-
aceee]. Linn., 8-Octandria 1-Monogynia.
Allied to Nyssa.)
Greenhouse evergreen shrub. Cuttings of shoots,
or rather, short, stubby side-shoots, taken off
with a heel, in sand, under glass ; peat and loam,
Winter temp., 40° to 48°.
M, Begonieefo'lia (Begonia-leaved). 4. Yellow.
China.
MARRU'BIUM. Horehound. (From
the Hebrew marrob, bitter juice. Nat.
ord., Labiates [Lamiacese], Linn., 14-
Didynamia 1-Gymnospermia.)
Hardy herbaceous perennials. Division of the
roots in spring ; by slips, in a shady place, or
shaded for a time, and by seeds ; common garden-
soil.
M. aty'ssum (alyssum). ij. Purple. July. Spain.
1597.
— candidi'ssimum (whitest). 2. White. July.
Levant. 1732'.
— catarieefo' Hum (catmint-leaved). l£. Purple.
July. Levant. 1819.
— leonuroi'des (leonorus-like). l£. Purple. July.
Caucasus. 1819.
— propi'nquum (related). White. June. 1836.
— vulga're (common). 2. White. July. Britain.
lana'tum (woolly). White. August. Britain.
MARSDE'NIA. (Named after W. Mars-
den, author of a History of Sumatra.
Nat. ord., Asdepiads [Asclepiadacese],
Linn., 5-Pentandria I-Monoyynia. Allied
to Pergularia.)
Stove evergreen shrubs ; flave'scens is a pretty
climber. Cuttings in sand, under a bell-glass, in
April or May, and a very slight bottom-heat ;
sandy loam, with a little leaf-mould or peat.
Winter temp., 45° to 55°; summer, 60° to 75°,
M. ere'cta (upright). 2. White. July. Syria. 1597-
— flave'scens (yellowish). 20. Yellowish. August'
N. Holland. 1830.
— macula'ta (spoiled- leaved). 20. Green, pur-
ple. June. New Grenada. 1834.
— suave'olens (sweet-scented). 2. White. July.
N. Holland. 1816.
— tenaci'ssima (toughest). Yellow. June. E. Ind.
1806.
MARSCHA'LLIA. (Named after H. Mar-
schall, a botanical author. Nat. ord.,
Composites [Asteracese]. Linn., 19-Syn-
genesia 1-^Equalis.)
Half-hardy herbaceous plants, with purplish
flowers, from Carolina- Division of the plants in
spring, or slips of the shoots in sandy soil, under
a hand-light, in April and May; common, sandy
loam ; angustifo'lia likes the addition of peat ;
they require a dry, elevated place in winter, and
the protection of an evergreen bough, or a cold,
dry pit, with plenty of air.
M. angustifo'lia (narrow-leaved). 2. July. J800.
— caespito'sa (tufted). 1. Purple, white. July.
Texas. 1837.
— lanceola'ta(jipeatr-}\ea({-leaved). 1^. June. 1812.
— latifo'lia (broad-leaved). !£. June. 1806.
MARSH CINQUEFOIL. Coma'rum.
MARSH MALLOW. Althan'a.
MAR
C621]
MAT
MARSH MARIGOLD. Ca'ltha.
MARTAGON. Li' Hum ma'rtagon.
MARTY 'NIA. (Named after Dr. Martyn,
once professor of botany at Cambridge.
Nat. ord., Pedaliuds [Pedaliacese] . Linu.,
l±-Didynamia %-Angiospermia. Allied to
Pedalium.)
Greenhouse annuals. Seeds, sown in a strong
but sweet bottom-heat, in March ; plants pricked
off as soon as they can be handled, kept close and
warm, and, when increasing in size, shifted and
hardened off by degrees, to enable them to bloom
in a cool stove or a warm greenhouse.
if. Craniola'ria (Craniolarian). White-spotted
July. S.Amer. 1830.
— dia'ndra (two-anthered). 14. Red. July
New Spain. 1731.
— fra'grans (fragrant). 2. Crimson. June.
Mexico. 1840.
— longiflo'ra (long-flowered). 2. Pale purple.
July. Cape of Good Hope. 1781.
— lu'tea (yellow). 14.. Yellow. July. Brazil. 1825.
— probosci' dea (proboscis-like), j. Light blue.
July. America. 1738.
MARVEL OF PERU. Mira'bilis.
MASDEVA'LLIA. (Named after J. Mas-
devall, a Spanish botanist. Nat. ord.,
Orchids [Orchidaceae]. Linn., 2Q-Gynan-
dria l-Monandria. Allied to Octomeria.)
Stove orchids. Division in spring ; peat, sphag-
num, rotten wood, and charcoal ; plants elevated
above the pots or baskets. Winter temp., 55° to
60° ; summer, 60° to 90°.
M. cocci'nea (scarlet). Scarlet. April. Pamplona,
— fenestra'ta (windowed). 4- Brownish-red. May.
Brazil. 1838.
— floribu'nda (many-flowered). J. Brownish-
yellow. November. Brazil. 1843.
— infra'cfa (broken). Whitish-yellow. April.
Brazil. 1835.
— triangula'ris (three-angled). Yellow, purple.
June. Merida.
— tubulo'sa (pipe-like). White. July. Merida.
MASSO'NIA. (Named after F. Masson,
a botanical traveller in South Africa. Nat.
ord., Lilyworts [LiliaceoB], Linn., Q-Hex-
andria 1-Monogynia. AlliedtoLachenalia.)
Very small bulbs, with white flowers, from the
Cape of Good Hope. Seeds or offsets, in spring ;
sandy loam, and a little peat or leaf-mould.;
grown in a pit, or in a warm border, the bulbs
being taken up when ripened, and kept in bags or
drawers; if in pots, kept dry until vegetation
commences.
M . ca'ndida (white). 4. April.
— echina'ta (pnc'uly-leaved). £. May. 1790.
— grandiflo-ra (large-flowered). $. October. 1725.
— latifo'lia (broad-leaved). 4- March. 1/75.
— longifo'lia (long-leaved). 4. March.
— sca-'bra (rough). $. February. i;go.
— undula'ta(wwy-leaved). 4. April. 1791.
— viola' cea (violet). 4. May. 1800.
MAT. See BASS.
MATHI'OLA. Stock Gilliflower. (Named
after P. Mathioli, an Italian botanist.
Nat. ord., Crucifers [Brassicacese]. Linn.,
I5-Tetradynamia.)
The annuals, such as the Ten-week Stocks, ma>
be sown from March to May for summer decora-
tion, and in August and September, to stand ove*
the winter for spring early flowering. For the
latter purpose, none beat the Intermediate, Queens,
Bromptons, and other biennials. Sow in June,
plant in sheltered places, and in pots, to be kept
in cold pits, and turned out early in spring. Seeds
are recommended to be saved from the neighbour-
hood of double flowers, which we consider of no
importance. The only true theory to get double
flowers is to leave few seeds on a plant, and give
it very high cultivation, and as much sunshine as
Eossible. For fine flowering, all these prefer rich,
ght soil. The best of them may be successfully
preserved by cuttings under a hand-light, and then
kept in a cold pit in winter. The shrubby green-
house kinds are easily propagated by cuttings, and
delight in a rich, sandy soil.
HARDY ANNUALS.
M. acau'lis (stemless). |. Red. June. Egypt. 1823.
— a'nnua (annual. Ten-week Stock). 2. Various.
August. South Europe. 1731.
a'lba (white). 14. White. July. South
Europe.
— ——'fio're-plt'no (double-flowered). 14. Red.
July.
— Gree'ca (Grecian. Wallflower-leaved). 2. White.
August. South Europe.
— li'vida (livid). Livid, purple. July. Egypt. 1920.
— longipe'tula (long-petaled). 1. Red, yellow.
June. Bagdad. 1818.
— parvijlo'ra (small-flowered). 4- Purple. July.
Morocco. 1799-
— tricuspida't a (three- pointed- leaved). 4- Purple.
July. Barbary. 1739.
HARDY BIENNIALS.
M. coronopj/b'/j'a (buckhorn -leaved). J. Purple.
June. Sicily. 1819.
— fenestra'lis (window). 1. Purple. July. Crete.
1/59.
— Si'cufa (Sicilian). 14. Lilac. July. Sicily. 1835.
— timpUcicau'-lis (single-stemmed). 2. "Purple.
July.
n'lba (white). 2. White. July.
— sinua'tu (scollop-leaved). 1. Dingy red. July.
England.
— Tata'rica ( Tartarian). 1. Red, yellow. July.
Tartary. 1820.
GREENHOUSE EVERGREENS.
M. glafjra'ta (smooth). 2. White. August.
fio're-plt^no (double-flowered). 2. White,
purple. August.
purpu'rea (purple). 2. Purple. August.
— inca'na (hoary. Queen's Stock). 1. Purple.
August. England.
a'lba (white- branching). 1. August.
cocci'nea (scarlet. Brompton Stock), l.
Scarlet. August. England.
— multiplex (double). 1. Variegated. August,
England.
— Madere'nsis (Madeira). Violet. May.
— odorati' 'ssima (sweetest- scented). 2. Livid.
June. Persia. 1795.
fra'grans (fragrant). 2. Livid. June.
Crimea. 1823.
— tortuo'sa (twisted). Purple. July. Cape of
Good Hope. 1816.
— tri'stis (fork-flowered). 14. Livid. June. South
Europe. 1768.
MATO'NIA. (Named after the late Dr.
Maton. Nat. ord., Ferns [ Polypodiacea?] .
Linn., %>L-Crypto'jamia l-Filices.)
Stove Fern.
MAU
[ 522 ]
MAX
.V zcctina'ta (comb-like-/rowd). Yellow. May.
Mount Ophir. 1839
MAURA'NDYA. (Named after Professor
Maurandy, of Carthagena. Nat. ord., Fig-
worts [Scrophulariaceee]. Linn.,14-Dirfy-
iiamia 2-Anyiospermia.)
Greenhouse evergreen twiners, from Mexico.
Seeds sown in a slight hothed, in spring; and cut-
tings of shoots in sandy soil, in spring or autumn ;
rich, sandy loam, with a little peat or leaf-mould ;
will flourish in a cool greenhouse, and in summer
on wires, and fences, and pillars in the open air.
SI. antirrhiniflo'ra (snapdragon - flowered). 10.
Purple. July. 1844.
— Barclaya'na (Barclay's). 10. Blue, white. July, j
u'lba '(white-lowered). 10. White. Year.
1842.
semperfio'rens (ever-flowering). 10. Pur-
ple. July. 1796.
MAU'RIA. (Named after A. Mauri, an
Italian botanist. Nat. ord., Anacards or
Terebinths [Anacardiacete]. Linn., 21-
Honceda 7-Octandria. Allied to Duvaua.)
Stove evergreen trees, with pinkish flowers, from
Peru. Cuttings of ripe shoots in heat, under a
hand-glass ; common loam and a little peat ; usual
stove treatment.
M. heterophi/'lla (variously-leaved). 20. 1822.
— simpliciji'lia (plain-leaved). 20. 1822.
MAURI'TIA. (Named after Prince Mau-
rice, of Nassau. Nat.ord.,Pa/ms [Palma-
cese]. Linn., 22-Ditecia Q-Hexandria.}
Stove Palms. Seeds in a hotbed, in spring ; rich,
fibry, sandy loam. Winter temp., 55°; summer,
60° to 90°.
M. arma'ta farmed). 40. Brazil. 1824.
— flexuo'sa (zigzag-s/n'/red). 40. White, green.
Surinam. 1816.
— vini'fera (wine-bearing). 40. Maranham. 1823.
MAXILLA'RIA. (From maxillae, the jaws
of an insect ; referring to a resemblance
of the columns and labellum. Nat. ord.,
Orchids [Orchidacese]. Linn., 20-%na«-
dria I-Monandria.)
Stove orchids. Divisions of the plant in spring ;
fastened on wood covered with sphagnum, or
raised in baskets filled with sphagnum, old wood,
turfy peat, and charcoal. Winter temp., 55° to
65°; summer, 60° to 90°. Dry in winter; moist
when growing.
M. a'lba (white). White. W. Ind.
— aroma1 tica (aromatic). 1. Yellow. May. Mexico.
1825.
— a'tro-purpu'rea ( dark purple) 1. Dark purple.
July. Mexico. 1828.
— a'tro-ru'bens (dark red). Dark red. July.
— au'reo-fu'lva (golden brown). 1. Golden brown.
June. S. Amer. 1836.
— barba'ta (bearded). Yellow. May. Mexico. 1839.
— Barringto'nics (Barrington's). l£. Yellow,
brown. April. Jamaica. 1/90.
- ca'ndida (whitened). White. April. Brazil.
1840.
'— citri'na (citron - coloured). Yellow. May.
Mexico. 1840.
— conca'va (concave). June. Guatimala. 1844.
— crassifo'lia (thick-leaved). Brazil. 1836.
M. crista'ta (cvesteft-lipped). £. White, purple.
July. Trinidad.
— cro'cea (saffron). £. Saffron. Rio Janeiro.
— cunea'ta (wedge-shaped). White, pink. 1841.
— De'ppii (Deppe's). Yellow, green. June.
Xalapa. 1828.
— galea'ta (helmeted). Orange. September.
Xalapa. 1828.
— grami'nea (grass./mued). Yellow, red. De-
merara.
— grandiflo'ra (large-flowered). White, yellow.
August. Merida.
— Harriso' nice (Mrs. Harrison's). 1^. Yellow,
red. Brazil.
O'tta (white). White. April. Brazil. 1843.
grandiflo'ra (large-flowered). April. Rio
Janeiro.
— jugo'sa (ridged). Crimson, yellow. Brazil. 3842.
— lu'teo-a'lba (yellowish-white). Yellow, white.
June. Merida.
— Lyo'nil (Mr., Lyon's). Purple, brown. Mexico.
1845.
— Macltu'il (Mac Leay's). White, maroon.
Mexico. 1839.
— marginu'ta (bordered). Dark yellow. June.
Merida.
— melea'gris (Guinea-fowl). Yellow, brown. May.
S. Amer.
— ochroleu'ca (pale yellow), f . Yellowish. July.
Rio Janeiro.
— omi7/jogr/(/s4'a(bird's-tongue). White. Mexico.
1842.
— pullidiflo'ra (pale-flowered). 1, Yellow. St.
Vincent. 1826.
— pnlmifo'lia (palm-leaved). White. Jamaica.
— Parke'ri (Parker's), g. Buff, white. April.
Demerara. 1826.
— pi'cta (painted). |. Orange, red. December.
Brazil.
ma'ior (larger). Yellow, white. December.
Brazil. 1S3?.
— platanthSra (flat-anthered). Green, white.
July. Brazil. 1835.
— psittaci'na. C parrot-like). 1 . Red, yellow. Oc-
tober. Mexico. 1835.
— puncta'ta (spotted)4.White-spotted. October.
a'lba (white). White-spotted. October.
Brazil. 1838.
purpu'rea (purple). Purple- spotted.
October. Brazil. 1839.
— racemo'sa (racemed). §. Buff, yellow. June.
Rio Janeiro. 1826.
— .RoWs.^'nn'fRollisson's). £. Yellow. August.
Brazil. iS36.
— Sfapelioi'des (Stapelia like), i- Orange. June.
Brazil. 1837-
— Stee'lii (Steel's). S, Yellow-spotted. July.
Demerara. 1836.
— tenuifo'liu (slender-leaved). 1. Purple, yellow.
June. Vera Cruz. 1837.
— tetrago'na (four-angled). Purple, green, white.
July. Brazil. 1827.
— triangulu'ris (three-angled). Brown, crimson.
Guatimala,
— vi'ridis (green). £. Green. May. Brazil.
— vitelli'na (yolk-of-eggr-coloured). <fc. Orange.
June. Brazil. 1837.
— Warrea'na (Warre's). 2. White, purple.
August. Brazil. 182Q.
— xa'nthina (yellow). Yellow. Organ Mountains.
MAXIMILIA'NA. (Named after Prince
Maximilian. Nat. ord., Palms [Palma-
ceee]. Linn., ZS-Polygamia 1-Monoscia.
Allied to Cocos.)
MAY
[ 523 ]
Stove Palms. Seeds, in a hotbed ; rich, sandv
loam. Winter temp., 55° to 60°; summer, 60°
to 85°.
If. rtSgiu (royal). 60. Brazil. 1825.
MAY. Crata'giis oxyca'iitha.
MAY-APPLE. Podophy'llinn pella'tum.
MAYTE'NUS. (From maiten, the Chi-
lian name. Nat. ord., Spindle-trees [Ce
lastracege]. Linn., 23 -Polygamia 2-
Dicecia. Allied to Celastrus.)
Greenhouse evergreen shrubs. Cuttinjrs of
half-ripened shoots in sand, under a glass, in
May ; sandy peat and fibry loam. Winter temp.,
35° to 45°.
M. bon'rin (boaria). 10. White. Chili. 1822.
— Chile'nsis (Chilian). 12. Green, yellow. May.
Chili, 1829.
— octago'nus (eigb.t-anjr.le-sfrTOwied). 6. White,
October. Peru. 17»6.
M. verticilla'tas (whorled). 6. White. October.
Peru. 1821.
MAZE. See LABYRINTH.
MA'ZUS. (From mazos, a teat ; refer-
ring to the tubercles in the opening or
mouth of the flower. Nat. ord., Fig-
worts [Scrophulariaceee]. Linn., 14-
Didynnmia 2-Angiospermia. Allied to
Dodartia.)
Hardy annuals. Seeds in hotbed, in March ;
seedlings hardened off, and transferred to the
open ground in May.
M, putni'lio (dwarf). ^. Pale purple. June.
Van Diemen's Land 1823.
— rugo'siiK (wrinkly). $. Yellow. July. China.
1780.
MEADOW-RUE. Tkall'ctnmi.
MEADOW-SAFFRON. Co'lchicum.
MEADOW-SWEET. Spira'a •ulnw'ria.
MEASURES.
CORN MEASURE.
4 Gills ...... 1 Pint . containing . 34f Cubic Inches.
2 Pints ...... 1 Quart 69£ „ „
4 Quarts 1 Gallon ..... 277^ „
2 Gallons
4 Pecks .
4 Bushels
8 Bushels
5 Quarters
1 Peck 554| „ „
1 Bushel ..... 2218§ „
1 Sack ...... 5$ Cubic Feet
1 Quarter 10| „ „
1 Load 514 „ „
TIMBER MEASURE.
A load of 2£ inch plank 240 square feet,
3 „ 200 ' „
3* „ 170
4 150
A load of timber, unhewn, is 40 cub. ft.
squared, 50 „
1 inch plank 600 sq. ft.
If „ 400 „
2 „ 300 „
LAND MEASURE.
The English statute acre contains 4840 i arpent is an Englisli acre, and three-
square yards : the Scotch, 5760 ; the Irish, j fourths of a rood. The Strasburg acre is
7840 ; the Devonshire, customary, 4000; \ nearly half an English acre ; the Prus-
the Cornish, 5760 ; the Lancashire, 7840 ; sian morgenis not quite three-fourths of
the Cheshire and Staffordshire, 10,240 ; an acre,
the Wiltshire tenantry, 3630. The French
LONG MEASURE.
12
3
6
Inches
Feet .
Feet.
Yards
Foot.
Yard.
Fathom.
Pole.
40 Poles .
8 Furlongs
3 Miles .
69i Miles .
1 Furlong.
1 Mile.
1 League.
1 Degree.
SQUARE MEASURE.
Inches.
144
1.296
39,204
3,568,160
6,272,640
Feet.
1
9
272$
10,890
43,560
Yards.
1
12104
4840
Poles, Rods,
or Perches.
I
40
160
Roods.
i
Acre.
1
30 Acres are 1 Yard of Land.
100 Acres are 1 Hide of Land.
640 Acres are 1 Sauare Mile.
MEA
[ 524 ]
MED
•CUBIC MEASURE.
1728 Cubic Inches make ....
27 „ -Feet
40 „ „ of Rough Timber
50 „ „ of H\3\vn do.
108 „ „
128 . .
1 Cubic Foot.
1 „ Yard.
1 Load.
Stack of Wood.
Cord.
HEAPED MEASURES.
Our market-gardeners, and retailers | sale of heaped measure, or by any mul-
3 tiple or aliquot part thereof, filled in all
parts -as nearly to the level of the brim
as the size and shape of the articles will
admit ; but nothing herein shall prevent
the sale by weight of any article hereto-
of fruit, potatoes, &CM generally vend
their commodities as if the Act of Par-
liament, $ and 6 Will. IV. c. 63. did not
exist. By this statute selling by heaped
measure is forbidden under a penalty of
not more than 40s. for every such sale.
Section 8 provides that, as some articles
heretofore sold by heaped measure are
incapable of being stricken, and may not
inconveniently be sold by weight, it is
enacted, that all such articles may hence-
forth be sold -by a bushel-measure, cor-
responding in shape with the bushel pre-
scribed by the 5 Geo. IV. c. 74, for the
WOOD
English Measure. — Wood-fuel is as-
sized into shids, billets, faggots, fall-
wood, and cord- wood. A shid is of fall-
wood and cord-wood.
A shid is to be four feet long, and ac-
cording as they are marked and notched,
their proportion must be in the girth —
viz., if they have but one notch, they
must be sixteen inches in the girth ; if
two notches, twenty-three inches ; if three
notches, twenty-eight inches; if four
notches, thirty-three inches ; and if five
notches, thirty-eight inches about.
JBillets are to be three feet long, of
which there should be three sorts,
namely, a single cask, and a cask of two.
The first is seven inches, the second ten
MEASUKE
1000 Billets of Wood =
10 Cwt. of Wood
1 Cord of Wood
100 ffis. of Wood
MECONO'PSIS. (From mekon, the poppy,
and opsis, like. Nat. ord., Poppyworts
[Papaveracese]. Linn., l'3-Polyandria 1-
Monogynia.)
Hardy herbaceous perennials. Divisions of the
plant in spring, and seeds (which ripen freely), at
the same time ; rich, sandy soil.
Jtf. Cn'mbrica( Welsh). 1. Yellow. June, England.
— crassifo'iia (thick-leaved). 1. Orange, red.
California. 1833.
— diphy'lla (two-leaved). J. Yellow. June.
Western United States. 1854.
fore sold by heaped measure. The 5 Geo.
IV. c. 74, thus referred to, enacts, by
section 7, that for potatoes, fruit, <fcc., the
bushel shall be made round, with a plain
and even bottom, be nineteen inches
and a half from outside to outside, and
capable of containing 801fo. weight of
water.
inches, and the third fourteen inches
about. They are sold by the hundred of
five score.
Faggots are to be three feet long, and,
at the band, of twenty-four inches about,
besides the knot; of such faggots fifty
go to the load.
Savins and Spray-wood are sold by
the hundred, which are accounted a load.
Cord-wood is the bigger sort of fire-wood;
and it is measured by a cord or line,
whereof there are two measures — that of
fourteen feet in length, three feet in
breadth, and three feet in height ; the
other is eight feet in length, four feet in
height, and four feet in breadth.
OF WOOD.
= 1 Cord.
= 1 Cord.
= i Chaldron of Coals.
= 1 Quintal of Wood.
M. heterophy'lla (various-leaved). 1. Orange, rod.
California. 1833.
— Walli'chii (Dr. Wallich's). 2f . Blue. June,
Sikkim Himalaya.
MEDE'OLA. (Named after Medea, the
sorceress. Nat. ord., Parids [Trilliaceae].
Linn., 6-HeXandria 3-Trigynia. Allied to
Trillium.)
Hardy herbaceous. Division of the plant in
spring ; rich, sandy soil.
M. Virgi'nica (Virginian). $. Yellow. June.
Virginia. 1759.
MED
[ 525]
MED
MEDIAN APPLE, or CITRON. Ci'trus
Me' diva.
MEDICA'GO. Medick. (From medike^
a name from Dioscorides. Nat. ord.,
Leguminous Plants [Fabacese]. Linn., 17-
Diadelphia k-Decandria. Allied to Tri-
folium.)
Hardy, and all yellow-flowered, except where
otherwise mentioned. Annuals, by seeds, in open
border, in April ; perennials, by seeds, division of
the plant, and slips under a hand-light ; shrubs,
by cuttings of young shoots under a hand-light.
HARDY EVERGREEN SHRUB.
M. arbo'rea (tree. Moon-trefoil). 8. May. 15Q6.
HARDY HERBACEOUS PERENNIALS.
M. Carstie'nsis(Ca.rs,t}. 1. July. Carinthia. 1789.
— creta'cea (chalky). 4. July. Tauria. 1805.
— falca'ta (sickle-podded). 2. July. England.
— glojnera'ta (clustered). 1. June. Italy. 1817.
— glutinu'sa (sticky). 1. June. Caucasus. 1817.
— mari'na (sea). 1. July. South Europe. 15Q6.
— procu'mbens (trailing). 1. June. South Eu-
rope. 1818.
— prostra'ta (lying-down), f. June. Hungary.
1793.
— snti'va (cultivated). 2. Violet. June. England.
versi'color (various-coloured). 2. Yellow,
blue. June. Britain.
— suffrutico'sa (sub-shrubby). 2. Violet, yellow.
June. Pyrenees. 1.820.
HARDY ANNUALS.
M. aculea'ta (prickly). 1. July. 1802.
— brachyca'rpa. (short-podded). £. June. Trifliz.
1823.
— cdncella'tu (latticed). 1. July. Caucasus. 1818.
«— Catalo'nica (Catalonian). $. July. Catalonia.
1820.
— cilia'ris (hair-fringed). 1. July. South Eu-
rope. 1686."
— corona' to. (crowned). 1. June. South Europe.
1660.
— discifn'rmis (disc-formed). £. July. South
France. 1822.
— echi'nua (hedgehog;. £. July. South France.
1818.
— /^Mo'sa (ziezag). £. July. Italy. 1810.
— Gera' rdi (Gerard's). 1. July. South Europe.
1816.
— Hornemannia'na (Hornemann's). £» June.
Morocco. 1818.
— intertt'xta (interwoven). 1. July. South Eu-
rope. 1629.
— lacinia'ta (jaggeri-feaued). $. July. South
Europe. 1683.
— lafvis (smooth). £. July. South Europe. 1816.
— lappa'cea (burdock-like). £. July. Mont-
pelier. 1810.
— lupuli'na (hop-like). 1. June. Britain.
— potysta'chya (many-spined). Switzerland.
Willdeno'im (Wildenow's). ^. Europe
— macnla'ta (spotted). 1^. May. England.
—- ntarginu'ta (bordered). 1. July. South Eu-
rope. 1816.
— mniecu'i-pa (moss-fruited). A. July. Switzer-
land. 1816.
— mnlli'ssima (softest). ^. July. Spain. 1818.
— murica'ta (point-covered). 1. June. England.
— orbicula'ris (round-podded). 1. July. South
Europe. 1688.
— pree'coz (early). £. July. Provence. 1820
— refuta (upright). 1. July. Barhary. 18)0.
— rupe'stns (rock). 1. June. Tauria. 1820.
M. Sibi'rlca (Siberian). 1. June. Siberia. 1817.
— spheeroculrpa (round-fruited), i. July. Italy.
1818.
— spimilo'su (small-spined). £. July. South
France. 1 820.
— stria'ta (channelled). $. July. South Prance.
1820.
— Tenorea'n a (Grenada), f. July. Italy. 1820.
— tentaeula'ta (tentaculated). 1. June. South
Europe. 1800.
— turbinu'ta (top-shaped). 1. July. South
Europe. 1680.
MEDINI'LLA. (Named after J. de Medi-
nillay Pineda, governor of the Marianne
Islands. Nat. ord., Melastomads [Melas-
tomacese]. Linn., IQ-Decandria 1-Mono-
gynia.)
Stove evergreen shrubs, with rosy flowers. Cut-
tings of stumpy side-shoots root the safest, though
cuttings of the young shoots root freely, when
damping is avoided, in sand, with a little peat,
under a bell-glass, and in a bottom-heat; peat
and loam, fibry and sandy. Winter temp., 46° to
55° ; summer, 60° to 85°.
M. erythrophy'lla (red -leaved). 2. August.
Khopseea. 1837.
— Javane'nsis (Javanese). 4. December. Java.
1850.
— Sieboldia'na (Siebold's). 3$. Rose. April.
Moluccas.
— specio'sa (ahowy). 4. July. Java. 1845.
MEDLAR. Mf'spUus Germa'nica.
Varieties. — Blake's Large ; Dutch,
largest fruit; Nottingham, small, but
best flavoured ; Stoneless, inferior, but
keeps longer than others.
Propagation : by Seed. — This is a
tedious mode, the seed usually lying two
years before it germinates. Sow, im-
mediately the fruit containing the seed
decays, in common, light soil. Water
the seedlings frequently in dry weather;
thin them to two feet apart ; and when
four or five years old they will be fit for
final planting.
By Layers. — This may be done in
February and M arch , m akin g use of shoots
of the previous year. They will have
rooted by the autumn.
Grafting and Budding may be done on
the White Thorn; but the Pear is A
better stock for the Medlar.
Soil. — A well-drained, but retentive
loam suits it best.
Planting, Pruning, &c. — See the direc-
tions given for the PEAR.
Storing. — The fruit ought not to be
gathered until November, for if the gather-
ing is made before th° fruitis fully matured,
it shrivels without ripening in its decay.
Spread them singly upon sand, the calyx,
or open side downwards, and dipping the
stalk end in a strong brine of common
salt and water, which is said to check the
occurrence of mouldiness. •-
MED
[526 ]
MEL
MEDTJSA'S-HEAD. IZitpho'rbia ca'put
MEGACLI'NIUH, (From megas, large,
and kline, a bed ; referring to tlie axis, or
rachis, on which the flowers are borne.
Nat. ord., Orchids [OrchidaceeeJ. Linn.,
2Q-Gynandria \-Monandria. Allied to
(jirrhopetalum . )
Stove orchids, from Sierra Leone. Division of
the plant in sprin? ; shallow baskets in sphagmim,
rotten wood, charcoal, and fibry peat. Winter
temp., 60°; summer, o'0° to 90°.
M.falca'tum (sickle-shaped). 1. Yellow, red.
March. 18-24.
-- rnu'jus (large). Yellow, red. March. 1 833.
— ma'zimum (largest). 1. Yellow, preen. 1836.
— veluti'num (velvety). Purple. Yellow. 1845.
MELALEU'CA. (From melas, black, aud
leu/cos, white ; referring to the colours of
the old and young bark. Nat. ord.,
Myrtleblooms [Myrtacese]. Linn., 18-
Polyadelphia %-Polyandria.)
Evergreen shrubs, from New Holland, except
where otherwise mentioned. Cuttings of the
shoots in May, as they are getting firm at their
base, and not more than three inches in length, in
sand, under a bell-glass ; peat and loam, most of
the latter, with a fair portion of sand, and nodules
of charcoal. Winter temp., 38° to 45°. Many
are about as hardy as a myrtle, and will stand
against a conservative wull with a little protection.
STOVE EVERGREENS.
M. leucade'ndron (white Cajeput-tree). 15. White.
E. Ind. 1/96.
— mi' nor (smaller Cujeput). White. E.Ind. 1800.
GREENHOUSE EVERGREENS.
M. acero'sa (sharp-pointed). Purple. June.
— cullistemu'nea (beautiful-staraened). Purple,
rose. June.
— calyci'na (J«r#e-calyxed). 3. Purple. July.
N- Amer. 1803.
— decussa'ta (decussate-teawetf). 4. Lilac, Au-
gust. 1803.
— de'nsa (thickly-/ertt>^). 2. Purple. 1803.
— diosmeefo'lia (diosma-leaved). 4. Reddish.
June. 1794-
— dumo'sa (bushy). 2.
— erube'scens(h\ui>h\ng-stamened). Yellow. June.
— fu'lgens (splendid). 6. Scarlet. August. 1803.
— genistifo'lia (broom-leaved). 4. lied. 1/93.
— gra'ndis (grand). 4.
— Huge'lii ( Hugel's). 1832.
— hj/pericifu'lia (St. John's-wort-leaved). 3.
Scarlet. July. 1/92.
— inca'na (hoary). 3. Yellow. July. 1817.
— juniperoi'des (juniper-like). 3. Stripei. June.
1830.
— lanceola'ta (spear-head-teored). 4. Ju> 1817.
— pa/udo'sa (marsh). 6. Red. August. 1803.
— pulche'lla(n?*.t). 2. Purple. July. 18*3.
— ru'dula (file-like). Pink. May.
— sca'bra (rough-leaved). 3. Purple. May. 1803.
— seria'ta (row-ranged). Rose. June.
— spino'sn (spiny). Yellow. June.
— squn'mea(»(. •\\y-catyxed). 4. Lilac- June. 1805.
— squarro'sa (spreau)ug). 2. White. 1794.
— stria'ta (chaimelled-/ea«ed). 4. Purple. June.
1803.
— styphetoi'des (styphelia - like), 4. White.
June. I7y3«
M. tetragn'na (four-angled). 4. 1820.
— thymifo'Hu (thyme-leaved). 2. Purple. Augurt,
1792.
— trichophy'tla (hair-leaved). Pink. May.
— trine'rniii (three-nerved). 3. 1816.
— virgu'ia (twiggy). 2. 1818.
MELANORRH/E'A. (From melas, black,
and r!tco, to flow ; referring to the juice
becoming black varnish. Nat. ord.,
Anacards [Anacavdiaeeae]. Linn., 23-
Polygaania 2-Dicscia.}
The black poisonous varnish of Martaban is the
produce of this tree, the Theet-see, or Kheu of
India. Stove evergreen tree. Cuttings of ripe
shoots, with the leaves on, in sand, under a glass,
and in heat; peat and loam. Winter temp., 55°
to 60° ; summer, 60° to 85°.
M. usiUi'l/miima ur.ost iuck.1. Black Varnish- tree),
loo. lied. E. Ind. 1829.
MELA'NTHIUM. (From melas, black,
and anthos, a flower ; referring to .the
dusky blossoms. Nat. ord., Mclanths
[Melatithacese]. Linn., G-Hexandria 3-
Trigynia. Allied to Veratrum.)
The Melanths are ali more or less poisonous.
Half-hardy bulbs, requi -ing tiie greenhouse or cold
pit in winter, or the ouii>s to be kept dry and at
rest; propagated by offsets and seeds; sandy
loam and peat.
M. Cape' use (Cape), f . Yellow. May. Cape
of Good Hope. 1768.
— cilla'ta (hair-fringed). £. Pale yellow. June.
Cape of Good Hope. ISlO.
— grami'neum (grassy). 1. White. May.
Madagore. 1823.
— ju'nceum (rush-termed) . £. Pink. Septem-
ber. Cape of Good Hope. 1780.
-— phalangioi'des (phalangium-like). I. Wrhite.
June. Carolina. 1810.
— secu'ndum (side-flowering). 1. White. Sep-
tember. Cape of Good Hope. 1810.
— Si'n'ricum (Siberian). 1. Siberia. 1823.
— trique'trurn (three-sided). White, purple.
April. N. Amer. 1847.
— uniflo'rum (one-flowered). |. White, yellow.
June. Cape of Good Hope. 1787.
MELA'STOMA. (From melas, black, and
stoma, a mouth ; the eatable berries
stain the mouth a dark purple. Nat. ord.,
Melastomads [Melastomaceaa]. Linn.,
I0-Decandria 1-Monogynia. Allied to
Osbeckia.)
Stove evergreens. Cuttings of the shoots in
sandy peat, under a bell-glass, in heat; peat and
loam, sandy and lumpy. Winter temp., 45° to
60° ; summer, 60° to 85°.
M. affi'nis (related). 4. Purple. E.Ind. 1810.
— Afzeliu'na(A.faQliu.&'s). 1^. Red. Sierra Leone
1824.
— a'spera (rough). 6. Purple. June. E. Ind. 1815.
— Ba'-nlisii (Sir J. Bank>'). l£. White. Sep-
tember. N. Holland. 1824.
— ca'ndida (white). 4. Purple. China. 1824.
— corymbv'sa (corymbed). 2. Purple. June.
Sierra Leone. 1/92.
— cymo'sa (cymed). 2. Purple. June. S.
Amer. 1792.
— ecosta'ta (ribless). 4. Purple. July. Ja-
maica. 1/93.
MEL
[ 527 J
MEL
SI. elcnga'ta (elongated). 1. Purple. May.
Sierra Leone. 1823.
— macroca'rpa (large - fruited). 6. Purple.
June. China. 1/93.
— Malnlxi'thricii (Malabar). 6. Purple. June.
E Ind. 1/93.
— pulvernle'ntwn (powdered). Red. March.
Sumatra. 1823.
— sangui'nea (bloody). 6.. Purple. September.
China. 1818.
MELHA'NIA. (After Mount Melhan, in
Arabia Felix, where the first of them was
discovered. Nat. ord., Byttneriads [Bytt-
jieriaceffi]. Linn., IG-Monadelphia 2-
Pentandria. Allied to Astrapeea.)
Stove evergreen trees, with white flowers. Cut-
tings of the half-ripened shoots in sandy peat, in
a little bottom-heat, and under a bell-glass ; sandy
ppat and a little loam. Winter temp., 50° to 60° ;
summer, 60° to 85°.
M. Burche'llii (BurchelPs). 15. Cape of Good
Hope. 1818.
— erythro'xylon (red-wood). 15, July. St.
Helena. 1/72.
— melano1 xylon (black-wood). 2. July. St.
Helena.
ME'LTA. Bead-tree. (Melia, the
Manna Ash ; referring to the resemblance
of the leaves. Nat. ord., Meliads [Me-
liaceffi], Linn., 10-Dccandria \-Mono-
yynia.)
Seeds and cuttings of the ripe shoots in sand,
under a bell-gla^s, and in a mild bottom-heat ;
sandy loam and fibry peat. Azedaru'ch and nun*
tra'lis will stand against a wall in the south of
the islar.d. The monks formerly strung the fruit
as beads.
GREENHOUSE EVERGREENS.
M. austra'lis (southern). Lilac. N.Holland. 1810.
— Azedara'fih (Azedarach). 45. Blue. July.
Syria. 1656.
STOVE EVERGREENS.
M. Azadira'chta (Azadirac'nta). 60. White.
July. E. Ind. 175Q.
— compa'sita (compound-teamed). 20. White,
red. July. E. Ind. 18?0.
— exae'lsa (lofty). 40. White. July E. Ind. 181Q.
— Guince'nsis (Guinea). 30. Wlt..'«., red. July.
Guinea. 1824.
— robu'sta (robust). 30. White, red. July.
E. Ind. 1820.
— supe'rba (superb). 20. White, red. E. Ind.
1810.
MELIA'NTHUS. Honey Flower. (From
mel, honey, and antlws, a flower; the
tubes contain a copious supply of honey-
like juice. Nat. ord., Beancapers [Zygo-
phyllaceee]. Linn., ^-Tetrandria l-Mo-
itogynia.)
The natives obtain horey for food by shaking
the branches of Melia'nthim ma'jor when in blos-
som. Evergreens, from the Cupe of Good Hope.
Cuttings of young shoots in sandy soil, under a
hand-light ; rich, sandy soil ; require the protec-
t'.on of a greenhouse, cold pit, or a conservative
wall in winter.
M como'sits (tufted). 3. Yellow. 1820.
— ma'jor i, "renter). 10. Brown. June. l68S.
— t.'.i'nor ( smaller). 2. Brown. June. 1696.
MELI'CHRUS. (From melichros, honey-
coloured ; referring to glands on the
flowers. Nat. ord., Epacrids [Epacrida-
ceae]. Linn., 5-Pentundria \-Monogynia.
Allied to Styphelia.)
Greenhouse scarlet-flowered evergreens, from
New Holland. Cuttings of the shoots when two
inches long, and a littie hard at their base ; side-
cuttings, after pruning down, are the best ; sandy
peat. Winter temp., 38° to 45°.
M. me'dius (middle). 2. May. 1824.
— rota'ta (wheel-shaped). lj. June. 1824.
MELICO'CCA. Honey-berry. (From
mel, honey, and coccos, a berry ; referring
to the sweetness of tbe fruit. Nat. ord.,
Soapworls [Sapindacese]. Linn., 8-Oc-
tandria I-Monogynia. Allied to Pie-
rardia.)
Stove evergreen trees. Cuttings of ripe shoots
in sand, under a bell-glass, in heat ; peat and
loam. Winter temp., 48° to 60°; summer, 60°
to 80°.
M. bi'juga (two-paired). 16. Yellow. Antilles.
1778.
— oliveefo'rmis (olive- shaped). 20. Yellow.
Grenada. 1824.
— panicula'ta (panicled). 20. St. Domingo.
1820.
— trVjuga (three-paired). 20. Ceylon. 1820.
MELI'COPE. (From me!, honey, and
hope, an incision ; referring to the nec-
tary of notched glands. Nat. ord., Rue-
worts [Rutaceae]. Linn., S-Octandria 1-
Monogynia. )
Greenhouse evergreen. Cuttings of small side-
shoots in sand, under a bell-glass, in May; santly
loam, with a little peat and leaf-mould. Winter
temp., 40° to 48°.
M. terna'ta (three-leafleted). 6. White. New
Zealand. 1822.
MELI'CYTUS. (From meli, honey, and
cytos, a cavity ; referring to the cavity at
the bottom of the stamens. Nat. ord.,
Blxads [Flacourtiacese] . Linn., 22 -Dicecia
6~Hexandria. Allied to Flacourtia.)
Greenhouse evergreen shrub. Cuttings of
shoots getting firm, in sand, under a bell-glass, in
May ; sandy peat, and a little loam. Winter
temp., 38° to 45°.
M. ramiflo'rus (branch-flowered). 6. White.
New Zealand. 1822.
MELILO'TUS. Melilot. (From meli,
honey, and lotus, the honey-lotus. Nat.
ord., Leguminous Plants [Fabacew].
Linn., 17-Diadelphia k-Decandria. Allied
to Trifolium.)
Seed in common soil ; arko'rea, by seed and by
cuttings, does best in a sheltered place, and is
deserving of more cultivation.
M. arAo'mt(tree). 15. White. July. Turfcpy. 1820.
— leucu'ntha (white-flowered). 4, White. July.
Europe.
— suave'olens (sweet-smelling). 3. Yellow.
July. Daburia. 1824.
MEL
528 ]
MEL
MELI'SSA. Balm. (From mdissa, a
bee ; literally, a bee-flower. Nat. ord.
Labiates [Lamiacese], Linn., \k-Didy
tiamia \-Gymnospermia.}
Hardy herbaceous perennials. Dividing thi
roots in spring ; common garden-soil. See BALM
jjf. Creftica (Cretan). White, purple. June
Candia. 15Q6.
—• officimi'lis (shop). 1. White. July. South
Europe. 1573.
— variega'ta (striped-leaved). 1. White
June. Gardens.
vitlo'sa (shaggy). White. August
Italy. 1573.
— microphy'lla (small-leaved). |. Purple
June. Corsica. 1829.
— polyu'nthos (many -flowered). 1. White
July. 1820.
— Pyrcna'ica (Pyrenean). 1. White, purple
July. Pyrenees. 1800.
MELI'TTTS. Bastard Balm. (The
same derivation as Melissa. Nat. ord.
Labiates [Lamiacese], Liun., l±Didy-
namia 1-Gymnospermia.}
Same culture as BALM.
M. melissophy'llum (balm-leaved). t. Flesh.
May. England.
alpi'na (alpine), f . Flesh. May
land.
grandijlo'ra (large-flowered). 1. White,
yellow. May. England.
MELOCA'CTUS, or MELON-SHAPED CAC-
TUS, a sectional genus of Cactus, differing
from Echinocactus in having the flowers
produced on a head covered with dense,
woolly, and hristly hairs, called a tomen-
tum, while those of Echinocactus issue
from the bare ribs, or angles. Treatment
similar to that for Mammillaria. Suckers
and offsets; loam, peat, and lime-rubbish.
MELODI'NUS. (From melon, an apple,
and dineo, to turn round ; referring to
the shape of the fruit. Nat. ord., Dog-
banes [Apocynaceae] . Linn., 5-Pentan-
dria 2-Digynia. Allied to Carissa.)
The fruit of this and some other allied genera
are eatable, but not of much merit. Stove ever-
green twiners, with white flowers, blooming in
July. Cuttings of half-ripened side-shoots in
sand, under a bell-glass, in heat ; peat and loam,
with a little sand. Winter temp., 50° to 6o°j
summer, 6Sato 85°.
M. mono'gynus (one-pistiled). 10. E. Ind. 1820.
— parvifo'lius (small-leaved). E. Ind. 1/75.
— sca'ndens( climbing). J5. New Caledonia. 1775.
— undulatus (waved-teawd). E. Ind.
MELOLONTHA. Every one knows the
common May-bug, or Cockchafer (Melo-
lonthavulgttris} ; a drawing and a descrip-
tion of its grub are given at page 15,
vol. v., of The Cottage Gardener. This
grub very closely resembles that of ano-
ther species, M. horlicola, Garden Beetle
entomologists. The latter beetle (Ibid,
ii., 171) is found in June and July,
among the petals of white roses. It is
nearly half an inch long, and rather less
than a quarter of an inch broad. Its
wing-cases are reddish-brown, shining,
and shorter than the body; the body and
head are dark green, and the antennae
reddish, having at their ends a dark-
green club. It also feeds on the leaves
of apples, pears, and roses, gnawing them
full of small holes, and even transferring
its attacks to the young fruit of the
apple. During the latter part of July
the female retires into the earth for the
purpose of there depositing her eggs,
from which the grubs speedily are pro-
duced, and feed upon the roots of plants,
especially of grass. The only mode of
reducing the number of these beetles is
by searching for them during the even-
ing, when, if detected, they stiffen their
outstretched legs, and feign death ; but
in the day they fly about swiftly, and are
captured with great difficulty. It is said
that when grass suffers from the grubs
of either of these beetles, they may be
extirpated by watering with the arumo-
niacal liquor from gas-works.
ME'LON. (Cu'cumis me'lo.)
Varieties. — These are so numerous,
that we must be very severe in our selec-
tion, confining ourselves to such as are
most generally useful in Britain ; and
:hese we must classify according to their
habits'.
Cantaloups, the Eocks, the Green-
fleshed, the Valentia, or Winter, and the
with their various hybrids.
Amongst the Cantaloups we have both
round and oblong, plain and netted, the
Orange, the Montagnes, &c. In the
Hocks we have the Small Scarlet-fleshed, .
he Black, the Large, and the Early,
fee. In the Green-flesh class we may
ioint to the Beech-wood, which may al-
nost be considered the type of this sec-
ion, the Small Green-fleshed Egyptian,
)f exquisite flavour, and thin rind ;
hese, with the 'various varieties known
>y the name of Snow's, Terry's, the Keiv-
green-flesh, &c. These are the most
melons, being hardy,
not liable to rot or
generally useful
ree-setters, and
tanker.
Next we may advert to the Winter
Melons, a class which will keep a long
ime after they are cut ; and the Valentia.
or Brackenclock— Phylhpertha of some ] may be placed amongst this division.
MEL
[ 529 ]
MEL
Lastly, are the Persians, with their use-
ful hybrids. The types of these Persian
hybrids are, principally, the Ispahan, the
Dampsha, the Germek, and the Hoo-
sainee.
Propagation : by Seed.— Most prac
tical men prefer old seed to new, as run-
ning less to bine. A bottom-heat of
from 75° to 85° is essential ; and when
the seedlings are up, and just before the
second set of leaves begin to appear, the
young plants may be potted into five-inch
pots, two in a pot, in a soil of three parts
strong loam, enriched with manure. A
temperature of 70Q to 80° must be se-
cured to them, and the pots should be
plunged. As soon as the central shoot
begins to sprout fron between the seed-
leaves it may be pinched off; and this,
if other points be right, will cause the
protrusion of a pair, or more, of shoots,
more fruitful in character, and these are
enough as "leaders." In about a fort-
night afterwards they will he fit for the
fruitiog-bed.
By Cuttings. — This mode of culture
has been recommended by some, as serv-
ing to restrict that excessive luxuriance
which is frequently inimical to fertile
blossoming. Under proper culture the
plan answers; but, on the whole, the
needling plan is the better. It is, how-
ever, a certain mode of perpetuating
choice kinds, and as such should not be
lost sight of. Healthy, free-growing, yet
short-jointed shoots, should be selected,
and the usual bottom-heat and atmo-
. spheric temperature must be secured ;
in addition to this, there must be a
liberal amount of atmospheric moisture,
and the close treatment, with shading,
incidental to the growth of cuttings.
When established, the plants will need
no " stopping;" and they require a more
generous soil when finally planted.
Subsequent Culture. — The melon is
fruited by a variety of modes, but in all
a certain amount of bottom-heat, as well
as atmospheric, is absolutely necessary.
The bottom heat should never descend
below 70°, nor range above 90°, whilst
an atmosphere not below 65°, nor above
80°, will be most suitable, permitting,
however, a rise of eight or ten degrees
from sunshine. In no situation can the
melon endure shade.
Culture in the Dung-bed. (For prepa-
ration of this see HOTBED.) — The earliest
melons are generally sown about the
34
middle of January, in a seed-bed spc**
cially prepared. Great caution is ne-
cessary ; and when the plants are up,
and the two seed-leaves fully developed,
they may be planted out singly in five-
inch pots, in rich soil. About this time
the ridging-out bed must be got up for
their reception, and this must be com-
posed of materials perfectly sweet. Ee-
gular ventilation and frequent waterings
will soon render the air within perfectly
sweet ; and then the hills of soil may
be introduced ; in doing which it is
good practice to form hollows two-thirds
the depth of the bed, and to fill them to
the ordinary surface with brickbats or
rubble, laying a turf with the grass
downwards on the top. and on this the
hillocks may be placed. The young
plants will, by this time, have produced
three or four shoots each, and it is ad-
visable to retain two of the best on each.
They may now be ridged out, and must
afterwards be occasionally watered when
dry ; watering, according to the weather,
also the sides of the frame and the un-
covered dung almost daily. Henceforth,
regular linings must be supplied, and
those often turned and watered ; main-
taining steadily the temperatures, and
taking care that the bottom-heat in no
part of the interior exceeds 90°. As
strong linings will be requisite at this
early period, much water will be neces-
sary twice or thrice a-week, round the
insides of the frames, and next to the
linings, to prevent burning. As soon
as the plants begin to spread, the re-
maining soil must be added ; each light
requiring, in the whole, from two to
three barrowsful. The surface of the
bed must be formed convex, the plants •
occupying the highest point. Two plants
are enough for each light, and a shoot
may be led to each angle of the light,
and then the main shoots, taking the
whole light, will form the letter X, the
centre of the letter indicating the ridging-
out point. As soon as each of these
shoots reaches to within from six to nine
nches of the frame side, it must be
pinched, and the laterals forced out by
:his pinching will produce blossoms,
some males, others females ; the former
generally preponderating.
The female blossoms must be care-
fully "set"' or impregnated daily, choosing
about two o'clock, p.m., for the operation,
when the farina will be dry. As soon tu
MEL
[ 530 ]
MEL
from three to four fruit are secured on
each plant, and these are as large as a
pigeon's egg, all the blossoms must be
kept cut away, male and female, as they
appear. Each axillary shoot with a fruit
must be pinched or stopped three or four
eyes beyond the fruit ; and frequent
stopping practised with all the other por-
tions, removing at all times coarse shoots
which threaten to overpower the bearing
portions. The chief object should be
to expose as much healthy foliage as
possible, and that connected with bear-
ing portions, to the light, not suffering
late-formed leaves to overshadow the
older healthy leaves. Still, the sides of
the frame must be occasionally watered ;
and when the fruit is as large as a hen's
egg, a liberal watering of liquid-manure
may be given, avoiding, however, wetting
the collars of the plants at all times. Ven-
tilation must be daily had, but much
caution is necessary ; good linings must
be maintained, in order to support the
necessary temperature with ventilation.
By these means, fine, ripe Cantaloups or
Beechwoods may be cut by the middle of
May. We may add that the root-watering
may require to be repeated, but water
must be entirely withheld a week or two
before they commence ripening, and an
extra amount of ventilation used during
the ripening period.
The main features of their culture in
houses or pits, or on trellises, are precisely
the same, except that, having a greater
depth of soil, and more room to ramble, a
much greater length of main shoot may be
allowed before stopping. In whatever situ-
ation, about 80° of bottom-heat, and an
average of 75° atmospheric, will be found
to suit them best, except that in propor-
tion as the sun-light increases they will
readily bear an increase of from 5Q to
10°, both to the roots and branches.
Bed. — Although a common hotbed is
generally used for this plant, yet a pit is
more economical of heat, and, by enabling
a more regular temperature to be sus-
tained, renders the fruit in greater per-
fection. The pit is a rectangular frame
or bin, built of nine-inch brick-work, and
enclosed by a glass case of the necessary
dimensions. Mr. Smith, gardener to A.
Keith, Esq., of Ravelstone, N.B., has
suggested a mode of building a pit which
renders the renewal of the heat in it
easy; and, as the committee appointed
to examine it report, is the means of con-
siderable saving compared with the com-
mon mode of forming an open bed. But
the facility with which linings may be
applied is its best feature.
The accompanying sketch will at once
show the form of the pit and Mr. Smith's
mode of applying the linings. A is the
pit, the side of which, a a, instead of
being a continuous piece of brick-work,
are merely rows of pillars six feet apart;
and the brick-work of the frame, b b, is
supported by bars of iron reaching from
pillar to pillar. An outer wall, c c, is
constructed at two and a half feet dis-
tance from the pillars on each side ; thus
two bins are formed in which the linings
are inserted, as is found necessary, and
are kept close covered with thick boards ;
d represents the lights, which thus are
formed without any wooden frames. For
other modes of construction, see HOTBED,
PITS, &c. If a common hotbed is em-
ployed, fifteen barrow-loads of dung is
the usual allowance to each light, which
make it about six inches higher than is
allowed for the cucumber bed of largest
dimensions.
If a melon-house be employed, the fol-
lowing is the form and mode adopted by
Mr. Fleming : —
" The house is twenty-eight feet long,
and fifteen wide, and is heated by means
of a saddle boiler, with four-inch pipes
passing round the outside of the pit,
which pipes are fitted with cast-iron
troughs, for holding water to regulate the
moisture of the atmosphere. Beneath
the pit is an arched chamber, a, along
the front of which runs the flue, 6, im-
parting a slight degree of heat to the
soil above, and also serving to heat a
series of arches, c, which run along be-
neath the path, and are entered from a
house iii front, d, and which are used for
MEL
[ 531 ]
MEN
forcing rhubarb, &c., in the winter." —
Gardeners' Chronicle.
Culture of the Persian kinds.— These
are much more tender than the ordinary
green-fleshed melons ; they will not en-
dure so low a temperature, and neither
will they thrive in so moist an atmosphere.
A high authority, speaking of the Persian
melons, has thus observed : — " They are
found to require a very high temperature,
a dry atmosphere, and an extremely
bumid soil, while they are at the same
time impatient of an undue supply of
moisture, which causes spottings and
decay long before the fruit is ripe."
We are informed that in Persia, where
the melon grows in the open fields, that
the ground where they are cultivated is
crossed in various ways by streams, be-
tween which the melons are placed on
raised beds highly manured. It would
seem, therefore, that in order to excel in
their culture, the following may be taken
as maxims :— 1st. The brightest of glass
is requisite, to admit every ray possible
of the sunlight. 2nd. A very high at-
mospheric temperature must be sus-
tained, and especially in order that the
cultivator may be enabled to ventilate
freely, to prevent the accumulation of
damp. 3rd. A rich soil, dry in its upper
surface, but rather moist beneath. It is
urged by those who have been successful
in their culture, that they should be
trained on trellises ; and there is no
doubt the opinion is correct. They may,
however, be trained against the back
walls of stoves, or grown in large pots,
to which in due time a dish of water
may be affixed, and the shoots trained
on portable trellises.
We will conclude with a few general
remarks. The foliage of melons, of
whatever kind, should never be ruffled or
disturbed ; training and stopping, there-
fore, must be attended to in due time.
Melons should not be encouraged to be-
come luxuriant until a crop of fruit com-
mences swelling ; after this it is almost
impossible to encourage them too much.
Again, they should never be watered in-
discriminately overhead, after the man-
ner of cucumbers, unless it be some of
the ordinary green-flesh kinds, during
periods of continued heat and a dry at-
mosphere.
Diseases. — These are few properly so
called except the gum and canker, and
those are mostly engendered by wounds
or bruises on gross subjects, producing a
sort of vegetable gangrene. When such
occurs, it is a good plan to place a slate,
tile, or piece of glass beneath the affected
part, and to pile a mixture of quick-lime
three parts, and charcoal-dust one part, in
a hillock around and above the wound,
changing the same whenit becomes damp.
Insects. — See ACAEUS, APHIS, and
THRIPS.
MELON PUMPKIN. Curcu'bita metope' po.
MELON THISTLE. Meloca'ctus.
MELON TUBK'S-CAP. Meloca'ctus com-
mu'nis.
MEME'CYLON. (Dioscorides' name for
the fruit of the Arbutus. Nat. ord.,
Melastomads [Melastomacese]. Linn.,
S-Octandria \-Monogynia. AlKed to
Mouriria.)
The berries of M. edu'le are eatable, but not
very good. Stove evergreens. Cuttings of shoot«
in sand, under a glass, in heat ; loam and peat,
with a good portion of sand, and pieces of char-
coal. Winter temp., 50° to 55°; summer, 60°
to 85°.
M. angula'tum (angled). 3. Purple. May.
Mauritius. 1 826.
— capitella'tum (small-headed). 4. July. E.
Ind. 1796.
— edu'le (eatable). 10. Purple. Ceylon. 1820.
— gra'nde (large). Blue. May. E. Ind. 1824.
MENASTE'LMA. (From mene, the moon,
and stelma, a crown ; referring to the
shape of the heads of flowers. Nat.
ord., Asclepiads [AsclepiadaceseJ. Linn.,
5-Pentandria 2-Digynia.
Stove evergreen twiner. Cuttings of the young
shoots when three inches long, taken off close to
the stem, in sand, under a glass, and in bottom-
heat ; peat and loam. Winter temp., 55° to 60° ;
summer, 60° to 80°.
M. parvifln'rum (small-flowered). 6. Green,
white. W. Ind.
MENIO'CUS. (From mene, the moon,
and okkos, the eye; referring to the shape
of the seed-pod. Nat. ord., Crudfers
[BrassicaceseJ. Linn., 15-Tetradynamia.
Allied to Aubretia.)
A hardy annual. Seed in April, in common soil.
M. linifo'lius (flax-leaved). £. White. June.
Caucasus. 181 Q.
MENI'SCIUM. (From meniskos, a cres-
cent; referring to the shape of the spore,
or seed-cases. Nat. ord., Ferns [Poly-
podiacese]. Linn., %-L-Cryptoya.inia 1-
Filices.)
Stove Ferns, with brown spores. See FKRNS.
M. cuspida'tum (sharp-poiuted). May. Isle of
Luzon.
— patu'stre (marsh). 4. May. W. Ind.
— proli'ferum (proliferous). May. E. Ii,d. 1820.
— ret icula' turn (netted). J. May. Martinique.
1793.
MEN
[ .532 ]
MEB
A". sorMfn'Hum (sorb-leaved). 1. Brazil. 1823.
— triphy'ltum (three-leaved). 1. June. E. Incl.
1828.
MENISPE'EMUM. Moonseed. (From
mene, the moon, and sperma, a seed.
Nat. ord., Menispermads [Menisperma-
eesej. Linn., Zl-Dicecia LO-Decandria.
Allied to Cocculus.)
Chiefly hardy deciduous twining plants. Divi-
sion of the roots ; cuttings in spring under a hand-
light, and by seeds sown at the same time; com-
ipon garden-soil.
M. amari'ssimum (most-bitter). Yellow. E.Ind.
1804. Stove evergreen climber.
— Canade'nse (Canadian). 10. Green, yellow.
June. N. Amer. IfiQl.
laba'tnm (lobe-leaved). Green, yellow.
June. N. Amer. 1732.
— Lyo'nii (Lyon's). 10. Purple. June. N.
Amer. 1823.
MENONVI'LLEA. (Named after T. da
Menonville, a French naturalist. Nat. ord.,
Crucifers [Brassicaceae]. Linn., 15-2V
tradynamia.')
Hardy annual. Seeds; common garden-soil.
M. filifo'lia (thread-leaved). 1. Greenish-white.
August. Chili. 1836.
ME'NTHA. Mint. (Mentha is the
Latin name of the herb. Nat. ord.,
Labiates, or Lipworts [Lamiacese]. Linn.,
\4t-Dldynamia l-Gymnospermia.)
Hardy herbaceous perennials, purple-flowered,
except where otherwise mentioned. Division of
the plant or roots in spring and autumn — the first
period is the best in stiff, clayey soils ; common
garden-soil.
M. arve'nsis (field). f. August. Britain.
— balsu'mea (balsam-scented). l£. July. Italy.
1804.
~- bla'nda (mild). 2. White. September. Ne-
paul. 1824.
— Canade'nsis (Canadian). 1. August. N.
Amer. 1800.
glahra'ta (smoothed). 1. July. N.
Amer. 1800.
— citra'ta (citron-scented). July. Britain.
— cocci'nea (scarlet). 1. Scarlet. July. E.
Ind. 1823.
— denta'ta (toothed). 1. July. Germany. L8l6.
— glithrti'ta (smoothed). 1. July. Egypt. 1802.
— inva'na (hoary), )£. July. Greece. 1/90.
— lavandula'cea (lavender-/ea»e</). 1. July.
Spain. 1823.
— piperi'ta (pepper). 2. August. England.
— pulffgium (penn-yroyal). 3. August. Britain.
— Requie'ni (Requien's). £. Liiac. August.
Corsica. 182Q.
— sallci'na (willow-leaved). Cape of Good Hope.
— sua'vift (sweet). Red. July. France.
— vifridis (green. Spear}. 2. August. Britain.
cri'spa (curled). 2. July. ISjy.
MENTZE'LTA. (Named after G. Mentzel
a German botanist. Nat. ord., Loasa-di
[Loasacese]. Linn., I2-Icosatidria I-
Monoqynix. Allied to Bartonia.)
Easily raised from seed, and stipila'ta from
shoots insaad, uuuer a glass, iu heat j sandy loam
and peat.
M. a'spera (rou?h). 2. Yellow. July. America.
1733. Hardy annual.
— stipita'ta (stalked -flowered). 2. Yellow.
October. Mexico. 1835. Hardy her-
baceous perennial.
MENYA'NTHES. Buck Bean. (From,
men, a month, and antkos, a flower; the
time of duration. Nat. ord., Gentian-
rts [Gentianacose]. Linn., 5-Pentan-
dria \-Monogynia. Allied to Villarsia.)
Hardy perennial aquatics. Division of the
plant, and by seed in spring; moist situation.
M. trifulia'ta (three-leaved). 1. White. July.
Britain.
— — — America1 na (American). 1. Pale red.
July. N. Amer. 1818.
MENZIE'SIA. ( Named after A. Menzies,
surgeon and naturalist to the expedition
under Vancouver. Nat. ord., Heathicorts
[Ericaceae]. Linn., 8-Octandria l-Mono-
(jynia. Allied to Andromeda.)
Chip fly by layers early in autumn, and by cut-
tings uuder a hand-light ; sandy peat, with alittle
loam.
HARDY DECIDUOUS SHRUBS.
M, ere'cta (upright). 1. Red. April. Siberia.
— ferrugi'nea (rusty). £. Brcvvn. May. N.
Amer. 1811.
— gliibul'i'ris (globular-flower fd). %. Bro-.vu.
May. N. Amer. 1806.
HARDY EVERGREENS.
M. empeMfo'rmis (empetrum-iike;. Purple.
June. N. Amer. 1810.
— polifo'lia (polium-leaved). 2. Purple. July.
Ireland.
• — a'tro-purpu'rea (dark purple). 2. Dark
purple.
— • — r-fio're-a'lbo (white - flowered). White.
June. Ireland.
latifo'lia (broad-leaved). 2. Purple. July.
longifo'lia (long-leaved). 2. Purple. July.
na'nu (dwarf). ^. Purple. July. Ireland.
pu'llida (pole-flowering) . 2. Purple.
July. Britain.
tax'ifo'iia (yew-leaved). Purple. June.
Scotland.
MERCURY. (Chenopo'dium bo'nus Hen-
ri'cus.) This perennial plant is known by
the various names of Angular-leaved
Groosefoot, English Mercury, or Allgood,
Good Henry, Good King Henry, and
Wild Spinach. In many parts of Lin-
colnshire, as about Boston, it is cultivated
to use as spinach ; the young shoots are
also peeled, boiled, and eaten as asparagus.
Sow the seed in March — but in October
is better — in a well -manured bed, pre-
pared as for asparagus ; in the middle of
September plant the seedlings, during
rainy weather, in a similar bed, in rows
a foot apart each way. Hoe frequently,
and use the shoots or tops as required.
Dress the beds with manure the same as
for asparagus ; they will continue in pro-
duction many years.
HER
[ 533 ]
MES
This must not be mistaken for Mercu-
ria'lis, or Mercury, one of our common
hedge-weeds ; for this is poisonous. Mer-
curia'lis is a dioecious plant, and belongs
to the Nat. ord., Spurgeworts; but the
C'henopo'dium belongs to the Nat. ord.,
Chenopods, and to the Linnsean class and
order Pentandria Mouogynia.
MERENDE'RA. (This should have been
added to Bulbocodium.)
M, Caucn'sica (Caucasian), i. Purple. Au-
gust. Caucasus. 1823.
MERODON NARCISSI. Narcissus Fly.
The bulbs of the daffodil and of other
species of the narcissus frequently refuse
to vegetate ; and the usual cause is, that
their interiors have been eaten by the
grab of this two-winged fly. This disap-
pointment may be avoided if these bulbs
are examined before being planted.
In the month of November, says Mr.
Curtis, one or two large, roundish holes
are sometimes found on the outsides of
the bulbs of the daffodil and narcissus.
The bulbs are more or less decayed
•within, where a maggot will generally be
found, which, by feeding in the heart
during the summer and autumn months,
has been the sole author of the mischief.
This larva is somewhat like the flesh-
maggot, and not unlike a hot, only that
it is not jagged with spines, and instead
of being whitish, its natural colour, is
changed to brown by its living amongst
the slimy matter which has been dis-
charged from its own body, causing the
gradual rotting of the bulb. Towards
the end of November the maggot is
transformed into a pupa, to accomplish
which it eats its way out of the bulb near
the roots, and buries itself in the sur-
rounding earth. The pupae are dull
brown, egg-shaped, rough, and strongly
wrinkled. In this state they remain until
the following spring, when the flies issue
from them. Their eggs are then de-
posited, but upon what part of the plant
they are laid has not been observed, but
probably upon the bulb near the base of
the leaves. April seems to be the month
when most of the flies hatch ; and they
have been compared to small humble-
bees, from the disposition of the colours,
which are, for the most part, yellow,
orange, and black; but they certainly
bear a greater resemblance to some of
the bot-flies. From bees, they are readily
distinguished by having only two wings,
the horns and proboscis are totally dif-
ferent, and they have no stings.
MESEMBRYA'NTHEMUM. Fig-Marigold.
(From mesembria, mid-day, and anthemnn,
a flower; referring to the flowers opening
better on sunny days. Nat. ord., Ficoids
[Mesembryacese]. linn,, IZ-Icosandria
Z-Di pentayynia. )
Greenhouse succulent plants, from the Cape of
Good Hope, except when otherwise mentioned.
All by seeds, and most of them by cuttings, dried
at the base, before inserting them in sandy soil,
peat, loam, lime-rubbish, and old cow-dung, well-
drained. Winter temp., 38° to 45°. Well suited
for window-plants and rough rock-work, out of
doors, in summer. Seeds should be sown in a
hotbed, and plants gradually hardened off before
planting out.
GREENHOUSE ANNUALS.
M. cadn'cum (deciduous). 1. Pink. July. 1""4.
— calendula'ceum(mairigo\A-f}uwered). jj. Yel-
low. August. 1819.
— Culifo'rnicum (Californian). Purple. Sep-
tember. California. 1847.
— cryslalli'num (crystalline. Ice Plant), White.
July. Greece. 17/5.
— gsniculiflo'rum (joint-flowering). 1. White.
August. 1/27.
— plu'bra (smooth), f. Yellow. Ausrust. 1/87.
— heiianthoi'dea (sunflower-like). |. Yellow.
September. 1774-
— pilo'sum (shaggy), f. Yellow. July. 1800.
— pinnati'fidum (leaf-cleft). 1 . Yellow. July. 17/4.
— pomeridiu'num (afternoon). l.Yellow. July. 1//4.
Andre'wsii (Andrew's). 1. Yellow. Julv.
— pube'rulum (rather-downy). White. 1829. Bi-
ennial.
— pyropce'um (flame-coloured). Rose, white. June.
— ro'seurn (rosy). Rose, white. June.
— tnpo'lium (aster-teao<?d)- i- Pale yellow. Au-
gust. 1700. Biennial.
GREENHOUSE EVERGREEN TRAILERS.
M.abbret'ia' turn (short-jointed). £. N.Holland.
1825.
— acimicifn' >-me (scimitar-formed). £. Pink. 17 14,.
lo'itgHin (long). 4- Pink. August.
— cequilatera'le (equal-sided). |. Pink. June.
N. Holland. 1/91.
— attenuu'tum (thin). £. White. July. 1821.
— austru'le (southern). $. Yellow. July. New
Zealand. 1/33,
— barba'tum (bearded). §. Pink. July. 1/05.
— ca/yci'num (to»£-calyxr-d). J. White. July. 1819-
— cu'ndens (glittering). $. White. June. 1820.
viri'diits (greener). White. September.
— clavella'tum (small-club-teawed). k- Pink. June.
N. Holland. 1803.
azgrega'tum (crowded-feave<f). £. Pink.
June. N. Holland. 1803.
mi 'HUS (smaller). $. Pink. N.Holland.
J810.
— critfiKitn'hum (thick-leaved).|.Pink. June. 1727.
— dtf'Aite(weak), i. 1824.
— de'nxum (Am*e-kearded). |. Pink. June. 1732.
— edu'le (eatable. Hottentot Fig). £. Pink. July.
i6yo.
— filament^' sum (thready). \. Pink. May. 1732.
— florlbu'ndum (bundie-flowered). 4- Pink. Juiy.
1704.
— furfu'r?uin(\)Txnny-tin%ged). J. Blush. 1830.
— geinina'tum (twin), a Pink. 1/92.
— glauce'acfins (milky-greenish). $. rink. July.
1804.
MES
[ 53; j
MES
M.hirte'llum (dwarf-bristly). £.Pink. August. 1792
— hi'spidum (bristly). £. Purple, July. 1/04
platype'tulum (broad-petaled). £. Purple
July. 1820.
— hispifo'lium (bristly-leaved). 4. White. July
1821.
— — — ro'neum (rosy). $. Pink. July. 1818
— la'cerum (jagged). %. Pink. July. 1811.
— laeoiga'tum ("polished). £. Pink. June. 1802
— re'ptans (creeping). £. Pink. July. 1774
— rigidicau'le (stiff-stemmed). £. Pink. May. 1319
— Ro'ssi (Ross's). f. Pink. Van Diemen's Land
1820.
— rubricau'le (red-stalked). £. Pale purple. June
1802.
de'nsius (denser). 4. Pink. 1818.
subni'rens (greenish). £. Pink. 1818.
— rubroci'nctum (red-bordered). £. Pink. 1811
— • compre'ssum (compressed). £. Pii.k. Au-
gust.
te'nerum (tender). J. Pink. August.
— snrmento'sum (twiggy). \\. Red. April. 1805
— Scho'llii (Scholl's). I. Pink. May. 1810.
— serrula'tum (sw-leaved). %. Pink. November,
1795.
viri'dius (greener). £. Pink. November
— si'mile (similar). 1. 'Pink. 18IQ.
— stria1 turn (channelled-om^). f. Pink. July,
1727.
pa'/lens (pale). J. White. July.
subhi'spidum (slightly-bristly). |. Purple.
July. 1704.
— subula'tum (aw\-leaved. Daisy-flowered). $
Pink. 1768.
— tor qua' turn (torqued). J. Pink. August. 1820
— va'lidum (strong). £. Pink. May. 1824.
— virga'tum (twiggy). 3. Pink. March. 1793
GREENHOUSE EVERGREEN SHRUBS.
M. acumina'tum (pointed-teamed). 2. White. Au-
gust. 1820.
— acuta'ngulum (acute-angled). l£. White. 1821.
— acu'tum(great-&cute-leaued).^.Red. July.i/ys.
— adsce'ndens (ascending-^on-g-we). f. Yellow.
September. 1805.
— adu'ncum (hook-leaved). 1. Pink. February.
1795.
— agni'num (lamp). £. Yellow. June. 1824.
— — — ei'ectiu'sculum (more-erect- leaved). £.
Yellow. May. 1824.
mi'nus (less). £. Yellow. May. 1824.
— albicau'le (white-stemmed). 1. White, August.
1824.
— a'lbidum (whitish). £. Yellow. July. 1714.
— albino'tum (white-marked). £. Yellow. Sep-
tember. 1823.
— albipuncta! turn (white-dotted). £. September.
— aloi'des (aloe-like). £. Yellow. 1819.
— anato'micum (skeleton- leaved). |. White.
September. 1803.
fra'gile (brittle). |. White. 1803.
— a'nceps (two-edged). 1^. Pink. June. 1811.
pa'llidum (pale). 1^. Pale pink. June. 1819.
— angu'stum (narrow-tongued). i. Yellow. July.
1790.
heterophy'llum (various-leaved). *. Yellow.
July. 1790.
pa'tlidum (pale). £. Yellow. July. 1790.
— a'sperum (rough). 1^. 1818.
— ccerule'scens (bluish). lj. 1820.
— c.ura'ntium (orange). 1^. Orange. July. 1793.
— au'reum (golden). 1. Yellow. June. 1750.
— bellidiflofrum (daisy-flowered). 5. lied, white.
July. 1717.
subula'tum (awl-shaped-teared). L Red.
July. I/I/.
Red.
M, bcltidiflo'rum vi'ride (/;ert-green).
July. 1717.
i — bibractea'tum (double -bracted). $. Yellow.
July. 1803.
— bicolo'rum (two-coloured). l£. Orange. July.
1732.
-- mi'nus (smaller). £. Orange. July.
-- pu'tulum (spreading). 1. Orange. July.
— bidentu'tum (two-toothed). 1. Yellow. August.
1818.
-- rna'j us (larger), ij. Yellow. August. 1818.
— bijldum (two-deft). ^. Yellow. November. 1/95.
— bigibbera'tum (two-bunched). $• Ytilow. Au-
gust. 1820.
— bla'ndum (mild). 1^. White. June. 1810.
— orachia'tum (forked). 1^. Yellow, July. 1774«
— bructea'tum (bracted). 1^. Yellow. August.
1/74.
— brcvicuu'le (short-stemmed). J. Pale yellow.
August. 1820.
— brevifo' Hum (short-leaved). 1. Pale yellow. Au-
gust. 1777.
— bulbo'sum (bulbous-rooted). $. Pink. August.
1820.
— calami fo'r me (reed-shaped). 1. White. August.
1717.
— canalicula1 turn (small-channel-/eaued).2,Pink.
August. 1794.
— cani'num (dog). ^. Yellow. September. 17JJ.
— ca'num (hoary). $. Yellow. 1/95.
— capital turn (headed). 1. Pale yellow. August.
1717.
-- rami'gerum (branchy). 1. Pale yellow.
August. 1816.
— cari'nans fkeeling). ^. 1818.
— ctiule'scens (stemmed-delta-leaved), 1 j. Pink.
June. 1731.
— clandesti'num (secret). ^. White. June.
1822.
— cocci'neum (scarlet). H. Scarlet. July. 1696.
-- acu'tius&mtcr-calyxed), l^.Scanet. July.
-- mi'nus (smaller). l£. Scarlet. July.
— compa'ctum (compact). ^. Yellow. November.
1780.
— compre'ssum (compressed). l£. Red. August.
1792.
— confe'rturn (crowded-teaued). lj. Pink. Sep«
tember. 1805.
— conspi'cuum (conspicuous). 1. Red. September.
1806.
— coralli'num (coral). 1. Pink. May. 1820.
— cordifo'lium (heart-leaved). £. Pink. July. 1774.
— cornicula'tum (small-horned). 1. Pale yellow.
April. 1732.
— • - isophy'llurn (equal-leaved). 1. Pale yellow.
April. 1732.
— coru'srans (glittering). 1. Pale yellow. August.
1812.
— crassicau'le (thick-stemmed), i. Pale yellow.
July. 1815.
— crassuloi'des (crassula-like). 4. Pink. July.1819.
— crucia'tum (crosa-leaved). £. Yellow. May. 1792.
— cuttra'tum (prunirig-knife-/ea«ed). ^. Yellow.
September. 1820.
cu'rtum (short-sheathed). H. White.
-- ma'jus (larger). 1^. White.
- mi'nus (smaller). 1^. White.
- puli'tum (polished). Ij. White.
— curvifo'lium (curved-leaved). 1. Pink. October.
1792.
— curviflo'rum (curved-flowered). 2. White.
June. 1818.
— cyli'ndricum (cylindrical). £. Red. May. 1792.
— cymbifo'lium (boat-leaved). 1. Yellow. 1822,
— cymbifn'rme (boat - shaped). 1^. Yellow.
'1792.
ME 3
[ 535 ]
MES
Pale yellow. August.
1. Yellow. August.
White. August. 1774.
Pale
M, decu'mbens (lying-down). 1. Pale red. July.
1759.
— deci'piens (deceiving). 1. Pale yellow. August.
1820.
— defle'xum (bent-down). 1. Pink. August. 1774.
— defolia'tum (leafless). 2. July. 1820.
— deltai'deum (delta-teamed). 1«£. P.nk. May. 1731.
— denticula1 turn (small-toothed). 3. Yellow.
April. 1793.
-- cundidi'ssimum (whitest). ^. Yellow. April.
-- glau'cum (milky-green). ?. Yellow. April.
— - depre'ssurn (depressed-£ow#Me). 2- Yellow.
October. 1795.
-- li'vidujn (livid), *. Yellow. October. 1819-
— diffo'rme (irregular). 5. Yellow. August. 17^2.
— dilata'tum (dilated). 3. White. July.. 1H20.
— diminu'tum (diminished). £. Red. April. 1/89.
-- caulinula1 turn (small-stemmed). £. Red.
April. 1789.
— diversifo'lium (various -leaved). 1. Pale yellow.
June. 1726.
— - a'tro-vi'rens (dark green). 1. Pale yellow.
August.
-- brenifo'lium (short-leaved). 1. Pale yel-
low. August.
-- glau'cum (milky-green). 1. Pale yellow.
August. 1726.
-- Ite'te-vi'rens (bright green). 1. Pale
yellow. August.
— dolabrifo'rme (hatchet-formed). £. Yellow.
June. 1705.
— du'bium (doubtful). 1.
1800.
— echina'tum (hedgehog).
1774.
-- a'lbum (white). £.
— elongu'tum (elongated - tuberous). 1.
yellow. May. 1793.
-- fusifo'rme (fusiform). 1. Pale yellow.
May. 1793.
-- mi'nus (smaller). 1. Pale yellow. May.
1793.
— emargina'tum (notch -/lowered"). 2. Pink.
July. 1732.
— ermi'num (ermine). |. Yellow. May. 1824.
— expu'nsum (expanded-/eaued). £. Pale yellow.
July. 1/05.
— fulca'tum (sickle- leaved}. 1. Pink. July. 1727
— falcifo'rme (sickle-shaped).
1805.
— fastigia' turn (peaked). l£.
1794.
- -- refle'xum (bent-back).
1/92.
--feli'num (cat). $. Yellow. September. 1730.
—filiulifo'rme (button-shaped). £. 1795.
—ficifo'rme (fig-like). ^. July. 1819.
—filicau'le (thread-stalked). 1^. Pink. Sep-
tember. 1800.
—fi'ssum (cleft-leaved). $. 1776.
— flu' mm (yellow). £. Yellow. August. 1820.
— fltStile (pliant). l|. Pink. August. 1820.
— flexifu'lium (pliant-leaved). l£. Pink. Oc-
tober. 1820.
-- Ice'te-vi'rens (lively- green). l£. Pink.
October. 1818.
— flexuo'sum (zigzag). l£. White. July. 1795.
— folio'sum (leafy). 3. Pink. September 1802
— forfica'tum (scissor-teami). l£. Pink. Sep-
tember. 1758.
—formo'sum (beautiful). 1. Crimson. August.
1820.
—fra' grans (fragrant). J. Yellow.
—fu'lvum (tawny). 2. Tawny. July. 1820.
— gibbo'sum (swollen). $. Red. February.
1730.
Pink. July.
White. August.
£. White. August.
M. gladia'tum (j9«r/>/e-sworded). 2. Pink. July.
1792.
— glaucVnum (milkyish-erreen). 1^. Pink. July.
cru'ssum (thick-leaned). l|. Pink. July.
— glau'cum (milky-green-/e«wed). 1A. Oranee.
June. 1696.
— glomera'tum (clustered). l£. Pink. July. 1732.
— gra'cile (slender). l£. Red. September. 1794.
graci'lius (slenderer). 1. Red. September.
— grandiflu'rum (large-flowered). £. Yellow.
Juiy. 1824.
— granifo'rme (grain-shaped). J. Yellow. Sep-
tember. 1727.
— Hawo'rthii (Haworth's). 1. Brown. March.
1/93.
— heterope'tulum (various-petaled). 2. Pink.
June. 1794,
— heterophy'llum (various-leaved). £. Yellow.
1/95.
— horizonta'le (horizontal-^eayed). 2. Straw.
July. 1795.
— hy'bridum (hybrid). J. Yellow.
— Vmbricans (imbricating). 2. Fink. July. 1818.
— imbrica'tum (imbricated). 3. White. July. 17y2.
me'dium (intermediate). 3. White. July.
vi'ride (green). 3. White. July.
— ineequa'te (unequal-ca/jwed). 1. Orange. July.
1716.
— inclau'dens (encompassed). l£. Pink. June.
1805.
— mco'mptum (untrimmed).£. White. July. 1819.
— inconnpi'cuum (inconspicuous), i. Red. Julv.
1823.
— incu'rnum (curled-in). lj. Pink. July. 1802.
densifo'lium (dense-leaved). l£. Pink.
June. 1809.
dila'ta-is (spreading-Aree/ed). ij. Pink.
June.
pa'llidus (pale). 1^. Pink. June.
ro'seum (rosy). 14. Pink. June.
— infle'xum (bent-in). 1. Pink. June. 181p.
— insti'tium (grafted). 1. Purple. September.
1790.
fln'vo-cro'ceum (yrllow and saffron). 1.
Yellow. September. 18 1 6.
mi'nus (smaller). §. Yellow. September.
— into'nsum (unshaved). £. Pink. July. 1824.
a'lbum (white). ^. Pink. July. 1824.
— ju'nceum (rush- leaved). 1. Pink. September.
1800.
— les've (smooth-white-wood). 1^- August. 17/4.
— lauceolu'tum (spear-head-/ea<;ed). '$. M'hite.
August. 1/95.
ro'seum (rosy). §. Pink. May. 1813.
— la'tum (bro&d-tongued). J. Yellow. July. 16'20.
— • bre've (short). £. Yellow. July. 1802.
— lepta'leon (slender). l£- Pink. August. 18iy.
— lineola'tum (small-lined). 4. Pink. August.
1819.
lai've (smooth). £. July. 181Q.
mi'nus (smaller). £. July. 181Q.
ni'tens (shining). \. August. 181Q.
— lingucefo'rme (tongue-shaped). ^. Yellow.
July. 1732.
assu'rgens (rising) $. Yellow. July. 1819.
prostra'tum (lying-flat). ^. Yellow. July.
ruft'scens (reddish). A. Yellow. July.
1732.
subcrucia' turn (slightly-crossed). $. Yel-
low. 1820.
— longispi'nulum (long-spined). 1. Pale yellow.
September. 1820.
— lo'ngum (long-tongued), f . Yellow. Sep-
tember. 1725.
angu'stius (narrower). 2- Yellow. Sep-
tember.
MES
[ 53G- ]
MES
2. Yellow
ff. lo'ngum atfo'llens (elevating).
September. 1819-
denli'ne (sloping). |. Yellow. September
depre'usum (depressed), g. Yellow. Sep
tember.
— purpurn1 scens (purplish), f. Yellow
September. 1819.
unca'tum (hooked), f. Yellow. Sep-
tember. 1819.
— Inra'tum (strap-shaped). $. White. July. 1819
— lu'reum (stra.p-stalked'). 1. Pale yellow. Sup-
tember. 1732.
conge'sturn (crowded). 1. Pale yellow,
September. 1805.
— lu'cidum (shining) £. Yellow. September. 1732,
— luna' turn (crescent-leaned). 1. Pink. July. 1812,
— tupi'num (wolf), i- Yellow.
— lutt'ulum (yellowish). £.. Pale yellow. June,
1820.
— lu'teum (yellow). l£. Pale yellow. June. 1824,
— macula1 turn (spotted-stalked). l£. Scarlet. 1732.
— magnipunctii'tum (large-dotted). 5. Yellow,
1822.
unciu'le (inch-flowered). $. Yellow. '822,
— margina'tum (white-edged). 1. White. May,
1793.
— ma'ximum (largest-moon-teat-ed). l£. Pink.
September. 1787.
— me'dium (intermediate). £. Yellow. June.
— mi'cans (glittering). 1^. Scarlet. 1/04.
— microphy'lium (small -leav.ed). ^. Pink. May.
1795.
— mi nirnum (smallest). \. Pale yellow. Oc-
tober. 1796.
— minu'tum (minute). £. Pink. October. 1/95.
— mo' lie (soft-leaved). 1. Pink. October. 17/4.
— monilifo'rme (bracelet-shaped). A. White.
May. 1791.
— mucronu'tum (spine-pointed). ^. Pink. 1794.
'rme (sword-shaped).
Yellow.
ranifo'
July. 1821.
— multiflo'rum (many- flowered). 3. White.
August. 1/92.
-- mi'nus (smaller). 3. White. August.
-- ni 'tens (shining). 3.
-- pa' tens (spreading). 3. White. August.
1820.
-- ru'brum (red). 3. Red. August.
— murica1 turn (point-covered-c/eMa-/euz>ed). lj.
Pink. May. 1731.
-- mi'nus (small). l£. Pink. May.
— muri'num (mouse), £. Yellow. September.
1/90.
— musculi'num (little-mouse). &. Fellow. June.
1820.
— mustelli'num (weasel). |. Yellow. June. 1820.
— mutu'bilt (changeable), l£. Pink. August. 1792.
— ni'tidum (bright). 2. Yellow. August. 1790.
— no'bile (noble), £. Yellow. July. 182?.
— noctiflo'rum (night-flowering). 2. White. July.
1714.
-- ela'tum (tall). 3. Scarlet. July. 1714.
-- strami'neum (straw-coloured). 2. Straw.
July. 1732.
— nodiflo'rum (knot-flowered). 1. September.
1739.
— nucifo'rme (nut-shaped). l£. 1790.
— obcone'llum (small-conical), i. White. June.
1786.
— obcorde'Uum (small-reversed-egg-shaped). £.
White. June. 1/96.
— olili'quum .(twisted). 1. Purple. August. 1819.
— obsubula'tum (small-awl-shaped). 1. White.
1796.
— Qbiu'sum (blunt-cloven). $, Pale red. March.
1792,
M, octophy'llum (eight-leaved). £. Yellow. No-
vember. 1819.
longiu' 'scutum (rather-longer-teawed). ^.
Vellow. November. 1774.
ro'seum (rosy). ^. Red. November. 1774.
— parvifio'rum (small-flowered). &. Purple.
August. 1800.
— parvifo'l-uin (small-leaved). ^. White. Au-
gust. 1820.
— pa'tu(um( spread in?), l^- Pink. October. 1811.
— pei-fuli't'tum (leaf-stem-pierced). 1. Purple.
July. 1/H.
— monaca'nthum (one-spined). 1. Purple.
July.
— pervi'ride (very-green). 4. Red. February.
1792.
— pisifo'rme (pea-shaped). ^. White. 1796,
— polya'nthon (many-flowered). 1. Pink. Au-
gust. 1803.
— polyphy'llum (many-leaved). 2. Pink. June.
1819.
— prcepi'ngue (very-fat), i. Yellow. September.
1792.
— procu'mbens (lying-down). 1. Pale yellow.
April. 1820.
— produ'ctum (prolonged-e«fy,red). !• Rose.
May. 1822.
— pnbe'scens (downy). |. Red. February. 1792.
— /;z«#/om/b'r»we(d agger-shaped). 1. Pale yelluw.
August. 1714.
bie'nne (biennial). 1. Pale yellow. Au-
gust. 1714.
ca'rneum (flesh-coloured). 1. Pink. Au-
gust. 1714.
purpu'reum (purpfe). 1. Purple. Au-
gust. 1714.
— pulche'llum (pretty). £. Pink. April. 17^3.
renolu1 turn (rolled-back). ^. Pink. Aptii.
— puluerule'nturn (powdery). ^. Pink. May.
1792.
— puncta'tum \ds>ited-awl-l«;aved'). ^. Red. July.
1793.
— purpu'reo-a'lbum (purplish-white). $. White.
August. 1824.
— pustuta'tum (blistered). |. Yellow. August.
1818.
— pygmce'um (pisrmy). ^. Pink. 1805.
— quadri'fidum (four-cleft). \. Yellow. No-
vember. 1795.
— nidia'tum (rayed). ^- Ked. September. 1732.
— ramulo'sum (branchy), £. Yellow. June. 1/Oi.
— re'ctum (straight). "|. White. July. 1810.
— relaxa'tum (relaxed). 1. Pink. July. 1815.
— retrufle'xum (bent-back), i. Pink. July. 1724.
— ri'gidum (stiif). 1^. White. August, i/93.
— robu'stum (robust). £. Yellow. 1795.
— ro'seum (rosy), f. Pink. July. 1/95.
u'ibum (white-lowered), f. White. July,
1819.
lineu're (n&rrovf-leavedj. |. White. July.
1819.
— roste'llum (little-beaked). 4. White, pink.
June. 1820.
— rostra' turn (beaked). J. Yellow. April. 1732.
— Sa'lmii (Salm's). |. Yellow. October. 1818.
angustifo'tivm (narrow-leaved). 1 . Yellow.
October. 1823.
semicrucia'tum (half-crossed). 1. Yellow.
October. 1818.
— salmo'nium (salmon-coloured). 3. WThite.
September. 1819.
sca'brum (rough). l£. Pink. July. 1731.
purpu'reum (purple). 1. Purple. July.
1731.
sculpra'tum (flrec/i-knife-shaped). 4. Yellow.
September. 1714.
MES
[ 537 ]
MI-IT
If. scapifgerum (scape-bearing). £. Fellow.
August. 1723.
— semicyli'ndricum (half-cylindric). 2- Yellow.
June. 1732.
— serr a' turn (s&\\ -keeled). 2. Pink. June. 1707.
•— specio'sum (showy). 1$. Scarlet. July. 1793.
— specta'bile (striking). 1. Crimson. June. 1787-
— spinifo'rme (thorn-shaped;. 1. Pink, fcep-
tember. 1/93.
sulxidu' ncum (rather-hooked). 1. Pink.
September.
— spinn'sum (thorny). 1^ Pink. July. 1714.
— spinuli'ferum (spinule-beuring). 1. Pale
yellow. August. 1/94
— sple'ndens (shining). l£. White. July. l/l6.
— sttlla'tum (starry -bearded). f. Piuk. Sep-
tember. 1716.
— stelli'gerum (star-bearing), f . Pink. Sep-
tember. 1793.
— stipula'ceum (stipuled). l£. Pink. May. 1723.
— stri'ctum (erect). 3. Yellow. 1795.
— subcompre'siium (sub-compressed). 14. Purple.
July. 1823.
mi'nus (smaller). 1. Purple. July. 1823.
— subglobo'sum (sub-globular). 1, Red. Au-
gust. 1795.
— sulca'turn (furrowed). 3. White. August. 1819-
— surre'ctum (very-erect). 1. Yellow. October.
18)9.
bremfo'lium (short-leaved). -J. Yellow.
October. 1819-
— tauri'num (bullVAor*). |. Yellow. Octo-
ber. 1795.
— tene'llum (delicate-per/o/m^). 1$. White.
August. 1792.
— te'nue (slender). 1. 1819.
— tenuifla'rum (slender-flowered). 2. Pink.
September. 1820.
— tenuifo'lium (slender-leaved). 1. Scarlet.
July. 1700.
ere'ctum (erect). l£. Scarlet. July.
— teretifo'lium (round-leaved). £. Pink. June.
179*.
— teretiu 'scutum (rather-rounder). £. Pink. 1794.
— testu'ceum (tile-coloured). 3. Orange. Au-
gust. 1820.
— testicula're (testicular). £. White. October.
1774.
— tiffri'num (tiger). £. Yellow. October. 1790.
— tortuo'sum (twisted-leaved). %, Pale yellow.
August. 1705.
— tricolo'rum (three-coloured). 1. Yellow, red.
October. 1794.
— truncate.' Hum (small-truncated). $. Pale
yellow. July. 1795.
— tubero'sum (tuberous-routed). 3. Orange.
April. 1714.
— — - mi'nus (smaller), li. Orange. August.
1/14.
— tumi'dulum (rather-swollen). 3. Pink. March.
1802.
mi'nus (smaller). 3. Pinlc. March. 1820.
— umbella1 turn (umbelled). 3. White. July. 1727.
— ano'maluffi (anomalous). 3. White. July.
— umbellijlo'rum (umbel-flowered). !£. Au-
gust. 1820.
— vagina'tum (sheathed). l£. White. July. 1802.
parviflo'rum (small-flowered). 1£. White.
July.
— varia'bi/e (variable). 1^. Yellow. July. 179(5.
lee'vius (smoother) li. Yellow. July. 17f»8.
— va'rinns (varying). l£. Pale yellow. July". l/'OO.
— verrucula' turn (small-warted). l£. Yellow.
May. 1/31.
Canilofliii (l)e Candolle's). 14. Vellow.
May,
M. versi'color (changeable-coloured). Pink. June.
1795.
— willo'sum (shaggy). 1. July. 1759.
— violu'ceum (violet). 2. Purple. July. 1820.
— vi'rens (upright-green). £. Pink. June. 1821.
— vi'ride (green-per/o/iate). 1. Pale purple. July.
1792.
— vulpi'num(to\). $, Yellow. September. 1/95.
ME'SPILUS. Medlar. (From mesas, half,
and pilos, a ball ; referring to the shape
of the medlar fruit. Nat. ord., Appleworts
[Pomacecej. Linn., 12-Icosandria2-Di-
pentagynia.)
Hardy deciduous trees, with white flowers. By
seeds, which germinate the second season, after
being sown when the fruit is ripe ; by layers, and
uncertainly by cuttintis, but chiefly by grafting or
budding on the Hawthorn, &c. ; good, rich, loamy
soil. See MEDLAK.
M. Germa'nica (German. Common). 12. June.
England.
-- dijfu'sa (spreading). 12. June. Europe.
-- stri'cta (upright). 12. June. Europe.
Evergreen.
-- sylve'stris (wood). Europe.
— loba'tu (lobed-leaved). 15. May.
ME'SUA. (Named after Mesue, an Ara-
bian botanist. Nat. ord., Guttifers [Clu-
siacea1]. Linn., 16-Monadelphia 7-Dode-
candria. Allied to Calophyllum.)
The sweet-scented flowers of Me'sun fe'rrea
are sold in all the Indian bazaars, by the name of
Nagksur, and are as much esteemed as orange
flowers are with us. Stove evergreen tree. Seeds
in a hotbed, in March ; cuttings of half-ripened
shoots in sand, under a bell-glass, in May, and
with a little bottom-heat; loam and peat. Winter
temp., 50° to 60°; summer, 60° to 85°.
M. fe'rrea (iron-wooded). 40. White. July. E.
Ind. 1837.
METALA'SIA. (From meta, a change,
lasios, hairy ; referring to the older leaves
losing their downy covering. Nat. ord.,
Composites [Asteraceffi]. Linn., IQ-Syn-
Greenhouse evergreens, from Cape of Good
Hope, and with white flowers, except where other-
wise stated. Cuttings in spring, in sandy peat ;
sandy peat, loam, and charcoal nodules, to keep
the soil open. Winter temp., 40° to 48°.
M. au'reu. (golden). Yellow. June. 1816.
— (b'«>e'rgens (widely-parted). 2. July. 18l6.
— fastigia'ta (peaked). 3. June. 1812.
— mitcrona'ta (pointed). 2. June. 1824.
— muricu'ta (point-covered). 2. June. 1824.
— phylicoi'des (phvlica-like). June. ISlfi.
— pu'ngenii (stinging)- June. 1815.
— f eriphiui'dus (seriphium-like). 3. Yellow. 1S25.
METROSIDE'HOS. (From metru. heart-
wood, and sidcros, iron ; referring to the
hardness of the wood. Nat. ord., Myrtle-
blooms [Myrtacese]. Linn., 12-Icosandria
\-Monogynia. Allied to Callisternon.)
Greenhouse evergreens. Cuttings of small young
side-shoots in April, in sand, under a be.il glass, in
a close pit. or frame, but without heat ; peat and
loam, tqual proportions, with a little white earn!
MET
[ 538 ]
MIC
and sifted, broken crocks. Winter temp., 35° to
45°. Most of them should be tried on a conser-
vative wall.
M. angustifo'lia (narrow-leaved). 20. Yellow.
Cape of Good Hope. 1787.
— a'spern (rough). Cape of Good Hope. 1824.
— cupita'ta (headed). 5. Pink. Cape of Good
Hope. 1824.
— corifo'lia (coris-leaved). 4. White. N. Holland.
— glomuli'fera (hepped-flowered). 15. Yellow,
green. May. N. S. Wales. 1805.
— robu'sta (robust). 80. Scarlet. June. New
Zealand. 1845.
— ve'ra (true. Iron-wood'). 20. Yellow, green.
April. E. Ind. 181Q.
METTEENI'CHIA. (In honour of the
Austrian Prince Metternich-Winneburg.
Nat. ord., Nightshades [ Solanacese] . Linn.,
5-Pentandria 1-fyTonogynia.)
An evergreen stove shrub. For culture, see cul-
ture of the evergreen species of LISYA'NTHUS.
M. pri'ncipis (princely). 3. White. August. Brazil.
1854.
MEXICAN LILY. Hlppea' strum re'gium.
MEXICAN POPPY, dryemo'ne.
MEXICAN TEA. Psora'lea Mexica'na.
MEXICAN THISTLE. Erythrol&'na.
MEXICAN TIGER-FLOWER. Tigri'diapa-
vo'nia.
MICE. Various plans have been sug-
gested to preserve peas and beans when
sown from the ravages of mice. We be-
lieve we have tried them all. Dipping the
seeds in oil, and then rolling them in
powered resin; putting small pieces of
furze in the drills and over the rows after
the seed has been sown, but before co-
vering with the earth — were both par-
tially successful ; but the mode attended
with the most complete safety has always
been that of covering the surface of the
soil over the rows, to the depth of full
an inch, and six inches wide, with finely-
sifted coal-ashes. The mice will not
scratch through this; and it has the ad-
ditional advantage, by its black colour
absorbing the solar heat, of promoting
the early vegetation of the crop.
MEZE'REON. Da'phne Meze'reum.
MICHAELMAS DAISY. A'ster.
MICHAU'XIA. (Named after A.Michaux,
a French botanist. Nat. ord., Bellworts
[Campanulacese]. Linn., 8-Octandria 1-
Monogynia. Allied to Campanula.)
Hardy biennials. Seeds in the open border ; in
damp situations they are apt to fog off in winter ;
a dry, elevated situation is the best remedy ;
even there, in very severe weather, an evergreen
branch stuck beside them will be an advantage.
M. campanuloi'des (campanula- like). 4. Pale
red. July. Levant. 1787.
— deca'ndra (ten-stamened). 3. Light blue. July.
Persia. 182Q.
— Iteviga'ta (smooth stemmed). 3. White. July.
Persia. 1827.
MICHE'LIA. (Named after P. A. Ml.
cheli, an Italian botanist. Nat. ord., Mag~
noliads [Magnoliacese]. Linn., 13-Pc%-
andrla 6-Polygynia.)
Stove evergreen tree. Cuttings of half-ripened
shoots in summer, in sand, under a glass, and in
heat ; sandy loam and leaf-mould. Winter temp.,
48° to 60°; summer, 60° to 85°.
M. Champa1 ca. (Champaca). 20. Yellow. E. Ind.
1779.
MICO'NIA. (Named after D. Micon, a
Spanish botanist. Nat. ord., Melastomads
[Melastomaceaej. Linn., 10-Decandria
l-Monogynia. Allied to Blakea.)
Stove evergreens, with white flowers, unless
otherwise specified. Cuttings of half-ripened
shoots in sandy soil, under a bell-gl\ss, and in
heat ; sandy peat and loam, with a few bits of
cow-dung and charcoal. Winter temp., 48° to
60° ; summer, 60° to 85°.
M. acinode'ndron (acinodendron). 6. Purple.
Jamaica. 1804.
— an gust a' t a (narrow). 5. Trinidad. 1820.
— grandifo'lia (large-leaved). -20. Trinidad. 1820.
— impetiola'ris (stalkless-/eat>ed). 4. W. Ind.
1822.
— leeviza'ta (smooth). 6. W. Ind. 1815.
— Itmgifa'lia (long-leaved). 4. Guiana. 1817.
— purpura'ticens (purplish-6em'ed). 4. Guiana.
1817.
— rube'fscens (ruddy). 6. S. Amer. 1818.
— tenuifn'lia (fine-leaved). 6. S. Amer. 1818.
— tetra'ndra (four-stamened). 2. Jamaica. 1815.
— trine1 rnia (three- nerved). 4. July. Jamaica.
1795.
MICRA'NTHEMUM. (From mikros, small,
and anthos, a flower. Nat. oyd.,Figworts
[Scrophulariacese]. Linn., 2-Diandria
l-Monogynia.)
Evergreen perennial. Cuttings under a hand-
light ; division of the plant in spring ; sandy
peat, and a little loam ; requires a pit or a dry,
sheltered place in winter.
M. orbicula1 turn (round-leaved). $. White. May.
Carolina. 1826.
MICROLE'PIA. (From mikros, small,
and lepts, a scale ; the appearance of the
spoi'e, or seed-cases. Nat. ord., Ferns
[Polypodiacese]. Linn., MrGryptogamia
1-Fihccs.)
Stove Ferns, with brown spores. See FEUNS.
M. ala'ta (winged). April. Jamaica.
— cristu'ta (crested). April. Isle of Luzon.
— pinna' t't (leafleted). May. Isle of Luzon.
— rhomboi'dea (diamond -shaped). April. N,
Holland. 1836.
— tricho'strica (hairy-spiked). April. Samaria.
MICEOLI'CIA. (From mikros, small, and
alikia, stature ; dwarf plants. Nat. ord.,
Melastomads [MelastomacesB]. Linn.,
IQ-Decandria l-Monogynia. Allied to
Rhexia.)
Stove plants, with purple flowers, in June.
Seeds, divisions in spring, and cuttings of small
young shoots of recu'rvu, under a bell-glass, in
MIC
[ 039 ]
Mia
heat ; sandy peat, with pieces of charcoal and a
few fibry lumps of loam. Winter temp., 55° to
60° ; summer, 60° to 85°.
M. biva'lms (two-valved). $. Trinidad. 1822. An-
nual.
— brevifo'lia (short-leaved). 1. Guiana. 1825.
Annual.
— recu'rna (curled-back). 1. Trinidad. 1820.
Herbaceous.
MICROLO'MA. (From mikros, small, and
loma, a fringe ; flowers fringed. Nat. ord.,
Asclepiads [Asclepiadacese]. Linn., 5-
Pentandria \-Monogynia. Allied to As-
clepias.)
Greenhouse evergreen twiners, from the Cape
of Good Hope. Stiff little shoots, but young, as
cuttings, in sand, under a bell-glass, in a close
pit, in May; sandy loam, a iiitle fibry peat, and
dried leaf-mould. Winter temp., 40° to 50°.
J". linea're (narrow- leaved). 3. White. July. 1823.
— sagitta'tum (arrow- leaved). Green, purple.
July. 1775.
MICROME'RIA. (From mikros, small,
and meris, a part ; referring to the flowers.
Nat. ord., Labiates [Lamiace«e]. Linn.,
\±-Didynamia \-Gymnospermia. Allied
to Melissa.)
Evergreen shrubs, with purple blossoms, ex-
cept where otherwise specified. Cuttings under
hand lights, in sandy soil, in a shady place, in
May ; common garden, light soil ; a high, shel-
tered position, or the protection of a cold pit, in
winter.
M, approxima'ta (close -leaved}. June. Medi-
terranean. 1822.
— austra'lis (southern). N. S. Wales.
— Grce'ca (Grecian), f . June. Greece. 1759.
dcnsiflu'ra (thickly-flowered). June. South
Europe. 1822.
— Julia'na (St. Julian's). *. Pale red. July.
Mediterranean. 15Q6.
hlrsu'ta (hairy). June. Sicily. 1822.
— mttrifo'lin (cat- thyme-leaved). 1. Blue. Spain.
1800.
— obova'ta (reversed-egg-teaoed). 2. July. Ja-
maica. 1/83.
— Teneri'ffoB (Teneriffe). 1. May. Teneriffe.
— va'riu (various). July. Canaries. 1806.
MICROPE'RA. (From mikros, small,
and pera, a pouch ; the pouch-like label-
lum, or lip. Nat. ord., Orchids [Orchi-
dacese]. Linn., 20-Gynandria I-Monan-
dria. Allied to Saccolabium.)
Stove orchids. The ground species require to
be grown in loose, open soil, in a pot ; the others
in a shallow basket, or on a moss-covered block
of wood. Winter temp., 55° ; summer, 60° to 86°.
TERRESTRIAL, OR GROUND.
M. Ba'nksii (Banks'). New Zealand.
— me'dia (middle-sized). 2. Pale green, white.
King Geortre's Sound. 1823.
— parviflo'ra (small-flowered). 1. Pale green,
white. September. Port Jackson. 1828.
EPIPHYTAL.
X. pa'llida (pale). Pale yellow. Sylhet.
MICROSPE'RMA. (From micros, small,
and sperma, a seed ; the seeds being very
minute. Nat. ord., Loasads [Loasacese].
Linn., 18-Polyadelphia 2-Polyandtia.)
Greenhouse annuals. To be cultivated like the
Chinese Primrose. See PKI'MDLA.
M. Bartonioi'des (Bartonia-like). §. Lemon. Au>
gust. Mexico. 1849.
— loba'tu (lobed).
MIGNONETTE. Rese'da odora'ta.
Soil. — Light loam, well drained, and
manured with leaf-mould.
Sowing in the open ground, from the
end of Apiil to the beginning of July,
will produce a sure succession of blooms
through the year. If allowed to seed,
and the soil suits it, mignonette will con-
tinue to propagate itself. If not allowed
to ripen its seed, the same plants will
bloom for two or more seasons, being a
perennial in its native country.
For Pot- Culture and the production of
flowers to succeed those of the open-
ground plants, and to bloom in winter,
sow once in August, and again in Sep-
tember. The soil as above, well drained,
and pressed into 5-inch pots; cover the
seed a fourth of an inch. Thin the
seedlings to three in a pot. Water spar-
ingly. When mignonette is deficient of
perfume, it is because the temperature is
too low.
Tree-Miff nonette. — About the end of
April is the best time to sow seeds for
this purpose; and as the little tree of
mignonette will be expected to last in
good health for half a dozen years at
least, lay a good foundation to begin with.
A rich compost of mellow loam, and one-
third very rotten cow-dung, with a little
sand; and to keep this from getting too
close, a handful of dry lime-mortar added
to each pot of 6 inch diameter, and so in
proportion for larger or smaller pots ; the
mortar to be in lumps of the size of peas.
Bones, charcoal, or even powdered crocks
would answer the same purpose, only the
mignonette is so much sweeter from the
lime-rubbish or dry mortar. Cow-dung
being very liable to turn sour, the mortar
is a better corrector of this than even the
charcoal. Take as many 3 -inch pots as
you want plants ; drain them with pieces
of mortar, and over that a little of the
roughest of your compost ; fill up nearly
level with the top of the pot, and place
three seeds in the very middle of each
pot, and nine or ten seeds all over the
surface ; if you just cover them with earth
it is enough, and press them down very
tight. Water them, and put them up in
Mia
MIL
tlie window, or greenhouse, and if the
seeds are good they will be up in less
than ten days; give them abundance of
air, and no forcing. When the day is at
all fine, put them outside the window
from ten to three in the afternoon. They
will not stand much water; a gentle
shower with a rose wouM suit them very
well, and the best time to give it them is
in the morning, when you turn them out
side, as they will have time to drain and
dry properly before you take them in for
the night. If the three seeds in the
centre come up, the weakest of the three
must be pulled out as soon as you can
get hold of it ; the rest to be thinned one
half. The reason for sowing so many
seeds in one pot, and for thus thinning
them out afterwards, is to make sure of
one good plant ; if the middle one turns
out to be so, that must be selected ; but
if not, you must choose the strongest and
most promising from among the rest;
yet be in no great hurry to pull them all
out but one ; as long as three or four
have room, leave them. When you have
fixed on the one that is to form the future
tree, place a neat little stick down by the
side of it, a foot long, and pushed down
to the bottom of the pot. When the
plant is two inches long, tie it loosely to
this stick with a piece of worsted thread.
Keep tying it as regularly as it grows,
and when it reaches the top of the stick
give it a longer one, that is, if you wish
a long stem. Some people grow them
up to three, or even four, feet and more.
Suppose we say only a foot high for a
couple of them, as they must all go in
pairs; eighteen inches for the next
couple, and two feet for a third lot ; you
would then be better able to judge which
size would suit your window best ; and as
soon and as often as side-branches issue
forth from the stem of your tree, you
must stop them at the second joint.
Some people, who do not know the value
of leaves, cut off the side-shoots close to
the stem at once ; but the substance of
the stems and trunks of all trees, and
mignonette-trees among the rest, is first
formed by the leaves. In the second
year you will cut off more than the half
of these side-spurs, beginning at the
bottom, ajid only taking off a pair at a
time, and in ten days or a fortnight
another couple, and so on progressively.
There must be no flowers the first
season, at least as long as there are
some out in the borders. After the
middle of October you may let your
trees bloom all the winter, but before
that nip them off as fast as they appear.
When the first little pots are full of roots,
say about Midsummer, shift the plants
into 5-inch pots, which is the next largest
size; and if they have done well they
may want another shift by the end of
July, but never shift them after the
middle of August, because, if we should
have a cold autumn, they would not fill
the pots with strong, healthy roots.
MIKA'NIA. (Named after J. Mikan,
professor of botany at Prague. Nat.
ord., Composites [Asteracese]. Linn., 19-
Syngene&ia l~JEqualis. Allied to Eupa-
toriura.)
Stove evergreen twiners, with white flowers,
blooming in August, except where otherwise
mentioned. Cuttings of half-ripened shoots in
sand, under a beli-glass, and in heat; rich, sandy
loam. Winter temp., 48° to 55°; summer, 60°
to 80°.
M. uma'ra (bitter). 6. Guiana. 1813.
— Gua'co (Guaco). 6. Pale blue. S. Amer.
1823.
— opi'fera (opium-bearing). 6. Brazil. 1823.
— sca'ndens (climbing). 6. N. Amer. 1/U.
— suave'ulens (sweet-scented]1. 6. S.Amer. 1823«
MILDEW, whether on the stems of the
wheat, or on the leaves of the chry-
santhemum, pea, rose, or peach, appears
in the form of minute fungi, the roots of
which penetrate the pores of the epi-
dermis, rob the plant of its juices, and
interrupt its respiration. There seems
to be every reason to believe that the
fungus is communicated to the plants
from the soil. Every specimen of these
fungi emits annually myriads of minute
seeds, and these are wafted over the soil
by every wind, vegetating and reproducing
seed, if they have happened to be de-
posited in a favourable place, or remain-
ing until the following spring without
germinating. These fungi have the
power of spreading also by stooling, or
throwing out offsets. They are never
absent from a soil, and at some period
of its growth are annually to be found
jpon the plants liable to their inroads.
They are more observed in cold, damp,
muggy seasons, because such seasons are
peculiarly favourable to the growth of all
'ungi. The best of all cures is afforded
by the application of flowers of sulphur
n some form, either by dusting the
sulphur over the parts affected, or a
sulphur paint, for which a recipe is
given at page 233; merely clay, water, and
MIL
[ 541 ]
HIM
flowers of sulphur, however, are sufficient, [
arid not so injurious to leaves. Ure do
ros«E, Puccinia rosff, and Cladosporium
herbarum are the mildew fungi of the
rose-tree ; Oidium erysipltoides, of the
peach-tree; Oidinm Tuckeri, of the vine ;
Glccosporium concentrintm, of the cabbage ;
and Erysiphe communis, of the pea. Of
course there are many others.
The most important point for subduing
the mildew fungus is to apply the sulphur
immediately it appears. To prevent its
occurrence, nothing is so effectual as
keeping the roots and the leaves equally
active by a due amount of warmth and
moisture.
MILFOIL. AchiUe'a.
MILK- VETCH. Astra 'gains.
MILK-WOOD. Bro'simum spu'rium.
MILKWOHT. Poly'yula.
MI'LLA. (Named after J. Milla, a
gardener to the Spanish court. Nat. ord.,
Lily worts [Liliacea;]- Linn., Q-Hexandria
I-JIonoyynia. Allied to Caloscordium.)
Half-hardy little bulbs, with white flowers, which
succeed in a deep, front border of light soil; off-
sets when in a dormant state.
JM. hiflo'ra (two-flowered). l£. May. Mexico. 1826.
— uniflo'ra (one-flowered), f . February. Buenos
Ayres. 1832.
MILLINGTO'NIA. (Named after Sir T.
Millington, professor of botany at Oxford.
Nat. ord., Bianoaiads [Bignoniacese].
Linn., l±-Didynamia 2 Angiospermia.)
Stove evergreen tree. Cuttings of half-ripened
shoots in sand, under a bell-gla*s, and in bottom-
heat ; sandy loam and peat. Winter temp., 48°
to 55° ; summer, 60° to 85°.
M. simplicifo' lia (simple-leaved). 20. Yellow.
E, Ind. 1828,
MILLIPEDE. See JULUS.
MILTO'NIA. (Named afterthe.Z?arZ Fitz-
william. Nat. ord., Orchids [Orchidaceoe].
Linn., 20-Gynandria i-Monandria. Allied
to Brassia.)
Stove orchids, from Brazil, except where other-
wise mentioned. Divisions in spring; shallow
baskets in moss, sphHjrisum, &e., or lixed to a
block of wood, and then this block fastened
across the top, inside of a pot. Winter temp.,
60° ; summer, 60° to 90°.
M. bi'cnlor (two-coloured). White, red. 183Q.
— ca'ndida (white-lip'ped). 2. Yellow and brown.
March. 1830.
fl-uwe' saens (ye\\o\\i*l)-Hpped). 2. White,
yellow. June. 1837.
grandiflo'ru (large-flowered). ' 2. Brown,
white. December. 1837.
— Clowe'sii(Rev. J. Clowes's). 1 . Yellow, brown.
1840.
pn'llida (pale). Yellow, brown. 183Q.
— cunea'ta (•weAfe- lipped). 1. Yellow, purple.
March. 1843.
— jla'va. (yellow-flowered), Yellow. July. 1843.
M. /fart<TMsM(Karwinski's). 3. Yellow, brown.
August. Mexico. 183Q.
— odorn'ta (sweet-scented). 1843.
— Russeliiu'na (Duke of Bedford's). Brown,
lilac. December. Rio Janeiro. IH35.
— stella'ta (star-flowered). White. February.
1839.
— spectu,' bills (showy). 1. White, violet. July.
1835. »
— a' t ro-purpu'rea (dark purple). Rio Janeiro.
color a1 ta (/*?'g7i-coloured). Rose. 1838.
MIME'TES. (From mimos, a mimic;
referring to its resemblance to allied
genera. Nat. ord., Proteads [Proteacese].
Linn., 4^-Tctrandria 1-Monogynia. Allied
to Leucospermum.)
Greenhouse evergreen shrubs, from the Cape of
Good Hope. Cuttings of the ripened shoots
towards autumn, or in the spring, before Srtrsa
growth commences, in sand, under a glass, but
without 'bottom-heat, at least until a swelling
takes place at their base ; peal and a little loam.
Winter temp., 38° to 45°.
M. capitula'ta (small-headed). Red. June. 18??.
— cuculla'ta (hooded-teaoed). 2. Purple. l?«y.
— divarica'ta (spreading). 2^. White. July. 1795.
— Harto'gii (Hartoge'sy. 5. July. 1824.
— hi'rta (hairy). 3$. Red. July. 1/74.
— palu'stris (marsh). 1. Purple. July. 1802.
— pauciflo'ra (few-flowered). 3%. Red. July. 18)8.
— purpu'ren (purple). 2. Purple. November. I/8U.
— vacciniifo'lia (whortleberry-leaved). 3. 1800.
MIMO'SA. (From mimos, a mimic ;
referring to the irritability of the leaves,
as if imitating animal sensibility. Nat.
or&.,Leguminoua Plants [Fabacese]. Linn.,
23-Polygamia 1 Moncecia.)
Stove evergreens, except pudi'ca, commonVy
called the Sensitive Plant, which is an annual,
and vi'ou, which is herbaceous. Seeds sown in
a hotbed, in the spring ; cuttings also of younir
shoots, getting rather firm at the base, in sandy
soil, and in heat ; sandy loam, leaf-mould, and a
little peat. Winter temp., 50° to 55° ; summer,
60° to 85°. The foliage of most is beautifully
leafleted, and many species more or less sensitive
to the touch ; most of them furnish fine examples
of what is termed sleep in plants, as the leaflet*
fold together at night.
M. angula'ta (zngleA-branched), White. June.
Brazil. 1826.
— Barclaua'na (Barclay's). 1. Madagascar. 1824.
— ca'sta (chaste). 2. Pale yellow, July. S. Amer.
1741.
— cilia'ta (hair-fringed). White. June. Brazil.
1824.
— ferrugi'nea (rusty), 1. E. Ind. 1818.
— floribu'nda (bundle-flowered). 1. Pink. June.
Cumana. 1824.
— interme'dia (intermediate). Rose. April. Ca-
raccas. 1825.
— lalispino'sn (broad-spined). 3. White. Sep-
tember. Madagascar. 1823.
— marginu'tu (bordered). Pink. Mexico.
— ubtusifo'lia (blunt-leaved). 3. lied. June.
Brazil. 1816.
— polydu'ctyla (many-fingered). 1$. Purple.
June. Guiana. 1822.
— pudibu'ndu (blushing). 2. Pale red. Bahia.
1818.
— pudi'ca (chaste. Humble-plant). 1. White.
June, Brazil. 1638.
MIM
542 ]
MIS
II. rubricau'Ks (red-stalked). 3. Pale yellow
June. E. Ind. 1799.
— sensiti'vu (sensitive). 14. Pink. June. Brazil
1648.
—•strigo'sa (bristled). 1. Purple. June. S.Amer
1818.
— Uraguc'nsis (Uraguay). 2. Red. June. Buenos
Ayres. 1840.
— in'xcida (clammy). 2. Red. Brazil. 1825.
— ui'ou (lively), l^. Purple. August. Jamaica
1739.
MI'MULUS. Monkey-Flower. (From
mimo, an ape ; in reference to the ringeril
or gaping mouth of the flower. Nat. ord.
Fiy worts [Scrophulariace®]. Linn., 14
Didyitamia 2-Angiospermia.)
Common soil, provided it be moist ; divisions,
cuttings, and seeds. A few, like ro'seus, require
the protection of a pit in winter ; but where that
is not available, seeds of them, sown in March or
April, will bloom in summer and autumn.
HARDY ANNUALS.
M.Jluribu'ndus (bundle-flowered), f. Yellow. Au-
gust. N. Amer. 1826.
— parviflo'rus (saiall-nowered). i. Yellow. Chili.
1824.
HALF-HARDY HERBACEOUS.
M. lana'tus (woolly). l£. Yellow. June. N. Amer.
18*6.
— ro'seus (rosy) . 1. Rose. August. California. 1831.
— tri1 color (three-coloured). Pink, crimson. June.
California. 1848.
HARDY HERBACEOUS.
3f. ala'tus (winged). 1. Light blue. July. N.
Amer. 1783.
— cardina'lis (cardinal -like). 2. Scarlet. June.
California. 1835.
— glabra'tus (smoothed). Yellow. June. Mexico.
1827.
— gutta'tus (spotted-;?oM>ered). 14. Yellow. July.
N. Amer. 1812.
— Lewi'sii (Lewis's). J. Pale purple. August.
Missouri. 1824.
— lu'teus (yellow.) |. Yellow. July. Chili. 1826.
rivula'ris (rivulet). f . Yellow. July. Chili.
1826.
Younga'nus (Mr. Young's), f. Yellow-
spotted. July. Chili. 1*33.
— moschu'tus (musk-plant). |. Yellow. August.
Columbia. 1826.
— propi'nquus (related), j. Yellow. April. N.
Amer, 1827.
— ri'ngens (gaping). 1. Light blue. July. N.
Amer. 1759.
•- variega'tus (variegated). 1. White, rosy. June.
Chili. 1831.
MIMU'SOPS. (From mimo. an ape, and
ops, a face ; fancied resemblance of the
flowers. Nat. ord., Sapotods [Sapotacere] .
Jjinn.,8 Octandria 1-Monogynia. Allied to
Uassia.)
Mimu'sops Ele'ngi is an Indian fruit-tree ; and
the sweetish gum of the M. Ka'ki is eaten by the
natives. Stove, white-flowered evergreen trees,
from the East Indies. Cuttings of half-ripened
•hoots in sand, under a glass, and in heat ; sandy
loam and leaf-mouid. Winter temp., 48° to 55° •
summer, 60° to 80°.
M. Elt'ngi (Elengi). 15. 17Q5.
— hf.xa'ndva (six-stamened). 10, 1804,
— Ka'ki (Kaki). 10. 1/0.6.
MI'NA. (Named after F . X. Mina, a
Mexican minister. JS at. ord., Bindweeds
[Convolvulaceee], Linn., 5-Pentundria
1-Monogynia. Allied to Ipomasa.)
Greenhouse annual. Seeds sown in a hotber!,
in spring, potted and re-potted, and hardened off
for flowering in the greenhouse ; sandy loam, peae,
and leaf-mould.
M. loba'ta (lobed). 6. Red, yellow. June. Mexico.
1841.
MINT. See ME'NTHA.
MIRA'BILIS. Marvel of Peru. (From
mirabilis, wonderful ; as everything was
at first considered that came from
America. Nat. ord., Nyctagos [Nyctagy-
nacese]. Linn., 5-Pentandria l-Mi>no-
gynia.)
Greenhouse herbaceous perennials. By seeds
sown in a hotbed, in spring, and plants hardened
off by degrees to stand in the open border ; by
their fusiform (carrot-shaped) roots, taken up and
preserved in sand or dry moss during the winter ;
rich, sandy loam. May be managed similarly to a
Dahlia.
M. dicho'toma (forked). 2. Yellow. July. Mexico.
1640.
— hy'bridn (hybrid). 2. White. July. 1313.
— jala1 pa (jalap). 2. Red. July. W. Ind. 15[)(i.
a'/Aa (white). 2.White. July. W. Ind. 15^6.
fla'na (yellow). 2. Yellow. July. W. Ind.
1596.
ru'tiro-a'lba (red and white). 2. Red,
white. July. W. Ind. 1596.
ru'bro-fla'va (red and yellow). 2. Red,
yellow. July. W. Ind. 15Q6.
— longifln'ra (long-flowered). 2. White. July.
Mexico. 1759.
ca'rnea (flesh-coloured). 2. Pink. August,
Germany.
viola'cea (violet-coloured). 2. fink. Au-
gust. Germany.
— suave'olens (sweet-scented). l£. White. July.
Mexico. 1824.
MIRBE'LIA. (Named after C. F. J?.
Mirbel, a physiological botanist of Paris.
Nat. ord., Leguminous Plants [Fabacese].
Linn., 10-Decandria 1-Monogynia, Allied
to Pultensea.)
Greenhouse evergreens, from New Holland.
Cuttings of the half-ripened shoots in May, under
a bell-glass, and in sand, over well-drained, sandy
)eat ; sandy peat, with a few nodules of fibry
oam and charcoal. Winter temp., 40° to 48°.
M. Bn'xteri (Baxter's). 2. Yellow. 1825.
— dilata'ta (wide-tewed). 3. Yellow. July. 1 803.
— floribu'nda (many-flowered). 2. Purple. March.
1838.
— grandiflo'ra (large-flowered). 2. Yellow. June.
1825.
— JJ//"i.vra«'n(Mcisner's). 2. Reddish-purple. Mav.
— pu'ngens (stinging). 2. Yeilow. June. 182i,
— reticula'ta (netted). 3. Yellow. June. 1/92.
— specio'sa (showy). 2. Purple. June. 182*.
MISTLETOE. ( Vi'scitm a'lbnm.) Name
derived from the Saxon for the same
>!ant, Misfdla. The best months for
owing it are February and March. Make
MIT
MIX
two cuts in the shape of the letter V, on
the under-side of the branch of an apple-
tree. Make the cuts quite down to the
wood of the branch ; raise the tongue of
bark made by the cuts, but not so as to
break it, and put underneath one or two
seeds freshly squeezed from the Mistletoe
berry. Let the tongue back into its place,
and the process is completed. If the
seed is good, the seedlings, not unlike
cucumber plants, soon appear. They re-
main attached to the branch, and do not
seem to injure the tree.
Open the bark underneath the branch
to receive the seed, because it is thus
preserved from an accumulation of rain
water, and is shaded from the sun.
The Mistletoe may also be propagated
by grafts ; and it is said that it will suc-
ceed upon any tree. It is certainly found
upon the pine in Germany ; but we ques-
tion very much whether it would live
upon the walnut. It will grow, yet with
difficulty, upon the oak; but it readily
takes upon the apple, pear, poplar, and
willow. Mr. Beaton says (Gard. Mag.
iii. 207, N. S.), the first weeks of May are
best for grafting the Mistletoe, and it
should never be inserted less than five
nor more than ten feet from the ground.
Make an incision in the bark of the tree,
and insert into it a thin slice of Mistletoe,
having a bud and one leaf at the end.
Grafts larger than half an inch in
diameter require a notch to be cut out of
the branch, the incision to receive the
scion being made below this notch, and
a shoulder left on the scion to rest on
the notch, as in crown-grafting. Budding
the Mistletoe may also be practised in
the middle of May. Mr. Beaton says it
is only a modification of grafting, a heel
of wood being retained below the bud
for insertion.
MITCHE'LIA. (Named after Dr. Mit-
chell, of Virginia. Nat. ord., Cinchonads
[CinchonaceseJ. Linn., k-Tetrandria 1-
Monoygnia.)
Hardy herbaceous creeper. Division, cuttings
under a hand-light, and layering the running
stems ; sandy, fibry peat, either in a sheltered
American border, or in a pot protected like the
generality of alpine plants.
M. re'pens (creeping). $. White. June. N. Amer.
1731.
MITE. See ACARUS.
MITE'LLA. (The diminutive of mitra,
R mitre; referring to the shape of the
seed-pods. Nat.ord.,£«a;i/h/0es [Saxifra-
. Linn., IQ-Decandria l-Di
Allied to Heuchera. )
Hardy, white-flowered, herbaceous perennials,
from North America. Division of the roots in
spring ; common garden-soil. Pretty for border
or rock-work.
M. cordifo'lia (heart-leaved). $. May. 1812.
— diphy'lla (two-leaved). £. April. 1731.
— nu'da (naked-stemmed). £. July. 1758.
— pmtu'ndru (five-stamened). 4. Yellow. June.
1827.
— prostra'ta (lying-down). $. May. 1818.
— tri'fida (three-clef t-petaled). £. May. 1827.
MITEACA'EPITM. (From mitra, a mitre,
and karpos, & fruit. Nat. ord., Cinchonads
[Cinchonacesej. Linn., ±-Tetrandria 1-
Monoyynia. Allied to Eichardsonia.)
Stove annuals, with white flowers. Seeds in a
hotbed, in March, potted and hardened off to
bloom in the stove and greenhouse during the
summer.
M.Fische'ri (Fischer's). 1. July. Jamaica. 1821.
— hi'rtum (hairy). £. July. Jamaica. 1818.
— stylu'sum (long-styled), 1. August. Manilla.
181Q.
— villo'sum (shaggy). $. July. Jamaica. 1816.
MITRA 'RIA. (From mitra, a mitre;
referring to the seed-pod. Nat. ord.,
Gesnerworts [Gesneracese]. Linn., 14-
Didynamia 2-Angiospermia. Allied to
Columnea.)
Evergreen shrub. Cuttings of the half-ripened
shoots in sand, under a bell-glass, in summer ;
better-ripened shoots under a hand-light, in a
shady place. A beautiful spring plant for the
greenhouse, and supposed to be hardy enough for
all sheltered places out of doors ; sandy peat and
fibry loam.
M. cocci'nea (scarlet). 4. Scarlet. July. San Carlo
de Chiloe. 1848.
MIXTURE or SOILS is one of the most
ready and cheapest modes of improving
their staple, and thus rendering them
more fertile ; and upon the subject we have
nothing to add to the following excellent
remarks of Mr. Cuthbert Johnson : —
" I have witnessed, even in soils to all
appearance similar in composition, some
very extraordinary results from their
mere mixture. Thus, in the gravelly
soils of Spring Park, near Croydon, the
ground is often excavated to a depth of
many feet, through strata of barren gravel
and red sand, for the purpose of obtain-
ing the white or silver sand which exists
beneath them. When this fine sand is re-
moved, the gravel and red sand are thrown
back into the pit, the ground merely
levelled, and then either let to cottagers
for gardens, or planted with forest trees.
In either case the effect is remark able
all kinds of either fir or deciduous trees
will now vegetate with increased luxuri-
MIX
L 544 ]
MOI
ance ; and in the cottage-gardens thus
formed, several species of vegetables,
such as beans and potatoes, will produce
very excellent crops, in the very soils in
which they would have perished previous to
their mixture. The permanent advantage of
mixing soils, too, is not confined to merely
those entirely of an earthy composition :
earths which contain inert organic matter,
such as peat or moss earth, are highly
valuable additions to some soils. Thus,
peat earth was successfully added to the
sandy soils of Merionethshire by Sir
Eobert Vaughan. The Cheshire farmers
add a mixture of moss and calcareous
earth to their tight- bound earths, the
effect of which they describe as having ' a
loosening operation ; ' that is, it renders
the soil of their strong clays less tena-
cious, and, consequently, promotes the
ready access of the moisture and gases
of the atmosphere to the roots. The
cultivator sometimes -deludes himself
with the conclusion that applying sand,
or marl, or clay, to a poor soil, merely
serves to freshen it for a time, and that
the effects of such applications are ap-
parent for only a limited period. Some
comparative experiments, however, which
were made sixteen years since, on some
poor, hungry heath -land, in Norfolk, have
up to this time served to demonstrate
the error of such a conclusion. In these
experiments the ground was marled
with twenty cubic yards only per acre,
and the same compost; it was then
planted with a proper mixture of forest
trees, and by the side of it a portion of
the heath, in a state of nature, was also
planted with the same mixture of de-
ciduous and fir-trees.
" Sixteen years have annually served to
demonstrate, by the luxuriance of the
marled wood, the permanent effect pro-
duced by a mixture of soils. The growth
of the trees has been there rapid and
permanent; but on the adjoining soil
the trees have been stunted in their
growth, miserable in appearance, and
profitless to their owner.
"Another, but the least commonly prac-
tised mode of improving the staple of a
soil by earthy addition, is claying; a
system of fertilising, the good effects of
•which are much less immediately apparent
than chalking, and hence one of the
chief causes of its disuse. It requires
some little time to elapse, and some
stirring of the soil, before the clay is so
well mixed with a sandy soil as to produce
that general increased attraction and re-
tentive power for the atmospheric mois-
ture, which ever constitutes the chief
good result of claying poor scils. Clay
must be, moreover, applied in rather
larger proportions to the soil than chalk ;
for not only is its application rarely re-
quired as a direct food for plants for the
mere alumina which it contains, since
this earth enters into the composition of
plants in very small proportion, but there
is also another reason for a more liberal
addition of clay being required, which is
thp impure state in which the alumina
exists in what are commonly called clay
soils." — Farm Encyc.
MODE'CCA. (The Indian name. Nat.
ord., Papayads [Papayacesel. Linn., 22-
Dicecia 5-Pentandria. Alhecl to Carica.)
Stove evergreen climbing plants, resembling;
Passion-flowers, from the East Indies. Cuttings
of young shoots in May, in sandy soil, under a
bell-glass, and in heat ; peat and loam. Winter
temp., 48° to 55°; summer, 60° to 75°.
M . tritoba'ta (three-lobed). 10. August. 181°,
— tubero'sa (tuberous). 10. August. 1822.
MODI'OLA. (From modiolus, the nave
of a wheel ; referring to the formation of
the seed-vessel. Nat. ord., Mallowworts
[Malvaceae]. Linn., IQ-Monadelphia 8-
Polygynia. Allied to the Mallow.)
Seeds in spring ; division of the two herbaceous
kinds at the same time, and by cuttings of
the young shoots under a hand-light; common,
sandy loam. The herbaceous require a dry,
sheltered place, or the protection of a cold pit
during the winter.
M. Carotinia'na (Carolina). Red. June. N, Amer.
1723. Hardy annual.
— decu'mbens (lying-down). Red. June. S.
Amer. 1815. Half-hardy herbaceous.
— prostra'ta (lying-flat). Scarlet." May. Brazil.
1806. Half-hardy herbaceous.
MOEKHI'NGIA. (Named after P. Mdcr-
hing, a German botanist. Nat. ord.,
Cloveworts [Caryophyllacese'j. Linn., 8-
Octandria 2-Diyynia. Allied to Arenaria.)
Hardy herbaceous perennials, from south ef
Europe. Division of the plant in spring ; com-
mon, sandy soil, and dry, elevated positions ;
suited for steep rock-works.
M. musco'sa (mossy). £. Purple. June. 17/5.
— sed//o'/ia(sedum-leaved). £. White, red. June.
1823.
MO'HRIA. (Named after M. Mohr, a
German botanist. Nat. ord., Ferns [Poly-
podiacese]. Linn., 2-i-Cryptogamia 1-Fi-
lices.)
Greenhouse Fern. See FERNS.
M. thun'fraga (frankincense). Brown, yellow.
June. Cape of Good Hope. 1842.
MOIST STOVE. A stove with a moist
atmosphere. See SIOYE.
MOL
L 545 ]
MON
MOLDAVIAN PALM. Dracoce'phalum
Molda'vicum.
MOLDENHAU'ERA. (Named after 7. J.
Moldenhauer, a German botanist. Nat.
ord., Ley uminous Plants [Fabacese]. Linn.,
10-Decandria \-Monoyynia. Allied to
S \vartzia.)
Stove evergreen shrub. Cuttings of ripened
shoots in sand, under a glass, in heat ; rich, sandy
loam. Winter temp., 50° to 55°; summer, 60°
to 75°.
M. floribu'nda (many-flowered). Yellow. May.
Brazil. 1828.
MOLE CRICKET. One of the ^ most
curious, and often most destructive to
our kitchen-garden crops of all the sub-
terranean vermin, is the Mole-cricket,
known, in different parts of England, by
the various names of Earth-crab, Jarr-
worm, Churr-worrn, and Efe-churr. It
is the Gryllotalpa vulgaris and Europcea
of some naturalists, and the Gryllus
gryllotalpa of others. It rarely appears
upon the surface of the soil, but makes
burrows, like the mole, and destroys all
roots which interrupt him in forming
these passages. When full-grown, it is
nearly two inches long, and four lines
broad ; colour, dark brown ; antennae,
bristle-shaped, and in front of its black
eyes ; thorax, hairy ; wings, broad, large,
and triangular when fully opened ; abdo-
men, nine or ten-jointed, furnished at the
end with two hairy, awl-shaped filaments.
The two fore-feet are broad, like those of
the mole, and similarly intended for dig-
ging. The female hollows out a place,
about half a foot from the surface, in the
month of June, and lays her eggs in a
heap, from two to three hundred. They
are shining yellowish-brown, and like
grains of millet. The young, which are
hatched in July or August, greatly re-
semble black ants, and feed, like tbe old
ones, on the tender roots of grass, corn,
and various culinary vegetables. They
betray their presence under the earth by
the withered decay of culinary vegetables
in the garden. In October and November
they bury themselves deeper in the earth,
as a protection from cold, and come again
to the surface in the warmer days in
March. Their presence is discovered by
their throwing up the earth like moles.
The surest of remedies is destroying
the brood in June or July. Gardeners
know, from experience, where the nest of
the Mole-cricket is situated ; they dig it
out with their spades, and destroy hun-
dreds in the egg state with little trouble..
— Kollar.
MO'LTKIA. ( Named after Count Moll fee,
a Danish noble. Nat. ord., Borageworte
[BoraginaceffiJ. Linn., 5-Pentandria 1-
Monogynia. Allied to Echium.)
Hardy herbaceous perennial. Division of the
plant in spring ; rich, sandy loam.
M. c#r«7e«(blue). 1. Blue. April. Persia. 1829.
MOLUCCE'LLA. Molucca Balm. (From
Molucca, where the plants were supposed
to be natives. Nat. ord., Labiates [Lami-
acese]. Linn., \k-Didynamia 1-Gymno-
spermia. Allied to Phlomis.)
Hardy plants, with purple flowers, flowering in
July. Tubero'sa, by dividing the tubers in spring
and Autumn. This, and also the others, which are
annuals, by seed in a hotbed, in spring ; potted,
hardened off, and transferred to the flower-border
iu the middle of May ; sandy loam.
M. laSnis (smooth). l£. Syria. 1570.
— Marruftia' strum (Marrubiastrum). 1. Syria.
J820.
— tubero'sa (tuberous-rooted), 2. Tartary. 1/96.
MO'LY. A' Ilium mo'ly.
MONA'RDA. ( Named after N. Monardez,
a physician of Seville. Nat. ord., Labiates
[Lamiacese]. Linn., 2-Diandria \-Mono-
gynia. Allied to Salvia.)
Hardy herbaceous perennials, all but arista' ta
natives of North America. Division of the plant
in spring ; co ximon soil.
M. amplexicau'lis (stem-embraced). 2. White,
pink. June. 1850.
— arista' ta (awned). 2. Yellow. August. S.
Amer. 1825.
— Bradburia'na (Bradbury's). Pale red. June.
— clinopo'dia (basil-teaoed). 2. Purple, white.
July. 1771.
— di'dyma (twin. Oswego-tea). 3. Scarlet. July.
1752.
— fistula's a (hollow-stalked). 3. Purple. July.
1656.
flo 're-macula 'to (spotted -flowered). 3.
Rose-spotted. June. 1832.
mo' His (soft). 2. Lilac. July. 1656.
— gra'cilis (slender). 14. Purple. July. 1820.
— punctu'ta (dotted). 2. Yellow, brown. Au-
gust. 1714.
— Russetlia'na ( Russell's). 2. White. Septem-
ber. 1823.
MONARDE'LLA. (A diminutive of Mo-
narda. Nat. ord., Labiates, or Lipworts
[Lamiaceoe]. Linn., \±-Didynamia 1-
Gymnospermia. Allied to Origanum.)
Hardy herbaceous perennial. Division of the
plant in spring ; common, sandy soil, with a little
peat or leaf-mould.
M.undula'ta (wavy), f. Violet. June. Cali-
fornia. 1848.
MONE'TIA. (Named after Monet de la
March, a French botanist, Nat. ord.,
Hollyworts [Aquifoliaceaj]. Linn., 4-
Tetrandria 1-Monogyma, Allied to Pri-
nos.)
MON
C 546 ]
MOO
Stove evergreen shrub. Cuttings of half-ripened
shoots in sand, under a bell-glass, and in a mild
bottom-heat ; sandy loam, and a little fibry peat.
Winter temp., 48° to 55°; summer, 60° to 80°.
3f. Barlerioi'des (Barleria-like). 3. Green. July.
E. Ind. 1758.
MONEYWORT. Lysima'chia ntimmula'ria.
MONKEY-BREAD. Adanso'nia.
MONKEY-FLOWER. Mi'midllS.
MONK'S HOOD. AconVtum.
MONNI'NA. (Named after Monnino,
Count de Flora Blanca, a Spanish patron
of botany. Nat. ord., Milkicorts [Poly-
galacese]. Linn., Yt-DiaddphiaS-Qctan-
dria. Allied to Muraltia.)
The bark of the root is used in Peru for soap,
and the Peruvian ladies ascribe the beauty of
their hair to the use of it. Greenhouse evergreen
•hf u.\;s. Seeds in March, in a gentle hotbed ;
cuttings of young side-shoots in April, under a j
bell-glass, and kept close, but damp prevented ; '
.sandy peat ,and fibry loam. Winter temp., 40°
to 45°.
tf. crotalarioi'des (crotalaria-like). 2. Purple.
August. 1840.
— obtusifo'lia (blunt-leaved). 12. Violet and
white. June. Peru. 1830.
MONOCHI'LUS. (From monos, one, and
cheilos, a lip ; the formation of the flower.
Nat. ord., Verbenas [Verbenacese]. Linn.,
l±-Didynamia 2-Aiigiospermia. Allied to
Verbena.)
Stove tuber. Division of the tubers when in a
dormant state ; sandy loam, a little fibry peat, and
leaf-mould. Temp, when growing, 55° to 75?.
M. Gloxinifo'lius ( Gloxinia-leaved). 1838.
MONOGRA'MMA. (From monos, one, and
gramma, writing ; referring to the spore,
or seed-cases. Nat. ord., Ferns [Polypo-
diaceae]. ~Linu.,24;~Cryptogamia l-Filices.}
Stove Ferns, from the West Indies, with
brownish-yellow spores. See FERNS.
M.furca'ta (forked-teamed). June. 1825.
— grami'nea (grass-leaved). June. 1830.
— trichoi'dea (hair-like). June.
MONOLO'PIA. (From monolopus, one
covering ; referring to the flower-cover-
ing. .Nat. ord., Composites [Asteracese].
Linn., 19~Syngenesia 2-Superflua. Allied
to Chrysanthemum.)
A pretty, hardy annual, once called Hele'nium
Dougla'sii. Seeds in mellow soil, in April.
N. ma'jor (greater). 3. Yellow. July. Cali-
fornia. 1834.
MONOME'RIA. (From monos, one, and
meris, a part. Nat. ord., Orchids [Orchi-
dacese]. Linn., 2Q-Gynctndria l-Monan-
drla. Allied to Bulbophyllum.)
Stove orchids. Division in spring or autumn ;
fibry peat, broken pots, and sphagnum. Winter
temp., 55° to 60°; summer, 60° to 90°.
M. barba'ta (bearded). Spotted. India. 1841.
: — ni'tida (shining). Mexico. 1841.
MONO'PSIS. (From monos. one. and
opsis, a face ; the flowers being more re-
gular than is usual in the Nat. ord., Lo-
bcliads [LobeliaceseJ. Linn., 5-Pentan-
dria 1-Monogynia.}
A pretty little annual, once called Lobe'lia
spe'cuium. Seeds in a hotbed, in March ; plants
pricked off, hardened off, and transferred to the
open border at the end of May.
M. conspi'cua (conspicuous). £. Blue. July.
Cape of Good Hope. 1812.
MONO'TOCA. (From mon-os, one, and
tokos, a birth ; the fruit, which is eatable,
having only one seed. N&t.ord.,J2pficri(/s
[EpacridaceseJ. Linn., 5-Pentandria 1-
Moiioq>/nia. Allied to Leucopogon.)
Greenhouse white-flowered evergreens, from
New South Wales. Cuttings of the points of
young shoots in sand, over sandy soil, and covered
with a bell-glass, in May ; sandy peat, and a
little fibry loam. Winter temp., 40° to 48°.
M. a'llia (white). 6. June. 1824.
— elli'piic/t (oval- leaved). 8. June. 1802.
— tinea' fa (narrow-leaved). 6. June. 1804.
— scopu'riu (broom). 5. June. 1825.
MONSO'NIA. (Named after Lady A.
Monson. Nat, ord., Cranesbills [Gerani-
acese]. IAnn.,I6-MonadclpJiia 1-Dode.can-
dria. Allied to Geranium.)
Greenhouse herbaceous perennials, except ovu't'a,
which is biennial. All from the Cape of Good
Hope. Seeds in a slight hotbed, in spring, and
transplanted; cuttings in spring and autumn,
under a haud-light; division and cuttings of the
roots in summer and autumn ; sandy loam, and a
little peat and leaf-mould j a cold pit or green-
house in winter.
M. loba'ta (lobed-teawecZ). 1. Purple. May. 177*.
— ovn'ta (egs-leaved). 1. White. August. 1/74.
— pilo'sa (towtf-haired). 1. White. July. 1778.
•. — Co1 life (Colly's). 1. Pale red. July. 1820.
— specio'xa ; showy). 1. Red. May. 1774.
pa'luda (pale). 1. Pale red. May.
MONTBRE'TTIA. (In honour of M.
Montoret. Nat. ord., Irids [IridaceteJ.
Linn., 16-Monadelphia I-Triandria.)
A little Ixia-looking bulb, with yellow flowers,
from the Cape of Good Hope. Offsets; sandy
loam, with a little peat or leaf-mould ; if not pro-
tected on a warm border, should be kept during
winter in a cold pit.
M. flexuo'sa (zigzag). May. 1803.
— virga'ta (twiggy). May. 1825.
MONTEZU'MA. (Named after a king of
Mexico. Nat. ord., Sterculiads [Stercu-
liacese]. Linn., ] Q-Monadelphia 1-Dods-
candria. Allied to Cheirostemon.)
Stove evergreen tree. Cuttings of shoots, pet-
ting firm, in sand, under a glass, and in bottom-
heat ; sandy loam and lumpy peat. Winter
temp., 48° to 55°; summer, 60° to 80°.
M. speciosi'ssima (showiest). 30. Red. Mexico.
1827.
MOON-SEED. Menispe'rmum.
MOON-TREFOIL. Medica'go arbo'rea,
MOONWOET. Botry 'chium.
MOB
MOB
(Named after R. Moore, an
English botanist. Nat. ord., Irids [Iri-
daceffi] . Linn., 3-Triandria 1-Monogynia.
Allied to Iris.)
These pretty bulbs, all from the Cape of Good
Hope, except where otherwise mentioned, require
the same treatment as I'XIA, which see.
M. angu'sta (narrow-Jeaued). f. L;lac.May. 1/90.
— barbi'gera (bearded). \. Purple. May. 687.
— bi'color (two-coloured). 2. Yellow, dark. June.
— bitumino'sa (bituminous). 1. Yellow. May. 1787-
— catenula'ta (cha.in-dotted). 1. White, blue.
May. Mauritius. 1826.
— Ci7ia7a(hair-/frui'ed).$. Yellow. September. 1587.
— colli'na (hill). 2. Purple. May. 1768.
— cri'sva (curled). £. Blue. May. 1803.
— edu'lis (eatable). 4. Fulvous. May. 1/92.
— e'legans (elegant). )£. Vermilion. May. 1825.
— exaltn'ta (tall). 3. Vermilion. May. 1768.
— fia'ccida (limp). l£. Vermilion. May. 1810.
— flexuo'sa (zigzag). 1. Yellow. May. 1803.
— iridioi'des (iris-like). ^. White, brown. July.
1758.
— linea'tu (narrow-team?)' 1. Vermilion. May.
1825.
— longiflo'ra (long-flowered) . £. Yellow. May . 1811.
— longifu'Ha (long-leaved). 3. Yellow. May. 1808.
— minia'ta (vermilion). 2. Vermilion. May. 1 799-
— minu'ta (small). $. Blue. June. 1825.
— odo'ra (sweet-scented). 2. Lilac. May. 1799.
— papitlona'cea (butterfly). 3. Variegated. May.
1795.
— pluma'ria (feathered). 1. Yellow. May. 1835.
~- polysta'chya (many-spiked). 1. Yellow. June.
1825.
— porrifo'lia (leek-leaved). 2. Vermilion. May.
1825.
— ramo'sa (branched). 3. Yellow. May. 1789.
— seta'cea (bristly). £. Yellow. June. 1825.
— sisyri'nchium (sisyrinchium). £. Blue. May.
South Europe. 1597- Hardy.
— spica'ta (spiked). l£. Yellow. May. 1785.
— Tenoriafna (Tenore's). 1. Purple. May. Na-
ples. 1824. Hardy.
— tri'stis (dull-coloured). 1. Blue. June. 1763.
— virga'ta (twiggy). 1. Purple. May. 1825.
— visc'i'ria (clammy). 1. Lilac. May. 1800.
MOKETON-BAY CHESTNUT. Castanospe'r-
mitrn.
MORICA'NDIA. (Named after S. Mo-
ricand, an Italian botanist. Nat. ord.,
Cruci/ers [Brassicacea3]. Linn., 15-Te-
Iradynamia.)
Simple-looking hardy plants, but useful for
cut flowers in winter. Seed sown in the open
border, in April.
JH. arve'nsis (field. Cabbage - flowered]. 1$.
Violet. July. Europe. 1739. Biennial.
— hesperidiflo'ra (hesperis-flowered). 1. Purple.
June. Egypt. 1837- Annual.
MORI'NA. (Named after L. Morin, a
French botanist. Nat. ord., Teasel worts
[Dipsacacese], Linn., 2-Diandria l-Mo~
noyynia )
Strong, half-hardy, herbaceous plants, suited
for borders in summer. Seed in a slight hotbed,
in April, and hardened off 10 suit a cool green-
bouse or sheltered borders ; also by divisions, if
the plant is saved over the winter.
Jtf. longifu'lia (Ions-leaved). 3. Purple. Julr
£. lad. 183y.
M.Pe'rsica (Persian). 3. Red, white. July,
Persia. 1740.
MORI'NDA. (From a corruption of
Morus Indlcus, Indian Mulberry ; in re-
j ference to its fruit. Nat. ord., Cinchonads
[Cinchonaeefle]. Linn., 6-Pentandria 1-
Monogynia. Allied to Guettarda.)
Stove evergreen shrubs, with white flowers.
Cuttings of shoots nearly stopped growing, in
sand, under a bell-glass, in summer, and in a nice
bottom-heat ; sandy loam, peat, and leaf-mould.
Winter temp., 48° to 58° ; summer, 70° to 80°.
M. angustifo'lia (narrow-leaved). 6. May. E.
Ind. 1816.
— bractea'ta (bracted). 6. May. E. Ind. 1816.
— citrifo'lia (citron-leaved). 8. E. Ind. 1793.
— jusminoi'des (jasmine-like). Pale buff. April.
Point Jackson. 1823.
— Royo'c (Royoc). 10. August. W. Ind. 1793.
— tincto'rin (dyer's). June. Otaheite. 1826.
— umbella'ta (umbelled). June. E. Ind. 1822.
MOEI'NGA. Horse-radish-tree. (From
moringo, the Indian name. Nat. ord.,
Moringads [Mormgacese]. Linn., IQ-De
candria l-Monogynia.)
The roots are used in India for horse-radish.
Stove evergreen, yellow-flowered trees, from the
East Indies. Cuttings of half-ripened shoots in
sand, under a bell-glass, and in heat, in April or
May ; sandy loam, and a little peat and leaf-
mould. Winter temp., 50° to 55°; summer, 60°
to 85°.
M. a'ptera (wingless). 15. May. 183S-
— polygo'na (many-angle-/rwi7ed). 15. April. 1822.
— pterygospe'rma (winged-seeded). 20. 1759.
MOBI'SIA. (Named after ProfessorMoris.
Nat. ord., Cruci/ers [Brassicaceae]. Linn.,
J 5-Tetradynamia. )
Seed «own where it is to remain ; cuttings under
a hand-light, in summer, and division ia spring;
a pretty little thing for a knoll, or for rock-work.
M. hypoga'a (//•m'£-burying)? £. Yellow. May,
Sardinia. 1833.
MORISO'NIA. (Named after Professor
Morison, of Oxford. Nat. ord., Capparids
[Capparidaceffi]. Linn., \Q-Monaddphia
8-Polyandria. Allied to Cratoeva.)
Stove evergreen tree. Cuttings of the ripened
shoots early in spring, under a glass, in sandy
soil and bottom-heat. Winter temp., 50° to 56° ;
summer, 60° to 85°.
M. America'na (American). 15. White. W. Ind.
1824.
MORMO'DES. (From mormo, a goblin;
referring to the strange appearance of
the flowers. Nat. ord., Orchids [Orchi-
dacese]. Linn., 2f}-Gynandria l-Munan-
dria. Allied to Catasetum.)
Stove orchids. Division, and pieces cut off;
roup:h peat, moss, and crocks, in shuliow baskets,
or raised well above a pot. Winter temp., 55° to
60°; bummer, 60° to 90°.
M. aroma' ticum (aromatic). J. Pink. July. Mexico.
1833.
— a'tro-purpu'reum (dark purple), f. Purple
red. October, South Main. 1834.
MOB
[ 548 ]
MUL
Jf. buccina'tor (trumpet) .Yellowish-green. April.
La Guayra. 1835.
— Car to'ni (Carton's). 1. Straw. July. Santa
Martha.
— citri'num (yellow). Yellow. Mexico. 1837-
— linea'tum (streaked). 1. Yellow, crimson.
March. Guatimala. 1836.
— luxaftum (dislocated). 1. Straw. August.
Mexico. 1842.
— pardi'num (panther). Yellow, red. July.
Oaxaca. 1837.
uni'color (one-coloured). Yellow. Sep-
tember. Mexico. 1843.
— ro'seo-n'lbum (rose and white). White, rose.
— Russellia'num (Duke of Bedford's). Green.
August. Guatimala. 1838.
MO'RNA. Named after Morna, one of
Ossian's heroines. Nat. ord., Composites
[Asteracese]. Linn., 19-Syngenesia 1-
^qualis. Allied to Podolopsis.)
Greenhouse plants, with yellow flowers, from
Swan River. Ni'tida, an evergreen, may be pro-
pagated by cuttings under a bell-glass ; and both
are easily raised from seed, sown either in Sep-
tember or March; but in both cases the plants
must be kept in light soil, and well drained, or
they will damp off. The autumn-sown ones will
bloom in the greenhouse early in spring and
summer ; the spring-sown ones late in summer,
and the beginning of autumn. If it is desirable
to try them out of doors, they should not be
planted out far north of London until the middle
of June.
M. ni'tida (beautiful). 2. February. 1835.
— ni'vea (snowy). l£. July. 1836.
MORONO'BEA. (From moronobo, the na-
tive name. Nat. ord, Guttifers [Clusiacese].
Liun., I8-Polyadelphia 2-Polyandria.)
Stove evergreen tree. Cuttings of the ripened
shoots, with all the leaves except those at the
lower joint, in sand, in heat, and under a bell-
?lass ; sandy loam, and lumpy, dried leaf-mould.
ViHter temp., 50° to 55°; summer, 60° to 85°.
M. cocci'nea (scarlet-cowered). 40. Guiana. 1825.
MO'EUS. Mulberry. (From w?or, the
Celtic for black ; referring to the colour
of the fruit. Nat. ord., Morads [Moraceae] .
Linn., 2L-Moncecia k-Tetrandria.)
Seeds, layers, cuttings, and truncheons ; in fact,
you can scarcely fail to propagate the Mulberry,
as pieces of the roots, branches, and even the
stem, if stuck into the ground in a deciduous
state, will grow more easily than a gooseberry-
cutting; deep, sandy, or calcareous loam. Of the
hardy kinds, ni'gra is the hardiest, grown chiefly
for its fruit. A'lba is more tender, grown chiefly
for its leaves for feeding the silkworm.
STOVE EVERGREEN TREES.
K.J'ndica (Indian). 20. E. Ind. 1820.
— Mauritia'na (Mauritian). 20. Mauritius. 1828.
HARDY DECIDUOUS TREES, &C.
J/. a'lba (white). 30. June. China. 15Q6.
Colnmba'ssa (Columba).
It a'lica( Italian). 20. June. Italy. 1817-
macrophy'lla (large-leaved). 39. June.
China,
membrana'cea (membranous).
— Mvrettia'na (Moretti's). June.
M. alba nerno'sa (nerved). June. China.
pu'mila (dwarf). 10. June. China.
Rnmu'na (Roman,).
rn'sea (rose-like). 20. June. China.
Sine'nsis (Chinese). 20.
— ea'lcar-ga'lli (cock-spur). N. S. Wales. 1830.
Everpreen.
— Const antinopolita'na (Constantinople). 15.
June. Turkey. 1818.
— ni'gra (common-black). 20. June. Italy. 1548.
lacinia'ta (cut-leaved). 30. June.
— ru'bra (red). 10. June. N. Amer. 1629.
— sen,' bra (rough). 20. June. N. Amer. 1817.
— Tata'rica (Tartarian). 20. June. Tartary. 1/81.
MULBERRY (M. ni'gra} CULTURE. — Pro-
pagation : by Cuttings. — In former days
this operation was much circumscribed,
being limited to the cuttings of the young
shoots, as in currants. Truncheons of
considerable size may, and, indeed, ought
to be used. These strike with facility by
ordinary means, especially in the de-
ciduous state, and put in the soil in the
autumn, leaving only a bud or two ex-
posed.
If Truncheons of some size are used,
let them be taken from the tree in the
beginning of February; and being in-
serted a foot deep, in a situation where
neither direct sunshine nor wind can
freely penetrate, envelope their stems
above the ground -level with moss, all
but the upper pair of buds, in order to
prevent evaporation.
By Layers. — The shoots of the previous
year are generally selected for this pur-
pose, and may be either slit or ringed,
although they will root without. _ This
being performed in November, or in Fe-
bruary, the young plants will be ready to
be removed from the parent plant in
twelve months, when they may be placed
in the nursery for two years, by which
time they will be fit for their permanent
situations, care being taken to train
them to stems, as ordinary standard
fruit-trees.
By Grafting. — Ordinary grafting, as in
the apple, is not a very safe mode ; but
inarching, or grafting by approach, is
quite eligible. This is performed exactly
as in other trees, and will produce strong
plants in a short time.
By Seeds.— This practice is seldom re-
sorted to, but may prove interesting to
some. The seed being washed from the
pulp as soon as ripe, and dried, may be
preserved through the winter in dry sand,
and sowed in the succeeding February.
A slight bottom-heat will facilitate the
progress of the seedlings ; but they may
be safely reared without, by affording a
MCS
[ 549 ]
MOT
regular but not excessive supply of mois
ture, with a partial deprivation of light
for awhile. They will need the ordinary
routine of transplanting, &c., afterwards.
Culture during the Growing Period. — In
the standard state little or nothing can be
done ; but those trained on walls or fences
must have some assistance. It must be
kept in view, that the mulberry produces
fruit both on short-jointed young wood
and on spurs, and that fruit must not
be looked for from luxuriant shoots. The
summer's dressing must consist in thin-
ning-out and stopping the grosser shoots
in crowded situations, observing a regu-
larity in their distances for the admission
of sunlight. We would advise much stop-
ping in preference to much disbudding,
as such parts may form a nucleous for
future spurs ; and if they turn out barren,
it will be easy to remove them totally in
the succeeding year. The mulberry, when
trained, will extend a great way ; and re-
gular training, as the shoots extend, must
be practised.
Culture during the Rest Period. — Some
pruning is occasionally of benefit, even to
standard tree«j, but it can be merely thin-
ning out cross-shoots on those parts of
the tree which are too crowded. The
shady side of the tree, too, may be kept
thinner than the suniiy side ; and watery
spray springing from the branches in the
interior may be removed. Those trained
must have superfluous shoots and barren
snags or spurs removed ; but no shorten-
ing back is necessary.
Soil.— Any ordinary garden or field-
soil will do for them, if not too clayey ;
for they rather prefer an upland or mel-
low soil, which should be of a generous
character, but not enriched with manures
until they get rather old and cease pro-
ducing luxuriant wood, when a rich, mel-
low compost, as top-dressing occasionally,
will much benefit them.
Forcing. — The mulberry bears forcing
excellently, and will ripen its fruit early
in June. It will bear a very high tempe-
rature. It may also be grown of a dwarf
size in pots, and be thus forced.
MOSCHA'RIA. (From moschos, musk; a
musk-smelling plant. Nat. ord., Com-
pnx'ites [Asteracese]. Linn., W-Syngenesia
I-jKqttalis.)
Hardy annual. Seeds in a slight hotbed, in
April ; seedlings harden off, and transplant in
oncn borders, in May.
M. pinnati'fida(leaifiet-cvii-leaved). i. July. Chili.
MOSCHO'SMA. (From moschos, musk,
and osme, smell. Nat. ord., Labiates
[Lamiacese]. Linn., l^-Didynamia 1-
Gymnospermia. Allied to Ocymum.)
Tender annual. Seeds in a hotbed, in begin-
ning of April ; seedlings potted and grown in
greenhouse in summer, or placed in the open
border in June, in a sheltered situation ; light,
rich, sandy soil.
M, ocymoi'des (ocymum-like). 1$. White. Au-
gust. 1823.
Moss is useful to the gardener for
packing round the roots of plants; and
even some bulbous roots and orchids are
cultivated in it ; but when it infests the
trunks of trees, or our lawns, it is one of
the gardener's pests.
Mossy lawns are on a soil which is
unable to support a green sward of grass.
When soil is exhausted, grasses begin to
die off, and their place is taken by moss-
The obvious mode, then, of proceeding,
is to give the lawn a good top-dressing in
winter, either of malt-dust, or nitrate of
soda, or soot, or any manure containing
an abundance of alkali. The gardener
finds the growth of moss arrested by
frequent raking in wet weather, or by the
application of pounded oyster-shells ; but
these are mere palliatives, and not reme-
dies. Make your grass healthy, and it
will soon smother the moss.
The most effectual, most salutary, and
least disagreeable remedy for moss on
trees is of trivial expense, and which a
gardener need but try upon one indi-
vidual to insure its adoption. It is with
a hard scrubbing-brush, dipped in a
strong brine of common salt as often as
necessary, to insure each portion of the
bark being moistened with it, to scrub the
trunks and branches of his trees at least
every second year. It most effectually
destroys insects of all kinds, and moss ;
and the stimulating influence of the
application, and the friction, are produc-
tive of the most beneficial effects. The
expense is not so much as that of dress-
ing the trunks with a solution of lime,
which, however efficient in the destruction
of moss, is not so in the removal of in-
sects, and is highly injurious to the treos,
by filling up the respiratory pores of the
epidermis, and is decidedly a promoter of
canker.
On yravel walks, a strong solution of
sulphate of copper (blue vitriol) has
been found the most effectual destroyer of
moss.
MOTH. Verba'scum Ualla'ria-
MOT
[ 550 ]
MUL
MOTHERWORT. Leono'tis.
MOTHS of most kinds are the parents
ef caterpillars preying upon some plant
under the gardener's care, and should be
destroyed whenever discovered.
MOTTLED UMBRE-MOTH. Geome'tra,
MOULDINESS is the common term ap-
plied to that crop of fungi which appears
on moist, putrescent vegetable matters.
These fungi are Mucores> and are effectu-
ally destroyed whenever common salt
or sulphur can he applied.
MOUNTAIN ASH. Py'rus aucupa'ria.
MOUNTAIN EBONY. Bauhi'nin.
MOUSE-EAR. Siera'cium stoloni'fenim.
MOUSE THORN. Centan'reamyaca'ntha.
MOWING is, next to digging, the most
laborious of the gardener's employments,
and requires much praeticej as well as
an extremely sharp scythe, before he
can attain to the art of shaving the lawn
or grass-plot smoothly and equally. A
mowing machine has been invented by
Mr. Budding and others* and is repre-
sented in this outline. It cuts, collects,
and rolls the grass at the same time, and
is better than the scythe for mossy lawns.
Mowing is most easily performed whilst
the blades of grass are wet, as they then
cling to the scythe, and are consequently
erect against its cutting edge. The
operation, therefore, should be performed
early in the morning, before the dew has
evaporated, or whilst the grass is wet
from rain or artificial watering. See
SCYTHE.
MUCU'NA. Cow-itch. (The Brazilian
name. Nat. ord., Leynminoug Plants
[Fabacese]. Linn., IT-'Diadslpkia 4-Zte-
candria. Allied to Erythrina.)
The hairs on the seed*pods of M. pru'riens is
the Cow-itch. Stove climbers, with purple flowers,
which open in July. Cuttings of half-ripened
shoots in sandy soil, under glass, in heat ; rich,
sandy loam. Winter temp., 55°; summer, 60°
to 85°.
M. alti'ssima (tallest). 50. Martinico. 1779.
— n'tro-purpu'rea (dark purple). 10. £. Ind. 1820.
— pru'riens (common-stinging). 12. E, Ind.
MUDAR PLANT. Calo'tropis giga'ntea.
MUDDING, or PUDDLING, is clipping the
roots of trees, shrubs, and seedlings in a
thin mud or puddle, and retaining them
there until again planted, whenever they
are removed. It is one of the best aids
to success, and should be universally
adopted ; for it is a rule without exception,
that the less the roots of a plant are
injured,, and the moister they are kept
during its removal, the less does it suffer
by the transplanting. The best of all
muds for the purpose is formed of three
pounds of garden-soil, one ounce of salt,
eight ounces of soot, and one gallon of
water.
MULBERRY. Mo'rus.
MULCHING is placing mnlch, or long,
moist stable-litter, upon the surface of
the soil over the roots of newly-planted
trees and shrubs. The best mode is to
form a trench about six inches deep, to
put in the mulch, and cover it with the
earth. This prevents the mulch being
dried or scattered by the winds, and is
more neat than exposing it on the sur-
face. Mulching keeps the moisture froaa
evaporating, and prevents frost pene-
trating to the roots, straw being one of
.the worst conductors of heat. When
rapid growth is desirable, the mulch
should be kept on the surface, and re-
moved at times in bright sunshine, that
the soil may be heated ; for, if deeply
mulched, the leaves may be enjoying the
climate of India, and the roots be nearly
as cold as if in Siberia.
MULE, or HYBRID, is a plant raised
from seed generated by parents of dis-
tinct species, and consequently unfertile.
See HYBRIDIZING.
MULGE'DIUM. (Derivation not known.
Nat. ord., Composites [Asteracese]. Linn.,
IQ-Syngencsia 2-8uperftua. Allied to Hie-
racium.)
A hardy herbaceous and a good rock-plant.
Seeds and divisions in spring; dry, sandy soil.
Jtf. macrorlii'xum (large-rooted). |. Blue. Sep-
tember. Cashmere. 1844.
MULLEIN. Verba's'cum.
MU'LLERA. (Named after 0. F. Muller,
a Danish botanist. Nat. ord., Leyumi-
nous Plants [Fabacese]. Linn., 16-Mona-
delphiad-Decandria. Allied to Dalbergia.)
Stove evergreen shrub. Cuttings of half-ripened
shoots in sand, under a glass, in heat ; peat and
loam. Winter temn,, 50° to 55°; summer, 60°
to 85°.
M. monilifo'rmis (necklace-formed-/>o<Wed). 6.
Yellow. Guiana. 1792,
MUN
[ 551 ]
MUS
MU'NDIA. (From mundus, neat; the
appearance of the plants. Nat. ord.,
Milkworts [Polygalacese]. Linn., 17-
Dladelphia 3-Octandria. Allied to Mu-
raltia.)
The fruit is eatable. Greenhouse evergreen
shrubs, from the Cape of Good Hope. Cuttings
of stiff young side-shoots in May, in sand, under
a bell-glass, and in a close, cold pit or frame ;
sandy peat. Winter temp., 40° to 45°.
M. spino'sa (spiny). 3. White. March. 1/80.
— — — angustifo'liu (narrow-leaved). 3. Purple.
March. 1800.
latifo'lia (broad-leaved). 3. Lilac. Fe-
bruary. 1800.
MUNTI'NGIA. (Named after A. Mun-
tiny, a German botanist. Nat. ord., Lin-
dcnblooms [Tiliaceoe]. Linn., 13 Pulyan-
drla 1-Monoyyiria. Allied to Aristotelia.)
Stove evergreen shrub, known as the Calabu'ra
in South America. Cuttings of half -ripened
shoots in sand, under a glass, in heat; sandv,
fibrv loam and leaf-mould. Winter temp., 48°
to 58°; summer, 6t»° to 85°.
M. cdlubu'ra (calabura). 3. White. June. Ja-
maica. 1690.
MURA'LTIA. (Named after J. V.Murtilt,
a Swiss botanist. Nat. ord., Milkivorts
[Polygalaceae]. Linn., 17-Diadelplua 3-
Octandria. Allied to Polygala.)
Greenhouse evergreens, all but one purple-
flowered, and all from the Cape of Good Hope.
Cuttings of short young shoots in sandy peat,
under a glass; chiefly peat earth, with a good
portion of sand. Winter temp., 40° to 48°.
M. dlopecuroi'des (foxtail-like). 3. June. 1800
— cilia'ris (hair-fringed leaved). 3. May. 1824.
— diffu'su (straggling). 3. 1SOO.
— filifo'rmis (thread-form-£ra«fAed). ij. Au-
gust. 1812.
— Heiste'ria (Heister's). 6. January. 1787.
— hu'milis (humble). 1. June. 1819.
— juniper ifo'tia (juniper-leaved). 3. June. 1&10.
— linophy'lla (flax-leaved). 3. June. 1816.
— macro'ceras (large-horned). 3. 1812.
— micra'ntha (small-flowered). 1^. 1800.
— mi'xta (mixed). 3. 1791.
— squarro'sa (spreading). 3. May. 1820.
- stipula'ceu (stipuled). 3. Red. June. 1801.
— vii-ga'ta (twiggy). 3. 1812.
MU'RICE. See BYRSO'NIMA.
MUREA'YA. (Named after Professor
Murray, editor of Linnseus's works. Nat.
ord.,Citronworis [Aurantiaceae], Linn., 10-
Decandria \-Monogynia. Allied to Cookia.)
Stove evergreen, white-flowered trees, from the
East Indies. Cuttings of shoots, getting firm at
their base, in sand, under a bell-glass, and in a
bottom-heat of about Q0°. Winter temp., 50° to
65° ; summer, 6 >° to 85°.
RI. exo'ticu (exotic). 10. August. 177'«
— panicula'ta(pamicled). 20. July. 1823.
MURUOU'YA. (The native name. Nat.
ord., Ptissionwort* [Passifloracese]. Linn.,
IG-Monadt'lp/ufi %-Pentandriu. )
For ail practical purposes they may be con»
sidered as Passion-flowers. Stove evergreen
climbers, from the West Indies. Cuttings of th«
young shoots in spring, in sand, and then placing
them in a sweet hotbed ; peat one part, loam, fibry
and sandy, one part, with a little leaf-mould and
broken crocks. Winter temp., 50° to 55° ; sum-
mer, 60° to 85°.
M. ocella'ta (small-eyed). 12. Scarlet. July. 1730.
— perfolia'ta (leaf-stem-pierced). 15. Purple.
July. 1816.
MU'SA. Plantain-tree. (From mauz,
the Egyptian name. Nat. ord., Musaas
[Musacese]. Linn., 5-Pentandria 1-
Monogynia.)
The fruit of the Musads is called Bananas and
Plantains. Stove evergreens. Chiefly by suckers ;
rich, loamy soil, with abundance of water when
growing freely. Winter temp., 55° to 60°; sum-
mer, 60° to 90°, with plenty of atmospheric mois-
ture. Cavendi'shii, frofn fruiting at a small size,
is the most valuable.
M. Cavendi'shii (Cavendish's). 4. Scarlet. China.
182Q.
— cocci'nea (scarlet). 4. Scarlet. July. China.
1/92.
— glnu'mi (milky-green). 10. Pink. E.Ind. 1824.
— maculd'ta (spotted). 10. Pink. Mauritius. 1818.
— Nepaie'nsis (Nepaul). 6. Yellow. February.
Nepaul. 1823.
— orna'ta (ornamented). 5. Orange. July.
E. Ind. 1823.
— paradisi'aca (paradise. Plantain). 20. Pink.
November. Tropics. 1690.
— rosa'cea (rosy). 15. Pink. March. Mau-
ritius. 1805.
— supie'ntum (wise-men's. Banana). 20. Pink.
June. Tropics. 172Q.
— supe'rba (superb). 14. Purple. July. E. Ind.
1820.
— zebri'na (zebra). 10. Purple. E.Ind. 1820i
BANANA AND PLANTAIN CULTURE. — Pro-
pagation.— Sir J. Paxton has suggested,,
that immediately the fruit is cut from
the old plants, these be taken out of
their tubs, partially disrooted, and placed
in pots to produce suckers, which they
will do readily, especially if plunged in a
bottom-heat of about 85P. These suckers
are removed into smaller pots, and culti-
vated from pot to pot, and thence to the
tul>, in which they are fruited.
Soil. — The soil must be exceedingly
rich, and by no means adhesive; rather
of a light character, and well-drained, in
order that eopious supplies of water may
be given.
Culture. — A lively heat is the great
essential, with a liberal amount of atmo-
spheric moisture. A thermometer ranging
from 7v)° to 90° during the bright part of
the year, and from 60° to 70° during
the duller portion, will be requisite.
Suckers will produce fruit within the
year; and if one be approaching too
close on the heels of another in ripening;
the whole spadix of trait of the one may
MU3
[ DO* ]
MUS
be cut off, with a portion of the stem
just where the upper tier of fruit b
ripening, and suspended in a dry and
airy room, after the manner of late
grapes. Sir J. Pax ton observes, that " he
has had capital fruit from a spadix two
months after it was cut." The produce of
one plant will weigh from 15 to 30 pounds.
MUSCA'KI. Grape Hyacinth. (From
moschoB, musk ; the smell of the flowers.
Nat. ord., Lily worts [Liliaceffi]. Linn.
fi-Hexandria lL-Mcmogynia. Allied to
Hyacinth us.)
Hardy bulbs. For culture, nee HYA.CI'NTHTTS.
M. botryni'iies (botrys-like). $. Blue. April.
Italy. 1596.
a' I bum (white). $, White. April.
Italy. J596.
pa'llidum (pale). £. PA!C blue. April
Italy. 1596.
— cilia' turn (hair-fringed). 1. Brown, purple.
May. Crimea. 1822.
— commnta'tum (darA-purple). £. Blue. Italy.
1836.
— como'sum (tufted). $. Blue. April. South
Europe. 1506.
mon&tro'sum (monstrous). $. Pale blue.
April. South Europe. 15Q6.
— glau'cum (milky-green). |. Purple, green.
May. Persia. 1825.
— macroca'rpum (large-fruited). $. Green,
yellow. April. Levant. 15g6.
— moscha'tum (musky). J. Blue, yellow. April.
Levant. 1596.
— pa' liens (pallid). $. Pale blue. May.
Crimea. 1822.
— parviflo'nim (small-flowered). Blue. April.
Sicilv. 1827.
— /?e<£MneM/aVe(tong-flower-stalked). £. Blue.
April.
— rucemo'sum (racemed). $. Blue. April.
Europe. 1780.
mi'nus (smaller). £. Blue. April. Eu-
rope. 1/80.
MUSHROOM. Aga'ricus campe'stris.
Mushroom-beds, for winter production,
should be formed in August, and once in
two months after, of dry materials, such
as four or five barrowsful of horse-drop-
pings, which have been saved for the
purpose, four or five barrowsful of road-
sweepings, and four or five barrowsful of
dry, husky dung from the stable dung-
heap. Let these be all well turned over
three or four times to sweeten in some
dry place. If the mixture should be
found too dry to ferment sufficiently, then
sprinkle it with a little water at the time
of its being turned over. Shake it and
mix it well together. The quantity of
materials depends on the size of the beds
required. The place where the beds are
to be made should be dry at bottom.
The materials being in good condition,
proceed to make up your bed as solid and
firm as it can be beat together with the
fork, whether in ridges or half ridges, or
whatever shape may be thought most
convenient. Let the outside be beaten
smooth and well with a shovel or spade.
Then insert a stick to prove the tempe-
rature of the bed by. In about ten days
after the bed has been made it will be fit
for spawning, if all has gone on well, and
the heat be found about that of cows'
milk; but if the heat be too great, defer it
for another week, and shake open the bed
a little to let off the rank heat. If too
cold, add a little fresh materials, and work
it up well together. Before putting in
the spawn make the beds firm, smooth,
and even; then open holes with the hand
about an inch below the surface, and
eight inches apart every way. Place in
each hole a moderate-sized lump or hand-
ful of bits of spawn, and cover it over
again with the same dry materials of the
bed. If there is no fear of the bed being
too hot, it may be covered over at the
same time, about an inch and a half
thick, with good turfy loam, rather dry,
and run through a sieve first. When all
is regularly covered over, sprinkle the
whole with water from a fine rose water-
pot, and pat the whole surface down level,
leaving it as smooth as a fresh-plastered
wall. Let it remain to dry off, giving
plenty of air to dry it off the quicker.
After this, the bed should have a covering
of anything like mouldy hay, such as tops
and bottoms from the hay-rick, or hay-
bands untwisted, or the like. Cover up
according to the heat of the beds. If
you have any doubt whether it is too hot,
let the covering be light ; and at all times
the short mulch, when gathering the
mushrooms, should be cleared off from
the bed's surface, or it will exhaust the
bed by the encouragement it gives to the
spawn to run out. A little additional
itter may be added as required, so as to
jeep the beds in regular and uniform
searing, and gentle applications of tepid
iquid-manure will be found of great
9enefit to those beds that have been well
gathered from. Where the convenience
of hot-water pipes, or other artificial
means, can be commanded for mushroom
ulture, so that the right temperature can
be at all times maintained, no kind cf lit-
;er-covering need be applied. Mushroom-
aeds are always best made under cover, and
even a cart-shed can be very easily con-
erted into an excellent mushroom-house,
MUS
[ 553 ]
MUS
Warm and gentle moisture has much, to
do with the growth of the mushrooms ;
therefore, if the shed is covered in with
slate or tiles, the space between the
rafters inside should be well stuffed with
straw of any kind, which can *be fastened
up by nailing cross strips of boards from
rafter to rafter. Then, after the bed
is made, spawned, and finished, the front
of the shed may be stopped up with thick
and well-thatched hurdles, which would
be warmer and better than any other thin
permanent enclosure. These hurdles
can be readily opened whenever light is
wanting, either to examine the beds, or
to cover, or to uncover, or to collect, the
mushrooms It is also convenient to be
able to open the house opposite where
you wish, either to get in fresh materials
to make a new bed with, or to take out
an old one. If the length of the shed
be from 21 to 30 feet, it should give a
large supply of mushrooms during the
winter and spring months. The beds
should be made along the back of the
house.
Previously to making up the beds, a
board about nine inches high should be
placed as a frontage-board, from three to
four feet distant from the wall, which is
a good width for the bottom of the bed.
This front board may be supported up-
right by driving three or four short stakes
into the floor. The bed may be from
two to three feet high at the back, sloping
down to nine inches in front, which will
give a very convenient width to reach
over for all necessary purposes. Have
the materials ready to make the 'first bed
about the last week in August. Let this
occupy one-third of the length of the
shed. Make up another of the same
size about the last week in October, and
the remaining third about the 1st of Ja-
nuary.
In four or five weeks after spawning,
in spring and autumn, the bed should
begin to produce, but not until much
later in summer and winter ; and if kept
dry and warm, it will continue to do so
for several months.
A gathering may take place two or
three times a week, according to the pro-
ductiveness of the bed. It sometimes
happens that beds will not come into
production for five or six months ; they
should not, therefore, be impatiently de-
stroyed.
Watering. — In autumn, the bed will
not require water until the first crop is
gathered, but it is then to be repeated
after every gathering; a sprinkling only
is necessary. In spring and summer,
during dry weather, the same, course is
to be pursued. As excessive or unequal
moisture is studiously to be avoided, the
best mode of applying the water is to
pour it through a rose-pan on to a thin
layer of hay, which has previously been
spread over the bed, and thus allow it to
percolate by degrees. In winter, water-
ings are not allowable ; to keep the
mould moist, hot fermenting mulch may
be put on outside the covering. If the
bed is in the open ground, on a warm
day succeeding to wet weather, it may be
left uncovered for not more than two or
three hours. During excessive rains, the
additional covering of mats, &c., must
be afforded ; and, on the other hand, if
a moderate, warm shower occurs during
summer, after excessive droughts, it may
be fully admitted, by taking off the co-
vering.
Mode of Gathering. — In gathering, the
covering being carefully turned off, only
such are to be taken as are half an inch
or more in diameter before they become
flat, but are compact and firm. Old
mushrooms, especially, should be rejected
for the table, as it is found that some
which are innoxious when young become
dangerous when tending to decay ; they
also then lose much of their flavour.
Each mushroom is detached by a gentle
twist completely to the root; a knife
must never be employed, for the stumps
left in the ground decay, arid become the
nursery of maggots, which are liable to
infect the succeeding crop.
Other Modes of Cultivation. — Some
gardeners merely vary from the preceding
by building entirely of dung, without any
layers of earth. Many gardeners grow
mushrooms in the same bed with their
melons and cucumbers. The spawn is
inserted in the mould, and on the hills
of the beds, as soon as the burning heat
is passed. In September or October,
when the bines of the plants decay, the
bed is carefully cleaned, the glasses put
on and kept close, and when the earth
becomes dry, water is frequently but
moderately given, as well as every gentle
shower admitted when necessary. A gen-
tle heat is thus caused, and the produce
is often extraordinarily abundant, fre-
quently two bushels, from a frame ten
MUS
[ 554]
MUS
feet by six, and mushrooms have been
produced two pounds in weight.
Hampers or boxes containing about
four inches depth of fresh, dry stable-
dung, or, in preference, of a mixture of
three barrow-loads of horse-dung, and
one perfectly dry cow-dung, well pressed
in, may be set in some situation where
neither damp nor frost can enter. After
two or three days, or as soon as heat is
generated, the spawn may be inserted ; a
mushroom brick is to be broken into
three equal parts, and each fragment to
be laid four inches asunder on the sur-
face of the dung ; after six days, an inch
and a half depth of fresh dung to be
beaten down as before. In the course of
a fortnight, or as soon as it is found that
that the spawn has run nearly through
the whole of the dung, fine earth must
be applied two inches and a half thick,
and the surface made level. In five or
six weeks the mushrooms will begin to
come up, and if the mould appear dry,
may then be gently watered, the water
being slightly heated. Each box will
continue in production six or eight weeks.
Mr. J. Oldaker, late gardener to the
Emperor of Russia, introduced a house
purposely constructed for the growth of
the mushroom. The house is found of
great use in storing brocoli during the
winter. It is usually built against the
back wall of a forcing-house, as in the
annexed plan ; but if built unconnected
with another building, the only necessary
alteration is to have a hipped instead of
a lean-to roof. The outside wall, o H,
should be eight feet and a half high for
four heights, the width ten- feet within
the walls, which is most convenient, as it
admits shelves three feet and a half wide
on each side, and a space up the middle
three feet wide, for a double flue, arid
wall upon it.
When the outside of the house is
finished, a floor or ceiling is made over
it, as high as the top of the outside walls,
of boards one inch thick, and plastered
on the upper side, e e, with road-sand,
well wrought together, an inch thick ;
square trunks,/, being left in the ceiling,
nine inches in diameter, up the middle
of the house, at six feet apart, with slides,
s, to ventilate with when necessary.
Two single brick walls, v v, each five
bricks high, are then to be erected at
three feet and a half from the outside
walls, to hold up the sides of the floor-
beds, a a, and form at the same time one
side of the air flues. Upon these walls,
v v, are to be laid planks four inches and
a half wide, and three inches thick, in
which are to be mortised the standards,
k /c, which support the shelves: These
standards to be three inches and a half
square, and four feet and a half asunder,
fastened at the top, k A, into the ceiling.
The cross bearers, i i, i i, which support
the shelves, o o, must be mortised into
the bearers and into the walls; the first
set of bearers being two feet from the
floor, and each succeeding one to be at
the same distance from the one- below it.
The shelves, o e, are to be of boards one
inch and a half thick, each shelf having
a ledge in front, of boards one inch
thick and eight inches deep, to support
the front of the beds, fastened outside
the standards. The flue to commence at
the end of the house next the door, and
running the whole length, to return back
parallel, and communicate with the chim-
ney; the walls of the insides to be the
height of four bricks laid flat,and six inches
wide ; this will allow a cavity, t, on each
side betwixt the flues, two inches wide, to
admit the heat from their sides into the
house. The middle cavity, x y, should
be covered with tiles, leaving a space of
one inch betwixt each. The top of the
flue, including the covering, should not
be higher than the walls that form the
fronts of the floor-beds. The wall itself
is covered with three rows of tiles, the
centre one covering the cavity, x y, as
before mentioned ; the outside cavities,
1 1, are left uncovered.
MUS
[ 555 ]
MUS
As the compost, the formation of the
beds, &c., are very different from the
common practice, we will give Mr. Old-
aker's directions. The compost employed
is fresh horse -dung, which has been
subject neither to wet nor fermentation,
cleared of the long straw, but one-fourth
of the short litter allowed to remain, with
one fourth of dry turf-mould, or other
fresh earth.
The beds are to be made by placing a
layer of tbe above compost, three inches
thick, on the shelves and floor, which
must be beaten as close as possible with
a flat mallet, fresh layers being added and
consolidated until the bed is seven inches
thick, and its surface as level as possible.
If the beds are thicker, the fermentation
caused will be too powerful ; or if much
less, the heat will be insufficient for the
nourishment of the spawn. As soon as
the beds intimate a warmth of 80° or 90°,
they are to be beaten a second time, to
render them still more solid, and holes
made with a dibble, three inches in di-
ameter and nine apart, through the com-
post, in every part of the beds ; these
prevent too great a degree of heat arising
and causing rottenness.
If the beds do not attain a proper heat
in four or five days after being put to-
gether, another layer, two inches thick,
must be added. If this does not increase
the heat, part of the beds must be re-
moved, and fresh horse-droppings mixed
with the remainder. The spawn is to be
inserted in three or four days after mak-
ing the holes, when the thermometer in-
dicates the desired degree of heat, the
irisides of the holes are dry ; and while
the heat is on tbe decline, every hole is
to be filled, either with lumps or frag-
ments of spawn, well beaten in, and the
surface made level.
In a fortnight, if the spawn is vegetat-
ing freely, and the beds are required
for immediate production, they may be
earthed over; but those for succession
left unearthed, three or four weeks in
summer, and four or five in winter. If
the spawn is introduced in hot weather,
air must be admitted as freely as possible
until the spawn has spread itself through
the beds.
The soil employed should be maiden
earth, with turf well reduced; neither
too dry nor too wet, otherwise it will not
be capable of being beaten solid. It must
be laid regularly over the beds two inches
thick. From the time of earthing, the
room is to be kept at a temperature of
50° or 55°. If higher, it will weaken or
destroy the spawn ; if lower, it will vege-
tate slowly ; and if watered in that state,
numbers of mushroom swill be prevented
attaining perfection. Water must be ap-
plied with extreme caution, being nearly
as warm as new milk, and sprinkled over
the beds with a syringe or small watering-
pot. Cold water destroys both the crop
and the beds. If suffered to become dry,
it is better to give several light than one
heavy watering.
Beds thus managed will bear for se-
veral months ; and a constant supply of
mushrooms kept up by earthing but one
bed or more every two or three months.
If, when in full production, the mush-
rooms become long-stemmed and weak,
the temperature is certainly too high,
and air must be proportionately admitted.
As the beds decline, to renovate them
the earth must be taken off clean, and if
the dung is decayed they must be re-
formed, any good spawn being preserved
that may appear; but if the beds are dry,
solid, and full of good spawn, a fresh
layer of compost, three or four inches
thick, must be added, mixed a little with
the old, and beaten solid as before.
Mushrooms may be grown in a cellar,
or other vaulted place, with equal suc-
cess, and not unfrequently with a greater
advantage, the same rules being adopted ;
but no fire is necessary, and less water.
Spawn : where to be found. — Spawn is
constituted of masses of white fibres,
arising from the seeds of mushrooms
that have fallen into situations suitable
for their germination, from which it is to
be obtained : such places are stable dung-
hills, dungy horse-rides in stable-yards,
horse mill-tracks, dry spongy composts :
the droppings of hard-fed horses also
produce it in greater abundance than the
dung of any other animal, and more
sparingly under sheds, where horses,
oxen, or sheep have been kept. The
dung of the two latter affords it in greater
perfection than that of grass-fed horses.
It has also been found in pigeons' dung ;
but the most certain mode of obtaining it
is to open the ground about mushrooms
growing in pastures, though it is said not
to be so productive.
Time of Collecting. — July, August, and
September, it being reckoned in the
greatest perfection in this last month. It
MUS
MUS
may be found, however, and should he
collected, when it appears in the spring.
It generally occurs spread through the
texture of cakes, or lumps of dry, rotted
dung. Put it in a heap under a dry shed;
and a current of air, passing through the
shed, is of great utility. If kept dry,
spawn may he preserved three or four
years ; if damp, it will either vegetate be-
fore being planted or putrefy.
Spawn must not be so far advanced in
vegetation as to appear in threads or
fibres; for, when in this state, it is no
longer applicable to a mushroom-bed ; it
may produce a mushroom if left to itself,
but otherwise is useless. Spawn proper
for inserting in a bed should have the
appearance of indistinct white mould.
May be raised. — Spawn is capable of
being raised artificially. The following
is the manner: — Two barrow-loads of
cow -dung, not grass-feel, one load of
sheep's-dung, and one of horses', well-
dried and broken so small as to pass
through a coarse sieve, are well mixed,
and laid in a conical heap during March,
in a dry shed, being well trod as it is
formed, to check its heating excessively.
This heap is covered with hot dung, four
inches thick, or only with mats if the
shed is warm; for here, as in all the
stages of growth, the heat should only
range between 55° and 60°. In about a
month the heap is examined; and if the
spawn has not begun to run, which is
shown by indistinct white fibres pervad-
ing its texture, another covering, of equal
thickness to the first, is applied over the
old one ; in another month it will indu-
bitably make its appearance. The time
varies from three to ten weeks.
May be increased. — If a small quantity
of spawn only can be collected, it may
be increased in the following methods,
the first of which is chiefly recommend-
able on account of its simplicity and fa-
cility of adoption : —
Small pieces of the spawn may be
planted a foot asunder, just beneath the
surface of the mould of a cucumber-bed
constructed in the spring. In about two
months the surface of the spawn will as-
sume a mouldy appearance ; it may then
be taken up, with thf3 earth adhering to it,
and when dried stored as before directed.
The second mode is variously prac-
tised. In the course of May a heap of
the droppings of cows, sheep, and horses,
or any one or two of them, without the
admixture of any undecornposed straw,
is to be collected, and one-fifth of road-
scraping with one-twentieth of coal-ashes
added, the whole being mixed together
with as much of the drainings from a
dunghill as will make it of the consist-
ency of mortar. Being well incorporated,
it is then to be spread in a dry, sheltered,
airy place, on a smooth surface, and
beaten flat with a spade. When become
of the consistency of clay, it is to be cut
into slabs about eight inches square, a
hole punched half through the middle of
each, and piled to dry, an opening being
left between every two bricks. When
perfectly dry, a fragment of the spawn is
to be buried in the hole previously made:
it will shortly spread through the whole
texture of the slabs, if kept in a warm, dry
place, when each may be broken into
four pieces, and when quite dry laid on
shelves — separate, and not in heaps,
otherwise a bed will be formed for the
spawn to run in. Mr. Wales recommends
the composition to consist of three-parts
horse-dung without litter, two of rotten
tree-leaves, two of cow -dung, one of
rotten tanner's bark, and one of sheep's
dung, mixed to the consistency of mortar,
and moulded in small frames like those
used by brick-makers, six inches long,
four broad, and three deep. Three holes
to be made half through the bricks, an
inch apart, with a blunt dibble, for the
reception of the spawn. They should
be put on boards for the convenience of
moving abroad during fine days, as they
must be made perfectly dry, which they
often appear to be on the outside when
they are far otherwise internally. Before
they are perfectly dry they require great
care in handling and turning, from their
aptitude to break ; but in about three
weeks, if dry weather, when perfectly
dried, they become quite firm. To per-
vade them with the spawn, a layer of
fresh horse-litter, which has laid in a
heap to sweeten, as for a hotbed, must be
formed, six inches thick, in a dry shed.
On this a course of the bricks is to be
laid, and their holes completely filled
with spawn ; and, as the bricks are laid
in rows upon each other, the upper side
of each is to be scattered over with som<*
of the same. The bricks are not placed
so as to touch, so that the heat and
steam of the dung may circulate equally
and freely. The heap is to terminata
with a single brick, and when completed
MUS
[ 507 ]
MYA
covered with a layer, six inches thick, of
hot dung, to he reinforced with an ad-
ditional three inches after a lapse of two
weeks. The spawn will generally have
thoroughly run through the bricks after
another fortnight. If, however, upon
examination, this is not found to he the
case, they must remain for ten days
longer. The hricks heing allowed to dry
for a few days hefore they are stored,
'svill then keep for many years.
Mr. Oldaker recommends the hricks to
be made of fresh horse-droppings, mixed
with short litter, to which must be added
one-third of cow-dung, and a small por-
tion of earth, to cement them together.
The spawn to he inserted when they are
half dry.
Quantity required. — One bushel of
spawn is required for a bed five feet by
ten ; two bushels for one double that
length ; and so on in proportion.
MUSK-AKHO. Hibi'scus abelmo' schus.
MUSK-FLO WEE. Mi'mulus moscha'tus.
MUSSJE'NDA. The Cingalese name of
M.f rondo' sa. Nat. ord., Cinchonads [Cin-
chonacese]. Linn., 5-Pentandria \-Mo-
nogytiia. Allied to Gardenia.)
Stove evergreens. Cuttings in sandy soil, in
heat, under a glass, in May; loam and peat.
Winter temp., 50°; summer, 60° to 85°.
M. cocci' nea (scarlet). 20. Red. August. Trini-
dad. 1825.
— corymbo'sa (corymbed). Orange. May. E.
Ind. 1827.
—frondo'sa (leafy). 8. Yellow. August. E. Ind.
1814.
— gla'bra (smooth). 6. Orange. July. E.Ind.
1820.
— macrophy'lla (large-leaved). 8. Orange. May.
Nepaul. 182/.
— specio'sa (showy). 6. Red. August. Trini-
dad. 1820.
MUSTARD (Sina'pis a'lba~) succeeds best
in a fine, rich, mouldy loam. In early
spring, and late in autumn, the situation
should be sheltered, and, during the
height of summer, shaded from the
meridian sun.
Sowing, for salading, may be through-
out the year. From the beginning of
November to the same period of March,
in a gentle hotbed, or in the corner of a
stove. From the close of February to
the close of April it may be sown in the
open ground, on a warm, sheltered bor-
der, and from thence to the middle of
September in a shady one. For salad-
ing, sow in flat-bottomed drills, about a
quarter of an inch deep, and six inches
apart. The seed cannot well be sown too
thick. The earth which covers the seed
should be very fine. Water must be
given in dry weather, as a due supply of
moisture is the chief inducement to a
quick vegetation. The sowings are to be
performed once or twice in a fortnight,
according to the demand. Cress (Le-
pi'dium sfili'vum} is the most constant
accompaniment of this salad-herb; and
as the mode of cultivation for each is the
same, it is only necessary to remark that,
as cress is rather slower in vegetating
than mustard, it must, for the obtain-
ing them in perfection at the same
time, be sown five or six days earlier.
Cut for use whilst young, and before the
rough leaves appear.
To obtain Seed, sow thin. When the
seedlings have attained four leaves, thin
them to eight or nine inches apart. If
dry weather occurs at the time of flower-
ing, water may be applied with great
advantage to their roots. The plants
flower in June, and are fit for cutting
when their pods are brown. They must
be thoroughly dried before threshing and
storing.
Forcing. — For forcing, sow in boxes or
pans, even if a hotbed is appropriated to
the purpose. Pans of rotten tan are to
be preferred to pots or boxes of mould ;
but whichever is employed, the seed must
be sown thick, and other directions at-
tended to, as for the open-ground crops.
The hotbed need only be moderate.
MUTI'SIA. (Named after C. Mutis, a
South American botanist. Nat. ord.,
Composites [Asteracese]. Linn., 19-Syn-
genesia2-Super/lua. Allied to Barnadesia. )
Stove climbers. Cuttings of half-ripened shoots
in May, in sand, under a bell-glass, and in a
gentle bottom-heat. Common stove temp. M.
iutifo'lia should be tried against a wall.
M. arachnoi'dea (cobweb-like). 6. Red. July.
Brazil. 1823.
— ilicifo'lia (holly-leaved). 10. S. Amer. 1832.
— latifo'lia (broad-leaved). 10. Pink, yellow. Sep-
tember. Valparaiso. 1832.
MY'AGRUM. (From myia, a fly, and
agra, capture ; referring to the clammi-
ness of the plant. Nat. ord., Crucifers
[Brassicacese]. Linn., 15-Tetradynamia.
Allied to Isatis.)
Hardy annual. Seeds in open border, in April.
M. perfolia'tum (leaf-stem-pierced). £. Pale
yellow. June. France. 1648.
MYA'NTHUS. Flywort. (From myia,
a fly, and anthos, a flower; its appearance
when dried. Nat. ord., Orchids [Orchida-
ceffi]. IAnn.,2Q-Gyn<tndria l-Monandria.)
Flowers of M. barba'tus and Moniicha'ntlius
vi'ridis have been produced on a spike of Catu-
MYC
[ 558 ]
MYR
seftum, showing the uncertainty of the laws on
which genera and species are founded in Orchids.
Catuse'tum being the older name, Monachanthus
and Myanthus have been united to it. See CATA-
SE'TUM.
MYCARA'NTHES. (An orchid, allied to
Eria. Same derivation as Myanthus. For
culture, see CATASE'TUM.)
M. obli'qua (twisted- leaoed). White. Singapore.
1840.
MYGI'NDA. (Named after C. Mygind,
a German botanist. Nat. ord., Spindle-
trees [Celastraceoe]. Linn., k-Tetrandria
3-Tetragynia. Allied to Elfieodendron.)
Evergreen shrubs, all white-flowered but one.
M. myrtifij'lia is hardy ; propagated by cuttings
O! the ripi:aed shouts m sitnd, under ahaiid-light,
in autumn ; the others require stove-treatment,
and are propagated by ripe shoots in sand, under
a bell-glass, in heat ; loam and peat, sandy and
fibry.
M. integrifo'lia (whole-leaved). 4. Martinique.
18-26.
— latifu'lia (broad-leaved). 4. April. W. Ind.
1795.
— myrtifu'tia (myrtle-leaved). 4. June. N.
Anier. 1818.
— Rhaco'mn (Rhacoma). 4. Jamaica. 1798.
— uragu'ga (diuretic). 4. Purple. August. S.
Amer. 1790.
MYLOCA'RYUM. Buckwheat-tree. (From
myle, a mill, and karyon, a nut ; having
four-winged seeds. Nat. ord., Cyrilluds
[Cyrillacese]. Linn., 10 - Decandria, 1-
Monogynia.)
Half-hardy evergreen shrubs. Cuttings of half-
ripened shoots in sand, under a glass ; sandy loam
and dried leaf-mould ; sheltered, dry, warm bor-
der, or the protection of a cold pit in winter.
M. ligustri'num (privet-like). 6. White. May.
Georgia.
MYO'PORUM. (From myo, to shut, and
poros, a pore, or opening ; referring to
the transparent spots on the leaves. Nat.
ord., Myoporads [Myoporacese]. Linn.,
l<i-Didynamia 2-Angiospermia.)
Greenhouse, white-flowered, evergreen shrubs,
from New South Wales. Cuttings of the points
of shoots, getting firm at their base, in sand,
under a bell-glass, in April; loam and peat, fibry
and sandy, with pieces of charcoal intermixed.
Winter temp., 38° to 48°. M. parvifo'lium and
others would, no doubt, succeed against a wall,
where protection could be given in winter.
M. acumina'tum (pointcd-feawrf). 3. 1812.
— crassifo' Hum (thick-leaved). 1$. New Zea-
land. 1822.
— diffu'surn (spreading) . 3. April.
— elli'pticum (oval-fcaoed). 2. February. 1789.
— insula're (island). 3. February. 1800.
— monta'num (mountain). 2. 1823.
— oppositifo'lium (opposite-leaved). 3. 1803.
— parvifo'lium (small-leaved). 1803.
— terra' turn (sa.w-leaDed), 6, White, purple.
May.
— tubercula'tum (tubercled). 3. 1803.
MYOSO'TIS. Forget-me-not. (From
mys, a mouse, and otis, an ear; resem
blance of the leaves. Nat. ord., Borage-
worts [Boraginaceae]. Linn., 5-Pentan-
dria Y-Monogynia,)
Seed for annuals, and also for the perennial
herbaceous species ; most of the latter freely, by
dividing the root in spring; the scarcer ones by
cuttings in a shady place, in summer, under a
hand-light ; moist places, by the side of ditches
and ponds, suit most of them. M . palu'stris is
the true Forget-me-not. It, as well as others,
may be treated like alpine plants in winter, and
have a saucer of water below the pot in summer,
when they will bloom long and well.
HARDY HERBACEOUS.
M. alpe'stris (alpine). £. Blue. July. Swit-
zerland. 1818.
— Azo'ric't (Azorean). 1. Dark blue. August.
Azores. 1846.
— azu'rea (light blue). Blue. June. Corvo. 1842.
— ceespitu'sa (tufted). f . Blue. June. Britain.
marrocu'lyx (large- calysed). |. Blue.
June. Britain.
— intermedia (intermediate). $. Blue. April.
Britain.
— na'na (dwarf). £. Blue. July. Europe. 1800.
— palu'stris (marsh). 1. Blue, yellow. July.
Britain.
— re'pens (creeping). 1. Pale blue. June. Britain.
— rupi'cola (rock). Blue. Scotland.
— spnrsiflo'ra (scattered-flowered). l£. Blue.
May. South France. 1822.
HARDY ANNUALS.
M. aroe'nsis a'ltia (white-corn-field). £. White.
June. Britain.
— austra'lis (southern). Blue. June. N. S.
Wales. 1824.
— Califo'rnica (Californian). 1$. White. Au-
gust. California. 1837.
— clava'ta (c\\ib-leaved). Blue. June. Siberia.
1829.
— colli'na (hill). *. Blue. May. Britain.
— commuta'ta (changed). Blue. June. Europe.
Biennial.
— litora'lis (sea-shore). Blue, yellow. April.
Caspian Sea. 1836.
— peduncula'ris (long - flowered - stalked). l£.
Blue. June. Astracan. 1824.
— ungula'ta (clawed). Blue. June. Siberia. 1822.
MY'RCIA. (A name of Venus. Nat. ord.,
Myrtlellooms [Myrtacese]. Linn., 12-
Icosandria I-Monogynia. Allied to Myr-
tus.)
Stove white-flowered evergreens. Cuttings of
stubby young shoots, getting a little firm at their
base, in sand, under a bell-glass, and in a mild
bottom-heat, in May ; sandy peat and fibry loam,
with charcoal nodules to keep it open. Winter
temp., 50° to 60° ; summer, 60° to 80°.
M. a'cris (sharp-flavoured). 20. June. W. Ind.
1759.
— bractea'ta (bracted). 4. May. Brazil. 1824.
— coriu'cea (leathery - leaved'). 4. Carribean
Isles. 1759.
— crassine'rvia (thick-nerved). May. Guiana.
1780.
— pimentoi'des (allspice-like). 20. May. W. Ind.
— pseu'do-mi'ni (false-mini). May. Brazil. 1822.
— soro'ria (sister). 5. May. Trinidad. 1822.
— sple'ndens (shining). 12, May. Hispaniola. 1828.
MYRIA'CHS. (From myrios, a myriad,
MYR
[ 559 ]
MYR
and aktin, a sunbeam ; referring to the
florets. Nat.ord., Composites [Asteracese].
Linn., W-Syngenesia 2-SuperJlua. Allied
to Bellis.)
Half-hardy herbaceous. Seeds in spring, in a
gentle heat ; division of the plant as growth com-
mences ; sandy loam ; the protection of a cold
pit will generally be necessary in winter.
M. Gmeli'ni (Gmelin's). White. June. Persia.
1836.
MYKIADE'NUS. (From myrios,a. myriad,
and uden, a gland ; the leaves are thickly
beset with glands. Nat. ord., Leguminous
Plants [Fabaceae]. Linn., 17 -Diadelphia
4:-Deeandria.)
Stove biennial. Seeds sown at the end of Au-
gust in a hotbed ; seedlings potted off, and kept
over the winter in a medium temperature of 50°,
and rather dry, and potted again in spring, will
flower in the beginning of summer ; sown in
spring in a hotbed, and similarly treated, they
will bloom towards autumn ; light, rich, sandy
soil.
M. tetraphy'llus (four-leaved). 1. Yellow. July.
Jamaica. 1818.
MYRI'CA. Candleberry Myrtle. (From
myrio, to flow; inhabiting the banks of
rivers. Nat. ord., Galeworts [Myricacese].
Linn., 22-Dicetia k-Tetrandria.)
The berries of M, ceri'fera yield a large pro-
portion of wax, of which candles are made ; hence
the name. Greenhouse kinds, by cuttings under
glass, in a shady place, in autumn and spring,
but without bottom-heat; peat, moist and sandy,
Hardy kinds, by seeds sown as soon as ripe, by
layers, by cuttings, and by suckers and division.
The ga'le is one of our hardiest plants, and is
used for many purposes, such as placing itfi leafy,
dried twigs among clothes to give them an agree-
able scent, and keep away moths, and to banish
vermin from beds. The berries put into beer
render it as intoxicating as those of the Co'cculus
1'vdicus, and, when distilled while they are fresh,
they yield an essential oil. All like rather moist,
sandy peat.
HARDY SHRUBS.
Jf. ceri'fera (wax-bearing). 8. May. N. Amer.
1699. Deciduous.
— latifo'lia (broad-leaved). 6. May. N.Amer.
1730. Evergreen.
— ga'le (iw«?*-gale). 4. May. Britain. De-
ciduous.
GREENHOUSE EVEKGP.EJIN SRTIUJT.S.
M. tscule'nta (eatable-ierrird). 20. May. Ne-
paul. J817.
— torsu'ta (hairy). June. Cftpe of Good Hope.
— ilaeica'na (Mexic.xn). 8. February. Mexico.
1823.
— quercifo'lia (oak-leavtd). 3. June. Caps of
Good Hope. 1752.
MYRICA'RIA. (From myrike, the Greek
name of the Tamarisk. Nat. ord., T<ana-
rinks [Tamaiicaceaf}]. Lirm., IG-Monn-
dolphin 5-Oclandria. )
Hardy, pink-flowered, evergreen shrubs. Cut-
tings of young shoots in spring or autumn, in
eandy soil, under a bell-glass ; or, if under a hand-
light, all the better; sandy loam and leaf-mould,
and ill cue better for a little peat.
If. Dahu'rica (Dahurian). 6. Dahuria. 1816.
— Germu'nica (German). 8. July. Germany. 15&2-
MYRIOPHY'LLUM. Water-Milfoil. (From
myrios, a myriad, and phyllon, a leaf.
Nat. ord., Hippurids [Haloragacese],
Linn.. 2l-Moncecia Q-Polyandria. Allied
to Hippuris.)
Hardy perennial, British water-plants, suitable
for the margins of lakes, ponds, &c. Chiefly by
division ; ponds and ditches ; interesting little
aquatics.
M. alterniflo'rum (alternate-flowered). 1. July.
— pectina'tum (comb-leaved). Rose. July.
— spica'tum (spiked). 1. Red. July.
— verticillu' turn (whorled). 1. Green. July.
MYRI'STICA. Nutmeg. (From myris-
ticos, sweet-smelling. Nat. ord., Nutmegs
[MyristicaceaeJ. Linn., 22-Z>i«cta 13-
Monadelphia . )
Stove evergreens. Cuttings of ripened shoot*
in sand, under a bell-glass, and in a sweet bottom-
heat ; sandy loam and fibry peat. Winter temp,,
55° to 60° ; summer, 60° to 85°.
M.fu'tua (tasteless). 30. Green, white. Suri-
nam. 1812.
— moseha'ta (musky. True Nutmeg). 30. Pale
yellow. E. Ind. 1795.
— tebifera (wax-bearing). 10. Yellow, green.
Guiana.
MYRO'DIA. (From myron, fragrant
balsam, and odme, smell. Nat. ord., Sttr-
'• culiads [Sterculiaceae]. Linn., 16-Mo»a-
1 delphia S-Polyandria. Allied to Helic-
teres. )
Stove evergreen. Cuttings of half-ripened
shoots in sand, under a bell-glass, and in heat;
rich, sandy loam. Winter temp., 55°; summer.
60° to 85°.
M . turbina'ta (top-shaped-ea^ared). 6. White.
W. Ind. 1793.
MYROSPE 'RMUM. ( From myron, myrrh ,
or aromatic balsam, and sperma, a seed ;
the seeds yield a strong- smelling resin.
Nat. ord., Leguminous Plants [Fabaceae].
Linn., \Q-Decandria \-Monoyynia. Allied
to Soph or a.)
This is the genus which produces the Balsam of
Tolu and Balsam of Peru, used in perfumery and
in the preparation of lozenges. Stove evergreen
trees. Cuttings of half-ripened shoots in sand,
in summer, under a bell-glass, and in bottom-
heat ; lop.m and peat, with an addition of silver
hand and icaf-mould. Wmter temp., 55°; sum-
mer, 60° to 85°.
M- frute'Ncen? (shrubby). 10. Rose. May. Ca-
raccas. 1824.
(P>iTu-bnlsam-'bKaring). 40. Whit«.
Peru. 1&24.
(downy). 40. White. Carthagena.
—Tolui'fcruia (Tolu-bearing). 40. Cream. S.
Amer. 1/33.
MY'F.TIHIS. Myrrh. (From mymih^
myrrh, or perfumed balsam. Nut. ord.,
UmbeUiJiv* [Apiacece]. Linn., 5-Pcnta&-
dria 3-/>/</y/ua. Allied to Scandix.)
MYR
[ 560 ]
NAI
This is the British Myrrh, formerly used in
various ways. Hardy herbaceous. Seeds, dividing
at the root, and slips inserted early in spring in a
shady place ; common garden-soil.
M. odora'tn (sweet-scented). 24. White. May.
Britain.
MY'RSINE. (The ancient name of
myrrh. Nat. ord., Ardisiads [Myrsina-
cece]. Linn., 2'3-Polygamia 2-Diaecia.
Allied to Ardisia.)
Greenhouse evergreens. Cuttings of stubby
shoots before they are quite ripe, in sand,
under a glass, in heat ; fibry loam and sandy peat.
Winter temp., 38° to 48°.
M. Africa'na (African). 4. Brown. May. Cape
of Good Hope. 1691.
retu'sa (bent-back-teuced). 2. White,
green. June. Cape of Good Hope. 1/88.
— bifa'ria (two-rowed- leaved). 20. White, pink.
January. Nepaul. 1822.
— Canarie'nsis (Cmzry- Island). 30. Whitish.
Teneriffe. 1820.
— capitella'ta (small-headed). 30. Green. Janu-
ary. Nepaul. 1822.
— coria'cKa (leathery). 8. December. Jamaica.
1770.
— ilicifo'lia (holly-leaved). 1826.
— melano'phleos (black-paper). 3. White, green.
Cape of Good Hope. 1/83.
— mi'tis (mild). 6. White. July. Cape of Good
Hope. 1692.
— Sama'ru (Samara). 3. White, green. Cape
of Good Hope. 177<>-
— semiserra'ta (half-saw-erf^ed). 30. Pink. Ja-
nuary. Nepaul. 1822.
— subspinu'sa (slightly-spined). 20. Nepaul. 1823.
— varia' bills (variable). 3. July. N. S. Wales. 1824.
MYRSIPHY'LLUM. (From myrsine, myrrh,
euadphyllon, a leaf; aromatic leaves. Nat.
ord., the Asparagus section of Lilyworts
[Liliaceae]. Linn., 6-Hexandria 1-Mono-
gynia.)
Greenhouse deciduous twiners, with greenish-
white flowers, from Cape of Good Hope. Division
of the root in spring ; sandy loam and dried leaf-
mould. Winter temp., 40° to 48°.
M. angustifo'lium (narrow-leaved). 6. July. 1752.
— asparugoi'des (asparagus-like). 6. June. 1/02.
MY'RTUS. The Myrtle. (From myron,
signifying perfume. Nat. ord., Myrtle -
blooms [Myrtacese]. Linn., 12-Icosandria
~L-J\fonogyitia.)
The French perfume called Eau d'Ange is ob-
tained from the distilled water of myrtle-flowers ;
and myrtle-berries and flower-buds are eutcn in
Italy for pepper. Evergreens, and all white-
flowered but two. Cuttings of half-ripened shoots
in sandy soil, under a glass ; sandy loam and a
little peat or leaf-mould, or very old, rather dry
cow-dunsr. Winter temp., 38° to 45°. The stove
kinds merely require a higher temperature. The
varieties of I'omrnu' ids are propagated by cuttings,
or by grafting and budding on the commoner
kinds. In the south of England the myrtle flou-
rishes against a wall; but north of London, in
such a position, it requires protection in winter.
STOVE EVERGREENS.
N bifln'ra (two- flowered). 10. May. Jamaica. 1759.
— buxl/o'lia (box-leaved). 6. Isle of Bourbon. 1826,
M. dvmo'sa (bushy). 3. June. W. Ind. 1793.
— Gre'gii (Greg's). 6. Dominica. 1776.
— mespiloi'des (medlar- like). 50. Isle of Bourbon.
1826.
— obscu'ra (doubtful). 6. July. Maranham. 1823.
— orbicula'ta (round-leaned). 6. Mauritius. 182.-*,
— virgulto'sa (twiggy). 6. July. Jamaica. 178/.
GREENHOUSE EVERGREENS.
M. nflt'nis (kindred). 6. Purple. June. China. 1823.
— bulla'tu (b\istered-leaved). 18. White. July.
New Zealand.
— commu'nis (common). 6. June. South Europe.
1597.
Bee'tica (Bsetic). 6. July. South Europe.
1597-
Be'lgica (broad-leaned-Dutch). 6. July.
South Europe. 1597-
flo're-ple' no (double-flowered). 6. July.
South Europe. 1597-
Ita'lica (Italian). 6. July. South Europe.
1597-
Lusita'nica (Portuguese). 6. July. South
Europe. 1597.
macula1 ta (spotted). 6. July. South Eu-
rope. 1597.
mucrona'ta (pointed-teaued). 2. July.
South Europe. 1597-
Roma'na (Roman). 6. July. South Eu-
rope. 1597.
Tarenti'nu (Tarentine). 6. July. South
Europe. 1597-
variega'ta (variegated). 6. July. South
Europe. 1597-
— me;«s^wzoi'^5(melastoma-like). 15. Moreton
Bay.
— tenuifo'lia (fine-leaved). 5. N. Holland. 1824.
— tumento'sa (woolly-leaved). 6. Purple. June.
China. 1776.
— trine'rvis (three-nerved). 5. N. Holland. 1824.
NAGE'LIA. (Named after Nageli, a Ger-
man botanist. Nat. ord., Apple.worts [Po-
maceffi]. Linn., 12-Icosandria 2-Di-penta-
gynia. Allied to Cotoneaster.)
A genus founded on COTONEA'STER DENTICC-
LA'TA, which see.
NAILS for training wall-trees are hest
made of cast iron, being the cheapest,
stoutest, and most enduring. Before using
they should be heated almost to redness,
and then be thrown into cold linseed- oil.
When dry, they have a varnish upon
them which preserves them from rusting,
and prevents the mortar of the wall stick-
ing to them so corrosively as it does if
they are un-oiled. In drawing old nails
from walls, the mortar is not so much
disturbed if the nails are driven in a
little further before they are extracted.
Old nails may be renovated by being
heated to redness, and then thrown into
water: this removes from them the
mortar, and then they may be again
heated and put into oil as before directed.
The cast-iron nails used by gardeners
are known to the ironmonger as wall-
NAM
C 501 ]
NAB
nails, and are described as 2$, 3, 4, and
5tb. wall-nails, accordingly as 1,000 of
them are of those weights. Nails, in most
ord., Amaryllids [Amaryllidaceee], Linn.,
6-Hexandria 1-Monogyniu. )
This genus of hardy bulbs, like the Rhododen-
cases, require to be driven only a very ] dron, has so multiplied from seeds, that it is ut-
little way into the mortar, and walls then
do not become defaced by them for many
years. In all summer nailing of peach-
trees, roses, &c., the point only requires
to be driven in, so that the nail may be
easily withdrawn by the fingers.
NA'MA. (From nama, a stream of water;
the natural place of growth. Nat. ord.,
Hydrophyls [Hydrophyllacese]. Linn., 5-
Pentandria2-Digynia. Allied to Hydrolea.)
Seeds sown in a hotbed, in March and April,
and bloomed in the greenhouse, after being hard-
ened ; divisions and cuttings of the plant in
spring ; sandy loam and fibry peat, with sand and
charcoal to keep it open. Common stove and
greenhouse temperature.
N. Jamuicc'nsis (Jamaica). White, blue. June.
Jamaica. 1812. Stove annual.
— undula'ta (waved-tenwerf). l. Violet. June.
Mexico. 1826. Greenhouse herbaceous.
NANDI'NA. (From nandin, the Japanese
name. Nat. ord., Bcrberids [Berberida-
cese]. Linn., 6-Hexandria 2-Digynia. Al-
lied to Leontice.)
Greenhouse evergreen shrub. Cuttings of
ripened shoots in sand, under a hand-light, and
cot hurried ; loam and sandy peat ; a sheltered
place, a cold pit, or a greenhouse in winter. An
interesting plant, with white petals, yellow an-
thers, and red fruit.
Ar. dome'stica (domestic). 6. White. July. China.
1804.
NAPOLEO'NA. (Named after Napoleon
Buonaparte. Nat. ord.,Napoleonworts['Bel-
visiacese]. Affinity a disputed point among
botanists. Dr. Lindley has it in the
Myrtle alliance, next to the Mangroves.
See its History in The Cottaye Gardener.}
Stove evergreen shrub. Cuttings of half-ripened
shoots, two to four inches long, in sand, under
a bell-glass, and in a mild bottom-heat, giving air
at night, to prevent damping ; sandy peat and
fibry loam. Winter temp., 55° to 60° ; summer,
60° to Q0°, and moist.
2V. imperiu'lis (imperial). 6. Apricot, crimson.
May. Sierra Leone. 1844.
NAPOLEON'S WEEPING WILLOW. Sa'lix
Napoleo'iia.
NAKAVE'LIA. (Fom narawal, its Cinga-
lese name. Nat. ord., Crowfoots [Kanun-
culacese]. Linn., 13-Polyandria 6-Poly-
yynia. Allied to Atragene.)
Stove evergreen climber. Cuttings of half-
ripened shoots in sand, under a glass, in heat ;
sandy peat and fibry loam. Winter temp., 50° to
60°; summer, 6o3 to 85°.
2V. Zeyla'nica (Ceylon). 12. Yellow. Ceylon. I/
NAECI'SSUS. (Name of a youth, said to
have been changed into this flower. Nat.
terly impossible to make out what are, and what
are not, true species. Salisbury and Haworth
gave generic names to the different groups ; but
their definitions have broken down. For all prac-
tical purposes, the whole may be included under
the old name Narcissus. Seeds, but chiefly by
offsets from the bulbs, which, in most kinds, are
freely produced ; rich, sandy loam, with a little
leaf-mould. Those to be forced early should be
removed out of the ground as soon as the leaves
decay , and be kept dry and cool until potting- time,
in autumn.
N. A'jax (Ajax). 1. Yellow. March.
— a'tbicuns (whitening). £• Pale yellow. March.
1/89.
— a'lbus (white). 1. White, yellow. April.
ple'nus (double-orawg-e. Phoenix). 1. Sul-
phur. April.
— angustifo'lius (narrow-leaved). 1. White. May.
South Europe. 1570.
— ajoer^i'coro'wa(open-crowiied). Yellow, orange.
April. N. Africa.
— aura'ntius (orange). 1. Yellow. March. l6'->9.
ple'nus lu'teus (double-yellow). 1. Yellow.
March. 1629.
— bi'color (two-coloured). 1. White, yellow. April.
Spain. 1629.
— biflo'rus (two-flowered). 1. White. March.
Britain.
— H'frons (two-faced). 1. Yellow. March. South
Europe.
— bulboco'dium (bulbous. Hoop-petaled). $.
Yellow. April. Portugal. 1829.
— ca'pax (capacious). $. Pale yellow. May.
— ceri'nus( wax-coloured). 1. White. April.
— ce'rnuus (pate-drooping). £. Crimson, white.
March. Spain.
caro'na. ple'na (full-crowned) 1 . Crimson,
white. March. Spain.
— citri'nns (citron-coloured). 1. White, yellow.
April.
— compre'ssua (fat-stalked).
March. Spain.
Lilac, yellow.
— co'ncolor (one-coloured). £. Sulphur. April.
1820.
— conspi'cuus (conspicuous). £. Yellow. May.
— crenula'tus (scolloped- petaled). 1. White. April.
Spain.
— Cy'pri (Cyprian). 1. White, yellow. March-
Cyprus.
-- coro'na ple'na (full-crowned). 1. White,
yellow. March.
— defi'ciens (deficient). White. South Europe.
— Diome'des (Diomedes').
— du'bins (doubtful). White. April. France.
—fistulo'sus (hollow-staged). 2. White, yellow.
April.
— floribu'ndus (many-flowered) . l4.White,yellow.
March. Spain.
— galanthifu'lius (snowdrop-leaved), f. White.
Muy.
— gra'ciiis (slender), ij. Yellow. April.
— grandiflo'rus (large-flowered). 1. White, yellow.
April.
— Hawo'i-tliia (Haworth's). 1. Yellow. April. 17«0.
-- ple'nus sulphu'rtus (double-sulphur). 1.
Sulphur. April, lb'29.
— hemina'lis (Ifsser-curled-cup)-l . Yellow.March.
— incompura'bilis (incomparable). 1. Yellow.
April. Portugal. 1629.
— infla'tus (swollen). *• Yellow. March.
2 o
NAR
[ 562]
NAS
AT. infla'tus m?nor (lesser).
March. Spain. 1696.
— infundibulu'ris (tunnel-cowered). £. Yellow.
March.
— inter jt'ctus (interjected). 1. Yellow. April.1810.
— interme'dius (intermediate). 14. Pale yellow.
March. Pyrenees.
— Ita'licus (Italian). 1. Pale yellow. March.
South Europe.
ple'nus (double). 1. Cream. March. Italy.
semiple'mus (semi-double). 1. Cream.Italy.
—jonqui'lla (jonquil). J. Pale yellow. April.
Spain. 1596.
flo 're-pie 'no (double-flowered). 1. YeHow.
April. Spain. 1596.
— junctfo'lius (rush-leaved), Yellow. South
Europe.
— latifo'lius (broad-leaved-oran^e). 1. Yellow.
April.
— lobula'tus (small -lobed). $. Yellow. March.
— lorifo'lius (strap-leaved. Two-coloured). 1.
Yellow. March.
— u'nceps (two-edged. Two-coloured). 1.
Yellow. March. 1800.
bre'viflos (short-flowered. Two-colowed).
1. Yellow. April.
— lu'na (moon). 1. White. April.
— Macle'aii (Mac Leay's). $. Cream. March.
Smyrna. 18)5.
— ma'jor (larger). 1. Yellow. March. Spain 1620,.
— m a1 ximus (largest). 1. Yellow. April.
— mi' nor (smaller). £. Yellow. March. Spain. '62Q.
— monta'nus (mountain). 1. White. April.
Portugal.
— moscha'tus (musky). 1. White. April. England.
— multiflo'rus (£a#-many-flowered). 1. Yellow.
April.
April.
au'reus (go!den-n»«»y-j?ou>ered). 1,
low. April.
-- negle'ctus (neglected). White, yellow
Naples. 1830.
— ni'veus (snowy). 1. White. May. South Europe.
— nu'kilis (noble). I. Yellow. April,
— nu'tans (nodding). 1, YelUnv. April. South
Europe. 1/89-
— • obscl'ssus (cut-off). 1. Yellow. May, Spain.
— obsole'tus (obsolete). 1. White. August.
Spain. 1819.
— obvalla'ris (trenched-round). 1. Yellow.
March, Spain.
— odo'rus (sweet-scented). I. Yellovr. May.
South Europe. 1629.
— orienta'lis (eastern). 1. White. April. Levant.
— papyra'ceus (paper). 1, White. Bfarch.
jasmi'neus (jasmine-like). 1. White. April.
— patella1 ria (basin-jZuu'ered). 1. White. May.
England.
exse'rtus (drawn-out). 1. White. May.
England.
ple'nus (double). 1 .White. May. England.
— pa'tulus (spreading. White Musk). 1. White.
, March. Spain.
— a'lbeus (whitish. Norfolk). 1. White.
March. Spain.
—'poe'tiws (poet's). l.White.May. South Europe.
— prlmuli'nus (cowslip-CMppe<i).l.Yellow.March.
— propi'nquus (allied). 1, Yellow. March. Spain.
~~ pscu'do-Narci'ssus (bastard Narcissus. Dnjfo-
dil). 1. Pale yellow. March. England.
— pleni'asimus (most-double;. I. Yellow.
March.
pie' mis (double). 1. Yellow. March.
ScoMciu (Scotch). l« Yeihv, May.
Scotland,
Pale sulphur, f N. pulche'llus .(pretty). 1. Yellow. April. Spain.
I — pu'milus (dwarfish). $. Yellow. March. Spain.
flit're-ple'no (double-flowered). £. Yellow.
March. Gardens.
— pusi'llus (small. Jonquil), $. Yellow. April.181 8.
ple'nus (double. Queen Anne's Jonquil).
£. Yellow. April. 1810.
— Que'ltia (Qeltian).
— recu'rvus (curled-back-/eawd;. 1. White. May.
South Europe.
— rwgw/ofiM^wrinkled-cttp).!. Yellow.April. 1818.
— Sabi'm (Sabine's). 1. Yellow. April.
— semiparti'tus (cloven-ewpped), 1. Sulphur.
March.
— serra'tus (saw-edged). 3« Pale yellow. March.
South Europe.
sua'vis (sweet). 1. Pale yellow. March.
South Europe.
— gi'milis (similar. Jonquil). £. Yellow. April.
— spu'rius (bastard). 1. Yellow. March. England.
— sttlta'ris (starry -sepuled). 1. White, crimson.
May. 1629.
— stria'tulus (small-channelled). $. Yellow.April.
— Taze'tta (Tazetta. Polyanthus). 1. White.
March. Spain. 1759.
— Telamo'nius (Telamon's). 1. Yellow. April.
grandiple'nus (large-double). 1. Yellow.
April.
ple'nus (double. Daffodil). 1. Yellow.April.
— tenu'ior (slenderer). 1. Lilac, white. May. 1/89.
— tereticau'lis (round-stalked). l£. Pale yellow.
March. Spain.
— tortuo'sus (twisted-pefated). 1$. White. April.
Spain. 1629.
— Trewia'nus (Trew's). 1$. White, yellow.
March. Spain.
— tria'ndrus (three-stamened). f . White. April*
Portugal. 1629.
— tri'tobus (three-lobed-Jon?«z7). 1. Yellow.
April. South Europe. 1629.
— tubiflo'rus (tube-flowered). 1. White, yellow.
March.
— viridifto'rus (green-flowered). $. Green. Sep-
tember. Barbary. 1629.
NAECISSUS FLY. Merodon Narcissi.
NARTHE'CIUM. (From narthex, a rod ;
referring to the flower-stems. Nat. ord.,
Rushes [Juncaceee]. Linn., Q-Hexandna
\-Monoyynia.)
Hardy herbaceous, Iris-like rushes, adapted for
mixed borders of herbaceous plants. Divisions
of the plant in spring; a cool border, and supplied
with sandy peat, or sand and leaf-mould.
N. America'num (American). $. Yellow. July.
N. Amer. 1811.
— ossi'fragum (bone-breaking), $, Yellow-
July. Britain.
NASTU'RTIUM. (From nasus, the nose,
and tortus, tormented; referring to the
hot, acrid smell. Nat. ord., Crucifers
[Brassicaceae]. Linn., 15-Tetradynamia.
Allied to the Wallflower.)
Simple-looking plants, of no great beauty. We
introduce the genus to correct the common error
of calling the Indian Cress (Tropee'olum) Nastur-
tiums. Hardy aquatics, with yellow flowers ;
seeds and division of the plant in common soil ;
but none are worth growing for their beauty.
N. a'nceps (two-edged-pod). 1. July. Britain.
— ere'ctum (upright). June. Siberia. 1837.
— na'tany (floating). 4. July. Siberia. 1827.
NAT
[ 563 ]
NEM
NATIVE OAK. Casuari'na.
NAU'CLEA. (From naus, a ship, and
kleio, to inclose ; the half-capsule, or
seed-pod, in the form of a ship's hull.
Nat. ord., Cinchonads [Cinchonacese].
Lirtn., 5-Pentaridria 1-Monogynia. Allied
to Cinchona.)
Stove evergreens, from the East Indies ; cut-
tings of half-ripe shoots in sandy loam, under a
glass, in heat; loam, Band, and peat. Usual
stove temperatures.
N. A'dinaiMinz). White. July. China. 1804.
— Cuda'mha (Cadamba). 20. Orange.
•— cordifo'liu (heart-leaved). 40. Yellow.
— mncriiphy'lla. (large-leaved) , Yellow. 1820.
— urientu'lis (eastern). 30. Yellow.
— purpu'rea (purple). 10. Purple.
— undulu'ta (waved-leaved). 20. Yellow. 1820.
NAVARRErTTiA.(Named after a Spaniard.
Nat. ord., Pldoxworts [Polemoniaceas].
Linn., 5-Pentandria 1-Monogynia, Allied
to Ipomopsis.)
Hardy annuals, from California, blue-flowered,
and blooming in June, except where otherwise
mentioned; sow in March in open border.
N. cotulaefo'lia (cotula-leaved). £. VVhite. 1833.
— eryngioi'des (eryngium-like). Chili. 1833.
— interte'xta (interwoven). l£. J833.
— pube'scens (downy). £. 1833.
— pu'ngens (prickly-tecwed). 1$. 1826.
— squarro'sa (spreading). 1. August. Santa
Cruz. 18-17.
NAVELWORT. Coly'ledon.
NAVET, or NAVEW. (Bra'ssica na'pus.}
The Colesat, or Rape.
NEAPOLITAN VIOLET. Vl'ola odora'ta
pa'llida ple'na.
NECTARINE. (Pe'rsica l&'vis.) The
following are the best varieties, and all
require a south-aspect wall. We add the
months in which the fruit ripens. Hard-
wick Seedling, August', Elruge, August;
Violet hdtive, August, September ; Late
Newingtoii, September, October; Pitmas-
ton Orange, September. For culture, see
PEACH.
NECTAROSCO'RDUM. Honey Garlic.
(From nectar, honey, and skorodon, garlic ;
referring to honey pores in the flower of
this onion-like flower. Nat. ord.,Amaryl-
Jids[Amaryllidace8e]. Linn., Q-Hexandria
1-Monogynia. Allied to Allium.)
A very curious hardy bulb, growing in shady
woods in Sicily, with a flower-scape three to four
feet long, bearing pendulous flowers. Offsets
from the bulbs ; common, sandy soil.
N. Si'culum (Sicilian). Purple, green, white.
-June. Sicily. 1832.
NEGRO FLY. Atha'lia.
NEGU'NDO. Box Elder. (Derivation
is not known. Nat. ord., Maples [Acera-
ceffi]. Linn., 22-Dicecia 5-Pentandria.
Allied to the Maple.)
Hardy deciduous trees, with green flowers, from
North America. Layers and seeds, which should
be sown in autumn as soon as gathered ; deep,
moist, sandy loam. A short-lived tree, suitable
for shrubberies and lawns.
N.fr<ucinifo'lium (ash-leaved-wajoJe). 40. May.
cri'spum (curled-leaved). 30. May. 1688.
• violu'ceum (purple). 30. May.
NE'JA. (Probably the Mexican name.
Nat. ord., Composites [Asteracesj]. Linn.,
19-Syngenesia 2-Superflua.)
A half-hardy herbaceous Asterwort, flowering
in a bed or border from May to October. Seeds,
divisions; common soil ; protection in a pit in
winter.
N, gra'cilis (slender). 1. Yellow. Mexico. 1828.
NELI'TRIS. (From ne, not, and elytron,
a seed-case ; referring to the berry having
no partitions. Nat. ord., Myrtleblooms
[Myrtaceae]. Linn., 12-Icosandria \-Mo~
noyynia. Allied to the Pomegranate.)
Stove white -flowered, evergreen shrubs. Cut-
tings of half-ripened short shoots in sand, under
a bell-glass, and in a gentle heat, in April or May ;
fibry loam, leaf-mould, peat, and sand, and a little
charcoal to keep all open. Winter temp., 45° to
50°; summer, 60° to 85°.
2V.Jam6ose'Wa(Jambosella). 10. Society I. 1810.
— panicula'ta (panicled). May. Moluccas. 1820.
NELU'MBIUM. Water Bean. (From
nelumbo, the Indian name. Nat. ord.,
Water-beans [Nelumbiaceae]. Linn., 13-
Polyandria 6-Polygynia.)
These handsome plants are natives of still waters.
The nuts of all the species are eatable and whole-
some; and the North American Indians eat the
root-stocks of lu'teum, which are not unlike the
sweet potato. Division of the root, either just
before, but better just after, growth has com-
menced, and better still by seeds ; fresh warm
water must often be supplied when the plants are
growing, removing some out of the tub, and
placing more in ; w,hen at rest, the soil, rich loam,
may be allowed to get quite dry. Temp., when
at rest, 48° to 55°; when growing and approaching
flowering, 70° to 95°.
N Ca'spicum (Caspian). Pink. Caspian Sea. 1822.
— flave'scens (yellowish). Yellowish. June. Egypt.
1847-
— Jamaice'nse (Jamaica). Pale blue. Jamaica.
1824.
— • lu'teum (yellow). Yellow. Carolina. 1810.
— speno'xum (showy). Pink. July. India. 1787.
ro'seum (rose-coloured). 3. Rose. June.
India.
— Tama'ra (Tamara). Pink. Malabar. 1818.
NEMATA'NTHUS. (From nt'w«, a thread,
and anthos, a flower; the flowers of
lo'ngipes hanging down from long, thread-
like foot-stalks. Nat. ord., Gesnerworts
[Gesneracese]. Linn., I^-Didynamia 2-
Aiigiospermia. Allied to Gesnera.)
Stove evergreen climber, of considerable beauty,
easily managed, still easier to increase, and offer-
ing strong inducements to the cross-breeder. Cut-
tings in sandy soil, kept rather dry ; leaves, also,
NEM
[ 5G4 ]
NEO
will strike ; sandy peat »nd turfy loam, with char-
coal and dried cow-dun*. Winter temp., 45° to
55° ; summer, 60° to 85°.
N. chlorone'mii (green-./? lamented). 1$. Scarlet.
July. Organ Mountains. 1841.
— ione'ma (violet -stemmed). Deep crimson.
Tropical America. 1848.
— lo'ngipes (long-flower-stalked). 2. Scarlet.
December. Brazil. 1841.
NEME'SIA. (Name of a plant in Dios-
corides. Nat. ord., Fif/worts [Scroplm-
lariacese]. Linn., \±-Didynamia 2-Anyio-
spermia. Allied to Herairneris.)
Natives of the Cape of Good Hope. Seeds
•own in a slight hotbed in spring, and transplanted
in May or June, or sown in Mav ; the perennials,
also, by divisions in spring, and by cuttings under
a hand-light in summer ; sandy loam ; a cold pit,
and dry in winter.
ANNUALS.
2V. bico'rnis (two-horned). 2. Purple. July. 1774.
— floribu'nda (many-flowered). 1. White, yellow.
July.
— linea'ris(n&now -leaved). 1. Rose. April. 1822.
HERBACEOUS.
N. chamcedrifo'lia (chamaedrys -leaved). 2. Purple.
June. 1787.
— fos'tcns (stinking). 2. Purple. June. 1798.
— frute'scens (shrubby). 2. Yellow. May. 18i6.
Evergreen.
NEMOPA'NTHES. (From nemos, a prove,
and anthos, a flower; it being generally
found in groves. Nat. ord., f lolly worts
[Aquifoliaceae]. Linn., 2%-Poly<jamia 2-
Dicecia. Allied to Prinos.)
An ornamental, hardy, deciduous, upright-
growing shrub, very little known in England, out
very desirable. It was called 1'lex Canade'nsis
and Pri'nos lu'cida. The flowers are small and
white ; but the berries are large, beautiful crimson,
and very ornamental. Layers in autumn ; seeds
then, and in spring ; common shrubbery soil, but
it will do better with an addition of sandy peat or
leaf-mould.
N. Canade'nsis (Canadian). 3. May. N. Amer.
1812.
NEMO'PHILA. (From nemos, a grove,
and phileo, to love ; from their place of
growth. Nat. ord., Hydrophyls [Hydro-
] . Linn., 5-lJentandria \-Mono-
Like all the Californian annuals, well-adapted
to be sown in September ; the seedlings to stand
over the winter, and be protected at times with
evergreen boughs, to flower where sown, or to be
raised in patches, and thus transplanted in spring ;
sown thickly in March, on a rough, rich soil,
consisting of leaf-mould, rotten dung, and coarse
loam, laid on a hard bottom, protected by glass or
inats, and transferred to the flower-garden in
April and May. Sown in April and May, in the
open border, they will flower most of the summer.
A few grown in pots will ornament a house or
•window in winter and spring. A rich, light soil
suits them best, and a moist, shady situation. In
watering, avoid wetting the collar of the plant.
ANNUALS.
N. atoma'nu (speckled). £. White, purple.
August. California. 1836.
N. auri'ta (ti&T-leaved). l£. Purple. June.
California. 1831.
— insi'gnis (showy). l£. Blue. August. Cali-
fornia. 1833.
— macula' ta (blotched-flowered), £. White, pur-
ple. June. California. 1848.
HERBACEOUS PERENNIALS.
2V. discoida'lis (disk- shaped). Purple. June. N.
Amer. 1813.
— panicnla'ta (panicled). J. Pale blue. May.
N.Amer. 1813.
— parviflo'rn (small-flowered). Blue. N.Amer.
1826.
— phaceliot'des (phacelia-like). 1. Blue. July.
N. Amer. 1822.
NEO'TTIA. (From neottia, a hird's-nest ;
referring to the interlacing of the nume-
rous roots. Nat. ord., Orchids [Orchida-
cenej. IAnn.,2Q-Gynandria 1-Monandria.
Allied to Lister a.)
Ground orchids. Even the hardy kinds are in-
teresting ; division in spring ; sandy peat, loatn,
and charcoal. Temp., for stove kinds, winter, 50'
to 60° ; summer, 60° to 80°.
HARDY.
2V. astiva'lis (summer). £. White. September.
N. Amer. 1822.
— autumnu'lis (autumnal). £. White. Sep.
tember. Eiir-.j..*. I8u0.
— ce'rnua (drooping-fli>wered). 1. White. July.
N. Amer. 1796-
— ni'dus a' vis (bird's-ncst). 1. Brown. May.
Britain.
GREENHOUSE.
N. austra'lia (southern), f . Ked. N. Holland.
1823.
— plantagi'nea (plantain-leaved). 1. Red. June.
Nepaul. 1824.
STOVE.
N. aphy'lFa (leafless), l. Red. Pink. June.
Trinidad. 1826.
— bi'color (two-coloured). 1. White. February.
Trinidad. 1823.
— ela'ta (tall). 2. Green. July. W. Ind. i/90.
— glandtdo'sa (glanded). Green, white. Jauu.
ary. W. Ind.
— grandiflo'ra (large-flowered). White, green.
April. St. Vincent. 1829.
— macra'ntha (long-flowered). White. March.
W. Ind. 1827.
— orcJiiui'des (orchis- like). Rose. November.
Jamaica. 1826.
— pi'cta (painted). 2. Green. April. Trinidad.
1805.
— pudi'ca (modest). £. Pink. November. China.
1819.
NEOTTO'PTERIS. (~Fromneottia, a hird's-
nest, tmdpteris, a fern; founded on the
Bird's-nest, or Spleenwort Fern. Nat.
ord., Ferns [Polypodiacese]. Linn., 2-1-
Cryptogamia 1-Filices.)
Ferns, with brown spores, requiring rather
shaded situations. See FKRNS.
GREENHOUSE.
N.stipita' I a (long-stalked). May. E.Indies.
— vulga'ris (common). June. N.Holland. 1822.
STOVE.
N. Greni'llei (Greville's). May. E. Ind.
— museefu'lia (musa-leaved). May. E. Ind.
— philii'tidis (hart's-tongue). May. E. lad.
NEP
[ 565 ]
NEP
NSPE'NTHES. Pitcher Plant. (From
nepenthes, grief-assuaging; its supposed
medicinal quality. Nat. ord., Nepenths
[Nepenthaceae], Linn., 22-JDicecia 13-
Motiadelphia.)
Stove evergreen climbers. Seeds, when they
can he obtained, which require a strong, moist
heat to vegetate them in ; but chiefly by little off-
sets, which come from near the base of the shoots ;
very fibry peat, old sphagnum, charcoal, and
broken potsherds, particularly well-drained ; the
pot to be then plunged in moss, and at all times
supplied, less or more, with bottom-heat and abun-
dance of moisture. Where there are tank* or
beds heated by hot water, one chief element to
successful culture is obtained. Even in winter the
bottom-heat should not he lower than 75°. Win-
ter temp., 60° to 65° ; summer, 60° to 90°.
N. a'lbo margin'i'ta (white -margined). Singa-
pore. 1848.
— ampulla' 'cea (bottle-like). Green. June. Ma-
niila. 1840.
— distilliitu'ria (distilling. Chinese). 6. Green,
yellow. China. 1780..
— Hook'ria'na (Sir W. J. Hooker's). 20. Sara-
wak. 1847.
— ICE' vis (smooth). Java. 1848.
— Lindleya'nu (Ur. Lindley's). 8. Purple. Borneo.
1847.
— Loddise'sii (Loddige's). Borneo. 1847.
— phylla1 mphora (pitcher-leaved). 6. Green,
yellow. July. China. 1820.
— Rajftesia'na (Sir Stamford Raffles'). Yellow,
brown. September. Singapore. 1845.
NEPE'TA. Cat Mint. (Named from
Nepct, a town in Tuscany. Nat. ovd.,
Labiates [Lamiacese], Linn., ll-Didy-
namirt 1 Gymnospcrmia. Allied to 1 'raco-
cepbalum.)
A genus of hardy herbaceous plants, compre-
hending a few ornamental, with a large number
of weeds; the latter we have omitted. The
Ground Ivy, Nepe'ta gle'chomn, is still held in
high ^estimation as a pectoral medicine in some
parts of the country, and also several others of
this order. Seeds, sown in spring, but chiefly by
dividing the plants in the spring as growth com-
mences ; also, in rare kinds, by cuttings in sum-
mer, under a hand-light ; light, sandy soil ; some
of the more trailing kinds do well for rock-work.
N. amethy'stina (amethystine). l£. Blue. July.
South Europe. 1816.
— reeru'lea (blue). l£. Blue. May. 1777.
— Croa'ticti (Croatian). !£. White. " July. Hun-
gary. 1821.
— difu'na (spreading). 1$. Purple. July. Si-
beria. 1824.
— grandifiu'ra (large-flowered), d. Blue. July.
Caucasus. 181/.
— grave'alens (heavy-smelling). l£. Purple.
July. South Europe. 1804.
— hederu'cea (ivy-like. Common'). I. Blue.
May. Britain.
— ' ro'tsea (rosy). ^. Rose. May. England.
vuriega't'i (vanegated-teawed). $. Blue.
May. England.
— hirsu'ta( hairy;. 2. Pink. May. Hungary.
— unbricieta (imbricated). 2. .Blue. Julv.
Spain. 1820.
— latifo'/ia (nroad-leaved). 4. Purple. July.
Pyrenees. 1816.
N.longiflo'ra (long-flowered). 2. Violet. Julv.
Persia. 1802.
— macron' > a (long-tailed). 4. White, purple.
July. Siberia. 1820.
— marifd'lia . (marum-leaved). 1. Blue. June.
Spain. 1800.
— marrw^ioi'^A^horehound-like). 1$. Red. July.
— multibractea1 tu uianv-bracted). 3. Purple.
July. Algiers. "lS17.
— Mussi'ni (Mussin's). 2. Violet. July. Si-
beria. 1804.
— Nepete'lla (small Nepeta). 1, Bed. July.
South Europe. 1/58.
— Panno'nicu (Hungarian). 4. Red. Septem-
ber. Hungary. 1683.
— scordo'tis (scordotis). !£. Blue. July. N,
Africa. 1817.
— Sibi'rica (Siberian). 1. Purple. July. Siberia.
1304.
— suave'olens (sweet-scented). 1$. Blue. July.181/.
— teucriifu' lia (teucrium-leavad). 1^. Purple.
July. Armenia. 1S16.
— tubei'o'sa (tuberous-looted). 2. Violet. July.
Spain. 1CS3.
— viola'cea (violet). 2. Blue. August. Spain.
1/23.
NEPHE'UTJM. (An ancient name for
Burdock : applied in reference to the
similarity of the heads of the flowers
and seeds. Nat. ord., Soapworts [Sapin-
daceje]. Linn., ti-Octandria l-Monoyt/niu.
Allied to Cupania.)
Stove evergreen fruit-trees. Seed sown in a
hotbed in spring ; layers and cuttings of hall'-
ripened shoots in sanely soil, under a ueli-g'.ass;
sandy loam and dried leaf-mould. Winter teuip.,
ta° to 55°; summer, 60° to 80°.
N. Lit'Jd' (Lee Chee). 15. White. Mav. China.
1786.
— Longu'na (Longan). 20. White. May. China,
I7s6.
— vertici-'la'ta (whorled). 6. White, red. May.
E. Ind. 1820.
NEPHRO'DIUM. (From nephros, a kid-
ney; the shape of the spore-cases. Nat.
ord., Ferns [Polypodiaceie]. Linn., ;M-
Cryptugamia 1-Filices.) See FEKNS.
HARDY.
2V. aculea'tum (eommow-prickly). 2. Brown.
June. Britain.
— aeros^'cAoi'<fes(acrostichum-like). 14. Brown.
July. N. Amer.
— angula're (angular). £. Brown. July. Hun-
gary. 1819.
— Baro'mez (Baromez). Yellow. Tartary. !82t.
— cristu'tum (/mre/'-crested). 1^. Brown. June.
England.
— fi'lix-ina's (male fern). 3. Brown. June.
Britain.
— fra'grans (fragrant). £. Brown. July. Si-
beria. 1820.
— 'Goldia'num (Goidie's). 2. Brown. August.
N. Amer.
— intermedium (intermediate). 2. Brown. June.
N. Amer. 1825.
— Lancastrie'nse (Lancaster). i'ellow. July.
N. Amer. 18^3.
— lohn'tum (lobed). 2. JJrown. June. England.
— lunchi'tis (lonchitis). j£. Jlrown. May. Britain.
usptSrriina (very rou^h). 1. Brcwn.
July. N. Amer.
NEP
[ 566 ]
NER
JV. margina'le (marginal-s/7or<?d). 2. Brown
June. N. Amer. 1772.
— Noveborace'nse (New York). 14. Brown
July. N. Amer. 1812.
— obtu'&um (blunt-/rortded). Yellow. June
N. Amer. 1827.
— oreo'pteris (oreopteris). 3. Brown. July. Britain
— spinulo'sum (crested-prickly), 1. Brown. June
Britain.
~ thely'pteris (lady fern) . 1 . Brown. July.Britain
GREENHOUSE.
N. coria'ceum (leathery). 1. Brown. June
Van Dlemen's Land. 1821.
— Cunningha'mii (Cunningham's). 1£. Brown
July. New Zealand.
— decompo'situm (decomposed). 4, Brown
June. N. Holland. 1820.
— drepa'num (sickle-like). 2. Brown. July
Madeira. 1837.
— elongaftum (elongated). 2. Brown. July
Madeira. 1/79.
— IcBtevi'rens (lively-green). 3. Brown. Madeira
— lu'cens (shining:). 1. Brown. August. Mau-
ritius. 1831.
— ri'gidum (stiff). |. Brown. July. South
Europe. 1816.
— uni'tum (joined). 2. Brown. August. N
Holland. 1793.
STOVE.
2V. abru'ptum (abrupt). Yellow. July.Isle of Luzon
— uugefscens (increasing). Yellow. June. Cuba
1841.
— auricula' turn (eared). A. Brown. July. E
Ind. 1793.
— B/w'met(Blume's). Yellow. July. E.Ind. 1840.
— cane'scens (hoary). Brown, yellow. May. Isle
of Luzon.
— caudicuWtum (tailed). Yellow. July. Isle
of Luzon.
— cordifo'lium (heart-leaved). J. Brown. July,
Jamaica. 1824.
— crini'tum (huired). 1. Brown. August,
Mauritius. 1831.
— Cumi'ngii (Cuming's). 3. Yellow. February.
Malacca. 1839.
— edu'le (eatable-roofed). Yellow. July. Nepaul.
— glandulo'sum (glanded). Yellow. July. Isle
of Luzon. 1840.
— hippocre'pis (horse-shoe). 2. Brown. May.
Jamaica.
— hirsu'tum (hairy). Brown, yellow. May.
Isle of Luzon. 1842.
— mo'lle (soft). 2. Yellow. July. S. Amer. 1820.
— mucrona'tum (sharp-pointed). 2. Brown.
July. Jamaica. 1820.
— parasi'ticum (parasitical). 1. Brown. June.
E. Ind. 1824.
— penni'gerum (winged). 6. Yellow. January.
W. Ind.
— platyphy'llum (flat-leaved). Yellow. June.
S. Amer. 1826.
— proli'ferum (proliferous). 1. Brown. Brazil.
— propi'nquum (related). 2. Brown. August.
E. Ind. 1793.
—•pube'scens (downy). Brown.July.Jamaica.1817.
— pu'ngeus (stinging). 1. Yellow. January. W.Ind.
— sc'rra (saw-like). 2. Brown. July. Ja-
maica. 1819.
— simplicifo'lium (simple-leaved). Yellow. E.
Ind. 1840.
— te'rminans (ending). Yellow, brown. July.
E. Ind.
— tubero'sum (tuberous). 1$. Yellow. January.
\Vi Ind*
•N. villo'sum (shaggy). 8. Brown. July. W.
Ind. 1793.
NEPHRO'LEPIS. (From nephros, a kid-
ney, and lepis, a scale ; referring to the
covering of the seed, or spore -cases.
Nat. ord., Ferns [Polypodiacece]. Linn.,
Z±-Cryplvgamia l-FUices.)
Stove Ferns, with yellow spores. See FERNS.
N. acuminu'ta (pointed). June. W. Ind.
— biserra'ta (double-saw-edg^j. June. Isle of
Luzon.
— ensifit'/ia (sword-leaved). June. India.
— hirsu'tula (small-haired). June. Malacca.
— Obliteru'tu (obliterated). June. N. Holland. 18:^9.
— pJuduta (drooping). June. W. lud.
— puix-tulu'ta (small-dotted). June. W. Ind.
— sple'ndens (shining). June. W.Ind.
— trichomanoi'des (trichomanes-like). June.
Isle of Luzon.
— tube.ro' so, (tuberous-rooted). 2. September.
Jamaica. 1841.
— volu'bilis (twining). June. W.Ind.
NEPTU'NIA. (After Neptune, the my-
thological deity of the sea ; a water-plant.
Nat. ord., Leguminous Plants [Fabacen?].
Linn., 23-Polygamia l-Moncecia. Allied
to Desman thus.)
Stove water-plant, with pinnated, sensitive
leaves like a Mimosa; seeds in strong heat; cut-
tings and divisions. Winter temp., 50° to 60° •
summer, 60° to 90°.
N. ple'na (full). White, yellow. August. Mexico.
1733.
NERI'NE. (The daughter of Nerius.
Nat. ord., Amaryllids [Amaryllidacese].
Linn., 6-Hexand/ia ]-Monogynia. Allied
to Brunsvigia.)
Greenhouse bulbs, from the Cape of Good
Hope, except when otherwise mentioned. The
Guernsey lily is a Nerine, and, like it, all the
species flower in the autumn— some before the
jrowth of the leaves, and others with the leaves
coming up. Like the Amaryllis, they grow from
September to May, and delight in strong, yellow
oam ; a vigorous growth of the leaves is requisite
o cause them to flower the following auiumn.
Alany attempts have been made to cross them
with Amaryllis and other allied families without
success ; but they produce fine crosses among
hemselves. Seeds sown in heat, in spring, or as
oon as ripe, but chiefly by offsets from the bulbs ;
ich, sandy loara, with a little peat ; deeply planted,
ind a dry situation in winter ; or protected in a
•old pit or greenhouse, and kept dry until vege-
ation commences.
N. coru'scu (glittering). 1. Scarlet. July. 1809.
— curvifu'lia (curve-leaved). 1. Purple.Jiily.1777.
— flexuo'sa (zigzag). 1. Pink. September. 1795.
— hu'milis (low). 2. Red. June. 1795.
— putc/ie'lla (pretty). 2. Pink. July. 1820.
— ru'sea (rosy), f. Pink. July. 1818.
— Sarnie'nsis (Guernsey Lily). \. Ked. Sep
tember. Japan. 1059.
— • undula'ta (waved -powered), f. Pink. May.
China. 1767.
--tv?nu's/a (beautiful). 1. Scarlet. June. 1806.
NE'RIUM. Oleander. (From ncros,
moist ; referring to their native places of
growth. Nat. ord., Dogbanes [Apocyna-
esej. Linn., 5-Pentandria J -MoHogynia* \
NES
[ 567 ]
NEW
Notwithstanding the beauty of the Oleander,
it is one of the most virulent of vegetable poisons.
Beautiful greenhouse plants, but which require a
higher temperature to start them in the spring.
Cuttings of shoots, getting firm, in sand, under a
bell-glass, and kept warm ; cuttings a little older
do well in phials of water, also kept warm; peat
and loam, enriched with cow-dung and leaf-
mould. Winter temp., 35° to 48°; summer, 60°
to 75°. The shoots made this season should
bloom the next, if well ripened.
2V. odo'rum (sweet-scented). 6. Pale red. July.
E. Ind. 1683.
ca'rneum (fleshy). 6. Pink. July. E.
Ind. 1683.
— ple'num (double-/«u'ered). 5. Pale red.
July. E. Ind. J683.
— olea'nder (oleander). 8. Red. August. South
Europe. 15Q6.
— — — a'lburn (white -flowered). 8. White.
August. South Europe. 1596.
— ——sple'ndens (shining). 7. Red. August.
South Europe. 1814.
— —*— variega'tum (variegated). 8. Striped.
August. South Europe.
— thyrsi flu1 rum (thyrse-flowered). 5. Pink. July.
Nepaul. 1830.
NES&'A. (The name of a sea-nymph.
Nat.ord., Loosestrifes [Lythracese]. Linn.,
11-Dodecandria L-Monogynia. Allied to
Heimia.)
Stove herbaceous perennial. Divisions in spring,
as fresh growth commences; cuttings of young
shoots in sandy soil, under a hell-glass; sandy
loam and fibry peat. Winter temp., 45° to 55°;
summer, 60° to 80°.
N. triflo'ra (three-flowered). 2. Blue. August.
Mauritius. 1802.
NETOU'XIA. (Named after M. Netoux, a
German author. Nat. ord., Nightshades
[Solanacese]. Linn., 5-Pentandria l-Mo-
nogynia. Allied to Nicotiana.)
Hardy herbaceous perennial. Division in spring ;
cuttings of shoots under a hand-light, in summer ;
rich, sandy loam.
N.formo'sa (handsome). |. Yellow. July. Mexico.
1826.
NETTING is employed to prevent the
radiation of heat from walls, and the
rude access of wind to trees grown upon
them, as well as to prevent the ravages of
birds.
Netting is a very effectual preventive of
cooling, for reasons which will be stated
when considering Screens generally ; and
in connexion with that, it may be ob-
served, that it is not altogether immate-
rial of what substance netting is formed.
Worsted is to be preferred, not only be-
cause it is the most durable, but because it
is the best preventive of a wall's cooling.
We have found the thermometer under
a hemp net sink, during the night, from
2° to 4° lower than that under a net of
worsted, the meshes being small and ot
equal size in both nets. This can only be
because worsted is known to be a worse
conductor of heat than hemp; and, not
absorbing moisture so easily, is not so
liable to the cold always produced by its
drying. Netting will also exclude flies
and other winged insects from the fruit
against walls, although the meshes are
more than large enough to permit their
passage. Why this is the case is not very
apparent ; but the netting is equally effi-
cient in keeping similar insects from in-
truding into rooms if there are no cross
lights. If there are windows on different
sides of the room, and it is to be pre-
sumed, therefore, also in a green or hoU
house, nets would not be so efficient.
One hundred square yards of netting,
according to some merchants' mode of
measuring, will not cover more than fifty
square yards of wall, for they stretch the
net, first longitudinally, and then laterally,
when making their measurement, and not
in both directions at once, as the gar-
dener must when covering his trees. Dis-
appointment, therefore, should be avoided,
when ordering new nets, by stating the
size of the surface which has to be co-
vered. This may be done without any
fear of imposition.
Mr. Eichardson, net-maker, New Road,
London, informs us, that one cwt. of old
mackarel-net, weighed when quite dry,
will cover eight hundred square yards;
and one cwt. of old herring -net (smaller
meshes) will cover six hundred square
yards. Mr. Hulme, of Knutsford, has
sent us various specimens of his nets and
open canvass for inspection — some made
of woollen and others of hemp : the last
does not shrink after being wetted like the
woollen. Mr. J. Haythorn, of Nottingham,
has also sent us specimens of his excel-
lent hexagonal netting.
NETTLE-TEEE. Ce'ltis.
NEW JEESEY TEA. Ceano'thus Ame-
rica'nus.
NEW ZEALAND SPINACH • (Tetragon ia
expa'nsa) is much admired as a substitute
for summer spinach, being of more deli-
cate flavour, and continues available the
whole summer.
Sow, at the latter end of March, in the
seed-vessel, as gathered in the preceding
autumn, in a pot, and placed in a melon -
frame. The seedlings to be pricked while
small singly into pots, to be kept under a
frame without bottom-heat until the third
week in May, or until the danger of iVost
is past Plant in rows, in a rich, light
NIC
[ 568
NIG
soil, at three or four feet apart each way.
Twenty plants will afford an abundant
supply daily for a large family.
In five or six weeks after planting, the
young shoots may be gathered, these
being pinched off. They are productive
until a late period of the year, as they
survive the frosts that kill nasturtiums
and potatoes.
To obtain Seed.— A. plantation must be
made on a poorer soil, or kept stunted
and dry in pots, as ice-plants are when
seed is required of them.
NiCKER-TREE. Guilandi'nct.
NICOTIA'NA. Tobacco. (Named after
Nicot, a French ambassador in Portugal,
who first obtained seeds from a Dutch
merchant. Nat. ord., Nightshades [Sola-
na,ce&i~\.IAmi.,5-Pentaiidrial-Mo>iogynia.)
Tobacco was first introduced either from To-
bago, in the West Indies, or Tobasco, in Mexico —
hence the name. Shrubby and perennial kinds
require the warm greenhouse in winter, and may
be propagated by divisions and cuttings, and also
freely by seeds ; all the annuals are raised by seed
sown in a hotbed, in March or April; seedlings
pricked off, potted, and transplanted in rich soil
towards the end of May, when the ornamental
ones will adorn the flower-border, and the useful
ones, such as tnba'cum and mucrophy1 'Ha, will
yield their large leaves for fumigating purposes ;
glau'ca makes a fine appearance against a wall.
ANNUALS.
If. ala'ta (winged). 2. Pink. September. N. Amer.
1829.
— angusttfo'lia (narrow-leaved). 4. Pink. August.
Chili. 1819-
— Brasilie'nsis (Brazilian). 4. Rose. July. Brazil.
1825.
— Chine'nsis (Chinese). 6. Pink. August. China.
18)9.
— dilatn'tu (spread). 3. Pink. August. 1820.
— fra'grans (sweet-scented). 3£. White. Isle of
Pines.
— glutino'sa (clammy). 4. Scarlet. August. Peru.
1/59.
— longiflo'ra (long-Jw^erZ-fiowered). 3. White.
August. Buenos Ay res. 1832.
— macrophy'lla (large-leaved). 6. Pink. July.
America.
— micru'ntha (small-flowered). 1. Green, white.
July.
— multiiiu'luis (many-valved). 2. White. July.
Columbia. 1826.
— na'na (dwarf). J. White. July. N. Amer.
1823.
— Nepule'nsis (Nepaul). 4. Rose. July. Nepaul.
1829.
— noc£i/?o'?'« (night-flowering). 2. Pink. August.
Chili. 1826.
— petiolu'ta (/ong--leaf-stalked). 4. Rose. July.
S. Amer. 1829.
— pluml/itginifu'lia (plumbago-leaved). 2. White.
May. America. 1816.
— ooad»-toa'/BM-(four-valved). 1. White. July.
N. Amer. 1811.
— rotundifo' lia (round-leaved). 2. White. Au-
gust. Swan River. 1837.
— sangul'nea (crimson). 4. Crimson. July.
South Brazil. 1829.
N. taba'cum (tobacco). 4. Pink. July. America.
1570.
a'lipes (wing-stalked). 4. Pink. July. S.
Amer. 1570.
attenua'tu (thin). 4. Pink. July. S. Amer.
1570.
graci'lipes (slender-stalked). 4. Pink. July.
S. Amer. 1570.
li'ngua (tongue- leaved). 4. Pink. July.
S. Amer. 1750.
macrophy'lla (large-leaved). 7- Pink. July.
S. Amer. 1570.
palh'scens (pale). 4. Pink. July. S. Amer.
15/0.
sero'tina (late). 4. Pink. July. S. Amer.
1570.
Ve'rdan (Verdan). 4. Pink. July. S, Amer.
15/0.
— visco'sn (clammy). 3. Pink. July. Buenos Ayres.
1824.
— Ybarre'nais ( Ybarra). 2. Pink. August. S. Amer.
1823.
PERENNIALS.
N. frutico'xa (shrubby). 4. Pink. July. China,
1699, Evergreen.
— glau'ca (milky-grt en). 20. Yellow. August,
Buenos Avres. 1827. Evergreen.
— undulu'ta(\va.ve-leavfd). 2. White. July. N.
S. Wales. 1800.
— vincceflu'ru (vinca-flowered). 2. White. August.
S. Amer. 1820.
NIEREMBE'RGIA. (Named after J. E.
Nierembery, a Spanish Jesuit. Nat. ord.,
Nightshades [Solanaceffi]. Linn., 5-Pen-
tandria \-Monogynia. Allied to Petunia.)
Pretty half-hardy plants for flower-beds. Cut-
tings root freely under a hand-light in summer, if
kept shaded; and very freely in deep pits, in au-
tumn, without shading, if the glass is from
eighteen to twenty-four inches from the cuttings;
and most freely in a slight hotbed in spring, from
plants commencing to grow after being kept ra-
ther cool over the winter. Sandy loam and a little
peat, and, when quick growth is wanted, a little
cow-dung; kept in a cool greenhouse, or a dry,
cold pit in winter, where frost can be excluded ;
the soil in winter should be poor, and kept rather
dry ; propagated, also, easily by sowing in a slight
hotbed in March and April, potting and turning
out the seedlings into the flower-garden in the
middle of May.
N. arista' ta (awned-leaved) . £. White, purple.
July. Panama. 1832. Annual.
— calyci'nn ~ (liirge-ca.lyx.ed). f. White. July.
Uruguay. 1834. Herbaceous.
— filicau'lis [thread-stemmed). 1. Lilac. May.
Buenos Ayres. 1832. Herbaceous.
— gra'cilis (slender;. White, purple. July.
Uraeruay. 1831. Herbaceous.
— linariafo'lia (toadflax-leaved). £. Whitish.
July. Uraguay. 1831. Evergreen.
NIGE'LLA. Fennel-Flower. ( From nicfer,
black ', the colour of the seeds. Nat. ord.,
Crowfoots [Ranunculacese]. Linn., 13-
Polyandria 5-Pentagyn'ui. Allied to Aqui-
legia. )
Hardy annuals. Seeds in the open ground any
time afrer the middle of March.
N. arintn'ta (avvned). 2. Blue. August. Athens.
— cilia'ris (hair-fringed). 1. Yellow. July. Levant.
— curnicula'tu (smaii-horced). 1. Yellow. July.
NIG
[ 569 ]
NIS
N. damasce'na (damask). l£. Lilac, blue. July.
South Europe. 1570.
flu're-ple'no (double-flowered). l£. Lilac,
blue. July. South Europe. 15/0.
— Hispu'nica (Spanish). l£. Brown, white. July.
Spain. 1629.
— orienta'lis (eastern). l£. Yellow. July.Syria.l699.
— satl'va (cultivated). l£- Yellow. July.
Egypt. 1548.
— citri'nu (citron-coloured-seerferf). 1^. Pale
blue. July. South Europe.
Cre'tica (Cretan). l^.Pale blue. July. Crete.
1'ndica (Indian). 1. Pale blue. July.
E. Ind.
NIGHTSHADE. Sola'num.
NIGHT-SOIL. See DUNG.
NIGHT TEMPERATURE in hothouses,
greenhouses, and frames should always
average from 10° to 20° lower than the
temperature in which the plants are
grown during the day. It is in the night
that the individual functions are reno-
vated by a temporary repose, and if left to
the dictates of healthy nature, the sap,
like the blood, rises at night with a much
diminished velocity. That plants do
become exhausted by too unremitting
excitement, is proved to every gardener
who has peach-houses under his rule; for
if the greatest care be not taken to ripen
the wood by exposure to the air and light
during the summer, no peach-tree will
be fruitful if forced during a second suc-
cessive winter, but will require a much
more increased temperature than at first
to excite it even to any advance in vege-
tation.
The experiments of Harting and Mun-
ter upon vines growing in the open air,
and those of Dr. Lindley upon vines in
a hothouse, coincide in testifying that
this tree grows most during the less light
and cooler hours of the twenty-four;
but the hours of total darkness were the
period when the vine grew slowest. This,
observes Dr. Lindley, seems to show
the danger of employing a high night
temperature, which forces such plants
into growing fast at a time when nature
bids them repose.
That the elevation of temperature at
night does hurtfully excite plants is
proved by the fact, that the branch of a
vine, kept at that period of the day in
temperature not higher than 50°, inhales
from one-sixteenth to one-tenth less
oxygen than a similar branch of the
same vein, during the same night, in a
temperature of 75=. The exhalation of
moisture and carbonic acid is also pro
portionably increased by the higher tem-
perature.
NI'PA. (The Moluccan name. Nat.
ord., Palms [Palmaceae]. Linn., 21-Mo-
ncecia 10-Monadclpliia. )
Stove Palm. Seeds in :i strong, moist heat, not
giving too much moisture to the seed at first ;
rich loam. Winter temp., 60° to 65°; summer,
60° to 90°, and moist atmosphere.
N.fru'ticans (shrubby). 10. White. E.Ind. 1822.
NIPELE'A. (From niphos, snow ; snow-
white flowers. Nat. ord., Gesnerworts
[Gesneracere]. Linn., l±-Didynamia 2-
Angiospermia. Allied to Achimenes.)
Stove herbaceous, white-flowered perennials.
Divisions of tiie roots, as growth commences, in
the sprint; sandy loam and peat, enriched with
leaf-mould or rotten cow-dung. Temp, when at
rest, 40° to 45° ; when starting and potted, 55° to
70°; when growing. 60° to 75°; when flowering,
rather less; until after flowering they are allowed
to become nearly dry, when a low temperature
suits them.
N. a'lbo-linea'ta (white-lined-tea»«f). |. Sep-
tember. New Grenada. 1844.
— oblo'nga (oblong). £. September. Guatimala.
1841.
— ru'bra (red-hatred). £. November. 1846.
NIPHO'BOLUS. (From niphobohis,
covered with snow ; referring to the white
covering of the spore^cases. Nat. ord.,
Ferns [Polypodiacese]. Linn., 2±-Cryp-
toyamia l-Filices.)
Stove Ferns, with brown spores. See FERNS.
N. acrostichoi'des (acrostichum-like). September.
Isle of Luzon.
— adna'scens (stem-leaf-pressed). £. May. E.
Ind. 1894-
— a'lhicuns (whitish). 1. July. Ceylon.
— bi'color (two-coloured). August. Malacca.
— co'nfluens (running-together). £. May. N.
Holland. 18-20.
— costa'tus (ribbed-teaced). July. Ceylon. 1824.
— flocculo'sus (woolly-tufted). August. Manilla.
1841.
— gla'ber (smooth). July. Malacca.
— linen' re (narrow -leaved). £. May. Japan. 1822.
— li'ngua (tongue-like). £. May. Japan. 181/.
— nummularifo'lius (moon wort-leaved). May.
Isle of Luzon.
— pertu'sus (bored). £. May. China. 1821.
— rupe'stris (rock). £. May. N. Holland. 1824.
— Sine'nsis (Chinese). £. September. China.
— sple'ndens (shining). July. E.Ind.
— i>ph<Kr<ice'phulus (round-headed). July. Ma-
lacca.
— va'rius (variable). July. Malacca. 1845.
NISSO'LIA. (Named after W, Ni$solet
a French botanist. Nat. ord., Legtimi*
nous Plaiils [Fabacese]. Linn., 17 Dia-
dclpliia 4:-Decandria. Allied to Amicia.)
Cuttings of short, stubby, half-ripened shoots
in spring and summer, in sand, under a bell-
glass, in bottom-heat ; peat and loam. Winter
temp., 55° to 60° ; summer, 60° to 85°.
STOVE EVERGREEN SHRUBS.
N. glabru'ta (polished). 6. White. 1823.
— micro'ptera (small-winged). 10. White. July.
Teneriffe. 1820.
— Robiniasfu'lm (Robiuia- leaved). 6. St. Vin-
cent. 1824.
NIT
[570 ]
NOT
STOVE EVERGREEN CLIMBERS.
Jf. aculea'ta (prickly). 12. Rio Janeiro. 1824.
— fruticofsa (shrubby). 15. Yellow. August.
S. Amer. 1/65.
— racemo'sa (racemed). 15. White. July.
W. Ind. 1800.
— retvfsa (abrupt-ended-teo/teted). 6. S. Amer.
1819.
NITRATES. See SALTS.
NlTTA-TREE. Pa'fkia.
NIVE'NIA. (Named after J. Niven, a
botanical collector. Nat. ord., Proteads
[Proteaceee]. Linn., ±-Tetrandria 1-
Monoyynia. Allied to Protea.)
Greenhouse evergreen shrubs, from the Cape
of Good Hope, bearing, in July, purple flowers.
Seeds when obtainable ; cuttings of younar, stiff,
half-ripened shoots in sand, under a bell-glass, in
May, and without bottom-heat ; sandy peat and
fibry loam. Winter temp., 35° to 45°.
N. lago'pus (hare's-foot). 4. 1810.
— see? pt rum (sceptre-like). 2. 1790.
— spiithuld'ta (spathulate-/ea«£rf). 2$. 1790.
— spied ta (spiked). 2$. 17*6.
NOHL-KOHL. See KNOHL-KOHL.
NOISE 'TTIA. (Named after L. G. Noi-
sette, a French nurseryman. Nat. ord.,
Violetworts [Violacese]. Linn., 5 Pen-
tatidria l-Monoyynia. Allied to Viola.)
Stove evergreen. Cuttings of young shoots in
April, in sand, under a glass, in heat ; rich, sandy
loam. Winter temp., 55°; summer, 60° to 85°.
N. longifo'lia (long-leaved). 1. Cream. Cayenne.
1824.
NOLA'NA. (From no/a, a little bell;
the form of the flowers. Nat. ord., No-
lanads [Nolanaceae
dria l-Monoffynia.)
Hardy trailing annuals, all blue-flowered but
one. Seeds in a gentle hotbed, in spring; seed-
lings transplanted in M.iy, or sown in May
wliere they are to prow. A border where the soil
is rather stiff answers well for sowing all such
plants in March, provided you can cover them with
a little finer soil, and lay a glass frame over them,
until they are fairly up, when they may be pro-
tected with a few branches, and then be removed
in large patches.
If. atriplicifo'lia (atriplex-leaved). $.. White,
yellow. July. Peru. 1834.
— grandiflit'ra (large-flowered), i. July. Chili.
1829.
— parado'xa (paradoxical). 1^. August. Chili. 1825.
— prostra'ta (trailing). $. August. Peru. l/6l.
— tens'/ la (slender). $. August. Chili. 1824.
NOLI'NA. (Named after P. G. Nolin,
an American botanist. Nat. ord., Lily-
worts [Liliaceae]. Linn., 6-Hexandria 3-
Trigynia. Allied to Albuca.)
An interesting, hardy, peat-border bulb. Off-
gets and cuttings ; sandy, moist peat.
If. Georgia'na (Georgian). 2£. White. July.
Georgia. 1812.
NONATE'LIA. (From the South Ame
rican name. Nat. ord., Clnchonads [Cin-
chonaceaB]. Linn., 5 Pentandria l-Mo-
nojynia. Allied to Guettardia.)
Stove evergreens, with white flowers, except
lu'tea. Cuttings of firm shoots in summer, in
sand, under a bell-glass, and in a moist, sweet
bottom-heat; sandv loam and fibry peat. Win-
ter temp., 55° to 65°; summer, 70° to 90°.
N. lu'tea (yellow). 1. Yellow. June. Guiana. 1823.
— officina'lis (shop). 4. June. Cayenne. 1827.,
— racemo'sa (racemed). 3. June. Guiana. 1818.
— viola'i:ea (violet-berried). 4. June. Guiana. 1824.
NORA'NTEA. (From its Guianan name.
Nat. ord., Margraviads [Margraviacese].
Linn., I3-Polyundria \-Monogynia.)
Handsome stove evergreen shrubs, remarkable
for their singular bractes. Culture same as for
Nonatelia.
N. Brasilie'nsis (Brazil), 4. Brazil. 1820.
— Guiune'nsis (Guiana). 4. Violet. Guiana. 1818.
— I'ndica. (Indian). White. Mauritius. 1822.
NORDMA'NNIA. (In honour of M. Nord-
mann, a continental botanist. Nat. ord.,
Daphnads [Thymelaeese], Linn., 5-Pen-
tandria \_-Monogynia.)
Hardy herbaceous plant ; by division in early
autumn or early spring ; light loam.
IV. cordifo'lia (heart-shaped-leaved). J. Blue.
April. 18*6.
NORLAND? CRESS. See AMERICAN
CRESS.
NORWAY SPRUCE. Pi'nus exce'lsa.
NOTEL^'A. (From notos, south, and
elaia, the olive ; literally, the Australian
Olive. Nat. ord., Oliveworts [Oleacese].
Linn., 2-Diandria \-Afonogynia.}
All the species in thU order will graft on each
other, as the Lilac on the Ash, the Olive on the
Privet and Phillyrea, and so forth. Greenhouse,
white-flowered, evergreen shrubs, from Australia.
Cuttings of firm, side, stubby shoots in April, in
sand, under a bell-glass, without bottom-heat;
peat and loam, with a little sand and charcoal.
Winter temp., 40° to 50°.
N. longifo'lia (long-leaved). 3. April. 17QO,
— ovu'ta (egg-te««ed). 2 June. 1824.
— puncta'ta (dotted-teawerf). 3. June. 1826.
NOTHOCL^E'NA. (From nothus, spurious,
and chlaina, a cloak ; some of the species
appearing to have an involucre. Nat. ord.,
Ferns [Polypodiacese]. Linn., 2±-Crypto-
yamia l-Filices.)
Stove Ferns, all but one with brown spores.
See FERNS.
N. argyrosti'gma (silver-dotted). July. E. Ind.
— de'nsa (dense). July. Isle of Luzon. 1840.
— di'stans (distant). J. July. N. Holland. 1823.
— Ecklonia'na (Ecklon's). £. August. 1838.
— lanugino'sa( woolly). J. August. Madeira. 1778.
— lenti'gera (pe&-spored). May. S. Amer. 18-22.
— Maru'ntce (Maranta's). f . July. N. Holland.
1820.
— ni'vea (snowy). £. White. July. Mexico.
— pt/os(?//oi'des(pilosella-like)4.July.E.Ind.l82J.
— pu'mila (dwarf). £. August. N.Holland.
— ru'fa (reddish). Mav- S. Amer. 1841.
— sinua'ta (vtnvy-edged), Peru. 1831.
— te'neru (tender- textured), fa. Mendoza.
— tomento'sa (downy). May. Mexico. 1841.
NOT
[ 571 ]
NYM
If. trichomanoi'des (trichomanes-like\ June. Ja-
maica. 1844.
— vesti'ta (clothed). July. N. Amer. 1812.
NOTY'LIA. (From notot, the back, and
tylos, a hump; referring to a singular
lump on the column. Nat. ord., Orchids
[Orchidacese}. Linn., "20-Gynandria 1-
Monandria. Allied to Cirrhsea.)
Stove orchids. For culture, see CIRKH^K'A.
2V. Barke'ri (Barker's). Straw. Mexico. 1837.
— incu'rna (curled-in). Pale straw. Trinidad.
— laxijio'ra (loose-flowered). £. Pale yellow. Para.
I83Q.
— micra'ntha (small- flowered). Pale green.
Demerara.
— puncta'ta (dotted). $. Yellow, green. Trinidad.
1822.
— te>nuis (slender). Pale straw. Demerara. 1836.
NU'PHAR. (From neufar, the Arabic
for water-lily. Nat. ord., W ater -lilies [Nym-
phaeacese]. Linn., 13-Polyandria 1 -Mo-
noyynia.)
A beautiful family of hardy, yellow- flowered
water-plants. Seeds merely thrown in the pond
where it is desired to grow them, and divisions of
the roots.
N. u'dvena (stranger). July. N. Amer. 1772.
— Kalmia'na (Kami's). July. Canada. 1807.
— lu'tea (common-yellow) . June. Britain.
— pu'mila (dwarf-yellow). July. Scotland.
— sag7^«/c/fta(arrow-leaved). July. N.Amer. 1824.
NURSERY, or EESEEVE GARDEN, is a
garden, or portion of a garden, devoted
to the rearing of trees, shrubs, and hardy
pi ants, during their early stages of growth,
before they are desired for the fruit or
pleasure-grounds.
NURSERYMAN is one who raises fruit
and ornamental trees and plants for sale.
NUTMEG. Myri'stica.
NUITA'LLIA. (Named in honour of Pro-
fessor Nultall, of Cambridge. It is a true
Mallow, and should be united to Malva.)
The species are handsome peat-border plants,
requiring a slight protection from frost and damp
in winter. Seeds in spring ; cuttings in summer,
of some ; division of the fusiform roots in spring,
of others ; sandy loam and peat.
N.cerasifo'rmis (bird-cherry-like). 2. (Jreenish-
white. February. California. 1848.
— cordu'ta (heart-leaved). Pink. August. N.
Amer. 1835.
— digita'ta (finger- leaned). 3. .Purple. August.
N.Amer. 1824.
— grandiflora (large-flowered). 1. Pink. August.
— malvenflu'ra (mallow-flowered). 1^. Purple.
August. Texas. 1838.
— papavera'cea (poppy-flowered). 3. Red, purple.
August. Louisiana. 1833.
— peda'ta (doubly-lobed). 3. Purple. August. N.
Amer. 1824.
NUT-TIIEE. Co'rylus.
NUY'TSIA. Fire-tree. (Called after T.
Nuyts, a Dutch navigator. Nat. ord., Lo-
ranths [Loranthacea;]. Linn., Q-Htx-
andria 1-Munogynia.)
Very handsome shrubs, from Swan River, with
such abundance of bright orange-coloured blos-
soms, that the colonists at King George's Sound
compare it to a tree on fire ; and it is also singular
as being the only plant in this order of parasites
which grows on the ground. Seeds ; cuttings of
firm side-shoots in May, in sand, under a bell-
glass, and placed in a cold frame ; sandy peat and
fibry loam. Winter temp., 40° to 48°.
N.floribu'nda (many-flowered). 15. Orange.
1837.
— ligustri'na (privet-like). Orange. 1837.
NYCTA'NTHES. (From nyctos, night, and
anthos, a flower ; the flowers open in the
evening. Nat. ord., Jasmineworts [Jas-
minacese]. Linn., 2-Diandria \-Monogy-
nla. Allied to Jasminum.)
This is the Hursingar of India, whose blossoms
perfume the air at night, and cover the ground in
the morning, when they are gathered and worn as
necklaces, or in the hair of the native women.
Stove evergreen shrub. Cuttings of half-ripened
shoots in May, in sand, under a bell-glass, and in
bottom-heat ; sandy loam and fibry peat, kept
open by sand and charcoal. Winter temp., 55° to
60°; summer, 70° to 90°. A moist atmosphere
when growing.
N. a'rbor tri'stis (tree-of-sadness). 18. White.
E. Ind. 1781.
NYMPH.TS'A. Water-Lily. (From nympfie,
a water-nymph. Nat. ord., Water-lilies
[NymphseaceaeJ. Linn., 13-Potyandria 1-
Monoyynia.)
All most beautiful water-plants ; all like-a rich,
loamy soil, and plenty of water above it. Propa-
gated by seeds, dividing the roots in some, and
separating the tuber-like bottoms of others. The
stove kinds should be kept cooler and drier in
winter, and receive fresh soil before starting them
in spring. They much delight in a supply of fresh-
heated wat-er when growing, and then the atmo-
sphere can be scarcely too hot and moist. Temp,
for stove kinds, winter, 48° to 55°; summer,, 70°
to 90°.
HARDY.
N. a'lbn (white). White. June. -Britain.
Canadt'nsis (Canadian). White. June.
Canada. 1820.
— ni'tida (shimog-cup-flowered). White. July.
Siberia. 1809-
— odora'ta (sweet-scented). White. July. N.
Amer. l/bb".
— pygmce'a (pigmy). White. July. China. 1805.
GREENHOUSE.
N. Amazn'num (Amazon). Yellow. Jamaica.
— biradia'cit (two-rayed). July. 1846.
— renifo'rtnis (kidney-shaped). White. July. Ca-
rolina. 1823.
STOVE.
N. a'mpla (\zrge-leaved). White. July. Jamaica.
1801.
— bla'ndu (charming). White. July. Trinidad.
1820
— ceeru'lea (blue). Blue. July. Egypt. 1799.
— cya'nea(Indian-b\ue). Blue. July. E. Ind. 1809.
— denta'ta (toothed-leaved). White. September.
Sierra Leone. 1845.
— Dcijonie'nsis (Duke of Devonshire's). Scarlet.
— edu'lis (eatable). White. July. £. lad.
NTS '
[ 572 ]
ODO
ft. Jlegavu (elegant). Bluish-whVe. June. New
Mexico 1850.
— gigante'a (gigantic). Blue. Australia. 1852.
— io'tus (Egyptian-lotus). Pink. July. Egypt.
180-J.
— mi'nor (smaller). White. July. N. Amer. 1812.
— pube'scens ^downv. Indian L'ttus). White.
June. E. Ind. isou.
— ru'bra (red). Red. July. E. Ind. 1803.
— rn'aea (rosy). Pink. July. E. Ind. 1S03.
— scutifo'lia (shield -leaved). Blue. August.
Cape of Good Hope. 1792.
— stella'tri(stairred-Jiowered). Blue. July. E. Ind.
1801.
— therrr.u' Us (warm-hath. Hungarian Lotus).
White. July. Hungary. 1*00.
— versi'color (various -coloured)". Pink, white.
August. Bengal. Ib07.
NY'SSA. Tupelo tree. (From Nyssa, a
water-nymph so called. Nat. ord., Afan-
giads [Alangiaceas]. ii\nxi.,23-Po/t/gamia
2-Dicecia. )
All the kinds described are referable to three
species, bijio'ra, ca'ndwnns, and nUln'sa. They
are deciduous, green-flowered natives of the
southern states of North America, where they
attain the size of large trees, growing in watery
places. They succeed best in peat swamps, and
are highly deserving of cultivation, on account, of
their leaves dying off of an intensely deep scarlet ;
they are propagated from American seeds, also ra-
ther freely by layers; low, damp, moist situations
suit them best. We are not aware that any seeds
have been produced in England, as the male va-
rieties only have bloomed, so far as we know.
2V. biflo'ra (two-flowered. Mountain). 6. May.1/30.
— cn'ndiuuns (whitish. Ogechee Lime). 20.1806.
— grnndidcntu'ta (large-toothed). May. 1735.
- villo'sa (shaggy. Sour Gum). 10. May. 1824.
0.
OAK. Qite'rais.
OBERO'NIA. Indian and African orcliicls,
only interesting to botanists.
O'CHNA. (From ochne, the wild pear-
tree; resemblance of the leaves. Nat.
ord., Ochnads [Ochnacese], Linn., 13-Po-
lyandria 1-Monogynia.)
Stove evergreens, all but one yellow-flowered.
Cuttings of half-ripened shoots in summer, under
a bell-glass, in sand, and in bottom-heat. ; sandy
peat and fibry loam, with pieces of broken char-
coal and crocks to keep the soil open. Winter
temp., 48° to 60°; summer, 60° to 85°.
0 urbafrea (tree). 20. Cape of Good Hope. 1832.
— a'tro-purpu'rf-a (dark purple). 4. Purple. Cape
of Good Hope. 1816.
— hi'cida (bright). 6. E. Ind. 181p.
— Mauritia'na (Mauritian). S.Mauritius. 1822.
— multiflo'ra (many-flowered). 8. Sierra Leone.
1820.
— ni'tida (shining). 6. Cape of Good Hope. 1615.
— obtusu'tu (blunted). 4. E. Ind. 1790.
OCHRA'NTHE. (From ochros, pale yellow,
and antkos, a flower. Nat. ord., Cunoniads
[Cunoniacesej. Linn., 5-Pcntandria 3-
Triyyiiia.)
Greenhouse evergreen. Suckers; cuttings ol
ripened shoots under a hand-light, in sandy soil •
sandy, fibry loam. A cool greenhouse or a cold
pit in winter.
0. argifta (sharp). Yellow. March. China.
1820.
OCHRO'MA. (From ochros, pale; re-
ferring to the flowers. Nat. ord., Sler
culiads [Sterculiacese]. Linn., IQ-Mona-
delphia 2-Pentagynia. Allied to Ckei-
rostemon.)
The wood of 0. lago'pus is so light that it is
used in the West Indies for corks. Stove, white-
flowered, evergreen trees. Cuttings of stubby,
side, half-ripened shoots in sand, under a bell-
glass, in heat; rich, sandy loam. Winter temp.,
55° to 60°; summer, 60° to 85°,
0. Ingo'pus (hare's-foot). 40. Jamaica. 1804.
— tomento'na (woolly-leaved). 20. S. Amcr.
1816.
OCIIRO'SIA. (From ochros, pale yellow.
Nat. ord., Dogbanes [ Apocv naceee] . Linn.,
5-Pentandria 1-Munoyynia. Allied to
Cerbera.)
Stove evergreen. Cuttings of half-ripened
shoots ; treatment similar to Ochroma.
0. Borbo'nica (Bourbon). 10. Cream. Bour-
bon. 1828.
O'CYMUM. Basil. (From ozo, smell ;
the powerful odour of the plant. Nat.
ord., Labiates [Lamiacere]. Linn., 14-
Didynamia \-Gymnospermia. )
All but one are white-flowered ; and most of
them require to be treated as tender and half-
hardy annuals. To be sown in a slight hotbed,
and transplanted afterwards; the border kind*
sown where they are to STOW, in warm places and
light, rich soil, late in May. See BA'SIL.
STOVE EVERGREEN SHRUBS, &C.
0. Bojt'ri (Bcjar's). 2. Madagascar. 1825.
Herbaceous.
— filamento'surn (thready). 2. September*
Africa. 1802.
— grati'ssimum (most agreeable). 2. July.
E. Ind. 1751.
— menthoi'des (mint-like). 1. Annual.
— iiiontu'num (mountain), jj. May. W. Ind.
1825. Annual.
— ta'nctum (holy). 1. Purple. E. Ind. 1768.
Annual.
HARDY ANNUALS, &C.
0. basi'iicum (c-omwion-basil). 1. August. E.
Ind. 1548.
glahra'tum (smooth). July. E. Ind. 1817.
pilo'sum (soft-haired). 1. July.
thyrsiflo'rum (thyrse -flowered). 1$.
June. E. Ind. 1806.
— bif color (two-coloured). 2. October. Abys-
sinia. 1842. Deciduous shrub.
— mifnimum (least). §. July. Chili. 15/3.
ODONTOGLO'SSUM. (From odous, a
tooth, and glossa, a tongue ; tooth-like
processes on the lip, or labellum. Nat.
ord., Orchids [OrchidaceaeJ. Linn., ^0-
Gynaiidria \-Monandria. Allied to On-
cidium.)
Stuve orchids. Division of pseudo-bulbs;
ODO
[ 573 ]
CENO
fastened to a block of wood, and then the block
fastened across the mouth of a pot, with fibry
peat, sphagnum, and potsherds placed round it.
Winter temp., 55° to 65°; summer, 65° to Q0°.
0. angusta'tum (narrow-ieui'erf). White, purple.
Merida.
— f>i'co/or (two-coloured). Violet, yellow. Peru.
— Bictone'nse (Bicton). Lilac, green. April.
Guatimala. 1837-
a'lbum (white-lipped). Brown, white.
April. Guatimala. 1843.
ru'brum (red-lipped). Brown, red. April.
Oaxaca. 1843.
— bremfo'lium (short-leaved). Purple. Loxa.
— cn'ndidum (white). Guatimala. 1840.
— Cervanttt'sii (Cervantes')- !• White, yellow.
June. Oaxaca. 1845.
— eitro'smum (lemon-scented). 1. White, rose.
March. Guatimala. 1840.
— Clowe'sii (Clowes's). Yellow, brown. May.
Brazil. 1840.
— ceerule'scens (bluish). White, blue. May.
Mexico.
— constri'ctum (constrained). Yellow, brown,
green. January. La Guayra. 1841.
ma'jus (larger). Yellow, brown. May.
La Guayra. 1843.
— cor da' turn (\\eATt-lipped). 1. Greenish-yellow,
brown. January. Mexico. 1837-
— cri'spum (curled). Yellow, purple. May.
Colombia. 1844.
— cristn'tum (crested). Brown-spotted. Peru.
— cusjnda'tum (sharp-pointed-teui'ed). Green,
brown. May.
— densiflo'rum (thickly-flowered). Yellow, red.
March. Tanja.
— Egerto'ni (Egerton's). White. April. Gua-
timala. 1840.
— Ehrmbe'rgii (Ehrenberg's). Guatimala. 1842.
— epidendroi'des (epidendrum- like). Yellow,
purple. November. New Grenada.
— Galeottia'num (Galeotti's). White. April.
Mexico. 1843.
— QKiesbrcghtiatnum (Ghies>.reghf.'s). Mexico.
— gra'nde (magnificent). 1. Cream, brown. Muxch.
Mexico. 18<9.
lube'llo-u'lbum (white-lipped). 1. Yellow,
white. December. Guatimala.
— Ha'llii( Hall's). Yellow, purple. November.
Peru.
— kasta'tnm (halbert-like). Green, red. Mexico.
— hastilu1 bium (halbert-lipped). 1. White, yel-
low, brown. August. Guatimala. 1848.
— Inslea'yi (Insleay's). Brown, yellow, orange.
July. Mexico. 1840.
— lee've (smooth- lipped). White, yellow, brown.
June. Guatimala. 1841.
— la'cerum (torn). Yellow, brown. Peru.
— longifo'lium (long-leaved). Peru.
— lu'teo-purpu'reum (yellow-purple). Yellow,
purple. February. Quindia.
— macula'tum (spotted). 2. Yellow, brown.
May. Mexico. 1838.
— maxilla're (jaw-bone). Flesh, red, yellow.
September. Mexico. 1846.
— membrana'cewn (membrane -shettthed)* j.
White, brown. May. Mexico. 1843.
— mya'nthum (fly-flowered). Peru.
— nebulo'surn (clouded). Mexico.
— odoru'tum (sweet-scented). Yellow, red. July.
Sierra Nevada.
— pnrdi'num (panther-like). Yellow.brown. Peru.
— purviflo1 rum (small-flowered). Dark purple,
white. August. Mexico.
— pulcht'IUtm (pretty). 1. White, yellow. June.
Guatimala. lb3g.
0. retu/sum (bent-back). Deep yellow. March.
Peru.
— ri'gidum (stiff). Yellow. Peru.
— Rn'llia: (Lady Rolle's). July. Guatimala. 1841.
— ro'seurn (rosy). Rose. Peru.
— Ro'ssii( Ross's). Yellow.brown, white. March.
Mexico. 1839.
— stella' turn (starry -flowered). White, green.
April. Mexico. 1830.
— Warne'ri (Warner's). $. Yellow, crimson.
April. Mexico. 1844.
purpura'tum (purplish). §. Purple,
yellow. May. Mexico. 1845.
ODONTOLO'MA. (From odous, a tooth,
and loma, an edge ; fronds or leaves
tooth-notched. Nat. ord., Ferns [Poly-
podiacese]. Linn., 2±-Cryptogam'va 1-
Filices.)
Stove Ferns, with brownish-yellow spores. See
FKRNS.
0. Bori/a'num (Bory's). May. Isle of Luzon.
— pul<:he'Uum (neat). May. Isle of Luzon.
— teuuifo'tium (slender-leaved). May. E. Ind.
CEcEo'cLADES. (From oikeo, to in-
liabit, and klados, a branch. Nat. ord.,
Orchids [Orchidacese]. Linn., 20-%-
•nandria \-Monandria. Allied to An-
griecum.)
Stove orchid. Divisions, by separating a newly,
formed shoot ; block of wood, or shallow baskets,
in sphagnum and fibry turf, and suspended from
thereof of a house. Winter temp., 50° to 60°,
and dryish atmosphere ; summer, 70° to 90°, dry
before lowering, moist afterwards.
Q£>f<ilca'ta (sickle-shaped). $. White. April.
China. 1815.
(ENOCA'RPUS. (From oinos, wine, and
karpos, a fruit ; yields palm-wine and oil.
Nat. ord., Palms [Palmacese]. Linn., 21-
Moncecia 6-Hexandria. Allied to Areca.)
Stove Palm. Seeds, but generally suckers ;
rich, loamy soil. Winter temp., 60° ; summer,
60° to 90°.
(E. Bata'na (Batana). 40. S. Amer. 1820.
(ENOTHE'EA. Evening Primrose. (From
oinos, wine, and Ihera, imbibing; tho
roots of bie'nids supposed to be an in-
centive to drinking wine. Nat. ord.,
Onagrads [Onagracese]. Linn., S-Odan-
dria 1-Monogynia.)
Annuals and biennials, by seed in the open
border, in April ; also in the autumn, to stand
over the winter, and bloom early ; perennials,
by seeds also, by divisions of the plants in
spring, and the more rare and tender by cuttings
or the young shoots under a hand-light, in early
summer. See GODE'TIA for some species some-
times included in this geruis.
HALF-HARDY.
(E. acau'lis (stemless). £• White. July. Chili.
, 1821. Herbaceous.
— cheiranthifo'lia (wallflower-leaved). 14. Yel-
low. July. Chili. 1823. Evergreen.
— Drummo'ndii (Drummond's). £. Yellow.
August. Texas. 1833. Herbaceous.v
— ro'sea (rosy). 1. Pink. June. Peru. 1733.
Herbaceous.
CENO
[ 574]
OLD
HARDY HERBACEOUS.
(E.anifsa'loba (unequal - lobed). 3. White.
June.- Chilue. 1828.
— ctespito'aa (tutted). 1. White. June. N.
Amer. 1811.
— Frase'ri( Eraser's). 1$. Yellow. June. N.
Amer. 1811.
variega'ta (variegated-Jeaoed). I. Yel-
low. July. Gardens.
— frutiettm (shrubby). 3. Yellow. August.
N. Amer. 1737.
ambi'gua (doubtful). 1. Yellow. July.
N. Amer. 1813.
I'ndica (Indian). 1$. Yellow. July.
India.
— glau'ca (milky-green). 3. Yellow. June.
N. Auier. 1812.
variega'ta (\KriegAteA-leaved). 2. Yellow.
July.
— gra'cilis (slender). 1. Yellow. 1833.
— hy>tirida (hybrid). 1. Yellow. July. N.
Amer. 1813.
— maorocu'rpa (large - fruited). 1. Yellow.
June. N.Amer. 1811.
— Missourie'nsis (Missouri). 1. Yellow. June.
N. Amer. 1818.
— mrvo'sa (large-nerved). 2. Yellow. July. 1S27.
— Nutta'llii (Nuttall's). White. June. N.Amer.
1811.
— p&'llida (pale). l£. White, red. June.
America. 1826.
— pvfmila (dwarf). £. Yellow. July. N.Amer.
1757.
— pustlla (small), i- Yellow. July. N.Amer.
1817.
— Sfillo'wii (Sellow's). Montevideo. 1831.
— ssr^uia'ta (small-toothed). 1. Yellow. June.
. N. Amer. 1824.
— serrtina (lite-flowering). 1J. Yellow. Sep.
tember. N. Amer. 1820.
— specWsa (*howy). 1. White. June. N.
Amer. 1821.
'ma'jor (larger). 6. White. July. N.
Amer.
— taraxacifo'Ha (dandelion-leaved). £. White.
June. Peru. 1825.
— tetrago'na (four-angled-/>odded). l£. Yellow.
July. N. Amer. 1820.
HARDY BIENNIALS.
(E. a'lbicnns (whitish). 2. Whitish. June. Peru.
1823.
— atbicau'lis (white-stalked). £. White. June.
N.Amer. 1811.
— bie'nnis (biennial). 4. Yellow. July. N.Araer.
1629.
— bi'frons (two-faced). 1$. Purple. August.
Texas. 1835.
— • crucia'ta (cross-lowered). 3. Yellow. July.
N. Amer. 1824.
— ero'sa (jagged). 2. Citron-coloured. July.
Cape of Good Hope. 1 828.
— globula'ris (globular). 3. Yellow. July. 1824.!
— inca'na (hoary). 2. Yellow. July. N.Amer.!
1820.
— longiflo'ra (long-flowered). 3. Yellow. August.
Buenos Ayres. 17/6.
— me'dia (iatermediate). 2. Yellow. July. N.
Amer. 1823.
•— noctu'rna (night-smelling), 2. Yellow. July.
Cape of Good Hope. 1790.
— odora'ta (sweet-scented). 2. Yellow. June.
S. Amer. 1790.
— pubefscens (downy). 1. White. July. S.Amer.
182&.
CB. sallcifo'lia (willow-leaved). 2. Yellow. July.
1824.
— Simsia'na (Sims's). 3. Yellow. July. Mexico.
1816.
— stria'tn (streaked). Yellow. July. 1822.
— villo'na (shaggy). 2. Yellow. July. Cape of
Good Hope. 1791.
HARDY ANNUALS.
(E. amce'na (pleasing). 1. Purple. July. N.Amer.
1825.
— clava'ta (club-/eat>ed). 1. White. July. Mexico.
1827.
— decu'mbens (lying-down). 1£. Purple. August.
California. 1827.
— densiflo'ra (close-flowered). 3. Purple. August.
California. 1830.
— Lindle'yii (Lindley's). lj. Purple. August.
N. Amer. 1826.
— linea'ris (narrow-leaned). 1^. Yellow. June.
N. Amer. 1822.
— Pu'rshii (Pursh's). White. July. N.Amer. 1811.
— quudrwu' Ineru (four-wounded). l£- Pink. Sep-
tember. N. Amer. 1826.
— sinua'ta (scolloped-/eawtd). 3. Yellow. July.
N. Amer. 1770.
mi'nima (smallest). £. Yellow. July. N.
Amer. 1825.
— stri'cta (erect). 1$. Yellow. June. 1822.
— tenuifo'lia (thin-leaved). l£. Purple. August.
Chili. 1828.
— tri'loba (three-lobed). ^. Yellow. June. N.
Amer. 1822.
— vimi'nea (twiggy). 2. Purple. July. California.
1826.
— virga'ta (rod-shaped). l£. Purple, white. July,
Peru. 1823.
OFFSETS are- side bulbs produced by
some bulbous roots, and by which the
species can be propagated. Whatever
checks the upward growth of the parent
plant, as an early breaking down of the
stem, compels the sap. to find other
organs for its reception, and, conse-
quently, promotes the production of off-
sets. " The practice," says Dr. Lindley,
"of scarring the centre of bulbs, the
heads of echino-cacti, and such plants,
and the crown of the stem of species like
Littte'a yeminiflo'ra, in all which cases
suckers are the result, is explicable on
the foregoing principle."
OGECHEE LIME. Ny'ssa ca'ndicans.
OIL NUT. Hamilto'nia.
OIL PALM. Ela'is.
O'LAX. (From olax, furrowed ; flowers
partially furrowed, or imbricated. Nat.
ord., Oliveworts [Oleacea?]. Linn., 3-
Triandria I-Monoyynia.)
Stove, white-flowered, evergreen climbers, from
the East Indies. Cuttings of ripened shoots in
sand, under a bell-glass, in heat; sandy peat,
fibry loam, and a little dried leaf-mould. Winter
temp., 50° to 55°; summer, 60° to 80°.
0. imbrica'ta (imbricated). 8. December. 1820.
— sea' ndens (climbing). 8. December. 1820.
OLDENLA'NDIA. (Named after H. B.
Oldenland, a Danish plant-collector. Nat.
OLD
[ 575 ]
OMP
on!., Cinchonads [Cinchonacete]. Linn.,
±-Tetrandria 1-Monogynia.) Allied to
Hedyotis.)
Cuttings of half-ripened shoots of Deppia'na
in April, in sand, under a glass, in bottom-heat ;
peat and loam. Winter temp., 50° to 55°; summer,
60° to 85°. The annuals sow in a gentle hotbed,
in March ; prick out the seedlings in the bed, and
move them to the open border, after gradually
hardening them, at the end of May*
0. Cape'nuis (Cape). White. July. Cape of Good
Hope. 1824. Annual.
— corymbo'sa (corymbed). White. June. Ja-
maica. 1739. Annual.
— Deppia'na (Deppe's). 1. White. June. Mexico.
1835. Stove evergreen.
— umbella'ta (umbelled). £. White. July. E
Ind. 1792.
OLD-MAN'S BEARD. Geropo'gon.
O'LEA. Olive. (From elaia, the olive.
Nat, ord., Oliveworts [Oleacese], Linn.,
2-J)iandria \-Monogynia.}
The Olive will graft on the Privet, Phillyrea,
Ash, Lilac, and others of the order. Evergreens,
all white-flowered, except O, fra' grans. Cuttings
of ripened shoots in spring, in sand, under a
hand-light, in a close frame or pit ; also, when
procurable, by seeds and grafting ; loam and peat,
of an open, fihry character. Winter temp., 38°
to 48°. 0. sati'va has stood for years against
south walls near London. The scent offra'grans
is sufficient to perfume a large conservatory ;
where only one of the genus can be grown, this
should be fixed upon.
GREENHOUSE EVERGREENS.
O. America'na (American). 6, June. N. Amer.
1758.
— arbn'reu (tree). 20. August. 1825.
— Cape'nsis (Cape). 5. July. Cape of Good
Hope. 1/30.
undula'ta (•wave -leaved). 6. July. Cape of
Good Hope. 1730.
— exce'lsu (tall). 15. May. Madeira. 1784.
— fra' grans (fragrant). 4. Yellow. July. China.
1771.
— olea'sttr (oleaster. Wild Olive). 5. July. Por-
tugal. 1821.
— panicuta'ta (panicled). 10. July. N. Holland.
1S25.
— sati'na (cultivated). August. South Europe. 1570.
— buxifo'iia (box-leaved). 15. July. South Europe.
— ferrugi'nea (rusty -leaved). 15. July. Cape of
Good Hope.
— latifo'tiu (broad-leaved). 15. July. South Eu-
rope.
— longifo'lia (long-leaved). 15. July. South Eu-
rope.
— obli'qua (twisted-/ea»ed). 15. July. South Eu-
rope.
— verruco'sa (warted). 6. April. Cape of Good
Hope. 1814.
STOVE EVERGREENS.
O. dioi'ca (dioecious). 30. March. E. Ind. 1818.
— la'ncea (spear-head-/e«oed). 20. August. Isle
of France. 1819.
— rotnt'st* (robust). June. Sylhet. 1824.
— Roxburghia'na (Dr. Roxburgh's), 15. August.
E. Ind. 1820.
OLEANDER. Ne'rium.
OLEA'NDRA. (The genus is founded
on neriifo'rmisy or oleander like. Nat.
ord., F-erns [Polypodiacese]. Linn., 24-
Cryptogamia l-Filices.)
Stove Ferns, with yellow spores. See FKBNS.
O. articula'ta (jointed). June. India. 1887.
— Cumi'ngii (Cuming's). June. Isle of Luzon.
— neriifo'rmis (oleander-like). May. E. Ind.
— nodo'sa (knotty). May. S Amer. 1840.
— WaUVchii (Wallich's). May. Nepaul.
OLEASTER, or WILD OLIVE. Elcua'ymis.
OLFE'RSIA. (Named after Offers, a Ger-
man botanist. Nat. ord., Ferns [Polypo-
diacese]. L,inn.,24t~Cryptogamia,l-Filices.)
Stove Ferns, with yellowish-brown spores. See
FERISS.
0. a'podum (stemless). June. W. Ind. 1824.
— Blumeu'num (Blume's). April. Isle of Luzon.
— calleefo'lium (calla-leaved). August. Java. 1840.
— cerm'na (st&g- horned). May. W. Ind. 1840.
— confo'rme (conformed). August. Cape of Good
Hope. 1841.
— Crorco»,'«de'«sis(Corcovado). May. Brazil. 1837.
— longifo'lium (long-leaved). 1. W. Ind. 1841.
— obtusifu'lium (blunt -leaved). June. Isle of
Luzon.
— scolopendnfo'lium (scolopendrium - leaved).
August. Brazil. 1841.
— ti'mplex (simple). 1. July. Jamaica. 1/93.
— squamo'sum (scaly). July. W. Ind.
— visco'sum (clammy). August. W. Ind. 1826.
— villo'sum (shaggy). 1. July. Jamaica. Ib43.
OLIBANUM. Husuw'llia.
OLIVE. O'lea.
OLIVE-BARK-TREE. Bu'dda.
OLIVE-WOOD. Elaode' ndron.
OMALA'NTHUS. (From homalos, smooth,
and anthos, a flower. Nat. ord., Spurge-
worts [Euphorbiacese]. Linn., 2l-Mo-
ncecia IQ-Decandria. Allied to Hippo-
mane.)
Stove evergreen shrub. Cuttings of firm shoot*
in sand, in heat ; loam and peat. Winter temp.,
50° to 60° ; summer, 60° to 85°.
0, populifo'lia (poplar-leaved). 6. White. August.
N. Holland. 1825.
OMIME PLANT. Plecta'nthrus.
OMPHALO'BIITM. (From omphalos, the
navel, and lobos, a pod. Nat. ord., Cona-
rads [Conaracea]. Linn., 10-Decandria
1-Monogynia.)
The beautiful zebra- wood of the cabinet-makers
is that of 0. Africa'num. Stove evergreen shrubs,
with pale red flowers. Cuttings of half-ripened
shoots in sand, under a bell-glass, and in bottom-
heat ; peat and loam. Winter temp., 55° to 60°|
summer, 60° to 85°.
0. Africa'num (African). 8. Guinea. 1822.
— Fndicum (Indian). 8. Ceylon.
OMPHALO'DES. Venus's Navelwort.
(From omphales, the navel, and eidos,\ike;
referring to the seed. Nat. ord., Borago-
worts [Boraginaceae], Linn., &-Pentan-
dria l-Monogynia.)
Seeds of annuals in open border, in March, and
once or twice more during the summer; the per-
ennials, by division. O. ve'rna is a beauiitul
ONC
[ 576 ]
ONC
plant in the recesses of rock-works, in shady
corners, thriving as well in shade as the interest-
ing Periwinkles.
HARDY ANNUALS.
O. interme'dia (intermediate). Blue. April. Arabia.
1836. Biennial.
— linifo'lia (flax-leaved). 1. White. July. Por-
tugal. 1748.
— litora'lis (shore). 1. White. July. France. 1826.
— scorpioi'des (scorpion-like). 1. Blue. July.
Bohemia. 1825.
HARDY HERBACEOUS.
0. amplexicau'lis (stem-clasping). 1. White. July.
Spain. 1823.
— myosotoi'des (mouse-ear-like), l£. Brush. Sep-
tember. Russia. 1838.
— ni'tidum (shining). 2. White. May. Portugal.
1812.
— sempervi'rens (evergreen). 2$. Blue. June.
Britain.
— ve'rna (spring). £. Llur. March. South Eu-
rope. 1633.
ONCI'DIUM. (From ogkos, a tumour ; re-
ferring to excrescences on the base of the
lip, or labellum. Nat. ord., Orchids [Or-
ehidacese]. Linn., 2Q-Gynandria l-Monan-
dria. Allied to Odontoglossum.)
Stove orchids. Divisions as growth is commenc-
ing in spring ; very shallow baskets suit all the
krgest-leaved kinds, or they may be fastened to a
block of wood, that fastened across the mouth of
a pot, the pot filled loosely with pieces of wood
and charcoal, to insure perfect drainage, and then
rotten wood, sphagnum, and fibry peat laid round
the lower part of the plants, provided the base of
the leaves is not covered. Hardy kinds, as flexu-
o'sum, re-quire more packing; small, tender kinds
must be carefully treated, to prevent damping,
especially when not growing. Winter temp., 58°
to 60° ; summer, 60° to 90°.
O. ulti'ssimum (tallest). 4. Yellow, brown, March.
Panama. 1793.
— ami'ctum (frilled). 1. Yellow, brown-blotched.
April. Brazil. 1846.
— amplia'tum (broad-lipped). 2. Yellow, brown.
March. America. 1832.
ma'jor (larger-lowered). £. Yellow. March.
Guatimala. 1840.
— asce'ndens (ascending). Yellow. April. Guati-
mala. 183/.
— barba'tum (bearded). 1^. Yellow. April. Brazil.
1818.
— Burke' r I (Barker's). 1. Yellow. April. Mexico.
1840.
— Batemitnia'num (Bateman's). Yellow. April.
Mexico. 1838.
— Bau'eri (Bauer's). Yellow, brown. April.
— bicallo'sum (two-warted). 1. Orange, brown.
July. Panama. 1842.
— bi 'color (two-coloured-flowered). $. Yellow.
September. Mexico. 1841.
— bicornu'tum (two-horned), l. Yellow-spotted.
June. Rio Janeiro. 1830.
— bifo'lium (two-leaved). J. Yellow, purple. July.
Montevideo. 1811.
— p'i'llidum (pale-3/etaw). J. Pale yellow,
July. Monte Video. 1832.
— brachiiphy'llum (short-leaved). Yellow, brown.
July. Mexico. 1836.
— ea'ndidum (white). White, yellow. March.
Mexico. 1843.
— cturina'tum (keeled). Brown, yellow. August,
Xalapa. 1838.
0. Carthaginefnse (Carthaginian). 4. Olive. May.
Carthage. 1/91.
— Cebolle'ti (Cebollet's). 1. Yellow. April. W.
Ind. 1825.
— cilia' turn (fringed-lippcd). £. Yellow, red. Ja-
nuary. Brazil. 1818.
— citri'num (lemon-coloured;. 5. Yellow. Au-
gust. Trinidad.
— co'ncotor (one-coloured), f . Lemon. May.
Organ Mountains. 1839.
— confrago'sum (uneven). Straw. July. Mexico.
1835.
— corni'gerum (horn-bearing). J. Yellow. July.
Brazil. 1829.
— cri'spum (curled-petaled). 3. Orange. June.
lu'teum (yellow). Yellow. May. Organ
Mountains. 1838.
— cucullu' turn (hooded). Red, purple. February.
Quindia.
— cut r turn (curtailed). Brown, yellow. 1846.
— dcltui'denm (ttuaiga^u-ltppeef). 1. Yellow.
October. Luna. 1836.
— Devonia'num(Duke of Devonshire's). 2. Yellow,
brown. January. Guatimala. 1836.
— divarica'tum (spreading). l£. Yellow, orange,
brown. December. Brazil. 1826.
— cu'preum (copper-coloured). l£. Yellow, cop-
per. December. Brazil. 1836.
— excava'tum (hollowed). .Yellow. May. Gua-
timala. 1840.
— falcipe'ttilum (sickle-petaled). Brown. August.
Merida.
— fimbria'tum(fr\n%ed-flowered). Yellow. Brazil.
— flabelli'ferum (fan-bearing). Brown, purple.
July. Brazil. 1843.
— flexuo'sum (zigzag). l£. Yellow, brown. June.
Brazil. 1818.
— ma'jor (larger-lowered). l£. Yellow. June.
Brazil. 183Q.
— Forbe'sii (Forbes's). 1. Scarlet, yellow. Sep-
tember. Organ Mountains. 1837.
— Forke'lii (Forkel's). Yellow, crimson. June.
Mexico. 1844.
— gutta'tum (spotted). Yellow, brown. April.
Jamaica. 1838.
fu'lgens (brilliant). Jamaica. 1838.
ma1 jus (larger). Jamaica. 1838.
— Harrisonia'num. (Harrison's). 1. Yellow-
spotted. October. Brazil. 1830.
— hasta'turn (h&Vnert-lipped). Brown, yellow.
August. Mexico. 1840.
— Herwhma'nni (Henchman's). Pale rose. May.
Mexico. 1839-
— Mans (gaping-^owered). Brown, yellow. May.
Brazil. 1837.
— Huntia'num (Hunt's). Yellow, red. September.
Brazil.
— incu'rvum (curled-back). Bluish-white. July.
Mexico. 1839.
— Inslea'yi (Insleay's). Yellow, brown. July.
Mexico. 1840.
— interme'dium (intermediate). 2. Orange.March.
Cuba.
— iridifo'lium (iris-leaved). $. Yellow. June.
Mexico. 1835.
— la cerum (cut-lipped). l£. Yellow. April. Pa-
nama. 1844.
— Lancea'num (Lance's). 1|. Yellow, purple.
August. Surinam. 1834.
— ___ ma'jus (larger). Green, purple. August.
Guiana. 1836.
— Lemonia'num (Sir C. Lemon's), f . Yellow-
spotted. March. Havannah. 1SS6.
— leucochi'tum (white-lipped). 1. Yellow, brown.
August. Guatimala. 1835.
— Linde'nii (Linden's). May. Guatimala. 1840.
ONC
[577]
ONE
O. linguifo'rme (tongue-shaped). Yellow, rose.
July. Merida.
— longifo'lium (long-leaved), 3. Yellow, brown.
March. Mexico. 1840.
— luna'tum (crescent-lipped). 1. Orange. June.
Demerara. 1836.
— lu'ridum (lurid). 2. Olive, brown. March. Ja-
maica. 1822.
gutta'tum (speckled). 2. Yellow, red.
July. Jamaica. 1837.
purpura'tum (purple-stained). 2. Crimson,
purple-speckled. September.
— macranthe'rum (large-anthered). ^. Green,
purple. March. Mexico. 1840.
— microchi'lum (small-lipped). Yellow, crimson.
September. Guatimala. 1838.
— mono'ceras (one-horned). 2. Yellow. January.
Rio Janeiro. 1839.
— nu'num (dwarf). White. La Guayra. 1842.
— ncbulo'sum (cloudy). Yellow, brown. Guati-
mala.
— nu'dum (naked). Yellow, crimson. July. Ca-
raccas. 1834.
— oblonga'tum. (oblong-leaved). Yellow. July.
Guatimala. 1844.
— onu'stum (loaded). 2. Yellow. October. Peru.
1848.
— ornithorhy'nchon (bird's-bill). 2. Pink, white.
July. Mexico. 1826.
pa'ttidum (pale-flowered). 2. Pale purple.
December. Guatimala. 1835.
pachyphy'llum (thick-leaved). 2. Yellow,
red. January. Mexico. 1839.
— papi'lio (butterfly-p/an*). l£. Yellow, purple.
June. Trinidad. 1823.
— — — limba'tum (bordered). l£. Crimson,
brown, yellow. October. Trinidad. 1823.
— pectora'le (breast-plate). Brown, crimson.
April. Brazil. 1842.
— pelica'num (pelican-Aea/red). Yellow. October.
Mexico. 1839.
— pe'ndulum (drooping-flowered) . Brown, yellow.
September. Guatimala. 1840.
— pergame'neum (parchment). Yellow. August.
Guatimala. 1839.
— phymatochi'lum (long-lipped). 2. White, yel-
low. April. Brazil. 1844.
— Pinellia'num (Pinelli's). Brown, red. Brazil.
1841.
— pu'bes (downy). 1. Green, red. April. Brazil.
1824.
ftave'scens (yellowish). 1. Red, yellow.
October. Brazil. 1839.
— pulche'llum (neat). $. White-spotted. May.
Jamaica.
— pw/uma7«m (cushion-like). 8. Yellow, brown.
June. Brazil. 1836.
— pu'milum (dwarf). $. Yellow. May. Brazil.
1824.
pa'ltidum (pale). $. Pale yellow. May.
Brazil. 1840.
— rani'ferum (frog-bearing). 1. Yellow. August.
Brazil. 1838.
ma1 jus (larger-flowered). J. Yellow. Au-
gust. Brazil.
— refle'xum (bent -back). Yellow. October.
Mexico. 1836.
— ro'seum (rosy). Rose. July. Mexico. 1838.
ma'jus (larger). Rose. March. Honduras.
1839.
pa'llidum (pale). Pale rose. March. Hon-
duras. 1839.
— Russellia'num (Russell's). 1. Purple, green.
Rio Janeiro. 1835.
— sangui'neum (crinuon- blotched), Crimson, red.
La Guayra.
37
0. sphacela'tum (scorched). 2. Yellow, brown.
February. Mexico. 1838.
grandiflo'rum (large-flowered). Yellow,
brown. February. Mexico. 1840.
— spilo'pterum (spotted -winged). 2« Brown,
yellow. February. Brazil. 1844.
— strami'neum (straw-coloured). Straw, crimson.
VeraCruz. 1837.
— sua've (sweet-scented). Yellow. April. Mexico.
1835.
— Sutto'ni (Sutton's). Brown, yellow. August.
Mexico. 1842.
— Tayleu'rii (Tayleur's). 2. Brown. August.
Mexico. 1837.
— te'nue (slender). f . Yellow, brown-spotted.
August. Guatimala. 1841.
— tetrape'talum(fo\ir-y>eta,led). 1. Yellow, brown.
Jamaica.
— tri'color (three-coloured-flowered). 1$. Yellow,
white. April. Jamaica. 1843.
— trique'trum (triangular -leaved). $. White,
purple. September. Jamaica. 1793.
— trulli'ferum (trowel-lipped). Brown, yellow.
September. Brazil. 1838.
— unguiculu'tum (null-bearing). 3. Yellow. Oc-
tober. Mexico. 1846.
— unico'rne (one-horned). Pale yellow. June.
Rio Janeiro.
— uniflo'rum (one-flowered). £. Brown, yellow.
November. Organ Mountains. 1841.
— variega'tum (variegated). 2. Yellow. July.
W. Ind. 1824.
— viperi'num (poisonous). Pale yellow. July.
Brazil. 1836.
— volu'bile (twining). Yellow, brown. December.
Brazil.
— Wentworthia'num (Earl FitzwilUam's). Yel-
low, crimson. March. Mexico. 1839.
— Wra'yee (Mrs. Wray's). 2. Yellow, brown.
Guatimala. 1838.
ONE - SHIFT SYSTEM OF POTTING is
giving a plant in a pot one large shift, in-
stead of frequent small ones. Thus, in-
stead of moving a plant successively
from a three to a five-inch pot, thence to
a seven or an eight, and thence again to
a ten or a twelve, allowing the roots to
become matted at the sides of the pot,
or merely to reach there, according as
flowering or growing is the object aimed
at, the plant is moved at once from a
three, four, or five-inch pot into one of
eight, twelve, or sixteen inches in di-
ameter. It is seldom that a cutting, or a
seedling, or a very small plant, is at once
moved into a large one, as during its very
small state it can be more safely, easily,
and economically attended to in a small
pot. The one-shift system requires room
for its adoption. Striking individual, ra-
ther than mere general results are its
characteristics; and, therefore, where a
constant show of bloom and considerable
variety in a small space are chiefly de-
sired, it should only be sparingly adopted.
The chief object aimed at is rapidity of
growth, and thus obtaining a beautiful
specimen in a much shorter period than
if
ONE
5T8 ]
ONE
could easily be realized by the snccession-
shift system. By the one-shift system
we obtain a vigorous growth; but yet,
from being in a pot, luxuriance may be so
•controlled as not to interfere with the
flowering. In fact, with the extra care
and trouble involved, we obtain the ad-
vantage without the disadvantages of the
planting-out system. For the one-shift
system, as well as in every other case
where a fine specimen is desired, a young
plant must be commenced with that has
never had its roots matted round the pot.
Such a plant will soon overtake one four
times its size, but which has several
times densely filled its pot with roots.
The freely-growing plants, and whose
existence is short, are the best to com-
mence with. Many of them are best
managed upon this system. Wherever
rapidity and strength of growth are an
object, annuals intended to flower in pots,
after being once pricked off into small
pots or preparatory beds, and thus estab-
lished, can scarcely be too soon after-
wards transferred to their blooming pots.
Where double flowers, as in the Balsam,
or swelling-off part of the flower, as the
receptacle in the case of the Cockscomb,
are wished for, then different methods
may be adopted to secure a desired end.
With such hard-wooded plants as Heaths
and Epacrises the most striking results
are obtained by the one-shift system;
but as greater care is necessary to success
with such plants, we would advise young
beginners to try some of the above soft-
wooded plants in the first place, and to
keep in view, for all the cases they may
try, whether the plants are soft-wooded
or hard.
In common with other modes of pot-
ting, the pots should be sound, fairly
burned, dry, and either new or thoroughly
clean, outside and inside. Secondly,
good drainage — always essential — must
here form a chief element of success.
In all plants intended to remain in the
same pot for years, it cannot be too par-
ticularly attended to. Green moss, or
chopped wheat-straw, strewed over the
drainage, is a good thing for preventing
the earthy particles above being washed
into- and choking it up. Broken charcoal,
from whence the dust has been extracted,
is alsa very useful for this purpose. In-
deed, larger piece* of charcoal may con-
stitute the chief part of the drainage,
which will be Lighter than most things
that could be used — a matter of con-
siderable importance. On this account
alone it is valuable for mixing with the
compost to keep it open, independently
of any chemical properties it may possess.
Thirdly, soil. This, whatever may be its
constituents, should be rough and lumpy;
the bulk, in general cases, consisting of
pieces from the size of peas up to that
of beans and walnuts ; and in cases of
larger pots, a few pieces may be as large
as hens' eggs. In such compost the
plants will grow rapidly ; and even in the
case of Heaths, &c., they will maintain a
healthy appearance for years. Should
much of the compost be in larger pieces,
the plant will not at all be greatly in-
jured for the first season, or more, nor
yet as long as the roots are contented to
crawl around the surface of the lumps;
but when they have reached the side of
the pot, and necessity leads them to
penetrate the large pieces, a declining
appearance is apt to present itself. Hence
the complaints against the system, that
though plants grow vigorously at first,
they were short-lived. Such large shifts,
in the fine-sifted soil of old, could not
succeed, unless in potted specimens that
received more care than can, in general,
be given to plants. Using huge lumps
of loam or peat would tend to produce
a similar evil, though from causes ap-
parently different. The middle course
is the safe one ; but with rough soil, it is
necessary to surface with a little that is
finer, that the air may not enter too
freely. Fourthly. A pi ant never thrives
well when the surface of the ball is sunk
several inches below the rim of the pot;
and there is something uncouth in ob-
serving the centre of the ball sticking
up in the centre of the pot, like a mole-
hill. In all cases, therefore, but espe-
cially where it is intended for a plant to-
continue for years, the compost should
be pressed firmly before the young plant
is set in the centre of the pot ; and as,
nevertheless, it will gradually sink a little,
the surface of the old soil may just be a
little below the rim of the pot. If the
roots are the least matted, they should
now be gently disentangled, and packed
carefully with the hand in layers, putting
the finest of the rough soil over the*
young rootlets, and the coarser towards
the outside, next the side of the pot,
and squeezing all rather firmly together
with the hand, taking care, however, that
ONI
[879 J
OKI
the soil is in that happy medium that
may be termed neither dry nor wet, and
yet sufficiently heated to occasion no im-
mediate check by cold. Fifthly. Water-
ing is the most important of all points,
and, where it cannot be properly attended
to, the one-shift system should not be
attempted. For some time you must
merely water as far as the roots extend
— the unappropriated soil must not be
soaked, or it will become sour and un-
healthy for the roots even before they
get to it. No regular routine dash or
dribble from the water-pot will do with
the one-shift system. Sixthly. Tempera-
ture. On this system, for some time
after potting, the plants should have from
5° to 10° more heat than they otherwise
would require, and a close atmosphere
until fresh growth is proceeding freely.
A dash from the syringe frequently, in hot
days, will be of great importance. Every
incitement to growth must thus be given;
and, when that has been accomplished,
then air must be freely imparted, and a
drier atmosphere maintained, that the
fresh wood so freely made may be
thoroughly matured. Seventhly. Time
of Potting. Upon this system, in the
case of all lasting plants intended to he
our companions for years, this should
take place in spring and early summer,
in order, first, that growth may be quickly
made, and then maturation of the wood
be effected before the dark days come,
when, in the generality of cases, the low
temperature of winter will give them the
rest they require before breaking and
flowering vigorously and profusely the
following season.
ONION. A'llium ce'pa.
Soil, rich, open, and well drained, in a
situation entirely free from trees ; if the
soil be poor, abundance of dung should
be applied in the preceding autumn or
winter. Sea-sand, particularly if the
ground is at all tenacious, is advantage-
ously employed ; coal-ashes, and espe-
cially soot, are applied with particular
benefit In digging over the ground,
small spits only should be- turned over
at a time, that the texture may be well
broken and pulverized.
Varieties. — 1, Silver - skinned Onion,
hardiest; 2, Early Silver -skinned; 3,
True Portugal ; 4, Spanish ; 5, Strasburg;
6, Deptford (largest in England); 7,
Globe (white or red), best; 8, James's
Keeping Onion j 9, Pale Bed ; 10, Yel-
low; 11, Blood-red; 12, Tripoli; 13,
Two-bladed; 14, Lisbon.
Sow for the main crop during March.
Main crops may even be inserted as late
as the beginning of April, and at its
close a small sowing to draw young in
summer, and for small bulbs to pickle ;
again in July and early in August, for
salads in autumn ; and finally in the last
week of August, or early in September,
to stand the winter, for spring and begin-
ning of summer. Sow thinly in drills,
eight inches apart. An ounce of seed is
sufficient for a rood of ground, especially
for the main crops, as they should never
be allowed to grow to a size fit for salads
without thinning. The beds should be
about four feet wide, for the convenience
of cultivation.
Cultivation. — In about six weeks after
sowing, the plants will be of sufficient
size to allow the first thinning and small
hoeing, by which they are to be set out
about two inches apart. If this is per-
formed in dry weather it will keep the
beds free from weeds for six weeks longer,
when they must be hoed a second time,
and thinned to four inches apart ; and
now, where they have failed, the vacancies
may be filled up by transplanting there
some of those thinned out. The best
time for doing this is in the evening, and
water must be given for several successive
nights. In transplanting, the root only
is to be inserted, and no part of the stem
buried. No plant is more benefited by
liquid^nanure being given twice a week.
After the lapse of another month they
must be thoroughly gone over for the last
time, and the plants thinned to six inches
asunder. After this they require only
occasionally the stirring of the surface,
which the hoe effects. In order to pre-
vent their running too much to blade, it
is a good practice, in July, before the tips
change to a yellow hue, to bend the stems
down flat upon the bed, which not only
prevents it, but causes the bulbs to be-
come much larger than they otherwise
would. The bend should be made about
two inches up the neck.
Storing. — About the close of August
the onions will have arrived at their full
growth, which may be known by the
withering of the foliage, by the shrinking
of the necks, and by the ease with which
they may be pulled up. As soon as these
symptoms appear, they must be taken up,
the bed being frequently looked overj
ONI
[580]
ONO
for if the whole crop is waited for, the
forwardest, especially in moist situations
or seasons, are apt again to strike root.
Spread on mats in the sun, frequently
turn, and remove under shelter at night.
In two or three weeks, when the roots
and blades are perfectly withered, and the
bulbs become firm, they are fit for storing,
being housed in dry weather, and care-
fully preserved from bruising. Previously
to doing this, all soil and refuse must be
removed from them ; for these are apt to
induce decay : to prevent this as much as
possible, all faulty ones should be rejected.
Inthestore-housetheymustbelaidasthin
as may be, or hung up in ropes, and looked
over at least once a month. To preserve
some from sprouting, for late use, it is
useful to sear the roots and the summits
with a hot iron, care being taken not to
scorch the bulb.
Additional Modes of Cultivation. — For
the winter-standing crop the only addi-
tional directions necessary are to tread in
the seed regularly before raking, if the
soil, as it ought to be, is dry and light.
They must be kept constantly clear of
weeds, as well as of the fallen leaves of
trees, but they need not be thinned. Early
in spring they are to be transplanted for
bulbing. Sow in May. Cultivate the
plants as in the other crops ; and in Octo-
ber the bulbs, being of the size of nuts,
are to be taken up, dried, and housed, as
directed for the full-grown bulbs. About
the middle of the following March they
must be planted out in rows, six inches
apart each way, and cultivated the same
as the other crops. If sown earlier than
May they run to seed when transplanted.
Another mode, nearly as efficacious, is to
sow in the latter part of August, to stand
the winter, and in March, early or late,
according to the forward growth of the
seedlings, to be planted out in rows at
the before-directed distance, and culti-
vated as usual.
In Portugal they sow in a moderate
hotbed during November or December,
in a warm situation, with a few inches of
mould upon it ; and the plants are pro-
tected from frost by hoops and mats. In
April or May, when of tbe size of a swan's
quill, they are transplanted into a light,
rich loam, well manured with old-rotten
dung, to bulb. Transplanting alone is of
great benefit.
To save Seed, some old onions must be
planted early in March, the finest and
firmest bulbs being selected, and planted
in rows ten inches apart each way, either
in drills or by a blunt-ended dibble, the
soil to be rather poorer, if it differs at all
from that in which they are cultivated for
bulbing. They must be buried so deep
that the mould just covers the crown.
If grown in large quantities, a path must
be left two feet wide between every three
or four rows, to allow the necessary cul-
tivation. They must be kept thoroughly
clear from weeds, and, when in flower,
have stakes driven at intervals of five or
six feet on each side of every two rows,
to which a string is to be fastened through-
out the whole length, a tew inches below
the heads, to serve as a support, and pre-
vent their being broken down. The seeds
are ripe in August, which is intimated by
the husks becoming brownish ; the heads
must then be immediately cut, otherwise
the receptacles will open and shed their
contents. Being spread on cloths in the
sun, they soon become perfectly dry,
when the seed may be rubbed out, cleaned
of the chaff, and, after remaining another
day or two, finally stored. It is of the
utmost consequence to employ seed of
not more than one year old, otherwise
scarcely one in fifty will vegetate.
The goodness of seed may be easily dis-
covered by forcing a little of it in a hot-
bed or warm water a day before it is
employed ; a small white point will soon
protrude if it is fertile.
ONION-FLY. See ANTHOMYIA and Eu-
MERUS.
ONISCUS. 0. aselhis, O. armadillo.
Woodlice. The first is most easily dis-
tinguished from the second by its not
rolling up in a globular form when at rest.
They are found in old, dry dunghills,
cucumber-frames, &c., and they are in-
jurious to many plants, fruits, &c., by
gnawing off the outer skin. Gas-lime
will expel them from their haunts, and
two boards or tiles kept one-eighth of an
inch apart form an excellent trap.
ONOBRO'MA. (From onos, the ass, and
broma, food. Nat. ord., Composites [As-
teracese] . Linn., 1 Q-Syngenesia 1-^Bqualis.
Allied to Carthamus.)
Cuttings, and divisions, and seeds of peren-
nials ; annuals, bv seed ; common soil ; arbore's-
cens requires the protection of a cool greenhouse
in winter.
0. arbore'scens (tree-like). 6. Yellow. July.
Spain. 1731. Evergreen.
— caru'leum (blue). 1. Bluet June. Spain.
1640. Herbaceous.
ONO
C 581 ]
ONO
0. cynaroi'des (cynara-like), 2. White. June,
Caucasus. 1820. Herbaceous.
— glau'eum (milky-green). 1$. Purple. July.
Tauria. 1817. Annual.
— leucocau'lon (white-stemmed). 1. White.
June. Greece. 1800. Herbaceous.
ONOBRY'CHIS. Saintfoin. (From ones,
the ass, and brycho, to gnaw ; favourite
food of the ass. Nat. ord., Leguminous
Plants [Fabacese]. Linn., I7-Diadelphia
4~Decandria. Allied to Hedysarum.)
Best by seeds in spring, where they are to re-
main and bloom, as all move badly. Sandy, deep
loam.
HARDY ANNUAL.
0. ca'put-ga'lli (cock's-head). 14. Flesh. July.
France. 1731.
HARDY HERBACEOUS.
0. arena'ria (sand). J. Red. July. Siberia. 1818.
— Carpa'tica (Carpathian). 1. Purple. July.
Carpathia. 1818.
— confe'rta (crowded). 1. Purple. July.
Iberia. 1817.
— cornu'ta (horned). 1. Red. July. Caucasus.
1816. Evergreen.
— crini'ta (haired). Lilac. June. Levant. 1837.
— echina'ta (hedgehog). Flesh. June. Calabria.
1831.
— Fontane'sii (Fontaine's). Red. July. Tunis.
1820.
— gla'bra (smooth). 1. Purple. July. Tauria.
1816.
— gra'cilis (slender). 1. Pale red. July.
Podolia. 1820.
— Michau'xii (Michaux's). Pale red. July.
Levant. 1820.
— monta'na (mountain). £. Purple. July.
South Europe. 1817.
— Palla'sii (Pallas's). 1. Pale yellow. Iberia. 1820.
— petrafa (rock). 1. White, red. Caucasus. 1818.
— procu'mbens (lying-down). £. Purple. July.
Iberia. ISIQ,
— Ptolema'ica (Ptolemais). 1. Yellow. Egypt.
1816.
— radia'ta (rayed). l£. Pale yellow. Iberia. 1818.
— saxa'tilis (rock). 1. Lilac, yellow. South
Europe. 1790.
— supi'na (supine), g. Pale red. Switzerland.
I8ig.
— Tanai'tica (Tanais). 1. Purple. July. Cau-
casus. 1817>
ONOCLE'A. (Onocleia was the Greek
name of a plant. Nat. ord., Ferns [Poly-
podiacese]. Linn., %4:-Cryptogamia 1-
Filices.)
Hardy Ferns. See FBBNS.
0. obtusiloba'ta (blunt -lobed). 1. Brown.
July. N. Amer. 1812.
— sensi'bilis (sensitive). 14. Brown. August.
Virginia. 1799-
ONO'NIS. Eestharrow. (From onos,
an ass, and onemi, to delight; the ass
delights to browse on the herbage. Nat.
ord., Leguminous Plants [Faba.ceee']. Linn.,
16-Monadelphia 6-Decandria. Allied to
Anthyllis.)
Annuals, by seeds in April, in sandy, deep soil ;
perennials and creeping shrubs, by division in
spring, and cuttings under a hand-light, in sand,
in summer ; deep, sandy loam for most of them.
Hardy under-shrub kinds, if of a creeping na-
ture, answer well for rock-works. The tenderer
species require a cold pit or a cool greenhouse in
winter, and most of these like a little peat added
to the sandy loam.
HARDY PERENNIALS.
0. arbore'scens (tree-like). 2. Red. June. Barbary.
1826.
— arena'ria (sand). J. Yellow. July. France. 1819.
— /Irragone'nsis(Arragonese). 1^. Yellow. July.
Spain. 1816.
— capita1 ta (round-headed). }. Yellow. August.
Spain. 1820.
—frutico'sa (shrubby). 2. Pink. May. South
Europe. 1680.
tnicropAy'//a(small-leafleted). 4. Purple,
red. June. Arragon.
— procu'rrens (procurrent). 1. Purple. July.
Europe. 1820.
— rotundifo'lia (round-leaved). 2. Pink. May.
Pyrenees. 1570.
arista' ta (bearded). 2. Pink. June.
— tribractea'ta (three-bracted). Ij. Pink. June.
South Europe. 1800.
— tridenta'ta (three-toothed). l£. Purple. June.
Spain. 1752.
TENDER PERENNIALS.
0. angusti'ssima (narrowest -leaved*). £. Pink.
June. Spain. 1825.
— cuspida'ta (pointed-/eaued). l£. Yellow. June.
Algiers. 1818.
— emargina'ta(notcheA-leaved). Mauritius. 1825.
—falca'ta (sickle-podded). l£. Yellow. July.
South Europe.
— gla'bra (smooth). £. Yellow. July. Cape of
Good Hope. 1824.
— Bispa'nica (Spanish). l£. Yellow. July. Spain.
17Q9»
— hi'spida (bristly). 1$. July. Barbary. 1818.
— longifo'lia (long-leaved). 2. Yellow. July. Te«
neriffe. 1816.
— peduncula'ris (;owg--flower-stalked). 1. White,
rose. April. Teneriffe. 1829.
— pi'cta (painted). 1. Purple, yellow. Barbary.
1820.
— ramosi'ssirna (branchiest). $. Yellow. July,
Sicily. 1819.
ANNUALS.
0. a'lba (white). 1. White. July. Barbary. 1823.
— A'pula (Apulian). 1. Yellow. September.
Naples. 1834. Biennial.
— biflo'ra (two-flowered). £. Yellow, purple. July.
Barbary. 1818.
— brachyca'rpa (short-podded). £. Yellow. June.
Spain. 1823.
— breviflo'ra (short-flowered). £. Yellow. August.
South Europe. 1800.
— Cape'nsis (Cape). $. Purple. Cape of Good
Hope. 1800.
— Denha'rdtii (Denhardt's). 1. Yellow. August.
Naples. 1832. Biennial.
— difu'sa (spreading). £. Purple. July. Italy. 1820.
— fae'tida (foetid). £. Pink. June. Morocco. 1818.
— geminiflo'ra (twin-flowered). £. Purple. July.
Spain. 1817.
— minuti'ssima (smallest). $. Yellow. June.
France. 1818. Biennial.
— oligophy'Ha (few-leaved). 14. White. July.
Naples. 1823.
— pe'ndula (drooping). 14. Purple. July. South
Europe. 1818.
ONOPO'RDON. Cotton Thistle. (From
onoSj an ass, and perdo, to consume ;
ONO
t 582]
OPH
eaten by the animal. Nat. ord., Compo-
sites [Asteracese]. Linn., 19-Syt>genesia
I-jE quails. Allied to the Thistle.)
Hardy biennials, the seeds of which merely
require sowing in the commonest soil, either in
the autumn or early spring.
0. acau'lon (stemless). £. White. July. Pyrenees.
1739.
— Ara'bicum (Arabian). 8. Purple. July. South
Europe. 1686.
— cynaroi'des (artichoke-like). 10. White. June.
Caucasus. 1823.
— ela'tum (tall). 7. Purple. July. Greece. 1816.
— Illy'ricum (Illyrian). 6. Purple. July. South
Europe. 1640.
— macraca'nt/ium(long-spined'). 6. Purple. July.
Barbary. 1/Q8. Annual.
— Pyrena'icum (Pyrenean). $. White. August.
Pyrenees. 1820.
— uniflo'rum (one-flowered). £. White. July.
Spain. 1826.
— visco'sum (clammy). 7. Purple. July. South
Europe. 1818.
ONO'SMA. (From onos, an ass, and osme,
smell; said to be grateful to the animal.
Nat. ord., Borageworts [Boraginacese].
Linn., 5-Pentandria 1-Monogynla. Allied
to Echium.)
Herbaceous perennials, yellow-flowered, except
where otherwise mentioned. Small, pretty plants
for mounds, rock-work, and old walls, where, if
once established, they will maintain themselves
by seeds ; seeds aud divisions ; sandy loam and
sandy peat, and thin layers of decomposed vege-
table matter; a few tender kinds require a cold
frame, and trine'rvium a warm greenhouse in the
winter.
HALF-HARDY.
0. ri'gidum (stiff). 1. July. Tauria. 1826.
— rupe'stre (rock). £. May. Iberia. 1819.
— trine'rvium (three-nerved). 1. S. Amer. 1824.
HARDY.
0. divarica'tum (spreading). 1. May. Caucasus
1818.
— echioi'des (echium-like). 1. White. May.
South Europe. 1683.
arena'rium (sand). 1. June. Hungary.
1 804.
— gigante'um (giant). 3. April. Tauria. 1818.
— Gmeh'ni (Gmelin's). 1. Striped. June. Altai.
1829.
— montu'num (mountain). March. Levant. 1827.
— - orienta'le (eastern). £. May. Levant. 1752.
—polyphy'llum (many- leaved). 1. July. Tauria,
1829.
.— seri'ceum (silky-teoved). 4. June. Iberia. 1752.
— simplicl'ssimum (simplest). 1. April. Siberia.
1768.
— stellula'tum (small-starred), i- April, Hungary.
1819.
ONOSMO'DITJM. (From onosma, the last
genus, and eidos, like. Nat. ord., Borage -
worts [Boraginaceas]. Linn., 5-Pentan-
dria 1-Monogynia. Allied to Echium.)
Hardy herbaceous North American perennials,
flowering in June; thriving in sandy loam, and
propagated by seeds and division.
0. hi'spidum (bristly). 1. Yellow. 1759.
— mo'lle (soft). *. White. 1812.
ONY'CHIUM. (From onyx, a claw ;
of the lobes of the fronds. Nat.ord.,.Fmjs
[Polypodiacese]. Linn., 24:-Cryptogamia
1-Filices.)
Stove Ferns, with yellowish-brown spores. See
FERNS.
0. auru'tum (golden). July. N. S. Wales.
— Cape'nse (Cape). July. Cape of Good Hope.
— lu'cidum (shining). July. Nepaul. 1844.
OPERA GIRLS. Manti'sia.
OPERCULA'RIA. (From operculum, a lid ;
shape of calyx. Nat. ord., Cinchonads
[Cinchonaceae]. Linn., 5-Pentandria I-
Monogynia. Allied to Pomax.)
Greenhouse herbaceous, white-flowered peren-
nials. Seeds in spring, in a mild hotbed ; division
of some of the plants as growth commences ;
cuttings of the young shoots, best when several
inches long ; sandy loam and a little fibry peat,
and dried pieces of leaf-mould, and a few pieces
of charcoal; a dry, cold pit or greenhouse in
winter.
0. a'spera (rough-seeded). 1. June. N. Holland.
1790.
— hi'spida (bristly). 1. July. N. Holland. 1/90.
— ocymifo'lia (basil-leaved). J.July. E. Ind. 1824.
— sessi7d/2oVa(8talkless-flowered). ^. June, Cape
of Good Hope. 1824.
OPHE'LIA. (From opheleia, serviceable;
medicinal. Nat. ord., Gentianworts [Gen-
tianacese]. Linn., 5-Pentandria2-Diyynia.
Allied to the Gentian.)
A pretty little annual, with starry pink flowers.
Seeds sown under a glass frame in the beginning
of April, and planted out in the open border at
the beginning of May.
0. purpura'scens (purplish). §. May. E. lud.
1836.
OPHIOPO'GON. (From ophis, a serpent,
and pogon, a beard. Nat. ord., Lilyworls
[Liliacese]. Linn., 6-Hexandria 1-Mono-
gynia. Allied to Convallaria.)
Herbaceous, white-flowered perennials, except
where otherwise mentioned. Division of the plant
at the roots, in spring, as vegetation is commenc-
ing ; also by seed ; sandy loam and a little peat ;
requires the protection of a cold pit, or a very dry,
sheltered place in winter.
O. interme'd&us (intermediate), August. Nepaul.
1824.
— Jabu'ran ( Jaburan) . 1. July. Japan. 1830.
— Japo'nicus (Japan) . 1J. Lilac, yellow. June.
Japan. 17&4.
— prn'lifer (proliferous). l^.July. Penang. 1844.
— spic&'tus (spiked). 1. Violet. October. Nepaul.
1821.
OPHIO'XYLON. (From ophis, a serpent,
and xylon, wood ; referring to its twisted
roots. Nat. ord., Dogbanes [Apocynacese].
Linn., 23-Polygamia 2-Diceda. Allied to
Carissa.)
Stove evergreen. Division of the creeping stems ;
rich, sandy loam. Winter temp., 50° to 55°;
summer, 60° to 80°.
0. &erpenti'num (serpentine). 3, White. May,
E. Ind. I6go.
OPH
[ 588]
OPU
O'PHEYS. (From ophrys, eyebrows ; re-
ferring to the fringe of the inner sepals.
Nat. ord., Orchids [Orchidaceae]. Linn.,
20-Gynandria l-Monandria.}
Elegant little pround-orchids, chiefly -natives of
England, but difficult to keep alive under cultiva-
tion. Division of the tuberous-like roots ; also,
most of the hardy ones by seed, which should be
sown as soon as ripe, or permitted to sow itself by
falling on loose, damp moss, whence it may be
moved, and finally planted after growth has taken
place. Api'fera prefers rich, heavy soil ; most of
the others, sandy, chalky loam, and a little peat.
Considering their interesting; appearance, they
well deserve a frame or cold pitfrom amateurs, so
that they might receive similar attention to small
alpines.
HALF-HAKDY.
O. arani'fera-limba'ta (bordered-spider-bearing).
1. Brown. April. Rome. 1826.
— atra'ta (dark). J. Green, brown. May. Gib-
raltar. 1825.
—fe'rrum-equi'num (horse -shoe), f. Brown,
rose. April. Corfu.
—fuciflo'ra (drone-flowered), f. Green, brown,
pink. Zante.
— fu'sca (brown). |. Brown. June.Gibraltar.1825.
— lu'tea (yellow), j. Yellow. April. Spain. 1818.
— sco'lopax (woodcock).£.Purple.May. Italy. 1825.
— tenthredini'fera (saw-fly-bearing), g. Yellow,
brown. April. Barbary. 1815.
mi'nor (smaller). £. Yellow, brown.
April. N. Africa. 1824.
HAEDY.
0. api'/eTO(bee-bearing).|.Purple.June.England.
— arachni'tes (cobweb). |. Brown.June.England.
— arachnoi'dea (spider-like). Brown, rose. April
Italy. 1805.
— arani'fera (spider-bearing). §.' Green. May.
England.
— cilia'ta (hair-frinared). Brown, white. April.
Italy. 1826.
— cornu'ta (horned). |. White, purple. June.
Crimea. 1844.
— exaUa'ta (lofty). Rose.brown. April.Italy.1825.
—fuci'fera (drone-bearing). J. Purple, green.
June. England.
— grandiflo'ra (large-flowered). Red, yellow.
April. Italy. 1828.
— musci'fera (fly-bearing). |. Purple. May. Eng-
land.
— spe'culum (looking-glass) . Brown, black.
April. South Europe. 1818.
— tabani'fera (dun-fly-bearing). £. Chocolate,
rose. April. Clarentia.
OPOEA'NTHUS. (From opora, autumn*
and wnthos, a flower. Nat. ord., Amaryl-
lids [Amaryllidaeese]. Linn., 6-Hexan-
dria I-Monogynia. Allied to Sternbergia.)
A hardy, free-flowering bulb, very useful for
mixed borders, flowering close to the ground in
the autunm. For culture, see AMARY'LLIS.
0. lu'teus (yellow), and lu'teus angustifo' liu (nar-
row-leaved). *. Yellow. September
South Europe." 15Q6.
OPTJ'NTIA, Indian Fig. (A Latin name
of which the derivation is not applicable
to the species now placed under it. Nat
ord., Indian Fiys [Cactacese], Linn, 12
.Icosandria I-Monogynia.)
Greenhouse evergreen succulents, with yellow
owers, when not otherwise mentioned. Cuttings,
y taking pieces off at the joints, and drying
hem a little before inserting them in sandy loam,
nd giving them a brisk bottom-heat. The great
•oint is to give them a high temperature and a
moist atmosphere when growing in summer, say
rom 65° to 85° or 90°; to reduce the moisture
gradually as autumn approaches, but not the
emperature, until autumn is on the wane ; and
hen to keep them in a low temperature (40° or
iO°), and dry during the winter ; sandy loam, fibry
ieat, each one part; lime-rubbish, cow-dung, and
:harcoal, one-third part each. Vulga'ris has stood
.n dry situations out of doors near London, and
has been unhurt when planted at the foot of a
vail, and wet excluded during winter. All species
of which we know nothing but the names have
jeen omitted.
0. a'lbicans (whitish-spmed). Mexico. 1835.
— alpi'na (alpine). Chili. 1836.
— America'na (American). S.Amer. 1835.
— AmycleB'a (Amyclean). Naples. 1825.
— nrticula'ta (jointed). June. 1836.
auranti'aca (orange-cowered). 3. Orange,
yellow. Chili. 1824.
— Bonpla'ndi (Bonpland's). July. Brazil. 1816.
Brasilit'nsis (Brazilian). 25. July. Brazil. 1816.
— cochinilli'fera (cochineal-bearing). 5. Red.
August. S. Amer. 1688.
— corruga'ta (wrinkled). Chili. 1824.
— cra'ssa (thick-/o6«Q. 2. Mexico. 1817-
— Curasm'vica (Curassoa). 6. June. Curassoa.
1690.
elonga'ta (elongated). 3.
lo'nga (long), b. June. Curassoa. 1690.
— cyli'ndrica (cylindrical). 3. Scarlet. Peru. 1799-
— deci'piens (deceiving). Scarlet. June. Mexico.
1830.
— decumn'na (great-oblong). 10. S.Amer. 1768.
— decu'mbens (lying-down). 4-June.Mexico.1835.
— ddef eta (dejected). Havannah. 1836.
— dicho'toma (two-rowed). Buenos Ayres. 1836.
— .D«7/e'mz(Dillenius's). 5. September. 1810.
— ela'tior (t&ller-black-spined). 6. July. S.
Amer. 1/31.
— exte'nsa (outspread). Lilac, yellow. 1824.
— exuvia'ta (cast-forth). June. Mexico. 1830.
— fe'rox (fierce). 3. S.Amer. 1817-
— fi'cus 1'ndica (Indian fig). 2. June.S.Amer.l731 .
-folio'sa (leafy). S.Amer. 1805.
—fru'gilis (brittle). 2. N. Amer. 1814.
-glomera'ta(rom&-neaded), Brazil. 1829.
— Hernande'zii (Hernandez's). Variegated.
Mexico. 1827-
— ho'rrida( horrid). July. S.Amer. 1795.
— imbrica'ta (imbricated). 3. 1820.
— ine'rmis (unarmed). July. S. Amer. 1796.
— lanceola'ta (spear-head-shaped). 2, July, S.
Amer. 1796.
— leucaca'ntha (white-flowered). White. S.
Amer. 1825.
— leuco'tricha (white-'haired). 4. White. Ger-
many. 1836.
— longispi'na (long-spined). Brazil. 1829.
— ma'xima (larg-esi). 10. S. Amer. 1820.
— me'dia (middle-many-spmed). N. Amer. 1827.
— megaca'ntha (laTge-*pined). Mexico. 1835.
— Mexica'na (Mexican). Mexico. 1885.
— Missourie'nsis (Missouri). June. N. Amer. 1814.
— monaca'ntha (single-spined). 1. S.Amer. 1816.
— myriaca'nthn (myriad-spined). Mexico. 1830.
— ni'gricans (blackish-s/nraed). 3. Fink. Au-
gust. S. Amer. 1/95.
— nopali'llo (small nopal). Mexico. 1838.
— Otto'nis (Otto's). June. Brazil. 1830.
OEA
[ 584]
OEC
0. pa'nula (least). Chili. 1825.
— platyaca'ntha (broad-spined). 1814.
— polya'ntha (many-flowered). 3. S. Amer. 1811.
— polyaca'ntha (many-spined). 1. N. Amer. 1814.
^pseu'do-tu'na (false-tuna). 1811.
— pube'scens (downy). June. Mexico. 1836.
— pulmna'ta (powdered). June. Mexico. 1836.
— pusi'lla (small). £. S. Amer. 1805.
— ramuli'fera (branched). June. Mexico. 1836.
— re'ptaris (creeping). Mexico. 1838.
— ro'sea (rosy). Rose. June. Mexico. 1830.
— rubefscens (red-stemmed). Brazil. 1828.
— seni'lis (old-man). 1837-
— seri'cea (silky). 1. Chili. 1827.
— spinau'rea (golden-spined). Mexico. 1838.
— spinosi'ssima (spiniest). 20. July. Jamaica. 1732.
— spinuli'fera (small-spine-bearing). Mexico.
1836.
— Stape'litB (Stapelia-like). June. Mexico. 1830.
— swdme'nms (few-spined). 2. J81Q.
— sulphu'rea (sulphur-coloured). 2. Chili. 1827-
— tomento'sa (shaggy). 2. S. Amer. 1820.
— triaca'ntha (three-spined). 2. S. Amer.
— tubercula'ta (warted). 1. America. 1818.
— tu'na (tuna). 3. July. S. Amer. 1731.
— vulga'ris (common). 2. July. South Europe.
1596.
OEACH. (A'triplex horte'nsis.) This
is cooked and eaten in the same manner
as spinach, to which it is much preferred
by many persons, although it belongs to
a tribe whose wholesomeness is very sus-
picious.
Soil. — It flourishes best in a rich, moist
soil, and in an open compartment.
Sow about the end of September, and
again in the spring for succession, in
drills six inches apart. When the seed-
lings are about an inch high, thin to six
inches asunder, and those removed may
"be planted out at the same distance in a
similar situation, and watered occasion-
ally until established. For early produc-
tion sow in a moderate hotbed at the
same time as those in the natural ground.
The leaves must be gathered for use
whilst young, otherwise they become
stringy and worthless.
To save Seed. — Some plants of the
spring sowing must be left ungathered
from, and thinned to about eight inches
apart. The seeds ripen about the end
of August, when the plants must be
pulled up, and, when perfectly dry, the
seed rubbed out for use.
ORANGE. (Ci'trus aura'ntium") . See
CI'TRUS.
ORANGE THORN. Citrioba'tus.
ORCHARD is an enclosure devoted to
the cultivation of hardy fruit-trees. With
respect to the situation and aspect for an
orchard, avoid very low, damp situations
as much as the nature of the place will
admit ; for in very wet soils no fruit-trees
will prosper, nor the fruit be fine ; but a
moderately low situation, free from co-
pious wet, may be more eligible than an
elevated ground, as being less exposed
to tempestuous winds ; though a situa-
tion having a small declivity is very de-
sirable, especially if its aspect incline
towards the east, south-east, or south,
which are rather more eligible than a
westerly aspect ; but a north aspect is
the worst of all for an orchard, unless
particularly compensated by the peculiar
temperament or good quality of the soil.
Any common field or pasture that pro-
duces good crops of corn, grass, or
kitchen-garden vegetables is suitable for
an orchard ; if it should prove of a loamy
nature, it will be a particular advantage.
Any soil, however, of a good quality, not
too light and dry, nor too heavy, stub-
born, or wet, but of a medium nature,
friable and open, with not less than one-
spade deep of good staple, will be proper.
Drain thoroughly, and trench before
planting. Plant in October, or, at the
latest, in November. Trees will succeed
if planted later; but those are the best
months. Plant on stations (See STA-
TIONS) ; and the following is a good se-
lection : — Of Apples, plant for Kitchen
use Keswick Codling, Mank's Codling,
Blenheim Pippin, Dumelow's Seedling,
Minshall Crab, Bedfordshire Found-
ling, Norfolk Beaufin, Hawthornden,
Herefordshire Pearmain, King of Pip-
pins, and John Apple. For Dessert:
Early Harvest, Early Eed Margaret,
Kerry Pippin, Early Nonpareil, Pit-
maston, Pearson's Plate, Kibston Pip-
pin, Boss Nonpareil, Old Nonpareil,
Lamb-Abbey Pearmain, Stunner Pip-
pin, and Court Pendu Plat, Of Cherries :
Early Purple Griotte, Early May Duke,
Black Eagle, Elton, Bigarreau, Florence,
Late Duke, Morello, and Buttner's Oc-
tober Morello. Of Plums: Precoce de
Tours, Morocco, Orleans, Drap d'Or,
Greengage, Eoyal Hative, Eeine Claude
Violette, Coe's Golden Drop, St. Martin's
Quetsche, Washington, Jefferson, Wine-
sour, Magnum Bonum, St. Catherine*
and Ixworth Imperatrice. In the pre-
ceding lists we have named the varieties
in their order of ripening ; but in this of
Pears the months named are those in
which the fruit is ripe. July, Doyenne
d'Ete. August, Benoist. Sept., Williams'
Bon Chretien, Beurre d'Amalis, Jalousie
de Fontenay Vender. Oct., Duchesse
d'Orleans, Marie Louise, Fondante d'Au-
ORC
[585]
ORC
tomne. Nov., Beurre Bosc, Thompson's,
Doyenne Gris, Urbaniste. Dec., Hacon's
Incomparable, Triomphe de Jodoigne.
Jan., Beurre Langelier, Knight's Monarch.
Feb., Inconnue Van MODS, Susette de
Bavay,Duchesse de Mars. March, Beurre
Bretonneau. April, Fortunee Parmen-
tier, Bergamottee d'Esperen.
ORCHARD HOUSE. This is the name
applied by Mr. Rivers, nurseryman, Saw-
bridgeworth, to cheap glazed structures,
in which he grows hardy fruits in pots,
and planted in the borders.
We have found ^hat such a green-
house, without any heating apparatus, is
most useful, not only for growing Grapes,
Peaches, Nectarines, and Apricots, but
early Peas, Radishes, Strawberries, Let-
tuces, small Salading, and Potatoes.
Such a structure is the following, de-
scribed by Mr. Pavers, in his highly use-
ful work, " The Orchard House."
We will suppose that an orchard house
thirty feet long is required. A ground
plan, thirty feetlong and twelve feet wide,
must be marked out, ten posts or studs
of good yellow deal, four inches by three,
and nine feet in length, or if larch poles,
sixteen inches in girth, can be procured,
they are quite equal in durability ; these
latter must be cut in two, and the flat
sides placed outwards; these posts, or
studs, whether larch or deal, must be
fixed two feet in the ground firmly, and
the ground ends must be charred two
feet four inches from the bottom, which
adds much to their durability : it will
thus be seen that this, the back line of
studs, will stand seven feet in height
clear from the surface. For the front
wall, ten studs, four feet long, must be
inserted in the ground one and a half
feet, so that they stand two feet six inches
clear from the surface ; on these studs,
hoth at front and back, must be nailed a
plate four inches by two and a half, on
which the rafters are to rest; the studs
are thus far arranged in two lines. Now,
then, for the rafters : these must be four-
teen feet long, and four inches by two in
thickness, placed with the narrow sur-
face upwards, to spare the trouble of
" ploughing," to make the rebate for the
glass, which is great labour and waste of
material. On the upper side of each
rafter, exactly in the centre, must be
nailed a slip of half-inch board, three-
quarters of an inch wide ; this will leave
half an inch and one-eighth on each side
for the glass to rest on— not too much
when the width of the glass is given.
We have thus the rafters so far prepared
for glazing, but not yet fitted on the
plates at top and bottom : they must
never be morticed, but let in at top by
cutting out a piece, and sloped off at
bottom.
To receive the glass at the top of the
rafters, a piece of three-quarter»inch deal
board, six inches wide, must be nailed
along the top to the end of each rafter,
so as to be even with the surface, and in
this should be a groove to receive the
upper end of each piece of glass ; at the
bottom, a piece of board, one inch thick
and six inches wide, must be let in for
the glass to rest on, and to carry off the
water. We have thus so far a sloping-
roof, seven feet three inches (with the
plate) high at back, and two Ifeet nine
inches high in front; but the glass is not
yet in. The most economical glass is
sixteen-ounce British sheet, which can be
bought at 2£d. or 3d. per foot, and the
best size twenty inches by twelve ; put-
tying the laps, as it prevents breakage by
frost; placing it cross-wise, so that the
rafters must be about twenty inches asun-
der. On and outside the back studs, half-
inch boards must be nailed, well seasoned,
so that they do not shrink too much ;
these must be painted white. In the
back wall, sliding shutters, two feet six
inches by one foot, in grooves, must be
fixed, for complete ventilation ; two close
to the roof, and two about eighteen inches
from it.
The front must have, also, half-inch
boards nailed on outside the studs ; one
of them, the upper one, to be on hinges,
so as to let down the whole length of the
house ; these, when all open in hot wea-
ther, ventilate thoroughly. To add to
this (and it is all required in summer),
the boards will shrink and let in air : a
fierce sunlight is thus admitted by the
large glass, and abundance of air, in
which all fruit-trees thrive to admiration.
So much for the timber and glass ; but
when one sees that to walk along the
centre of the building, which is about
four feet nine inches in height, a per-
son must be of very diminutive stature,
the inquiry arises, How is head-room
to be made? How simple is the an-
swer ! Make a trench two feet six inches
wide, and two feet deep, in the centre of
the ground plan ; this will leave a border
OEC
[586 ]
ORC
on each side four feet nine inches wide.
The bottom of this trench forms the foot-
path ; its sides must be supported with
boards, or with four-inch brick-work.
Now, as everything defends on these
borders — for there, must be no benches
and no shelves — care must be taken to
make their surface loose and open : loose
materials, such as coarse cinders, lime-
rubbish from old walls, or bricks broken
into pieces in size from a nut to a wal-
nut, may be laid on them about four
inches deep; they may then be forked
over to about nine inches in depth, well
mixing the above materials with the soil ;
you thus have two borders not too far
from the glass, and on which your orchard
frill thrive admirably. It will appear
odd to read about trees thriving on in-
stead of in a border; but when explained
that this is to be an orchard in pots, it
will not seem so contrary to our usual
garden-culture.
OECHIDS are divisible into two classes,
the Epiphytes, or those growing upon
trees, and Terrestrial, or ground-orchids,
which grow upon the earth. The two
classes require some difference as to the
mode in which they are grown, a differ-
ence pointed out in this work under each
genusinits alphabetical order. At present
we shall confine ourselves to such general
directions as are applicable to the cultiva-
tion of both classes of Orchids requiring
Stove treatment.
Howe for Orchids. — As they require
great light, the house ought to be so
placed as to catch all the rays of light
from the sun. A span roofed one will
do so, or to the greatest degree; and
so low in the angle, that the plants,
whether in pots or baskets, or on logs
of wood, will all be near to the glass.
We find the best aspect is for the roof
to fall due east and west ; then the length-
way of the house will, of course, be
north and south. By this means the
heat and light of the sun are more equal-
ised. In the cold mornings of early
spring the sun will sooner give light and
heat on the east side, and will be at noon
in such a position that his beams will be
slanting to the angle of the roof, whilst
in the afternoon his power to give light
and heat will be considerably prolonged.
Every plant in this house will thus have
its due share of Jight and heat. During
the hot months of May, June, July, and
August, the shade or blind can be l$t
down on the morning side of the house,
drawn up at noon, and let down on the
afternoon side just as the sun shines ;
thus giving the plants all the light possi-
ble, and at the same time protecting them
from the burning rays of the sun. There
need not be any upright glass at the sides
or ends of the house. The walls ought
to rise high enough to allow a comfort-
able walk and head-room. The rafters
and lights ought to be fixed, and to give
air a few openings may be easily con-
trived in the highest part of the house,
and a few sliding panels near the floor in
the walls. This cold air ought to flow in
over the hot pipes, and to become heated
before it comes in contact with the plants.
In summer, when there is no heat in the
pipes, the external air is naturally so
warm that no injury will accrue to the
plants by admitting it into the house
without being artificially heated. It is
almost absolutely necessary to have more
than one house. However small the col-
lection may be, there will be some that
require more heat than the others. The
orchids of South Am erica will flourish far
better in a house of moderate temperature
than in a house highly heated. This
house we would distinguish by the name
of " the Mexican house." The orchids,
natives of Java, Borneo, Singapore, the
Philippine Islands, and the hot jungles
of Hindostan, require, on the other hand,
a much higher temperature, and close,
moist atmosphere. The house for these
plants we would designate "the East
Indian House." By having two houses
a considerable number of advantages
will be secured. The Indian tribes, as
soon as they have made there growth for
the year, where there are two houses, may
be removed into the cooler or Mexican
house ; and that removal or change of
temperature will harden theii: .pseudo-
bulbs, and concentrate the sap, Causing
them thereby to become more healthy,
robust, and free to flower. Should any
of the South American species require
a little more heat, they could be conve-
niently removed into the Indian house to
make their growth. The cooler house will
also be useful to place any of the Indian
species in when in flower, which change
will considerably prolong their season of
blooming. The two houses may join
each other, divided by a partition either
of brick or glass. We should prefer
glass, as being neater, and showing off
OEC
[ 587 ]
ORC
the plants, in both houses, to greater ad-
vantage.
Heating. — As these plants require,
during the seasons of growth, a larger
amount of moisture than most other
plants, the plan to effect this is to heat
the houses with hot water pipes, laid in
tanks. The water in these taut ; should
be deep enough to cover the pip s about
an inch with water. The tar'>s need
not be more than ten inches wi; e, inside
measure. The diameter of tue pipes
should be three inches and a half. At
some convenient place there ought to be
a tap to let off the water out of the tanks.
This ought to be done frequently, in order
to obtain a sweet moisture. If the water
be allowed to remain in the tanks for a
length of time it becomes foul, and then,
when lasted, sends forth a disagreeable
smell, v lich is very unhealthy both to
plants and persons. In winter, when
the plants are, or ought to be, mostly at
rest, they require a drier atmosphere.
In order to induce this, the tanks ought
to be emptied during the winter months,
from the middle of October to the middle
of February. Should the plants appear
to shrivel too much, the pipes may be
occasionally syringed early in the morn-
ings of fine days. The number of pipes
and tanks required depends, of course,
upon the size of the houses. The large
house at Messrs. Henderson's, of Pine-
Apple Place, has four tanks in it; the
width of the house is eighteen feet.
Two of those tanks are open, that is,
have no cover, and are placed tinder a
platform formed with large, thick slates,
spaces being left between each to allow
the moisture to ascend amongst the
plants. The other tanks have covers to
them, with holes to let out the moisture.
These 1. "'es have brass lids to them, so
that the ^.->isture can be confined as cir-
cumstances require. Now, this answers
the purpose well during the months of
spring; but we have too much moisture
during winter, so that the plants grow
more than they flower. Supposing, then,
a house eighteen feet wide requires four
tanks, a house fourteen feet will require
three ; nine feet, two ; and less than that,
only one. The return-pipes may run
under the tanks to the boiler, or, if the ;
tanks are placed so near the floor that
the return-pipes cannot be placed under,
they may be arranged to run on one side.
The best kind of boiler we know is one
formed of several round pipes, connected
at each end by a square one. From this
square pipe the hot water rises into the
tanks, and the return-pipes bring the
water back to it to be reheated. Mr.
Taylor, the hothouse builder at Kensal
New Town, is in the habit of putting up
these boilers, and they answer admirably.
Shelves. — In any convenient part of
the house where a shelf can be put so
near the glass as to allow plants in pots
to be placed upon it, it is desirable to
have them. We have always found small
plants in pots, that have made a good
start, do well in such a situation. The
plants, however, should not be too near
the glass. The extremity of the leaves
should be at least nine inches from it.
The shelves, also, should not be placed
where the water that overflows or runs
through the pots will drop upon any plants .
Stages. — The arrangement of these will
depend upon the width of the house. If
the house is wide enough to allow a walk
all round it, and a walk in the centre,
there will be two stages. The centre
walk should be elevated as high as pos-
sible, to allow head-room for the manager
and visitors to walk comfortably. This ele-
vated walk is of considerable use, affording
a good opportunity to watch the progress
and state of the plants, and to observe
when they require watering, repotting,
and cleaning from insects. An example
of this arrangement may be seen in the
orchid-house at Kew.
Shelves of the Stage. — Every shelf
ought to be a shallow cistern to hold
water. Blue slate is the best material to
form each shelf on the stage. The up-
right slate forming the sides of each
ought to be elevated at least two inches,
and made water-tight. These cistern-
shelves may either be filled with small,
pebbly gravel, all the sand or other bind-
ing material being washed out of it, to
prevent its setting hard, or they may be
left empty, and shallow pots turned up-
side down, just high enough to allow the
plants to stand clear of the water ; for it
is intended that these cistern-shelves
should be, during summer, kept full of
water. These shelves of the stage must
be as near the glass as the size of the
plant will allow. Several advantages to
the health of the orchids accrue from this
arrangement. The most important is a
constant supply of moisture to the air, at
a time when the heat of summer renders
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the application of heat to the tanks un-
advisable. Another advantage is the pre-
vention of the attacks of insects, such as
woodlice and slugs. These destructives
cannot travel through water ; and as the
plants stand, as it were, upon a number
of little islands, they are protected both
day and night from these devouring ene-
mies. Care, however, must be taken
that the citadel itself does not harbour
them. The cockroach and woodlouse
often secrete themselves during the day
amongst the rough pieces of turf and
broken pots used as drainage. If there
is any suspicion that these enemies are
in these secret places, they must be dili-
gently sought for, by visiting the houses
with a bull's-eye lantern by night, and
catching them at their depredations.
Pursue them with all your diligence.
Should the tender roots, or flower-shoots,
still appear to be eaten occasionally, take
the severe measure of turning the plants
out of the pots, and search for the
vermin amongst the peat and potsherds,
and when they are once entirely got rid
of, take care to place the plants so that
their leaves do not come in contact with
anything that will form a bridge for the
insects to travel on.
Hanging up Plants on Loys or in
Baskets.— Large-headed nails, or hooks,
may be driven into the rafters, or strong
iron rods, well painted, may be suspended
along the roof over the walks, and strong
iron hooks, shaped like the letter S,
placed at proper distances to hang up
the various kinds of plants that require
such situations. "We recommend the
situation for these to be over the walks,
to prevent the water, when applied upon
the plants, falling on the stages or shelves.
Where these plants are numerous, it is
advisable to devote a part of the house
to them. Underneath would be a con-
venient situation for a cistern to contain
the rain water that falls upon the roof—
the best of all water for watering purposes.
Cistern. — This is almost indispensable.
The one in the orchid-house at Messrs.
Henderson's is formed with slate one inch
thick. The great use is the heating the
water for syringing and watering pur-
poses. Another u^ and an important
one too, is for dippmg the blocks with
the plants on them ; also to dip the
Stanho'peas, Gongo'ras, and other plants
in baskets. When those plants begin to
grow in the spring they require a good
steeping, and the cistern offers a proper
place for that purpose. Two or three
hours will not be too much to steep them.
The peat during the time of rest becomes
dry and hard, and requires this wetting
to soften it, especially if the plants are
to be shifted into new baskets.
As orchids require frequent syringing,
sometimes twice or thrice a day, we have
made use of pots — garden-pots, in fact,
without holes. These are placed round
the house, near the hot-water pipes, at a
small distance, about six or nine feet
apart. Our readers that are in the habit
of syringing will immediately perceive
the great saving of time and labour by
having these pots so handy. Instead of
having the water to carry in garden
watering-pans, these pots, being kept
constantly full of warm water, are always
ready.
Syringing in Winter. — During the dark
days of winter the operation of syringing
requires considerable judgment. A large
number of orchids will be at rest, re-
quiring but little water, especially those.
in pots. Others, on logs, must be syringed
on such mornings as the sun is likely to
shine. There are, however, a few plants,
even in pots, that are much benefited
by the free use of the syringe at all
seasons of the year. Huntle'ya viola'cea
and H. melea'gris are two plants much
improved by this mode of treatment;
and the reason they are so improved is
evident enough, when we consider the
situation in which they grow naturally.
Dr. Schomburgh found them growing on
moist rocks, near to a cataract, on a river
(Essequibo, we believe) inBritish Guiana.
All the Indian tribes that have no
pseudo-bulbs require more syringing in
winter than those that have such reser-
voirs of vegetable life to sustain them.
The generic or family names of such as
we mean are— Ae'rides, Angr&'ciim, Pha-
Iteno'psis, Renanthe'ra, Saccola'bium, Sar-
ca'nthus, and Va'nda. All these have a
simple stem, clothed with leaves. If
exposed to a Ligh, dry heat, the leaves
and stems will shrivel much more than
is beneficial to their health ; therefore,
whenever a shrivelling is perceived, let
them have a gentle syringing, thoroughly
wetting the whole plant. This will re-
vive them, and keep them fresh and
healthy.
Syringing in Spring and Summer.— It is
during these two growing seasons that
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the syringe is most beneficial, and then
they should be deluged almost with
showers from the syringe, taking the
precaution to allow them to become dry
once a day. They are sure to become
dry enough during the night. Let the
•water from the syringe be milk-warm
rain water, and let it fall gently upon
theplants, thus imitating natural showers
of rain as much as possible. We have
found the plants much refreshed in
summer by a gentle syringing, when it
was actually raining out of doors. In
truth, if such a thing could be managed,
we should be glad to expose them, during
the gentle, warm showers of April, to the
rain that falls from the clouds. We are
quite sure it would do them good. It is,
however, the plants on logs that benefit
most by the use of the syringe, both in
winter and summer. Of course, they
require the most when they are making
fresh roots and growths ; but even when
at rest they must be syringed occasionally,
to prevent the roots and pseudo-bulbs
from shrinking too much. In that state,
the finest-rosed syringe must be used, to
prevent so much water falling upon the
plants (if any) below.
During the seasons when the syringe
is used most freely, should any of the
plants have perfected their growth, and
consequently require less water, place
such in a corner of the house by them-
selves, and syringe them less frequently.
Towards the end of summer the whole
of the plants ought to be perfecting
their growths, excepting the Indian ones
above-mentioned and the Huntle'yas.
These grow, more or less, all the year,
but others must have an entire rest;
therefore, cease syringing so much as
soon as you think there is a fulness and
ripeness about the pseudo-bulbs, showing
that they have made the growth for the
year. If you continue syringing as much
as ever, there is danger of starting them
again into growing prematurely, and then
you will have weak, puny shoots, and in-
jure both the flowering and growth for
the ensuing season. It is impossible to
give any particular time when to cease
syringing, or watering at the root with a
garden-pot; experience and observation
must guide the cultivator. In general,
we may say the quantity of water, whether
applied with the garden-pot or syringe,
ought to be considerably lessened towards
the end of summer — that is, about the
end of August. The pseudo-bulbs ought
to be then fully formed ; and, whenever
that is the case, they require much less
water. By the middle of October the
water ought to be entirely withheld, ex-
cepting just enough to prevent the plants
from shrivelling.
Shading. — We use a kind of canvass
called " bunting." It is thin and open in
the mesh, yet just close enough to pre-
vent the rays of the sun striking through
the glass, and injuring the flowers and
leaves. We shall try to describe how it
is applied. First, a pole about two inches
in diameter, of the length of the house,
or rather longer, is made of deal, and
quite round. At one end a kind of wheel
is fixed, of larger diameter than the pole
(about one-third). On each side of this
wheel a round board is nailed, projecting
beyond it about three inches. These
boards are about three quarters of an
inch thick; and are bevelled off from the
inside. When this is done, it forms a
groove. This is intended to receive the
cord, it being nailed to the wheel. The
canvass is then nailed to the long pole, it
having first been sewn together of the size
of the house. The pole, with the canvass
attached to it, is then laid upon the house,
a flat piece of wood 2£ inches wide, and
a quarter of an inch thick, is nailed to
the highest point of the house, and the
canvass is tightly stretched and nailed to
the flat piece of wood, using some narrow
woollen lists, stretched along it previously
to driving in the tacks. This prevents,
in a great measure, the canvass from
tearing off with the winds. Then, taking
hold of the cord now wrapped round the
wheel, and pulling at it, the wheel turns
round, and, of course, the pole also ; the
canvass wraps round it, and, at last, is
rolled up at the top ; the cord is then
fastened to a long kind of button, and there
remains till shade is required. The cord is
then unfolded, and the pole let gradually
down to the bottom, where some pieces
of wood stop it from going off the house,
or tearing away the canvass from the
top. It may be made to last longer, by
having weather-boards fixed on the top of
the house to receive the canvass when
rolled up under it, thus sheltering it from
the rain, which is the great cause of its
decay. Care must be taken, when it is
rolled up, that it is perfectly dry. During
the dark, short days of winter, when the
sun has not power to injure the plants,
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the blind may be stored away in some
dry shed or room till the days lengthen,
and the sunshine becomes dangerous to
the well-being of the plants.
The proper amount of Heat, Moisture,
and Air the Plants require at all times of
the year.— The power of heating should
be more than is required in ordinary win-
ters, in order to be prepared for those
very severe ones that sometimes occur.
It is always easy enough to give less heat
in moderate weather by having less lire
applied under the boiler. The degrees
of heat required we shall now give for
all the year.
INDIAN
HOUSE.
FAHRENHEIT.
Day with
Sun.
Day
without
Sun.
Night.
Morn.
75
85 or 90
70
65
70
75
60
55
70
11
60
65
65
55
50
60
65
60
55
60
60
50
50
55
60
55
50
55
55
50
45
•Winter
MEXICAN
HOUSE.
Winter
Our readers will perceive that the
lowest temperature at all seasons is in
the morning; that is,, before the fires are
stirred. The heat in the mornings in
summer will depend upon the heat of
the atmosphere out of doors ; the rest of
the day may be regulated by giving air.
The principle of having a lower tempera-
ture during the night is perfectly natural.
The variations even in tropical countries,
in that respect, are great.
Watering with the Garden-pot. — As a
general rule, let it be- laid down never to
water an orchid except it requires it ;
therefore, in commencing to water, ob-
serve each plant well, but quickly, and
water accordingly. An orchid requires
watering when it is growing and dry.
The quantity to be given depends, again,
upon the stage of its growth. If the
young shoots and new roots are just be-
ginning only to make their appearance,
they require a very moderate quantity ;
but, as then the plant ought to ba re-
potted, and the new, fresh compost is, or
should be, moist of itself, the water must
be. withheld until the surface, at least, feels
quite- dry to the touch. Again, the water
should be applied at a small distance from
the young shoots, which ought never to
be saturated, or even wetted, especially
either in the dark, cloudy days of winter
or of early spring. In summer, when
the heat is increased, the sun shining,
and air given, the operator need not be
so nice, as the extra water will soon
evaporate, and dry up even from the young
and tender shoots. When the young
shoots begin to form pseudo-bulbs, the
quantity of water may be increased, care
being taken that it does not lodge in the
leafy sheaths which surround the green
or young bulbs, especially of Cattle' y as.
We have often seen a year's growth de-
stroyed by allowing the water to lodge in
those tender parts. The way to remedy
this is with a sharp knife, or a small
pair of scissors, to slit open to the bottom
the sheaths that hold the water; but
this is an operation that must be done
very carefully, without injuring the young
pseudo-bulb, or the cure will be as bad as
the disease; for, if you wound a pseudo-
bulb, ten to one it will perish. As soon
as these sheaths turn yellow, and not
before, they may be entirely removed
safely. When in that state they will
easily part from the bulb without injuring
it, if carefully pulled off. When the
growths are young, whether the water is
applied with the rose or spout alone, it
will generally be quite sufficient to wet
the earth or compost only round near
the edge of each pot. If the water is
poured indiscriminately all over the sur-
face of the compost, especially in the
early season of the year, the consequence
will be to endanger the young shoots. At
that season, and in that state, if the water
is slushed upon the plants, it will cause
several, if not all of the tender young
growths to perish ; but as those growths
begin to approach their usual size, and
the warm, long, sunshiny days prevail,
that is the critical or very time orchids
require an abundance of water.
Giving Air. — The method we recom-
mend to give air by is with wooden
shutters, let into the wall at intervals of
four feet between each, on each side of
the house. The wooden shutters, or
doors, should be 2£ feet long by 15 inches
broad. A frame of wood ought to be
fitted into the opening in the wall, to
hang the shutters on. These should
swing on the centre with two iron pins,
so that when they open they will be hori-
zontal, and let the air into the house
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plentifully. When less air is required
every other aperture need only be opened
or the shutters may be propped only hall
open. "When they are opened, the fresh
air \vill rush in, and, meeting with the
pipes in its progress, will be partiallj
heated and softened before it comes in
contact with the plants — a point wortf
attending to. For nine months in the
year this way of giving air to the Indian
house will be found all that is wanted
During the three hot months of summer,
it will be necessary to give some air a1
the highest part of the roof. The ridge
of the house should be made flat, about
nine inches broad, and parts of it made
moveable, to lift np with an iron rod
whenever the heat of the internal air
exceeds the proper degree. This is the
guide on all occasions and all seasons.
When the heat is too much, give air.
It will be found that the Mexican
house requires more frequently to have
air given to it than the other, because
the plants in it do not require so much
heat. To know, at all times, when to
give air, have a copy of the table of heat
for the orchid-house copied, and hung up
in a convenient place to refer to.
Besting. — To know when the bulbs are
in a proper state to go to rest may be, to
our readers, of some consequence. They
ought to be strong, and, if expected to
flower, at least three feet high, stout, and
firm, quite to the apex. All the leaves
ought to turn yellow, and drop off in the
same manner as any other annually leaf-
shedding plant ; and all this ought to take
place early in autumn. As soon as it
does so, remove the plant, or plants, into
a drier and cooler house, and keep them
there until the buds at the bottom of each
pseudo-bulb begin to appear.
Cleansing the Leaves. — Take down the
plant from its high position; if the moss
or peat, whichever it may happen to be
growing in, is dry, give it a good soaking
in the cistern, the water of which is at a
temperature of 70°. Whilst it is soaking,
all dead leaves are to be carefully re-
moved, and every part of the plant tho-
roughly washed with a sponge. If the
leaves are thick and leathery, the sponge
is ta be rubbed over them several times
with a heavy hand. In fact, it might be
called a good scrubbing; being careful,
of course, not to injure it. For more
tender leaves, we have, very lately, used
jBomething else. We observed that the
sponge, though used ever so lightly on
these tender, thin leaves, injured them
slightly. Happening to observe a piece
of thick leather, such as soldiers' belts
are made of, it was taken and wrapped
round the end of a small stick, fastening
it firmly to it with some small copper
wire, leaving half an inch of it projecting
beyond the stick; it had then the ap-
pearance of a brush made of leather.
With this instrument the leaves were
washed, and it was so soft and pliable
that it did not injure the youngest or ten-
derest leaf, yet effectually washed the
dust and dirt off from the leaves. This
washing not only clears off the parasites
and any other obstruction, but also de-
stroys insects, particularly the red spider
and black thrip, two of the most perni-
cious enemies to orchids. Let every part
of the plants be well cleansed — leaves,
stems, and pseudo-bulbs. Not only will
the plants .look better, -but they will be
greatly benefited in their health.
Potting. — Generally , speaking the
months of January, February, and March
are the proper times ; but as there is no
rule without exceptions, some orchids re-
quire potting at all seasons of the year.
The beginner may know when to pot his
plants by this observation : — Whenever
they are determined to grow, they must
be potted. The only precaution neces-
sary to observe, in the dark seasons, will
be to use the stuff you pot them in (for
it can hardly be called soil) in a mode-
rately dry state, and give no water except-
ing a sprinkling to settle the compost.
In the first place, have ready a quan-
tity of broken pots or potsherds of several
sizes; next, procure some good turfy peat,
knock it into pieces with a heavy hammer,
crushing the finer soil entirely out of it ;
then pass it through a fine sieve, and
what remains in the sieve is the best stuff
for orchids: it is light, open, and porous.
Next, have some charcoal at hand, broken
nto pieces no larger than a hen's egg,
nor smaller than a hazel nut. Another
article, and you will have all you need
or pots and baskets ; this is white bog-
moss, or sphagnum, which should be par-
tially chopped with a sharp hatchet, and
the dust also sifted out of it We have a
great abhorrence for anything close or
ine about orchids, excepting terrestrial
ones.
Having all in readiness, take your
lant, turn it out of the pot carefully, be
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mindful of the roots, and bruise or injure
them as little as possible. Perhaps some
roots will be found adhering very firmly
to the sides of the pot, to part them from
\vhich we have used a long, thin-bladed
knife, thrusting it carefully down between
the root and the pot. In very bad cases
we have found it necessary to break the
pot ; but this must be done very gently, or
the very act of breaking may destroy the
roots. The plant being cleared from the
pot, shake away all the old compost; then
examine the roots closely, and cut off all
the dead ones. This is a convenient op-
portunity, also, to look after insects, espe-
cially the white scale, the most pernicious
of all vermin to orchids, excepting, per-
haps, the black thrip. With a brush
clean them all off, and wash the whole
plant with strong soap-water. Your plant
is now ready for potting. Choose a pot
of the proper size : generally speaking,
orchids, to grow them well, take larger
pots in proportion to their size than any
other class of plants. Let your pots be
perfectly clean both inside and out. Lay
a large piece of potsherd over the hole at
the bottom of the pot ; then place some
rather smaller pieces of the same, and
over these the smallest ones. Altogether
the pot ought to be three-parts filled with
this drainage. This point is of the utmost
importance, for if the plants are not su-
perlatively well -drained they will not
thrive long or satisfactorily. Over this
drainage place a thin layer of charcoal,
and then a layer of the turfy peat, mix-
ing with it some broken pots and char-
coal. Introduce the plant now, and spread
the roots, if many, all over the surface of
the compost, working it amongst them,
gradually filling it in till the pot is full,
and keeping the body of the plant well
up ; raise the compost up about two or
three inches above the level of the edge
of the pot in proportion to its width. A
small pot need not have the plant above
one inch raised, a middling plant two
inches, and for the largest-sized plant
three inches will be sufficient. The whole
of the plant, pseudo-bulbs and all, ex-
cepting the roots, ought to stand clear up
above the compost. It will be loose and
ready to tumble over if of such kinds as
Cattle'yas or Dendro'biums ; to prevent
•which, thrust into the compost some
stout sticks, and tie each pseudo-bulb to
each stick firmly. These will secure the
plant, and give it a neat, tidy appearance
Orchids in Baskets.— A. considerable
number of species require baskets, be-
cause the flower-stems are pendent, and,
consequently, naturally require a position
to allow the flowers to grow down. In
"act, some send the flower-stems perpen-
dicularly down through the soil or com-
)ost. Now, if these are grown in pots,
he flower-stems run down into the soil,
and there perish. It is true they have
>een grown in pots on a hillock built up
six inches or a foot above the rim of the
pot, and then part of the flower-stems
manage to find their way to the outside
of the little mound ; but a considerable
number descend straight downwards, and
soon rot for want of air and light. By
growing them in baskets this evil is pre-
vented, and every raceme (bunch) of
lowers arrives at perfection.
The baskets should be of a size suit-
able for small plants — small ones re-
quiring only small baskets, middling
ones the middle-sized, and large ones
n proportion. The way to basket the
plants is this: — Have the peat or com-
post prepared exactly as for potting
above-mentioned; cover the bottom of
the basket with a thin layer of moss —
green would do, though we prefer white,
or sphagnum. This moss is to prevent
the peat from dropping through the
openings between the rods forming the
bottom. Then place a portion of peat
upon the moss. In the next place, pre-
pare the plant by taking it out of the old
basket or pot, or perhaps off from a log.
Do this as carefully as possible, without
injuring the living roots. If the old peat,
in which it has been growing, perhaps,
for years, is very hard, and the living
roots are so firmly attached to it that they
cannot be detached without breaking
them, take the plant and put it into the
cistern, and let it remain there till the
peat is thoroughly soaked. Take it out,
and setitin some convenient place to drain
off the water. If this is done a full week
before you intend to re-basket the plant,
it will be all the easier to do ; the object
being to soften the peat so as to be able to
pick away, with a small-pointed stick, as
much of the old peat as possible. Exa-
mine, also, the pseudo-bulbs and leaves,
and clean them thoroughly from dirt and
insects. Prune away all dead roots, and
then the plant will be ready to be put in
its new habitation. Place it in the middle
of the basket, and fill in all round it with
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[ 593 ]
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the new compost. Set the basket then on
the floor, and, with the syringe held pretty
close to the peat, give it a good watering,
forcing the water out of the syringe pretty
strongly : this will be found to make the
compost firm, so that future waterings
will not wash it off the basket on to the
floor, or plants underneath. One thing
we would especially guard our readers
against, and that is, having the baskets
made deep. Some may have an idea that
if the plants have a large lot of stuff to
grow in they will thrive better, and pro-
duce more flowers ; but this is a mistaken
notion. The roots of orchids of this class
run on the surface, or, at least, very
closely beneath it ; in truth, if the air is
properly surcharged with moisture, the
roots will prefer running out of the com-
post. Frequently the long roots of Stan-
ho'peas, that push strongly, and run
along the surface of the compost, send
forth fibres, not into the compost, but,
strange to say, upwards into the conge-
nial air, gathering, as it were, aerial food
to support and feed the plant they belong
to. This proves satisfactorily enough
that deep baskets are no advantage even
to the growth of the plant, but to the
flower-stems of some kinds of Stanhopeas
they are certainly injurious. We say some
kinds, such as Stanho'pea insi'gnis and its
varieties, 8. tiyri'na and its varieties, and
all that have, like these, short and few-
flowered racemes. Such kinds as 8. ocu-
/a7d, Wa'rdii, and quadrico'rnis, which
have long flower-stems, may find their
way through a deep basket, but would do
so easier and safer through a shallow one.
Pots. — The kind we use and prefer
may be described as a shallow, wide pot,
the proportions of which are as two,
three, and five ; that is, two inches wide
at the bottom, three inches deep, and
five inches wide at the top, all inside
measure. Larger pots to be in the same
proportions. Small ones need only have
one hole at the bottom ; but it should be
larger than those generally made. For
the two-inch-wide pots at the bottom, the
hole ought to be three quarters of an
inch in diameter, the great object being
to allow the escape of water quickly.
Larger pots must have three holes, each
of the same diameter. Hard-burnt ones
must be avoided for these plants, as well
as for any other. The reason why we
prefer these wide, shallow pots is, that
the roots of orchids are, generally speak-
38
ing, either on the surface or very near it;
besides, a large proportionate surface is
exposed to the benefit of air and moisture,
both of which are beneficial to the roots
of an epiphyte. Terrestrial orchids,
whose roots descend deeper, will be
better in the ordinary-shaped pot.
Baskets. — Various materials and forms
have been used in this necessary article.
The first probably was made of common,
iron wire, painted green, and the form
round, deep, and with a flat bottom. This
material is almost entirely disused, for,
although the paint for a time prevented
them from rusting, the great moisture
and heat soon decomposed the paint,
and then the wire became oxydized, or
rusty, and is then very injurious to the
roots, as well as being unsightly. Those
made with copper wire are much better,
lasting longer, and are not so injurious
to the plants. The only objection we
know of is the expense. Where that is
no consideration, we should have no great
objection to their adoption. Baskets have
also been made of earthenware ; but, if
there was no other objection, their great
weight would be sufficient to set them
aside as bad. We have tried all these,
and have come to the conclusion that
baskets made of wooden rods are the
best for this purpose. We mentioned
before, that the most ornamental are
made of the corrugated or rough-barked
maple rods ; but, as these are not always
to be met with, hazel rods may be used,
and make excellent baskets. The way
we make them is simple enough. First,
the rods are sawn into proper lengths.
The smallest we use are about the thick-
ness of a man's middle finger. With
this size, the smallest baskets are made.
These are seven inches wide, and thre-.-
rods deep. In this size, small Stan-
ho'peas, and small plants of Ae'rides.
Saccola'biums, Vn'nda*, Gongo'ras,&c.,a.e
grown. For larger plants, larger baskets
are made, and thicker rods used. Th<
largest we ever had occasion to make wa«
for a fine plant of Ae'rides odom'ta. This
plant is four feet high, and two and a
half feet through. The rods used for it
are nearly as thick as a moderate-sized
man's wrist. The basket is two feet
square, which is the shape we prefer, as
being the most simple and easiest made.
When the rods are sawn into lengths, the
ends are pared smooth with a knife; then
small holes are bored through each, one
2 Q
ORC
[ 594 ]
ORC
at each end, as near it as possible with-
out splitting. The instrument used to
bore the holes with is a very small steel
rod, about six inches long, with a wooden
handle ; it is filed to a point at the end
intended to bore the hole with. We find
it convenient to have two or three, for a
reason we shall state presently. After a
certain number of rods are cut and
smoothened, they are taken to a place
where there is a small, clear, red fire ;
the sharp end of one of the borers is put
into it about one inch. As soon as that
is red hot, the other is put in, the heated
one drawn and thrust into the rod very
near the end, and held there as long as it
continues to burn its way without much
pressure. If too much force is used,
the wood will be apt to split. As soon,
therefore, as the instrument ceases to
burn its way through, it is replaced in
the fire. The other by this time will be
red also ; this is then taken out of the
fire, and applied to the hole. This ope-
ration is thus performed with each bore
alternately till the hole is made through
the rod. The description of this opera-
tion takes up considerably more time
than the operation itself. It is quickly
and easily done, as any of our readers
may prove on trial. After as many rods
are bored as may be wanted at one time,
the next thing is to put them together.
The articles necessary for this are some
copper wire and a few flat-headed copper
nails. Each basket will require four
lengths of wire, the length of each to be
in proportion to the size of the basket
they are intended for. They should be
long enough to meet at least eight inches
above the top of the smaller sized baskets,
and from a foot to eighteen inches above
the larger ones. At the end of each
piece of wire make a loop so large that
it will not draw through the holes ; then
lay the first two rods, and upon them,
for the smallest basket, lay three others;
nail these three to the two outside rods,
thus forming a sort of raft, to use a
nautical term for want of a better ; turn
this over, and underneath it put two
other rods, to form the other two sides
of the basket; then draw the four
pieces of wire through the holes at each
corner, the looped end being under
neath. Continue to lay a pair of rods
alternately, drawing the wire through
each till the basket is of the required
depth. The smallest size, three rods
deep ; the two next, four deep, and so on.
When that is done, make four small
pointed pegs, and drive them into each
hole at the four corners. This will fasten
the rods in their places, and prevent them
from everstarting upwards ; then draw the
wires together at the top, twisting each
pair over each other, and fasten them with
a piece of fine wire. Your basket is now
complete and ready for use.
Loys. — None are so good as the wood
of the Acacia, commonly so called, but
which really is the Bobi'nia pseu'do-
aca'cia. Its wood is firm, and does not
soon decay. The next best is the oak.
In all eases we strongly recommend the
removal of the bark; our objection to
retaining it being, that it only serves as a
hiding-place for wood-lice, small snails,
and other destructive insects, besides re-
taining in winter too great a quantity of
moisture. The wood should be procured
a year before it is used, and then the bark
will come off very easily. We except cork
wood, which we think very good when it
can be procured readily for this purpose ;
and the bark of cork suits the orchids
well, and, unlike the others, does not rot
so soon, and, consequently, has not the
objection to its use of being a receptacle
for vermin. The best wood for baskets
is the rough-barked, common maple. The
branches of this tree make the hand-
somest baskets ; but as it is not so plenti-
ful as the hazel, the latter is the sort we
recommend. Some object to baskets of
this description on account of their soon
perishing. This we consider no objec-
tion at all, but rather an advantage ;
for as soon as the basket is decayed
the plant has grown so large that it re-
quires a new one, and the rotten sticks
of which the old basket is made are more
easily broken and removed than sounder
"ones.
O'RCHIS. (From orchis, testiculate ; re-
ferring to the two oblong, bulb-like roots
of many of the species. Nat. ord., Or-
,chids [Orchidacese]. IAnn.,2Q-Gynandria
1 - Mo n andria.
Chiefly an European genus of ground-orchids.
Seeds, as in Ophrys, when obtainable ; division of
the tuberous roots, thouerh they do not relish
transplanting well ; it should be done when the
plants are in a dormant state. The British spe-
cies are chiefly found on chalky hills, and in pas-
tures where calcareous matter abounds. The
exotic kinds like an addition of fibry peat. The
tender ones, in fact all, when cultivated, should
be treated as alpines ; those found in rich pastures
require a moister situation.
OKI
C 595 ]
OKN
0. acwnina'ta (pointed-cowered). 1 . Purple. May.
Barbary. 1815.
— corio'phora (hug-bearing). 1. Brown. June.
Switzerland. 1825.
— folio'sa ( leafy -spiked}. 1. Purple. May. Madeira.
— fusce'scens (drying-brown}. I.Yellowish. June.
Pennsylvania. 1831.
— globo'sa (round - spiked). f . Purple. June.
Austria. 1792.
— Ibe'ricu (Iberian). White. June. Caucasus.
1819.
— latifo'lia (broad-leaved). 1 . Pink. June. Britain.
— laxiflo'ra (loose-flowered) £. Purple. June. Eu-
rope. 1820.
— longibr acted' to. (long-bracted). l£. Purple.
May. Sicily. 1818.
— longico'rnis (long-horned), f . Purple. May.
Barbary. 1815.
— ma'cra (lean). Pale purple. May. Britain.
— macula'ta (spotted). l£ Flesh. June. Britain.
— ma'scula (male-earty). 1. Purple. May. Britain.
— milita'ris (military). 1. Purple. May. Switzer-
land. 1826.
ve'ra (true). Purple. May.Switzeriand. 1825.
— mo'rio (buffoon), f . Purple. May. Britain.
— papiliona'cea (butterfly). l£. Purple. April.
Rome. 1788.
— provincia'lis (province), f. Purple, yellow.
June. Switzerland. 1825.
pauciflo'ra (few-flowered), f. Purple.
July. Italy. 1825.
— pseu' do-sambu' cina (false-elder-smeftmg-). f.
Purple. April. Italy. 1828.
• lute'scens (pale yellow), f. Yellow. June.
Italy. 1828.
— quadripuncta' to, (four-spotted), f . Purple.
April. Italy. 1828.
— sacca'ta (pouched). jJ.Purple.April. Sicily. 1828.
— sambu'cina (elder-scented), f . Yellow. April.
Switzerland. 1825.
— specta' bills (showy). Pink. June. N. Amer. 1801.
— tephrosa'nthos (ash-coloured-flowered). l£.
Purple. April. England.
densiflo'rum (crowded- spiked). 1. Purple,
white. May. Europe.
— undula'ta (wavy). 1. Pale purple. December.
Sicily. 1818.
— undulatifo' lia (wavy-leaved). Pale purple. Jlay.
Britain.
— ustula'ta (scorched). 5. Purple. May. England.
— variega'ta (variegated), f. Pale purple. May.
South Europe. 1818.
OKI'GANUM. Marjoram. (From oros,
mountain, and ganos,joy ; referring to the
natural places of growth. Nat. ord., La-
biates [Lamiaceee]. Linn., l^-Didynamia
1- Gymn ospermia. )
The following are all hardy herbaceous peren-
nials. Seeds, division of the roots, and cuttings ;
sandy soil. See MAHJORAM.
O.Mgypti'acum (Egyptian). 1. Pink. July.
Epypt. 1731.
— crassifo'iium (thick-leaved). Purplish. June.
Levant.
— dicta'mnus (dittany of Crete), i. Pink. July.
Candia. 1551.
— heraclea'ticum (bastard - winter - sweet). 1 .
White. August. South Europe. 1640.
— horte'nsis (garden). Purplish. June. N. Africa.
1573.
— ma'ru (mastic). 1. Pink. June. Palestine,
— neroo'svm (large-nerved.). Pink. June. Egypt.
1823.
— norma'te (normal). 1. Blue, June.Nepaul.181Q.
0. Oni'tes(Omtet). 1. Whitish. August. Mediter«
ranean. 175Q.
— Sipy'leum (Mount Sipylus). 1. Pink. August*
Levant. 1699.
— stoloni'ferum (runner-bearing). 1. Pink. June.
Pedolia. 1828.
— Towrrae/o'r^Tournefort's). 1. Pink. August.
Arnogos. 1788.
— vulga're (common). 2. Pink. August. Britain.
flo're - a' Ibo (white-flowered), l. White.
June. Britain.
hu'mile (dwarf). 1. Purple. June. Asia.1818.
— — — prisma' ticum (prism - shaped). White.
July. Mediterranean.
• vi'rens (green). 1. Purple. June. Portugal.
ORMO'SIA. Bead-tree. (From orwos, a
necklace ; referring to the seeds of O.
cocci'nea, which are scarlet, with a dark
spot, which are strung for necklaces.
Nat. ord., Leguminous Plants [Fabaceae].
Linn., IQ-Decandria \-Monogyma. Allied
to Sophora.)
Stove evergreen trees, blue-flowered. Cuttings
of half-ripened shoots in sand, under a bell-glass,
and in bottom-heat, in May ; sandy, fibry peat,
and a little loam. Winter temp., 48° to 55°;
summer, 60° to 85°.
0. cocci'nea (scarlet-seeded). 10. July. Guiana.
1823.
— dasyca'rpu (thick-fruited). 10. June. W. Ind.
1793.
ORXITHI'DIUM. One of the many weeds
among air-plants.
ORNITHO'GALUM. Star of Bethlehem.
(From ornis, a bird, and gain, milk. Nat.
ord. Lily worts [Liliaceae]. Linn., Q-Hex-
andria 1-Monogynia.)
Pretty bulbous plants, white-flowered, where
not otherwise specified. Offsets ; sandy loam and
a little leaf-mould for the hardy. kinds; a little
peat added for those that require a cold pit in
winter. If the latter are planted out in a dry
border, the border must be protected from wet
and frost during winter, or the bulbs taken up, and
kept in drawers or bags where nro frost will reach
them.
HARDY BULBS.
0. bulbi'ferum (bulb-bearing), £. April. Russia.
1821.
— como'sum (tufted). £. July. Austria. 1505.
— divarica'tum (spreading). 2. July. California.
1841.
— e'xscapum (stemless). £. May. Italy. 1824.
— fimbri't'tum (fringed). £. February. Crimea. 1820.
— margma'tum (white-edged). }. Greenish-
white. March. Asia. 1843.
— monta'num (mountain). $. May. Italy. 1824.'
— Narbune'nse (Narbonne). l£. July. South Eu-
rope 1810.
— nu'tans (nodding). $. June. Britain.
— pyramida'le (pyramidal). 2. June. Spain. 1752.
— Pyrena'icum (Pyrenean). 2. Green. June.
Ensrland.
— stachyoi'des (stachys-like). 2J. Lilac, yellow.
May. South Europe. 17/1.
— umbella'tum (umbelled). l. May. England.
TENDER BULBS.
0. ailia'ceum (onion-like).i.September.Chili.I821.
— Ara'bicum (Arabian). lj. May. Egypt. 1629.
— au'reum (golden), f . Yellow. June. Cape of
Good Hope. 1790.
ORN
[596 ]
OKO
O. barla'tttm (bearded). I.June. Cape of Good
Hope. 1795.
— Be'rgii (Bergius). White, green. March. 1816
— biflo'rum (twin-flowered). l£. April. Peru. 1832.
— bifo'lium (two-leaved), j. August. Chili. 1831.
— brachy'stachys (short-spiked). March. Dahuria.
1821.
— cauda'tum (tailed). 3. White, green. May
Cape of Good Hope. 1774.
— chloroleu'cum (greenish-white). 1. July. Val
paraiso. 1834.
— cilia' turn (hair- fringed). £. April. Cape of Good
Hope. 1819.
— coarcta'tum (compressed-jftwered). l£. White,
green. June. Cape of Good Hope. 1804.
— eonci'nnum (neat), f. May. Portugal. 1797.
— co'nicum (conical), i. White, green. June.
Cape of Good Hope. 1823.
— eorymbo'sum (corymbed). 14. White, green.
May. Chili. 1823.
— crenula'tum (scolloped). $. April. Cape of Good
Hope. ]816.
— ela'tum (tall). 3. March. Egypt. 1804.
— fiuvi'ssimum (yellowest). 1. Yellow. June.
Cape of Good Hope. 1804.
— fusca'tum (dull). A. Grey. June. Cape of Good
1820.
— geminiflojrum (twin-flowered). 1. Greenish-
white. Luna.
— hi'spidum (bristly). £. June. Cape of Good
Hope. 1824.
— ixioi'des (ixia-like). £. May. California. 1796.
— juncifo'lium (rush-leaved), f. July. Cape of
Good Hope. 1794.
— la'cteum (milk-white). 1. June. Cape of Good
Hope. 1796.
— /aft/o'Ku»w(broad-leaved).lJ.June. Egypt.l62Q.
— longibractea'tum (long-bracted). £. May. Cape
of Good Hope. 1817.
— macula' turn (spotted). £. May. Cape of Good
Hope. 1823.
— minia'tum (red-stained). Yellow. June. Cape
of Good Hope. 1790.
— na'num (dwarf). $. Greenish-white. March.
Berbeck. 1843.
— ni'veum (snowy). £. May. Cape of Good Hope.
1774.
— nota'tum (firoM/n-marked). July. Cape of Good
Hope. 1825.
— odora'tum (sweet-scented). l£. Pale yellow.
May. Cape of Good Hope. 1795.
— ova'tum (egg-shaped). 1. May. Cape of Good
Hope. 1824.
— pilo'sum (shaggy). 1. May. Cape of Good Hope.
1826.
— polyphy'llum (many -leaved). £. June. Cape
of Good Hope. 1824.
— rupe'stre (rock). £. May. Cape of Good Hope.
1795.
— secu'ndum (side- flowering). $. August. Cape
of Good Hope. 1826.
— squi'lla (squill-like). S.May. South Europe.1829.
— suave' olens (sweet-scented). £. June. Cape of
Good Hope. 1826.
— • tene'llum (delicate). £. June. Cape of Good
Hope. 1818.
— tenuifo'lium (fine-leaved). 1. April. Cape of
Good Hope. 1819.
— thyrsoi'des (thyrse-like). l£. Yellow. June.
Cape of Good Hope. 1757.
fiavefscens (yellowish). lj. Yellow. June.
Cape of Good Hope. 1800.
— tri'gynum (three-styled). White, green. June.
1825.
— uni/o'lium (one-leaved). A. Green. June. Gib-
raltar, 1805.
OBNITHO'PUS. Bird's-foot. (From ornis,
a bird, and pous, a foot ; referring to the
claw-like seed-pods. Nat. ord., Leyuminous
Plants [Fabacese]. Linn., 17 ' -Diadelphia
4:-Decandria.)
Low-growing, yellow, pea-blossomed, hardy an-
nuals. Seed, sown in the garden-border in March.
0. du'rum (hard). 4. July. Spain. 1816.
— ebractea'tum (bracteless) , £. July. South Eu-
rope. 1700.
— perpusi'llus-nodo'sus (very-small-knotted). £.
White, red. May. France.
— repa'ndum(vt*vy -leaved) 4. July. Barbary.1805.
— scorpioi'des (scorpion-like). £. July. South
Europe. 1506.
O'RNUS. Flowering Asb. (Fromomnos,.
ancient name of the Ash ; applied on ac-
count of the resemblance and affinity.
Nat. ord., Oliveworts [Oleacese]. Linn.,
%-Diandria 1-Monogynia. Allied to
Fraxinus.)
Hardy, white-flowered, deciduous trees. Seeds,
gathered in October, placed in the rot-heap,
mixed with earth, turned in winter, and sown in
March ; budding and grafting on the common.
Ash. From the juice distilled from some species
the manna of commerce is produced.
0. America'na (American). 30. May. N.Amer.1820.
— Europce'a (European). 20. May. Italy. 1730.
— floribu'nda (bundle-flowered). 30.Nepaul.1822.
— ro/wndi/b'/ia(round-leaved).l6.May Italy. 1697-
— stria'ta (channelled). 30. April. N. Amer. 1818.
O'KOBUS. Bitter Vetch. (From oro,
to excite, and bous, an ox; nourishing
food. Nat. ord., Leguminous Plants [Fa-
baeeffi]. Linn., 17 -Diadelphia k-Decan-
dria. Allied to Vicia.)
Hardy herbaceous perennials, except saxa'tilis.
Seeds; division of the plant in spring; sandy,
deep loam.
O. a'lbus (white-./?0M>eraf). 1. White. April.
Austria. 1/94.
— alpe'stris (rock). 2. Purple. June. Hun-
gary. 1817.
— America'nus (American). Pale purple. Ja-
maica. 1731.
— angustifo'lius (narrow-leaved). 1. White.
April. Siberia. 176(5.
— a'tro-purpu'rew (dark purple). 1. Purple*
May. Algiers. 1826.
— aura'nfius (orange). l£. Yellow. June.
Iberia. 1818.
— cane'scens (hoary). l£. White, blue. May.
France. 18! 6.
— cocci'neut (scarlet). l.Scarlet. April. VeraCruz.
unijv'gus (paired). 1. Scarlet. April*
N. Amer.
— divarica' 'tus (spreading), f. Purple. June.
Pyrenees. 1816.
— erefctus (erect). 1. Yellow, red. July.
— Fische'ri( Fischer's). Purple. April. Siberia.
—formo'sus (beautiful). |. Purple. June. Cau-
casus. 1818.
— hirsu'tus (hairy). 1. Red. May. Thrace. 1822.
— hu'milit (humble). £. Purple. July. Da-
huria. 1825.
— Jorda'ni (Jordan's). Blue. June. Lucania. 1830.
— la'cteus (milk-white). 14. White. April.
Caucasus. 1820.
GET
C
OSS
(smooth). 1$. Yellow. June.
Hungary. 1820.
— lathyroi'des ( lathy rus -like). 2. Blue. June.
Siberia. 1758.
— laxiflo'rus (loose-flowered). 1. Violet. June.
Candia. 1820.
— longifo'lius (long-leaved). Lilac. June. Mis-
souri. 1827.
— lu'teus (yellow). 1$. Lilac, yellow. June.
Siberia. 1759.
— multiflo'rus (many-flowered). 2. Pale red.
July. Italy. 1820.
— ni'ger (black). 3. Purple. June. Britain.
— ochroleu'cus (yellowish-white). 2. Yellow,
white. June. Hungary. 1816.
— palle'scens (palish). 1. White. April. Tauria.
1823.
— j0aMci/7o'rus(few-flowered) . 1 .Purple. June. 1 820.
— pififo'rmis (pea-formed). 1. Purple. May.
South Europe. 1822.
— Pyrena'icus (Pyrenean). 2. Purple. May.
Pyrenees. 1699.
— saxa'tilis (rock). 1. Purple. July. France.
1820. Annual.
•— •essilifo'lius (stalkless-leaved). 1. Purple. May.
Tauria. 1823.
— stipula'ceus (stipuled). 6. Purple. May.N.Amer.
— sylva'ticus (wood). 2. Crimson, purple. June.
Britain.
— tcnuifo'lius (fine-leaved). £. Purple. June.
Europe. 1810.
— Tournefo'rtii (Tournefort's). 1£. Yellow,
purple. June. Hungary. 1821.
— tubero'sus (tuberous). 1. Purple. June. Britain.
— variega'tus (variegated). 1. Purple. July.
Italy. 1821.
— vafrius (various). l£. Yellow, red. April.
Italy. 1759.
— Vene'tus (Venetian). 1. Purple. April.Germany.
— veno'sus (veiny). 1. Blue. June. Siberia. 1820.
— ve'rnus (spring). l.Purple.March. Europe. 1629.
ca'rncus (flesh-coloured). 1 . Flesh. March.
— vicioi'des (vetch-like). 1. Yellow. June. Hun-
gary. 1819.
ORTHO' SIPHON. (From orthos, straight,
and siphon, a tube ; referring to the tube
of the flower. Nat. ord., Labiates [Lamia-
eese]. Linn.,l4-Z)irfynamia \-Oymnosper-
mia. Allied to Ocymum.)
Division of herbaceous, or cuttings of the
young shoots, when growth is commencing ; cut-
tings of half-ripened shoots of the evergreens ;
sandy loam and fibry peat ; common stove and
greenhouse treatment.
O. a'tperus (rough). White. May. E. Ind. 1827.
Stove herbaceous.
— incu'rvus (bent-in). 1. Pale scarlet. May.
E. Ind. 1839. Stove evergreen.
— rubicu'ndut (ruddy). Purple. June. Nepaul.
1826. Greenhouse evergreen.
— virga'tus (twiggy). Blue. June. Nepaul.
1826. Greenhouse evergreen.
ORTBRosA'NTHUs.(From orthros, morn-
ing, and anthos, a flower ; flowers expand
early in the day. Nat. ord., Irids [Iri-
daceffi]. Linn., 16-Monadelphia 3-Trian-
dria. Allied to Sisyrinchium.)
Greenhouse herbaceous perennial. Seeds, and
division of the plant in spring ; sandy loam and
leaf-mould ; a cold pit in winter, to exclude the
frost.
0. multiflofms (many-flowered). 1. Blue. June.
N. Holland. 1820.
OSAGE APPLE. Maclu'ra.
OSBE'CKIA. (Named after P. Osbeck,
a Swedish naturalist. Nat. ord., Melas-
tomads [Melastomaceae]. Linn., 8-Oc-
tandria 1-Monogynia. Allied to Melas*
toma.)
Cuttings of side, firm, stubby shoots in sand,
under a bell-glass, and in bottom-heat; sandy
loam, fibry peat, a little dried cow -dung, ana
charcoal. Winter temp., 48° to 58°; summer,
60° to 85°.
STOVE DECIDUOUS SHRUBS.
0. cane'scens (hoary). 1838.
— glomera'ta (crowded). 1. Pink. July. Tri-
nidad. 1818.
— Nepale'nsisalbiflo'ra (Nepaul- white-flowered).
l£. White. August. Nepaul. 1829.
STOVE EVERGREENS.
0. angustifo'Iia (narrow-leaved). 2. Rose. May.
Nepaul. 1826.
— C7ime'nst*(Chinese).2.PurpIe.July.China.lS18.
— glomera'ta albiflo'ra (crowded-white-flowered).
I*. White. January. Brazil. 1821.
— Nepale'nsis (Nepaul). l£. Purple. June.
Nepaul. 1821.
— octa'ndra (eight-stamened). 1. Rose. April.
Ceylon. 1815.
— stella'ta (starred). 1. Pink. July. Nepaul. 1820.
— ternifo'lia (three-leafleted). S. Lilac. May.
Nepaul. 1825.
— Zeyla'nica (Ceylon). 2. Yellow. August.
Ceylon. 1799.
OSIER. Sa'lix vimina'lis.
OSMI'TES. (From osme, perfume;
smells like camphor. Nat. ord., Compo-
sites [Asteracese]. Linn., IQ-Syngenesia
S-Frustranea. Allied to Relhania.)
Greenhonse, white-flowered evergreens, from
the Cape of Good Hope. Cuttings of half ripened
shoots in sand, under a bell-glass, in April or
May, and without bottom-heat. Winter temp.,
40° to 45°.
0. bellidia' strum, (bellidiastrum). I. June. 1816.
— cumphori'na (camphor-scented). 1$. May. 1/94.
— denta'ta (toothed;. 14. May. 1820.
OSMU'NDA. (The name of a Celtic
deity. Nat. ord., Ferns [Polypodiacese].
Linn., 24:-Cryptogamia 1-Filices.)
Hardy brown-spored Ferns, except Preslia'na.
See FERNS.
0. cinnamo'mea (cinnamon). 2. June. N.
Amer. 1772.
— Claytonia'na (Clayton's). 2. August. N.
Amer. 1772.
— gra'cilis (slender). 1. June. 1827.
— hu'milis (humble). June. N. Amer. 1823.
— interru'pta (interrupted). 2. June. N.Amer.
— palu'stris (marsh). 2$. 1831.
— Preslia'na (Presl's). June. Isle of Luzon. Stove.
— rega'lis (royal). 2. July. Britain.
— spectii'bUis (showy). 2. July. N.Amer. 1811.
OSS^'A. (Named after Ossa, curator
of the Havannah Botanic Garden. Nat.
ord., Melastomads [Melastomaceffi],
Linn., 8-Octandria \-Monogynia. Allied
to Miconia.)
OST
[ 598 ]
OXA
Stove evergreen shrub. Cuttings of young,
side, stubby shoots, or the points of main ones,
when a little firm, in sandy soil, under a bell-
glass, and in heat ; sandy peat and loam ; com-
mon plant-stove treatment.
O. purpura'scew (purplish). 3. Purple. March.
Jamaica. 1822.
OSTEO'MELES. (From osteon, bone, and
melon, apple ; the fruit. Nat. ord., Apple-
worts [Pomacese]. Linn., 12-Icosandria
%-Di-pentagynia. Allied to Mespilus.)
Hardy evergreen tree. For culture, see MEDLAK.
O.ferrugi'nea (rusty). July. 1847.
OSTEOSPE'RMUM. (From osteon, a bone,
and sperma, a seed. Nat. ord., Compo-
sites [Asteracese]. Linn., ~L9-Syngenesia
±-Necessaria. Allied to Calendula.)
Greenhouse, yellow-flowered evergreens, from
the Cape of Good Hope. Cuttings of small,
half-ripened shoots in sand, under a bell-glass,
in April or May ; sandy loam and a little fibry
peat. Winter temp., 40° to 45°.
O. cceru'leum (blue- flowered). 3. Blue. July. 1774.
— calendula' ceum (marigold-like). 2. July.
— corymbo'sum (corymbed). 3. August. 1822.
— ilicifo'lium (holly-leaved). 4. July. 1816.
— inca'num (hoary). 3. August. 1815.
— monili'ferum (necklace-bearing). 3. July. 1714.
O'STRYA. Hop Hornbeam. (From
ostryos, a scale ; scaly catkins. Nat. ord.,
Mastworts [Corylacese]. Linn., 21- Mo-
ncecia 9-Polyandria. Allied to the Horn-
beam.)
Hardy deciduous trees. Seeds, whic-h, if sown
in the spring, the season after being gathered in
the autumn, and kept in a rot-heap during winter,
will make their appearance the year following ;
layers, cuttings, and grafting on the common
Hornbeam; good, deep, moist soil.
0. Virgi'nica (Virginian). 20. April.N.Amer.l622.
— vulga'ris (common). 20. May. Italy. 1724.
OSWEGO TEA. Mona'rda di'dyma.
OSY'EIS. Poet's Cassia. (From ozos,
a branch; referring to the numerous
pliant branches. Nat. ord., Sandalworts
[Santalacese]. Linn., 22-Dioccia 3-Tri-
andria. Allied to Santalium.)
Greenhouse evergreen shrub. Cuttings of
ripened shoots under a hand-light in spring;
sandy loam ; requires the protection of a cold pit
in winter, or a conservative wall.
0. a'lba (white). 3. White. South Europe. 1/39.
OTAHEITE CHESTNUT. Inoca'rpusedu'lis.
OTAHEITE MYRTLE. Securine'ga ni'tida.
OTHO'NNA. Kagwort. (From othone,
linen ; referring to the soft, downy cloth-
ing of the leaves. Nat. ord., Composites
[Asteracese]. Linn., IQ-Syngenesia 4-
Necessaria.)
Greenhouse, yellow-flowered plants, from the
Cape of Good Hope, except where otherwise
mentioned. Seeds in a mild hotbed, in spring ;
annuals may be hardened off afterwards ; peren-
nials, by division of the plant ; tuberous-rooted,
by dividing them ; shrubs, by cuttings of half-
ripened shoots in sand, under a glass, in May ;
sandy loam, and a little fibry peat. Winter temp.,
40° to 48°.
ANNUAL.
0. tage'tes (marigold-teaued). 1. May. 1823.
HERBACEOUS.
0. limfo'lia (flax-leaved). 2. July. 1824.
— pm/m'Ja (leafleted). 3. May. 175Q.
— pinnati'fida (leaflet-like). 1. July. 1823.
TUBEROUS-ROOTED.
0. bulbo'sa (bulbous). 2. May. 1774.
—filicau'lis (thread-stemmed). l£. April. 1791.
— tubero'sa (tuberous). August. 1842.
EVERGREEN SHRUBS.
0. abrotanifo'lia (southernwood-leaved). 3. Mav.
1692.
— arbore'scens (tree-like). 2. July. 1723.
— -4M«ma's?#(Athanasia-like). 3. January. 1795.
— chcirifo'lia (wallflower -leaved). l£. May.
Barbary. 1752.
— coronopifo'lia (buckhorn-leaved). 2. August.
1731.
— denticula'ta (tooth-/eaw<?eZ). 2. June. 1774.
— digita'ta (finger-leaved). 1$. July. 1824.
— heterophy'lla (various-leaved). 2. May. 1812.
— perfolia'ta (leaf-stem-pierced). 1£. June. 1789.
— tenui'ssima (finest-leaved). 1^. May. 1/59.
— virgi'nea (virgin-like). 3. October. Africa.
1821.
OTO'PTERA. (From oz/s, an ear, and
pteron, a wing ; referring to an ear -like
.process on the wing-petals. Nat. ord.,
Leguminous Plants [Fabacese]. Linn.,
17 -Diadelpfiia A-Decandria. Allied to
Dolichos.)
Greenhouse evergreen climber ; cuttings of half-
ripened shoots in sand, under a bell-glass ; sandy,
fibry loam and lumpy peat, with nodules of char-
coal intermixed.
0. Burche'llii (Burchell's). Purple. May. Cape
of Good Hope. 1816.
O'XALIS. Wood Sorrel. (From oxys,
acid ; the acid taste of the leaves. Nat.
ord., Oxalids [Oxalidaceae]. Linn., 10-
Decandria 4i-Pentagynia.)
Natives of Cape of Good Hope, except where
otherwise stated. Hardy annuals, seed in open
border, in April, in a shady place ; perennials, by
division and by seeds ; tuberous and bulbous ones,
by offsets ; the tender ones succeed in a cool
temperature in winter, if dry, and frost excluded ;
shrubby species, by seeds and cuttings in sandy
soil, under a bell-glass, and grown in sandy loam
and fibry peat; all the bulbous kinds the least
tender should be kept dry in winter, and the
shrubby have the greenhouse.
HARDY ANNUALS.
0, cornicula'ta (small-horned). 3. Yellow. Au-
gust. Britain.
— Dille'nii (Dillenius's).2. Copper. America.1/98.
flo'rida (florid). 2. Yellow. America.
1798.
— Icemga'ta (smooth). £. Purple. June. 1818.
— microphy'lla (small-leaved). £. Palered. N.
S. Wales.
~-sensiti'va (sensitive). $. Yellow. July. China.
1844. Store,
OXA
[599 ]
OXA
HARDY HERBACEOUS.
0. Lyo'nii (Lyon's). 1. Yellow. August.
Ainer. 181 6.
tri'cta (upright). 1£, ' Yellow. July. N.
Amer. 1608.
HARDY BULBS.
O. a' Ilia (white-flowered), f. White. May.
America. 1836.
— Americu'na (American). $. White. April.
N. Amer.
— viola 'cea (violet-coloured). \. Violet. May.
N. Amer. 1772.
GREENHOUSE HERBACEOUS.
0. Cummi'ngii (Cumming's). £. Golden. Sep-
tember. Chili. 1831.
— di'sco/or(two-colourt;d). Violet, crimson. July.
Mexico. 1844.
— floribu'nda (bundle flowered). l£. Red. July.
S. Amer. 1827.
— tasm'«dr«(downy-stamened). l£. Pink. May.
Mexico. 1840.
— Martia'na (Martin's). Yellow. July. Brazil.
1829. St,,ve.
— na'tans (floating). £. White. October. 1795.
— Otto'nis (Otto's). Yellow. May. Chili. 1840.
— palu'stris (marsh). Lilac. May. Brazil. 1828.
Stove.
— pere'nnans (perennial). 2. Yellow. July.
N. S. Wales.
— re'pens (creeping-stalked). 1. Yellow. May.
1793.
— ro'sea (rosy). £. Rose. March. Chili. 1826.
— ru'bro-cl'ncta (red-edged). 1. Yellow. Sep-
tember. Guatimala. 1841.
— Si'msii (Sims's). $, Crimson. April. Chili.
1822.
— wViica(city). White. August. Brazil. 1828.
GREENHOUSE BULBS.
0. ambi'gua (ambiguous). £. White. October.
1790.
— arcua'ta (bowed). £. Violet. September. 1795-
— asini'na (ass's-eared). £. Yellow. Novem-
ber. 1792.
— bi'fida (doven-leaved). f . Violet. September.
1791.
— bipuncta'ta (two-spotted). J. Lilac. May.
Brazil. 1825.
— Bo'wiei (Bowie's). £. Crimson. October. 1823.
— Brasitie'nsis (Brazilian). $. Rose. October.
Brazil. 1829.
— Burma'nni (Burmann's). ^. Purple. June.
1820.
— cane'scens (hoary). 1. Purple. March. 1821.
— capri'na (goat's-/oo£)- 5. Flesh. August. 1/57.
— carno'sa (fleshy). £. Yellow. October. Chili.
1826.
— ce'rnua (drooping). £. Yellow. March. 17&7-
— cilia'ris (hair- fringed -leaved). &. Purple.
October. 1/93.
— Commerso'nii (Commerson's). $. Yellow.
October. Brazil.
— compre'ssa (compressed). $. Yellow. De-
cember. 1794.
— convefxula (small-convex). £. Pink. June.
178Q.
— crena'ta, (scolloped - petaled). 3. Yellow.
September. Lima. 1829.
— cri'spa (curled). £. White. October. 1793.
— cruenta ta (bloodied). A. Purple. October.
1826.
— cunea'ta (wedpe-peta/ed). £. Yellow, white.
July. 1822.
— - cuneifo'lia (wedge-leaved). J. White. April.
0. cu'prea (copper-coloured), i. Copper. May.
1822.
— Darwalliu'na (Darwall's). J. Pale crimson.
July.
— denta'tu (toothed). £. Flesh. October. 1793.
— De'ppei (Deppe's). 5. Red. March. Mexico.
1827.
— di'sticha (two-rowed). $. Pale yellow. May.
1818.
— dive'rgens (wide-spaced). $. White. July.
Mexico. 182Q.
— elonga'ta (elongated). £. White. June. 1791*
amce'na (tine-red). £. Copper. Sep-
tember. 1810.
— fabcefo'lia (bean-leaved). J. Red. October.
1/94.
— Ja'llax (deceptive). 5. Yellow. September.
1825.
— femigiiiti'ta (rusty). ^. Yellow. June. 1820.
— filicuu'lis (thread-stemmed). |. Violet. Sep-
tember. 1815.
— filifo'lia (thread-leaved). £. Pink. June. 1822.
— ftabeliifo'lia (fan-leaved). ^. Yellow, red.
August. 1789.
— fln'ccida (feeble). J. White, red. September.
1812.
— fla'va (yellow). J. Yellow. March. 1775.
fio're-ple'no (double-flowered). £. Yel-
low. March.
— fn'lgida (fulgid). ^. Crimson. October. 1820.
— furca'ta (fork-leaved). |. Red. September.
1823.
— fuscu'ta (brown-spotted j. %. Yellow. May.
1795.
— genicula'ta (kneed). ^. Yellow. October.
— gla'bra (smooth). ^.- Purple. May. 1/95.
— glandulo'sa (glanded). £. White. October.
1822.
— hi' rta (hairy -stalked). %. Lilac. October. 1787-
— hirtt'lla (small-hairy). ^. Red. March. 1823.
— inmrna'tu (flesh). ^. Flesh. May. 1739.
— laburnifo'lia (laburnum-teayed). ^. Yellow.-
September. 1793.
— lana'ta (woolly-leaved). £. White. October.
1/91.
— lancecefo'lia (spear-head-lcaved). ^. Yellow.
October. 1795.
— lasiope'tala (downy-petaled). J. Pink. July.
Buenos Ayres. 1841.
— lateriflo'ra (lateral-flowered). ^. Purple. March.
1824.
— la'xulu (loose). £. White. November. 1820.
— le'pida (pretty), i- White. May. 1823.
— lepori'na (hare's-eared). $. White. October.
1795.
— linea'ris (narrow- leaved). J. Violet. October.
1795.
— K'mda (livid), i- Flesh. October. 1793.
— loba'ta (\obed). *. Yellow. October. 1823.
— lupinifo'lia (lupine-leaved). ^. Yellow. Sep«
temher. 1791.
— lute'ola (yellowisn). $. Yellow. May. 1823.
— macrophy'lla (large-leaved). ^. Yellow. June.
1820.
— macro'stylis (large-styled), f. Purple. Oc-
tober. 1793.
— margina'ta (green-edged), }. White. No-
vember. 1812.
— Mauritia'na (Mauritian). $. Pale rose. Sep-
tember. Isle of France. 1810.
— minia'ta (vermilion). £. Vermilion. May.
1819.
— monophy'lla (one- leaved). $. Yellow. Oc-
tober. 1774.
— multiflo'ra. (many-flowered). £. LiJac. Fe-
bruary. 1789.
OXA
[ 600 ]
OXY
0. obtu'sa (blunt-leaned). $. White. Septem-
ber. 1812.
— papillona'ce a (butterfly). $. Variegated. Brazil.
1819.
— pectina'ta (comb-leaved). 4. Yellow. October.
1790.
— pen/a;%'«a (five-leaved). 4. Pink. June. 1800.
— Pio'ttte (Piotta's). £. Orange. June. 1816.
— polyphy'lla (many-leaved). 4. Pale purple.
May. 1791.
•<~puIche'Ua (pretty). £. White. October. 1795.
— pUHcta'ta (dotted). $. Purple. May.
— purpura'ta (purplish). £• Pale purple. Oc-
tober. 1822.
— purpu'rea (purple). £. Purple. October. 1812.
-—reclina'ta (reclining). 4. Pink. October. 1795.
— repta'trix (creeping-roofed). ^. Flesh. No-
vember. 1795.
— rigi'dula (stiffish). 4. White. September. 1822.
— rosa'cea (rosyish). 4. Pink. October. 1/93.
— rostrafta (beaked). 4. Purple, violet. Oc-
tober. 1795.
— rube'lla (branching- small -red). 4. Pink.
October. 1791.
— ru'bro-fla'va (red and yellow). £. Red, yellow.
June. 1823.
— sangui'nea (bloodj-leaved). $. Yellow. No-
vember. 1795.
— secu'nda (side-flowering). 4. Lilac. October.
1790.
— seri'cea (silky). *. Yellow. May. 1794.
— specio'sa (showy). £. Purple. October. 1690.
— strumo'sa (swollen-styled). 4. White. De-
cember. 1821.
— sulphu'rea (sulphur-coloured). £. Pale yellow.
October. 1795.
— sylve'stris (wood). White. February.
— tene'lla (delicate). J. Lilac. May. 1793.
— te'nera (tender). $. Yellow. May. Brazil.
1826.
— tetraphy'lla (four-leaved). $. Purple. June.
Mexico. 1823.
~- tenuifo'lia (fine -leaved). 4. White, red.
October. 1790.
— tri'color (three-coloured). £. White, red.
November. 1794.
— tubiflo'ra (tube-flowered). 1. Pink. Novem-
ber. 1790.
— undula'ta (wave-teawed). 4. Lilac. October.
1795.
— varia'bilis (variable). $. White, red. No-
vember. 1795.
grandiflo'ra (large-flowered). £. White.
November. 1790.
Si'msii (Sims's). *. White. November.
1790.
— veno'sa (veiny). 4- Violet, yellow. October.
1823.
— versi'color (various-coloured). $. Crimson.
February. 1774.
GREENHOUSE AND STOVE EVERGREENS.
0. Barrelie'ri (Barretter's). 14. Pale red. Sep-
tember. Caraccas. 1824. Stove.
— Chine'nsis (Chinese). $. Yellow. August.
China.
—frutico'sa (shrubby). 1. Yellow. December.
Rio Janeiro. 1817. Stove.
— PJMJme'n(Plumier'«). 2. Yellow. S.Amer.
1823. Stove.
O'xAus DE'PPEI CULTURE. — Plant
bulbs of this in pots at the beginning of
March, and shelter in a cold pit or green-
house. When all fear of frost is passed,
plant them in a light soil, and in a
southern aspect, about twelve inches
apart each way; or the bulbs may be
kept out of the ground altogether until
the middle of April, and then be planted
at once in the open soil. It should be
trenched, and a little manure turned in
with the bottom spit, as for other tap-
rooted crops. The scaly bulbs, from which
it is propagated, grow in a cluster round
the crown of the root. The only cultiva-
tion required is to keep the crop free
from weeds, and to water plentifully in
dry weather; otherwise, if the roots are
allowed to become dry, they split upon
the occurrence of moist weather. Protect
from early frosts,in October or November,
by a mat covering.
About ten roots are enough for a dish.
They are very useful as a vegetable from
early in October to the end of December.
An infei'ior kind has often been substituted
for it, viz., the O'xalis Jacquinia'na; but
this is distinguished by having pink
flowers. In Belgium, the leaves, being
gratefully acid, are used for the same
purposes as sorrel, and the flowers are
mixed with other salad-herbs.
As it is not a very common vegetahle,
it may be useful to state, as an improved
mode of cooking, that after peeling the
tubers, and cleaning out their hollow
centres, they must be well boiled in rich
stock (gravy), skimming off the fat, and
then be served up hot, with a sauce made
of a little butter heated until brown, with
a spoonful of flour, and a little of the
stock.
OX-EYE. Buphtha'lmum.
OX-EYE DAISY. Chrysanthemum leu-
ca'nthemum.
OX-LIP. Pri'mula ela'tior.
OXYA'NTHUS. (From oxys, sharp, and
anthos, a flower ; referring to the sharp-
toothed calyx and corolla. Nat. ord.,
Cinchonads [Cinchonaceee]. Linn., 5-
Pentandria I-Monogynia. Allied to Gar-
denia.)
Stove, white-flowered, evergreen shrubs, from
Sierra Leone. Cuttings of young shoots, a little
firm, in sand, under a bell-glass, in bottom-heat,
in May; sandy loam, fibry peat, and a little dried
cow-dung. Winter temp., 45° to 55°; summer,
60° to 85°.
0. hirsu'tus (hairy). 2. July. 1812.
— specio'sus (showy). 3. July. 1789.
— tubiflo'rus (tube-flowered). 3. July.
— versi'color (various-coloured). July. Cuba.
1839.
OXY'BAPHUS. Umbrellawort. (From
oxys, acid, and baphe, dyer's colour ; re-
ferring to the coloured juice of the roots.
OXY
C 601 3
OXY
Nat. ord., Nyctagos [Nyctaginacese].
Linn., 3-Triandria l-Monogynia. Allied
to the Marvel of Peru.)
All purple-flowered, except where otherwise
stated. Seeds in May, in the open border, but
better in mild hotbed, in March, and planted out
in the end of April ; also, by division of the plant
in spring ; sandy loam ; they all require dry places,
and protection from severe frost in winter.
O. aggrega'tus (aggregate). 1. Pink. New
Spain. 1811.
— angustifo'lius (narrow- leaved). 1. August.
Louisiana. 1812.
— Cerounte'sii (Cervantes'). 2. June. Mexico
1823.
— Chile'nsis (Chilian). 1. Lilac. September.
Chili. -1832.
— decu'mbens (lying-down). 2. August. Mis-
souri. 1818.
— expa'nsus (expanded). 2. July. Peru. 181Q.
— glabrifu'lius (smooth-leaved). 3. July. New
Spain. 1811.
— hirsu'tus (hairy). 1. August. Louisiana. 1S12.
— nyctagi'neus (nocturnal). 1. August. Mis-
souri. 1823.
— ova'tus (egg-leaved). 2. August. Peru. 1820.
— pilo'sus (shaggy). 1. August. Missouri. 1812.
— visco'sus (clammy). 6. July. Peru. 1793.
OXYCO'CCUS. Cranberry. (From oxys,
acid, and kokkos, a berry. Nat. ord.,
Cranberries [Vacciniacese]. Linn., 8-
Octandria "L-Monoyy nia.)
Hardy, pink-flowered evergreens. Seeds, but
generally by dividing the plants, by layering the
shoots, by merely placing sandy peat around them,
and by cutting off the points of shoot», and insert-
ing themin sandy peat, under a hand-light, in sum-
mer. Marshy, peaty soil, such as a bed surrounded
•with water. The Cranberry, however, has been
grown successfully in a bed on a north border,
without any water round it, and the produce was
good and plentiful. Macroca1 rpus produces the
largest fruit. See AMERICAN CRANBERRY.
O. ere'ctus (upright). May. N. Amer. 1806.
— macrocu'rpus (large-fruited), f. May. N.
Amer. 1760.
variega'tus (variegated-Jeawed). f . May.
— palu'stris (marsh). £. May. Britain.
OXYGO'NIUM. (From oxys, sharp, and
yonu, an angle ; referring to the divisions
of the leaf, or frond. Nat. ord., Ferns
[Polypodiacese]. Linn., %±-Cryptogamia
1-Filices. )
Stove, brown-spored Ferns, from the East
Indies. See FERNS.
O. alismtefo'lium (alisma-leaved). April.
— e'legans (elegant). June. 1842.
— ova'tum (egg-shaped). May. 1842.
— vitteefo'rme (band-like). June. 1840.
OXYLO'BIUM. (From oxys, sharp, and
lobus, a pod ; the seed-pods ending in a
sharp point. Nat. ord., Leguminous Plants
[Fabacese]. Linn., W-Decandria 1-
Monogynia. Allied to Podolobium.)
Greenhouse, yellow-flowered, evergreen shrubs,
from New Holland. Seeds sown in a mild hotbed
»n April, after being soaked in warm water ; cut-
tings of young shoots, not too firm, in sand, under
a bell-glass, in April or May ; sandy peat, a few
bits of fibry loam, a greater quantity of charcoal,
broken crocks, &c., and abundant drainage.
Winter temp., 40° to 48°.
0 arbnre'scens (tree-like). 6. May. 1805.
— cupita'tum (rownrf-headed).
— cordifo'lium (heart-leaved). 3. June. 1807.
— dilata'tum (spread). 1840.
— etli'pticum (ov&l-leaned). 3. July. 1805.
— ferrugi'neum (rusty). 2. May. 1820.
— Huge'lii (Baron Hugel's). 1845.
— obova'tum (reversed-egg-shaped). 2. March.
1840
— obtusifo'lium (blunt- leaved). 2. Scarlet.
May. 1824.
— pamiflo'rum (small-flowered). 1840.
— Pultene'ce (Pulteney's). 2. Dark orange.
March. 1824.
— retu'sum (jagged-/eaiv?d). 2. Orange. May.
1823.
— spino'sum (spiny). 2. May. 1825.
OXYPE'TALUM. (From oxys, sharp, and
petalon, a petal; petals sharp-pointed.
Nat. ord., Asdepiads [Asclepiadacese].
Linn., 5-Pentandria 2-Digynia. Allied to
Asclepias.)
Stove evergreen climbers, from Brazil. Cuttings
in sand, under a bell-glass, in bottom-heat ; sandy
loam and fibry peat. Winter temp., 50° to 60° ;
summer, 60° to 85°.
0. appendicula' turn (appendaged). 6. Yellow.
1823.
— Ba'ntcsii (Banks's). Cream. June. 1826.
— so/aMoi'desfsolanum-like). 3. Purplish-scar-
let. 1847.
OXYKA'MPHIS. (From oxys, sharp, and
rhamphos, a beak ; shape of the seed-pod.
Nat. ord., Leguminous Plants [Fabaceae].
Linn., ll-Diadelphia l-Decandria. Allied
to Desmodium.)
Greenhouse evergreen shrub. Cuttings of younpr
shoots in sand, under a bell-glass ; and seeds sown
in spring ; sandy, fibry loam, and a little peat and
leaf-mould. Winter temp., 40° to 50°.
0. macro'styla (long-styled). 4. Purple, crimson.
October. Saharanpoor. 1837.
OXY'SPOKA. (From oxys, sharp, and
spora, a seed, which is here awned at both
ends. Nat. ord., Melastomads [Melasto-
macese]. Linn., 8-Octandrial-Monogynia.
Allied to Rhexia.)
Store evergreen shrub. Cuttings of young
shoots in sandy soil, under a glass, in bottom-
heat, in April ; sandy peat, fibry loam, and nodules
of charcoal. Winter temp., 50° to 60° ; summer,
60° to 85°.
0. panicula'ta (panicled). 3. Red. June. Nepaul*
1826.
OXYSTE'LMA. (From oxys, sharp, and
stelma, a crown; referring to the acute
little leaves accompanying the flower-
bead, or crown. Nat. ord., Asdepiads [As-
-lepiadacese]. Linn., 5-Pentandria 2-Di-
t/ynia. Allied to Eustegia.)
Stove evergreen climber. Cuttings of half-
ripened shoots in sand, under a bell-glass, and in
OXY
[ 602]
bottom-heat, in May ; ? nndy peat and fibry loam.
Winter temp., 50° to 6uJ; summer, 60° to 85°.
0. escule'ntum (eatable). 4. Yellow. E. Ind. 1816.
OXY'TKOPIS. (From oxys, sharp, and
tropis, a keel; the keel-petal ends in a
sharp point. Nat. ord., Leguminous Plants
[Fabacese]. Linn., YI -Diaddphia 4,-De-
candria. Allied to Astragalus.)
Hardy herbaceous perennials, from Siberia,
except where otherwise stated. Chiefly by seeds,
sown where the plants are intended to remain, as
they do not transplant well ; though, also, by di-
viding the plants in spring, and by cuttings of
young shoots under a hand-light, in a shady place,
in summer ; dry, sandy loam.
0. ambi'gua (ambiguous). £. Purple. June. 1817-
— arge'ntea (silvery). Pale. June. 1827.
— argyrophy'lla (silvery-leaved). Purple. 1831.
— breviro'stra (short-beaked). $. Blue. August.
1802.
— cceru'lea (blue). Blue. June. 1827.
— campe'stris (field). £. Pale yellow. June. Scot-
land.
— ca'ndicans (whitish). Pale. June. 1827.
— cya'nea (azure. Caucasian). z£. Blue. July.
Caucasus. 1818.
— dealba'ta (whited). £. Purple. July. Caucasus.
1803.
— defle'xa (bent-down). £. Purple. June. 1800.
— dicho'ptera (doubly -winged). £. Blue, June.
1815.
— Fische'ri (Fischer's). J. Blue. July. Altai. 1817-
— fioribu'nda (bundle-flowered). Purple. May.
1827.
—fce'tida (foetid). £. Pale yellow. July. Switzer-
land. 181Q.
— gla'bra (smooth). £. Purple. July. Dahuria. 1823.
— grandiflo'ra (large-flowered). £. Red. June. 1820.
— — — lepto'ptera (narrow-winged). £. Blue.
June. 1818.
— Lambe'rti (Lambert's). 1. Purple. August.
Missouri. 1811.
— leptophy'lla (fine-leaved). £. Red. July. 1818.
— longicu'spis (long-pointed). Purple. June. 182/.
— longiro'stra (long-beaked). $• Purple. 1820.
— microphy'lla (small-leaved). £. Pale yellow.
July. 1819-
— monta'na (mountain). J. Purple, yellow.
Austria. 1581.
«— myriophy'lla (myriad-leaved). £. Purple, white.
July. 1818.
— o^p%'//a(sharp-leaved). £. Purple. July. 1816.
— Palla'sii (Pallas's). £. Pale yellow. July. 1818.
— pilo'sa (long-haired). £. Pale yellow. July. 1732
— prostra'ta (prostrate). £. Blue, white. July.1820.
— seto'sa (bristly). Purple. June. 1828.
— Songa'rica (Songarian). i. Violet. June. Altai.
1824.
— sulphu'rea (sulphury). £. Cream. July. 1820.
— sylva'tica (wood). Purple. May. 1820,
— te'nella (tender). Blue. June. 1828.
— - uncu'ta (hooked). £. White. July. Aleppo. I/
— 0ra/e'nsis(Uralian). £. Purple. July. 1800.
— verticillu'ris(vthoTl-leaved). £. Blue, white.
July. 18ig.
— visco'sa (clammy). White. July. Switzerland
1817.
OXYU'RA A synonyme of a low, yellow-
flowering, composite, hardy annual, from
California, first named by Endlicher
Tolla'tia. Sow in April in common soil.
OYEDJE'A. (From the Peruvian name.
Nat. ord., Composites [Asteracese], Lion.,
19-Sy)igcnesia Frustranea.}
Greenhouse evergreen shrub; same culture as
for Buphthaltnium.
0, buphthalmoi'des (ox-eye-like). Yellow, Sep-
tember. Peru. 1848.
OYSTER-PLANT. Pulmona'ria mari'tlma.
OZOTHA'MNUS. (From ozos, a branch,
and thamnos, a shrub. Nat. ord., Compo-
sites [Asteracese]. Linn., 19-Syngenesia
1- JE 'quails. Allied to Helichrysum.)
Greenhouse, yellow-flowerc f evergreens, from
Van Diemen's Land. Cuttings oT young shoots in
sand, with a little peat in it, under a bell-glass, in
spring or summer; loam and peat. Require the
greenhouse in winter.
0. cine'reus (grey). 1. July. 1820.
— ferrugi'neus (rusty). 1. July. 1822.
— rosmarinifo'lius (rosemary-leaved). 1. July.
1822.
P.
PACHYPHY'LLUM. (From pachys, thick,
and phyllon, a leaf. Nat. ord., Orchids
[Orcnidaceee]. Linn., 20-Gynandria 1-
Monandria. Allied to Brassia and Max-
ill aria.)
Cuttings of the young shoots any time during
spring and summer, drying them at the base, and
inserting them in sandy loam ; sandy loam, a little
brick-rubbish, and dried cow-dung; little water
and plenty of light are required in winter. See
ORCHIDS.
P. procu'mbens (lying-down). Green, blue. May.
Mexico. 1836.
PACHYPO'DIUM. (From pachys, thick,
and podion, a foot; referring to the stalks
of the flowers. Nat. ord., Dogbanes [Apo-
cynacese]. Linn., S-Pentandria \-Mono-
f/ynia. Allied to Nerium.)
Greenhouse evergreens, from the Cape of Good
Hope, with white and red flowers. Cuttings of
young shoots in spring, base dried before insert-
ing in dryish, sandy soil ; sandy loam, a little
brick-rubbish and peat, but little water in winter.
\Vinter temp., 40° to 45°. Propagated also by a
division of the fleshy, tuber-like roots.
P. succule'ntum (succulent). 1. May. 1823.
— tubero'sum (tuberous). 1. August. 1813.
PACHYSA'KDRA. (From pachys, thick,
and aner, a stamen. Nat. ord., Spurge-
tvorts [Euphorbiacese]. Linn., 21-Jfb-
ncccia k-Tetrandria. Allied to Buxus.)
Division and suckers ; common, sandy loam.
The stove under-shrub, by cuttings in a little
heat, but otherwise requiring no particular treat-
ment. The herbaceous, by division in spring;
sandy loam and peat.
P. coria'cea (leathery-/e«werf). 4. White. June.
Nepaul. 1822. Stove evergreen.
— procu'mbens (trailing). $. White. April. N.
Amer. 1800. Hardy herbaceous.
P^DE'RIA. (From pcederos, opal; re-
ferring to its transparent berries. Nat.
P.EO
[ 603 ]
PAL
ord., Oinchonads [Cinch onacese]. Linn.,
6-Pentandria 1-Monogynia.)
Stove evergreen shrub. Cuttings in sand, in
summer, in a little bottom-heat, under a glass ;
sandy loam and leaf-mould. Winter temp., 48° to
£5° ; summer, 60° to 80°.
P. fce'tida (stinking). 6. Purple. China. 1806-
P^O'NIA. Pseony. .(Named after Paeon,
a physician, who first used it medicinally.
Nat. ord., Crowfoots [RanunculaceasJ.
Linn., 13-Polyandria 2-Digynia.)
Seeds for raising varieties, sown in September,
in a cold pit, will appear some the first, and others
the second, spring. Herbaceous kinds, by divi-
sion of the roots. Tree, or Moutan, by division ;
by grafting on the herbaceous roots ; by cuttings
of the young shoots in spring, under a glass, and
in a little heat ; by layers and suckers ; by layer-
ing young shoots, after ringing round each bud,
so that each bud forms a plant ; deep, good loam.
The Moutans require a little protection in spring ;
do well for forcing, and for the borders of large,
cool conservatories, where the temperature is not
kept high in winter.
HARDY SHRUBS.
P. Mou'tan (Chinese-tree}. 3. Purple. May. China.
1789.
a'lbida-ple'na (double-white). 2. White.
May. China.
Anne'slei (Annesley's).3.Pink.May.China.
— — - a'tro-purf)u'rea(da.r\i-p\iTp]e-fiowered). 4.
Purple. April. China. Ib46.
Ba'nksii (Banks's). 3. Purple. May. China.
1794.
ca'rnea-ple'na (double-flesh-coloured). 2.
Flesh. May. China.
globo'sa(g\obu]a.T-flawered). 3. White,
purple. April. Shanghae. 1845.
Wa'cm«(lilac-coloured^. 3. Lilac. April.
China. 1845.
Hu'mei (Sir Abercrombie Hume's). 2.
Purple. May. China. 1817-
papai-era'ceu (poppy-like). 3. White. May.
China. 178Q.
parvifio'ra (small-flowered). 3. Pale rose.
April. Shanghae. 1845.
pi1 eta (paintedV 3. Pale and deep-rose-
striped. April. Canton. 1845.
Rawe'sii (Rawes's). 2. Pale pink. May.
China. 1820.
ro'sea (rosy). 3. Pink. May. China.
ro'sea-ple'na (double-rose). 2. Red. May.
China. 1804.
ro'sea-se' mi-pie' na (semi-double-rose). 2.
Red. May. China. 1794.
salmo'nea (salmon-coloured). 3. Pale
salmon. April. China. 1846.
— specio'sa (showy). 2. Pink. May. China.
1825.
HARDY HERBACEOUS.
P. albiflo'ra (white-flowered). 2. White. May.
Siberia. 1548.
ca'ndida (white). 2. Flesh. May. Siberia.
-fe'sta (pleasant). 2. White, pink. June.
fra'gruns (fragrant). 2. Red. May. China.
1805.
Hu'mei (Hume's double-crimson). 2. Red.
May. China. 1808.
Po'ttsii (Potts's). 3. Crimson. June. China.
1822.
Reeoe'sii ( Reeves WoMfite). 2. Pink. June.
China. 1822.
P. albiflo'ra rube' seem (ruddy), 2. Pink. May,
Siberia.
Sibi'rica (Siberian). 2. White. May. Si-
beria.
Tata'rica (Tartarian). 2. Flesh. May.
Siberia.
uniflo'ra (single-flowered). 2. Pink. May.
Siberia.
vest a' Us (virgin). 2. White. May. Siberia.
Whitle'ji (Whitley's double - white). 2.
Blush. May. China. 1808.
— ano'mala (anomalous). l£. Crimson. May.
Siberia. 1788.
— arieti'na (ram). 2. Purple. Levant.
Anderso'nii (Anderson's). Rose. June.
Oxonie'nsis (Oxford). 2. Pale blush. June.
— Bro'wnii (Brown's). Red. May. N.Amer. 1826.
— coralli'na (coralline). 3. Crimson. May. England.
— Co'rsica (Corsican). Purple. June. Corsica.
— Cre'ticu (Cretan). 2. White. May. Crete.
— de'cora (comely). 2. Purple. May. Turkey.
ela'tior (taller). 2. Purple. May. Crimea.
Pa//«'6'«(Pallas's). 2. Purple.May.Crimea.
— hu1 mills (dwarf). 2. Purple. May. Spain. 1633.
— hy'brida (hybrid). 2. Red. May. Siberia.
— loba't'i (lobed). 2. Purple. May. Spain. 1821.
— mo' His (soft). 1£. Purple. Mav. Siberia.
— qfficina'lis (shop). 3. Red. May. Europe. 1548.
a'lbicans (whitening). 3. White. May.
anemoniflo'ra (anemone-flowered), 3.
Pink. May. 1830.
Ba'xteri (Baxter's). 3. Crimson. Oxford.
bla'nda (bland). 3. White. May.
cane'scens (hoary). 3. White. May.
multipe'tala (many-petaled). 3. Crimson.
May.
ro'sea (rosy). 3. Red. May.
ru'bra (double-red). 3. Red. May.
variega'ta (variegated-leaved). 3. Crimson.
June.
— parado'xa (paradoxical). 2. Purple. May.Levant.
compa'cta (compact). 2. Purple. May.
fimbria'ta (rfrm/We-fringed).2.Purple.May.
Grevi'llii (Greville's). 2. Purple. May.
peregri'na (straggling). 2. Dark purple.
May.
— pu'bens (downy). 2. Red. May.
— Reenesia'na (Reeves's). 3. Crimson. May.China.
— Ru'ssi (Russ's). 2. Crimson. May. Sicily.
— simpliciflo'ra (simple-flowered). Red. May.
Levant.
— tenuifo'liu (fine-leaved). lj. Red. May. Si-
beria. 1765.
flo're-ple'no (double-flowered). l£. Red.
May. Russia. 1831.
latifo'lia (broad-leaved). 2. Crimson.
June.
— triterna'ta (thrice-three-leafleted). 3. Purple.
May. Siberia. 1790.
— villo'sa (shaggy). 2. Red. May. South
Europe. 181 6.
— Witmannia'na (Witmann's). 2. Greenish-
yellow. May. Abcharia. 1842.
PAINTED CUP. Castille'ja.
PAINTED GRASS. Aru'ndo.
PALAFO'XIA. (Named after Palafox,
a Spanish general. Nat. ord., Composite*
[Asteracese]. Linn., 19-Syngenesia I-
JEqualis. Allied to Stevia.)
Herbaceous perennials, with white flowers.
Seeds, divisions, and cuttings of the young
shoots in spring; sandy loam. A cool green-
house or cold pit in winter for linea'ris.
PAL
[ 604]
PAN
P. fastigia'ta (tapering). August. N. Amer.
1823. Hardy.
— linea'ris (narrow-leaved). 2. June. Mexico.
1821. Greenhouse.
PALE-BRINDLED BEAUTY MOTH. Geo-
metra.
PALICOU'REA. (Named after Le Pali-
cour, of Guiana. Nat. ord., Cinchonads
[Cinchonacese]. Linn., 5-Pentandria 1-
Monoyynia. Allied to Psycotria. )
Some of the species are used for killing rats
and mice in Brazil. Stove evergreen shrubs.
Cuttings in spring, in sand, under a glass, in a
.gentle hotbed ; sandy loam and peat.
F.apica'ta (crowned-fruited). 4. Yellow. July.
Caraccas. 1824.
— cro'cea (saffron-coloured). 4. Orange. July.
W. Ind. 1823.
— pave'tta (pavetta-like). 2. White. August.
VV. Ind. 1821.
— ri'gida (stiff). 3. Yellow. August.Caraccas.1820.
PALIU'RUS. Christ's Thorn. (Name
of a plant used by Dioscorides. Nat.
ord., Rkamnads [Shamnaceas]. Linn.,
5-Pentandria \-Monogynia. Allied to
Zizyphus.)
Hardy deciduous shrubs, with greenish-yellow
flowers. Suckers, which come freely; layers, and
cuttings, and seeds. Virga'tus is an elegant
jthrub. The other, from its abundance in Judea,
is supposed to be the plant from which our Sa-
viour's crown of thorns was made; common
garden-soil.
P. aculea'tus (sharp-thorned). 4. June. South
Europe. 1596.
— virga'tus (twiggy). 6. August. Nepaul. 1817.
PALMA CHEISTI. Ri'cinus.
PALM OIL. Elee'is.
PAN^E'TIA FD'LVA. A very pretty yellow-
flowered annual, which we believe has
never been introduced, described from
dry specimens by Dr. Lindley, in his
pamphlet on Swan River Plants. Seeds
in moderate hotbed, in March, planted
out in May ; sandy, rich soil.
PA'NEX. (From pan, all, and akos,
remedy ; referring to the stimulant drug,
Ginseng, to which miraculous virtue is
Ascribed by the Chinese. Nat. ord., Ivy-
worts [Araliacese]. Linn., 23-Polygamia
2-Diaicia.)
Cuttings of young shoots under a hand-light,
in spring and summer; sandy loam and fibry
peat. Of all the species the following are most
worth notice : —
P.conchifo'lium (shell-leaved). 10. Yellow.
Guiana. 1820. Stove evergreen.
— ho'rridum (horrid). White. N. Amer. 1829.
Hardy deciduous.
— quinquefo'tium (Ginseng. Five-leaved). lj.
Light yellow. June. N. Amer. 1740.
Hardy herbaceous.
PANCKA'TIUM. (From pan, all, and
foatys, potent ; supposed medicinal qua-
lities. Nat. ord., Amaryllids [Amarylli-
dace^e]. Linn., 6-ffexandria l-Monogy-
nia. Allied to Hymenocallis.)
Handsome bulbs, and white-flowered, except
where otherwise mentioned. Seeds for new
varieties, as well as for perpetuating the older ;
chiefly by offset-bulbs ; sandy loam, fibry peat,
and rotten cow-dung. Temp, for stove kinds,
winter, 50°; summer, 60° to 90°. Even the hardy
require a little protection in severe weather.
HARDY.
P. CaroHnia'num (Carolina) .2. June. Carolina. 1 759 .
— 7%'neMw(Illyrian).l4.May.SoutliEurope.l6l5.
— mari'timum(*ea.). 2. June. South Europe. 15/9.
— rota'tum (wheel-crowned). 1. August. Ca-
rolina. 1803.
STOVE.
P. acutifo'lium (sharp -leaved). 2. June. Mexico.
1824.
— Americu'num (American). 2. June. Ja-
maica. 1&20.
— amce'num (handsome). 2. June. Guiana. 1/90-
— ungu'stum (narrow-leaved). 1$. June.
— biflo'rum (two-flowered). I.June. E.Ind. 1820.
— Canarie'nse (Canary). 1^. June. Canaries. 1815.
— Caribee'um (Caribean). 1$. June. W. Ind. 1730.
— crassifo'lium (thick-leaved). l£. June. S. Amer.
— declinu'tum (leaning). 2. June. W. Ind. 1825.
— di'stichum (two-ranked). 1$. June. S. Amer.
— expu'nsum (expanded). 2. June. W. Ind. 1820.
—fra'grans (fragrant). 1. May. W. Ind. 1819-
— Gwtane'nsef Guiana). 2. November. Guiana.l 815.
— hyfmtle (humble). Yellow.
— litoru'le (sea-side). 2. June. S. Amer. 1/58.
— longiflo'rum (long-flowered). 2. June. E. Ind.
1810.
— Mexica'num (Mexican). 1 .August-Mexico. 1/32.
— ova'tum (egg-leaved). 1. June. W. Ind.
— plica'tum (plaited). July. Macao. 1827-
— specio'sum (showy). l£. July. W. Ind. 1759.
— undula'tum (w&\e-leaved). 1. June. S. Amer.
— verecu'ndum (ruddy). 1$. July. E. Ind. 1776.
— Zeyla'nicum (Ceylon). 1. June. Ceylon. 1752.
PANDA'NUS. Screw-Pine. (From pan-
dang, the Malay name. Nat. ord., Screw-
Pines [Pandanacese]. Linn., 22-Dicecia
\-Monandria.)
Stove evergreen trees, with white flowers.
Chiefly by suckers ; sandy loam. Winter temp.,
50° to 60° ; summer, 60° to 85°.
P. amaryllifo'lius (amaryllis-leaved). 20. E.Ind.
1820.
— candela'brum (candlestick). 60. Guinea. 1826.
— edit' Us (eatable). Madagascar. 1824.
— e'legans (elegant). Isle of France. 1826.
—fascieula'ris (fascicled). 20. E.Ind. 1822.
—furca'tus (forked). E. Ind. 1824.
— hu'milis (dwarf). 8. Mauritius.
— ine'rmis (unarmed). E. Ind. 1818.
— integrifo'lius (entire-leaved). E. Ind. 1823.
— la:' vis (smooth). China. 1823.
— latifo'lius (broad-leaved). E.Ind. 1820.
— longifo'li us (long-leaved). E.Ind. 1829.
— margina'tus (margined). E. Ind. 1823.
— murica'tus (point-covered). Madagascar. 1826.
— odorati'ssimus (sweetest-scented). 20. £. Ind.
1771.
— pygmee'us (dwarf). January. Mauritius. 1830.
— refle'xus (bent-back). E.Ind. 1818.
— se'ssilis (stalkless). E. Ind. 1820.
— spira'lis (spiral). 20. N.S.Wales. 1805.
— u' tilis (useful. Red-spined). 20. I. of Bourbon.
PAN
[605 ]
PAN
PANICLE is a loose bunch of flowers,
as in the Oat (Ave'na), and London
Pride (SaxVfraga).
PANNING is forming a pan or basin in
the soil round the stem of a tree or
shrub, in which to pour water.
PANSY. (Ti'ola tri'color.) The native
situation of the wild Pansy is generally
in fields of growing corn, where it is par-
tially shaded from the wind and the heat
of the midday sun. To grow the Pansy
for the purpose of exhibition, the situa-
tion for the. plants should also be one
sheltered from all cutting winds, as these
are very destructive, often injuring, and
even killing, the plants close to the soil,
by twisting them about. The situation
should be open to the free circulation of
the air, and exposed to the morning sun,
but protected from the full influence of
the midday sun, which injures the colour
of the blooms. The plants should be
placed together in beds made for the
purpose. The situation should be cool
and moist, but thoroughly drained ; for
although the Pansy requires considerable
moisture during the blooming season,
and through the summer months, yet it is
very impatient of superabundant mois-
ture, and the plants will be found never
to do well when the soil becomes in any
degree sodden.
The Soil should be rich and tolerably
light. Decayed cucumber-bed dung is
the best manure, and the soil a light,
hazel loam, with a good portion of de-
cayed turf from pasture land, thoroughly
intermixed by frequent stirring and dig-
ging, and to three barrow-loads of this
soil add one of the cucumber-bed manure
two years old. Manure-water, particu-
larly guano-water, applied during the
blooming season, is very beneficial.
The Plants should be carefully selected
for the purpose of producing blooms for
exhibition, as it will be always found that
when they have flowered well through one
season, they never produce so fine blooms
the second. Those who intend to grow
the Pansy for exhibition should select
young plants well established from
cuttings for the purpose. For the
spring exhibitions in May and June,
select plants struck the previous autumn,
in August and September ; and for the
autumn exhibitions in September, select
plants struck early in the spring; and
after these have produced their blooms,
save them for store plants, to produce
cuttings, always having a constant sue-
cession of young plants for the purpose
of blooming.
Propagation. — The young side-shootsr
are to be prepared for cuttings, as the
old, hollow stems seldom strike freely,
and do not grow so strong for spring
blooming. Take off a sufficient quantity
of these side -shoots in August, or the
beginning of September, and for autumn-
blooming in April and May; these insert
either under hand-glasses, or in pots
placed in a cool frame in some good, light
compost, mixed with a good quantity of
silver-sand, taking care to keep them
moderately moist, and shading them from
hot suns.
The Disease to which the Pansy is moat
subject is a withering away suddenly, as
if struck by something at the root. This
disease has received various names, as
root-rot, decline, &c. ; but both cause and
remedy are unknown. Old plants are
much more subject to it than young onesr
and it appears to be most prevalent during
hot and dry seasons. When a plant is
thus struck, which is indicated by a
withering of the foliage, if it be a rare,
and choice kind, immediately take all
the cuttings you can get, and strike them,
as almost invariably the old plants die.
Strong, stimulating manures are produc-
tive of this disease. As a preventive
keep the surface of the soil frequently
stirred.
Insects. — The worst foes of the Pansy
are the slug and the snail. To destroy
and keep away these vermin, water the
bed late of an evening, in moist weather,
with lime-water, and sprinkle the surface
pretty thickly with fresh wood-ashes.
See AGROMYZA.
Box for exhibiting Blooms.— Dr. Lind-
ley says, that the best-constructed box
for exhibiting twenty-four Heart's-ease is
made of deal, of the following dimensions :
twenty inches long, one wide, and five
inches deep; the lid made to unhinge;
a sheet of zinc fitted inside, resting upon
a rim ; four rows of six holes each cut in
the zinc at three inches apart; under
each hole a zinc tube soldered to the
plate, and intended to contain the water j
the apertures to admit the flower made
in the form of a key-hole, as it will ad-
mit part of the calyx, and keep the
flower in a flat position. The outside
may be painted green ; but the zinc plate
should be painted of a dead white.
PAN
[606 ]
PAE
PANSY FLY. Agromyza.
PANTILES. See BRICKS.
PAPA'VER. Poppy. (From papa, pap,
or thick milk; referring to the juice. Nat.
ord., Poppyworts [Papaveracese]. Linn.,
liS-polyandria \-Monoyynia.~)
Seeds in March and April, where the plants are
to remain ; division of the roots of the perennial
ones; light, rich, sandy soil.
HARDY PERENNIALS.
P. alpi'num (alpine), f. White. July. Austria.
1759.
— bractea'tum (bracted). 4. Red. May. Siberia.
1817-
— cro'ceum (saffron-coloured). 1. Saffron. May.
Altai. 182Q.
— nudicau'le (naked-stalked). l£. Yellow. July.
Siberia. 1730.
glabra'tum (smooth). £. Yellow. July.
Siberia. 1800.
lu'teum (yellow-flowered). l£. Yellow.
July. Siberia. 1/30.
radica'tum (rooted). £. Yellow. July.
Norway. 1800.
— orienta'le (eastern). 3. Red. May. Armenia.
1714.
co'ncolor (one-coloured). 3. Scarlet.
June. South Europe. 1714.
• — — — mncula'tum (spotted). 3. Scarlet. June.
South Europe. 1/14.
— Pe'rsicum (Persian). l£. Brick. June. Persia.
1830.
— pilo'sum (long-hairy). Red. 2£.
— Pyrenu'icum (Pyrenean). 1. Yellow. July.
Pyrenees.
puni'ceum (red). 1. Red. June. Swit-
zerland.
, — ru'bro-auranti'acum (red-orange), f. Red.
July. Dahuria. 1822.
HARDY ANNUALS.
P. amce'num (lovely). 14. Vermilion. North
India. 1830.
— arena'rium (sand). 1. Red. June. Caucasus.
1828.
— argemo'ne (argemone). l£. Scarlet. June.
Britain.
— Armeni'acum (Armenian). l£. Yellow. Au-
gust. Armenia. 1815.
— Cauca'sicum (Caucasian). l£. Red. June.
Caucasus. 1813.
— commuta'tum (changeable). I. Scarlet. July.
Siberia. 1839.
— du'bium (doubtful). 2. Scarlet. June. Britain.
flo're-a'lbo (white-flowered). White. June.
Tauria.
— floribu'ndum (bundle-flowered), ij. Scarlet.
June. Levant. 1815. Biennial.
—fu'gax (short-lived). Pale carmine. June.
Persia. 1827.
— ho'rridum (horrid). 2. Red. July. N. Hol-
l and. 1825.
— hy'bridum (hybrid). l£. Scarlet. June.
England.
— Ixmga'tum (smooth-leaved). 14. Red. June.
Caucasus. 1823.
— Roubles' i (Roubieus's). 1. Red. June. Mont-
pelier. 1823.
— seti'gerum (bristly). 2. White. July. South
Europe. 1823.
— somni'ferum (sleep-causing). 4. White. July.
England.
•— — — — a'lfio -ple'num (double- white-seeded). 6.
Variegated. July, Britaia.
P. somni'ferum a'lbum (white-seeded). 5. White.
July. Britain.
fimbria'tum (fringed). 4. Variegated.
July. Britain.
ni'grum (black-seeded). 4. Purple. July.
Britain.
— • ru'bro -ple'num (double-red). 5. Varie-
gated. July. Britain.
variega'tum( variegated). 4. Variegated.
July. Britain.
— tri'lobum (three-lobed). 2. Red. June.
Holland. 1818.
PAPAW-TREE. Ca'rica.
PAPER LIGHTS were never much em-
ployed, and, since the introduction of
Whitney's and other compositions for
rendering cloth semi-transparent, are
still less likely to be employed. Cartridge
paper is the best for the purpose. It
should be damped before it is nailed
upon the frame, because when dry it
becomes taut. It may then be painted
over with boiled linseed oil, in which a
little white lead has been incorporated.
In nailing on the paper, a strip of tape
should be placed between the heads of
the tacks and the paper, to check the
tearing to which the paper is so subject.
PAPER MULBERRY. Broussone'tia pa-
pyra'cea.
PAPHI'NIA. (Paphia, a surname of
Venus. Nat. ord., Orchids [Orchidacese].
Linn., 20 Gynandria 1 -Monandria. Allied
to Maxillaria.)
Stove orchids. Division, and cuttings of shoots ;
fibry peat, sphagnum, rotten wood, in shallow
baskets. See ORCHIDS.
P. crista'ta (crested). White, purple. July.
Trinidad. 1843.
PAPY'RUS. (From babeer, pronounced
papeer, Syrian; hence papyrus, paper of
the Egyptians. Nat. ord., Sedges [Cy-
peracese]. Linn., 3-Triandria l-Mono-
gynia.)
Stove aquatic perennials. Seeds and divisions ;
rich, heavy loam, in a tub of water, and in a high
stove temperature.
P. antiquo'rum (ancient). 10. August. Egypt.
1803.
— e'legans (elegant). 7. July. W. Ind. 1820,
— laxiflo'rus (loose-flowered). 7. July. Mada-
gascar. 1822.
— odora'tus (sweet-scented). 10. July. W.
Ind. 1819.
PARAGUAY TEA. I'lex Paraguay e'nsis*
PARASITIC PLANTS are such as derive
their nourishment from other living
plants by rooting into their sap-vessels
Examples are— the Mistletoe andDodde
which attach themselves to the stem*
and branches of some plants ; the Hypo-
cistus and the Orobanche, or Broom
Kape, affix themselves to the roots of
PAB
[ 607 ]
PAK
others. The minute fungi which consti-
tute the mildew are also parasites. There
is some doubt whether the Ivy is at all
parasitical ; but whether it derives nourish-
ment or not from trees, it certainly checks
the respiration, and prevents the free
access of light and air to those upon
which it attaches. The orchidaceous
plants which grow upon dead wood as
readily as upon living timber are not
parasites.
PARASTRA'NTHUS. (From parastrepho,
to invert, and anthos, a flower ; referring
to the inverted position of the flowers.
Nat.ord.,i0&eZiarfs [Lobeliaceee], Linn.,
5-Pentandria l-Monogynia. Allied to the
Lobelia.)
Half-hardy herbaceous perennials, from the
Cape of Good Hope. Seeds and cuttings of the
young shoots in spring and autumn; sandy loam
and leaf-mould. A cool greenhouse or cold pit in
winter ; the flower-border in summer.
P. si' mplex (simple-stalked}. %. Yellow. June. 17/4.
— unidenta'ta (one-toothed). $. Blue. July. 1794.
— variifo'lia (various-leaved). 1. Yellow. June.
1812.
PAEDA'NTHUS. (From pardos, a leo-
pard, and anthos, a flower; referring to
the spotted flowers. Nat. ord., Irids
[Iridaceae]. Linn., 3-Triandria l-Mono-
yynia. Allied to Aristea.)
Hardy, herbaceous, orange-flowered perennials.
Seeds or divisions in spring ; rich, sandy loam ;
a sheltered border in winter.
P. Chine'nsis (Chinese). 2. June. China, 1759.
— Nepale'nsis (Nepaulese). 2. June. Nepaul. 1523.
PAREIRA BRAVA HOOT. Cissa'mpelos.
PARINA'RIUM. (From parinari, the
Guianan name. Nat. ord., Chrysobalans
[Chrysobalanaceae]. Linn., 7-Heptandria
l-3fonogynia.)
The rough-skinned or grey plum is the pro-
duce of P. exce'hum. Stove evergreens. Cuttings
of ripe shoots in spring, in sand, under a glass, in
bottom-heat; sandy loam and dried leaf-mould.
Winter temp., 50° to 55° ; summer, 60° to 85°.
P. campe'stre (field). 6. Yellow. Guiana. 1824.
— exce'Lsum (tall). 60. White. Sierra Leone. 1822.
— » macruphy'Uum (large-leaved). 3. White. Sierra
Leone. 1822.
PARING and BURNING are never to be
practised by the gardener, except for the
purpose of charring the turf, and render-
ing porous the soil cut from the banks of
clayey ditches. When this is carefully
done, a serviceable dressing is obtained.
.But paring and burning, as a general
practice, is extremely wasteful ; and,
though it may give a good crop immedi-
ately afterwards, never fails, by speedy
exhaustion, to demonstrate how great
has been the dispersion of carbonaceous'
matter.
PARIVO'A. (The name in Guiana. Nat.
ord., Leguminous Plants [Fabaeese],
Linn., 17-&iadclphia 4,-Decandria. Allied
to Amherstia.)
Stove evergreen tree. Cuttings in spring, in a
hotbed; loam and leaf-mould. Winter temp.,
50° to 60° ; summer, 60° to 85°.
P. grandiflo'ra (large- flowered). 30. Purple.
Guiana. 1821.
PARK, in the modern acceptation of the
word, is an extensive adorned inclosure
surrounding the house and gardens, and
affording pasturage either to deer or
cattle. But a park, strictly and legally,
is a large extent of a man's own ground
inclosed and privileged for wild beasts of
chase by prescription or by royal grant.
PARKE'RIA. (Named after C. S. Parker,
its discoverer. Nat. ord., Ferns [Poly-
podiacece]. Linn., 24 - Cryptogamia 1-
Filices,}
Stove Ferns. See FERNS.
P. am>sfr'e#oi'd<?s(acrostichum-like). Pale yellow.
July. N. Amer. 1827,
— Lockha'rti (Lockhart's). Brown. May .Trinidad.
1834.
— pteroi'des (pteris-like). $. Brown. August.
Essequibo. 1825.
PA'RKIA. Nitta-tree. (Named after
Mungo Park, the African traveller. Nat.
ord., Leguminous Plants [Fabacese].
Linn., 16 - Monadelphia 6 - Decandria.
Allied to Mimosa.)
Stove evergreen trees, with crimson flowers,
from Sierra Leone. Cuttings of half -ripened
shoots in sand, in heat, under a bell-glass, in May ;
sandy peat and loam. Winter temp., 48° to 50°;
summer, 60° to 80°.
P. Africa'na (African). 30. March. 1822.
— uniglobo'sa (one-globed-Jlowered). 30. March.
1822.
PARKINSO'NIA. (Named after J. Par-
kinson, a botanical author. Nat. ord.j
Leguminous Plants [Fabacese]. Linn.,
IQ-Decandria I-Monogynia. Allied to
Gymnocladus.)
Stove evergreen shrub. Seeds, when obtainable ;
cuttings of half-ripened shoots, treated like Parkia.
P. aculea'ta (prickly). 12. Yellow. W. Ind. 1739.
PARNA'SSIA. Grass of Parnassus.
(Named after Mount Parnassus, where,
from the elegance of these plants, they
were fabulously said to have first sprang.
Nat. ord., Tutsans [Hypericacese]. Linn.,
5- Pentandria 3-Tetragyn ia. )
P. palu'stris is one of our prettiest British
marsh plants. Hardy, herbaceous, white-flowered
perennials. Seeds and divisions in spring ; shady,
marshy places.
P. asarifo'lia (asarum-leaved). *. July. N. Amer.
1812.
— Carolinia'na (Carolina). J. May. N. Am«r. 1802.
PAR
[ 608 ]
PAK
P. palu'stris (marsh). £. July. Britain.
— parviflo'ra (small-flowered). 4« June. N. Araer.
1920.
— speeio'sa (showy). £. July. N. Amer.
PARO'CHETUS. (From para, near, and
ochelos, a brook ; its habitat. Nat. prd.,
Leguminous Plants [Fabacese]. Linn.,
17-Diadelphia 4-Decandria. Allied to
Goodia.)
Half-hardy, evergreen, Neptulese creepers.
Division in spring; cuttings under a hand-light,
in summer ; loam and leaf-mould. The protection
of a cold pit in winter.
P. commu'nis (common). Purple. July. 1820.
— ma'jor (larger). Lilac. June. 1827.
PARROT-BEAK PLANT. Clia'nthus.
PARRO'TIA. (Named after M. Parrot.
Nat. ord., Witch-Hazels [Hamamelida-
ceae]. Linn., 4^-Tetrandria 2-Digynia.
Allied to Forthergilla.)
Greenhouse deciduous shrub. Cuttings of young
shoots getting firm, in sand, under a glass, in
spring; peat and loam. Should be tried in a
greenhouse of a medium temperature.
P. Pe'rsica (Persian). 10. Persia. 1848.
PA'RRYA. (Named after Captain Parry,
the arctic navigator. Nat. ord., Cruel-
fers [Brassicaceaej. Linn., 16-Tetrady-
namia. Allied to Arabis. )
Require a greenhouse in winter. Seeds ; com-
mon garden-soil.
P. a'rctica (arctic). £. Purple. Melville Island.
1820. Annual.
— intege'rrima (very-en tire-leaved). £. Rose,
purple. April. Siberia, 1829. Evergreen.
PARSLEY. (Petroseli'num sali'vum.)
There are two varieties, the Common
Plain-leaved and the Curly-leaved.
Sow annually, once in February, and
again in the end of June. Sow mode-
rately thick, in narrow drills barely a
quarter of an inch deep, twelve inches
apart if in a bed by itself, or in a single
one round the edge of a bed, the soil
being raked level, and the stones imme-
diately over the seed gathered off. The
plants make their appearance in from
two to six weeks. When two or three
inches high, they may be gathered from
as required. In early June, when they
make a show for seed, the stems should
be cut down close to the bottom, and
again in September, if they have ac-
quired a straggling, rank growth. This
will cause them to shoot afresh, and
acquire a strong growth before the ar-
rival of severe weather. On the ap-
proach of frost, if protection is afforded
to the plants by means of haulm or
reed panels, so supported as not to
touch them, it will preserve them in a
much better state for use in winter and
spring. But a still more effectual plan
is to take up some of the strongest
and best-curled plants in September, and
plant them in pots, two or three plants
in each, using a rich soil. If these be
placed in a pit or greenhouse, and abun-
dance of liquid-manure given, they will
be very superiorly productive throughout
the winter.
To obtain Seed. — Allow some of the
plants to run up in June; they should
not, however, be allowed to stand nearer
than eighteen inches to each other. The
seed ripens in early autumn, and, when
perfectly dry, may be beaten out and
stored. Soot is an excellent manure for
parsley, and preserves it from root-can-
ker, the only disease affecting it.
PARSNIP. (Pastina'ca sati'va.) The
two varieties, Hollow-crowned and Guern-
sey, are nearly alike.
Soil. — A rich, dry, sandy loam, and the
deeper the better. The most inimical to
it is gravel or clay. Trench the ground
two spades deep, a little manure being
turned in with the bottom spit. In the
Isle of Guernsey, which has long been
celebrated for the fineness of its parsnips,
sea-weed is the manure chiefly employed.
Of dung, that of pigeons is the best.
Decayed leaves are also very favourable
to its growth. The situation cannot be
too open.
Sow from the end of February to the
beginning of April, but the earlier the
better. It has been recommended, in
field cultivation, to sow them in Septem-
ber ; in the garden, when sown at this
season, they also obtain a finer size, but
many of them run to seed. In the Isle
of Guernsey they regulate their time of
sowing according to the soil : in the most
favourable soils they sow in January, or,
if the soil is wet or stiff, they do not insert
the seed until the latter end of March.
Sow in drills ten inches apart, and
half an inch deep; the compartment
being laid out in beds not more than
four feet wide, for the convenience of
weeding, &c. When the seedlings are two
or three inches high, thin to ten inches
apart, and remove the weeds both by
hand and small hoeing. The beds re-
quire to be frequently looked over, to
remove all seedlings that may spring up
afresh, as well as to be frequently hoed
until the plants so cover the ground as
to render it impracticable.
PAR
[609 ]
PAS
The roots may be taken up as wanted
in September, but they do not attain ma-
turity till October, which is intimated by
the decay of the leaves.
In November, part of the crop may be
taken up, and, the tops being cut close
off, layed in alternate layers with sand,
for use in frosty weather. The remainder
may be left in the ground, and taken up
as required, as they are never injured by
the most intense frost, but, on the con-
trary, are rendered sweeter. In February
or March, however, any remaining must
be taken up, otherwise they will vegetate.
Being preserved in sand, they continue
good until the end of April or May.
To obtain Seed. — Some of the finest
roots are best allowed to remain where
grown ; or else, being taken up in Fe-
bruary, planted in a situation open, but
sheltered from violent winds. If of ne-
cessity some of those are employed which
have been preserved in sand, such should
be selected as have not had their tops cut
off very close.
In dry weather water plentifully twice
a week. At the end of August the seed is
usually ripe; the umbels may then be cut,
and when thoroughly dried on cloths, the
seed beaten out and stored.
Seed should never be employed that is
more than a twelvemonth old.
PARTERRE is synonymous with our
English name Flower Garden.
PARTING the roots is a mode of propa-
gation available with some plants ; and
where a large increase of an individual
specimen by this mode is desired, its
flower-stems should be removed as fast
as they are produced. This makes the
plant stool, for whatever prevents the
formation of seed, promotes the de-
velopment of root.
PARTRIDGE PEA. Heiste'ria.
PASCA'LIA. (Named after Dr. Pascal,
professor at Parma. Nat.ord., Composites
[Asteracese]. IAnn.,I9-Syngenesia 2-Su-
perflua. Allied to Heliopsis.)
Half-hardy herbaceous. Division in spring;
cuttings under a hand-light, in summer ; should
have a dry, warm spot, or the protection of a
frame, in winter.
P. glau'ca (milky-green). l£. Yellow. July. Chili.
1799-
PASQUE-FLOWER. Ane'mone pulsati'lla.
PASSERI'NA. Sparrowwort. (From passer,
a sparrow ; referring to the beaked seeds.
Nat.ord.,Z>op/t/mrfs[Thj-melace8e].Linn.,
8-Octandria L-Monogynia. Allied to Dais.)
Greenhouse evergreens, white-flowered, and
from the Cape of Good Hope, except where other*
wise mentioned. Cuttings of the young shoots,
half-ripe, in sand, under a glass, in April or May ;
sandy peat, with a few nodules of fibry loam.
Winter temp., 40° to 48° ; summer, a rather shady
place after the wood is ripe. P.filifo'rmis might
be tried against a conservative wall.
P. cilia'ta (hair- fringed). 2. May. 1818.
— empetrifo'lia (empetrum-leaved). 2. Yellow.
July. Spain. 1834.
— ericoi'des (heath-like). 3. May. 1810.
—filifo'rmis (thread-shaped). 1. July. 1752.
— grandiflo'ra (large-flowered). 1. May. 1789..
— hirsu'ta (hairy). 1$. July. South Europe. 1759.
— la'xa (loose). |. June. 1804.
— linearifo'lia (narrow-leaved). 3. May. 1820-
— ri'gida (stiff). 2. May. 1817-
— spica'ta (spiked). 1. May. 1787.
— Stelle'ri (Steller's). June. Siberia. 1817.
— tenuiflo'ra (slender-flowered), f. July.
— Thunbe'rgii (Thunberg's). 3. May. 1817*
— uniflo'ra (one-flowered). $• May. 1759«
PASSIFLO'RA. Passion-Flower. (From
passio, suffering, and flos, a flower ; re-
ferring to the filaments, or rays, and other
parts, being likened to the circumstances
of Christ's crucifixion. Nat. ord., Pas-
sion worts [Passifloracese]. Linn., 16-
Monadelphia 2-Pentandria.}
Cuttings of young wood, in almost any stage
during summer, in sand, under a bell-glass or
hand-light ; peat and loam, Cceru'lea and its va-
rieties are the hardiest. It not only flowers freely,
but ripens fruit against a wall round London.
Incarna'ta is a pretty thing, of semi-herbaceous
habit, which has also, in a few cases, been tried
against a wall. The shoots of the cceru'lea group
might easily be wrapped together, and defended in
winter by a mat. The fruit of many is very plea-
sant and refreshing to most palates. The edu'lis
fruits very freely in a stove, but the flower has no
great beauty ; it fruited a number of years with
us in a cool conservatory, but it died at last. We
found it hardier than the newest one, Billo'ttii.
The quadrangula'ris, to be fruited, must be
grown in a good, light situation, in a warm stove,
and be artificially impregnated. SeeGa.A.KA.m 'LLA.
HALF-HARDY CLIMBERS.
P. cceru'lea (common-blue). 30. White, blue.
August. Brazil. 1699.
glaucophy'lla (milky-green-leaved). 20.
Blue. August. Brazil.
— incarna'ta (flesh-coloured). 30. Pink. June.
S. Amer. 1629.
STOVE CLIMBERS.
P. acti'nia (sea-anemone-like). 10. Whitish. No«
vember. Organ Mountains. 1842.
— ala'ta (winged-stalked}. 20. Green, blue, red..
June. W. Ind. 1772.
— a'lba (white). White. August. Brazil. 1830.
— ama'bilw (lovely). 10. Scarlet, white. May.
— Anderso'nii (Anderson's). Striped. August.
Saint Lucia. 1823.
— Wlo'ttii (Bellotti's). White, pink. July. 1848.
— Buonapu'rtea (Buonaparte's). Red, blue, white.
June.
— Caracasa'na (Caraccas). 15. Pink. June. Ca-
raccas. 1821.
— Cavanille'sii (Cavanilles'). Copper. August.
W. Ind. 1822.
— Chine'nsis (Chinese). 30. White, blue. August.
China. Greenhouse.
2s
PAS
C 610 ]
PAU
P. rilia'ta (hair-fringed). 6. Pink. August. Ja-
maica. 1783.
— cocci'nea (scarlet). 20. Scarlet. September.
Guiana. 1820,
— cvnea'ta (wedged). 10. July. Caraccas. 18lo.
— cu'prea (copper.coloured). 20. Orange. July.
Bahama Islands. 1724.
— diffo'rmis (deformed). Green, black. Sep-
tember. Santa Martha. 1844.
-edu'Ks (eatable). 30. White. July. W. Ind.
—filamento'sa (thready). 20. White, blue. Au-
gust. America. 1817-
— gra'cilis (slender). 6. White. August. 1823.
— heterophy'lla (various-leaved). 15. Yellowish.
St. Domingo. 1817.
— hispi'dula (bristly). Yellow, white. June.
Mexico. 1846.
— Jeermesi'na (crimson). 20. Crimson. July. 1831.
— laurifo'lia (laurel-leaved). 20. Red, violet.
August. W. Ind. 1690.
— ligula'ris (strap-shaped). 20. Green, purple.
September. Peru. 181Q.
— Loudo'ni( London's). 20. Purple. 1838.
— lu'tea (yellow). 4. Yellow. May. America. 1714.
— malifo'rmis (apple-formed). 20. Green, red.
September. W. Ind. 1731.
— Medu'soea (Medusa). Yellow, orange. Guatimala.
1850.
— Middletonia'na (Middleton's). 6. Rose, blue.
June. S. Amer. 1837.
— Moorea'na (Mr. Moore's). 20. Whitish. July.
Buenos Ayres. 1837.
— nigelliflo'ra (nigella-flowered). 10, White,
green. September. Buenos Ayres. 1835.
— oblonga'ta (oblon?). 10. Apetal. July. Ja-
maica. 1816.
— ony 'china (Lieutenant Sulivan's}. 10. Pur-
plish. November. Buenos Ayres. 1827,
— pa'llida (pale). 20. Yellow, green. Augi'st
St. Domingo.
— palma'ta (hand-shaped). 12.White. Brazil.1817,
— penduliflo'ra (drooping-flowered). 20. Green
May. Jamaica. 184Q.
—perfolia'ta (leaf-stem-pierced). Crimson. July
Jamaica. 1800.
— pJiaeni'cea (crimson). 20. Crimson. September
1831.
— pictura'ta (painted). 15. Red. September
Brazil. 1820.
— quadrangula'ris (square-stoZAred). 20. Green
blue. August. Jamaica. 1763.
— yacemo'sa(racemed). 20. Scarlet. June. Brazil
1815.
— rotundifo'lia (round-leaved). 8. White. June
Antilles. 1779-
— ru1 bra (red-fruited). 15. Red. June. W. Ind
1831.
— stlpula'ta (stipuled). White. August. Cayenne
1779.
— tilieefo'lia (lime- tree-leaved). 10. Green, red
blue. July. Peru. 1823.
— Twetonane'wsz'srrucuman). 10. White, green
July. Chili. 1836.
PASTINA'CA. Parsnip. (From pasti
num, a dibble ; referring to the shape o
the root. Nat. ord., Umbellifer? [Apia
cese]. Linn., 5-Pentandria 2-Digynia.)
See PARSNIP, the only cultivated species.
PATAGO'NULA. (From Patagonia, it
native country. Nat ord., Verbenas [Ver
benacese], Linn., 5-Pentandria i-Mono
gynia.)
Stove evergreen tree. Cuttings in sand, under
glass, in "May; sandy loam and fibry peat.
.Inter temp., 50° to 55° ; summer, 60° to 85°.
. America'na (American). 20. White. July. S.
Amer. 1732.
PATERSO'NIA. (Named after Col. W.
^uterson, a botanist. Nat. ord., Irids
Iridaceae]. Linn., 16-Monadelphia 1-
Triandria. Allied to Watsonia.)
Greenhouse herbaceous perennials, from New
outh Wales, and blue-flowered, except where
therwise mentioned. For culture, see I'ais.
. glabra'ta (smooth). lj, Purple. June. 1814.
— glau'ca (milky- green). 1. June. 1820.
— lana'ta (woolly.) 1. June. 1824.
— longifo'lia (long-leaved). 1. June. 1818.
— longisca'pa (long-stalked). l£. June.
— me'dia (intermediate). 1. Purple. June. 1816.
— occidentals (western). 1. June. 1824.
— pyr-nicR'a (dwarf). May.
— sapphiri'na (sapphire). 1. Blay. 1837.
— seri'cea (silky). l£- June. 1803.
PATRI'NIA. (Named after M.Patrin, a
Siberian traveller. Nat. ord., Valerian-
vorts [ Valerianacese] . Linn., 4-Tefrau-
dria \-Monogynia.}
Hardy biennials, except heterophy'lla, and all
vellow-flowered. Seed in March, in light soil.
. heterophy'lla (various-leaved). May China.
1837. Hardy herbaceous.
— interme'dia(intermediate).l .June.Siberia.1820.
— rupe'stris (rock). 1. May. Siberia. 1801.
— scabioscefo'lia (scabious-leaved). 1. June. Da-
huria. 1817-
Sibi'rica (Siberian). 1. June. Siberia. 1751.
PAULLI'NIA. (Named after S. Paullii, a
Danish botanist. Nat. ord., Soapworts
rSapindacese]. Linn., 8-Ocfandria 3-Tri-
gynia. Allied to Sapindus.)
Stove evergreen, white-flowered twiners. Cut-
tings of ripe shoots in sand, under a bell-glass,
and in bottom-heat ; loam and leaf-mould. Winter
temp., 60°; summer, 60° to 85°.
P. bipinna'ta (doubly-leafleted). 20. Brazil. 1816.
— Carthagine'nsis (Carthagena). 16. Carthagena.
1818.
— cauliflo'ra (stem-flowering). 18. Caraccas. 1822.
— Cupa'nia (Cupani's). 20. Trinidad. 1818.
— hi'spida (bristly). 20. Trinidad. 1825.
— pube'scens (downy). 16. S. Amer. 1820.
— Senegale'nsis (Senegal). 16. Guinea. 1822.
— tetrago'na (square-stemmed). 20.Cayenne. 1825.
— vesperti'llio (bat). 20. St. Christopher. 1823.
PATJLO'WNIA. (Named after the heredi-
tary princess of the Netherlands, daughter
to the Emperor of Kussia. Nat. ord., Fig-
worts [ScrophulariacesB], Linn., 14-Di-
dynamia 2-Jngiospermia.)
Cuttings of young shoots, when a little firm,
under a hand-light. It is a deciduous tree, with
beautiful foliage, and quick growing, somewhat
resembling a Catalpa, and said to be hardy, and
has not only stood the winter, but flowered in.
England, though with us it has been killed nearly
to the ground every season ; deep, good loam ;
might stand better if starved in summer.
P, imperia'lis (imperial), 30, Lilac, June. Japan,
1840,
PAY
[ 611 ]
PEA
PAVE'TTA. (The East Indian name
Nat. ord., Cinclionads . [Ciuchonaceas]
Linn., ^-Tetrandria I-Monogynia. Allied
to Ixora.)
Stove, white-flowered evergreens. Cuttings pi
half-ripened shoots in sand, under a bell-glass, in
spring ; sandy loam and fibry peat. Winter temp.
45° to 48° ; summer, 60° to 75°.
P. areno'sa (sandy-leaved). 3. June. China. 1/99
— Ca'ffra (Caffrarian). 3. August. Cape of Good
Hope. 1823.
— I'ndica (Indian). 3. September. E. Ind. 1791.
— tomento'sa (woolly). August. E. Ind. Ib24.
PA'VIA. ( Named after P. Paw, a Dutch
botanist. Nat. ord., Soapworts [Sapinda
ceae]. Linn., 1-Heptandria L-Monogynia.
Allied to jEsculus.)
Hardy deciduous trees and shrubs, very like the
Horse Chestnut. Seeds, layers, and grafting on the
Horse Chestnut. The weeping one and others look
interesting when grafted at a good height; deep,
sandy loam.
P. Calif o'rnica (Californian). 30. White. California.
1838.
— ca'rnea (flesh-coloured). 16. Red. 1820.
— di'scolor (two-coloured). 4. Red, yellow. June.
N. Amer. 1812.
—fla'va (yellow). 20. Yellow. May. N". Amer. 1764.
— I'ndica (Indian). North of India. 1844.
— macroca'rpa (large-fruited). 20. Red, yellow.
May. 1826.
— macrostu'chya (large-spiked). 6. White. June.
N. Amer. 1820.
— negle'cta (neglected). 20. Pale yellow. May.
1823.
— ru'bra (red-flowered'). 6. Scarlet. May. N.
Amer. 1711.
argu'ta (short-notched). 4. Red. Europe.
1820.
hu'milis (dwarf). 3. Red. May. N. Amer.
hu'milis pe'ndula (weeping-dwarf). Red.
sublticinia'ta (slightly-cut-ieaoerf)* 6. Red.
May. N. Amer. 1823.
PAVO'NIA. (Named after J. Pavon, a
Spanish botanist. Nat. ord., Mallowworts
[Malvaceae], Linn., IQ-Monadelphia $-Po-
lyandria. Allied to the Mallow.)
Stove evergreens. Cuttings in sand, under a
glass, in heat; sandy loam. Stove temperature.
The following are the only two worth culture : —
P. cocci'nea (scarlet). 2. Scarlet. St.Domingo.18l6.
— malacophy1 lla (soft-leaved). 3. Red. August.
Bahia. 1823.
PAXTO'NIA. (Named after Sir J. Paxton,
the celebrated gardener to the Duke of
Devonshire. Nat. ord., Orchids [Orchida-
cese]. Linn., %Q-Gynandria I-Monandria.
Allied to Spathoglottis.)
Stove orchid. Division in spring; turfy peat
and fibry ioam, with a little charcoal and silver
sund. See ORCHIDS.
!\ ro'sea (rosy). 4. Pink. July. Philippines. 1837.
PEA. (Pi'sum sali'vum.) There are
many varieties, but a great sameness
about those of the early kinds. One good
\ triety is all that is required in a small
garden; and for one combining all the
good qualities of a pea the Early Con-
queror, 3 feet high, is the best. The Early
Warwick, Prince Albert, Danecroft Rival,
Shilling's Grotto, &c., are also all good,
well-known peas, where variety is required.
The best varieties to succeed are tho
Blue Scimitar, 2f to 3 feet high ; Cham-
pion of England, a first-rate pea, 4 to 5
feet high ; Reliance Marrow, 6 to 7 feet
high ; British Queen, 6 to 7 feet high ;
Bishop's new Long-pod Dwarf; all of
which are first-rate peas to succeed each
other from May till November. There
are many other good varieties, such as
the Auvergne,^ to 5 feet high; Spanish
Dwarf, 1 to 2 feet high ; Banksian Blue,
2 to 3 feet high ; Rinywood Marrow, 4 to
5 feet high ; Blue Imperial, 3 feet high ;
Blue Surprise, 4 to 5 feet high; Wood-
ford Marrow, 3 feet high ; Knights Tall
Marrow, 7 to 8 feet high ; Knight's Dwarj
Green, 3 feet high ; Tall Green, 6 to 7
feet high ; Mammoth Tall Green Marrow,
6 to 7 feet high ; Dwarf Green Marrow,
3 feet high ; and Hair's Dwarf Green
Mammoth, 4 feet high.
One quart of an early variety of pea is
quite sufficient for sowing a row 100 feet
in length ; half a pint less sown in the
same distance of the blue varieties, and
one pint of the large and tall kinds,-are
sufficient where the soil is rich, well pul-
verized, and pretty free from slugs, &c.
Soil. — A soil moderately rich and open
is best, rather inclining to strong for the
lofty growers and main crops, but for the
early and late ones, light and dry. Dwarf
varieties will grow on poorer and lighter
soils than the others.
Early Peas. — The best mode of obtain-
ing these is according to the following
plan, suggested by Mr. Bishop, gardener
:o C. Baldwin, Esq., of Camberwell: —
In the last week of January, cut some
turf in strips of three inches in width,
;he length depending on the width of the
lotbed in which they are to be placed.
Lay the pieces of turf in the frame, grass
downwards, close together ; then make in
,he centre of each piece of turf, by press-
ng it with the edge of a board, a drill, in
which sow the peas, which soon come up ;
and then take the lights entirely off in the
day-time unless very cold, and shut them
lown at night. Keep them close till the
Beginning of March. When the peas are
;o be planted in the border, lift the box
entirely off, and the strips of turf, in
PEA
C 612 ]
PEA
which the peas will he well rooted, and
place them on a hand- harrow, and take
them to the border for planting, which
do in a drill cut so deep that they shall
be about an inch lower than they were in
the box. It may be necessary to protect
them from frost and cool winds at first,
and this may be done by patting some
short sticks along the rows, and laying
some long litter or cuttings of evergreens
over them. — Gard. C/iron.
Sowing. — In January they may be sown
in sheltered borders, and larger supplies
in an open compartment, and thence con-
tinued throughout February and until the
end of May once every two or three weeks.
For the first production in the follow-
ing year, a small sowing may be made at
the close of October, and repeated about
the middle of November and December,
though it often happens that these are
scarcely a week forwarder than those in-
serted in the following February.
Sow in drills, or by the dibble in rows,
at a distance proportionate to the height
to which the variety grows, as well as ac-
cording to the season; Dwarfs at two feet,
for the early and late crops, but three
feet for the main ones; Marrowfats at
three and a half or four and a half;
Knight's Marrowfats and other gigantic
varieties at six or eight. Peas not in-
tended to be supported require the least
room. At the early and late sowings the
seed should be buried an inch deep, but
for the main crops an inch and a half.
With respect to the distances, it may be
inserted in the row, of the Dwarfs, two in
an inch ; Blues and other middle-sized
varieties for the main crops, three in two
inches ; the tall and Knight's Marrowfat,
as well as others of similar stature, full
an inch apart. The best mode is to sow in
single rows, ranging north and south,
and the sticks alternately on each side
of the row. If the rows range east and
west, put the sticks on the south side.
When the summer sowings are made,
if dry weather is prevalent, the seed
should be soaked in water for two or
three hours previous, and the drills well
watered.
When the plants have advanced to a
height of two or three inches, they are
to be hoed, and earth drawn around their
stems. This should be done twice or
three times gradually as they ascend,
previous to the sticks being placed. It
should be performed in dry weather; for
the winter-standing crops it should be
especially attended to, as it protects them,
greatly from frost.
Sticking is not required until the plants
show their tendrils. If, during the time
of blossoming or swelling of the fruit,
continued drought should occur, water
may very beneficially be applied, it being
poured between the rows, if they are in
pairs, or otherwise in a shallow trench,
on one side of each. Watering the leaves
is rather injurious. Failures in the rows
of the earliest crops may be rectified by
transplanting. This is best performed
in March : the plants thus removed must
be watered until they have taken root,
and also shaded if the weather is hot. It
is a good practice to nip off the top of the
leading shoots of the early and late crops
as soon as they are in blossom, as it
greatly accelerates the setting and matu-
rity of the fruit. Too much care cannot
be taken, when the pods are gathered,
not to injure the stems. We know, from
lengthened experience, that if the pods
are cut off with scissors, the plants pro-
duce one-fourth more than when roughly
gathered from.
The more regularly the plants are ga-
thered from, the longer they continue in
production, as the later pods never attain
maturity if the earlier ones are allowed
to grow old before they are gathered. In
very severe weather, the winter-standing
crops require the shelter of litter or other
light covering, supported as much as
possible from the plants by means of
branches; ropes or twisted straw-bands
are good for this purpose, to be fixed
along each side of the rows with wooden
pins driven into the ground. Whichever
mode of shelter is adopted, it must be
always removed in mild weather, other-
wise the plants will be spindled and ren-
dered weaker.
To obtain Seed, leave some rows that
are in production during July, or sow
purposely in March. Care must be taken,
however, that no two varieties are in
blossom near each other at the same
time. The plants intended for seed ought
never to be gathered from. When in
blossom, all plants which do not appear
to belong to the variety among which
they are growing should be removed.
They are fit for harvesting as soon as the
pods become brownish and dry. When
perfectly free from moisture, they should
be beaten out, otherwise, if hot, showery
PEA
C 01* 3
PEA
weather occurs, they will open and shed
their seed.
Forcing commences in December, in
the early part of which month they may
be sown in a hotbed to remain, or thick
to transplant, during the succeeding
month, into others for production. These
may be repeated in January, and the
transplanting takes place in February. It
is also a common practice to sow in a
•warm border during October, and the
plants being cultivated as a natural
ground crop, are removed into a hotbed
during January.
The hotbed must be moderate, and
earthed equally over the depth of six or
eight inches with light, fresh mould not
particularly rich. The seed must be
buried one inch and a half deep. The
frame, which is required to be two feet
and a hal high behind, and one and a
half in front, ought to be put on three
or four days before the crop is sown, that
the steam and heat may abate. Seed may
likewise be sown at the above times in
pots or pans, and placed round the binns
of the stove. At the close of September,
also, some peas may be sown in pots, and
sunk in the earth of any open compart-
ment ; when the frost commences, to be
removed into the greenhouse. A border
of fresh earth being made in the front of
it early in December, the plants are re-
moved into it, in rows two feet asunder,
or, still better, in pairs, with ten inches
interval, and two feet and a half between
each pair. These will come into produc-
tion about the middle of March.
In every instance, as stated above, the
rows should be two feet, the seed or
plants being set an inch asunder. The
plants are ready for moving when an inch
or two high. They must be shaded and
gently watered until they have taken root.
Preserve as much earth about their roots
at the time of removal as possible.
Transplanted peas are most produc-
tive, and run the least to straw in the
forcing frames. Air must be admitted
as freely as circumstances permit, the
same precautions being necessary as for
Cucumbers. Water must be given at
first sparingly, otherwise decay or super-
luxuriance will be occasioned ; but when
they are in blossom, and during the suc-
ceeding stages of growth, it may be ap-
plied oftener and more abundantly, as it
is necessary for the setting and swelling
of the fruit.
The shading during hot days, and
covering at night, must also be particu-
larly attended to. From three to five
months elapse between the times of sow-
ing and production, according to the
fineness of the season, length of the
days, &c.
The temperature may be uniformly
kept up throughout their growth, having
50° for the minimum at night, and 70°
for their maximum by day.
PEACH. Pe'rsica vulga'ris.
Select Varieties in the order of their
ripening. — Those in italics are good forc-
ing peaches. Acton Scot,Pourpre Hative,
Grosse Mignonne, Eed Magdalen, Boyal
George, Noblesse, Bellegarde, or Galande,
Late Admirable, Walburton Admirable.
Propagation : Budding. — This is per-
formed during July. (See BUDDING.)
Some persons plant the stock against the
wall in its permanent situation, and bud
it there ; but peaches are principally
budded in the nursery. The bud is in-
troduced at about six inches from the
ground. It remains dormant until the
succeeding spring, when the head of the
stock is cut off close above the bud, and
the wound pared off particularly neat, in
order that the returning sap may heal
and skin it over. It is a good practice to
apply some white lead, or a similar mate-
rial, in order to exclude the air and
moisture. During this summer the young
bud will produce a shoot of some two
or three feet in length, and this is headed
back in the succeeding spring to about
five or six eyes, thus leaving about five or
six inches of the base of the shoot. The
bud generally produced laterals during
the first summer, especially towards
the upper end ; and the point where these
commence branching generally dictates
the point to which they are cut back. In
the summer following they will produce
four or five shoots, which must be care-
fully trained, and kept totally free from
insects, and in the succeeding autumn
the tree is fit for removal to a wall.
Plants with one shoot, or of the season
next after the budding, are termed by
our nurserymen maidens; but in the suc-
ceeding summer they are termed trained
trees. There is no better stock for general
peach-budding than the Plum, a kind
called the Muscle being very generally
used. Some persons advocate the use of
either Almond stocks or Peaches raised
from the stone; but it is scarcely safe to
PEA
[ 614 J
PEA
j-ecommomd the practice. The Ameri-
cans, to he sure, raise many of their
orchards from the stone ; but they have a
very different climate to deal with, and
we hear, moreover, many complaints of
the short-lived character of their trees.
The peach stones may either be sown on
heat to expedite them, or otherwise.
They should be cleansed and dried at
the ripening period, and may be sown
late in the autumn, care being taken to
preserve them from the mice. The seed-
lings must be carefully transplanted like
other shrubs; those raised on heat in
pots, and those in the open ground to
the nursery immediately after one sum-
mer's growth, unless sowed to remain.
Their pruning must be performed as
other stocks, and their subsequent cul-
ture similar.
$oi/.s, £c. — The selection of a proper
soil, and the securing a sound ;
subsoil, are of as much importance with
the peach as with the vine. Three-fourths
of the trees in this kingdom have been
ruined by borders too deep, too damp,
and too rich. Unless proper means be
taken to ripen the wood, all other labours
are vain. The first step in root culture is
to examine the subsoil; if this is not
sound and dry, it must at once be tho-
roughly drained. As to depth of soil, we
do not exceed two feet, and nobody has
had greater success for many years. How
much, however, that depth is above the
ground-level must depend on the charac-
ter of the locality : if a low and damp
district, we would have nearly half the
volume of the soil above the front walk ;
if a very dry and elevated spot, not more
than a third. The latitude of the place
should also have an influence ; and in
many parts of Scotland and the north of
Ireland we should raise nearly the whole
border above the ordinary level. No soil
is fitter than a good, sound, hazel loam ;
but, whatever be the colour, it is abso-
lutely essential that it be of a texture
slightly adhesive. We introduce no ma-
nure with such a soil, but generally mix
with it about one-third of ordinary dark,
light garden-soil, adding about one-sixth
of ordinary tree or shrub leaves with the
whole. We generally make an artificial
subsoil, planting on what we term " pre-
pared stations." _ The site being drained,
and the excavations formed, brick-bats,
or any imperishable rubbish, is strewed
over the bottom, and then covered with
cinders ; the latter have a couple of
barrows of half-decayed ^ leaves spread
over them. This comprises the whole
of our preparations. As for manures, we
top-dress systematically every year ia
31 ay : this forms an essential accompa-
niment of the shallow border system.
Culture during the Growing Period.——
Protection to the blossoms is the first
thing in early spring. (See PROTECTION.)
The next point is disbudding. Healthy
trees are sure to produce a host of little
shoots, which must not be retained. Dis-
budding is best performed by degrees,
and about three periods two or three
weeks apart suffice. At the first, which
should be when the young shoots are
from two to three inches in length, those
shoots only need be removed which pro-
ject nearly at right angles from the wail;
as, also, those which shoot between the
wall and the branch. Nothing can jus-
tify the reservation of any of these but
bare spaces of walling ; such should be
covered, even if by shoots of inferior
character. At the second disbudding a
sort of "singling out" may be practised.
At the third thinning a clever selection
should be made, and in doing so we
would direct especial attention to the
preservation of the lowest-placed young
shoots all over the tree, for on these
mainly depends the supply of succes-
sional wood. By the fan mode of train-
ing, which is at least equal to any other
mode, acute angles, of course, are formed
by every two branches when they meec.
The lowest shoot in this angle, then,mu>;i:
be carefully preserved, and if overtopping
the next shoot a-head, it may at once bo
pinched. Our practice is to turn next to
all the extreme points, and to set the
leading shoot free. It is of no use suf-
fering any side-shoots to compete wita
the leading ones ; therefore, all within
four or five inches may be stripped away,
or, if doubtful, pinched. And now a
regular thinning or disbudding must La
carried out between the bole and the ex-
tremities of the branches ; and the only
requisite is not to suffer, if possible, two
young shoots to proceed side by side
from any given point. Thus, training
from any young shoot at the base, we
would not reserve another nearer than
four or five inches up any given line, and
so on, all over the tree. One thing may
be observed ; if the operator is at any
time doubtful about a young shoot, let
PEA
[615]
PEA
him merely pinch the point instead
of totally removing it; at the finish-
ing disbudding he will perceive whether
it may be entirely stripped away. Dis-
budding should be completed a little
before Midsummer. During this period
the fruit must be thinned, if too thick,
and this may be done at three different
periods ; the first, when the fruit is as
large as a marble, when all malforma-
tions, and those crowded behind the
shoots, may be taken away. The re-
maining, if too thick, must be singled
out, leaving none in pairs or touching
each other. At this period, they may
average three inches apart all over the
tree. In about three weeks, another
slight thinning may be made, taking away
a few where crowded ; and now the re-
mainder may be reserved until the ston-
ing is nearly completed, which will be in
the course of July, when all not wanted
may be plucked away. It is difficult to
give any set rule as to distance, so much
depends on the powers of the trees ; from
six to eight inches apart, finally, may be
considered a fair crop. Water should be
liberally supplied during their swelling,
if the weather is dry. All gross shoots,
or robbers, should be pinched when
about six inches in length, throughout
all the growing season.
Culture during the Eest Period — Do not
brush off the foliage of peaches in the
autumn ; the practice is not only unsci-
entific, but really absurd. If the sum-
mer's management has been right, the
pruning will be but a small affair. It
consists of thinning out the shoots which
had escaped notice in summer, and short-
ening back as much of the point of each
shoot as appears immature : this is rea-
dily told by its colour and general cha-
racter. These things done, the trees
must be neatly trained, and such should
be completed by the beginning of Febru-
ary, about which time we cover ours to
retard the blossom-bud. Before cover-
ing them we apply a sulphur-paint, as a
preventive of the red spider. This is
simply sulphur beat up in soap-water,
four ounces of soft soap to a gallon, add-
ing nearly as much sulphur as it will
carry, and plenty of clay to give it a body.
This is applied in all directions, between
the shoots, with a painter's brush. In
order to soften the colour, it is well to
add plenty of soot to the mixture.
Diseases.— -The Gum is the principal ;
and as & gumming habit is readily in-
duced by wounds, especially if the tree
be growing in a deep and rich soil, great
care must be exercised at all times not to
wound them. Eich soils, also, must be
avoided, and manurial matters applied,
for the most part, on the surface. The
Idildew is a great annoyance to some
cultivators. Sulphur is the best remedy,
and an avoidance of extremes of wet and
dry at the root the best preventive. Blis-
tered leaves are said to be caused by cold
at the germinating period ; but this we
much doubt. It probably arises from
imperfect ripening of the wood in the
preceding season, caused by ungenial
soil and ill-training ; indeed, it would
not be difficult to trace three-fourths of
the evils to which the peach is liable to
ill-conditioned wood.
Insects.— See APHIS and ACARUS.
Forcing: Form of House. — The best
form for a peach-house is that thus de-
scribed by the late T. E. Knight, Esq. :—
As the lights, to be moved to the re-
quired extent with facility, must neces-
sarily be short, the back wall of the house
must scarcely extend nine feet in height,
and this height raises the rafters suffi-
ciently high to permit the tallest person
to walk with perfect convenience under
them. The lights are divided in the
middle at the point A, and the lower are
made to slide down to the D, and the
upper to the point A. The flue, or hot-
water pipe, enters on the east or west
end as most convenient, and passes
within six inches of the east and west
wall, but not within less than two feet of
the low front wall, and it returns in a
parallel line through the middle of the
house, in the direction either east or
west, and goes out at the point at which
it entered. The house takes two rows of
peach or nectarine trees, one of which is
trained on trellises, with intervals be-
tween for the gardener to pass, parallel
with the dotted line c. These trees must
be planted between the flue and the
PEA
[ 616]
PEA
front wall, and the other row near the
back wall, against which they are to be
trained.
If early varieties be planted in the
front, and the earliest where the flue first
enters, these being trained immediately
over the flue, and at a small distance
above it, will ripen first; and if the lower
lights be drawn down in fine weather to
the point B, every part of the fruit on the
trees, which are trained nearly horizon-
tally along the dotted line c, will receive
the full influence of the sun. The upper
lights must be moved as usual by cords
and pulleys, and if these be let down to
the point A, after the fruit in the front
tree is gathered, every part of the trees
on the back wall will be fully exposed to
the sun, at any period of the spring and
summer after the middle of April, with-
out the intervention of the glass. A
single fireplace will be sufficient for a
house fifty feet long, and the foregoing
plan, and dimensions will be found to
combine more advantages than can ever
be obtained in a higher or wider house.
Both the walls and the flue must stand
on arches, to permit the roots of the trees
to extend themselves in every direction
beyond the limits of the walls, for what-
ever be the more remote causes of mil-
dew, the immediate cause generally ap-
pears to be want of moisture beneath the
soil, combined with excess of moisture or
dampness above it. A bar of wood must
extend from B to D, opposite the middle
of each lower light, to support it when
drawn down. — Knight's Select Papers.
The soil, culture, and pruning are the
same as required for those trees grown
on walls.
Forcing in Pots is a very excellent
mode, and enables the peach to be thus
grown in establishments where there is
no regular peach-house. Pot a three-
years'-old tree in a twelve-inch pot, cut-
ting it back to four buds, and shift every
year until it has attained an eighteen-
inch pot, a size which need never be ex-
ceeded. Let the soil be turfy, and mixed
with decaying wood from the bottom of
an old wood stock.
Commencing Forcing and Temperature.
— The best and most successful direc-
tions on these points are the following,
given byMr.W.Hutchinson, gardener at
Eatington Park. He says : " Bring the
trees into the house in mild weather
during November, a little earlier or later
according to the state of the weather ; do
not start them all, however, at once ; the
last lot need not be put in until the 1st
of January. Any later than this would
not answer, as the weather, if clear, is
then hot through the day ; commence
forcing them at 55° at night, allowing the
thermometer to fall to 50° in the morn-
ing, if ^old ,• but if tbe weather is mild,
never iu fall below 55°, and from tbat to
60°, is the usual temperature kept up
throughout the period of forcing during
the night. During the day I make up for
low night temperature, when I have the
chance, by sun heat. Do not be fas-
tidious about a few degrees: to get it
high enough is the main point, say from
70° to 85° and 90°, until the fruit is
stoned ; then keep them very hot during
the day, viz., from 95° to 105°, and some-
times even as high as 110°. Of course a
great deal of moisture is required with
this high temperature. Syringe over-head
twice a day, and sometimes oftener when
the air is dry, and you will scarcely ever
be troubled with either green fly or red
spider. Watering at the root must be
carefully attended to ; very little is wanted
until the trees get covered with leaves,
but after the fruit is stoned they should
be watered plentifully. Of course the
watering must be gradually withdrawn as
the fruit approaches maturity, in order to
increase their flavour." — Gard. Chron.
When the blossoms are well opened,
impregnation should be aided by applying
the pollen with a camel's-hair pencil.
One essential for securing vigorous
production in the peach-house is to have
the roots of the trees well nourished.
If these are not duly supplied with mois-
ture and food during the time the fruit is
setting and swelling, a failure of the crop
is inevitable. To secure such a supply,
it is a most effectual treatment to give
the border a top-dressing, at the close of
February, of charred turf. Liquid-ma-
nure and water, of course, must be given
also, as the dryness of the soil and ap-
pearance of the trees indicate is necessary.
Standards. — In Essex we have grown
the peach successfully, both as a standard
and as an espalier, in a garden sloping
to the south, and well protected from the
east and strong westerly winds.
PEAK. Py'rus commu'nis.
Superior Dessert kinds, arranged in the
order of ripening. — 1, Citron des Carmes;
2, Jargonelle; 3, Delice d'Hardenpont ;
PEA
[617]
PEA
4, Dunmore; 5, Marie Louise; 6, Louis
Bonne of Jersey; 7, Fondn,ute d'Au-
tomne; 8, Beurre d'Amalis; 9, Beurre
Diel ; 10, Althorpe Crassanne; 11, Winter
Nelis; 12, Passe Colmar-, 13, Hacon's
Incomparable; 14, Thompson's; 15,
Knight's Monarch ; 1 6, Glout Morceau ;
1 7, Beurre d'Aremberg ; 1 8, Easter Beurre ;
19, Soldat Laboureur ; 20, Josephine de
Malines; 21, Ne plus Meuris; 22, Beurre
Kance.
Kitchen Pears in the order of their
ripening. — 1, Bezi d'Heri ; 2, Summer
Compote ; 3, Catillac; 4, Bellissime d'Hi-
rer; 5, Uvedale's St. Germain.
Useful and profitable Orchard Pears. —
l,Beurre de Capiaumont; 2, Beurre Diel ;
3, Louis Bonne of Jersey, Williams's Bon
Chretien; 4, Jargonelle; 5, Swan's-egg;
6, Moorfowl's-egg. Those living north
and south of the centre of England must
inake allowance accordingly.
Of Dessert Pears, Nos. 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 8, 9,
10, 13, 15, 16, 18, will succeed well, if ne-
cessary, as espaliers, pyramids, &c. ; that
is to say, they will do "very well without a
wall. Of course, the orchard pears may
be added to this section, if necessary.
Nos. 5, 11, 12, 16, 17, 19, 20, 21, 22,
should have a wall, if possible. Nos. 11,
12, 17, 21, deserve a south aspect.
Propagation. — Grafting is the usual
mode ; and for this purpose two distinct
kinds of stocks are used — the one called
the free stock, or wild seedlings, the
other the quince. The first is the most
proper for the orchard pear, as this pro-
duces much larger trees; the latter is
best adapted, in general, for espaliers,
walls, and pyramidal trees in gardens.
Budding is done precisely as for other
fruits, and for the same purposes as graft-
ing. By this course, however, one year,
or nearly so, may be considered as lost,
in point of time.
Seed is resorted to, either to produce
stocks, or to raise new kinds. The seeds
should be washed from the pulp when
the fruit is fully ripe, dried and pre-
served as other seeds, and sown in the
February following. Care must be taken
to preserve the seed from mice whilst
germinating. Those who wish to expe-
dite the process, for the sake of gaining
time, with fancy seedlings, may sow and
rear the young plants in a moderate bot-
tom-warmth, sowing in January or Fe-
bruary, potting off the plants when up,
and hardening them off by the beginning
of June, when they may be planted out
in a warm spot. The best way to prove
such seedlings is to graft them on a good
bearing old tree, on a quince stock, if
possible ; they will thus fruit in half the
time. Our nurserymen, who rear im-
mense quantities for stocks, bury the
pears in a pit in autumn, and take them
up in the February following to sow, mix-
ing abundance of sand with the mass, to
separate the seeds from the pulp; the
whole is then sown together.
Soil. — The pear delights in a sound
loam, rather inclining to clayey than
sandy. It will, however, grow freely in
sandy loams ; but the fruit is very apt to
crack, or become otherwise disfigured,
through their impatience of drought.
Any ordinary soil of a souud texture will
do for their culture ; and if what is termed
" in good heart," no manures are neces-
sary. For standard trees in orchards, the
soil should be at least two feet deep ; but
for espaliers, walls, pyramids, &c., half a
yard may suffice, if sound. A dry subsoil
is particularly necessary, especially for
garden pears.
Culture during the Growing Period. —
The chief point is to keep down watery
spray, which is generally produced in
abundance. Caution must be exercised
in not doing this too early, or the em-
bryo blossom-buds may be driven into-
growth. Our practice is to commence
by disbudding; this is generally in the
beginning of May. All gross foreright
shoots are stripped away, and several of
the more luxuriant shoots, where too
thick. In a few weeks the shoots begin
to lengthen considerably, and their cha-
racter, as to fruitfulness, is in some
degree determinable. Very few of our
pears bear on wood of the previous year,
but a great many shoots plainly show
betimes that their tendencies are towards
fructification ; such should, by all means,
be encouraged. About Midsummer, a
selection may be made ; most of those
which look browner than the rest, and
are shorter jointed, must be reserved ;
and much of the paler, longer- jointed,
and more succulent-looking spray may
be cut or pinched back, leaving about
four inches at the base. Those reserved
we tie down to the older branches, some-
times in a reverse position — indeed, just
as they happen to lay. In about a
month or so from this operation we pinch
the points from all growing shoots, or
PEA
[ 618 ]
PEL
Sce'p-
tmm Caroli'num is a giant among them, and one
of the most beautiful.
HARDY HERBACEOUS.
Red. July. Switz-
Dark red, July.
. Yellow. July.
nearly so. This is generally done about j PEDICULA'RIS. Lousewort. (From
the middle of August, and has a tendency > pedicutus, a louse ; supposed effect on
to cause the wood to become highly so- ! sheep eating it. Nat. ord., Fiyworts
lidified, and thus induces fruitMness. ; [Scrophulariaceas]. Linn., 14,-Didynamia
After this period, the only care is to [ '2-Angiospermia. Allied to Melamphis.)
pinch the points Of all succulent spray j Seeds and cuttings. Loam and peat ; the^great
which may arise. • j ~
Culture during the Rest Period. — When j
the summer culture of the pear is pro-
perly attended to, but little is left for the i P. adsce'ndens (ascending).
winter primer. Nevertheless, there is J
still something to do. Some shoots will :
have escaped the summer dresser, and
many "snags" must be cut entirely o
Most of those which had been pinched j
back to three inches at Midsummer, or
after, must be pruned closely off.
stump or spur must be left, unless a
blank space occur; as these, by Avhat
used to be termed spurring back, only
produced their like again. These snags
removed, the young shoots tied or nailed
down must be examined, and all consi-
dered superfluous cut away. Those re-
served must be tied down on the old
stems, or nailed between them, and little
more is necessary until the growing
period returns.
Storing.— The conditions requisite for
keeping pears are a rather cool room, and
one that is dry. It is well known, how-
ever, that several of our superior pears
require a certain amount of warmth when
near the period of use, to give them their
proper flavour. We, therefore, in advis-
ing a somewhat cool room, refer to one
of the most important objects connected
with the dessert-table— the providing a
long and continuous succession. Still it
has been generally found, that in propor-
tion as any given kind has been kept past
its natural period, it has, in like propor-
tion, lost flavour, as, also, that buttery
texture for which a. ripe pear is so much
esteemed. What is the best temperature
Is not quite certain ; it probably differs
somewhat in different kinds. We should
say 55° to 60°; not more than the latter;
probably, a condition of air similar to a
fine, mild, October day.
Diseases.— (See CANKER.) They are
also liable to decay at the points of the
erland. 1819-
— a'tro-ru'bens (dark red). 1,
Switzerland 1819.
— Cunade'nsis (Canadian). £
N. Amer. 1780.
— como'sa (tufted). 1. Yellow. July. Italy. 1775.
— compu'cta (close~7ieaded). 1. Yellow. July.
Siberia. 1815.
— e'legans (elegant). Purple. June. Siberia. 1827«
— incurna'ta (flesh-coloured), f. Pink. June.
Austria. • 1/Q6.
— Oe'deri (Odder). Yellow. July. NorthEurope.
1827.
— pa'llida (pale). Yellow. July. N.Amer. 1826.
— palu'stris (marsh). 2. Purple. June. Britain.
— 7?roAosci'd<?a(nosed).Purple.June.Siberia.l827.
— ro'sea (.rosy). Rose. July. SouthEurope. 1825.
— ru'bens (ruddy). Bed. May. Dahuria. 1827.
Annual.
— specio'sa (showy). Purple. June. Siberia. 1827.
— stria1 ta (channelled). Yellow, crimson. June.
Dahuria. 1826.
— sylva'tica (wood). 1. Pink. August. Britain.
HALF-HARDY HERBACEOUS.
P. euphrasioi'des (eyebright-like). l£. Purple.
Siberia. 181 6.
— fla'mmea (flame), l. Yellow, scarlet. July.
Switzerland. 1775.
— foUij'sa (leafy). 1. Cream. July. Austria. 1785.
— gyrofle'xa (circular). £. Purple. July. Switz-
erland. 1819.
— mo'llis (soft-leaved). 1. Purple. June. Ne-
paul. 1850.
— myriophy'lla (myriad-leaved). 1. Yellow.
June. Dahuria. 1816.
— recu'tita (circumcised), f . Purple. June.
1 . Purple. July.
Austria. 1787-
— resvpina'ta (lying-back).
Siberia. 181 6.
— rostra'ta (beaked). 4. Purple. June. Switzer-
land. 1819.
— sce'ptrum Caroli'num (Charles's-sceptre). 5.
Yellow. July. Sweden. 1793.
— tubero'sa (tuberous) . 1 . Yellow. June.
Switzerland. 1799.
— uncina'ta (hook-^?otfercd). 1. Yellow. July.
Siberia. 1815.
— versi'color (party-coloured). 1. Yellow. May.
Switzerland. 1819.
— verticilla'ta (whorled). 1. Rose, July. Austria.
1790.
PELARGO'NIUSI. Stork's-bill. (From
, a stork ; referring to the beak-
le formation of the ripe seed-pod. Nat.
ord., Cranesbills [Geraniaceafj. Linn,,
IQ.Monadelphia ^-Heplandria.}
Insecu.-See ACITOB, Aranozus, and ^85££2£d? G°°d H<*"' <"<"
generally arises from the roots entering
improper subsoils.
bELANDRTA.
ITH.
PEAT PLANTS.
, GEEENHOUSE BIENNIALS AKD ANNUALS.
See BOG EARTH. j p> anemonifofKum (anemone-leaved), 14. Pink.
See AMERICAN PLAXTS. i July.
PEL
PEL
P. Canarie'nse (Canary). l£. White, red. Au-
gust. Canaries. 1802.
— caucalifo'Uum (caucalis-lcaved). f . Pink,
July. 1812.
— coriandrifo'lium (coriander-leaved). 1. White,
red. June. 1724.
— huniifu'sum (trailing). £. Red. June. 1801.
Annual.
— senecioi'des (groundsel-like). J. White. June.
1775. Annual.
GREENHOUSE HERBACEOUS.
P. alchemilloi'des (alcbemilla-like). £. Pink.
June. 1653.
— althceoi'des (marsh-mallow-like). £. White.
May. 1724.
— Andre'wsii (Andrews's). Blush. June. 1802.
— bla'ndum (soft}. Blush. 1801.
• — cJuuiKBdrifo' Hum (chamsedrys-leaved). A.
White. Rfay. 1812.
— Columbi'num (dove's-foot}. £. Purple. Au-
gust. 1795.
— heracleifo'lhim (cow-parsnip-leaved), 4- Grey.
July. 1800.
— la'cerum (torn-leaved). l£. Pink. July. 1731.
— lu'ridum (lurid). Straw. August. 1811.
— multicau'le (many-stalked), f. Pale violet.
July. 1802.
— aznothe'rcB (cenothera-like). 1. Rose. April. 1812.
— ova'le (oval). l£. Purple.. June. 1774.
— parviflo'rum (small-flowered). Purple, red.
June. 1800.
— petroseli'num (parsley-like). Blush. July. 1802.
— pulverule'ntum (powdery). 1. Grey, blood.
July. 1822.
— recurvn'tum (curled-back). White. July. 1790.
— sangui'neum (bloody). 1. Scarlet. July.
— tabula/re (tabular) ,£.Pale yellow. June. 1775.
GREENHOUSE TUBEROUS-ROOTED.
P. affi'ne (kindred). £. Purple. June. 1800.
— apiifo'lium (parsley-leaved). <}. White, red.
June. 1800.
— arista'fum (awned). £. White, red. June. 1800.
— asarifo'lium (asarum-leaved). £. Dark purple.
December. 1821.
— a'trum (dark brown}, £. Dark brown .June. 1/93.
— auricula1 turn (e&r-leaved). £. Pale red. May.
— barba'tum (bearded). £. Flesh. July. 1790.
— bubonifo'lium (bubon-leaved). £. White,
purple. May. 1800.
— cct'rneum (flesh-coloured). £. Pink. May. 1812.
— cilia' turn (hair-fringed). £. Flesh. May. 1795.
— conge'stum (crowded). £. Lilac. June. 1821.
— conspi'cuum (conspicuous). 1. Crimson. July.
Africa. 1810.
— coronillaefo'lium (coronilla-leaved). ?}. Brown ,
June. 1795.
— corydaliflo'rum (coryclalis-flowered). £. Pale
yellow. May. 1821.
— crassicnu'le (thick-stalked). |. White. July.
Africa. 1786.
— depre'ssum (depressed). 5. Cream. May. 1812.
— dioi'cum (dioecious). £. Dark brown. June. 1795.
— dipe'talum (two-petaled). J. Pale purple.
May. 1795.
— echina'tum (prickly-stalked). 1. White, red.
June. 1/89.
- filipendulifo'lium (dropwort- leaved). £. Green,
brown. July. 1812.
—fissifo'lium (cloven-leaved). £. White, red.
June. 1/95.
— fia'vum (yellow. Carrot-leaved}. £. Yellow,
brown. August. 1/24.
— floribu'ndum (bundle-flowered). A. White.
April. 1800.
P.folio'sumde&fy). £. Yellow, red. May. 1800.
— heterophy'llum (various-leaved). ^. White,
red. May. 1800.
— hirsu'tum (shaggy). £. Pink. March. 1788.
— incrassajtum (thickened). *. Pale rose/ May.
1801.
— lacinia'tum (jagged-leaved*). $. Pink. May. 1800.
— Leea'num (Lee's). £. White. May. 1823.
— linea're (n&rrow-petaled). $. Yellow. Jnne.1800.
— lobu'tum (lobed. Cow - parsnip - leaved) . 1.
Yellow, brown. July. 1710.
— longiflo'rum (long-flowered). &. Yellor,-. May.
1812.
— lo-gifo'lium (long-leaved). £. Pink. May. 1312.
— lu'teum (yellow), zj. Yellow. May. 1802.
— melana'nthum (black-flowered). J. Dark brown.
May. 1790.
— millefolia'tum (milfoil - leaved). J. Yellow,
brown. July.
— multiradia'tum (many-rayed). 1. Dark brown.
May. 1820.
— nervifo'lium (nerved-leaved). £. Variegated.
June. 1812.
— ni'veum (snowy). |. White. June. 1823.
— nummularifo'lium (money wort -leaved). ^.
Yellow. June. 1801.
— nu'tans (nodding), zj. Yellow. May. «17S8.
— orobifo'lium (oro bus-leaved). £. Blood. June.
1824.
— ovalifo'lium (oval-leaved). J. White. May. 1820.
— oxalidifo'lium (\vood~sonel-leaved). $. Yellow.
June. 1801.
— pa'ttens (pale-cowered). 5. Pale yellow. May.
1800.
— pelta'tum (shield-/e«re^). 2. Purple. July. 1/01 .
variega'tum (variegated). 2. Purple. July.
1701.
— pennifo'rme (wing-formed). £. Yellow. May.
1800.
— pi'ctum (painted). £. White, red. April. 1SOO.
— pilo'sum (long-haired). £. Pink. June. 1801.
— pulche'llum (neat). J. White. April. 1795.
— puncta'tum (doited-flowered), A. Cream. May.
1794.
— purpura'scens (purplish). £. Purple. May. 1800.
— radica'tum (large-rooted). £. Yellow. June.1802.
— ra'rf«/a(raspberry-ie«werf). 3. Yellow. June. 1774.
— rapa'ceum (rape. Fumitory -flowered). £•
Purple. May. 1788.
— refle'xum (bent-back-/ea»e^). *. White. June.
1800.
— reticula'tum (netted), f. Pink. May. 1820.
— retu'sum (bitten). £. Dark crimson. June. 1824.
— revolu'tum (rolled-back). £. Purple. July. 1800.
— ro'seum (rosy). ^. Rose. April. 1792.
— rumicifo'lium (dock-leaved), i. Yellow. June.
1823.
— schizope'talum (cut-petaled). 1. Yellow, brown.
June. 1821.
— seto'sum (bristly). £. Rose. May. 1821.
— spathula'tum (spatula-^eowerf). %. Yellow. May.
1805. .
affi'ne (kindred). £. Yellow. April. 1794.
— • tene'llum (slender). «}. Yellow. June. 1802.
— triphy'llum (three-leaved). 4. Flesh. May. 1812.
— tri'ste (sad. Night-smelling). 1, Green, yellow.
July. 1632.
— undula'tum (wavy-leaved}. £. White. June.
1795.
— undulaflo'rum (wavy-flowered). A. Black. June.
1821.
— viciafn'lium (vetch-leaved), *. Pale rose. May.
1779-
— violteflo'rum (violet-flowered). £. White. May.
1810.
— virgi'neum (virgin), zj. White, red. June. 1/95.
PEL
[6203
PEL
GREENHOUSE EVERGREEN SHRUBS.
P. abrotanifo'lium (southernwood-leaved). S.Red.
May. 1791.
— acerifo'livm (maple-leaved). 3. Pale purple.
April. 1784,
— aceto'sum (eorrel-leaved). 3. Pink. July. 1710.
— acugna'ticum (acunna). 3. Ked. June. 1818.
— adult eri'num (counterfeit). 3. Purple. May.
1785.
— alnifo'lium (alder-leaved). 2. Pink-veined. May.
— alte'rnans (alternate. Parsley-leaved). 1. White,
purple. June. 1791.
— ampli'ssimum (largest). 2. Purple. May.
— a'nceps (two-edged). 4. Pink. June. 1788.
Trailer.
— angulo'sum (angled). 3. Purple. August. 1724.
— a'rdens (burning). Red. June. 1807.
— arma'tum (armed). Purple. May. 1789-
— artemisieefo'lium (wormwood-leaved). White.
June. 1817.
— a'sperum (rough). 3. Pink. August. 1/95.
— ustragalifo'lium (astragalus-leaved). £. White,
purple. July. 1788.
— auslra'le (southern). £. Rose. June. N. Hol-
land. 1792.
— balsa'meum (balsamic). 3. Pink. August. 1790.
— Barringto'nii (Harrington's). 3. Purple. May.
— Beavfortia'mim (Beaufort's). 3. Lilac. June.
— BeUa'rdii (Bellard's). White. June.
— Bentinckia'num (Bentinck's). 2. Scarlet. May.
— betuli'num (birch-leaved'). 3. White, red. July.
1759.
— bi'color (two-coloured). l£. Purple, white. July.
1778.
— llatta'rium (moth muleyne). 1$. Violet. July.
1720.
— bulla'tum (blistered). 1. Pink. June.
— cune'scens (hoary). White. July.
— ca'num (hoary). !£. Pale purple. August. 1820.
— capita' turn (rotmd-headed. Rose-scented). 3.
Purple. June. 1690.
— curduifo'lium (thistle-leaved). 3. Pale purple.
July. 1816.
— carina'tum (keeled). £. White, purple. July.
1820.
— carno'sum (flesh y-stalked). 1. Purple, white.
May. 1/24.
— cfoatophy'llum (horn-leaved). 1. White. June.
Africa. 1786.
— citriodo'rum (citron-scented). 3. White. July.
1800.
— cochlea'titm (twisted-shell-teaveeO- 3. Purple.
May.
— conduplicu'tum (double. Heart-leaved). 3.
Purple, white. May. 17/4.
— consangui'neum (kindred). 2. Pink. June.
— curda'tum (he&rt-leaved), S. Purple, white.
May. 1774.
— coronopifo'lium (buckhorn-leaved). l£. Pale
red. August. 1791.
— cortuscefo'lium (cortusa- leaved). 2. Pink. July.
Atrica. 1786.
— cotyle'donis (n&\el\vort-leaved). £. White.
June. St. Helena. 1/65.
— crena'tum (scolloped- /eaved). 2. July. 1800-
— cri'spum (curl-leaved). 3. Purple. September.
1774.
— a-ithmifo'lium (samphire-leaved). 1. White,
purple. May. 1/90.
— cuculla'tum (hoodeA-leaved). 3. Purple. May,
1690.
grandiflo'ntm (large-flowered). 4. Pur-
pie. May. 1818.
— • ma'jor (greater. RoyalGeorge). 4. Purple.
May. 1812.
P. cuculla'tum striatiflo'rum (streaked • flower-
ed). 4. Purple. May. 1810.
— cuspidu'tum (sharp-pointed). 3. White, red.
July.
— cynosbatifo'lium (eglantine-leaved). 1$. Dark
red. June.
— dasycau'lon (thick-stemmed). 1. White, purple.
September. 1/95.
— deco'rum (comely). Lilac. July. 1825.
— delphinifo'lium(la,rkspur-lea.ved).3. Pink. June.
— denticula'tum (tooth-leaned). 3. Pink. June.
1789.
— di'scipes (disk-stalked). 3. Africa. 1808.
— diversifo'lium (different-leaved). 3. White, red.
July. 1794.
— ela'tum (tall). 2. White, purple. August. 1795.
— ele'ctum (select). White. July.
— e'legans (elegant). 3. White, red. April. 1/95.
ma'jus (larger-flowered). 3. White, red.
June. 1/95.
mi'nus (&m&\\&r-fiowered). 3. White, red.
June. 1795.
— erioste'mon (woolly-stemmed). l£. White.
April. 1794.
— ^s«/pM/a'iwm(unstipuled). S.Violet. July. 1779.
~formosi'ssimum (handsomest). 2. White, red.
July. 1759.
— Fothergi'llii (Fothergill's). 2. Scarlet. August.
purpu'reum (purple). 3. Purple. August.
1810.
— fra' grans (fragrant. Nutmeg). 2. Variegated.
July.
— fu'lgidum (shining. Celandine-leaved). 1$.
Scarlet. May. 1723.
— fusca'tum (clouded). 3. Purple, red. May. 1812.
— gibbo'sum (swollen). l£. Green, yellow. June.
1712.
— glau'cum (milky-green-/eat>«2). 3. White, red.
July. 1/75.
— glomera'tum (heaped). £. White. July.
— glutino'sum (sticky). 3. Pale rose. May. 1777.
— grandiflo'rum (large-flowered). 3. White, red.
May. 1/94.
— gra'tum (grateful. Citron-scented). 2. Pink.
June.
— gra»e'otens(strong-srnelling. Rose-scented). 3.
Purple. May. 1774.
variega'tum (variegated-/caved). S.Purple.
May.
— grossularioi'des (gooseberry-like). 2. Pink.
June. 1/31.
— /jej3a«c(/b'^wjn(hepatica-leaved). Rose. July.
1/91.
— Herffjann?/o'/mm(Hermannia- leaved). 3. Pink.
May.
— hetero'gamum (dissimilar). 2. Pink. July. 1786.
— hi'rtum (hairy). Rose. July. 1768.
— hi'spidum (bristly). 3. Purple. June. 1790-
— holoseri'ceum (velvety). l£. Dark purple. April.
1820.
— liy'bridum (hybrid). 2. Lilac. July. 1732.
— imbrica'tum (imbricated). 3. Lilac, purple.
June. 1800.
— ina'sum (cut-leaved). 3. White, red. June. 179K
— inodo'rum (scentless). £. Pale purple. July.
N. Holland. 1/96. Trailer.
— i'nquinans (dyed-flowered). 2. Scarlet. July.
1714.
— teviga'tum (smooth. Three-leafleted). 3-White,
red. June.
— lanceola'tum (spear-head-te«0ed). White, pur-
pie. July. 1775.
— late'ripes (side-stalked. Ivy-leaved). 2. Pale
purple. July. 1787.
— . — a'lbo margina'tum (white-margined) 2.
Pale red. August. 1787.
PEL
[ 621 ]
PEL
P. late'ripes ro'seum (rose-coloured). 2. Red.
August. J787.
zcmu'tum (zoned), 2. Pale purple. August
1787.
— later \' Hum (brick-coloured). l£. Red.July.1800.
— la'xum (\oose-panicled). 1. White. May. 1821.
— leptope'talum (slender-petaled). 2. Red. June.
1800.
— litora'le (shore). Swan River. 1837.
— longicau'le (long-stemmed). 1. Pale rose. June.
Trailer.
— macula' turn (spotted). Blush. July. 1/96.
— mulveefo' Hum (mallow-leaved). 2. Pale red.
July. 1812.
— micra'nthum (small-flowered). Scarlet. Sep-
tember.
— mo'nstrum (monstrous). 2. Red. July. 1784.
— myrrhifu'lium (myrrh-leaved). !£. White, red.
June. 1696.
— nigre'scens (dark). 4. Purple. May. 17/7.
— no' t hum (spurious). 2. Pink. May.
— obtusifn'iiurn (blunt-leaved). 3. Purple. June.
— ndorati'ssimum (sweetest-scented). 2. Pink.
July. 1724.
— oxyphy'lliim (sharp-leaved). 2. White. August.
1800.
— pa'llidum (pale-flowered). 3. Pink. June.
— pupilionu'ceum (butterfly). 3. Pale white. June.
1/24.
— patenti'ssimum (most-spreading). 3. Lilac,
white. June. 1820.
— pa'tulum (spreading). 3. Pale blood. June. 1821.
— pedicella'tum (/owg'-flower-stalked). 1. Green,
brown. July. 1822.
— pe'ndulum (weeping). $. Red. May. Trailer.
— penicilla'tum (pencilled). 3. White, red. July.
1794.
— primuli'num (primrose-./?owJeraf). 1$. Violet.
July.
— principi'sstE (princess's). 3. Dark pink. Au-
gust. 1820.
— pu'milum (dwarf). l£. Pink. June. 1800.
— pustulo'sum (pimply). 3. White, pink. June.
1820.
— quercifo'lium (oak-leaved). 3. Purple. May.
1774.
bipinnatPfidum (doubly - leafleted). 4.
Purple. May. 1774.
— quina'tum (five-fingered). l.Pale yellow. May.
1/93.
— quinquelo'bvm (five-lobed). 3. Red. July. 1820.
— quinqucmi' Inerum (five-spotted). l£. Dark
purple. July. 1796.
— radia'tum (ray-/eaued). £. Dark purple. July.
1/90.
— renifo'rme (kidney-shaped). 2. Purple. July.
1791.
— rubifo'lium (currant-leaved). 3. White. May.
1/98.
— ri'gidum (stiff). Whitish. July.
— ru'l)ens(re((-flowered). 3. Purple. June.
— rubrori'nctum (red-edged). 3. Purple, white.
Mav. 17/4.
— rugb'sum (wrinkly). 3. Pink, lilac. July. 1800.
— saniculeefo'lium (sanicle-leaved). 3. Pale red.
July. 1806.
— sca'brum(rQVi£\\-wedge-leaved). 3. White, red.
June. 177£.
— sca'ndenn (climbing). 3. Rose. July. 1800.
— scuta'tum (shield). White. August. 1701.
— semitrilnha'tum (half-three-lobed). 3. Purple.
May. 1800.
— soro'num (sister). 3. White, red. May.
— specio'sum (showy). 3. Purple. May. 1794.
— spino'sum (thorny). 3. Pink. May'. 1/95.
— spu'rium ispurious). 2. Violet May.
P. staphimgrioi'des (staves-acre-like). 14. Purple.
July. 1825.
— stennpe'tulum (narrow-petaled). 1$. Scarlet.
June. 1800.
— Synno'tii (Synnot's). $. Lilac. August. 1825.
— tenuifo'lium (fine-leaved). 3. Purple. June.
1768.
— terna'tum (three-leafleted). 3. Pink. June. 1789.
— tetrago'num (square-stalked). 2. Pink. July.
1774.
rariegu'tum (variegated). 2. Pink. July.
1774.
— tomento'sum (downy). 3. White. June. 1/90.
— tri'color (three-coloured). l£. White, purple.
July. 1791.
— tricuspidu' turn (three -pointed). 3. White,
purple. June. 1780.
— triparti'tum (three-lobed-teawed). 3. Pale
yellow. June. 178Q.
— unicolo'rum (one-coloured). 2. Crimson. June.
— uniflo'rum (one-flowered). 3. June. 1800.
— variega'tum (variegated-/ou,-ererf). 3. White,
red. June. 1812.
— verbasciflo'rum (verbascum-flowered). 1^. Lilac.
July. 1811.
— viscosi'ssimum (clammiest). 3. Lilac, white.
June. 1820.
— vilifo'lium (vine-leaved). 3. Purple. July. 1724.
— Wutso'nii (Watson's). 3. Purple. May.
— Wiildeno'vii (Wildenow's). 2. White -veiny.
June.
— zona'le (girdle). 2. Scarlet. August. 1710.
cocci'neum (scarlet). 3. Scarlet. August.
1/10.
crystalll'num (crystalline). 3. Scarlet.
August. 1710.
mar gina' turn («Vtt7e-margined). 2. Scarlet.
August.
PELARGONIUM CULTURE. — Propagation
by Seed is the only way to raise superior
varieties. The first and most important
of their qualities is form, the next is sub-
stance, the next size, and the last colour.
To these may he added hahit and truss.
Save seed only from such as possess al-
ready these points approaching to per-
fection. In alt attempts to hybridize, let
the one to bear the seed possess the pro-
perty of form. In order to obtain the
other properties wanting, cut off the an-
thers of the well-formed variety before
the pollen-cases shed their contents; and
the momentthe hybridizing is performed,
cover the flowers with a close-fitting cap
of fine muslin-net, to prevent insects
from carrying strange pollen to the
stigma dusted with pollen from such va-
rieties as have the desirable properties.
When the seed is ripe, gather it carefully,
and divest it of its arils, or feather-like
appendages, wrap it up in paper, and
keep it in a dry drawer, in a cool room,
till spring. Sow it early in March, and
place it in a gentle heat; a hotbed
that has been at work for a few weeks
will answer admirably. Sow in wide,
shallow pots, well-drained, in a light, rich
PEL
[622 ]
PEL
compost, press the seed down gently,
and cover it about a quarter of an inch.
If the seed is good, it will quickly ger-
minate, and should then be removed
from the hotbed, and placed upon a shelf
in the greenhouse near to the glass.
Water very moderately, or the plants
will be apt to damp off. As soon as the
seedlings have made their second leaf,
pot them off singly into two-inch pots, in
a compost of loam and leaf-mould, in
equal parts, with a liberal addition of
river-sand, finely sifted. Replace them
on the shelf, and shade for a time from
hot sunshine. The seedlings will soon fill
these small pots with roots. They must
then be re-potted into a size larger pot,
and subsequently be treated in the same
way as such as have been propagated by
cuttings. Keep them close to the glass,
and give abundance of air on all favour-
able occasions. As soon as the weather
will permit, place them out of doors, upon
a bed of ashes of sufficient thickness to
prevent worms from entering the pots.
The situation should be an open one, the
grand object being to ripen the wood, and
induce a stocky or bushy habit, so as to
insure their flowering the following sea-
son. The size of pots to flower them in
need not be more than four and a half
inches. When there is a fear of autumnal
frosts, remove them into the greenhouse,
and place them on a shelf, at such a dis-
tance from the glass as will serve to keep
them dwarf and bushy. There is no need
to top them in the manner recommended
hereafter for plants raised from cuttings,
the object being not to make fine speci-
mens, but to get them to flower as quickly
as possible the spring following.
By Cuttings. — Cuttings may be put in
and struck from March to August; the
general time, however, is when the
plants have done flowering, and require
cutting down to make bushy plants for
the nest season. This generally happens
from the end of June to the beginning of
August.
The best place to strike the cuttings in
is a well- constructed propagating-house ;
but, as every one has not such a conve-
nience, they may be very successfully
propagated in a frame set upon a spent
hotbed, first removing the soil, and re-
placing it upon a thick coat of coal-ashes,
to keep out the worms. Upon this coat
place another of dry sawdust, to plunge
the cutting-pots. This dry sawdust will
serve to absorb the moisture from the
earth in the pots and the necessary wa-
terings. The best soil is pure loam,
mixed with silver sand. The size of the
pots should neither be too large nor too
small — five inches wide at the top is the
most proper. Some use small pots, and
only place one cutting in each. This,
where the cuttings are few and the con-
venience small, will be suitable enough.
It has this advantage, also, that the cut-
tings are, after being rooted, more con-
veniently repotted, without in the least
injuring the yeung and tender roots ; but
where the quantity to be increased is
large, the former method of putting
several cuttings in five-inch pots will bo
more convenient, and, with care, equally
as successful. Whichever method is
adopted, the pots must be well drained
with broken potsherds, the larger pieces
at the bottom, and smaller at the top.
Fill them to the top with the prepared
loam, which should be put through a ra-
ther coarse sieve to take out the stones,
roots of grain, and other extraneous
matter. It should not be pressed down
too hard, but made firm enough to hold
the cuttings fast. Another point is to use
it in a state neither wet nor dry. The
side-shoots which have not flowered, and
are not more than two inches long, make
the best cuttings. These should be cut
off close to the stem from whence they
spring with a sharp knife. Cut off the
bottom leaves close to the stem, leaving
only two of the uppermost. Place the
cuttings, after they are made, in a shady
situation, upon a dry board or slate, to dry
up the wound. This will take an hour on
a dry day, or two hours on a dull, cloudy
one. Then put them in the prepared
pots round the edge, inclining the leaves
inwards, so that they may not touch the
leaves of those in the contiguous pots
when they are placed in the frames, or
set upon the heated material in the pro-
pagating-house. When a pot is filled,
give it a gentle watering, and set it on
one side to dry up the moisture on the
leaves and surface of the soil. Then
plunge them in the frame, and shade
them carefully and effectually from the
sun, or even from the light. Reduce the
shade gradually, using it only during
bright sunshine. A little air may also be
given every day, by tilting up the lights
behind, if in a frame. The propagating-
house will only require air when the heat
PEL
[ 623 ]
PEL
is too great, to reduce the temperature to
55° or 60°. The cuttings must be fre-
quently examined, to see if roots fire
formed ; and as soon as they are an inch
long, pot them off immediately into the
smallest 60-pots, which are generally
about two inches diameter. A small ad-
dition of well - decomposed leaf -mould
may be mixed amongst the loam with ad-
vantage. When they are finished potting
off, give another gentle watering, and re-
place them in the frame or propagating-
house until fresh roots are formed ; renew
the shading, but disuse it as soon as it is
safe to do so, and then give plenty of air,
to prevent them being drawn up and
spindly. To cause them to become bushy
plants furnished with branches close to
the pot, nip off the top bud ; the lower
side buds will then break and push forth,
and these must be again stopped as soon
as they have made three leaves. The
plants will then be ready to receive a
second potting, and should be removed
into the open air.
The above remarks and directions, so
far as the cuttings are concerned, relate
only to the (as they are called) show va-
rieties. There is another class of pelar-
goniums, which are denominated fancy
yarieties. These are more difficult to in-
crease by cuttings. Place the cuttings in
shallow pans, one and a half inch only
deep, with a hole in the centre, in the
usual loam and sand, placing them on
a shelf in the propagating-house, or in
the frame, close to the glass, upon topsy-
turned pots. The cuttings are made very
short, with a portion of the old wood at
the bottom of each. Very little water is
given till the callosities are formed, when
it is given more freely, and then roots
make their appearance, when they are
immediately potted off, and the usual
treatment followed.
By Buds.— Make a shallow pan ready
for them, by first putting in a portion of
pure loam and sand, then a covering of
pure sand alone, give a gentle watering
to settle it, and then prepare the buds.
Take a shoot of moderate strength, cut
off the leaves, but not quite close to the
stem, then cut off the two lowest buds,
leaving about a quarter of an inch of
wood below each bud. After that, split
the shoot containing the two buds down
the centre. If the two buds are not ex-
actly opposite, but one a little below the
other, the upper one must be shortened
below the bud to the proper length. The
upper cut should be very nearly close to
the bud. Make a sufficient number ready
at once to fill the pan or pot, and plant
them, using a short, blunt stick a degree
thicker than the bud -cutting. Insert
them so as only to leave the bud just
above the sand. Plant them close to, and
round the edge of the pan, placing the
cut side close against the pot, which will,
of course, place the bud side inwards.
Then fill up the holes with a little dry
sand, and water gently again. Place them,
either in a propagating-house, a shady
part of a stove near the glass roof, or in
a frame. Shade from bright sunshine in
whatever situation they are placed, and
water as required. The buds will soon
break and show leaves, shortly to be fol-
lowed by a shoot.
By Roots. — Some kinds of Fancy Pelar-
goniums, and most of the Cape original
species, are difficult to increase by any of
the above methods. In such cases there
is left the mode of increase by cuttings
of the roots. This is almost certain of
success. Take an old plant, shake off
carefully all the soil, and cut the roots
into short pieces, retaining as many fibres
as possible to each. Put each root-cutting
singly into as small pots as they can be
got into, leaving the top just visible.
Place them in the house, or frame, ap-
propriated to propagation ; give a gentle
watering, and shade effectually. New
roots will soon push forth, and then
shoots will appear, generally in clusters.
When that takes place, reduce the shade,
to give colour to the leaves and strength
to the shoots. As these advance in
growth, thin them gradually, by slipping
one or two off at a time, till finally they
are reduced to one which is to form the
future plant. As soon as this shoot at-
tains the height of two or three inches,
nip off the top to cause side-shoots to
grow, and so form a neat, bushy plant.
General Culture : the House. — Pelargo-
niums, like all other large families of
plants, require a house to themselves, and
one peculiarly adapted to produce fine
specimens. The span-roofed form is the
best, and for this satisfactory reason —
that the plants in such a house grow on
all sides alike. The sides of the house
should be of glass, the side windows
should move up and down, to allow a
large circulation of air, and the top lights
should also be moveable, to let out the
PEL
C 624]
PEN
tipper stratum of heated air. The plants
should be placed upon stages near to the
glass. These stages ought to be broad
enough to allow large specimens to stand
clear of each other upon them. The size
of the house will depend upon the means
of cultivation, and the number intended
to be grown. To exhibit collections of
ten or twelve in number, three or four
times during the season, the house should
be at least fifty feet long, and twenty
feet wide. This will allow a stage in the
centre ten feet wide, walks round it two
and a half feet wide, and a platform all
round two and a half feet broad. This
will leave the stage ten feet wide, and
forty feet long, which will be ample space
for three rows of twelve plants in each,
full-sized and well-grown specimens. On
the platforms next the frontlight smaller-
sized plants may be placed, to succeed
the others when they become unsightly
through the bloom being over.
The only heat wanted is just enough
to keep out the frost, and the best mode
of obtaining that heat is by hot water
circulating in cast-iron pipes. (See GKEEN-
HOUSE.)
Compost— Procure from an old pasture,
where the grass is of a fine texture, as
much turf, three or four inches thick, as
•will serve to pot the collection for one
year ; cast it into the compost-yard, and
have it immediately chopped up into
small pieces, and, as it is done, lay it up
in a long ridge, facing east and west, so
that the sun can shine upon each side
morning and evening. The ridge or bank
should not exceed two feet high, on a
base of three feet wide. The grassy sur-
face and green roots will soon begin to
ferment during the process of decompo
sition, and the gases arising will pene-
trate to every particle of soil, and mode-
rately enrich it, quite sufficient to grow
geraniums. Let it be turned over every
three months for a year, and then it will
be fit for use. Unless it be very heavy, or
of a close texture, it will not require any
addition. If too heavy, add sand to render
it of an open texture.
Culture of EstablishedPlants.— Cutthem
down in July, leave them in a cold pit,
and in eight or ten days after being cut
down, and receiving moisture about the
tops rather than amomj the roots, the
pots may receive a fair watering — as
much as will reach every good root.
"When the buds break, gradually give air.
When one inch in length or so, take the
plants to the potting-bench, shake the
soil from the roots, examine and prune
the roots a little, re-shift into similar,
or, what in general will answer better,
smaller-sized pots ; place them again in
the cold pit, and keep close until the fresh
roots are running in the new soil ; then
give air gradually, until at length you ex-
pose them entirely to the atmosphere,
steering clear, however, of cold rains and
anything like frost. Plants cut down in
June and July, if transferred to small
pots, will require to be placed in bloom-
ing-pots in the end of October. Those
cut down in the end of July, or during
August, will not want repotting until the
new year has brought lengthened sun-
shine ; and from these different succes-
sions of bloom may be expected. To
have it fine, cleanliness, air, light, room,
and a temperature seldom below 4.5°,
must be leading considerations. Through
the winter, unless during sunshine, the
temperature should neverbe higher. After
a sunny day it may be from five to eight
degrees lower at night with impunity. In
the case of large plants, little stopping
will be required after repotting. Thin-
ning instead will often be necessary.
Hence old plants generally produce the
earliest bloom, as every general stopping
of the shoots, as well as every shift given,
retards the blooming period.
PELLITORY OF SPAIN. A'nthemis pyre'
thrum.
PELTA'RIA. (From pelte, a little buckler ;
referring to the shape of the seed-pod.
Nat. ord., Crucifers [Brassicaceae]. Linn.,
Tetradynamia. Allied to Draba.)
Seeds ; division of the roots of allia'cea. Com-
mon soil.
P. allia'cea (garlic-scented). 1. White. June.
Austria. 1601. Hardy herbaceous.
— glastifo'lia (woad-leaved). 1. White. June.
Syria. 1823, Hardy annual.
PEN-K'A. (Named after P. Pena, a Ger-
man botanist. Nat. ord., Sarcocolads
[Penseacesej. Linn., k-Tetrandria I-Mo-
nogynia.}
Greenhouse evergreens, from the Cape of Good
Hope, and red-flowered, except where otherwise
mentioned. Cuttings of stubby side-shoots in
summer, in sand, under a bell-glass ; sandy peat
and a little charcoal. Winter temp., 40° to 45°.
P.fruticulo'sa (small-shrubby). 1. June. 1822.
— imbrica'ta (imbricated). Pink. June. 1824.
— lateriflu'ra (side-flowering). 1. June. 1825.
— murgina'ta (bordered). 1$. June. 1816.
— mucrona'ta (pointed-/eooed). 2. Yellow. June.
1787.
— myrtoi'des (myrtle-like). 2. June, 1816.
PEN [ C:
P. sarcoco'lla (thick-necked). 1. June. 1825.
— sfjuumo'su (scaly). 1. June. 1787.
PENNYROYAL. Me'ntha pnle'glum.
PENTADE'SMA. (From pente, five, and
desma, a bundle ; referring to the dispo-
sition of the stamens. Nat. ord., Gutli-
fers [Clusiaceae]. Linn., 18-Polyadelphia
'2-Pulyandria. Allied to Garcinia.)
Stove evergreen tree. Cuttings of ripe shoots
in sand, under a bell-glass, and in bottom-heat ;
fibry loam and sandy peat. Winter temp., 60°;
summer, 60° to 90°.
P. butyra'cea (butter-and-t'illow-tree). 3U. No-
vember. Sierra Leone. 1822.
PEXTA'PETES. (From pente, five, and
petalon, a petal ; five petals in the flower.
Nat. ord., Byttne.rinds [Byttneriacese].
Linn., 16 - Monadelphia 7 - Dodecandria.
Allied to Dornbeya.)
Stove, scarlet-flowered plants, flowering in July-
Cuttings of half-ripened shoots in sand, under'a
glass, in moist heat; also by seeds in a hotbed, in
spring ; sandy loam and leaf-mould. Stove tem-
peratures.
P. ona'ta (egg-leai-cd). 2. New Spain. 1805.
— phasni'cea (scarlet). 2. India. 1690.
PENTARA'PHIA. (From pente, five, and
r aphis, a needle ; alluding to the form of
the open calyx. Nat. ord., Gesnerworts
[Gesneracesej. Linn., \k-Didynamia 2-
Angiospermia. )
A warm greenhouse plant. For cultivation, see
GE'SJNERA.
P. Cuie'r.sis (Cuban). 2. Scarlet. July. Cuba.
1854.
PE'NTAS. (From pente, five ; referring
to the number of petals and stamens.
Nat. ord., Cinchonads [Cinchonacese].
Linn., 5-Pentandria 1-Monoyynia.}
Stove evergreens, from South Africa, with pink
flowers. Cuttings of young shoots in sandy soil,
in a hotbed; sandy loam and fibry peat. Winter
temp., 45° to 58°; summer, 6()° to 75°. Propa-
gated in spring, in a hotbed, the plants so raised
Mill bloom freely in the greenhouse during the
summer.
P. ca'rnea (flesh-coloured). l£. May. 1842.
— parviflo'ra (small-flowered). 2. May.
PENTLA'NDIA. (Named after J. P. Pent-
land, Esq., consul-general in Peru. Nat.
ord., AmaryUtds [Amaryllidaceae]. Linn.,
Ci-Hexandna 1-Monoyynia.)
Half-hardy Peruvian bulbs; offsets; sandy
]o:im, peat, and leaf-mould ; require protection, or
jilting out of the ground in winter.
P. minia'ta (red-lead-coloured). 1. Red. Sep-
tember. 1836.
lucuno'sa (pitted). 1. Red. September.
1836.
Suliva'nica (Sulivan's). 1. Orange. March.
1839-
PENTSTE'MON. (From pente, five, and
stemon. a stamen ; four fertile and one
40
5 J PEN
abortive stamen. Nat. ord., Figicorts
[Scrophulariacese]. Linn., \±-Didyna-
mia 2-Angiospermia. Allied to Chelo'ne.)
Seeds sown in a hotbed, in spring, the plants
will bloom in the flower-garden the same summer ;
division of the plant in spring, as growth com-
mences ; cuttings of the young shoots any time
in spring, summer, Or autumn, under a har.d-
lisiht, in snndy soil ; sandy loam and leaf-mould.
Gentianoi'des and its varieties, cocci'nea and a'lbn,
require a little protection in winter, when north
of London ; a few fir-boughs and some moss
among the plants will generally be sufficient ; but,
to make sure, a few cuttings should be kept over
the winter in a cold pit.
HALF HARDY HERBACEOUS.
P. a'tro-purpu'reum (dark purple). l£. Diuk
purple. July. Mexico. 1827.
— azu'reum (blue -flowered). £. Blue. June.
Mcxiro. 1848.
— bacchnrifd tiiis (baccharis-leaved). l£. Crimson.
August. Texas. 1851.
— campanula' turn (bell-flowered). 1A. Lilac,
purple. June. Mexico. 1794.
— Coboe'a (Cobcen-flowered). 2£. Pale purple.
Texas. J835.
— Gentianui'des (Gentian-like). 4. Purplish-blue.
July. Mexico. 1846.
— Harlwe'gii (Hartweg's). 2j. Double purple.
June. Mexico. 1825.
dia'phanum (transparent). 2^. Rose.
Scarlet. July. Mexico. 1843.
— Ku'nthii (Kunth's). l£. Purple. Mexico. H-25.
— rninia'tus (vermilion). 1. Vermilion, rose. July.
Mexico. 1846.
— pulcht'llum (pretty). l£. Lilac. June. Mexico.
1827.
— rn'seum (rosy). l£. Rose. Mexico. I??.T.
— Wri'ghtii (Mr. Wright's). 2. Ko&e. June,
Texas. 1850.
HARDY HERBACEOUS.
P. acumina'tum (pointed-team^). Purple, July.
N. Amer. 1827.
— a'lbidvm (whitish). g. White. July. Missouri.
1823.
— angustifit'lium (narrow - leaved). 1^. Lilac,
purple. August. Louisiana. 1811.
— argu'tum (neat). 3. Blue. Columbia. 1825.
— attenua'tniu (wasted). Cream. July. N.
Amer. 1827.
— breviflit'rum (short-flowered). 2. White, pink.
September. California.
— confe'rtum (crowded-flowered). 2. Pale yellow.
July. N. Amer. 1827.
— craasi/o'lium (thick-leaved). 1. Blue. June.
"N. Amer.
— deu'stum \ blasted). 1. Cream. N. Amer. 182".
— diffu'sum (spreading). 1^. Purple. September.
N. Amer. 1826.
— digita'/is (foxglove-like). !,£• White. August.
Ai Kansas. 1824.
— eriantht-'rum (woolly -anthered). ^. Purple.
Anuust. Louisiana. 181 1.
— glabc'rrhaum (smoothest). 2. Blue. Columbia,
1835.
— gla'bmm (smooth), li. Dark purple. August-
Lc.uisiana.* 18J1.
— glandulo'sum (glanded). 2. Pale blue. June.
N.Amer. 1827.
— glau'cwn (milky- green). 1. Pale lilac. July.
N.Am<'7. ls'2/.
— Gordo'ni (Gordon's). 1-i. Sky blue. June.
Rocky Mountains. " 1845.
2 s
PEP
[ 626 ]
PER
.P. gra'cilis (slender). 1. Blue, August. N. Amer.
1824.
— grandifio'rum (large-flowered). Purple. July.
N. Amer. 1811.
— heterophy'llum (various-leaved). l£. Red. July.
California. 1834.
•— hirsu'tum (narrow- leaved- hairy). 1. Bale
purple. August. N. Amer. 1758.
— Iceviga'tum (smooth). 2. Lilac. August. N.
Amer. 1776.
- Machaya'num (Sir W. Mackay's). 1. Purple,
yellow. August. Ohio. 1834.
— Murraya'num (Murray's. Scarlet). 3. Scarlet.
August. St. Felipe. 1835.
— ova'tum (egg-leaved). 4. Blue. July. N. Amer.
1826.
— pro'cerum (tall). 1. Purple. July. N. Amer.1827.
— pruino'sum (frosted). 1. Blue. June. N.Amer.
1827.
~—pube'scens (broad-leaved- downy). l£. Pale
purple. August. N.Amer. 1758.
•^•Hichardso'nii (Richardson's). l£. Dark purple.
July. Columbia. 1825.
— Scott7m(Scouler'B). 3. Purple. May. N. Amer.
1827.
-— specio'sum (showy). 3. Blue. August. N.
Amer. 1827.
•—- $taticcefo'lium(&t&t\ce-lea.ved). l£. Lilac. June.
California. 1833.
*- triphy'llum (three-leaved). l£. Pale red. July.
California. 1827.
— venu'stum (graceful). 2. Purple. June. N.
Amer. 1827.
PEPPER. Pi'per.
PEPPERMINT. Me'ntha piperi'ta.
PEPPER VINE. Ampelo'psis bipinna'ta.
PEPPERWORT. Lepi'dium.
PEEENNIAL. A plant of any kind that
lives for more than two years.
PERE'SKIA. Barbadoes Gooseberry.
(Named after Piercsk, a French patron of
"botany. Nat. ord., Indian Figs [Cactacese].
Linn., 12-Icosandria \-Monogynia. Allied
to Cactus.)
Stove succulents. Cuttings in sandy loam, in
leat, at almost any time; sandy loam, lime-
lubbish, and a little peat and old cow-dung.
Winter temp., 40° to 55° ; summer, 60° to 80°.
P. aculea'ta (prickly). 5. White. October. W.
Ind. 1696.
— Ble'o (Bleo). 5. Pale red. November. Mexico.
1827.
— crassicau'lis (thick-stemmed). Mexico. 1838,
— grawd//?oVa(large-flowered).Red. Mexico. 1838.
— grandifo'lia (large-leaved). 3. Brazil. 1818.
— grandispi'na (large-spined). Mexico. 1818.
— longispi'na (long-spined). 4. S. Amer. 1808.
— -Petita'che (Petitache). Mexico. 1838.
— portulaceefo' lia (portulaca-leaved). 3. Purple.
W. Ind, 1820.
PEEGULA'RIA. (From pergula, trellis -
•work ; referring to its quick climbing
growth. Nat. ord., Asclepiads [Asclepia-
dacese]. Linn., S-Pentanrfria 2-Digynia.
Allied to Stephanotis.)
Stove evergreen climbers. Cuttings of firm
side-shoots in sand, under a glass, and in bottom-
heat; fibry loam, sandy peat, leaf-mould, and dry
cow-dung. Winter temp., 55° to 65°; summer,
60° to 85°.
P. mi'nor (smaller). 8. Yellow, green. June. E.
Ind. 1790.
— odorati'ssima (sweetest-scented). 15. Green.
June. E. Ind. 1/84.
— sanguinole'nta (bloody). 6. Green, yellow,
July. Sierra Leone. 1822.
PEEILO'MIA. (Erom peri, around, and
loma, a margin; referring to the mem-
branous border of the fruit. Nat. ord.,i«-
biates [Lamiacese]. Linn., \±-Didynamla
2-Angiuspermia. Allied to Scutellaria.)
Half-hardy evergreen shrub. Cuttings of young
shoots in sand, under a glass, in April ; sandy
peat. Winter temp., 40° to 45°.
P. oc^moi'des (basil-like). 3. Purple. August. Peru.
1829.
PEEI'PLOCA. (Erom periploke, an inter-
twining; referring to the habit of the
plant. Nat. ord., Asclepiads [Asclepiada-
cese]. Linn., 5-Pentandria 2-Digynia.}
Hardy deciduous twiners. Layers and cuttings
under a glass, during summer and autumn. Any
good soil will do. Grce'ca will soon cover an ar-
bour or wall. The tender species are not worth
culture.
P. angustifo'lia (narrow-leaved). 6. Purplish.
South Europe. 1800.
— Gron'ca (Grecian). 10. Brown. July. Syria. 1597.
PERISTE'RIA. Dove Flower. (From
peristera, a dove ; dove-like appearance of
the column. Nat. ord., Orchids [Orchi-
dacese]. Linn., 20-Gynandria I-Monan-
dria. Allied to Acineta.)
Stove orchids. Division, or separating the
pseudo-bulbs, as growth commences. See OB-
CHIOS.
P. Ba'rkeri (Barker's). 2. Yellow. June. Mesico.
1837.
— ceri'na (waxen). 1. Yellow. June. Spanish
Main. 1835.
— ela'ta (lofty. Dove-plant). 4. White. July.
Panama. 1826.
— expa'nsa (broad). White. July. Panama. 1839.
— fu'lva (tawny). 2. Tawny-brown spots. June.
Venezuela. 1842.
— gutta'ta (spotted). £. Yellow, purple. August.
S. Amer. 1837.
— Humbo'ldti (Baron Humboldt's). 2. Red.
March. Peru. 1841.
— lentigino'sa (speckled). Yellow. May. Guiana.
1837.
— pe'ndula (weeping). 1. White-spotted. Sep-
tember. Panama.
— Stapelioi'des (Stapelia-like). Yellow, brown.
May. Spanish Main. 1839.
PERfioiviA. See CLEO'ME.
PERIWINKLE. Vi'nca.
PERNE'TTYA. (Named after Don Per-
netty, author of " A Voyage to the Falk-
land Islands." Nat. ord., Heathworts
[Ericaceae], Linn., W-Decandria I-Mo-
nogynia. Allied to Gaultheria.)
Hardy evergreen, white-flowered shrubs. Seeds
and layers in spring; peat border; requires si-
milar treatment to the tenderer Azaleas and Rho-
dodendrons.
PEE
[ 627
PET
P, angttstifo'lia (narrow-leaved). 2. June. Val-
divia. 1834.
— Cummi'ngii (Cumming's). May. Mexico.
— mucrona'ta (pointed-leaved). 6. May. Ma-
gellan. 1828.
— pu'mila (dwarf). 4. June. Magellan. 1825.
— pilo'sa (downy). April. Mexico. 1839.
— prostra'ta (prostrate). May.
PE'ESEA. Avocado or Alligator Pear.
(Name of a tree from Theophrastus.
Nat. ord., Laurels [Lauracesej. Linn.,
Q-Enneandria \-Monogynia.~)
Stove evergreen tree. Layers of ripened shoots
in autumn ; cuttings of firm shoots in May, in
sand, under a bell-glass, and in bottom-heat ;
sandy loam and fibry peat. Winter temp., 50° to
60° ; summer, 60° to 90°.
P. grati'ssima (most grateful). 40. Green. W.
Ind. 1739.
PERSIAN SUN'S EYE. Tu'lipao'citlusso'lis.
PE'RSICA. Peach. (From Persia, its
supposed native place. Nat. ord., Almond-
worts [Amygdalaceas]. Linn., L2-Icosan-
dria 1-Monogynia.)
Should be united to Amygdalus. See NECTA-
SINE and PEACH. All bloom in April.
P. la'vis (smooth. Nectarine"). 15. Red. Persia.
1562.
— vulga'ris (common. Peach}. 15. Red. Persia.
1562.
a'lba (white). 14. White. Persia.
compre'ssa (fiat-fruited), 15. Red.
flo're-ple'no (double-flowered). 15. Red.
Persia.
• fo'liis variega'tis (variegated-leaved). 15.
Persia.
/mWop*e'm>(double-fruited). 15. Red.
China. 1845.
Hispa'nica (Spanish). White. Spain. 1847-
pe'ndula (drooping). White. 1842.
sangui'nea ple'na (double -red). 15. Red,
China. 1845.
PERU BALSAM- TKEE. Myrospe'rrmtm.
PERUVIAN BARK. Cincho'na.
PERUVIAN DAFFODIL. Isme'ne.
PERUVIAN MASTIC. Schi'nus.
PESOME'RIA. (From pipto-pesi, to fall,
and meros, a part ; the sepals fall off soon
after expansion. Nat. ord., Orchids [Or-
chidaceee]. Linn., 20-Gynandria I-Mo-
nandria. Allied to Bletia.)
Stove orchid. Division in spring ; sandy, fibry
peat, and a little fibry loam, well-drained, in pots ;
or in baskets, surrounded by the above, with an
addition of sphagnum moss. See ORCHIDS.
P. tetrago'na (four-cornered-stem). 2. Brown.
December. Mauritius. 1837.
PETALA'CTE. (From petalon, a petal,
ind acte, a ray. Nat. ord., Composites
[Asteracese]. Linn., 19-Syngenesia 2-
Superjlua. Allied to Antennaria.)
Greenhouse evergreen shrubs, from Cape of
Good Hope. Cuttings of young side - shoots,
getting firm at the base, in sand, under a bell-
glass, in May; sandy loam and fibry peat, with
pieces of charcoal, and well-drained pots. Winter
temp., 33° to 48°.
P. bi'color (two-colonred). Purple, white, May.
1816.
— corona1 ta (crowned). White. May. 1816.
PERSOO'NIA. (Named after C. H. Per-
soon, a distinguished botanist. Nat. ord.,
Proteads [Proteacese]. Linn., k-Tetran-
dria l-]\£onogynia.)
Greenhouse evergreen shrubs, from New South
Wales, yellow-flowered, except where otherwise
mentioned. Cuttings of ripened shoots in sand,
under a bell-glass, in spring, and kept in a tem-
perate pit until roots are formed ; fibry loam and
sandy peat. Winter temp., 38° to 45°; summer,
60° ; a little shaded.
P. brevifo'lia (short-leaved). 1840.
— chamce'pitys (ground-pine). 4. June. 1824.
— ferrugi'nea (rusty). 3. Fellow, red. June. 1823.
— flexifo'lia (bent-leaved). 2. June. 1824.
— Frase'ri (Fraser's).
— heterophy'tla (various-leaved). Swan River.
— hirsu'ta (hairy). 4. June. 1800.
— juniperi'na (juniper-like). 4. June. 1826.
— lanceola'ta (spear-head-Jeaoed). 4. June. 1791.
— latifo'lia (broad-leaved). 4. June. 1795.
— lineu'ris (narrow- beared). 5. July. 1794.
— lu'cida (shining). June. 1824.
— mo' His (soft). 3. July. 1826.
— myrtillai'df.s (myrtill us-like). White. 1837.
— nu'tans (nodding). £. 1824.
— pa'llida (pale). Orange. July. 1824.
— pinifo'lia (pine-leaved). 4. June. 1822.
— pruino'sa (frosty). 3. June. 1824.
— salici'na (willow-Jeaved). 7- Pink. July. 1795.
— sca'ttra (scurfy). 4. June. 1824.
— spai&Mta'ta (gpatulate-teaued). June. 1824.
— tenuifo'lia (thin-leaved). June. 1822.
PERYME'NIUM. (Meaning not explained.
Nat. ord., Composites [Asteracese]. Linn.,
IQ-Syngenesia 2-Superflua.')
Cuttings, taken from the points of shoots, or
the firm side-shoots ; sandy loam and a little peat.
Winter temp., 38° to 48°.
P. Barclay a' num (Barclay's), Copper. July.
Mexico. 1830.
PETALI'DIUM. (From petalon, a petal ;
referring to the conspicuous flowers. Nat.
ord., Acanthads [Acanthacese]. Linn., 14-
Didynamia 2-Angiospermia. Allied to
Kuellia.)
Stove evergreen climber. Cuttings of shoots in
April or May, in sandy loam, in a hotbed ; sandy,
fibry loam, and a little peat. Winter temp,, 48°
to 60° ; summer, 60° to 80°.
P. Barlerioi'des (Barleria-like), 4, White, June.
India.
PETALOSTE'MON. (From petalon, a
petal, and stemon, a stamen ; stamens
joined to the bottom of the petals. Nat.
ord., Leguminous Plants [Fabacese]. Linn.,
16-Monadelphia 2-Pentandria. Allied to
Psoralia.) %
Hardy North American herbaceous perennials.
Division in spring ; sandy loam, and a little peat
or leaf-mould.
P. ca'ndidum (white). 1. White. July. 1811.
— cn'rneum (flesh-coloured). £. Flesh. July. 1811.
— corymoo'sum (corymbed). 1$, White, August,
1811.
PET
[ 628 ]
PHA
P. villo'sum (shaggy). Red. July. 1826.
— viola1 ceum (violet). 1. Violet. August. 1811.
PETIVE'KIA. (Named after J. Pet'iver,
an English naturalist. Nat. ord., Pctive-
riads [Petiveriacese]. ~Lmn.,7-Hepta>idria
i -Monoqyma . )
Stove evergreen, West Indian, white-flowered
shrubs. Cuttings of half-ripened shoots in May,
in sand, under a bell-glass, and in a sweet bot-
tom-heat ; peat and sandy loam. Winter temp.,
43° to 60°; summer, 60° to 85°.
P. allia'cea (garlic-scented). 2. June. 1/5Q.
— octa'ndra (eight-stamened). 2. June. 1737.
PETRJE'A. (Named after Lord Petrc.
Nat. ord., Verbenas [Verbenacese]. Linn.,
I4:-Didynamia 2-Angiospermia. Allied to
Duranta.)
Stove evergreen trees. Cuttings of short, firm
side-shoots in summer, in sand, under a bell-
glass, and in bottom-heat; rich, sandy loam.
Winter temp., 60°; summer, 60° to 90°.
P. cre'cta (erect). 10. Blue. S. Amer. 1823.
— rugo'sa (wrinkly). 10. Blue. Caraccas. 1824.
— Stupe'lia (Stupeliz-flowered) . 20. Lilac. June.
S. Amer. Twiner.
— volu'bilis (twisting). 20. Purple. July. Vera
Cruz. 1733. Twiner.
PETROCA'LLIS. (From petros, a rock,
and kaloK, beautiful; pretty rock- plant.
Nat. ord., Crucifers [Brassicacese]. Linn.,
15-Tetradynamia. Allied to Draba.)
Hardy herbaceous perennial. Division in spring,
cuttings of shoots under a hand-light, in summer;
sandy loam ; protect with an evergreen branch in
severe weather.
P. Pyrena'ica (Pyrenean). £. Pink. May. Pyre-
nees. 1759.
PETRO'PHILA. (From petros, a rock, or
stone, and phileo, to love ; referring to
their natural habitation. Nat. ord., Pro-
tcads [Proteaceae]. Linn., k-Tetrandria
I-Monogynia. Allied to Protea.)
Greenhouse, evergreen, white - flowered, New
Holland shrubs. Cuttings of ripe shoots in spring,
under a bell-glass, and placed in a cold frame ;
fibry, rather tenacious loam, and a little peat.
Winter temp., 38° to 48°.
P. brevifo'lia (short-leaved).
— fastigia'ta (pyramidal). 5. July. 1820.
—filifo'lia (thread-leaved). 5. June. 1824.
— glanduli'gera (gland-bearing).
— heterophy'lla (various-leaved).
— juncifo'lia (rush-leaved).
— peduncula £a(/ow#-flower-stalked) 4. July. 1 824 .
— pulche!lla(T\z*.i). 5. July. I/go.
— ri'gida (stiff). 5. June. 1823.
— teretifo'lia (round-leaved). 4. July. 1824.
— tri'fida (three-cleft). 4. July. 1820.
PETTY- WHIN. Geni'sta A'nglica.
PETU'NGA. (Its Indian name. Nat.
ord., Ginchonads [Cinchonacese]. Linn.,
5-Pentandna 1-Monoyynia.)
Stove evergreen shrub. Cuttings of half-
ripened shoots in sand, under a bell-glass, and in
a slight bottom-heat ; sandy loam and fibry peat.
Winter temp., 50° to 60°; summer, 60° to 80°.
P. Roxlurghta'na (Dr. Roxburgh's). 3. White.
May. E. Ind. 1818.
PETU'NIA. (Frompeftw, Brazilian name
for tobacco, to which Petunia is allied.
Nat. ord., Nig hi shades [Solanacese]. Linn.,
o-Pentandria 1 Monoyynia.}
Half-hardy herbaceous perennials. Seeds sown
in a hotbed, in March ; seedlings pricked out, and
finally transplanted into the borders in May ; cut-
tings of the points of shoots, or small side-shoots,
in spring, in heat, and in summer and autumn
without heat, except being covered with glass ;
scarcely any of them will stand frost. It is best
to keep the plants in a cold, dry pit during the
winter; for growing, light, rich, sandy loam.
Temp., not below 38° in winter.
P. acumina'ta (pointed-teamf). 2. White. Julj.
Chili. 1827.
— interme'dia (intermediate). 1. Yellow, purple.
August. Buenos Ayres. 1832.
— nyctaginiflo'ra (marvel-of-Peru-flowered). 4.
White. August. S. Amer. 1823.
— pliceni'cea (purple-flowered'). 2£. Crimson,
purple. June. Buenos Ayres. 1831.
— viola' cea (.violet-coloured). Rose, purple. Au-
gust. Buenos Ayres. 1831.
PEU'MUS. Same as Salpia'nthvs fra'-
grans.
PEYKOU'SIA, properly Ovieda. (Named
after La Peyroiise, the French navigator.
Nat. ord., Irids [Iridacese]. Linn., 3-
Trlandria 1-Monogynia.}
Greenhouse bulbs, from Cape of Good Hope,
and blue-flowered, except where otherwise speci-
fied. For culture, see IXIA.
P. aculeu'ta (prickly). $. Blue, yellow. June. 1825.
— a'nceps (two-edged). £. September. 1824.
— corymho'sa (corvmbed). £. May. 1791.
— Fubri'cii (Fabricius's). £. May. 1825.
— fulcu'ta (sickle-leaved), i. May. 1825.
— faxcicula'ta (fascicled), f May. 1825.
— fissifo'lia (cleft-leaved). ^. Violet. August. 1809.
— silenoi'des (catchfly-like). 4. Violet. June. 1822.
PIIA'CA. (Name of a plant mentioned
by Dioscorides. Nat. ord., Leguminous
Plants [Fabacese]. Linn., Yi -Diadelphia
•i-Decandna. Allied to Astragalus.)
Hardy herbaceous perennials. Seeds sown in a
little heat, in April, and seedlings planted out,
will bloom the same season ; many will do so if
sown in good places in the open air ; division of
the roots in spring; cuttings under a hand-light,
in summer; sandy loam. Cane'scens requires
protection from frost in winter.
P. alpi'na (alpine). 2. Pale yellow. July. Austria.
1759.
Duiiu'rica (Dahurian). Pale yellow. Da-
huria. 1820.
— arenu'rin (sand). £. Cream. July. Siberia. 1796.
— astragu'lina (astragalus-like). 1. White, blue.
July. Scotland.
— austra'lis (southern). £. Pale purple. May.
South Europe. 1/79.
— Bce'tica (Bsetic). 4. White. May. Spain. 1 640.
— Cane'scens (hoary). 1, Pale rose. July. Val-
paraiso. 1831.
— densifo'lia (crowded-leaved). 1. Red. July.
California. 1822.
— exalta'ta (tall). 1. Yellow. July. Altai. 1828.
—fri'gidu (cold). 1. Cream. July. Austria. 1705.
PHA
[ 629 ]
PHA
P.gla'bra (smooth). 1. White. July.France. 1818.
— Lappo'nica (Lapland). ^. Purple. July.
North Europe. 1816.
— lu'tea (yellow). 1. Yellow. July. Siberia. 1827.
— oroboi'des (orobus-like). 1. Purple. July.
Norway. 1820.
— tr languid' ris (three-cornered). 1. Blue. July.
Siberia. 1824.
PHACE 'LIA. (From phakelos, a bundle ;
the disposition of the flowers. Nat. ord.,
Kydrophyls [Hydrophyllacese]. Linn.,
5-Pentandria \-Monogynia. Allied to
Eutoca.)
. Annuals, by seeds ; perennials, by seed and
division in April ; sandy, common garden-soil.
HARDY ANNUALS.
P. conge'sta (cro\\ded-rucemcd). l£. Purple,
blue. June. Texas. 1835.
— fimbriu'ta (fringed). Lilac, white. N. Arner.
— tanacetifo'lia (tansy-leaved). 2. Blue. June.
California. 1832.
— vinifo'lia (vine-leaved). l£. Light blue. Sep-
tember. Texas. 1834.
HARDY HERBACEOUS.
P. A1 Idea (Aldea). l£. Pink. June. Peru. 1824.
— lipinnati'fidu, (doubly-leafleted). 2. Blue.
June. N. Amer. 1824.
— cirdna'ta (rounded). l£. Pink. June. Ma-
gellan. 1817.
PH^EDRANA'SSA. (From phaidros, gay,
aad anassa, queen. Nat. ord., Amo.ryllids
[Amaryllidacese], Linn., 6-Hexandria
I-Monogynia. Allied to Coburgia.)
Peruvian bulbs, requiring the protection of a
greenhouse, and succeed best in a strong-, yellow
loam, like Coburgia ; they rest in winter, or may
be made to rest in summer. For culture, see
COBU'KGIA.
P, chlora'cra (greenish-yellow). 1. Crimson,
green. December. 1844.
— obtu'sa (blunt). December. 1844.
PILENO'COMA. (From phainos, bloody,
and home, hair; colour of involucrurn.
Nat. ord., Composites [Asteracese]. Linn.,
19-Syngenesia 2-Superflua. Allied to
Helichrysum.)
Greenhouse evergreen shrubs. Cuttings of
young side-shoots, getting firm at the base, in
sand, over peat, in pots three-parts filled with
drainage, under a bell-glass, and kept near the
glass of a house or pit in summer ; sandy peat
and a little fibry loam. Winter temp., 40° to 48°.
P. proli'fera (proliferous). 4. Crimson. Sep-
tember. Cape of Good Hope. 1789.
PHA'IUS. (From phaios, shining ; re-
ferring to the flowers. Nat. ord., Orchids
[Orchidacese]. Linn., 2Q-Gynandria 1-
Monandria. Allied to Bletia.)
Stove orchids. Division of the pseudo-bulb-
lUce shoots, as growth commences, in spring;
grown in pots. See ORCHIDS.
P. a'lbus (white). 2. White. July. Sylhet. 1836.
— angustifo' lius (narrow-leaved). Green. July.
Trinidad. 1821.
— bi'color '(two-coloured). 2. Maroon, white.
July. Ceylon.
— callo'sus (thick- lipped}. Reddish-brown.
March. Java, 1848.
P. flu'mis (yellow). Yellow. India. 1837.
— grandifo'lius (large-leaved). White, brown.
April. China. 1773.
— interme'dius (intermediate). India. 1839.
— macula' tus (spotted-leaved). 2. Yellow. June.
Nepaul. 1823.
— Walli'chii (Dr. Wallich's). 2. Orange, yel-
low. April. Khooseea. 1837.
PHAL^NO'PSIS. Butterfly-Plant. (From
phalaina, a moth, and opsis, like ; the
appearance of these handsome flowers.
Nat. ord., Orchids [Orchidacese]. Linn.,
20-Gynandria l~j£onandria.)
Stove orchids, grown in baskets or on blocks.
Pieces of offset shoots, kept dry at the base, for a.
clay or two, before setting them growing. See
OKCHIDS.
P. ama' bills (lovely). 13. White, pink. June.
Manilla. 1836.
longifo'lia (long-leaved). White. Year.
Manilla. 1842.
rotundifo'lia (round-leaved). White.
Year. Manilla. 183".
— grandiflo'ra (large-flowered). White, pink.
September. Java. 1847.
— ro'sea (rosy). l£. Deep vermilion. Manilla. 1848.
PHA'LARIS. Canary Grass. (From
phalaros, shining; referring to the shining
seeds. Nat. ord., Grasses [Graminaceoe].
Linn., 3-Triandria 2-Digynia.}
P. Canarie'nsis produces the Canary-seeds of
commerce. Seeds ; common soil.
P. appendicula'ta (appendaged). 1. June. Egypt.
1820.
— Canarie'nsis (Canary). 2. July. Britain.
— commuta'ta (changed). 1. June. Italy. 1823.
PHALEROCA'KPUS. This hardy ever-
green creeper should have been added
toGaultheria.
P. serpyllifo'lia (wild-thyme-leaved). White.
April. N. Amer. 1815.
PHALOCA'LLIS. (From phaios, a cone,
hallos, beautiful ; beautifully cone-crested.
Nat. ord., Irids [Iridacere]. Linn., 3-
Triandria 1-Monoyynia. Allied to Pby-
cella.)
Half-hardy Mexican bulb. The flower lasts
only a few hours in the morning. Seeds and off-
sets in spring ; requires a little protection from,
wet and cold in winter ; sandy loam and a little
leaf-mould.
P. plu'mbea (lead-coloured). 1$. Lead-coloured.
July. Mexico. 183".
PHARBI'TIS. (From pharbe, colour;
deep and varied colours of the flowers.
Nat. ord., Bindweeds [Convolvulacese],
Linn., 5-Pentandria \-Monogynia. Allied
to Ipomsea).*
For culture, see IPOM.S/A.
HARDY TWINING ANNUALS.
P. barba'ta (bearded). September. Virginia. I79?»
— barbi'gern (beard-bearing). Blue. September.
N. Amer.
— hederu'cea (ivy-leaved). Blue. August. N.
Amer, 1729.
PHA
[ 630]
PHI
GREENHOUSE TWINING ANNUALS.
P. cuspidu'ta (sharp-pointed). Purple. July.
Peru. 1/32.
— Dille'nii (Dillenius's). Blue. June. Ethiopia.
— diversifo'lia (various-leaved). 5. Blue. June.
Mexico. 1836.
— nW (nil). Blue. August. America. 1597-
— puncta'ta (dotted). Purple, violet. August,
India.
STOVE TWINING ANNUALS.
P. hi'spida (bristly). White, purple. August.
E. Ind. 1629.
— sca'bra (scurfy). White. September. 1823.
EVEBGEEEN TWINEKS.
P. catha'rtica (purgative). Blue, purple. Sep-
tember. Mexico. 1848. Stove.
— carule'scens (blue). Pale blue. July. E. Ind.
1820. Hardy.
— Lea'rii (Lear's). Blue. June. Buenos Ayres.
1835; Stove deciduous.
— ostri'na (purple). 20. Purple^ July. Cuba.
1840. Stove.
— tyrianthi'na (purple). Purple. October.
Mexico. 1838. Stove deciduous.
— va'ria (variable). Blue, violet. September.
1816. Stove.
PHASE'OLUS. Kidney Bean. (From pha-
selus, a little boat ; fancied resemblance of
the pods. Nat. or A., Leguminous Plants [Fa-
bacese] . Linn. 17-Diadelphia k-Decandria.}
For culture of annuals, see KIDNKY BEANS;
perennials, by division and cuttings, and usual
greenhouse or stove culture.
STOVE DECIDUOUS TWINEES.
P. Caraca'lla (Caracalla). l£. Lilac. August.
India. 1690.
— loba'tus (lobed-Zeawed). 6. Yellow. September.
Buenos Ayres. 1843. Evergreen.
— specio'sMs(showy). 6. Scarlet. July. Orinoco.1820.
GREENHOUSE DECIDUOUS TWINEE.
P, sylve'stris(vtood). 6.Scarlet. July. Mexico. 1825.
HARDY DECIDUOUS TWINEES.
P. multlflo'rus (many-flowered). 12. Scarlet. July.
S. Amer. 1633.
— ~— albiflo'rus (white-flowering). 12. White.
August. S. Amer. 1633.
— pere'nnis (perennial). 3. Dark purple. July.
Carolina. 1824.
w- vulga'ris (common). 1. White. July. India. 1597.
— fascia'tm (banded-seeded). White. July.
India. 1597.
— variega'tus (variegated-seeded). White.
July. India. 1597.
TWINING ANNUALS.
P. aconitifo'lius (aconite-leaved). 2. Pink. July.
E. Ind. 1731.
— amce'nus (pleasing). 4. Red. July. Society
Islands. 1820.
— chrysa'nthos (golden - flowered). 3» Yellow.
July.
speVrotts (angled-seeded). 4. Pale violet,
white. July.
— heterophy'llus (variable-leaved). 4. Red. June.
Mexico. 1820.
— lathyroi'des (lathyrus-like). 2. -Scarlet. July.
Jamaica. 1736.
— microspe'rmus (small-seeded). 1. Dark purple.
June. Cuba. 1825.
— se'mi-ere'ctus (half-erect). 2. Red. July. W.
Ind. 1781.
— toro'sus (uneven). 4. Violet. July. Nepaul. 1818.
— oiola'ceus (violet). 3. Violet. July. Africa. 1800.
, Red. July. S.Amer. 1818.
PHEASANT'S EYE ADONIS. Ado'nis au-
tumn a' Us.
PHEBA'LIUM. (From phibalc, a myrtle ;
the appearance of the plants. Nat. ord.,
Rueworts [Kutacese]. Linn., I0-Decandria
\.-Monogynia. Allied to Crowea.)
Greenhouse evergreen, yellow-flowered, New
Holland shrubs. Cuttings of half-ripened shoots,
or short, stumpy side-shoots, in sand, under a bell-
glass, in May ; sandy peat, with a third portion of
fibry loam. Winter temp., 38° to 48°.
P. au'reum (golden). 6. May. 1823.
— ela'tum (tall). 10. May. 1825.
— lachnoi'des (lachnsea-like). 3. May. 1824.
— linea're (narrow-feared). 3. June. 1825.
— salicifo'lium (willow-leaved). 3. June. 18i5.
— squamulo'sum (sealy). 2£. May. 4824.
PH-TLADE'LPHUS, Syringa, or Mocjc
Orange. (Athenian name for a shrub.
Nat. ord., Syringas [Philadelphaceaej.
Linn., \1-Icosandria \-Monogynia. Allied
to Deutzia.)
Hardy deciduous, white-flowered shrubs. Lay-
ers and suckers, and dividing the plant in spring ;
common soil; deep loam is best. Many of the
species would present a beautiful appearance if
grown as single dwarf specimen trees, with a
clean stem.
P. corona'rius (garland). 8. May. South Europe.
1596.
flo 're-pie 'no (double-flowered). 8. May.
South Europe.
fo'liis variega'tis (variegated-leaved). 8.
May. South Europe.
nu'nus (dwarf). 2. May.
— — — vulga'ris (common). 8. May.
— floribu'ndus (bundle-flowered). 6. June. N.
Amer.
— Gordoniu'nus (Gordon's). 10. July. N. Amer.
— grandiflo'rus (large-flowered). 6. June. Caro-
lina. 1811.
— Mrsu'tus (hairy). 3. June. N. Amer. 1820.
— inodo'rus (scentless). 4. June. Carolina. 1738.
— latifn'lius (broad-leaved). 4. June. N. Amer.
— la'xus (loose-growing). 4. June. N. Amer. 1830.
— Lewi'sii (Lewis's). 6. June. N.Amer. 1739.
— Mexicu'nus (Mexican). 2. June. Mexico. 1839.
— specio'sus (showy). 10. June. N.Amer.
— tomento'sus (downy). 3. June. Nepaul. 1822.
— trifio'rus (three-flowered). 4. Himalaya.
— vemtco'sus (warted). 4. June. N. Amer.
— Zeyhe'ri (Zeyher's). 3. June. N. Amer.
PHILE'SIA. (From philesios, lovely. Nat.
ord., Sarsaparillas [Smilacese]. Linn., 6-
Hexandria I-Monogynia. Allied to La-
pageria.)
This evergreen is probably hardy. Prune after
it has bloomed early in the summer. Propagated
by cuttings. Peat and loam in equal proportions ;
requires to be kept moist,
P. buxifo'lia (box-leaved). 3. Pink. June. Val-
divia. 1853.
PHILIBE'ETIA. (Named of J. C. Phili-
bert, a botanical author. Nat. ord., Ascle-
piads [Asclepiadacese]. Linn., 5-Pentan-
dria 2-J)igynia. Allied to Pergularia.)
Stove, yellowish - white • flowered, evergreen
PHI
[ 631 3
PHL
twiners, from Buenos Ayres. Cuttings of firm side-
shoots in sand, under a bell-glass, in May, and
kept in a cold pit until struck; sandy loam and
fibry peat, well-drained. Winter temp., 40° to
45° ; summer, 60° to 75°.
P. gra'cilis (slender) . 6. June. 18.36.
— grandiflo'ra (large-flowered). June. 1836.
PHILLY'BEA. (From phyllon, a leaf; li-
terally, a leafy plant, the flowers being
inconspicuous. Nat. ord., Oliveworts [Ole-
aceae]. Linn., 2-Diandria 1-Monogynia.)
Of all our hardy evergreens the Phillyrea is the
best adapted for growing as dwarf standards. All
white-flowered, and natives of South of Europe.
Layers in autumn ; euttiags u»deF a hand-lighjt ;
seeds, after being mixed with s»il in the rot-heap ; j
good, common garden-soil.
P. angvstifo'lia (narrow-leaved). 8. May. 1597-
^tiraekta'ta (forked). 8. May. 15f7-
ro«marimyb'ft«(rosemary-leaved). S.May.
1597-
— Its'vis (smooth-leaved). 15. May. 159".
— lanceola'ta (spear-head-/e«mT). 8. June.
— latifo'lia (broad-leaved). 15. May. 1597.
~ ligustrifo'lia (privet-leaved). 15. May. 1593.
— me'dia (mediate). 15. May. 1597-
buxifo'lia (box-leaved). 15. May. 1/97-
— obli'qua (twisted-leaved). 15. May. 1597-
— oleafo'lia (olive-leaved). 15. May. 1597.
— pe'ndula (drooping). 15. May. 1597-
— spino'sa (spiny). June. 1597.
PHILODE'NDRON. (From philco, to Iove5
and dendron, a tree ; referring to habit of
the plants growing on trees. Nat. ord.,
Arads [Aracece]. Linn., 2l-Monoetia 3-
Triandria. Allied to Galaclium.)
Stove rambling -ever green s. Division of the
roots ; cuttings of short, stubby side-shoots in
sand, under a bell-glass, in peat; rich, sandy
loam and fibry pieces of peat. Winter temp.,
55° to 60° ; summer, 60° to 85°.
P. arbore'scens (tree-like). June. W. Ind. 1/5Q.
— crassine'rvium( thick- ribbed). 20. Green, white.
December. Brazil. 1835.
— fragranti'ssimum (most fragrant). 4. Red,
•white. March. Demerara. 1834.
—grandifo'lium (large-leaved). 6. White. March.
Caraccas. 1803.
— tripa'rtitum (three-parted). White. Caraccas.
1816.
PHTLOTHE'CA. (From philos, smooth,
and theke, a sheath ; smooth tube of sta-
mens. Nat. ord., Rueworls [Rutacese].
Linn., 16-Monadelphia 6-Decandria. Al-
lied to Crowea.)
Greenhouse evergreen shrub. Cuttings of short
young shoots, a little firm at the base, in sand,
und«r a bell-glass, and placed in a cold frame in
May ; sandy loam and fibry peat. Winter temp.,
40° to 45°.
P. austra'lis (southern). 2. Pale red. April. N. S.
Wales. 1822.
PHI'LYDRUM. (From phileo, to love,
and hydor, water. Nat. ord., Waterworts
[Philydracese]. Linn., 1-Monandria I-
Monogynia.)
Greenhouse biennial. Seeds in spring, in a warm
place, and moved to a colder when up ; sandy
loam and peat ; does best in the greenhouse.
P. lanugino'sum (woolly). 3. Yellow. June. China.
1801.
PHLEBO'DIUJM. (From phlebs, a vein.
Nat. ord., Ferns [Polypodiaeese]. Linn.,
2±-Cryptogamia I-Filices.)
Stove Ferns. See FERNS.
P. areola'tum (areolate). 1. Yellow. May. Brazil.
— au'reum (golden). 3. Yellow. March. W. Ind.
1/42.
— decuma'num (tall). 5-Yellow. May. Brazil.1818.
— elonga'tum (lengthened). Brown. May. W.
Ind. 1843.
— lycopodioi'dcs (club-moss-like). $. Brown,
yellow. March. Jamaica. 1822.
— ni'tidum (shining). Brown, yellow. May. Hon-
duras. 1844.
— percufssum (struck). Brown, yellow. May.
Braail. 1841.
— pulvina'tum (cushioned). Brown, yellow. May.
Brazil. 1841.
— sporodoca'rpum (spore-fruited). 3. Brown,,
yellow. May. Mexico. 1842.
— squamulo'sum (scaly). Brown, yellow. May.
Brazil. 1842.
PHLOGACA'NTHUS. (From phlox, a flame,
and akanthus, the type of this Nat.
ord. of Acanthads [Acanthacese], the
flowers being flame-coloured. Linn., 2-
Diandrial-Monogynia. Allied to Justicia.)
Stove evergreen shrubs. For culture, see Jus-
TI'CIA.
P. curviflo'rus (curved-flowered). 6. Red, yellow.
June. Sylhet. 1839.
— gutta'tus (spotted). l£. Yellow-spotted. April.
E. Ind. 1828.
— thyrsiflo'rus (thyrse-flowered) . Orange. May.
E. Ind. 1812.
PHLO'MIS. (From phlogmos, a flame;
down used for wicks. Nat. ord., Lipworts
[Lamiacese]. Linn., 14:-Didynamia 1-
Gymnospermia. Allied to Leonotis.)
Perennials, seeds, divisions, and slips planted
in spring and autumn ; shrubs, by cuttings and
slips, placed in the open air, in a shady place, or
under a hand-light ; shrubs requiring protection
in winter, by cuttings under hand-lights, in
summer ; all good, mellow, well-drained soil.
HALF-HARDY HERBACEOUS, &C.
P. angustifo'lia (narrow-leaved). Cream. July.
Levant. 1596. Evergreen.
— crini'ta (hair-iracfed). 2. Pale brown. June.
Spain. 1820.
— /occo'sa (flocky). 2. Yellow. August. Egypt.
1828. Evergreen.
— Nisso'lii (Nissole's). 2. Yellow. June. Le-
vant. 1757.
— orienta'lis (eastern). 3. Pale brown. July.
South Europe. 1820.
HARDY EVERGREEN SHRUBS.
P. bi 'color (two-coloured). Yellow, purple. June.
Lybia. 1714.
— ferrugi'nea (rusty). 2. Yellow, brown. June.
Naples. 1823.
Creftica (Cretan). 3, Yellow. June.
Crete. 1820.
—frutico'sa (shrubby. Jerusalem Sage). 3.
Yellow. June, Spain. 1596.
PHL
[ 632
PHO
P.lta'Kca (Italian). 2. Purple. July. Italy. 1661.
— lana'ta (woolly). 1£. Yellow. June. Candia.l696.
— lychni'tes (lychnitis). 2. Yellow, brown.
July. South Europe. 1658.
— purpu'rea (purple). 2. Purple. July. South
Europe. 1661.
— visco'sa (clammy). Yellow. June. Levant.
HARDY HERBACEOUS.
P. agra'ria (field). Purplish. July. Siberia. 1830.
— alpi'na (alpine). 1. Purple. July. Siberia. 1802.
— Armeni'aca (Armenian). 1. Yellow. July.
Armenia. 1834.
— Cashmeria'na (Cashmere). 2. Pale lilac. July.
Cashmere.
— he'rba-ve'nti (wind-herb). 2. Red. August.
South Europe. 1596.
— lacinia'ta (jagged-tea»ed). 3. Purple. July.
Levant. 1731.
— lunarifo'lia (honesty-leaved). 3. Yellow.
June. Levant. 1818.
— pu'ngens (stinging). 3. Brown. July. Ar-
menia. 1820.
— Russellia'na (Russell's). 3. Brown. June.
Levant. 1821.
— Sa'mia (Samian). 3. Purple. N.Africa. 1714.
— si'mplex (simple). Purple. May. Himalayas. 1838.
— tubero'sa (tuberous). 4. Purple. August.
Siberia. 175Q.
PHLO'X. (From phlox, flame; bril-
liancy of the flowers. Nat. ord., Phlox-
worts [Polemoniacese]. Linn., 5-Pen-
tandria l-Monogynia.)
Herbaceous perennials, natives of North Ame-
rica, except where otherwise mentioned. Divi-
sions, and cuttings under a hand-light, in a shady
place, in summer ; sandy loam and leaf-mould ;
the low trailing ones are beautiful on knolls and
reek-works. Drummo'ndi by seed sown the first
week in April, in gentle heat.
HALF-HARDY.
P. arista' ta (awned). $. White. April. Caro-
lina. 1828.
— Florida'na (Florida). 1. Rose. April. 1S34.
— specio'sa (showy). 1. Flesh. Columbia. 1826.
HARDY.
P. acumlna'ta (•pointed-leaved). 4. Pale purple.
July. 1812.
— acutifo'lia <acute-leaved). 4. Purple. Au-
gust. 1825.
— Cnnade'nsis (Canadian). 1. Blue. April. 1825.
— ca'rnea (fleshy). 1. Pink. August. 181 6.
— Caroli'na (Carolina). 1. Pale purple. Au-
gust. Carolina. 1728.
— corda'ta (heart-leaved). Pale purple. Caro-
lina. 1827.
— crassifo'lia (thick-leaved). 3. Rose. April. 1825.
— di'sticha (two-rowed). 5. Red. August. 1826.
— divaricu'ta (spreading). 1. Light blue. March.
1746.
— Drwnmo'ndi (Drummond's). 1. Purple. July.
Texas. 1835. Annual.
— eZa'to (tall). 6. Lilac. September. 1828.
— exce'lsa (tall). 4. Purple. August. 1824.
— glake'rrima (smoothest). 3. Red. July. 1725.
— interme'dia (intermediate). 2. Purple. July.
— involucra'ta (involucred). 1. Lilac. June. 1830.
— lee'ta (charming). 3£. White. August.
— latifo'lia (broad-leaved). 3. Purple. July.
Carolina. 1812.
— macula'ta (spotted-stalked). 4. Purple. July.
1740.
— ni'tida (shining). 2. Purple. July. 1SOO.
— niva'lis (snowy). $. White. April. 1820.
P. odora'ta (scented). Lilac. August.
— ova' ta (egg-leaved). 1$. Purple. June. ITr
Listonia'nn ( Lad
Julv. 1816.
(Lady Listen's), l. Puruu
• — panicula'ta (panicled). 3. Pink. August. 1/32.
u'lfja (white). 3. White. August. 1813.
— penduliflo'ru (drooping). 3£. Rose, purple.
October. 1823.
— pilo'sa (hairy-leaved). 1. Purple. May. 1700.
amce'na (pleasing). £. Pink. June. 1809.
— procu'mbens (lying-down). Flesh. May. lyj,~.
— pyrnmidu'lis (pyramidal). 4. Flesn. July. 1800.
a'lba (white-lowered). 4. White. June.
coryrnbo'sa (corymbed). 4. Purple. July.
pendul'flo'ra (drooping-fiowered). 4. Pur-
ple. July.
— re'ptans (creeping), i- Blue, purple. July. 1600.
crassifo'lia (thick-leaved). 3. Purple. July.
1825.
— sca'bra (rough). Lilac. August.
— setu'cea (bristly). £. Flesh. April. 1786.
— SicArm«'nm(Sickman's). White. August. 1826.
— suave'olens (sweet-scented;. 2. White. July.
1766.
variega'ta (variegated). 1. White. July.
1/66.
— subula'ta (awl-leaved). £. Dark purple. Mar.
1/86.
— stiff rutico'sa (shrubby). l£. Dark purple.
August. 1790.
— tardiflo'ra (late-flowered). 2. White. Sep-
tember. 1825.
— triflo'ra (three-flowered). 1. Pale lilac. Au-
gust. Carolina. 1816.
— undula'ta (\\a\eA-leaved). 3. Purple.July.:759.
— Virgi'nica (Virginian). 1. Purple. July.
Virginia. "l812.
PHCE'NIX. Date Palm. (The Greek
name of the tree. Nat. ord., Palms
[Palmacese]. Linn., 22-Dioscia 3-ZVi-
andria.)
Ductyli'fera requires a greenhouse, but all the
others a stove. Seeds in a hotbed, in spring, or
when procurable ; rich, rather stiff loam, or good,
fibry loam, with a fourth part of old cow-dung.
P. «c««//is((stemless) .6.White,green.E.Ind.l8l6.
— dactyli'fera (common. Date-bearing). 40.
White, green. Levant. 1597.
— farini'fera(mealy). 28. White, green. E. Incl.
1800.
— Leone'nsis (SierraLeone).30.SierraLeone.T823.
— paludn'sa (marsh). 20. E. Ind. 1820.
— pygmce'a (pigmy). 6. Mauritius. 1823.
— reclina'ta (leaning). 10. White, green. Cape
of Good Hope. 1792.
— sylve'stris (wood). 14. Green. May. E. Ind. 1/63.
PHOLIDO'TA. Eattle - snake Orchid.
(From pholis, a scale, nnd ous (otis), an
ear; flowers arranged like an ear of wheat,
with scaly bractes, as the tail of thatsnake.
Nat. ord., Orchids [Orchidaceae]. Linn.,
2Q-Gynandria 1-Monandria. Allied to
Coelogyne.)
Stove orchids. Division of the plant; in a
pot. See ORCHIDS.
P. articula'ta (jointed). White, yellow. April.
Khooseea. 1837.
— CMnc'nsis (Chinese). 4. Whitish. May. China.
1844.
— conchoi'dea (shell-like). Yellow. February.
Manilla. 1840.
— undula'ta (waved-teaued). Pale red. April,
E. Ind. 1828.
PHO
t 033 ]
PHY
Pno'miiuai. Flax Lily, or New Zea-
land Flax. (From phormos, a basket;
one of the uses made of the fibre. Nat.
ord., Lily worts [Liliacese], Linn., 6-
Jlexan dria \.-j\Ionotjij)t ia. )
Hardy herbaceous perennial. Divisions of the
root; rich, mellow loam.
P. te'nax (tough). 6. Green, white. August
New Zealand. 1798.
PHOTI'NIA. (From pkoleinos, shining ;
appearance of the leaves. Nat. ord.,
nippleworts [Pomacese], Linn., 12-Jco-
smidria 2-Di-pentagynia. Allied to Erio
fcotrya.)
Half-hardy white-flowered evergreens. Seeds
when procurable, treated as the haws of the
Rawthom; generally by budding on the Haw-
thorn as a stock ; rather tender for the open air
north of London, but deserve a wall, owing to
their beautiful foliage; and where, also, when
established, they would generally flower freely.
P. urbutifo'lia (arbutus-leaved). 10. July. Cali-
fornia. 1796.
— du'bia (doubtful). 10. Nepaul. 1821.
— integrifo'lia (entire-leaved). 10. Nepaul. 1820.
— serrula'ta (saw-edge-/tmrrf). 10. May. China.
1604.
PHIIY'NIOI. (From phrynos, a frog;
because inhabiting marshes. Nat. ord.}
Marants [Marantacese]. Linn., \-Monan-
dria l-Monoyynia. Allied to Canna.)
Stove herbaceous perennials ; yellow-flowered,
where not otherwise specified. Seeds in a hot-
bed in spring, or division of the roots as fresh
growth commences ; rich loam and a little peat.
Winter temp., 50° to 55°; summer, 60° to 85°.
P. capita' turn (headed). 5. White, purple. July-
E. Ind. 1S07.
— colora'tum (coloured). 2. Orange. May.
Brazil. 1828.
— como'sum (tufted). 3. July. Surinam. 1828.
— grandiflo'rum (large-flowered). I.July. Brazil.
1823.
— myro'sma (myrrh-scented). 2. Whice. July.
S. Amer. 1820.
— obli'quum (twisted). l£. June. E. Ind. 1824.
*- Parkefri (Parker's). 2. July. Grenada. 1823.
— ptirviflo'rnm (small-flowered). 4. July. E. Ind.
1820.
— srt-ng'wi/rtej<Hi(blood-coloured). 6. Red. February.
— seto'sum (bristly). 2. Purple. June. Kio
Janeiro. 1824.
— spica'tum (spiked). 1. July. E. Ind. 1825.
— villo'sum (shaggy). March. Denici-ava. 1842.
PHYCE'LLA. (A diminutive of phycos,
Red Alkanet ; alluding to the colour of
the flowers. Nat. ord., Amaryllids
[Amaryllidaceas]. Linn., 6-Hexandria
1-Monogynia. Allied to Habranthus.)
Half-hardy beautiful bulbs, whose old roots.
like those of the Tulip and Hyacinths, die yearly ;
and, therefore, may, like them, be taken up to
dry as soon as the leaves die. They flower in
summer after tlie leaves are fully grown; die, or
should die, in August, and remain dormant until
February; peat earth is poison to them; strong
loam suits them best, and a very dry bottom.
There is a munificent Phycella in Valparaiso not
yet introduced; red flowers, and golden tui.es or
bottoms. Seeds, and offset bulbs ; warm border,
protected from wet and cold during winter, or
sheltered from frost in cold pit or frame.
P. biflo'ra (two-flowered). Scarlet. April. Chili.
— brevitu'bu (short-tubed). 1. Scarlet. Julv. 1836.
— chlora'cra (yellow-green). Green, crimson.
Mexico. 1844.
— coru'sra (glittering). 1. Scarlet. September.
Coquimbo. 1825.
— cyrtanthoi'des (cyrtanthus-like). $. Crimson.
June. Chili. 1824.
— glau'ca (milky-green). 1. Red. June. Val-
paraiso. 1824.
— Herbertia'na (Herbert's). 1. Red, yellow
June. Andes. 1825.
— i'gnea (fiery). 1. Scarlet. April. Chili. 1824.
pu'lchrn (pretty). 1^. Red. October.
Valparaiso.
— obtu'sa (blunt). Peru. 1844.
PHY'LICA. (From phylUkos, leafy ;
abundance of evergreen leaves. Nat.
ord., Ehamnads ['Rhamnaceoe]. Linn.,
6-Pentandria 1-Honoqynia.}
Greenhouse evergreens, from the Capo of Good
Hope, and all white-flowered, unless otherwise
mentioned. Cuttings of young shoots in sand,
under a glass, in spring, and kept cool and shaded
from sunshine until they have struck ; sandy,
fiory peat, with nodules of freestone and char-
coal. Winter temp., 40° to 45°.
P. bi'co'or (two-coloured). 2. June. 1817»
— capitn'ta (headed). 1. June. 1800.
— cyli'ndrica (cylindrical). 2. Yellow, green. June.
— ericoi'des (heath-like). 3. June. 1731.
— globn'su (globose). 3. June. JSOO.
— irnbrica'ta (imbricated). 1. October. 1801.
— ni'tida (shining). November. 1//4.
erinpho'ra (woolly). 3. November. 1/7-i.
— />a^7/o'i-a(nippled). 3. Pale yellow. June. 1820.
— pi'nea (pine-like). November 1774.
— pinifo'lia (pine-leaved). 2. July. 17SQ.
— plumo'su (feathered). 2. April." 175Q.
— rosmurinifo'lia (rosemary-leaved). 3. 1815.
— squarro'sa (spreading). 2. September. 1800.
PHYLLA'NTHUS. (From phyllon, a leaf,
and anthos, a flower ; flowers produced
on the edges of the leaves. Nat. ord.,
Spurgeworts [EuphorbiaceseJ. Linn., 21-
Monoecia IQ-Monadelphia, )
Annuals and biennials, by seed in a hotbed, in
spring, and then flowered in stove and greenhouse
during the summer. Shrubby species, by cuttings
of the hard shoots in sandy soil, in heat; sandy
loam and fibry peat, with a little broken bricks,
charcoal, and dried cow-dung. Winter temp.,
50° to 55° ; summer, 60° to 85°.
ANNUALS AND BIENNIALS.
P.gra'cilis (slender). 1. Green, yellow. Au-
gust. E. Ind. 1818. Biennial.
— Niru'ri (Niruri). £. Green. July. E. Ind. 1693.
— obova'tus (reversed-egg-^rtccrf). 2- July- N.
Amer. 1803. Hardy.
— urina'ria (urinary). A. Green, vellotv. August.
E. Ind. 1819.
STOVE EVERGBEEN SHRUBS.
P. fraxinifo'lius (ash-leaved). 4. Green. August.
E. Ind. 1819.
— grandifo'lius (large-leaved). 5. America. 1771.
PHY
C 634 ]
PHY
P.juglandifo'lim (walnut - leaved}. 2. Green,
yellow. August. 1818.
— lanceola'tus (spear- head-Jeaved). 3. Green,
yellow. Isle of Bourbon. 1822.
— lu'cens (shining). 2. Green, yellow. August.
China. 1820. Greenhouse.
— mimosoi'des (mimosa-like). 10. Green. August.
Caribbees. 1817.
— nu'tans (nodding). l£. Green, yellow. August.
Jamaica. 1820.
— polyphy'llus (many-leaved). 3. Green. August.
E. Ind. 1805.
— reticula'tus (netted). 3. Red. August. E. Ind.
— sca'ndens (climbing). 10. Green, yellow. Au-
gust. E. Ind. 1822. Climber.
— turbina'tus (top-shaped). 2. Green. July. China.
PHTLLA'KTHROijr. (From phyllon, a
leaf, and arthros, a joint; leaflets as if
jointed to the footstalks. -Nat. ord., Cres-
centiads {Creseentiaceae}. Linn., 14-
Didynamia 1-Gymnospermia. Alliance, a
small order next to Bignoniads.)
Stove evergreen shrub. Cuttings of stubby side-
shoots, or pieces of the ripe young wood, in sand,
under a bell-glass, in bottom-heat ; sandy loam
and fibry peat, and a little leaf-mould and char-
coal. Winter temp., 50° to 55° ; summer, 60° to 90°.
P. Bojeria'na(Rojer'a). 3. Rose. July. Mauritius.
1844.
PHYLLO'CLADUS. (From phyllon, a
leaf, and klados, a branch; branch-like
leafleted leaves. Nat. ord., Taxads
[Taxacese]. Linn., 21-Moncecia IQ-Mo-
nadelphia. Allied to Podocarpus.)
Greenhouse cone-bearing trees, from Van Die-
men's Land. Cuttings of the ripe shoots in sand,
under a glass, in spring, and no artificial bottom-
heat until the cuttings swell at their base ; strong
loam. At Belfast, rhomboida'lis (Celery-topped,
or Adventure Bay Pine) bears the winter without
protection ; tric'homanoi'des would be equally
hardy in the south of Ireland and south-west of
England. Winter temp., 40° to 48°; summer,
60° to 75°.
P. rhomboida'lis (diamond-teamed). 40. 1825.
— trichomanoi 'des (maiden-hair-like). 60. Yellow.
July. 1840.
PHYLLO'TA. ( From phyllon, a leaf, and
ous (otis), an ear; shape of leaves. Nat.
ord., Leguminous Plants [Fsibo.cess']. Linn.,
IQ-Decandria 1-Monogynia, Allied to
Aotus.)
Greenhouse evergreen, yellow-flowered shrubs,
introduced from New South Wales in 1824.
Cuttings of young shoots getting firm (the little
stubby side-shoots are best), in spring and sum-
mer, in sand, under a bell-glass; fibry, sandy
peat, and a few nodules of fibry loam, to keep the
plants stubby. Winter temp., 40° to 48°.
P. aspe'ra (rough) ; como'sa (tufted) ; phyli-
coi'des (phylica-like) ; squarro'sa (spreading).
PHYSIC NUT. Ja'tropha.
PHYSIA'NTHUS. (From_p7w/sa, abladder,
and anthos, a flower; alluding to its
shape. Nat. ord., Asclepiads [Asclepia-
dacese]. Linn., 6-Pentandria 2-Digynia.}
Stove evergreen climber. Seed sown in a hot-
bed in spring; cuttings of firm, stubby side.
shoots in, summer, in sandy soil, under a glass,
in heat ; sandy loam and fibry peat, with plenty
of drainage. Winter temp., 48° to 60°; summer,
60° to 85°. Does well in a stove ; but we have had
it flowering beautifully, and producing its sin-
gular fruit, in a conservatory of medium tempera-
ture. A variety named a'lbicans undula'tus, from.
South America, lived for several years against a
wall in the Fulham nursery.
P. a'lbens (whitish-leaved). 20. White. August,
Buenos Ayres. 1830.
PHYSOCHLAI'NA. (From physa, a blad-
der, and chlaina, an outer garment ; re-
ferring to the swollen calyx of some
species. Nat. ord., Nightshades [Solaua-
cese]. Linn., 5-Pcntandria \-Monogynia.)
Hardy herbaceous. Common garden-soil. In-
creased by root division in autumn or early spring.
P. gr«mfr/?o'r« (large-flowered). 1$. Green. May.
Thibet. 1850.
PHYSOSTE'GIA. (From physa, a blad-
der, and stege, a covering ; formation of
the calyx. Nat. ord., Lipworts [Lami-
aceae]. Linn., 1^-Didynamla \-Gymno-
spermia. Allied to Melittis.)
Hardy herbaceous perennials. Seeds in a little
heat, early, and then most of the plants when
turned out in May will bloom the same season ;
divisions of the plants in spring ; and cuttings,
or j'oung shoots, under a hand-light, in sandy
soil, in summer ; sandy loam and a little leaf-
mould.
P. corda'ta (heart-teaued). Purple. July. N. Amer.
1824.
— denticula'ta (toothed-beared) . Striped. August.
Carolina. 1/87.
— imbrica'ta (imbricated -flowered). 3. Pale
purple. September. Texas. 1833.
— specio'sa (showy). Pink. July. Siberia. 1822.
— trunca'ta (blunt - calyxed). l£. Pale pink.
St. Felipe. 1834.
— variega'ta (variegated). Purple. August. Ca-
rolina. 1812.
— Virginia'na (Virginian). l£. Red. August. N.
Amer. 1683.
a'lba (white). 3. White. August.
PHYSU'RUS. (From physa, a bladder,
and oura, a tail. Nat. ord., Orchids
[Orchidacese]. Linn., 20-Gynaiidria 1-
Monandria. Allied to Ansectochilus.)
P. pi'ctus rivals the far-famed Ancectochilus in
the richness of its foliage. Stove orchids, in pots.
Division in spring. See ORCHIDS.
P. argefnteus (silvery-teawed). £. White. June.
Ceylon.
— Lobbia'nus (Lobb's). ?. Java. 1847-
— pi'ctus (painted). £. White. June. Brazil. 1844.
— Pre'slei ( Presley's). Yellow. February. Mara-
quita.
— rariflo'rus (few-flowered). Yellow. March. Ca-
raccas.
PHYTED'MA. Eampion. (An ancient
name of a plant. Nat. ord., Eellworts
[Campanulacese]. Linn., 5-Pentandria
l-Monoyynia. Allied to Campanula.)
Hardy herbaceous perennials, with two excep«
tions. Seeds and divisions in spring; common,
light garden-soil. Pretty little things for rock-
works and the front of borders.
PHY
[ 635 ]
PIE
P. letonicifo'lium (betony-leaved). 2. Pale blue.
June. South Europe. 1818.
— campanuloi'des (campanula-like). 1. Blue.
July. Caucasus. 1804.
Sibthorpia'num (Sibthorp's). July. Mount
Olympus. 1804.
— cane'scens (hoary). 2. Lilac. July. Hungary.
1804.
— Charme'lii (Charmeli's). 1. Blue. June. Pyre-
nees. 1823.
— como'sum (tufted). £. Blue. June. Austria.
1752. Biennial.
— globular if of Hum (globularia-leaved). £. Blue.
June. South of France. 1820.
— Halle'ri (Mailer's). £. Violet. May. South of
France. 1822.
— htnispTHs'ricum, (half-globed). 1. Blue. July.
Switzerland. 1/52.
— hi'svidum (bristly). l.Blue. June. Switzerland.
1825.
— htt>tueli* thiUBfole). *. Blu*. J«n«. Switzerland.
1985.
— incequa'tum (levelled). 1. Blue. June. Austria.
1820.
— lanceola'tum (spear-head-feaL-ed). J. White.
June. Armenia. 1826.
— limoniifo'lium (limonium-leaved). Switzerland.
1832. Evergreen.
— Miche'lii (Micheli's). 4. Red. June. Switzer-
land. 1822.
— ni'grum (black). £. Red. July. Bohemia. 1820.
— orbicula're (round-headed). 1. Violet. July.
England.
_ — . deci'piens (deceiving). Blue. July. Swit-
zerland. 1819.
— — gigante'um (gigantic). Blue. July. France.
1817.
— pauciflo'rum (few-flowered). |. Blue. May.
Switzerland. 1823.
— pulcMllum (pretty). 1836.
— Scfteuchze'ri (Scheuchzer's). £. Blue. May.
Switzerland. 1813.
— scorzonerifo'lium (scorzonera-leaved) . 1 . Blue.
July. Alps. 1819.
— Si5i'newm(Siberian). l.Blue. July.Siberia.1817.
— Siebe'ri (Sieber's). l.Blue. June. Pyrenees. 1826.
— spica'tum (spiked). 2. Blue. May. Europe.1597.
PHYTOLA'CCA. (From phyton, a plant,
and lacca, lac ; the crimson colour of the
fruit. Nat. ord., Phytolaccads [Phyto-
lacacese]. Linn., IQ-Decandria 5-Deca-
gynia.)
There are many tender species, but the follow,
ing hardy herbaceous ones are all that are deserv-
ing notice. Seeds and divisions in spring ; light,
sandy soil and leaf-mould.
P. acino'sa (kernel-like). North India. 1844.
— deca'ndra (ten-stamened. Virginian Poke). 5.
White, green. August. S. Amer. 1/68.
PICK-AXE should have a handle three
feet and a half long, made of ash ; and
the points or edges of the head should
be of well-steeled iron. There are three
varieties : — 1. The pick with two points,,
for loosening hard surfaces. 2. The pick-
axe, for cutting through roots of trees
when felling. 3. The mattock, with one
pointed and one flat edge, for loosening
surfaces and grubbing up roots.
Pico TEE. See CARNATION and PINK.
PIARA'NTHUS. (From piar, fatness,
and anthos, a flower; the flowers being
succulent, as in Stapelia. Nat. ord.,
Asclepiads [Asclepiadacese]. Linn., 5-
Pentandria 2-Digynia.}
A true genus, but for practical gardening may
be .considered as « Stapelia. Greenhouse wrer-
greens, from the Cape of Good Hope. Cuttings,
dried some days at their base before inserting-
them in sandy loam; sandy loam, lime-rubbish,
leat'-mo«ld, and a little dried cow-dung. Winter
temp., 48° to 35°; summer, 60° to 90°; dry in.
winter.
P. a'ridus(dry). £. Pale yellow. August. 1795.
— Gussonea'nus (Gussone's). £. Yellow, brown.
June. 1832.
— incarna'tus (flesh-coloured). 1. Flesh. June.
1793.
— mammilla'ris (nippled). Brown. June. 17/4.
— parvifto'rus (small- flowered). $. Yellow.
August. 1795.
— pu'llus (dark). £. Dark purple. August. 1774.
— puncta'tus( dotted). £. Dark purple. August.
1795.
PI'CEA. The Silver Fir, a true genus,
but by recent authors considered only as
a section of the Spruce tribe. See PI'NUS.
PICTE'TIA. (Named after A. Picket, a
physician. Nat. ord., Leguminous Plants
[Fabacese]. Linn., 17 - Diadelphia 4-
Decandria. Allied to Hedysarum.)
Stove evergreen, yellow-flowered shrubs, from
the West Indies. Cuttings of half-ripened shoots
in sand, under a glass, in bottom -heat ; peat and
loam. Winter temp., 50° to 55°; summer, 60°
to 90°.
P. arista'ta (awned). 4. June. 1816.
— squamma'ta (scaled). 4. 1824.
PIEEA'EDIA. ( Named after Mr. Pierard,
of Kew. Nat. ord., Soapworts [Sapin-
dacese]. Linn., 8-Octandria 1-Monogynia.
Allied to Melicocca.)
Stove evergreen tree. Cuttings of half-ripe
shoots in sandy soil, in heat, in spring ; loam
and peat. Winter temp., 50° to 55°; sunyner,
60° to 80°.
P. du' Ids (sweet). 20. Yellow. Sumatra. 1820.
PIERIS CRATjEGi. Hawthorn, or Black-
veined Butterfly. Is white, with black
ribs or veins on the wings. It is very
much like Pontia brassica. The cater-
pillar is dirty yellow, hairy, black-headed,
and a brown stripe down its sides. The
caterpillars moult several times, and they
are usually found on the apple-tree, where
both the yellow eggs and caterpillars may
PIG
[ CSC ]
PIN
be found in June. The caterpillars draw
two or three leaves together with a web.
These should be sedulously sought for
and destroyed.
PIGEON PEA. Caja'nus.
PILEA'NTHUS. (From pilos, a cap, and
anthos, a flower. Nat. ord., Fringe-Myrtles
[Chamselauciacere]. Linn., 12-Icosan-
dria 1-Monoyynia. Allied to Calytrix.)
Greenhouse evergreen shrub. Cuttings of short
young: shoots in sand, under a glass, in May,
and placed in a shady place in a cold pit ; sandy
loam and a little peat. Winter temp., 38° to 48°.
P. lima'cis (limax-like). 2. April. White. N.
Holland. 1824.
PILE WOET. Fie a 'ria .
PILU'MNA. (From pilns or pileos, a cap ;
shape of flowers. Nat ord., Orchids
[Orchidacese]. Linn., 20-Gynandria 1-
Monandria. Allied to Trichopilia.)
Stove orchi-ds. Division of plant, or taking off
of a shoot ; in pots. See ORCUIDS.
P.fra'grans (sweet-scented). White, yellow-
May. Popayan. 1843.
— la'xa (loose-lowered), f. Purple, white, green.
October. Popayan. 1844.
PIMELE'A. From pimele, fat; referring
to the viscid matter on the leaves of some
species. Nat ord., Daphnads [Thyrne-
laeese]. Linn., 2-Diandria 1-Mono-
gynia.}
Greenhouse evergreen shrubs, from New Hol-
land. Seeds sown in a gentle hotbed, in spring;
cuttings of young shoots in sand, under a bell-
glass ; sandy, fibry peat, with a third of fibry
loam, and pieces of charcoal, freestone, and
broken pots, to keep the soil open, in addition to
good drainage. Winter temp., 40° to 48°.
P. affi'nis (related). White. May.
— decussu'ta (cross-branched). 2. Red. May.
1824.
— diosm&fo'lia (diosma-leaved). 1. Rose. July.
1826.
— graciliflo'ra (slender- calyxed}. 3. White.
June. 1830.
— Henderso'ni (Henderson's). 2. Rose. July.
1837-
— ki'spida (bristly-cowered). 2. Blush. May.
1830.
— interme'dia (intermediate). 2. Wrhite. May.
1825.
— Hnifo'lia (flax-leaved). 2. White. May. 1793.
— Hnoi'des (flax-like). 2. White. July. 1826.
— longiflo'ra (long-flowered). 4. White. June.
183 1.
— na'na (dwarf), f . White. June. 1839.
— ni'vea (snowy -her baged). 6. White. 1833.
— paludo'na (marsh). White. April. 1826.
— ro'sea (rosy). 2. Red. June. 1800.
— specta'bilis (showy). 3. White, pink. May.
1840.
— spica'ta (spiked). 2. White. June. 1824.
— sylve'stris (wood). 2. Blush. June. 1830.
PIME'KTA. Allspice-tree. (From pi-
mento, the Spanish name. Nat. ord.,
Myrtlellooms [Myrtacese]. Linn., 12-
Icosandria 1 - Monogynia. Allied to
Myrtus.)
Stove evergreen tree. Cuttings of ripe shoots
in sand, under a bell-gla«s, and in a brisk bottom-
heat, in spring ; rich," sandy, fibry loam. Winter
temp., 50° to 60°; summer, do0 to 85°.
P. vutga'ris (common. Allspice). 30. White.
June. W. Ind. 1723.
PIMPERNEL. Anaga'llls.
PINASTER. Pl'iws pina'ster.
PINCHING is a term applied to crush-
ing, between the finger and thumb, the
leading bud of a shoot, so as to prevent
its increasing in length, and to force
more sap to the other buds.
PINCKNE'YA. (Named after Mr. Pinck-
ney, an American botanist. Nat. ord.,
Cinchcnads [Cinchonacese]. Linn., 5-
Pentandria l-Honogynia. Allied to 13ou-
vardia.)
Half-hardy evergreen tree. Seeds; and cuttings
of ripened shoots under a hand-light, in sandy
peat. It hardly deserves the greenhouse, and is
rather tender for exposure, but would probably
flourish against a south wall in a shallow border
of loam and peat.
P. pu'bens (downy). 20. Red. June. Georgia.
1786.
PINE -APPLES. Anana'ssa.
Varieties. — Queen : a free grower and
an excellent fruiter ; fit for the earliest
summer fruit, and excellent during Sep-
tember and October. Ripley Queen: a
very fine fruit, and by many preferred
to the first. St. Vincent, or Green Olive :
an excellent winter fruit. Black Jamaica :
the best winter pine; it is too often con-
founded with the Montserrat. Black
Antigua: a noble pyramidal fruit, with
large pips ; should be cut a little before
it is quite ripe. Brown Sugar-loaf ': large
and showy, with a very juicy flesh ; it is
said by some to swell tolerably well in
winter. White Providence : one of the
largest and noblest of pines; flavour
rather inferior. Trinidad: larpre and of
pyramidal shape ; flavour not first-rate.
Enville : noble - looking fruit; flavour
second-rate.
Culture. — This usually commences in
February. Have the upper thirty inches
of the pit in which the pots are to be
plunged filled with fresh tan. Re-pot
your plants, using any turfy soil, even
from a road-side, well chopped to pieces
when dry, but by no means riddled.
Nevertheless, it is very good practice to
have a richer and mellower compost in a
more decomposed state on the potting
bench, such as the surface of an old
cucumber-bed, chopped when dry, dung,
PIN
[037
rotten loaves, and loam altogether (but
most of the loam), and then passed
through a very coarse riddle, afterwards
adding one-sixth of charred sticks, or
rubbish, such as will pass readily through
a riddle of an inch mesh.
Use pots which would require but one
more shift : the size of the pot for the
final shift will determine this ; and pots
of about thirteen inches diameter will be
sufficiently large for any beginner to
fruit in. In potting, first place three or
four large crocks in such a way as
that at least three bold apertures be
formed, both for the escape of water and
the admission of gaseous matter from
below. Over this strew broken crocks
and charcoal lumps, large as horse-beans,
until the large crocks at the bottom are
just concealed. Then strew a layer of
the turfy lumps, out of which the loose
soil has been ejected by shaking in a
riddle. This done, the ball may at once
be inserted, first suffering such crocks as
are loose to dislodge themselves from the
old ball. Next, throw in another layer
of the turfy lumps all round the ball,
and on these strew a couple of inches of
the mixed compost in a mellow state;
then, with a blunt stick, give the whole a
slight pressure all round the ball, add
another layer of the turfy lumps, strewing
a little of the compost over them ; again
press with the stick; and now place a
final coating of the compost, nearly two
inches in depth, all over, and level with
the rim of the pot. Let there be no
tapping or thumping the bottom of the
pot on the bench. If the balls of the
pines about to be shifted are dry, water
them, at least three days before they are
to be shifted, with tepid manure-water,
in order to allow the moisture to equalise
itself, and the surplus to pass away.
Thus there will be no occasion for any
root-watering for nearly a month after
shifting. The plants may be plunged
immediately they are shifted; but let
them by no means be more than half
their depth in the tan. If any disrooting
has become really necessary, and the
sun shines bright, a little canvass shad-
ing will be a benefit for a couple of
hours each day; not, however, to ob-
struct light, but rather to prevent the
too rapid dispersion of atmospheric
moisture.
Stove. — For the construction of this,
see HOTHOUSE and PIT.
April
„ ..64
May
June
July
.76
• 78
. . 80
„ .65
„ ..66
„ ..68
.. 10 ,,
.. JO „
..10 ,
August
80
„ ..68
..10 „
September
October
• 76
7S
„ ..63
„ ..62
.. 10 „
.. 8 „
November
December
• 70
.64
„ ..62
„ . . 60 ,
, .. 8 „
, .. 6 „
1 PIN
Table of Temperature as to Artificial
Heat only.
Day. Night sSSi£
January 64 deg. . 60 deg. . 6 deg.
February 66 „ ..60 „ .. 6 ,,
Tables of this kind must not be allowed
to guide the thermometer entirely. A
good cultivator will take notice of the
condition of his plants, and shape his
course accordingly. If they appear
"drawn," he should at once 'lower his
night heat, as also that on dull clays.
For bottom-heat, by adding 5° to every
one of the above artificial day tempera-
tures, we shall be as correct as by any
tedious detail. Thus July and August
should have a bottom-heat of 85°, which
ought never to be exceeded in pine cul-
ture. If bottom-heat is supplied by a
tank or pipes heated by hot water, the
directions about renewing the tan are
not needed.
Monthly Culture. — The plants being all
plunged in the new pit, trial sticks must
be put in, and a bottom-heat thermo-
meter by all means employed. The bot-
tom-heat here given is meant to apply to-
the heat at the bottom of the pot. Whilst
practitioners are driven to capricious fer-
menting materials as a source of bottom-
heat, an excess of heat will sometimes
become necessary Inside the bed, in order
to provide somewhat against sudden
declines. Let, then, the operator secure
the bottom-heat as per table at the bot-
tom of the pot, and all will be right.
If the heat rises above the desired
point, let water be instantly employed as
a cooler between the pots ; and if this
does not immediately check it sufficiently,
let the pots forthwith be rocked to and
fro in the bed, until a fair cavity is ob-
tained between the tan and the pot side ;
and when the heat has declined to the
desired pitch the cavity may be filled up
again.
Let atmospheric moisture be liberally
employed, especially from three o'clock
in the afternoon until eight or nine the
next morning. A slight syringing may
be applied on every afternoon about
PIN
[ 638 ]
PIN
closing time, taking care that at this time
(February) it is dispersed on the follow-
ing morning by a liberal heat and a free
ventilation. Air must be given daily, if
only for an hour; during all moderate
weather a little may be given at 8 A.M. ;
increased, if necessary, about 11 A.M. ;
and taken entirely away about 3 P.M.
March. — The sun will now be gaining
much power, and the amount of perspi-
ration from the foliage will be much
increased ; let, therefore, a correspond-
ing increase take place in the amount of
atmospheric moisture. Shading may be
employed for a couple of hours or so in
the middle of very sunny days with some
benefit. Syringing the surface of the
tan is an excellent plan. If the wind is
very cutting, be very cautious in the ad-
mission of air ; the front sashes may be
kept closed, and, if sunny, the shade
applied, merely letting a little of the sur-
plus heat escape at back.
April. — In proportion to rapidity of
growth must be the admission of air.
With a little freedom in growth, accom-
panied by a free perspiration, the plants
will begin to require occasional waterings ;
indeed, the Queen section will have re-
quired it before March was out. With
regard to such as the Black Jamaica, the
case is widely diflerent ; it is astonishing
how long these pines will not only subsist
but thrive without water. Queens, En-
•yilles, Providences, &c., will require it
thrice to their once, especially the Queens.
May. — Atmospheric moisture must
continue to increase with increasing heat
and light. The syringe may now be
plied two or three times a week, always
choosing bright afternoons for its appli-
cation. The closing up, or reducing the
air, must now be deferred until four
o'clock P.M., and the giving of air must
take place proportionately sooner; in-
deed, such ought to be in April. If the
pines are vigorous, and plenty of atmo-
spheric moisture can be commanded,
discontinue shading at the end of April
or beginning of May, unless the roof be
of an exceedingly bright character, and
the squares of glass very large. Rather
let atmospheric moisture more abound,
accompanied by a freer ventilation still.
June. — If the pines have done well,
their pots will be filled with fine roots by
the end of June, and shifting into the
frniting-pots will become necessary. We
will, however, pass on to the next month.
July. — At whatever period the last
shifting occurs, the same routine of pot-
ting may be observed. We have nothing
new to say, except that as the size of the
pot increases, so may in proportion the
size of the lumps of turf, &c. The plung-
ing medium, if necessary, may be re-
newed ; but much caution must be exer-
cised at this period, when the solar heat
produces so much excitement. How-
ever, we advise that a foot or so of new
tan be trenched into the bottom of the
bed, and a little mixed with surface tan,
and this merely to promote durability
through the ensuing winter. Watch
daily their bottom-heat thermometer.
As before observed, if the plants re-
quire a watering, let it be three days
before the operation of shifting.
August. — After the plants have been
shifted a fortnight or so, they will again
require the water-pot. Until the plants
are beginning to root in the new soil,
however, they may be kept moist enough
by copious syringings, damping also
the surface of the tan daily. All that is
further necessary is a most liberal venti-
lation from eight A.M. until past four P.M.,
applying all the atmospheric moisture
possible the moment the house is closed,
and syringing just previous to closing.
September. — The August advice will do
perfectly well for this month, except that
ventilation may even be more liberal still,
when the weather is fine, to put a check
on too rampant growth ; for, in order to
have fine " shows," the tissue of the
plant must become highly solidified.
October. — The light will now begin to
decrease considerably, and both artificial
heat and atmospheric moisture must give
way in a proportionate degree. Still,
however, persist in permitting a consi-
derable increase of heat when the wea-
ther is bright. We need hardly say,
beware of burning at the root. The
advice applies to every month alike ; but
it requires a double amount of watchful-
ness for three weeks after disturbing the
fermenting material.
November. — In proportion to the dul-
ness of this month, the heat and mois-
ture must decline. The tan-bed will
require some renewal in the early part of
this month, in order to go well through
the winter ; and if the tan is mellow, or
somewhat dry, let it be well watered with
tepid water, and then stirred deeply with
a pointed stake, as deep as the stake can
PIN
[ 639 ]
PIN
go. The whole may then he cased over
up to, and rather ahove, the rim of the
pot, provided the hottom-heat has de-
clined sufficiently to hear it. This re-
newal must be watched, and water applied
to the tan if necessary.
December and January require a very
similar course of practice; much fire-
heat will at times be necessary, and all
possible means must be taken to coun-
teract dryness in the atmosphere. Sy-
ringing can seldom be permitted in these
two months, but sprinklings on the sur-
face of the tan, and once a week it may
be stirred up with a stake. Besides this,
the floor may be kept moist, evaporating
pans kept in continual requisition, and
even the walks sprinkled, if necessary,
if the weather become unusually severe,
rather give up five degrees on the ther-
mometer than continue a roasting fire
for several days. In emergencies of this
kind, the pines will take no harm at 55° ;
but not a degree below this should be
permitted.
February — The temperature will now
begin to rise again slightly; growth re-
commences, and repotting succession
pines, and the renewal of bottom-heat is
needed, this brings us to the point from
which we commenced.
Insects. — See ACABUS and Coccus.
PINE-TREE. Pi'mts.
PINEASTEE BEETLE. Bostrichus.
PINGUI'CULA. Butterwort. (From pin-
guis, fat; the greasiness of the leaves.
Nat. ord., Butterworts [Lentibulaceas].
Linn., 2-Diandria 1-Monogynia.^)
Seeds and divisions ; chiefly requiring marshy,
boggy soil. North American species are the most
tender, requiring the treatment generally given to
alpines, with the addition of keeping water in the
saucer below the pot in which they are grown.
P. ede'ntula (toothless). 4. Yellow. April. N. Amer.
1823.
— grandiflo'ra (large-flowered). £. Blue. April.
Britain.
-r lu'tea (yellow). $. Yellow. June. Carolina. 1816.
— orchidoi'des (orchis-like). £. Purple. October.
Mexico. 1845.
— vulga'ris (common). £. Violet. May. Britain.
PINK. So little do the Pink, Picotee,
and Carnation differ in their botanical
characteristics, that they are all consi-
dered varieties of the Clove Pink (Dia'n-
thus caryophy'llus). Some think that the
Eed Pinks only are derived from this,
hut that the Pheasant's-eye Pinks are
the offspring of the Feathered Pink
(Dia'nthus pluma'rius}. As florists'
flowers they are very distinct. The
Carnation marks in flakes, or ribbons, of
colour, from centre to edge, and through
the edge ; and the more dense these rib-
bons, or stnpes, or flakes of colour are,
and the more distinct the white ground
between them, the better, and the more
equally divided, as to quantity, they are,
the better. As the petals are broader as
they approach the outer edge, so also are,
or should be, both the colour and the
white. They are divided into classes,
called Bizarres and Flakes; the former
having two colours of stripe besides the
white, the latter only one colour. These
Bizarres and Flakes are subdivided, there
being purple flakes, rose flakes, and
scarlet flakes ; and among the bizarres,
scarlet bizarres, which have scarlet
stripes, and a second colour, which is
considered better for a rich contrast of
black, and approaches to it; then pur-
ple bizarres, which have purple stripes,
with a light pink, or rose, or some other
colour, forming a contrast. The Picotee
has the colour only on the edge, and
broad or narrow, as the case may be, hut
ramifying towards the centre ; any mark
or spirt of colour that does not touch the
edge is a blemish. Some, therefore, are
only marked round the edge very dis-
tinctly, but as narrow as possible ; others
have a sort of feathering, narrow or
deep, as the case may be, but feathering
inwards from the edge ; the outer edge
solid, and the inner edge rough, or
feathery. The Pink is distinct from
both these. The lacing, as it were, of
a pink is rough outside and inside, with
a portion of white outside the lacing,
as if a band of colour had been laid on ;
besides this, there is colour at the hase
of every petal, and, perhaps, one-third of
the distance along the petal, so that it
forms an eye, or centre, of colour, which
is peculiar to itself, and which never
occurs in the Carnation or Picotee. A
Pink, without its lacing all round each
petal, and its narrow strip of white out-
side it, would be worthless as a show-
flower. The more distinct this lacing is,
the better; it should look like an even
piece of embroidery, just fairly within
the outer edge of the white.
The Pink may be propagated and cul-
tivated in every respect similarly to the
Carnation. Pipings of it are best made
at the end of May, or early in June.
Growing in Beds. — By the middle of
August Pinks are all gone out of flower.
PIN
[ 6AO ]
PIN
The old plants are of little use to the
florist, as they seldom produce the second
year first-rate bloom ; but for ornament-
ing the horder they are valuable. Ke-
inove them out of the bed ; trim of all
dead flower-stems; and plant them in
the borders of the garden rather deeper
than they have been before. They will
make fresh roots higher up the stems,
and form close compact bushes, pro-
ducing the next season abundance of
flowers. If it is intended to grow Pinks
again in the same bed, the soil ought to
be taken out a foot deep, and renewed
with fresh loam and very rotten stable-
dung, in the proportion of three of the
first to one of the latter, turning it over
frequently to thoroughly mix and sweeten
it. This should be done by the third
week of August. Eaise the bed six inches
above the soil around, and formed like
a pitched roof,
thus. The com-
post should be
at least a foot
deep. Plant in rows, the first week in
September, and twelve inches apart each
way. Sheltering in winter, frequent stir-
ring of the soil in spring, and mulching
with short, well-decayed stable manure
early in June, are the chief points of
after- culture. See CAENATION for other
points requiring attention.
PIN PILLAR. Opu'ntia Curassd vica.
PINNATE. A leaf is pinnate when
several leaflets grow from the sides of one
foot-stalk, as in the Pea, Acacia, &c.
PINNATIFID is when a leaf is cut across
from the edge towards the centre nerve
into several oblong parallel segments, as
in Ipomopsis, &c.
PI'NUS. Pine-tree. (A name from
Theophrastus. Nat. ord., Conifers
[Pinacere]. Linn., 21-Monceeia IQ-Mo-
nadelphia.)
Hardy evergreens, except where otherwise men-
tioned. Chiefly by seeds ; scarce ones by cuttings,
layers, inarching, and grafting; deep, rich loam
yields the quickest and finest timber for bulk ; a
more mountainous situation, where the soil is
neither so rich nor so deep, is supposed to yield
the most lasting timber.
Fins. (A'Ues.}
All hardy evergreens.
P. Ajone'sis (Ajona). Large tree. Siberia.
— a'lba (white. Spruce). 50. May. N. Amer. 1/00.
nu'na (dwarf). May.
— uma'bilis (lovely). 180. April. New California.
1831.
— nroma'tica (aromatic). 100. Oregon.
— lulsa'mea (balmo/ Gitead), 45.Mav. N. Amer.
1696.
P. bractea'ta (hracted). 120. California.
— Brvnoniafna (Brown's). 75. Nepaul.
— Canade'nsts (Canadian. Hemlock-spruce). 85,
May. N. Amer. 1736.
— Cephalu'nicu (Cephalonian). 60. May. Ce-
phalonia. 1824.
— co'ncolor (one-coloured). Mountains of Mexico.
— Dougla'sii( Douglas's). 170.May.N.Amer.l826,
— exce'lsa (lofty). 150. May. North of Europe.
Carpa'tica, Clanbrasilia'na, giguute'a,
monstrti'sa, mucrona'ta, na'na, tenui-
fo'lia, vnriega'ta, and vimina'lis are all
varieties of exce'lsa.
— falca'ta (sickle-leaved), 35. Oregon.
— fi'rrna (solid). Mountains of Japan.
— Fra'seri (Eraser's). 30. May.Pennsylvania.lSI 1.
— — — nu'na (dwarf).
— gra'ndis (great). 170. May .New California. 1 831 .
— heterophy'lla (various-leaved). 180. Oregon.
— homo'lepis (equal-scaled). 25. Mountains of
Japan.
— Jezae'nsis (Jezo. Spruce-fir). 55. Japan.
— K/iu'trou< (Khutrow). 50. Himalayas.
— lusioca'rpa (woolly-coned). North-west Amer..
— Meuzie'sii (Menzies'). 60. May. North-wey.
Amer. 1831.
— Mertensia'na (Merten's). Island of Sitcha.
— inicrophy1 lla (small-leaved). ISO. Oregon.
— Mori'nda (Morinda). 40. North India.
— mucrona'ta (sharp-pointed). 180. Oregon.
— ni'gra (black. Spruce). 60. May. N,Amer. 1700.
— no'bilis (noble). 65. N. Amer. 1831.
— Nordmanniu'na (Nordmann's). 80. Crimea.
— obova'ta (reversed-egg-cowed). Siberia.
— orienta'lis (eastern)/ 30. May. Levant. 1825.
— pi'cea (pitchy). 160. May. Germany. 16U3.
Apolli'nis (Apollini). Greece.
leiocla'da (smooth-branched). Levant.
— pi'chta (pitch). 50. May. Siberia. 1820.
— Pi'ndrow (Pindrow). 100. May. Himalayas. 1837-
— Pinsn'po (Pinsapo). 65. Spain. 1838.
— poli' (a (neat). 50. Mountains of Japan.
— religio'sa (sacred). 150. Mexico.
— ru'bra (red. Spruce). 50. May. N. Amer. 17£i-
viola' cea (violet).
a'rctica (arctic).
— Schrenkiu'na (Schrenk's). Siberia.
— Sitchft'nsis (Sitchan). Island of Sitcha.
— trlgo'na (three-angled). 300. Oregon.
— Tsu'ga (Tsugan). North of Japan.
na'na (dwarf).
— Webbia'na (Webb's). 90. Himalayas. 1S22,
LARCHES. (La'rix.)
All hardy and deciduous.
P. Gmeli'ni (Gmelin's). Northern Siberia.
— Griffithia'na( Griffith's). 50. Nepaul.
— Kamtscha'tika (Kamtschatka).
— la'rix (larch). 100. Alps,
re' pens (creeping).
pe'ndula (drooping).
— Ledebou'rii (Ledebour's).
— lepto 'lapis (slender-scaled). North of Japan.
— microcu'rpa (small-coned). 100. N. Amer.
— pe'ndula (drooping). N. Amer.
— Sibi'rica (Siberian). Siberia.
PINES. (Pi'nus.)
HALF-HARDY EVERGREENS,
P. Apulce'nsis (Apulco). 50. Mexico. 1839.
— Ayacnhni'te (Ayacahnite). 100. Mexico. 1S40.
— Canarte'nsis (Canary). 40. Canaries. 1815.
— cembroi'des (cembra-like). 30. Mexico. 1845.
— Devoniu'na (Dukeof Devonshire's). 80. Kexico.
PIN
[641 ]
PIP
P. ./fti/o'/ia (thread-leaved). 60. Guatimala. 1830.
— Gerardia'na (Gerard's). 60. Himalayas.
— Gordonia'na (Gordon's). 80. Mexico. 1846.
— Grenvi'llece (Lady Grenville's). 80. Mexico.
1846.
— Hartwe'gii (Hartweg's). 40. Mexico. 1839.
— leiophy'lla. (smooth-leaved). 80. Mexico. 1800.
— Lindleya'na (Lindley's). Mexico.
— longifo'lia (long-leaved). 60. Nenaul. 1801.
— macrophy'lla (large-leaved). Mexico. 183Q.
— Montezu'mce (Montezuma's). 40. Mexico.
— accident a' Us (western). 80. St. Domingo.
— ooca'ipa (egg-shaped-coned). 40. Mexico.
1839.
— oocarpoi'des (oocarpa-like). Guatimala. 1839.
— Oriza'le (Mount Orizala). 30. Orizala. 1815.
— pa'tula (spreading-feaued). 65. Mexico. 1826.
stri'cta (straight).
macroca'rpa (large-coned).
— pseu'do-stro'bus (false-coned). 70. Mexico. 1839-
— Russellia'na (Duke of Bedford's). Mexico.
1839.
— Sine'nsis (Chinese). 40. China. 1825.
— Teoco'te (Teocote. Twisted). 100. Mexico.
1826.
— Wincesteria'na (Marquis of Winchester's). 80.
Mexico. 1846.
HARDY EVERGREENS.
P. Ara'bica (Arabian). Palestine.
— austru'tis (southern). 70. Florida. 1730.
— Austri'aca(Austriain.Black). June. Austria. 1835.
— Banksia'na (Banks's Scrub). 20. May. N.
Amer. 1785.
— Benthamia'na (Bentham's). 200. California.
1847.
— Bru'tia (Calabrian). Calabria.
— Bungea'na (Bunge's). North of China.
— ce'mbra (cembra. Siberian). 25. May. Siberia.
1746.
pu'mila (dwarf). Siberia.
— Chilmnlma'na (Chilmalm's). 46. North of
Mexico.
— commu'nis (common).
• ru'bra (red). Scotland.
latifo'lia (broad-leaved).
— edu'lis (eatable-seeded). North Mexico.
— Ehrenbe'rgii (Ehrenberg's). 100. Mexico.
— exce'lsa (tall). 100. Nepaul. 1823.
— F inlay sonia'na (Finlayson's). Cochin China.
— fle'xilis (pliant). New Mexico.
— Fremontia'na(C&pt. Fremont's). 20. California.
1848.
— Halepe'nsis (Aleppo.) 40. June. Levant. 1683.
mari'tima (maritime). 40. May. South of
Greece.
— i'nops (Jersey. Poor). 30. May. N. Amer. 1739-
— insi'gnis (remarkable). 60. California. 1833.
— insula'ris (island). Philippines.
— Koraie'nsis (Corean). 10. Corea.
— Lambertia'na(L&mbert's). 200. N. Amer. 1827
hrevifo'lia (short-leaved).
— lari'cio(Corsican. Larch). 80. May.Corsica.1814.
— Llavea'na (La Llave's). 25. Mexico. 1830.
— macroca'rpa (large-coned). 120. California.
— Merku'sii (Merkus's). 100. Sumatra.
— mi' tis (soft-leaved). 50. May. N. Amer. 1739.
— monti'cola (mountain-top). California. 1831
— Mu'gho (Mugho). May. Austria.
hu'milis (lowly).
obli'qua (twisted).
— murica'ta (prickly-eoraed). 40. California. 1848t
— osteospe'rma (scaly-seeded). New Mexico.
— Pallasia'na (Pallas's). 70. May. Siberia. 1820.
— parviflo'ra (small-flowered). Japan. 1846.
— Pe'rsica (Persian;-. South of Persia,
41
P. Pe'uce (Peucean). Mountains of Rumelia.
— pina'ster (cluster. Pinaster). 60. June. South
Europe. 1596.
Escare'na (Escaren's).
Lemonia'na (Sir C. Lemon's). 30. May.
mi'nor (less-coned). 60. May. France.
variega'ta ( variegated- Jeaued). May.
— pi'nea (s£<me-pine). 60. June. South Europe.
1548.
Creftica (Cretan). May. Crete.
fra'gilis (thin-shelled). 60. May. South
Europe.
— pondero'sa (weighty- wooded). 50.N.Amer.l828.
— pumi'lio (dwarf). 20. May. Europe.
— pu'ngens (stinging). 40. May. N. Amer. 1804.
— Pyrewa'jca(Pyrenean). 50. May. Pyrenees. 1834.
— radia'ta (radiated-sea/ed). 100. California.
— resino'sa (resinous). 80. May. N. Amer. 1756.
— ri'gida (stiff). 80. May. N. Amer. 1759.
— ru'dis (rude). Mexico.
— Sabinia'na (Sabine's). 120. March. Cali-
fornia. 1832.
— sero'tina (late). 40. May. N. Amer. 1713.
— strobifo'rmis (cone-shaped). 120. Mexico.
— stro'bus (large-coned. Weymouth). 200. April.
N. Amer. 1705,
a'lba (white). 100. May.
brevifo'lia (short-leaved). 100. April.
— sylne'stris (wood. Scotch). 80. May. Scotland.
— tee'da (frankincense). 80. May. Florida. 1713.
— tenuifo'lia (slender-leaved). 80. Guatimala.
— tubercula'ta (warted). 100. California.
— varia'bilis (variable-two-and-three-leaved). 40.
May. N. Amer. 1739-
PIP, in floriculture, is a single corolla
or flower, where several grow upon a
common stem, as in the Polyanthus and
Auricula. The pips thus growing to-
gether are described as a Truss.
PI'PER. Pepper. (From pepto, to di-
gest ; referring to the stimulating power.
Nat. ord., Pepperworts [Piperacese].
Linn., 2-Diandria 3-Triandrla.)
Stove evergreens. Cuttings of half-ripened wood
under a bell-glass, in sandy soil, in heat; also by
suckers from the bottom of the plant. Winter
temp., 50° to 60°; summer, 60° to 80°. The genus
contains the Pepper-plant and the Betle, of which
the leaf is chewed in India as much as tobacco is
in the west.
P. be'tle (betle). 6. E. Ind. 1804.
— di'scolor (two-coloured). 4. July. W. Ind. 1821.
— genicula'tum(swollen-jointea.).2.J&ma.icsi.l8%3.
— gla'brum (smooth). 10. Campeachy. 1768.
— glauce'scens (milky-green). 3. Peru. 1822.
— laurifo'lium (laurel-leaved). 10. July. W. Ind.
1768.
— lo'ngum (long). 6. June. E. Ind. 1788.
— ni'grum (black). 6. E. Ind. 1790.
— tomento'sum (downy). 14. August. W.Ind. 1768.
— trioi'cum (trioecious). 6. E. Ind. 1818.
— tubercula1 turn (pimpled). 6. S. Amer. 1816.
— umbella'tum (umbelled). 3. June. W.Ind. 1/48.
PIPERIDGE. The Barberry.
PIPES for heating horticultural struc-
tures are preferably made of cast iron,
painted black. Earthenware has been
recommended for the purpose ; but they
are so much more liable to breakage and
leakage, as to outweigh any original sav-
2 x
PIP
[ 642]
PIS
ing in the cost. For draining, earthen
pipes with a bore an inch in diameter are
the hest.
TABLE of the quantity of pipe, four inches di-
ameter, which will heat one thousand cubic feet
of air per minute, any required number of de-
grees ; the temperature of the pipe being 200
Fahrenheit.
Temp, of
external
air.
Temperature at which the room ia
required to be kept.
Fahr.
Scale.
10°
12
14
45°
126
119
112
50°
150
142
135
55°6U°
174200
166192
159 184
65° 70°
229259
220251
212242
75°! 80° 85°
292'328 367
283318357
274 309 347
90°
409
399
3b8
M
105
127
151
176
204 233
265
300 337
378
18
98
120
143
168
195 225
256
290 328
368
20
91
112
135
160
187216
247
281 318
358
22
83 105
128
152
179207
238
271 308
347
24
70 97
120
144
170 199
229
262298
337
t\ 26
69
90
112
136
162 190
220
253 288
3-27
28
61
82
104
1-28
154 181
211
243 279
317
30
54
75
97
120
145 173
202
234 269
307
£? • 32
47
67
89
112
137 164
1Q3
225 259
296
•a 34
40
60
81
104
129 155
184
215 240
2*6
S 36
32
52
73
96
120 147
1751206239
276
£ ) 38
25
45
66
88
112 138 166
196230
266
40
18
37
58
80
104 129
157
187220
255
42
10
30
50
72
95121
148
178210
245
44
3
22
42
64
87 112
139] Ids 200
235
46
15
34
56
79103
130 159 190
225
48
7
27
48
70 95 121
150 181
214
SO
19
40
62 86112
140 171
204
08
11
32
54 77 103 131 l6l 194
To ascertain by the above table the
quantity of pipe which will heat one
thousand cubic feet of air per minute,
find, in the first column, the tempera
ture corresponding to that of the ex-
ternal air, and in one of the other co-
lumns find the temperature of the room ;
then, in this latter column, and on the
line which corresponds with the external
temperature, the required number of feet
of pipe will be found.
PIPEWOBT. Eriocau'lon.
PIPING, a mode of propagating the
Carnation, Picotee, and Pink, is only
another word for a cutting. Some per-
sons pull off the pipings from the plant,
and stick them in without more ado, but
this is a slovenly way ; besides, in pulling
off the pipings, the main stem of the
plant ia materially injured, and often de-
stroyed. The more correct way is, with a
sharp knife, to cut off the side shoot
close to the stem, without injuring it,
leaving a sufficient number of shoots to
preserve tbe health of the plant. Take
off one kind at once, making the proper
number or tally at the same time ; then
dress the pipings by cutting off the lower
leaves, leaving about four at the top.
These four leaves should not be muti-
lated or shortened, as they are the organs
to send down sap to form the roots. Put
the pipings in pots filled with light earth,
and a covering of sand upon it. Place them
in a frame with a little bottom-heat, wa-
tering gently when dry, and shading from
the sun until they are ripened. See CAB-
NATION.
PIPTA'NTHUS. (From pipto, to fall, and
anthos, a flower; short duration of the
flowers. Nat. ord., Leguminous Plants
[Fabacese], Linn., I0-J)ecandria l-Mono-
gynia. Allied to Anagyris.)
Hardy deciduous shrub. Seeds, which ripen
freely ; cuttings of ripe shoots under a hand-light ;
layers ; cuttings, also, of roots ; rich, sandy loam ;
should have the protection of a wall in exposed,
cold places, far north of London.
P. Nepalc'nsis (Nepaulese). 10. Yellow. May.
Nepaul. 1821.
PIQUE'EIA. (Named after A. Piqneria,
a Spanish botanist, Nat. ord., Composites
[Asteracea}]. Linn,, 1Q - Syngenesia 1-
JEqualis, )
Hardy herbaceous perennial. Seeds, but chiefly
division in spring; common soil.
P. trine'rma (three-nerved). 2. White. July.
Mexico. 1798.
PISCI'DIA. Jamaica Dogwood. (From
piscis, a fish, and cado, to kill; the leaves,
twigs, and bark are used to stupefy fish.
Nat. ord., Leguminous Plants [Fabacefe],
Linn, IG-Monadelphia Q-Decandtici. Al-
lied to Andira.)
Stove evergreen, white-flowered trees, from the
West Indies. Cuttings of half-ripened shoots in
sand, under a glass, in heat ; sandy, fihry loam.
Winter temp,, 48Q to 60°; summer, "60° to 85°.
P. Cnrthitgine'nsis (Carthagena). 30. 1600.
— erythri'na (red). 25. 1690.
PISTA'CIA. Pistachia-tree. (Altered
from its Arabic name, Foustag, Nat. ord.,
Terebinths [Anacardiace.se]. Linn., 22-
Dicecia 5 Pentandria. Allied to Schinus.)
P. Atla'ntica and lenti'scus yield the useful resin
called mastich. Seed nuts; layers and cuttings ;
rich, deep, sandy loam. Those from Barbary and
the South of Europe require the protection of a
greenhouse or a cold pit in winter ; and even the
hardiest kinds, though they have stood out at
Fulham and the Horticultural Society's Gardens,
will generally do best against a wall, when north
of London, unless the place is both sheltered from
the cold and exposed to the sun.
EVERGREEN TREES.
P. ienti'snus (mastich-tree). 15. May, South
Europe. 1654.
angustifo'lia (narrowrleared). 10, May,
South Europe. 166/.
Chi1 a (Chian). May, Scio.
pis
[643 ]
PIT
DECIDUOUS TREES.
f, Atlafntiea (Atlantic). 12. Barhavy. 1790.
— mu'tica (beardless). Russia. 1344.
— tereli'nthus (turpentine-tree). 20. June. South
Europe. 1656.
spheeroca'rpa (round-fruited). May. Ever
preen,
— »«*•« (true). 20. May, Syria. 1770.
Narbonefnsis (Narbonne). 20. April. Nar-
bonne. 1752.
trifo'lia (three-lcafleted).
80. May. Syria.
Linn., 22-Dicecia 1-
PI'STIA. (From pistillum, the female
organ ; signifying the appearance of the
spathe inflorescence. Nat. ord., Duck-
weeds [Pistiaceas],
Monandria.}
Beautiful stove aquatic. Seeds and divisions ;
rich, strong loan) ; a tub or tank in the plant-
stove or aquarium.
P. stratio'tes (water-soldier. Water Lettuce}. J.
Greenish. Jamaica. 1843.
PISTORI'KTIA. (Derivation not explained.
Nat. ord., JJoyseleeks [Crassulacece].
Linn., 10-Decandria 5-Decagynia. Allied
to Cotyledon.)
Hardy biennials. Seeds in any dry soil, ir> an
exposed place, or a rock-work, in April.
P. Hisptt'nica (Spanish). J. Red. June. Spain 1/96.
PI'SUM. The Pea. (From pis., the Celtic
name. Nat. ord., Leguminous Plants [Fa-
bacese]. Linn., 17-Diadelphia ^-Decan-
drin.}
Perennials, seeds and divisions ; annuals, seeds
sown according to the time the produce is w mted ;
rich, deep soil, where they will neither suffer from
damp nor drought. See PEA.
HARDY HERBACEOUS.
P. Amen'ca'num (American). 1. Purple. S. Amer.
1800.
— man'timum (sea). 1$. Purple. England.
HARDY ANNUALS.
P. ai->;e'nse (field). 3. Red. South Europe.
— ela'tuifl (tall). 5. Dark blue. Iberia. 1820.
— Jomu'rdi (Jomardi's). 3". White. Egypt. 18;20.
— su'i'vum (eomwon-cultivated). 3. White,
South Europe.
hu'mile (humble). 1. White.
macroca'rpum (large-podded). 4. White.
qnadra'tum (squared). 3. White.
aacohara' turn (sugared). 4. White.
umbella'tum (umbelled). 4. Purple.
— Theba'icum (Jheban). 3. 1S25.
PIT in the Stove is the excavation, or
brick inclosure, in which i.s the tan, or
other material for plunging the pots ; and
for Forcing, itis a structure having a glass
roof, and differing from a hotbed and
frame on}y in being large, and with sides
fixed to the soil. (See HOTBED and ME-
LON for examples of various kinds of Pit.)
A Cold Pit is one where no artificial heat
is used, the protection the plants receive
being given solely by coverings. During
summer and spring, these pits, when not
plants by their walls. Either a Melon or
Cucumber Pit unheated, or an inclosure
made with turf walls, and covered with
the glass lights of a hotbed frame, an-
swer admirably as cold pits.
PITCAI'RNIA. (Named after Dr. Pit-
cairn. Nat. ord., Sromelworts [Bromelia-
cese]. Linn., S-Octandria ~\-Monogynia.
Allied to Tillandsia.)
Stove herbaceous perennials. Division, and by
suckers in spring, or when they can best be ob-
tained ; sandy, fibry peat, and good, mellow loam.
Winter temp., 50° to 55°; summer, 60° to 85°.
P. a'lbiflos( white-flowered). 3. White. Sep.
tember. Brazil. 1824.
— angustifo'lia (narrow-leaved). 2. Scarlet. Santa
Cruz. 1777-
— bractea'ta (Jar#e-re<£-bracted). 2. Scarlet.
April. W. Ind. 1799.
— bromelicpfo'lia (pine-apple-leaved). 2. Scarlet.
June. Jamaica. 1781.
— Chile'nsis ( Chili). 1. Scarlet. July. Chili. 1820.
— courcta'ta (pressed-together). 4. Yellow. July.
Chili. 1852.
— eckina'ta (echinated-^ouwerf)* Cream. Mexico.
January. 1852.
— exsca'pa (stemless). Scarlet. July. New Gre-
nada. 1850.
— fla'mmea (flame-eo/owred). 2. Flame. No-
vember. Rio Janeiro. 1825.
— furfura'cea (scurfy).2.Red. July. S.Amer. 181 6.
— hu'milis (low). 1. Scarlet. July. S. Amer. 1820.
— integrifo'lia (entire-leaved), 2. Red. August.
W. Ind. 1800.
— intermedia (intermediate). 2. Scarlet. July.
S. Amer. 1820.
— iridiflufra (iris-flowered). 2. Scarlet. July. S.
* Amer. 1820.
— Intifo'lia (bro;td-leaved).
W. Ind 1785.
— longif'Ua (lone-leaved). ;
LT.'.I. 1852.
— mqcrofHjflyx ( large-calyxevl). Yellow. S. Amer.
18.52.
— musca 11 (h..arv>. Red. December. St. Petera-
— ri'ng''n,t (trapiu •). Crimson. Demerara.
— s' ami net (Ions: stameneri). 2. Scarlet. Ja
num. s Amer. 182:1.
— suuite' alms (sweet-scented). 2. Yellow. Ju.\
Br.izil. is-24.
— sulphu'rea (sulphur-cowered). 2. Yellow. Au
t. W. Ind. 1797-
— undula'ta (wavy). Scarlet. July. Brazil. 1843
— undulatifo Ha (waved-leaved). 14. White. Ma
Brazil.
gignnte'a (gigantic). 5. White. February
PITCHER-LEAF. Nepe'nthes phylla'm
phora.
PITCHER-PLANT. Nepe'nthes dittillato'ria,
PiTTOspo'RUii. (From pilte, to tar or
pitch, and sporos, seed; seeds covered with
•esinous pulp. Nat. ord., Pittosporad*
^Pittosporacece]. Linn., 5-Pentandria 1-
Mouogynia.}
Greenhouse, evergreen shrubs. Cuttings of
ihoots in nand, under a bell-glass, in April, and
kept in a close frame, without bottom-heat ; sandy,
' w nodules of fibry peat. Winter
2. Scarlet. August.
. Scarlet. December.
om an a ew noue, o ry p.
covered, v.'e still a great protection to j temp., 38° to 48°; summer, 60° to 75°. Tobi'ra
PLA
[644]
PLA
s delightfully-scented flowers,
and both have stood against walls,
and undula'tum have
in the climate
of London, with a little protection
f. Anderso'nii (Anderson's). 4. Yellow. May. N.
Holland. 1820.
— angustifo'lium (narrow-leaved). 1. Yellow.
June. N. S. Wales. 1830.
— bi' color (two-coloured). 3. Chocolate. Van
Diemen's Land. 1842.
— bracteola'tum (small-bracted). Norfolk Island.
1837.
— Cape'nse (Cape). May. 1820.
— coria'ceum (leathery-teaued). 8. Blue. May.
Madeira. 1783.
— cornifo'lium (cornus-leaved). 3. Brown. May.
New Zealand. 1827.
— ferrugi'neum (rusty-leaved). 6. Yellow. March.
Guinea. 17S7.
— fia'aum (yellow-cowered). Yellow. February.
Australia.
— fu'lvum (tawny-Jea»fi!*). 3. Yellow. April. N.
Holland. 1820.
— glabra'tum (smooth). 1&. Bright yellow. May.
Hong-Kong. 1845.
— hi'rtum (hairy-branched). 4. Yellow. May.
Canaries. 1822.
— ligustri/o' Hum (privet-leaved). 6. September.
N. Holland. 1823.
— Mauritia'nnm (Mauritius). 8. Yellow. May.
Mauritius. 1825.
— Ma'yii (May's). 3. 1845.
— oleifo'tium (olive-leaved). N.Holland. 1823.
— revolu'tum (curled back-teaoed). 6. Yellow.
March. N. Holland. 17Q5.
— tenuifo'lium (thin-leaved). 4. May. N, Hol-
land. 1820.
— Tobi'ra (Tobira). 12. White. May. Japan. 1804.
— tomento 'sum (woolly-leaned). 6. Yellow. July.
N. Holland. 1824.
— undula'tum (waved-leaved). 10. White, green.
April. N. S. Wales. 1789-
variega'tum(va.riegvited-leaved). 5. White,
yellow. April. Gardens.
PLAGIOLOBIUM. (From plagios, trans-
verse, and lobos, a pod. Nat. ord., Legu-
minous Plants [Fabaceee]. Linn., \7-Dia-
delphia, 4-Decandria. Allied to Hovea.)
Greenhouse evergreen, purple-flowered shrubs,
from New Holland. Cuttings of the points of
young shoots, or the small side-shoots, when two
inches in length, taken off close to the stem ;
sandy, fibry peat, with a few pieces of broken
pots, charcoal, and dried leaf-mould. Winter
temp., 40° to 48°; summer, 60° to 75°.
P. chorozemcefo'lium (chorozema-leaved). 2.
March. 1824.
— ilicifo'lium (holly-leaved). 2. March. 1824.
PLA'NERA. (Named after J. Planer,
a German botanist. Nat. ord., Elmworts
[Ulmacese]. Linn., 4-Tetrandria 3-Te-
tragynia. Allied to the Elm.)
Hardy herbaceous trees. Layers, and grafting
on the elm ; common, rich loam.
P. carpinifo'lia (hornbeam-leaved). Green. April.
Siberia.
— Gmeli'ni (Gmelin's). 12. Brown. April. N.
Amer. 1816.
— parvifo'lia (small-leaved). Green. April.
Caucasus.
— Richa'rdi (Richard's). 12. Brown. April.
N. Amer. 1/60.
PLANE-TUEE. Plata'nus.
PLANK PLANT. Bossiafa scolope'ndrium.
PLANTAIN. Mu'sa.
PLA'NTIA. (Named by Dr. Herbert
after Mr. Plant, nurseryman at Cheadle,
in commemoration of his success in cross-
breeding. Nat. ord., Irids [Iridacese],
Linn., 3-Triandria 1-Monogynia. Allied
to Sisyrinchium.)
Greenhouse bulb. Seeds in spring, in a slight
hotbed; offsets; light, rich, sandy loam; bulbs
requiring to be taken up, or protected in a frame
during winter.
P.fla'va (yellow). Yellow. June. Cape of
Good Hope. 1842.
PLANTING. The end of October is the
best time in the whole year to plant all
kinds of trees and bushes which cast
their leaves in winter, whether fruit-bear-
ing or ornamental ; but all the evergreen
American plants, as the Rhodode' ndron,
may be planted in October, as well as
in July, August, or September — the right
months for getting in most evergreens.
For directions as to planting Fruit-trees,
the reader is referred to the article
STATIONS ; but much of the following
directions relative to planting ornamental
trees and shrubs is generally applicable.
Wherever they are to be placed, if the
soil is at all dry at the bottom, no matter
how poor it may be, it should be stirred
or trenched three feet deep. In the case
of single plants, where a pit or hole only
is required, the narrowest diameter ought
to be four feet, and if the bottom soil is
poor, it should be removed, and some good
added instead ; but loose soil of this
description will subside in time, and if
the plants are tied to stakes, as many
need be to keep them firm the first year
or two, the sinking of the soil from under
the roots may cause them to strain, or
otherwise injure them, by cracking and
letting in the dry winds to them. Ano-
ther evil is, that when trees thus planted
sink down gradually, additional soil is
placed over the roots to make the sur-
face level, and this is equivalent to plant-
ing too deep in the first instance, and
deep planting is always to be avoided.
Therefore the loose or new soil beneath
the roots ought to be gently pressed
down, and the pit filled up to near the
surface of the ground, or to within three
or four inches of it, so that, when the
tree or bush is planted, the surface of the
pit will appear a little mound, several
inches above the surrounding surface.
Plant fruit-trees shallow and on hard
bottoms, to prevent their getting too luxu-
PLA
[ 645 ]
PLA.
riant; but in gardening for ornamental
plants, the more healthy and vigorous we
can grow them the more ornamental they
will be, unless, indeed, they are rather
tender for our climate. In that case shal-
low planting on a solid or unloosed bot-
tom suits them best, as they cannot grow
too strong, and the wood will therefore
ripen better. The shrub being taken up
with long, bare roots, and a host of small
fibres, and a considerable ball of soil at-
tached close up to the bole or bottom of
the plant, place this ball in the middle of
the prepared pit, and fill in the loose soil
under the strong roots, so that they may
lie in their natural position; and in doing
it, if the small fibres are pressed down
too much, loosen them back again, and
fill in any cavities under the bole or main
roots. When the roots, great and small,
each of them branching out in straight
lines, are as regular as they can be
placed, some of the lower ones will be
out of sight, but the majority are still
in view. Over those put a little better
soil, thus : take a spadeful, and throw it
past the stem of the plant on the roots
on the opposite side to you, so that the
soil runs along in the same direction as
the roots. If you throw it on the roots
next to you, it will run against their direc-
tion and turn back their small points,
which would be nearly as bad as the old
way of shaking the plant up and down
at this stage. When all the roots are
covered an inch or two, the watering-pot
must come, with a large rose to it, and
you must water all over the surface
heartily, even if it is a rainy day. This
watering is to do the business of the old
shaking — settle the finer particles of the
soil about the roots. The rest of the soil,
to the depth of four or five inches, may
be thrown on anyhow, if the lumps are
broken small, so that the surface is pretty
smooth, and formed into a shallow basin
to hold the future waterings. A stout
stake, or stakes, according to the size of
the plant, should be driven down before
the earth is put over the roots, to keep
the plant from wind-waving. When large,
bushy evergreens are to be removed, their
branches must be tied up towards the
stem by passing a rope or strong cord
round them before commencing at the
roots.
PLASHING is a mode of repairing or
modifying a hedge by bending down a
portion of the shoots, cutting them half
through near the ground to render th em
more pliable, and twisting them amon g
the upright stems, so as to render the
whole more effective as a fence, and, at
the same time, preserve all the branches
alive. For this purpose, the branches to
be plashed, or bent down, must not be
cut more than half through, in order
that a sufficient portion of sap may rise
up from the root to keep alive the tipper
part of the branches. Where hedges
are properly formed and kept, they can
very seldom require to be thus maimed.
PLASTER OF PARIS. See G-Y'PSUM.
PLATANTHE'RA. (From platys, broad,
and anthera, an anther. Nat. ord., Orchids
[Orchidacese]. Linn., 2Q-Gynandria 1-
Monandria.)
Chiefly hardy orchids. Seeds, chiefly sown as
soon as ripe, in loose, mossy, peaty soil ; peat
and loam, with a little chalk ; hardy ones kept as
alpines, in a frame, defended from heavy rains
and from severe frosts, and the atmosphere round
them moist, by watering the ground or moss on
which they stand. Several require the protec-
tion of a warm greenhouse. Hahena'ria bifo'lict
&ndfla'va have been added to this genus.
P. cilia'ris (hair-fringed). Yellow, June. N.
Amer. 1796.
— crista'ta (crested). Yellow. September. N.
Amer. 1806.
— dilata'ta (spread). 1$. White. September.
Canada. 1823.
— ^wz6ria'fa((fringed).Purple.June.Canada.l789.
— herbi'ola (small-herb). Green. June, N.
Amer. 1789.
— holope'tala (all-petaled). White. May. Ca-
nada. 1820.
— Hooke'ri (Hooker's). Green. June. N.
Amer. 1822.
— hyperbn'rea (northern). Green. June. N.
Amer. 1805.
— inci'sa (cut). Pale yellow. June. N. Amer. 1826.
— psycho' des (butterfly-like). Yellow. June.
N. Amer. 1826.
— Susa'nncB (Susanna). Green, white. E. Ind.
1834. Stove.
PLA'TANUS. Plane-tree. (From platys,
broad ; the wide-spreading head of the
trees. Nat. ord., Planes [Platanacese],
Linn., 21-Moncecia 9-Polyandria.)
Hardy deciduous trees, flowering in April.
Seeds in the autumn, and preserved until spring;
cuttings, also, in spring and autumn, but chiefly
and most quickly by layers in autumn and spring ;
deep, mellow loam.
P. accident a1 lis (western). 70. N»Amer. 1636.
au'rea variega'ta (golden-variegated-
leaved). 70. 1846.
integrifo'lia (entire-leaved). 70. 1845.
heterophy'lla (various-leaved). America.
1842.
— orienta'lis (eastern). 50. Levant. 1548.
acerifo'lia (maple-leaved). 70. Levant.
cunea'ta (wedge-/eaued). 20. Levant.
1739-
Hispa'nica (Spanish). 70. Spain.
lacinia'ta (cut-leaved). 70. 1 845.
— monstro'sa (monstrous). 70« 1845.
PLA
[646]
PLE
PLATYCE'RIUM. (From platys, broad,
and keras, a horn ; forhi of the fertile
fronds. Nat. ord., Ferns [Polypodiacese],
Linn., S^-Cryptogamia 1-Filices.]
Stove Ferns. See FERNS.
P. alcico'rne (elk's-horn). g. Brown. August.
N. S. Wattes. 1808.
— bifo'rme (two-shaped). 4. Brown, April.
E. Ind. 1842.
— gra'Me (grand). Brown, July. Moreton
gay. 1828.
— Stemma'ria (stemmaria); 1. Brown. May.
Guinea. 1822.
PLATYCHI'LUSI. This should be added
to (rompholobium.
P. Celsia'num (Cel's). 3. Yellow. N. Holland.
1820.
PLATYCO'DON. (From platys, broad,
and kodon, a bell ; form of flower. Nat.
ord., Bellworts [Campanulacece]. Linn.,
5-Pentandria 1-Monogynia.)
Hardy herbaceous perennials. Seeds and divi-
sions in spring, and eatings of young shoots in
summer, under a hand-light; sandy, mellow
loam.
P. grandiflo'rum (large-flowered). 1. Blue. June.
Dahuria. 1782.
a'lba (white). 1. White. June. North
of China. 1845.
— • a'lba semiple'na (semi-double-white). 1.
White. June. China, 1845.
PLATYLO'BIUM. Flat Pea. (From
platys, broad, and lobos, a pod. Nat. ord.,
Leguminous Plants [Fabacese]. Linn.,
IG-Monadelphia 6-Decandria. Allied to
Hovea.)
Greenhouse evergreens, from New Holland,
and orange-flowered, except where otherwise
mentioned. Seeds in spring, in a slight hotbed,
after placing them several hours in water, at a
temp, of 130°; also by cuttings of the half-
ripened short shoots in sand, under a bell-glass,
in April ; fibry, sandy peat chiefly, with a very
little fibry loam, charcoal, and broken potsherds,
with pots extra well drained* Stagnant water,
especially in winter, destroys them. Winter
temp., 40° to 48°.
P.formo'sum (beautiful). 4. July. 1790.
— M urraya'num (Murray's). 1. Yellow, red.
May. 1832.
— obtusa'ngulum (obtuse-angled). 1. Yellow,
red. May. J832.
— ova'tum (egg-leaved). 4. July. 1792.
— parviflo'rum (small-flowered). 4. July. 1/92.
— triangula're (triangular-feawed). 4. July. 1805^
PLATYLO'MA. (From platys^ broad, and
loma, an edge. Nat. ord., Ferns [Polypo-
diaceaj]. Linn.,2±-Cryptogamia 1-Filices.)
Stove, brown-spored Fern. See FBBKS.
P. Andromedeefo'lia (Andromeda-teamf). May.
1840.
— a'tro-purpu'red (dark purple), i. May. N.
Amer. 1770.
— Sro'wnii (Brown's). May. Australia.
— calome'lanos (beautiful-dark). Mav. Cane of
Good Hope. 1843.
— corda'ta (heart-shaped;. 3. June. Mexico. 1842,
P. falca'ta (sickle- shaped). 1. May. N.Holland.
1823.
— flexuo'sa (zigzag). May. Peru. 1838.
— grandifo'Ha (large-leaved). 2. September.
W. Ind. 1793.
— rotundifo'lia (round-leaved), l£. July. New
Zealand. 1824.
— sagitta'ta (arrow-shaped). 3. June. S. Amer.
1826.
— ternifo'lia (three-leafleted). 1$. Mexico. 1840.
PLATYLO'PHUS. (From platys, broad,
and lophos, a crest ; seed-pod compressed
so as to seem winged. Nat. ord., Cunoniads
[Cunoniaceae]. Linn., 10-Decandria 2-
Digynia. Allied to Weinmannia.)
Greenhouse evergreen tree. Cuttings of ripe
shoots in sand, under a glass, in April or May ;
loam and peat. Winter temp,, 40° to 45°»
P. trifulin'ta (three-leafleted. White Ash}. White.
June. Cape of Good Hope. 1820.
PLATYPE'TALUM. (From platys, broad,
and petalum, a petal. Nat. ord., Crucifcrs
[Brassicacesej. Linn., 15-Tetradynamia.)
Hardy herbaceous perennial. Seeds, and divi-
sions in spring; sandy peat, in a very sheltered
border, but better still treated as an alpine her-
baceous plant, by giving it rather a shady place
in summer, and protecting it from wet and cold
in winter.
P. puroura'scens (purplish), i. Purplish. May.
' Melville Island. 1827.
PLATYSTE'MON. (From platys, broad,
and stemon, a stamen. Nat. ord., Poppy-
worts [Papaveracese]. Linn., 13-Polyan-
dria \-Monogynia.}
Hardy, yellow-flowered annuals. Seeds in
April ; common, rich, light soil.
P. Calif o'rnicus (Californian). 1 . August. Cali-
fornia; 1833.
— leioca'rpus (smooth-fruited). 1. July. Si-
beria. 1837.
PLATYSTI'GMA. (From platys, broad,
and stigma, the female organ. Nat. ord.,
Poppyworts [Papaveracese], Linn., 13-
Polyandria I-Monogynia. Allied to Pla-
tystemon. )
Half-hardy herbaceous perennial. Stfeds and
divisions in spring ; common, light soil; requires
a little protection in winter.
P.linea're (narrow-tea»ed), £. Yellow, Cali-
fornia. 1833.
PLEASURE-GROUND i3 a collective name
for that combination of parterres, lawns,
shrubberies, waters, afbburs, &c., which
are noticed individually in these pages.
One observation may be applied to all —
let congruity preside over the whole. It
is a great fault to have any one of those
portions of the pleasure-ground in ex-
cess ; and let the whole be proportioned
to the residence. It is quite as objec-
tionable to be over-gardened as to be
over-housed.
PLECTRA'NTHUS. (From plcktron, a
PLE
[647]
PLE
cock's spur, and anthos, a flower. Nat.
ord., Labiates [Lamiaceae]. Linn., 14-
Didynamia 1-Gymnospermia.)
Herbaceous, by seeds and divisions ; shrubs, at
times by seeds, but chiefly by cuttings in sand,
under a bell-glass ; rich, sandy soil will suit them
all. Temperature that of the greenhouse and
stove. There are many more species beside the
following :-"•
P. inca'nus (hoary). 3. Blue. July. 1822.
Greenhouse herbaceous.
— terna'tus (three-leafleted. Opime plant}. |.
Purple. August. Madagascar. 1821.
Stove herbaceous.
— ternifo'livs (three-leaved). 2. Blue. August.
Nepaul. 1820. Greenhouse herbaceous.
— visco'sui (clammy). !£. Blue. August. E.
Ind. 1826. Stove evergreen.
PLECTEI'TIS. (From plektron, a cock's
Spur ; the flower being swollen in front.
Nat. ord., Valerianworts [ Valerianaceee].
Linn., 3-Triandria \-Monogytria.}
Hardy North American annuals. Seeds in
April, in common garden-soil.
P. brachyste'mon (short-stamened). White. June.
1836.
— conge'sta (crowded-lowered). 1. Hose. July.
1826.
— mi'nor (smaller-/0"' ered)< 1. Rose. July.
1826.
PLECTRO'NIA. (From plektron, a cock's
spur ; the tree armed with large spines.
Nat. ord., Cinchonads [Cinchonacese].
Linn., 6-Pentandria l-Monogynia. Allied
to Chiococca.)
Greenhouse evergreen tree. Cuttings in sand,
under a bell-glass, in May, and placed in a cold
frame; sandy peat and fibry loam. Winter
temp., 40° to 48 .
P. corymbo'sa (corymbed). 20. White, green-
Cape of Good Hope. 18:6.
PLEO£E'LTIS. (From pleos, full, and
pelte, a shield ; referring to the covering
of the spore or seed-cases. Nat. ord.,
Ferns [Polypodiacese]. Linn., Z±-Cryp-
toyamia 1-Filices.)
Stove Ferns, chiefly with brown spores. See
FERNS.
P. elonga'ta (elongated). Yellow. May. S. Amer.
1843.
— ensifo'lia (sword-leaved) £. May. S. Amer. 1823.
— lanceola'tum (spear-headed). 1. August. W.
Ind. 1812.
— latifo'lia (broad-leaved). $. May. S. Amer. 1823.
— nu'da (naked). $. May. Nepaul.
— percu'ssa (stricken). Yellow. Brazil. 1842.
— salicifo'iiu (willow-leaved). Yellow. August.
Brazil.
— se'rpens (creeping). $. May. W. Ind. 1816.
PLERO'MA. (From pleromat fulness;
the cells of the seed-vessel. Nat. ord.,
Melastomads [Melastomaceee]. Linn., 10-
Decandria l-Monogynia* Allied to Os-
beckia.)
Stove Brazilian evergreen shrubs, chiefly with
purple flowers. Cuttings of half-ripened, or
rather, the short, stubby side-shoots in sand,
under a bell-glass, in summer, and plunged in
a little bottom-heat, lifting the edge of the hell-
glass at night, to prevent damping; sandy, fibry
peat, with a few nodules of fibry loam, and pieces
of broken pots and charcoal, to keep the soil
open, and particularly well-drained. Winter
temp., 48° to 55° ; summer, 60° to 85°. E'lcgnns
and several others do best in an intermediate
hous , -.iot so hot as a stove. It doe^ better in
the greenhouse than in the stove.
P- Benthamia'num (Bentham's).S. AueUxt. 1841.
-"• c'leguns (elegani). 5. June. Organ Moun-
tains. 1844.
— Jteteroma'llum (one-woolly-sided). 4. July. 1810.
— Kunthia'num (Kunth's). Palish red. July. 184/.
— vUto'sum (shagsy). 3. White. July. 1820.
— vimi'neum (twiggy). 6. Ju.y. 18'21.
PLEURA'NDRA. (From plenron, a side,
and aner, an anther; the stamens ar-
ranged on one side of the pistil, giving
the centre of the flower a one sided ap-
pearance. Nat. ord.,Ditleniaii$ [Dilleni-
aceee]. Linn., 13 Polyundria 2-Diyynia.
Allied to Candollea.)
Greenhouse, yellow-flowered, New Holland,
evergreen shrubs ; all about two feet high, and
blooming in May. Cuttings of half-ripened
shoots in sand, under a bell-glass, in May; sandy,
fibry loam and fibry peat, with pieces of charcoal
mixed with the compost, with good drainage and
careful watering. Winter temp., 40° to 48°.
P, acicula'ris (needle-leaved). 1822. P. brae-
tea' tu (/ar#e-bracted). 1823. P. culyci'mt.
(/«rg-e-calyxed). 1826. P. cneo'rutn (garland-
flower). June. 1824. P. ericcefu'lia (heath-
leaved). 1824. P. ni'tida (shining). 1823. P.
sca'bra (rough). 1824. P. stri'cta (elect).
1826.
PLETJROGRA'MMA. (From plcuron, a
side, and gramma, writing ; disposition of
the spore or seed-cases. Nat. ord,, Ferns
[ Polypodiacese] . Linn,, %<L-Cryptogamia
l-Fllices.)
Stove Fern. See FEENS.
P. linea'ris (narrow-Jeauerf). Brown. June.
Jamaica. 1833.
PLEURO'GYNE. (From pleuron, a side,
and gyne, the female organ ; this issuing
from the side of the seed-vessel. Nat.
ord., Gentianworts [G-entianacese]. Linn.,
5-Pentandria 2-Digynia. Allied to Gen-
tian.)
Hardy annual. Seeds in April ; chalky loam,
and a small portion of peat.
P. rotu'ta (wheel-shaped-./?ou;ere«0. |. Blue-
August. Siberia. 1827.
PLEUROTHA'LLIS. (From pleuron t a
side, and thallo, to bloom. Nat. ord.,
Orchids [Orchidaceee]. Linn., 20-%-
nandria l-Monogynia,)
Stove orchids, not possessing much beauty,
but are interesting, curious little plants. They
thrive best upon blocks of wood, with a small
portion of moss tied to the block. The best
form of the block ia a round oae, with the top
PLO
[ 648 ]
PLU
cut sloping at an angle of 45°, the plant to be
fixed on the sloping part. These blocks can then
be placed on the lower end, which should be cut
horizontally, to allow them to stand firmly in that
position.
P.aphtho'sa (wingless). Yellow. January.
Mexico. 183Q.
— bicarina'ta (two-keeled).
— circumple'xa (bound-round). Green. Febru-
ary. Mexico. 1837.
— eflegans (elegant). Violet. New Grenada.
— flexuo'sa (zigzag). Purple. September. Peru.
—fra'gilis (brittle;. Orange, yellow. May. Rio
Janeiro. 1841.
— ge'lida (cold). Yellowish. May. Jamaica. 1841.
— grandiflo'ra (large-flowered). Peru. 1842.
— Hartwe'gii (Hartweg's). Pale yellow. Mexico.
— li'ngua (tongue-leaned). Purple. August.
Mexico. 1842.
— lute'ola (yellowish-flowered). Yellow. August.
Brazil. 1839.
— margina'ta (margined). Purple. April. Gua-
timala. 1836.
— muscoi'dea (moss-like). Pale yellow. June.
Brazil. 1837.
— oblongifo' lia (oblong-leaved). Red. Jamaica.
— obova'ta (reversed-egg-/e«»ed). Pale yellow.
May. Brazil. 1834.
— occu'lta (hidden-lowered). Brown. January.
Brazil. 1837-
— ochreu'ta (reddish-yellow). Red, yellow. Sep-
tember. Brazil. 1839.
— ophioce'phala (snake's-head). Yellow. April.
Mexico. 1837.
— pachygln'ssa (thick-tongued). Purple. March.
Mexico. 1837-
— panduri'fera (fiddle-formed). Yellow. Brazil.
—pectina'ta (comb-like). Green, purple. July.
Brazil. 1837.
— plantagi'nea (plantain-like). Jamaica.
— plumo'sa (feathery-Tooted). Green, purple.
Trinidad. 1840.
— pulche'lla (neat). Purple. Peru.
— puncta'ta (dotted). Yellow, purple. April.
Brazil. 1842.
— recu'rva (curled-back-spiA-ed). Purple. Ja-
nuary. Brazil. 1841.
— restrepioi'des (restrepium-like). Purple, green.
Peru.
— ro'seo puncta'ta (rosy-dotted). White, rose.
August. Sierra Nevada.
— seria'ta (rowed). Yellow, green. May. Brazil.
1842.
— sertularioi'des (sertularia-like). White. Ja-
maica.
— sica'ria (dagger-shaped). Green, yellow. May.
Trinidad. 1841.
— Smithia'na (Smith's). Green, purple. May.
Rio Janeiro. 1842.
— stenope'tala (narrow-petaled). Brown, yellow.
July. Brazil. 1837-
— strupifo'lia (strap-leaved). Purple, white.
Year. Brazil. 1837.
— te'res (round-stemmed). Cinnamon. August.
Brazil. 1842.
— tigri'na (tiger-spotted). Yellow, purple. Au-
gust. Mexico. 1838.
— tricarina'ta (three-keeled). Orange. Peru.
— villo'sa (shaggy). Purple. May. Mexico. 1838.
— vitta'ta (branded). Purple. April. Mexico. 1837.
PLOUGHMAN'S SPIKENARD. Ba'ccharis.
PLUM. Pru'nus dome'stica or insiti'tia.
Superior kinds. — 1. Smith's Orleans ;
2. Greengage; 3. Precoce de Tours ; 4.
Washington ; 5. White Magnum Bonum ;
6. Imperatrice; 7. Denistoun's Superb;
8. Golden Drop ; 9. Early Favourite; 10.
Ickworth Imperatrice; 11. Cox's Late
Ked ; 12. Jefferson's ; 13. Heine Claude-
Violette; 14. Royal Hative; 15. Wine
Sour. Of these, Nos. 1, 3, and 9 are re-
markable for their earliness as table fruit.
Nos. 6, 7, 10, 11, 12, 13, for lateness as
table fruit. Nos. 4, 7, 12, 15, are adapted
for the kitchen.
Propagation : ly Grafting. — The graft-
ing of the Plum is performed in precisely
the same manner as the Pear or the Ap-
ple, and at a similar period. The Brus-
sels stock is principally used by our nur-
serymen; but for such gross sorts as the
Washington, the Magnum Bonum, &c.,
it is a question whether the Muscle stock
would not be fitter. We need not en-
large here on the process, which will be
found in detail under the head GRAFTING-.
Budding. — The same may be said of
this process. See BUDDING.
Seed. — This is resorted to in order to
procure new varieties ; and to accomplish
this, of course, seed from choice varieties
is obtained. The mode of sowing, rear-
ing, &c., will be found detailed in the
articles PEACH and PEAR.
Culture during the Growing Period.—
As with the Peach, the Nectarine, Pear,
&c., so with the Plum. The first pro-
ceeding of the season is disbudding.
About the beginning of May the trees
burst forth into a great amount of spray,
and much of this will be ill-placed ; and,
indeed, if well-placed, much too crowded.
We are, of course, speaking of wall or
espalier trees, for there the most atten-
tion is requisite. A progressive disbud-
ding is best, the first consisting in merely
removing the foreright and back shoots,
unless, as observed with regard to the
other stone fruits, vacant spaces occur,
when an ill-placed shoot is better than
none. Shortly after this period, if the
trees be strong, gross shoots or robbers
will show themselves, which, when about
six inches long, should have the points
pinched off. In a few weeks more, ano-
ther disbudding will be expedient, and
by this time shoots of a proper character
for final reservation may be determined
on. The latter may be carefully tied or
trained as soon as convenient, and every
shoot of a doubtful character, in the
thinning out, may have the point pinched
off. The rest of the proceedings, indeed,
PLU
[ 649 ]
POD
are so similar to the Peach, that it is
scarcely necessary to repeat them.
Culture during the Best Period. — The
trees will require some pruning, and this
consists principally in thinning out, and
reducing the snags or stumps of shoots
pinched hack in the summer previous.
Our practice is to tie down on the old
wood, or otherwise train in, as much of
the shoot-jointed wood as possible, with-
out cramming it too thick ; for most of
this wood will become studded with blos-
som-spurs in the succeeding summer.
All that is not needed may be cut clear
away, as in the Pear ; and all useless
stumps also. Where wood is wanting to
furnish blanks, some of the leading shoots
may be shortened back a little ; and, in-
deed, any points may be shortened which
appear spongy and immature. The trees
may now be carefully trained or nailed
in, and, if necessary, receive any dressing
requisite for the insects.
Diseases and Insects.— See PEACH.
PLUMBA'GO. Leadwort. (From plum-
lum, lead, or a disease of the eye so
called, to which a species of Plumba'yo
was applied. Nat. ord.,Leadworts [Plum-
baginacese]. Linn., 5-Pentandria \-Mo-
noyynia.)
Division of hardy herbaceous perennials, and
also seeds and cuttings ; cuttings of the tender
kinds ; the side, stubby shoots do best, but shoots
at almost every age and size will strike freely in
sand, under a bell-glass, in summer, and either
kept cool, or with a little bottom-heat, according
to the species. The tender species require the
greenhouse or the stove. Sandy loam, and a
little fibry peat and dried leaf-mould.
GREENHOUSE EVERGREENS.
P. Cape'nsis (Cape). 14. Blue. November. Cape
of Good Hope. 1818.
— tri'stis (dark-lowered). lj. Brown. May.
Cape of Good Hope. 1792.
STOVE EVERGREENS.
P. Mexica'na (Mexican). White. July. Mexico.
1829.
— rhombifo'lia (diamond-leaved). £. Blue. Sep-
tember. S.Amer. 1826. Annual.
— ro'sea (rosy). lj. Red. May. E. Ind. 1777-
— tca'ndens (climbing). 3. White. July, W.
Ind. 1699. Climber.
— Zeyla'nica (Cingalese). 2. White. June.
E. Ind. 1731.
HARDY HERBACEOUS.
P. Europce'a (European). 3. Blue. September.
South Europe. 1596.
— Larpe'ntae (Lady Larpent's). 2. Blue. July.
China. 1845. Sir W. Hooker says this
ought to be known as Valora'dia plum-
baginui'des.
PLUMIE'RIA. (Named after Plumier, a
celebrated French botanist. Nat. ord.,
Dogbanes [Apocynaceffi]. Linn., 5-Pen-
tandria l-Monogynia. Allied to Cerbera.)
Stove evergreen trees and shrubs. Cuttings of
ripe shoots in spring, in sand, under a hand-light,
and in bottom-heat ; sandy loam and a little
fibry peat. Winter temp., 50° to 55°, and rather
dry ; summer, 60° to 85°, with moist roots and
atmosphere.
P. acumina'ta (pointed-/ea»ed). 20. Red, yellow*
July. E. Ind. 1790.
— bi'color (two- coloured). 25. White, yellow.
August. S. Amer. 1815.
— Blandfordia'na (Blandford's). 10. July. S.
Amer. 1825.
— incarna'ta (flesh-coloured). 20. Flesh. July.
Peru. 1820.
— Jameso'ni (Jameson's). 4. Yellow and pink.
Guayaquil. July.
— Ke'rii (Ker's). 15. Yellow.August.Mexico.1815.
— Lambertia'na (Lambert's). 10. White. July.
Mexico. 1819.
— leuca'ntha (white-flowered). 10. White. July*
S. Amer. 1825.
— macrophy'lla (large-leaved). 10. White. July.
S. Amer. 1825.
— Mille'ri (Miller's). 6. Flesh. July. W, Ind.
— Northia'na (North's). 7. July. 8. Amer. 1820*
— obtu'sa (blunt-beared). 10. White. July. W.
Ind. 1733.
— parvifo'lia (small-leaved). White. July. W.
. *nd. 1813. J
— pu'dica (chaste-cowered). 5. Yellow. July. ' fr<* *-
S. Amer.
— purpu'rea (purple). 20. Purple. July. Peru. 1820,
— ru'bra(red). 15. Red. July. Jamaica. 1 690.
— *ubercula'ta (vtsated-stemmed). 6. White, Au-
gust. St. Domingo. 1812.
PODALY'RIA. (A classical name. Poda-
lirius was the son of JSsculapius. Nat»
ord., Leguminous Plants [Fabaceae]. Linn.,
10-Decandria l-Monogynia. Allied to
Callistachys.)
Greenhouse evergreen shrubs, from the Cape
of Good Hope. The following, with two excep-
tions, are purple-flowered. Seeds in a hotbed, m
spring ; cuttings of stubby side- shoots in sand,
under a bell-glass, in April or May ; sandy loam
and fibry peat, well-drained. Winter temp., 40a
to 48°.
P. arge'ntea (silvery). 6. White, red. April. 1789.
— buxifo'lia (box-leaved). 2. Blue. June. 1790.
— glau'ca (milky-green). 6, June. 1810.
— myrtillifo'lia (myrtle-leaved). 6. June. 1795*
— oleeefo'lia (olive-leaved). 4. May. 1804.
— seri'cea (silky). 6. June. 1778.
PODOCA'RPUS. (From pous, a foot, and
karpos, a fruit; long footstalks. Nat. ord.,
Taxads [Taxacese]. Linn., 2l-Monceda
W-Monadelphia. Allied to the Yew.)
Evergreen cone-bearers. Cuttings of ripe shoots
in sand, under a bell-glass; loam and peat.
Winter temp., 40° to 48°. Macrophy'lla, latifof-
lia, spinulo'sa, and nuci'fera have stood some
time against walls in the climate of London. They
are all good things for a winter garden.
P. Chili'na (Chilian). 40. Chili.
—ferrugi'nea (rusty-coloured). 40. New Zealand.
— latifo'Ka (broad-leaved). 200. March. Pandua.
1828.
— macrophy'lla (large-leaved). 40. July. Japan.
— Nage'ia (Nageia). 40. Japan.
— nuci'fera, (nut-bearing), 20. J»p»n, 1832.
POD
[650]
POI
P. gpinulo sa (rather-spiny). 20. N. Holland. 1820.
— sua'vis (oleander-leaved). 6.f. Scarlet. New
Zealand.
— taxifn'lia (yew-leaved). 40. Peru. 1820.
— Tota'rra (Totarra). 80. New Zealand.
— Ya'cca (Yacca). 50. W. Ind. 1818.
POD-FERN. Elloboca'rpus.
PODOLE'PIS. (Fom potts, a foot, and
lepis, a scale; flower-stalks scaly. Nat.
ord.. Composites [Asteracese]. Linn., 19-
Syngenesia 2-Superflua. Allied to Heli-
chrysum.)
Half-hardy herbaceous perennial. Seeds in a
little heat, in spring ; division in spring, as growth
commences ; sandy loam, and a little leaf-mould
or peat ; the protection of a cold pit in winter.
There are several species besides the following :—
P.era'tilis (slender). 3. Pink. August. N. S.
Wales. 1826.
PODOLO'BIUM. (From poits, a foot, and
lobos, a pod ; the seed-pod on a foot-stalk
•within the calyx. Nat. ord., Leguminous
Plants [Fabacese]. Linn., IQ-Decandria
1-Monogynia. Allied to Gompholobium.)
Greenhouse, yellow-flowered evergreens, from
New Holland. Seeds, after being immersed for a
day in warm water, in a hotbed, in spring ; cut-
tings of the points of shoots, or small, stubby
side-shoots, in sand, under a bell-glass, in April
or May; sandy peat and fibry loam, with a little
charcoal and broken freestone. Winter temp.,
40° to 48°.
P. berberifo'lium (berberry-leaved). April. 183Q.
— heterophy' Ihim (various-leaved). 3. June. 1824.
— sca'ndens (c imbing). 3. April. 1824.
— humifu' sum (trailing). 1. April. 1824.
— stauruphy'llum (cross-leaved). 2. April. 1822.
— triloba'tum (three-lobed). 2. April. 17Q1.
PODOPHY'LLUM. Duck's-foot. (Con-
tracted from anapodophy' Unm, or duck's-
foot-leaved. Nat. ord., Crowfoots [Ranun-
culacesej. Linn., 13-Polyandria \-Mono-
gynia. Allied to Actea.)
Hardy herbaceous perennials. Division at the
root; moist, marshy peat, and a shady situation.
P. Emo'di (Emodi). May. California. 1845.
— pelta'tum (shield - leaved. May Apple}. &.
White* May. N. Amer. 1664.
PODO'PTERTJS. (From pous, a foot, and
yteris, a wing ; the mode of growth. Nat.
ord., Buckwheats [Polygonaceaej. Linn.,
Q-Hexandria 3-Trlgynia.)
Greenhouse evergreen. Cuttings of half-ripened
shoots under a glass, in sandy loam, in April ;
sandy, fibry loam, and a little peat. Winter temp.,
40° to 48°.
P. Mexica'nus (Mexican). 2. July. Mexico. 1825.
PODOSPE'RMUM. (From pous, a foot, and
sperma, a seed. Nat. ord., Composites [As-
teraceffl]. Linn., IQ-Syngenesial-JEqualis.
Allied to Scorzonera.)
Hardy, yellow-flowered plants, blooming in
June. Biennials and annuals, by seeds in the
open border, in April ; perennials, by a similar
mode, and alfco by division of the roots in spring.
HARDY BIENKIALS.
P. ungustifo'lium (narrow-leaved). South Europe.
1828.
— lacinia'tum (jagged- leaped). 2. South Europe.
1640.
— octangula're (eight-sided). 1. South Europe.
1818.
— pu'milum (dwarf). 1. Spain. 1816. Annual.
— resedifo'lium (mignonette-leaved), l£. South
Europe. 1818.
HARDY HERBACEOUS.
P. calcitrapifo'lium (caltrop-leaved). 1. Levant.
1820.
— ca'num (hoary). Russia. 1838,
— coronopifu1 Hum (buckhorn-leaved). I.N.Africa.
1818.
— interme'dium (intermediate). Persia.
— taraxacifu'tium (dandelion-leaved). I.Bohemia.
1820.
PCEDISCA ANGUSTIORANA. ApriCOt Moth.
As soon in May as one of the leaves of
a Peach, Nectarine, or Apricot is seen
rolled up, destroy the little caterpillar
within the roll, and watch for others, be-
cause the eggs of the moth from which
that caterpillar came continue to hatch
for several weeks. The moth is the Nar-
row-winged Pied Bar, Pcedisca augustio-
rana. The caterpillars appear during
May and June: they are about half an
inch long, are pale yellowish-green, and
with the head brownish-yellow. A few
bristles are scattered over the body. It
is a very active caterpillar, wriggling
about in most varied contortions when
disturbed, crawling with equal facility
backwards and forwards, and letting
itself down by a single thread from its
mouth. It passes into the state of a
brown, shining chrysalis, rolled up in the
same leaves, and from this the moth
comes forth in July. The moth is very
small, not longer than a fourth of an
inch. The fore-wings are reddish -brown,
in bands of various degrees of darkness.
The hind-wings are dusky. It deposits
its eggs, probably, upon the branches,
where they remain all the winter, and the
caterpillars are most frequently found
upon the Apricot.
POET'S CASSIA. Osy'ris.
POGO'GYNE. (From pogon, a beard, and
gyne, the female organ; fringe on the
style. Nat. ord., Labiates [Lamiaceae].
Linn., I4c-Didynamial-Gymnospermia. Al-
lied to Melissa.)
Hardy annual. Cultivated like Podospermum.
P. multiflo'ra (many-flowered). $. Pal* lilac. Au-
gust. California. 1836.
POINCIA'NA. Flower Fence. (Named
after Poinci, once governor of the An-
tilles. Nat. ord., Leguminous Plants [Fa-
POI
[651 1
POI
bacece] .Linn., ] Q-Decandria I-Monogynia.
Allied to Csesalpinia.)
Stove evergreen shrubs. Seeds in a brisk bot-
tom-heat, in spring; cuttings of stubby young
shoots in sand, under a bell-glass, in heat ; rich,
sandy, fibry loam. Winter temp., 60° to 60°;
summer, 60° to 00°.
P. ela'ta (tall). 15. Yellow. E. Ind. l/;8.
— Gillie'sii (Gillies's). 4. Yellow. July. Mendoza.
1829.
— insi'gnis (noble). 15. Copper. S. Amer. 1823.
— pulche'rrima (very fair). 10. Red, yellow. July.
E. Ind. 1691.
— re'gia (royal). Crimson. Madagascar. 1828.
POINSE'STIA. (Named after its disco-
verer, M. Poinsette. Nat. ord., Spurge-
worts [Euphorbiaceae] . Linn., 21-Mo-
noecia 1-Monandria. Allied to the Eu-
phorbia.)
Stove Mexican evergreen shrubs. Cuttings taken
off in spring, or when the old plant has done
flowering ; dried at the base after cutting to a
joint, and after several days inserted in sandy loam,
in a gentle hotbed ; sandy loam, and a little peat
and leaf-mould. Winter temp., 50° to 60°; sum-
mer, 60° to 85°. When done flowering, they may
be kept dry, in a temperature of from 40° to 45°,
if not above a period of two of three months.
P. pulche'rrima (fairest). 4. Scarlet. March. 1834.
a'lbida ( white- Aractfed). 4. White. De^
cember. 1834.
POINTING-IN is mixing manure with the
top inch or two of the soil by means of
the point of a spade or fork. This is
done when roots, which ought not to be
disturbed, are near the surface.
POIEE'TIA. A stove evergreen climber,
really a Hovea.
P. sca'ndens (climbing). 6. March. Caraccas. 1823.
PoiSON-BuLB. Srunsvi'gia Cora'nica
and toxica'ria, and Gri'nwm Asia'ticum.
PoisoN-NuT. jStry'chnos mix-vo'mica.
PoiSON-OAK. Rhn's toxicode'ndron.
POISON-SUMACH, or POISON-WOOD, film's
venena'ta.
POISONOUS PLANTS. Gardeners should
be much more careful than they usually
are in handling the plants they cultivate,
for matty of them have deadly qualities.
M. Neumann, chief gardener of the Paris
Jardin des Plantes, says that pruning-
knives and hands washed in a tank after
they have been employed upon some of
the exotics will destroy the fish it con-
tains. Hippo' man ebiglandulo'sa, the Man-
chineel, the Tanyhin, Sa'pium lau'ro-ce'ra-
siis, and Camocia'dia denta'ta, are equally
deleterious to man. Gardeners who have
merely rubbed the leaves of the latter
between their fingers have had swollen
bodies and temporary blindness. Wounds
from priming-knives smeared with the
juices of such plants are like those from
poisoned arrows.
POISONS. Soils containing obnoxious
ingredients are certain introducers of
disease and premature death. An excess
of oxide of iron, as when the roots of the
apple and pear get into an irony-red
gravelly subsoil, always causes canker.
In tlio neighbourhood of copper-smelt-
ing furnaces, not only are cattle sub-
jected to swollen joints and other un-
usual diseases, causing decrepitude and
death, but the plants also around are
subject to sudden visitations, to irregular
growths, and to unwarned destruction ;
and a crop once vigorous will suddenly
wither as if swept over by a blast. There
is no doubt of this arising from the salts
of copper, which impregnate the soil
irregularly, as the winds may have borne
them sublimed from the furnaces, and
the experiments of Sennebier have shown
that of all salts those of copper are
the most fatal to plants. That they can
be poisoned, and by many of those sub-
stances, narcotic as well as corrosive,
which are fatal to animals, has been
shown by the experiments of M. F.
Marcet and others.
The metallic poisons being absorbed,
are conveyed to the different parts of
the plantj and alter or destroy its tissue.
The vegetable poisons, such as opium,
strychnia, prussic acid, belladonna, alco-
hol, and oxalic acid, which act fatally
Zn the nervous system of animals,
cause the death of plants.
The poisonous substance is absorbed
into the plant's system, and proves in-
jurious when merely applied to its
branches or stem, almost as much as if
placed in contact with the roots, tllcera-
tions and canker are exasperated if lime
be put upon the wounds, and when Dr.
Hales made a Golden llennet Apple
absorb a quart of camphorated spirits
of wine through one of its branches, one-
half of the tree was destroyed.
POI'VKEA. (Named after N. Poivrc,
a Frenchman. Nat. ord., Myrobolans
[Combretacea?]. Linn., IQ-JDecandria
L-Monogrjnia* Allied to Combretum.)
Stove evergreen climbers. Cuttings of short,
stubby side-shoots, as fresh growth commences,
in spring, in sand, under a bell-glass, and with a
little botrom-heat ; sandy loam and fibry peat,
with pieces of charcoal. Winter temp., 85° to
60° ; summer, 60° to 85°.
P. Afze'lli (Afzelius's). 10. Scarlet. April.
Sierra Leone. 1826.
— barba'ta (bearded-plated). 10. White. M»-
ranha. 1820.
POL
[652]
POL
P. coeci'nea (scarlet). 20. Scarlet. September.
Madagascar. 1818.
— como'sa (tufted). 20. Purple. Sierra Leone.
1822.
— deca'ndra (ten-stamened). 20. White. April.
E. Ind. 1826.
— interme'dia (intermediate). 15. Scarlet. April.
Sierra Leone. 1823.
— macrophy'lla (large-leaved). Scarlet. April.
Isle of Bourbon. 1838.
POLANI'SIA. (From polys, many, and
anisos, unequal; many stamens of un-
equal lengths. Nat. ord., Cupparids
[Capparidaceae]. Linn., \\-Dodecandria
I-Monogynia. Allied to Cleome.)
Hardy annuals, flowering in June. Seeds in a
slight hotbed, under a glass frame, in March and
April, and pricked out and finally placed in the
open ground in the beginning of June.
P. Chelado'nii (Cheladon's). l£. Rose. E. Ind.
1792.
— dodeca'ndra (twelve-anthered). 1J. White.
E. Ind. 1795.
— grave'olens (strong-smelling). l£. Pinkish.
Canada.
— uniglandulo'sa (single-glanded). 1. White,
red. Mexico. 1823.
— visco'sa (clammy). 2. Yellow. E. Ind. 1/30.
— — — icostt'wdra(twenty-anthered). 1^. Yellow.
Ceylon. 1730.
POLEMO'NIUM. Greek Valerian. (From
polemos, war ; according to Pliny, a dis-
pute about its discovery led to warfare.
Nat. ord., Phloxworts [Polemoniaceae],
Linn., 5-Pentandria 1-Monogynia.)
Hardy herbaceous perennials. Seeds ; but gene-
rally division of the plant; common garden-soil.
P. caeru'leum (blue). 2. Blue. June. Britain.
a'lbum (white). 2, White. June. Britain.
— — — grandiflo'rum (large-flowered). Brown.
June. India. Biennial.
macula'tum (spotted). 2. Striped. June.
Britain.
pili'ferum (hairy). Blue. June. N. Amer.
variega'tum (variegated- leaved). 1. Blue.
June. Britain.
— gra'cile (slender). 1$. Blue. June. Dahuria.
1818.
— hu'mile (lowly). Blue. August. N. Amer. 1826.
— la'cteum (milky-flowered). White. May. 1829.
— Mexico.' num (Mexican). 1. Blue. April.
Mexico. 1817.
— moscha'tum (musky). Black. June. N. Amer.
1827.
— pulche'rrimum (prettiest), f. Blue. July.
N. Amer. 1827.
— re'ptans (creeping). $. Lilac, blue. April.
N. Amer. 1758.
ma' jus (larger). 1. Dark blue. April.
— Richardso'ni (Richardson's). Pale blue. Sep-
tember. N. Amer. 1826.
— Sibi'ricum (Siberian). 2. White. June. Si-
beria. 1800.
'-villo'sum (shaggy). Pale blue. August. Si-
beria. 1826.
POLIA/NTHES. Tuberose. ("From polls,
a city, and anthos, a flower ; referring to
its general use in city decoration. Nat.
ord., Lily worts [Liliacese], Linn., 6-
Hexandria \-Monoyynia.)
Greenhouse bulbs. Offset bulbs; old bulb*
are generally obtained from Italy every year, and
are planted in rich, sandy loam ; and when growth
has fairly commenced, they get the advantage of
a slight hotbed to forward them (but the bulb,
and not the top, should be kept warm), before
getting them ready for rooms or greenhouses.
P. gra'cilis (slender). 3. Pale yellow. August.
Brazil. 1822.
— tubero'sa (tuberous). 3. White. August.
E. Ind. 1629.
flo're-ple'no (double-flowered). 3. White.
August.
POLY, or GERMANDER. Teu'crium.
POLYACHY'EUS. (From polys, many,
and achuron, chaff. Nat. ord., Compo-
sites [Asteraceae]. Linn., \§-Syngenesla
1-jEqualis.)
Half-hardy herbaceous perennial. Division and
cuttings of the young shoots in spring, in sandy
soil; the protection of a cold frame, or some
analagous place, in winter.
P. Poppi'gii(Poppig's). Blue. June. Chili. 1830.
POLYA'NTHUS. This is a variety, but
a very permanent one, of the common
Primrose (Pri'mula vulya'ris). There
are many varieties, and their excellence
as florists' flowers may be determined by
the following rules: —
The Pip.— I. This should be perfectly
flat and round, slightly scolloped on the
edge, and three quarters of an inch in
diameter.
2. It should be divided in (five or)
six places, apparently forming (five or)
six flower-leaves, each indented in the
centre to make it a kind of heart-shaped
end; but the indentations must not
reach the yellow eye.
3. The indenture in the centre of the
apparent flower-leaves should be exactly
the same depth as the indenture formed
by the join of these flower-leaves, so that
it should not be known, by the form of
the flower, which is the actual division
and which is the indenture ; in other
words, which is the side and which the
centre of the flower-leaf; and all the
indentures should be as slight as possible,
to preserve the character.
4. The flower should be divided thus :
the yellow tube in the centre being
measured, the yellow eye, round the
tube, should be the same width as its
diameter; and the ground colour of the
flower should be the same width ; or
draw with the compasses, opened to a
sixteenth of an inch apart, a circle for
the tube or centre, open them to three-
sixteenths, and draw another circle for
the eye, then open them further to five-
sixteenths, and draw a third circle for
POL
[653]
POL
the ground or dark colour. Beyond these
circles there is a yellow lacing, which
should reach round every flower- leaf to
the yellow eye, and down the centre of
every petal to the eye, and so much like
the edging that the flower should appear
to have (ten or) twelve similar petals.
The ends of these (ten or) twelve should
be blunted, and rounded like so many
semicircles, so that the outline of the
circle should be interrupted as little as
possible.
5. The tube (one-fifth the width of the
whole flower) should be nearly filled up
with the six anthers, which are techni-
cally called the thrum (have an elevated
edge, rendering it trumpet-eyed}, and the
flower should not exhibit the pistil.
6. The edging round and down the
centre of the petals formed by the di-
visions should be of even width all the
way, and uniformly of the same shade of
sulphur, lemon, or yellow as the eye, and
there must not be two shades of yellow
in the eye.
7. The ground colour may be just
what anybody likes best, but clear, well
defined, perfectly smooth at the edges in-
side next the eye, so as to form a circle,
and outside, next the lacing. A black or
a crimson ground, being scarce, is de-
sirable ; but the quality of the colour as
to clearness, rather than the colour itself,
constitutes the property.
The Plant. — 1. The stem should be
strong, straight, elastic, and from four to
six inches in length.
2. The footstalks of the flower should
be of such length as to bring all the
flowers well together.
3. The truss should rise from the centre
of the foliage, comprise seven or more
flowers, and be neatly arranged to be seen
all at once.
4. The foliage should be dark green
short, broad, thick, and cover the pot well
but erect and clustering round, though
lower than the truss.
The Pair, or Collection. — The pair, or
pan of more, should comprise flowers oi
different and distinct colours, either the
ground colour or the yellow of each being
sufficiently different from the rest to be
well distinguished. The whole should be
so near of a height as to range the heads
of bloom well together. The great fault of
the Polyanthus now, even among the besi
sorts, is that the divisions between the
petals are so wide as to make the flower
ook starry, whereas there should be no
more gap where the division is than is in
;he indentation of the petal itself. —
Glenny's Properties of Flowers, &c.
Culture. — The Polyanthus may be cul-
tivated exactly as the Auricula.
POLYBO'TRYA. (From polys, many, and
botrys, a raceme ; the appearance of the
fertile or seed-bearing frond. Nat. ord.,
Ferns [Polypodiacese]. Linn, 24-Crypfo-
gamia l-Filices.)
Stove, brown-spored Ferns. See FERNS.
P. acumina'ta (pointed-teaued). July. W. Ind.
1831.
— apiifo'lia (parsley-leaved). July. I. of Luzon.
— appendicula'ta (appendaged). July. W. Ind.
— articula'ta (jointed). July. Isle of Luzon.
— cervi'na (hart's-tongue). f . April. Jamaica.
1823.
— Corcovade'nsis (Corcovado). July. Brazil.
1837.
— inci'sa (cut-leaved), July. W. Ind.
— interme'dia (intermediate). April. Isle of
Luzon.
— Osmundu'cea (Osmunda-like). July. Mexico.
— serrula'ta (saw-edged). July. Isle of Luzon.
— specio'sa (showy). July. W. Ind.
— vivi'para (viviparous). J. June. W. Ind.
1823.
POLY'GALA. Milkwort. (From polys,
much, and gala, milk; abundance of milky
juice. Nat. ord., Milkworts [Polygalaceae].
Linn., 17-Diadelphia 3-Octandria.)
Annuals, by seed in a peaty border ; herbaceous
perennials, seeds and divisions in similar soil, or
sandy loam and leaf-mould; hardy shrubs and
under-shrubs, as chamcebu'xis, by cuttings and
suckers, and which species, in particular, likes a
little chalk with the peat and leaf-mould ; tender
shrubs, by cuttings of the side-shoots, when 2J
inches long, taken off close to the stem, and in-
serted in sand, under a bell-glass ; for all these,
peat three parts, and loam one part. Many of
them, from their beauty and comparative hardi-
ness, should be tried aprainst conservative walls,
such as latifo'lia, myrtifo'lia grandifto'ra, spe-
cio'sa, &c.
HARDY ANNUALS.
P. fastigia'ta (peaked). $. Red. June. N.Amer.
1824.
— Monspeli'aca (Montpelier). £. Blue. June.
Mediterranean.
— purpu'rea (purple). Purple. June. N.Amer.
1739.
— umbella'ta (umbelled). 1. Purple. July.
Cape of Good Hope. Stove.
HARDY HERBACEOUS.
P. a'lba (white). White. June. Louisiana. 1827.
— alpe'stris (alpine). Blue. June. Switzerland.
— ama'ra (bitter). $. Blue. June. Europe. 1775.
— Austri'aca (Austrian). Purple. June. Germany.
— chamcebu'xis (bastard box). $. Yellow. May.
Austria. 1658. Evergreen.
— graminifo'lia (grass-leaved). £. Lilac, yellow.
June. Carolina. 1824.
— ma'jor (larger. Austrian). 1. Red. July.
Austria. 173Q.
— rube'lla (reddish), i. Pale red, June, N, Amer.
1828.
POL
[654]
POL
GREENHOUSE EVERGREENS.
P.attenua'ta (thin). 3. Purple. July, Cape
of Good Hope. 1820.
— Borboniafo'lia (Bbrbonia-leaved), 3, Purple.
Cape of Good Hope. 1790.
— bracteola'ta (small-bracted). 6. Purple. July.
Cape of Good Hope. 1713.
— .Burwa'wm (Burmann's). 3. Purple, June.
Cape of Good Hope. 1800.
— cordifa'lia (heart-leaved). 3. Purple. May.
Cape of Good Hope. 1791.
— Gurci'nii (Garcin's). 3. Purple. July. Cape
of Good Hope.
— genistoi'des (broom-like). 3. Purple. July.
Cape of Good Hope. 1823.
— gra'cilis (slender). Blue. May. New Zealand.
— inter me1 dia (intermediate). 3. Purple. June.
Cape of Good Hope.
— lanceola'ta (spear-head-/ea?>erf). 3. Purple.
July. Cape of Good Hope. 1820.
— latifo'lia (broad-leaved). l£. Purple. May.
Cape of Good Hope. 1820,
— ligula'ris (strap -leaved). l£. Purple. June.
Cape of Good Hope. *1820.
— liliifo'lia (lily-leaved). 4. Purple. July. Cape
of Good Hope. 1823.
— myrtifo'lia (myrtle-leaved). 3. Purple. July.
Cape of Good Hope. 1/07.
r grandiflo'ra (large-flowered). 4. Purple.
July. Cape of Good Hope. 181?.
— nummufa'ria (moneywort-leaved). 3. Purple.
Cape of Good Hope. 1812.
— oppositifo'lia (opposite-leaved). 2. Purple.
June. Cape of Good Hope. 1790.
r- ma' jor (larger). 3. Purple. July. Cape
of Good Hope.
— pinifo'lia (pine-leaved). 3. Purple. July.
Cape of Good Hope. 1823.
— Si'mplex (simple-stemmed'). 4. Purple. July.
Cape of Good Hope. 1816,
— specio'sa (showy). 6. Purple. July. Cape
of Good Hope. 1814.
— teretifo'lia (cylindrical-leaved). 3. Purple.
August. Cape of Good Hope. 1/91-
— tetrago'na (four-angled). 2. Purple. Cape
of Good Hope. 1820.
POLYGONA'TUM. Solomon's Seal. (From
polys, many, and gonu, a joint, or keee ;
numerous joints of the stem. Nat. ord.,
Lilyworts [Liliaeeoe]. Linn. ,6 flewmdria
1-Monoyynia. Allied to Convallaria.)
Hardy, white^flowered, herbaceous perennial.
Seeds and divisions in spring; rjph, }ight soil.
Leptophy' Hum and oppositifo'liuni require pro-
tection in winter.
P. angustifo'lium (narrow -leaved). 1. May.
N.Amer. 1824.
— brachia'tum (bracted). l£. July, Switzer-
land. 1827,
— canaliculaitum (channelled). 1. June. N.
Amer-, 1813.
— hi'rtmn (hairy), i. May. N.Amer. 1S1Q.
— Ifttifo'lium (broad-leaved), 3. May. Gerr
many. 1802,
— leptqpky'llum (fine-leaved). 2. June. Ner
paul. 1816.
— macrophy'llum (large-lea,ved). 3, May. N.
Amer. 1800.
— multiflo'rum (many-flowered). 2. June. Britain.
— oppositifu'lium (opposite-leaved). 1. April.
Nepaul. 1822.
— polya'nthemum (many-flowered). 1. May
Caucasus. 1820.
, May. N.Amer, 1812,
-r-verticilla'tum (whorled • leaved). 1. May.
Scotland.
— vulga're (common). 2. May. England.
flo're-ple'no (doubles-flowered). 2. June.
England.
mi'nor (smaller). 1, June. England.
POLYGO'NUJE. (Erom polys, many, and
<7o?w,aknee; numerous joints of the stem.
Nat. ord., Buckwheats [Polygonacese].
Linn., Q-Octandria 3-Trigynia.)
Annuals, seeds in the open border, in March
and April; herbaceous perennials, also by seeds,
as for annuals, and division of the roots : tender
annuals require the assistance of a hotbed before
transplanting in May ; greenhouse shrubs, by
cuttings in sandy soil, under a glass, and grown
in fibry loam, with a little peat ; several of them,
such as adpre'ssum, which sends out very long-
shoots, should be tried against a wall. The fruit
f several, such as Tata'ricum and fagopy'rum,
are used for tarts.
GREENHOUSE, EVERGREENS AND
HERBACEOUS.
P. adpre'ssum (compressed). 2. Red. July. N.
Holland. 1822.
— Bruno' nis (Brown's). £. Pink. August. Nqytb.
of India. 1845.
— deci'piens (deceiving). 2. Red. July. N.
Holland. 1822. Herbaceous.
— gra'cile (slender). 1. Red. July. N.Holland.
1822. Herbaceous.
— r herniarioi'des (herniaria-like). £. July. Egypt.
1827.
T- tincto'rium (dyer's). 2. Red. July. China.
1776. Biennial.
HARDY HERBACEOUS,
P. affi'ne (kindred), J. Red. June, Nepaul. 1822.
— dlpi'num (alpine). 2. White. July. Switzer-
land. 1816.
— amphi'bium (amphibious). J> Pink. July.
Britain. Aquatic.
-hirsu-'ium (hairy). 1. Red. July. Britain.
— amplexicuu'le (stem-clasping). Red. July.
India. 1837.
— barba'tum, (bearded). 2. White. July. China.
181Q. Trailer.
— cocci'neum (scarlet). 1. Scarlet. July. N.
Amer. 18)9.
— e'le^aiis (elegant). 2. White, green. June.
Nepaul. 1824. Trailer.
— elli'pticum (o\a.\-leaved). 2. Pink. June.
Siberia. 1807.
— fflau'cum (milky-green). 1. J^. Amer.
— l,axHiq'nni (Lasmann's), 1, White. June.
Dahuria. 1800.
— macrophy'llum (large-leaved), ij. Purple.
June. Nepaul. 1820.
— seri'ceum (silky). £, White. July. Siberia.
1820.
— seta' sum (bristly). 1, White. July. Asia
Minor. 1817.
— r vapeiniifo'lium (whortleberry-leaved). Pink.
July. Himalaya. 1845 Trailing evergreen.
— Virginia! nnm (Virginian). 3. White. August.
N. Amer. 1640.
— volca'nicum (volcanic). Mexico, 1831. Trail-
ing evergreen.
HARDY ANNUALS,
P. arena'rium (sand). 1. Purple, Junef Hun-
gary. 18"7. Trailer.
*~ fagopy'rum (buckwheat),) 2. Pink, July.
England,
POL
655 ]
POL
P.Jtoribu'ndum (bundle-flowered). 2. Red. July.
Siberia. 1818.
~ mi'te (mild. Water-pepper). 1. Red. July. N.
Amer. 1800. Aquatic.
— onen£a7e(eastern).6.Red. August. E.Ind. 1/07.
a'lbum (white). 4. White. August. E
Ind. 1781.
— Pennsylva'nicum (Pennsylvanian). 1. Red
July. N. Amer, 1800.
— • j9£j-sie<m'oi'des(persiearia-like). l£. Pink. July.
Mexico. 1816.
— salsugi'neum (briny). 1. Pink. June. Caucasus.
1817. Aquatic.
— Senegate'nsis (Senegal). l£. Red. July. Guinea.
1825. Aquatic.
POLYPO'DIUM. Polypody. (From polys,
many, and pous, a foot; numerous feet-
like divisions of the creeping stems. Nat.
ord., Ferns [Polypodiacese], Linn., 24-
Cryptogamia l-Filices. )
Brown-spored Perns. See FEBNS.
HARDY HERBACEOUS.
P. alpe'stre (alpine) . $. July. 1820.
— culca'reum (spur-branched). |. July. Britain.
— oonne'ctile (connected). 1. June. Canada. 1823.
— hexagono'pterum (sixrangled-winged). 1. July.
N. Amer. 1811.
— phego'pteris (sun-fern), f . June. Britain.
— •- pustulii'tum (pimpled). 1. June. New Zealand.
18-20. Greenhouse.
— Virginia' num (Virginian). 1. July. N. Amer.
— vulga're (common). 1. July. Britain.
— Ca'mbricum (Welsh). 1. July. Britain.
STOVE HERBACEOUS.
P. angvstlfo'lium (narrow-leaved). $. May. W.
Ind. 1820.
-~ ayeala'tum (areolated). 1. Brazil, 1824.
— aspn'rulum (roughish). August. Isle of Luzon.
1842.
— asplenifo'lium (spleenwort-leaved). 2. July.
Martinico. 1790.
— attenua'tum (thin). *. May. N, Holland. 1823.
— au'reurn (gqlden). 3. March. W. Ind. 1742.
*~ auricula1 turn (eared). 2. July. Brazil. 1824.
— BMurdie'ri (La Billardiere's). 1. May. Van
Piemen's Land. 1823.
— Cafhari'nee (St. Catherine's). I.Brazil. 1824.
— conti'guum (adjoining). April. Isle of Luzon.
1842.
— crena'tum (scolIoped^l^.August.Jamaica.mS.
— crussifu'Uwm (thick-leaved). 3. August, W.
Ind. 1823.
— curva'tum (curved). 1. August. Jamaica. 1823.
— decuma'num (tall). 5. August. Brazil, 1819.
*- deflefxurn (bent-down). 2, July. 1830.
••— dissi'mile (unlike). 2. July. Brazil. 1820.
— dine'rgens (spreading). June. W. Ind. 1841,
— drepa'num (sickle). 1. Madeira.
— drya'pteris (dryopterip). 1. July, Britain.
— effu'sum (spreading). 3. November. Jamaica.
1769.
—fraxinifo'lium (ash-leaved), 2. August. Oa-
raccag. 1817.
— Aas£a'fr«n(nalbert-shaped). 2. July. Jamaica,
1S20.
— heterophy'llum (variable - leaved). £. July,
W. Ind. 1820,
— inca'num (hoary). J. August. S. Amer. 1811.
— inci'sum (cut). 1. July. W. Ind. 1810.
— iridifo'lium (iris-leaved). 1$. September.
— J<tmaiee'nse(J%m&ica). l^.June. Jamaica.1820.
— juglandifo'lium (walnut-leaved). 1^. July. S.
Amer. 1822.
P. lachnopo'dium (downy-footed). 4. June, Ja-
maica. 1843.
— • lanceola'tum (spear-headed). l.August.W.Ind,
1812.
— la'tipes (broad-stalked). 1J. October. Brazil.
— longifo'lium (long-leaved). 3. July. Brazil. 1819.
— lycopodioi'des (club-moss-like), i. July, W
*Ind. 1793.
— menisciifu'liwn (meniscium-leaved). July.
Brazil. 1837.
— neriifo'lium (nerium-leaved). July. Brazil. 1837.
-s- nu' fans (nodding). July. Malacca.
-^- obliqua'tum(t\viste(i). July. Isle of Luzon. 1841,
— olwa'ceum (olive-like). 1. S, Amer.
— Oti'tes (Otites). ^. October. Brazil. 1834.
— Owarie'nse (Owarian). ^. Sierra Leone.
— papillo'sum (nippled). April. Isle of Luzon,
— paradi'sece (paradise). May. Brazil. 1841.
— pectina'turn (comb-leaved). l£. July. W. Ind.
1793.
— pAyftf'ttdis (hart's-tongue). 2. July, W. Ind.
1793.
— phymato'des (warted). $. July. E. Ind. 1823.
• — piloselloi'des (mouse-ear-like). ^. August. W.
lad. 1793.
— plantagi'neum (plantain-like). 1. July. W.
Ind. 1817.
— plu'mula (feathered). 1. July. S. Amer. 1824.
— polya'nthum (many-flowered). Brazil. 1824.
— proli'ferum (proliferous). 1. Madeira,
— pruina'tum (frosted- leaved). 2. September.
Jamaica. 1793.
— quercifo 'Hum (oak-leaved). !£. September.
E. Ind. 1824.
-T. rece'dens (receding). June. Isle of Luzon.
— refru'ctum (broken). July. Brazil. 1837.
— repa'ndum (wavy-edged). 1^. August. Jamaica.
1820.
— re'pens (creeping). 2. May. W. Ind. 1810.
— salicifo'lium (willow » leaved). ^. August.
Brazil.
— sa'nctum (holy). 1^. July. W. Ind. 1820.
— Schku'rii (Schkur's). 1. July. Brazil. 1824.
— scolopendrioi'des (scolopendrium - like). 1^.
May. W. Ind. 1820.
— stfrpens (creeping). |. W. Ind. 1816,
— serrasfo'rme (saw-shaped). July. Isle of Luwra.
1841.
— ser;w/artoi'des(«ertularia-like), April, Malacca.
— si'mile (similar). 2.
— stigmo'sum (stigma-like). I.May. E. Ind. 1823.
— sudfalca'tum (slightlyrsickled). July, Isle of
Luzon. 1839.
— subpetiola'tum (short - stalked), ?, May.
Mexico. 1845,
r- tainio'sum (banded). 2.. August, S. Amer, 1815.
— tene'llum (slender). 1^. N. Holland. 1823.
n- tetrago'num (four-angled). June. Brasil, 1827.
— trich,o'des(h^ir-like). July. Isle of Luzon. 1840.
-^ Jr/cAo»nan<>i'd<?s(trichoma.nes-like). 1. August.
W. Ind. 1822.
— trifurca'tum (three-forked), |, July, W. Ind.
1820.
— tubero>sum (tuberose). 2. All. W. Ind.
— vacciniifo'lium (whortleberry-leaved), £. Sep-
tember. W. Ind.
POLYSPO'RA. (From polys, many, and
spora, seed ; many-seeded capsules. Nat.
ord., Teaworts [Ternstrorniacese]. Wnn.,
16-Monadelphia 8-Polyandria, Allied to
Camellia.)
Stove evergreen shrub. Cuttings of half-ripened
shoots in sand, under a bell-glass ; also by graft-
ng, or budding, on the Game'llia Japo'nicctf
POL
[656]
PON
sandy, fibry loam, and a little peat and leaf-mould.
Winter temp., 50° to 55°; summer, 60° to 80°.
P. axilla'ris (axillary-cowered). 3. White. March.
E. Ind. 1818.
POLY'STICHUM, (From polys, many, and
stichus, a row ; numerous rows of spore-
cases. Nat. ord., Ferns [Polypodiacefe].
Linn., 24^-Oryptogamia l-Filices.)
Stove, yellow-spored Ferns. See FERNS.
P. arista'tum (awned). I.July. Norfolk Island.
— auricula'tum (eared). July. E. Ind. 1793.
— Cape'nse (Cape). June. Cape of Good Hope. 1823.
— coniifo'tium (hemlock-leaved). l£. June. E.
Ind. 1841.
— denticulu'tum (toothed). July. Jamaica.
— discre'tum. (parted). May. Nepaul.
— drepu'num (sickle-/ronded). June. Madeira.
1822.
— falcine'Uum (small-sickle). May. W. Ind.
— glandulo'sum (glanded). June.
— hi'spidum (bristly). July. New Zealand. 1845.
— mucrona'tum (sharp-pointed). Jamaica. 1838.
— muni turn (armed). May. Jamaica. 183Q.
— obtu'sum (blunt). June. Isle of Luzon.
— proli'ferum (proliferous). July. Brazil. 1842.
— pu'ngens (stinging). May. Cape of Good Hope.
1823.
— rhnmboi'deum (diamond-Zeawed). April. E. Ind.
— specio'sum( showy). July. Nepaul.
— vesti'tum (clothed). June. Van Diemen's
Land. 1842.
POMADE 'RRIS. (From poma, a lid, and
derris, a skin ; the membranous covering
of the seed-vessel. Nat. ord., Rhamnads
[Rhamnacese]. Linn., 5-Pentandria 1-
Jlfonogynia.)
Greenhouse, New Holland, evergreen shrubs ;
yellow-flowered, except where otherwise stated.
Cuttings of half-ripened shoots cut to a joint,
dried at the base, and inserted in sand, under a
glass ; peat and sandy loam. Winter temp., 38°
to 45°. Elli'ptica, with the exception of having
creamy-like flowers, resembles the Ceano'thus
azu'reus, and no doubt would prove almost as
hardy against a wall.
P. acumina'ta (pointed-Jeawed). 80. June. 1816.
— Andromedcefo'lia (Andromeda-leaved). 5. June,
1824.
— di'scolor (two-coloured). 5. Whitish. April. 181 4
— globulo'sa (globulose). 6. July. 1803.
— lani'gera (woolly). 3. April. 1806.
— ledifo'lia (ledum-leaved). 2. April. 1824.
— ligustri'na (privet-like). White. June. 1826
— viridiru'fa (greenish-brown). April. 1821.
— Wendlandia'na (Wendland's). 6. April. 1810.
POMA'HIA.. (Named after Pomar, a
Spanish physician. Nat. ord., Leguminous
Plants [Fabacese]. Linn., IQ-Decandrfa
1-Monogynia, Allied to Csesalpinia.)
Greenhouse evergreen shrub. Seeds in a bit-
bed, in spring; cuttings of half-ripened shoots in
May, in sand, under a bell-glass ; sandy loam and
fibry peat. Winter temp., 40° to 48°.
P. glandulo'sa (glanded). 6. Yellow. Hay.
New Spain. 1826.
PO'MAX. (From poma, a lid; the oper-
culurn, or covering of the seed-vessel.
Nat. ord., Cinchonads [Cinchonacese],
Linn., 4^-Tetrandria I-Monogynia. Allied
to Opercularia.)
Greenhouse evergreen. See OPERCULA'RIA.
P. hi'rta (hairy). 1. White, green. July. N.
Holland. 1826.
POMEGRANATE. Pu'nica.
POMPION. Cucu'rbita.
PONCELE'TIA. (Named after M. Pon-
celet, author of a treatise on Wheat. Nat.
ord., Epacrids [Epacridacese]. Linn.,
5-Pentandria "L-Monoyynia. Allied to
Epacris.)
Greenhouse evergreen. For culture, see EPA'-
CRIS.
P. Sprengelioi'des (Sprengelia-like). 1. May.
N. S. Wales. 1826.
PONDS are reservoirs of water dug out
of the soil, and made retentive by pud-
dling with clay their bottoms and sides.
Puddling is necessary in almost all in-
stances, and the mode of proceeding is
thus detailed by Mr. Marnock, in the
United Gardeners' Journal. When the
excavation is formed, or partially so, the
bottom puddle near the outer edge is
formed, and upon this is raised the up-
right or side puddle ; and as this proceeds,
the ordinary clay or earth is raised at
the same time, by which means the up-
right puddle is retained in its place ; and
ultimately the sides, being formed in a
sloping direction, admit of being covered
with gravel or sand, and may be walked
upon, or stakes may be driven to a con-
siderable depth without reaching the
puddle, or in any way injuring it. This
can never be the case if the puddle, as is
sometimes done, be laid upon the sloping
side of the pond. The sides may slope
rapidly, or the reverse. If the slope be
considerable, sand or gravel, to give a
clean appearance, will be more likely to
be retained upon the facing ; plants car
be more easily fixed and cultivated ; gold-
fish, also, find in these shallow, gravellj
parts under the leaves of the plants suit-
able places to deposit their spawn, and
without this they are seldom found tc
breed. Ponds made in this way may be
of any convenient size, from a couple oi
yards upwards to as many acres. The
following is the section of a pond thus
formed ; —
a indicates the surface of the ground a<
PON
[6571
POP
the edge of the water ; 6, the puddle; c,
the facing to preserve the puddle from
injury ; d, the water ; e, the surface of
the latter ; and /, the ordinary bottom.
When a small pond of this kind is to he
made, and the extent of the surface is
determined upon and marked out, it will
then be necessary to form a second or
outer mark, indicating the space required
for the wall or side puddle, and about
three feet is the proper space to allow
for this ; the puddle requiring about two
feet, and the facing which requires to be
laid upon the puddle ought to be about a
foot more, making together three feet.
Ponds may be made very ornamental.
PON GA' MIA. (Pony am, its Malabar
name. Nat. ord., Leguminous Plants
[Fabacese]. Linn., YI-Diadelphia k-De-
candria. Allied to Dalbergia.)
Stove evergreen shrubs and climbers, all but
one white-flowered, and from the East Indies.
For culture, see DALBF/RGIA.
P. gla'bra (smooth-leaved). 5. 1699.
— grandiflo'ra (large-flowered). 6. 1818.
— margina'ta (bordered). 3. Yellow. May.
1824. Twiner.
— pisci'dia (piscidia-like). 1818.
— uligino'sa (marsh). W. Ind. 1824. Twiner.
PONTEDE'EIA. (Named after J.Ponte-
dera, professor of botany at Padua. Nat.
ord., Pontederiads [Pontederiacese],
Linn., 6-ffexandria 1-Monoyynia.)
Blue-flowered aquatics. Divisions of the roots ;
rich, strong, loamy soil, in a tub of water or an
aquarium.
HARDY AQUATICS.
P. angustifo'lia (narrow-leaved). 2. July. N.
Amer. 1806.
— ceeru'lea (light blue). 2. July. N. Amer. 1830.
— corda'ta (hea.it- leaved). 2. July. N. Amer.
1759.
— lanceola'ta (spear-head). 2. July. N. Amer.
1815.
STOVE AQUATICS.
P. azu'rea (sky-blue), f . July. Jamaica. 1824.
— cra'ssipes (thick-leaf-stalked). f . May.
Guiana. 1825.
— dilata'ta (spreading). 2. July. E. Ind. 1806.
/PONTIA. A genus of butterflies, of
which the following one is most ob-
noxious to the gardener : —
P. brassicce (Large White Cabbage
Butterfly). The wings are white; the
upper with broad black tips ; and the fe-
male has two black spots on the middle.
The under side of the under wings is
light yellow. Breadth, when expanded,
two inches. It appears from May to
October. The caterpillar is bluish-green,
thinly haired, and sprinkled with black
dots, having a yellow stripe on the back,
and the same on the sides. These cater-
42
pillars are found, throughout the sum-
mer and autumn, on all the cabbage-
worts, on horse-radish, radishes, mus-
tard, and similar plants, as well as on
water- cresses. The pupae are yellowish-
green, with black dots, with a point on
the head, and five on the back. The best
way to destroy them is picking off and
killing the caterpillars, as well as the-
pupa?, as far as it is possible ; the latter
are found attached to adjacent trees,
hedges, and walls. But care must be
taken not to destroy those pupa? which
have a brown appearance ; because they
are full of the larvae of ichneumons, and
other allied parasites, which are the
great scourge of these caterpillars.
P. rapes (Small Cabbage Butterfly).
This butterfly resembles the foregoing,
but is one-half smaller ; and the black
tinge at the points of the upper wings is
fainter, and not visible on the outer edge.
The time of appearance is the same as of
the former. The caterpillar is of a dull
green, with fine white minute hairs, a
yellow stripe on the back, and yellow
spots on the sides, on a pale ground. In
some years it is very injurious to the
cabbage and turnip plants ; it also infests
mignonette, which it strips entirely of its
leaves. It is very difficult to be dis-
covered, from its colour. The pupa is
yellowish or greenish-grey, with three
yellow stripes. — Kollar.
POPLAR. Po'pulus.
POPPY. Papa'ver.
PO'PULUS. Poplar. (From arbor-populi
of the Komans, or the tree of the public;
the Turin poplar much planted in their
cities. Nat. ord., Willowworts [Salica-
ceffl]. Linn., 22-Dicecia 7-Octandria.)
Hardy deciduous trees. Seeds, which should
be sown in moist soil, slightly covered, but
shaded as soon as the seeds drop from the trees ;
by cuttings of the ripened shoots ; also by layers
and suckers ; a deep, moist, loamy soil suits
them the best ; but they do not thrive well either
in a very dry place, or in places where there is
stagnant water.
P. alba (white. Abele-tree). 40. March. Britain.
— angula'ta (angular. Carolina). 80. March.
Carolina. 1738.
— balsami'fera (balsamic). 70. April. N. Amer.
1792.
fo'liis variega'tis (variegated-leaved).
April.
interme'dia (intermediate). April.
latifo'lia (broad-leaved). 40. April.
suave'olens (sweet-scented). 70. April.
Russia. 1825.
vimina'lis (twiggy). 40. April. Altai.
1826.
— betulifo'lia (birch-leaved. Black American").
40. March. N. Amer.
2u
POR
[658]
POR
P. Canade1 'mis (Canadian). March. Canada.
— ca'ndicans (v/hhish-heart'leaved). 50, March.
N. Amer. 1772.
— cane'scens (hoary). 40. March. England.
acci-ifo'lia (maple-leaved).
JEgypti'ncn (Egyptian). Egypt.
Arembe'rgica (Aremberg). 1835.
Be'tgicd (Belgian). South Europe. 1835.
hv'brida (hybrid). 40. April. Caucasus.
1816.
ni'nea (snow-white).
pe'ndula (drooping- branched),
—fastigia'ta (pyramidal. Lombardy). 70. March.
Italy. 1758.
fae'm ina (female). March. Italy. 1838.
— Gras>ca (Greek. Athenian). 40. March. Archi-
pelago. 1779.
— grandidenta'ta (large-toothed). 70. March.
N. Amer. 1772.
pe'ndula (drooping). 40. March. N.
Amer. 1820.
— heterophy'lla (various-leaved). 70. March.
N. Amer. 1765.
— laurifo'lia (laurel-leaved). April.
— longifo'tia (long-leaved). April. America. 1843.
— monili'fera (necklace-bearing). 70. May.
Canada. 1772.
Lindleyn.'nu (Lindley's waved-leaved).
April. Canada. 1/72.
variega'ta (variegated-Jeawerf). May.
— ni'gra (black). 30. March. Britain.
salidfo'lia (willow-leaved). April. Floet-
becic. 1834.
vi'ridin (green -leaved). April. Britain.
—pseu'do .bnlsami'fera (bastard-balsamic). April.
America. 1843.
— tre'mulu (tremblinsr.^s^en). 50.March. Britain.
l&rigu'ta (smooth). 80. March. N.Amer.
1/60.
pe'ndula (drooping). April.
— supi'na (lying-down). March. N.Amer.
1824.
— tre'pida (trembling. American}. 30. N. Amer.
1812.
— tri'stis (sad). April. N.Amer. 1843.
PORA'NA. (From poreno, to travel ; the
twining stems extending far and wide.
Nat. ord., Bindweeds [Convolvulacesej.
Linn., 5-Pentandria,I-Monogynia. Allied
to Convolvulus.)
Stove evergreen, East Indian, white-flowered
twiners. Seeds in a hotbed, and side, stubby,
short shoots in sandy soil, under a bell-glass, in
heat ; peat and loam. Winter temp., 50° to 55°;
summer, 60° to 65°.
P. pan'icnla'ta (panicled). October. 1823.
— volu'tiilis (twining). 50. July. 1820.
PORANTHE'RA. (From poros, a pore, or
opening, and anthera, an anther, or pol-
len-bag ; anthers opening by pores. Nat.
ord., Spurgeworts [Euphorbiaceae]. Linn.,
5-Pentandria 3-Trigyniu.)
Greenhouse evergreen. Cuttings of firm side-
shoots in sand." under a bell-glass, set in a close
frame, and shaded in May ; peat and sandy loam.
Winter temp., 40° to 48°.
P. ericifo'lia (heath-leaved), l. White. July.
N. Holland. 1824.
PORLIE'RA. (Named after P. A. Porlier,
a Spaniard, Nat. ord., Beancapers [Zy-
gophyllacesB]. Linn., 8-Oclandrid 1-
Monogynia. Allied to Melianthus.)
Stove evergreen shrub, with leaves which close
Defore rain ; hence called hygrome'trica. Cut-
:ings of firm shoots in spring, in sand, under a
bell-glass, and in a brisk bottom-heat. Winter
temp., 50° to 55° ; summer, 60° to 80°.
P, hygrome'trica (hygrometric). 6. Peru. 1820.
PO'RPAX. (From porpctx, a button;
shape of pseudo- bulbs. Nat. ord., Or-
chids [Orchidacesej. Linn., 2Q-Gynan-
dria 1-Monandria. Allied to Ixia.)
Stove orchid. Divisions in spring, in pots. See
ORCHIDS.
P. reticula'ta (netted). Purple, red. E. Ind.
PORPHYRO'COMA. (From porphyra,-pnx-
ple, and Icoma, a head; flower-heads
purple. Nat. ord., Acanthads [Acantha-
ceffi]. Linn., Ik-Didynamia 2-Angio-
spermia. Allied to Aphelandra.)
Stove evergreen shrub. Cuttings of young
shoots in sandy soil, in a hotbed ; peat and loam.
Winter temp., 50° to 60° ; summer, 60° to 85°.
P. lanceola'ta (spear-head-teared). 1. Violet.
April. 1845.
PORTLA'NDIA. (Named afterthe Duchess
of Portland. Nat. ord., Cinchonads [Cin-
chonacese]. Linn., b-Pentandria l-Mono-
gynia. Allied to Eondeletia.)
Stove evergreen shrubs, from Jamaica. Cuttings
of rather firm shoots in sand, under a bell-glass,
and in a brisk, sweet bottom-heat; sandy loam,
peat, and a little leaf-mould. Winter temp., 45°
to 6l>° ; summer, 60° to Q0°.
P. cncci'nea (scarlet). 5. Scarlet. 1812.
— grandiflo'ra (large-flowered). 12. White. 1775.
PORTUGAL LAUREL. Ce'rasusLusita'nica.
PORTULA'CA. Purslane. (From porto,
to carry, and /ac, milk; milky juice. Nat.
ord., Purslanes [Portulacese]. Linn., 11-
Dodecandria I-Monogynia. Allied to
Tali num.)
Hardy annuals, by seeds in the open border, at
the end of April; tender annuals, by seed in
hotbed, in spring, and afterwards flowering them,
in the greenhouse, as they require a very sheltered,
sunny spot to do much good in the open air ;
tuberous and shrubby greenhouse kinds, by cut-
tings and division of the roots ; rich, sandy loam
and peat, the loam being enriched with old leaf-
mould or cow-dung.
GREENHOUSE TUBEROUS EVERGREENS.
P. Gillie'sii (Gillies'). £. Red, pink. Mendoza.
1827-
— grandiflo'ra (large-flowered). Yellow, purple.
June. Chili. 1827-
— Peruvia'na (Peruvian). 2. Purple. May.
Peru. 1820. Stove herbaceous.
— sple'ndens (shining). Crimson, purple. May.
Chili. 183Q. Herbaceous perennial.
— Thellusn'nii (Thelluson's). 1. Scarlet. July.
South Europe. 1839.
lu1 tea (yellow). 1. Yellow. June. 1847.
__ — _ sple'ndens (shining). 1, Reddish-purple.
June.
POS
[ 639 ]
POT
GREENHOUSE ANNUALS.
P. halimoi'des (halimus-like). $. Yellow. June.
Jamaica. 1823.
— meridia'na (noonday). £. Yellow. May. E.
Ind. l/gi.
— parvifn'/ia (small-leaved). £. Yellow. June.
Jamaica. 1799.
— jpi7o'sa(«-haggy). $. Pink. June. S. Amer.
1690.
— pusi'lla (weak). £. Yellow. June. Trinidad.
1824.
— quadri'fida (four-cleft). $. Yellow. August.
E. Jnd. 1773.
HAEDY ANNUALS.
P.folio'sa(leafy). J. Yellow. June. Guinea. 1822.
— grandiflu'ra lu'tea (large yellow -flowered).
Yellow. June. Chili. 1827.
— Guine'nsis (Guinea). £. Yellow. June. Guinea.
1823.
— involucra'ta (involucrated). \. Pink. June.
1820.
— mucrona'ta (sharp-pointed), i. Yellow. June.
1822.
— olera'cea (eatable), f . Yellow. July. Europe.
. 1582.
— sati'va (cultivated). 1$. Yellow. August.
S. Amer. 1652.
au'rea (golden). 1. Yellow. August.
S. Amer. 1652.
POSOQUE'EIA. (Posoqueri,ihe Guianan
name of longiflo'ra. Nat. ord., Cincho-
nads [Cinchonacese]. Linn., 5-Pentandria
I-Monogynia. Allied to Gardenia.)
Stove, white- flowered, evergreen shrubs. Cut-
tings of young shoots in sand, under a bell-glass,
and in heat, in April or May ; sandy loam, leaf-
mould, and a little peat. Winter temp., 48° to
60° j summer, 60° to 85°.
P. gra'cilis (slender). 5. Guiana. 1825.
— latifo'lia (broad-leaved). 5. September. Gui-
ana. 1826.
— longiflo'ra (long-flowered). 5. Guiana. 1822.
— versl' color (changeable-coloured). Pinky-white.
September. Cuba. 183Q.
POTATO. Solatium tubero'sum.
Soil — A dry, friable, fresh, and mode-
rately rich soil is the best for every
•variety of the potato.
The black - skinned and rough -red
thrive better than any other in moist,
strong, cold soils. If manure is abso-
lutely necessary, whatever may be the
one employed, it is better spread regu-
larly over the surface previous to digging
than put into the holes with the sets, or
spread in the trench when they are so
planted ; but, if possible, avoid manuring.
.Leaf-mould, or very decayed stable- dung,
is the best of all manures ; sea-weed is a
very beneficial addition to the soil ; and
r;o is salt. Coal-ashes and sea-sand are
applied with great benefit to retentive
soils. The situation must always be open.
Propagation. — It is propagated in
general by the tubers, though the shoots
arising from thence, and layers of the
stalks, may be employed. New varieties
are raised from seed.
Planting in the open ground is best
done in October and November, and may
thence be continued until the end of
March. This last month is the latest in
which any considerable plantation should
be made. They will succeed if planted
in May, or even June ; yet it ought always
to be kept in mind that the earliest
planted, especially in dry soils, produce
the finest, healthiest, and most abundant
crops.
Sets. — The next point for consideration
is the preparation of the sets. Some
gardeners recommend the largest pota-
toes to be planted whole ; others, that
they be sliced into pieces containing two
or three eyes ; a third set, to cut the
large tubers directly in half; a fourth,
the employment of the shoots only,
which are thrown out if potatoes are
kept in a warm, damp situation ; and a
fifth, that merely the parings be em-
ployed. Cuttings of the stalks, five or
six inches in length, or rooted suckers,
will be productive if planted, during
showery weather, in May or June ; and
during this last month, or early in July,
the potato may be propagated by layers,
which are formed by pegging down the
young stalks when about twelve inches
long, they being covered three inches
thick with mould at a joint. For the
main crops, moderate-sized whole pota-
toes are the best.
To obtain early crops where tubers are
rapidly formed, large sets must be em-
ployed. In these one or two eyes at
most should be allowed to remain. If
the sets are placed with their leading
buds upwards, few and very strong early
stems will be produced; but, if the
position is reversed, many weak and later
shoots will arise, and not only the earli-
ness but the quality of the produce be
depreciated. For the earliest crops there
are, likewise, several modes of assisting
the forward vegetation of the sets. These
should be prepared by removing every
eye but one or two ; and being placed in
a layer in a warm room, where air and
light can be freely admitted, with a cover-
ing of straw, chaif, or sand, they soon
emit shoots, which must be strengthened
by exposure to the air and light as much
as possible, by taking off the cover with-
out injuring them. During cold weather,
and at night, it must always be removed i
POT
[ 660]
POT
the leaves soon become green and tole-
rably hardy. I nearly spring they are
planted out, the leaves being left just
above the surface, and a covering of
litter afforded every night until the
danger of frost is passed.
Planting.— Insert them with the dibble,
in rows ; for the early crops twelve inches
apart each way, and for the main ones
eighteen inches ; the sets six inches
beneath the surface. The potato dibble
is the best instrument that can be em-
ployed, the earth being afterwards raked
or struck in with the spade, and the soil
not trampled upon, but planted as suffi-
cient is dug for receiving a row; for
the looser the soil the less does frost
penetrate, and the more readily does
superfluous moisture escape.
The compartment may be laid out
level and undivided if the soil is light ;
but if heavy soil is necessarily employed ;
it is best disposed in beds six or eight
feet wide. If the staple of the soil be
good throughout, the alleys may be two
feet wide, and dug deep, otherwise they
must be made broader, and only one spit
taken out, the earth removed being em-
ployed to raise the beds, which should
be in four parallel ridges, and the sets
inserted along their summits.
Hoeing. — As soon as the plants are
well to be distinguished, they should be
perfectly freed from weeds, and of the
early crops the earth drawn round each
plant, so as to form a cup as a shelter
from the cold winds, which are their chief
enemy at that season; but the main
crops should not be earthed up, for earth-
ing up diminishes the crop one-fourth.
Throughout their growth they should be
kept perfectly clear of weeds.
It is very injurious to mow off the tops
of the plants. The foliage ought to be
kept as uninjured as possible, unless, as
sometimes occurs on fresh ground, the
plants are of gigantic luxuriance, and
even then the stems should be only
moderately shortened. It is, however, of
considerable advantage to remove the
fruit-stalks and immature flowers as soon
as they appear, unless the stems are very
luxuriant. A potato-plant continues to
form tubers until the flowers appear, after
which it is employed in ripening those
already formed.
The very earliest crops will be in pro-
duction in June, or, perhaps, towards the
end of May* and may thence be taken up
as wanted until October, at the close of
which month, or during November, they
may be entirely dug up and stored. In
storing, the best mode is to place them
in layers, alternately with dry coal-ashes,
earth, or sand, in a shed. The best in-
strument with which they can be dug up
is a three-flat-pronged fork, each row
being cleared regularly away.
The tubers should be sorted at the
time of taking them up ; for, as the
largest keep the best, they alone should
be stored, whilst the smaller ones are
first made use of.
Potatoes should not be stored until
perfectly dry, and must also be free from
earth, refuse, and wounded tubers.
To raise Varieties. — A variety of the
potato is generally considered to con-
tinue about fourteen years in perfection,
after which period it gradually loses its
good qualities, becoming of inferior fla-
vour and unproductive; fresh varieties
must, therefore, be occasionally raised
from seed. The berries, or apples, of
the old stock, having hung in a warm
room throughout the winter, the seed
must be obtained from them by washing
away the pulp during February. The
seed is then thoroughly dried and kept
until April, when it is sown in drills
about a quarter of an inch deep, and six
inches apart, in a rich, light soil. The
plants are weeded, and earth drawn up
to their stems, when an inch in height ;
and as soon as the height has increased
to three inches, they are moved into a
similar soil, in rows sixteen inches apart
each way. Being finally taken up in the
course of October, they must be pre-
served untill the Mowing spring, to be
then replanted and treated as for store
crops.
The tubers of every seedling should be
kept separate, as scarcely two will be
of a similar habit and quality, whilst
many will be comparatively worthless,
and but few of particular excellence. If
the seed is obtained from a red potato
that flowered in the neighbourhood of a
white-tubered variety, the seedlings, in
all probability, will in part resemble both
their parents ; but seldom or never does
a seedling resemble exactly the original
stock. At all events, only such should
be preserved as are recommended by
their superior earliness, size, flavour, or
fertility.
The early varieties, if planted on little
POT
[ 661 ]
POT
heaps of earth, with a stake in the mid-
die, and when the plants are about four
inches high, heing secured to the stakes
with shreds and nails, and the earth
washed away from the hases of the stems
by means of a strong current of water, so
that the fibrous roots only enter the soil,
%vill blossom and perfect seed.
Forcing. — The season of forcing is
from the close of December to the middle
of February, in a hotbed, and at the close
of this lastmonth on a warm border, with
the temporary shelter of a frame. The
Iiotbed is only required to produce a
:noderate heat. The earth should be six
inches deep, and the sets planted in rows
six or eight inches apart, as the tubers
are not required to be large. The tem-
perature ought never to sink below 65°,
nor rise above 80°.
The rank steam arising from ferment-
ing dung is undoubtedly injurious to the
roots of potatoes; and to obviate this
they may be planted in narrow beds, and
the dung applied in trenches on each
-side; or all the earth from an old cucum-
ber or other hotbed being removed, and
an inch in depth of fresh being added,
put on the sets, and cover them with four
inches of mould. At the end of five
days the sides of the old dung may be
cut away in an inward slanting direction,
about fifteen inches from the perpendi-
cular, and strong linings of hot dung
applied.
If the tubers are desired to be brought
to maturity as speedily as possible, in-
stead of being planted in the earth of the
Lad, each set should be placed in a pot
about six inches in diameter, though the
produce in pots is smaller. But young
potatoes may be obtained in the winter,
by the following plan, without forcing : —
Plant some late kinds, unsprouted, in
a dry, rich border, in July, and again in
August, in rows two feet apart. They
wfll produce new potatoes in October, and
i n succession until April, if covered with
leaves or straw to exclude frost. If old
potatoes are placed in dry earth, in a
shed during August, they will emit young
tubers in December.
Preparation of Sets for Forcing.— They
should be of the early varieties. To
assist their forward vegetation, plant a
single potato in each of the pots intended
ibr forcing during January. Then place
in the ground, and protect with litter
from the frost. This renders them very
excitable by heat; and, consequently,
when plunged in a hotbed, they vegetate
rapidly and generate tubers. The seed
potatoes are equally assisted, and with
less trouble, if placed in a cellar just in
contact with each other ; and as soon as
the germs are four inches long, they are
removed to the hotbed.
Management. — More than one stem
should never be allowed, otherwise the
tubers are small, and not more numerous.
Water must be given whenever the soil
appears dry, and in quantity proportion-
ate to the temperature of the air. Lin-
ings must be applied as the temperature
declines, and air admitted as freely as
the temperature of the atmosphere will
allow. Coverings must be afforded with
the same regard to temperature.
From six to seven weeks usually elapse
between the time of planting and the fit-
ness of the tubers for use.
Potato Murrain. — By the above name
was distinguished a moist gangrene
which first attacked, very generally, the
crop of England late in the summer of
1845. July and August were unusually
wet and cold, and early in August there
were sharp morning frosts. Immediately
after, the stems began to decay ; but the
weather continuing wet, instead of their
decay being dry, and attended with the
usual phenomena of their reduction to
mere woody fibre, the putrefaction was
moist, and the smell attendant upon it
precisely that evolved during the decay
of dead potato haulm partly underwater.
The stem decayed, whilst the fibres con-
necting the tubers with them were fresh
and juicy ; the putrefaction spread along
these ; the diseased sap, being absorbed
by their still immature and unusually
juicy tubers, imparted to them the gan-
grene ; the infection first being apparent
at the end nearest the connecting fibre,
spreading gradually throughout the bark
of the tuber, rendering it brown, like a
decayed apple, and, lastly, causing the
decay of its interior portion. Previously
to the final decay, the increased specific
gravity of the potato was remarkable,
amounting to one-third more than that
of a healthy tuber — an increase caused
by its greater amount of water. When
boiled the potato became black ; but
when submitted to a dry heat of about
200°, it rapidly lost moisture, and the
progress of the ulceration was retarded,
if not entirely stopped.
POT
[ 662]
POT
The disease seems to be the result of
an excessive degree of wet and cold, at
that period of closing growth when all
bulbs and tubers require an increased
degree of dryness and warmth. If the
hyacinth, or tulip, or dahlia is sub-
mitted to similar unpropitious contin-
gencies, its bulbs or tubers similarly
decay. It is not a new disease, for to a
less extent it has been noticed before.
The best rules to obtain and preserve
sound potatoes, and a good crop, are — 1.
Grow none but those which ripen by
August. 2. Plant whole, middle-sized
potatoes. 3. Plant on moderately light
soil, manured some months previously.
4. Apply no manure at the time of plant-
ing. 5. Plant in November in light, dry
soils, but not until February in wet soils.
6. Preserve your seed potatoes between
layers of earth until required. 7. Plant
as you dig ; that is, dig enough for one
row, and then plant it with the dibble, so
as to avoid trampling on the ground, 8.
Let the tops of the sets be six inches be-
low the surface. 9. Do not earth up the
stems. 10. Do not cut down the stems.
11. Take up the crop as soon as the
leaves begin to look yellow in July or
aarly August. 12. Store in a dry shed
between layers of earth, sand, or coal-
ashes.
POTATO, or UNDER -GKOUND ONION.
(All turn aggrega'tum.) Produces a cluster
of bulbs or offsets, in number from two
to twelve, and even more, uniformly be-
neath the surface of the soil. From be-
ing first introduced to public notice in
Scotland by Captain Burns, of Edinburgh,
it is there also known as the Bum Onion.
Varieties. — There evidently appear to
be two varieties of this vegetable, one of
•which bears bulbs on the summit of its
stems, like the Tree Onion, and the other
never throwing up flower-stems at all.
One variety is much larger than the other,
and this vegetates again as soon as ripe.
Both varieties are best propagated by
offsets of the root of moderate size, for if
those are employed which the one va-
riety produces on the summit of its stems,
they seldom do more than increase in
size the first year, but are prolific the
next; this also occurs if very small off-
sets of the root are employed.
Planting. — They may be planted dur-
ing October or November, or as early in
the spring as the season will allow, but
not later than April. In the west of Eng-
land, assisted by their genial climate,
they plant on the shortest, and take up
on the longest day. They are either to
be inserted in drills, or by a blunt dibble,
eight inches apart each way, not buried
entirely, but the top of the offset just
level with the surface. Mr. Maher, gar-
dener at Arundel Castle, merely places
the sets on the surface, covering them
with leaf-mould, rotten dung, or other
light compost. The beds they are grown
in are better, not more than four feet
wide, for the convenience of cultivation.
The practice of earthing over them,
when the stems have grown up, is unna-
tural ; and by so doing the bulbs are
blanched, and prevented ripening per-
fectly, on which their keeping so much
depends. So far from following this plan,
Mr. Wedgewood, of Betley, recommends
the earth always to be cleared away down
to the ring from whence the fibres spring,
as soon as the leaves have attained their
full size, and begin to be brown at the
top, so that a kind of basin is formed
round the bulb. As soon as they vege-
tate, they intimate the number of offsets
that will be produced by showing a shoot
for each.
They attain their full growth towards
the end of July, and become completely
ripe early in September; for immediate
use, they may be taken up as they ripen,
but for keeping, a little before they at-
tain perfect maturity.
POTENTI'LLA. Cinquefoil. ("From potens,
powerful ; supposed medicinal quality.
Nat. ord., Moseworts [Rosacese]. Linn.,
12-Icosandria 3-Trigynia. )
Hardy herbaceous perennials. Ca'ndicans and
lineari'lobn require protection in the winter;
seeds and division of the plant in spring; shrubs,
by cuttings of ripe wood in the autumn, or by
cuttings in summer, under a hand-light; good,
deep, sandy loam. All yellow-flowered, except
where otherwise mentioned.
P. arfsefl'ndens(ascending).l. June. Hungary. 1806.
— agrimonioi' des (agrimony-like). &. July. Cau-
casus. 181J.
— a'lbn (white). £. White. May. Wales.
— alpe'stris (mountain). £. Orange. July. Britain.
— ambi'gua (doubtful. Three-toothed Himala-
yan), f. Yellow. June. Himalaya. 1851.
— angitstifo'lia (narrow-leaved). £. June. Siberia.
18-24.
— anseri'na (goose- tansy}, f . July. Britain.
— .Apenni'na (Apennine). £. White. May. Apen-
nines. 1821.
— arge'ntea (silvery-leaved). 1. June. Britain.
— Astraca'nica (Astracan). I.July. Siberia. 1787.
— a'tro-sangui'nea (dark -bloody)-, l£. Purple.
July. Nepaul. 1822.
— bi'color (two-coloured), l. Yellow, red. March.
Nepaul. 1843.
POT
[ 668 ]
POT
P. biflo'ra (two-floweredl. £. June. Siberia. 1820.
— bifu'rca (forked-.'wed; J. June. Siberia. 1773.
subseri' cea ( rather-silky). £. June. As-
tracan. 1827.
— Bocco'ni (Bocci.u's). $. White. July. Apen-
nines. 1823.
— CVzwade'rm'i- (Canadian).!. Jane. N. Amer.1800.
— cufndieans(\vh\\\*\\-lrared).% .May. Mexico 1820.
— caule'scens (stemmed). I. White. July. Austria.
1759.
— chrysa'ntha (gold en - flowered). 1. Golden.
June. Siln-na. 1827.
— Clusia'na (Cluxn •'«). £. White, yellow. June.
Austria. 1H('6
— colli'na (hill), l. June. South Europe. 1816.
— confe'rta (cr<i\vd:-d-y?owered). 4- June. Altai.
1831.
— cro'cea (saffron). 1. Copper. August. Switzer-
land. 1M6
— dealba'ta (wliifeu il). 1. July. Altai.
— deserto'rum (de-.-rt1. 1. June. Altai. 1830.
- diffu'sa (spread ins). 1. July. 1817-
— ^fw'sa(loose-fl<>w ered). 1 .August. N.Amer.l 826.
— Ege'dii (Eged's). 5. Way. Denmark. 1820.
— filipe'ndula (dropwvtrt-iike). 1. June. Dahuria.
1823.
— flagellu'ris (rod). |. June. Siberia. 1820.
— furmo'sa (beautiful), 1>J- Purple. June. Ne-
paul. 1822.
— yVag'a'ria (strawberry). £. White. May. Britain.
— fragifo'rmis (strawbcrry-lormed). 1. June.
South Europe. 1800.
— frutico'sa (shrubby). 3. July. England.
Duhu'rica (l)ahurian). 2. August. Da-
huria. 1824.
tenui'loba (narrow-lobed). 1$. August.
N. Amer. Is] 1.
— Gariepe'nsis (Gartep). White. June. Cape of
Good Hope. 1837.
— glandulo'sa(%la.i\ded). I.August. California. 1830.
inci'sa (cut-leaved). 2 July. California 1835.
— gra'cilis (slender). 1. July. N. Amer. 1826.
— grandiflo'ra (large-flowered). 1. June. Siberia.
1640.
— Gunthe'ri (Gnnther's). 1. June. Europe. 1818.
— Ht#pi«'na(Hippiani's). l£ July. N. Amer. 1826.
— hirsu'ta (hairy). 1. June. N. Amer. 1820.
— hy'brida (hybrid). £. White. June. Ger-
many. 1820.
— insi'gnis (showy). 4. July. Nepaul. 1840.
— /ftteari'/o6a(narrow-lobed)4. July. Mexico. 18 >4.
— Loddige'sii (Loddige's). 1. June. Siberia.
— mucra'ntha (large-flowered). £. May. Siberia.
1820.
— Missou'ricu (Missouri). 1. June. N.Amer. 18.'7«
— molli'ssima (softest-teamed). l£. July. Europe.
1832.
— Monspelie'nsis (Montpelier). £. April. France.
1680.
— multi'fida (many-cleft-/eayed). £. July. Si-
beria. 1759.
angustifo'lia (narrow-leaved). £. June.
Siberia.
— ni'tida (shining). £. White, red. June. Switzer-
land. 1816.
— ni'vea (snowy-/e««ed). £. Julv. Siberia. 1816.
macrophy'lla (large-leaved). $. June. N.
Amer. 1827.
— pa'tula (spreading). £. June. Hungary. 1818.
— pectinn'tu (corah-leaved). l£, July. N.Amer.
1826.
— peda'tu (doubly-lobed). 1. June. Europe. 1819.
— Pennsz//«a'nica(Pr^iisyivanian). 1. July. N.
Amer. 1/25.
— pimpinelloi'dcs (burnet-like). ^. May. Levant.
1/58.
P. pulche'rrima (very fair). ^. May. N.Amer.I837.
— rt'cta (upright). 1. June. South Europe. 1648.
- re'ptans (creepina;). ^. May. Britain.
fin're-ple'no (double-flowered;. ^. July.
Britain.
runega'ta (variegated- leaned). £. July.
B itain.
Rickardso'nii (Richardson's). 1. July. N.
Amer. 18-.'6.
— rnpe'stris (rock). 1. White June. England.
— Rutlte'iiica (Russian). l£. July. Siberia. 1/99.
— seri'cra (MlUy-te«»ed). ^. July. Siberia. 1780.
— S'ei'rrsin'nu (Siever's). June. Nepaul. 1822.
— speciii'm (>howy). 1. June. Crete. 1821.
— stipula'ris (stipuled). I.July. Siberia. 1/27.
— Thomn'fiii (Tiiomas's). £. June. Italy. 1822.
— tridtnta'ta (three-toothed-/eaued). i. White.
June. Scotland.
— umbro'sa (shady). 4. White. May. Tauria. 1818.
— uniflu'ra (one-flowered). 3. May. Dahuria. 1819.
— we'r/m (spring). $. June. Britain.
— verticil I a1 ris (whorled-/eaued). ^. June. Siberia.
1818.
— villo'xa (shaggy). £. June. N. Amer. 1820.
— visco'sa (clammy). 1. July. Dahuria. 1797-
POT-HEEB MOTH. Mamestra.
POT-HERBS. See HEEBARY.
PO'THOS. (The Cingalese name for one
species. Nat.ord., Orontiads [Orontiacese].
Linn., k-Telrandria \.-M.ono(jynia. Allied
to Anthurium.)
The following are stove epiphytes; but there
are many more, and some evergreen trailers, not
worth notice. Dividing the roots in spring ; fibry
peat, fibry loam, rotten wood, and charcoal.
Winter temp., 55° to 60° ; summer, 60° to 90°.
P. angusta'ta (narrow). £. May. Trinidad. 1823'
— crassine'rtns (thick-nerved). 2£- S. Amer. 1796'
— macrophy'lla (large-leaved). 3. May. W. Ind'
1794.
— rubrine'rvia (red-nerved). 2. R.Amer. 1820.
POT-MAEIGOLD. Cale'ndula officindiis.
POTTING. In performing this opera-
tion the Pots are the first consideration,
and for information relative to these, see
FLOWER-POTS.
Time of Potting. — This, when nece^-
sary, should generally be done after prun-
ing, and when fresh growth has taken
place. The reason for this is, that it is
advisable never to give more checks to a
plant at once than cannot be avoided.
The cutting down is a check, the repot-
ting or shifting is another. Therefore,
in both cases, we apply an extra stimulus
for a short time immediately after, by
keeping the plants closer and warmer.
State of the Soil.— It should neither be
dry nor wet. If very dry, it will not pack
so well in the pot ; the water, if it passes
freely at all, will find chinks and crannies
for itself, and it will be long before the
general mass becomes sufficiently moist
to support a healthy vegetation. On the
other hand, if wet soil is used, it is apt
to pack too close ; frequent waterings are
POT
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apt to puddle it; the very closeness, even
when the drainage is all right, prevents
the air from penetrating. To know the
proper dryness, take a handful; if by
tightly squeezing it just holds together
slightly, it will do ; if it forms a compact
mass, so that it might he laid on the
potting-board without any risk of tum-
bling to pieces, it is too wet. It is not
necessary that the whole of the material
should be in a uniform state of moisture ;
for instance, we want some rough stuff
to place over the drainage, that may be
drier. The soil is rather fine ; and to
improve its mechanical texture we insert
little nodules of fibry loam or peat, little
or big, in proportion to the size of the
pot, and the smallness and largeness of
the shift given. These nodules, if not
too numerous, may be drier. So in the
case of a manure, which we may wish
to act both as a mechanical agent, and to
give out its nourishment not at once, but
for a long period. It should be old; but
it should be hard and dried. When rapid
action from manure is required, it should
be finely divided, and regularly mixed
with the soil, or used largely as a mulch-
ing or top-dressing.
The Soil should be rough and open. — Ex-
ceptions there are, such as a covering for
small seeds, which must be fine ; in fact,
if just pressed into the appropriate soil,
a dusting of silver-sand scattered over, and
then a square of glass put over the pot,
it will answer better than the finest-sifted
soil. We would not use a sieve at all,
unless a very fine one to get rid of the
mere dusty portion ; and this should al-
ways be done before adding sand as a
lightening agent. The rule to follow, for
general purposes, is to use rough and
lumpy, fibry soil, in opposition to that
which is fine and sifted ; but let that
roughness consist in numbers of small
rather than a few of larger pieces, and
•when the latter are used, let them be in
proportion to the size of the pot, and the
size of the shift given. For instance, for
a 4-inch pot, the largest pieces may range
from the size of peas to horse-beans ; for
an 8-inch pot, the largest pieces may be
like walnuts, but not many of that size ;
and for a 16-inch pot, a few pieces may
be as large as eggs, with every other size
downwards, and well packed with the
finer soil from which the mere dust has
been extracted.
Securing and Preparing suitable Soil. —
Heath - soil, so necessary for hair-like
rooted plants, can only be procured from
upland commons where the heath natu-
rally grows. Loam of almost every quality
can be procured by taking the surface
turf from pasture and the sides of roads,
and building it in narrow ridges when
dry, and using it after being so built up
for six or twelve months. Failing these
sources, for all plants not requiring peat
earth, suitable soil may be obtained from
the sides of highways, and by skimming
off the flaky material from the tops of
ridges that have been trenched up for
some time in the kitchen-garden. In
using the latter, however, you must, in
general, be content with small shifts, as
you will not be able to get the soil rough
enough for large ones. The plants, not-
withstanding, will thrive beautifully, and
size for size will often yield more bloom
than if you had used large shifts and
larger pots. If the latter is your wish,
you may use pieces of charcoal, or, what
will answer extremely well, get a few
fibry sods taken off quite thin, dry them
over a furnace, or, what is better, char
the grassy sides by putting them on an
old spade or other iron, and then place
them over a fire ; allow the sods to be
exposed for a few days to sweeten ; and
then, if broken into small pieces, they
will not only be useful for placing over
the drainage, but also for mixing with
any, but chiefly fine soil to keep it open.
Where rough soil is wanted for large
shifts, it is best to pile the turf, when
dry, in narrow stacks, through which the
air may circulate, and yet the wet be ex-
cluded. In using such a heap, after the
time specified, there is little occasion to
turn it frequently afterwards, which would
be necessary in the case of other fresh
soil not so exposed ; for we must not
forget that every turning we give, while
it renders the soil more aerated and sweet,
renders it also more fine and dense, from
the decomposition of its fibre. Charcoal,
owing to its lightness, not to speak of its
chemical properties, is the best assistant
for rendering the soil porous ; and enough
of this may be got from every garden by
charring the rubbish. Failing that, how-
ever, broken brick, broken pots, and
lime-rubbish maybe used with advantage,
if there is nothing in the peculiar plant
to render one or all unsuitable.
Draining. — A plant badly drained will
never show fine cultivation. Where worms
POT
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are likely to intrude, the convex side of
the potsherd should be placed over the
hole ; but for amateurs, nothing is better
than small caps of tin or zinc to cover
over the hole completely ; and in either
case, plenty of drainage placed over them,
the materials being smaller as it ascends.
For anything requiring nicety, there ought
to be at least one-inch drainage in a five-
inch pot, and so in proportion. The best
covering for the drainage is a sprinkling
of green moss, to separate the drainage
from the soil; over that some of the
rougher materials should be placed, and
then some of the finer, on which the
base of the ball should rest.
Pottiny or Shifting. — The pots should
be new or thoroughly clean. No man
deserves to have a nice plant who would
place it in a dirty pot, and rarely will he
be rewarded with one. When he attempts
to shift again, it serves him right to find
that roots and soil alike are so sticking
to the sides of the pot, that he must
break the pot, or lacerate the roots. Be-
fore commencing operations, see that the
ball of the plant is moist from the centre
to the circumference. If not, you can never
moisten it afterwards without labour,
which may as well be spared. 2. If you
wish to rattle your plants on until a cer-
tain period, upon the successive shift
system, never allow the roots to mat
round the sides of the pot ; but reshift
as soon as they get there. 3. If the roots
should be a little matted, gently disen-
tangle them, even though in doing so
you get rid of a good quantity of the old
soil, and spread these roots out into
layers, packing them as you proceed with
soil of various degrees of fineness. 4.
The soil in general should be as high in
temperature, or nearly so, as the plant
enjoyed previously. Cold soil has injured
many a fine plant. We have said nothing
of cutting roots, because that chiefly ap-
plies to particular times and instances.
Generally, when after a period of rest,
fresh growth is to be induced.
Immediately -after-treatment. — What-
ever system of potting has been adopted,
a greater excitement to growth than usual
should be given. If well watered pre-
viously to potting, and a largish shift
given, little water will be wanted at the
root for a time ; but that should be several
degrees warmer than usual; and fre-
quent syringings in bright weather should
be imparted, accompanied with shading,
if necessary. If a small shift was given,
water will be wanted more freely at the
root; and here, as well as in the other
case, a higher temperature should for a
time be maintained, until fresh growth
has freely commenced, when air and ex-
posure may be more freely given. See
ONE-SHIFT SYSTEM.
POTTING-OFF is the term applied to
moving into pots, singly, seedlings or
cuttings from where they have been
grown numerously together.
POTTLE. See BASKET.
POUPA'RTIA. (Called Bois de Poupart,
in the Isle of Bourbon. Nat. ord., Tere-
binths [Anacardiacesej. Linn., 10-Decan-
dria k-Pentagynia. Allied to Spondias.)
Stove evergreen trees. Cuttings of ripe shoots
in sand, under a bell-glass ; peat and loam.
Winter temp., 55° to 60° ; summer, 60° to 85°.
P. -BorAo'm'c«(Bourbon). 40. Purple. Bourbon. 1825.
— du'lcis (sweet. Otuheite-apple). 30. Yellowish.
Society Islands. 1793.
— mangi'fera (mango-bearing). 30. White. S.
Ind. 1820.
PEA'TIA. (Named after M. Prat, a
French officer. Nat. ord., Lobeliads [Lo-
beliacese]. Linn., 5-Pentandria I-Mono-
gynia.)
Greenhouse herbaceous perennials. Seeds in a
slight hotbed, in spring ; dividing the plants ;
cuttings of the young shoots in sandy soil, any
time, but best in autumn and spring ; sandy loam,
and a little peat or leaf-mould; require a green*
house or cold pit in winter. Lo'belia Begonias-
fo'lia belongs to this genus.
P. corymbo'sa (corymbed). White. June. Cape
of Good Hope. 1824. Trailer.
— ere'cta (upright). 1. Blue. June. N. Holland.
1819.
PREPU'SA. (From prepousa, comely;
the beauty of the flowers. Nat. ord., Gen.
tianworts [Gentianacese]. Linn., 5-Pen-
tandria 1-Monogynia. Allied to Leianthus.)
Stove herbaceous perennials. Seeds in a hotbed,
in spring ; division of the plant at the same time.
Winter temp., 48° to 55° ; summer, 60° to 80°.
P. Hookeria'na (Hooker's). 1. White, crimson.
March. Brazil. 1839.
PRESTO'NIA. (Named after <7. Preston,
M.D. Nat. ord., Doybanes [Apocynacese].
Linn., 5-Pentandria 1-Monogynia. Allied
to Kynchospermum.)
Stove evergreen, white-flowered twiners, from
Brazil. Cuttings of half-ripened, stubby side*
shoots in sand, under a bell-glass, in beat ; sandy
loam, and a little fibry peat or dried leaf-mould.
Winter temp., 48° to 58°; summer, 60° to 85°.
P. glabra'ta (smoothed). 8. July. 1823.
— tomento'sa (downy). 8. July. 1820.
PRICKLY CEDAR. Cyatho'desoxyce'drus.
PRICKING-OUT is transplanting seed-
lings from their seed-bed more thinly,
PEI
[ 666 ]
PEI
that they may acquire more fibrous roots
and strength previously to their being
finally planted out
PRICKWOOD, or TIMBER. Euo'nymus
Europce'us and Co'rnvs sangni'nea.
PBIESTLE'YA. (Named after Dr. Priest-
ley. Nat. ord., Leguminous Plants [Faba-
ce»]. Linn., VI -Diadelphia 4,-Decandria.
Allied to Liparia.)
Greenhouse, yellow-flowered, evergreen shrubs,
from New Holland, all about three feet high.
Cuttings of half-ripened short shoots in sand,
under a bell-glass ; sandy loam andfibry peat, and
thoroughly well-drained, to assist which charcoal
and pieces of broken brick or sand-stone may be
mixed with the compost. Winter temp., 40° to
48°. Such species as vesti'ta should be tried
against a wall.
P. axilla'ris (axillary-./?ott>emZ). June. 1S22.
— capita1 ta (headed-flowered). July. 1812.
— elli'ptica (oval •/««»«*). 1825.
— ericafo'lia (heath-leaved). June. 1812.
— graminifo'lia (grass- leaved). June. 1800.
— hirsu'ta (hairy -stemmed). Auuust. 1792.
— Iceviga'ta (smooth-leaved). July. 1820.
— myrtifo'lia (myrtle-leaved). June. 1823.
— seri'cea (s\\\iy -leaned). June 1/94
— te'res (round-stemmed). June. 1816.
— tomento'sa (downy). July. 1812.
— umbelli'fera (umbelliferous). 'July. 1820.
— vesti'ta (clothed). May. 1800.
— villo'sa (woolly). June. 1J7-*-
PRI'MULA. Primrose. (From primus-'
the first; early flowering. Nat.ord., Prime-
worts [Primulacese]. Linn., 5-Pentandria
1-Monoyynia.)
Seeds in April, in light, sandy border ; divisions
of the plant in March and April, or when the
plants have done flowering, or in the autumn.
Prce'nitens. or Sine'mis, and its varieties, gene-
rally by seed in a slight hotbed, in spring or the
beginning of autumn, according as the plants are
wanted to bloom cany in winter or the following:
spring. The Chinese double varieties (so useful
for nosesjays in winter), by cuttings after flower-
ing, in April or May, and by re-potting the small
plants of last year ; sandy loam and peat, enriched
with a little decayed cow-dung, and kept open
with small nodules of charcoal. These should
seldom be below 40° in winter, and the nearer
they range from 45° at night, and 50° and 55°
during the day, the better they will bloora.
GREENHOUSE HERBACEOUS.
P. mo' His (soft-lea-jgdj. Scarlet. April. Bootan.
— prce'nitens (very glossy. Chinese), f. Pink.
May. China. 1820.
fimbria'ta u'ioa (fringed- white), f. White.
June. 1833.
.fimbria'ta ro'sea (fringed-rosy). 1. Hose.
June. 1833.
fio're-a'lbo (white-flowered). f. White.
May. China.
MteW-a'/6a(double-white).White. March.
China.
ple'na-ro'sea (doubk-rosy). Hose. March.
China.
— verticilla'ta (whorled). Yellow. March. Egypt.
1826.
HARDY HERBACEOUS.
P. Allio'ni (Allioni's). £. Red. April. France. 1818.
— Alta'ica (Altaian). $. Red. April. Altai. ISlQ.
P. amas'na (pleasing). £, Purple. April. Caucasus.
1823.
— auri'cula (auricula). £. Yellow. April. Switzer-
land. 1596.
culyca'ntha (coloured-calyxed). £. Yellow.
April. Switzerland. 1590.
horte'nsis (garden). £. Variegated. April.
Europe. 1596.
integefrrima (most-entire). £. Variegated.
April. Switzerland. 1596.
lu'tea (yellow). £. Yellow. May. Switzer-
land. 1596.
lu'tea ple'na (double-yellow). £. Yellow.
April. Gardens.
— BaWi'su (Balbis's). $. Yellow. April. South
Europe. 1823.
— brevi'styla (short-styled). £. Yellow. June.
France. 1818.
— versi'color (party-coloured). 3. Yellow,
red. June. Fiance. 1818.
— capita'ta (rowwrf-headed-mea/.v). f. Purple.
October. Himalaya. 1850.
— Carnio'tica (Carniolan). 4. Purple. March.
Carniola. 1826.
— cilia' ta (hair-fringed. Swiss). $. Red. April.
Switzerland. 1700.
— cortusui'des (cortusa-like). 1. Red. June. Si-
beria. 1794.
— Dffl»MV/ca(Davunan).i.Red.May. Siberia.180'6.
— de'cura (comely). ^. Pink. April. South Eu-
rope. 1800.
— denticula'ta (toothed-leaved). $. Parple. May.
— deniiftu'ra (toothed-fluweredj. 1. Red. June.
Siberia. H06.
ela'tior (taller. Ox.ip). 1. Yellow. May. Britain.
culyca'ntlia (colourr-.d-calyx^dj. £• Variegated.
April. Britain.
flu're-ple'no (double-flowered). ^. Brown,
crimson. April. Britain.
pnlyn'ntha (many-flow.-red). £. Varie-
gated. April. Biiiain.
farino'sn (inealv). $. Red. June. Britain.
Finma'r>-hira (Fmmarck). 5. Violet. May.
Norway. 1798.
gigante'a (giant). J. Red. Jun-. Siberia. 1820.
glauce'scens (milk\ -green), i'iuk. June. Swit-
zerland 18jl6.
glutino'sa (clammy). ?• Red. June. SouthEu-
rope. 18-24.
He/weV/ca(Helvetian).l.Red.June.Switzerland,
a'/Att (white), i. Whit.-. May.
irrfla'ta (inflated). £. Yellow. May. Hungary.
1825.
integrifu'lia (entire-leaved). -4. Pink. June.
Pyrenees. 1/92.
involucra'ta (ruffed), i. White. April. Nofth
India. 1H45
latifo'lia (broad-leaved). 4-. Red. April. Pyre-
nees. 1820.
longiflu'ra (long-flowered). \. Red. June. Eu-
rope. 1825.
longifo'lia (long-leaved), i- Red. April. Levant.
1/90.
longisca'pa (long-flower-stalked). Lilac. April.
Altai. 1837-
. marginu'ta (silver-edged). 4. Pink. April. Swit-
zerland. 1/77-
ma'jor (larger). Pink. April.
microca'lyx (small-calyxed). Red. May. Altai.
1838.
?m'7m?ia( least) .£. Red. April. SouthEurope.1819.
. Mistassi'nica (Lake Mistassins). ^. Red. June.
N.Amer. 1818.
Munro'i (Capt. Munro's). §. White. May.
North India. 1845.
niva'lis (snowy) 4. Purple. April. Dahuria. 1790.
PEI
[ 6G7 ]
PEO
P. ni'nea (snow-white). £. White. April. Siberia.
— Pa#«u'ri(Palinur's). $. Yellow. April. Naples.
1816.
— Pa#a'm(Pallas's). $. Yellow. June. Altai. 1823.
— Perrinia'na (Perrein's). 4. Yellow. June. Spain.
— Piedmonta'na (Piedmont). £. Pink. May.
Piedmont. 1826.
— pubefscens (downy). £. Red. April. South Eu-
rope. 1800.
— 7?im'#a(weak). £. Purple. June. N.Amer. 1822.
— Sco'tica (Scotch). £. Red. June. Scotland.
— Sibi'rica (Siberian). £. Red. May. Siberia 1818.
intege'rrima (very-entire). |. Rose, lilac.
April. Altai. 1833. Halt-hardy.
— Sikkime'nsis (Sikkim). 1. Yellow. May.
Himalaya. 1850.
— Si'msX (Sims's). £. White. April. Swit-
zerland. 1768.
— stri'cta (erect). £. Pink. April. Denmark. 1822.
— Stua'rtii (Stuart's). |. Yellow. June. Nepaul.
1845.
— suave'olens (sweet-scented). £. Yellow. April.
Italy. 1824.
— trunca'ta (abrupt-ended-/e««erf). £. Purple.
April. South Europe-
— venu'sta(nea.t).$. Purple .April. Hungary. 1833.
— ve'ris (spring. Cowslip}. £. Yellow. May.
Britain.
ru'bra (red). £. Red. May. Britain.
— villo'sa (shaggy-leaved). $. Purple. April.
Switzerland, 1768.
— msco'sa (clammy), i. Purple, April. Piedmont.
1/92.
— vulga'ris (common. Primrose}. $. Yellow,
June. Britain.
a'lba (single-white). $. White. April.
Britain.
ple'na a'lba (double-white). $. White.
April. Britain.
ple'na a'tro-purpu'rea (double-dark-pur-
ple). £. Purple. April. Britain.
ple'na ca'rnen (double-flesh-coloured). £.
Flesh. April, Britain.
ple'na cu'prea (double-copper). £. Copper.
April. Britain.
ple'na ru'bri (double-red). J. Red.
April. Britain.
ple'na sulphu'rca (double-brimstone). $.
Pale yellow. April. Britain.
ple'na viola'cea (double- violet). £. Violet.
April. Britain.
polyu'ntha (nvtiiy-flowered. Polyanthus}.
PRI'NOS. Winter Berry. (The ancient
name of the Holly, which some of the
species resemble. Nat. orcl., Hullyworts
[Aquifoliacese]. Linn., 6-Hexandria 1-
Monogynia.)
All hardy and deciduous, except lu'cidus (which
is a hardy evergreen), and montu'nus, which is a
stove evergreen. All white-flowered. Hardy
kinds, seeds and layers ; stove kinds, by cuttings
of firm shoots in sand, under a bell glass ; sandy
loam and peat.
P. ambi'frteus (ambiguous). 4. Carolina. 1812.
— a^oma'rms(atomed). 2. July. N.Amer. 1822.
— coria'ceus (le&ther-leaved). 3. June. N.Amer.
1820.
— deci'dwus (deciduous). 4. June. Virginia. 1736.
— du'bius ((doubtful). 12. July. N.Amer. 1736.
— pla'ber (smooth). ]£. July. Canada. 1759.
— leemgn'tus (smooth). 4. June. N.Amer. 1812.
— lanceola'tus (spear-head-teamf). 4. July.
Carolina. 1811.
— lu'cidus (shining). 3. June, N.Amer. 1778.
P. monta'nus (mountain). 3. W. Ind. 1820.
— verticilla'tut (whorled). 6. N.Amer. 1736
PRIVET. Ligu' strum.
PRO'CKIA. (Probably a commemora-
tive name. Nat. ord., Blxads [Flacourti-
Stove, yellow-flowered, evergreen shrubs. Cut-
tings of half-ripened shoots in sand, under a glass,
in heat ; sandy, fibry loam, and a little fibry peat.
Winter temp., 55° to 60°; summer, 60° to 85°.
P. Cru'cis (St. Cruz). 4. July. W. Ind. 1822.
— serra'ta (saw -leaned}. 6. July. Montserrat.1823.
— theafo'rmis (tea-shaped). 6. July. Bourbon. 1820.
PROLIFEROUS. (See DOUBLE FLOWER.)
The term is also applied to plants pro-
ducing many suckers.
PROMEKE'A. (Nat. ord., Orchids [Or-
chidacese]. Linn., %Q-Gynandria 1-Mo-
nandria. Allied to Maxillaria.)
Stove orchids from Brazil, cultivated in baskets.
See ORCHIDS.
P. citn'na (citron-flowered). Yellow. May. 1838.
— lentigino'sa (freckled). Green,purple.July.l843.
— Roliisso'nii (Rollisson's). Pale yellow. August.
1843.
— Stapelioi'des (Stapelia-like). Green, yellow.
June. 1828.
-- ni'gra (black). Green, black. June. 1S35.
-- ru'bra (red). Green, red. June. 183Q.
— xanthi'na (yellow -flowered). Yellow. August.
1843.
PRONA'YA. (Named after M. Pronay,
a French naturalist. Nat. ord., Pitto-
sporads [Pittosporacese]. Linn., 5-Pen-
tandria \-Motiogynia. Allied to Sollya.)
Greenhouse evergreen twiner. Cuttings of
young shoots in sand, under a glass; sandy loam
and peat. Winter temp., 40° to 48°.
P. e'legans (elegant). 4. Blue. August. N. Hoi-
land. 1837.
PROPS are the supports required by
plants to sustain them in a desired posi-
tion. They must vary in height and
strength accordantly with the plant to
which they are applied, and should always
be as slight as is consistent with effi-
ciency. Nothing looks worse than a dis-
proportioned prop; indeed, it should be
concealed as much as possible. The props
for peas should be of the branches of
the hazel, or of frames and strings, which
we prefer ; for runner kidney beans, rods
of ash. For flowers, stout iron wire,
painted brown or dark green, is to be
preferred. Whenever wooden props are
used, the end thrust into the ground
should be previously charred ; if this
precaution be taken, and when, no longer
required, they are stored in a dry shed,
they will last for several seasons. Props
should be placed on the south sides of
the plants, as they incline in that direc-
j tion, as being most light.
PEO
[ CG8 J
PRU
The fewest possible number of props ) 38° to 48°. These have not been tried against a
is one of the evidences of good cultiva
tion and good taste.
PEOSO'PIS. (A name of a plant em-
ployed by Dioscorides. Nat. ord., Legu-
minous Plants [Fabaceee]. Linn., 10-
Decandria \-Monoyynia. Allied to Des-
man thus.)
Stove evergreen trees. Cuttings of young
shoots, when a little firm, taken off close to the
older stems, in sand, under a bell-glass, and in
a little bottom-heat; sandy loam, and sandy, fibry
peat. Winter temp., 45° to 55°, and rather dry ;
summer, 60° to 85°, and plenty of moisture at
root and top. Siliqua'strum stood several years
against a wall in the Horticultural Society's
Gardens.
P. Cumane'nsis (Cumana). 20. White, green.
Cumana. 1822.
— Dominge'nsis (St. Domingo). 30. Yellow.
green. St. Domingo. 1818.
— du'lcis (sweet). 20. White, green. New Spain.
1818.
— ho'rrida (horrid). 30. Yellow. Jamaica. 1800.
— Juliflo'ra (July-flower). 30. White. S. Amer.
1826.
— siliqua'strum (silique-podded). 30. White.
Chiii. 182/.
PEOSTANTHE'EA. (From prostheke, ap-
pendage, and anthera, anther; connec-
tions of the anthers are spurred. Nat.
ord., Labiates [Lamiacece]. Linn., 14-
Didynamia 21-Anyiospermia.)
Greenhouse evergreen shrubs, from New Hol-
land. Frequently by seeds in a slight hotbed, in
April ; generally by cuttings of the young shoots
in sandy soil ; sandy peat, with plenty of fibre in
it, and a portion of broken pots and charcoal
nodules mixed with it, and good drainage. Win-
ter temp., 38° to 48°. Lasia'nthos stood some
years against a wall in the Gardens of the Horti-
cultural Society.
P. cceru'lea (blue-flowered'). 3. Blue. May. 1824.
— denticula'ta (toothed). 4. July. 1824.
— lasia'nthos (woolly-flowered), 3. Purple, lilac.
June. 1808.
— prunelloi'des (prunella-like). Purple. April.
1826.
— viola'cea (violet). 5. Violet. June. 1820.
PEO'TEA. (From Proteus, a sea-god,
who could transform himself into any
shape ; referring to the diversity of the
species. Nat. ord., Proteads [Proteacese] .
Linn., k-Tetrandria 1-Hfonogynia.)
Greenhouse evergreen shrubs, from the Cape of
Good Hope. Cuttings of ripened young shoots,
cut close to a joint, and the leaf there, and per-
haps the one above, removed, the rest allowed to
remain, inserted firmly in sand, over a little sandy
loam, the pots being three-parts filled with
drainage ; the pots, with their cuttings, may then
be set in a cold pit, and at such a distance from
the glass that shading will be little required ; the
glasses should also be frequently wedged up at
night to prevent damping; fibry loam, with a
good portion of sand, and about a fourth part
consisting of a mixture of charcoal, freestone,
broken pots, and a little peat. Winter temp.,
wall, as they should be, with moveable lights, or
reed coverings, to be taken away in summer.
P. acau'lis (stemless). ij. Purple. July. 1802.
— acumina'ta (sharp-pointed). 3. Purple. May.
1809-
— amplexicau'lis (stem-clasping). l£. Purple.
February, 1802.
— angusta'ta (narrow-teamed). 1. Purple. June.
1820.
— canallcula'ta (channel-teaved). 3. Pink. July.
1800.
— cocci'nea (scarlet). 5. Scarlet. June. 1824.
— corda'ta (heart- tea wed). )£. Purple. April. 1790.
— cynaroi'des (artichoke-like). l£. Purple. Au-
gust. 1774.
— elonga'ta (lengthened). 4$. Purple. July. 1820.
— formo'sa (handsome). 6. Red. May. 1789.
— grandiflo'ra (large-flowered). 8. White. May.
1787-
margina't a (bordered). 6. White. June.
1795.
— hirsu'ta (hairy). 4. Pale. June. 1819-
— latifo'lia (broad-leaved). 7. Purple. August. 1806.
cocci'nea (scarlet). 5.Scarlet.August.l806.
viridiflo'ra (green-flowered). 7. Green.
August. 1806.
— lepidoca'rpon (scaly-fruited). 6. Purple. May.
1806.
— liguleefo'lia (strap-leaved). 7. Purple. April. 1/98.
— longifo'lia (long-leaved). 2. Purple. May. 1798.
— macrophy'lla (large-leaved). 8. White. May.
1824.
— magni'fica (magnificent). 6. White. April. 1789.
— melaleu'ca (black and white). 6. Purple. May.
1786.
— melli'fera (honey-bearing). 6. Pale yellow.
September. 1774.
a'lba (white). 6. White. September. 1795.
— mucronifo'lia (pointed-leaved). 3. White. Sep.
tember. 1803.
— na'na (dwarf). 2. Pink. May. 1787.
— neriifo'lia (oleander-leaved). 6. White. March.
1806.
— obtu'sa (blunt-teaued). 10. Red. March. 1786.
— pulche'lla (neat). 3. Red. June. 1795.
cilia'ta (hair-fringed). 3. Red. June. 1795.
gla'bra (smooth). 3. Red. June. 1795.
specio'sa (showy). 3. Red. June. 1795.
— revolu'ta (curled-back-feawed). l£. Purple.
May. 1824.
— specio'sa (showy). 2. Purple. April. 1786.
— turbiniflo'ra (top-shaped-flowered). £. Pink.
April. 1803.
— villi'fera (hair-bearing). 7.Purple. August.1800.
PEOTECTION. See SCEEENS.
PEUNE'LLA. Self-Heal. (Altered from
the German Die breaune, a disease of the
jaws; supposed medicinal qualities. Nat.
ord., Labiates or Lipworts [Lamiacese].
Linn., l<i-Didy mamia l-Gymnospermia.)
All hardy herbaceous perennials, except ova'ta,
which is annual. Seeds, and divisions of the plant
in spring; ornamental for rock-works ana the
front of flower-borders.
P. grandiflo'ra (large-flowered). £. Blue. August.
Austria. 1596.
— Marrya'ttfK (Mrs. Marryatt's). l£. Purple. July.
— ova'ta (egg-leaved). £. Purple. July. America.
— vulga'ris (common). <£. Pink. July. Britain.
elonga'ta (lengthened). Violet. July. N.
Amer.
— flo're-ple'np (double-flowered). $. Pink.
July. Britain.
PBU
[ 669 ]
PRU
P. vulga'ris hi'spida (bristly). Pale purple. July.
Europe.
pinnati'fida (deep - cut - leaved). Purple.
July. South Europe.
ru'fira (red). $. Red. July. Britain.
— Webbia'na (Webb's). 1. Lilac. August.
PEUNING, as practised in the garden,
has for its object the regulation of the
branches to secure the due production of
blossom and maturity of fruit. If carried
to too great an extent that object is not
attained, for every tree requires a certain
amount of leaf-surface for the elabora-
tion of its sap ; and, therefore, if this be
reduced too much, blossom-buds are pro-
duced less abundantly, for leaves are
more necessary for the health of the
plant ; and by a wise provision, the parts
less requisite for individual vigour are
superseded by the parts more needed.
On the other hand, if the branches are
left too thick, they overshadow those be-
neath them, and so exclude the light as
to prevent that elaboration of the sap,
without which no blossom - buds are
formed, but an excessive production of
leaves, in the vain effort to attain, by an
enlarged surface, that elaboration which
a smaller surface would effect in a more
intense light. The appropriate pruning
is given when considering each species of
fruit trees, and here we must confine our-
selves to a few general remarks. The
season for pruning must be regulated, in
some degree, by the strength of the tree ;
for although, as a general rule, the opera-
tion should not take place until the fall
of the leaf indicates that vegetation has
ceased, yet if the tree be weak, it may be
often performed with advantage a little
earlier, but still so late in the autumn as
to prevent the protrusion of fresh shoots.
This reduction of the branches before
the tree has finished vegetating directs a
greater supply of sap to those remaining,
and stores up in them the supply for in-
creased growth next season. If the pro-
duction of spurs be the object of pruning
a branch, it should be pruned so as to
leave a stump ; because, as the sap sup-
plied to the branch will be concentrated
upon those buds remaining at its extre-
mity, these will be productive of shoots,
though otherwise they would have re-
mained dormant, it being the general
habit of plants first to develope and ma-
ture those parts that are farthest from
the roots. It is thus that the filbert is
induced to put forth an abundance of
young bearing wood, for its fruit is borne
on the annual shoots, and similar treat-
ment to a less severe extent is practised
upon wall-fruit.
The chief guide in pruning consists in
being well acquainted with the mode of
the bearing of the different sorts of trees,
and forming an early judgment of the
future events of shoots and branches, and
many other circumstances, for which
some principal rules may be given ; but
there are particular instances which can-
not be judged of but upon the spot, and
depend chiefly upon practice and obser-
vation. Peaches, Nectarines, and Apricots
all produce their fruit principally upon
the young wood of a year old ; that is, the
shoots produced this year bear the year
following; so that in all these trees a.
general supply of the best shoots of each
year must be everywhere preserved at
regular distances, from the very bottom
to the extremity of the tree on every
side ; but in winter-pruning, or general
shortening, less or more, according to the
strength of the different shoots, is neces-
sary, in order to promote their throwing
out, more effectually, a supply of young
wood the ensuing • summer, in proper
place for training in for the succeeding-
year's bearing.
Vines produce their fruit always upon
the young wood-shoots of the same year,
arising from the eyes of the last year's
wood only ; and must, therefore, have a
general supply of the best regular shoots
of each year trained in, which, in winter-
pruning, must be shortened to a few eyes,
in order to force out shoots from their
lower parts, only properly situated to lay
in for bearing the following year.
Figs bear also only upon the young
wood of a year old, and a general supply
of it is, therefore, necessary every year;
but these shoots must at no time be
shortened, unless the ends are dead, be-
cause they always bear principally to-
wards the extreme part of the shootsr
which, if shortened, would take the bear-
ing or fruitful parts away ; besides, they
naturally throw out a sufficient supply of
shoots every year for future bearing,
without the precaution of shortening.
Apple, Pear, Plum, and Cherry trees
bear principally on spurs, arising in the
wood of from two or three to ten or
twenty years old, the same branches and
spurs continuing to bear a great number
of years ; so that, having once procured
a proper set of branches to form a spread-
PEU
[670]
PSI
ing bead, no farther supply of wood is
wanted than some occasional shoots now
and then to supply the place of any worn-
out or dead branch. The above-men-
tioned spurs or fruit-buds are short, ro-
bust shoots of from about half an inch
to one or two inches long, arising na-
turally, first towards the extreme parts
of the branches of two or three years
old, and as the branch increases in
length, the number of fruit-buds increase
accordingly.
In pruning, always cut quite close, both
in the summer and winter- pruning. In
the summer- pruning, if attended to early,
•while the shoots are quite young and
tender, they may be readily rubbed off
quite close with the thumb ; but when the
shoots become older and woody, as they
will not readily break, it must be done
with a knife, cutting them as close as
possible; and all winter-pruning must
always be performed with a knife.
Summer-pruning is a most necessary
operation. Young shoots require thin-
ning to preserve the beauty of the trees
and encourage the fruit ; and the sooner
it is performed the better. It is, there-
fore, advisable to begin this work in May,
or early in June, removing all superfluous
growths and ill-placed shoots, which may
be done with considerably more expedi-
tion and exactness than when the trees
have shot a considerable length. Where,
however, a tree is inclined to luxuriancy,
it is proper to retain as many of the re-
gular shoots as can be commodiously
trained in with any regularity, in order
to divide and exhaust the too abundant
sap. It will be necessary to review the
trees occasionally, in order to reform
such branches or shoots as may have
started from their places, or taken a
wrong direction; and according as any
fresh irregular shoots produced after the
general dressing may be displaced, or
as the already trained ones advance in
length, or project from the wall or espa-
lier, they should be trained in close.
In the winter-pruning, a general regu-
lation must be observed, both of the mo-
ther branches, and the supply of young
wood laid in the preceding summer ; and
the proper time for this work is any time
in open weather, from the fall of the leaf
in November, until March; but the
sooner the better. In performing this
work, it is proper to unnail or loosen a
chief part of the branches, particularly of
peaches, nectarines, apricots, vines, and
other trees requiring an annual supply of
young wood.
PEU'NUS. Plum. (From^rune, a plum.
Nat. ord., Almondworts [Drupacese].
Linn., 12-Icosandria 1-Monogynia.)
Hardy deciduous trees, white-flowered, and
blooming in April. Seeds for varieties and stocks,
suckers for grafting: and budding ; deep, loamy
soil, if calcareous all the better. For the culti-
vated Plum, the Muscle and St. Julian stocks are
generally used. When dwarfs are desired, the
Myrobalan Plum is preferred. To obtain stocks
in trreat plenty, the long shoots from the stools of
last year's growth are laid down in the spring
their full length, and covered with soil; almost
every bud sends up a shoot, and roots are formed
nearly contemporaneously. In autumn, the shoot
laid down is cut off, and then cut into as many
pieces as there are young shoots and roots, See
PLUM.
P. ca'ndicans (whitish). 15. 1820.
— Coccomi'lla (Coccomilla). 20. Calabria. 1824.
— divarica'ta (spreading). 10. Caucasus. 1820.
— dome'stica (domestic. Plum). 20. England.
armenioi'des (apricot-like. Drap d'Or). 20.
flo're-ple'no (double-flowered). 20.
fo'lils variegn'tis (variegated-leaved). 20.
heterophy'lla (variable-leaved). 20. 1846.
Myroba'lana (Myrobalan). 20.
pefndula (drooping). 1838.
Turone'nsis (Turin. Premier Swiss). 20.
Turin.
— insiti'tia (grafted). 20. Britain.
flo1 re-pie1 no (double-flowered). 20.
fru'ctu lu'tea a'lba (yellowish -white-
fruited). 20.
fru'ctu ni'gro (black-fruited). 20.
fru'ctu ru'bro (red-fruited). 20.
— mari'tima (sea). 4. N. Amer. 1800.
— Mu'me (Mume). 2. Japan. 1841.
— pubs'scens (downy). 1818.
— spino'sn (spiny. Sloe-tree')' 15. Britain.
fto're-ple'no (double-flowered). 10. Ta-
rascon.
foliis variega'tis (variegated-leaved) . 10.
Britain.
macroca'rpa (large-fruited). 10. Britain.
microca'rpa (small-fruited). 10. Britain.
ova'ta (egg-fruited). 10. Britain.
PSEUDO-BULB. By this term is de-
scribed the fleshy stem of the orchids ;
and the term is applicable as it resembles
a bulb more than a stem.
PSI'DIUM. Guava. (The Greek name
once applied to the Pomegranate. Nat.
ord., Myrtleblooms [Myrtaceae]. Linn.,
12-Icosandria \-Monogynia. Allied to
Myrtus.)
Stove, white-flowered evergreens. Cuttings of
young shoots, getting a little firm at their base,
in sand, under a bell-glass, and in bottom-heat ;
sandy, fibry loam and peat, with the addition of
leaf-mould and a little dried cow-dung, provided
the drainage is good and plentiful. Winter temp.,
48° to 58°; summer, 60° to 85°. But several, such
as Cattleya'num, will not only live, but produce
their fruit in a greenhouse. The best Guavas we
have seen were produced on the back of a vinery,
from which the frost was little more than excluded
in winter. See GOAVA,
PSI
[671]
PSY
P. Ara'ca (Araca). 4. May, Brazil. 1820.
— euroma'ticum (aromatic). 5. Guiana. 1779.
— Cattleya'num. (Catley's). 10. May. S. Amer.
1818.
— Chine'nse (Chinese). May. China. 1828.
— 1'ndicum (Indian). 12. June. E. Ind. 1824.
— monta'num (mountain). 60. Jamaica. 1779.
— myrtifo1 Hum (myrtle-leaved). 6. April. 1820.
— ni'grum (black-fruited). May. China.
— oligospe'rmum (few-seeded). 10. 1817-
— polyca'rpon (many-fruited). 3. May. Trini-
dad. 1810.
— pomi'forum (apple-bearing). 10. June. W.
Ind. 1692.
sapidi'sftimum (most-savoury). 10. June.
1824.
— pu'milum (dwarf). 2. May. E. Ind. 1824.
— pyri'ferum (pear-bearing). 10. June. W. Ind.
1656.
— ru'brum (red- fruited}. May. China. 1820.
PSILA. See CARROT MAGGOT.
PSOEA'LEA. (From psoraleos, warted ;
the appearance of some of the species.
Nat. ord., Leyuminous Plants [Fabacese].
Linn., 17-Diadelphia k-Decandria. Allied
to Amorpha.)
Herbaceous, by division, as fresh growth com-
mences ; shrubs, by cuttings of the half-ripened
shoots in April or May, in sand, under a glass ;
sandy peat, and sandy, fibryloam. Winter temp,
for these, 40° to 48°. Glandulo'sa has stood in
the open air for a number of years near London.
There are some annuals and biennials, but not
worth cultivating.
HARDY HERBACEOUS.
P. lupineflla (small lupin). 2, Purple. June.
Carolina. 1812.
— macrosta'chya (long - spiked). 3. Purple.
July. California. 1833.
— onolry'chis (gaintfoin-like). 3. Purple. Au-
gust. N. Amer. 1818.
— orbicula'ris (round- leaved). £. Purple. June.
California. 1835.
GREENHOUSE EVERGREEN SHRUBS.
P. aphy'lla (leafless). 2. Blue. June. Cape of
Good Hope. 1790.
— arbo'rea (tree). 6. Bluish. May. Cape of
Good Hope. 1814.
— Muti'sii (Mutis's), Purple. July. Mexico.
1828.
— odorati'ssima (most-fragrant). 6. Pale blue.
June. Cape of Good Hope. 1725.
— Palesti'na (Palestine). 2. Violet. June. Le-
vant. 1771. Herbaceous.
— pinna'ta (leafleted). 6. Blue. June. Cape
of Good Hope. 1690.
— pube'scens (downy). 2. Pale blue. August.
Lima. 1825.
— ripens (creeping). 1£. Blue. July. Cape
of Good Hope. 1774.
— seri'cea (silky). 3. Violet. September. Cape
of Good Hope. 1815.
— spica'ta (long -spiked). 4. Blue. April. Cape
of Good Hope. 1774.
— sta'chydis (stachys-teawd). 3. Brown. April.
Cape of Good Hope. 1793.
— stria' ta (channelled). 3. Blue. May. Cape
of Good Hope. 1816.
— tenuifo'lia (fine-leaved). 2. White, blue.
June. Cape of Good Hope. 1793.
— tomento'sa (woolly). 3. Blue. June. Cape
of Good Hope. 1820.
P. verruco'sa (warted). 3. Blue. July. Cape
of Good Hope. 1774.
interme'dia (intermediate). 3. Blue.
June. Cape of Good Hope. 1820.
PSYLLA. The Chermes is allied to the
Aphis. P. pyri, Pear Chermes, appears
in May, not unlike a large Aphis, crim-
son-coloured, shaded with black. Mr.
Kollar says, when pairing is over, the
female lays her eggs in great numbers,
near each other, on the young leaves and
blossoms, or on the newly-formed fruit
and shoots. They are of a longish shape,
and yellow ; and without a magnifying
glass, they resemble the pollen of flowers.
They are called either nymphs or larvse
in this state, according to the extent
of their development; and, like their
parents, have their mouth in the breast.
After a few days, they change their skins,
and become darker, and somewhat red-
dish on the breast, and rather resemble
bugs than plant-lice, having the extreme
point of the body somewhat broad, and
beset with bristles. After changing their
skins, they quit the leaves, blossoms,
and fruit, and proceed more downwards
to the bearing wood and the shoots of
last year, on which they fix themselves
securely, one after the other, in rows,
and remain there till their last trans-
formation.
When the nymphs have moulted for
the last time, and have attained their
full size, the body swells out by degrees,
and becomes cylindrical. They then
leave their associates, and before they
lay aside their nymph-like covering, they
search out a leaf to which they fasten
themselves firmly, and appear as if they
were lifeless. After a few minutes, the
skin splits on the upper part of the
covering, and a winged insect proceeds
from it. It is of a pleasant green colour,
with red eyes and snow-white wings. It
very much resembles its parents in spring,
even in the colour. After a few days,
this Chermes has assumed the colours
of the perfect insect; the head, collar,
and thorax are of an orange colour, and
only the abdomen retains its green hue.
It now flies away from the place of its
birth to enjoy the open air.
P. mali (Apple Chermes). This, ac-
cording to the same author, appears in
June. In September, they pair, and lay
their eggs, which are white, and pointed
at both ends, a line and a half long, and
the fourth of a line thick, and become
PSY
[ 672 ]
PTE
yellow before the young escapes. The
Apple Chermes lays its eggs in different
places of the twigs of an apple-tree ;
usually, however, in the furrows of the
knots, and sometimes in a very regular
manner. The larvse are scarcely escaped
from the egg in the open air, when they
hasten to the nearest hud, and hegin to
gnaw its scales. On the second day
after their birth, they cast their first skin,
after which they appear nearly of their
former shape and colour. The second
changing of the skin can sometimes be
scarcely seen at all, because the larva
not only puts out a thicker string with
the tubercle, but also an immense number
of very fine entangled threads or small
hairs, which it turns upwards over its
back, and with them entirely covers its
body and head. In sunshine, these
strings look transparent, as if they were
made of glass, and become of a greenish
variable colour. Under this screen the
Chermes are secured from every attack
of other insects ; for no ants, mites, or
bugs can disturb them in their fortifica-
tion, or consume them as their prey.
After changing the second skin, the
young assume a different colour and
form ; they now become light green all
over, the abdomen much broader than
the thorax, and on the side of the latter,
rudiments of the wings are distinctly
seen. The third time of changing the
skin comes on in about eight days, some-
times sooner and sometimes later, ac-
cording to the weather. After this skin,
the wing rudiments very distinctly make
their appearance, and become larger and
whiter the nearer the insect approaches
to the perfect state. The body is also of
a light green, and the larvaB have black
eyes, and blackish antennae. At last the
time arrives when the insect assumes the
perfect state ; it then retires to a part of
the leaf which it had selected, and after
having firmly fixed itself there, the back
splits open, and the beautiful-winged
Chermes appears from the nymph. The
back of the thorax is of a light green,
the abdomen is marked with yellow rings,
and the membranous wings with strong-
ly-marked, snow-white veins.
P. cratagi infests the camellia.
P.ficvs and P. rosce are respectively
on the fig and rose-trees. All the species
are destroyed by syringing with tobacco-
water until the insects are dead, and
then syringing with water only. See APHIS.
PTE 'LEA. Shrubby Trefoil. (From
ptao, to fly; winged fruit. Nat. ord.,
Xanthoxyls [Xanthoxylacese] . Linn., 4-
Tetrandria \-J\fonogynia.)
Pinna'ta requires a greenhouse; cuttings of
ripe shoots in sand, under a hand-glass ; sandy
loam and peat. Trifolia'ta and its variety are
hardy ; seed in April, and by layers in autumn ;
any common light soil.
P. pinna'ta (leafleted). 20. White. May. Nor-
folk Island. 1829.
— trifolia'ta (three-leaved). 12. Green. June.
N. Amer. 1704.
variega'ta ( variegated- Jeaved). 12. Green,
June. 1846.
PTELI'DIUM. (So named from its re-
semblance to Ptelea. Nat. ord., Spindle-
trees [Celastracese]. Linn., k-Tetrandria
1-Monogynia.)
Stove evergreen shrub. Cuttings of young
shoots in sand, under a glass, in heat ; sandy peat
and fibry loam, with pieces of charcoal. Winter
temp., 50° to 60°; summer, 60° to 85°,
P. ona'tum (egg-leaved). 6. Greenish-white.
Madagascar. 1818.
PTE'EIS. Brake. (From pteron, a
wing ; the shape of the fronds, or leaves.
Nat. ord., Ferns [Polypodiaceffi]. Linn.,
%4;-Cryptogamia 1-Filices.)
All brown-spored. See FEBNS.
HAEDY.
P. aquili'na (eagle-like). 3. July. Britain.
— argefntea (silvery). £. July. Siberia. 1816,
— a'tro-purpu'rea (purple). £. August. N,
Amer. 1770.
— cauda'ta (tailed). 2. October. N. Amer. l/77«
— peda'ta (double-lobed). £. July. Virginia. 1820.
GREENHOUSE.
P. argu'ta (sharp-notched). I. August. Ma-
deira. 1778.
— Cre'tica (Cretan). 1. July. Candia. 1820.
— escule'nta (eatable)- 3. August. N. S.
Wales. 1815.
—falcttta (sickle-shaped). 1. June. N. Hol-
land. 1820.
— i'ntra-margina'lis (within-margined). 1 . Sep.
tember. Mexico. 1828.
— Kingia'na (King's) . June. Norfolk Island. 1 831 ,
— latizo'na (broad-zoned). l£. June. Moreton
Bay. 1831.
— subverticilla'ta (slightly- whorled). 1. Mexico.
1831.
— tre'mula (trembling). 3. July. N. Holland. 1820.
— umbro'sa (shady). 3. July. N. Holland. 1823.
STOVE.
P. allnso'ms (allosorus-like). 1.
— a'mpla (large). 6. July.
— calome'lanos (neat-dark). f . September.
Cape of Good Hope. 1830.
— Cervante'sii (Cervantes'). 1 .July. Mexico. 1824.
— Chine'nsis (Chinese). 2. July. China. 1824.
— colli'na (hill). £. August. Brazil.
— corda'ta (heart-shaped). 3. June. Mexico. 1820.
— crenula'ta (scolloped). 2. July. 182/.
— di'scolor (two -coloured). 3.August.Brazil.l825.
— edu'lis (eatable). 3. New Zealand. 1837.
— e'legans (elegant). 3. August. E. Ind. 1824.
—felosma (heavy-smelling). 5.July.Jamaica.l822,
PTE
PUE
P. ketcrop hi, 'lla (various-leaved). 4. July. Ja-
maica. 1820.
— ta'ctea (milky). 1. November.
— lanugino'sa (woolly). 3. Jub. Bourbon. 1810.
— la'ta. (broad). 3^. June. Brazil. 1841.
— longifo'lia (long-leaved). 2. August. \V.
Ind. 17/0.
— Peruvia'nn (Peruvian). October. Peru. 1830.
--Plumie'ri (Plunder's). 2. July. S.Amer. 181P.
— rotundifo'liu (round-leaved). l£. July. New
Zealand. 1824.
— s«g7«a^«(arrow-shaped).3.June.S.Amer.l82C.
— serrula'ta (saw-edged). l£. August. India. 1770.
— spinulo'sa (small-spined). l£. September. 1834.
— sulca'tu (furrowed). 5. June. Jamaica. 1841.
— ternifo'lia (three-leaved). 1. June. 1838.
PTEBOCA'KPUS. (From pteron, a wing,
and harpos, a fruit ; seed-pods with wing-
like appendage. Nat. ord., Leguminous
Plants [FahaceEe]. lArm^lG-Monadelphia
7-Dodecandria. Allied to Dalbergia.)
Stove evergreen trees. Cuttings of half- ripened,
stubby side-shoots in sand, under a glass, and in
bottom-heat; rich, fibry loam. Winter temp.,
50° to 55° ; summer, 60° to 85°.
P.Bro'wnei (Brown's.. 10.White,red.W.Ind.l733.
— Dalbergioi'des (Dalbergia-like). 10. Yellow.
E. Ind. 1817.
— dra'co (dragon). 40. White. W. Ind. 1820.
— fla'mis (yellow). Yellow. April. China. 18-26.
— I'ndicus (Indian). 30. White. E. Ind. 1813.
— marsu'pium (pouched). 40. White. E. Ind. 1811.
— Plumie'ri (Plumier's). 10. White.S.Amer.1820.
— Ro'hrii (Rohr's). 20. Guiana. 1816.
— santalinoi'des (sandal- wood-like). 50. Yellow.
Sierra Leone. 1/93.
— santali'nus (red Saunder's -wood). 60. Yellow.
E. Ind. 1800.
— scn'ndens (climbing). 15. Yellow. Caraccas.
1817. Climber.
— Siebe'ri (Sieber's). 10. White ,red.Guinea.l824.
PTEROCA'KYA. (From pteron, a wing,
and caryon, a nut; winged fruit. Nat.
ord., Juglands [Juglandaceae]. Linn.,
2l-Moncecia Q-J2nneandria. Allied to
Juglans.)
Hardy deciduous tree ; by layers of the young
shoots ; also by grafting on the Walnut ; deep,
moist soil in warm places ; in cold situations
shallow, poor soil will be best, that the wood may
not be stronger than the sun will ripen.
P. Caucu'sica (Caucasian). 40. April. N. Amer.
PTERODI'SCUS. (From pteron, a wing,
and discus, a dislc. Nat. ord., Pedaliads
[Pedaliacese]. Linn., \±-Didynamia 2-
Angiospcrmia. Allied to Martynia.)
Stove herbaceous perennial. Seeds in spring
and autumn ; division ot" the plant, and cuttings
of young shoots under a bell-glass, in the begin
ning of spring and in the middle of autumn „
sandy loam and leaf-mould. Winter temp., 40°
to 48° ; summer, 60° to /5°.
P. specio'sus (showy-flowered). 2. Lilac, purple.
May. Africa. 1844.
PTERONETJ'RON. (From pteron, a wing
and neuron, a nerve ; winged seed-cord
Nat.ord., Crwrt/crs [Brassicacese]. Linn.
15~Tetradynamia. Allied to Gardamiue.)
43
Both species by seeds, and carno'sum by divi-
ions and cuttings in spring; light, sandy soil.
?. carno'sum (fleshy-leaved). I. White. June.
Hungary, 1824. Hardy herbaceous.
— Gras'cum (Grecian). 4. White. June. South
Europe. 1710. Hardy annual.
PTEROSPE'RMUM. (From;>fenw, a wing,
and sperma, a seed ; \vingedseeds. Nat.
ord.. Byttneriads [Byttueriaceae]. Linn.,
[6-Manadelphia 1 -Dodecandria. Allied
to Astrapa3a.)
Stove, white-flowered, evergreen trees, from the
East Indies. Cuttings of half-ripened, stubby
side-shoots, cut close to the stem, in sand, and iu
ottom-heat ; sandy, fihry loam and lumpy pent,
with good drainage. Winter temp., £0° to 55°;
summer, 60° to 85°.
P. acerifo'lium (maple-leaved). 10. August. 1/90.
— platan* fo' Hum (plane-leaved). 15. 1820.
— semisagitta'titm (halr-arrow-/eawed). 10. 1820.
PTILO'TRICHUM. (From ptilon, a feather,
and thrix, a hair. Nat. ord., Cruc/fcrs
"Brassicacea3]. Linn., 16-Tetradynamia.
Allied to Alyssum.)
Hardy, white-flowered, deciduous shrubs. Cut-
tings in spring and summer; light, sandy soil;
noils and rock-works.
P. can.ffsr.ens (hoary). April. Siberia. 1828.
— elonga'tum (lengthened). April. Altai. 1836.
PTERO'NIA. (From pteron, a wing;
.'eathery scales on the flower-receptacle.
Nat. ord., Composites [ Asteracese] . Linn.,
l(J-Syngenesia I-JEqitalis. Allied to Chry-
socoma.)
Greenhouse, yellow-flowered, evergreen shrubs,
from the Cape of Good Hope. Cuttings of young
shoots in sandy soil, under a hand-light; also by
seeds in a slight hotbed, in spring, or in th«
greenhouse, in summer; fibry loam and sandy
peat. Winter temp., 40° to 48°.
P. cnmphora'ta (camphor-scented). 3. June. 1//4.
- cchirui'ta (hedgehog-like). 2. July. 1818.
—fasciculii'tn (bundle-Jeered). 2. June. 1818.
— fiexit-au'lis (bending-stalked). 3. July. 1S12.
— glomern'ta (crowded). 2. June. 1817-
— oppoaitifu'iia (opposite-leaved). 4. July. 1//4.
— pn'llvns (pale). 2. June. 1816.
— scariu'sa (membranous). 2. July. 1815.
— sirt'cta (upright). 3. May. 1774.
PTERO'PSIS. (From pteron, a wing ;
and apsis, like ; shape of the fronds, or
leaves. Nat.ord.,JFVm* [Polypodiacew].
Linn., 24-Cryptogamia l-Filices.)
Stove Fern. See FERNS.
P.furca'ta (forked). Brown. June. Trinidad. 18 24.
PUCCOON. Sanyuina'ria.
PUDDLING. See MUDDING.
PUERA'RIA. (Named after M. Pucruri,
a Danish botanist. Nat. ord., Leguminors
Plants [Fabacese]. Linn., IQ-Jfonadel-
phia 6 Decandria. Allied to Clitoria.)
Greenhouse, yellow-flowered, evergreen climb-
ers, from NP paul. Cuttings of half-ripened shoots
in sand, under a glass ; sandy peat and fibry loam.
Winter temp., 40° to 48°.
PUL
[ 674 ]
PUR
P. tuber a* sa (tuberose). 3. 1806.
— Walii'chii (Wallich's). 3. 1826.
PULMONA'HIA. Lungwort. (From pul-
vnonarius, diseased lungs ; referring to its
supposed efficacy in those diseases. Nat.
ord., Borage <worts [Boraginacese]. Linn.,
5-Pentandria 1-Monogynia.)
Hardy herbaceous perennials, Divisions in
spring ;• common garden-soil.
P. angustif(t'lia (narrow-leaved). |. Violet. April.
Britain.
oblonga'ta (oblong). 1. Pink. May. Ger-
many.
— asrw'raK light blue). 1 J.BIue.April. Poland. 1823.
— Dafiu'rica (Dahurian). 1. Blue. May. Dahuria.
1812.
— denticula' tn (small-toothed). f. Blue. June.
N. Amer. 1800.
— grandiflo'ra (large-flowered). 1. Pink. May.
France. 1819.
— margina'tn (bordered-leaved), 1. Blue. June.
Louisiana. 1813.
— mari'tima (sea-side). Blue. July. Brtiain.
— mo 'His (soft). 3- Blue. June. N. Amer. 1805.
— officina'lis (shop). 1. Pink. April. England.
a'lba (white-lowered). 1. White. June.
England.
— paniculn'tu (panicled). 1|. Blue. June. Hud-
son's Bay. 1/78.
— parviflo'ra (small-flowered). Blue. July. Ca-
nada. 1827.
— pube'scens (downy). 1. Purple. May. Russia.
1S21.
— sacchara'ta (sugared). 1. Pink. June. Europe.
1817.
— Sibi'rica (Siberian). 1. Blue. June. Siberia.1801.
•— iubero'sa (tuberous). §. Pink. May. Hungary.
1824.
— Virgi'nica (Virginian). l£. Blue. April. N.
Amer. 1799.
PULTEMS'A. (Named after Dr. Pulteny.
Nat. ord., Leguminous Plants [Fabaceae].
Linn., IQ-Decandria 1-Monoyynia. Al-
lied to Gastrolobium.)
Greenhouse, yellow-flowered, evergreen shrubs,
from New Holland. Cuttings of the points of
shoots as growth is nearly finished, or, better
still, small side-shoots, when from two to three
inches long, in sand, in April, under a bell-glass ;
two parts of sandy, fibry peat to one part of fibry
loiun, with a little charcoal and good drainage.
Winter temp., 40° to 48°; summer, 60° to 7 5°.
Plenty of air, and screened from the full sun dur-
ing the hottest period of the year.
P. arge'ntea (silvery). 1. April. 1824.
- arista'-ta (awned). l£. May. 1824.
— H'.tpfra (rough). l£. June. 1824'.
— l'il.o>t>a (two-lobed). 2. April. 1817.
— in-achy' tropis ( short-keeled). l£. Purple, orange.
April. 1838.
— cane'scens (hoary). \. April. 1822.
— como'sa (rul'ted). l$. May. 1822.
— curd'i'ta (sharp-hezrted-leeived'). May. 1832.
— crassifo'lia (tbick-leaved). 2. May. 1824.
.— CMnea'£«.(werla;e-^e«wed). l. June. 1824.
— Daphnoi'des (Daphne-like). 2. April. 1792.
— dcnta'ta (tooth-brncted). 2. June. 182't.
— echi'hula (small-prickled). l,i. April. 1823.
— flu'xilis (yielding). 1^. May. 1801.
- - h ;inola' mpra (brightish). 1. May. 1S24.
- - ini'urvu'ta (bent-in). 2. May. 1823.
- - juniper? na (juniper-ft/ce). 14. June. 1824t
P. Knophy'Ua (flas-leaved). 2. April. 1759.
— microphy'llu (small-leaved). 1. May. 1810.
— mucrona'ta (pointed-leaved). 2. May. 1826.
— oficorda'tu (reversed-ega-^a!>erf). 2. June. 1808.
— oxalidifo' lid (oxalis-leaved). 2. April. 1826.
— pedunr-ulu' to. (/on^-flower-stalked). May. 1820.
— plumo'sa (feathery). 14. April. 1824.
— polifit'lia (polium-leavecl). 2. May. 1824.
— polygalifo'lia (poly j^al a- leaved). 2. May. 1817
— procu'mkrns (lying-down). 4- April. 1823.
— rucemulo'sa (small-racemed). 2. April. 1320.
— relu'sa (abrupt-ended). 1. April. 17SQ.
— rosmarinifo'lia (rosemary-leaved). 2.May.lS24.
— rupe'stris (rock-inhabiting). 1. 1845.
— sca'bra (rough -leaved). 1^. April. 1803.
— squarro'sa (spreading). 2. June. 1825.
— stipula'ris (stipuled). 2. April. 1792.
— stri'cta (upright). 2. June. 1803.
— i7<^M7w^e//aVrt(slightly-umbelled). I.April. 1831.
— tenuifo'lia (thin-leaved). l£. April. 181/.
— thymifo'lia (thyme-leaved). 1. May. 1810.
— vt-Hti'ta (clothed). 3. April. 1803.
— mill' fern, (hair-bearing). 2. May. 1824.
— villo'sa (shaggy). 2. May. 17QO.
PU'NICA. Pomegranate. (From puni-
cens, scarlet; the colour of the flowers.
Nat. ord. Myrthblooms [Myrtacsse]. Linn.,
12-Icosandria ].-MonogyniaS)
Deciduous trees, all blooming in August. Cut-
tings of the shoots and roots ; layers and grafting ;
any light, rich soil. It flourishes against a wall,
but in such places the twigs must be encouraged
to grow, or there will be few flowers. The double
kinds grafted on the single, and grown in rich
loam, become nice flowering plants, as the plants
do not prow so vigorously as on their own roots,
but flower much longer. Na'na requires the stove.
P. grana'tum (eomrnrm-grained). 18. Red. South
Europe. 1548.
alhe'scens( whitish). 10. Whitish. China.
albe'scens flo're-ple'no (double- whitish).
10. Whitish.
fla'num (yellow). 10. Yellow.
ru'brum flufre-ple'no (double - red - flow-
ered). 10. Red. South Europe.
— • na'na (dwarf). 5. Red. E. Ind. 1723.
PUNNET. See BASKET.
PU'KSHIA. (Named after F. Pursh,
writer on American plants. Nat. ord.,
Rnseworls [Rosacere]. Linn.,12- Icosandria
I-Monoyynia. Allied to Agrimonia.)
Hardy evergreen shrub. Cuttings of young
shoots in sand, under a hand-light, in early sum-
mer ; also by seeds, treated as rose-seeds ; sandy,
poor soil.
P. trldsnta! to. (three-tooth-/eayerf). 2. Yellow.
N. Amer. 1826-
PURSLANE. (Portula'ca.) P. olera'cea,
Green, or Garden Purslane. P. sati'va,
Golden Purslane.
A light, rich soil they thrive in most,
and they must have a warm situation, as
a south border. Sow in February and
early in March, in a moderate hotbed, to
remain where sown ; and at the close of
March, and once monthly, during April,
May, and the summer months until the
end of August, in the open ground.
PUT
PYB
Sow in drills six inches apart, very
thin, and not more thr.n a quarter of an
inch deep. Keep the seedlings clear of
weeds, and thin to six or eight inches
asunder. In dry weather water mode-
rately two or three times a week.
In general, they are ready for gather-
ing from in six weeks after sowing, the
youBg shoots heing made use of from two
to five inches in length, and the plants
"branch out again.
The hotbed crops require the air to be
admitted as freely as the weather per-
mits, the temperature ranging between
50° and 75°.
To obtain Seed. — A few of the earliest
border-raised plants must be left unga-
thered from, the strongest and largest
leaved being selected. They must be cut
immediately the seed is ripe, laid on a
cloth, and when perfectly dry, thrashed,
and the refuse is best separated by
means of a very fine sieve.
PURSLANE-TREE. Portulaca.'ria.
PUSCHKT'NIA. (Named after H. Pousch-
Jdn, a Russian botanist. Nat. ord., Lily-
ivorts [Liliacese]. Linn., 6-Hexandria 1-
Monogynia. Allied to Hyacinth.)
Half- hardy bulb. Offset-bulbs ; deep, sandy
loam ; requires a little protection, or to be taken
up in winter.
P. scilloi'des fscilla-like) £. Pale blue. Blav.
Siberia. 1819.
PUTTY is a compound of boiled linseed-
oil and whiting, but as it may be bought
in London at Italf-a-guinea per cwt., it is
scarcely worth while to make it. One
hundred weight is enough for puttying
about three hundred square feet of glass.
Old putty may be softened by applying
to it rags dipped in a saturated solution
of caustic potash, leaving them on for
twelve hours ; cr by rubbing a hot iron
along the putty.
If the gardener does make putty, the
whiting should be well dried, and then
pounded and sifted till it becomes a fine
powder, and is quite free from grit. The
whiting, a little warm, should be gradu-
ally added to the oil, and well-mixed by
means of a piece of stick, or a spatula.
'When it is sufficiently stiff, it should be
well worked with the hand on a table,
and afterwards beaten on a stone with a
wooden mallet till it becomes a soft,
smooth, tenacious mass. A ball of putty,
when left some days, becomes somewhat
hard, but may be easily softened by
beating^
PU'YA. (Native name. Nat. ord., Sro-
melworts [Bromeliaceee], Linn., Hexan-
diia l-Monoyynia.)
Stove herbaceous perennials, except magni-
spa'tha, which is a stove epiphyte. Seeds in a hot-
bed, but chiefly by suckers; sandy loam and peat.
Winter temp., 55° to 60° ; summer, 60° to 85°.
P. Altenstti'nii (Altenstein's). White. Colombia.
1836.
gigante'a Ccigantic). Carmine, white.
April. Brazil. 1845.
— ccei-u'lea (blue). Blue. June. Chili. 1S27.
Greenhouse.
— coarctu'ta (compressed). 1. Yellow. May. Chili.
1822.
— heteruphy'Ua (various-leaved). 1, Pink. May.
Mexico. 1838.
— magniajiu'tha (large-spathed). f . Green, white.
May. S.Amer. 1820.
— pyramida'ta (pyramidal). 1. Yellow. June.
Peru. 1822.
— recurva'ta (curled-back). 1. White. April.
Brazil. 1843.
— rubricau'lis (red-stemmed). Blue, red. June.
Chili. 1827.
— sulphu'rea (sulphur-coloured). 2. Yellow. Chili.
1852.
PYCNO'STACHYS. (From pyknos, dense,
and stachys, a spike ; dense flower-spikes.
Nat. ord., Labiates [Lamiacese]. Linn.,
14:-Didynamia I-Gymnospermia.)
Stove annual. For culture, see O'CTMUM.
P. cceru'lea (blue). 3. Blue. August. Mada-
gascar. 1825.
PYRE 'THRUM. Feverfew. (From pyr,
fire; alluding to its acrid roots. Nat. ord.,
Composites [Asteracese]. Linn., 19-Synge-
nesia 2-Superflua.)
All white-flowered, except where otherwise men-
tioned. Hardy kinds, divisions and seeds, and
common garden-soil; greenhouse kinds, by cut-
tings under a hand-light, in sandy, light soil;
sandy, fibry loam, and leaf-mould; half-shrubby
kinds, such as fcenicula'tum, will not only do
well in cold greenhouses, but will probably an-
swer for the bottom of conservative walls.
GREENHOUSE EVERGREENS.
P. Brwssone'ti (Broussonet's). 2. July. Cannrle*.
1817.
— coronopifo'lium (buckhorn-!eaved).2.Ganarie«.
— divcrsifu'lium (variable-leaved). J. July. N.
Holland. 1823. Herbaceous.
— frute'scens (shrubby). 3. Canaries, ifififi.
— g-}-«ndi7?oV«77j(large-flowered;.3.CaniiHes.l815.
— specio'sum (shuw,)). 3. Canaries. 1815.
HARDY ANNUALS.
P. breviradia'tum (short- rayed). £. Yellow. July.
1813.
— eflegans (elegant). 1. July; Mount Baldo.
1816. Biennial.
— Vndicum (Indian), f. Yellow. July.E.Ind. 1810.
— inudo'rum (scentless). 1. August. Britain,
— paroiflo'rum (small-flowered). 2£. July. 1820.
— pr&'cox (early). 1, June. Caucasus. 1818.
HARDY HERBACEOUS.
P. achilleeefo'liuiu (mil toil- leaved). 3* Yellow.
August. Caucasus. 1823.
— cljri'nuin (alpine). £, July. Switzerland, 1/39.
PYR
I 676 ]
PYR
P. alpi'num pubf'scens (downy), £, July. Swit-
zerland. 181Q.
— Barrelie'ri (Barrelier's)4. July.South Europe.
1820.
— bipinna'tum (doubly-leafleted). 3- Yellow.
June. Siberia. 1796.
— Bocco'ni (Bocconi's). 1. Yellow. July.
Spain. 1823.
— Caucu'sicum (Caucasian). £. July- Caucasus.
1804.
— ceratophylloi'des (hornwort-like). 1. June.
Piedmont. 1819-
— cineraricefo' Hum (cineraria-leaved). 2. July.
Dalmatia. 1 826.
— corymbo'sum (corymbed). 1. July. Ger-
many. 1596.
— Halle'ri( Mailer's). 1. June. Switzerland. 1819-
— latifo'lium (broad-leaved). 2. June. Pyrenees.
1820.
— leptophy'llum (fine-leaved). 1. August. Cau-
casus. 1821.
— macrophy'llum (large-leaved). 3. July. Hun-
gary. 1803.
— Mundia'num (Mundiana).l<|.July.France.l8l6.
— mari'timum (sea). 1. August. Britain.
— mafximum (largest). 1. July. South Europe.
1818.
— millef olio! turn (thousand-leaved). 2. Yellow.
July. Siberia. 1731.
— palu'stre (marsh). 1. June. Armenia. 1820.
— parthenifo'lium (parthenium-leaved). 2. July.
Caucasus. 1804.
— par/Ae'm'M»i(c0m7non-pe]litory).2.July.Britain.
flo're-ple'no (double-flowered). 2. July.
— pinati'fidum (deeply-cut-te«werf). 2. July. 1823.
— uligino'sum (marsh). l^.August. Hungary. 1816.
PY'KOLA. Winter-green. (From pyrus,
a pear-tree; resemblance of the leaves.
Nat. ord., Winter-greens [Pyrolaceae].
Linn., 10-Decandria 1-Monogynia. Allied
to Galas.)
Hardy herbaceous perennials. Seeds and divi-
sions in a shady, sandy peat-border.
P. asarifo'lia (asarium-leaved). $. Green, yellow.
N. Amer. 1822.
— chlora'ntha (greenish-yellow-flowered). Yel-
low. N. Amer. 1822.
— convolu'ta (rolled-together). £. Green, white,
N. Amer. 1818.
— denta'ta (toothed-/ea«ed"). Yellow. N. Amer.
1827.
— elli'ptica (oval-team*). £. White.N.Amer.1818.
— me'dia (intermediate). §. White, red. England.
— mi'nor (smaller). $. Red. Britain.
— occidentals (western). Yellow. N. Amer. 182".
— rotundifo'lin (round-leaved). £. White. Britain.
— tecu'nda (side-flowering). £. White. Britain.
— uniflo'ra (single-flowered). J. White. Britain.
PYKOLI'RION. Flame Lily. (From
pyr, fire, and lirion, a lily. " Nat. crcl.,
Amaryllids [Amaryllidacese], Linn., 6-
Hexandria 1-Monogynia. Allied to Ha-
branthus.)
Very rare greenhouse bulbs, flowering about
Midsummer, before the leaves are full-grown,
and require rest from December to April. Off-
set-bulbs ; sandy loam and leaf-mould ; a green-
house or a cold pit.
P. au'reum (golden). 1. Gold. June. Peru. 1833.
—fla'vum (yellow). Yellow. Peru.
PY'EUS. Pear-tree. (From peren, the
Celtic name of the pear. Nat. ord., Ap-
pleworts [Pomacese], Linn., 12-Icosan-
dria 1-Monoqynia.)
Hardy deciduous trees, white-flowered, except
where otherwise mentioned. Seeds for stocks
and new varieties ; as, also, in the case of the
timber-trees, for the continuance of the species ;
but for all particular sorts, by budding and graft-
ing upon wild pears, apples, quinces, and thorns,
according to the future effects required ; also by
suckers ; good garden-soil, and deep, loamy
soil for the wild varieties. See PEAK, APPLE,
and QUINCE.
P. ace'rba (sour). 20. April. Europe.
— America'na (American). 15. May. Canada. 1782.
— amygdalifo'rmis (almond-shaped). 15. May.
South Europe. 1810.
— angustifo'lia (narrow-leaved). 20. I'ink. May.
N. Amer. 1750.
— arbutifo'lia (arbutus-leaved). 4. May. N.
Amer. 1700.
intermedia (intermediate). May.
pu'mila (dwarf). l£. May.
sero'tina (late). 4. June.
— a'ria (white-beam-tree). 40. May. Britain.
acutifo'lia (sharp-leaved). 40. May. Europe.
bulla'ta (blistered-teoued). 30. May. South
Europe.
Cre'tica (Cretan). 30. May. Crete.
obtusifo'lia (blunt-leaved). 40. May.
Europe.
rugo'sa (wrinkled-teamf). 30. May.
South Europe.
undula'ta (wavy-/eaoed). 30. May. South
Europe.
— Astraca'nica (Astracan. Apple). 20. June.
Astracan. 1810.
— aucupu'ria (fowler's. Mountain Ash). 30.
May. Britain.
fastigiu'ta (tapering). May.
fo'liis variegu'tis (variegated-leaved). 30.
May. Britain.
fru'ctu lu'teo (yellow-fruited). 30. May.
Britain.
— auricula' ta (eared). 20. May. Egypt. 1800-.
— baccu'ta (berried). 15. Pink. April. Siberia.1/84.
— chamceme'spilus (bastard quince). 8. May.
Pyrenees. 1683.
— commu'nis (common. Pear). 20. April. England.
A'chras (Achras. Entire-leaved}. 20. April.
flo're-ple'no (double-flowered). 20. April.
fo'liis vuriega'tis (variegated-leaved). 20.
April.
fru'ctu variega'ta (variegated-fruited). 20>
April.
— • jaspi'den (striped-iarft). 20. April.
pyra'ster (pyraster. Saw-leaved). 20.
April.
sanguinole'nta (bloody). 20. April.
sati'va (cultivated). 20. April.
— corona'ria (crown. Sweet-scented Crab}. 20.
Pink. May. Virginia. 1724,
— erena'ta (scolloped). 15. May. Nepaul. 182&
— depre'ssa (depressed). May.
— dioi'ca (dioecious). 10. April. 1818.
— edu'lis (eatable). 10. April. France. 1816.
— eleeagnifo'lia (elseagnus-leaved). 20. ApriL
Siberia. 1806.
— floribu'nda (bundle-flowered). 8. April. China.
1818.
— grandifo'lia (large-leaved). 5. April. N. Amer.
— interme'dia (intermediate). 40. May. Sweden*
1789-
— — - anzustifu'lia (narrow-leaved). JO. May.
QUA
L 677
QUE
P. intermedia latifo'lia (broad-leaved). 40. May
Denmark. 178Q.
— lana'ta (woolly). 15. April. Nepaul. 1818.
— lanugino'sa (woollyish). 25. April. Hungary.
— ma'lus (apple-tree). 20. April. Britain.
— melanoca'rpa (black-fruited). 4. May. N.
Amer. 1700.
subpube'scens (slightly-downy). 4. May.
— microca'rpa (small-fruited). 10. April. N.Amer.
— niva'lis (snowy -leaved). 6. April. Austria.
— pinnati'fida (deeply-cut-leaved). 40. May.
England.
arbu'scula (little tree). May. Germany.
lanugino'sa (woollyish-teaced). 40. May.
England.
pe'ndula (drooping). May. England.
— Polliie'ria (Pollver's). 15. May. Germany.1786.
— pras'cox (early. Paradise}. 10. Blush. April.
Russia. 1784.
— prunifo'lia (plum-leaved. Siberian Crab), 20.
Pink. May. Siberia. 1758.
— pu'bens (downy). 5. May.
— salicifo'lia (willow-leaved). 20. May. Russia.
1780.
— salvifo'lia (sage-leaved. Aurelian). 15. May.
France. 1806.
— Sina'ica (Mount Sinai. Medlar}. 20. May.
Levant. 1820.
— Sine'nsis (Chinese). May. China.
— so'rbus (frwe-service). 30. May. England.
— — — tnalifo'rm is (apple-shaped). 30. May.
pyrifo'rmis (pear-shaped). 30. May.
— specta'bilis (showy. Chinese Apple}. 20. May.
China. 1780.
— spu'ria (spurious). 20. May. 1800.
pe'ndula (drooping). May.
sambucifo'lia (elder-leaved). 20. May.1818.
— tomentu'sa (downy). 20. May. Europe. ]810.
— tormina'lis (griping. Wild-service). 50. May.
England.
— trilobn'ta (tnree-lobed). 20. May. South
Europe. 1810.
— variola1 'sa (variabk-teawerf). 50. May. Ne-
paul. 1825.
— vestl'ta (clothed). April. Nepaul. 1820.
Q.
QUAKING GRASS. Bri'za.
QUA' LEA. (The name in Guiana. Nat.
ord., Vochyads [Vochyacese]. Linn., 1-
Monandria I-Monogynia. Allied to
Vochysia.)
Stove evergreen tree. By seeds in a hotbed,
and cuttings of half-ripened shoots in sandy soil,
under a bell-glass, and in bottom-heat ; peat and
loam. Winter temp., 50° to 60°; summer. 60°
to 85°.
Q. viola? cea (violet). Violet. Brazil. 1824.
QUAMO'CUT. (From kyamos, a kidney-
bean, and klitos, dwarf; resemblance of
habit. Nat. ord., Bindweeds [Convolvu-
lacese]. IArm.,5-Pentandria \-Monogynia.
Allied to Ipomasa],
Seeds in a hotbed, and cuttings of the points
and side-shoots of growing stems, the former
plan being adopted chiefly with annuals, and the
latter with perennials; the annuals being gene-
rally grown out of doors after the end of May,
and the perennials in the plant stove.
STOVE PERENHIAL TWINERS.
Q. globo'sa (globular). 6. Scarlet. Mexico. 1827.
Evergreen.
— grandiflu'ra (large-flowered). 6. Scarlet.
Mexico. 1826. Evergreen.
— longiflu'ra (long-flowered). 6. White. June.
Cuba. 1803. Herbaceous.
— pa'tula (spreading). 6'. Scarlet. Mexico.
1826. Evergreen.
— sangui'nea (bloody). 10. Crimson. July.
Santa Cruz. 1812. Evergreen.
STOVE ANNUAL TWINERS.
Q. cocci'nea (scarlet). 10. Scarlet. August. S.
Amer. 1818.
— digita'ta (hand-leaned). 10. Purple. Sep-
tember. W. Ind.
— hederifo'lia (ivy-leaved). 10. Violet. July.
W. Ind. 1773.
— lute'ola (yellowish). 10. Orange, yellow.
August. Guatimala. 1759.
— phosni'cea (crimson). Crimaon. June. E.
Ind. 1806.
— sero'tina (late-blooming). Orange. July.
Mexico. 1824.
— tri'loba (three-lobed). 10. Violet. July.
S. Amer. 1752.
— vulga'ris (common). Scarlet. September.
E. Ind. 1629.
albiflo'ra (white-flowered). White. Sep.
tember. E. Ind. 1629.
QUA'SSIA. (From the name of a slave
(Quassi), who first used the bark as a
febrifuge. Nat. ord., Quassiads [Simaru-
bacese]. Linn., \Q-Decandria \-Monogy-
Hta.)
Stove evergreen tree, the source of the well-
known Quassia-chips, used for poisoning fiies;
the bitter has also been substituted for hops,
Cuttings of ripe shoots in sand, under a bell-
glass, in heat ; sandy, rich loam and fibry peat.
Winter temp., 55° to 65°; summer, 65° to 90°.
Q. ama'ra (bitter). 20. Red, June. Guiana. 1790.
QUENOUILLE is a fruit-tree with a cen-
tral stem, and its branches trained in
horizontal tiers, the lowest being the
longest, and the others gradually lessen-
ing in length as they do in age ; so that
the tree, like a spruce-fir, acquires a py-
ramidal form.
QUEECITRON. Que'rcus tincto'ria.
QUE'RCUS. The Oak. (From the
Celtic quer, fine, and cuez, a tree. Nat.
ord., Mastworts [Corylacese]. Linn., 21-
Moncecia 9-Polyandria.)
By acorns, sown as they drop from the tree ;
or collected, dried, and kept packed in sand, in
a dry place, until the following March, when
they may be sown in rows, and covered half an
inch deep ; deep, loamy soil they like best. Par-
ticular varieties are kept up by grafting.
Q. te'gilops (segilops. Velonia). 20. Levant. 1731.
latifo'lia (broad-leaved).
pe'ndula (drooping).
— agrifo'lia (scabby-leaved). May. Mexico. 1837.
— a'lba (white). 60. May. N. Amer. 1724.
pinnati'fida (deeply-cut-tea»ed). 60. May.
N. Amer. 1724.
repa'nda (w&vy-leaved). 60. May. N.Amer.
QUE
[ GTS ]
QUI
0. amkVgua (ambiguous). 60. May. N.Amer.
— Apenni'na (Apennine). 40. May. South Europe.
— aqua'tica mari'lima (sea). 40. N. Amer.
nti'na (dwarf). 12. May. N.Amer. 1738.
— austra'lis (southern^. May. Portugal. 1835.
— Aa//o'/£a(ballotta. Barbary). 60. May. Barbary.
— calyci'na, (/nr^e-calyxed). May. Europe.
— castaneeefo'lia (chestnut-leaved). 60. Crimea.
1846.
— Casfella'na (Castile). May. Europe.
— Catesb&i (Catesby's). 15. May. N.Amer. 1823.
— ce'rris (bitter oak).50. May. South Europe. 1735.
Austri'aca (Austrian). 40. May. Austria;
1824.
ca'na ma'jor (larger-hoary-teaued). May.
South Europe.
ca'na mi'nor (lesser-hoary-Zeaued). May.
South Europe.
Fulhame'nsis (Fulham). 80. May.Fulham.
pe'nduia (drooping). 50. May. South
Europe.
Ra'gnal (Ragnal). 50. May. Ragnal.
variega'ta (variegated-feai>ed). 50. May.
South Europe.
vulga'ris (common). 50. May. South
Europe. 1/35.
— cocci'fera (kermes-bearing). 10. May. South
Europe. 1683.
— eocci'nea (scarlet). 50. May. N.Amer. 1691.
— Coo'kii (Captain Cook's). Gibraltar. 1835.
— crena'ta (scolloped). May. Portutral.
— deatba'ta (whitened). May. Nepaul. 1828.
— digita'ta (hand-leaved). April. Europe.
— e'sculus (eatable. Italian). 40. May. South
Europe. 173Q.
— expa'nsa (spreading). May. South Europe.
— fagi'nea (beech-like). South Europe. 1824.
— falca'ta (sickle-shaped). 80.May.N.Amer.l763.
— glau'ca (milky-green). Japan. 1822.
— Gramu'ntia (Grammont). 40. June. France.
1736.
— haliphle'os (sea-side). April. France.
— hernisphe'rit-a (half-globe). May. Mexico. 1816.
— heterophy'lla (various-leaved). 40. May. N.
Amer.
— i'lex (holly. Evergreen). 60. May. South
France. 1581.
cri'spa (curled-leaved), 60. May. South
France.
fagifo'lia (beech-leaved). 60.
South France. 1/81.
integrifo'lia (entire-leaved). 60.
South France. 1581.
latifu'lia (broad-leaved). 60. May,
France. 1781.
longifu'lia (long-leaved).
serratifo'lia (saw-leaved). 60.
South France. 1781.
variega'ta (variegated-/<w?erf).
— tlicifo'lia (holly-leaved). 6. N. Amer.
— imbricu'ta (tired). 40. June. N. Arner
— infecto'ria (dying). Levant. >812.
— insi'gnis (remarkable). 60, Mexico. 1846.
— lanu'tn (vroolly.leaved). Nepaul. 1818
•— laurijo'lia (laurel-leaved), fio. Mav.
Amer. 1786.
hy'brida (hybrid). 60. May. N.Amer. 1/86.
— lauri'nu (laurel-like). 30. Mexico. 1837-
— Lezermia'na (Lezermi's). May. South Europe.
— Lusita'nica ( Portuguese). 40. June. Portugal.
1824*
— lu'tea (yellow). 20. May. Mexico. 1825.
— lyra'ta (lyre-leaved). 15. May. N. Amer.
— macroca'fpa (large-fruited). 40. N. Amer.
— marftima (sea). May. N.Amer. 1811.
May.
May.
South
May.
1800.
1786.
May. N.
Q. monta'na (mountam-cftesfnttO- 15. May,
N. Amer. 1800.
— myrtifo'lla (myrtle-leaved).
— ni'gra (black). 20. May. N.Amer. 1739.
— obtusi'lotia (blunt-lobed). 60. May. N. Amer,
1819.
— olivcEfo'rmis (olive-shaped-/n«7ffrf). 60. May.
N.Amer. 1811.
— palu'stris( marsh). 60. May. N.Amer. 1800.
— pedunrula'ta (common, /ong'-flower-stalked).
May. Britain.
fastiffia'ta (tapering). 4. May. South
Europe. 1820.
fo'liis variegn'tis (variegated-tea»ed). 40.
May. Britain.
heterophy'lla (various-leaved). May. Bri-
tain.
Hodgi'nsii (Hodgin's). May. Britain.
pe'nduia (drooping). 70. May. Britain.
pube'scens (downy). 60. May. Britain.
purpu'rea (purple). May. Britain.
— phe'Vos (willow. Cork-tree). N.Amer. 1723.
cine'rea (ash-coloured). 10. 31 ay. N.Amer.
1789.
hu'milis (dwarf). 20. May. N.Amer.
latifu'lia. (broad-leaved). 60. May. N.
Amer.
mari'tima (sea). May. Virginia.
seri'cea (silky. Running). 2. May. N.
Amer. 1/24.
syluu'ticu (wood). 60. May. N. Amer. 1723.
— prasi'na (light-green). May. Spain. 1824.
— pri'nus (prinus. Chestnut). 60. June. N.Amer.
1730.
acumina'ta (pointed-leaned). 80. May. N.
Amer. 1822.
monM'cola (mountain). 60. May. N.Amer,
1730.
palu'stris (marsh). 90. N.Amer. 1720.
pu'inila (dwarf). 4. May. N. Amer. 1823.
tornento'sa (downy-leaved). 70. N. Amer.
1800.
— pseu'do-cocri'fera (false-kermes-bearing).
su' her ^ false-cork). 60. May. S. Amer.
1824.
Funtane'sii (Desfontaine's). 30, May.
Calabria.
— pu'mila (dwarf). 1. May. South Europe.
— Pi/rena'ica ( Vyrenean). 4. May. Pyrenees. 1824.
— Qaext'go (Quexipo). Spain. 1845.
— n>fum&/&//t«(round-1eaved)JIune. Spain. 1818.
— ru'bru (red. Champion). 40. May. N. Amer.
1739.
— sessiliflo'ra (stalkless-flowered). 60. May.
Britain.
austra'lis (southern). April. Portugal. 1835.
Fu/ltenbergelnsis(F&[\uinbcr'y). Hanover.
1837.
— mncrocn'rpa (large-fruited). 60. May. Britain.
— pulie'scens (downy). 40. May. Britain.
— Ski'nneri (Mr. Skinner's). 60. Mexico. 1843.
— su'iter (cork). 20. May. Spain. 158U
(tngustifo'liurn (narrow-leaved). 30. June.
dentn'tum (toothed-leaved). 50. June.
Intifu'lium (broad-leaved). 40. June.
tinctti'ria (dyer's). 70 May. N. Amer.
unguto'sa (angular-to^ed). 70. May.
N. Amer.
sinuo's'i (wavy-edged-/<?o»ed). 70. May.
N. Amer.
— Turne'ri (Turner's). Levant. 18!2.
— vi'rens (green). 40. May. N. Amer. 1730.
QUICKSET, the same as the Hawthorn,
or Whitethorn, Crataj'yus oxuaca'ntha.
See HEDGE.
QUI
£079 ]
BAD
QUILLA'JA. (From quillai, the Chilian
came. Nat. ord., Roscw^rts [Llosaceeej.
Linn., 10-Dccandrla k-Pentagynia. Al-
lied to Kageneckia.)
Hardy evergreen shrub, the bark of which is
used instead of soap. Cuttings of ripened shoots
in sandy ioam, under a hand-light, and very likfly
by layers ; sandy, deep loam, and a sheltered place.
Q. sapona'ria (soap). White. April. Chili. 1332.
QUINA, QUINQUINA, or Quiso. Cincho'na.
QUINCE. Cydo'nia vulya' '/•/.«;.
Varieties.- — Common, Apple-shaped.
Pear-shaped, and Portugal. The last is
the best, and very distinct from the
others. C. Sine'nsis, the Chinese Quince,
has been fruited in this country, but it
requires a wall. The fruit is very dif-
ferent from that of either the Common
or Portugal Quinces ; it is cylindrical,
about six inches in length, and exceed-
ingly gritty.
Culture. — The trees maybe raised from
seed sown in autumn, but there is no
certainty of having the same, or any-
good fruit from the seedlings. The
several varieties may bo propagated by
cuttings and layers ; also by suckers from
such trees as grow upon their own roots,
and by grafting and budding upon their
own or pear stocks.
Cuttings, layers, and suckers may be
planted in autumn, winter, or early
spring. Choose young wood for the cut-
tings and layers. They will be rooted by
next autumn; then transplanted into
nursery rows two feet asunder; plant the
suckers also at the same distance, and
train the whole for the purposes intended;
if for standards with a stem, to any de-
sired height, from three to six feet; then
encourage them to branch out at top, to
form a head ; and those designed as
dwarfs must be headed near the ground,
and trained accordingly, for espaliers or
dwarf standards.
When they have formed tolerable
heads, plant them out finally. Standard
quinces, designed as fruit-trees, may be
stationed in the garden or orchard, and
some by the sides of any water in bye
places, suffering the whole to take their
own natural growth ; and as espaliers,
they may be arranged with other mode-
rate-growing trees, about fifteen feet
apart. For other particulars of culture,
tee PEAR.
QUINCUNX is the form resulting from
planting in rows, with one plant opposite
the centre of each vacancy between two
plants in the row on each side of it, as in
this diagram : —
QUISQTJA'US. (From quis, who, and
qualis, what kind ; when first named it
was doubtful to which class and order to
refer it. Nat. ord., Myrobalans [Combre-
tacege]. Li\\n.,lQ-Decandi'ia \-Monogynia.
Allied to Combretum.)
Stove climbers. Cuttings of the young: shoot8
when several inches in length, after the plant ha8
been stumped in after-flowering, taking the cut-
tings oif with a heel, and inserting them in sand,
ut.der a bell-glass, and in bottom-heat ; peat and
loiini, but most of the latter. Winter temp.,. 4ii°
to 50° ; summer, 60° to 88°.
Q. pla'bra (smooth). 20. Java. 1815.
— I'ndica (Indian). 20. Orange, red. June.
Java. 1815.
— pube'scejis (downy.1) SO. Orange, red. Guinea.
— S//><?'MS/s(Chinese). 10. Rose. July. Canton. 1841.
— vWo'sa (shaggy). Pegu. 1818.
QUIVI'SIA. (Sois de Qnivi, of the Isle
of France. Nat. ord., Meliads [Meliacese].
Linn., 10-Decandria 1-Monoyynia. Al-
lied to Melia.)
Stove evergreen tree. Cuttings of ripened shoots
in sand, under a glass, and in a brisk bottom-
heat ; sandy loam and fibry peat. Winter temp.,
48° to 55° ; summer, 60° to 85°.
Q. helerophy'lla (various-kaved). 18. White. Isle
of France. 1822.
RACEME, a cluster. This is formed of
numerous, rather distant flowers, each on
its own stalk, but growing out of one
central stalk, as in a bunch of currants.
RADISH. Rapha'nus sati'vttz.
Spring Varieties. — Long rooted:— Long
White; called also the White Transpa-
rent, White Italian, and Naples Eadish.
White Russian. Twisted Radish of Mons.
Semi-long Scarlet. Rose-coloured Semi-
long. Scarlet, or Salmon, or Scarlet-
transparent Radish. Purple, formerly-
called exclusively the Short-topped. Red-
necked White.
Turnip-rooted :— White Turnip. Early
White Turnip. Pink. Rose-coloured, Scar-
let and Crimson Turnip. Purple Turnip.
Yellow Turnip. New Yellow Short- topped.
Autumn and Winter Varieties. — These
are all of the turnip-rooted kind, and are
in the order they follow in coming into
use: — Yellow Turnip. Round Brown.
White Spanish. Oblong Brown. Black
HAD
f 680 3
HAD
Spanish. Large Purple. Winter or Pur-
ple Spanish.
The soil, a light loam, and moderately
fertile, should be dug a full spade deep,
and well pulverized. Manures should
not be applied at the time of sowing. The
situation should always be open, but for
early and late crops warm and sheltered.
Sowing.— For the earliest productions,
during December, January, and February,
in a hotbed; and in the open ground
once a month during winter, and every
fortnight during the other seasons of the
year.
In the open ground the seed is gene-
rally sown broadcast, and well raked in,
but in drills is much the most preferable
mpde. In either case it must be inserted
thin, and buried a quarter of an inch
deep. Thick sowing causes the tops to be
large, and the roots sticky.
If broadcast, the beds should be laid
out four or five feet wide, divided by al-
leys afoot in width, the earth from which
may be thrown out to raise the beds.
If drills are employed for the long- rooted,
they are required to be three inches
asunder, for the turnip-rooted four or
five, and for the Spanish, &c., six or eight.
When the seedlings are well up, and
advanced to five or six leaves, they are
ready for thinning; the spindle- rooted to
three inches apart, the turnip-rooted to
four, and the larger varieties to six. The
spaces, however, require to be rather in-
creased in moist, warm weather. In dry
weather they ought to be watered regu-
larly every night. The early and late
crops that have to withstand the attacks
of frost, &c., should be kept constantly
covered with dry straw or fern, to the
depth of about two inches, or with mat-
ting, supported by hooping until the
plants make their appearance, when the
covering must be removed every mild
day, but renewed towards evening, and
constantly during frosty or tempestuous
weather.
The bed should have a good watering
the morning before that on which they
are taken up, but none afterwards until
subsequent to the drawing.
To draw for Salads whilst with their
seed-leaves, sowings must be made once
a week. The management is precisely
that required for rape, mustard, <fec.
To obtain Seed, leave in April, or early
May, some of the most perfect plants of
a main crop. When in full vigour, they
must be taken up with as little injury as
possible to the roots and leaves, and
planted in rows, three feet asunder each
way, being inserted by the dibble com--
pletly down to the leaves. Water must
be applied until they have taken root,
and occasionally throughout their growth,
especially when in flower. If practicable,
it is best to leave some plants where
raised.
To obtain seeds of the Black Spanish,
some seeds must be sown 'in March, or
some of the winter-standing crop left or
transplanted during that month. The
pods must be cut as soon as they become
of a brown hue, and well dried.
Two varieties must never be raised
near each other, and seed of the previous
year's raising should always be employed.
The seeds of the different varieties are
easily distinguished by an experienced
seedsman. Those of the long white
radish are small, flat, and pale ; of the
scarlet and purple long-rooted, large ; and
of the first very light-coloured, compared
with those of the latter; of the white
turnip, small, round, and brown: scarlet
turnip, rather larger, and somewhat
darker ; purple turnip, larger and brown,
being similar to the long rooted purple,
except in size.
Forcing. — A moderate hotbed is re-
quired for this crop, of a length according
with that of the frame to be employed ;
the earth about eight inches deep, on the
surface of which the seed is to be sown
as soon as the violent heat is abated, and
an additional fourth of an inch sifted
over it.
The seedlings are in general up in less
than a week, and in six they will be ready
to draw. Throughout their growth air
must be admitted as freely as is allowable.
The glasses, however, must be closed on
the approach of evening, and mats or
other covering put on in proportion to
the severity of the season. When the
earth appears at all dry, a light watering
must be given at noon.
The plants must not stand nearer than
two inches to each other. The tempera-
ture required is from 50° to 70° ; and it
must be kept to this heat by moderate
linings as required.
If there be a deficiency of frames,
hoops and mats may be employed, a
frame of boards being formed round the
bed, light and air being admitted as
freely and as often as possible. If seed
RAF
]
RAM
is sown within a frame without any bot-
tom-heat, the plants will be two or three
weeks forwarder than if sown in the open
ground.
BA'FNIA. (Named after C. Rafn, a
Danish hotanist. Nat. ord., Leguminous
Plants [Fabacese] . Linn., IQ-Monadelphia
6-Decan.dria. Allied to Hovea.)
Greenhouse, yellow-flowered evergreens, from
the Cape of Good Hope, except where otherwise
mentioned. Seeds in a hotbed, in spring; cut-
tings of firm side-shoots at the beginning of
summer, in sand, under a bell-glass ; sandy peat
and fibry loam, kept rough by pieces of charcoal
and broken pots, and drainage well attended to.
Winter temp., 40° to 48°.
R. angula'ta (angular- branched). 2. May. 1816.
R. corda'ta (heart-tea»ed). 2. May. 1821.
— cuneifo'lia (wedge-leaved). 2. Yellow, purple.
June. 1816.
— elli'ptica (oval-teaued). 2. June. 1819.
— filifu'lia (thread-leaved). 1. May. 1816.
— la'ncea (spear-head-/eawed). 2. June. 1823.
— oppo'sita (opposite-leaned). 2. June, 1824.
— triflo'ra (three-flowered). 3. June. 1784. Biennial.
BAGGED ROBIN. Ly'chnis Jlo's-cu'culi.
RAGS. See VEGETABLE MANURES.
RAGWORT. Otho'nna.
RAILING is of various forms, hut all, if
made of wood, are soon decayed if slight,
and are clumsy and inelegant if strong.
Iron railing is at once light, neat, and
enduring, and, like the following, may be
erected for about 2s. per yard.
.Ground XLie
RAKE. This implement is now much
less in use than formerly, when broad-
cast sowing was prevalent. Now the
broad hoe is quite as efficient in covering
drill-sown seed. The head of the rake
is best made of wood, and of this ash is
most desirable. If the head be of iron,
the teeth are continually becoming loose.
Rakes, with heads about six inches long,
are required for dressing flower-borders,
but for open ground-work the length may
he fifteen inches. The hoe and the rake
are sometimes attached to one handle ;
but it is a form liable to constant entan-
glement in the flower-garden, for which
it is designed.
RAMO'NDIA. (Named after L. Ramond,
a French botanist. Nat. ord., Gesnerworts
[Gesneraceae]. Linn., 5-Pentandria 1-
Monogynia. Allied to Streptocarpus.)
Hardy herbaceous perennial. Seeds and divi-
sions in spring ; sandy loam and a little peat ; a
sheltered place, or kept in a pit, in winter, as an
alpine.
R. Pi/rena'ica (Pyrenean). i. Purple. May.
Pyrenees. 1/31.
RAMOON-TREE. Tro'phis.
RAMPION. Phyteu'ma and Cy'ph'ta phy-
teu'ma.
RAMPION. Campanula rapu'nculus.
The soil ought to be moderately moist;
but it must be light. A shady, rich bor-
der is most favourable.
Sow during March, April, and May, in
drills six inches apart; the plants from
sowings in the first two months soon run
up to seed. The plants are to remain
where sown ; though, in case of any
deficiency, those which are taken away
in thinning the crops may be transplanted
successfully, if removed to a border si-
milar to the seed-bed, and inserted with
the roots perpendicular, and without
pressing the mould too close about them.
The best time for the removal is of an
evening.
They are fit for thinning when about
two inches in height, and they must be
set at a distance of six inches apart. The
plants of the sowings during the two
first-mentioned months will be fit for use
at the close of August, or early in Sep-
tember, and continue through the au-
tumn. Those of the last one will con-
tinue good throughout the winter, and
until the following April. The soil
throughout their growth must be kept
moist by giving frequent waterings.
The root, for which it is cultivated,
either to be sliced together with its leaves
BAN
[ C82 ] RAN
in salads, or eaten r.* the radish, as well
as to be boiled like asparagus, is most
palatable when drawn young, and eaten
fresh from the ground.
To obtain Seed, leave a few of the
winter-standing plants. These flower in
July and August, and ripen abundance
of seed in early autumn. Gather it be-
fore it begins to scatter, and dry 011 a
cloth before thrashing.
BA'NDIA. (Named after J. Hand, a
London botanist. Nat. ord., Cinchonads
[CinchonaceasJ. Linn., 5-Pentandria 1-
Sf&nxftfynia. Allied to Gardenia.)
Stove evergreen shrubs, and white-flowered,
except where otherwise mentioned. Cuttings of
the young shoots in spring and summer, in sand,
under a bell-glass, in a hotbed. Sandy, fibry loam
and fibry peat, with a few nodules of charcoal.
Temp., when at rest in winter, 45° to 50°; when
growing in spring or summer, 60° to 80°.
R. arma'ta (armed). 7. May. W. Ind. 1813.
— Bowiea'na (Bowie's). Pale yellow. Brazil. 181 r,.
— fascicula'ta (fascicled). 4. July. E. Ind. 182-1.
—floribu'nda (bundle-flowered). 4. July. E.Ind.
1825.
— ho'rrida (horrid). 8. May. China. 1825.
— latifo'lia (broad-leaved). 7. July. W. Ind. 17:13.
— longijio'ra (long-flowered). 4. August. E. Ind.
1818.
— mucra'ntha (large-flowered). 5. Cream-coloured.
August. Sierra Leone. 15y6.
— obova'ta (reversed-egg-te««ed). 6. May. New
Grenada. 1818.
— oxypeftulu (sharp- petaled). Yellowish. May.
Saharanpoor. 1843.
— parviflo'ra (small-flowered). 4. August. YT.
Ind. 1818.
— pube'scens (downy). 5. July. Peru. 1820.
— rotundifo'lia (round-leaved). 6. July.Peru. 1820.
— Sine'nsis (Chinese). 5. July. China, ISIS.
RANTRY. The Mountain Ash. (Pg'rus
aucupa'ria.)
KANU'NCULUS. Crowfoot. (From rana,
a frog; some of the species inhabiting
marshy places. Nat. ord., Crowfoots
[Ranunculacese]. Linn., \3-Polyandda
6-Polyyynia.)
AH yellow-flowered, except where otherwise
specified. Annuals, seeds in common soil, in
March and April, though few are worth the
trouble, unless in a corner devoted to small native
and alpine plants. Perennials, by division of the
plant in spring. Aquatics, mostly natives, by
division, and giving them any soil in shallow
ponds or ditches ; tuberous-rooted, by division of
the roots in spring. Asia'iirus, the florists' Ra-
nunculus, and its many varieties, may be planted i
in stiff, rich loam, either in October or March ; if !
the former, the beds will require to be protected
a little from heavy rains and from sharp frosts.
See treatment as a florist's flower.
HARDY ANNUALS.
R. Chi'us (Scio). £. June. Archipelago. 1827.
— philono'tis (moisture-loving). £. July. South
Europe. 1800.
— tessiliflo'rus (stalkless-flowered). 4. June,
N, Holland.
R, tri'lobus (rhree-lobed). £. June. Greece. 1818,
— tubrruulu'tus (pimpled). 1. June. Tauria. 1817.
— uligino'sus (marsh). £. June. Teneriffe. 1820.
— ventrico'sus (swollen). £. July. Brazil.
HARDY AQUATICS.
R. obtusifo'Hus (blunt-leaved). 1. White. 7une.
England.
— pa'ntothrix (all-hairy). White. June. Britain.
fln.ria'tilis (long-leaved. River). White.
June. Britain.
— polyphy'llus (many-leaved). $. April. Hun-
gary. 1819. Annual.
— tripu'rtitus (three-parted). White. June.
Europe.
GREENHOUSE HE TIB A; "OUS.
R. £-era/?z'ot'/dt>s(geranium-likc').Ma. . ?>Iexico.l636.
— lappa'ceus (burdock-like). I.June. N. Holland.
1822.
— plebe'ius (common). 1. June. N. Holland. 1820.
HARDY EVERGREENS.
R. filifo'rmis (thread-formed). 1. June. N. Amer.
1823. Creeper.
— Lappo'nicus (Lapland). §. May. Lapland. 1827.
HARDY TUBEROUS-ROOTED.
11. angula'tus (&\\«\?A-stemmed). 1. Naples. 183f-!.p
— Asia'ticus (Asiatic. Common-garden). j.
Variegated. May. Levant. 1596.
sangui'neus (blood-coloured). £. Scarlet.
May. Syria.
tenuifo'lius (fine-leaved). |. White.
May. Greece.
— bracten'tus (/or^e-bracted). May. Pyrenees.
flo're-ple'nn (double-flowered). May.
ochroteu'cus (whitish-yellow). Pale yel-
low. August. England.
— Irevifo'llus (short-leaved). J. June. Naples.
1824.
— lulla'tus flo' re-pie' nn (blistererl-/c/i»efZ-double-
fli>wered). 1. May. South Europe. 1640.
grandiflo'rus (large -flowered). 1. May.
South Europe. )640.
— charoiihy'llus (chervil-leaved). 1. May. Por-
tu-al.
— cicuta'rius (cicuta-lilce). 1. May. Siberia.
1818.
— cortusatfo'lius (cortusa- leaved). 1. May.
Teneriffe. 1826.
— CJ-^JCMS (Cretan). 1. May. Candia. 1658.
mncrnphy1 llus (large-leaved). 2. May.
Tenenfte. l65s.
— fumarionfo'Uus (fumitory-leaved). 1. May.
— Garga'nicus (Garganian). 4. August. Naples.
1832.
— gra'cilis (slender). £. May. Archipelago. 1818.
— gresafrius (flockina;). 1. May. Italy. 1817.
— hy'bridus (hybrid), g. May. Austria. 1820.
— Illy 'ricus (Illy rian). l£. May. South Europe.
1596.
— millefolia'tus (thousand-leaved). May. Sicily.
1820.
grandiflo'rus (large-flowered). £. April.
Naples. 1833.
— Monspeli'acus (Montpelier). 1. May. South
France.
cuned'tus (wedge-/e«werf). 1. May. South
Europe.
rotundifti'lius (round-leaved). 1. May.
South Europe.
— ozyspe'rmus (sharp-seeded). 1. Pale yellow.
May. Caucasus. 1822.
— peda'tus (doubly-lobed). 1. May. Hungary.
1805.
— scuta' tits (shield-tesred). £. May. Hungary.
1817.
[683 ]
RAN
. iho'ra {thorz.-I;idney-leuved). 3. May. Austria. [
1/10.
tub cro'sus (tuberous). 1. June. Pyrenees. JS20. j
HAKDY HERBACEOUS.
. aconitifo'lius (aconite-leaved). 1. White, j
May. Alps, Europe. IsgG.
orassicau'lis (thick-stemmed). 1. White, i
May. Europe.
hu'milis (lowly). £. White. May. Europe. |
a'cris-plt'nus (acrid-double-flowered). 2. June. .
Britain.
alpe'stris (alpine). 3. White. July. Scotland,
amplexicau'lis (stem-clasping). 1. White.
May. Pyrenees. 1633.
— angustifo'lius (narrow- leaved).
siifo'l
May.
White.
apiifo'lius (api urn- leaved). 2. White, red.
June. Bonaria. 1816.
a'rcticus (northern). July. N. Amer. 1827-
auri'comus (golden-haired), ij. May. Britain.
Bonarie'nsit (Buenos Ayres). -'.-. June. N.
Amer. 1817.
drevicau'lis (short-stalked). May. N.Amer.
1827.
Breynia'nus (Breynius's). June. Switzerland.
1818.
Bru'tius (Brutian). l&. May. Italy. 1823.
bupleuroi'des (hare's-ear-/eaued). 1. May.
Portugal. 1826.
-cardiophy'llus (heart -leaved). May. Canada.
1829.
Cassu'bicus (Cassubian). 2. June. Siberia.
1794.
Caicca'sirus (Caucasian). !£. June. Caucasus.
1820.
crassicau'lis (thick-stemmed). 1. June. Eu-
rope. 1827.
crena'tus (scolloped). £. White. June. Hun-;
gary. 1818.
cymbala'ria (beat^shaped). £. June. Siberia.
1824.
disse'ctus (cut-leaned). £. June. Caucasus. 181S.
Eschscho'ltzii (Eshscholtz's). May. N. Amer.
1827.
fasciaulu'ris (bundled). 1. June. N.Amer.
fri'gidus (cold). £. Pale yellow. May. South
Europe. 1827.
glabe'rritn-us (smoothest). 3Iay. N. Amer.
1827.
glacia'lis.(\cy). £. White. July. Lapland. 1775.
aconitoi'des (aconitum-leaved). £. White.
July. 'Switzerland. 181p.
Goua'ni (Gouan's). 1. June. Pyrenees. 18SS.
grumi'neus (grassy), 1. May. Wales.
flo1 re.pl e'no (double-flowering;). 1. May.
phcsnicifd' lius (phoene-leaved). 1. May.
Europe.
grandijlti'rus (large-flowered). £. May. Cap pa-
docia.
hi'rtus (hairy). 1. June. New Zealand. 1820.
hi'sjiitlus (bristly). 1^. June. N.Amer. 1810.
hyperbo'reus (northern). $. June. North
Europe. 1820.
isopyroi'des (isopyruni-like). £. White. June.
Siberia. 1818.
lu'cerus (torn). §. White. May. South France.
1821.
lanugino'sus (woolly -leaved). 1. June. South
Europe. 1683.
K'ngua (tongue-tea^d). 2. July. Britain.
•montu'nus (mountain), i. June. Lapland.
1775.
napeWfn'lius (napeUus-leaved). 1. July. Tur-
key. 182-2.
nemoro'svs (grove). I.June. Switzerland. 1810.
R, nemoro'sus paiicijlofrus (few- flowered). I.
June. Switzerland. 18 19.
— nivn'lis (snowy). £. July. Lapland. 1775.
— Parnassifo'lius (Parnassia-leaved). ^. White.
June. South Europe. 1769.
— pedati'fidus (doubly-lobe-cut). 1. April. Si-
beria. 1827.
— plantagi'neus (plantain-leaved). 1. White.
May. Piedmont. ISIQ. .
— platanifo'lius (plane-tree-leaved). 3. White.
June. Germany. 1/69.
-- flo're-ple'nti (double-flowered). 1. White.
May. Alps. 15Q6.
— Pu'rshii (Pursh's). July. N. Amer. 1827.
— pygi>i<£'us(v\%my). %. April. Lapland. 1810.
— Pt/rence'us (Pyrenean). 1. White. May.
Pyrenees. 1807-
-- bupleurifo'lius (bupleurum-leaved). ^.
White. June. Pyrenees. 1818.
— recurvu'tus (curled-back-seerfcd). June. N.
Amer. 18.27.
'i. July.
— rhomboi'deus (diamond-/eaferf). April. N.
Amer. 1825.
— ru'fulus (reddish-haired). July. Portugal. 1825*
— rui&fo'lius (rue-leaved). $. White. June.
Austria. 1759.
— Sabi'ni (Sahine's). July. N.Amer. 1827.
— salsugino'sus (salt). 1. April. Siberia. 1822.
— Seguie'ri (Seguiei"s). J. White. June. Pied-
mont. 1819.
— spica'tus vspike-//ou>erecJ). 1. Yellow. April.
Algiers. 1850.
— Steve'nii (Steven's). l£. June. Volhinia. 1819.
— tnmentn'sus (woolly). 1. June. N.Amer. 1820.
— Vilta'rsi (Villars's). 1. June. South Europe.
1819.
KANIT'NCULUS (R. Asia'ticus) AS A
FLORIST'S FLOWER.
Varieties. — These are very numerous
and annually increased.
Soil. — This should be of a fine texture,
easily broken, and moderately light. It
should feel soft to the hand, and have a
little— but a little— sand amongst it.
The best is generally found near to rivers.
Let it be laid on a long heap, not too
thick, and turned over once a month for
a year. It will then be in good condition,
for use. Remove the old soil away from
the bed you intend for ranunculuses to
the depth, if the situation is dry, of
fifteen inches : if wet, ten inches will do.
Put in a layer of very rotten cow-dung,
two inches thick ; then bring the soil,
put in a layer of four inches, upon that
put a layer of rotten hotbed dung one
inch thick, and so proceed till the
bed is full, and raised two or three inches
above the surface. Let the bed be edged
with hoards or slates. Hoop it over, to
protect it from heavy rain, snows, and
hailstones. Turn it over, mixing the
materials together well, only take care
not to disturb the layer of cow-dung at
the bottom. Let this turning operation
RAN
£684]
EAN
be performed two or three times at in-
tervals of three or four weeks between,
finishing the last about the end of
January, so as to allow the bed to settle
by the planting time in February.
Planting. — The best time for doing
this is between the 8th and 20th of Fe-
bruary. The soil of the bed ought to be
neither wet nor dry. To prove its state,
iako up a handful, gently squeeze it, and
let it fall about half a yard ; if it is in a
•right condition, it will fall in pieces.
With a rake level the soil ; then, with a
triangular-shaped and rather small hoe,
or with the corner of a common hand-
hoe, draw a drill across the bed, two
inches deep ; draw the next five inches
distant from the first, and so on till the
whole bed is finished. Commence this
some fine morning, when there is a pros-
pect of the day continuing fine. When
the drills are all finished, sprinkle at the
bottom of each drill some fine sand ;
then bring out your ranunculus roots,
with a numbered label, made either of
lead, with the number stamped upon it,
or of wood, with each number written
wpon it with a black-lead-pencil upon a
coating of white-lead. Begin then to
plant the variety written in your book
opposite No. 1 ; take each root between
your finger and thumb, and place it at
the bottom of the drill, very gently press-
ing it down in the sand to about half the
length of the claws of each root. Having
placed the first to your mind, put the
next at four inches distance from it, and
so proceed till you have planted all the
first kind ; then thrust in the numbered
label, either with the number facing the
kind, or with its back to it. Both ways
are practised by florists, but we prefer
the number to face the variety it belongs
to. If our plan is followed the number
should be always put in first, the whole
of the variety planted, and then the
second number put in, and the second
land planted. Follow on in this manner
till the bed is filled. As soon as that is
completed, cover the roots just over the
crowns with some more of the fine sand :
this sand prevents the roots from getting
too wet, or moulding. Then with a rake
carefully level down the soil into the
drills. If your bed is not edged with
boards or slates (as recommended be-
fore), stretch a line on one side of the
bed, about four inches from the roots,
.and with the back of the spade pat the
soil on the side of the bed gently, to
make it firm; then chop down the edge of
the bed nearly perpendicularly.
After-culture. — It is essential to the
success of this flower that the soil about
them should be close and firm, almost
approaching to hardness. If the bed
has been rightly prepared, and the flower
planted according to the instructions
given, all will be well. When the tops
begin to push through the soil, it will be
of the greatest importance to tread the
soil down very firm between the rows,
and if any symptoms of cracking in the
soil appear, the surface should be stirred
to prevent it. Protection from sharp
late frosts should be given, by covering
whenever such weather is likely to take
place, and it is equally beneficial to pro-
tect from heavy rains. Both are best
excluded by hoops extended across the
bed to support a covering of tarpaulin or
oil- cloth. During April and May, should
dry weather prevail, water may be cau-
tiously administered at intervals in an
evening, but only just so much as will
prevent the soil of the bed from cracking ;
or a little moss or old, spent tanners'
bark, &c., may be neatly placed between
the rows, which will retain the moisture
in the soil. The over-abundant applica-
tion of water is a very common error,
and one of the greatest evils.
The dying of leaves, in some instances,
evidently depends on a want of vigour,
or partial rot in the root; and, in some
few cases, it would appear to be caused
by large earthworms, forming their wide
tracks amid the roots of the plants,
nearly undermining them; but in the
great majority of cases it is produced
by injudicious watering.
During the expansion of the flower-
buds, and when they are fully blown, an
awning should be erected over the bed,
as in the case of tulips, that rain and
hot sun may be excluded; and gentle
watering every second or third evening
may be given, which will keep the bed
cool and moist, and promote the size of
the flower. As much air should be ad-
mitted as possible, that the flower-stems
be not drawn and weakened.
liaising Seedlings. — Save seed only
from varieties distinguished for excellence
of form and colour. Sow in February,
and place the boxes in a cool greenhouse
or frame. Sow in boxes eighteen inches
by eleven inches, and four inches deep,
RAP
[685 ]
RAP
full of loamy earth, and the surface
level. Sow the seeds about the eighth
of an inch apart ; cover them as thinly
as possible, and water with a fine rose ;
but place the boxes under glass, without
heat. The plants usually make their
appearance in about a month. Give air
day and night, except in severe frost;
then cover up with straw mats. With
such protection, the young plants will
endure the severest seasons. Put the
boxes in the open ground up to the
second week in May, and water daily
until the leaves begin to wither ; then
suffer the boxes to become quite dry ;
and in the middle of July take them up,
and preserve the roots in bags until
February, and then plant them as the
general stock. In the following June
they flower.
Taking up. — The roots, in wet seasons,
should be taken up as soon as the leaves
turn yellow, as they are apt to sprout ;
but in dry seasons they may remain until
the leaves are brown. Take them up as
dry as the season will permit ; complete
the drying in a warm room, rather than
in the sun, and store them in a dry, cool
place.
Forcing. — Select tubers which have
heen kept three or four months, or even
a year over the season of planting, these
being more easily excited than those
which have been only the usual time out
of the soil; plant them in pots about
the beginning of August; and, by bring-
ing these into the greenhouse at different
periods, a bloom is kept up from October
to February.
KAPE,OI- COLESEED. (Bra'ssicana'pus.}
Like mustard and other small salading,
it may be sown at any period of the year,
when in request, being allowed a separate
bed. It is cultivated as MUSTARD, which
see.
To obtain Seed. — Some plants of a
sowing made about the middle of July
must be thinned to eighteen inches apart:
they will survive the winter, and flower
in the May and June of the next year.
The seed, which is produced in great
abundance, ripens in July and August,
and must be cut as it docs so, and laid
upon cloths to dry.
RAPE (EDIBLE-ROOTED). This name
may be applied to a variety of the rape
mentioned by Mr. Dickson, one of the
vice-presidents of the Horticultural So-
ciety. Its root is white and carrot-shaped,
about the size of the middle finger. It
is much more delicate in flavour than
the turnip, like which root it is cooked,
only that it is not peeled, but scraped,
its skin being remarkably thin.
Sowing. — For the main crop, sow from
the middle of July to the end of August,
or even later. These will supply the
table until April ; and if wanted through-
out the year, a little may be sown in the
latter end of October, the plants from
which will be fit for use during April
and May ; the last crop to be sown from
the middle of January to the middle of
February, which will come in at the end
of May and during June. On a north
border, and if the soil is sandy and moist,
it is possible to have them sweet and
tender during the whole summer, to effect
which sow at the close of March and
May.
Cultivation.— Thin and hoe as turnips.
In dry weather the beds must be watered
regularly.
Soil.— One great advantage attending
the cultivation of this vegetable is, that
it requires no manure. Any soil that is
poor and light, especially if sandy, is
suitable to it. In rich, manured soil it
grows much larger, but not so sweet and
good.
To obtain Seed in February or March,
some of the finest roots are transplanted
to two feet asunder ; but it would, per-
haps, be a better practice to leave them
where grown. The seed must be cut as
soon as ripe, and treated as directed for
turnips, <fec.
EAPHA'NUS. Radish. (From ra, quickly,
nnd phainomai, to appear ; rapid germi-
nation of the seeds. Nat. ord., Orucifcrs
[Brassicacese]. Linn., 16-Tetradynamia.)
Hardy annuals. Seeds; rich, sandy soil; but
for standing: the winter it should be dry and poor.
Sec RADISH.
R. cauda'tus (tailed), ij. White, purple. July.
Java. 1815.
— Ln'ndra (Landra). 3. Yellow. June. Italy.
1820. Biennial.
— suti'vus (cultivated). 3. White, purple. May,
China. 1548.
RAPHIO'LEPIS. Indian Hawthorn.
(From raphis, a needle, and lepis, a scale ;.
formation of the bractes. Nat. ord., Apple-
worts [Pomaceae]. Linn., 12-Icosandria
%-Di-pentagynia. Allied to Cratsegus.)
Half-hardy, white-flowered, evergreen shrubs'
from China. Cuttings of half-ripened shoots in
sandy loam, in a sheltered place, under a hand-
light ; sandy loam and peat ; a sheltered place
against a wall, or protected in very cold places by
HAS
[ 686 ]
HAS
a cold pit; most of them have stood at least
>. -veral seasons protected by a wall in the vicinity
of London.
R. I'mlica (India)i). White, pin!:. June. 1800.
— />A«os?e'mon(brown-stam?ned). 4. Jui-
— ru'bra (red). 15. Reddish. June. ISOt.i.
— salicifo'lia, (willow-leaved). 3. June. Id20.
KASPAI'LIA. ( Nam ed after M. Easpa.il,
.1 French botanist. Nat. ord., Bruninds
[Bruniacere]. Linn., 5-Pentandria 1
Jfonogynia. Allied to Brunia.)
Greenhonse evergreen. Cuttings of young,
stubby shoots in sand, under a bell-glass, and in
a cold frame; sandy, fibry peat. Winter temp.,
-;o° to 48°.
11. microphy'lla (small-leaved). 1. White. July.
Capeof Good Hope. 1804.
RASPBERRY. JRu'bus i
Varieties. — The most useful are as
follows: — 1. Red Antwerp; 2. Yellow
Antwerp ; 3. Fastolff, or Filby ; 4. Double-
bearing. Of these, Nos. 1 and 2 have
been for many years highly esteemed;
but 3 has, of late, in a great degree, super-
seded them, being larger and of at least
equal flavour, a great bearer, and pos-
sessing that desirable property in the
summer Raspberries of producing occa-
sionally fine autumnal fruit, which is
superior to that of the double-bearing
hinds. No. 4 is a decided autumn Rasp-
berry. Mr. Rivers, of Sawbridgeworth,
• as a new variety of this from America,
which is said to be very superior. Another
variety is a hybrid between the Raspberry
and Blackberry; this Mr. Rivers calls "the
Black," and states is good for preserving.
Propagation: by Suckers. — Those who
<lesire to make anew plantation of Rasp-
berries will do well to obtain their
suckers from a healthy stock. We have
known new plantations made in cases of
emergency from a stock which had stood
too long in the ground, and of course
were lean, if not diseased. This lean-
ness was evidently transmitted to their
progeny, and, despite high manuring, a
rear or two was lost before they could
recover. Suckers, then, may be planted
any time between October and the mid-
dle of February, and they are drawn away
from the old plants by hand; a slight
pull will soon show which are those dis
posed to colonise. Deeply-dug ground is
requisite, and it should have a liberal
amount of half-rotten manure. Strong
suckers (drawn with a, ball of soil, if pos-
sible) may be planted three in a group,
at the end of September, four feet apart
from centre to centre ; and the rows, if
side by side, six feet apart. As soon as
the leaf drops, say the beginning of No-
vember, we would prime one strong cane
to three feet, a second to two feet, and &
third to within a couple or three inches
of the soil. By these means a nice little
crop may be taken the first year, and
good shoots reserved for the next.
From Seed, — This is practised chiefly
with a view of raising new kinds ; and
the seed collected from superior berries,
v/hen thoroughly ripe, is washed from the
pulp and dried, then packed in \.
until spring. In the beginning of Fe-
bruary it must bo sown, and a gentle hot-
bed would hurry the process much. The
seedlings must be pricked out when three
inches high, and generous treatment,
must be continued ; and towards the
middle of May, having been hardened
off, they may be planted at once in their
final destination. All that is requisite
now is careful training, the keeping down
suckers and watery spray ; and when the
shoots are five feet long, the top may be
pinched to consolidate the wood.
Soil, — When wild, being an inhabitant
of woods, a damp soil, somewhat reten-
tive of moisture, is found to suit it best.
We have generally known it most suc-
cessful in a darkish soil of an alluvium
character ; any of our loams, however, of
sound texture, will grow it in perfection,
but the soil should be tolerably deep. A
hot and loose sand, short of depth, is
the least suitable. To meet the increased
amount of perspiration from the leaf to
which the cultivated plant is liable in
sunny situations, extra provision in the
way 'of top dressing and mulching is
highly to be commended.
Culture duriitg the Growing Period. —
Soon after tho canes begin to shoot iri
spring, a slight thinning- out is very bene-
ficial; this may take place about the be-
ginning of May. In a few weeks' time a
thinning of the suckers may take place,
for, in general, they produce a profusion,
and such draw on the resources of the
plant, and exhaust the soil. About four
or five may be left on each stool ; if they
are very gross, the moderate ones may
be left ; if weak, the strongest.
If they have not been mulched, it
should be done immediately. As soon
as the last fruit is gathered, the old bear-
ing shoots may be cut clean away, and
the young canes drawn a little closer to-
gether. When over five feet in height,
EAT
[ 687 ]
BEN
the tops may be pinched ; this, however,
should not be done before the end of
August.
Culture during the Rest Period. — As
soon as the leaves have all fallen, prun-
ing may take place, and our practice is
to leave four canes. These we cut at
different heights ; the tallest about four
feet; the next about nine inches lower,
and so on with the rest. By these means
the young spray is nicely divided, and
the plants fruit from bottom to top. The
canes are now neatly fastened, and a top-
dressing completes the rest period. All
useless suckers or canes are drawn away.
Training.— The ear- „
liest and finest are
obtained from canes
planted beneath a
south wall, and trained ^ \ \ ff y
against it in this form. <\ \\ J| // //
But in the open ground
the best mode of train-
ing is round small
hoops,thus. The worst
form is plaiting the
canes together; and
training in arches, or
other compact forms,
excluding the light
and warmth of the
sun, is little better.
Forcing. — Rasp-
berries may be forced,
growing either in pots
or in the borders of
the house. They may
he also planted on the outside of a pit,
the bearing canes being introduced with-
inside, and trained to a trellis, whilst the
present year's shoots are left outside.
RATTLESNAKE FERN. Botry'ckium Vir-
(ji'nicum.
RAUWO'LFJA. (Named after L. Rau-
u-ol/, M.D., a botanical traveller. Nat.
( rd., Dogbanes [Apocynacea?]. Linn., 5-
Pcntandria 1-Monogynia. Allied to Ca-
rissa.)
Stove evergreen shrubs. Cuttings of the points
of shoots, or stubby side-shoots, in sand, under a
heil-^lass, in the beginning of summer, and. in
bottom-heat ; ?andy, fibry loam, fibry peat, a little
dried leaf-mould, and pieces of charcoal. Winter
temp., 50° to 60° ; summer, 60° to 68°.
JR. cane'scens (hoary). 7. Pink. Jamaica. 1759-
— ni'tida (shining). 12. White. August. Spain. 1752.
— spino'sn (thorny). Yellow. June. Peru. 1827.
— ternifu'lia (three-leaved). 3. White. May. W.
Ind. 1823.
— tomento'sa (woolly).3.WhUe.July.W.Ind.l823.
REATJMU'RIA. (Named after A* Eea:t-
mur, the French entomologist. Nat. ord.,
Riiaumuriads [Eeaumuriacea?]. Linn.,
1'3-Polyandria b-Peiituyynia. )
Half-hardy evergreens. Cuttings from young
shoots in sand, under a glass ; sandy, fibry loam,
fihry peat, and leaf-mould; dry soil in sheltered
places ; but generally requires a cold pit in winter^
R. hypericoi'des(St. John's-wort-like). 2. Purplfc?
August. Syria 1800.
— vermiculti'tu(worm-like-leaved). 1. Pink. June?
Sicily. 1828.
RED BAY. Lau'rus Caroline' mis.
RED CEDAR. Juni'perus Virginia1 na.
RED GUM TREE. Eucaly'plus resin i'f era,
RED NIGHTSHADE. Eri'ca halieaca'ba,
RED SPIDER. See ACARUS.
REEVE'SIA. (Named after J. Reeves,
Esq., of Canton. Nat. ord., Sterculiads
[Sterculiacese]. Linn., 16-Monadelphia
S-Polyandria. Allied to Helicteres.)
Greenhouse evergreen shrub. Cuttings of half-
ripened shoots in sand, under a bell-glass ; fibrjr
loam, and a little sandy peat. Winter temp., 4tT"
to 48°.
R. thyrsoi'dea (thyrse-like-./?owered). 4. White?
January. China. 1826.
RELHA'NIA. (Named after R. JReUtant
a botanical author. Nat. ord., Composites
[Asteracese]. Linn., IQ-Syngenesia 2
Sitperjlua. )
Greenhouse evergreen shrubs. Cuttings of firm
young side-shoots in sand, under a bell-glass, in.
a cool frame, in June ; sandy loam and fibry peat.
Winter temp., 40° to 48°. There are several spe-
cies beside the following : —
R. squarro'sa (spreading). 1$. Yellow. May. Cape
of Good Hope. 1774.
RENANTHE'RA. (From ren, a kidney,
a,nd anthera, a pollen bag, or anther;
shape of anthers. Nat. ord., Orchids
[Orchidacere]. Linn., 2Q-Gynandria 1-
Monogynia.)
Stove orchids, grown in pots. See OSCEIBS.
R. arachni'tes (spider-like;. 1. Brown, purple.
Japan. 1793.
— cocci'nea (scarlet. Chinese Air-plan,'.}. 8.
Scarlet, orange. August. Cochin-China.
1816.
— matuti'na (morning). 1. Brownish. December.
Java. 1846.
RENDLE'S TANK SYSTEM of L eating
was first suggested, we believe, by i]r.
Rendle. nurseryman, of Ply
tank of iron or wood, twenty feet lo.;;.:,
five feet broad, and six inches deep, is
constructed in the centre of the house,
and surrounded by a walk, except at the
end, where the boiler is fixed for heating
it. The top of the tank is covered with largo
slabs of slate, cemented together, to pre-
vent the excessive escape of steam. Around
tliis is a frame sufficiently high to rot:sia
the bark, in which the pots are plunged.
BEN
[ 688
BEQ
The boiler and tank are filled with water,
and this circulates, when the fire is lighted
under the former, by means of two pipes,
one from the top of the boiler, and the
other returning nearer to its bottom.
The expense of pipes, and the danger of
their freezing, are avoided ; the fire only
requires to be kept lighted for two hours
at night, and again for the same period
in the morning; the water, when once
heated, retaining its temperature for a
long time. In a small house, the appa-
ratus can be constructed for £5, and in
all for less than half the cost of hot-
water pipes. The saving in tan and la-
bour is also very great. In some places
tan costs 19s. per cart-load, and where it
is cheaper, the trouble and litter incident
to its employment, and the dangers of
loss from fungi and insects, of which it
is the peculiarly fertile foster-parent,
render it objectionable as a source of
heat; and whenever the tan has to be
renewed, the trouble and destruction of
plants are always great.
" In my new propagating house," says
Mr. Bendle, " the tank or cistern is placed
in the centre, with a walk surrounding it,
so as to enable the propagator with
greater ease to attend to the plants, &c.
" On the outside of the house is a fire-
shed, in which the boiler is fixed. The
tank, made of wood, one and a half or
two inches thick, which I find the cheap-
est material, (it also prevents the water
cooling so fast as it does either in stone
or iron,) may be lined with lead or zinc.
Exactly in the centre of the tank is a
partition, serving the double purpose of
causing the water to circulate, as well as
to support the edges of the slates, an
aperture being left in the partition, of
about two inches in breadth, to allow the
water a free passage. The flow-pipe enters
near the appendage of the tank, at the
mouth of which pipe a piece of perfo-
rated copper is placed, as also at the re-
turn-pipe, to prevent dirt and sediment
from finding their way into the boiler. After
everything is properly fixed, the tank is
filled with water, which, of course, at the
same time fills the boiler The tank
is about four inches deep. Across it, and
resting on its sides, are placed slate
stones about an inch and a half thick, cut
square at the edges. These are fastened
to each other by Boman cement, or Aber-
thaw lime, to prevent a superfluity of
steam from escaping into the house
Around the edges of the elates a piece-
of inch board, about nine inches deep,
should be placed to enclose the sawdust,
sand, moss, or other plunging material."
In the following sketch, for which, as
well as for the next, we are indebted to
Mr. Bendle, A is a transverse section of
Boger's conical boiler ; B is the fireplace ;
#, the tank ; c, the flow-pipe ; d, the pipe
by which the water returns to the boiler;
e, is the hole for the smoke, which,
joined to a flue,/, can be made either to
ascend the chimney at once, or to pass
round the house.
The next sketch is a Pinery, fitted up
with Mr. Bendle's tank.
It is described as " a very useful and
most desirable structure for the growth
of the Pine Apple, with a hollow wall,
recommended by all garden architects in
preference to a solid wall — the heat or
cold being not so readily conducted as
through a solid mass of masonry." Mr.
Bendle might have added, that hollow
walls are also much drier. — Rendle't;
Treatise on the Tank System. See STOVE
and HOTBED.
BEKEA'LMIA. The following should be
added to Alpinia, instead of forming this
genus : —
R. grandiflo'ra (large-flowered). l£. White. April.
New Zealand. 1822.
— panicula'ta (panicled). l£. White. June. N.
Holland. 1823.
— pulche'lla (pretty). 1. White. June. N.
Holland. 1823.
BEQUIE'NIA. (Named after M. Eequien,
RES
[ 689]
RHA
a French botanist. Nat.ord., Leguminous
Plants [Fabacese]. Linn., \Q~Monadelpliia
fj-Decandria. Allied to Psoralea.)
Stove evergreen shrubs, with yellow flowers.
Cuttings of half-ripened, stubby shoots in sand,
under a bell-glass, in heat; sandy loam, fibry
•peat, and dried leaf-mould. Winter temp., 50°
to 60° ; summer, CO0 to 80°.
R. obcordu'ta (reversed-heart-teaoed). 1 . July.
Senegal. 1825.
— sphterospe'rma (round-seeded). I.April. Cape
of Good Hope. 1816.
EESE'DA. Mignonette. (From resedo,to
calm ; supposed virtue for external bruises.
Nat. ord., Weldworts [Resedaceffi]. Linn.,
11-Dodecandria 3-Triyynia.)
All by seeds; the half-shrubby kinds also by
cuttings ; seeds must be sown at different times, ac-
cording as the bloom is wanted. The beginning and
middle of May is early enough to sow in the open
border. Though usually treated as annuals, most
of the Mignonettes may be grown as under-shrubs
or perennials, if they are prevented seeding freely,
and kept from frost'in winter. We have seen the
common Mignonette that had been kept in a pot
about eight years, and flowered freely every sea-
son. See MIGNONETTE.
M. Chine'nsis (China). 2. Yellow, green. June.
China. 1819.
— odora'ta (scented-Mignonette}. 1. Green, red.
August. Italy. 1752.
frute'scens (shrubby). 2. August. Egypt.
1752.
— trunca'ta (abrupt-ended-fraoed). l£. Yellow.
June. Natolia. 1836.
RESERVE GAEDEN. See NURSERY.
REST. That period when a plant is not
growing.
REST-HARROW. Ono'nis.
RESURRECTION PLANT. Anasta'tica.
RETANI'LLA. (The Peruvian name.
Nat.ord.,^/iam»arfs [Rhamnacese]. Linn.,
fy'Pentandria 1-Monogynia. Allied to Col-
letia.)
Evergreen shrubs. Cuttings of young shoots in
sand, under a glass, in summer; sandy loam and
fibry peat. The species from Peru requires a warm
greenhouse, and that from Chili the protection of
a cold pit in winter, or a very sheltered situation
out of doors, or against a wall.
Jl. «;jfte/<Jra(ephedra-like). 3. Cream. Chili. 1823.
— obcorda'ta (reversed-heart-/ea«ed). 2. Yellow.
Peru. 1822.
RETARDING requires as much skill as
forcing, for as the latter requires the ap-
plication of all that is suitable to the pro-
motion of a plant's rapid healthy growth,
so retarding requires the withholding
from it of those contingencies. Thus to
retard growth, the lowest temperature,
and the least degree of light compatible
with healthy growth, must be secured ;
and to this end plants for succession are
often placed on the north side of a wall.
See SCREENS.
44
Then, again, as in the case of rasp-
berries and strawberries, plants are often
cut down in the spring, compelling them
to form fresh foliage and stems, and thus
be productive in the autumn instead of
the summer.
The vegetation of many bulbs may bo
prevented by merely keeping them dry,
and, indeed, the withholding the usual
supply of water, giving it only in dimi-
nished quantities, is necessary in all re-
tarding treatment. To secure the entire
resting of bulbs, and of such plants as
will bear so low a temperature, the at-
mosphere of the ice-house is effectual ;
and to this end it should have a few
shelves for the support of boxes or flower-
pots. Banks of earth ranging east and
west, and facing the north at a very acute
angle, are very useful in retarding the
early advance to seed in hot weather of
spinach, lettuces, &c. Espaliers ranging
similarly, and shaded during the whole of
March and the two following months, will
blossom later and more unfailingly than
trees more exposed to the sun in spring-.
Similar exclusion of heat and light re-
tards the ripening of picked fruit, and
if the air be excluded from them, or its
oxygen withdrawn, fruit will remain un-
ripened for weeks. To effect this, put a
paste formed of lime, sulphate of iron,
and water, at the bottom of a wide-
mouthed glass-bottle, then a layer of large
pebbles to keep the fruit from the paste,
then fill the bottle with peaches, apricots,
or plums, gathered a few days before they
are ripe, cork the bottle tight, and cover
the cork with melted resin. They have
been thus kept for a month, and summer
apples and pears for three months^ They
ripen when again exposed to the air.
RETINIPHY/LLUM. (From refine, resin,
and phyllon, a leaf. Nat. ord., Cinchonads
[Cinchonacese]. Linn., 5-Pentandria 1-
Monogynia. Allied to Hamiltonia.)
Stove evergreen shrub. Cuttings of half-ripened
shoots in sand, under a bell-glass, and in a sweet,
moist bottom-heat ; sandy loam and fibry peat,
with pieces of charcoal. Winter temp., 55° to
60° ; summer, 60° to 85°.
R. secundiflo'rum (side-flowering). 10. White.
S. Amer. 1839.
RHA'MNUS. Buckthorn. (From rham,
a Celtic word, signifying a tuft of branches.
Nat.ord., jRAam/mrfs[ Rhamnacese]. Linn.,
5-Pentandria 1-Monogynia.)
Greenhouse and stove species, by cuttings in
sand, under a glass, in summer, and in a cold or
close, warm pit respectively; sandy loam and
2 Y
BHA
[600]
BHA
leaf-mould. Hardy species, by seeds, layers, and
cuttings, and more especially the latter mode with
all the evergreens, which should be taken off
in the autumn, and inserted in sandy soil, in a
shady border, with hand-lights over them ; good
garden-soil.
GREENHOUSE EVERGREEN SHRUBS.
R. amygda'liims (almond-like). 3. Yellow. June.
N. Africa.
— celtifo'lius (celtis-leaved). 20. Green, yellow.
May. Cape of Good Hope.
— crenulu'tus (scolloped). 8. Green, yellow.
April. Teneriffe. 1778.
— integrifo1 lius (entire-leaved). 3. Green. Tene-
riffe. 1822.
— prinoi'des (winter-berry-like). 10. Yellow.
June. Cape of (lood Hope. 1773-
— tetrago'nus (four-angled). 6. Green. Cape
of Good Hope. 1816.
— Thee'zans (Theezan. Tea). 2. Green. May.
China.
STOVE EVERGREEN SHRUBS.
R. Suriname'nuis (Surinam). 1. Green, yellow.
Surinam. 1820.
— umbellH'tus(v.Enbelicd'). 6. Reddish. Mexico.
HARDY DECIDUOUS SHRUBS,
R. alnifo'lius (alder-leaved). 4. Green. May.
N. Arner. 1/78.
— alpi'nus (alpine). 3. Green. May. Switzer-
land. 15-2.
— Carulinia'nus (Carolina). 4. Green. May.
N. Amer. 1879.
— catha'rticus (purging). 12: Green, yellow.
May. England.
— Hydrie'nsis (Hydrian). 12. Green, yel-
low. June. Cape of Good Hope.
— Dahu'ricus (Dahurian). 10. Green, yellow.
May. Da.mria. 1817.
— erythro'xylon (red-wood). 6. Yellow, green.
July. Siberia. 1823.
angusti'ssimum (narrowest-teawed). Cau-
casus.
—fra'ngula (breaking. Alder). 10. White.
May. Britain.
angustifo'Ha (narrow-leaved). 10. White.
May. Britain.
— franguloi'des (fran^ula-like). 4. Green. May.
N. Amer. 1810.
— hy'bridus (hybrid). 12. Green.
— infecto'rius (dyer's). 6. Green, yellow. June.
South Europe. 1 683.
— lanceola'tus (spear -head-/eawed). 12. Green.
May. N. Amer. 1812.
— latifo'lius (broad-leaved). 4. Green. July.
Azores. 1778.
macula'tus (spotted). 6. Green. July.
1845.
— longifa'lius (long-leaved). 6. Green. 1823.
— lycioi'des (boxthorn-like). 6. Green, yellow.
November. Spain. 1752.
Arragone'nsis (Arragon). 6. Green, yel-
low. October. Arra(jon. 1752.
— oleoi'des (olive-like). 4. Green, yellow. June.
Spain. 1752.
— Palla'sii( Pallas's). Russia. 1838.
— pu'milus (dwarf). 2. Green, yellow. July.
Carniola. 1752.
— PuraMa'nus ( Push's). 6. Greea. May. N.
Amer. 1826.
— 7Jtm'//ws(weak). l. May. Naple«. 1823..
— rupe'stris (rock). 2. Green. May. South
Europe. 1752.
— saxa'tilis (rock). 1. Green, yellow. M*y.
Europe. 1/52.
JR. spathwlaifo'lius (spatula-leaved). Russia. 1838.
— tincto'rius (dyer's). 5. Green, yellow. May.
Hungary. 1820.
— Faferah''MMs(Valentia). 2. Green. May. South
Europe. 1816.
— virga'tus (twiggy). 8. Green. June. Nepaul.
1820.
— Wulfe'nii (Wulfen's). 2. Green. July. South
Europe. 1758.
HARDY EVERGREEN SHRUBS.
R. alattfrnus (bastard- leaved -aHa-teTnvLs). 20»
Green. May. South Europe. 1629.
angustifo'liu (narrow-leaved). 20. Green.
May. South Europe. 16^9.
.Buleu'rica( Balearic). 20. Green. May.
South Europe.
fo'tiis-arge'nteis (silver-ecfced-leaved). 20.
Green. May. South Europe.
fu'liis-au'reis (golden-edgrd-leaved). 20.
Green. May. South Europe.
fo'liis-rnacuiu'tus (spotted-leaved). 20.
Green. May. South Europe.
Hitspa'nina (Spanish). 20. Green. May.
South Europe.
— buxifo'lius (box-leaved). 3. Green, yellow.
May. Numidia. 1820.
— cardiora'rpus (heart-podded). 1832.
— pubtfacens (downy). 4. Pale yellow. May.
France. 1817.
— Wi'cklius (Wickle's). 6. 1839.
RHAPIDOSPO'RA. (From rhapis, a
needle, and sporos, a seed. Nat. ord.,
Acantkads [Acanthaceeej. Linn., 2-Z)i-
atidriu l-Monogi/nia.)
Stove herbaceous perennials, from the East
Indies. For culture, see JUSTI'CI A.
R. gla'bra (smooth). Rose, yellow. June. 1824.
— vesti'ta (clothed). Violet. June. 182/.
RHA'PIS. ( From rhupis, & needle ; the
sharp-pointed leaves. Nat. ord., Palms
[Palmacese]. Linn., 23-Polygamia 1-
Moncecia. Allied to Chamserops.)
Greenhouse Palms. Suckers generally, and by
division at the roots ; rich, sandy loam ; most re-
quire the protection of the greenhouse ; but some
will probably succeed in warm situations out of
doors.
R. arundinu'cea (rftd-leawd). 6. Green. Sep-
tember. Carolina. 1765.
— a'spera (rough). Green. May. South France.
— corda'ta (heart-leaned). Green. May. South
France.
—flabellifo'riuis (fan-shaped). 6. Green. Au«
gust. China. 1774.
RHA.PO'NTICUM. (From rha, rhubarb,
and Ponticus, Pontus. Nat. ord., Compo-
sites [Asteraceae]. Linn., IQ-Synyenesia
3 Frustranea. Allied to Serratula.)
Hardy, purple-flowered, herbaceous perennials ;
seeds and divisions of the plant in spring; com-
on garden-soil.
R. Palla'sii (Pallas's). 2£. July. Switzerland.
1818.
— pu'tchrvrn (pretty). Caucasus. 183/.
— scario^sum (membranous), a$. J»ly. Switzer-
land. 1640.
• lyratum (ivre-leave^ 2. July. Switeer*
land. 1810.
— vnifio'rum (one- flowered). lj, July. Siberia.
1796.
BHE
C
EHO
EHEE'DIA. (Named after Rheedc,
author of the Hortus Malabaricus. Nat.
ord., Guttifers [Clusiacese]. Linn., 12-
Icosandria 3-Polygynia.)
Stove evergreen. Cuttings of shoots, rather
ripe, in sand, under a bell-glass, and in a moist
bottom-heat; sandy loam and fibry pCat. Winter
temp., 50° to 55°; summer, 60° to 85°.
It. Jatia'nica (Javanese). Java. 1826.
EHE'UJI. Rhubarb. (From Eha, the
Eussian name of the river Wolga, near
which the Ehubarb was found. Nat.
ord., Buckwheats [Polygonacese]. Linn.,
§-Enneandria 2-Trigynia.)
Hardy herbaceous perennials. Seeds in spring,
and division of the plant then, just as the buds
begin to swell ; deep, rich, loamy soil. See
JtUUBARB.
R. auslra'le (southern). 8. Purple. Nepaul. 1823.
— Austri'acum (Austrian). 5. White. May.
Austria. 1800.
— Cu'spicum (Caspian). 6. White. May. Russia.
1817.
— compa'ctum (compact). 3. White, green.
May. Tartary. 1758.
— cri'spum (curled). 5. White. May 1800.
— feuest rat turn (windowed). 6. White. May.
J780.
— hy'bridum- (hybrid). 5. White, greeu. May.
Asia. 17/8.
— leucorhi'zum (white-rooted). Striped. May.
Siberia. 1827.
— nu'tans (nodding-/ou;ererf). 8. White. May.
Siberia. 1800.
— pulma'tum (hand-/e«?;ed). 5. White, green.
June. Bucharia. 1763.
— Rhapo'nticum (Rhapontic). 4. White, green.
May. Asia. 15J3.
— ri'bes (currant- leaned}. 2. White, green.
May. Levant. 1/24.
— Sibi'ricum (Siberian). 6. White. May. Si-
beria. 1800.
— Tata'ricum (Tartarian). 3. White, green.
May. Tartary. 1/93.
— undula'tum (wave leaned). 4. White, green.
May. China. 1734.
RHE'XIA. (From rhexis, a rupture;
supposed cure for ruptures. Nat. ord.,
Melasf-omads [Melastomaceae]. Linn., 8-
Octandria I-Monogynia.)
Hardy herbaceous North American plants,
blooming in July. Division and cuttings under a
hiuid-light; peat and loam. Most of the peren-
nials will succeed in a peat-border.
R. angustifo'lia (narrow-leaved). $. White. 1812.
— cHiu'sa (hair-fringed). 1. Purple. 1812.
— Mnriu'na (Maryland), f. Purple. 175Q.
rwte'MM reddish), f. Pink. 1823.
— Virgi'nica (Virginian). f. Purple. 175&.
KHINOPE'TALUAI. (From r/»m, a nose,
and petalon, a petal ; base of the upper
sepal. Nat. ord., Ulyworts [Liliacese].
Linn., 6-Hexandria l-Monogynia. Allied
to Fridllaria and Lilium.)
Hardy bulb. Division in spring; sandy, rich
loam.
R. Kareli'ni (Kareline's). Pale pink - spotted.
January. Ural. 1834.
(From rhipis, a fan,
andpteris, a fern ; formation of the fronds.
Nat. ord., Ferns [Polypodiaceae]. Linn.,
2±-Cryptogamia 1-Filices.)
Stove, brownish - yellow - spored Ferns. See
FERNS.
R. bifurca'ta (two-forked). March. W. Ind.
— faenicula'cea (fennel-leaved). March. W. Ind.
— pelta'ta (shield-leaved). March. S. Amer.
— triparti'ta (three-parted). March. Brazil.
EHI'PSALIS. (From rhips, a willow-
branch; referring to the flexible branches.
Nat. ord., Indian Figs [GactaceaeJ. Linn.,
12-Icosandria L-Monogynia.)
Greenhouse succulents. Cuttings, dried at the
base for a few days before inserting in rough
gravel or brick-rubbish j sandy loam, brick-
rubbish, and leaf-mould. Winter temp., 40° to
55° ; summer, 60° to 85°.
R. brachia'ta (forked), f . Greenish-yellow. March.
Buenos Ayres. 1843.
— Cassy'tha (Cassytha). 1. Yellow. September.
W. Ind. 1758.
— grandiflo'ra (large-flowered). 1. White. July.
S. Amer. 1818.
— Hookeria'na (Hooker's). 1. White. August.
W. Ind.
— mesembryanthoi'des (mesembryanthemum •
like). 4. White. S. Amer. 1817-
— parnsi'tica (parasitic). 1. Yellow. S. Amer. 1800.
— spathula'ta (spathulate). Yellow. July. Brazil.
1836.
EHIZO'PHORA. Mangrove. (From rhiza,
a root, and phoreo, to bear; the branches
send down roots like the Banyan-tree.
Nat. ord., Mangroves [Ehizophoraeese].
Linn., \\-Dodecandria l-Monogynia.)
Not likely to be much cultivated until we ob-
tain salt-water aquariums in our large tropical
houses. The Mangrove nourishes in rich, loamy
soil, in thickets, by the side of the ocean, in tro-
pical latitudes, and possesses the striking feature
that the seeds vegetate while attached to the
plant, and send out a long radicle, which gene-
rally reaches the soft mud, while the top puts out
leaves; numbers of plants are thus joined to-
gether, something in the same way as the Banyan-
tree.
R. Ma'ngle (Mangle). 10. Pale yellow.E.Ind. 1820.
EHODA'NTHE. ( From rhodon, a rose, and
anthos, a flower. Nat. ord., Composites [As-
Greenhouse annual. Seeds, sown in September,
in a hotbed; and also in March, for plants to
bloom in spring and summer; sandy loam, and
leaf-mould, and fibry peat, to sow and prick off
in ; as the plants are put in their flowering pots,
use dried, rotten cow-dung and silver sand freely.
After the first potting, an airy place in the green-
house.
R. Mangle'sii (Captain Mangle'*), ij. Rose,
yellow. June. Swan River. 1832.
EHODDON, or EODDON-TREE. Py'rus
aucupa'ria.
EHODODE'NDRON. ( From rhodon, arose,
and dendron, a tree. Nat. ord.,Heathworts
EHO
[ 692 ]
BHU
[Ericaceae]. Linn., IQ-Decandria I-Mo-
nogynia.)
Seed-s in spring, in shallow pans, in sandy
peat, and kept in a close, cool frame until the
seedlings are fit to be handled, when they should
be pricked off into similar soil, and gradually ex-
posed to sun and air ; layers, either in spring or
autumn ; cuttings of young shoots, when the base
close to the older wood is getting firm, inserted in
silver sand, and placed, at first, in a cold frame,
and afterwards in a little bottom-heat ; sandy
peat is the best; sandy, fibry loam and clayey
loam the next ; kitchen-garden soil, and soil of
any kind containing or resting upon calcareous
matter, the worst. The varieties of the arbo'reum,
campanula,' turn, &c., require a little protection to
have them in their beauty.
STOVE EVERGREEN SHRUBS.
R. Brookea'num (Rajah Brooke's). Reddish-sal-
mon. November. Borneo. 1848.
— Champi'onee (Mrs. Champion's). 7. Pink. April.
Hong-Kong. 1851.
— gra'cile (slender). 6. Bright red. Borneo. 1848.
— Java'nic-um (Javanese). 4. Orange, red. All
seasons. Java. 1847.
— longiflo'rum (Ions- flowered). 8. Crimson.
Borneo. 1848.
— Nilagi'ricum (Neilgherry). Hose, white. May.
Nepaul. 1840.
— retu'sum (blunt-leaved). l£. Scarlet. May.
Sumatra. 1818.
— verticilla1 turn (whorl- leaved). Reddish. Borneo.
1848.
HALF-HARDY EVERGREEN SHRUBS.
JR. anthopo'gon (bearded-cowered). 2. Purple.
May. Nepaul. 1820.
— arbo'reum (tree). 20. Scarlet. May. Nepanl.1820.
barha'tum (bearded). Red. April. Ne-
paul. 1837-
cinnamo' nicum (cinnamon). 20. Purple.
June. Nepaul. 1820.
ni'oeum (sno\vy-white). 20. White. March.
Nepaul. 1817.
Paxto'nil (Mr. Paxton's). Crimson. May.
Khooseea. 1837.
— •< Rollisso'nii (Mr. Rollisson's). Crim-on.
May. Nepaul. 1837.
ro'seum (rosy). 20. Rose. April. Nepaul.
• sangui'neum (blood-coloured). 20. Scarlet.
April. Nepaul. 1S1/.
— campanula' turn (bell-flowered). 4. Pale pink.
May. Nepaul. 1825.
— cinnabari'num (cinnabar-flowered).
— citri'num (citron-flowered). Lemon. May. Java.
1854.
— Dalhou'sice (Lady Dalhousie's). 7. Yellowish-
white. March. Sikkim. 1850.
— Gibso'nii( Gibson's). 5. White. May. Khooseea.
183?. Deciduous.
— gluu'cum (milky-green- leaved). 1 . Pink. March.
Sikkim, Himalaya. 1850.
— Lappo'ni^um (Lapland). £. Crimson. April.
Lapland. 1825.
— lepido'tum (scaly). |. Rose. Nepaul. 182Q.
— Madde'ni (Major Madden's). 7- Blush. May.
Himalaya.
— Metterni'chii (Metternich's). Pirrple. May.
Japan.
— ni'veum (snowy-leaved). Lilac. May. Sikkim,
Himalaya. 1850.
— seto'sum (bristly). 1. Purple. Nepaul. 1825.
HARDY EVERGREEN SHRUBS.
R, albiflo'rum (white-flowered). 2. White. June.
N.Amer. 1835.
R. barba'tum (bearded-petftoterf). 3. Nepaul. 1829.
— Califo'rnicum (Californian). Pink. June. Cali-
fornia.
— Camtcha'ticum (Kamtschatka). Purple. Kamt-
schatka. 1802.
— Catawbie'nse (Catawba). 4. Purple, July.
N. Amer. 180Q.
— Catesbce'i (Catesby's). 4. Purple. May. N.Amer.
1810.
— Cauca'sicum (Caucasian). 1. Purple. August.
Caucasus. 1803.
strami'neum (straw-coloured). 2. Straw.
April.
— chamceci'stus (ground-cistus). £. Pale purple.
May. Austria. 1786.
— chrysa'nthum (yellow -flowered). £. Yellow.
June. Siberia. 1796.
— cilia'tum (fringed). Rose, white. March. Sik-
kim, Himalaya.
— Dau'ricum (Daurian). 3. Purple. March. Si-
beria. 1780.
a'tro-vi'rens (dark green). 3. Purple.
March. Siberia.
— Fa'rrercB (Mrs. Farrer's). 3. Lilac. March.
China. 1820.
— ferrugi'neum (rusty -leaved). l£. Scarlet. June.
Switzerland. 1752.
a'lbum (white). 1. White. June. Pyre-
nees. 1830.
— hy'bridum (Her6er£'s-hybrid). Pink. July.
— hirsu'tum (hairy -leaved). l£. Scarlet. June.
Switzerland. 1656.
variega'tum (variegated-teafeed). 1. Scar-
let. June. 1800.
fla'vum (yellow). Yellowish. All seasons.
Jara. 1847.
— ma'ximum (largest). 20. Pink. July. N. Amer.
1756.
a'lbum (white). 15. White. July.
— Po'nticum (Pontic). 12. Purple. May. Gib-
raltar. 1763.
myrtifaf Hum (myrtle-leaved). 12. Purple.
May. Gibraltar. 1763.
obtu'sum (blunt-leaved). 4. Purple. May.
Armenia.
odora'tum (sweet-scented). 3. Pink. July.
1820.
— puncta'tum (dotted- leaved). 4. Pink. July.
N. Amer. 1786.
ma' jus (larger). 6. Pinlc. July.
— purpu'reum (purple). 25. Purple. July. N.
Amer.
— PMVs/m(Pursh's). White. July. Jersey. 1811.
— rhodo'ra (red-flotvered). Red, purple. May.
N. Amer. 1767,
KHODOSTO'MA. (From rftodon, a rose,
and stoma, a mouth ; the opening of the
tube of corolla. Nat. ord., Cinchonadx
[Cinchonacese]. Linn., 5-Pentandria 1-
Monogynia. Allied to Gardenia.)
Stove evergreen shrubs. Cuttings of the young
shoots in sand, under a bell-glass, and in bottom-
heat ; sandy, fibry loam and fibry peat. Winter
temp., 48° to 60°; summer, 60° to 85°.
R. Gardenoi'des (Gardenia-like). White. April.
1845.
EHOPA'LA. See EOPA'LA.
KHUBARB. Rhe'iim rhapo'nticum, JR. hy'-
Iridum, JR. undula'tum, and R. palma'tum.
Varieties. — There are several varieties,
of which the most preferable arc the
KHU
[693 ]
EHU
Tobolsk, Gigantic, Victoria (best), and
Bucks, or Elford.
The Soil best suited to it is light, rich,
deep, unshaded, and moderately moist.
Sowing. — It may be propagated by
cuttings, but usually by seed. Sow soon
after it is ripe, in September or October,
in drills three feet apart, and an inch
deep, the plants to remain where raised ;
for although they will bear removing, yet
it always checks and somewhat lessens
their growth. When they make their ap-
pearance in the spring, thin to six or
eight inches asunder, and let the surface
of the ground about them be loosened
with the hoe. At the close of summer,
when it can be determined which are the
strongest plants, finally thin to four feet,
or the Gigantic and Victoria to six. Break
down the flower-stems as often as they are
produced. In autumn remove the de-
cayed leaves, and point in a little well-
putrefied stable-dung, and earth up the
stools. In the spring, hoe the bed, and as
the stalks when blanched are much more
delicate in taste, require less sugar to be
rendered palatable, and are greatly im-
proved in appearance, dig a trench be-
tween the rows, and the earth from it
place about a foot thick over the stool.
This covering must be removed when the
cutting ceases, and the plants allowed to
grow at liberty. As the earth in wet sea-
sons is apt to induce decay, the covering
may be advantageously formed of coal-
ashes or drift-sand. Chimney-pots and
butter-firkins make good coverings for
blanching.
To obtain Seed.— Two -year- old plants
often produce seed, but in their third
year always. It must be gathered as soon
as ripe, and great care taken that none is
scattered over the beds, for the plants
thence produced often spring up, and
greatly injure the old plants by growing
unobserved amongst them.
Forcing. — Plant a single row three feet
apart in ground that has been trenched
two spades deep, and dressed with well-
putrefied dung at the time. The forcing
may commence in December ; first cover
either with sea-kale or common garden-
pots (twelves), but chimney-pots are still
better, the leaf-stalks becoming much
longer and finer, and envelope them with
fermenting dung. A frame is much less
objectionable, formed by driving stakes
into the ground on each side of the bed,
alternating with the plants. These are to
be three feet high above ground, and the
space between the two rows of stakes two
feet at the bottom, but approaching each
other, and fastened by cross pieces, so as
to be only fifteen inches apart at top. To
the sides and top stout lathes are fixed,
as in the accompanying sketch, to pre-
vent the dung falling upon the plants.
The dung may be either fresh, or that
which has already undergone fermenta-
tion, placed all round the frame eighteen
inches thick, and the top covered with
long litter. The temperature in the in-
terior should have a range from 55° to
60°. If it rises higher, two or three
large holes made through the top soon
correct it.
Ehubarb may be forced without either
pots or frame, by merely covering the
plants six inches deep with light litter,
care being taken that the plants are not
injured.
Mr. Knight's mode of forcing is to
place in the winter as many plants as
necessary in large, deep pots, each pot
receiving as many as it can contain, and
the interstices entirely filled up by fine,
sandy loam, washed in. The tops of the
roots are placed on a level with each
other, and about an inch below the sur-
face. These being covered with inverted
pots of the same size, may be placed in
a vinery or hotbed, and on the approach
of spring, any time after January, any
room or cellar will be sufficiently warm.
If copiously supplied with water, the
plants vegetate rapidly and vigorously,
and each pot will produce three succes-
sional cuttings, the first two being the
most plentiful. As soon as the third is
gathered, the roots may be changed, and
those removed replanted in the ground,
when they will attain sufficient strength
to be forced again in a year's time. If
not, it is of little consequence, for year-
old roots raised from cuttings, or even
seed sown in autumn, are sufficiently
strong for use.
Propagation by Division. — Mr. Eogers,
a successful cultivator, says, that when
the rhubarb is propagated by the root,
care must be taken to retain a bud on
EHU
[694]
RIB
the crown of each offset, together with
a small portion of the root itself, with, if
possible, some fibres attached to it.
These offsets may be taken from roots
of three or four years old without injury
to the plant. They may be planted where
they are intended to remain, at the same
distance and in the same manner as ad-
vised f®r the seedlings.
Reu's. Sumach. (From rhudd, red ;
colour of the fruit. Nat. ord., Anacnrds
[Anacardiacese]. Linn., b-Pentandrla 3-
Triyynia.)
Hardy deciduous trees and shrubs. By seeds,
layers, and cuttings of roots and shoots ; light,
fibry loam. We have omitted all the greenhouse
and stove species except Jaoa'nica, which requires
a greenhouse.
R. ame'la (amela). 40. Nepaul. 1823.
— aroma'ticti (aromatic). 8. Yellow. May. N.
Amer. 1773.
— copalli'na (gum-copal). 6. Green, yellow. Au-
gust. N. Amer. 168-!.
iRucn'ntha (white-flowered). 4. Whitish.
August. N. Amer.
— coria'ria (coriaria-/eo»erf). 10. Green, yellow.
July. S. Amer. 1640.
— co'tinus (wild-olive). 6. Pale purple. June.
South Europe. lt)56.
— diversifo'tia (various-leaved). Greenish-white.
June. California.
— diversi'ltiba (various-loned). 6. White. June.
California. 1843.
— e'legans (elegant). 10. Red. July. N.Amer. 172G.
— gla'bra (smooth). 8. Green, yellow. August.
N. Amer. 1726.
cocci' nea (scarlet). 10. Red. June. N.
Amer.
dioi'cti (dioecious). 8. Greenish. July. N.
Amer.
— Java'nica (Javanese). 10. White. August. Java.
1/99.
— oxyaca'ntha (hawthorn-like). 6. Green, yellow.
Barhary. 1823.
— pu'mila (dwarf. Poisonous}. 1. Green, yellow.
July. N. Amer. 1806.
— ra'dicans (rooting). 3. Green, yellow. June.
N. Amer. Creeper.
microca'rpa (small-fruited). 2. Green,
yellow. June. N. Amer. Climber.
volu'bilis (twining). 2. Green, yellow.
June. N. Amer. Climber.
vulga'ris (common). Green, yellow. June.
N. Amer. Creeper.
— suave'olens (sweet-smelling). 6. Greenish-
yellow. May. N. Amer.
— typhi'na (fever). 20. Green, yellow. July. N.
Amer. 1629.
— arbore'scens (tree-like). 25. Green, vellow.
July.
frute'scens (shrubby). 6. Green, yellow.
July.
— undula'tu (waved-teared). 5. Whitish-yellow.
Cape of Good Hope. 18l6.
— ve'rnix( varnish). 15. Green, yellow. July. N.
Amer. l/!3.
— vernici'fera (varnish-bearing). 10. Green, yel-
low. Nepaul. 1«23.
EHYNCOGLO'SSUM. (From rhynchos, a
beak, and glossa, a tongue; form of the
lip of the flower. Nat. ord., Gesnerworts
[Gesneraceffi]. Linn., 2-Diandria 1-Mo-
nofjynia. Allied to Didymocarpus.)
Greenhouse biennial. Seeds in hotbed, in
spring, and, after being potted off, flowered in the
plant stove or greenhouse ; peat and loam, with a
little silver sand and leaf-mould.
R. Zeyla'niffum (Ceylon). 1. Blue. July. Ceylon.
1844.
KHYNCOSPE'KMUM. (From rhynchos, a
beak, and sperma, a seed. Nat. ord.,
Dogbanes [Apocynacese]. Linn., 5-Pen-
tandria L-Monoyynia. Allied to Apocy-
num.)
An evergreen climber, requiring greenhouse
treatment, to be grown in loam and peat, and to be
propagated by cuttings under a bell-glass, in sand.
R. jusminoi'des (jasmine-like). 3. White. July.
Shanghai. 1846.
KHYTIDOPHY'LLUJI. (From rhytis, a
wrinkle, and phyllon, a leaf. Nat. ord.,
Gesnerworts [Gesneracese]. Linn., 14-
Didynamia 2-Angiospermia. Allied to
Gloxinia.)
For culture, see GE'SNERA.
R. auricula' turn (eared). Red, yellow. Aueust.
Brazil. 1834.
RIBBON GRASS. Aru'ndo.
EI'BES. Currant. (From the Arabic
name of a plant. Nat. ord., Currant-
worts [Grossulariaceae]. Linn., 5-Pcn-
tandria \-Monoyynia. )
Hardy deciduous shrubs, except puncta'tum,
which requires shelter. Nearly all bloom in April.
Seeds, chiefly, for fresh varieties; cuttings of
ripened shoots in spring or autumn, in the open
ground ; good garden-soil. See CURRANT and
GOOSEBERRY.
R. acii-ula're (needle-spine**)- White. Siberia.
— acumina'tum (pointed-leaved). 5. Greenish-
yellow. Nepaul. 1837.
— albine'rvium (white-nerved). 4. Green. N.
Amer.
— alpi'num (alpine). 3. Green. Britain.
bucci'jerum (berry-bearing). 3. Green.
Britain.
fo'liis-varifga'tis (variegated-leaved). 4.
Green. May. Britain.
pu'milum (dwarf). 2. Green.
stefrile (barren). 3. Green. Britain.
— a'tro-purpu'reum (dark purple). 4. Purple.
Siberia. 1826.
— au'reum (golden). 8. Yellow. May. Missouri.
1812.
pra'cox (early). 8. Yellow. N. Amer. 1812.
sent'tinum (late). 8. Yellow. June. N.
Amer. 1812.
villo'sum (shaggy-Zeawed), 8. Yellow. N.
Amer. 1812.
— Carpa'thicum (Carpathian). 4. Green. Car-
pathia. 1818.
— ce'reum (waxy-tea0ed). 2. White. N. Amer.
1827.
— cyno'sbati (dog-bramble). 4. Green. Canada.
1759-
fru'ctu-aeulea'tn (prickly - fruited). 4.
Purplish. Lake Huron.
EIB
[695]
BIG
JZ. cgno'sbatifru'ctu-gla'bro (smooth-fruited). 4.
Whitish. Hudson's Bay.
— diaca'ntha (twin-prickled). 4, Green, yellow.
May. Siberia. 1/81.
— divarica'tum (straggling). 7. White, red. N.
Amer. 1826.
— fla'mtm (yellow). 6. Yellow. N. Amer. 1812.
—flo'ridum (florid). 4. Yellow. N.Amer. 1729.
grandiflo'rum (large-flowered). 4. Yellow.
N. Amer.
parviflo'rum (small-flowered). 4. N.Amer.
— glacia'le (frozen). 4. Yellow. Nepaul. 1823.
— • glandulo'sum (glanded). 8. Green, yellow.
Peru. 1820.
— Gordo'ni( Gordon's). 6. Yellow, red.
— gra'cile (slender). 4. Green, white. N. Amer.
18)2.
— grossula'ria (rough-gooseberry). 4. Green.
England.
Besseria'na (Besser's). 4. White. Cracow.
bructea'ta (bracted). 4. Green, white.
Himaluya'nu (Himalayan). 4. Green,
white. March. Himalayas. 1838.
— — — macroca'rpa (large-berried). 4. Green,
white.
reclina'ta (reclined). 4. Green, white.
Germany. 1781.
spinosi'ssima (most-spiny). 4. Green,
white. Britain.
— subine'rrnie (few-prickled). 4- Green,white.
u'va-cri'spa (smooth-berried). 4. Green,
white. Britain.
— hetero'trichum (variable-haired). 2. Purple.
Altai. 1837.
-rHudsonia'nurn (Hudson's Bay}. 4. White.
Hudson's Bay.
— lacu'stre (lake). 4.Yellow. green. N.Amer.1812.
— echinu'tum (hedgehog). 1$. Greenish-
yellow.
— macroca 'nthum (large-spined). 4. Green. May.
— Menzie'sii (Menzies'). 5. Red. May. California.
1830.
— microphy'llum (small-leaved). 5. Red. Metico.
— multiflo'rum (many-flowered). 5. Green. Hun-
gary. 1822.
— ni'grum (black). 5. Green. Britain.
— ba'caa-ni'Hde (green-berried). 5. Russia.
— fo'liis-variega'tis (variegated-leaved). 5.
Britain.
— ni'veum (snowy). 5. White. N.Amer. 1826.
— opulifo'lium (guelder-rose-leaved). Russia.
— orienta'le (eastern). 4. Green, yellow. May.
Syria. 1824.
— oxyacanthoi'des (hawthorn-like). 3. Green,
white. N.Amer. 1763.
— petraSum (rock). 4. Red. May. England.
— procu'mbens (trailing). £. Purple. May.
Dahuria. 1804.
— prostra'tum (prostrate). l£. Yellow. May.
N. Amer. 1812.
laxiflo'rum (loose-flowered). 4. Green,
yellow. N. Amer. 1812.
—puncta'tum (dotted-fcaned). 3. Green, yellow.
Chili. 1826. Half-hardy.
— resino'sum (resinous). 3. Yellow, green. N.
Amer. 1800.
— ri'gens (stiff). 6. Green. N.Amer. 1819.
— fu'brum (red). 4. Green. Britain.
a'lbum (white). 4. Green. Britain.
ca'rneum (flesh-coloured-Aemed). 4.
Green. Britain.
fo'iiis a'lbo (leaves white). 4. Green.
fo'iiis lu'teo (leaves yellow). 4. Green.
hnrte'nxe (garden). 4. Green. Britain.
— — — Sibi'ricum (Siberian. Russian Currant).
6. Greenish-yellow. Russia.
R. ru'brum sylne'stre (wood). 4. Green. Britain.
variega'tum (striped-Aerried). 4. Green.
Austria.
— sanffui'neum (bloody). 6. Blood. N.Amer. 1826.
a'tro-ru'bens (dark red). 6. Dark red.
N. Amer.
glutino'sum (clammy). 6. Pale pink.
N. Amer.
malvu'ceum (mallow-like). 6. Dark pink.
N. Amer.
— saxa'tite (rock). 4. Green. May. Siberia. 1819.
— seto'sum (bristly). 4. Green, white. N.
Amer. 1810.
— specio'sum (showy). 4. Crimson. May. Ca-
lifornia. 1829.
— spica'tum (spiked-cowered). 4. Green. England.
— tenuiflo'rum (slender-flowered). 6. Yellow.
N.Amer. 1812.
fru'ctu-lu'teo (yellow-berried). 6. Yellow.
— /)-tt'e£M-«i'gTo(blackish-berried). 6. Yellow.
— tri'fidum (three-cleft-ca^ed). Quebec. 1824.
— trVste (sad-coloured-Cowered). 3. Siberia. 1820.
— viscosi'ssimum (very clammy). 4. Yellow.
N. Amer. 1820.
RICE PAPER is prepared from Aralia
papyri/era.
RICHA'KDIA. (Named after L. C*
Richard, a French botanist. Nat. ord.,
Arads [Aradaceae]. Linn., 7-Heptandria
\-Monogynia.)
Better known as Ca'lla JEthio'pica, or the
Arum-plant. Greenhouse herbaceous perenniaU
Suckers and division of the plant in spring ; rich,
fibry loam. Winter temp., 35° to 48°; should be
kept dryish for a time before growing, so as to
get it to throw up its flowers. Thrives well in a
cistern in a greenhouse where there is abundance
of light, and in a stream of water during the
summer, the pots being plunged within it.
R, JEthio'pica (Ethiopian). 8. Creamy. March.
Cape of Good Hope. 1731.
RICHARDSO'NIA. (Named after J5.
Richardson, an English botanist Nat
ord., Cinchonads [Cinchonacese]. Linn.,
5-Pentandria ~L-Monogynia.)
Stove evergreen. Cuttings of young shoots
in sandy soil, and in a moist bottom-heat; fibry
loam and peat, and a little sand and leaf-mould.
Winter temp., 48° to 58° ; summer, 60° to 80°.
R.sca'bra (rough). 2. White. September.
Brazil. 1814.
RICHTE'A. (Named after Mr. Richie,
an African traveller. Nat. ord., Epacrid*
[Epacridacese]. Linn., IB-Polyandria 1-
Monoyynia.)
Stove evergreen climber. Cuttings of half-
ripened shoots in sand, under a bell-glass, tind
in a mild, sweet bottom-heat ; sandy, fibry peat,
with a few nodules of fibry loam and charcoal*
Winter temp., 55° to 60° ; summer, 60° to 88°.
R.fra'grans (fragrant). 6. White. June. Sierra
Leone. 1795.
RI'CINUS. Palma Christi. (From
rjciwtts, a tick; resemblance in the seeds.
Nat. ord., Spurgeioorts [Euphorbiacece],
Linn., 21-Monaecia 1-Monandria.)
Annuals *>y seeds in a hotbed ; shrubs by cut-
EIC
[696
RIP
tings in a hotbed ; light, rich soil. The shrubby
kinds should have the addition of a little peat.
They are all too tender to do much good out of
doors. The following are all half-hardy annuals,
except li'vidus and ru'tilans : —
R. commu'nis (common. Castor-oil Plant}. 6.
Green. July. E. Jnd. 1548.
— ine'rmis (unarmed-capsuled). 6. Purple. In-
dia. 1758.
— Kra'ppa (Krappa). White. August. 1827.
— leucoca'rpus (white-capsuled). White. August.
1827.
— li'vidus (livid- leaved}. 8. Purple. July. Cape
of Good Hope. 1795. Greenhouse
evergreen.
— mucrophy'llus (large-leaved). White, red.
August. 1827.
— ru'tilans (red-stalked}. Reddish-white. Au-
gust. 1827. Half-hardy biennial.
— undula'tus (wavy-feared). Red, white. Au-
gust. 1827.
EICO'TIA. (Probably a commemorative
name. Nat.ord.,Cn/c»/ers [Brassicacese].
Linn., Ib-Tetradynamia.)
Hardy annual. Seeds ; light, sandy soil.
Good for belts, knolls, or rock-works.
It. luna'ria (moonwort-like). Lilac, purple. June.
Egypt. 1757.
RIDDLING. Another name for sifting.
EIDGING is digging the soil into paral-
- _ _ lei ridges in this form, so as to
Af\A eXpOse jt thoroughly to the action
either of the atmosphere or of frost.
EIDGING-OUT. Planting out Cucumbers
and Pumpkins in the open-ground beds.
Eidging, however, should not be confined
to the winter, for in summer the extra ex-
posure to the air and heat is highly promo-
tive of vegetation : it impregnates the soil
with oxygen, promotes the decay of stub-
born vegetable remains, and disturbs
predatory vermin. Mr. Barnes says, " I
keep all ground, as soon as a crop is done
with, well trenched, burying all the re-
fuse I possibly can in a green state, cast-
ing the earth into rough ridges, tumbling
those ridges over with a strong fork on
frosty mornings in winter and spring, and
during hot sunny days in summer, con-
tinually changing the crops; keeping
the hoe at work at all seasons in suitable
weather, forking up all odd corners and
spare ground without loss of time. By
this* management, I find the ground is
always in good condition and never tired
by cropping, some judgment only being
exercised in applying such properties
again to the soil that have been taken
from it, or that are likely to be required
by the succeeding crop."
The most effectual mode of ridging is
thus described by Mr. Parkins : —
Let <a, 6, c, dt represent a section of the
ground to be trenched two feet deep. In
the first place the ground is measured
out in longitudinal beds four feet wide;
this done, the top spit of the bed c is
laid on the bed g, and the second spit of
the bed c is laid on h. The first or top
spit of the bed / is then laid on h, so
that the top soil and subsoil are kept on.
separate and alternate beds, and may be
mixed, reversed, or returned as taken
out, at the will of the operator. By
this method the advantages are — much
greater exposure of surface to the action
of the weather; the opportunity of in-
corporating with the soil any desirable
or obtainable manures, and at any desired
depth ; a thorough blending of the soil
to the depth of two or three feet ; and ifc
also facilitates the operation of draining
where necessary. It is needless to add,
that when the first thrown-out beds are
sufficiently pulverised, they are levelled
down, and others thrown out in the same
manner; #, h, t, represent the ridges
thrown out and left as rough as possible.
EIGIDE'LLA. (From rigidus, stiff; the
stiffness of the flower-stalk. Nat. ord.,
Irids [IridaceaB]. Linn., 3-Triandria 1-
Monogynia. Allied to Tigridia.)
Half-hardy bulbs. Offsets in spring ; also by
seeds in a hotbed ; rich, sandy loam and peat ;
bulbs require to be kept from frost and damp
during the winter.
R. fla'mmea (flame-coloured). 5. May. Mexico.
1839.
— immacttla'ta (unspotted). 1 . Crimson. June.
Guatimala. 183Q.
— ortha'ntha (straight-flowered). 1|. Crimson.
June. Mexico. 1846.
EINGING is cutting away a belt of bark
quite down to the wood entirely round a
branch. This checks the return of the
sap, and aids to make that branch more
fruitful, and the fruit on it finer. We
have seen it done with the best effect
upon the pear and grape-vine. It should
be done just previously to the blossoms
opening. When first suggested it was
called the Ring of Pomona. See LIGA-
TURES.
EIPENING WOOD is one of the principal
objects to be aimed at for the production
of either flowers or fruit the following
year. To effect this, at the end of Au-
gust, or early in September, superfluous
RIP
[ 697 ]
BOG
branches should be removed, and shoots
stopped, to concentrate the sap, and ex-
pose those retained to the full influence
of the sun.
EIPO'GONUM. (From ripos, flexible,
and gonos, a shoot. Nat. ord., Sarsapa-
rlllas [Smilacacese]. Linn., 6-Hexandria
1- Monogynia.)
Greenhouse, white-flowered, evergreen climbers,
from New Holland. Cuttings of side-shoots, when
three inches in length, taken off close to the
stem, in sand, under a bell-glass, in May; fibry
loam, a little peat, sand, and charcoal, and well-
drained. Winter temp., 40° to 48°.
R. a'lbum (white). 3. June. 1820.
— parviflo'rum (small-flowered). 2. June. 1820.
EI'VEA. (Named after A. de la Rive,
a Genevan botanist. Nat. ord., Bindweeds
[Convolvulaceae]. Linn., 5-Pentandria
i-Monogynia. Allied to Ipomsea.)
Stove evergreen twiner. Cuttings of side-shoots,
and of the young shoots, several inches in length,
as they rise from the roots in spring; or grafting
on a free-growing Ipomaea; fibry loam and rough,
sandy peat. Winter temp., 55° to 60°; summer,
60° to 85°.
E. tilicefo'lia (lime-leaved). White. June. E. Ind.
1812.
EIVI'NA. (Named after A. Q.Rivinus,
a German botanist. Nat. ord., Phytolac-
cads [Phytolaccaceffi]. Linn., 4^-Tetran-
dria 1-Afonogynia.)
Called rouge plants in the West Indies, where
the fruit is used as a cosmetic. Stove evergreens.
Seeds and cuttings. The flowers are of little
beauty ; but the racemes of ripe and ripening
fruit are very interesting; light soil. Winter
temp., 50° to 60°; summer, 60° to 80°.
R. Brazilie'nsis (Brazilian). 2. Green. June.
Brazil. 1790.
— hu'milis (lowly). 2. White. June. W. Ind. 1699.
cane'scens (hoary). 2. White. June. W.
Ind. 1804.
lae'nis (smooth). 2.Pink. May. W.Ind.I733.
— lanceola'ta(apezr-hea.d-leuved). S.June. Bra-
zil. 1815.
— latifo'lia (broad-leaved). Purple. July. Mada-
gascar. 1826.
— octa'ndra (eight-stamened). 2. White. May.
W. Ind. 1/52.
— purpura'scens (purplish). 2. Pink. June. W.
Ind. 1815.
— tincto'ria (dyeing). 4. White. May. Caraccas.
1830.
EOAN-TBEE. Py'rus aucapa'ria.
EOBE'KGIA. Should be added to CON-
NA'KTJS, which see.
JR. frute'scens (shrubby). 6. White. Guiana. 1823.
EOBI'NIA. (Named after J. Robin, a
French botanist. Nat. ord., Leguminous
Plants [Fabacese], Linn., 17 '-Diadelphia
±-Decandria. Cobbett's Locust-tree is
JBobi'nia pseu'do-aca'cia.)
Deciduous, white-flowered trees, from North
America, where not otherwise stated. For tender
kinds, cuttings of young wood in sand, under a
glass. The Locust-tree, in all its varieties, by
seed sown in autumn, or preserved in the pods,
and sown in the spring ; by cuttings of the shoots ;
by cuttings of the roots ; by suckers and layers.
The finer varieties are generally grafted. The hi's~
pida ro'sea, or Rose Acacia, is a fine object grafted
on the pseu'do-aca'cia standard high, in a shel-
tered place not much north of London. The finer
varieties of hi'spida ro'sea, in cold situations, de-
serve a place on a conservative wall, and would be
a nice companion to the Gly'cine Sine'nsis, &c.
R. Davu'rica (Dahurian).SO. May. Davuria. 1820.
— du'biu (doubtful). 30. White, red. May.
— Guinee'nsis( Guinea). 6. Guinea. 1822. Stove
evergreen.
— hi'spida (bristly. Rose Acacia}. 10. Pink. July.
1743.
macrophy'lla (large-leafleted). 10. Red.
May.
na'na (dwarf). 1. Pink. June. Carolina.
ro'sea (upright. Rose). 10. Red. July.
— pseu'do-aca'cia (common. Bastard Acacia). 40.
May. 1640.
a»jorp/j«/o'A'a(amorpha-leaved).3.White,
red. May.
cri'spa (curled). 40. June.
flo're-lu'teo (yellow-flowered). 40. Yellow.
May.
ine'rmis (unarmed). 40. May.
latisi'liqua (broad-podded). 30. May.
macrophy'lla (large-leafleted). 30. Way.
microphy'lla (small-leafleted). 30. May.
monstro'sa (monstrous). 30. White, recL
May.
pefndula (drooping). 30. Pink. May.
pro'cera (tall). 30. White, red. May.
sophortefo'lia (sophora -leaved). 30. White,
red. May.
specta1 bills (showy) . 30. May. France.
stri'cta (upright). 30. White, red. May.
tortuo'sa (twisted). 40. May.
umbraculi'fera (umbrella - bearing). 40.
May.
purpu'rea (purple). 15. Purple. July.1810.
Stove evergreen.
— visco'sa (clammy). 30. Purple. July. 1/97.
EOCAMBOLE (A.' Ilium scorodo'prasum) ,
sometimes called Spanish Garlic, has its
bulbs or cloves growing in a cluster. The
stem bears many bulbs at its summit,
which, as well as those of the root, are
much milder than Garlic.
It is best propagated by the root
bulbs, those of the stem being slower in
production. Plant either in February,
March, or early in April, as well as
throughout the autumn, in drills, or by
the dibble, in rows six inches apart each
way, and usually two inches within the
ground, though the plants would thrive
better if grown on the surface, as recom-
mended for the Eschallot. In other,
respects they are cultivated as directed
for Garlic. A very small bed is sufficient
for the supply of the largest family.
EO'CHEA. (Named after La Roche, a
botanical author. Nat. ord., Houselceks
[Crassulacesej. Linn., 5-Pentandria 5-
Pentagynia. Allied to Crassula.)
ROC
ROD
Greenhouse evergreen succulents, from the
Cape of Good Hope. For culture, seeCaA'ssuLA..
R. albiflo'rn (white-flowred). White. July. 1800.
— bi'color (two-coloured). 1. Yellow, scarlet.
June. 1810.
— biconvr.'xn ( doubly-con vex).;J. White. Ju<y.lS23.
— capita' tn (he*.l-:<l). White. July. 18:22.
— cocci'nna (scarlet). I. Scarlet. July. 1710.
flit'i-e-a'lk'* (white-flowering). I. White.
July. 1311.
— cymo's'i (cvraed). $. Red. August. 1800.
—fulcn'ta («ickle-/<M»ed). 3. Scarlet. July. 1795.
— fla!»a (yellow). Yellow. June. 1802.
— 'janminea (j ismine-like). £. White. April. 1815.
— me'diu (rnrdiate). 1. R^d. June. 1810.
— perfolin'tit (leaf-stem-pierced). 4. Scarlet. July.
1700.
al/tiflo'ra (white-flowering). 4. White.
Julv. 1SOO.
— odorati'gtima (sweetest-scented). l.Piak. June.
1793-
— versi'color (changeable-coloured). 2. White.
May. 1817.
ROCKET. He'speris.
ROCKET LARKSPUR. Delphi'nium oja'cls.
ROCK LYCHNIS. Visca'ria.
ROCK ROSE. Gi'stns.
ROCK-WORK is one of the most difficult
things to construct tastefully. If the
body of the rock is intended to be raised
much above the ground level, a quantity
of soil and rubbish should be carried
into the centre of the space. This soil,
besides serving to support the rock- work,
will also form a border for the plants to
grow in. Having at hand plenty of large,
rough stones, broken bricks, or stony
rubbish of any kind or colour, proceed
with these to imitate the form of natural
rock as nearly as possible. Rough, bold,
angular projections, and deeply-formed
chasms, are the principal features iu
natural scenery which please us most.
A rock, with a flat unbroken surface, whe-
ther horizontal or perpendicular, presents
too much sameness to be pleasing to the
eye; therefore, in imitating nature, the
projections should be varied and bold,
and unless raggedness and intricacy form
principal features in its composition, it
will lose much of its effect. If the rock-
work be on a large scale, it should not
be one continued line, but broken at in-
tervals, in one part lost beneath the sur-
face of the earth, and again rising in an-
other part and resuming its sinuous form.
So far there is little difference between
this and the common method of making
artificial rock. When, however, every
stone has been arranged to suit the eye,
the interstices between them are to be
filled up with any kind of rough mortar.
Of course, fissures, and similar places in-
tended for the plants which are to cover
the rock, must be left open, so that the
roots may penetrate to the soil beneath
the stones. The next operation is to
daub the whole mass over with Roman
cement. For this pui'pose the latter
should be mixed with water until it is of
the consistence of thick paint, in which
state it may be applied to the stones with
a large painter's brush. The spaces be-
tween the stones having been filled with
rough mortar prevents the cement from
being wasted. The thickness of the
latter on the stones need not be more
than the eighth of an inch : it will unite
the whole into one mass ; and rock-work
thus constructed is, beyond all com-
parison, far more natural than that made
in the usual way. It has none of that
disjointed appearance which usually ac-
companies rock-work made without ce-
ment. After a few mouths' exposure to
the weather, rock- work thus formed (if
skilfully made) cannot, without careful
examination, be distinguished from a
natural mass; it will soon cover all but
the most prominent parts. If the cement
be of a colour too light, which, for some
situations may be the case, a little lamp-
black or soot may be mixed with it.
Care must, however, be taken that no
substance which may make the cement
more porous is used, otherwise it will
peel from the stones after a hard frost.
For the benefit of those who are not ac-
customed to using cement, we may men-
tion that no more should be moistened
at once than can be used in a short time.
If the cement be good it will quickly
harden, and will then be in a manner
useless.
In making artificial rock for waterfalls ,
or other constructions, where the cement
may be constantly exposed to the action
of the water, the best water-cement should
be u*ed. Any preparation that does not
quickly indurate under water will, in a
short time, be washed away, and leave
nothing but the bare stones. — Wkatelcy.
RODRIGUE'ZIA. (Named after E. Bod-
rignez, a Spanish botanist. Nat. ord.,
Orchids [Orchidaceos]. Linn., 20-%-
nandria L-Monandria. )
Stove Brazilian orchids, cultivated in baskets.
See ORCHIDS.
R. Bi'rkeri (Barker's). 1. Green. January.
— cri'spa (curled). Green.
— lanceol'i'ta (spear - head - leaved). Yellow.
March. Trinidad. 1821.
— laxiflo'ra (loose-flowered). £. Pale green.
ROD
[ 699 ]
ROO
It. planifo'lia (flat-leaved).
— recu'rva (curled-back). f« Yellow. June. 1824.
— aecu'nda (side-flowering). £. Red. July. Trini-
dad. 1820.
— stenochi'la (narrow-lipped). Yellow, red. July.
Venezuela.
— suave'olens (sweet-scented). Yellow. Fe-
bruary. 1825.
ROEBUCK BEERY. JRn'bttsctiitmamo'rits.
ROE'LLA. (Named after C . Roelle, a
Dutch botanist. Nat. ord. Bcllworts
[Campanulaceae]. Linn., 5 .yentandriu
1 Monogynia.)
Greenhouse plants, and all but • ne from the
Cape of Good Hope. Decu'rrens from seed in a
gentle hotbed, in spring, planted out in early
summer ; musco'sa by division ; the rest, being
evergreen shrubs, by cuttings of the points of the
shoots in sand, under a bell-glass; sandy peat
and fibry loam. Winter temp., 40° to 48°.
JR, cilia' ta (hair-fringed). 1. White, purple. July.
1774.
— dectt'rrens (decurrent). 1. Blue. August. 1/8/.
Annual.
— e'lcr.- •< (elegant), f . Purple. February. 1836.
— frui ia'sa (small-shrubby). Yellow. July.
N. Holland. 1820.
— musco'sa (mossy). £. Blue. August. 1802.
Herbaceous.
— peduncula'ta (long- flower -stalked). Blue.
June. 1827.
— squarro'sa (spreading). J. White. July. 1787.
Be'rgii (Berg's). Blue. August. 18l6.
— spica'ta (spiked). White. August. 1821.
ROLLER. This is best made of cast-
iron, and may be had of four different
sizes, viz., with a diameter of sixteen,
eighteen, twenty -two, or twenty, four
inches. The roller is best used the day
after a fall of rain.
ROME'RIA. Named after J, Y. Homer,
a German botanist. Nat. orcl., Poppyworts
[Papaveracese]. Linn., 13-Polyandrial-
Monogynia. Allied to Glaucium.)
Hardy annuals. Seeds in the open border, ia
March or April.
R. hy'brida (hybrid). 2. Purple. May. Britain.
— refra'cta (refracted). 1. Violet. June. Tauria.
1823.
— vermicula'ta (worm-like). Red. June. Persia.
1S29.
ROND: :'TIA. (Named after ' W.
Rondelet, a Frenchman. Nat. ord.,
Cinchpnads [Cinchonacese]. Linn., 5-
Pentandria I-Monogynia.)
Stove evergreen shrubs. Cuttings of the points
of the shoots, getting slightly firm, in sand, under
a bell-glass, and in bottom-heat; the glass being
raised at night, and in dull weather, to prevent
damping ; fibry peat and fibry loam, with enough
of sand, broken pots, and charcoal to insure
openness in the soil. Winter temp., 48° to 55°;
summer, 60° to 85°.
R. America'na (American). 10. White. August.
W. Ind. 1752.
— di'scolor (two-coloured). 6. Red. New Gre-
nada.
— hirsu'ta (hairy). 5. Yellow, July. Jamaica 1820.
R. hi'rta (hairy). 10. Pink. July. Jamaica. 1776.
— laevigctta, (smooth-/eai>«£). 12. White. July.
W. Ind. 1790.
— laurifo'lia (laurel-leaved). 5. White. July.
Jamaica. 1824.
— longiflo'ra (long- flowered). Blue. August.
Brazil. 1842.
— odora'ta (scented). 3. Red. July. W.Ind. 1836.
— panicula'taip&mcled). 6. White. July
E.
Ja-
Ind. 1820.
— rocemo'sa(racemed). 6. White. July.
maica. 1820.
— specio'sa (showy). 1. Scarlet. April. Ha-
vannah. 1830.
-- ma'jor (large-lowered). 3. Scarlet. April.
Ha van nab.-
— thyrsoi'dea (thyrsed). 5. White. July. Ja-
maica. 18ig.
— tomento'sa (downy). 6. White. July. Ja-
maica. 1819.
— versi'color (changeable-coloured). 4. Pink.
March, yeraguas. 1838.
ROOTS are either annual, biennial, or
perennial; but in all roots, and under
any mode of management, the fibrous
parts (radiculse) are strictly annual; they
decay as winter approaches, and are pro-
duced with the returning vigour of their
parent in the spring. Hence the reason
that plants are transplanted with most
success during the season of their de-
cay; for, as the root almost exclusively
imbibes nourishment by the mouths of
these fibres, in proportion as they are
injured by the removal so is the plant
deprived of the means of support : that
sap which is employed in the formation
of new fibres would have served to in-
crease the size of other parts.
Roots always travel in the direction
where most food is to be obtained ; there-
fore, for carrots and parsnips, let a little
manure be turned in with the bottom spit
when the ground is trenched for them.
So, if it be desirable to prevent the roots
of any plant travelling in a certain direc-
tion, the soil on that side should be
excavated, and the cavity refilled with
sand, or some other unfertile earth, whilst
the soil on those sides of the plant whither
the roots are desired to tend should bo
made as fertile as is permissible with its
habits.
Whatever causes an excessive develop-
ment of root prevents the production of
seed; and vice versd, the production of
seed, especially in tuberous-rooted plants,
reduces the amount of root developed.
Thus, frequent transplanting the young
plants of tbe lettuce, brocoli, and cauli-
flower causes the production of numerous
fibrous roots, and is found effective in
preventing tbe mature plants advancing
early to seed.
KOO
[ 700
EOS
The early varieties of the potato do not
naturally produce seed ; but if their
tubers are removed as soon as they are
formed, these early varieties blossom and
bear seed as freely as the latter kinds, a
fact suggesting many experiments to the
cultivator of shy -blooming tuberous-
rooted flowers. Again, if the blossoms
of these later varieties are plucked off as
they appear, the weight of tubers pro-
duced will be very materially increased.
EOOT-PKUNING, first adopted as a sys-
tematic practice by Mr. Errington, has
for its object a check to over-luxuriance.
This it does effectually, for such excess
of growth arises from the roots imbibing
too much, food. By pruning, and thus re-
ducing their number, therefore, we reduce
their imbibing power ; and it is found that
such pruning checks the production of
leaf-buds, and will cause any land of fruit-
tree to produce blossom-buds, provided
the tree is healthy, and that its barren-
ness arises from over-luxuriance. To
know what proportion of the roots to cut
away, we may suppose the trees thrown
into three classes. First, trees of mode-
rate luxuriance ; second, those which may
be termed robust ; third, those of gross
habit. To give a further idea, we would
say that the first class will make young
shoots, on an average, a foot in length;
those of the second two feet ; and the
third nearly, or quite, three feet: the
latter, indeed, frequently burst into latera]
or side-shoots from the young shoots of
the same season.
From the first class, therefore, we
advise the cutting away about a sixth
part of the roots ; from the second class
a fourth part ; and from the third class
a third part. It must be borne in mind
that the extremities of the roots alon
should be cut off, for while we advocate
this mutilation, we equally advocate the
preservation of the surface roots by every
possible means ; nay, more than that, we
recommend their encouragement by extra
appliances of manure to the surface-soil
EOPA'LA. (From roupala, the Guianan
name. Nat. ord., Proteads [Proteacese]
linn., k-Tetrandria \-Monogynia.)
Greenhouse evergreen shrubs, from Guiana
Cuttings of ripe shoots in sand, under a bell
glass, not hurried, but freed from damp,* an<
placed in bottom-heat after a few weeks ; fibry
loam and sandy peat. Winter temp., 45° to 48°
a rather sheltered place in summer.
R. denta'ta (tooth-leaved). 10. Green. June. 1802
— me'dia (mediate). 10. May. 1823.
R. monta'na (mountain). Yellow. April. 1828.
— ni'tida (shining). Pale yellow. 1821.
— «esst7«/o'«a(stalkless-leaved). 10. Green. 1803.
EO'PEKA. (Named after J. Roper, a
German botanist. Nat. ord., Beancapers
Zygophyllacese], Linn., 8-Octandria 1-
Wonogynia.)
Greenhouse, yellow-flowered, evergreen shrubs,
rom New Holland. Cuttings of the young shoots
n sand, under a bell-glass, in spring ; also seeds
n a slight hotbed; sandy, fibry peat, fibry loam,
nd a little rough charcoal. Winter temp., 40° to
0°.
I. auranti'aca (orange). August. 1837-
~/o6a^i/o'/ta(fabago-leaved). June. 1822.
—fruticulo'sa (sub-shrubby). 3. July, 1820.
EO'SA. Eose. (From the Celtic rhod,
d; prevailing colour. Nat. ord., JRosc-
vorts [Eosacese]. Linn., 12-Icosandria
l-Polygynia.)
For culture, see ROSE.
R. acicula'ris (needle-prickled). 6. Blush. June.
Siberia. 1805.
— a'lba (sing-te-white). 4. White. June. South
Europe. 1597.
— alpi'na (alpine). 5. Blush. June. South Eu-
rope. 1683.
: — globo'sa (globular-iern'ed) ; hellebo'rina,
(hellebore - like) ; hispide'lla (slightly -
bristly) ; lee' vis (smooth) ; lagena'ria (flask-
shaped-fterried) ; pilo'sula (dovrny -flower-
stalked) ; pimpincllifo' lia (pimpinella-
leaved) ; pyrifo'rmis (pear - shaped - ber-
ried) ; seto'sa (bristly - calyxed) ; sorbi-
ne'lla (sorb-like) ; £wj-6iraa'<a (top-shaped-
berried).
— anemonaflo'ra (anemone-flowered). 8. Pale
blush. June. China. 1846.
— arve'nsis (field. White-dog). 8. White. July.
Britain.
Anderso'nii (Anderson's). Pale flesh. June.
Britain.
Ayrshi'rea (Ayrshire). 20. White. August.
Scotland.
— Ba'nksice (Lady Banks'). 20. White. June,
China. 1807-
jKVea(yellow).Palebuff.June.China.l807.
— Bo'rreri (Borrer's). 6. Pale red. June. Britain.
— bractea'ta (bracted. Macartney's). 2. White.
July. China. 1795.
scabriu'scula (tough-stemmed). 2. White.
July. China.
— bracte'scens (small-bracted). 6. Pink. June.
England.
— Bruno'nii (Brown's). 12. White. June. Ne-
paul. 1822.
— cts'sia (grey). 6. Pink, white. July. Scotland.
•— cani'na (dog, or hip}. 8. Pale red. June.
Britain.
aciphy'lla (needle-leaved). 8. Pink. June,
Britain.
Mgypti'aca (Egyptian). 8. Pink. June.
Egypt.
Borbonia'na (Bourbon). 8. Purple. June.
Bourbon.
•fastigia'ta (pyramidal). France.
g/a«ce/scens(milky-green).8.June. France.
Meratia'na (Herat's). 8. France.
microca'rpa (small-fruited). France.
ni'tens (shining-tea/feted). 8. June.
nu'da (naked). 6. Pink. June. Britain.
obtusifo'lia (blunt-leafleted). 8. June.
BOS
[ 701 ]
EOS
R.cani'na Schottia'na (Sehott's). 8. June.
Podolia.
squarro'sa (spreading) . Germany.
surculo'sa (spriggy). 4. Pink. June. Bri-
tain.
— Caroli'ni (Carolina). 6. Crimson. June. N.
Atner. 1J26.
— Cauca'sea (Caucasian). 20. Red. June. Iberia.
1798.
— centifo'lia (hundred-leaved. Cabbage}. 3. Pink.
June. Caucasus. 1596.
cristata (crested-calyxed). 3. Pink. June.
France. 1833.
musco's'i (mossy. Common Moss). 3. White,
red. June.
musco'sn-crista'ta(mos*y -crested). White,
red. June. France.
potnpo'nia (pompone. Proems). 2. White,
red. June.
— einnamo'mea (cinnamon). 6. Pink. May. Eu-
rope.
— Dahu'rica (Dahurian). 6. Red. June. Dahuria.
1824.
— damasce' na (damask). 3. Pink. June. Syria. 1573.
— Dickso'ni (Dickson's). White. June. Ireland.
— Donia'n'i (Don's). 4. Pink. June. Scotland.
hn'rrida (horrid-s/n/isd). 4. Pink. June.
— ditmeto'rum (thicket). 5. Pink. June. England.
—fe'rox (fierce). 3. Red. July. Caucasus. 1595.
ni'tens (shining). 4. Pale crimson. July.
1822.
— Forste'ri (Forster's). 6. Pink. June. Britain.
— fraxinifo'lia (ash-leaved). 6. Red. June. New-
foundland.
— fruteto'rum (coppice). 6. Pink. June. Vol-
hynia. 1818.
— Ga'llica( French). 2. Pink. June. South Eu-
rope. 1596.
— — — A'gatha (Agatha). Purple.
inape'rta (unopened. Vilmorin Rose).
White, rose.
ine'rmis (unarmed). Purple.
parnifo'lia (small-leaved). 1. Purple.
June. Europe.
pu'mila (dwarf. Wild-shop), £. Red. June.
Austria. 1810.
— glutino'sa (clammy. Cretan). 2. Pale blush.
June. Candia. 1821.
— gra'cilis (slender). 8. Pale pink. June. Britain.
— grandiflo'ra (large-flowered). 4. White. May.
Siberia. 1818.
— HibJrnica (Irish). 4. Blush. August. Ireland. |
— Ibe'riea (Iberian). 6. Pink. June. Iberia. 1820. '
— I'ndica (Indian. China, or Monthly), 20. Red.
China. 1789.
earyophy'llea (clove-scented).
crue'nta (bloody).
longifo'lia(\ong-willow-lea.ved). 5. Pink.
June. China.
ni'vea (white-double-flowered). 3. White,
red. July. Gardens. 1831.
Noisettin'na (Noisette's). 3. Red.
OChroleu'ca (yellowish-white. Chinese).
2. Cream. June. China. 1824.
odurati' ssima (sweetest-scented. Chinese).
3. Pale pink. June. China. 1810.
panno'sa (ragged). Purple, rose.
pu'mila (dwarf). 1. Pink- July. China.
— involucra'ta (involucred). 3. White. July. E.
Ind. 1808.
— involu'ta (curved-in-petaled). 2. Pale red.
June. Scotland.
— -Kanttec/t«7jea(Kamtschatka). 3. Red. July.
Kamtschatka. 1791.
— KMkii (K\\i\i'*. Sweet-briar). 6. Pink. July.
Tauria. 1819.
R, Lawrencia'na (Miss Lawrence's). 1. Blush.
China. 1810.
— Li'ndleyi (Dr. Lindley's. Carolina). Red. July.
N. Amer.
— lu'cida (bright-teamed). 4. Red. July. N. Amer.
1724.
— lu'tea (si'n»Je-yellow. Eglantine). 3. Yellow.
June. Germany. 1596.
puni'cea (scarlet. Austrian). 3. Yellow,
scarlet. June. Austria. 1596.
subru'bra (petals reddish above). 4. Yel-
low, red. June.
— lute'scens (yellowish. American}. 4. Pale yel-
low. June. N. Amer. 1/80.
— macrophy'lla (large-leaved). 6. Red. Gosaing-
shan.
— mo/ a'lis( May. Hog). 3. Pale red. May. Britain.
— ?m"cra'«£Aa (small-flowered. Sweet-briar). Palo
red. June. Britain.
— microca'rpa (small-fruited). 10. White. July.
China. 1822.
— microphy'lla (small-leaved). 3. Blush. Sep-
tember. China. 1828.
a'lba (white-lowered). 3. White.
— mo'llis (soft). 6. Red. June. Caucasus. 1818.
— Montezu'mee (Montezuma's). 3. Pale red. June.
Mexico. 1825.
— moscha'ta (musk). 12. White. August. Bom-
bay. 1596.
— multiflo'ra (many-flowered). 12. Red. Jun.?.
China. 1822.
• BoM)'saM'^u(Boursault's). 12. Pink. June.
cornea (flesh). Red. June. China. 182'2.
— — Grevi'llei (Greville's. Seven-sisters). 20.
Purple. June. China. 1824.
Russellia'na (Russell'a).
— myriaca'ntha (myriad-spined). 1. White. May.
France. 1 820.
— ni'tida (glossy- Jeawed). 2. Red. July. N. Amer.
1807.
— oxyaca'ntha (sharp-spined). 3. Red. June. Si-
beria. 1820.
flo're-pldno (double - flowered). Blush.
July. N. Amer.
— parviflo'ra (small-flowered. Carolina). 2. Flesh.
July. N. Amer. 1724.
— pulche'lta (neat), a. Red. June. 1824.
— ra'pa (turnip). 4. Red. July. N. Amer.
— reoe'rsa (reversed). 5. White, pink. June.
Hungary. 1816.
— rubifo'lia (bramble-leaved). 6. Pale red. Au-
gust. N. Amer.
fenestra'lls (windowed). 4. Flesh. June.
N. Amer.
— rubigino'sa (rusty Sweet-briar, or Eglantine).
5. Pink. June. Britain. Aculeati's-
sima (very prickly) ; flexuo'sa (flexible-
branched) ; grandiflo'ra (large-flowered).
4. Lyo'nri (Lyon's); ma'jor (greater);
nemora'ls (grove); parnifo'lia (sraall-
leafleted) ; pu'bera (downy) ; rotundifo' 'lia
(round-leaved). Germany. Spinulifo'lia
(leaflets-spinuled);Mff»6e//a'fa(umbelled).
Germany. Vaillantia'na (Vaillant's).
White.
— rubrifo'lia (red-leaved). 6. Red. Jane. South
Europe. 1814.
— —— hispi'dula (br'atly-flower-stalked). Red.
June. 1822.
ine'rmis (unarmed). Purple. June. Swit-
zerland.
pinnati'ftda (leaflet-like-cut-sepated). Pur-
ple. June. Switzerland.
— Redoute'a (Redoute's). 3. Pale red. June.
— Sabi'ni (Sabine's). 8. Red. June. Britain.
gra'cilis (slender). White, red. Britain.
EOS
[ 702 ]
EOS
11. sanguisorbifo'lia (burnet-leaved). 3. White.
June.
— sarmenta'cea (twiggy). 6. Pink. June. Britain.
— semper flu' r ens (ever-blowing). 10. Crimson.
All. China. 1789.
— sempervi'rens (evergreen). 20. White. June.
South Europe. 1629.
Leschenuultia'na (Leschenault's). 60.
Violet. June. Neilgherry.
— se'pium (hedge). Pink. June. Britain.
— S/iera'rdi (Sherard's). 6. Pink. June. England.
— Si'nica (three-leaned. China). 5. White. June.
China. 1759.
— spinosi'ssima (spiniest. Scotch). 2. White, red.
June. Britain.
— suave'olens (sweet-scented. American Sweet*
briar). Pink. June. N. Amer. 1800.
— sua'vis (sweet). 4. Purple. June. 1818.
— sulphu'rea (sulphur). 4. Yellow. July. Levant.
1629.
— sylve'stris (wood). 7. Red. June. England.
— sy'stylu (clustered-styled). 6. Pink. June.
Britain.
— Tau'rica (Taurian). 6. Red. June.
— tomento'sa (Aowny-leaved-Dog). 6. Red, white.
June. Britain.
— scabriu'scula (rather- rough) . 6. Pink. June.
Britain.
— turbina'ta (top-shaped-ra^.rerf. Frankfort).
5. Rerl. June. Germany. l62Q.
Francofurta'na (Frankfort). 5. Rose,
purple. June. Frankfort.
— Qrbessa'nea (double. Orbessean). 4. Rose-
coloured. June.
— villo'sa (shaggy). 6. Red. June. Britain.
pomi'fera (apple-bearing). Red. June.
Europe.
• resino'sa (resinous). Red. June. Ireland.
— Wilso'ni (Wilson's). 3. Dark pink. June.
Britain.
— Woo'dsii (Wood's). 3. Pink. May. N. Amer.
EOSCO'EA. (Named after Mr, Boscoe,
the founder of the Liverpool Botanic
Garden. Nat. ord., Ginyerworts [Zingi-
beracese]. Linn., l-Monandria 1-Mono-
gyma.)
Stove herbaceous perennials, all but one purple-
flowered, and all natives of Nepaul. Division in
spring ; sandy loam and leaf-mould. Winter
temp., 48° to 55° ; summer, 60° to 75°.
JR. capita'ta (headed). 1. July. 1819.
— ela'tior (taller). 1. July. 1820.
— gra'cilis (slender). 1. July. 1821.
— lu'tea (yellow). 1. Yellow. May. 1839-
— purpu'rea (purple). I. July. 1820.
— spica'ta (spiked). 1. July. 1820.
EOSE. Eo'sa.
Propagation.— Most kinds of roses can
be propagated hy cuttings. By this
method we only obtain dwarfs; yet, as
many sorts do best on their own roots,
the China and Tea-scented for instance,
for these we must adopt cuttings. The
best time for making the cuttings is in
April.
Cuttings in Pots.— The most convenient-
sized pots are five inches across; fill them
with moderately rich, light earth, press
it firmly down, then fill the pots quite up
to the rim with silver sand, or with finely-
sifted river sand ; give a gentle watering
from a fine-rosed watering-pot, then cut
the cuttings into lengths of about four
inches, remove all the leaves except those
belonging to the top buds, make the cut
very smooth across, just under the lowest
bud; the cutting is then ready to be
planted. Have a small stick about as
thick as a quill, and thrust it into the
soil just the depth of the cutting, so as
to leave the top bud out; close the earth
firmly to the bottom of the cutting with
the stick; place the cuttings close to the
edge of the pots, with the leaves of all
pointing inwards ; then close tip the
holes with a little of the sand, and
give a gentle watering. The best situa-
tion to place the pots in is a pit, with
hand-glasses over them. If you have
not that convenience, plunge the pots in
coal- ashes on a shady border, covering
them with hand-glasses. Shift into larger
pots as they require.
Cuttings in the Open Ground. — Choose
a shady border, next a low wall or hedge
— the latter to be close-clipped with the
garden-shears. Let the soil be well dug
and chopped small, and the surface raked
very fine ; then pour some water upon it,
and let it stand a day, to become mode-
rately dry again. Prepare the cuttings
as above directed, and always expose the
cuttings as little as possible to the sun
and air; they may be preserved fresh by
having a little damp moss or hay at hand
to cover them with as soon as they are
prepared. When a sufficient number
are ready, open a trench with a small
spade at the end of the border. Chop
the side of the trench furthest from you
straight down just a sufficient depth to
leave the topmost bud and leaf out of
the soil; then place the cuttings against
this uprightbank about threeinches apart.
When the row is filled with cuttings, with
your spade put the soil against the cut-
tings, and with your foot tread it firmly
to them. Take great care that the soil is
quite close and firm around each. Then
nil up level with the top of the row of
cuttings another portion of soil, until
there is a bank of earth six inches dis-
tant from the first row. Chop down the
outermost edge of the soil, so as to leave
another upright bank to set the second
row of cuttings against, and so proceed
from row to row, till you have filled the
space set apart for this purpose. Examine
ROS
[ 708 ]
BOS
a few of them occasionally after about
six weeks, and if they are rooted, lift
them carefully with a trowel or small
spade, and either pot them or plant them
out in rows in a more open situation. By
the autumn following they will he nice
plants, and may be planted in the situa-
tion where they are to grow and flower.
By Suckers. — Roses send up many
suckers annually, which may be taken up
in autumn, winter, or early spring, with
some rootlets attached; and the strongest
may be planted out finally, and the
weakest in the nursery for a year or two
longer. They will readily grow, and will
most of them produce flowers the follow-
ing summer. When rose-trees have grown
into large bunches, with many suckers,
the whole may be taken up and slipped,
or divided into separate plants. The
Moss and some others furnish suckers
but sparingly.
By Layers. — To obtain shoots for lay-
ering, a quantity of rose-trees should be
planted for stools, which, being headed
down low, will throw out shoots abun-
dantly, near the ground, in summer, for
layering in autumn or winter following.
(See LAYERING.) They will be rooted
by next autumn, and fit for transplanta-
tion in nursery rows, though sometimes
the moss rose and some others require
two years before they are tolerably well
rooted ; but of these sorts you may also
try layers of the- shoots of the year, lay-
ered in summer, any time in June. They
will probably root a little the same season.
The layers of all the sorts, after being
properly rooted, should be taken up in
autumn and planted in the nursery, to
have one or two years' growth.
By Budding. — See BUDDING and
GRAFTING.
Soil and Situation. — The best soil is a
rather strong loam ; the deeper it is the
better. It should be well-drained. Such
land as will grow good wheat or good
hops will grow fine roses. Next, it should
be rich to grow them fine : if not already
so, it ought to have thoroughly decayed
dung added to it. A portion of super-
phosphate of lime (bones dissolved in oil
of vitriol) will be of great benefit to them
— a manure that may be had of any re-
spectable manure-dealer. The rose-gar-
den ought to open to the south and east,
but be sheltered from the north and
north-west winds. Tall beech or horn-
beam hedges are the best shelter against
gales blowing from those points. Hoses
should not be planted so near trees as
to be overhung by them, as the drip
from the trees will prevent them from
thriving, and injure the flowers.
Planting. — The best season is the early
part of November. They will succeed
tolerably even to the middle of March,
but not so well as in the autumn. If
you have to procure them from a distant
nursery, and they are some time out of
the ground, make a puddle of earth and
water of nearly the consistence of paint.
Dip the roots in this puddle, and plant
them immediately. Should the border
intended for the rose be long and nar-
row, plant the tallest standards in the
back row, the next size in the second,
and the half-standards in the third, and
the dwarfs in the front row.
Autumn Pruning : Summer Roses. —
Provence, including the Moss Rose. —
These require to be pruned to three or
four eyes, according to the strength of
the shoots. Damask.— These require to
be pruned according to the strength of the
growth of the different varieties. Madam
Hardy, for instance, is a strong grower,
and ought to be left with shoots of six
eyes. White Damask. — This species
should be pruned similarly to the Da-
mask. Gallica, or French. — Some of
these are very strong growers, and must
be cut accordingly. Some shoots, in
good soil, will grow three or four feet
long. Those shoots are often pithy and
green, and ought to be cut clean out, and
the rest shortened to one foot or eighteen
inches, according to their strength. Hy-
brid, Provence. — They grow naturally in
compact heads and many branches, and
should be pruned by thinning out about
one-third of the shoots, and shortening
the rest to six or eight eyes. Hybrid,
Chinese. — The strong growers, Brennus
for instance, must be cut to eight or nine
eyes ; whilst the Beauty of Billard is a
weak grower, and thould be cut to two
or three eyes, and half the shoots en-
tii'ely cut away. Scotch. — All that these
require is to have half of the shoots
thinned out, and those that are left cut
to half their length. Climbing. — These
require a different mode of pnining to all
other roses. We shall describe it as the
spur system. Train in young shoots dur-
ing the summer ; in the autumn shorten
those shoots one-fourth of their length
— that is, supposing the shoot is four
ROS
t 704]
BOS
feet long, cut one foot of it off, and so
reduce it to three feet, and in the same
proportion for longer shoots. The shoots
will then, during the summer, produce
side-shoots ; these are the spurs. In the
month of March following, take the
shoots off the trellis walls or pillars,
prune the spurs into two or three eyes,
aud then tie or nail them up again neatly
to the supporters.
Autumn Pruning : Autumn Hoses. —
Macartney. — The Macartney rose itself
requires very little pruning ; but the
Maria Leonidas requires pruning freely,
shortening the strong shoots to eight or
nine eyes, and the weak ones to three
or four. Damask Perpetuals and Hybrid
Perpetuals are mostly weak growers, and
should be cut into four or five eyes, and
a third of the shoots cut clean away.
Bourbons and Noisettes are middling
growers,and should be pruned moderately ;
strong shoots to be cut to five or six eyes,
and the weak ones to three or four.
China and Tea-scented. — Most of these
are rather tender; consequently, the wood
does not ripen to any length. They
should, therefore, be pruned close. It'
they are planted against a wall they may
be pruned longer, as the wood then be-
comes firmer and better ripened. Prune
those in the open air, both standards and
dwarfs, to two or three eyes, those on
walls to six or seven, in proportion to
their strength.
Summer Pruning. — It often happens,
where the roses are growing in good
ground, that some of them produce
branches that grow so strong and fast as
to rob the rest of their due support.
These branches are what the French call
gourmands, which may be Englished
gluttons. Only stop these at first, and wait
until the autumn before you cut them
clean off. When the rose-trees throw
out a great number of shoots equally
strong, aud they appear to be crowded,
prune away about one-third of them,
but do not shorten any of the others, as
that will cause them to send out a quan-
tity of small, weak shoots, which will
injure the flowers the following season.
Hoses in Pots. — Procure some pots that
are well cleaned, or, what is better still,
quite new ; and 24's are a very convenient
size to commence with. Worked roses
are preferable, for pot purposes, to those
grown on their own roots; therefore
select such as are dwarf standards only,
and worked close to the collar, so that
when the rose is potted the stem is
scarcely visible. Tea, China, and Bourbon,
or their hybrids, are better suited for
forcing and pot plants than Noisette and
Hybrid perpetuals ; the two last-named
class of roses growing to greater perfec-
tion in the open air. Amongst Tea Roses
select Saffrano, Devoniensis, Comte de
Paris, Nephetos, and Princess Clementine.
Mrs. Bosanquct, Duchess of Kent, with a
few others, amongst Chinas ; Souvenir de
MalmaisoHy Leveson Gower, and Dupetit
Thouars, amongst Bourbons. Of the
above Souvenir de Malmaison is unrivalled
as a pot rose. Having selected plants,
lose no time ; but before the roots have
got dry, pot them (having first pruned
the strong roots) in a mixture of half
yellow loam, and the rest old cow-dung,
leaf-mould, and sand in equal parts ; but
a greater proportion of loam may be
added with advantage, should the rose
to be potted be a Bourbon or Hybrid
perpetual. The plants being potted in
October, place them on ashes under a
north wall, in some sheltered part of the
garden, until the frosts compel to put
them in cold pits, keeping them, since
their being repotted, as dry as can be to
prevent growth, but not sufficiently so to
cause the plants to flag, or their roots to
get quite dry. Then, about the com-
mencement of December, prune all that
you intend bringing into the greenhouse
in the early part of January, for bloom-
ing in May and June, and stimulate
them gently by applying water at a
temperature a few degrees wanner than
the atmosphere of the pit where they
still are, so as when they are introduced
into the greenhouse at the commence-
I ment of January, at a medium tempera-
j ture of 45°, they are just beginning to
i push strongly. About the commence-
ment of February a little more heat is
to be given, and weak liquid-manure is
applied about twice a week, which is
strengthened as the plants increase in
vigour and have their buds well set.
About this time syringing over-head with
lukewarm water, or steaming, may oc-
casionally be had recourse to, as it tends
to give strength to the plants, and keeps
away the aphis and other enemies. Lastly,
when the shoots are sufficiently long for
the purpose, they are to be gently brought
down to the sides of the pot, or staked
to such places as they are intended to
EOS
[ 705 ]
BOY
occupy, so as when the plants are ready
for the show, these appliances may he
removed, and the plant still preserve a
round and uniform appearance. It is
necessary at all times, when the tem-
perature is at 50° or above, to give as
much air as possible ; and this may even
he done when a gentle fire is going.
Diseases. — See EXTRAVASATED SAP,
GREEN CENTBE, and MILDEW.
Insects. — See APHIS, ANISOPIA, and
TORTRIX.
ROSE ACACIA. Robi'nia hi'spida.
EOSE APPLE. Jambo'sa.
ROSE BAY. Epilo'bium angustifo'lium.
EOSE CAMPION. Ly'chnis.
ROSEMARY. Rosmari'nus officina'lis.
Varieties. — There are three varieties
— the green, golden-striped, and silver-
striped. The first is in general culti-
vation.
Soil. — It thrives best on a poor, light
soil mixed with old mortar, or other
calcareous matters. In such, or when
the plants are self-raised on an old wall,
they will bear our severest winters; but
in a rich soil they lose much of their
aromatic nature, and perish in frost.
For the green variety, the situation may
be open ; but the other two, being tender,
require to be planted beneath a south
wall, or in pots, to be sheltered in winter.
Propagation is by cuttings and rooted
slips during any of the spring months,
or by layers in the summer; but the
finest plants are raised by seed. By layers
is the best mode of propagating the gold
and silver - striped varieties. Sow in
March, or early in April, in drills half an
inch deep and six inches apart. The
rooted slips, and the cuttings of the
young shoots, must be from five to seven
inches long, and planted in a shady
border, in rows eight or ten inches apart,
previously removing the leaves from the
lower two-thirds of their length. Layers
may be formed by cutting young branches
half through on their under -side, and
pegging them down an inch or two below
the surface: they become established
plants by autumn. Water must be ap-
plied abundantly at the time of planting,
and occasionally afterwards until estab-
lished.
ROSE OF HEAVEN. Ly'chnis coe'li-ro'sa.
ROSE OF JERICHO. Anasta'tica.
ROSE OF THE WOELD. Camellia Ja-
po'nica ro'sa-mu'ndi.
ROSE ROOT. Se'dum rhodi'ola.
45
ROSE SNOWBALL -TREE.
o'pulus ro'seum.
ROSMARI'NUS. Rosemary. (Frpm ros,
dew, and marinus, of the sea ; maritime-
plants. Nat. ord., Lipworts [Lamiacese].
Linn., 2-Diandria 1- Monogynia.}
Hardy evergreens, purple -flowered, and natives
of the south of Europe. See ROSEMARY.
JR. officina'lis (shop). 4. February. 1548.
fo'liis-arge'nteis (silver-leaved). 4. Mardi-
1548.
fo'liis-au'reis (golden-leaved). 12. Fe-
bruary. 1548.
latifo'lius (broad-leaved). 12. February.
1548.
ROTATION OF CROPS. There are three
circumstances to be regarded in regu-
lating the order in which crops should
follow each other: — 1. Each crop should
be as dissimilar as possible from its pre-
decessor. 2. The exuvise of the preced-
ing crop should not be offensive to its
successor. 3. A spindle - rooted crop
should succeed a fibrous-rooted crop, or
vice versd.
RO'THIA. (Named after A. W. Roth,
a German botanist. Nat. ord., Legumi-
nous Plants [Fabacese]. Linn., 16-Mona-
delphia 6-Decandria.)
Hardy trailing annual. Seeds in a warm border,
in April.
R. trifolia'ta (three-leafleted).r 2. Sulphur. July,
ROUGE PLANT. Rivi'na tincto'ria.
ROXBU'RGHIA. (Named after Dr.
Roxburgh, once director of the Botani&
Garden, Calcutta. Nat. ord., Roxburgh-
worls [Roxburghiacese]. Linn., S-Oct-
andria l-Monogynia.)
Stove twining plants, with stems one hundred
fathoms long in the hottest parts of India, where
the roots are candied with sugar, and taken with
tea. Propagated generally by suckers; sandy,
fibry loam, and a little leaf-mould, and the usual
plant-stove temperature.
R. gloriosoi'des (gloriosa-like). 6. Pink, yellow.
July. 1803.
— viridiflo'ra (green-flowered). Green. August.
1836.
ROYAL BAY. Lau'rus no'bilis.
ROYE'NA. (Named after A. Van Roy en,
a Dutch botanist. Nat. ord., Ebenads
[Ebenaceffi]. Linn., IQ-Decandria 2-
Digynia. Allied to Dyospyros.)
Greenhouse evergreen shrubs, from the Cape of
Good Hope, all but one white-flowered. Cuttings
of half-ripe shoots in sand, under a bell-glass, in
April or May ; sandy loam and fibry peat. Win-
ter temp., 40° to 48° ; summer, 60° to 76°.
R. gla'bra (smooth). 4. September. 1731.
— hirsu'ta (h&irj -leaved). 7 > Purple. July. 1752.
— latifo'lia (broad-leaved). 5. June. 1816.
— lu'cida (shining-/eo»cd). 4. May. 16QO.
ROY'LEA. (Named after ProfessorRoyle*
RUB
[ 706
RUB
King's College, London. Nat. ord., La-
Hates [Lamiaceae]. Linn., 14-Z)i%-
namia 1-Gymnospermia. Allied to Bal-
lota.)
Greenhouse evergreen shrub. Cuttings of
young shoots in spring, in sandy soil, with a
bell-glass over them ; sandy loam and leaf-mould.
Winter temp. ,40° to 48°.
R.e'legans (elegant). 2. Purple. July.Nepaul.l 824.
KD'BIA. Madder. (From ruber, red ;
the colour of the roots. Nat. ord., Stel-
lates [Galiacesej. Linn., k-Teirandria
\-Monogynia.~)
Half-hardy species, from cuttings in spring,
under a hand-light, and peat and loam ; the others
are herbaceous plants, propagated by division of
the roots, and flourishing in any good garden-
soil; from tincto'rum madder is obtained.
HALF-HARDY EVERGREENS.
JZ. angustifo'lia (narrow-leaved). 2. Pale yellow.
July. Spain. 1772.
— sple'ndens (shining). 2. Yellow.July.Spain.1812.
HARDY HERBACEOUS.
R. cordifo'lia (heart-leaved), f . White. July.
Siberia. 1783.
— tincto'rum (dyer's). 4. Yellow. July. South
Europe. 15Q6.
KU'BUS. Bramble. (From the Celtic
nib, red ; colour of the fruit of some of
the species. Nat. ord., Roseworts [Rosa-
cese]. Linn., 12-Icosandria3-Polyyynia.)
Generally by suckers ; frequently by cuttings ;
also by seeds for species, and obtaining new varie-
ties ; also easily obtained by pegging down the
points of the shoots in the soil; deep
rich,
loamy soil.
GREENHOUSE EVERGREENS.
R. ape'talus (petalless). 6 Purple. July. Isle
of France. 1823. Stove.
— Jamaice'nsis (Jamaica). 6. Jamaica. 1822.
— Molucca'nus (Moluccas). 3. Red. July. E.
Ind. 1810.
— parvifo'lius (small-leaved). 2. Pink. August.
China. 1818.
— jnnna'tes (leafleted). 5. Pink. June. Ma-
deira. 1789.
— refie'xus (bent-back). 3. Red. July. China.1817.
— ro'ridus (dewy-g/anded). August. Madagas-
car. 1831.
— roseefo'lius (rose-leaved). 3. August. Mauri-
tius. 1811.
•— - corona'rius (garland). 3. August. Mau-
ritius. 1811.
— rugo'sus (wrinkly). 3. Red. June. S.Amer.1819.
— sanguinole'ntus (blood-red). 4. Red. Isle
of France. 1824.
HARDY EVERGREENS.
B. alru'pt'as (abrupt). 8. White. June. Britain.
— carpinifo'tius (hornbeam-leaved). 10. White.
July. Britain.
— di'scolor (two-coloured). S.White.June.Britain.
— echina'tus (hedgehog). 8. White. June. Britain.
— eglante'ria (eglantine). 3. White. May. N.
Holland. 1825.
— Leightonia'nus (Leighton's).lO.July.England.
— ie/e?«'mi (Lejeune's). July. Channel Isles,
— li'ngua (tongue -leaned). 10. July. England.
— ra'dula (raspberry-like). 8. August. Britain.
-- ru'dis (rude). July. Britain.
-- Matrix (porcupine), July, Britain,
R, rotundifo'lius (round-leaved). 10. North of
India. 1845.
— villicau'lis (hairy-stemmed). July. England.
arge'nteus(f,\\\KTj-leaned) July. England.
pube'scens (downy). July. England.
sylva'ticus (wood). July. England.
te'nuis (slender). July. England.
vulga'ris (common). 8. June. Britain.
HARDY HERBACEOUS.
R. acau'lis (stemless). Rose. June. N.Amer.1802.
— a'rcticus (arctic). £. Pink. June. Britain.
— chamcemo'rus (cloud-berry). £. White. May.
Britain.
— stella'tus (starred). $. June. N. Amer. 1824.
HARDY DECIDUOUS.
R. affi'nis (related). 8. White. July. Britain.
bracteo'sus (ftroad-bracted). 8. White.
August. Britain.
— agre'stis (field). 6. White. June. Hungary.1820.
— argu'tus (sharp-tooled). 3. White. June.
N. Amer. 1823.
— a'sper (rough). 5. White. May. Nepaul. 1821.
— biflo'rus (two-flowered). May. Nepaul. 1818.
— cee'sius (grey. Dewberry), 2. White. June.
Britain.
ame'nsis (corn-field). 2. White. June.
Britain.
fo'liis-variega'tis (variegated-leaved). 2.
White. June. Britain.
grandiflo'rus (large-flowered). 2. White.
June. Britain.
parvifo'lius (small-leaved). 2. White.
June. Britain.
— Canade'nsis (Canadian). 3. White. June.
N. Amer. 1811.
— cane'scens (hoary). 6. White. July. Eu-
ropean Alps. 18-20.
— cordifo'tius (heart-leaved). 8. White. June.
Germany. 1816.
— coryli/o'lius (hazel-leaved). 10. White. July.
Britain.
ca'nus (hoary). 10. White. July. Britain.
glnndulo'sus (glandulous-petfated). 10.
White. July. Britain.
— cuneifii'lius (wedge-leaved). 3. White, June.
N. Amer. 1811.
— di'stans (distant). 5. White. July. Nepaul.1818.
— diversifo'iius (diverse-leaved). 8. White. Au-
gust. Britain.
— dumeto'rum (thicket). 8. White. August.
Britain.
— elli'pticus (o\a.l-leaved). White. Nepaul.
1827. Half-hardy.
— fasti giu'tus (tapering). 8. White. July, Britain.
— fi'ssus (cleft).
— flagella'ris (rod). 6. White. June.N.Amer,l789.
— ine'rmis (unarmed). 12.
— foliolo'sus (small-leafy). 6. White. June.
Nepaul. 1818.
— frutico'sus (shrubby. Common Bramble). 10<,
Pink. August. Britain.
co'ncolor (one-colo\ired-lenfleted).10.J\ily*
Dalma'ticus (Dalmatian). 10. Rose. July.
Germany.
flo're-ro'seo-ple'no (double - pink - flow-
ered). 10. Pink. July. Britain.
faFliis-variega'tis (variegated-leaved). 10.
Pink. July. Britain.
ine'rmis (unarmed). lO.Pink.July.Britain.
leucoca'rpus (white-fruited). 10. July.
Britain.
-pompo'nius (pompone). 10. White, pink.
July. Britain.
Tuu'ricus (Taurian). 10. Pinkish. July.
—fu'sco-a'ter (brownish-black). August, Britain,
BUD
[ 707 ]
RUE
R.glandulo'sus (glanded). 10.JuIy.Germany.18l6.
— hi'rtus (hairy). 10. August. Hungary. 1816.
— hi'spidus (bristly). 3. August. Canada. 1768.
— ho'rridus (horrid). 6. June. Germany. 1817.
— idee'us (raspberry). 5. May. Britain.
microphy'tlus (small-leaved). 3. May.
Britain.
— Kohle'ri (Kohler's). 8. August. Britain.
— lacinia'tus (jag-leaved). 12. White, red. Au-
gust.
— lanugino'sus (woolly). 10. June. Siberia. 1820.
— leucosta? chys (white-spiked). 10. June. Britain.
— Linkiu'nus (Link's). 10. August. Europe. 1821.
— macrophy'llus (large-leaved). 8. June. Britain.
— Me'nkii (Menk's). 8. July. Germany. 1816.
— micra'nthus (small-flowered). 1 0. Red. July.
Nepaul. 1822.
— ni'tldus (shining). 3. August: Britain.
— Nutka'nus (Nootka-Sound). 4. August. N.
Amer. .1826.
— occidenta'lis (western). 5. May. N.Amer. 1696.
— odora'tus (sweet-scented). 7. June. N.Amer.
1800.
— pa'llidus (pale). August. Britain.
— plica'tus (plaited). 10. August. Britain.
— rhamnifo'lius (buckthorn-leaved). 10. Sep-
tember. Britain.
— rubricau'lis (red-stemmed). 6. June. Ger-
many. 1818.
— sa'nctus (holy). 8. Pink. June. Palestine. 1S23.
— saxa'tilis (stone). £. June. Britain.
— Schlechtenda'hln (Schlechtendahl's). 10. June.
Europe. 1823.
— Schleichfi'ri (Schleicher's). 8. June. Germany.
1818.
— seto'sus (\nistlj-stemmed). 2. June. N. Amer.
1827.
— specta'bilis (showy). 4. Dark red. May. Co-
lumbia. 1827.
— Sprenge'lii (Sprengel's). 10. Pink. August.
Germany. 1823.
— strigo'sus (short-bristled). 3. June. N. Amer.
— suhgre'ctus (sub- upright). 4. August. Britain.
— tilitefo'lius (lime-leaved). 6. June. Germany.
1819.
— tomento'sus( woolly). 10. August. Germany. 1818.
— triflo'rus (three-flowered). 3. June. Canada.
— ulmifo'lius (elm-leaved). 10. August. Spain.
1823.
— villo'sus (shaggy): 3. August. N. Amer. 1777-
RUDBE'CKIA. (Named after O. Mud-
beck, a Swedish botanist. Nat. ord.,
Composites [Asteracesej. Linn., 19-Styn-
genesia 3-Frustranea.)
Hardy herbaceous, yellow-flowered perennials,
from North America, except where otherwise
mentioned. Seeds and division of the plant in
spring ; common garden-soil ; napifo'lia requires
the protection of the cold pit in winter.
JR. amplexifo'lia (leaf-clasping). 3. July. 1793.
— aspe'rrima (roughest). 3. Red, white. Sep-
tember. 1832.
— columna'ris (columnar), 3. August. 1811.
• — pulche'rrima (most-beautiful). 3. Red-
dish-yellow. August. 1835.
— digita'ta (h&nd- leaved). 6. August. 1759,
— Drummo'ndi (Drummond's). Orange. Au-
gust. 1836.
—fu'lgida (bright). 3. July. 1760.
— hi'rta (hairy). 2. August. 1714.
— iaciniata (jagged-Jeaoed). 6. August. 1640
~ ieemga'ta (smooth). 3. July. 1812.
— napi/o'lia (turnip-leaved), 2. July, New
Spain. 1824.
R. pinna'ta (leafleted). 3. July. 1803.
— ra'dula (raspberry-tea«ed). 2. August. 1825.
— subtomento'sa (rather-downy). 3. August. 1802.
— tri'loba (three-lobed). 4. August. 1699.
EUDO'LPHIA. (Named after W, Ru-
dolph, a Prussian botanist. Nat. ord.,
Leguminous Plants [Fabacese}. Linn.,
L7-Diadelphia 4,-Decandria. Allied to
Erythrina.)
Stove evergreen twiners, with scarlet flowers,
rom the West Indies. Young side-shoots in
sand, under a bell-glass, in a moist, sweet
jottom-heat ; fibry loam, sandy peat, and a
ittle charcoal. Winter temp., 48° to 60°; sum-
mer, 60° to 80°.
R. du'bia (doubtful). 6. 1815.
— Portorice'nsis (Porto-Rico). June. 1820.
— ro'sea (rosy). 6. 1826.
— volu'bilis (twining). July. 1820.
RUE, or HERB GEACE. (Mu'ta grave' o-
lens.) Thrives best in a poor, clayey
loam, mixed with calcareous rubbish, in
an open situation. It is propagated by
slips and cuttings as well as from seeds,
the first two modes being usually prac-
tised as being the most easy. It may be
planted or sown at any time during the
spring. The seed in drills six inches
apart, and a quarter of an inch deep. The
rooted slips, or cuttings, may be planted
on a poor, shady border, and watered
occasionally until taken root. In the
autumn the plants may be removed.
During their after-growth they must be
kept pruned in a shrubby form, and never
be allowed to produce seed.
RUE'LLIA. (Named after J. Euelle, a,
French botanist. Nat. ord., Acanthads
[Acanthaceae]. Linn., l^-Didynamia 2-
Angiospermia.)
All blue-flowered, except where otherwise men-
tioned. Cuttings of the young shoots in spring
or summer, in light, sandy soil, in a sweet hot-
bed ; fibry loam, leaf-mould, and peat. Winter
temp., 48° to 58°; summer, 60° to 85°.
GREENHOUSE HERBACEOUS.
R. biflo'ra (two-flowered). 2. July. Carolina. 1765.
— la'etea (milky).2.Pale violet.July.Mexico.1796.
— stre'pena (rattling). 2. July. N.Amer. 1726.
STOVE EVERGREENS.
JR. ce'rnua (drooping). 1. July. E. Ind. 1816.
— fce'tida (foetid). 2. July. S. Amer.
— formo'sa (handsome) . 2. Scarlet. August.
Brazil. 1808.
—fu'lpida (bright). 2. Scarlet. July. W.Ind. 1804.
— lila'cina (lilac). 3. Lilac. October. 1844.
— longijio'ra (long-flowered). Purplish-lilac. Oc-
tober.
— Inngifo'lia (long-leaved). 2. July. E.Ind. 1820.
— oblongifo'lia (oblong-leaved). 3. Rose. Au-
gust. Brazil. 1830.
— ocymoi'des (basil-like). 14. July. Mexico.
1815.
— pi'cta (painted). 1. June. Domingo. 1826.
— Purdiea'na (Purdie's). Crimson. March. 1845.
BUI
STOVE HERBACEOUS.
[ 708
RUS
R. austra'lis (southern). 2. July. N.Holland. 1824.
— ciliatiflo'ra (hair-fringed-flowered). Purple,
blue. September. Buenos Ayres. 1838.
— cilio'sa (hair-fringed). 1. July. Georgia. 1824.
— clandesti'na (hidden). 2. July. Barbadoes.1728.
— depe'ndens (hanging-down), l£. July. E. Ind.
1816.
— e'legans (elegant). 2. August. E. Ind. 1834.
Annual.
— hi'rta (hairy). 1. July. E. Ind. 181".
— macrophy'lla (large-leaved). S.Red.St.Martha.
1824.
— ova'ta (egg-leaved). 2. July. Mexico. 1800.
— panicula'ta (panicled). 3. Purple. August.
W. Ind. 1768.
— pube'scens (downy). 2. July. Cape of Good
Hope. 1823.
— ntbricau'lis (red-stemmed). 1. July. Mexico.
1823.
— salicifo'lia (willow-leaved). l.July.E. Ind. 1820.
— tetrago'-na (four-cornered).2. June. Brazil. 1824.
— tubero'sa (tuberous). 2. July. Jamaica. 1752.
— undula'ta (waved). 2. E. Ind. 1824.
— viola'cea (violet). J. Violet. July. Guiana. 1820.
RUINS are a class of buildings beau-
tiful as objects, expressive as characters,
and peculiarly calculated to connect with
their appendages into elegant groups :
they may be accommodated with ease to
irregularity of ground, and their disorder
is improved by it ; they may be intimately
blended with trees and with thickets, and
the interruption is an advantage, for im-
perfection and obscurity are their proper-
ties, and to carry the imagination to some-
thing greater than is seen, their effect.
RUI'ZIA. (Named after H. Ruiz, co-
author with Pavon of the Flora Peruvi-
ans Nat. ord., Byttneriads [Byttneria-
cese]. Linn., \Q-Monadelphia S-Poly-
gynia. Allied to Dombeya.)
Stove, white-flowered evergreens, from the Isle
of Bourbon. Cuttings of half-ripened side-shoots
in summer, in sandy soil, under a bell-glass, but
raised at night, and in a mild hotbed ; sandy
loam and fibry peat. Winter temp., 50° to 55° ;
summer, 60° to 80°.
JR. loba'ta (lobed-leaved). 6. 1816.
— varia'bilis (variable-/m«ed). 6. May. 17Q2.
EUNCINATE, or LION-TOOTHED, describes
the edge of a leaf cut into transverse
sharp-pointed segments, pointing back-
wards, as in the leaf of the Dandelion.
RUN. A plant advancing to seed is
said by gardeners to have run. Also,
when the dark colouring of a carnation,
or other flower, becomes confused or
clouded with its lighter ground colour,
they say it is a run flower. Abundance
of moisture and a rich soil promote the
development of leaves, and, consequently,
check running, or producing seed. A
suitably fertile soil also preserves the
colours of a flower pure and dist?.?2ot;
over-fertility or poverty of soil will equally
cause the colours to run.
Ru'scus. Butcher's Broom. (From
bruscus, derived from the Celtic beus, box,
and kelem, holly; Box Holly, or But-
cher's Broom. Nat. ord., Lilyworts [Li-
liacese]. Linn., Q-Hexandria 1-Mono-
gynia.)
Hardy evergreen shrubs. Suckers, and dividing
the roots ; any common, rich soil. Andro'gynus
is a greenhouse evergreen climber, and, like the
rest of the Butcher's Brooms, retains the singu-
larity of producing its flowers and fruits on the
edges of the leaves.
R. aculea'tus (prickly). 1. Green. May. England.
la'xus (loose). 1. Green. April. Portugal.
- rotundifo'lius (round-leaved). 1. Green.
March.
— andro'gynus (hermaphrodite). 3. Green,
white. April. Canaries. 1713.
— hypoglofssum (tfongwe-under-tongue). 1. Pale
yellow. May. Italy. 1590.
— hypophy'llum (/ea/-under-leaf). 1. Green.
June. Italy. 1640.
-- trifolia'tus (three-leafleted). 2. Green.
Zante.
— latifo'lius (broad-leaved). Green, white. May.
Madeira.
— racemo'sus (racemed). 4. Green, yellow. April.
Portugal. 1814.
RUSH BROOM. Vimina'ria.
RUSSE'MA. (Named after Dr. Russel,
author of a " Natural History of Aleppo."
Nat. ord., Figiuorts [Scrophulariaceae].
Linn., 14:-Didynamia 2-Anyiospermia.)
Stove, red-flowered evergreens, from Mexico.
Cuttings in sandy soil, in heat ; also frequently
by suckers. If a large branch is allowed to lie
along the ground in a warm, moist place, plenty
of plants will be made from its twigs rooting ;
sandy loam, peat, and leaf-mould. Winter
temp., 45° to 55° ; summer, 60° to 85°.
R. floribu'nda (bundle-flowered). 4. 1824.
— ju'ncea (rushy-branched). 3. July. 1833.
— multiflo'ra (many-flowered). 4. July. 1812.
— ternifo'lia (three-leafleted). 4. 1818.
RUST. A disease of the berries of the
grape. It appears in the form of a rough,
rusty appearance of their skins, which
have, in fact, become thick and hardened.
Some think it arises from the berries
being handled, or the hair of the head
touching them ; but the disease is often
too general to admit of this topical ex-
planation. We believe it to arise from
an over-heating and sudden reduction of
temperature of the vinery whilst the
grapes were young, and thus tending
to force them to a premature rapidity of
growth. Any excessive pressure upon
the cuticle, whether from within or with-
out, causes its thickening.
RUSTIC STRUCTURES are pleasing in
recluse portions of the pleasure-ground,
if this stvle be confined to the formation
BUT
[ 709]
SAF
of either a seat or a cottage ; but it is
ridiculous, if complicated, and elegant
forms are constructed of rude materials.
Thus we have seen a flower-box, intended
to be Etruscan in its outlines, formed of
split hazel stakes— a combination of the
rude and the refined, giving rise to sepa-
rate trains of ideas totally unassociable.
KU'TA. Rue. (From rus, to flow;
from some reputed medicinal virtue. Nat.
ord., Eueworts [RutaceseJ. Linn., S-Oc-
tan dria \-Mon ogynla. )
Seeds in spring ; also by cuttings under a
hand-light in sandy soil, in a shady place, in
summer. They flourish best in a deep, sandy
loam, with limy rubbish mixed. See RUE.
R. albifltfra (white-flowered). 2. White. July.
Nepaul. 1823. Half-hardy.
— grave1 olens (strong-scented. Common Rue).
3. Yellow, green. August. South Europe.
1752.
RUY'SCHIA. (Named after F. Ituysch, a
Dutch botanist. Nat. ord., Maryraviads
[Margraviacese]. Linn., 5-Pentandrial-
Xlonogynia.)
Stove evergreen. Cuttings of firm shoots in
sand, under a glass, in a hotbed ; fibry loam and
leaf-mould. Winter temp., 55° to 60°; summer,
<;0° to 85°.
R. Clusiafo'lia (Clusia-leaved). 4. Purple. May.
W. Ind. 1823.
RYA'N-SSA. (Named after Dr. Ryan.
Nat. ord., Passionworts [Passifloraceee].
Linn., 13-Polyandria l-Monoyynia.)
Stove evergreen. Cuttings of ripened shoots
in sand, in summer, in a hotbed, and under a
bell-glass ; fibry peat and sandy loam. Usual
stove temperatures.
R. specio'sa (showy). 10. Cream. August. Tri-
nidad. 1823.
RYTIDOPHY'LLUM.
LUH.
See RHYTIDOPHY'L-
S.
SA'BAL. (Probably the South American
name of one of the species. Nat. ord.,
Palms [Palmaceee]. Linn., 6-Hexandria
3-Trigynia.)
Stove, green-flowered Palms. By suckers ;
light, rich loam. Winter temp., 55° to 60°;
summer, 60° to 88°.
S. Adanw'nia (Adanson's). 6. July. Florida. 1810.
— Blackburnia'na (Blackburn's). 6. Tropics.
— graminifo'lia (grass-leaved). 6. S. Amer. 1825.
-palme'ttn (small palm). 6. Georgia. 1825.
— umbraculi'fera (umbrella-bearing). 6. Ja-
maica. 1825.
SABBA'TIA. (Named after L. Sabbati,
an Italian botanist. Nat. ord., Gentian-
worts [ Gentian acese]. Linn., 5-Pentan-
dria I-Monogynia.)
Hardy biennials, except panicula'ts, and all
from North America. Seeds in a shady, moist
border ; or if in pots, treated as alpines, having:
a saucer of water under them ; the perennial by
division in spring.
S. angula'ris (sMgleA-stemmed). £. Purple. July.
— calyco'sa (teo/y-calyxed).l . Darkred.July.181%2.
— eA/oroi'«fes(chlora.like). £. Red. July. 1817.
— gra'cilis (slender). 1. Rose. July.
— panicula'ta (panicled). 14. White. May.
1817. Perennial.
— stella'ris (st&r-flowered). Brown, yellow. June.
1827.
SABI'CEA. (From sabisabi, the Indian
' name. Nat. ord., Cinchunads [Gincho-
naceae]. Linn., 6-Pentandria \-Mono-
gynia. Allied to Hamelia.)
Stove, white-flowered, evergreen climbers. Cut-
tings of half-ripened shoots in sand, under a
glass, in heat ; sandy loam, fibry peat, with silver
sand and charcoal. Winter temp., 55° to 60°;
summer, 60° to 88°
S. a'spera (rough). Guinea. 1824.
— hi'rta (hairy). Jamaica. 1825.
SA'CCHARUM. Sugar Cane. (From
soukar, its Arabic name. Nat. ord.,
Grasses [Graminacese]. Linn., 3-2Via«-
dria 2-Digynia.)
Stove herbaceous perennials. Suckers chiefly;
cuttings taken from shoots that start from the
joints; rich, loamy soil. Winter temp., 55° to
60° ; summer, 60° to 90°, and moist atmosphere.
S. officina'rum (shop. Common Sugar Cane).
12. India. 1597-
SACCOLA'BIUM. (From saccus, a bag,
and labium, a lip ; bagged labellum. Nat.
ord., Orchids [Orchidacese]. Linn., 20-
Gynandria l-Monandria.)
Stove orchids, grown in baskets. See OECHIDS.
S. ampulla' ceum (flask-formed). £. Rose. August.
Sylhet. 183Q.
— Blu'mei (Blurne's). Violet, white. May. Java.
1835.
— carina'tum (keeled). India. 1838.
— compre'ssum (compressed). Cream-white.
Manilla.
— densiflo'rum (crowded-flowered). Brown, white*
July. Manilla. 1838.
pa'llidum (pale). Manilla. 1837.
— denticula'tum (toothed). J. Yellow, red.
Sylhet. 1837.
— gemma'tum (budded). Purple.May.S< r-et, 1837.
— gutta'tum (spotted-flowered). 1. \Vl.ite, rose*
April. E. Ind. 1820.
ma'jus (l&rge-flowered). White, pink.
July. E. Ind. 1839.
— macrosta' chyum (large-spiked). Variegated.
Philippines. 1840.
— micrafnthum (small-flowered). Violet. July.
E. Ind. 1837.
— minia'tum (vermilion). J. Vermilion. May.
Java. 1846.
— ochra'ceum (pale-recldish-yellow). Yellow,
red. May. Ceylon. 1838.
— preemo'rsum (bitten-leaved). White, lilac
May. Malabar. 1840.
SACRED BEAN. Nelu'mbium.
Oro'cus sati'vus.
SAG
[ 710]
SAG
SAGE. Sa'lvia officina'lis.
Varieties. — The Common Green ;
Wormwood; Green, with variegated
leaves; Red, with variegated leaves;
Painted, or Parti-coloured ; Spanish, or
Lavender-leaved ; and Ked.
Soil and Situation.— A dry, moderately
fertile soil is best suited to their growth,
in a sheltered situation.
Propagation : ly Cuttings.— These may
be either of the preceding or same
year's growth ; if of the first, plant in
April; if of the latter, not until the
close of May or middle of June. The
shoots of the same year are usually em-
ployed, as they more readily emit roots,
and assume a free growth. The out-
ward and most robust shoots should be
chosen, and cut from five to seven inches
in length. All but the top leaves being
removed, insert by the dibble almost
down to these, in rows six inches apart
each way, in a shady "border, and during
moist weather, otherwise water must be
given immediately, and repeated occa-
sionally, until they have taken root.
By Seed. — Sow in April, in a bed of
rich, light earth, in drills a quarter of an
inch deep, and six inches apart. When
two or three inches high, thin the plants
to half a foot apart, and those removed
prick out at a similar distance. In the
autumn or succeeding spring, as the
plants are strong or weak, remove them
to their final stations.
After-Culture.— -The decayed flower-
stalks, stunted branches, &c., remove in
early winter and spring, and the soil of
the heds slightly turn over. When the
plants have continued two or three years,
a little dry, well-putrefied dung may be
turned in during early spring. Attention
to the mode of gathering has an influence
in keeping the plants healthy and vigo-
rous. The tops ought never to be
cropped too close, so as to render the
branches naked or stumpy.
SAGE'NIA. (From $agu, the Malay
name of some Palms, which this genus
resembles in miniature. Nat. ord., Ferns
[Polypodiacese]. Linn., 24i-Oryptogumia
I-Filices.)
Stove, brownish-yellow-spored Ferns, See
FERNS.
5. calca'rea (chalky). June. Isle of Luzon.
— coaduna'ta (united). 4. June. Ceylon. 1845.
— interme'dia (intermediate). June. Ceylon.
—••platyphy'Ua (broad-leaved). 3. June. Ceylon.
1845.
SAGI'NA. (From sagina, fatness ; pre-
sumed nourishing qualities for sheep.
Nat. ord., Cloveworts [Caryophyllacese],
Linn., ^-Tetrandria 3-Trigynia.)
Insignificant weeds, except procu'mberts, one
of the prettiest of our alpine plants, which makes
a close carpet on the ground, speading far and
•wide, and has starry, white flowers. It is not
more than half an inch high.
SAGITTA'KIA. Arrow-head. (From
sagitta, an arrow ; the leaves of some re-
semble an arrow-head. Nat. ord., Alis-
mads [Alismacese]. Linn., %\.-Moncccia
9-Polyandria.)
White-flowered aquatics. Division of the plant
in spring ; rich, loamy soil. The greenhouse and
stove kinds in an aquarium, or in vessels duly
supplied with water.
STOVE AQUATICS.
S. acutifo'lia (pointed-leaved). 1. June. America.
1816.
— angustifo'lia (narrow-leaved). 1J. July. Es-
sequibo. 1827.
— obtusifo'lia (blunt-leaved). 2. July. China.1804.
GKEENHOUSE AQUATICS.
S. Donia'na (Don's). 1. July. Nepaul. 1820.
— grami'nea (gr^ss-leaved). l£. July. Caro-
lina. 1812.
— hasta'ta (halbert-teawed). 1£. July. N. Amer.
1818.
— heterophy'lla (various-leaved). 1. July. N.
Amer. 1822.
— lancifo'lia (spear-head-leaved), li. June.
W. Ind. 1787.
— obtu'sa (biunt-leaved}. 1. July. N. Amer. 1820.
— Sine'nsis (Chinese). 2. October. China. 1812.
HARDY AQUATICS.
S.falca'ta (sickle-leaved). 1. July. Carolina. 1812.
— latifo'lia (broad-leaved). I.July. N.Amer.1818.
flo're-ple'no (double-flowered). 1. July.
N. Amer.
— na'tans (floating). 1. July. -Carolina. 1812.
— ri'gida (stiff -leaved). l£. June. N. Amer. 1805.
— sugittifo'lia (common arrow-leaved). 2. Juiy.
England.
flo're-plefno (double-flowered). l£. July.
SAGO PALM. Sa'gus.
SAGRE'A. (Named after M. de la Sagra,
a Spaniard. Nat. ord., Melastomads
[Melastomacese]. Linn., 8-Octandria 1-
Monogynia. Allied to Miconia.)
Stove evergreen shrubs. Cuttings of stubby
young side-shoots in spring ; sandy peat and
fibry loam, with a little charcoal, and sufficient
silver sand to keep the soil open, Winter temp.,
43° to 60° ; summer, 60° to 88°. The two follow-
ing are the best : —
S. microphy'lta (small-leaved). 2. White. May.
Jamaica. 1820.
— sessiliflo'ra (stalkless-flowered). 1. Red. April.
Guiana. 1793.
SA'GUS. Sago Palm. (From sagu, the
Malay name. Nat. ord., Palms [Palma-
cese]. Linn., 21-Moncecia G-Hexandria.)
Stove, green-flowered Palms. Suckers and
seeds; rich, loamy soil. Winter temp., 60°;
summer, 60° to 90°, and moist atmosphere.
S. peduncula'ta (/o»#-flower-stalked). 50. Ma-
dagascar. 1820.
SAI
[ 711]
SAL
S. Ru'ffia (Ruffia). 60. Madagascar. 1820.
— Ru'mphii (Rumphius's). 50. E. Ind. 1800.
— vini'fera (wine-bearing). 50. Guiana. 1820.
ST. ANDREW'S CROSS. Ascy'rum cru'x
A'ndrea.
ST. BARNABY'S THISTLE. Cenlan'rea
solstitia'lis.
SAINTFOIN. Onobry'chis.
ST. JOHN'S BREAD. Gerato'nia.
ST. JOHN'S WORT. Hype'ricum.
ST. MARTIN'S FLOWER, Alstromc',ia
flos-Marti'ni.
ST. PETER'S WORT. Hype'ricum Ascy'-
ron and Sympho'ria.
SALADING. See the following : — Ame-
rican Cress, Beet Koot, Borage, Burnet.
Celeriac, Celery, Chervil, Corn Saladj
Cress, Dandelion, Endive, Finochio, Gar-
den Eocket, Horse-radish, Lettuce, Mint,
Mustard, Onions, Purslane, Radishes,
Eape, Scurvy Grass, Succory, Water
Cress, Wood Sorrel.
SALEP. Orchis.
SALISBU'RIA. Maiden-hair-tree. (Named
after JR. A. Salisbury, an English hota-
nist. Nat. ord., Taxads [Taxacese]. Linn.,
Qli-Moncecia Q-Polyandria.)
Hardy deciduous tree. Layers, which require
from one to two years to root, unless the soil be
kept moist about them; puttings of the well-
ripened shoots, taken off with a heel, and inserted
under hand-lights ; deep, sandy loam, and dry
sub-soil. This is a highly ornamental tree, pro-
ducing its male and female blossoms on different
trees ; and it is doubtful if the female plant fee in
this country. The readiest way to secure fruit
•would be to graft female shoots on the male plant.
S. adiantifo'lia (maiden-hair-leaved). 20. April.
Japan. 1754.
SALI'SIA. (Named after the Countess
de Sails. Nat. ord., Myrtleblooms [Myr-
tacese]. Linn., I8-Polyadelphia 3-Trian-
dria. Allied to Leptospermum.)
Greenhouse evergreen shrub. Cuttings of young
shoots, getting a little firm, in sand, under a bell-
glass, in May ; peat and loam. Winter temp.,
38° to 48°.
S, pulche'lla (pretty). Rose. May. Swan River.
SA'LTX. Willow. (From the Celtic sal,
near, and Us, water; place of growth.
Nat. ord., Willowworts [Salicaeese]. Linn.,
%2-Dicecia 2-Diandria.)
Cuttings of ripened shoots, which merely re-
quire to be inserted in the soil in the autumn ;
moist soil, inclining to the marshy, suits them
best | very dwarf shrubs, propagating with more
difficulty, should be struck in summer under a
hand-light.
GREENHOUSE DECIDUOUS.
S. Sonpiandia'na (Bonpland's). Mexico.
— Oariepi'na (Gariepan). April. Cape of Good
Hope. 1816.
— Htm6o/«tfia'na(Hunaboldt's). 10. Peru. 1823.
Evergreen.
— tetraspe'rma (four-seeded). 20, E. lad, 1796-
HARDY EVERGREENS.
S. cine'rea (grey). 15. April. Britain.
— venuWsa (veiny-leaved). 2. April.
HARDY DECIDUOUS.
S. acumina'ta(pointed-leaved). 15. April. Britain,
— acutifo'lia (sharp-leaved). 8. April. Caspia-
Sea. 1823.
— Mgypti'aca (Egyptian). Egypt.
— alaternoi'des (alaternus-like). April. Switzer-
land. 1824.
— a'lba (co/nmtm-white). 40. April. Britain.
cceru'lea (blue). 40. May. Britain.
cri'spa (curled-leaved). England.
— albe'scens (whitish). April. Switzerland. 1824.
— alnifo'lia (alder- leaved). April. Europe. 1830.
— ambi'gua (doubtful). 20. April. Britain.
ma'jor (greater). 5. April. England.
undula'tu (•w&vy-leaved). April. England.
— Ammania'na (Ammann's). 20. May. Austria.
1821.
— amygda'lina (almond-/eo»<?d). 2. April. Britain.
— Andersonia'na ( Anderson's). S.April. Scotland.
— angusta'ta (narrow-leaved). 10. March. Penn-
sylvania. 1811.
— angustifo'lia (narrow-leaved). 3. April. Cas-
pian. 1825.
— Ansonia'na( Anson's). March. Switzerland. 1827.
— aqua'tica (water). 10. April. Britain.
— arena'ria (sand). 3. June. Scotland.
— a'tro-purpu'rea (dark-purple-6roncAed). April.
Switzerland. 1824.
— a'tro-vi'rens (dark green). May. Switzerland.
1824.
— auri'ta (eared). 2. April. England.
— austra'lis (southerr'). April. Switzerland. 1824.
— Babylo'nica (Babylonian. Weeping). 30. May.
Levant. 1730.
cri'spa (curled-teot'ed). May.
Napoleo'na (Napoleon's). 16.
vulga'ris (common). June. England.
— berberifo'lia (berberry-leaved). May. Dauria.
1824.
— betulifo'lia (birch -leaved). May. Scotland.
— betuli'na (birch-like).
— bi'color (two-coloured). 5. April. Britain.
— Borreria'na (Borer's). 8. May. Scotland.
— cce'sia (grey). 3. May. South Europe. 1824.
— ca'ndida (white). 10. April. N. Amer. 1811.
— candi'dula (small-white). April. Europe.
— cane'scens (hoary).
— ca'prea (goat. Great-round-leaved), 30. April.
Britain.
— carina'ta (keel-leaved). 3. April. Scotland.
— carpinifo'lia (hornbeam-leaved). April. Ger-
many. 1824.
— cerasi/o'lia (cherry-leaved). April. Switzerland.
1824.
— chrysa'nthos (golden-flowered). April. Norway.
— clethcefo'lia (cletha-leaved). April. Switzer-
land. 1824.
— confo'rmis (uniform-leaved). April. N. Amer.
— coni'fera (cone-bearing). 10. June. N. Amer.
1820.
— corda'ta (heart-leaved). G.April. N. Amer. 1811.
— cordifo'lia (heart-leaved). S. N. Amer. 1811.
— coria'ceu (leathery- teamed). S. April. Switzer-
land. 1895.
— coru'scans (glittering). 3. April. Germany.
1818.
— cotinifo'lia (cotinus-leaved). 2. March. Britain.
— crussifo'lia (thick-leaved). April.
— Crowea'na (Crowe's). 8. April. Scotland.
— cydonitnfoflia (quince-leaved). April. Switzer-
land. 1824.
- damasce'na(damwn-kawd).l2.April. Scotland.
SAL
[712 ]
SAL
'. Daphnoi'des (Daphne-like). April. Switzerland.
1820.
- Davallia'na (Davall's). 6. May. Scotland.
- deci'piens (deceptive). 8. May. England.
- decu'mbens (lying-down). May. Switzerland.
1823.
- Dicksonia'na (Dickson's). I.April. Scotland.
•- di'scolor (two-coloured). 8. April. N. Amer.
1811.
- Donia'na (Don's). 6. April. Scotland.
- du'ru (hardy). April.
- elceagnoi'des(e\&a%nva-leaved). 4. May, Eu-
rope. 1824.
- eria'ntha (woolly-flowered). April. Switzerland.
1820.
-fagifo'lia (beech-leaved). Croatia.
-falca'ta (sickle-leaved). 4. April. N, Amer.1811.
-ferrugi'nea (rusty-leaved). 12. April. Britain.
-Fmma'reAica(Finmark).10.April.Sweden.l825.
-fi'rma (firm-leaved). April.
-foliolo'sa(\e&fy). 6. April. Lapland. 1818.
- Forbesia'na (Forbes's). 6. April. Britain.
- Forbya'na (Forby's). 8. April, England.
•formo'sa (elegant). Carinthia.
- Forsteria'na (Forster's). 10. April. Scotland.
-fra'gilis (brittle). 15. April. Britain.
•fu'sca (brown). 2. May. Britain.
arge'ntea (silvery. Sand). 4. April. Eng-
land.
fae'tida (stinking). 1$. May. Britain.
incuba'cea (trailing). 4. May. England.
prostra'ta (lying-flat). 1. May. Britain.
• re' pens (creeping). 2. May. Britain.
vulga'ris (common). May. Britain.
-fusca'ta (brown-stemmed). 2. April. N. Amer.
1811.
- gemina'ta (twin-catkined). March. Britain.
- glabra'ta (smooth). April. Switzerland. 1824.
- glau'ca (milky-green). 2. July. Scotland.
- gri'sea (grizzly). 6. April. Pennsylvania. 1820.
- Grisonefnsis (Grison). 15. April. Switzerland.
1824.
- grisophy'lla (grey-leaved). April. Switzerland.
1824.
- hasta'ta (halbert-teawed). 15. May. Lapland.
1780.
arbu'scul a (little-tree). 1. May. Switzer-
land. 1824.
malifo'lia (apple-leaved). 6. Britain,
serrula'ta (saw-edged). 8. May. Lap-
land. 1810.
- he'll* (helix). 10. March. Britain.
- Helve 'tica (Swiss). 14. April. Switzerland. 1824.
- herba'cea (herbaceous). £. June. Britain.
- heterophy'lla (various-leaved). April. Switzer-
land. 1823.
- hippophaefo'lia (hippophag-leaved). April. Ger-
many. 1823.
- hi'rta (hairy-ftrancAed). 15. April. England.
- Hoffma'nnia (Hoffmann's). 30. May. England.
- holoseri'cea (velvety). 8. April. England.
- Houstonia'na (Houston's). 4. April. Virginia.
- hu'milis (lowly). 1$. April. 1820.
- inca'na (hoary). April. Austria. 1821.
- incane'sceru (whitish-fca»ed). March. Switzer-
land. 1823.
- Jacqui'nii (Jacquin's). 2. April. Austria. 1818.
- Kitaibelia'na (Kitaibel's). *. April. Carpathian.
1823.
- laeu'stris (lake). March. Switzerland. 1824.
- Lambertia'na (Lambert's).lO.March.England.
- lana'ta (woolly). 2. May. Scotland.
- Lappo'num (Lapland.) 2. May. Lapland. 1812.
- latifo'lia (broad-leaved). March.
- lauri'na (laurel-like). 8. April. England.
- laxiflo'ra (loose-flowered). 12. April. Scotland.
S. leucophy'lla (white-leaved). 40. May. Europe,
1824.
— linea'ris (narrow-£ea»ed). 4. April. Switzerland.
1820.
— li'vida (livid). 1. May. Lapland. 1820.
— longifo'lia (long-leaved). April. N. Amer. 1819.
— lu'cida (shining). 8. May. N. Amer. 1811.
— Lyo'nii (Lyon's). Switzerland.
— macrostipula'cea (large-stipuled). May. Swit-
zerland. 1824.
— mespilifa'lia (medlar-leaved). April. Switzer-
land. 1824.
— Meyeria'na (Meyer's). 20. April. Sweden. 1822.
— Michelia'na (Michel's). 15. April.
— molli'ssima (softest). 20. April. Germany.
— Monspelie'nsis (Montpelier). May. Montpelier.
1825.
— monta'na (mountain). May. Switzerland.
— Muhlenbergia'na (Muhlenberg's). 3. April.
N. Amer. 1811.
— muri'na (mouse-like). April. Switzerland. 1824.
— muta'bilis (changeable). March. Switzerland.
1824.
— myricoi'des (gale-like). 8. April. N.Amer. 1811.
— myrsini'tes (myrsine-like). 3. May. Scotland.
— m#r«//ot'des(myrtle-like).2.May. Sweden.1/72.
— «erwo'sa(/ar#e-nerved). April. Switzerland. 1824.
— ni'gra (black). 20. May. N.Amer. 1811.
— ni'gricans (blackish). 10. April. England.
— ni'tens (shining). 10. April. Scotland.
— obova'ta (reversed-egg-leaved). May. N.Amer.
— obtusifo'lia (blunt-leaved). April. Lapland. 181S.
— oleifo'lia (olive-leaved). 4. March. Britain.
— pa'Uida(pzle). April. Switzerland. 1823.
— paludo'sa (marsh). April. Germany.
— panno'sa(cloth-leaved) .April. Switzerland.! 824.
— pa' tens (spreading). 4. April.
— pa'tula (spreading). April. Italy. 1818.
— pedicella'ris (/ong-leaf-stalked). 3. March. N,
Amer. 1811.
— Pennsylva'nica (Pennsylvanian). April. N.
Amer. 1825.
— penta'ndra (five-stamened). 15. April. Britain.
hermaphrodi'tica (hermaphrodite). 15.
March. Britain.
— persicifo'lia (peach-leaved).
— petiola'ris (dar Ar-leaf- stalked). 10. April. Scot-
land.
— petrce'a (rock). 7. April. Britain.
— phillyreifo'lia (phillyrea- leaved). 5. April,
Scotland.
— planifo'lia (flat-leaved). 2. Labrador. 1811.
— pola'ris (polar). 1. Lapland. 1820.
— Pomera'nica (Pomeranian). 10. May. Po-
merania, 1822.
— Pontedera'na (Pontedera's). 3. May. Swit-
zerland. 1821.
— prinoi'des (prinus-like). 10. March. N.Amer.
1811.
— procu'mbens (lying-down). £. June. Scotland.
— propi'nqua (nearly-related). 8. Britain.
— Pro/««/o'«o(Protea-leaved). April. Switzer-
land. 1820.
— prunifo'lia (plum-leaved). 3. April. Scotland.
sty'lo-longio're (longer-styled). 3. April.
Scotland.
— purpu'rea (purple). 8. March. England.
— Purshia'na (Pursh's). May. N. Amer.
— Pyrena'ica (Pyrenean). 1. May. Pyrenees. 1823.
cilia' ta (hair-fringed). I.May. Pyrenees.
— py7-i/o'/ta(pear-leaved).April.Switzerland. 1824.
— ra'dicans (rooting). May. Britain.
— r«m//w'sa (spreading-branched). April, Britain.
— recurva'ta (curled-back-^owcred). 3. April.
N.Amer. 1811.
— rcfltfxa (bent-back-ca/y*ed). March.
SAL
[ 713 ]
SAL
S. reticula'ta (netted). £. June. Britain.
— retu'sa (blunt- leaved}. £. May. South Europe.
1673.
— ri'gida (stiff). 15. April. N. Amer. 1811.
— rivula'ris (river). May. Switzerland. 1824.
— rosmarinifo'lia (rosemary-leaved). 2. April.
Britain.
— rotunda1 ta (round-teaeyd). 15. April. Switzer-
land. 1824.
— ru'bra(red. Osier). 8. April. England.
— rupe'stris (silky-rock). 3. April. Scotland.
— Russellia'na (Russell's). 40. April. England.
— salvieefo'lia (sage-leaved).
— Sehleicheria'na (Schleicher's). April. Switzer-
land. 1824.
— Schraderia'na (Schrader's). 2. May. Germany.
1820.
— septentriona'le (northern). April. Europe.
— seri'cea (silky). 2. May. Switzerland. 1820.
— serpyllifo'lia (thyme-leaved). £. April. Swit-
zerland. 1818.
— Silesi'aca (Silesian). 6. May. Silesia. 1816.
— Smithia'na (Smith's). 20. April. England.
— so'rdida (mean). April. Switzerland. 1824.
— spa^w?a'ta(spatulate).5. April. Germany. 1818.
— spfiaceia'ta (withered-/jom£ed). 2. April. Scot-
land.
— Starkea'na (Stark's). April. Europe. 1820.
— stipula'ris (stipuled). 6. March. England.
— stre'pi da (creaking). April. Switzerland. 1820.
— Stuartia'na (Stuart's) 4. July. Scotland.
— subalpi'na (subalpine). April. Switzerland.1820.
— tenuifo'lia (thin-leaved). 2. May. Britain.
— tenu'ior (slenderer). 15. May. Scotland.
— tetra'ndra (four-stamened). April. Europe.
— tetra'pla (four-fold). 4. March. Scotland.
— TreDim'nt(Treviranus's).April. Germany.1825.
— tria'ndra (three-stamened). 30. July. Britain.
Hoppea'na (Hoppe's). 30. May. Austria.
1820.
— tri'stis (dark-teawed). 4. April. N. Amer. i;65
— ulmifo'lia (elm-leaved). 1. April. Switzerland.
1821.
— undula'ta (waved-teaved). 30. April. England.
lanceola'ta (spear-head-/ea?;ed). 30. April.
England.
— u'va-u'rsi (bearberry-like). £. April. Labrador.
1811.
— vacciniifo'lia (bilberry-leaved). 2. April. Scot-
land.
— Vaude'nsis (Vaudois). 3. March. Switzerland.
1824.
— veluti'na (velvety). April. Europe. 1826.
— versi'color (various-coloured). 2. May. Switzer-
land.
— Villarsia'na (Villars's). 6. April. France. 1818.
— villo'sa (shaggy). 2. April. Switzerland.
— vimina'lis (twiggy. Common Osier). 12. April.
England.
— vire'sccns (greenish-beared). S.April. Switzer-
land.
— virga'ta (twiggy) . Ij. May.
— vitelli'na (yellow-branched). 15. March. Eng-
land.
— Waldsteinia'na (Waldstein's). 4. April. Alps,
Tyrol.
— Weigelia'na (Weigel's). 10. Britain.
— Willdenovia'na (Willdenow's). May.
— Woolgaria'na(\Voo\s&r's). 12. April. England.
— Wulfenia'na (Wulfen's). 6. May. Carinthia.
1818.
SA'LMEA. (Named after the Prince Salm
Dyck. Nat.ord., Composites [Asteracese].
Linn., I9-Syngenesia 1-^qualis. Allied to
Bidens.)
Stove evergreen twiners. Cuttings of firm,
stubby side-shoots in sand, under a bell-glass, in
bottom-heat; rich, fibry loam. Winter temp.,
48° to 58° ; summer, 60° to 85°.
S. ewpa£o*ria(eupatorium-like). White. April. S
Amer. 1815.
— hirsu'ta (hairy). 6. Yellow. August. Ja-
maica. 1823.
— sca'ndens (climbing). 6. Yellow. June. Vera
Cruz. 1820.
SALPIA'NTHUS. (From salpinx, a tube,
or trumpet, and anthos, a flower ; refer-
ring to the coloured calyx, which is tu-
bular in all the plants in this order. Nat.
ord., Nyctagos [Nyctagynacese]. Linn.,
5-Pentandria \-Monogynia. Allied to the
Marvel of Peru.)
Cuttings in sand, under a glass, in heat ; peat
and loam. Winter temp., 55° to 60° ; summer,
60° to 80°.
S.fra'grans (sweet-scented). 20. White, orange.
May. Chili. 1844. Greenhouse evergreen.
— lanceola'ta (spear-head-/eaued^. 3. Purple.
June. W. Ind. 1824. Stove evergreen.
— purpura'scens (purplish). Variegated. June.
Cuba. 1830. Stove herbaceous.
(From salpinx, a tube,
and chlaina, a cloak; the covering of the
spore-cases. Nat. ord., Ferns [Polypo-
diacese]. Linn., %±-Cryptogamial-Filices.}
Stove Fern. See FERNS.
S. volu'bilis (twining). Yellow, brown. July.Brazil.
1842.
SALPICHEO'A. (From salpinx, a tube,
and chroa, colour; coloured tube. Nat.
ord., Nightshades [Solanacese]. Linn.,
5-Pentandria \-Monogynia.}
Greenhouse evergreen shrub. Cuttings of half-
ripened shoots in sand, under a bell-glass ; peat
and loam. Winter temp., 45° to 50°.
S. elandulo'sa (glandulous). Yellow. July. Chili,
1844.
SALPIGLO'SSIS. (From salpinx, a tube,
and glossa, a tongue ; refers to the style
in the tube of the flower. Nat. ord., Fig-
worts [Scrophulariacese]. Linn., 1^-Didy-
namia %-Angiuspermia.)
Annuals and biennials, from Chili; do best
when sown in autumn and spring, for early spring
and summer blooming. Strami'nea, sown in
spring in a gentle hotbed, will bloom freely in
summer and autumn in the greenhouse; rich,
light soil.
S. sinua'ta (scolloped). 1. Purple. August. 1824,
Biennial.
-- pi'cta (painted). 5. Variegated. May. is^.
Annual.
-- strami'nea (straw-coloured). l£. Red,
white. July. 1824. Annual.
SALPIXA'NTHA. (From salpinx, a tube,
and anthos, a flower. Nat. ord., Acanthads
[Acanthaceae]. Linn., 14-Dirfynamia 2-
Angiospermia. Allied to Euellia.)
Stove evergreen shrub. Cuttings of young shoot»
in spring and summer, in sandy soil, in a hotbed;
SAL
[ 714 J
SAL
loam and peat, with a little old dung, such as that
from a spent mushroom-bed. Winter temp., 48°
to 55° ; summer. 60° to 85°.
5. cocci'nea (scarlet). 3. Scarlet, rose. September.
Jamaica. 1844.
SALSAFY. Tragopo'gon porrifo'Iius.
Soil. — Light and moderately fertile.
At the time of sowing trench it, turning
in a little manure with the bottom-spit
only.
Sow in March and April, in an open
situation, in shallow drills, nine inches
asunder, scatter the seeds thinly, and
cover them half an inch deep. When the
plants are two or three inches high, thin
to ten inches asunder. During very dry
weather water occasionally very plenti-
fully, and if half an ounce of guano is
added to each gallon of water it will he
very heneficial. They will have large
roots by September or October, when
you begin taking them up for use ; and
in November, when the leaves begin to
decay, a quantity may be preserved in
sand for use in time of severe frost ; but
those left in the ground will not be in-
jured. In spring, when those remaining
in the ground begin to vegetate, the
shoots, when a few inches high, may he
cut for use as asparagus, being excellent
when quite young and tender. Suffer a few
plants to run up to stalk every spring to
produce seed. The best mode of cook-
ing the roots is to boil and mash them,
form them into cakes, and fry them in
butter. The flavour is that ' of oyster
patties.
SALTS. Saline manures are generally
beneficial, and often essential. They
ought to be put on in very small quanti-
ties, and frequently, during the time of
the plant's growth.
Common Salt. — Chloride of sodium, ap-
plied in the spring at the rate of twenty
bushels per acre, has been found very
beneficial to asparagus, broad beans, let-
tuces, onions, carrots, parsnips, potatoes,
and beets. Indeed, its properties are so
generally useful, not only as promoting
fertility, but as destroying slugs, &c., that
it is a good plan to sow the whole garden
every March with this manure, at the
rate above specified. The flower-garden is
included in this recommendation; for
some of the best practical gardeners re-
commend it for the stock, hyacinth, ama-
ryllis, ixia, anemone, colchicum, narcis-
sus, ranunculus, &c.; and in the fruit-
garden it has been found beneficial to
almost every one of its tenants, especially
the cherry and apple. On lawns and
walks it helps to drive away worms, and
to destroy moss.
Ammonia. — The salts of ammonia are
highly stimulating, and afford, by their
ready decomposition, abundant food to
plants. The dungs of animals are
fertilizing exactly in proportion to the
amount of ammonia in them. The only
care required is not to apply them too
abundantly. Half an ounce to each gal-
lon of water, given at the most twice a
week, is a good recipe for all the am-
moniacal salts. The ammoniacal gas
liquor, at the rate of one pint to two gal-
lons of water, is highly beneficial to all
plants grown for their leaves.
Chalk (Carbonate of Lime) may be
applied in large quantities, twenty or
thirty tons per acre, to render a light
siliceous soil more retentive, or a heavy
soil more open. Its basis, lime, enters
into the composition of most plants in
some state of combination. If the chalk
is to be burnt into lime before it is ap-
plied, care should be taken that it does
not contain, like some of the Yorkshire
chalks, a large proportion of carbonate of
magnesia. Magnesia remains long in a
caustic state, and has been found inju-
rious to the plants to which it has been
applied.
Chloride of Lime gradually gives out a
portion of its chlorine, and is converted
into muriate of lime, a salt absorbing
moisture from the air, which can hardly
exist in any soil, however light, without
keeping it moist ; and its nauseous odour
may be found to keep off" the attacks of
the fly and other vermin. A solution
containing one ounce in five gallons of
water is said to destroy the aphis and
the caterpillar, if poured over the trees
they infest.
Gas Lime is a hydro-sulphuret of lime,
with a little ammonia. It is an excellent
manure, especially to cabbages, turnips,
cauliflowers, and brocoli, dug in at the
time of planting or sowing. If sown over
the surface at the time of inserting the
crop, at the rate of twenty bushels per
acre, it will effectually drive away the
turnip-fly, slug, &c.
Gypsum, or Plaster of Paris, is sulphate
of lime. It has been found very useful
as a top-dressing to lawns, and dug in
i'or turnips and potatoes. Three hun-
dred weight per acre is abundance.
Nitrates of Potash (Saltpetre), and of
SAL
E 716]
SAL
Soda (Cubic Petre), have been found!
beneficial to carrots, cabbages, and lawns.
One pound to a square rod of ground is
a sufficient quantity. Both these nitrates
have been found beneficial to potatoes in
Scotland. Mr. Murray says, that from
1810 down to the present time he has
been in the habit of watering pinks and
carnations with solutions of these two
nitrates, and the benefit has been uni-
form and eminent in promoting their
luxuriance.
They have also been given in solution
with great benefit to chrysanthemums,
lettuces, celery, fuchsias, and dahlias:
one pound to twelve gallons of water.
Nitrate of soda destroys slugs.
Phosphate of Lime. — See BONES.
Super-Phosphate of Lime. — Chrysan-
themums were much increased in vigour
when watered with a solution of this salt
in the Chiswick Garden, at the end of
July. It is thought, if the application
had been made earlier, the benefit would
have been still more marked.
SALT-TREE. Halimode'ndron.
SA'LVIA. Sage. (From salvo, to save ;
medicinal qualities. Nat. ord., Lipworts
[Lamiacese]. Linn., 2-Diandria \-Mo-
nogynia.)
Annuals and biennials, seeds in the open bor-
der; herbaceous perennials, by division at the
roots in spring ; shrubs, by cuttings inserted
firmly in the ground in autumn or spring, like the
common Sage ; greenhouse and stove species, by
cuttings of the young shoots at all seasons except
winter, only the stove kinds like a little heat ; rich,
light, good soil. See CLARY and SAGE.
STOVE ANNUALS.
S, lanceola'ta (spear-head-/eawed). 1. Blue. July.
W. Ind. 1813.
— micra'ntha (small-flowered). 1. Blue. May.
Cuba. 1823.
— rhombifo'lia (diamond-leaved). Blue. Peru.
1827.
— tene'lla (slender). Blue. June. Jamaica. 1821.
HARDY BIENNIALS AND ANNUALS.
S. mhio'pis (Ethiopian). 3. White. May. Austria.
1570.
— Byzanti'na (Turkey). 1. Blue. July. Turkey.
1825.
— ceratophy'lla (buckhorn -leaved). 2. Yellow.
July. Persia. 1699.
— ceratophylloi'des (buckhorn -leaved-like).
Yellow. July. Egypt. 1771.
— ero'sa (bitten-leaved). 1. Blue. July. Europe,
1817. Annual.
— folio'sa (leafy), ij. Blue. All seasons. Mexico.
1827. Greenhouse biennial.
— hirsu'ta (hairy). 1. Blue. May. 1801. Annual.
— Hispa'nica (Spanish), li. Blue. July. Spain
1739. Annual.
— hormi'num (horminum). 1^. Purple. June.
South Europe. 1696. Annual.
ru'bra (ted-topped). l£. Red. July. South
Europe. 1596.
S. hormi'num viola'cea (purple-topped'). 1$.
Purple. June. South Europe. 1596.
— nepetifo'lia (cat-mint-leaved). 1. Blue. July.
Europe. 1823. Annual.
— Nilo'tica (Nile). 1. Blue. July. Egypt. 1780.
— phlomoi'des (phlomis-like). 2. Blue. May.
Spain. 1805.
— plnna'ta (Icafleted). 1. Purple. July. Levant.
1731.
— scla'rea (common. Clary). 4. White, purple.
August. South Europe. 1562.
(thorny -calyxed). 1. White. June.
Egypt. 1789-
— Tingita'na (Tangier). 3. White. July. Barbary,
1796.
— vi'ridis (green-topped). l£. Blue. July. Italy.
1759. Annual.
GREENHOUSE AND STOVE EVERGREENS.
S. Africa'na (African). 2. Violet. May. Cape of
Good Hope. 1734.
— agglutina'ta (clammy). Scarlet. June. New
Spain. 1827.
— amethy'stina (amethyst-coloured). 2. Blue.
August. Columbia. 1817- Stove.
— au'rea (golden). 3. Blue. July. Cape of Good
Hope. 1731.
— auri'ta (enred-leaved). 2. Lilac, yellow. May.
Cape of Good Hope. 1795.
— Canariefnsis (Canary). 4. Purple. July. Cana-
ries. 1697.
— chamadryoi'des (germander-like). l£. Blue,
July. Mexico. 1/95.
— confertiflo'ra (crowded-flowered). 3. Red.
August. Rio Janeiro. 1838. Stove.
— Cre'tica (Cretan). £. Violet. June. Crete. 1760.
— denta'ta (tooth-leaved). £. White. December.
Cape of Good Hope. 1774.
— dolichosta'chya (long-spiked). 6. Scarlet. Au-
gust. Mexico. 1820.
— e'legans (elegant). 4. Cream. July. Mexico.
1820.
— formo'sa (beautiful). 4. Scarlet. June. Peru.
1783.
—fu'lgens( brilliant). 5. Scarlet. July. Mexico.
18-29.
— Gesnerogflo'ra (Gesnera-flowered). 3. Scarlet.
March. 1846. Stove.
— involncra't'i (involucred). 2. Red. August.
Mexico. 1824 Stove.
— lamiifo'lia (lamium-leaved). 2. Blue. July.
S. Amer. 1821.
— occidentals (western). l£. White. July. Ja-
maica. 1824. Stove.
— odora'ta (sweet-scented). 3. White. July.
Bagdad. 1804.
— panicula'ta (panicled). 6. Violet. July. Cape
of Good Hope. 1758.
— pu'tens (spreading). 10. Blue. September.
Mexico. 1838.
— rosafo'lia (rose-leaved). Purple. July. Levant.
1827.
— runcina'ta (runcinate-tea»ed). 2. Blue. July.
Cape of Good Hope. 1774.
— sca'bra (scaly). 2. Blue. June. Cape of Good
Hope. 1774.
— strictiflo'ra (erect-flowered). 3. Brown, red.
December. Peru. 1831. Stove.
GREENHOUSE HERBACEOUS.
S. amari'ssima (bitterest). 2. Blue. August.
Mexico. 1803.
— angustifo'lia (narrow-leaved). 2. Blue. May,
Mexico. 1816.
— ca'sia (grey). 2. Blue. July. S. Amer. 1813.
— cocci'nea (sc&r\et-flowered). 2. Scarlet. July,
S. Amer. 1772.
SAL
L
SAM
S. descrto'rum (desert). 24. Blue. October. Si-
beria. 1829.
— Graha'mi (Graham's). 4. Purple, blue. Sep-
tember. Mexico. 1829.
— leuca'ntha (white-flowered). 2. White. Mexico.
1825.
— Mexica'na (Mexican). 2. Scarlet. June. Mexico.
1824. Stove.
— Nu'bia (Nubian). 2.Blue. June. Abyssinia. 1784.
— nubi'cola (cloudy). 3. Yellow. October. Ne-
paul. 1823.
— oppositiflo'ra (opposite-flowered). Orange, red.
November. Peru. 1847. Stove.
— polysta'chya (many-spiked). 3. Blue. October.
Mexico. 1822.
— prts'cox (ea.rly-flowering). Purple. March.
Africa. 1826.
— pulche'lla (pretty). 2. Scarlet. December. S.
Amer. 1821.
— purpu'rea (purple). 2i. Purple. June. Mexico.
1825,
— ri'ngens (gaping). 2. Blue. July. Levant. 1827.
— rugo'sa (wrinkled-/eawed). 2. White, red. July.
Cape of Good Hope. 1775.
— sero'tina (laAe-flowering), 1^. Blue. August.
Ohio. 1803.
— sple'ndens (splendid). 3. Scarlet. December.
Mexico. 1822.
— tUiafo'Ka (lime-tree-leaved). 4. Blue. May.
Caraccas. 1793. Stove.
— tubi'fera (tube-bearing). 3. Red. August.
Mexico. 1824.
— tubiflo'ra (tube-flowered). 4. Scarlet. June.
Mexico. 1820.
— tubifo'rmis (tube-shaped). Scarlet. June.
Mexico. 1844.
HARDY EVERGREENS.
5. calyci'na (targ^-calyxed). 1. Pink. August.
Greece. 1823.
— Hablixia'na (Habliz's). White, red. August.
Tauria. 1759.
— interru'pta (interrupted-feared). 4. White.
July. Barbary. 1790.
— lavanduleefo'lia (lavender-leaved). Blue.March.
Spain. 1597.
— officina'lis (shop. Common). 1. Blue. June.
South Europe. 1597.
tenu'ior (slenderer). I. Blue. June.
Spain. 1597.
variega'ta (variegated). 1. Blue. June.
South Europe. 1597.
— pomi'fera (apple-bearing). 2. Blue. July.
Candia. 1699.
— scorodonifo'lia (wood-sage-leaved. 2. White.
July. 1825.
HARDY HERBACEOUS.
S. arge'ntea (silvery). 3. Yellow.June.Crete.1759-
— Austri'aca (Austrian). 1 . Cream. June.
Austria. 1776-
— azu'rea (azure). 6. Blue. August, N.
Amer. 1806.
— Barrelie'ri (Barrelier's). 3. Blue. April.
Spain. 1821.
— bi'color (two-coloured). 2. Red, white. June.
Barbary. 1793.
- - bractea'ta (fon^-bracted). 3. Purple. March.
Russia. 1821.
— candidi'ssima (whitest).2.White.Armenia.l820.
— canefscens (hoary). 2. Purple. July. Caucasus.
— cardua'cea (thistle- Jeawed). l|. Purple. Cali-
fornia Proper. July.
— clandesti'na (clandestine). j}, Blue. June.
Italy. 1739.
.nuttft'yida (many-cleft). *. Blue. April.
Europe. 1822.
S. compre'ssa (compressed). 2. White. May.
E. Ind. 1822.
— crassifo'lia (thick-leaved). 2. Blue. June.
South Europe. 1804.
— dise'rmas (two-glumed). 2. White. July.
Syria. 1773.
— Forsko'hlii (Forskohl's). 14. Blue. July.
Levant. 1800.
— glutino'sa (glutinous). 3. Yellow. July.
Germany. 1769.
— grandiflo'ra (large-flowered). 2. Blue. July.
South Europe. 1816.
— hi'ans (gaping). 1. Blue. June. Cashmere. 1839-
— 1'ndica (Indian). 3. Blue. June. India. 1731.
— limba'ta (bordered). Russia. 1838.
— Linkia'na (Link's). Blue. July. Levant. 1823.
— Lusita'nica (Portuguese). l|. Blue. June,
Spain. 1819.
— lyru'ta (lyre-teawed). 1 . Purplish. June.
N. Amer. 1828.
— Jtf0orcro//ia'na(Moorcroft's).3.Paleblue.India.
— napifo'lia (rape-leaved). 2. Dark blue. June.
Italy. 1776.
— nu'tans (nodding). 2. Violet. July. South
Europe. 1780.
— j9rafe/nsis(meadow). 4. Violet. May. England.
— prunelloi'des (self-heal-like). $. Blue. June.
Mexico. 1838.
— pseu'dO'Cocci'nea (bastard-scarlet). 3. Scarlet.
July. S. Amer. 1797-
— Pyrena'ica (Pyrenean). 4. Blue. July. Py-
renees. 1824.
— re'gla (regla). 5. Scarlet. July. Mexico. 1739.
— scabiostefo1 lia (scabious-leaved). 1. White.
August. Siberia. 1818.
— sclareoi'des (clary-like). Violet. July. South
Europe. 1804.
— Sibtho'rpii (Sibthorp's). Blue. June. Europe.
1813.
— Simsia'na (Sims's). 3. Pale blue. June.
Russia. 1320.
— sylve'stris (wood). 2. Purple, violet. Au-
gust. Germany. 1759-
— Syri'aca (Syrian). l£. White.July.Levant.1759-
— tri'loba (three-lobed). 2. Red. June. South
Europe. 1596.
— urticlfo'lia (nettle-leaved). 3. Blue. June.
N.Amer. 1799-
— verbascifo'lia (mullein-leaved). 3. White.
May. Iberia. 1823.
— verbena? ca (vervain-like). 2. Violet. August,
Britain.
oblongifo'lia (oblong-leaved). l|. Blue.
September. Europe. 1820.
— versi'color (parti-coloured). l£. Blue, white.
July. Spain. 1822.
— verticilla'ta (whorl-flowered). 3. Blue. Au«
gLU'<-. Germany. 1628.
— virga'ta (twiggy). 4. White. September.
America. 1758.
— visco'sa (clammy). l£. Violet. May. Italy. 1773.
SAMBU'CUS. Elder-tree. (From sam-
buca, a musical instrument, made of elder-
wood. Nat.ord.,(7apr?/oi/s [Caprifoliacese] *
Linn., 5-Pentandria 3-Trigynia.)
Hardv plants, and all white-flowered, except
where otherwise mentioned. Generally by cut-
tings of ripened wood, either of one or several
years of age. Common, rich, light soil.
HARDY HERBACEOUS.
S. Chine'nsis (Chinese). 4.September.China.l823.
— e'bulus (dwarf). 3. White, red. June. Britain.
— hu'milis (lowly). 2. White, pink. June.
SAM
[ 717 ]
SAN
HARD? DECIDUOUS SHEUBS.
S. Canade'nsis (Canada). 6. July. N. Amer. 1761.
— ni'gra (bl&ck- fruited). 15. June. Britain.
fo'liis-arge'nteis (white - variegated -
leaved). 25. June. Britain.
fo'liis-lu'teis (yellow~variegated*le&\'ed).
25. June. Britain.
lacinia'ta (cut. Parsley-leaved). 25.
June. Britain.
lacinia'ta au'rea (cut-yellow-sfriped). 25.
June. 1848.
• leucoca'rpa (white-berried). 25. June.
Britain.
monstro'sa (monstrous-striped- barked).
25. June. Britain.
— pulverule'ntatpowdered'). 10. June. Britain.
rotundifo'lia (roundish-leaved). 25. June.
Britain.
vire'scens (greenish). 25. June. Britain.
— pu'bens (downy). 6. N. Amer. 1812.
— rucemo'sa (racemed). 12. Green, yellow. May.
South Europe. 1596.
flaoe'scens (yellowish). 12. Yellow,
green Mav. South Europe. 1596.
purpu'rea (purple). 12. Purple. May.
South Europe. 1596.
SA'MOLUS. Brookweed. (From the
Celtic sau, salutary, -and mos, a pig;
meaning pigs'-food. Nat. ord., Prime-
worts [Primulaoess]. ~Limi.,5-Pentandria
1-Monogynia.)
White-flowered herbaceous perennials. Divi-
sion of the plant in spring; sandy loam and
peat. Valera'ndi is hardy; the others require to
be kept moist in the greenhouse or pit in winter.
S. campanuloi'des (campanula-like). 1. July.
Cape of Good Hope. 1816.
— litora'lis (sea-side). 4. August. N. S. Wales.
1806.
— Valera'ndi (Valerandi's). J. July. Britain.
SAMPHIEE. See GRI'THMUM.
SAMY'DA. (Greek name of the "birch,
which they resemble. Nat. ord., Samyds
[Samydacese]. Linn., W-Decandria 1-
Monogynia.)
Stove, white-flowered, evergreen shrubs. Cut"
tings of shoots nearly ripe in sand, under a bell-
glass, and placed in bottom-heat, in summer ;
fibry loam, and sandy, fibry peat. Winter temp.,
50° to 60° ; summer, 60° to 85°.
S. glabra'ta (smooth). 6. August. W. Ind. 1800.
— macroca'rpa (large-fruited). July.Mexico.1826.
— macrophy'lla (large-leaved). 5. E. Ind. 1820.
— ro'sea (rosy). 4. Pink. June. W. Ind. 1/93.
— serrvla'ta (toothed-leaved). S.July .W.Ind.1723.
SANDAL WOOD. Sa'ntalum.
SAND -BOX- TREE. Hu'ra.
SAND WOOD. Bremontie'ra ammo'xylon.
SANGUINA'RIA. Puccoon. (From san-
guis, blood; their red juice. Nat. ord.,
Poppyworts [Papaveracese]. Linn., 13
Polyandria 1-Monogynia.)
Hardy, tuberous, white-flowered perennials,
from North America. Division of the roots, or
by seeds in spring ; light, loamy soil.
S. Canade'nsis ( Canadian. Bloodwort). $. March.
N. Amer. 1680.
— grandiflo'ra (large-flowered). May. N. Amer.
SANGUISO'RBA. Btirnet. (From saw-
guis, blood, and sorbeo, to absorb ; sup-
posed an active vulnerary. Nat. ord.,
JRoseworts [Rosacese]. Linn., ^-Tetran-
dria 1-Jlfonogynia.)
Hardy herbaceous perennials. Division of the
roots, and by seeds in spring ; common garden-
soil. See SUBNET.
S. alpi'na (alpine). Yellow. June. Altai. 1837.
— Anderso'nii (Anderson's). Pink. July. Siberia,
— Canade'nsis (Canadian). 3. White. August.
Canada. 1633.
— ca'rnea (flesh-coloured). 4. Red. July. Si-
beria. 1823.
— Maurita'nica (Mauritanian). 4. Pink. July.
Algiers. 1810.
— me'dia (middle). 4. Flesh. August. Ca-
nada. 1785.
— negle'cta (neglected). 4. White. July. Eu-
rope. 1800.
— officina'lis (shop). 4. Purple. July. Britain.
auricula ta (eared). 4. Pink. July. Sicily.
— prae'cox (ea.rly-flowering'). 3. Pink. May.
Siberia. 1827.
— tenuifo'lia (fine-leaved). 4. Pink. July.
Dahuria. 1820.
SANSEVIE'RA. (Named after Sansevier,
a Swedish botanist. Nat. ord., Lily worts
[Liliaceaej. Linn., 6-Hexandria 1-Mono-
gynia. Allied to Phormium.)
Stove herbaceous perennials, white-flowered,
except where otherwise mentioned. Suckers in
spring, or when obtainable, and division of the
plant. Most of them require a plant-stove, or a
warm greenhouse, to grow them well, and these
tender ones must have little water when in a
comparatively dormant state in winter ; light, fibry
loam and vegetable mould. Ca'rnea is hardy.
S. ca'rnea (flesh-coloured). £. Flesh. April.
China. 1792.
— ensifo'lia (sword- leaved). 1. E. Ind.
— fulvoci'ncta (tawny-edged). 1. Brazil. 1820.
— glau'ca (milky-green). 2.
— grandicu'spis (large-pointed). 3.
— Guinee'nsis (Guinea). 2. Green. September.
Guinea. 1790.
— Icetevi'rens (lively -green). 2. White, green.
— lanugino'sa (woolly). 2. E. Ind.
— longiflo'ra (long-flowered). 2. July. Africa. 1824.
— polyphy'lla (many-leaved). 2.
— pu'mila (dwarf). 1. Cape of Good Hope. 1796.
— spica'ta (spiked). 2. E. Ind. 1790.
— stenophy'lla (narrow-leaved). 3. 1818.
— Zeyla'nica (Ceylon). 2. White, green. Sep-
tember. Ceylon. 1731.
SA'NTALUM. Sandal Wood. (From
the Persian sandul, signifying useful.
Nat. ord., Sandalworts [Santalaceee].
Linn., 4k-Tetrandria l-Monogynia.)
Stove evergreens. Cuttings of firm young-
shoots in sand, under a bell-glass, in heat; sandy,
fibry loam and peat, with nodules of charcoal.
Winter temp., 50° to 55°; summer, 60° to 85°.
S. a'lbum (white-wooded). 10. Purple.E. Ind. 1304.
— myrtifo'lium (myrtle-leaved). 4. Red. E.
Ind. 1804.
— obtusifit'lium (blunt-leaved). 5. Red. N.
Holland. 1823.
SANTOLI'NA. Lavender Cotton. (From
SAN
£ 718 ]
sanctu*, holy, and linum, flax ; refers to
fancied medicinal qualities. Nat. ord.,
Composites [Asteracese]. Linn., 19-Syn-
genesia l-^&qualis.)
Hardy, yellow-flowered evergreens. Cuttings
in autumn or spring, in a shady place ; common
soil.
S. alpi'na (alpine). July. South Europe. 1798.
— cane'scens (hoary). July. Spain. 1683.
— chama-cyparVssus (ground-cypress). 2. July.
South Europe. 1573.
— pectina'ta (c<imb-leaved). 2. July. Spain. 1822.
— rosmarinifo'lia (rosemary-leaved). 2. August.
South Europe. 1683.
— squarro'sa (spreading). 1$. July, South
Europe. 1570.
— vi'ridis (dar*-green).2.July.SouthEurope.!72/.
SANVITA'LIA. (Named after a Spaniard-
Nat, ord., Composites [Asteracese]. Linn.?
19-jSyngenesia 2-tiuperflua.)
Hardy annual. Seeds in a slight hotbed, in
March, or in the open ground at the end of April.
A trailing annual, well-fitted for edgings.
S. procu'mbens (trailing), 1. Yellow. July.
Mexico. 1798.
SAOUARior SUWARROW.NUT. Caryo'car.
SAPONA'EIA. Soapwort. (From sopo,
soap ; the bruised leaves of 8. officinaJis
form a lather like soap. Nat. ord., Clove-
worts [Caryophyllacese]. Linn., IQ-Dc-
candria 2-Digynia. Allied to Silene.)
S. Cala'brica and ocymoi'des are two of the
prettiest flower-garden plants in this order.
Seeds of the annuals in open border, in April ;
division of the perennials, and cuttings of the
points of the shoots, in a sandy soil, under a
hand-light ; sandy loam, with a little peat or de-
cayed vegetable earth. Ocymoi'des and several
other trailing kinds are pretty hanging over knolls
or rock-works.
HARDY ANNUALS.
S. Cala'brica (Calabrian), $. Rose. August.
Calabria. 1830.
•— cerastioi'des (cerabtium-like). £. Pink. Russia.
1835.
— glutino'sa (clammy). 1. Pink. June. Tauria.
1817. Biennial.
— orienta'lit (eastern). 1. Pink. July. Le-
vant. 1732.
— perfolia'ta (leaf-stem-pierced). 2. Pink. June.
E. Ind. 1830.
— po'rrigens (stretching). 1. Flesh. July. Le-
vant. 16 aO.
— vacca'ria (cow-herb). 2. Bed. July. Germany.
1596.
— visco'sa (clammy). 1. 1336.
HARDY HERBACEOUS.
S. bellidifo'lia (dai*y-leaved). *. Red. July.
Italy. 1825.
— ceespito'sa (turfy).$. Red. July. Pyrenees. 1820.
— e'legans (elegant). Red. May. Galatia.
— lu'tea (yellow)4.Yellow.July.Switzerland.l804
— ocymoi'des (basil-like). £. Pink. June.
France. 1768.
— officina'lis (shop). 2. Pink. July. England
hy'brida (hybrid). Pink. England.
— j0rosfra'te(lying-flat).Rose.July.Pyrenees.l824
SAPPAN WOOD. Ceesalpi'nia sappa'n.
SARCA'NTHTJS. (From sarx, flesh, and
anthos, a flower ; substance of the flow-
ers. Nat. ord., Orchids [Orchidacese],
Linn., %Q-Gynandria 1-Monandria.)
Stove orchids, grown in baskets. See ORCHIDS.
S. cro'ceus (saffron-coloured). Saffron. Manilla.
1837.
—filifo'rmis (thread-like -leaved}. Brown, yellow.
July. E. Ind. 1842.
— gutta'tus (spotted), i. White. April. Ro
Dacca. 1818.
— oxyphy'llus (sharp-leaved). China. 1837-
— pa'llidus (pale-cowered). White. September.
E. Ind. 1840.
— panicula'tus (panicled). 2j. Yellow, brown.
China.
— preemo'rsus (bitten). I. Green. E. Ind. 182-:.
— rostra'tus (beaked). 1. Orange, brown. April.
China. 1824.
— succi'sus (lopped-off)c 1. Green. June.
China. 1824.
— teretifo'lius (cylindric-leaved) . l£. Green,
brown. May. China. 181Q.
SARCOCAU'LON. This is a synonyme of
Monsonia.
The following species, all purple-flowered, and
from the Cape of Good Hope, should be added to
that genus: —
S. Burma'nni (Burmann's), 1. May, 1800.
— Heritie'ri (L'Heritier's). 1. May. 1790.
— Pa£erso'«u(Paterson's). 2£. May. 1827-
SARCOCE'PHALUS. Guinea Peach. (From
sarx, flesh, and kephale, a head ; shape
and substance of the fruit. Nat. ord.,
Cinchonads [Cinchonacese]. Linn., 5-
Pentandria 1-Monogynia.)
Cuttings in spring, in bottom-heat, under a
glass. Stove evergreen, requiring a high, moist
temperature when growing; sandy loam, fibry
peat, with a little rough charcoal, and good
drainage. Winter temp., 55° to 60°; summer,
60° to 88°.
S. escule'ntus (eatable). 15. Pink, July. Sierra
Leone. 1822.
SARCOCHI'LUS. (From sarx, flesh,
and cheilos, a lip ; fleshy labellum. Nat.
ord., Orchids [Orchidacese]. Linn., 20-
Gynandria 1-Monandria.)
Stove orchids, grown on blocks. See OBCHIDS.
S. calce'olus (slippered). White. Manilla. 1844.
— cro'ceus (reddish-yellow). White, orange. Ma-
nilla.
— falca'tus (sickle-leaved). White. April. N.
Holland. 1821.
SARCOGLO'TTIS. (From sarx, flesh, and
glottis a tongue ; shape of the labellum.
Nat. ord., Orchids [Orchidacese]. Linn.,
20-Gynandria l-Monandria. Allied to
Spiranthes.)
Stove orchids, grown in pots. (See ORCHIDS.)
Some of the Neottias are by some botanists added
to this genus.
S. diure'tica (diuretic). Green, white, April.
Valparaiso. 1837.
SARCO'LOBUS. (From sarx, flesh, and
SAE
710 ]
SAU
lotos, a pod; seed-vessel fleshy. Nat.
ord., Asclepiads [ Asclepiadacese] . Linn.,
5-Pentandria 2-Diyynia. Allied to Per-
gularia.)
Stove evergreen twiners, from the East Indies.
Cuttings of short, firm side-shoots any time in
summer, in sandy soil, under a bell-glass, and
in a brisk bottom-heat; fibry loam and peat,
with a small quantity of charcoal, dried leaf-
mould, and silver sand. Winter temp., 50° to
55°; summer, 60° to 88°.
S. carina'tus (keeled). 16. Green, yellow. 1823.
— globo'sus (globe-fruited). 16. White. 1823.
SARCOSTE'MMA. (From sarar, flesh, and
stemma, a crown ; fleshy flower-head. Nat.
ord., Asclepiads [Asclepiadacese]. Linn.,
5-Pentandria 2-Dlgynia.)
Stove evergreen twiners. Cuttings of the
points of shoots in sand, under a bell-glass, and
in bottom-heat ; but care must be taken to raise
the glass often, to prevent damping ; sandy peat
and fibry loam, a small portion of charcoal, leaf-
mould, and sand. Winter temp., 45° to 55°;
summer, 60° to 80°.
S. campanula' ta (bell-flowered). 6. Yellow,
brown. September. Peru. 1844.
— Swartzia'num (Swartz's). 6, White. Ja-
maica. 1820.
— vimina'le (twiggy). 6. White. July. E.Ind.1731.
SARRACE'NIA. Side-saddle Flower.
(Named after Dr. Sarrasin, a French
physician. Nat. ord., Sarraceniads [Sar-
raceniacese] . Linn., IB-Polyandria 1-
Monogynia.)
Half-hardy herbaceous perennials, from North
America. Division in spring; fibry peat and
chopped sphagnum-moss ; a pit or frame will
be necessary for their cultivation, to keep them
from frost in winter, and to afford them a close,
humid atmosphere in summer.
S. Drummo'ndi (Drummond's). 2. Purple. June*
1829.
— fia'oa (yellow). 2. Yellow. June. 1752.
— mi'nor (smaller). £. Purple, green. April. 1829.
— purpu'rea (purple). 1. Purple. June. 1640.
— rw'6ra(red). 1. Purple. June. 1786.
— variola'ris (pimpled). 1. Yellow. June. 1803.
SASSAFRAS. Lau'rus sa'ssafras.
SATIN WOOD. Chloro' xylon.
SATUEE'IA. Savory. (From the Ara-
bic sattar, applied to labiates. Nat. ord.,
Labiates or Lipworts [Lamiaceae]. Linn
1^-Didynamia 1-Gymnospermia.)
Seeds and divisions in spring ; common, sandy
loam. See SAVORY.
HARDY HERBACEOUS, &C.
S. horte'nsis (wwnmer-garden). l£. Pink. July.
Italy. 1562. Annual.
— mo'llis (soft). 4. White. July. Teneriffe. 1889.
— monta'na (winder-mountain). 14. Purple.
June. South Europe. 1562.
— rupefstris (rock). 1. Purple. June. Car-
niola. 1798.
HARDY EVERGREENS.
S< mu'tica (awncd). June. Caucasus. 1836.
— nervo'sa (nerved), 1, Purple. Ionian Isles, 1820.
S. spino'sa (spiny). White. May. Crete. 1827.
— thy'mbra (thymbra). 1. Purple. June.
Candia. 1640.
— virga'ta (twiggy). Purple. June. Naples. 1424.
SATY'RIUM. (From satyrus, a satyr;
supposed aphrodisiacal properties. Nat.
ord., Orchids [Orchidacese]. Linn., 20-
Gynandria \-Monandria.}
Terrestrial orchids, from the Cape of Good
Hope, less difficult to cultivate than their allies.
We have flowered some of them planted out in
a cold frame with Ixias and other Cape Irids.
Division of the roots as fresh growth is commenc-
ing; fibry loam and turfy peat, well drained.
Winter temp., 40° to 45° ; summer, 55° to 75°.
S. au'reum (golden). Orange. August. 1842.
— ca'ndidum (white). White. September. 1836.
— ca'rneum (flesh-coloured). l£. Pink.June.1797-
— chrysosta'chyum (golden-spiked). Orange. 1836.
— coriifo'lium (coris-leaved). l. Yellow. October.
1820.
— cuculla'tum (hooded). |. Green. June. 1786.
— ere'ctum (erect). lj. Yellow. February. 1838.
—folio'sum (leafy). Purple. July. 1828.
— papilla' sum (nippled). Rose, purple. 1836.
— parvifto'rum (small-flowered). J.June. 1789.
— pustula'tum (pimpled). 1. Purple. 1800.
SAUNDERS WOOD. Pteroca'rpus san-
lalVnus.
SAURAU'JA. (Named after Sauraujo, a
Portuguese botanist. Nat. ord., Dille-
niads [Dilleniacese]. Linn., 12- Icosandria
3-Polygynia. Allied to Hibbertia.)
Stove evergreen, white - flowered trees and
shrubs. Cuttings of ripe shoots in sand, under
a bell-glass, in heat, in spring ; fibry loam and
sandy peat. Winter temp., 50° to 55° ; summer,
60° to 80°.
S. exce'lsa (tall). 50. Caraccas, 1820.
— macrophy'lla (large-leaved). Mexico. 1844.
— Nepale'nsis (Nepaulese). 30. August. Nepaul.
1824.
— specta' bilis (showy). 10. July. Bolivia. 1833.
SAUROGLO'SSUM. (From saura, a lizard,
and glossa, a tongue ; resemblance to the
tongue of that reptile. Nat. ord., Orchids
[Orchidacese]. Linn., 20-Gynandria 1-
Monandria.)
Stove orchid, grown in pots. See ORCHIDS.
S, ela'tum (tall). 14. White. April. Brazil. 1832.
SAUSSU'REA. (Named after H. B. de
Saussure, a Swiss botanist. Nat ord.,
Composites [ Asteraceae] . Linn., L9-Syn-
yenesia 1-JEqualis. Allied to Carlina.)
Hardy herbaceous perennials, and purple-
blossomed, except where otherwise mentioned.
Seeds and divisions of the plant in spring ; com-
mon garden-soil.
S. ala'ta (winged). 2. Red. July. Siberia. 1818.
— atpi'na (alpine). £. July. Britain.
— ama'ra (bitter). 14. July. Siberia. 1820.
— angustifo'lia (narrow-leaved). 2. July. Siberia.
1816.
— crassifo'lia (thick-leaved). July. Caucasus. 1824.
— di'scolor (two-coloured). I, July. Switzerland.
1818,
SAU
720 ]
SAX
5. di'scolor lapathifo'lia (lapathum-leaved). 1.
July. Europe. 1816.
— e'legans (elegant). Rose. July. Caucasus. 1820
•— elonga'ta (lengthened). 2. July. Caucasus. 1820
— Gmeli'ni (Gmelin's). July. Siberia. 1827.
— lacinia'ta (jagged-leaved). June. Siberia. 1827
— liatroi'des (liatris-like). July. Siberia. 1827
— lyra'ta (lyre-leaved). 2.Red. July. Siberia. 1827
— pygmcR1 (pigmy). 1. July. Austria. 1816
— ri'gida (stiff). July. Siberia. 1827.
— runcina'ta (runcinate). 2. Red. July. Siberia
1819.
— salicifo'lia (willow-leaved). 2. Red. July
Siberia. 1796.
— sa'lsa (salt). 1£. Red. July. Caucasus. 1816
— serra'ta (toothed-leaved). July. Europe. 1816
SAUVAGE'SIA. (Named after F. B. de
Sauvages, a French botanist. Nat. ord.
Sauvageads [Sauvagesiaceee]. Linn., 5-
Pentandria I-Monogynia.}
Pretty, tender, violet-looking annuals. Seeds
in spring, in a hotbed, pricked out, and potted,
and then flowered in the plant-stove or warm
greenhouse.
S. erecta (upright). 1, Pink. May. S. Amer
1820.
— geminijRo'ra (twin-flowered). &. Purple, red
June. Mexico. 1824.
SAVANNAH FLOWEE. Echi'tes sulere'cta.
SAVIN. Juni'perus sabi'na.
SAVORY. Saturs'ia monta'na, Winter or
Perennial Savory. S. horle'nsis, Summer
or Annual Savory.
They may be sown in the open ground
at the latter end of March or in April,
in a light, rich soil ; thin the seedlings
moderately, and they may either remain
where sown, or may be transplanted. Of
the Winter Savory, when the seedlings
are about two inches high, it is eligible
to plant out a quantity of the strongest
in moist weather, in nursery rows, six
inches asunder, to remain till September
or spring following, then to be trans-
planted with balls where they are finally
to remain, in rows a foot asunder. When
designed to have the Winter or Summer
Savory remain where sown, the seeds
may be in shallow drills, either in beds,
or along the edge of any bed or border
l>y way of an edging.
By Slips.— In the spring, or early
part of summer, the Winter Savory
may be increased by slips or cuttings of
the young shoots or branches, five or six
inches long ; plant them with a dibble, in
any shady border, in rows six inches
asunder, giving occasional waterings, and
they will be well rooted by September,
when they may be transplanted.
SAVOY. Bra'ssica olera'cea sabau'da.
Varieties. — Yellow, for autumn; Dwarf
and Green, and two sub-varieties of these,
the Eound and the Oval ; Large Green,
very hardy. These for winter-standing
crops.
Sow at the close of February, the
plants of which are ready for pricking
out in April, and for final planting at the
end of May, for use in early autumn;
the sowing to be repeated about the
middle of March, the plants to be pricked
out in May, for planting in June, to sup-
ply the table in autumn and early winter.
The main crops must be sown in April
and early May, to prick out and plant,
after similar intervals, for production in
winter and spring.
Planting. — The plants of the first crops
should be set out two feet apart each way,
but the winter. standing crops are better
at two feet by eighteen inches. Water
abundantly, if the weather is dry, until
the plants are well established.
To save Seed. — Such plants must be
selected of the several varieties as are
most true to their particular character-
istics, and as are not the first to run.
These, in open weather, from early in
November to the close of February, plant
entirely up to the head, in rows two feet
and a half each way, each variety as far
from the other as possible. They ripen
their seed in July and August.
SAW-FLY. See ATHALIA and HYLOTONIA.
SAWS for garden -pruning must have a
double row of teeth, to obviate the ten-
dency to nip, or buckle, that the damp-
ness of green wood and the leverage of
the branch occasion. One with a very
narrow blade, and one with a handle six
'eet long, will be found convenient. The
ace of the wound made by a saw should
always be cut smooth with the knife,
otherwise the wet lodging on its rough
surface occasions decay. See BILL.
SAWWOET. Serra'tula.
SAXI'FEAGA. Saxifrage. (From sazum,
stone, and frango, to break ; supposed
)ower in that disease. Nat. ord., Saxi-
<rages [Saxifragacese]. Linn., 10-Decan-
dria 2-Digynia.)
Seeds, and especially divisions in spring, unless
or annuals ; sandy loam ; the tenderest will re-
>ay for a little leaf-mould or peat; suited best for
he fronts of borders, the stumps of trees, and
or knolls and rock-works.
HAEDY ANNUALS, &C.
S. controve'rsa (contrary - turned). $. if ay.
South Europe. 1824.
—ftagella'ris (rod-like). *. Yellow. June.
Greenland. 1851. Evergreen trailer.
— hedera'cea (ivy-leaved), J. July. Levant. 1752.
— irri'gua .(watered), 1. June. Tauria. 1817.
Biennial.
SAX
SAX
$. April. Norway. 1732.
— fridacfy/i'tes(three-fingered). 4. April. Britain.
HARDY HERBACEOUS PERENNIALS.
S. adsce'ndens (ascending). A. May. Pyrenees.
1752.
— CBstiva'lis (summer). May. Altai. 1821.
— affi'nis (kindred). £. May.
— aizoi'des (aizoon-like) . |. Yellow. July.
Britain.
— ai'zoon (aizoon). 1. June. Alps. 1731.
— ajugcefo'lia (bugle-leaved). 1. June. Pyre-
nees. 1770.
— alti'fid a (deep-cleft) . 1 .
— androsa'cea (androsace - leaved). 1. May.
Austria. 1792.
— Aretioi'des (Aretia-like). $. Yellow. June.
Switzerland. 1826.
— argu'ta (sharp-notched). $. May. N. Amer.
1827.
— a'spera (rough). $. Cream. August. Switzer-
land. 1752.
— biflo'ra (two-flowered). £. Purple. May.
Switzerland. 1820.
— bronchia'lis (throat). £. Cream. May. Si-
beria. 1819.
— bryoi'des (bryum-like). 3. Cream. June,
Switzerland. 1/52.
— bulbi'fera (bulb-bearing). ^. June. South
Europe. 1819.
— Burseria'na (Burser's). £. Cream. April.
Carniola. 1826.
— cce'sia(grey). £. Pale yellow. May. Switzerland.
1752.
— ccespito'sa (turfy). ?. Cream. May. Wales.
— ceratophy'lla (horn-leaved). £. May. Spain,
1804.
— ce'rnua (drooping). £. July. Scotland.
— cilia'ta (hair-iringed-/eaued). f . May. India.
1843.
— condensa'ta (dense). $. May. Scotland.
— cordifo'lia (heart-leaved). 1. Purple. April.
Siberia. 1779.
— cotyledon (cotyledon). \. June. Alps, Europe.
1596.
— crassifo'lia (thick-leaved). 1. Purple. April.
Siberia. 1/65.
— crusta'ta (shelly- edged). £. June. Switzerland.
1800.
— cunelfn'lia (wedge-leaved). £. May. Switzer-
land. 1768.
— Davu'rica (Dahurian). £. June. Siberia.
1809-
— deei'piens (deceptive). J. May. Wales.
— denuda'ta (stripped). £. May. Scotland.
— dtaperasiot'des(diapensia-like). £. April. Swit-
zerland. 1825.
— e'legans (elegant). Ireland.
— elonge'lla (longish-s£a/*ed). 1. April. Scotland.
— ero'sa (gnawed). 1. White, yellow. May. Caro-
lina. 1812.
hirsu'ta (hairy). 1. White, yellow. June.
N. Amer. 1800.
— exara'ta (engraved). £. May. South Europe.
1800.
—ferrugi'nea (rusty). ^. September. N. Amer.
— geranioi'des (crane's-bill-like). J. April, Py-
renees. 1770.
— ge'um (geum). l. June. Ireland.
crenu'ta (scolloped). 1. May.
denta'ta (toothed). 1. May. Ireland.
poli'ta (polished), l. May. Ireland.
— granula'ta (grain-roofed). 1. May. Britain.
— ple'na (double-lowered). 1. May.
— HawoWAii (Haworth's), May, Europe.
5. hieracifo'lia (hawkweed-leaved). 1$. May;
Hungary. 1789.
— hi'rculus (birculus). £. Yellow, August. Eng-
land.
— hirsu'ta, (hairy). 1. Flesh. May. Ireland.
sphaeroi'dea (globe-like). 1. Flesh. May.
Pyrenees.
— Jd'r ta (hairy). 1. June. Scotland.
— hy'brida (hybrid). £. June. Piedmont. 1810.
— hypnoi'des (moss-like). £. May. Britain.
angustifo'lia (narrow-leaved) . £. May.
Scotland.
musco'sa (mossy). £. May. Scotland.
pulche'lla (pretty). 4. May. Scotland.
visco'sa (clammy). £. May. Scotland.
— «ncttmyo'/m(incurved-leaved).3.May. Ireland.
— inta'cta (untouched). 1. June. Tyrol.
mi'nor (smaller). 1, May. Alps.
• — — parviflo'ra (small-flowered). 1. May. Alps.
— interme'dia (intermediate). 1. July. 1808.
— leetevi'rens (lively-green). £. May. Scotland.
— Icefvis (smooth). $. August. Caucasus.
— lanceola'ta (spear-oracled). ^. May. Europe.
1800.
oo tu'sa (blunt). £. May. Europe. 1820.
— leptophy'lla (fine-leaved). ^. May. Wales.
angusti'fida (narrow-cleft). 4- May. Wales.
— leucantltemifu'lia (stock- leaved). J. J>une. N.
Amer. 1812.
— ligula'ta (strap-^eaued). 4. White, red. May.
Nepaul. 1821.
— lingula'ta (tongue-teafled). \\. June. Switser-
land. 1821.
me'dia (intermediate). 1$. June. Carniola.
1800.
— moscha'ta (musky). £. Lilac, yellow. May. Py-
renees.
— muscoi'des (moss-like). £. Pale yellow. May.
England. 1819.
— muta'ta (changed). 4. Lilac, yellow. June.
Switzerland. 1779-
— niva'lis (snowy). ^. June. Britain.
— nudicau'lis (naked-stemmed). 4. May. N.
Amer.
— oppositifo'lia (opposite-leaved). J. Purple.
March. Britain.
— paniculu'ta (panicled).
— pedati'fida (double-lobe-cleft)4.May.Scotland.
— Pedemo/i<a'«a(Piedmontese). May. Piedmont.
1824.
— Pennsylva'nica (Pennsylvanian). l£. Greer.,
yellow. May. N. Amer. 1732.
gla'bra (smooth). 2. Green, yellow. May.
N. Amer. 1732.
— pentada'ctylis (five-fingered). \. May. Pyre-
nees. 1815.
— platype'tala (broad-petaled). 1. June. Scotland.
— pulche'l!a(pretty). 4. May. Germany. ISlfi.
— pygmce'a (pigmy). §. White, yellow. May.
Scotland.
— pyrolafo'lia (pyrola-leaved). J. May. N.Amer.
1827.
— quinquc1 fida (five-cleft) ^. April. Scotland.
— retu'sa (liitten-off). J. Purple. May. Pied-
mont. 1826.
— rinula'ris (brook). ^. June. Scotland.
— rotundifo'lia (round-leaved). 1. White, red.
May. Austria. 1596.
repn'nda (wavy-edged). 1. May. Caucasus.
1800.
— sarmento'sa (trailiug). I.June. China. 1/71'
cuscutcefo'rmis (dodder-formed), i- June.
China. 1815.
— Schrade'ri (Schrader's). 1. May. 1825.
— «edoi'de«(sedom-like). i-Yellow. May. Europe.
1820.
3 A
SCA
[722 ]
SCH
S- semipubti'sctns (slightly-downy). 1 . Green,
yellow. May. N. Amer. 1800.
— Sibi'rica (Siberian). g. July. Siberia. 1802.
— spica'ta (spiked), g. Spotted. May. N. Amer.
1827.
— stella'ris (starry). 3. June. Britain.
dissi'milis( dissimilar), g. June. Scotland.
Schleiche'ri (Schleicher's). Switzerland.
1819.
— Sternbe'rgii (Sternberg's). 1. May. Germany.
— tene'lla (delicate), *. July. Corinthia. 1819.
— te'nera (tender). |. Cream. May. Switzerland.
1819.
— thysano'des (coarse-fringed-feaued). g. April.
E. Ind. 1845.
— tricuspida'ta (three-spined). May. N. Amer.
1824.
— tridenta'tu (three-toothed), g. May.
— umbro'sa (shady. London Pride). 1. Flesh.
May. Britain.
puncta'ta (dotted -powered). 1. May. Ire-
land.
serratifo'lia (saw-leaved). May. Ireland.
— Virginie'nsis (Virginian).g.May. N.Amer. 1790.
— visco'sa (clammy), g. May.
SCABIO'SA. Scabiousc (From sea fetes, the
itch ; said to cure the disorder. Nat. ord.,
Teaselworts [Dipsacacese]. Linn., 4-Te-
trandria 1-Monogynia.)
Hardy herbaceous perennials. Seeds and divi-
sions in spring ; common garden-soil.
S. arve'nsis flo're-u'lbo (field- white-flowered). 2.
White. July. Britain.
— austra'lis (southern). l£. Purple. June. Styria.
' 1820.
— Carpa'tica (Carpathian). 1, White. June.
Prussia. 1819.
— dicho'toma (forked). 1 . Pink. July. Sicily. 1804.
— dipsacifo'lia (teasel-leaved). 2. White. June.
Germany. 1818.
— pube'scens (downy). 2. White. June. Hungary.
1820.
— Satee'di (Salced's). 1. White. June. Spain.
1823.
— stri'cta (upright). 2. Red. June. Hungary.
1820.
SC^EVA. Hawk Fly. Of this genus there
are several species, of which the most
common are 8. ribesii and 8. pyrastri.
Wherever aphides* are abundant, whether
on the cabbage, hop, or elsewhere, there
is a fleshy-green maggot. This is the
larva of a hawk-fly, and. should be left
undisturbed, as it is a voracious destroyer
of plant-lice.
SCLE'VOLA. (From sc&vu, the left hand ;
form of the corolla. Nat. ord., Goode-
mads [Goodeniaceae]. Linn., 5-Pentan-
drla \-Monogynia.)
Divisions and cuttings of young shoots ; the
tender species in heat; the greenhouse in a cold
pit, under a bell-glass ; sandy loam and turfy peat :
the usual greenhouse and stove treatment.
STOVE EVERGREENS.
S. ivatfo'lia (iva-leaved). White. August. Trinidad.
1820.
— Koni'gii (Konig's). 2. Pale red. E. Ind. 1820.
— Tacca'da (Taccada). 2g. White. August. E.
Ind. 1810.
GREENHOUSE HERBACEOUS.
S. alterna'ta (alternate-teamed). Purple. June.
Swan River. 1844.
— ancTnisifo'lia (anchusa-leaved). Blue. May.
Swan River.
— attenua'ta (thin-leaved). 2. Pale blue. June.
Swan River. 1844.
— crassifo'lia (thick-leaved), 3. White. Sep-
tember. N. Holland. 1805.
— cuneifo'rmis (wedge-shaped). Ig. Blue. N.
Holland. 1824.
—fascicula'ta (bundled). August. Swan River.
— hi'spida (bristly). 2. Lilac. July. N. Holland.
1827.
— microca'rpa (small-fruited). Ig. Violet: July.
N. S. Wales. 1790.
— multiflo'ra (many-flowered). Blue. July. Swan
River. 1840.
— suave'olens (sweet-scented). 2. Blue. August.
N. S. Wales. 1793.
SCALE. See Coccus.
SCALUON. See CiBOUL.
SCAMMONY. Convo'lvulus scavnmo'nia.
SCARES are but very inefficient protec-
tions for fruits, as birds soon sit on the
very branches which bear the maulkin.
To frighten them effectually, it is best to
employ boys for the short time scaring is
required. Over seed-beds a net is the
best protection ; but threads tightened
across the beds are very effectual.
SCARLET RUNNER. Phase'olus multi-
flo'rus.
SCHE'ERIA. (In honour of F. Schecr,
Esq. Nat. ord., Gesnerworts [Gesneracese].
Linn., \k-Didynamia 2-Angiospermia.)
Stove herbaceous perennial, closely allied to
Gloxinia. For culture, see ACHI'MENES.
S. Menca'na (Mexican). J. Purple. August.
Mexico. 1850.
There is a variety with light blue flowers.
SCHELHA'MMERA. (Named after O. O.
Schelhammer, a professor at Jena. Nat.
ord., Melanths [Melanthacese]. Linn.,
6-ITexandrial-Monogynia. Allied to Uvu-
laria.)
Greenhouse, purple-flowered, herbaceous per-
ennials, from New Holland. Divisions; sandy
loam and fibry peat ; a cool greenhouse or a cold
pit in winter.
S, multiflo'ra (many-flowered). Ig. 1824.
— undula'ta (vt&vy-leaved). g. June. 182i.
SCHELLO'LEPIS. (From skellos, distorted,
and lepis, a scale. Nat. ord., Ferns [Poly-
podiacese]. Linn., 24- Cryptogamia 1-
Fillces.}
Stove, yellow-spored Indian Ferns. (SceFEBNS.)
There are two species, S. amae'na (lovely), and
verruco'sa (warted).
SCHI'NUS. (The Greek name for Pis-
ta'chia lenti'scus. Nat. ord., Terebinths
[Terebinthaceaej. Linn., 22-J9wecta 9-
Decandria.')
Greenhouse, green-flowered evergreens. Cut
SGH
[ 723 ]
SCH
tings of ripe shoots in sand, under a bell-glass,
and in a mild heat, in spring: ; loam and peat.
Winter temp., 45° ; summer, 60° to 75°.
S. mo'lle (molle). 20. August. Peru. 1597.
— to-e6mMi/o'/ta(terebinthus-leaved). 20. Brazil.
1829.
— virga'ta (twiggy). 8. June. Lima. J822.
SCHIVERE'CKIA. (Named after A.Schiu-
reck, a Eussian botanist. Nat. ord., Cru-
cifers [Brassicaceae]. Linn., 15-Tetrady-
namia. Alliance near Alyssum.)
Hardy herbaceous. Divisions; common garden-
soil.
S. Podo'lica(PodLolizn). £. Yellow. June. Podolia.
1821.
SCHIZJE'A. (From schizo, to cleave, or
cut; the appearance of the fan-like
fronds. Nat. ord., Ferns [Polypodiacese].
Linn., 24- Cryptogam! a 1-Filices.)
Brown-spored Ferns. See FERNS.
GKEENHOUSE FERNS.
S. bi'fida (twice-cut). $. June. N. Holland. 1822.
— pusi'lla (small). J. June. N. Amer.
— rupe'stris (rock). 3. June. N. Holland. 1822.
STOVE FERNS.
S. e'legans (elegant), f . June. Trinidad. 1819.
— penicilla'ta (pencilled). f . June. S. Amer. )8l6.
— propi'nqua (related). April. Malacca.
SCHIZA'NDRA. (From schizo, to cut,
and aner, the male organ ; split stamens.
Nat. ord., Kadsurads [Schizandracese],
Linn., 21-Moncecia 5-Pentandria.)
Cuttings of ripe shoots in sand, under a bell-
glass, and kept only a little higher than the
temperature of a cold pit or greenhouse ; sandy,
fibry loam, and a little leaf -mould. Winter
temp., 40° to 45°. This creeper lived several
years against the conservative wall at Chiswick.
S. cocci'nea (scarlet-./?otcered). Scarlet. June.
N. Amer. 1806.
SCHIZA'NTHUS. (From schizo, to cut,
and anthos, a flower ; the petals cut into
fringes. Nat. ord., Figworls [Scrophulari-
acese]. Linn., %-JDiandria 1-Monogynia.)
Seeds in autumn, to be kept in a greenhouse,
for early blooming ; seeds in a slight hotbed, in
March, for successive blooming in pots, and early
blooming out of doors ; seed in the open air in
the end of April, Beautiful annuals, fitted either
for pot or border culture ; rich, light, fibry loam ;
when kept over the winter, the soil should be
poor, and the plants near the glass.
S. cafndidus( whitish). 2. White. Coquimbo. 1843.
— Graha'mi (Graham's). 2. Variegated. August.-
Chili. 1831.
— Hooke'ri( Hooker's). 2. Rose, lilac. August.
Chili. 1828.
— pinnati'fidus (leaflet-cut). 2. Various. May.
Coquimbo. 1841.
— pinna'tus (leafleted). 2. White, purple. Au-
gust. Chili. 1822.
• hu'milis (dwarf). 1. Crimson. July.
Valparaiso. 1831.
— po'rrigens (spreading-staMred). 2. Crimson.
August. Chili. 1822.
— retu'sus (bitten-off-peJated). 2. Variegated.
August, Chili. 1831.
SCHIZOCJE'NA. (From schizo, to cut,
and kainos, unusual. Nat. ord., Ferns
[Polypodiacese]. Linn., Z^-Cryplogamia
1-Filices.)
Stove Fern. See FERNS.
S. Bruno'nis (Brown's). Brown, yellow. April.
Malacca.
SCHIZOLO'MA. (From schizo, to cut,
and loma, an edge ; edges of fronds.
Nat. ord., Ferns [Polypodiaceae]. Linn.,
24^-Cryptogamia 1-Filices.)
Brownish-yellow-spored stove Ferns. See
FERNS.
S. ensifo'lia (sword-leaved). May. Malacca.
— heterophy1 lla (various-leaved). May, Isle of
Luzon.
SCHIZOME'RIA. (From schizo, to cut,
and meros, a part; cut petals. Nat. ord.,
Cunoiiiads [Cunoniacese]. Linn., 1O-
Decandria 2-J)igynia. Allied to Wein-
mannia.)
Greenhouse evergreen shrub. Cuttings of half-
ripened shoots in sand, under a bell-glass, in
spring ; loam and peat, with silver sand and
charcoal. Winter temp., 40° to 48°.
S. ova'ta (egg -leaved). 8. White. N. Holland.
1825.
SCHIZOPE 'TALON. (From schizo, to cut,
and petalon, a petal. Nat. ord., Crucifers
[Brassicacese]. Linn., 15-Tetradynamia.)
Seeds in a slight hotbed in March, pricked out
into pots, and grown in an airy greenhouse, or
transplanted to the front of borders in May;
sandy loam and leaf-mould ; if in a pot, add a
little peat.
S. Walke'ri (Walker's). 2. White. June. Chili.
1822.
SCHMIDE'LIA. (Named after C. C.
Schmidel, a German botanist. Nat. ord.,
Soapworts [Sapindaceffi]. Linn., S-Oc-
tandria l-Monogynia. Alliance near
Sapindus.)
Stove, white-flowered evergreens, Cuttings of
ripe shoots in sand, under a bell-glass, in the
beginning of summer, and placed in a mild bottom-
heat ; sandy loam and fihry peat. Winter temp.,
50° to 60° ; summer, 60° to 85°.
S. comi'nia (cominia). 20. Jamaica. 1//8.
— integrifo'lia (whole-leaved). Bourbon. 1804.
— occidenta'lis (western). 8. W. Ind. 1828.
— racemo'sa (racemed). 15. May. E. Ind. 1820.
— serra'tn (sa.w-leaved). 12. E. Ind. 1804.
SCHCE'NIA. (In honour of Dr. Sch&n,
a botanical artist. Nat. ord., Composites
[ Aster ace®]. Linn., 19-Syngenesia 2-
Superflua. Allied to Pteropogon and
Helichrysum.)
A tender annual. Sow end of March in
moderate heat ; transplant seedlings into small
pots in t-ame heat ; plant four or five in an eight-
inch pot ; gradually harden ; and when in flower
place in greenhouse.
S. oppositifo'lia (opposite-leaved), 1. Pink May,
Swan River. 1846.
SCH
[ 724]
SCI
SCHOMBU'EGKIA. (Named after 8ir B.
Schomburgk. Nat. ord., Orchids [Orehid-
aceae]. ~Lirm.,2Q-Gynandria l-Monandria.
Allied to Cattleya.)
Stove orchids, grown on blocks. See ORCHIDS.
S. cri'spa (curled- flowered}. 3. Yellow, brown,
pink. January. La Guayra. 1844.
— margina'ta (bordered. Spread Eagle). 4.
Orange. August. Surinam. 1834.
— ro'sea (rosy). Deep red and pale rose. Sierra
Nevada.
— tibi'cinis (cow-horn). 8. Pink, white. April.
Honduras. 1834.
grandiflo'ra (large-flowered). 5. Brown,
rose. May. Honduras. 1844.
— undula'ta (vfnvy-petaled) . Purple. January.
La Guayra. 1843.
SCHO'TIA. (Named after B. F". Schot,
who travelled -with Jacquin. Nat. ord.,
Leguminous Plants [Fabacese]. Linn.,
IQ-Decandria 1-Monogynia. Allied to
Amherstia.)
Greenhouse evergreen fchrubs, from the Cape of
Good Hope. Cuttings of half-ripened, young,
stubby shoots in sand, under a bell-glass ; sandy
peat and fibry loam ; flowers chiefly at the end of
stiff young shoots.
S. ala'ta (winged). 5. Crimson. July. 1816.
— latifo'lia (broad-leaved). Purple, white. June.
1810.
— simplicifo'lia (simple-leaved). Red. June.
1816.
— specio'sa (showy). 5. Scarlet. August. 1759-
— stipula'ta (farg-e-stipuled;. 5. Crimson. July.
1794.
— temarmdi/o'Ka (tamarind-leaved). 6. Crimson.
August. 1/95.
SCHO'UWIA. ( Named after J. F. Schouw,
a Danish botanist. Nat. ord., Crucifers
[Brassicacese]. Linn., I5-Tetradynamia.)
Hardy annual. Seeds in light, sandy soil, in
April. "
S. Ara'bica (Arabian). J. Purple. June. Arabia.
1837.
SCHRA'NKIA. (Named after F. P.
Schranh, a German botanist. Nat. ord.,
Leguminous Plants [Fabaceffi]. Linn.,
23-Polygamia l-Moncecia. Allied to Mi-
mosa.)
The leaves yield to the touch like those of the
sensitive plant, Mimo'sa pudi'ca. Herbaceous
plants. Division of the roots in spring, and
cuttings of the young shoots in spring, in sandy
soil, under a bell-glass, and a little bottom-heat ;
sandy loam and fibry peat. Plant-stove and cool
greenhouse treatment.
S. aculea'ta (prickly). 2. Red. July. Vera
Cruz. 1733. Stove.
— leptoca'rpa (slender-podded). Rose. July.
St. Domingo. 1837. Stove.
— uncina'ta (hooked). 2. Red. July. N. Amer.
1789. Greenhouse.
SCHUBE'RTIA. (Named after M. Schu-
bert, a Polish botanist. Nat. ord., As-
clepiads [Asclepiadacese], Linn., 5-Pe«-
tandria 2-Digynia.)
Stove evergreen twiners, from Brazil. Cutting.*
of stubby side-shoots in sand, under a bell-glass,
in bottom-heat; sandy loam, fibry peat, and a
little charcoal and pounded bricks, with pots well
drained. Winter temp., 50° to 55° ; summer, 60°
to 85°.
S. grandiflo'ra (large-flowered). White. July.
1837.
— grave1 olens (strong-scented). Pale yellow.
July. 1837.
SCHWEIGGE'RIA. (Named after Pro-
fessor Schweigger, a German botanist.
Nat. ord., Tioletworts [Violacese]. Linn.,
5-Pentandria \-Monoqynia.}
Stove evergreen. Cuttings of firm side-shoots,
two or three inches in length, in sand, under a
bell-glass, in May, and in a sweet hotbed. Win-
ter temp., 50° to 55° ; summer, 60° to 85°.
S. pauciflo'ra (few-flowered). White. May. Brazil-
1838.
SCIABA. S. pyri, Small Pear Midge.
8. Schmidbergeri, Large Pear Midge.
When a fallen pear is cut open, it is
often found core-eaten, and with a brown
powder marking the progress of the
assailant. This is caused by the larva
of these insects. The midges appear
early in July. The Small Pear Midge
has club-shaped halteres, the club dark
brown, and the stem whitish. When
alive, the abdomen is of a lead colour,
with black wings. The head and thorax
are black, as are also the antennae ; the
palpi are of a pale yellow, the feet whitish,,
and the tarsi black.
The Large Pear Midge appears about
the same time as the preceding. The
female is little more than a line long,
and half a line thick, also much larger
than the smaller pear midge ; the male is
more slender, and somewhat shorter.
The antennae are blackish, and not so
long as the body. The head is black and
shining, as is also the thorax ; the pro-
boscis ash-grey, the abdomen of ttie male
a deep black, that of the female browner,
with black wings; the anal point, how-
ever, is quite black, the feet ash-grey,
and the tarsi and wings black. They
both survive the winter, and deposit their
eggs in the blossom, when it opens in
early spring. The larva eats its way into
the core of the young fruit, and again
eats its way out at one side when the
time arrives for it to bury itself in the
ground, and pass into the chrysalis form.
— Kollar.
SCI'LLA. Squill. (From skyllo, to
injure ; the bulbs said to be poisonous.
Nat. ord., Lilyworts [Liliaceee]. Linn.,
Q-Hexandria l-Monogynia.)
Offset* ; light, sandy soil.
SCI
[ 725 ]
SCI
TENDER BULBS.
B. brevifo'lia (short-leaved). $. Pink. January.
Cape of Good Hope. 1811.
— hyacinthoi'des (hyacinth-like). £. Blue. Au-
gust. Madeira. 1585.
— Maurita'nica (Mauritian). £. Blue. April.
Mauritius. 1819.
— plu'mbea (lead-coloured). 1. Lead. May.
Cape of Good Hope. 1812.
HARDY BULBS.
S. amas'na (pleasing). $. Blue. March. Levant.
1596.
— omee'nM/a (pretty). J. Blue. June. Russia. 1822.
— autumna'lis (autumnal). £. Pink. August.
England.
-- a'lba (white). *. White. August.
-- ma'jor (larger). 4« Pink. August. Britain.
— Bertolo'nii (Bertoloni's). Lilac. May.
— bifo'lia (two-leaved). £. Blue. March. England.
-- a'lba (white). *. White. March. South
Europe.
-- ru'bra (red). £. Red. March. South
Europe.
— brumq'lis (winter). Blue. May. N. Amer. 1841.
— campanula,' ta (bell-flowered). 1. Dark blue.
May. Spain. 1633.
-- a'lba (white). 1. White. May. South Eu-
rope. 1683.
-- ca'rnea (flesh-coloured). 1. Pink May.
South Europe. 1633.
— ce'rnua (drooping). $. Pink. March. Spain.
1815.
— corymbo'sa (corymbed). |. Pink. October.
Cape of Good Hope. 1793.
— Cupaniu'na (Cupani's). 1. Purple. June. Sicily.
1834.
— escule'nta (eatable). 1. White. June. N. Amer.
1811.
— 1'ndica (Indian). 1. E. Ind. 1816.
— Ita'lica (Italian), f. Blue. May. Switzer-
land. 1605.
— li'lio-hyaci'nthus (lily-hyacinth). 1. Blue.
June. Europe. 1597.
— Lusita'nica (Portuguese). $. Blue. May. Por-
tugal. 1777.
— no'n-scri'pta (undescribed). 2. Blue. April.
Britain.
-- a'lba (white). White. April. Britain.
--- ca'rnea (flesh-coloured). J. Flesh. April.
Britain.
— obtusifo'lia (blunt-leaved). $. Blue. March.
South Europe. 1829.
— odora'ta (sweet-scented). Blue. May. Portugal.
1818.
— Peruvia'na (Peruvian). 1. Dark blue. May.
Spain. 1607.
-- a'lba (whit*). 1. White. May. South
Europe. 1607.
-- di'scolor (two-coloureA-flowered). 1. Buff.
May. Portugal. 1843.
— prabractea'ta (long-bra*ted). 1. Blue. June.
South Europe.
— pra'cox (early). \. Dark blue. March. 1/90.
). Blue. May. Hungary.! 827.
— pu'bens (downy). $. Blue. May. Lunimar.
— pu'mila (dwarf). Blue. May. Spain. 1821.
— ro'sea (rosy). $. Rose. Numidia. 1827.
— Sibi'rica (Siberian). J. Blue. February. Si-
beria. 1796.
— umbella'ta (umhelled). $. Blue. April. Pyre-
nees. 1822.
-unifo'lia (one-leaved). *. White. May. Por-
tugal.
— ve'rna (spring). $. Blue. April. Britain.
-- a'lba (white-flowered). *. White. May.
S. ve'rna ro'sea (rosy). $. Rose. May.
— villo'sa (shaggy-teawed). $, Lilac. Tripoli. 1831.
SCIODA'CALYX. (From scias, & parasol,
and calyx; alluding to the shape of this
part of the flower. Nat. ord., Gesner-
worts [Gesneracese]. Linn., U-Didyna-
mia 2-Angiospermia.)
This is a very gay stove plant, blooming from
July to January. Cultivated like Achimenes.
S. Warszewi'czii (Warszewicz's). 3. Scarlet,
yellow. New Grenada Mountains. 1855.
SCIODAPHY'LLUM.
and phyllon, a leaf; the large leaves af-
ford much shade. Nat. ord., Ivy worts
[Araliacese]. Linn., 5-Pentandria h-Pen-
tagynia. Allied to the Ivy.)
Stove evergreens. Cuttings of half-ripened
shoots in sand, under a bell-glass, in heat, in
spring ; sandy loam and fibry peat. Winter temp.,
50° to 55°; summer, 60° to 80°. The Peruvian
species will thrive well in a greenhouse with 1 0°
less.
S. acumina'tum (pointed- leaved). 10. Yellow.
Peru. Climber.
— ano'malum (anomalous). 20. White, green.
Trinidad. 1817-
— Bro'wnii (Brown's). 20. White. Jamaica. 1793.
— co'nicum (conical). 10. Pale red. Peru. Climber.
— digita'tum (finger- leaved). 10. Green. E. Ind.
1820.
— pedicella'tum (Jow^-leaf-stalked). 10. Purple.
Peru. Climber.
— penta'ndrum (five-stamened). 3. Pale red. Peru.
1820.
SCION. See GRAFF.
SCISSORS of various sizes are required
by the gardener. A pair with very sharp
and pointed blades is required for cut-
ting away the anthers of flowers
in hybridizing, and for thinning
grapes. Stouter pair ; are used
for removing flower- stalks when
the petals have fallen from
roses, &c. Sliding pruning scis-
sors ( see Fig.) are employed for
cutting the shoots of shrubs.
They are powerful instruments
for the purpose; but a more
simple pair, without a spring, is
made by Mr. Turner, Neepsend, Sheffield.
Shears are only large scissors. Hedge
Shears for clipping hedges are the
most common. Sliding Pruning
Shears, with a moveable centre, HO
as to make a drawing cutwhenused
as when the pruning knife is em-
ployed. See AVERRUNCATOR.
The drawing shows the smaller
size, used with one hand. The
large size, which has wooden
handles, will, when employed with
both hands, cut through a bougk
SCL
[ 726]
SCO
full three Inches in circumference with
the greatest ease.
Verge Shears are merely the hedge
shears set nearly at a right angle on long
handles, for the convenience of the gar-
dener in clipping the sides of box-edging
and the verge of grass-plots. Turf Shears
are set also at an angle, -but in a different
direction, for cutting the tops of edgings,
and grass growing in corners unap-
proachable by the scythe.
SCLE'ROON. (From scleros, hard, and
eon, an egg ; hard seeds. Nat. ord., Ver-
benas [VerbenaceeeJ. Linn., l<l~Didyna-
mia 2-Angiospermia. Allied to Cornutia.)
Greenhouse evergreen. Cuttings of young shoots
• a bell-glass, in spring; pe
and leaf-mould, and half a part of silver sand.
in sand, under a bell-glass, in spring ; peat, loam,
Winter temp., 38° to 48°; summer, 60° to /5°.
S. ole'inum (olive-like). 2. Green, white. May.
Mexico. 1840.
SCLEKOTHA'MNUS. (From scleros, hard>
or rigid, and thammis, a shrub. Nat. ord.>
Leguminous Plants [Fabacese]. Linn., 10-
Decandria \.-Monogynia. Allied to Pul-
tenaea.)
Greenhouse evergreen. Cuttings of stiff side-
shoots in April or May, in sand, under a bell-
glass; two parts peat, and one of sandy, fibry
loam, and one of equal parts broken bats, char-
coal, and silver sand. Winter temp., 40° to 48°.
8. microphy'llus (small-leaved). 2. Yellow. May.
N. Holland. 1803.
ScoLOPE'NDRiuM.Haft's Tongue. (From
scolopendra, a centipede ; the appearance
of the seed, or spore-cases. Nat. ord.,
Ferns [Polypodiacese]. Linn., 24,-Crypto-
gamia l-Filices.)
Hardy, brown-spored Perns. See FERXS.
S, hemioni'tis (hemionitis). I.August. Spain. 1779.
— Kre'bsii (Krebs). Natal. 1854.
— officina'rum (shop). l£. July. Britain.
angustifo'lium (narrow-leaved). £. July.
Britain.
cri'spum (curled-team?). l£. July. Britain.
— — — multi'fidum (many-cleft). l^.July. Britain.
ramo'sum (branchy). !£. July. Britain.
— — undula'tum (wave-teawed). 1^. July. Bri-
tain.
— pinna'tum (leafleted). I.May. India. Green-
house.
SCQ'LYMUS, Golden Thistle. (From
slolos, a thorn ; plants spiny. Nat. ord.,
Composites [Asteracese]. Linn., 19~Syn-
genesia 1-JE quails. Allied to Chicory.)
Hardy, yellow-flowered plants. Seeds and di-
visions in spring ; common garden-soil.
S. grandiflofrus (large-flowered). 3. May. Bar-
bary. 1820. Herbaceous.
— Hispa'nicus (Spanish). 3. August. South Eu-
rope. 1658. Herbaceous.
— macula'tus (spotted;. 3. July. South Europe.
1633. Annual.
SCOLYTUB. A genus of small beetles.
very nearly allied to Bostrichus. 8. de-
structor attacks the Elm ; S. ligniperda
the bark of some of the Conifers; and
S. crenatus perforates, in a similar man-
ner, the wood of the Plum. They do not,
however, confine their ravages to the
trees we have named. They are not more
than an eighth of an inch long, black,
with chestnut-coloured legs, and sprinkled
over with bristles.
SCOPO'LIA. (Named after G. A. Scopoliy
a foreign botanist. Nat. ord., Nightshades
[Solanaceoe]. IAnn.,^-Pentandria I-Mo-
noijynia. Allied to Physalis.)
Hardy herbaceous. Division of the roots in
spring, or sowing the seeds in a slight hotbed;
sandy loam, and a dry situation.
S. Carnio'lica (Carniolian). 1. Dark purple. April.
Carniola. 1780.
SCORCHING, or BURNING, describes the
drying up of the roots or of the leaves
from exposure to too much heat. The
preventive, in the first case, is reducing
the temperature of the hotbed, or lifting
the pots if the plants are so grown; in.
the second case, as it always arises from
the sun's rays in the confined air of a
house, Hartley's rough glass, and early
ventilating, are the preventives.
SCORPION. Geni'sta sco'rpius.
SCORPION GRASS. Myoso'tis.
SCORPION SENNA. Coronl'lla e'merus.
SCORZONE'RA. Viper's Grass. (From
scurson, a viper; supposed remedy for
the bite of a viper. Nat. ord., Composites
.[Asteracese], Linn., 19 Syugenesia 1-
^Equalis.)
Hardy herbaceous; yellow -flowered, except
where otherwise stated. Seeds in April or May;
common garden-soil.
S. augustifo'lia (narrow-leaved). J. July. South
Europe. 1759.
— caricifo'lia (carex-leaved). l£. July. Siberia.
1805.
— ensifo'lia(s word-leaved). ^.May.Caucasus.1825.
— glastifo'lia (woad-leaved). 2. July. Germany.
1816.
— graminifo'lia (grass-leaved). 2. July. Portugal,
1759.
— Hiswt'nica (Spanish). 3. July. Spain. 1576.
— hu'milis (lowly). 1. August. Europe. 1597.
— lana'ta (woolly). 1. July. Iberia. 1824.
— latifo'lia (broad-leaved). June. Persia. 1836.
— /mr7>M're«(purple).2. Purple. May. Austria. 1759.
— ro'sea (rosy). 1 4. Pink. July. Hungary, 1807-
— tubero'sa (tuberous). 4. June. Volga. 1825.
SCORZONE'RA in the kitchen-garden is
the S. Hispa'nica, grown for its parsnip-
like roots. Sow annually, in any open
light spot of ground, the latter end of
March or beginning of April. Trench
the ground, and with the bottom spit
turn in » iitttle dung ; sow in half-inch
SCO
C 727
SOU
deep drills, twelve inches asunder. Thin
the plants to ten inches distance ; they
will grow freely, and their roots continue
increasing in size till September. The
roots may either remain in the ground
to be drawn as wanted, or taken wholly
up in autumn when their leaves decay
and preserved in sand all winter.
To save Seed. — Let some of the plants
remain where sown, when they will shoot
up in the spring, and produce plenty of
seed in autumn.
SCOTCH ASPHODEL. Tofie'ldia alpi'na
SCOTCH-KALE. Bra'ssica olera'cea sa-
be'llica.
SCOTCH LABURNUM. Cy'tisus alpi'nus.
SCO'TTIA. (Named after Dr. Scott
once professor of botany in Dublin. Nat
ord., Leguminous Plants [Fabacese]. Linn.
\Q-Monadelphia 6-Dacandria.)
Greenhouse evergreen shrubs, from New Hol-
land. Cuttings of shoots, when getting a little
firm at the base ; sandy, fibry loam one part, and
two parts of sandy, fibry peat, with a little char
coal. Winter tenip., 40° to 48°.
S. angustifo'lia (narrow-leaved). 6. Green,
yellow. April. 1825.
— denta'ta (tooth-leaved). 3 Red.green. July. 1803.
— l&'vis (smooth-branched). 3. Yellow, scarlet.
June. 1833.
— trapezifo'rmis (trapezium-teared). January.
1825.
SCREEN. All cooling is occasioned
either by the heat being conducted from
a body by a colder, which is in contact
with it, or by radiating from the body
cooled, though circumstances accelerate
or retard the radiation ; and whatever
checks the radiation of heat from a body
is a screen, and keeps it warmer. For
screening or protecting the blossom of
wall-fruit, Mr. Errington states : — We do
not know that any material is more pro-
per for covering than thin canvass, such
as is manufactured by Mr. Nathaniel
Hulme, of Paradise-green, Knutsford,
which he sells at about fivepence per
square yard. He generally makes it in
widths of three yards, which is enough
for most walls, so that every lineal yard
costs fifteenpence ; but then this can-
vass will last well for seven years if pro-
perly preserved, and a due care be exer-
cised. Thus it will be seen, that the
annual expense of protecting a lineal
yard of walling is not more than two-
pence-halfpenny, exclusive of a few ordi-
nary poles. We place a pole every six
feet, running tinder the coping at top,
and straddling away nearly two feet at
bottom. At two feet above the ground
level an auger hole is bored in the pole,
and an oaken peg driven in, the end left
projecting nine inches forward ; and
when the canvass is lowered in the day,
it hangs in folds on this line of pegs:
this keeps it from contact with the damp
soil. Every pole has a ring dangling
from a staple close to the top ; and on
the outer face a rope of sash-cording is
attached to the edge of the canvass oppo-
site each ring ; this being passed through
the ring from the under side, enables the
operator to pull it up or let it down with
ease. Thus, when the canvass is low-
ered, the wall is uncovered, and vice versd.
Now, these rings and cords will add to
the expense ; and, since both are very
durable, we may, perhaps, add another
halfpenny per lineal yard to the amount,
accounting the ropes to last nearly as
long as the canvass. A still more com-
plete plan is to hang the canvass like
curtains, or after the manner of the
covering to what are termed conservative
walls.
For wall-trees, now that glass is become
so much cheaper, the best of all screens
may be employed, viz., glazed frames, of
a length extending from the coping of
the wall to the surface of the soil, about
two feet from the stems of the trees. See
GLASS CASE.
SCREW PINE. Panda'mis.
SCREW-TREE. Heli'cteres.
SCRUBBY OAK. Lophi'ra Africa'na.
SCURVY GRASS (Cochlea' ria officina'Hs)
flourishes most in a sandy, moist soil.
Sow as soon as the seeds are ripe in June
or July, in drills, eight inches apart, and
half an inch deep. Thin to eight inches
asunder, and those removed may be
transplanted to abed at similar distances,
jiving water at the time, and frequently
ifterwards, until fully established. The
eaves are fit to gather during the follow-
ng spring.
To obtain Seed. — A few plants must be
eft ungathered from in the spring. They
svill run up to flower about May, and per-
'ect their seed in the course of the two
Allowing months.
SCUTELLA'RIA. Skull-cap. (From scu-
tella, a little saucer; form of calyx. Nat.
rd., Lipworts [Lamiacese]. Linn., 14-
Didynamia 2-Anyiospermia.)
Seeds and divisions in spring, and the evergreen
dnd> easily by cuttings under a hind-light; some
if the tender species are very harnu<,me, such as
'ordifo'lia; but the red spider must be looked
after.
scu
[ 728 ]
SEA
TENDER SPECIES.
S. cordifo'lia (heart-leaved), l. Scarlet, orange
September. Mexico. 1844. Stove ever-
green.
— hu'milis (dwarf). £. Blue. June. N. S.
Wales. 1823. Greenhouse.
— incarna'ta (flesh-coloured), l£. Rose. Au-
gust. Quito. 1844. Greenhouse evergreen
— Ventena'tii (Ventenat's). 2. Scarlet. Au
gust. St. Martha. 1844. Greenhouse.
— villo'sa (shaggy). |. Scarlet. February
Peru. 1842.
HARDY HERBACEOUS.
S. alpi'na (alpine), f . Purple. August. Hungary.
1752.
— lu'tea (yellow). Yellow. August. Tartary.
1739.
sangui'nea (blood-red). £. Red.July.1835.
variega'ta (variegated-flowered). £. Pale
yellow. August. Switzerland.
— alti'ssimu (tallest). 1. Dark purple. July.
Crimea. 1824.
— Colu'mnts (Columna's). 1$, Blue. July.
South Europe. 1806.
— commuta'ta (changed). Purple. August.
Hungary. 1683.
— galericttla'ta (small-capped). 1. Blue. July.
Britain.
— grandiflo'ra (large-flowered). l£. Red. July.
Siberia. 1804.
— fiastiftt'lia (spear-leaved). £. Purple. June.
Germany. 1798.
— hi'rta (hairy). Dark purple. June. Candia.1835.
— integrifo'lia (entire-leaved). 1. Blue. July.
N.Amer. 1731.
— Japo'nica (Japan). £. Purple, white. August.
Japan. 1838.
— lateriflo'ra (side-flowering), l. Blue. July.
N.Amer. 1752.
— macra'ntha (large-flowered). J. Blue. Au-
gust. Dahuria. 1827.
— mi'nor (less). £. Pink. July. Britain.
— nerno'sa (large-nerved). 1. Blue. July. Vir-
ginia. 1826.
— orienta'lis (eastern).
Levant. 1729.
— pa'rvula (very-small).
Amer. 1822.
— peregri'na (spreading).
Tauria. 1823.
. Yellow. August.
$. Blue. July. N.
2. Violet. August.
— pilo'sa (shaggy). 1. Blue. July. N.Amer. 1825.
— purpura'scens (purplish). 2. Blue. June.
W. Ind. 1820.
— serra'ta (stw-leaved). $. Blue. August.
N.Amer. 1800.
— Tournefo'rti (Tournefort's). l£. Purple.
July. Persia. 1837.
— ve'rna (spring). £. Blue. June. South
Europe. 1821.
SCUTICA'RIA. (From scutica, a whip;
leaves as round as a whipcord. Nat.
ord., Orchids [Orchidacese]. Linn., 20-
Gynandria l-Monandria. Once called a
Maxillaria.)
Stove orchid, grown on blocks.
5. Stee'lii (Steel's).
Guaiana. 1834.
See ORCHIDS.
Yellow-spotted. July.
SCYPHA'JJTHUS. (From scyphos, a cap,
and anthos, a flower. Nat. ord., Loasads
[Loasaceaj]. Linn., 18-Polyadelvhia 2-
Polyandria.)
This name is so much in use that we retain it,
though a synonyme of Grammatacarpus. Hardy,
yellow-flowered, twining annuals, from Chili.
Seeds in the open air in May, or in a slight hot-
bed in March, to be afterwards transplanted.
S. e'legans (elegant). August. 1824.
— grandiflo'rus (large-flowered). 2. August. 1824.
SCYTHE. This mowing implement
heing confined, in the garden, to cutting
the fine, short grass of lawns, requires to
be much sharper than that used in cut-
ting the coarser grasses, which stand up
more firmly to the scythe. It is also
necessary that the mowers should not
score the grass, that is, should not leave
the mark of each stroke of the scythe,
which has a very unsightly appearance ;
to prevent which, have the scythe laid
out rather wider, an inch or two beyond
heel and toe, especially for very short
grass; and in mowing keep the point
rather out, and do not draw that part too
fast toward, gathering the grass neatly
to the left in a range ; and having mowed
to the end of the swath, mow it lightly
back again, to trim off all scores and
other^ irregularities unavoidably left the
first time. A great inconvenience attend-
ng the old scythe is the difficulty of fas-
tening and adjusting the blade to the
handle. This is entirely obviated by
Boyd's Self-adjusting Scythe. It is always a
problem to determine the angle the blade
should make with the handle, as it varies
frith every mower. A good guide is for a
perpendicular line to be chalked against
a wall, and for the mower to stand close
and directly fronting to this line; then,
without moving his feet, and with arm at
"ull stretch above his head, to chalk a
ine to the left, from the perpendicular
ine, as far as he can reach. The line
ie thus chalks should correspond with
the angle of the scythe's blade, supposing
he perpendicular line to represent the
handle.
SEA-BUCKTHORN. Hippo' phae.
SEAFO'RTHIA. (Named after Lord Sea-
corth, a botanical patron. Nat. ord.,Pafms
Talmaceae], Linn., 23-Polygamia 1-
Monoecia.)
Stove Palm. Seeds ; rich, sandy loam. Winter
emp., 45° to 50°; summer, 60° to 75°.
S. e'legans (elegant). N. Holland. 1822.
SEA-HEATH. Franke'nia.
SEA-HOLLY. Ery'ngium.
SEA-KALE. Cra'mbe mari'tima. 8f.e
In addition to what is there stated of
ts culture, we have only to give drawings
SEA
[729]
SED
of the pots usually employed for blanch-
ing it; but see KHUBARB for a frame,
•which also answers, when fermenting
materials are heaped over, to force it.
The following is also a good mode of
forcing: — On each side of a three-foot
bed dig a trench two feet deep, the side
of it next the bed being perpendicular,
but the outer side sloping, so as to make
it eighteen inches wide at the bottom,
but two and a half at the top. These
trenches fill with fermenting dung, which'
of course, may be renewed if found neces-
sary, and frames put over the plants, the
light to be completely excluded by boards,
matting, &c. The accompanying sketch
represents a section of the construction.
SEA LAVENDER. Sta'tice.
SEA KAGWORT. Cinera'ria mari'tima.
SEA-SIDE GRAPE. Cocco'loba.
SEA-SIDE BALSAM. Cro'ton eleute'ria.
SEA-SIDE LAUREL. Xylophy'lla latifo'lia*
SEA-WEED. See GREEN MANURE.
SEBJE'A. (Named after A. Seba, a
Dutch botanist. Nat. ord., Gentianworts
[Gentianacese]. Linn., k-Tetrandria 1-
Monogynia.}
Greenhouse annuals, all but ova'ta from the
Cape of Good Hope. Seeds in a sweet hotbed
in March, pricked out or potted, and either
bloomed in the open garden, or in the greenhouse
after May.
S. a'lbens (whitish). $. White. Auirust. 1820.
— au'rea (golden). £. Yellow. July. 1824.
— corda'ta (heart-teawerf). £. Yellow. July. 1815.
— ova'ta (egg- leaved) . £. Red. August. N.
S. Wales. 1820.
SECAMO'NE. (Altered from squamona,
the Arabic name. Nat. ord., Asclepiads
[Asclepiadacese]. Linn., 5-Pentandria
2-Digynia.)
Stove, white-flowered, evergreen twiners. Cut-
tin g* ot firm side-shoots when about three inches
in length ; fibry loam, two parts ; fibry peat and
very rotten dung, or leaf-mould, dried, one part;
silver sand and charcoal, to keep it open. Winter
temp., 50° to 60°; summer, 60° to 85°.
S. JEgypti'aca (Egyptian). 6. July. Egypt. 1752.
— elli'ptica (ovaA-leaved), 6. N. Holland. 1824.
— eme'tica (emetic). 6. India. 1816.
SE'CHIUM. Choko. (From sekiso, to
fatten ; hogs are fed on the fruit in
Jamaica. Nat. ord., Cucurbits [Cucur-
bitacese]. Linn., 21-Moncedo, IQ-Mona-
delphia.)
A cucumber-like, yellow-flowered annual ; seeds
in a hotbed, and either cultivated in houses or
pits ; or, after June, in the open air ; light, rich
soil.
S. edu'le (eatable). 6. June. W. Ind. 1816.
— palma1 turn (hand-leaved). June. Mexico. 1827.
SECURIDA'CA. (From securis, a hatchet ;
form of the wing-like process at the end
of the pod. Nat. ord., Milkworts [Poly-
galacese]. Linn., 17-Diadelphia 3-Oc-
tandria.)
Stove evergreen twiners, from the West Indies.
Cuttings of half-ripened shoots in sand, under a
bell-glass, and in bottom-heat. Winter temp.,
50° to 60° ; summer, 60° to 80°. Sandy loam and
sandy, fibry peat.
5. ere' eta (upright). Purple. July. 1824.
— panicula'ta (panicled). Yellow. July. 1820.
— virga'ta (twiggy). 10. White. 1/39.
-^volu'bilis (twining). 10. White. 173p.
SE'DUM. Stonecrop. (From sedere,
to sit; they grow as if sitting on stones,
rocks, walls, &c. Nat. ord., Houseleeks
[Crassulacess]. Linn., IQ-Decandria 4-
Pentagynia.)
Annuals, by seeds, on raised dry places, such as
banks and rock-works ; perennials, by divisions
and cuttings, which root most readily, and all of
which preler dry, sandy, loamy soil; the more
tender of these may be grown in well-drained
pots, in sandy loam and brick-rubbish, and treated
as alpines. The greenhouse kinds require similar
treatment, only a higher temperature, and to be
kept even drier in winter.
HARDY ANNUALS, &C.
S. ^nde^awe'nse(Andegavenny). i. Yellow. July,
Andegavenny. 1835.
— Anderso'nii (Anderson's). $. White. June.
Hungary. 1816. Biennial.
— atra'tum (dark-annua/). i. Purple. August.
Italy. 1/95.
— Cepee1 a (purslane-leaved). 1. White. July.
France. 1640.
— caru'leum (pale-blue). ^. Pale blue. July.
Africa. 1822.
— Cala'bricum (Calabrian). 1. Whitish. July.
Calabria. 1835.
— deltoi'deum (triangular-teawed). Purple. June.
Naples. 1826.
— faba'ria (fabarian). White. July. Europe.
1836. Biennial.
— Magelle'nse (Magellan). Yellow. July. Ma-
gellan. 1816.
— mi'serum (miserable). Green. July. Mexico
1837. Greenhouse.
— pa'llens(va.le). $. White. July. South Europe.
1816. Biennial.
SED
[ 730 ]
SEL
S.pa'llidum (p&\e-red~flowered) , |, Pale red
July. Caucasus. 1817.
— se'xfidum (annual- six-cleft). $. White. July
Caucasus. 18 16.
— spaihula'tum (spatulate). $. White. July,
Hungary. 1815. Biennial.
— stella'tum (starred). $. Pink. July. South
Europe. 1640.
— tetraphy'llum (four-leaved). White. July
Levant. Biennial.
HAEDY EVERGREENS.
5. nu'dum (naked-branched), f. White. July.
Madeira. 1777.
— Siebo'ldii(Siebold's). £. Blue. July. Japan.
— teretifo'lium (taper- leaved). ^.White. England.
— viri'dulum (greenish). £. Yellow. June. E
rope. 1824.
HARDY HERBACEOUS.
S. a'cre (acrid). 4. Yellow. June. Britain.
— — - diminu'tum (less). 3. Yellow. June.
England.
elonga'tum (long-s/toofed). %. Yellow.
June. England.
— aizo'on (ever-living). 1. Yellow. August.
Siberia. 1757.
— albe'scens (whitish-/eai>ed). £, Yellow. June.
England.
— a'lbicans (great-white). 2. White. August.
Europe. 179*-
— a'lbum (white). £. White. June. England.
micra'nthum (small-flowered). $. White.
June. England.
— Alta'icum (Altaic). 1. Yellow. June. Altaic
Mountains. 1831.
— alti'ssimum t tallest). 1. Yellow. July. South
Europe. 1/69.
— anaca'mpseros (Anacampseros-like. Evergreen
orpine), i. Purple. July. France. 1596.
— A'nglicum (English). £. White. July. Britain.
Hibe'rnicum (Irish). £. White. July.
Ireland.
microphy'llum (small -leaved). $. White.
July. Britain.
— anope'talum (upward-leaved. Green). £. Pale
yellow. July. South France. 1818.
auranti'acum (orange). £. Orange. June.
France. 1820.
— ceerule'scens (bluish- leaved). %. Yellow. July.
1820.
— dasyphy'llum (thick-leaved). %. White. June.
England.
— denta'tum (toothed). $. Purple. June. 1810.
— elonga'tum (Lengthened). Yellow. May. Altai.
1827.
— Ewe'rsii (Ewer's). J. June. Siberia. 1829.
— Forsteria'num (Forster's). £. Yellow. July.
Wales.
—fruticulo'sum (small-shrubby). £. Yellow.
Portugal. 1829.
— glau'cum (milky-green). $. Yellow. July.
England.
— globulifo'lium (globe-leaved). Yellow. June.
1838.
— Hispa'nicum (Spanish). £. Pale yellow. June.
Spain. 1732.
— hy'bridum (hybrid). £. Yellow. June. Si-
beria. 17/6.
— Ibe'ricum (Iberian). $. Pink. July. Spain.
— innplucra'tum (clustered). £. Yellow. July.
— iattfo'lium (broad-leaved). Greenish-white.
August. Switzerland. 1/94.
— K'ridum (livid). £. White, green. July. 1816.
'-'micra'nthum (small-flowered). White. June.
England.
S. imtlticau'le (many-stemmed). Yellow. May.
Himalaya Mountains. 1838.
— negle'ctum (neglected). 1. White. August.
Naples. 1835.
— Notarja'nni (Notarjanni's). White. July.
Naples. 1824.
— oblo'ngum (oblong). £. White. July. Britain.
— ochrolcu'cum (yellowish-white). 1. White.
July. Greece. 1818.
— oppositifo'lium (opposite-teamf). £. White.
August. Caucasus.
— pectina'tum (comb-/eaoed). £. White. July.
1818.
— populifo'lium (poplar-leaved). 1. White.
August. Siberia. 1/80.
— pu'lchrum (pretty). Purple. July. N.Arner.
1824.
— quadri'fidum (four-cleft). J. Yellow. July.
New Asia. 1800.
— refle'xum (bent-back-/eat?e<£). 1. Yellow. June.
England.
colli'num (hill). 1. Yellow. 1815.
recurva'turn (curled-back-greera). ^. Yel-
low. June. Europe. 1818.
— re'pens (creeping). £. Red. June. Switzeiv
land. 18*6.
— rhodi'ola (rose-scented). Yellow. June. Britain,
— ro'seum (rosy). Rose. July. Caucasus. 1827«
— rupe'stre (rock). ^. Yellow. June. England,
— saxa'tile (rock). ^. June. South Europe. 1820.
— sempervi'vurn (houseleek-like). 4. Deep
purple. July. Iberia. 1825.
— septangula're (seven-angled). £. Yellow. July.
1/95.
— sexangulu'rc (six-angled). ^. Yellow. July.
England.
— spu'rium (spurious). ^. White. August.
Caucasus. 1816.
— stenope1 talum (narrow-petaled). Golden. June.
N. Amer. 18:26.
— subclavu'tum (slightly-clubbed). §. July. N.
Amer. 189-9.
— tele'phium (cowzmon-orpine). 2. Purple.
August. Britain.
— telephioi'des (orpine-like). 1. Purple. Au-
gust. N. Amer. 1810.
— terna'tum (three-leafteted). £. White. July.
N. Amer. 1789-
— verticillu'tum (whorl -leaved). 1. Pink. Au-
gust. South Europe.
villo'sum (shagjry). %. Pink. June. Britain.
— vi'rens (green). ^. Yellow. June. Portugal. 1774.
— virefscens (greenish). l.Green,yellow.July.l815.
SEED-ROOM. All that has been said
relative to the Fruit-room is applicable
to this. Everything promotive of decay
or germination is to be avoided ; and if
one relative direction more than another
requires to be urged upon the gardener,
t is comprised in these words — keep it
as dry as possible: the room may be even
hot, so that it is not damp.
SE'LAGO. (From the Celtic sel, sight,
and jach, salutary; supposed effects on
Jie eyes. Nat. ord., Selagids [Selagina-
:ese]. Linn., l±-Didynamia 2-Angio-
permia.)
Greenhouse evergreens, from the Cape of Good
Hope. Cuttings of the points of shoots, or
ather, the short, stubby side-shoots, taken off
lose to the stem, in spring and autumn, in sand;
SEL
[ 731 ]
SEM
under a bell-glass, but raised at night to preven
damping. Sandy loam and vegetable moulc
The protection of a greenhouse; but many o
them are worth a place in the flower-garden 5
summer.
S. angustifo'lia (narrow-leaved). August. 1819
— bructeafta (bracted). l£. Purple. June. 1812
— cant'scens (hoary). 1£. Pale purple. Sep
tember. 1812.
— corymbo'sa (corymbed). 2. White. July. 1699
— dentu'ta (toothed). 1$. White. July. 1823
— diffu'sa (spreading). l£. Purple. July. 1807
— di'stans (distant-lowered). 2. White.April. 1845
— fascicula'ta (bundle-lowered). l£. Blue
July. 1774.
— frutico'&a (shrubby). Yellow. June. 1822.
— Gifllii (Gill's). 1. Pale rose. March. 1829
— heterophy'tta (various-leaved). 1. Purple. July
1823.
— hi'spida (bristly). Yellow. June. 1823.
— micra'ntha (small-flowered). Yellow. May. 1820
— minuti'ssima (smallest). Yellow. June. 1816
— ovu'tu (esg-headed). 1. Dark purple. 1774
— polygaloi'des (milkwort-like). |. Purple
August. 1807.
— polysta'ckya (many-spiked). White. June. 1823
— rumulo'sa (small-branchy). l£. White. 1824
— rapunculoi'des (rampion-like). 2. Violet. 1824
— rotundifu'lia (round-leaved). 1. Purple. June
1816.
— spica'ta (spiked). |. Purple. August. 1824,
— spi'nea (spiny). 3. Purple. 1824.
— spu'ria( spurious). 1. Violet. August. 1779,
SELANDEIA JETHIOPS. Pear Saw-Fly!
The upper surface of Pear-tree leaves
during the months of July, August, and
September, are liable to be destroyed
by what is very characteristically named
the slimy grub. These grubs are nearly
half an inch long, cylindrical, but
thicker towards the head than at the
other extremity. The whole body, ex-
cept at the time of skin casting, is
covered with a sticky, greenish black
matter, and from this they have been
named. Whilst feeding, the fore part of
the body is so swollen that the vermin
looks somewhat like a small tadpole. If
the slimy matter is removed from the
body, this is found to be a grub or cater-
pillar with twenty feet, and of a pitchy
brown colour. At the last-but-one cast-
ing of its skin the sliminess no longer
appears, and the grubs become of a
clayey colour. They finally form a brown
cocoon about October, and remain in the
pupa state until the following June or
July, when the perfect insect comes forth
in the form depicted in the annexed cut,
but of the size shown by the cross lines
above it. It is known as the Selandria
^Ethiops. Linnaeus called it the Cherry
Saw-Fly (Tenthredo cerasi), from the
mistaken opinion that it attacked the
leaves of that tree only, whereas its
grubs are more frequently found on the
leaves of the Pear. This fly is shining
black, and the tips of the legs yellowish.
The female lays her eggs on the upper
surface of the leaves. The slime on the
grub is of a peculiar nature, not being
dried by exposure to the hottest sun-
shine.
SELF. A flower with petals of only
one colour.
SELF-HEAL. Prune'lla.
SELLIGUE'A. (Probably from the Ja-
vanese name. Nat. ord., Ferns [Polypo-
diacess] . lAnn.^-Oryptogamia l-Filices.)
Stove, yellow-spored Ferns. See FERNS.
flane'scens (yellowish). Mav. E. Ind.
— Hamilto'ni ( Hamilton's). May. Nepaul.
— heterocu'rpa (various-fruited). June. Java.
a'-rophy^ta (large-leaved). May. Java.
— pothifo'lia (pothos-leaved). May. Nepaul.
SEMECA'KPUS. Marking Nut-tree. (From '
lemeion, a mark, and karpos, fruit; the
)lack juice used for marking clothes.
. ord., Anaeards [Anacardiaceae].
n., 23-Polygamia 2-Dicecia. Allied to
Anacardium.)
Stove, gfeenish-yellow-flowered, evergreen
rees. Cuttings of ripe shoots in sand, under
i glass, in heat, in March or April ; peat, loam,
eaf-mould. arid sand. Winter temp., M° to 60° ;
urnmer, 60° to 90°.
f. anaca'rdium (anacardium). 20. E. Ind. 1820.
— cuneifo'tium (wedge-leaved). 20. E. Ind. 1824.
SEMEIA'NDEA. (From semeia^a, banner,
and atier, an anther; referring to the
>etal-like appendage to each stamen.
". ord., Onayrads [Onagraceae]. Linn.,
2-Diandria 1-Monogynia.)
A greenhouse shrub, allied to Fuchsia, like
which it may be cultivated.
S. grwidiflo'ra (large-flowered). 5. Scarlet.
March, and throughout the summer. 1853.
SEMPEEVI'VUM. Houseleek. (From
empervivo, to live for ever; tenacity of
fe. Nat. ord., Houseleeks [Crassulacese].
arm., \\-Dodecandria 7-Dodecagynia.)
Hardy and frame kinds, by division, and by
uttings, and most of them deliarht in dry, sand?
oil, kept moiat only when growing. Greenhouse
SEM
[ 732 ]
SEN
kinds are also freely propagated by cuttings, dried
for several days at the cut part ; grown in sandy
loam, leaf-mould, and brick-rubbish, and kept
dry and in a state of rest in winter. Winter
temp., 38° to 45° ; summer, 55° to 75°.
HARDY HERBACEOUS.
S. arachnoi'deum (cobwebbed). $. Purple. July.
Italy. 1699-
ma'jus (large). £. Bed. June. Italy.
: — mi'nus (small). |. Red. June. Italy.
— flageliifo rme (whip-formed). |. Reddish.
July. Siberia. 1823.
— globi'ferum (globe-bearing.HewandCAicfcews).
i. Yellow. June. Germany. 1733.
— hi'rtum (hairy). 1. Cream. June. Italy. 1804.
— monta'num (mountain). £. Red. June.
Pyrenees. 1752.
— pu'milum (dwarf). $. Pale red. June. Cau-
casus. 1824.
— tecto'rum (roof. Common). 1. Purplish.
July. Britain.
GREENHOUSE HERBACEOUS.
S. dicho'tomum (two-ranked). Yellow. July.
Canaries. 1815. Biennial.
— dodranta'lc (nine-inch). £. Flesh. July.
Teneriffe. 1815. Annual.
— micra'nthes (small-flowered). £. Green, red.
September. Canaries.
— stella' turn (starred). £. Yellow. July.
Madeira. 1790. Annual.
GREENHOUSE EVERGREENS.
S. afcot'des(aizoon-like). Yellow. June. Madeira.
— arbo'reum (tree). Q. Golden. July. Levant.l640.
variega'tum (variegated-/ea»ed). 4. Yel-
low. July. Levant. 1640.
— au'reum (golden). 1. Yellow. July. Canaries. 181 5.
spu'rium (spurious). 1. Yellow. July.
Canaries. 1820.
— barba'tum (bearded). 1. Yellow. July. Ca-
naries. 1815.
— bifu'rcum (forked). 2. Madeira.
— ceespito'sum (turfy). £. Yellow. August.
Madeira. 1815.
— Canarie'nse (Canary). 14. White. June.
Canaries. 1699.
— cilia'tum (hair-fringed). l£. Pale yellow.
Teneriffe. 1815.
— crue'ntum (bloody). 2. Yellow. May. Ca-
naries. 1834.
— frute'scens (shrubby). 3. Yellow.Teneriffe.1804.
— glandulo'sum (glanded-/eo«ed). 1. Yellow.
April. Madeira. 1777.
— glutino'sum (clammy). l£. Yellow. July.
Madeira. 1777.
— polyphy'llum (many-leaved). J. Red. Au-
gust. Canaries. 1777.
— retu'sum (large-bitten). 2. Yellow. July.
Teneriffe. 1824.
— rupi'fragra (rock-scenting). Yellow. May.
Canaries. 1830.
— Smi'thii (Smith's). 1. Pale yellow. July.
Teneriffe. 1815.
— tabulaifo'rme (table-shaped). 14. Yellow.
July. Madeira. 1817.
— tortuo'sum (twisted), f. Yellow. July. Ca-
naries. 1/79.
— u'rbicum (city). 2. Yellow. July.Teneriffe.18l6.
— uoi'ferum (grape-bearing. Una de Guanches).
Yellow. Teneriffe. 1829.
— villo'sum (shaggy). $. Yellow. June. Ca-
naries. 1777.
— Youngia'num (Young's). 3. Yellow. June.
Canaries. 1842.
SENECI'LLUS. (A diminutive of senecio.
Nat. ord., Composites [Asteraceae]. linn.,
19-Syngenesia 2-Superftua. Allied to
Cineraria.)
Hardy herbaceous perennials. Seeds, but more
generally by divisions ; rich, sandy loam, or even
common garden-soil.
S. glau'ca (milky-green). 6. Yellow. July.
Siberia. 1790.
— purpura'ta (purple). Purple, June. Cape
of Good Hope. 1816.
SENE'CIO. Groundsel. (From senex>
an old man; naked receptacle compared
to a bald head. Nat. ord., Composites
[Asteraceae]. Linn., 19-Syngenesia 2-
Superflua.)
So difficult are the species to determine, that
twenty-one synonymes are added to Senecio. All
yellow-flowered, where not otherwise specified;
Annuals, by seeds in the open border, and in a
slight hotbed ; perennials, by seed, and division
of the plant, and also in common garden-soil,
shrubby kinds, by seeds, and easily by cuttings,
and mostly requiring a little peat or dried leaf-
mould along with the soil, and the protection of a
cool greenhouse. The double varieties of e'legans
are much used in flower-gardens ; but the single
varieties are also very beautiful. The double
varieties are preserved by cuttings in winter, and
must be saved from damp.
HARDY ANNUALS, &C.
S. ampulla'ceus (flask-Aeaded). 2. Texas. 1834.
— crassifo'lius (thick-/eai>ed). £. Purple, July.
South Europe. 1815.
— dwarica'tus (straggling). 1$. Purple. July.
China. 1801. Greenhouse biennial.
— erube'scens (ruddy). 2. Purple. July. Cape of
Good Hope. 1774. Greenhouse biennial.
— Ga'llicus (French). June. France.
— lanugino'stts (woolly). 5. November. 1826.
— telephifo'lius (telephium-leaved). 1. July.
Cape of Good Hope. 1820.
— Valerianatfo'lius (Valerian-leaved). 4. July.
Europe. 1800.
HARDY EVERGREEN.
S. gibbo'sus (swollen). June. Sicily. 182".
GREENHOUSE EVERGREENS.
S. argu'tus (sharp-/ea?;ed). 3. July. Mexico. 1827.
— a'sper (rough). 3. July. Cape of Good Hope.
1774.
— cinerarioi'des (cineraria- like). July. Mexico.
1826.
— e'legans (elegant). 2. Purple. July. Cape of
Good Hope. 1700.
flo're-a'lbo (white-flowered). 1$. White.
July. Cape of Good Hope. 1700.
ple'nus-a'lbus (double-white). 1$. White.
July. Cape of Good Hope. 1700.
ple'nus-ru'ber (double-red). 2. Red. July.
Cape of Good Hope. 1700.
— hamatophy'llus (bloody-leaved). 2. April. 1789.
— halimifo'lius (halimus-leaved), 3. July. Cape
of Good Hope. 1723.
— ilicifo'lius (ilex-leaved). 3. June. Cape of
Good Hope. 1/3).
— la'nceus (spear-feared). 3. August. Cape of
Good Hope. 1731.
— L'Heritie'ri cyanonAMa/mus(L'Heritier's blue-
blossomed). Whitish-blue. June. Ca-
naries. 1843. Herbaceous.
SEN
[ 733 ]
SEE
5, lita'cinus (lilac). 6. Lilac. June. Cape of
Good Hope. 1826.
— longifo'lius (long-leaved). 3. September. Cape
of Good Hope. 1775.
— persicasfo'lius (peach-leaved). 3. Purple. July.
Cape of Good Hope. 1820.
— peucedanifo'lius (peucedanium - leaved). 3.
Purple. May. Cape of Good Hope. 1816.
— pra'cox (early -flowering). 5$. Yellow.
— pscu'do-Chi'na (bastard-Chinese). £. July.
E. Ind. 1732. Herbaceous.
— pubi'gerus (downy). 2. Red. June. Cape of
Good Hope. 1816.
— purpu'reus (purple). 2. Purple. August. Cape
of Good Hope. 1774. Herbaceous.
— reclina'tus (leaning). 2. Purple. July. Cape
of Good Hope. 1774.
— rige'scens (stiffish-/e«t>ed). 3. July. Cape of
Good Hope. 1815.
— ri'gidus (hard-/eawed). 3. July. Cape of
Good Hope. 1/04.
— rosmarinifo'lius (rosemary-leaved) . 3. July.
Cape of Good Hope.
— sca'ber (scurfy). 4. July. Cape of Good Hope.
1700. Herbaceous.
— solidagi'neus (solidago-like). 2. July. Cape
of Good Hope. 1824.
— specio'sus (showy). £. Scarlet. July. China.
1789. Herbaceous.
— tussila'ginis (colt's-foot-teaved). l. Purple.
April. Teneriffe. 1829.
— venu'stus (beautiful). 1£. Purple. August.
Cape of Good Hope. 1774.
HAEDY HEEBACEOUS.
S. Adonidifo'lius (Adonis-leaved). 1. July. Eu-
rope. 1800.
— alpi'nus (alpine). 2. July. South Europe. 1683.
— arachnoi'des (spider-like). July. Italy. 1827.
— balsami'tts (balsam! ta- like), June. N. Amer.
1819.
— Canade'nsis (Canadian). 1$. July. N.Amer.
1820.
— cordifo'lius (heart-leaved). 2. July. Austria.
1749.
— coria'ceus(le&iheTj-leaved). 4. July. Levant.
1728.
— Croa'ticus (Croatian). 4. July. Hungary. 1805.
— cro'ceus (reddish-yellow). June. Austria. 1822.
— crue'ntus (bloody). Purple. April. Teneriffe.
— deci'piens (deceiving). May. Cape of Good
Hope. 1821.
— delphinifo'lius (larkspur-leaved). 1 . July.
Barbary. 1800.
— eudo'rus (sweet-scented). July. 1815.
•— fri'gidus (cold). May. N.Amer. 1827.
— Japo'nicus( Japan). I.August. Japan. 1774.
— leucophy'llus (white-leaved). 1. July. South
Europe. 1816.
— lyratifo'lius (lyre-leaved). 2. July. Austria. 1749-
— wn'croj9%Wws(small-leaved).4. July. Caucasus.
1818.
— nemore'nsis (grove). 3. July. Austria. 1/85.
— odora'tus (sweet-scented). N. Holland.
— otho'nee (othona-like).2.Pink. July.Iberia.1816.
— ova'tus (egg-leaved). 3. September. Germany.
1823.
— prate'nsis (meadow). June. Galicia. 1828.
— Smi'thii( Smith's). Pink. July. Cape Horn. 1801.
— taraxacifo'lius (dandelion-leaved). June. Cau-
casus. 1824.
— Tournefo'rtii (Tournefort's). 3. July. Pyre-
nees. 1810.
— umbro'sus (shady). 2. July. Hungary. 1815.
V — uniflo'rus (one-flowered). $. July, Alpine Eu-
rope, 1789-
SENSITIVE FERN. Onocle'a sensi'bUis.
SENSITIVE PLANT. Mimo'sa pudi'ca.
There are several other plants which
give evidence of being sensitive. The
Venus Fly-Trap (Dionae'a musci'pula) has
jointed leaves, which are furnished on
their edges with a row of strong prickles.
Flies, attracted by honey which is se-
creted in glands on their surface, venture
to alight upon them. No sooner do their
legs touch these parts than the sides of
the leaves spring up, and, locking their
rows of prickles together, squeeze the
insects to death. O'xalis sensiti'va and
Smi'thia sensiti'va are similarly irritable,
as the filaments of the stamens of the
Berberry. One of this sensitive tribe,
Desmo'ditim gy'rans, has a spontaneous
motion ; its leaves are frequently moving
in various directions, without order or co-
operation. When an insect inserts its
proboscis between the converging anthers
of a Dog's Bane (Apo'cynum androscemi-
fo'lium), they close with a power usually
sufficient to detain the intruder until
death.
SE'PTAS. (From septem, seven; the
number prevailing in the parts of the
flower. Nat. ord., Houseleeks [Crassula-
cese]. ~Linn.,7-Heptandria k-Heptayynia.)
Greenhouse, white-flowered evergreens, from
the Cape of Good Hope. Increased by division of
the roots ; plants kept dry in winter ; sandy loam
and brick-rubbish. Winter temp., 38° to 45°.
S. Cape'nsis (Cape), f . August. 1774.
g-Jo6(/?o'ra (globe-flowered). J.March.1809.
— umbe'lla (umbelled). J. July. 1800.
SEEICO'GEAPHIS. (From serikos, silk, and
grapho, to write. Nat. ord., Acanthads
[ Acanthacess] . Linn., Ii-Didynamia 2-
Anrjiospermia. Allied to Aphelandra.)
Stove half-herbaceous perennial. Easily in-
creased by cuttings. For culture, see JUSTI'CIA.
5. Ghiesbreghtia'na (Ghiesbreght's). 3. Scarlet.
October. 1846.
SEEI'NGIA. (Named after M. Seringa, a
Swiss botanist. Nat. ord., Byttneriad*
[Byttneriacese] . Linn., 5-Pentandria i-
Monogynia. Allied to Lasiopetalum.)
Greenhouse evergreen. Cuttings of young
shoots in sand, under a bell-glass, in April or
May ; sandy peat one part, sandy, fibry loam two
parts. Winter temp., 40° to 48°.
S. platyphy'lla (broad-leaved). 12. White. June.
N. Holland. 1822.
SEEI'OLA. (From sens, succory; as the
species resemble this plant. Nat. ord.,
Composites [Asteracese]. Linn., 19-Syn-
genesia 1-^qualis.)
All hardy herbaceous plants, except rube'scens,
which is annual, and all native* of Sicily. Seed
SEB
C 734 ]
SET
sown in early spring, in any common garden-soil.
Tiiis genus has had for its synonymes Ageno'ra
and Rodi'gia.
3. JEtne>nsis (.Etna). |. Yellow. July. 1/63.
— a'lbicans (whitish). 1. Yellow. May. 1828.
— aspargini'des (aspargia-like). 1. Yellow. May.
1829.
— glau'ca (milky-green). 1. Yellow. May. 1828.
— rube'scens (reddish), f. Red. July. 1829. An-
nual.
— u'rens (stinging). £. Yellow. July. 1773.
SEBI'SSA. (Name of a plant mentioned
noy Dioscorides. Nat. ord., Cinchonads
[Cinchonacese]. Linn., 5-Pentandria 1-
Jlfonogynia.)
Greenhouse, white-flowered evergreens, from
Japan. Cuttings in spring, under a glass ; loam,
peat, and sand. Probably hardy in the south of
England.
.3. fce'tida (stinking). 2. May. 1787.'
— multiplex (double-flowered). May.
SERRA'TULA. Sawwort. (From serra,
a saw; edges of the leaves. Nat. ord.,
Composites [Asteracese]. Linn., 19-Syn-
yenesia 1-^Equalis.}
Perennials, by seeds and divisions in spring ;
annuals, by seed ; common garden-soil. All pur-
ple-flowered, except where otherwise stated.
HAEDY BIENNIALS.
S. Icuca'ntha (white-flowered). White. July.
Spain. 1S25. Annual.
— ni't ens (shining). 2. July. Caucasus. 1823.
— radia'ta (rayed). 2j. July. Hungary. 1800.
— Trarwy/ua'rMca(Transylvanian). 2. July. Tran-
sylvania. 1818.
HARDY HERBACEOUS.
<S. ala'ta (winged). 2. July.
— argu'ta (sharp-toothed). 3. September. Hun-
gary. 1824.
— Ca'spica (Caspian). 2. July. Caspian. 1820.
— centaurioi'des (centaury-like). 1. July. Siberia.
1804.
— corona'ta (crowned). 5. July. Siberia. 1739-
— cyanni'des (cyanus-like). 2. Red. July. Si-
beria. 1778.
— cynaroi'des (cynara-like). 3. July. Pyrenees.
1640.
— depre'ssa (depressed). 1. July. Caucasus. 1S18.
— e'iegans (elegant). 2. July. Caucasus. 1819.
— keterophy'lla (various-leaved). 2. July. Dau-
phiny. 1824.
— Kitaibe'lii (Kitaibel's). 2. July. Hungary.
1818.
— multifio'ra (many-flowered). 2. July. Siberia.
1816.
— ni'tida (shining). 2. July. Siberia. 1827.
— Panno'nica (Hungarian). 2. July. Hungary.
1810.
— si'mplex (simple). 1. July. Nepaul. 1821,
SERRU'RiA.(Named after J. Serrurier,
a German botanist. Nat. ord., Protends
[Proteaceee]. Linn., k-Tetrandria \-Mo-
nogynia. Alliance near Leucospennum.)
Greenhouse, Cape of Good Hope evergreens
purple-flowered, except where otherwise specified
Cuttings of ripe shoots in sand, under a bell-glass,
and kept cool, the glass being raised and fre-
quently removed at night, to prevent damping,
the cuttings at the time protected by a frame or
pit ; light, fibry loam, with a portion of charcoal
ind broken bricka or freestone. Winter temp.,
38° to 48°, with a shaded position for the pots in
he heat of summer; the heads will stand the sua
'reely if the roots are protected.
S. abrotanifo'lia (southernwood-leaved). 4. Pink.
1803.
— acroca'rpa (pointed-fruited). Lilac. April. 1822.
— adsce'ndens (ascending). 2. 1S1Q.
— ee'mula (rival). 3. 1803.
— arena'ria (sand). 1. 1803.
— Burma'nni (Burmann's). 2j. 1786.
— cilia'ta (hair-fringed). 2. 1803.
— cyanoi'des (cyanus-like). 1$. 1S03.
— decu'mbens (lying-down). 1. 1818.
— diffu'sa (straggling). 3. 1810.
— eleva'ta (elevated). Lilac. April. 1821.
— elonga'ta (lengthened). lj. 1800.
- emargina'ta (end-notched). 2. Pink. 1800.
— flagella'ris (whip). 2. 1816.
— fto'rida (flowery). 2. 1824.
— glabe'rrima (very smooth). 1. 1825.
— glomera'ta (crowded). 3. 1789.
— Mwe'm (Niven's). l£. 1800.
— odora'ta (sweet-scented). 2. Pink. 18G3.
— phylicoi'des (phylica-like). 3. 1789-
— pinna'ta (leafleted). 1. Pink. 1803.
— Roxbu'rghii (Roxburgh's). 3. White. 1SC5.
— rubricau'lis (red-stemmed). 2. 1818.
— scario'sa (membranous). Lilac. 1816.
— squarro'sa (spreading). 2. 1810.
SERVICE. (Py'rus so'r&ws.) There are
three varieties : Apple - shaped, Pear-
shaped, and Berry-shaped.
Propagation. — By Grafting on the
apple, medlar, and hawthorn.
By Cuttings and by Seed, as directed
for the Apple.
Soil. — Clayey loam, well drained, suits
it best.
Culture. — They are best trained as dwarf
standards or espaliers. See MEDLAR.
Gather the fruit in autumn, and treat
it like that of the Medlar.
SESBA'NIA. (From sesban, the Arabic
name of S. j&gyptia'ca. Nat.ord.,ie<jru-
minom Plants [Fabacese]. Linn., 17-
Diadelphia 4-Decandria. Alliance near
CHanthus.)
All yellow-flowered. Annuals require to be sown
in a hotbed, in April, and flowered either in the
plant-stove or a warm greenhouse; shrubs, by
cuttings of the half-ripened, stubby shoots in
sand, under a bell-glass, in bottom-heat; fibry
loam and sandy peat. Winter temp., 60°; sum-
mer, 60° to 90°, with abundance of moisture.
STOVE EVERGREENS.
S. Mgypti'aca (Egyptian). 4. July. Egypt. 1680.
— occidenta'lis (western). 4. July. W. Ind. 1815.
STOVE ANNUALS.
S. aculea'ta (prickly). 4. July. E. Ind. 1690.
— affi'nis (kindred). 3. July. E. Ind. 1800.
— gra'cUil (slender). 3. July. 1820.
— pi'cta (painted). 6. July. W.Ind. 1823. Bi-
ennial.
— puncta'ta (red-spotted). 3. July. Guinea. 1825.
— seri'cea (silky). 3. July. E. Ind. 1813.
SETS are the tubers, or portions of
tubers, employed for propagating pota-
SET
E 735 3
SHU
toes and other tuberous-rooted plants. It
may be accepted as a rule universally ap-
plicable to them, that a moderately-sized
whole tuber is always to be preferred to a
cutting of a tuber.
SETTING is fertilizing the female blos-
soms with pollen from the male blos-
soms. A plant is said to be a shy setter
when this fertilizing is apt to fail.
SEVERI'NIA. A doubtful name for the
Box -leaved Orange. (Ci'trus buxifo'lia.)
SEYME'RIA. (Named after H. Seymer,
an English naturalist. Nat. ord., Fig-
worts [Scrophulariaceae]. Linn., 14-
Didynamia 2-Angiospermia.)
Hardy, yellow-flowered annuals, from North
America. Seeds in April, in a peat-border.
S.pectina'ta (comb-leaved). 1. July. 1820.
— tenuifo'lia (fine-leaved). 1. July. 1730.
SHADDOCK. Ci'trus decwna'na.
SHADES are for prolonging the time of
a plant's blooming, or promoting the
rooting of cuttings, by excluding the
sunlight. See CUTTINGS, SCREENS, and
TULIP.
SHALLOT. See ESCHALLOT.
SHANKING is the technical term for a
gangrene which attacks the footstalks of
grapes and the stems of cabbages which
have vegetated through the winter. The
shanking of the grape appears to be oc-
casioned by the soil becoming exhausted,
or by its temperature being too much
below that in which the branches are
vegetating ; and, consequently, the supply
of sap to the grapes being too much di-
minished, the parts which thus fail of
support immediately begin to decay : this
is an effect always the consequence of a
diminished supply of sap, apparent either
in the leaves, flower, or fruit. Shanking
rarely appears in the grape if the roots of
the vine are within the house. Shanking
in the cabbage arises from a very different
cause, viz., the freezing of the stalk of
the cabbage just where it comes in con-
tact with the soil. The best preventive
is dressing the soil with salt, about five
bushels per acre, late in the autumn, and
sprinkling charred vegetable matters
among them. See DAMPING-OFF.
SHARP CEDAR. Aca'cia oxyce'dnts and
Juni'perus oxyce'drus.
SHIELD FERN. Aspi'dium.
SHEEP LAUREL. Ka'lmia angustifo'Ha.
SHEEP'S SCABIOUS. Jasio'ne.
SHELLS. See ANIMAL MATTERS.
SHELTER. See SCREEN.
SHE -OAK. Casuari'na quadriva'lvis.
SHEPHERD'S BEARD. Arnoprfgon.
SHEPHERD'S CLUB. Ferba'scum tha'psm.
SHEPHE'RDIA. (Named after the late
W. Shepherd, curator of the Botanic Gar-
den. Nat. ord., Oleasters [Elaeagnacere].
Linn., 22-Diosda 4,-Tetrandria. Allied to
Hippophae.)
Hardy deciduous shrubs, from North America.
Generally by suckers ; frequently by seeds • deep
sandy loam. Good shrubs for lawns or shrubbe-
ries.
S. argefntea (silvery). 10. April. 1820.
— Cunade'nsis (Canadian). 10. April. 1759.
SHIFTING. See POTTING and ONE-SHIFT
SYSTEM.
SHREDS for fastening trees to walls,
&c., are best made of the list or selvage
torn from black or blue cloth, and may
be obtained of any tailor. The smallest
possible number of shreds, and the nar-
rowest consistent with strength, should
be employed ; for wherever the shred
envelopes the branch, the wood beneath
is never so well ripened as those parts
exposed to the light and air, which are
so essential to enable the bark to assimi-
late and separate from the sap those
secretions which are required for the
next year's growth. Shreds should al-
ways be long enough to permit the ends
to be doubled over, so that the nail may
pass through four thicknesses of the
cloth, otherwise they look ragged, and are
liable to tear away from the nail. If old
shreds are re-used, they should be pre-
viously boiled for a few minutes to de-
stroy any insect-eggs, or larvae, they may
contain.
SHRIVELLING of the berries of the
grape in stoves arises from the roots of
the vine not supplying a sufficiency of
sap. This occurs if the roots are in a
cold, heavy soil, or are vegetating in an
outside border, the temperature of which
is too low compared with that of the
stove. In the first case, thorough drain-
ing and the incorporation of calcareous
rubbish ; and in the second case, protec-
tion to the border and stem, will remove
the evil.
SHRUBBERY is a garden, or portion of
a garden, devoted to the cultivation of
shrubs.
SHRUBS are trees of a dwarf growth,
not exceeding in height twelve or fifteen
feet, unless they are climbers, and having,
if permitted, branches and foliage cloth-
ing the entire length of their stems.
SHUTE'BIA. See CONVO'JUYULUSBI'COLOR.
SHU
736
SIL
SHUTTING-UP is closing the lights of
frames, pits, greenhouses, and stoves,
which have heen opened for the admis-
sion of air.
SIBBA'LDIA. (Named after Dr. Sibbald,
of Edinburgh. Nat. ord., Eoseworts
[Rosacese]. Linn., 5-Pentandria 5-Pen-
tayynia. Allied to Potentilla.)
Seeds, but chiefly by division of the plant in
spring ; fibry, sandy loam, and fibry peat. They
are best kept as little alpines, in pots, protected
from frost and wet in winter, and shaded from the
midday sun in summer.
S. ere1 eta (upright). 1. Pink. July. Siberia. 1806-
Herbaceous.
— parvijfWra (small-flowered). £. Yellow. July.
Cappadocia. Herbaceous.
— procu'mbens (lying-down). £. Yellow. July.
Britain. Evergreen trailer.
SIBERIAN CRAB. Py'rus prunifo'lia.
SIBERIAN PEA-TREE. Caraga'na.
SIBTHO'RPIA. (Named after Dr. Sib-
thorp, of Oxford. Nat. ord., Figworts
[Scrophulariacese] . Linn., Ik-Didynamia
2-Angiospermia.)
Yellow-flowered trailers. Seeds and divisions of
the plant in spring; moist, sandy, shady peat-
border. Prostra'ta requires the protection of a
greenhouse in winter.
S. Europce'a (European). $. July. England.
— 2)roslra'ta (trailing). %. June. Madeira. 1771-
SI'DA. A name adopted from Theo-
pbrastus for an extensive group of Mal-
lowworts, of which the true generic name
is Crista'ria, and the best species are re-
moved to Abutilon.
SIDERI'TIS. Ironwort. (From sideros,
iron ; supposed power of healing wounds
by iron. Nat. ord., Lipworts [Lamiacese].
Linn., 1^-Didynamia 2-Angiospermia. Al-
lied to Marubium.)
Yellow-flowered, except where otherwise spe-
cified. Seeds ; cuttings under a hand-light in
summer ; division of the plant in spring ; dry,
sandy, or chalky soil ; well fitted for knolls and
banks.
HARDY HERBACEOUS.
S. Roma'na (Roman). I.July. Italy. 1740. Annual.
— serra'ta (save -leaved). 1. August. Spain. 1818.
— spino'sa (spiny). l£. August. Spain.
HARDY EVERGREENS.
S. scordioi'des (scordium-like). 1. September.
France. 1597.
alpi'na (alpine). 1. July. Pyrenees. 1827.
angustifo'lia (narrow-leaved). 1. July.
Pyrenees. 1597.
— elonga'ia (lengthened). August. Spain. 1822.
Half-hardy.
— Tnu'rica (Taurian), l£. July. Tauria. 1822.
HALF-HARDY EVERGREENS.
S. angustifo'lia (narrow-leaved). 1. July. Spain.
1820.
— chamcedrifo'lia (germander-leaved). 1. July.
Spain. 1816.
— ilicifo'lia (holly-leaved). 1J, July, Levant.
.S. inca'na (hoary). 1$. July. Spain. 1754,
— leucatntha (white-flowered.). 1. White. July,
Spain. 1823.
— perfo'liata (leaf-stem-pierced), 2. September.
Levant. 1731.
— Syri'aca (Syrian). l£. July. Levant. 1597.
SIDERODE'NDRON. Iron-tree. (From
sieJeros, iron, and dendron, a tree ; from
hardness of wood. Nat. ord., Ginchonads
[Cinchouacese]. Linn., ^-Tetrandria 1-
Monoyynia. Alliance near to Ixora.)
Stove evergreen tree. Cuttings of ripe shoots
in sand, under a bell-glass, and in a moist heat .;
sandy, fibry loam, fibry peat, and leaf-mould.
Winter temp., 50° to 60° ; summer, 60° to 80°.
S. triflo'rum (three-flowered). 20. Pink. W.Ind.
1793.
SIEGESBE'CKIA. (Named after J. G.
Siegesbeck, a German botanist. Nat. ord.,
Composites [Asteracese]. Linn., IQ-Syn-
Hardy, yellow-flowered annuals. Seeds in a
hotbed, in April ; seedlings pricked off, and
finally turned out into the flower-garden in the
beginning of June ; rich, light, sandy soil.
S. cordifu'lia (heart-leaved). 20. August. Mexico.
1826.
— Ibe'rica (Iberian). l.White.August.Iberia.1818.
— orientu'lis (eastern). 2. September. India. 1730.
— triangula'ris (triangular). 2. August. Mexico.
1825.
SIEVE'RSIA. (Named after M . Sievers,
a Eussian botanist. Nat. ord., Eoseworts
[Kosacese]. Linn., 12-Icosandria 3-Poly-
gynia. Allied to Geum.)
Hardy, yellow-flowered, herbaceous perennials.
Seeds, and division of the plant in spring; light,
sandy soil.
S. anemonoi'des (anemone-like). £. July. Kamt-
schatka. 1820.
— Atla'ntica (Atlantic). May. SouthEurope. 1810.
,— glacia'lis (icy). £. July. Siberia. 181Q.
— monta'na (mountain). £. July. Austria. 1597-
— Pe'ckii( Peck's). £. July. N. Amer. 1826.
— re'ptans (creeping). 4. July- Switzerland. 1597-
— ro'sea (rosy). £. May. Rocky Mountains. 18-J7.
— triflo'ra (three-flowered). 4. July. Louisiana.
1826.
SILE'NE. Catchfly. (From sialon, sa-
liva ; from the gummy secretion on the
leaves of some, which entraps small flies.
Nat. ord., Cloveworts [CaryophyllaceEe].
Linn., 10-Decandria 3-Trigynia.)
All freely by seeds. Annuals, in the opan
garden, in April, and many, if sown in Septem-
ber, will bloom very early; the low-growing
ones are very suitable for knolls and rock- works.
Herbaceous ones also by division, and by cut-
tings of the young shoots in sand, under a hand-
light, in summer; shrubby ones by similar
means; rich, sandy loam.
GREENHOUSE BIENNIALS.
S. crassifo'lia (thick-leaved). 1. Brown. July.
Cape of Good Hope. 1774.
— gigante'a (gigantic). 3. White. June. Africa. 1/38.
_ orna'ta (ornamental). 2. Purple. July, Cape
of Good Hope. 1775.
SIL
C 737 ]
SIL
avy). 14. Red. August. Cape
of Good Hope. 1/75.
HALF-HARDY HERBACEOUS.
, acnu'lis (stemless). &. Rose. July. Britain.
a'lba (white). £. White. July. Britain.
• foe'mina (female). Red. July. Scotland.
exsca'pa (scapeless). 4. Red. July.
Switzerland. 1819.
ma's (male). Rose. July. Scotland.
•faba'riu (fabA-laiced). J. White. July.
Sicily. 1731.
•frutico'sa (shrubby). 14- Pink. June. Sicily.
1629. Evergreen.
(Mocini's).
Purple. June.
— Mocinia'na
Mexico. 1827-
— specio'sa (showy). 1. Scarlet. June, 1843.
HARDY ANNUALS, &C.
S. JEgypt i'aca (Egyptian). 1. Pink. July.
Egypt. 1800.
— arme'ria (Siueet William}. 14. Pink. August.
England.
a'lba (white' . White.
— asce'ndens (ascending), j. Red. June. Spain.
1822.
— nto'cion (atocion). 2- Pink. June. Levant. 1/81.
— bi1 color (two-coloured). 1. Striped. June.
France. 1820.
— Canarin'nsis (Canary). 4- Red. June.
Madeira. 1822.
— cfrttstul'di'S (cerastium-like). |. White. July.
South Europe. 1732.
— cfteiranthifo'lia (wallflower-leaved). 1. Red.
July. Swan River. 1821.
— color a' t a (coloured). l. Purple. June.
Morocco. 1819.
— compa'cta (compact). 1£. Pink. August.
Caucasus. 1823. Biennial.
— conge'sta (crowded). 1 .Pink. June. Greece. 1S18.
— Crjtica (Cretan ;. 2- Green, white. July.
Crete. l/ii2. Biennial.
— Csere'ii (Cserei's). 3. White. June,
— cylindriflo'ra (cylindrical-flowered). 1.
June. Levant. 1824. Biennial.
— di'scolor (various-coloured). 41 Red.
Greece. 1617.
— diversifo'lia (variuus-leaved). 1. Purple. June.
1820.
— e'legans (elegant). 14. White. June. Portugal.
1S19.
— gcminijiu'ra (twin-flowered). 1. Purple. June.
1816.
— gra'cilis (slender). 1. White. July. 1823.
— h i'spida( bristly). 1. Cream. June. Barbary. 1817.
— Ibe'rica( Iberian). 1. White. June. Iberia. 1823.
— imbrica'ta (imbricated). 14. White. June.
N.Africa, 1818.
— Ita'lica (Italian). 14. White. May. Italy.
1759. Biennial.
— juvena'lis (youthful). 2. White. June. 1835.
— la'cera (torn). 14. White. July. Caucasus.
1818. Biennial.
— luxiflo'ra (loose-flowered). 1. White. June.
Spain. 1 820.
— Knifo'lia (flax-leaved). 1. Green, yellow. July.
Portugal. 1817.
— longicau'lis (long-stemmed). I. Red. June.
Spain. 1818.»
— Lusita'nica (Portuguese). 1. Pink. June.
Portugal. 1732.
~» multiflo'ra (many-flowered). 1. White. June.
Hungary. 1794. Biennial.
— nemora'lis (grove), l. White. June. Hungary.
1816. Biennial.
— noctiflo'ra (night-flowering), 2. Pink. July.
England.
1821.
Red.
April-
S. noctu'rna (night). 2. Brown. July. South
Europe. 1683.
— nycta'ntha. (night-flowered). 14. Brown. July.
1815.
— Oliveria'na (Oliver's). Red. July. Aleppo. 1818.
— orcAi'rfe«(orchid-like). Rose.June. Levant. 1/81.
— pe'ndula (drooping). 1. Red. June. Sicily. 1731.
— perfolia/ta (leaf-stem- pierced). 1$. Red. June.
Levant. 181". Biennial.
— pi'cta (painted). 2. Pink. July. France. 1817.
— Porte'nsis (Oporto). 1. Pink. July. Por-
tugal. 1759.
— Psamini'tis (Psammitis). l£. Cream. June.
1818. Biennial.
— pumi'lio (dwarf). £. Pink. June. Germany. 1823.
— quinque-vu'lneru (five-wounded). 1. Blood.
July. England.
— ramo'sn (branchy).l.White.July.Barbary.l820.
— ramosi'ssima (branchiest). l£. Rose. June.
Candia. Biennial.
— reticula'ta (netted). 1. Rose. July. Bar-
bary. 1804.
— rube'lla (small-red). 4. Flesh. May. Por-
tugal. 1735.
— sabnleto'rum (gravel-pit). 1. Purple. June. 181 8.
— SKCundiflu'ra (side-flowering). 1. Purple. June.
Spain. 1820.
— seri'cea (silky). 1$. Pink. July. South
Europe. 1801.
— $2>«<7<M/a'ta(spatulate). 4. Purple. June. Cau-
casus. 1823. Biennial.
— stri'ctit. (upright). 14. Purple. June. Spain. 1802.
— tenuifit'lia (fine-leaved). 1. Purple. June.
Dahuria. 1820.
— trident a1 to, (three-toothed), f. Pink. May.
Barbary. 1823.
— undulcEfo'lia (wavy-ieaved). Red. June. Sar-
dinia. 1829.
— vesperti'na (evening). 2. Rose. July. Brit-
tany. 1796.
— visco'sa (clammy). 2. White. June. Levant.
1731. Biennial.
— viseosissi'ma (clammiest). 1 . June. Naples. 1824.
HARDY HERBACEOUS.
S.^«a'zca(Altaic),l.Yellowish.August.Altai.l831.
— amce'na (pleasing). 1. White, July. Tar tary.l 779.
— angustifo'lia (narrow-leaved). 1. White. July.
Europe. 1817-
— apri'ca (sunny). Russia. 1837.
— ceespito'su (turfy). 4. Pink. June.Caucasus.1822.
— campanula (bell-flowered). |. Green, white.
July. Piedmont. 1823.
— ca'na (h.iary). l£. Red. June. 1824.
— Ca'spica (Caspian). |. Pink. June. Caucasus.
1823.
— CatesbcE'a (Catesby's), 1. Pink. June. Ca«
rolina. 1810.
— catho'licu (universal). 1J. Green, white. Au«
gust. Italy. 1711.
— chlorafo'lia (chlora-leaved). 1. Lilac, yellow.
August. Armenia. 1796.
— chlora'ntha (pale-flowered). 1^. Green, white.
July. Germany, 1732.
— cilia'ta (hair-fringed), f . Purple. June. Crete.
1804.
— cordifo'lia (heart-leaved). $. Pink. June.
Piedmont. 1819.
— Co'rsi'ca(Corsican).] . Purple. June.Corsica. 1820.
— depre'fxa (depressed). 4. White. June.
Iberia, 1816.
— effu'sa (spreading). 1. White, yellow. July.
Volga. 1823.
— ela'ta (tall). 3. White. June. Tauria. 1819-
—fimbria'ta (fringe-flowered), 2£. White. June.
Caucasus. 1803.
SIL
[738]
SIP
&. flave'scens (yellowish). 1. Yellow. June.
Hungary. 1804.
— glaucifo'lia (milky- green-leaved). $. Red.
June. Spain. 1820.
— g-ramwz/b'/za (srass-leaved). 2. White. June.
Altai. 181Q.
— gypso'phila (chalk-loving)4.White.June.l822.
— Hispa'nica (Spanish). £. Red. June.Spain.1819.
— infla'ta (inflated). 1. White. July. Britain.
hirsu'ta (hairy). White. Britain.
— infra'cta (broken)." White. July. Hungary. 1800.
— lacinia'ta (cut-petaled). 1A,. Scarlet. July.
8, Amer. 1823.
— latifo'lia (broad-leaved). 1. White. July.
Barbary. 1817.
— longiflo'ra (long-flowered). 1A.. Lilac, purple.
August. Hungary. 1/93.
— mari'tima (sea), f . White. August. Britain.
•— flo're-ple'no (double-flowered). 1. White.
August. England.
— molli'ssima (softe.st).l.Pink.August. Italy. 1739-
— ocymoi'des (basil-like). 1. April. 1823.
— ova'ta (egg-lettved). 1. White. June. N.
Amer, 1820.
— parado'xa (paradoxical). 1. Pink. July. Europe.
— purmfu'lia (small-leaved). l£. Pink. June. 1817.
~7?a'£«/a(spreading).l. White. July. Barbary. 1823.
— Pennsylvu'nica, (Pennsylvanian). 1. Red. June.
N. Amer. 1806.
— petrte'a (rock).J. White. July. Hungary. 1822.
— pilo'sa (shaggy). White. August. Europe. 173Q.
~- polyphy' lla (many-leaved). 1. White. June.
Austria. 1800.
— procu'mbens (lying-down), f. Pink. June.
Siberia. 1823.
— p«fie'seens(downy).l. Purple. July.Corsica. 18 18.
*— quadridenta'ta "(four-toothed). $. White.
June. Alps. 1822.
— quadri'fida (four-cleft). A,. White. June.
Verona. 1818.
•— "efle'xa (bent-back). 1. Purple. June. South
Europe. 1726.
— re'gia (royal). l£. Crimson. June. N. Amer.
1811.
— renews (creeping). 1. Pink. August. Siberia.
— RequWnii (Requien's). A.. White, red. June.
Corsica. 1823.
— saxi'fraga (saxifrage). ^. Flesh, July. France.
1640.
— • ScAffl'/teOchafta). A.. Rose. April. Keridach
1844.
— Sibi'rica (Siberian). 1A. Rose. July. Siberia.
17/3.
— spergulifo' lia (spurry - leaved). A,. White.
June. Armenia. 1817.
— Stella1 ta (stoat-leaned). 1. White. July. N.
Amer. 1696.
•— stylo'sa (large-styled). A. Yellowish. July.
1831.
— svpi'na (supine). |. Pink. July. Caucasus. 1804.
— Tata'rica (Tartarian). 2. White. July. Russia.
1/Q6.
— te'nuis (slender). ?. Cream. July. Siberia. 1816.
— ValleTtAi CYaliesian). A. Flesh. July. Switzer-
land. 1765.
— Virgi'nica (Virginian). 1. Purple. July. N.
Amer. 1783.
— viscaginoi'des (viscago-like). f. Pink. June..
Dauria. 1824.
— Wolgensis (Wolga). Green, yellow. July.
Wolga. 1824.
SILK COTTON-TREE. Bo'mlax.
SILK-TREE. Aca'cia jullbri'ssin.
SIMARU'BA. (The Guiana name. Nat.
ord., Quassiads [Simarubacess], Linn.,
\Q-Decandria 1-Monoyynia. Allied to
Quassia.)
Stove, yellowish - white - flowered evergreens,
from the West Indies. Cuttings of the ripe
shoots in sand, under a bell-glass, and in a
strong, moist heat; fibry peat, and light, fibry
loam. Winter temp., 55° to 65°; summer, 65°
to 85°.
S. exce'lsa (lofty). 40. 1818.
— glau'ca (milky-green). 1824.
— officina'lis (shop). 10. 1789.
SINA'PIS. Mustard. (From the Celtic
nap, applied to the cabbage tribe. Nat.
ord., Crucifors [Brassicaceae]. Linn.,
HJ-Tctradyri'iittia. )
Hardy, yellow-flowered annuals. See MUSTA.EB.
S. a'lba (white). 3. June. Britain.
— frute'scens (shrubby). 1£. July. Madeira. 17/7.
— iti'gra (black). 4. May. Britain.
tu'rgida (turgid). 4. May. Britain.
laniga'ta (smooth). 4. May. E. Ind. 1819.
— nudic'iu'lis(ui\.ked-stemmed). 1. June. Spain.
1818.
SINGA'NA. (From sinya-singa, the name
in Guiana. Nat. ord., Capparids [Cap-
paridacese]. Linn., 13-PoIyandria 1-
Monogynia. Allied to Cratseva.)
Stove evergreen climber. Cuttings of firm side-
shoots in sand, under a bell-glass, and in bottom-
heat, iu May ; sandy loam and fibry peat. Winter
temp., 55° to 65° ; summer, 60° to 85°.
S. Guiane'nsis (Guianan). White. June. Guiana.
1827.
SINGLING. Thinning seedlings so that;
two do not touch each other.
SINNI'NGIA. (Named after W. Sinning!
a German gardener. Nat. ord., Gesner-
worts [Gesneracese], Linn., l±-Duly-
namia 2-Angiospermia,)
We have retained this genus, the name being
in common use; but the species are Gloxinias.
Stove evergreens. For culture, see GE'SNERA.
S. gutta'ta (spotted). l£. Yellow, red. June.
Brazil. 1827.
— He'lleri( Heller's). 1. White, green. June.
Rio Janeiro. 1827-
— veluti'na (velvety). l£. Yellow. June. Brazil.
1827.
— mllo'su (shaggy). 1J. Yellow, green June.
Brazil. 1827.
SIPHOCA'MPYLOS. (From siphon, a tube
and kampylos, a curve; shape of the
flower. Nat. ord., Lobeliads [Lobeliaceee].
Linn., 5-Pentandria l-Monogynia.)
Cuttings root readily ; those which are herba-
ceous are best struck from the young shoots,
several inches in length, as they rise from the
root in spring; bicolor and betulcefo'lius are hardy
in sheltered places.
HARDY.
S. betulcefo'lius (birch-leaved). 3. Red, yellow.
July. Brazil. 1842. Deciduous.
— bi'color (two-coloured). 3. Red, yellow. April.
Georgia. 1835, Evergreen,
SIS
[ 709 ]
SIU
GREENHOUSE EVERGREENS.
S. cocci' neus (sc&rlet-Jlowered). 3. Scarlet. July.
Brazil.
— duploserra'tus (double-saw-Jeowed). 2. Red.
Brazil. 1847.
— lantanifo'lius (lantana- leaved). Rose. July.
Organ Mountains. 1841.
glabriu'srulus (rather-smooth). 3. Pur-
plish-red. April. Caraccas. 1847-
— longipeduncula'tus (long-flower-stalked). 3.
Red. January. Organ Mountains. 1841.
STOVE EVERGREENS.
S.gigante'us (gigantic). Yellow, red. New
Granada.
— glandulo'sus (glunded-calyxed), 3. Red. July.
Bogota. 1845.
— Guiane'nsis (Guianan). Guiana. 1847.
— Manettieefio'rus (Manettia-flowered). 1. Red,
yellow. April. New Granada. 1848.
— micros to1 ma (small-mouthed). 3. Scarlet.
September. New Granada. 1814.
— Orbigyanus (D'Orbiny's). Yellow and scarlet.
Valparaiso. 1850.
exi'mius (showy). Dark violet. New
Granada. 1850,
e'legans (elegant). Bright red. New
Granada. 184Q.
— reticulu'tus (netted). Violet. New Granada.
1850.
— sca'ndens (climbing). Scarlet. Peru. 1847.
— Suriname'nsis (Surinam). 2. Orange. April,
S. Amer. 1786.
Sissoo WOOD. Dalbe'rgia Si'ssoo.
SISY'MBRIUM. (A classical name for
some plant. Nat. ord., Crucifers [Cru-
ciferse]. Linn., 15-Tetradynamia.)
Many species, all but one mere weeds. This is
propagated by cuttings of young shoots in spring ;
does best with greenhouse treatment, but requires
at least a cold pit in cold winters; common,
sandy loam.
5. millefo'lium (milfoil-leaved). l£. Yellow. June.
Canaries. 1779. Evergreen.
SIPHO'NIA. (From siphon, a tube, or
pipe. Nat. ord., Spurgeworts [Euphorbi-
acese]. Linn., 21-Moncscia IQ-Monadcl-
phia.}
The Brazilian, or Bottle India-rubber is the
produce of this shrub. .Stove evergreen shrub.
Cuttings of ripened shoots, dried at the base,
inserted in sand, under u large glass, in bottom-
heat^ sandy, fibry loam, peat, and leaf-mould.
Winter temp., 50° to 60° ; summer, 60° to 85°.
S. Cahu'chu (Cahuchu). 6. Guiana. 1823.
SISYRI'NCHIUM. (From sys, a pig, and
rynchos, a snout ; swine grub out the roots
for food. Nat. ord., Irlds [Iridaceoj].
Linn., 13-PoIyandria 6-Polygynia.)
Herbaceous perennials. Seeds and offsets in
spring ; sandy loam and leaf-mould.
HARDY.
S. a'nceps (two-edged), i. Blue. June. N.
Amer. 1693.
— Calif o'rnicum (Californian). $. Yellow. July.
California. 1796.
— Cummi'ngii (Cumming's). 1. Cream. July.
N. Amer. 1832.
— glaucophy'llum (milky-green-leaved), J, Blue,
August. N. Amer. 1830.
S. grandiflo'rum (large-flowered). |. White.
May. N. Amer. 1826.
— mucrona'tum (spine-pointed), f . Blue. Jun«»
N. Amer. 1812.
— Nutta'lli (Nuttall's). 1. Blue. June. N.
Amer. 1823.
— stria'tum (channelled). 2. Yellow. June*
Mexico. 1788.
— tenuifo'lium (slender-leaved), i. Yellow.
May. S. Amer. 1816.
HALF-HARDY.
S. Bermudia'num (Bermuda). 1. Blue. June.
Bermudas. 1732.
— Chile? wie (Chilian). Blue. July. Chili. 1826.
— convolu'tum (encircling). £. Yellow, ilay.
S. Amer. 1816.
— graminifo' Hum (grass-leaved). $. Yellow.
April. Chili. 1825.
pu'milum (dwarf). 4. Yellow, October.
Chili.
— hirtefllum (slightly-hairy), f. White. July.
N. Amer. 1830.
— iridifo'lium (iris-leaved). £. Yellow. June.
S. Amer. 1822.
—ju'nceum (reed-like). |. Lilac. June. Chili.
1832.
— lu'xum (loose). £. Yellow. June. S. Amer. 1818;
— lute'scens (yellowish). 2£. Yellowish. June.
Chili. 1830.
— lu'teum (yellow). £. Yellow. June. S. Amer.
1823.
— macroce'phalum (large-headed). l£. Yellowish.
July.
— macula' turn (spotted-petaled). 1. Yellow-
spotted. June. Chili. 1830.
— mff/a'/e(May). Yellow. May. Valparaiso. 1832.
— micra'nthum (small-flowered). £. Yellow.
June. S. Amer. 1815.
— odorati' ssimum (sweetest - scented). White.
June. S. Amer. 1828.
— palmifo'lium (palm-leaved), 1. White. Fe-
bruary. Brazil. 1823. Stove.
— peduncula1 turn (/ora^-flower-stalked), 1. Yel-
low. September. Chili. 1827.
— plica'tum (folded). 2. White. February.
W. Ind. 1779. Stove.
— specio'sum (showy). 1. Blue. June. Chili. 1836.
SITOLO'BIUM. (From sitos, wheat, and
lobos, a lobe; shape of the lobes of the
fronds. Nat. ord., Ferns [Polypodiacese],
Linn., 2&-Cryptogamia 1-Filices.)
Stove, brown-spored Ferns. See FERNS.
S. adiantoi'des (maiden-hair-like). May. W. Ind.
1834.
— cunea'tum (wedge-shaped). May. Isle of
Luzon.
— Davallioi'des (Davallia-like. May. N. Hoi-
land. 1833.
— disse'ctum (dissected). Winter. E. Ind.
— fla'ccidum (weak). April. Isle of Luzon.
— gtutino'sum (clammy), April. E. Ind.
— pilosiu'sculum (slightly-hairy). September.
E. Ind.
— punctilo'bum (dotted-lobed). April. N. Amer.
1822.
— rubigino'sum (ruddy). May. Brazil. 1841.
SI'UM. (From sin, the Celtic for water.
Nat. ord., Vmbdlifen [UinbelliferaceseJ.
Linn., 5-Pentandria 2-Digynia.)
All weeds, except the following. See SKIRRET.
S, sisa'rum (skirret) 1, White, August China,
164S.
SKI
[740]
SMI
SKI'MMIA. (From Skimmi, the Japan-
ese name. Nat. ord., Citronworts [Au-
rantiaceae]. Linn., <i-Tetrandria \-Mono-
gynia.)
Hardy evergreen shrub. Propagated from cut-
tings, and cultivated like the hardy evergreen
Daphnes.
S. Japo'nica (Japanese). 3. White. April. Japan.
1853.
SKINNE'RA. (Named after Captain
Skinner, a botanist. Nat. ord., Bindweeds
[Convolvulacese]. Linn., 5-Pentandria
1-Monogynia. Allied to Calystegia.)
Stove herbaceous. Seeds in a hotbed, in spring ;
and cuttings of the young shoots in spring, in
sandy, light soil, and in a sweet bottom-heat ; rich,
light fibry loam, and a litr.le peat. Winter temp.,
53° to 60° ; summer, 60° to 85°.
S. ccBSpito'sa (turfy). Yellow. May. E.Ind. 1827-
SKIRRET. (Si1 urn sisa'rum.) Sow at the
end of March, or enrly in April, in drills
a quarter of an inch deep, and twelve
inches apart. Thin the plants to twelve
inches apart. In autumn they will be
fit for use like parsnips. By Offsets. —
Old roots throw off these in the spring,
when they may be slipped off, and
planted in rows a foot apart each way.
Soil. — A light, rich loam is hest,
trenched, with a little manure dug in
with the bottom spit. To save Seed, let a
few of the old roots run up in spring ;
they ripen their seed in the autumn.
SKULL-CAP. Scutella'ria.
SLIMY GRUB. See SELANPRIA.
SLIPPERWORT. See CALCEOLA'RTA.
SLIPS are young shoots torn oif from
the parent plant, so that they have a
heel of older wood attached to them.
(See CUTTINGS for culture.) Slips, also,
is the name applied to the side beds of
the kitchen, not immediately in contact
with the walls or fences.
SLOE-TREE. Pru'mts spino'sa.
SLUGS are of many species, and the
smaller are much more injurious to the
gardener than those of a larger size,
because they are much less discernible,
and, their ravages being more gradual,
are not at once detected. They are
effectually destroyed by either salt or lime ;
and to secure the contact of these with
their bodies, it is best first to water the
soil -where they harbour with lime-water
in the evening when they are coming out
to feed, sprinkling the surface at the
same time with dry lime, and at the end
of a week applying a surface - dressing
of salt, at the rate of five bushels per
acre. If cabbage-leaves are spread upon
the surface of land infested by slugs,
they will resort to their under sides, and
thus they may be trapped ; but lime and
salt are most efficacious. Lime-water
may be poured over wall-trees infested
with them, and they may be syringed
with it as well as with water in which
gas liquor has been mixed, about half a
pint to a gallon. If lime be sprinkled
along the top and at the base of the.
wall, renewing it weekly, the slugs cannot
get to the trees. Fresh brewers' grains,
placed in small heaps, are good traps for
them ; and frequent earth- stirring helps.
to banish them.
SMEATHMA'NKIA. (Named after Smeath-
mann, an African traveller. Nat. ord.,,
Passion worts [Passifloraceae]. Linn., 13-
Polyandria G-Polyqynia.')
Stove, white-flowered evergreens, from Sierra
Leone. Cuttings of ripened shoots, or short,
stubby side-shoots, in sand, under a bell-glass,
and in bottom-heat ; sandy, fibry loam, and lumpy
peat. Winter temp., 55° to 60°; summer, 6u°
to 85°.
S. IcEmga'ta (smooth-waited). 6. February. 1823,
— pube'scens (downy). 10. February.
SMILACI'NA. (Diminutive of Smilax,
from smile, a scraper; referring to the
rough stems. Nat. ord., Lilyworts [Lili-
aceae]. Linn., 6-fIexandria 1-Monogynia.}
Hardy herbaceous, white-flowered, and from.
North America, except where otherwise specified-
Divisions in spring ; common, light soil.
S. bifo'lia (two-leaved). £. May. North Europe.
1596.
— borca'lis (northern), l. Yellow. May. 1/8;.
— Cttnade'nsis (Canadian). £. June. 1812.
— cilia'ta (hair-fringed). £. May. 1823.
— rucemo'sa (racemed). 1. Pale yellow, May-
1640.
— ramo'sn (branchy). 2. Pale yellow. May.
Siberia. 1820.
— stella' ta (starred). £. May. 1633.
— trifu'Iiii (three-leaved), i. June. 1812.
— umbella'ta (umbtlled). |. May. 1778.
SMI 'LAX. (From smile, a scraper; rough,,
prickly stems. Nat. ord., Sarsaparillas
[Smilaceas]. Linn., 22-Dicecia 6-Hex-
andria.)
Saraaparilla is the produce of many species of
Smilax. There are many species, but only the
following require our notice, which have whitish-
green flowers. Suckers from the roots; sandy,
rich loam, and a little peat. They are evergreen
climbers, seldom flowering. One of the most
beautiful is ru'bens, from the red colour of its-
tendrils. The species from China should have
the protection of a cold pit or a wall.
S. Chi'nu (China). 6. China. 1759.
— ru'bens (red). 6. Ju'y. N. Amer. 1812.
— sagittaft/Ka (arrow-leaved), li. September.
China. 1820.
— sarsupari'llu (sarsaparilla). 4. July. N, Amer.
1684.
— Walte'rli (Walter's). Virginia.
— Watso'ni (Watson's). 4. July. N, AmCTi Mil*-
SNA
[741]
SOI
SNAILS. See SLUGS.
SNAIL FLOWER. Phase'olus caraca'lla.
SNAKE GOURD. Zrichosa'nthes.
SNAKE ROOT. Aristolo'chia serpenta'ria.
SNAKE WOOD. Brosimum AubletiL
SNAPDRAGON. Antirrhi'num and Sile'ne
ttntirrhi'na.
SNEEZEWORT. Achille'a Pta'rmica.
SNOW is one of the gardener's best
shelters, and should never be removed
from his out-door crops. It prevents
heat from radiating from them ; protects
them from freezing, drying blasts, and,
being a bad conductor of heat, thus pre-
vents its escape from them. We have
never known the surface of the earth,
below a covering of snow, colder than
32°, even when the temperature of the
air above has been 28°.
SNOWBALL-TREE. Vibu'rnum o'pulus.
SNOWBERRY. Chioco'cca.
SNOWDROP. Ane'mone sylve'stris and
Gala'nthus.
SNOWDROP-TREE. Hale'sia.
SNOWFLAKE. Leuco'jum.
SOAP-BOILER'S ASHES. See ASHES.
SOAPWORT. Sapona'ria.
SOBRA'LIA. (Named after F. M. Sobral,
a Spanish botanist. Nat. ord., Orchids
£0rchidacese]. Linn., 2Q-Gynandria 1-
Monandria.)
Stove orchids, grown in pots. See ORCHIDS.
5. chlora'ntha (yellow-flowered). Yellow. June
Brazil.
— deco'ra (comely). Various. July. Guatimala
1836.
— dicho'toma (two-ranked). Rose, purple. March
Peru.
— lilia'strum (lily-flowered). White. July. Guiana.
1840.
— macra'ntha (large-flowered). 6. Crimson.
September. Guatimala. 1842.
splefndens (splendid). 3. Crimson. Sep-
tember. Guatimala. 1846.
— se'ssilis (stalkless). Pink. December. Peru.
1840.
— viola'cea (violet). Violet, white. July. Merida.
SOIL. However varying in the propor-
tions, yet every soil is composed of silica,
alumina, lime, magnesia, oxide of iron,
salts, and animal and vegetable remains.
A fertile soil is one which contains such
a proportion of decomposing matter and
of moisture as to keep the crop growing
upon it always supplied with food in a
state fit for the roots to absorb, yet not
so superabundantly as to render the
plants too luxuriant, if the object in
view is the production of seed ; but for
the production of those plants whose
foliage is the part in request, as spinach,
or of edible bulbous roots, as onions,
which have a small expanse of leaves, so
as to be almost entirely dependent upon
the soil for nourishment, there can
scarcely be an excess of decomposed
matter presented to their roots.
A subsoil of gravel, mixed with clay, is
the best, if not abounding in oxide of
iron; for clay alone retains the moisture
on the arable surface in too great an
excess ; and sand or chalk, on the con-
trary, carries it away too rapidly. It is,
however, evident, that to insure these
desiderata in any soil, at all seasons, is
impossible ; and it is manifest that a soil
that would do so in one climate would
fail in another, if the mean annual
temperature of them should differ, as
well as the amount in inches of rain
which falls during the same period. Thus,
in the western parts of England, more
than twice as much rain occurs as in the
most eastern counties, or in the propor-
tion of forty -two to nineteen. A soil in
the east of England, for any given crop,
therefore, may be richer and more tena-
cious than the soil required for it on the
western coast.
Alumina (clay) imparts tenacity to a
soil when applied; silica (sand) dimi-
nishes that power ; whilst chalk and lime
have an intermediate effect. They render
heavy soils more friable, light soils more
retentive. These simple facts are impor-
tant ; two neighbouring gardens, by an
interchange of soils, being of ten rendered
fertile, which before were in the extremes
of tenacity and porosity.
In affording warmth to plants, the
earth is of considerable importance, and
the power of accumulating and retaining
heat varies as much in soils as the
proportions of their constituents. Sir
Humphry Davy found that a rich black
mould, containing one-fourth of vegetable
matter, had its temperature increased, in
an hour, from 65° to 88° by exposure to
the sunshine, whilst a chalk soil was
heated only to 69° under similar circum-
stances. But the first, when removed
into the shade, cooled in half an hour
15°; whereas the latter lost only 4C.
This explains why the crops on light-
coloured, tenacious soils are in general
so much more backward in spring, but
are retained longer in verdure, during
autumn, than those on black, light soils ,
the latter attain a genial warmth the
more readily, but part from it with equal
SOI
[ 742
SOL
The quantity of soluble matter obtain^
able from a soil at any one time is very
small, seldom exceeding a one-thousandth
part of its weight ; and even pure vege-
table mould, the debris of entirely putre-
fied plants, was found by Saussure to
yield only ene-eleventh of soluble matter.
This mould was too rich for horticultural
purposes, peas and beans grown in it
being too luxuriant ; and they were more
productive in a soil containing only one-
twentieth of organic constituents dissolv
able by water. Small in amount, how-
ever, as are the soluble constituents of the
most fertile soils, they are necessary for
the vigorous vegetation of plants; for
when a soil is deprived of those consti-
tuents by frequent washings with boiling
water, it is much less fertile than before.
Liebig and others have most illogically
concluded, from the smallness of the
soluble extract contained in a soil, that
it is of small importance, forgetting that
as fast as it is taken by the roots of the
crop, it is generated again by the decom-
position of the animal and vegetable re-
mains. This is one reason why fallowing
is beneficial. Easily decomposing matters
have been exhausted by successive crops ;
and by a year's rest, and exposure to the
putrefactive agency of the air, the more
stubborn and more slowly decomposing
matters have time to decay and accumu-
late in the soil.
SOHING-UP. See BASINING-UP and
EARTHING-UP.
SO'JA. (From sooja, the name of a
sauce made from the seeds in Japan.
Nat. ord., Leguminous Plants [Fabacece].
Linn., YI-Diadelphia k-Decandria. Allied
to Dolichos.)
Clubing annual. Seeds in May, in the open
border, or in a slight hotbed in April, and trans-
planted.
8. hi'spida (bristly). 3. Violet. July. E. Ind. 1790.
SOLA'NDBA. (Named after Dr. Solander,
a Swedish botanist. Nat. ord., Night-
shades [Solanacess]. Linn., 5-Pentandria
"L-Monogynia.)
^ Stove evergreen shrubs. Cuttings from flower-
ing shoots in open, sandy loam, and in a brisk
bottom-heat ; sandy loam, a little fibry peat, and
dried nodules of old cow-dung. Winter temp.,
50° to 60°, and almost dry ; summer, 60° to 90°,
mud plenty of moisture when growing.
S. grandiflo'ra (large-flowered). 15. Pale yellow.
May. Jamaica. 1781. Climber.
— g*tta'ta (spotted-flowered). 12. Pale yellow.
Mexico. 1830.
~- Its' vis (sniooth-feawed). 2. White. October.
— nvtida (shining). 20. Yellowish-white. E. Ind.
1820.
S. oppositifo'lia (opposite-leaved). 10. White.
Ceylon. 1820.
— viridiflo'ra (green-flowered). 3. Green. S.
Amer. 1815.
SOLA'NUM. Nightshade. (From solor,
to comfort; soothing narcotic effect.
Nat. ord., Nightshades [Solanaceoe]
Linn., 5-Pentandria 1-Monogynia.)
All freely by seeds. Annuals, hardy, seeds in
the open air; tender, in a hotbed, and trans-
planted in June ; herbaceous, by similar means,
and division ; shrubby, by similar modes, and
cuttings under a bell glass, and requiring the
protection of a house and temperature, in pro-
portion to the place of which they are natives.
See POTATO.
HARDY ANNUALS.
S. Mtliio'picum (Ethiopian). l£. White. Au-
gust. Ethiopia. 1597-
— Fontunesia'num (Fontaine's). Yellow. Au~
gust. Brazil. 1813.
— hetera'ndrum (various-stamened). Yellow.
July. Missouri. 1837.
— heterodo'xum (heterodox). Blue. July. Mexico.
1820.
— ni'grum (black-4em'<ed).3.White.July.Britain.
melanocefrasum (black cherry). 2. White.
July. Virginia. 1820.
— obtusifo'lium (blunt-leaved). August. 1831.
— rostra'tum (beaked). Yellow. July.Mexico.1 823.
HARDY HERBACEOUS.
S. cardiophy'llum (heart-leaved). 1. Cream. June.
Mexico. 1846. Tuberous.
— cri' spurn (curled;. 18. Blue. June. Chili.
1824. Evergreen.
— demi'ssum (humble). l£. June. Mexico.
1846. Tuberous.
— etubero'sum (tuberless). 2. Purple. June.
Chili. 1833.
— tubero'sum (tuberous. Potato}. 2. White.
July. Peru. 1597.
GREENHOUSE ANNUALS.
S.fusca'tum (dusky). 1$. Scarlet. June. S.
Amer. 1817.
— melonge'na (egg-plant}. Violet. June. E. Ind.
1597.
ovi'gerum (egg-bearing). 2. Blue. June.
Africa. 1597.
fru'ctu-a'lbo (white fruited). 2. Blue.
June. Tropics. 1597.
fru'ctu-lu'teo (yellow-fruited). 2. Blue.
June. Tropics. 1597.
fru'ctu-ru'bro (red-fruited). 2. Blue.
June. Tropics. 1597.
fru'ctu-viola'ceo (violet-fruited). 2. Blue.
June. Tropics. 1597.
escule'ntum (eatable). Blue. August.
E. Ind. 1815.
— pu'ngens (stinging). Blue, violet. June. N,
Holland. 1823.
— racemifto'rum (cluster-flowered). 2. White.
rose. August. S. Amer. 1818. Biennial.
GREENHOUSE HERBACEOUS.
S. campanula'tum (bell-flowered). 1. Blue. June.
N. S. Wales. 1836.
— jasminoi'des (jasmine-like). 6. Purple. Au-
gust. S. Amer. 1838. Climber.
— Tweedia'num (Tweedie's). l£. White, purple.
September. Buenos Ayres. 1833.
STOVE HERBACEOUS.
S. cafyci'num (large-c.a.lyxed). 1. Blue. June*
Mexico. 1820.
SOL
[ 743 }
SOL
S» mona'nthum (one-flowered). 2. Blue. June
New Spain. 1818.
STOVE EVERGEEENS.
S. aggrega'tum (clustered) 6. Purple, June
Cape of Good Hope. 1821.
— -dma;ro'«i»»i(Amazon).Blue.July.Mexico.l800
— (tngula'tum(an%\ilzT). 4. White. July. Lima. 1825
— arbo'reum (tree). 40. White.June.Cumana. 1819
— auricula1 turn (ezr-leavtd). 4. Violet. Mada
gascar. 1773.
— beta'ceum (beet-leaved). 4. Pink. June. S
Amer. 1803.
— Bonarie'nse (Buenos Ayres). 10. White
July. Buenos Ayres. 1727.
•— Brasilia' num (Brazilian.). 2. June. Brazil. 1820
— coria'ceum (leathery). 4. Purple, white. July
Mexico. 1820.
— corymbo'sum (corymbed). 2. Violet. July
Peru. 1786.
— ela'tum (tall). 6. White. June. 1820.
—fru1 grans (fragrant). 14. Green. June. Brazil
1835.
— glutino'sum (clammy). 4. Blue. June. 1810,
— Havane'nse (Havannah). 5. Blue. July,
W. Ind. 1793.
— hi'rtum (shaggy). 2. White. June. Tri-
nidad. 1821.
— hy'bridum (hybrid). 2. Purple, blue. June.
Guinea. 1815.
— i'gneum (fiery-spined). 3. White. July. S.
Amer. 1714.
— inca'num (hoary). 2. Purple. July. Ceylon. 1823.
— 1'ndicum (Indian). 6. Purple. July. India. 1/32.
-— Jamaice'nse (Jamaica). 4. White. June.
Jamaica. 1818.
— lanceenfo'lium (lance-leaved). 10. White.
July. W. Ind. 131 6.
— lanceola'tum (spear-head-feawgd). 7. Pale
blue. June. Mexico. 1800.
— laurifo'lium (laurel-leaved). 8. June. S.
Amer. 1820.
— longiflo'rum (long-flowered). 3. Violet. July.
Cayenne. 1823.
— macru'nthum (large-flowered). 12. Pale lilac.
Brazil.
— melano'.njium (black-wooded). 3. White. June.
1821.
— Mexicu'num (Mexican). 3. Violet. June.
Mexico. 1825.
— motile (soft). 5. Purple. July. Trinidad. 1817.
— munca'tum (prickly). 3. Violet. July. Peru.
1785.
— myriaca'nthum (many-spined). 3. Purple
July. 1822,
— negle'ctum (neglected). 4. Violet. June. W.
Ind. 1824.
— pyraca'ntha (fire-thorn). 4. Purple. August.
Madagascar. 1/8Q.
ine'rmis (unarmed). 4. Purple. Sep-
tember. Madagascar. 178Q.
— Seaforthia'num (Seatorth's). 20. Pink. Au-
gust. Barbadoes. 1804. Climber.
— subine'rme (half-unarmed). 7. Blue. Julv
W. Ind. 1752.
— tetctum (covered). 3. Yellow.June.Mexico.1823.
— tego're (grim). 2. Blue. Guiana. 1822.
— tomento'sum (woolly). 2. Blue. June. Cape
of Good Hope. 1662.
— trique'trum (three-cornered). 2. White. June.
New Spain. 1820.
— tri'ste (sad). 6. Violet. June. W. Ind. 1820.
— umbro'sum (shady). 2. White. June. Tri-
nidad. 1825
— verbascifo'lium (mullein-leaved). 7. White.
June. W. Ind. 1749.
S. viola'ceum (violet). 4. Blue. June. E. Ind. 1817.
— volu'bile (twining). 8. Blue. June. W.Ind. 1823.
GREENHOUSE EVERGREENS.
S. aculeati'ssimum (prickliest). 3. Pale blue.
May. S. Amer. 1816.
— B«Mi'«i(Balbis's).4. Blue. July. S. Amer. 1816.
bipinna'tum (two-leafleted). Blue. June.
Buenos Ayres. 1840.
— Bro'wnii (Brown's). 3. Violet. July. N.
S. Wales. 1820.
— coa'gulans (curdling). 3. Purple. Julv.
Arabia. 1802.
— elcEagnifo'lium (oleaster-leaved). 6. Blue.
June. Chili. 1823.
— flave'scens (yellowish). 3. Blue. June. Tri-
nidad. 1826.
—fu'gax (fleeting). 5. White. June.Caraccas.18l6.
— gigante'um (giant). 15. Violet. June. Cape
of Good Hope. 1792.
— lacinia'tum. (cut-leaved). 3. Violet. July.
N. Holland. 17/2.
herba'ceum (herbaceous). 3. Violet.
July. Van Diemen's Land. 1772.
— Ugustri'nifm (privet-leaved). 5. Deep lilac.
June. Chili. 1831.
— macra'ntherum (large-anthered). 3. Purple.
August. Mexico. 1838.
— macroca'rpum (large-fruited). 1. Blue. Au-
gust. Peru. 1759.
— mar gina' turn (white-edged): 4. Purple. July.
Africa. 1775.
— Mi'lleri (Miller's). 3. White. July. Cape of
Good Hope. 1762.
— myrtifo'lium (myrtle-leaved). Blue.
— pseudo-ca'psicum (bastard-capsicum). 4.
White. July. Madeira. 1596.
— pubi'gerum (downy). White. June. Mexico. 1818.
— ra'dicans (rooting). 3. Purple. Peru. 1771.
— rige'scens (stiff). 1$. Violet. June. Cape
of Good Hope. 1823.
— Ro'ssii (Ross's). Pale blue. Mexico.
— runcina'tum (runcinate-/ea?>«rf). 3. Violet.
September. Chili. 1831.
— sa'nctum (holy). 3. Purple. June. Egypt. 1818.
— sapona'ceum (soapy). 4. White. July. Chili.1825;
— sinua'tum (scolloped-fea«ed). 2£. Bluish. July.
1815.
— Sodo'meum(Sodom),3. Violet. June. Africa. 1688.
— stella' turn (starred). 6. Blue. June. 1805.
— stMi'gerum (star-bearing). 3. Pale purple.
July. N. Holland. 1823.
— stramonifo'lium (stramonium-leaved). 6;
Purple. July. E Ind. 1778.
— vesperti'iio (bat). Blue. June. Canaries. 1779.
— vesti'tum (clothed). 6. White. October.Mexico.
SOLDANE'LLA. (A diminutive of solidus,
a shilling; shape of the leaves. Nat.
rd., Primeworts [Primulacese], Linn.,
-Pentandria \-Monogynia. Allied to the
American Cowslip.)
Half-hardy herbaceous perennials, purple-flow-
red, and blooming in April, except where other-
wise mentioned. Seeds and division of the plant
n spring ; peat and loam ; front of a sheltered
cat-border, or treated as alpine plants, protected
rom severe frosts and heavy rains in winter;
ni'n-ina and pusi'lla, at least, require this pro-
ection.
S. affi'nis (related). $. Switzerland.
— ulpi'na (alpine). £. Switzerland. 1656.
— Clu'sii (Clusius's). J. Germany.
— crena'ta (scolloped), i.
— mi'nima (least), j. Blue. Switzerland, 1823.
SOL
[ 744]
soo
S. mi'nimtt a'lba (white-flowered). $. Bluish,
May. Switzerland.
— monta'na (mountain). £. Bohemia. 1816.
— pusi'lla (weak). $. Blue. Switzerland. 1820.
SOLDIER-WOOD. Tivja purpu'rca.
SO'LEA. See VI'OLA.
SOLENI'DIUM. (From solen, a tube.
Nat. ord., Orchids [Orchidacete]. Linn.,
%Q-Gynandria I-Honandria. Allied to
Brassia.)
Stove orchid, grown on a block. See ORCHIDS.
S. racemo'sttm (racemed). Yellow, red. No-
vember. Pamplona.
SOLID A'GO. Golden Rod. (From soli-
dare, to unite ; supposed healing proper-
ties. Nat. ord., Composites [AsteraceseJ.
Linn., IQ-Syngenesia 2-SuperJlua.)
Hardy herbaceous perennials, all yellow-flow-
ered, and all from North America, where not
otherwise noticed. Divisions of the plant in
spring; common soil. Showy at the back of
herbaceous borders, or the back rows of herba-
ceous plants in the front of shrubberies.
S. alpe'stris (rock). l£. August. Hungary. 1816.
— ambi'gua (doubtful). 2. July. 1759.
— angustifo'lia (narrow-leaved). 3. September.
— anisa'ta (anise-scented). 3. September. 18)5.
— arena'ria (sand). l£. July. South Europe. 1816.
— u'spera (rough- leaved), 3. September. 1732.
— cce'sia (grey). 2. September. 1732.
— Canade'nsis (Canadian). 3. August. 1643.
— cilia'ris (hair-fringed). 3. August. 1811.
— decu'rrens (dccurrent). 1. September. China.
1823.
— ela'ta (tall. Hairy). 1. September. 1811.
— eUi'ptica(ov&\-leaved). 3. August. 1/5Q.
— ere'cta (upright). 3. September.
— fra'grans (fragrant). 3. August.
— gigante'a (gigantic). 6. August. 1/58.
— glomera'ta (crowded). 3. September. 1820.
— graminifo'lia (grass-leaved). 3. September. 1/58.
— hu'milis (humble). 1. July. 1811.
— lixviga'ta (smooth-leaved). 3. September. 1699.
— lateriflo'ra (lateral-flowered). 3. August. 1758.
— latifo'lin (broad-leaved). 1£. September. 1725.
— macrophy'lla (large-leaved). 3. September.
— Mexica'na (Mexican). 3. September. 1683.
— minu'tn (minute). J. July. Pyrenees. 1772.
— multiradiu'ta (many -rayed). £. July. La-
brador. 1776.
— nemora'lis (grove). 1$. September. 1/69.
— Nepale'nsis (Nepaul). 1. July. Nepaul.
— Novehorace'nsis (New Fork). 3. September.
— nudiflo'ra (naked-flowered). 1. July. South
Europe. 1820.
— odo'ra (sweet-smelling). 3. July. 1699.
— paftulu (spreading). 2. September. 1805.
— pauciflosculo'su (few-floreted). 2. September.
1811.
— polifo'lia (polium-leaved). 3. September. 1826.
— pro'cera (tall). 6. September. 1758.
— pube'rula (slightly-downy). 2. September.
— pulverule'nta (powdered). 3. August.
— pyramida'ta (pyramidal). 2. September. 1/90.
— recurvu'ta (curled-back). 2. October.
— refle'xa (bent-back-/eaued). 3 August. 1/58.
— ri'gida (stiff-leaved). 3. September. 1710.
— scu'bra (scurfy . 3. August. 1811.
— semper»i're.ns (evergreen). 5. September. 1699.
— sero'tina (\mtK-flowering). 4. July. 1758.
— si'mplex (s\mp\e-stemmsd). 1. 1826.
— specio'sa (showy). 4. October. 1817.
S. squarro'sa (spreading). 3. September.
— stri'cta (upright). 3. September. 1758.
— tenuifo'lia (fine-leaved). 2. October. 1758.
— villo'sa (shaggy). 3. August. 1732.
— vimi'nea (twiggy). 3. September. 175Q.
— virga'ta (rod-like). 2. September. 1800.
SO'LLYA. (Named after E. H, Solly,
a naturalist. Nat. ord., Pittosporads
[Pittosporaceae]. Linn., 5-Pentandria 1-
flfo nog y iiia.)
Greenhouse, blue-flowered, erergreen climbers,
from Australia. Seeds in a slight hotbed, in
April ; cuttings then of young shoots a little
firm at the base, in sand, under a bell-glass, and
placed in a cold pit, when the night temperature
does not exceed from 45° to 50° ; loam and peat.
Winter temp., 40° to 45°. Most of them would
succeed against a conservative wall.
S. nngustifo'lia (narrcw-leaved). 8. July. 1823.
— keterophy'lla (various-leaved). 6. July. 1830.
— linen'ris (narrow-leaved). 5.
— salicifu'lia (willow-leaved).
SOLOMON'S SEAL. Poly (jona1 turn.
SONERI'LA. (From Soneri-ila, the
Javanese name. Nat. ord., Melastomads
[Melastornacese]. Linn., S-Octandria 1-
Monoyynia. Alliance near Bertolonia.)
Stove annual. Seed in a gentle hotbed, in
March, potted off, and bloomed iu greenhouse or
stove ; »andy peat.
S. stri'cta (upright). J. Rose. May. Java. 1848.
SONNERA'TIA. (Named after M. Son-
nerat, a botanical traveller. Nat. ord.,
MyrtlMooms [Myrtacese], Linn., 12-
Icosandria 1-Monogynia. Allied to the
Pomegranate.)
Stove evergreen shrubs, from the East Indies.
Cuttings of half-ripened shoots, taken off with
a heel, in sand, under a bell-glass, and placed in
a mild hotbed in May ; fibry loam, turfy peat, a
little sand, and dried old cow-dung. Winter
temp., 45° to 55° ; summer, 60° to 85°.
S. a'cida (sour). Red. June. 1822.
— a'lba (white). White. May. 1824.
— ape'tala (petal-less;. White. June. 1826.
SOOT is the volatilized unconsumed
portion of common coal. It is thus con-
stituted : — Charcoal, 371 ; salts of am-
monia, 426 ; salts of potash and soda,
24 ; oxide of iron, 50 ; silica, 65 ; alu-
mina, 31 ; sulphate of lime, 31; carbo-
nate of magnesia, 2. It is an excellent
manure for peas, onions, carrots, and
probably all garden crops. An excellent
liquid-manure is soot mixed with rain-
water, in the proportion of one table-
spoonful of soot to a quart of water, for
plants in pots ; but for asparagus, peas,
&c., six quarts of soot to a hogshead of
water. It must never he applied to
plants in a state of rest. It succeeds
admirably with bulbs. See LIQUID-MA-
NURES.
SOP
[745 ]
SOW
SOPHO'RA. (From the Arabic name,
Sophera, of a leguminous tree. Nat. ord.,
Leguminous Plants [Fabacese]. Linn.,
IQ-Decandria I-Monogynia.)
Hardy herbaceous kinds by divisions in spring ;
stove and greenhouse species, by cuttings of half-
ripened shoots under a bell-glass, in sand, and
grown in peat and loam. The hardy kinds, such
as Jtipo'nicu and its varieties, are very ornamental
trees on a lawn, but should be grown in poor soil
north of London, that the annual growth may be
well ripened; propagated by imported seeds, by
cuttings of the roots, and layers ; its varieties by
grafting. Pe'nduta is extremely graceful and
fust growing.
HARDY HEKBACEOUS.
S. alopecuroi'des (fox-tail-grass-Hke). 4. Yel-
low. July. Levant.
— flave'scens (yellowish). 2. Yellow. June.
Siberia. 178"5.
— galegoi'des (galega-like). 2. Yellow. June.
Siberia. 1817.
HARDY DECIDUOUS TREES.
5. Chine'nsis (Chinese). 30. White. August.
China. i;63.
— Japu'nica (Japanese). 40. White. August.
Japan. 1/63.
fo'liis-variega'tis (variegated-leaved). 14.
White. August. Japan.
pe'ndula (drooping). 12. White. Au-
gust. Japan.
GREENHOUSE EVERGREENS.
S. macroca'rpa (large-fruited). 6. Yellow. April.
Chili. 1822.
— veluti'na (velvety). 6. Pink. June. Nepaul.
STOVE EVERGREENS.
S. glau'ca (milky-green). /. Purple. E. Ind. 1818.
— tomento'sa (downy). 5. Yellow. Brazil.
SOPHRONI'TIS. (From sophrona, mo-
dest; referring to the pretty little flowers.
Nat. ord., Orchids [Orchidaceae]. Linn..
W-Gynandria 1-Monandria. Allied to
Dinema.)
Stove orchids, grown on blocks. See ORCHIDS.
S. cs'rnua (drooping). $. Red. June, llio
Janeiro. 1827.
— grandiflu'ra (large-flowered). $. Red. Organ
Mountains. 1837.
— pteroca'rpa (wing-fruited). Red. Guatimala.
18J2.
— viola'cia (violet-coloured). Violet. February.
Mexico. 1838.
SOROCE'PHALUS. (From soros, a heap,
and kephale, a head ; clustered head of
flowers. Nat. ord., Proteads [ProteaceseJ .
Linn., ±-Tetrandria 1-Monogynia.)
Greenhouse, purple-flowered evergreens, from
the Cape of Good Hope. Cuttings of ripened
young shoots in sand, under a hand-light, either
in spring or autumn ; may be hastened, after the
base has swelled, with a little bottom-heat ; sandy,
fibry loam, and a little peat and broken free-tone,
carefully drained. Winter temp., 38° to 45°.
S. diversifo'lia (various-leaved). 4. June. 1803.
— imbe'rbis (beardless). 3. July. 1806.
— tmbrica'ta (imbricated). 3. June. l/QI.
— lana'ta (woolly). 2. August. 1/90.
— teta'cea (bristly). 2. July. 1823.
S- spatalloi'des (spatalla-like). 3. July. 1803.
— tcnuifo'lia (slender-leaved). 3. July. 1802.
SORRELS. These are O'xalis acetose'lla,
Wood Sorrel; Ru'mex aceto'sa. Garden
Sorrel; R. scuta' tus, French or Roman
Sorrel. They thrive best in any light,
rich garden-soil.
The Rumexes are propagated by seed,
and all of them by parting the roots, both
which modes may be practised from the
middle of February until the same period
in May, and by parting the roots in Sep-
tember and October. Sow in drills, six
or eight inches apart, and a quarter-inch
in depth. When two or three inches
high, the seedlings should be thinned to
three or four inches apart. In Septem-
ber or October, or in the March and
April of the succeeding year, they may
be removed into their final stations, in
rows twelve inches apart each way, or, if
the French, eighteen inches.
When divisions of the root are em-
ployed, they must be set at once where
they are to remain, at the final distances
above mentioned. In summer, the stalks
must be cut down, to encourage the pro-
duction of leaves. In autumn and spring
the surface of the ground should be
gently stirred, and a little manure turned
in.
To obtain Seed.— Some plants must not
be gathered from, but be allowed to run
up unchecked. They flower in the course
of June, July, and August, perfecting
their seed in autumn. Wood Sorrel does
not produce seed.
SORREL-TREE. Andro'meda arbo'rea.
SOULA'NGIA. (Named after Soulange
Bodin, a French nurseryman. Nat. ord.,
Rhamnads [RhamnaceseJ. Linn.,5-P^-
tandria I-Monogynia. Allied to Phylica.)
Greenhouse evergreen shrubs, from the Cape of
Good Hope. Cuttings of the points of shoots in
sand, under a bell-glass, in April or May; sandy,
fibry peat, and a few bits of charcoal, to keep it
open. Winter temp., 38° to 45°. Should be
tried against a wall, as, in the open air, in dry
places and mild situations, Phy'lica ericoi'des
stands the winter uninjured. The Soulangias
wer« once united with the Phylicas.
S. cor da' t n (heart-/eau«f). Purple, yellow. May.
1789-
— dioi'ca ('dioecious). 3. July. 1817.
— inyrtiftt'lia (myrtle-leaved).3.Darkyellow.!8l6.
— ru'lirn (red). 3. Red. December. 1827.
— thymifo'lia (thyme-leaved ).3. White. June. 1824.
SOWERB^'A. (Named &herMr.Sowerby,
an eminent botanical artist. Nat. ord.,
Lily worts [ Liliacese] . Linn., 6-Hexandria
l-Monogynia. Allied to Anthericum.)
Half-hardy, pink-flowered, herbaceou* peren-
sou
[ 746 ]
SPA
mals, from New South Wales. Divisions of the
plant in spring; loam and sandy peat, or old
leaf-mould. Require the protection of a cold pit
in winter, and to be kept dryish.
S.ju'ncea (tush-leaved), l. May. 1792.
— laxiflo'ra (loose-flowered). 1. June. 1839.
SOUR is a term applied to wetlands
producing acid weeds, such as Sorrel;
but it is also appropriate because such
lands contain Gallic and other acid com-
pounds, unfriendly to cultivated plants.
SOUK-SOP. Ano'na murica'ta.
SOUTHERNWOOD. Artemisia alro'tanum.
SOUTH SEA TEA. J'lex vomito'ria.
SOWING. (See GERMINATION.) In ad-
dition, a few practical directions may be
given. Let all sowing be done in drills.
For small seeds, such as lettuce, cab-
bage, &c., the drills may be sunk by
pressing the handle of the hoe into
freshly-dug soil ; but for larger seeds, as
parsnips, beet, and onions, the drills
must be struck with the hoe. Almost
all sowing should be performed in dry
weather, more particularly all early sow-
ing in winter and spring; but in hot
weather, in summer and autumn, it may
often be eligible to take advantage of
sowing immediately after a shower of
moderate rain.
The drills being at some distance from
one another, not only admit the sun, air,
and rain more effectually to the plants,
and give them a greater scope than such
as are sown broadcast, but admit more
readily the hoe between the drills to cut
down weeds and loosen the soil.
The general method of forming drills
for the reception of seeds is with a com-
mon drawing-hoe, sometimes with a large
hoe, and sometimes a middling or small
hoe, according to the size of the drill
required, and the size and nature of tbe
seeds; drawing the drill sometimes with
the corner of the hoe, especially for
larger seeds, and sometimes with the
edge of the hoe flatwise, or horizontally.
Large seeds, such as peas, kidney beans,
many of the nut kinds, and other large
seeds, both of trees, shrubs, and herba-
ceous plants, require a deep angular
drill, drawn with the corner of the hoe,
turning the face or edge close to the
line, and drawing the drill along with an
angular bottom evenly the depth requi"ed,
the earth remaining close along the side
of the drill, ready for turning in again
over the seeds; but where flat or shallow
drills are required for smaller seeds, it
may, in many cases, be more eligible to
draw the drill with the hoe flatwise, hold-
ing the edge in a horizontal position.
Beddlng-in Sowing. — In this method,
the ground being dug and formed in four
or five feet wide beds, with alleys a spade
width or more between bed and bed, and
the earth being drawn off the top of the
bed wiih a rake or spade, half an inch
or an inch deep into the alleys, the seed
is the ' sown all over the surface of the
bed, -^ deb being done, the earth in the
alleys s immediately drawn or cast over
the be 1, again covering the seeds the same
depth, and the surface is raked smooth.
The method of bedding-in sowing by
sifting is sometimes practised for very
small or light seeds of a more delicate
nature, that require a very light covering
of earth when sown. In order to bury
them as shallow as possible, cover them
in by sifting fine earth over them out of
a wire sieve.
SOY. See SO'JA.
SPADE. This most important of the
gardener's tools varies in its form and
size. The Common Digging Spade is of
the largest size, being generally from
fourteen to sixteen inches long in the
plate, and nine or ten broad, narrowing
half an inch to the bottom. The Mid-
dling Spade is about a foot long in the
plate, and seven or eight inches broad,
and is useful in digging any narrow com-
partments and between rows of small
plants; also in flower-beds and borders,
and in stirring and fresh earthing the
surface of beds occasionally between
close-placed plants of long standing;
planting and transplanting many sorts,
both in the ground and in the pots.
The Small Spade.— Size ten or twelve
inches long in the plate, and five or six
wide. It is convenient in pointing-up or
slight digging, and fresh earthing the
surface between close rows of smallplants,
in beds and borders, &c., - here neither
of the two former spade can be readily
introduced; likewise in planting and
potting many sorts of small plants, tak-
ing up small roots, and for other light
purposes. Proper garden spades have
the plate wholly of iron, not above a
quarter of an inch thick upwards, grow-
ing gradually thinner from the middle
downward, the tree or handle being gene-
rally of ash, about two feet and a half
long and an inch and a half thick, with
a firm, open handle at top, formed out of
the solid wood, just big enough to admit
SPA
C 747 ]
SPA
of taking ready hold, one hand at top
and the other below, and with an iron
rivet through it to prevent it splitting.
Semicircular or Scooped Spade has the
plate made semicircular, like a garden
trowel, and is very useful in taking up
plants with halls of earth, to preserve
them more firmly ahout the roots. Foster,
of Stourbridge, and Lyddon, of Birming-
ham, make very improved spades, wear-
ing with a good edge throughout.
SPADO'STYLES. (Derivation not ex-
plained. Nat. ord., Leguminous Plants
[Fabaceae]. Linn., IQ-Deeandria l-Mo-
noyynia. Allied to Pultensea.)
Greenhouse evergreen shrub.
PDLTKNJE'A.
For culture, see
S. Sie'beri (Sieber's). 2.
Wales. 1824.
Yellow. May. N. S.
SPANISH BROOM. Spa'rtium ju'nceum.
SPANISH GAELIC. See ROCAMBOLE.
SPANISH NUT. Mores' a sisyri'nchium.
SPANISH VIPEII'S GRASS. Scorzone'ra.
SPARA'XIS. (From sparasso, to tear ;
lacerated spathes. Nat. ord., .Irids [Irid-
aceae]. Linn., 3-Triandria l-Monogynia.
Allied to Ixia.)
Pretty little bulbs, from the Cape of Good Hope.
For culture, see I'XIA.
S. anemoniflo'ra (anemone-flowered), f . White.
June. 1825.
— bi 'color (two-coloured). £. Blue, yellow. March.
1786.
— bla'nda (pleasing). Pink. May. 1811.
— AwM«'/era (bulb-bearing). I- Violet. May. 1758.
— Jra'grans (sweet-scented), f . Yellow. June.
1825.
— grandiflo'ra (large-flowered). |. Purple. April.
1758.
lilia' go (lily 'flowered}, f. White. April.
1758.
sirid'ta (streaked), i. Variegated. April.
1758.
— linea'ta (pink-lined), £. White, pink. April.
— pe'ndula (drooping). 1. Dark pink. June. 1825.
— stellu'ris (starry -lowered). 1. Purple. June.
1836.
— tri'color (three-coloured). 1. Orange. May.
1789.
ro'seo-a'lba (red and white). 1. Pink.
April. 1811.
sangui'neo-purpu'rea (bloody-purple). 1 .
Red. April. 1811.
viola' ceo-purpu'rea (violet-purple). Vio-
let, purple. April. 1811.
~- versi'color (parti-coloured). $. Purple, yellow.
September. 1825.
— Wafttii (Watt's). Violet, lemon-streaked.
August.
SPARMA'NNIA. (Named after A. Spar-
maun, a Swedish botanist. Nat. ord.,
Liiidenblooms [Tiliacesej. Linn., 13-
Polyandria I-Monogynia.)
A fine old greenhouse evergreen shrub. Cut-
tings of young shoots in April ; loam and a little
peat. Winter temp. 38° to 48°.
S. Africa'na (African). 10. White. May. Cape of
Good Hope. 1790.
SPA'RTIUM. Spanish Broom. (From
sparton, cordage ; alluding to the flexible
shoots. Nat. ord., Leguminous Plants
[Fabacese]. Linn., Id-Monadelphia 6-
Decandria. Allied to Genista.)
Hardy herbaceous, yellow • flowered shrubs.
Generally by seeds, but cuttings will strike freely
in summer under a hand-light ; and this is the
best mode for securing a particular variety. They
should be planted out young, or be frequently
moved, as they make long, naked stems ; common,
light soil.
S. acutifo'lium (sharp-leaved). 6. August. Turkey.
1836.
— ju'nceum (rush-leaved). 6. August. South
Europe. 1548.
-flo're-ple'no (double-flowered). 6. August.
South Europe. 1548.
odorati'ssimum (sweetest-scented). 4.
July. Persia. 1834.
SPARTOTHA'MNUS. (From sparlont cord-
age, and thamnos, a shrub; its flexible
sboots. Nat. ord., Myoporads [Myopora-
cese]. Linn., \k-Didynamia 2-Angio-
spermia.)
Greenhouse evergreen shrub. Cuttings of young
shoots under a bell-glass, in sandy soil ; sandy,
fibry peat, and lumpy loam. Winter temp., 38°
to 45°.
S.ju'nceus (rushy). 3. White. August. Aus-
tralia. 1819.
SPATALA'NTHUS. (From spatalos, deli-
cate, and antlios, a flower. Nat. ord.,
Irids [Iridacesej. ~Linn.,16-Monadelphia
1-Triandria. Allied to Trichonema.)
A very rare and delicate Cape bulb, requiring
one-half sand and one-half good, turfy peat, in a
well-drained pot, after the manner of Ixias.
S.specio'sus (showy). £. Cape of Good Hope. 1825.
SPATA'LLA. (From spatall, wantonness ;
application not obvious. Nat. ord., Pro~
leads [Proteacese]. Linn., 4^-Tetrandria
l-Monogynia.)
Greenhouse, purple-flowered evergreens, from
the Cape of Good Hope. Cuttings of ripe young
shoots in sand, under a bell-glass, and kept cool ;
sandy, fibry loam, with pieces of charcoal and
freestone ; drainage and watering very particularly
attended to. Winter temp., 38° to 45°. Pots
defended from sun in summer.
S. bractea'ta (bracted). 3. June. 1806.
— brevifo'lia (short-leaved). l£. July. 1823.
— cauda'ta (tailed). 2. June, 1812.
— incu'rva (curled-in-/erti-erf). 2j. May. 1789.
— mo'ltis (soft). 2. June. 1826.
— ni'nea (white). 2. June. ISOb".
— peduncula'ta (long • flower - stalked). April.
1822.
— proli'fern (proliferous) . l£. July. 1800.
— pyrninidalis (pyramidal). June. 1821.
— rumulo'sa (twiggy-branched). 3. August. 1787.
— TAMnAeVn(Thunberg's). 3. May. 1806.
SPATHE'LIA. (From spathe, a sheath,
or spathe, as in the Palm-tree; resem-
SPA
[748]
SPH
folance. Nat. ord., Xanthoxyh [Xanthoxyl-
acese]. Linn., b-Pentandria 3-Trigynia.
Allied to Ailanthus.)
Stove evergreen tree. Cuttings of ripened shoots
in sand, under a glass, in heat ; loam and peat.
Winter temp., 50° to 60°; summer, 60° to 85°.
5. si'mplex (simple). 40. Red. Jamaica. 1778.
SPATHJCA'EPA. (From spalhe, a sheath,
or spathe, and karpos, a fruit; the spadix,
or flower-stem, fruiting in the sheath.
Nat. ord., tracts [Aracese]. Linn., 21-
Moncecia 7-Heptandria. Allied to Cala-
dium.)
Stove herbaceous perennial. Division of the
plant ; loam and peat. Winter temp., 50° to 60° ;
summer, 60° to 80°.
S. hastifo'lia. (halbert-leaved). White. July.
S.Amer.
SPATHO'DEA. (From spathe, a sheath ;
sheath, or spathe-like calyx. Nat. ord.,
Bignoniads [Bignoniacese]. Linn., 14-
Didynamia Z-Angiospertnia.')
Cuttings of side-shoots, three or four inches in
length, taken off with a heel, as growth is pro-
ceeding, in spring, inserted thinly in sand, under
a bell-glass, and in a sweet bottom-heat ; peat
and loam. Winter temp., 50° to 60°; summer,
50° to 80°.
STOVE EVERGREEN CLIMBERS.
S.fraxinifo'lia (ash-leaved). 10. Caraccas. 1822.
— unca't a (hooked). 10. Yellow. Guiana. 1804.
STOVE EVERGREEN TREES.
S. corymbo'sa (corymbed). 6. Yellow. Trinidad.
1824.
— te'wis (smooth). 12, Purple. Guinea. 1825.
— longiflo'rn (long-flowered). 12. Red. E. Ind.
1816.
— penta'ndra (five-anthered). 20. Yellowish.
June. India.
— Rhee'dii (Rheede's). 16. Creanv E. Ind.
1794.
— Roxbu'rghii (Roxburgh's). 12. Pink. E. Ind.
1820.
SPATHOGLO'TTIS. (From spathe, a
fiheath, and glottis, a tongue. Nat. ord.,
Orchids [Orchidacese]. Linn., 2Q-Gynan-
dria l-Monandria. Allied to Bletia.)
Stove orchids, grown in poti. See OKCHIDS.
S.Fo'rtuni (Fortune's). J. Yellow. August.
Hong Kong. 1844.
— plica'ta (plaited). Purple. Penang. 1843.
SPAWN is the white, thready matter
produced in the soil by Mushrooms, and
by which they are propagated. It is
doubtful whether it arises from their seed,
or whether it is a mass of under-ground
runners. See MUSHROOM.
SPECULA'RIA. (From the ancient n ame,
Spe'culum Vene'ris, or Venus's Looking-
glass. Nat. ord., Bellworts [Campanula-
ceee] . Linn., 5-Pentandria 1-Monogynia.)
Annuals and all others, by seeds in pans, in a
1>ed, under glass, in March and April ; division of
the herbaceous kinds in spring, and cuttings of
young shoots under a hand-light, in a shady
place, in summer; cuttings of shrubby kinds
under a glass, in sandy soil, in April ; sandy
loam, with a little peat, or reduced dried leaf-
mould, for shrubby. Winter temp., 40° to 48°.
GREENHOUSE EVERGREENS.
S. diffu'sus (spreading). Blue. August. Cape
of Good Hope. 1/87.
— frutico'sus (shrubby). 1. Blue. August. Caps
of Good Hope. 1787-
GREENHOUSE HERBACEOUS.
S.interru'ptus (interrupted). 1. Blue. Jane.
Cape of Good Hope. 1818.
— ni'tidus (shining), f . White. June. Cape
of Good Hope. 1787.
HARDY ANNUALS.
S. biflo'ra (two-flowered). 1. Blue. June. Russia.
1836.
— falca'ta (sickle~petaled}. £. Rose. July.
Mediterranean. 1820.
— hy'brida (hybrid). 1. Rose. July. England.
— pentago'nia (five-angled). 1. Blue. July.
Levant. 1686.
— perfolia'ta (leaf - stem - pierced). I. Blue(
July. N. Amer. l68ft.
— spe'culum (Fenws's-looking-glass). 1. Green,
white. July. South Europe. 1596.
calyci'na (/ar^e-calyxed). July. Iberia.
Lilia'nica (Libanian). July.
pube'scens (downy). July. France.
SPEEDWELL. Vero'nica.
SPENNE'RA. (Named after M.Spcnner,
a German botanist. Nat. ord., Melasto-
mads [Melastomaceas]. Linn., 8-Ociau-
dria l-Monogynia. Allied to Rhexin.)
Stove evergreens. Seeds, and cuttings of the
young shoots in sand, under a bell-glass, and in
heat ; sandy peat and fibry loam. Winter temp.,
50° to 60°; summer, 60° to 85°. Acio'tis aqua'tica,
should be added to this genus.
S.fra'gilis (brittle). g. White. June. Trini-
dad. 1822.
— glandulo'sa (glanded). f . White. March.
Guiana. 1824.
— paludo'sa (marsh). J. Rose. June. Brazil. 1825.
— pendulifo'lia (hanging- leaved). f. Rose.
March. Guiana. 1826.
SPERMADI'CTYON is Hamillo'nia azu'rca.
4. Pale blue. January. Nepaul. 1823.
SPERMA'XYRUM is O'lax stri'cla. 4.
White. New Holland. 1820.
SPHJERA'LCEA. (From sphaira, a globe,
and alcea, the Marsh Mallow; the seed-
pods, or carpels, in globular heads. Nat.
ord., Mallowworts [Malvaceae], Linn.,
LQ-Monadelphia 8-Polygynia. Allied to
Mallow.)
Annuals, by seed in a hotbed, in April, planted
out at the beginning of June ; shrubs, by cuttings
of young shoots in sandy soil, under a hand-light.
in summer; loam and peat. Winter temp., 403
to 48°.
5. abutiloi'des (abutilon-like). 4. Purple. August.
Bahamas. 1725.
— angustifo'liu (narrow-leaved). 8. Pink. Au-
gust. Mexico. 1/80.
— Carolinia'na (Carolina). 1. Dark red. Au-
gust. S.Amer. 1723,
SPH
[ 749 ]
SPI
S. desiSmhens (lying-down). 1, Red, April.
S. Amer. ~1815.
— e'legans (elegant). 3. Red. July. Cape of
Good Hope. 1/91.
— obtusi'loba (blunt-lobed). 4. Purple. July.
Chili. 1827.
— prostra'ta (trailing:). 1. Red. July. Brazil. 1806.
— umbella'ta (umbelled). 4. Violet. April.
New Spain. 1814.
SPH^ROSTE'MA. (From sphaira, a globe,
and sterna, a stamen ; stamens collected
into close clusters. Nat. ord., Kadsurads
[Schizandracesej. Linn., 22-Dicecia 12-
Icosandria.)
Stove evergreen climber. Cutting» of half-
ripened shoots in sand, under a bell-glass, and in
bottom-heat ; sandy, fibry peat, fibry loam, with
a little charcoal and broken pots, and well-
drained. Winter temp., 45°; summer, 60° to
80°. A lower temperature even might be tried in
•winter, if the wood was well ripened.
S. propi'nquum (related). 10. Yellow. July.
Nepaul. 1828,
SPIIJEROSTI'GMA. (From sphaira, a globe,
and stigma, the female organ. Nat. ord.,
Onagrads [Onagracepe]. Linn., S-Octan-
dria l-Monogynia. Allied to (Enothera.)
Hardy biennials and annuals, by seeds in the
open border, in April ; cheiranthifo'lium by
cuttings of young shoots in spring.
S. Chamisso'nis (Chamisso's). 1. Yellow. Au-
gust. Russia. 1837. Annual.
— cheiranthifo'lium (wallflower-leaved). Yellow.
June. Chili. 1820. Halt-hardy evergreen.
— hi'rtum (hairy). £. Yellow. August. Russia.
1836. Biennial.
— minutiflo'rum (small-flowered). 1. Yellow.
August. Russia. 1837. Annual.
SPHA'GNUII. This is a white-leaved
Moss, commonly found on peat-bogs. Its
botanical name is Spha'gnitm palu'stre or
S. obtusifo' Hum , Grey Bog Moss. It is
an excellent material for packing plants
in, being extremely retentive of moisture,
and yet contains so much astringency as
to check decay.
SPHENO'GYNE. (From sphen, a wedge,
and gyne, female organ ; the shape of
pistil. Nat ord., Composites [AsteraceaTj.
Linn., \9-Syngenesia o-Frustranea.}
All yellow-flowered, and natives of the Cape
of Gooil Hope, Annuals, by seed, under pro-
tection in April, or in the open border in the end
of May ; shrubs, by cuttings of young shoots in
sand, under a bell-glass, in a cool pit, in May ;
loam and peat, sandy and fibry. Winter temp.,
40° to 45°.
HARDY ANNUALS.
5. anthemoi'des (chamomile-like).^. August. 1774,
— fcenicula'cea (fennel-Jeawed). ). August. 1825,
— leucanthemoi'des (leucantha-l»ke). £. August
1825.
— spetio'sa (showy), l. July. S. Amer. 1836
GREENHOUSE EVERGREENS.
S. abrotanifo'lin (southernwood-leaved). 1, July
1789.
S. erithmifo'lia (samphire-leaved). 1. July. 1763.
— dentn' t a (tooth-/eawed). l£. June. 1/87.
— odoru'ta (sweet-scented). 1. May. 1//4.
— pili'fera (hairy). 14. December. 1821.
— scario'sa (membranous). 1. June. 1774.
— serra'ta (saw-edged). June. 1826.
SPHENO'TOMA. (From sphenoo,io cleave,,
and tome, a section ; limb or border of
the flower deeply cut. Nat. ord., Epa-
crids [Epacridacese]. Linn., 5~Pentandria
l-Monogynia. Allied to Dracophyllum.)
Greenhouse, white-flowered evergreens, fronv
New Holland. Cuttings of young shoots when a
ouple of inches in length, provided they are
jetting a little firm at the base, in sand, under
. bell-glass, in spring; sandy, fibry peat, with a
ittle charcoal. Winter temp., 38° to 45°; might
>e tried in a very sheltered rock-work, among
eat and broken freestone.
S. capita' turn (head-spi/ced). 1. April. 1830.
— gra'cile (slender). £. May. 1823.
SPIDERWORT. Tradesca'ntia.
SPIELMA'NNIA. (Named after J. JK.
Spielmann, a German botanist. Nat. ord.,
Verbenas [Verbenacese]. Linn., I^-Didy-
nam'ut 2-A)igiospermia. Alliance near to*
Lantana.)
Greenhouse evergreen shrub. Cuttings of young-
hoots in sand, under a bell-glass, at any time
except winter; sandy loatn and leaf -mould.
Vinter temp., 38° to 45°.
S. Africa' mi (African). 3. White. July. Cape
of Good Hope. 1710.
SPIGE'LIA. Worm Grass. (Named after
A. Spigelius, a botanist at Padua. Nat.
ord., Loganiads [Loganiaceffi]. Linn.,
*)-Pentandria l-Monogynia.)
Annual, by seed under the usual treatment;
hardy herbaceous, by seed and division of the
roots ; ioam and peat.
S. Anthe'lmia (Anthelmia). l£. Red. July. S.
Amer. 1759. Stove annual.
— Marilu'ndica (Maryland). 1. Scarlet. July.
N. Amer. 1094. Hardy herbaceous.
SPINACH. Spina'cia oUra'cea.
There are the Round-leaved, or Smooth-
deeded, and the Triangular-leaved, or
Prickly -seeded. The first being the most
Sticculent, is employed for the spring and
summer crops, and the latter for autumn
and winter. The Lettuce-leaved and the
Fielders are hardy for a winter crop, and
by auch the best.
* Soil. — For the round-leaved variety, a
rich, light, moist loam, in an open situa-
tion, is preferable ; but for the triangular-
leaved, and other winter varieties, a light,
moderately fertile, and dry border. The
earth should always be well pulverized at
the time of digging, and the soil for the
summer crops cannot be too rich. Liquid-
manure is highly beneficial to them, and
when made of blood and the most ferti-
lizing matters, the greater the benefit.
SPI
[750 ]
SPI
Sow of the round-leaved variety at the
close of January in a warm situation, to
be repeated in larger, but still small
breadths, at the commencement and end
of February, and to be continued every
three weeks until the middle of April,
when it rnnst be performed once a week
until the close of May, and then once a
fortnight till the end of July. In August
sow at intervals of three weeks until the
early part of September. Sow thinly
in drills half an inch deep and a foot
apart. The sowing should be in showery
weather, otherwise an occasional water-
ing must be given ; for if there is a defi-
ciency of moisture during the first grades
of vegetation, not half of the seedlings
will come up. The triangular - leaved
plants must be thinned to four or five
inches apart, and the round-leaved to
eight. Thin by degrees, separating them
at first only an inch or two, as the plants
of the several thinnings are fit for use.
The thinning ought to commence when
tbey have attained four leaves about an
inch in breadth. Kegular gathering pro-
motes the health of the plants. The
outer leaves only should be gathered at
a time, the centre being left uninjured,
to produce successional crops. This
direction applies chiefly to the winter-
standing crops; those of the summer
may be cut off close to the root.
To oltaiti Seed.— A. sowing of each
variety may be made in February or
March, according to the openness of the
season ; or, of the round-leaved variety,
some plants of a regular crop may be
allowed to run up in April or May ; and
of the triangular-leaved, some plants of
the winter-standing crops may be trans
planted in March. Set them twelve
inches apart. Spinach is dioecious, and
many ignorant persons, perceiving some
of the plants to have no appearance of
bearing seed, advise these to be pulled
ap ; but they are the male-bearing plants
without which the others would be un-
fruitful. If, however, they are very nu-
merous, some of them may be removed
with benefit to those that remain, care
being taken that some are left in every
part of the bed. When the seed is set
the male plants may be entirely removed.
When the seed is ripe in July or August,
the plants ought to be pulled up, and laid
to dry thoroughly on a cloth, previously
to its being beaten out and stored.
SPINA'CIA. Spinach. (From spina, a
prickle ; seeds prickly. Nat. ord., Cheno-
vods [Chenopodiacese]. Linn., 22-Dicecia
5-Pentandria.)
Hardy, green-flowered annual. See SPINACH.
S. olern'cca (potherb). l£. June. 156s.
-- gla'bra (smooth-seeded). Ij. June.
- spinu'sa (prickly-seeded), !£• June.
SPINDLE-TREE. JEuo'nymus.
SPIILZE'A. (From speira, anything
wreathed; the flowering branches used
in garlands. Nat. ord., Roseworts [Rosa-
cese]. Linn., 12-Icosandria 2-I>i-pcnta
gynia.)
All white-flowered, except where otherwise men-
tioned. Herbaceous and tuberous, by division of
the plant in spring; shrubs, by cuttings, layers,
and suckers ; good garden-soil.
HARDY TUBEROUS-ROOTED.
S.filipe'ndula (dropwort). 2. September. Britain.
-- mi1 nor (smaller). 1$. August. Europe.
-- pube'scens (downy). l£. August. France.
HARDY HERBACEOUS.
S. aru'ncus (goafs-beard). 4. June. Siberia. 1633.
-- - Atr^erica'na (American). 4. June. N.Amer.
— barba'ta (bearded). 4. June. Nepaul. 1835.
— dcnuda'ta (naked). July. South Europe.
— digitu'ta (hand-teayed). 2. Red. July. Siberia.
1823.
— loba'ta (lobed). 2. Red. July. N.Amer. 1/65.
— rotundifo'lia (round-leaved). June. Cashmere.
1840.
— ulma'ria (meado-.v-sweet). 2. August. Britain.
-- mu'ltiplex (double -flowered). 2. Au-
gust. Britain.
-- nariega'ta (variegated). 2. July. Britain.
— ulmifo'tia (elm-leaved). 3. June. Carniola.
1790.
-- phylla'ntha (leafy). 3. June.
— CTraie'nsts(Uralian). 4. April. Uralia. 1817-
— vaciniifo'lia (whortleberry- leaved). July. India.
1820.
HARDY DECIDUOUS SHRUBS.
S. acutifo'lia (acute-leaved). 4. May. Siberia.
1817-
— alpi'na (alpine). 3. July. Siberia. 1805.
— arge'ntea (silvery). Nepaul.
— arieefo'lia (white-beara-leaved). 8. June. N.
Amer. 1827.
— be'lla (pretty). 2. Red. July. Nepaul. 1820.
— betulifo'lia (birch-leaved). 2. Pink. June.
N. Amer. 1812.
— ca'na (hoary). l£. June. Hungary. 1825.
— capita! ta (headed). 3. June. Columbia. 1826.
— ceanothifo'lia (ceanothus-leaved). 2. June.
1823.
— chameEdrifo'lia (germander-leaved). 4. June.
Siberia. 1789.
--- inci'sa (cut-leaved). l£. June. Germany.
-- me'dia (intermediate). l£.June. Germany.
-- oblongifo'lia (oblong-leaved). 3. June.
Hungary. 1816.
-- subracemo'sa (sub-racemed). Ij. June.
-- viilga'ris (common). l£. July.
— corymbo'sa (corymbed). l£. July. Virginia.
1819.
-- soro'ria (sister), 2. August. N.Amer.
1829.
— cratcegifo'tia (hawthorn-leaved). 3. July.
Siberia. 1812.
SPI
[751]
SPR
3. India.
Pink. June.
Ka-
1820.
May.
S. crena'ta (scollop-leaved). 2. April. Podolia.
1739.
— cuneifo'lia (wedge-leaved)
— expo,' nsa (spreading). 3.
moon. 1846.
— fiexuo'sa (zigzag). 4. June. Europe.
— grandiflo'ra (large-flowered). White.
China.
— liypericifo'lia (hypericum-leaved). 5. April.
N.Amer. it)40.
Plunkenetiu'nu (Plunkenet's). April.
Canada.
— Kamtscha' 'tica (Kamtschatka). June. N.Arncr.
1830.
Himale'nsis (Himalayan). 2. June. North
India. 1838.
— Itzviga'ta (smooth-leaved). 4. Red. May.
Siberia. 17/"4.
— lunceola'ta (spear-head-tea?'e<2). Mauritius.
— laxiflo'ra (loose-flowered). 2. June. India. 1838.
— obova'ta (reversed- egg- leaved). 3. June.
Hungary. 1816.
— opulifo'lia (guelder-rcse-leaved). 5. June.
N. Amer. 1690.
— tomente'lla (slightly-woolly). 5. June.
N. Amer.
— Pickowie'nsis (Pickow). 4. June. Podolia. 1807-
— prunifo'lia flu're-ple'no (double - flowered -
plum-leaved). 6. March. China. 1844.
— pube'scens (downy). 5. March. Chusan. 1S43.
— sulicifu'iia (willow-leaved). S.July. Britain.
alpe'stris (alpine). 5. July. Russia. 1S20.
ca'rnea (flesh-coloured). 5. Flesh. July.
Britain.
grandiflo'ra (large-flowered). 4. Pink.
July. Kamtschatka. 1827. •
latifo'lia (broad-leaved). 5. July. Europe.
panicula'ta (panicled). July. N.Amer.
— Sai'm'«»ca(Savranian).4. April. Podolia. 1819.
— sorbifo'lia (service-leaved). 4. August. Siberia.
1759.
alpi'na (alpine). 3. August. Siberia. 1817.
— thalictroi'des (meadow-rue-like). 2. June. Da-
fa uria. ' 1806.
— Tcbo'lskia (Tobolsk). 4. June. Russia. 1S23.
— tomento'sa (downy). S.August. N. Amer. 1736.
— triloba'ta (three-lobed). S.May. Altai. 1801.
HARDY EVERGREEN SHRUBS.
5. Dougla'sii (Douglas's). Rose. August. Co-
lumbia.
—fi'ssa (cut-leaved). 3. November. Mexico. 1841.
— Lindleyn'na (Lindley's). Himalayas.
— Reevesia'na (ileeves's). 3. May. China. 1843.
SPIRANTHE'EA. (From speira, spiral,
and anthera, an anther ; twisted anthers.
Nat. ord., JRueworts [Eutacese], Linn.,
5-Pentandria l-Monogynia.)
Stove evergreen. Cuttings of short, stubby
side-shoots in sand, under a bell-glass, in a sweet
bottom-heat, the glass to be removed at night;
sandy loam and fibrypeat. Winter temp., 50° to
60°; summer, 60° to 80°.
S. odorati'ssima (sweetest-scented). 6. White,
red. Brazil. 1823.
SPIRA'NTHES. Lady's Traces. (From
speira, spiral, and anthos, a flower ; flowers
arranged spirally. Nat. ord., Orchids
[Orchidaeese], Linn., 20 -Gynandria 1-
Monandria. Allied to Neottia.)
Stove terrestrial orchids, grown in pots, See
ORCHIDS.
S. arge'ntea (silvery). White. April. Brazil. 1843.
— au'rea (golden). Olive, brown. April. Gua-
timala. 1842.
— 6racteo'sa(long-]jTzcted). 1. White, yellow.
May. St. Catherine. 1835.
— diure'tica (diuretic). Green, white. August.
Valparaiso. 1838.
— grandiflo'ra (large- flowered). Green. Sep.
tember. N. Amer. Half-hardy.
SPIRONE'MA. (From speira, spiral,
and nema, a filament; stamens spiral.
Nat. ord., Spiderworts [Commelynacese].
Linn., Q-Hexandriii \-Monogynia. Allied
to Tradescantia.)
Greenhouse herbaceous. Seeds, and division of
the roots; sandy, fibry peat and loam. Winter
temp., 45° to 55°; summer, 60° to 80°.
S.fra' grans (fragrant). 1. White. May. Mexico.
1839.
SPLEENWORT. Asple'nium.
SPO'NDIAS. Hog Plum. (The ancient
name of a wild Plum; resemblance of
fruit. Nat. ord., Anacards [Anacardiacese]
Linn., IQ-Decandria ^-Pentagynia.}
Stove evergreen trees. Cuttings of half-ripened
shoots in sand, under a bell-glass, in heat, in May
or June; loam and peat. Winter temp., 50° to
55° ; summer, 60° to 80°.
S. acumina'ta (pointed-leaved). June. Malabar.
1824.
— axilla'ris (axillary). May. Nepaul. 1824.
— lu'tea (yellow -fruited).' 50. Yellow, green.
W. Ind. 1739.
— purpu'rea (pu.rp\e-fruited). 30. White, green.
W. Ind. 1817-
SPONGE-TREE. Aca'ciafurnesia'na.
SPORTING is the term whereby gardener?
describe any deviation from the usual
form or colours of a plant or flower.
SPOT, a disease occurring on the leaves
of the pelargonium, is a dry gangrene,
occasioned by an irregularity in the
supply of moisture and vicissitudes of
temperature, but especially if one of the
extremes is much below the degree of
heat most favourable to the healthy
growth of that plant. The reason of
this is very obvious. If a pelargonium,
or any other plant, be placed in a highly
stimulating heat, and is abundantly sup-
plied witb root moisture, it immediately
increases its surface of leaf to elaborate
and digest the large amount of sap for-
warded from tbe roots. If this amount
of sap is subsequently suddenly reduced,
by lowering the temperature and adding
water to the soil less freely, the increased
surface of leaf is no longer required, and
it is a law pervading all the vegetable
creation that the moment any one of the
parts of a plant is unnecessary to it,
immediately that part begins to decay.
SPREKE 'LJA. ( Is aine d after Dr.
SPR
C 752]
STA
a German botanist. Nat. ord., AmarylHds
[Amaryllidaceae]. Linn., 6-Hexandria
1 -Mon oyynia.)
This is the new name for the old Amary'llis for-
mom ssima
but by HeL.__, _
had some doubts latterly of its correctness. Stove
bulbs. For culture, see HIPPEA'STKUM.
S. bre'vis (short-flowered). 1. Green, red. June.
Bolivia. 1839.
— cybi'ster (tumbler). Red. June. Bolivia. 1839-
— furmosi'ssima (handsomest), f . Crimson. June.
Guatimala. 165S.
— glau'ca (milky - green). 1. White. April.
Bolivia. 1839-
S. rugo'sa (wrinkly). 2. Pale yellow. July. Capo
of Good Hope. 1774.
HARDY HERBACEOUS.
S. alopecu'rus (foxtail-grass-like). 1$. Red. July.
South Europe. 1/5<J
:,"or Jacobaea Lily, not by Dr."Herbert, — cocci1 nea (scarlet).3.Scarlet.July.S.Amer.l798.
ister a German botanist; and Dr. H. j — faeni'culum (fennel-scented). 2. Blue. May.
N. Amer. 1824.
— Germa'nica puhe'scens (German-downy). 2.
Purple. August. Germany. 1826.
— gluthw'sn (clammy). 1. Purple. June. Candia.
1729.
— grandiflo'ra (large-flowered). l£. Purple. May.
Siberia. 1800.
— hirsu'ta (hairy). £. Purple. June. Italy. 1710.
— inca'na (hoary). £. Flesh. June. Italy. 1759.
— It a'lica (Italian). 6. Purple. June. Europe.
SPRENGE'LIA. (Named after C. Spren- I _ lana'ta (woolly). 2. Striped. July. Siberia. 1/82.
gel, naturalist. Nat. ord., Epacrids \ — macron' r a (long-tailed). 1. Pale red. July.
[EpacridaceiB]. Linn., S-Pentandria 1- _ ment^Sa (mSeaved). Yellow. July.
Monogynia.)
Greenhouse evergreen. Cuttings of short young
shoots, a little firm at the base, in sand, under a
bell-glass, in spring and early summer. Winter
temp", 35° to 45°.
S, incarna'ta (flesh-coloured). 2. Flesh.
N. S. Wales. 1793.
. 1820.
— menthmfo'iia (mint-leaved). Yellow.
Dalmatia. 1838.
— ni'ven (snowy). 1. Ked. July. Caucasus. 1820.
— officina'Us (shop). 1. Purple. August. Britain.
ufu.a (*hit,e-J1owere£). i. White. August.
Britain.
May '— orienta'lis (eastern). 1. Light purple. August.
Levant. 1737-
SPRUE. A market name for the smallest
sprouts of asparagus.
SPURGE LAUREL. Da'phne laure'ola.
SPURLESS VIOLET. Erpe'tion.
SPURRING is cutting the lateral or side-
shoots, so as to leave only a few buds in
length of them projecting from the main
— pube'scens (downy). Yellowish. July. Europe.
1816.
— re'cta (upright). 2. Yellow. July. South Eu-
rope. J633.
j — seri'ceu (silky). 1 . Lilac. August. Nepaul. 1830.
— sera' Una (\nte-floivering). l£. Ked. August.
Austria. 1832.
— seti'fera (bristly). l£. Red, brown. Caucasus.
1837.
— specio'su (showy). 4. Scarlet. July. Mexico.
(Cucu'rlitamelope'po.} See
Linn., 5-Pen~
1839.
— atri'cta (upright). lj. Purple. June. Denmark.
branches.
SQUASH.
CUCU'RBITA.
SQUILL. Sci'lla.
STAA'VIA. (Named after M. Staaf, a j (From stachys, a spike, and tarphe'ws.
correspondent of Linnaeus. Nat. ord., | dense ; mode of flowering. Nat. ord.,
Brnniads [Bruniacetej.
tandria 1-Monoyynia.)
1592.
STACHYTA'RPHETA.
Bastard Vervain.
Greenhouse, white-flowered evergreens, from
the Cape of Good Hope. Cuttings of young shoots
in sand, under a bell-glass; sandy, fibry peat.
Winter temp , 38° to 45°.
S. cilia' ta (hair-fringed-leaverf). l£. June. 1812.
— glutino'sa (clammy). 1^. April. 1/93.
— radio! tu, (rayed). 1. May. 1/87.
STA'CHYS. Hedge Nettle. (From
stachys, a spike ; their manner of flower-
ing. Nat. ord,, Lipworts [Lamiacese].
Linn., 14^-Didynamia 1-Gymnospermia.}
Herbaceous perennials, by seeds and divisions ;
shrubs, by cuttings under a hand-light, in sandy
soil, in summer. The tender kinds require a cold
pit or greenhouse in winter. There are many
annuals and biennials, but not worth culture.
HARDY EVERGREENS.
S.fruticulo'sa (small-shrubby). 1. Purple. July.
Caucasus. J818.
Verbenas [Verbenaceffi]. Linn., 2-Di-
andria I-Monogynia. Allied to Verbena.)
Annuals and biennials treat as tender stove
— Paleesti'na (Palestine). ]. Purple. July. Syria, j
annuals ; perennials, by division ; shrubs, by
cuttings under a bell-glass, in sand, and in bot-
tom-heat; sandy loam and leaf-mould. Winter
temp., 50° to 60°; summer, 60° to 85°. Mutofbili*
is very interesting.
STOVE EVERGREENS.
S. arista' ta (awned-6rac£erf). 2. Purple. Sep-
tember. S. Amer. 1845.
— earn' lea (blue). 2. Deep blue. July.
— crassifo'lia (thick-leaved). Violet. June. Brazil.
1826.
— hi'rta (hairy). Violet. July. New Granada.1821.
— muta' bills (chznging-flowered). 3. Orange.
June. S. Amer. 1801.
STOVE BIENNIALS.
S. ela'tior (taller). Violet. October. Brazil. 1821.
— Jamaice'-nsis (Jamaica). 2. Blue. July. W. Ind.
1714.
! — Oru'liicu (Orubian). 3. Violet. July. Panama.
1820.
— stenophy'lla (narrow-leaved). 1. Yellow. July.
Spain. 1823.
GREENHOUSE EVERGREENS.
S. Lama'rckii (Lamarck's). Yellow. July. Cane
Of Good Hope. 1820,
1699. Annual.
i —prisma'tica (prismatic). 2. Blue. May. W. Ind.
1699.
— umhro'sa (shady). Blue. May. Cumana. 1829.
— urticifo'lia (nettle-leaved). 2. Blue. June. S.
Amer.
— Zt«?ca'£»i(Zuccagm's).Rose,violPt.Juue.l82*.
STA
C 763 ]
STA
"STACHYTJ'RUS. (From sfachys, a spike,
jiud euros, broad. Nat. ord.,Pillosporads
[Pittosporaceae]. Linn., 5-Pentandria 1-
Jlfonogynia.)
Half-hardy evergreen shrub. Cuttings of the
points of shoots in sand, under a bell-glass, in
April; fibry, sandy loam and a little peat. Winter
temp., 35° to 45°,
S^prce'cox (early). Pink. April. Japan.
STACKHOU'SIA. (Named after Mr. Stack.
httuRt, a British botanist. Nat. ord.,
Stackhousiads [Stackhousiacese]. Linn.,
6-Peittandria 8-Trig-ynia.)
New Holland plants. Perennial, by division of
the plant in spring ; shrubs, by cuttings in s;ind,
under a bell-^lass. in summer Winter temp,
lor latter, 35° to 45°,
S. linariafo'lia (flax-leaved). 2. 1823. Evergreen.
— tnono'gyna (one-styled). 1. Pink. April. 1835.
Hardy herbaceous.
spathula'td (spatulate). White. April. 1825.
Evergreen.
STADMA'NNIA AUSTRA'LIS, a greenhouse
•evergreen from New Holland, should be
Joined to Cupania.
STJEHELI'NA. (Named after J5. Staehe-
lui, a Swiss botanist. Nat. ord., Compo-
sites [Asteracere]. Linn., 19-Syngenesia
1-JEqualis. Allied to Arctium.)
Half-hardy, purple-flowered, deciduous shrubs.
"Cuttings in sandy soil, under a hand-light, in
summer; sandy, libry loam and leaf-mould; re-
quire the protection of a cold pit in winter.
S. urbore'scens (tree-like). 6. August. Candia.
1739.
— chamaepeu'ce (ground-pirie-/eai>ttJ). 2. July.
Candia. 1040.
— du'bia (doubtful). 3. June. South Europe. 1640.
STAFF-TREE. Cda'strus.
STANDARD. A tree unsupported by a
wall or trellis.
Full Standards are such trees as are
drained with tall, straight stems, six or
seven feet high, clear of branches, and
are then suffered to branch out.
Half Standards are trees trained with
short steins only two or three feet high,
then suffered to branch out at that height
vto form heads; having low heads the
fruit is more easily gathered. Concave
•dwarfs have the middle hollow, and the
branches all round in a cup form. Hori-
zontal dwarfs have the branches extended
all round in a flat or horizontal position,
I'but the concave dwarf is to be preferred.
STANHO'PEA. ( Named after Earl Stan
hope. Nat ord., Orchids [Orchidacesej.
Linn., 20-€fynandria l-Monandria.)
Stove orchids, grown in pots. See ORCHIDS.
.$. auru'ntia (orange-coloured). Orange. June.
La Guayra. 1840.
— -vu'rea (golden). Yellow. May. Guatimala. 1835.
48
S. Ba'rkeri (Barker's,). Yellow, brown. July.
Mexico.
— buce'phalus (bull-horned). 2. Yellow, crimson^
May. Quito. 1843.
-- Devonie'nsis (Uuke of Devonshire's). 1$. Yel-
low, crimson. June. Peru. 18:<3.
— trpa'nua (expanded). Various. May. Mexico.
1841.
— grandi/iu'ra (large-flowered). 1. White. June.
Trinidad. 1824.
a'lba (white). White.June.Demerara.1841.
incarna'ta (flesh-coloured). White, flesh.
June. Demerara. 1835.
— — — odura'ta (sweet-scented). White. June..
Demerara. 1835.
— grave'olens (strong-scented). Straw. May.
Peru. 1843.
— guttula'ta (small-spotted). Buff. June. Peru.
1843.
— Harrlso'tiia (Mrs. Harrison's). June. Brazil.
1836.
— inodo'ra (scentless). Yellow, white. May.
Mexico. 1844.
— insi'gnis (notable). 1. White, purple. Sep-
tember. Quito. 1826.
— a'tro-purpu'reu (dark purple). White,
purple. September. Brazil. 1830.
• — — — fla'na (yellow). Yellow, purple. Sep-
tember. Brazil. 1837.
fu'lva (tawny). White, red. September.
Brazil. 1838.
lu'tea (yellow). Yellow, purple. Sep-
tember. Brazil. 1834.
— ma'jor (larger). Yellow, purple. Sep-
tember. Brazil. 1836.
obscu'ra (obscure). White, purple. Sep-
tember. Brazil. 1830.
pu'llida (pale). White, red. September.
Brazil. 1830.
— Li'tidleyi (Lindley's). 1. Brown, red. August.
Mexico. 1839.
— ly'ncen (lynx-plant). Various. June. Mexico.
— maculn'sa (spotted). 1. Blue, green. August.
Mexico. 1839.
— Martia'na (Von Martius's). 1. White. Hay.
Mexico. 1843.
bi'color (two-coloured-./?oMJemf). 1. White,
purple. June. Mexico. 1843.
— ocula'ta (eyed). 2. White, purple. June. Bra-
zil. 1829.
Burkeria'na (Barker's). 2. White, purple.
June. Mexico.
pa'llida (pale). White, red. June. Mexico.
183.6.
ma'jor (larger). White, purple. June.
Mexico. 1835.
— quadrico'rnis (four-horned). 2. Yellow, red.
Juiie. Spanish Main.
— Ru'ckeri (Mr. liucker's). Yellow, brown. May.
Guatimala. 1843.
— Russellia'na (Duke of Bedford's). Various.
May. Brazil. 1843.
— sacca'ta (bagged). Yellow, green, May. Gua-
timala. 1836.
pa/#feto(pale}. Yellow. May. Guatimala.
1840.
— tigri'nu (tiger-spotted'). 2. Red, chocolate.
July. Xalapa.
atru'tu (blacked). Orange, black. July.
Guatimala. 1843.
purpu'rea (purple). Orange, purple. July.
Guatimala. 18:l6.
— tricn'rnis (three-horned). Pink, white. Peru.
— venu'nta (handsome). Guatimala. 1839.
— Wu'rdii( Ward's). 1. Yellow, brown. August.
Mexico. 1836.
30
STA
C-W]
STA
STANLE'YA. (Named after the Earl of
Derby. Nat. ord., CVtte(/ers[Brassioaceffl].
Linn., 15-Tetradynamia.)
Hardy herbaceous perennial. Seeds, and di-
vision of the plant in spring; sandy loam and
vegetable mould.
S.pinnati'fida (leaflet-like-Jea»ed). 1. Yellow.
June. Louisiana. 1816.
STAPE'LIA. (Named after J. B. Stapel,
a Dutch botanist. Nat. ord., Asclepiads
[Asclepiadacese]. Linn., &-Pentg,ndria
Z-Diyynia.)
Greenhouse evergreens, from the Cape of Good
Hope. Cuttings of shoots in spring, well-driea
at the base heVore inserting them in sandy soil ;
sandy loam, brick-rubbish, and broken bricks,
with top - dressings of rotten cow -dung when
Crowing freely, or manure waterings. Winter
temp., 40° to 50°, and dry ; summer, 00° to 80 ,
and moisture, but with judgment at all times.
S. acuminn'ta (pointed-/ewued). g. Purple-striped.
August. 1795.
— ambi'i>uti (doubtful). 2. Purple, brov«i. June.
1/95.
— ape'rtu (open-flowered). 2. Yellow, purple.
July. 1/95.
— aste'rias (star-fish-like). f . Violet. May. 1/95.
— bisu'lca (two-furrowed). 1. Yellow-striped.
July. 1805.
— bufo'ni a (toad-like). 1. Yellow-striped. July.
1806.
— cactifo'rmis (cactus-like). 4- Yellow-striped.
August. 1844.
— cane'scens (hoary). £. Brown. July. 1795.
— ciliu'ta (hair-fringed). £. Green-striped. No-
vember. 1795.
— coma' ta (tufted), l. Pale yellow. September.
1819.
— compa'cta (compact). £. Brown. August. 1800.
— conci'nna (neat). £. Green. July. 1/98.
•— decu'ra (graceful). $. Yellow-striped. March.
1795.
— depre'ssa (depressed). $. Brown, purple. July.
— divaricu'ta (straggling). §. Flesh-coloured. Au-
gust. 1793.
— e'legans (elegant). £. Purple. August. 1795-
—fissiro'stris (split-beaked). 2£. Yellow, green.
1823.
—flavicoma'ta (yellow-tufted). £. Yellow. 1810.
—fusca'ia (browned). £. Brown, purple. July.
1814.
— gemina'ta (twin-lowered). £. Purple. March.
1/95.
— gemmiflo'i-a (gem-flowered). £. Dark purple.
October. 1795.
— glanduli'feru (glanded). £. Yellowish. August.
•— glandulijiii'ra (gland-flowered). £. Brown. Au-
gust. 1795.
— glau'ca (milky-green). 2. Red, purple. July.
1799.
— glomeru'ta (crowded). £. Brown. August. 1804.
— Gordu'ni ; (Gordon's). 1. Yellow, brown. 1796.
— gi'and'Jto'i'a (large-flowered). 1. Dark purple.
October. 1795.
— Gussonea'na (Gussone's). J. Red-striped. Oc-
tober. Sicily. 1833.
— hama'tn (hooked). $. Blood-red. July. 1820.
— hirsu'tu (hairy). £. Purple. July. 1710.
— u'tra (dark-lowered). A. Dark purple.
July. 1710.
— hirtv'Uu (rather hairy). £. Brown. August. 1800.
— hispi'dula (rather bristly). £. Green. July. 1824.
S. Jacquinia'na (Jacquin's). £. Purple. August.
1S02.
— juve'ncula, (girlish). 1. Brown. Purple. July.
ai^i^ii'ta (smooth). -J. Brown. August. 1800.
— lani'gera (woolly). ^. Brown. August. 1800.
— lu'cifla (shining). 1. Purple. July. 1812.
— macuto'sa (spotted). 1. Brown-striped. Au-
gust. 1804.
— marginu'ta (red-edged). 4. Yellow-striped.
July. 1805.
— marmora'ta (marbled). 1. Yellow - striped.
July. 1820.
— Masso'ni (Masson's). 2.
— mi'xta (mixed). 1. Yellow-striped. July. 1800.
— mosrha'ta (musky). 4- Brown, purple. July.
— multiflo'ra (many-flowered). 1. Violet, red.
September. 1817.
— muta'bilis (changeable). 4. Yellow - striped.
June. 1823.
— norma'lis (regular-spoked). £. Yellow-striped.
July, 1821.
— ophiu'ncula (small-serpent). J. Brown. July.
1805.
— panicula'tu (panicled). £. Green, brown, pur-
ple. July. 1805.
— pa'tula (spreading). 1. Orange. July. 1797.
— Xcf«(painted).£. Yellow-striped. August. 1/99.
— pn'.'lidn (pale). 4. Pale blue. 1818.
— pili'fexi (hmiry-tubercled). 1. Dark purple.
July. l'/90.
— planijlo'ra (flat-flowered). £. Pale yellow. Au-
gust. 1805.
— pulche'l!a(nesnt). $. Yellow- srriped. May. 1795.
— pu'lchru (beautiful). ^. Yellow-striped. Au-
gust. 1800.
— pulmna'ta (cushion-cowered). J. Dark violet.
August. 1795.
— quinquene'rms (five-nerved). 1. Yellow-striped.
May. 1800.
— ramo'sa (branchy). l£. Darkpurple. June. 1795*
— refle'xa (bent-back). ^, Green, purple. July.
— refM'A-a(bitten-off)4. Yellow-striped. July. 1800.
— revolt*' ta (curled-back-^owered). 1. Purple.
July. 1790.
— ru'fa (rusty-brown). ?. Brown. September. 1795.
— rugu'su (wrinkled). Purple, green. June.
— Si'wmV(Sims's). £. Darkpurple. July. 1800.
— stri'cta (upright). £. Pale blue. August. 1814.
— serrula'ta (saw-ed^ed). 4. Purple. July. 1805.
— soro'ria (sister). 1. Darkpurple. July. 1797-
— spectu1 bills (showy). I. Darkpurple. De-
cember. 1802.
— Stella' ris (starry). 5.
— Sty'ffia( Stygian). ^. Darkpurple. August. 1810.
— variega'ta (variegated). 1. Yellow -striped.
August. 1727.
— varia'kilis (variable). Yellow, red. June. 1823.
— vetu'la (stale). £. Dark purple. August. 1793.
— Wendlnndia'na (Wendland's). 1. Yellow-
striped. August. 1818.
STAPHYLE'A. Bladder -Nut. (From
staphylr, a bunch ; flowers in clusters.
Nat. ord., Bladder-Nuts [Staphyleacese].
Linn., b-Pentandria 3-Trigynia.}
Hardy, white - flowered, deciduous shrubs.
Seeds sown when ripe, remaining a year or more
in the soil; cuttings in September; layers and
suckers ; any light soil. Occidentals requires a
hothouse, but it scarcely deserves one; pinna'tit
is singular from its large bladder-capsules.
S. Bumu'lda (Bumaldan). June. Japan. 1804.
occidentit' Us (western). 30. Jamaica. 1824.
— pinna1 ta (leafleted). 6. June. England.
— tnfo'lia (three-leaved). 6. May. N. Amer, l64fl.
STA
[755]
STA
STAR APPLE. Chrysophy'llum.
STAE FISH. Stape'lia aste'riast
STAR HEAD. Aster oce'phalus.
STAR OP BETHLEHEM. Ornitho'galum
STAR THISTLE. Centau'rea calci'trapa
STARTING. A term used to designat
the hastening the commencement o
growth, either in a seed or plant, hy sub
mitting it to artificial heat.
STA'TICE. Sea Lavender. (From sta
tizo, to stop; the powerful medical as
tringency of some of the species. Nat
ord., Leadworts [PlumbaginacesB]. Linn.
5-Pentandria Q-PolygyniaC)
Hardy perennials, by division and seeds, anc
tender species by similar means, and also bj
cuttings ; those requiring a cold pit and green
house flourish best in sandy, fibry loam and a
little peat, also good and fibry.
GREENHOUSE EVERGREENS.
S. arbo'rea (tree). 2. Blue. July. Teneriffe. 182Q
— Dickso'nii (Dickson's). Purple. May. 1840
— echioi'des (echium-like). 1. Pale blue. July
South Europe. 1752. Biennial.
— grandiflo'ra (large-flowered). 1836.
— monope'tala (one-petaled). 3. Purple. July
Sicily. 1731.
denuda'ta (naked-stemmed). 3. Purple
July. Sicily. 1640.
— suffrutico'sa (under-shrubby). £. Blue. July
Siberia. 17QQ.
HALF-HARDY HERBACEOUS.
S. Mgypti'aca (Egyptian). l£. Pale pink. May.
Ararat. 1829.
— ala'ta (winged). 1. Purple, yellow, July. 1806.
— auricula'ta (eared). £. Blue. July. Galicia. 1817.
— auriculeefo'lia (auricula-leaved). £. Red. July
Barbary. 1781.
— austra'lis (southern). 1. N. Holland. 1823
— cine'rea (grey). 1. Blue. July. Cape of Good
Hope. 1810.
— conge'sta (crowded). Red. July. Altai. 1837.
— conspi'cua (conspicuous). 1. Pink. July.
Russia. 1804.
— corda'ta (heart- leaved). £ . Blue. June. South
Europe. 1752.
— emarginu'ta (notched-ended), j. Purple. May.
Gibraltar.
— folio1 sa (leafy), i. Purple, white. July. Gra-
ciosa. 1830.
— frute'scens (shrubby). 1. Blue. Canaries. 1847.
— imbrica'ta (imbricated). Teneriffe. 1829.
— inca'na (hoary), l. Pink. July. Egypt. 1823.
— limo'nium (limonium. Wild Marsh Beet). 1.
Blue. July. England.
— macrophy'lla (large-leaved). 2. White. May.
Canaries. 1824.
— mucronu'ta (spine -pointed). 1. Red. July. Bar-
bary. 1784.
— ovaiifo'lia (oval-leaved). 1. Whit?. July. Ca-
naries. 1816.
— pectina'ta (comb-like), f. Blue. September.
Canaries. 1780.
— pseu'do-arme'ria (talse-armeria). Violet. April.
1840.
— pube'rula (rather downy). }. Violet. May. Gra-
ciosa. 1830.
-pube'scens (downy). 4. Red. July. South Eu-
rope. 1824.
— purpura'ta (purpled). 6. Purple. July. Cape
of Good Hope. 1800.
S, sca'bra (rough-branched). 1. Blue. June. Cape
of Good Hope. 1788.
— sinua'ta (scollop-leaved). 1. Purple, yellow.
August. Levant. 162Q.
— specio'sa (showy), l . White. July. Russia. 1776.
— tetrago'na (four-angled). 2. Red. July. Cape
of Good Hope. 1820.
HARDY HERBACEOUS.
S. Alta'ica (Altaian). l.Blue. July. Siberia. 1820.
— articula'ta (jointed). £. Blue. July. South
France. 1826.
— au'rea (golden). Golden. Siberia. 1832.
— bellidifo'liu (daisy-leaved). $. Pale blue. June.
Greece. 1810.
— bi'color (two-coloured). Purple, white. May.
1837.
— binervo'sa (two-nerved). l.Blue. July. England.
— Carolinia'na (Carolina). 1. Blue. June. Caro-
lina. 1820.
— Ca'spiea (Caspian). 1. Pale blue. July. Cas-
pian Sea.
— coria'ria (coriaria-like). l£. Lilac. July. Cau-
casus.
— cunea'ta (wedge-leaved). £. Blue. July. Si-
beria. 1820.
— dicho'toma (two- ranked). $. Blue. July.
South Europe. 1810.
— echi'nus (hedgehog). £. Red. July. Caucasus.
1813.
— elcfta (tall). 1. Blue. August. Siberia. 1820.
— exi'mia (choice). 1. Lilac, rose. August. Sou-
garia. 1844.
— ferula'cea (ferula-leaved). 1. Yellow. July. Si-
beria. 1796.
— flexuo'sa (zigzag). 1. Purple. July. Siberia. 17Q1.
— Fortu'ni (Fortune's). 1. Yellow. April. China.
1845.
— globularieefo'lia (globularia-leaved). 1. White.
August. Mexico. 1821.
— Gmeli'ni (Gmelin's)= 1. Blue. July. Si-
beria. 1796.
— Greefca (Greek). £. White. June. Greece. 1810.
— graminifo'lia (grass-leaved). 1. Red. June.
Siberia. 1780.
— latifo'lia (broad-leaved). 1. Blue. June. Si-
beria. 1791.
— minu'ta (small). \. Red. June. Mediterranean.
1658.
na'na (dwarf). $. Blue. July. Britain.
— olfiifo'lia (olive-leaved). 1. Red. July. Italy.
Iti88.
— pruino'sa (frosted). 1. White. July. South
Europe. 1823.
— rariflo'ra (thin-flowered). Blue. July. Britain.
— reticula'ta (netted). £. Blue. July. England.
— rytidophy'lla (file- leaved). 3. Blue. May.
Port Natal. 1840.
— scopa'riu (broom-like). 1. Blue. July. Siberia
1796.
— spatula'ta (sp&tulz- leaved), 1. Purple. July
Barbary. 1804.
— spicu'ta (spiked). £. White. July. Caucasus
1819. Annual
— Tata'rica (Tartarian). l£. Pink. June. Russia.
1731.
-- Thoui'nii (Thouin'i). 1. Blue. August. New
Afriia. 1/00.
— vimi'nea (twiggy). £. Blue. July. 1818.
— mrgu>ta (rod like). 1$. Blue. July. Spain.
Wittdenoiiia'na (Willdenow's). J. Violet. July.
France. 1800.
STATIONS FOR FRUIT-TREES. Unless
he soil is good, this is the best mode of
lanting; and it often renders draining
STA
C 756 3
STE
unnecessary. If the soil be too wet, the
liole need only be half the prescribed
depth ; the other half may rise above the
ordinary ground level. If too dry, there
is no occasion to elevate the surface, only
care must be taken not to place the collar
of the tree too deep, which is a serious
fault under all circumstances. Let the
stations extend three feet on each side
the position for the tree, thus producing
an excavation of six feet square. Two
feet in depth is amply sufficient for any
fruit-tree, especially for a dwarfing plan.
"The soil then should be thrown entirely
out, and four or five inches more must
be allowed for some impervious material,
which we will presently describe. In
throwing out the soil, care must be taken
to place it in samples, or both labour and
matei-ial will be wasted. It very frequent!
happens that three distinct samples of
soil or subsoil will come to hand during
the operation. Of course all clayey, or
sour, and badly-coloured subsoil must be
rejected, and its amount will be supplied
by the new material to be introduced;
and if this is scarce, any ordinary sur-
face-soil may bo in part substituted. In
filling the materials back again, the best
of the original surface -soil must be kept
downwards, mixing it thoroughly with
the new soil ; the inferior or second-rate
soil may be kept to dress the surface with.
As to character of soil to be introduced,
that depends partly upon the soil already
existing in the garden, as well as on the
kind of fruit-tree about to be planted. If
the soil is naturally sandy and dry, a very
stiff or clayey loam should be selected ;
if naturally clayey, any fresh, mellow,
sandy loam, or even the paring of road-
sides, commons, or lanes, will prove
excellent material. The furro wings of
old leys from what is considered good
wheat soil, is, however, of all other soils
the best adapted for general fruit culture.
Whatever materials are used, let it be
remembered that the more of turfy
matter that can be introduced, the longer
will the compost endure. Any sort of
turf, even from hungry situations, is
most relished by fruit-trees. If, never-
theless, no turf can be obtained, and the
soil is loose and poor, it is well to intro-
duce any refuse vegetables of a dry
character, such as decayed bean or pea
haulm, ordinary straw, old thatch, or,
indeed, anything of a decaying vegetable
character which is strong in fibre wnd
enduring. If any manure is thought
necessary, it should be fresh from the
stable or cow-shed, as such will endure
longer in the soil; merely using one
barrowful of mellow and rather rich soil
to plant the tree in. As before observed,
the most inferior portion of the soil may
be reserved to dress the surface of the
station with after the tree is planted;
here it will do no harm, and will be in an
improvable position. We now come to
the hard materials for the bottom of the
hole ; four or five inches in depth, as be-
fore stated. It matters not what this is
composed of: broken stones from quar-
ries, brickbats, chalk, cinders, or clink-
ers, <fec., all are eligible. These being
rammed hard, throw a coating of fine-
riddled cinders over the whole, or very
fine gravel: this secures drainage, and
prevents the roots entering to any inju-
rious extent.
STAUROCA'NTHUS. (From stauros, a
cross, and akantha, a spine; two side-
spines at the base of the principal spine
give it the resemblance of a cross. Nat.
ord., Leguminous Plants [Fubacese].
Linn., I6-Monadelphia 6-Decandria. Al-
lied to Ulex.)
Hardy evergreen. Seeds, and cuttings of young
shoots under a hand-light, in summer, in sandy
soil.
S. aphy'llus (leafless). 3. Yellow. May. Portugal.
1823.
STAVES-ACEE. Delphi'niwn staphisa'
yria.
STEEPING. (See GERMINATION.) It is
a very unfounded idea, that by steeping
seeds in certain solutions the vigour and
fecundity of the plants to which they
give birth might be promoted. A certain
degree of heat, oxygen gas, and water are
all the requisites for germination, and
until this process has commenced, no
liquid but water at common temperatures
will pass through the coverings of a seed.
So soon as germination has commenced,
this power to exclude foreign fluids
ceases, but the organs starting into
activity are so delicate, that the weakest
saline solutions are too acid and offensive
for them. So utterly incapable are the
infant roots of imbibing such solutions,
that at first they are absolutely depend-
ent themselves for their very existence
upon the seed-leaves, and if these art-
removed the plant either makes no fur-
ther advance or altogether perishes. To
hasten the germination of peas, beari^,
&c., it is a good plan to soak them in
STE
[ 757]
STE
water for twelve hours previously to sow-
ing; and old seeds of all kinds have
had their germinating powers aroused
by putting them into water heated to
•^00°, and allowing them to remain in it
until cold.
STELLA'BIA. Stitchwort. (From stella,
a star. Nat. ord., Cloveworts [Caryo-
phyllacese]. Linn., 10-Decandria 3-Tri-
gynia.)
A genus of weedy herbs, with the exception of
Stellu'riu holo'stea, one of the prettiest flower-
garden plants for May in the British Flora. In-
creased by division of the roots in spring or au-
tumn, when it may be planted out to flower, and
may be removed in June when the flowers are
over.
STENA'CTIS. (From stenos, narrow,
and aktln^ a sunbeam ; the rays of the
expanded blossoms. Nat. ord., Compo-
sites [Asteracese]. Linn., 19 -Syngenesia
2-Superflua.)
Hardy herbaceous. Seeds, which, if sown in a
slight hotbed in March, will produce plants to
l>l»om the same season ; division of the root in
*v>ring.
S. heterophy'lla (various-leaved). 1. White. July.
N. Amer. 1640.
— inuloi'des (inula-like). 1. Red. August. Nepaul.
— specio'sa (showy). 2. Purple. July. California.
1831.
— strigo'sa (short-bristled). 1. White. July. N.
Amer. 1816.
STENA'NTHERA. (From stenost narrow,
and anthera, an anther ; the stamens
broader than the anthers, which are
narrower in proportion. Nat. ord., Epa-
crids [Epacridacese]. Linn., 5-Pentan-
dria l-j\fonogynia.)
Greenhouse New Holland evergreens. Cut-
tings of young, short shoots, a little firm at their
base, in sand, under a bell-glass, and placed in
n cold frame in May ; sandy, fibry peat, with
enough of charcoal and broken pots to keep the
soil open. Winter temp., 40° to 45°.
S. cilia1 fa (hair- fringed). Red. April.
— pinifo'lia (pine-leaved). 6. Scarlet. June. 1811.
STE'NIA. (From stenos, narrow; the
pollen masses. Nat. ord., Orchids [Or-
chidacejE]. Linn., 2Q-Gynandria ±~Mo-
nandria. Allied to Maxillaria.)
Stove orchid, grown on blocks. Sue ORCHIDS. !
S. pa'llida (psAe-flowered) . 4« Yellow. August, i
Demerara. 1837.
STENOCHI'LUS. (From stenos, narrow,
and cheilos, a lip ; the narrow lip of the
flower. Nat. ord., Myoporads [Myopo-
racese]. Linn., \±-Didynamia 2-Anyio-
xpermia.)
Greenhouse evergreens, from New Holland.
Cuttings of young shoots in sand, under a bell-
glass, in April or May ; sandy loam and a little
fibry peat. Winter temp., 40° to 4i°.
S. gla'ber (tmootb-leuved). 2. Red. 1S03.
S. longifoflius (long-leaved). 4. Scarlet. April. 1825.
— macula'tus (spotted). 3. Scarlet. April. 1820.
— visco'sus (clammy). 2. Yellow. October. 1844.
STENOCHI^E'NA. (From stenos, nar-
row, and chlaina, a cloak ; the covering of
the spore-cases. Nat. ord., Ferns [Poly-
podiaceoe]. Linn., 2i-Cryptogamia 1-
Filieet.)
Stove, brown-spored Ferns. See FERNS.
S. heteromo'rpha (various-formed). April. Aus-
tralia.
— limonifo'lia (limonia-leaved). May. E. Ind.
— longifo'lia (long-leaved). 2. June. W. Ind. 1810.
— sca'ndens (climbing). 30. July. E. Ind. 1841.
— sorbifo'lia (service-leaved). July. W. Ind. 1793.
— spondicifo'lia (hog-plum-leaved). June. E.Ind.
— tri'quetra (three-sided). July. E. Ind.
STENOCO'BYNE. (From stenos, narrow,
and koryne, a club. Nat. ord., Orchids
[Orchidacese]. Linn., 2Q-Gynandria 1-
Monandria.')
Stove orchid, grown in a basket. See ORCHIDS.
8, longico'rnis (long-horned). Orange-spotted.
Demerara. 1843.
STENOME'SSON. (From stenos, narrow,
and messon, the middle ; the flowers con-
tracted in the middle. Nat. ord., Ama-
ryllids [Amaryllidacese]. Linn., Q-Hex-
andria l-Monogynia. Allied to Coburgia.)
Pretty frame or half-hardy bulbs, requiring
complete rest in winter; "sandy soil, shade, and
plenty of moisture in summer." They flower be-
fore the leaves rise, and are easily increased from
offset-bulbs in spring; sandy loam and fibry peat.
S. auranti'acum (orange - coloured 'flowered),
Orange. May. Quito. 1843.
— cocci'neum (scarlet). Scarlet. May.
— cro'ceum (saffron-coloured). 1. Copper. Blay.
1820.
— cu'rvidens (bent- toothed). Yellow. May. Peru.
1842.
— fla'vum (yellow). Yellow. May. Peru. 182S;
— Hartwe'gii (Hartweg's). 1. Orange. March.
Quito. 1844.
— latifo'lium (broad-leaved). 1. Yellow. March.
Lima. 1837.
— vitelli'num (yolk-of-egg). 1. Yellow. April.
Lima. 1842.
STENORHY'NCHUS. (Fromstenos, narrow,
and rhynchvsy a beak; shape of the co-
lumn. Nat. ord., Orchids [Orchidacese].
lAnn.,2Q-Gynandria l-Monandria. Allied
to Spiranthes.)
Stove orchids, grown in pots. See ORCHIDS.
S. aphy'lla (leafless). 1. Brown, red, green. June.
Trinidad. 1826.
— cinnaburi'nu (cinnabar-coloured). Orange,
red, yellow. June. Mexico. 1846.
• -pluntagi'nca (plantain-teaved). Red. June.
Nepaul. )824.
STENO'STOMUM. (From stenos, narrow,
and stoma, a mouth ; referring to ther
flower. Nat. ord., Cinchonads [Cincho-
naeete]. Linn., 5-Pentandria \-Mono~
gyiiia. Allied to Guettarda.)
STE
[ 758 ]
STI
Stove, white-flowered, West Indian, evergreen
shrubs. Cuttings of half-ripened shoots in sand,
under a glass, in a sweet bottom-heat ; peat and
loam. Winter temp., 50° to 55° ; summer, 6l>° to
80°.
S. lu'cidum (shining). May. 1818.
— tomento'sum (downy). May. 1823.
STEPHANO'TIS. (From s£e/>/iaH0s, a crown,
andototis, eared; the ear-like processes on
the crown of the stamens. Nat. ord., As-
clepiads [Asclepiadacese]. Linn., 6-Pen-
tandria I-Monogynia.)
Stove, white-flowered, evergreen twiners. Cut-
tings of the points of shoots, but best by small,
stiff side-shoots, in sand, under a bell-glass, and
plunged in bottom-heat; fibry loam and fibry
peat, with a littls silver sand and dried leat-mould.
Winter temp., 45° to 55°, and rather dry ; summer,
60° to 85°, and plenty of moisture when growing.
Would answer, probably, in a warm conservatory
when once it reached the top of the roof.
S. floribu'nda (copious-flowered). 20. May. Ma-
dagascar. 1839.
— Thoua'rsii (Thouar's). May. E. Ind. 1842.
STERCU'LIA. (Named after Stercus, a
heathen god. Nat ord., Sterculiads [Ster-
Liim., 21-Moncecia 10-ZJecau-
Violet.
culiacese]
dria.)
Stove evergreens. Cuttings of ripe shoots in
sand, under a bell-glass, in moist bottom-heat ;
fibry loam and peat. . Winter temp., 45° to 58° ;
summer, 60° to 80°. Tragaca'ntha produces the
gum of that name. Platanifo'liu* stood for years
in the open air at Chelsea, and it is likely that
many of the East Indian and New Holland spe-
cies would thrive with greenhouse treatment.
S, Bala'nghas (Balanghas). 20. Purple. August.
E. Ind. 1787-
— cocci'nea (sca.rlet-fru>ted). 20. E. Ind. 1817-
— cjlora'ta (coloured). 30. Scarlet. E. Ind. 1818.
— grandiflo'ra (large-flowered). 6. E. Ind. 1820.
— heli'cteres (helicteres-like). 8. Yellow, purple.
Carthagena. 1820.
— macrophy'lla (large-leaved). Yellow. July. E.
Ind. 1822.
— no'bilis (noble). 20. Pale buff. E. Ind. 1787-
— pube'scens (downy). 20. White. Guinea. 1793.
— tragaca'ntha (tragacanth). 40. Red, brown.
May. Sierra Leone. 1/93
STERILE. See BARREN.
STERNBE'RGIA. (Named after Count
Sternberg, a German botanist. Nat. ord.,
AmaryUids [Amaryllidacese]. Linn., 6-
Hexandria ]-Monogynia. Allied to Opo-
ranthus, ovAmary'llis lu'teaofihe gardens.
Hardy autumnal- flowering bulbs, with one
yellow flower on a stalk, open before the leaves
rise ; offsets ; good, sandy loam and leaf-mould.
S. Clusia'na (Clusius's). $. Constantinople.
— colchicifto'ra (colchicum-flowered). £. Hun-
gary. 1816.
— exi'gua (small). $. N.Africa. 1820.
STE 'VIA. (Named after P. J. Esteve, a
Spanish botanist. Nat. ord., Composites
[Asteracese]. Linn., IQ-Syitgenesia 1-
^Equalis.)
Greenhouse herbaceous perennials, from Mexico,
Where net otherwise mentioned. They all bloom
in August. Seeds and division in spring ; sandy,
loamy soil. The protection of a cold pit in winter.
S. adeno-'phnra (gland-bearing). 2. White. Chili.
1822.
— angustifo'lia (narrow-leaved). l£. Pink. 1823.
— 6rewiam-£a'ta(short-awned}. 3. Rose. July.
Tucuman. 18S6.
— Eupato'ria (Eupatoria.) 2. Pink. 1798.
— /ai-czcwto'm (clo*e-headed). 1. White. Sep-
tember. 1830.
—fastigia'ta (peaked). 1$. White. New Spain.
1826.
— hyssopifu'lia (hyssop-leaved). l£. Pink.
— incane'scens (hoary). 1. White. New Spain.
1827.
— ivafo'tia (iva-leaved). 2. White. 1816.
— lanceola'ta (spear-head-tefflfed). I. Purple. 1822.
— luxiflu'ra (loose-flowered). Purple.
— tu'cidu (shining). 2. Pink. New Spain. 1824.
— microphy'lla (small-leaved). 2. Blush. Sep-
tember. 1828.
— mo'llis (soft). White. 1834.
— Munardafo'lia (Monarda-leaved). 1 J.
1826.
- Nepetaefo'lia (Nepeta-leaved). 1*. White. 1824.
— ovu'ta (egg- leaved). 2. White. 1816.
— panicula'ta (panicled). l£. White. New
Spain. 1824.
— pilo'sa (shaggy). 1$. Pink. 1820.
— pube'scens (downy). l£. Purple. 1823.
— purpu'rett( purple). l£. Purple. 1812.
— rhombifo'lia (diamond-leaved). l^AVhite. 1827.
— salicifo'lia (willow-leaved). l£. Pink. 1803.
— salviatfo'lia (sage-leaved). 14. White. 1827.
— serru'ta (saw- leaved). l£. Flesh. 1799-
— suave'olens (sweet-smelling). l£. White. New
Spain. 1823.
— subo'cto - arista' ta (slightly - eight - awned).
White. Peru. 1824.
— subpube'scens (slightly-downy). 2. Pink. New
Spain. 1820.
— ternifo'lia (three-leaved). 1$. White. 1824.
— tomento'sa (woolly). l£. Violet. 1824.
— trachelioi'des (trachelium-like). 3. Purple.1839.
— tri'Jida (three-cleft). 1$. White. New Spain. 1827-
— viola'cea (violet-coloured). 3. Violet. 1829.
— visco'sa (clammy). Purple. 1821.
STIGMAPHY'LLON. (From stigma, the
female organ, and phyllon, a leaf ; leafy-
like stigma. Nat. ord., Malpighiads [Mal-
pighiacefle]. Linn., IQ-Decandria 3-Tri-
1 gynia. Allied to Banisteria.)
Stove, yellow - flowered plants. Cuttings of
ripened shoots in sand, under a glass, in bottom-
Winter temp., 48° to 55° ;
July. Brazil.
heat ; peat and loam,
summer, 60° to 80°.
S. arista' turn (awned-teaued).
1832. Twiner.
— auricula1 turn (eared-feaued). 10. Brazil. 1820.
Twiner.
— cilia'tum (hair-fringed-teawed). May. Brazil.
1/96. Herbaceous.
— heterophy'llum (various-leaved). 10. December.
Buenos Ayres. 1842. Climber.
— jatrophcBfo'lium (jatropha-leaved). 3. May.
Uruguay. 1841. Twiner.
— mucrona'tum (spine-pointed). 10. September.
Mexico. 1844. Twiner.
STILLI'-NGIA. (Named after Dr. B. Stil-
lingfleet, an English botanist. Nat. ord.,
Spurgeworts [Euphorbiaceae]. Linn., 21
Woncecia IQ-Decandria.
lanthus.)
Allied to Oma-
STI
[7593
STO
Stove, yellow-flowered evergreens. Cuttings in
«and, in heat ; sandy, fibry loam, a little peat and
charcoal, and also a little brick-rubbish. Winter
temp., 50° ; summer, 60° to 75°.
5. popu'lnea (poplar-like). 14. Ceylon. 1823.
— sebi'fera (tallow-bearing. Tallow - tree} . 10.
China. 1703.
STINKING GLADWYN. I'ris foetidi'ssima.
STI'PA. Feather Grass. (From stipe,
feathery, or silky. Nat.ord., Grasses [Gra-
minacese]. Linn., 3-Triandria2-Digynia,.)
Sti'pa penna'ta is the common feather-grass of
the seed-shops. All but hu'milis hardy herbaceous
perennials ; division and seeds in spring ; common
soil.
5. Alta'ica (Altaic). July. Altai. 1836.
— capilta'ta (long-haired). 2. July. Europe, 1815.
— confe'rta (crowded). 2. July. 1S1Q.
— gigante'a (giant). 3. July. Spain. 1823.
— hu'milis (lowly). £. July. S. Amer. 1802.
— ju'ncea (rush-leaved'). 3. July. France. 1772.
— penna'tu (feathered). 2. July. Britain.
STITCHWOBT. Stella'na.
STOB^'A. (Named after Dr.Stobaus, a
Swede. Nat. ord., Composites [Asteracece].
Linn., I9-Synyenesia I-^qtialis. Allied to
Gazania.)
Greenhouse, yellow-flowered evergreens, from
the Cape of Good Hope. Cuttings of the points
of shoots, when growing, in sand, under a bell-
glass ; sandy loam and fibry peat. Winter temp.,
40° to 48°.
S. atractyloi'des (atractylis-like). July. 1823.
— pinna'ta (leafleted). 2. June. 1812.
STOCK AND STOCK-GILLIFOWEB. See
MATHI'OLA.
STOCKS are young trees or shrubs
raised from seed, suckers, layers, and
cuttings, for the reception of buds or
grafts from other trees or shrubs of a
kindred species.
The old gardener's maxim, "the graft
overruleth the stock quite," is consonant
with truth, though it is to be taken with
some reservation. The graft prevails, and
retains its qualities ; yet the stock has the
power of influencing its productiveness,
as well as the quality of the fruit. Thus,
a tivie having an expansive foliage and
robust growth, indicative of large sap
vessels and vigorous circulation, should
never be grafted upon a stock oppositely
characterised, for the supply of sap will
not be sufficient. Illustrations are af-
forded by the codlin never succeeding so
well on a crab, nor a bigarreau on a wild
cherry, as they do on freer-growing stocks.
The habit of the stock, also, is of much
more importance than is usually con-
sidered. If it grows more rapidly, or has
larger sap vessels than the scion or bud,
an enlargement occurs below these ; but
.if they grow more rapidly than the stock,
an enlargement takes place just above
the point of union. In either case, the
tree is usually rendered temporarily more
prolific ; but in the case where the stock
grows most slowly, the productiveness is
often of very short duration, the supply
of sap annually becoming less and less
sufficient to sustain the enlarged produc-
tion of blossom and leaves. This very
frequently occurs to the freer -growing
cherries when inserted upon the wild
species, and still more frequently to the
peach and apricot upon stocks of the
slow-growing plums. It is highly im-
portant, therefore, to employ stocks, the
growth of which is as nearly similar as
may be to the parent of the buds or scion.
The earlier vegetation of the stock than
of the bud or graft is also important ; for,
if the latter is earliest in development,
it is apt to be exhausted and die be-
fore the flow of sap has enabled granu-
lation and union between the faces of the
wounds at the junction to occur.
Stocks for general use may be used for
grafting or budding, when from the size
of a good goose-quill to half an inch, or
not more than an inch in the part where
the graft or bud is to be inserted. Stocks
of two or three inches or more in dia-
meter, either the stems or branches, are
also occasionally grafted or budded with
success, but are not proper for general
practice. Crab Stocks are all such as are
raised from seeds, &c., of any wild un-
grafted trees, particularly if of the fruit-
tree kind, such as the wild crab apple of
the woods and hedges, wild pears, plums,
wild cherry, and such other trees as have
not been grafted or budded. Free Stocks
are such as are raised from the seed,
layers, &c., of any of the cultivated varie-
ties of fruit-trees and others. Paradise
or Doucin stocks are raised from layers
or suckers from a dwarf variety of apple,
the roots of which are produced nearer
to the surface than those from crab
stocks. The French Paradise stock is
distinguished from all others by its very
dwarf growth, its clear chestnut-coloured
shoots, and small fibrous roots, which
spread near the surface. The English
Paradise may be either referred to as the
Doucin of the French or the Dutch Para-
dise ; for, in English nurseries, trees pro-
pagated on either are said to be on para-
dise stocks. Of these two the Doucin
has the darkest shoots. Their effects on
the growth of the trees worked upon
STCE
[760]
STO
them are similar, being Intermediate "be-
tween the very dwarf habit induced by
the French Paradise, and the luxuriant
growth induced by the crab or free stocks.
JSee GRAFTING and BUDDING.
STCE'BE. ^From stibas, abed of leaves;
those of uEthio'pica so used. Nat. ord.,
Composites [Asteraceoe]. Linn., 19-8yn-
yenesia 5-Seyregata.)
Greenhouse evergreens, from the Cape of Good
Hope. Cuttings of young shoots in sund, under
a bell-glass, in May ; fibry, sandy loam and peat.
Winter temp., 40° to 45°.
S. JEthio'pica (Ethiopian). 2. August. 175Q.
— cine'rea (grey). 2. August. 1/84.
— ericoi'des (heath-like). 2. August. 1816.
— rufle'xa (bent-back). 2. August. 1916.
STOKE'SIA. (Named after Dr. Stokes,
an English botanist. Nat. ord., Compo-
sites [Asteracese]. Linn., 19-Syngenesia
I-^Equalis.)
Half-hardy evergreen. Seeds, or division of the
plant in spring; sandy loam and a little leaf-
mould ; requires a little protection in winter.
S. cya'nea (azure). 2. Blue. August. Carolina. 1/66.
STONECROP. Se'dum.
STONE PINE. Pi'nus pi'nea.
STOPPING is pinching or nipping off the
extremity of a branch, to prevent its fur-
ther extension in length. It is frequently
done, either to promote its robustness or
the production of laterals.
STORAX. Sty 'rax.
STORK'S BILL. Pelargo' nium
STOVES, or HOTHOUSES, are glazed
structures, differing from greenhouses
chiefly in requiring a higher temperature
to be sustained within them, either for
forcing fruits or for growing plants from
tropical climates. Nearly all that is stated
relative to the greenhouse, hotbed, and pit
lender the articles MELON and KENDLE'S
TANK SYSTEM is applicable to the stove.
In addition, relative to glaz-
ing, if lapping be permitted,
its width should not exceed
one-eighth of an inch, and
the panes should be acutely
rhomboid, to throw the con-
densed vapour down to the
lower corner, and induce it
to trickle down the bars in-
stead of dropping. It is
very doubtful whether it re-
duces the amount of mois-
ture taken between the laps
by capillary attraction.
Flues are best built of bricks set on
their edges, -and the top formed of a
.shallow iron trough for the purpose of
holding water, andthus keep-
ing the air moist as re-
quired. At night, for retain-
ing heat, pantiles may be
placed along within the
trough ; the best form is the
annexed.
Hot water in a tank is
superior to the same source
of heat in pipes, because it
is not liable to freeze ; and it is preferable
to steam, because, its heating power con-
tinues until the whole mass of water is
cooled down to the temperature of the
house, whereas steam ceases to be gene-
rated as a source of heat the moment
the temperature falls below 312°. If steam
be employed, Mr. Tredgold has given the
following rules fc: calculating the surface
of pipe, the size of the boiler, the quan-
tity of fuel, and the quantity of ventilation
required for a house thirty feet long and
twelve feet wide, with the glass roof eight
feet, length of the rafters fourteen feet,
and height of the back wall fifteen feet.
The surface of glass in this house will be
seven hundred and twenty feet superficial,
viz., five hundred and forty feet in the
front and roof, and one hundred and
eighty feet in the ends. Now, half the
vertical height, seven feet six inches,
multiplied by the length in feet, and
added to one and a half times the area
of glass in feet, is equal to the cubic
feet of air to be warmed in each mi-
nute when there are no double doors.
That is, 7.5 x 30+ l£x 720=1305 cubic
feet. But in a house with wooden bars
and rafters, about one-tenth of this space
will be occupied with wood-work, which,
is so slow a conductor of heat that it will
not suffer a sensible quantity to escape;
therefore 130 feet may be deducted,
leaving the quantity to be warmed per
minute=1175 cubic feet.
To ascertain the surface of pipe re-
quired to warm any given quantity of air,
multiply the cubic feet of air to be heated
per minute by the difference between the
temperature the house is to be kept atr
and that of the external air in degrees of
Fahrenheit's thermometer, and divide
the product by 2.1, the difference between
200, which is the temperature of the
steam pipes, and the temperature of the
house ; the quotient will be the surfaca
of cast-iron pipe required.
Now, in the house, the dimensions of
which are above given, if the lowest
STO
L 7B1 ]
STO
temperature in the night be fixed at 50°,
and 10*= are allowed lor winds, and the
external air is supposed to be at zero or
0 of Fahrenheit, then 1175 multiplied by
00°, and the product divided by 2.1, the
difference between 200 and (50 will give
us the quotient 236— to the surface of
pipe required. Now, the house being
thirty feet long, five pipes of that length,
aud five inches in diameter, will be about
the -proper quantity.
If hot water be employed instead of
steam, the following proportions and
infonnation, obtained from Mr. Kendle,
may be adopted confidently as guides : —
In a span-roof propagating house, forty
feet long, thirteen feet broad, seven feet
high in the centre, and four feet high at
the two fronts, having a superficial sur-
face of glass amounting to 588 square
feet, Mr. Rendle has a tank eighty-three
feet long, running round three sides of
the house, four feet wide and about eight
inches deep, and consequently capable of
containing nearly 300 cubic feet of hot
water, though only half that quantity is
used. This is closely approaching to the
size pointed out, according to Mr. Tred-
gold's formula. The mean temperature
of a hot-water tank will never be much
above 100°, so that, for the sized house
mentioned by that skilful engineer, the
divisor must be 2.1 times the difference
between 100° and 00°, which gives as the
quotient 335 cubic feet.
The tank in Mr. Rendle's propagating-
house is built lined with Roman cement,
and if the temperature at the time of
lighting the fire be 90°, the temperature
of the atmosphere of the house 67°, and
the temperature out of doors 50°, the
quantity of small coal or breeze required
to raise the temperature of the water to
125° is 28 pounds. In twelve hours the
water cools, after the fire has been ex-
tinguished, from 125° to 93°.
When steam is employed, the space
for steam in the boiler is easily found
by multiplying the length of the pipe in
feet by the quantity of steam in a foot in
length of the pipe.
In the above-noticed house, the length
of pipe five inches in diameter is 150
feet ; and these multiplied by 1.363=20.5
cubic feet of steam, and as the pipe will
condense the steam of about one cubic
foot and one-third of water per hour,
therefore the boiler should be capable of
evaporating If cubicfeetof water per houTi
to allow for unavoidable loss. In the
extreme cases of the thermometer being
at zero, the consumption of coals to keep
up this evaporation will bo 12-J pounds
per hour.
Interior Decimal parts of a
diameter of pipo cubic foot of steam
in inches. in each foot of y ipo.
1* ...
0.1225
34 ...
4 ...
5 ....
6 ...
7 ....
8 ...
9 ....
0.34
0.49
0.873
1.063
1.964
2.67
3. 40
4.42
10 ...
5. -15
These calculations are all founded upon
the supposition that the condensed water
is returned to the boiler whilst hot ; but
if this cannot be effected, then one-twelfth,
more fuel will be required. The boiler
for the supply either of steam or hot water
should be covered with the best available
non-conductor of heat, aud this is either
charcoal or sand.
A case of brickwork, with pulverized
charcoal between this and the boiler, is
to be preferred to any other. A boiler
having a surface of seventy feet exposed
to the air, in a temperature of 32°, requires
an extra bushel of coals to be consumed
per day, to compensate for the heat
radiated and conducted from that surface-
and the smaller the boiler, the greater is
the proportionate waste. The surface oi
the pipes should be painted black, because
a surface of this colour gives out moro
heat in a given time than any other.
Bark or Moist Stove. — Mr. London
gives the following design and description
of a moist stove, warmed on the old plan
of deriving heat by the combined agency
of bark and flues. Instead of a stage in
the centre it has a pit, which may be from,
two and a half to four feet deep, according
as bark or leaves are to be used, the latter-
material requiring the greatest depth. It
is commonly surrounded by a thin brick
STB
[ 762]
STR
wall ; but planks of stone, or plates of slate
or cast iron, are to be preferred. The roof,
when necessary, may be supported by iron
columns from the middle of the pit, a.
Shelves may be placed against the back
wall, b, and occasionally a narrow-leaved
creeper run up the roof, c. We may add,
that houses of this description are gene-
rally placed east and west against walls,
on account of the shelter thereby obtained
during winter, when a high degree of heat
is kept up within, while the cold is exces-
sive without.
STEANVE'SIA. (Named after the Hon.
W. F. Strangways, F.R.S. Nat. ord.,
Appleworts [Pomacese]. Linn., 12-Ico-
sandria 2-Di-pentagynia. Allied to Cra-
tsegus.)
A beautiful and nearly evergreen shrub, but not
quite hardy, except in the south of England.
Grafting on the thorn ; in cold places would like
a little protection in winter.
S. glauce'scens (grey-leaved). 20. White. June.
Nepaul. 1828.
STRATIO'TES. Water Soldier. (From
stratos, an army ; sword-like leaves. Nat.
ord., Hydrocharads [Hydrocharidacens].
Linn., 22-Dicecia 10-Dodecandria.)
Hardy aquatics. Useful to plant in ponda,
where it will soon cover a large space. Seeds and
divisions; ponds and lak-s.
S. aKsmoi'destplantain-lik.;). July. E.Ind. 1806.
— aloi'des (aloe-like). 2. White. June. England.
STRAVA'DIUM. (From the native name
in Malabar. Nat. ord., Barrlngtoniads
[Barringtoniaceae]. Linn., IQ-Monadel-
phia 8-Polyandria.)
Stove evergreen trees. Cuttings of ripened
shoots in sand, under a bell-glass, and in a good,
moist bottom-heat ; fibry loain and peat, with a
little charcoal and silver sand. Winter temp., 60°
to 65° ; summer, 65° to 90°.
S. acuta'ngulum (sharp-angled). 20. Purple.
E, Ind. 1822.
— racemo'sum (racemed). 20. White. W. Ind.
— ru'brum (red). Red. E.Ind. 1822.
STRAWBERRY. Fraga'ria.
Superior kinds. — No. 1, Black Prince;
2, Keen's Seedling ; 3, British Queen ; 4,
Elton ; 5, Old Pine; 6, Alpine ; 7, Kitley's
Goliath ; 8, Eliza ; 9, Carolina superba. For
early heavy crops none can exceed the
Keen's ; tor size, the British Queen and
Goliath ; for earliness, the Black Prince
probably takes the lead; for very late
purposes, the Elton and Alpines; and for
forcing, the Keen's and the British Queen.
Soil. — A good loam of some depth is
best adapted to high culture; for although
strawberry walls are found to be highly
conducive to flavour, yet they will not
succeed well in such situations, unless a
special provision of this kind be made for
them. Therefore, loose and sandy soils
must be mixed with marls or clays, and
clayey soils must be rendered open by
applying sand, road- scrap ings, cinder-
ashes (fine), burnt or charred material,
&c. Boggy or peaty soils will require
consolidation by burning, or the applica-
tion of sound soil, and by thorough drain-
ing, if wet.
Propagation : by Runners and Seed. —
Their propagation by runners is well
known. Seed-sowing is resorted to for
raising new varieties, and for heightening
the culture of the Alpine class, which is,
by most cultivators, treated as an annual.
Culture during the Growing Period. —
Very little is necessary besides keeping
them clear of weeds, and trimming all
those runners away which are not required
for future stock. All operations connected
with root-culture should be carried out
during the rest period. At the end of
May the runners will begin to ramble
freely, and at this time a very general
spring-dressing should take place. This
consists in hoeing and r:vking the ground
thoroughly, choosing a dry period for the
operation, in order that every weed may
be destroyed; at the same time trimming
away all the wires or strings on which the
runners are produced. The next pro-
ceeding will be to place clean straw, grass-
mowings, or tan beneath the trusses of
fruit; this process requires a little nicety
of handling. When the bloom trusses
make their appearance, the next great
point is to see that the plants never
suffer from drought from this period to
the moment they commence ripening.
Culture during the Rest Period. — We
date our rest season from the period at
which the last fruit is gathered, or soon
after, say the end of August. At this
period it will be found, that in spite of
the trimming the plants received in May,
a profusion of runners will have been
produced, the rambling foliage from
which will obstruct the light from the
older and principal leaves, which have,
from this time forward, the important
office of preparing for the formation of
the ensuing year's blossom. The waste
runners should therefore be trimmed
away as soon as possible, for they also
exhaust the soil by tkeir roots. In cut-
ting away these runners, great care must
be exercised in preserving all the true
leaves, which must by no means be cut.
STR
[763]
STR
No further trimming need be practised
until the following March, in the early
part of which all the decayed and in-
jured foliage may he cut away. The
rows being three feet apart, at the end of
October, one foot in the centre only is to
be dug, thus leaving the plants one foot
of roots on each side entirely undis-
turbed. Introduce some decayed manure
annually in this centre, and the small
amount of k ^ of root is more than com-
pensated 1 y the volume, of new while
fibres which, by the month of May fol-
lowing, have fully invested the new
ground. The dung or vegetable matter
should be somewhat fresh ; such is pre-
ferable to rotten manure-
Making new Plantations.— Trenching
should be had recourse to, going as deep
as the good soil will permit, placing the
manure necessary principally between
the two spits. If the soil be shallow, of
course the manure will be dug down with
a single spit. If good runners can be
obtained early in July, and carefully cul-
tivated, they may be expected to bear a
respectable crop the following summer.
From those planted in February, of course,
little can be expected. It is by far the
best to keep a little nursery for runners
in a very open situation, and the plants a
long way apart.
Strawberry Walls or Banks. — These
have been highly recommended, and are
doubtless, very useful, as heightening
flavour. They have, however, never be-
come very general, owing to their being
rather expensive in constructing. A
strawberry wall, in the direction of eas
and west, would be a useful adjunct ir
high gardening if properly managed
On the south side plant the Black Princ<
and the Keen's Seedling; and on the
north side the Elton. The former woult
ripen a fortnight earlier than ordinary
ones, and the latter continue bearin
until October. These walls may be buil
of any kind of material which will main
tain its position, and should be as nea
to an angle of 45° as can be approach
They may be thus constructed —
Strawberry Forcing, — One principa
oint here is to obtain very early run-
ers, which is generally effected by lay-
g the earliest in small pots, in a sound
ompost. These, when full of roots, are
epotted into larger ones ; and the whole
usiness henceforth is to give them
indly cultivation, as to regular water-
igs, <fcc., and to keep them in an open
^nation. By the end of September they
ill possess stout buds, and must be
lunged up to their rims for the winter,
brcing must be commenced very gently,
ith plenty of atmospheric moisture, —
ay, commence with the temperature at
5°, and rise gradually, by the time the
eaf is thoroughly developed, to 60°, and
he less advance that is made beyond
his the better, except in sunny weather.
They love to be near the glass, and to
lave abundance of air.
Culture of the Alpines Sow seed from
hoice fruit at tbe end of January in
gentle heat, and prick the seedlings out
nto boxes, still under glass, in rich soil.
Towards the end of April, the plants,
.laving been hardened off, may be planted
iut finally; and an elevated bed, in a
sunny situation, should be chosen. They
nay be planted in double rows, half a
yard apart in the row, and the rows two
'eet apart. The soil should be a rich
cam ; and when they are fruiting, some
slates or tiles may be placed beneath
hem, as the autumn rains are apt to rot
them. They should be liberally watered
during dry weather.
STRAWBERRY-ELITE. Bli'tum.
STRAWBERRY- SPINACH. Bli'tum.
STRAWBERRY-TREE. A'rbntus.
STRELI'TZIA. (Named after Charlotte,
queen to George III., of the house of
Mecklen burgli-Strelitz. Nat. ord., Musads
[Musacesej. Linn., 5 Pentandria 1-Mo-
nOf/ynia.)
Stove, yellow-flowered, herbaceous perennials,
from the Cape of Good Hope. By seeds in a good,
moist heat, in sprinar ; generally by suckers and
dividing the plant; fibry loam and a little peat.
Winter temp., 45° to 55°; summer, 60 to 80°.
S. aiignstifu'lia (narrow-leaved ). 6. May. 1778.
— augu'sta (grand). 18. White. March. 1791.
— furinu'sa (mealy- stalked). 5. February. 1795.
— hu'milin (humble). 6. May.
— ju'iice'i (rush-leaned). 6. May.
— ova'la (egg-leaved). 8. March. 1777.
— parvifo' liu (small-leaved). 6 June. 17fi6.
— regi'ncs (queen's). 8. April. 17/3.
bTREPTA'NTHERA. This genus is united
to Gladiolus ; and the following are now —
G. cu'prea (copper-coloured), jf- Copper. June.
Cape of Good Hope. 1825.
— e'leguns (elegant). £. White, blue. May, Cape
of Good Hope. 1827.
STR
[
STU
STKEPTOCA'RPUS. (From streptos,tvristed,
and carpos, a fruit; the long seed-pod
twisted. Nat. ord., Gesnerworts [Gesner-
acess]. Linn., 2-J)iandria l-Monogynia.)
Greenhouse herbaceous perennials. By seeds in
a gentle hotbed, in spring ; also by dividing the
plant; light, rich, sandy loam. Winter temp.,
40° to 50°.
S. Gurde'ni (Capt. Garden's), f . Blue. July.
Natal. 1854.
— polyu'nthus (many-flowered). 1. Natal. Purple.
1853.
— Refxii (Rex's). $. Blue. June. Cape of Good
Hope. 1824.
STRE'PTOPUS. (From streptos, twisted,
and pous, a foot ; flower-stalks twisted.
Nat. ord., Jfefo»Ms[Melanthace8e]. Linn.,
Q-Hcxandria \-Monoyynia. Allied to
Uvularia.)
Hardy herbaceous perennials. Seeds or divisions
in spring ; any good garden-soil.
S. amplexifu'lius (leaf -stem-clasping). 1. White.
May. Hungary. 1/52.
- dtsto'rtus (distorted). 1. Yellow. May. N.
Amer. 1758.
— lanugino'sus (woolly). lj. Yellow, green. June.
N. Amer. 1812.
— ro'seus (rosy). )£. Pink. June. N.Amer. 1806.
— si'mplex (simple). J$. June. Nepaul. 1822.
STRIKING. The process of causing cut-
tings to emit roots.
STROBILA'NTHES. (From strobilos, a
pine-cone, and anthos, a flower; resem-
blance of the head of flower. Nat. ord.,
Acanthads [Acanthacerc]. Linn., 14-jDirfy-
namia 2-Aii(/iospermia. Allied to Kuellia. )
Stove evergreen shrubs. Cuttings any time
during summer in sandy soil, under a hand-light,
in heat; fibry loam and sandy peat. Winter temp.,
48° to 55° ; summer, 60° to 80°.
S. callo'sus (thick-barked). Blue. May. E. Ind.
1840.
— lacta'tuf, (milky-tenuerf). 1. Pale lilac. Sep.
tember. E. Ind. 181".
— macula'tus (spotted-leaved). l£. Pale lilac.
September. ]8l6.
— &iimJa'w?/*(Sabine's). 4. Blue, purple. March.
Nepaul. 1826.
— sca'bra (rough). 4. Yellow. May. E. Ind. 1836.
— se'ssilis (stalkless).4.Blue. April. Bombay. 1833.
the style is enlarged at the bottom. Nat.
ord., Amaryllids [Amaryllidaceae]. Linn.,
6-Hexandria \-Monogynia. Allied to Ne-
rine and Hessea.)
Bulbs, from the Cape of Good Hope. For cul-
ture, see NERI'NK.
S, angustifo'lia (narrow-leaved). A. Pink. April.
1795.
— cri'spa (curled-flowered). $. Pink. June. 1780.
—filifo'lia (thread-leaved). £. White. November.
1774.
— gemma' ta (jewel-flowered). 1. Pale yellow.
August. 1812.
— linguafo* tin (tongue-leaved). $. White. April.
— rube'lla (pale red). £. Pink. May. 1/95.
— spira'lis (spiral). ^. Pink. July. 1774.
— stella'ris (starry). 4. Pink. October. 1794.
— trunca'tu (abrupt-ended-teaued). ^. White.
April. 1795.
— undula'ta (w&vy -flowered). i.White. May.1820.
STRUTHI'OLA. (From stroulhlon, a little
sparrow; resemblance of seeds to a beak.
Nat.ord.,Z)a^/i«fl^s [ThymelaceaB]. Linn.,
k-Tetrandria \.-Monoyy>iia. Allied to Pi-
melea.)
Greenhouse evergreens, from the Cape of Good
Hope. Cuttings of the points of shoots, two or
three inches in length, in sand, under a bell-glass,
in May; sandy, fibry peat and a little charcoal.
Winter temp., 40° to 4/°.
and anthos, a flower; divisions of petals
twisted. Nat. ord., Dogbanes [Apocy-
naceffi]. Linn., 5-Pentandria \.-Mono<jy-
nia. Allied to Nerium.)
Stove evergreen shrubs. Cuttings of half-
ripened shoots in sand, under a glass, in heat, in
spring; fibry loam and sandy peat. Winter
temp., 50° to 55°; summer, 60° to 85°.
S. Chine'nsis (Chinese). Yellow. June. China. 1816.
— dicho'tomus (forked). 3. Rosy. June. E. Ind.
1816.
— dive'rgens (spreading). 3. Yellow. February.
China. 181 6.
— sarmento'sus (trailing). 6. Red. June. Sierra
Leone. 1824.
5. angustifo'liu (narrow-leaved). 3. Yellow. July.
1816.
— cilin'ta (hair-fringed). 2. White. June. 1779-
— ere'r.la (upright). l£. White. June. 1/98.
— glu'bra (smooth). 2. Yellow. June. 18'JO-.
— imbrica'ta (tilvd-leuved). 2. Yellow. June.
171)4.
— inca'na (hoary). 2. White. August. 1817-
— juniperi'na (jumper-leaved). 2. White. June.
1/58.
— lateriflo'ra (side-flowered). 2. Yellow. July.
1819.
— longiflo'ra (long-flowered). 2. Yellow. Julv.
1823.
— lu'cens (shining). 2. Yellow. June. 1817-
— ovu'tu (egz-fmined'). 2. White. Apr I. ITQ-i.
— pube'scens (downy). 3. Red. June. 17911.
— striu'ta (streaked). 2. Yellow. .July. 1S2O.
— tomento'stt (woolly-leaved). 2. Yellow. Au-
gust. 1/99-
— virga'ta (twiggy). 2. Red. June. 1779.
STRUTHIO'PTERIS. (From strouthios, an
ostrich, and pteris, a fern; resemblance
of the leaves, or fronds, to its feathers.
Nat. ord., Ferns [Polypocliacese], Linn.,
24:-Cryptogamia 1-Filices.)
Hardy, brown-spored Ferns. See FERXS.
S. Germa'nica (German^. 2. July. Europe. 17^0.
— Pennsytvu'nica (Pennsylvanian). 2. August.
N.Amer. 1812.
STUA'RTIA. (Named after John Stuart,
Marquis of Bute. Nat. ord., Theads
[Ternstromiacea?]. Linn., IQ-Monadel*
pkia 8- Polyan dria. Allied to Gordonia.)
Hardy, white-flowered, deciduous shrubs, from
North America. Generally by layers; moist peat-
soil, or deep, moist, sandy loam.
. ovti'tum (epg-teffj.vd). Q. July. 1785.
STEITMA'IIIA. (From struma, a tubercle ; \—'yirgi'mcu (Virginian), io. July. 1843.
STY
765
SUG
STYLI'DIUM. (From stylos, a column ;
the stamens and style joined into a co-
lumn. Nat. ord., Styleworts [Stylidia-
cese]. Linn., 20-Gynandria 2-Diandria.)
All New Holland plants. Herbaceous, by di-
visions, and by seeds in spring; shrubs, by
cuttings of young shoots in sand, under a bell-
glass ; fibry, sandy loam, and a little peat and
vegetable mould. Winter temp., 40° to 45°.
GREENHOUSE EVERGREENS.
S. Brunnnia'num (Dr. Brown's). 1. Rose. June.
1841.
— fusclcula1 turn (bundled). $. Pink. August.
1838.
— frutico 'sum (shrubby). l£. Pink. July. 1803.
— sca'ndens (climbing). 2. Hose. July. 1803.
GREENHOUSE HERBACEOUS.
S. adna'tum (adhering). £. Pink. July. 1824.
— androsa'ceum (androsace-like). White.
— bi'color (two-coloured). White, purple. 1843.
— cunalicula'tum (channelled-feat-ed). Yellow.
July.
— caule'scens (Jowg'-stemmed). Pink.
— caricifo'lium (sedge-leaved). White. July.
— cilia' turn (hair-fringed). 1. Yellow. May. 1840.
— cnmpre'ssum (flattened). Yellow. Purple. July.
— Z>rwffmo'«di(Drummond's). 2. Pink. No-
vember. 1838.
— graminifo'lium (grass-leaved). 1. Pink. July.
1803.
— hirsu'lum (hairy-scoped). 2- Rose. June. 1830.
— hi'spidum (bristly). White. July.
— ju'nceum (rush-like). £. Rose. 1830.
— leptustu'chyum (narrow-spiked). White.
— lint; <i' re (narrow-/eawed). 1. fled. June. 1812.
— nu'dum (naked-stemwzed). White. June. 1840.
— jnlu'sum (hairy). 1. Pink, white. June. 1841.
— prulifferum (p'roliferous). Pink. June. 1839.
— • pycnosta'chyum (dense-spiked). Pink. June.
1843.
— recu'rrum (curled-back). $. Green, purple.
May. 1S40.
— saxifrngoi'dts (saxifrage-like). White. June.
1842.
— sc.ii'bridum (rather-rough). White. July. 1841.
— stria1 turn (channelled). White. May.
— tenuifuflium (fine-leaved). 1. Pink. July. 1818.
STYLOCO'RYNE. (From stylos, a column,
and koryne, a club ; shape of the style.
Nat. ord., Cinchonads [Cinchonacesc].
Linn., 5-Pentandria 1-Moiwyynia.}
Stove, white-flowered, East-Indian evergreens.
Cuttings of young shoots in sand, under a bi-11-
trlass, in heat; fibry, sandy loam and peat.
Winter temp., 45° to 55° ; summer, 60° to 85°.
S. cnria'cea (leathery-ter/pcd). 1828.
— corymbo'titt (corymbed). 5. 1/59.
— cymo'sa (cymed). 1811.
STYPA'NDRA. (From stype, tow, and
ancr, an anther; resemblance of the an-
thers. Nat. ord., Lllyi-nrls [Liliaceae],
Linn., 6-Hc?afi<2ria l-Moaoyynia. Allied
to Anthericum.)
Greenhouse New Holland plants. Division of
the plant in spring; sandy loam and fibry peat;
require the protection cf a dry, cold pit in winter.
S.frutt'.-cens (shrubby). 2. Violet. June. 1836.
— firopi'nqica (related). 1. Azure. September. 1833.
(From st-yphelos, hard;
referring to the wood. Nat. ord., Epa-
crids [Epacridaceae]. Linn., 5-Pentan-
dria \-MOnoyynia.\
Greenhouse, New Holland evergreens. Cuttings
of young shoots in sand, under a bell-glass, in
April ; sandy, fibry peat, and ouly a little fibry
loam. Winter temp., 38° to 48°.
S. epacrioi'des (epacris-like). 6. Crimson. July.
1823.
— Ifitifo'tia (broad-leaved). 4. Pink. June. 1823.
— trijio'ra (three-flowered). 6. Pink. July. 1796.
— tubijlo'ra (tube-flowered). 6. Scarlet. July. 1802.
STY'RAX. Storax. (From the Arabic.
Nat. ord., Storaxworts [Styraceoej. Linn.,
W-Decandria 1-Monoyynia.)
Hardy deciduous, white-flowered shrubs. By
imported seeds, and cuttings and layers; light,
rich, sandy loam, and a little peat ; should be
planted against a wall to bl»om profusely, and it
is well worthy of such protection ; next to that a
dry, protected situation.
S. grandifo'lium (large-leaved). 6. July. N-
Amer. 1/65.
— Iceviga' turn (smootn). 4. July. N. Amer 1765.
— officinu'le (.shop;. 12. July. Levant. 15Q/.
— pulverule'ntwn (powdery). 4. June. N.Amer.
1794.
SUCCULENT PLANTS are so character-
ized on account of their thick juicy
leaves. They are formed to exist, says
Mr. Fortune, in countries and situations
where they are often exposed to in-
tense light and dryness ; their skins are
thick ; they have few evaporating pores ;
and they have, likewise, few roots to gorge
their tissue with food duiing the rainy
season. Therefore, we find the dry,
sandy plains of the Cape abounding in
aloes and mesembryantrwmums ; and the
bare volcanic rocks of Mount Etna cover-
ed, in many places, with the common
prickly pear. In Mexico, also, and in
many other parts of Central and South
America, the extensive race of cacit^with
their curious un-vegetable-like forms, are
at home, and flourish even in those dry
and parched seasons when the whole face
of nature besides seems withered and
destroyed. The natural circumstances
in which these plants are found are sure
and certain guides in cultivation.
SUCKERS are branches naturally thrown
up by a plant from its base, when the on-
ward current of growth of the stem is
stopped.
SUFFOCATION is a term employed by
Keith and others to describe any stop-
ping of the transpiratory organs of plants,
whether it arises from extravasated sap,
mosses, fungi, or from a deficient supply
of sap.
SUGAR BAKERS' REFUSE. See ANIMAL
MATTERS.
sua
SWE
SUGAE CANE. Sa'ccharum»
SUMACH. Rhus.
SUN-DEW. Dro'sera.
SUNFLOWER. JETelia'nthus.
H. a'nnuus, Annual Sunflower, is now
much cultivated for its oil, and as a food
for cattle and poultry.
The earlier the seed can be got into the
ground the better, say the beginning of
April, as the crop will be ready to harvest
the latter part of August, which will be
of the greatest importance to growers.
The necessary quantity of seed required
for an acre depends upon the conditions
of the soil, and varies from four pounds
to five pounds; but, of course, it is advisa-
ble to sow a little more than is actually
wanted, to provide against accidents. The
seed should be drilled into the ground,
and the distance from row to row eighteen
inches ; the plants to be thinned out to
thirty inches from plant to plant, and the
number of plants at this distance would
be about 14,500 per acre ; at eighteen
inches from plant to plant, 25,000 per
acre ; and at twelve inches from plant to
plant, 32,000. The produce of this kind
of grain, like that of most others, varies
considerably, according to the state of the
soil, climate, and the cultivation that is
employed; but the average quantity of
seed is about fifty bushels per acre. This
will produce fifty gallons of oil, and of
oilcake, 1,500 pounds. The stalks, when
burnt for alkali, give ten hundredweight
of potash.
SUNFLOWER. Helianihus,
SUN-FRUIT. Helioca'rpu*.
SUN-ROSE. Helia' nthemum.
SURFACE GRUBS, or CATERPILLARS, are
the larvae of several species of Noctua, or
Night Moths. Gardeners thus name
them because they attack the roots of the
turnip, mangold wurtzel, &c., just at the
surface of the soil.
SUTHERLA'NDIA. (Named after James
Sutherland, author of a botanical cata-
logue. Nat. ord., Leguminous Plants [Fa-
bacese] . Linn., Yi-Diadelphia^-Decandria.
Allied to Clianthus.)
Half-hardy, scarlet-flowered evergreens, from
the Cape of Good Hope. Seeds in spring, or cut-
tings of young shoots in May, under a hand-light ;
requires protection in hard winters.
S.frute'scens (shrubby). 3. June. 1683.
cann'scens (hoary) June. 1816.
— microphy'lla (small-flowered). 3. June. 1816.
SUWARROW-NUT. Caryo'car.
SWAINSO'NIA. (Named after lunar
Swuinson, F.R.S. Nat. ord., L«yuminuus
Plants [Fabacese]. Linn., 17-Diadelphia
L-Decandria. Allied to Colutea.)
Greenhouse, New Holland, evergreen shrubs.
Seeds in a slight hotbed in April, after being
>oaked in warm water, or they may be sown when
ripe ; cuttings of young shoots in sand, under a
nell-glass, and kept in a cool frame or pit any
time in summei ; sandy, fibryloam, and a third of
oeat. Winter temp., 38° to 45°. They would no
doubt succeed against a protected conservative
wall.
6'. astragalifcfli a (astragalus-leaved). White. July.
1802.
— coronilleefo' Ka (coronilla-leaved). 2. Purple.
July. J802.
— galegifo'lia (galega-leaved). 2. Red. July. 1800.
albiflo'ra (white-flowered). 2. White. July.
1826.
— Greya'na (Capt. Grey's). 2. Pink. July. 1844.
— Lesser ti<efo' Ha (Lessertia-leaved). 2. Purple.
July. 1824.
SWALLOWWORT. Ascle'pias.
S WAMMERDA'MIA. (Named af ter J.Swam-
merdam, the naturalist. Nat. ord., Compo-
sites [Asteracese]. Linn., 19-Syngenesia
"l-Superfiua. Allied to Podolepis.)
Half-hardy evergreen. For culture, see PODO-
LK'PIS.
S. antenna' ria (antennaria-like). 3. White.
January. Van Diernen's Land.
SWAMP LOCUST-TREE. Gledi'tschia mo-
nospe'i-ma.
SWAMP POST. Que'rcus lyra'ta.
SWAMP SASSAFRAS or LAUREL. Magno'lia
qtuu'ca.
SWA'RTZIA. (Named after Olof Sivartz,
a German botanist. Nat. ord., Legumi-
nous Plants [Fabacese]. Linn., 11-Zte-
candria \-Monogynia. Allied to Cassia.)
Stove evergreen shrub. Cuttings of half-ripened
shoots in sand, under a bell-glass, and in bottom-
heat, in the beginning of summer ; sandy, fibry
loam and peat in equal proportions. Winter
temp., 50° ; summer, 60° to 85°.
S. grandiflo'ra (large-flowered). 6. Yellow. Tri-
nidad. 1821.
SWEEPING. (See BESOM.) It is best done
in calm weather, and early, whilst the
dew is strong enough to allay the dust,
and keep the light refuse from blowing
about.
SWEET BAY. Lau'rus no'bifis.
SWEET BRIAR. Ro'sa rubiyino'sa.
SWEET CALABASH.Pflssi^w'rawa^/oVwiw*
SWEET CICELY. See CHERVIL.
SWEET FLAG. A'corus.
SWEET GALE. My'rica ga'le.
SWEET GUM. Liquida'mbnr styracVflua.
SWEE'TIA. These stove evergreen twin-
ers are now united to Galactia. They are
all pur; ile-flovvered.
G.filifo'rmis (thread-shaped). 3. July. S. Amer.
U20.
SWE
C 767]
SYN
5. lipno'sa (woody). 5. St. Domingo. 1824.
— iongifo'lia (long-leaved). 4. S. Amer. 1818.
SWEET MARJORAM. Ori'r/anummajora'na.
SWEET MAUDLIN. Achille'a agera'tum.
SWEET PEA. La'thyrus odora'tus.
SWEET POTATO. Bata'tas.
SWEET SOP. Ano'na squamo'sa.
SWEET SULTAN. Cenlau'rca moscha'ta.
SWEET WILLIAM. Dia'nthus barba'tus.
SWE'ETIA. Felwort. (Named after E.
Swert, a Dutch florist. Nat. ord., Gen-
tian worts [Gentianacese]. Linn., 5-Pen-
tu n dria 2 D igy n ia . )
Hardy plants. Seeds in spring ; a marshy, peaty
soil.
S. cornicula'ta (small-horned). £. Pale green.
August. Siberia. 1817. Annual.
— Michauxia'na (Michaux's). \. Green, yellow.
July. N. Amer. 1824. Biennial.
— pere'nnis (perennial). 1. Purple. July. England.
Perennial.
SWIETE'NIA. Mahogany. (Named after
Von Stvietm, a Dutch botanist. Nat.
ord., Cedrelads [Cedrelacese]. Linn., 10-
Decandria 1-Monoyynia.)
Stove evergreen trees. Cuttings of half-ripened
slioots in sand, under a hand-lipht, and in bot-
tom-heat ; sandy, fibry loam. Winter temp., 50°
to 60° ; summer, 60° to 85°.
S. febrifu'ga (fevcr-conquering).60.White,yellow.
E. Ind. 1796.
— maha'goni (mahogany). 80. Bed, yellow. W.
Ind. 1734.
SWORD FERN. Xipho'pteris.
SY'AGRUS. (After an ancient poet. Nat.
ord., Palms [Palmaceae]. Linn., 21-
Dicccia 5-Pentandria.)
Stove Palm. Seeds; sandy loam, in a warm,
moist plant-stove,
S. cocoi'des (cocos-like). 20. Brazil. 1824.
SYCAMORE. A'cer pseu' do-pla'tamts.
SYMPHORICA'RPUS. (From symphoreo,
to accumulate, and karpos, a fruit ; clus-
tered fruit. Nat. ord., Caprifoils [Caprifo-
liacese]. Linn., 5-Pentandria 1-Mono-
gynia. )
Hardy deciduous shrubs, from North America.
Cuttings in autumn, and freely by suckers ; good,
common soil. The flowers of racemo'sus are
hunted after by bees, and its masses of white
fruit are grateful to many birds, besides looking
very pretty in winter.
S. monta'nus (mountain). 6. Pink. August. 182Q.
— oecidenta'lis (western). 6. Pinkish. July.
— puni'ceus (scarlet). 4. Red. July. 1815.
— racemo'sus (racemed). 6. Yellowish. August.
1817-
— vulga'ris (common). 6. White. August. 1730.
fo'liis-variega'tis (variegated-leaved). 6.
Pink. August.
SY'MPHYTUM. Comfrey. (From symphyo,
to make unite; healing qualities. Nat.
ord., Borageworts [Boraginaeesej. Linn.,
5-Pentandria l-Monogyaia.)
Division of the plant, chiefly in spring; good,
common soil, and a rather shady situation, where
few herbaceous plants would nourish.
HARDY TUBEROUS-ROOTED.
S. officina'le (shop). 4. White. June. Britain.
Bohe'micum (Bohemian). 3. Crimson.
May. Bohemia. 1810.
pa'tens (spreading). 4.Blue. June. Britain.
— tuber -o 'sum (tuberous). 4. Yellow. July. Scot-
land.
HARDY HERBACEOUS.
S. aspe'rrimum (roughest). 6. Red, blue. July.
Caucasus. 1799-
— Cauca'sicum (Caucasian). 4. Azure. June.
Caucasus. 1820.
— corda'tum (heart-/eai)eo!). 2. Cream. June.
Transylvania. 1813.
— echina'tum (hedgehog). Purple. May. 1824.
— orienta'le (eastern). 3. White. May. Turkey.
1752.
— peregri'num (spreading). 2. July. Podolia, 1816.
— Tau'ricum (Taurian). 3. White. June. Tauria.
1806.
bulla'tum (blistered- leaved), 2$. Pale
yellow. June. Caucasus. 1818.
SYMPIE'ZA. (From sympiezo, to press;
the stamens compressed in the tube.
Nat. ord., Heathworts [Ericaceae], Linn.,
4:-Tetrandria 1-Monogynia,)
Greenhouse evergreen. Cuttings of the points
of shoots a couple of inches long, the base part
being a little firm, in sand, under a bell-glass;
sandy, fibry peat. Winter temp., 38° to 45°.
S. capitella'ta (small-headed). 1$. July. Cape of
Good Hope. 1812.
SY'MPLOCOS. (From symplo/ee, a con-
nection ; stamens united. Nat. ord., Sto-
raxworts [Styracacese]. Linn., 18-Polya-
delphia 2-Polyandria. )
Greenhouse evergreen shrubs. Cuttings of half-
ripened shoots in sand, under a glass ; sandy,
fibry loam, and a little fibry peat. Winter temp.,
40° to 45°. The cocci'nea will require 10° more
heat, but similar treatment otherwise. Si'nica
should have a place on a conservative wall.
S. cocci'nea (scarlet). Rose. Mexico. 1825.
— crateegoi'des (cratsegus-like). White. April.
Nepaul. 1824.
— Si'nica ( Chinese). 3. White. May. China. 1822.
— tincto'ria (dyer's. Laurel-leaved). 3. Yellow.
Carolina. 1780.
SYNA'NDRA. (From syn, together, and
aner, anther ; the anthers in pairs. Nat.
ord., Lipworts [Lamiacese]. Linn., 14-
Didynamia \-Gymnospermia. Allied to
Melittis.)
Hardy herbaceous perennial. Seeds, and di-
vision in spring ; dry, sandy soil.
S. grandiflo'ra (large-flowered). Yellow. June.
N. Amer. 1827.
SYNAPHLE'BruM. (From syn, together,
and phlebs, a vein ; the veins on the
fronds. Nat. ord., Ferns [Polypodiaceffi].
Linn., %±-Cryplogamia I-Filices.)
Stove, brown-spored Ferns. See FKS»S.
S. lobulo'sum (small-lobed). May. E. Ind,
— obtu'sum (blunt). May. Malacca.
— pec*ina'/M>» (comb-like). May. E. Ind.
— recurva'twn (curled-back). May. Malacca*
SYN
?C8
TAG
SYNNE'TIA. This genus is added to
Gladiolus; and the following species,
therefore, all from the Cape of Good
Hope, are —
G. bi'color (two-coloured). £. Brown, yellow.
March. 1/86.
— galea'ta (helmeted). I. Brown, yellow. April.
1825.
— 0an<?ga'£a(variegated). £. Variegated. May. 1825.
SYRI'NGA. The Lilac. (From syrinx, the
Persian name. Nat. ord., Ollvcivorts [Ole-
aoesej. Linn., 2-JDiandria l-Monoyynia.)
Hardy deciduous shrubs. Layers and suckers
generally ; scarce kinds by budding or grafting ;
close-headed ones, grafted standard-high on the
•ash, would look very interesting; common garden-
soil.
S. Emfi'di(Emodi). 10. White. April. Himalayas.
— Josil:a:'a (Josika's). 8. Deep lilac. June.
Germany. 1833.
— Pefrsica (Persian). 5. Purple. May. Pereia.
1640.
u'lha (white). 2. White. May. Persia.
lutdnia'ta (cut-leaved). 5. Purple. May.
Persia.
s'tluifu'lia (sage-leaved). 5. May.
— vulga'ris (common). 8. Blue. May. Persia.
1597-
a'llxi (white). 5. White. May. Persia.
a'lfxi-ma'jor (larger-white). 5. White.
May.
a'ltia-ple'na (double-white). 5. White.
May.
ccuru'lea (blue). Blue.
rtt'lira (red). 10. Red. May.
ru'ttra-ma'jor (larger-red). 10. Red. May.
— ru'bra-ple'na (double-red). 10. Red. May.
— viola'cea (violet). 8. Purple. May. Persia.
SYRINGE. This is a most useful imple-
ment for impelling water over plants in
pots, wall-trees, &c. Bead's syringes are
excellent. When the object is merely to
refresh the plants, the operator should
stand at some distance from the plants,
so that the water may spread and fall
upon them like a shower. But if aphides
have to be destroyed, he may be closer to
the plants, and drive forth the water with
greater force. The accompanying sketch
represents the water passing through
many minute holes ; but the syringe is
sold with spare nozzles, so as to deliver
the water in a greater body ; and with
elbows, so that the opposite sides of
plants in greenhouses may be syringed
•without moving them. See ENGINE.
SYZY'GIUM. (From syzygos, coupled;
branches and leaves in pairs. Nat. ord.,
Myrtleblooms [Myrtacese]. Linn., 12-
Icosandria 1-Moiiogynia.)
Stove, white-flowered, evergreen shrubs. Cut-
tings of half-ripened shoots in sand, under a bell-
glass, and in a moiot bottom-heat; sandy losm
and fibry peat. Winter temp., 50° to 60°; »um-
mer, 60° to 85°.
S. caryophyllifo'liurn (clove-leaved). 20. E. Ind.
1822.
— frutico'sum (shrubby). May. E. Ind. 1824
— glome-ru'tuiH (crowded). May. Mauritius. 18-24.
— itwphy'llum (fibrous-leaved). Ma}'. J£. lud.
1826.
— Jamboia'num fJambolum-fTMl. 20. August.
E. Ind. 1796.
— obova'tum (reversed-egg-teaoecf). May. Mau-
ritius. 1822.
— panicula'tum (panicled). April. Mauritius,
1822.
— vena's unt (veiny). May. Nepaul. 1634.
Zeyla'nicum (Ceylon). 10. June. Ccylou. 1793.
T.
TABERNJEMONTA'NA. (Named after J.
T. !Ta&<;rntfwon£aVn/s,acelebratedbotanist.
Nat. ord., Dogbanes [ApocynaceseJ. Linn.,
b-Pentandria l-Motioi/ynia. Allied to Plu
mieria.)
Stove evergreens, all white-flowered, unless
otherwise mentioned. Cuttings of half-ripened
shoots in the beginning of summer, in sand,
under a bell-jflass, and in a moist bottom-heat ;
fibry peat and lumpy loam, with a fair portion ot
silver sand, aud small pieces of charcoal. Winter
temp., 65°; summer, 60° to 85°.
T. a'lfja (white). 10. May. W. Ind. 1780.
— ainygdalifu'lia, (almond-leaved). 6. Yellow.
July. S. Amer. 1780.
— arena' ta (arched). 40. Cream. Peru. 182,'.
— citrifu'lia (citron-leaved). 15. Yellow. Ja-
maica. 1784,
— corona'ria (garland). 4. July. E. Ind. 1//0.
flo're-ple'no (double-flowered). 4. July
W. Ind. 1770.
— cri'spa (curled). 6. July. E. Ind. 1818.
— cymo'sa (cymed). 10. Carthagena. 1820.
— densiflu'ra (deuse-flowered). 4. June. E. Ind
1824.
— dicho'toma (forked). 12. September. Ceylon.
1820.
— di'st:olor( two-coloured). 10. Cream. April.
Jamaica. 1822.
— grandiflo'ru. (large-flowered). 6. Trinidad.
1823.
— grati'ssima (most grateful). 6. June. E. Ind.
1824.
— laiirifu'lia (laurel-leaved). 13. Yellow. May.
W. Ind. 1/68.
— odoru'ta (sweet-scented). 4. Yellow. Oc-
tober. Cayenne. 1793.
— ^£rsfcrtn'<E/(>'/!rt(persicaria-icaved). 6. Cream
Mauritius. 181Q.
— undula'tu (waved). 10. Orange. Trinidad. 1824
TA'CCA. (The Malay name. Nat. ord.,
Taccads [ Taccacese] . Linn., 6-Hexandriu
\-Monogynia.}
Stove, East Indian bulbs, except integrifo'lin
Division of the roots in spring ; sandy loam and a
little fibry peat. Winter temp., 60°; summer,
60° to 90°, and plenty of moisture.
T. a'spera (rough). 2. Brown. July. 181 6.
— Guinee'nsis (Guinea). 2. July.
— integrifo'lia (entire-leaved). 4. Purple. June.
1810. Herbaceous.
TAG
[769
TAL
T. te'afr (smooth), 2. Brown. July, 1820,
— phali'fera (crest-bearing). 4. Brown, July.
Mauritius. 1826.
— pmnoft'/da (leaflet-cut). 2, Purple. 1793,
TA'CHIA. (The Ouianan name. Nat.
ord., Gentianworts [Gentianaceae]. Linn.,
5-Pentandria 1-Monoyynia. Allied to
Leianthus.)
Stove, yellow-flowered evergreens.from Jamaica.
Cuttings of half-ripened shoots in sand, under a
bell-glass, in May ; sandy, fibry peat, and a very
little loam and leaf-mould. Winter temp., 55°,
and kept in a dryish atmosphere ; summer, 60° to
80°, and moist.
T. cordifo'lia (heart-leaved). 2. 1816.
— longifo'lia (long-leaved). 14. July. 1793.
— Swa'rtxii (Swartz's), 10. July. 1793.
TACHIGA'LIA. (The Guianan name.
Nat. ord., Leguminous Plants [Fabacese].
Linn., 10-Decandria \-Monogynia. Alli-
ance near the Tamarind.)
Stove, yellow-flowered, evergreen trees. Cut-
tings of ripened shoots in sand, under a glass,
in March, in bottom-heat ; also seeds in a hotbed ;
sandy, fibry loam. Winter temp., 50° to 55° ;
summer, 60° to 80°.
T. bi'juga (two-paired). 20. Brazil. 1822.
— panicula'ta (panicled). 60. Guiana. 1827.
TACSO'NIA. (From tacso, the name of
one of them in Peru. Nat. ord., Passion-
worts [Passifloracese]. Linn., 16-Mona-
delphia 2-Pentandria.)
Half-hardy evergreen climbers. Cuttings of
young shoots any time in summer ; fibry loam
and a little sandy peat and leaf-mould. Fruit of
molli'ssima is eatable.
7. manica'ta (sleeved). 20. Scarlet. September.
Peru. 1843.
— molli'ssima (softest-Jeaved). 20. Hose. Sep-
tember. Quito. 1844.
— peduncula'ris (/ong-flower-stalked). 10. Rose.
Peru. 1815.
— pinnatisti'pula (leafleted-stipuled). 30. Pale
rose. September. Chili. 1828.
— sangui'nea (blood-coloured). Crimson. July.
Trinidad. 1852.
TENIO'PSIS. (From tainia, a fillet, and
opsis, like ; the resemblance of the leaf,
or frond. Nat. ord., Ferns [Polypodiacese].
Linn., 2±-Cryptoyamia i-Filices.)
Stove, brown-spored Ferns. See FERNS.
T. linea'ta (narrow-teawedj. 2, June. W. Ind.
— revolu'ta (curled-back). June. Nepaul.
TZENI'TIS. (From tainia, a fillet;
the resemblance of the fronds, or leaves.
Nat. ord., Ferns [Polypodiacese]. Linn.,
24- Cryptoyamia l-Filices.)
Stove, brown-spored Ferns. See FERNS.
T. angustifo'lia (narrow-leaved). $. July. Ja-
maica. 1816.
— £tec7mot'des(blechnum-like). May. India.
— Chine'nsis (Chinese). June. China. 1828.
— furca'ta (forked). June. Trinidad. 1824.
— graminifo'lia (grass-leaved). £. July. Trini-
dad. 1820.
— lanceola'ta (spear-head-*Vonded). 1, August.
W. Ind. 1818.
49
TAGE'TES. (Named after a Tuscan di-
vinity. Nat. ord., Composites [Asteracese],
Linn., 19-8yngenesia 2-Superflua.)
Yellow-flowered, Mexican annuals, except where
otherwise mentioned. Annuals, sown in open
ground in May ; or better still, in a hotbed in the
beginning of April, and planted out in the middle
of May. Perennials, by seed, division, and cut-
tings. Lu'cida is pretty either for a cool green-
house or a bed on the lawn in summer.
T. angustifo'lia (narrow-leaved). 3. August. 1826.
— Caracasu'na (Caraccas). 3. August. Caraccas.
1819.
— clandesti'na (concealed). 3. July. 1823.
— corymbo'sa (corymbed). 1J. August. 1825.
lu'tea (yellow). 1 J. August. 1825.
— daucoi'des (carrot-like). June.
— ere1 eta (erect. African Marigold'). 3. July.
15Q6.
—filifo'lia (thread-leafed). 3, August. 182(i.
—flo'rida (florid}. 1. August. 1827. Herbaceous.
— glanduli'fera (gland-bearing). 6. October. 18;>6.
— glandulo'sa (glanded). 3. September. S.
Amer. 1819.
— lu'cida (shining-feawed). 1. August. S. Amer.
1798. Herbaceous.
— micra'ntha (small-flowered). 3. August. 1822.
— minu'ta (minute-cowered). 2. August. Chili.
1728.
— pa'tula (spreading. French Marigold), 2. Au-
gust. 157-3.
— subvillo'sa (slightly-shaggy). 2. September.
1823.
— tenuifo'lia (fine-leaved). S.August. Peru. 1/97.
TALAU'MA. (Its South American name.
Nat. ord., Magnoliads [Magnoliacese].
Linn., 13-Polyandria 6-Polygynia.)
Stove evergreens. Cuttings of ripe shoots,
thinly, in sand, under a large bell-glass, in hfiif ;
grafting and inarching on Magno'lia obovu'tu ;
fibry peat and a little loam and sand. Winter
temp., 45° to 55°; summer, 60° to 80°.
T. Cando'llii (Decandolle's). 15. Striped. April,
Java. 1827.
— Plumie'ri (Plumitr's). 60. White. Antilles.
1829.
— pu'mila (dwarf). 3. Cream. Java. 1786.
TALIE'RA. (The Indian name. Nar.
ord., Palms [PalmaceaBJ. Linn., 6-Hcx
andria 1-Monoyynia.)
Stove Palm. Seeds ; rich, turfy loam. Wintt-r
temp., 50° to 60° ; summer, 60° to 90°.
T. Bengale'nsis (Bengal). 100. E. Ind. 182*.
TALI'NUM. (From thalia, a green brand i ;
its durable verdure. Nat. ord., Purslanes
[Portulaceae]. Linn., 11-Dodecandria 1-
Monoyynia,)
Annuals and biennials, sown in a hotbed early
in spring, pricked out, and bloomed in the green-
house, or a sheltered place out of doors; the
others are under-shrubs, easily propagated l»y
cuttings of the succulent shoots, dried at the
base before inserting them in sandy soil; peat,
loam, sand, and brick-rubbish. Winter temp.,
45° to 58°, and dryish ; summer. 60° to 80°.
ANNUALS, &C1.
T. potya'ndrum (many-stamened). Purple. Au-
gust, Australia, 1853.
3D
TAL
[ wo 3
TAll
{T.purpu'reum (purple). Purple. August. Mexico.
i-re/fe'» (bent-back). 1. Yellow. September.
S. Amer. 1800. Biennial.
EVERGREENS, &C.
;T. Andre'wsii (Andrews'). 1. Pink. August. W.
Wcras«/o'LJ(t°hick.leaved). 1. Red. August.
' dwfto'rum (white-flowered). White. July.
S. Amer. 1819 . .
— cuneifo'lium (wedge-leaved). 1. Purple. Au-
gust. Egypt. 1820.
— pa'tem (spreading^ou^r^). I. Bed. Sep.
P tember. S. Amer. 17/6. Herbaceous.
'•— fcrefcYb'/ittm (cylindric-leaved). 1. Pink. Au-
gust. N? Amer. 1823. Herbaceous.
— trianjula're (triangular). 2- Yellow. August.
W. Ind. 1739.
TALI'SIA". (From Toulichi, the name in
Guiana. Nat. ord., Soapworts [Sapinda-
cese]. Linn., S-Octandrla I-Monogynia.}
Stove evergreen shrub. Cuttings of ripened
wood, with leaves, thinly inserted in sand, under
a elass in moist bottom-heat; sandy peat and
fibry loam. Winter temp., 50° to 60°; summer,
60° to 85°.
1. Guiane'nsis (Guiana). 8. Rose. Guiana. 1824.
TALLOW-TREE. Stilli'ngia sebi'jera.
TAMARI'NDUS. Tamarind-tree. (From
Tamarlwdy, the Arabic name. Nat. ord.
Leguminous Plants [PapilionaceseJ. Linn.
16-Monadelphia Q-Decandria.)
Stove, yellow-flowered, evergreen trees. Seeds
soaked, and sown in a hotbed ; cuttings in sand,
in heat; sandy loam and leaf-mould. Winter
temp., 50° to 60° ; summer, 6u° to 85°.
T. I'ndica (Indian). 60. July. E. Ind. 1633
— occidentals (western). 40. February. W.Ind
TA'MARIX. Tamarisk. (From Tamaris
now Tambro, the name of a river where
it grows, on the borders of the Pyrenees
Nat. Ord., Tamarisks [Tamaricacese]
Linn., 5-Pentandria 3-Triyynia.)
Hardy, by cuttings under a hand-light, or even
in the open air, in spring or autumn, and any
common soil ; the tender species require a warm
greenhouse or a cool plant-stove, and to be growr-
in peat and loam ; increased by cuttings under
hand-glass, in sand, and in heat.
HARDY EVERGREENS.
T. Dnfttt'rieaODahurian). 6. Pink. Dahuria. 1827
— Ga'llica (French). 10. Flesh. July. England
Deciduous.
— Palla'sii (Pallas's). 8. Flame. July. Caucasus.
— tetra'ndra (four-stamened). 6. White. July.
Jauria. 1821.
STOVE EVERGREENS.
T dioi'ca (dioecious). 6. E. Ind. 1823.
— I'ndica (Indian). 6. Pink. July. E. Ind.
— orienta'lis (eastern). 10. Pink. E. Ind.
TAMO'NEA. (From lamonc, the Guianan
name. Nat. ord., Verbenas [Verbenacese].
Linn.. l±-Didynamia2~Angiospermia. Al-
lied to Lantana.)
vgiospermia
Tender, blue-flowered biennials. By seed in
hotbed in spring ; pricked out, and potted off,
nd bloomed in the greenhouse.
T. Curassa'vica (Curassoa). 1 . July. W. Ind. 1823.
— mn'tica (awnless). 1. July. Guiana. 1820.
— spicu'ta (spiked). September. Trinidad. 1824.
TANACE'TUM. Tansy, v Derivation un-
ertain. Nat. ord., Composites [Asteraceac].
nnn., lQ-8yngenena 2-Superflua.)
Hardy herbaceous. Divisions in spring, and
uttings under a hand-light in summer ; any soil.
Grandiflo'rum requires a cool ^greenhouse or a
old pit in winter, and a sandy, -fibry loam.
T. grandiflo'rum (large-flowered). l£. Yellow.
June. Cape of Good Hope. 1820.
— purpu'reum (purple). l£. Pale red. June.
Nepaul. 1811.
— vulga're (common). 2. Yellow. June. Britain.
variega' turn (striped-leaved), 2. Yellow.
July. Britain.
TANGHI'NIA. (From Tawghin, the Ma-
dagascar name. Nat. ord., Dor/banes [Apo-
jynaceffi]. Linn., 6-Pentandria 1-Mono-
gi/nia. Allied to Cerbera.)
Stove, white-flowered evergreens, from the East
Indies. Cuttings of half-ripened shoots in san d,
under a bell-glass, in heat; peat and loam, with
a little sand. Winter temp., 50° to 60° ; summer,
60° to 90°. The nut of veneni'jlua, though not
larger than an almond, is sufficient to poison a
score of people.
T. dicho'toma (forked). June. E. Ind. 1827.
— laurifu'lia (laurel-leaved). 3. June. E. Ind.
— JI/«'»£Aa*'(Manghas). 20. August. 1800.
— Odo'llum (Odollam). 20. August. _ 175o--
— veneni'fluu (poison-flowing). bO. Pink. May,
Madagascar. 1826.
TANGIER PEA. La'thynis Tingita'nus.
TARRAGON. (Artemi'sia dracu'ncuius.)
Used in salads to correct the coldness of
the other herbs ; and its leaves are ex-
cellent when pickled.
Soil — Poor, dry soil is essential to pro-
duce it in perfection, and hardy.
Propagated by parting the roots. ^ To
have green Tarragon during the winter
and spring, strong-rooted plants must be
planted, small portions at a time, once
or twice a month, from the close of Oc-
tober to the end of January. For the
main crop, it may be planted any time
from the end of February until the con-
clusion of May.
Plant ten inches apart, and, if dry
weather, water must be given regularly
every evening until they are rooted.
They soon establish themselves, ana
may be gathered from the same year. As
they run up, the stems should be cut
down, which causes them to shoot afresh.
At the end of autumn, if some estab-
lished plants are set beneath a soutb
fence, they will • often afford leaves
throughout the \vmter, or, at all events,
TAB
[ 771
TEC
come early in the spring. Some of the
leaves should be gathered in the summer,
and dried for winter's use.
TARCHONA'NTHUS. African Fleabane.
(From tarchon, Arabic for tarragon, and
anthos, a flower. Nat. ord., Composites
[Asteracese]. Linn., 19-Synyenesia 1-
JE quails.)
Greenhouse, purple-flowered evergreens, from
the Cape of Good Hope. Cuttings in sand, under
a hell-glass, in the beginning of summer; fibry,
sandy loam and a little leaf-mould. Wiater temp.,
40° to 48°.
T. camphora'tus (camphor-scented). 10, 1690.
— elli'pticus (ov&\-leaved). 8. 1816.
TASMA'NNIA. (Named after <?. Tas-
mann, a Dutch navigator. Nat. ord., Mag-
noliads [Magnoliacese]. Linn., 23-Poly-
gamia \-Moncecia. Allied to Drimys and
Illicium.)
The fruit of T. aroma'tica is used for pepper
in New Holland. Greenhouse, New Holland,
white-flowered evergreens. Cuttings of firm shoots
in sand, under a bell-glass ; kept cool at first, and
then, when the base swells, placed in a sweet,
mild bottom-heat. Fibry, sandy loam, with a
little peat; require the protection of a cold pit in
winter.
T. aroma'tica (aromatic). 10. May. 1823.
— dipe'tala (two-petaled). 8. May. 1824.
TAXO'DIUM. Deciduous Cypress. (From
taxus, the yew, and oides, like. Nat. ord.,
Conifers [Pinacese], Linn., 21-Moncecia
8-Octandria.)
Hardy Conifers. Seeds in April ; cuttings in
autumn or spring, in a moist, shady place ; layers,
also, root the first season ; a low, moist situation
suits all the hardy varieties best; cuttings will
also strike in water as freely as the Nerium. The
evergreens should have a little peat added, and
will require a little protection in winter, such as
a cold pit would give, or surrounding them with
a frame of Spruce-branches.
T. Cape'nse (Cape, Cypress Broom). 6. April.
Cape of Good Hope. Evergreen.
— di'stichum (two-ranked-teawd). 50. May.
N. Amer. 1640.
exce'lsum (lofty). May.
nuci'ferum (nut-bearing). May.
nu'tans (nodding). 20. May.
pa'tens (spreading). 20. May.
pe'ndulum (drooping). May.
semperm'rens (evergreen). 50. Yellow.
New Zealand. 1843. Evergreen.
Sine'nse (Chinese). May.
TA'XUS. The Yew. (From taxon, a bow ;
being used for bows. Nat. ord., Taxads
[Taxaceae], Linn., 22-Dicecia IB-Poly-
andria.}
Evergreen Coniftrs. Seed, gathered in October,
either sown directly, or taken to the rot-heap
until spring, when the plants, many of them, will
appear the following year ; cuttings, ten inches
in length, lower half deprived of leaves, in sand,
in a shady border, in April and August, taken off
with a heel ; deep, loamy soil, with a fair portion
of moisture.
T. adpre'ssa (close-pressed). Japan. 1844.
— bacca'ta (common. Berried). 20. February.
Britain.
fastigia'ta (tapering), 20. April. Ireland.
1780.
fo'liis variega'tis (variegated-leaved), 3,
March.
fru'ctu-lu'teo (yellow-berried), April. Ire-
land.
procu'mbens (lying-down). 8. February.
Europe.
sparsifo'lia (scattered-leaved). March.
variega'ta (variegated). 20. February.
Europe.
— Canade'nsis (Canadian). 20. February. Canada.
1800.
— Inuka'ja (Inukaja). Japan. 1838.
— Maka'yti (Mahay's). May. Japan. 1838.
— nuci'fera (nut-bearing). 20. China. 1820.
TEAK WOOD. Te'ctona.
TEASEL. Di'psacus.
TEA-TREE. The' a and Lycinm afrum.
TE'COMA. (A contraction of the Mex-
ican name. Nat. ord., Bignoniads [Big-
noniacese]. Linn., li-Didynamia 2-An-
giospermia.)
Mostly by cuttings ; the hardy ra'dicans and
its varieties by cuttings of the shoots, and very
freely by pieces of the roots ; all the others are
the better for a glass being placed over them, and
flourish in loam and peat. The Cape'nsis makes
a neat pot-plant.
HARDY EVERGREEN CLIMBERS.
T. ra'dicans (rooting). 30. Orange. July. N.
Amer. 1640.
— — ma'jor (greater. Ash-leaved). 30. Orange.
July. N. Amer. 1640.
mi'nor (smaller. Ash-leaved). 20. Scarlet.
July. -N. Amer. 1640.
GREENHOUSE EVERGREEN CLIMBERS, &C.
T. austra'lis (southern). Orange. June. N.-S.
Wales. 1/93.
— Cape'nsis (Cape). 8. Orange. August. Cape
of Good Hope. 1823.
— diversi 'fo'lia (various-leaved). N. Holland.
1830. Deciduous.
— grandiflu'ra (large-flowered). 30. Orange.
July. China. 1800. Deciduous.
— jasminoi'des (jasmine-like). Pink. August.
N. S. Wales.
— ' meona'ntha (less-flowered). 12. Blush. April.
. N. Holland. 1815.
— mo'llis (soft).6.Yellow.Mexico.l824.Deciduous.
STOVE EVERGREEN SHRUBS.
T. digita'ta (hand-Zeawed).6.Yellow.S.Amer.l813.
— pentaphy'lla (five-leaved). 6. Orange. July.
E. Ind.
— roscefo'Ka. (rose-leaved). 6. Yellow. Peru.
— sambucifo' lia (elder-leaved). 6. Yellow.
Peru. 1824.
— sorbifo'lia (sorb-leaved). 6. Yellow. S. Amer.
— sple'ndida (splendid). 6. Yellow. Brazil. 1820.
— sta'ns (standing). 12. Yeiiow. August. S.
Amer. 1730.
inci'sa (cut-leaned'). 10. Yellow. August.
S. Amer. Irf-JO.
— xyloca'rpa (woody-fruited). White. W. Ind.
1620.
TE'CTOKA. Teak-tree. (The Malabar
name is tekka. Nat. ord., Verbenas [Ver-
TEE
[ 772
TEP
"benaceffi]. Linn., 5-Pentandria \-Mo-
nogynia.)
For ship-building this gives the best timber.
Stove evergreen tree. Cuttings of ripened shoots
in sand, under a bell-glass, in April, and in a
moist bottom-heat ; sandy loam and fibry peat.
Winter temp., 50° to 55° ; summer, 60° to 85°.
T. gi'a'ndis (great). 100. White. E. Ind. 1777-
TEE'D^A. (Named after some person
unknown. Nat. ord., Figworts [Scrophu-
lariaceze], linn., \&-Didynamia %-An-
(jlospermia. Alliance near to Pentstemon.)
• Greenhouse, purple-flowered biennials, from the
Cape of Good Hope. Seeds in a slight hotbed
in March ; cuttings of side-shoots, taken off in
April or August, and inserted in sandy soil, under
a hand-light ; sandy loam and vegetable mould.
T. lu'cida (shining). 2. April. 1774.
— pube'scens (downy). 2. May. 1816.
TEESDA'LIA. (Named after R. Tecsdale,
author of a Flora about Castle Howard.
Nat. ord., Crucifers [Brassicacete] . Linn.,
lo-Tetradynamia. Allied to Candytuft.)
Hardy, white-flowered annuals. Seeds ; com-
mon soil.
T. i'heris (candy-tuft-like). J. May. Britain.
— lepi'dium (cress-like). $. March. South Eu-
rope. 1824.
TELE'KIA. (Name not explained. Nat.
ord., Composites [Asteracesej. Linn., 19-
Syngcnesia 2-Superflua. Allied to Buph-
thalmum.)
Hardy herbaceous. Seeds, and divisions of the
root in spring ; common soil.
T. specio'sa (showy). 4. Yellow. July. Hun-
gary. 1739.
TELFAI'EIA. (Named in honour of
Mrs. Telfair. Nat. ord., Cucurbits [Cu-
curbitaceae] . Linn., 22-Dicecia 13-Mona-
delphia.) \
Stove twiner. Cuttings of the flowering shoots,
if procurable ; if not, other young shoots, getting
firm, in sand, and in heat ; peat and loam. Sum-
mer temp., 60° to 85° ; winter, 50° to 58°.
T. peda'ta (doubly-lobed). 20. Pink. July.
Zanzibar. 1825.
TE'LLIMA. (An anagram ot Mitclla;
separated from the genus Mitella. Nat.
ord., Saxifrages [Saxifragacese]. Linn.,
IQ-JDccandria 2-Diyynia.)
Hardy herbaceous. Division; sandy loam and
peat.
T. grandiflo'ra (large-flowered). 1. Pink. April.
N. Amer. 1825.
TELO'PEA. Warratah. (From telopas,
seen at a distance ; conspicuous flowers.
Nat. ord., Proteads [Proteacese]. Linn.,
4L-Tetrandria \-Monogynia.)
This is the finest of all the Proteads. Green-
house evergreen. Cuttings of ripe shoots with
leaves on, unless the one at the base, in sand,
under a glass, and kept cool until the base swells,
when a little heat may be given ; also by layer-
ing the suckers that rise from the roots $ gaudy
loam and peat, with a third of broken stone, pot-
sherds, and charcoal, and the pot extra well drained.
Winter temp., 45° to 65°, and not much water;
summer, 60° to 75°, and a good supply of mois-
ture, the pot being defended from the sun.
T. speciosi'ssima (most splendid). 10. Scarlet.
June. N.S.Wales. 178Q.
TEMASIA WCEBERANA. See APPLE/
TEMPERATURE is one of the most im-
portant circumstances connected with
the cultivation of plants; for upon its
proper regulation and just accommoda-
tion to the intensity of light depend, in
the chief degree, whether a plant is
healthy, and capable of performing its
functions. Every seed has its appropriate
temperature for germinating (see GER-
MINATION) ; every root has a temperature
in which it imbibes food most favourably
(see BOTTOM-HEAT); and every leaf has
a temperature in which it respires most
vigorously. (See LEAVES and NIGHT
TEMPERATURE.)
TEMPLES dedicated to some deity of
the heathen mythology, as to Pan in a
grove, or to Flora among bright, sunny
parterres, are not inappropriate, if the
extent of the grounds and the expendi-
ture on their management allow them to
be of that size and of that correctness
of style, which give the classic air and
dignity that are their only sources of
pleasure.
TEMPLETO'NIA. (Named after /. Tem-
pleton, an Irish botanist. Nat. ord., Le-
guminous Plants [Fabacese]. Linn., 16-
Monadelphia 6-Decandria. Allied to
Scottia.)
Greenhouse, red-flowered evergreens, from New
Holland. Cuttings of half-ripened wood in sand,
under a bell-glass; fibry peat and sandy loam,
most of the first, with a little charcoal. Winter
temp., 40° to 48°.
T, glau'ca (milky-green). 2. April. 1818.
— retu'sa (bent-back-teawed). 2. May. 1803.
TENTACULATE, furnished with thread-
like appendages.
TEPHRO'SIA. (From tephros, ash-grey;
colour of some of the species. Nat. ord.,
Leguminous Plants [Fabacese]. Linn.,
ll-Diadelphia k-Dodecandria. Allied to
Galega.)
Seeds, steeped in water at 130° for a day before
sowing in a hotbed ; cuttings of young, stubby
side-shoots in sand, under a bell-glass, in May,
the stove species in a hotbed ; sandy, fibry loarn
and peat. Greenhouse or stove temperatures.
GREENHOUSE EVERGREENS, &C.
T. Cape'nsis (Cape). 1. Purple. July. Cape
of Good Hope. 1825.
— Chine' nsis (Chinese). Purple. July. China.1822.
— grandiflo'ra (large-flowered;. 4. Pink. Juiie.
Cape of Good Hope. 177*.
TEP
[773 ]
TET
T. mucronn'ta (spine-pointed). 2. Pale red.
June. Cape of Good Hope. 1823.
— seri'cea (silky). 1. Red. July. Cape of
Good Hope. 1800.
— stri'cta (erect-podded). 3. Pink. June. Cape
of Good Hope. 1774.
STOVE EVERGREENS, &C.
T Apnlli'nea (Apoilinis).2.Blue.July.Egypt.l8l6.
— tiiflit'rn (two-flowered). 2. Purple. July. 1816.
— ca'ndidu (white-teaued). 4. Pale red. Bengal.
1810.
— capitula'ta (small-headed). 1$. Red. July
Owhyhee. 1823. Herbaceous.
— Caribee'a (Caribean). 3. Red, white. Jane.
W. Ind. 1786.
— Coloni'la (Colonil). 3. Purple. July.E.Ind.1818
—filifo'lia (thread-leaved). Red. July. Cape
of Good Hope. 1824.
—frutico'sa (shrubby). 6. Red. July. E. Ind. 1816.
— Heynett'na (Heyne's). 3. Purple. June. E.
Ind. 1822.
— lanceafd'lia (lance-leaved). 3. Pale yellow.
j'uly. 1820.
— linea'ris (narrow- leaved). 1. Red. July. W.
Ind. 1823.
— litnra'lis (shore). 1 . Purple. July. W. Ind. 1824.
— longifo'lia (long leaved). 3. Red. June. S.
'Amer. 1820.
— ochroleu'ca (pale yellow).3.Cream.W.Ind.l7<J9.
— toxica'ria (yzs&-poison).3.Palered.W.Ind.l/91.
— vil/o'sa (shaggy). 2. Whi-e. July. E. Ind. 1779.
TEPHROTHA'MNUs.Synonyme of Goodia.
TERMINA'LIA. (From terminus; leaves
in clusters at the end of the branches.
Nat. ord., Myrobalans [Combretacese].
Linn., 23-Polygamia 1-Moncccia. Allied
to Bucida.)
Stove evergreens. Cuttings of f ipe shoots, with
most of the leaves, in sand, thinly, under a bell-
trhiss, and in a sweet bottom-heat ; sandy loam
and fihry peat. Winter temp., 55° to 60° ; sum-
mer, 65° to 85°. The juice of Cata'ppa is a chief
ingredient in Indian-ink.
T. angustifu'lia (narrow-leaved). 20. White,
green. E. Ind. l6p2.
— • arbu'scula (shrub). 1. White, green. S.Amer.
1822.
— Belle'rica (Belleric). 20. Yellow, green. E.
Ind. 18)8.
— Bewg-a/c'nsts(Bengal).White.June.E.Ind.l826.
~ Bitica'ria (Biticaria). 20. Yellow, green. E.
Ind. 1823.
— Cata'ppa (Catappan). 20. White. E. Ind. 1778.
— subcorda'ta (8lightly-heart-/e«ued). 20. Yellow,
green. S. Amer. 1796.
— Che'bula (Chebuia;. 20. White. E. Ind. 1796.
— citri'na (citron-like). 20. Yellow, green. E.
Ind. 1823.
— di'sticha (two-rowed). 20. Yellow, green. E.
Ind. 1823.
— Fatree'a (Fatreea). 20. Yellow, green. Mada-
gascar. 1826.
— Gange'tica (Gangetic). 20. Yellow, green. E.
Ind. 1820.
— latifo'lia (broad-leaved), 25. W. Ind. 1800.
— Mauritia'na( Mauritian). 20. Yellow, green.
Mauritius. 1824.
~-Molucca'na (Molucca). 20. White, green.
E. Ind. 1804.
— pro'ccra (tall). 40. Yellow, green. E. Ind. 1818.
— rotundi/dlia (round -leaved). 20. Yellow,
green. E. Ind. 1824.
— Tanibou'ca (Tanibouca). White. June. Gui-
ana. 1826.
TERNSTRO'MIA. (Named after M. Tern-
strom, a Swedish botanist. Nat. ord.,
Theads [Ternstromiacese], Linn., 13-
Polyandria L-Monogynia.)
Stove evergreen shrubs. Cuttings of ripe young
shoots in sandy soil, under a bell-glass, in heat ;
fihry loam and sandy peat. Winter temp., 55° to
60° ; summer, 65° to 85°.
T.bre'vipes (short • flower- stalked). 6. Red.
July. S. Amer. 1818.
— p«?Knctt/a'm(/ong'-flower-stalked). 6. White.
July. Indies. 1818.
— puncta'ta (dotted). 6. Yellowish. July. W.
Ind. 1820.
— serra'ta (saw-leaved). White. June. E. Ind.
1820.
— veno'sa (veiny). 6. White. July. Brazil. 1824.
TERRACES are not permissible any-
where but around the mansion, and they
are noble and effective almost in propor-
tion to their breadth.
TESTTJDINA'RIA. Elephant's Foot.
(From testudo, a tortoise; the hard, out-
side covering of the corm, or root. Nat.
ord., Tarns [Dioscoreacese]. Linn., 22-
Dicecia 6-Hexandria.)
Greenhouse .yellow-flowered deciduous climbers,
from Cape of Good Hope. Cuttings of firm side-
shoots, or cuttings of the young shoots when
growth commencfs, in spring, in sandy loam,
under a bell-gluss, and care taken to prevent
damping ; might be tried by cuttings of the roots ;
sandy, fihry loam and turfy peat. Winter temp.,
43° to 48°, and kept rather dry.
T. elepha' ntipes (common. Elephant' s-foot). 8.
July. 1774.
— tnonta'na (mountain). 8. July. 1816.
TETRA'CERA. (From tetras, four fold,
and keras, a horn ; the four capsules, or
divisions of seed-pod, recurved. Nat.
ord., Dilleniads [DilleniaceseJ. Linn.,
13-Polyandria 5-Pent«"ynia. Allied to
Delima.)
Stove, yellow - flowered, evergreen climbers.
Cuttinga of young shoots, getting firm, in sand,
under a hell-glass, thinly, and in bottom-heat;
sandy loam and fibry peat. Winter temp., 55°;
summer. 60° to 85°.
T. alnifo'lia (alder-leaved). 20. Guinea. 1793.
~~<ibovu'ta (reversed- e.gg- leaned). February.
Guinea. 1822.
— potato'ria (drinking). 20. Sierra Leone. 1822.
— volu'bilis (twining). 12. S.Amer. 1818.
TETRAGONO'LOBUS. (From tetra, four,
gonia, an angle, and lob»s, a pod ; shape
of seed-pod. Nat. ord., Leguminous Plant*
[Fabacea3j. Linn., 17 Dladel^Uia 4-Zte-
candria. Allied to Lotus. )
Seeds in April, in common soil ; the perennials,
also, by division and cuttings. Good for the
fronts of flower-bordera and melt-works.
HARDY HERBACEOUS.
T. mari'timus (sea). 4. Yellow. August. Eu-
rope. 1683.
— Requie'ni (Requien's). Yellow. July. Sar-
dinia. 1837.
— siliquo'sus (long-podded). 4. Yellow.
South Europe. 1830.
IET
[774]
TET
HARDY ANNUALS.,
T. biflo'rus (two-flowered). £. Yellow. July.
Barbary. 1818.
— conjuga' tux (twin-padded). £. Purple. July.
Monlpelier. 1759.
— purpu'rpus (purple). 1. Durk purple. July.
Sicily. 1769-
TETRAGO'NIA. New Zealand Spinach.
(From tetra, four, and gonia, an angta;
fruit four-angled. Nat. ord., Aizoons
[Tetragoniaceoe]. Linn., I2~lcosandria
%-Di-pentfigyn ia. )
See NEW ZEALAND SPINACH.
T. expu'nsn (stretched). Yellow. August. New
Zealand. 1772. Annual.
TETRANE'MA. (From tetra, four, and
nema^a. filament ; four stamens instead of
five, as in Pentstemon, which it much re-
sembles. Nat. ord., Fif/wm-ts [Scrophu-
lariaceee]. Linn., ~L±-Didynamia 1-An-
giospermia.')
Stove herbaceous. Seed sown in a slight hot-
bed in March; cuttings of youtia: shools, a little
firm, in sandy scfcl, under a brll-glas-;. in April and
August ; santty loajB and leaf-mould. Winter
temp., 45° to 50°. In summer the shelter of the
greenhouse or a warm place out of doors.
T. Mexica'na( Mexican). 1. Purple, white. June.
Mexico. 1843.
TETRANTHE'RA. (From tetra, four, and
aner, anther ; four out of nine stamens
fertile. Nat. ord., Laurels [Lauracese].
Linn., §-Enneandria \-Monogy nia.)
Cuttings of young shoots, nearly ripe, in sand,
under a bell-iriass, and the stove ones in bottom-
heat; fibry, sandy loam and turfy peat. Green-
house and stove temperatures.
GREENHOUSE EVERGREENS.
T. ape'tala (no-petaled). 8. Green, yellow.
April. N. Holland. 1824,
— Japa'nica (Japan). 3. White. Japan. 1843.
STOVE EVERGREENS.
T. sebi'fera (tallowy). 10. Yellow, green. May.
E. Ind. 1820.
— trine1 rnia (three-nerved). 10. Yellow, green.
May. Ceylon. 1921.
TETRA'NTHUS. (From tetra, four, and
anthits, a flower; four-flowered. Nat. ord.,
Composites [Asteracesej. Linn., 19-Syn-
genesia 2-SuperJlua.)
Stove evergreen trailer. Division and cuttings ;
sandy loam and a little peat ; requires the stove
in winter.
T. litora'lis (shore). £. White. August. W. Ind.
1820.
TETRAPE'LTIS. (From tetra, four, and
.pelte, a small shield; form of flower.
Nat. ord., Orchids [Orehidacese], Linn.,
%Q-Gynandria 1-Monandria.)
Stove orchid, grown in abasket. See ORCH-IDS.
Te.fr a' grans (sweet-scented). White. E. Ind.
1836.
TETBA'PTERYS. (From tetra, four, and
pteron, a wing j the carpels four- winged.
Nat. ord., Malpighiads [Malpighiacese].
Linn., IQ-Decandria 3-Trigynia. Allied
to Hirsea.)
Stove, evergreen, yellow-flowered climbers. For
culture, see MALPI'GHIA.
T. Acupulce'nsis (Acapulcan). Mav. Mexico. 1824.
— acutifo'lia (pointed-leaved) . May. Cayenne.
1826.
— di'scolor (two-coloured). May. Guiana. 1827.
TETRATHE'CA. (From tetra, four, and
theke, a cell ; anthers four-celled. Nat.
ord., Poreworts [Tremandracese]. Linn.,
8-Octandria I-Monogynia.)
Greenhouse, New Holland evergreens, and
purple-flowered, where not otherwise specified.
Cuttings of young shoots, the side ones are the
best, in sand, under a bell-glass, and great care
taken to prevent damping ; fibry peat, a little
turfy loam, and a good portion of charcoal and
broken pots. Winter temp., 43° to 50; summer,
i-.n airy situation, but the pot saved from direct
.sun and heavy rains, or careless waterings.
T. ericeefn'lia (heath-leaved). 1. Rose. July. 1820.
— frlandulo'sa (glanded). 1. July. 1822.
— hirsu'ta (hairy). 2. Pink. March. 1843.
— ju'nr-ea (rushy). 2. July. 1803.
— nu'da (naked). 2. Crimson. May. 1843.
— pili'fertt (shaggy). 2. June.
— pilo'sa (shairgy). 1. July. 1823.
— ruhioi'des (ruhia-like). 1. July. 1825.
— rubrisefta (red- bristled). 2. Hose. July. 1834.
— £A#/m/V««(thyme-leaved). 1. July. 1824.
— vcrtirilltt'ta (whorled-/ea?>ed). 2. June. 1845.
— vimi'nea (twiggy). 2. July.
TETRAZY'GIA. (From tetra, four, and
zyyos, a yoke ; the parts of the flower in
fours. Nat. ord., Melastomads [Melasto-
Stove, white- flowered evergreens, from the
West Indies. Cuttings of side-shoots, getting
firm, in sand, under a bell-glass, in heat; sandy
loam and fihry peat. Winter temp., 55° to 60°;
summer, 65° to 85°.
T. nngustifo'lia (narrow-leaved). 5. Mav. 1823.
— di'scotor (two-coloured-/ea/>ed). 5. May. 1793.
— elceagnoi'des (elseagnus-like). 4. March.
— tetra'ndra (four-stamened). 3. March. 1815.
TETTIGONIA SPUMARIA of some ento-
mologists, and the Oercopis, Cicada, or
Aphrophorn spumaria of others, Froth in-
sect, Cuckoo-spit, Froth-hopper, or Frog-
hopper. Its larva enveloped in its froth
is especially prevalent upon the young
shoots of the white-thorn or quick; hut
it also infests the stems of pinks, carna-
tions, lilacs, and many other plants. If
the froth be removed, one and sometimes
two small, pale green, aphis-like insects
are detected. These are the larva or
young of the Froth-fly. By means of its
sharp rostrum or beak it extracts the sap
of the plant, and voids it as an excrement
in the frothy form, which is its character-
istic. About the end of July it sheds its
skin, leaving it in the froth, and comes
TEU
[775]
THA
forth the perfect insect. Ahout the be-
ginning of August the males and females
may be found in pairs numerously on the
plants they frequent. They are of a dirty-
white colour, thickly dotted and clothed
with short hairs ; head broad and bluntly
triangular, with black lines down its
centre and sides ; eyes, one on each side,
near the base of the head ; rostrum long,
bent underneath its body when not in
use; antennae ending in a fine bristle;
thorax and shield (scutellum), adjoining
the back of the head, brownish. The
wing-cases are brown, mottled with ochre,
with four whitish patches on the margin
the under wings are transparent am'
irridescent. The legs, six in number
short, but two hind-legs longest, and
formed for leaping. So effectual are
they for the purpose, that, as Mr. Kirby
states, after showing their mode of leap
ing, they will spring five or six feet at a
time, being more than 250 times their
own length, or "as if a man of ordinary
height should be able to vault through
the air to the distance of a quarter of a
mile." It is not ascertained where the
eggs of this insect are deposited, but
probably on the stems of the plants on
the shoots of which the larva feeds. It
appears, however, that they oaa travel
after hatching, for seedlings and plants
raised from root-cuttings are often afijcted.
We know of no better plan for destroying
the insect than drawing the affected
shoots between the fingers, and then
dipping these into a bowl of water after
each grasp. In the case of carnation
stems and other flowers, requiring more
tender treatment, all the froth may be
taken from the insect by means of a piece
of sponge, and itself then removed by a
camel's hair brush.
TEU'CRIUM. Germander. (Named
after Teucer, a Trojan prince, who first
used it medicinally. Nat. ord., Lipworts
[Lamiaceae]. linn., l^-Didytiamia, 1-
Annuals, seed* in tfc« open ground in April;
pereiiniais, by seeds and division ; shrubs, by cut-
tings in sandr soil, under a bell-glass, in. spring,
and a band-light in summer. Most of them in the
atmosphere of London, and farther north, require
a cold pit or a greenhou-e in winter. In dry
places in the south of England they will frequently
stand our winters uninjured. They are not a,t all
particular as to soil.
HARDY EVERGREENS.
T. angusti'ssvtnum (n.arr0west-Jea»ecZ). 2. Pur-
ple. June. Spain. 1818.
— brevifo'lium (short-leaved). 1. Pink. June,
Crete. 1824,
T. orienta'le (eastern). 1 . Blue. July. Leyant. 1725.
— po'lium (poly). 1. Pale. August. South
Europe. 1562.
angustifo'l'um (narrow-leaved). Purple*
July. Spain. 1732.
flave'scens (yellowish). Yellow. July.
South Europe. 1/31.
— saxa'tile (rock). 4. Pale yellow. July. Valen-
tia. 1820.
— tltymifo'lium (thyme-leaved), g. Reddish.
August* Spain. 181 6.
HARDY HERBACEOUS.
T. campanula' turn (bell-flowered). 1. Blue. July.
Levant. 1/28.
— Canude'nse (Canadian)* 2. Purple. August.
N. Amer. 1768.
— chumce'drys (common-Germander). 3« Pur-
ple. July. England.
—Hyrcafmciim (Hyrcaniau). l£. Purple. Sep-
tember. Persia. 1763.
— Liuemuftmi (Laxmann's). 1. Variegated. July.
Siberia. 1800.
— lu'cidum (shining). 1$. Purple. August.
South Europe. 1/30.
— Lusita'nicum (Portuguese). l£. Purple. Au-
gust. Portugal. 1822.
— Mttssilie'nse (Marseilles). 2. Purple.France.1732.
— multiflo'rum (many-flowered). I. Light red.
August. Spain. 1732.
— pycno.phyH.lum (close-leaved). £. Purple. July.
Spain. 1816.
— Virgi'nicum (Virginian). 2. Blue.N.Amer.1768.
GREENHOUSE HERBACEOUS.
T. li'color (two-coloured). Yellow, red. July.
Chili. 1826.
— infla1 turn (swollen). 2. Red. September.
Jamaica. 1778. Stove.
— Nissolia'ttum (Nissolian). 1. Purple. July.
Spain. 1752.
GREENHOUSE EVEEGREENS.
T, abutiloi'des (abutilon-like). l£. Yellow. April.
Madeira. 1777-
— Ardui'ni (Arduin's). 1J. Yellow. July.
Candia. 1823.
— Asiu'ticum (Asiatic). 2. Pink. August. 1777-
— beto'nicum (betony-like). 1$. Lilac. July.
Madeira. 1775.
— ca'num (hoary). l£. Purple. Armenia. 1836.
— Cre'ticum (Cretan). l£. Purple. July. Crete.! 824.
— flu! num. (yellow). 2. Yellow. August. South
Europe. 1640.
— heterophy' Hum (various-leaved). 2. Purple.
Juae. Madeira. 1759-
— ma! rum (marum). l£. Pale purple. August.
Spain. 1640.
— orcJii'deum (orchis-like). 1. Pink. July.
Chili. 1826.
— pseu'do-chamce'pitys (bastard ground-pine). J.
Purple. June. South Europe. 1820.
— pu'milum (dwarf). $. Purple. July. Spain. 1816.
— re'gium (royal). l£. Purple. July. Spain. 1699.
— tri'fidum (three-clef t-leawd) 1$. Purple. July.
Cape of Good Hope. 1791.
THA'UA. (Named after J. Thalius, a
erman physician. Nat. ord,, Marants
^Marantacece]. Linn., \-Mwwndria 1-
Wonogynia. Allied to Maranta.)
Blue-flowered evergreens. Divisions; rich-
andy loam. Genieuln'ta requires a cool plant,
tove in winter; deultm'ta, a greenhouse, in a tub
>f water, or the roots in a pond -out of doors, so
leep that the frcgt will not reach them.
T. deal f>ti' tit (vldti). 4. July. Carolina. 1791.
— genicula'ta (jointed). 2. August. W.Ind. 1823.
THA
[ 77C J
THE
Meadow Rue. (Fron
thallo, to grow green ; the bright green
colour of the young shoots. Nat. or J
Crowfoott [Ranunculaceae]. Linn., 13
Polyandria 6-Polygynia.)
Hardy herbaceous perennials. Division of th>
plant in spring ; sandy loam and a little leaf
mould. Beautiful for the back of herbaceous
borders.
T. acuti'lnbum (sharp-lobed). l£. Pale yellow
June. Siberia. 1820.
— alpi'num (alpine). 4. White, yellow. June
Britain.
— anemonoi'des (anemone-like). 8. April. N
Amer. 1768.
— — — fio're-ple'no (double-flowered). 4* April
N. Amer. 1768-
— angustifo'limm (narrow-leaved). 3. Pale yellow
June. Germany. 1795.
— apicula'tum (bee-like-^fotcereef). Yellow. June
1838.
— appendieida'tuwi (appendaged). Russia. 1832
— • aquilegifo'lium (columbine-leaved). 3. Lighl
purple. June. Austria. 1731.
— — a'tro-purpu'rewm (dark purple). 3. Dark
purple. June. Austria. 1731.
— formo'sum (beautiful). 3. Purple. June
South Europe. 1800.
— Cala'bricum (Calabrian). 3. Yeltow. July
Sicily. 1800.
— Carotinia'num (Carolina). 1. White. June
N. Amer. 1808.
— chelido'nii (swallowwort). 2. Purplish. June.
Nepaul. 1823.
— cine'reum (grey). 2. Yellow. June. 1810.
— clava'tum (club-leaved). 2. White. June.
N. Amer. 1720.
— colli'num (hill). 14. Pale yellow. June. Eu-
rope. 1800.
— conei'nnttm (neat). 3. White. Green. June.
— contu'rtum (curled -seeded). 2. White. June.
Siberia. 1796.
~ Cornvfti (Comuti's). S. White, yellow. May.
N. Amer. 1806.
revolu'tum (curled-back). 14. Light
yellow. June. N. Amer. iso6.
— crenaftwn (scolloped-feaaed). 5. Yellow. July.
Europe. 1800.
— cultru'tum (knife-shaped). Green, yellow.
June. Himalayas.
— cynapifo'lium (cynapinum-leaved). 2. Pur-
ple, yellow. June. Siberia. 1823.
— dioi'cum (dioecious). 1. Light yellow. June.
N. Amer. 1759-
— divarica'tum (straggling). 14. Yellowish.
June. Europe. 1819.
— • divc'rgens (spreading). 2. Yellow. June.
Siberia. 1819.
— ela'tum (tall). 4. Light yellow. August.
Hungary. 1794.
— — — amhi'guum (ambiguous). 2. Pale yellow.
June. Switzerland. 1819.
— exalta'tum (lofty). Siberia. 1832.
— fia'vum (eomtnon-yellow). 4. Orange. June.
Britain.
— vagina' turn (sheathed). 2. Yellow. June.
Siberia. 1810.
—fte*uo'8um (zigzag). 14. Yellow. June. Ger-
many. 1820.
~-faftid«m (Blinking) . |. White, yellow. June.
France. 1640.
— foKolo'tum (small-leafy). 2. Purple, yellow.
June. Nepaul. 1810.
— gaiioi'det (galiurn-like). 1, Yellow. June.
isifi.
T. glaticc'scent (milky-greenish). 2. Green, yel-
low. June. Russia. 1318.
— glau'eum (milky-green-teared). 6. Yellow.
June. Spain. 1798.
— laserpitiifu'lium (laserpitium-leaved). 3. Yellow.
June. Europe. 1810.
— ht'cidum (shining). 4. Vellow.June.Spain.1733.
— microca'rpum (small-podded). Russia. 1832.
— mi'nus (less). 1. Pale yellow. June. Britain.
— otigosptfrmum (few-seeded). 2. Purple, yellow.
June. Siberia. 1820.
— petaloi'deum (petal-like). 3. White, yellow.
June. Dauria. 1799-
— pube'scens (downy). l£. Pale yellow. June.
Switzerland. 1819,
— purpttra'scens (purplish). 3. Light purple.
June. N. Amer. 1699.
— rosmarinifo'lium (rosemary-leared). 2. Purple,
yellow. June. South Europe. 1815.
— rugo'sum (wrinkly). 4. White, yellow. July.
N. Amer. 1774.
— — discolor (two-coloured). 6. Yellow. June.
N. Amer. 1810.
— scuca'tile (rock). 14. White, red. June. Eu-
rope. 1819.
— SoJtwcigge'ri (Sshweigger's). Yellow. June.
— Sibifrioitm (Siberian). 1. Lilac, yellow. June.
Siberia. 1775.
— implex (simple-staMfed). 1. Lilac, yellow.
May. Sweden. 1778.
— spar si fit)' rum (scattered-flowered). Yellow.
June. Siberia. 1833.
— tqvarro'sum (spreading). 1. Yellow. June.
Siberia. 1806.
— stipula' ceum (torye-stipuled). 2. White,
yellow. June. Europe. 1820.
THA'MNEA. (From tliamnos, a shrub.
Nat. ord., Bnmiads [Bruniacese]. Linn,,
b-Pentandria 1-Monogynia.)
Greenhouse evergreen shrub. Cuttings of tlie
young shoots in sand, under a bell-glass, in April,
and then set in a close pit ; fibry, sandy peat,
and a little charcoal and freestone. Winter temp,,
40° to 48°.
T. unifto'ra (one-flowered). White. April. Cape
of Good Hope. 1810.
THE' A. Tea. (From tcha, the Chinese
name for tea. Nat. ord., Theads [Tern-
strbmiacese]. Linn., IQ-Monadelphia 8-
Polyandria.)
Greenhouse, white-flowered, evergreen shrubs.
Cuttings of ripened young shoots, taken off at a
oint, and inserted in silver sand, under a bell-glass,
ind placed in a close pit, the glass being opened
at night to prevent damping ; also by layers from
hoots thrown up by the roots ; also, we believe, by
p-afting the tenderer kinds on vi'ridis. Has the
ingle Camellia been tried f Equal parts of fibry
eat and sandy, turfy loam packed tight. Winter
emp., 38° to 48°. As the roots run deep, they
hrive best when planted out in a cool conserva-
ory. Plants have survived many winters round
London in the open ground with the protection
f a mat in cold weather. The'a vi'ridis is main-
ained by many to be the only tea-plant used by
he Chinese.
T. Assame'nsis (Assam). 6. January. Ajgam. 1848.
— Bohe'a (Bobea). 4. October. China. 1768.
— vi'ridis (green). 4. June. China. 1768.
_ lat'fo'lia (broad-leaved). 4. February.
China, 1825,
THKEZAN TEA. Rha'mnus Thee'zanst
THE
[777]
THE
THENA'RDIA. (Named after M. TJie-
nard, a French chemist. Nat. ord., Dog
banes [Apocynacese]. Linn., 5-Pentandria
1-Monogynia.)
Stove evergreen climber. Cuttings of stubby
sidc-ahoots in sand, under a bell-glass, and in
heat ; sandy, fibry loam and peat, with a little
charcoal. Winter temp., 55° to 60°; summer,
65° to 85°.
T.floribu'nda (bundled-flowered). 10. Blue.
Mexico. 1823.
THEOBRO'MA. Chocolate-tree. (From
theos, a god, and broma, food ; poetically,
food for the gods. Nat. ord., Byttneriads
[Byttneriaceee]. Linn., IS-Polyadelphia
1-Decundria.)
The seed of T. caca'o is the chief ingredient
in chocolate and cocoa. Stove evergreen treea.
Cuttings of half-ripened shoots in sand, under
a bell-glass, in heat; fibry loam and sandy peat.
Winter temp., 55° to 65° ; summer, 65° to 88°.
T. bi'color (two-coloured). 18. Brown. New
Grenada. 1820.
— caca'o (common-cacao). 16. Brown. S.Amer.
1739.
— Caribts'a (Caribean). Yellow. W. Ind. 1821.
— Guiane'nsis (Guiana). 16. Yellow. Guiana. 1803.
THEOPHRA'STA. (Named after Theo.
phrastus, the father of natural history.
Nat. ord.,Ardisiads [Myrsinacese], Linn.,
5-Pentandria 1-Monogynia.)
Stove white-flowered evergreens. Cuttings of
ripe young shoots in sand, under a bell-glass, in
heat*; sandy loam and fibry peat. Winter temp.,
50° to 58° ; summer, 60° to 85°.
T. Jussien'i ( Jussieu's). 3. St. Domingo. 1818.
— longtfo'tia (long-leaved). 20. Caraccas. 1828-
THERMOMETER. This instrument is
the only unfailing guide for the gardener
in regulating the heat to which he allows
the roots and foliage of his plants to be
subjected.
Fahrenheit's is used chiefly in Britain,
Holland, and North America, the freez-
ing point of water on which is at 82° ;
and its boiling point, 212°. Reaumur's
thermometer was that chiefly used in
France before the Revolution, and is that
now generally used in Spain, and in some
other continental states. In its scale
the freezing point is 0° ; and the boiling
point, 80°. On Celsius or the Centi-
grade thermometer, now used throughout
France, and in the northern kingdoms of
Europe, the freezing point is 0°; and the
boiling point, 100°. Hence, to reduce
degrees of temperature of the Centigrade
thermometer and of that of Reaumur to
degrees of Fahrenheit's scale, and con-
versely : —
Rule I. Multiply the Centigrade de-
grees by 9, and divide the product by 5 ;
or multiply the degrees of Reaumur by
9, and divide by 4 ; then add 32 to the
quotient in either case, and the sum is
the degrees of temperature of Fahren-
heit's scale.
Rule 2. From the number of degrees
on Fahrenheit's scale subtract 32 ; mul-
tiply the remainder by 5 for Centigrade
degrees, or by 4 for those of Reaumur's
scale, and the product, in either case,
being divided by 9, will give the tempera-
ture required according to Fahrenheit's.
To ascertain the internal temperature
of a hothouse, the thermometer should
be fixed near its centre, against a pillar,
and under a cupola, or little roof, shading
it from the sun.
A self-registering thermometer should
be in every house, for it shows the highest
and lowest degrees of heat whiuh bave
occurred in the twenty-four
O hours ; and, therefore, serves as
a check upon those to whose
care they are intrusted.
Breyazzi's bark-bed thermome-
ter is an excellent instrument
for ascertaining the bottom-
heat of hot beds, bark-pits, &c.
It is a thermometer inclosed in
a metal tube, perforated to ad-
mit the heat, pointed, so as to
be easily thrust down, and with
a small door in the side, for
observing the degree of tempe-
rature shown by the scale.
THEBMO'PSIS. (From thermos, a lupine,
and opsis, like ; lupine-like shrub. Nat.
ord., Leguminous Plants [Fabaceoe].
Linn., IQ-Decandria l-Monogynia. Allied
to Piptanthus.)
Hardy herbaceous yellow-flowered perennials.
Chiefly by seeds sown in April; light, sandy loam.
T. Cnrsonefnsis (Corgon). 1. July. Altaia. 1820.
— fnba'cea( bean-like). 2. June. N.Amer. 1811.
— lanceola'ta (spear-head-teaoed). 1. June. Si-
beria. 1779-
THESPE'SIA. (From thespesws, divine ;
one of the trees often planted round
places of worship in India. Nat. ord.,
Malhwworts [Malvaceffi]. Linn., IQ-Mo.
nadelphia 8-Polyandria.)
Stove evergreen trees. Cuttings of stubby
side-shoots in sand, in May, under a bell-glass,
in bottom-heat; fibry, sandy loam, and a little
leaf-mould. Winter temp., 48° to 55°; summer,
65° to 85°.
T. grandiflo'ra (large-flowered). 30. Scarlet.
Point Rico. 1837.
— popu'lnea (poplu-leaved). SO. White. E.Ind.
1770.
P. Guadalvpc'niil (Gtt»(Woupe). SO, Gua-
daloupe,
THI
[ 778 }
THR
TKIBAT/DIA. (Named after Thiclaut.de
Berneaiid, a French botanist. Nat. ord.,
Whortleberries [Vaceiniacejfi]. Linn., 8-
Octandria 1-jWonogynin.)
Stove evergreens. Cuttings of half-ripe shoots
in sand, under a bell-gLiss, and in moist heat ;
sandy loam and fibry peat. Winter temp., 5(1°
to 60°; summer, 60° to 85°.
T. macra'ntfia (large-flowered). White, yellow,
red. December. Moulmein. 1840.
— macrophy'lla (large-leaved). White. K.Ind.
— microphy'lla (small-leaved). 2. September.
Peru. 1847.
— pulche'rrima (beautiful). 10. Red, green.
May. India. 1845.
— gla'bra (smooth). 6. Deep rose. Sep-
tember. Columbia.
— seti'gera (bristly). Scarlet. Khooseea. 1837.
— vaccinu'ceu (cranberry-like). Khoostea. 1837.
— variega'ta( variegated). Scarlet. Khooseea. 1 837.
THINNING. The exhaustion consequent
upon the production of seed is a chief
cause of the decay of plants. This ex-
plains why fruit-trees are weakened or
rendered temporarily unproductive, and
even killed, by being allowed to ripen
too large a crop of fruit, or to " overbear
themselves."
The thinning of fruit is, consequently,
one of the most important operations of
the garden, though one of tbe least gene-
rally practised. It. is equally important
to be attended to in all fruit-bearers, but
especially the vine, nectarine, peach, apri
cot, apple, and pear. It should be done
with a bold, fearless hand ; and the per-
fection of that which is allowed to remain
will amply reward the grower, in harvest
time, for the apparent sacrifice made. But
he will not reap his reward only in this
year, for the trees, thus kept un weakened
by over-production, will be able to ripen
their wood, and deposit their store of sap
in their vessels, so absolutely necessary
for their fruitfulness next season.
Thinning is a most necessary opera-
tion with plants as well as with the fruit
they bear. The roots of a plant extend
In a circle round it, of which the stem is
the centre. If the roots of adjoining
plants extend within each other's circle,
they mutually rob of nutriment, and
check each other's growth. Thinning in
the seed-bed is generally applied with too
timid a hand.
THISTLE. Ca'rdiws*. .
THOMA'SIA. (Named after Messrs.
Thomas, two brothers, collectors of Swiss
plants. Nat. ord., Byltneriads [Byttneri-
acese]. Linn., 5~Pent<utdria~L-Mon</(jt/nia.
Allied to Lasiopetalum.)
Greenhouse/'New Holland, evergreen shrubs.
Cuttingi of firm, stubby, young side-shoots in
sand, unrfer a bell-glass, in April ; sandy, fibry
loa:n and peat, with a little charcoal and broken
pots, and pots extra well-drained. Winter temp.,
40° to 48° ; a sheltered, airy place in summer.
T. cane'scens (hoary). - Purple. June. 1835,
— di/'u'sa (straegling). White. April. 1822.
— dumo'sa (bushy). 2£. White. May. 1326.
— fuliu'sa (leafy). 3. June. 1823.
— glutinti'srt (clammy). Red. May. 1342.
— grandiflo'ra (large-flowered). Red. 1840.
— paniculn'ta (panic-led). Red. June. 1842.
— piiU'iflo'ra (few-flowered). Red. June. 1848.
— purpu'rea (purple). 3. Purple. June. 1803.
— qutsrcifu'lia (oak-leaved). 3. Purple. May.
J803
— solan'i'ceti (potato-like). 3. White, June. 1803.
— stipu/a',-ea (large-stipuled). 3. Red. 1842
— triphy'lla (three-leaved). 3. June. 1824.
THORN-APPLE. Datu'ra.
THOROUGH-WAX. JBupleu'rum rotundi-
fo'/ium.
THOUI'NIA. (Named after A. Thouin,
professor of agriculture, &c., in Paris.
Nat. ord., Soxpworts [Sapindaceoa].
Linn., 8-Oclnndria l-Monoyynia. Allied
to Nephelium.)
Stove evergreen shrub. Cuttings of firm side-
shoots in s>and, under a bell-glass, in heat; sandy,
fibry loam and a little peat or leaf-mould. Win-
ter tc-mp., 50° to 58°; summer, b'0° to 85°.
T. pinna' 'ta (leafleted). 8. White. New Spain.
1823.
THRIFT. (Sta'tice.) See EDGING.
THBI'NAX. (From thrimix, a fan;
shape of the leaves. Nat. ord., Palms
[Palmacere]. Linn., Q-Htxandria l-Mouo-
g H nia.}
Stove Palm. Seeds in a moist, sweet hotbed,
in spring ; rich, loamy soil. Winter temp., 55°
to 6(>° ; summer, 60° to 90°.
T.parvifla'ru (small-flowered). 15. White, green,
Jamaica. 1/7&.
THRIPS. Thrips Adonidum is one of
the worst pests that can gain a footing
iu out stoves and greenhouses. The
Lirvse and pupre are yellowish-white, and
the perfect insect is of a dull, deep black,
with the point, and sometimes the whole
of the abdomen, of a rust colour; the
wings are divty white;' the horns and
legs yellowish, the extremity of the for-
mer black. It attacks plants by piercing
the under side of the leaves; and one
often sees, at the tip of the tail,. a globule
of blackish fluid, which it soon deposits,
and, by innumerable spots of this gluti-
nous matter, the pores of the leaves are
stopped up, and large portions of the
surface become blotched. During March
the full-grown lame and pupae, which
are as large as the perfect insect^ are
found in groups, feeding on the under
side of the leaves ; and at this time the
recently -hatched but perfect insect either
THE
[ 779 3
THY
lies close under the ribs, or roves about
in search of a mate (Curtis). Flowers
of sulphur have been recommended as
destructive of this plague, but we believe
that Scotch snuff, applied by means of a
dredging -'box (perhaps Brown's Fumi-
gator would answer), is as effectual an
application as any. Prevention, however,
is better than cure; and if the plants are
kept healthy by due ventilation, and by
moisture both in the air and soil, this
insect may be usually banished.
T. ochraceus infests the ripe fruit of
plums, peaches, and nectarines, piercing
the stalks, and causing their fall, and ren-
dering the fruit disgusting. It was first
noticed and described by Mr. Curtis. It
is narrow and linear, of a bright and deep
ochreous colour, the eyes are black, the
liorns appear to be only six jointed and
"brownish at the tips, it has three ocelli
in the crown, the body is hairy, the tip
pointed and bristly, the wings are shorter
than the body in the male, lying parallel
on the back when at rest, narrow, espe-
cially the under ones, and fringed, the
liairs longest beneath and at the point,
tips of feet dusky. It is destroyed by the
same means as T. Adonidum.
THROATWORT. Oarripa'nula cervicn'ria,
Campanula trache'li urn, and Trnche'linm.
THRYA'LLIS. A synonyme of Galphi-
mia. The following should be added to
to that genus : —
O. brachystu'chys (short-spiked). 4. August. Rio
Janeiro. 1823.
THU'JA. Arbor Vitse. (From thy on, a
sacrifice ; the resin used as incense in
eastern sacrifices. Nat. ord., Conifers
[Pinacese]. Linn., 21-Mona:cia 10-Dtcan-
drifi.)
Hardy evergreen trees. Seeds, which ripen
freely, or by cuttines; the seeds are best sown in
April, slightly covered, and if a frame or hand-
light can be set over them, all the better ; moist
soil suits most of them ; a few of the tenderest
will require protection until they become some
size.
T. articula'ta (jointed). 15. March. Barbary. 1815.
— australis (southern). 20. May. South Europe.
1820.
— Chile'nse (Chilian). 30. Chili.
— cupresuni' 'des (cypress-like). 10. Cape of Good
Hope. 1799-
— Donia'na (Don's). 60. New Zealand. 1847-
— filifo'rmis (thrend-leuved). May. 1838.
— Ncpale'nsis (Nepaul). 20. May. Nepaul. 1824.
— occidentu'lis (western. American). 50. May.
N. Amer. 1596.
variega'ta (variegated-tea'rd)- 25. May.
— orientu'lis (eastern. Chinese). 25. May. China.
1752.
stri'cta (erect). 20. May. Italy. 1824.
Tata'rica (Tartarian). 12. May. Tartary.
1820.
T. pe'ndula (^rooming-branched). 20. May. Tar-
tary. 1828.
— plica' ta (plaited). 20. May. Nootka Sound.
1796.
— tetrago'na (four-sided). 80. Patagonia.
THUNBE'RGIA. (Named after C. TV
Thunberg, the celebrated botanist. Nat
ord., Acanthads [Acantbaceae]. Linn.,
Stove evergreen climbers. Seeds in early spring,
in a strong, moist, sweet hotbed ; cuttings, any
time before the end of August, in sandy soil,
under a bell-glass; fibry loam and peat, with a
little rotten dung and lime-rubbish Winter temp.,
48° to 60°; summer, 60° to 80°. As they are very
subject to red spider, perhaps the best mode of
treating these fine plants is to grow them a* an-
nuals, throwing the plants away in the end of
autumn. If preserved, the flowers of sulphur and
the syringe must hardly ever have a holiday. In-
deed. the syringe and a little shade are necessary
to their health in summer.
T. ala'ta (winged). 4. Yellow. June. E. Ind.
18-23.
-- a'lha (white-flowered). 4. White. May.
Madagascar.
-- uurnnti'uca (orange-cowered). 4. Orange.
May.
— angvla'ta (angular). 4. June. Madagascar.1823.
— Cupe'nsis (Cape). 3. Yellow. June. Nepaul.
1824. '
— chry'sops (golden-eyed). 3. Blue. Violet. June.
Sierra Leone.
— cocci'va (scurlet). 4. Scarlet. June. Trinidad.
18-23.
— corda'tn (heart-fcawd). 3. White. June. E.
Ind. 1820.
— fra* grans (fragrant). 4. White. June. E.Ind.
1796.
— grandiflo'ra (large-flowered). 6. Blue. June.
E. Ind. 18'20.
— Hawtnynra'na (Ha«tayne's). 10-. Scarlet. June.
Nepaul. 18'->6.
THY'MBRA. (An ancient name ;-.
to a thyme-like plant. Nat. QY<\.,Lipirurts
[Lamiacese]. Linn., 14 -Didynainial-Gym-
nospermia. Allied to Melissa.)
Half-hardv evergreens. S^-eds in April, or cut-
tings under a hand-light in Jure; candy, gravelly
loam. Nice rook-work plants. Ciliu'ta is the pret-
tiest; require a cold pic in winter.
T. cilia'ta (hair-fririgeiO. 1. Vermilion. July.
South Europe. 18'24.
— spica'ta (spike-fluwerrd). 1$. Pale purple.
June. Levant. 1099-
THY'MUS. Thyme. (From thun, to per-
fume. Nat. ord., Li/jworts [Lamiac'ere].
Linn., \±-r>i(1yiinmta l-Gi/mno^ficrmn/.)
Hardy evergreen trailers, and purple-flouered,
except where otiierui^e mention^:!. Seeds, cut-
tines, or divisions in March or April ; samiy loam.
suits them ail best. T. ntilgn'ris is our common
pot-herb thyme. For culture, see SAGE.
T. angustifo'lius (narrow-leaved). 4- June. South
Europe. 1771.
— Azo'ricus (Azorean). July. Azores. 1820.
— azu'reus (azure). $. June. South Europe. 1830.
— capita' tus( headed). June. South Europe. 1596.
— cephulo'tes (gmiMieaded). j. July. Portugal.
1/59.
— cilia'tus (hair- fringed). Violet. July. N. Africa.
UMt
THY
[ 780]
TIL
T. Co'rsicus (Corsican). Lilac. Corsica. 1831.
— Crwi'ticus (Croatian). 1. July. Hungary. 1802.
— elonga'tus (lengthened). 1. August. 1816.
— ertc«/o'/»w&"Uieath-leaved). i« July. Spain. 1806.
—fruticuto'sus (shrubby). I.July. Sicily. 1822.
— glabra'tus (smooth).i.July.South Europe.1823.
•— hirsu 'tus (hairy). $. July. Spain. 1821.
— lanceola'tus (spear -head-tea ved). J. July. N.
Africa. 1823.
— Panno'nicus (Pannonian). i. July. Crimea.
1817.
— pipere'lla (small peppermint). J. July. Spain.
1810.
— serpy'llum (wild-thyme). £. July. Britain.
a'lbus (white-flowered). $. July. Britain.
— — citra'tus (citron-scented). July.
lanugino'sus (woolly). £. July. Britain.
— . — monta'nus (mountain). £. Striped. June.
. Hungary. 1806.
variega'tus (variegated-teaved). £. July.
Britain.
vulga'ris (common). July. Tauria. 1820.
— spica'tus (spiked). 1. June. Pyrenean. 1832.
— vulga'ris (common-garden). 1. June. South
Europe. 1548.
• latifo'lius (broad-leaved). I. June.
• variega'tus (vuieg&ted-leaved). 1. July.
Britain.
THYRSACA'NTHUS. (From thyrse, a
tfcyrse, and acanthus; thyrse-flowered
Acanthus. Nat. ord., Acanthads [Acan-
thaceae] . Linn., 2- Diandria 1-Monogynia. )
Stove evergreen shrub. For culture, see SAL-
PIXA'NTHA. It must be spurred in closely.
Flowers nearly all the year.
T. Schomburgkia'nus (Schomburgk's). 3. Scarlet.
New Granada. 1855.
THYSANo'TUS.(From<%saH0fos, fringed;
the flower much fringed. Nat. ord», Lily-
worts [Liliaeese]. Linn,, 6-Hexandria 1-
Monogynia.)
Greenhouse, purple-flowered, from New Hol-
land. By division of the plant in the herbaceous,
and dividing the tuberous-rooted ; sandy loam and
leaf-mould. Winter temp., 38° to 45°, and very
little water.
GREENHOUSE HERBACEOUS.
T. intrica'tus (intricate-stemmed), g. July. 1833.
—ju'nceus (rush-like). J. 1804.
— proli'ferus (proliferous). 1. August.
— te'nuis (slender). Lilac. May. 1836.
GREENHOUSE TUBERS.
T. ela'tior (taller). 1. August. 1823.
— isanthe'rus (even-anthered). £. August. 1822.
— tubero'sus (tuberous). 1. June. 1825.
TIARE'LLA. (Fromfiara, a little diadem ;
form of seed-pod. Nat. ord., Saxifrages
[Saxifragacese]. Linn., 10-Decandria 2-
Digynia.)
Hardy, white-flowered herbaceous. Divisions of
the root ; common soil ; dry borders, and the front
of them, or elevated places in rock-works.
T. cordifo'Ka (heart-leaved). £. April. N. Amer.
— Menzie'sii (Menzies'). 1. April, N. Amer.
1812.
— polyphy'lla (many-leaved). I.April. Nepaul.
1820.
(From tiara, a diadem, and
eidos, like ; form of seed-pod. Nat. ord.,
Ehretiads [Ehretiacese]. Linn., 5-Pentan-
dria 1-Monogynia. Allied to the Helio-
trope.)
Annuals. Seeds in a slight hotbed at the end of
March, pricked off, and planted out towards the
end of May. Perhaps anisophy'llum will require
a warm corner, or to be bloomed irv a pot, in the
greenhouse.
T. anisophy'llum (anise-leaved). White. June.
Africa. 1822.
— Fndicum (Indian). I. Blue. June. W. Ind. 1820.
— veluti'nuni .velvet). 1. Blue. June. W.Ind. 1820.
TIBOUCE;'NA. (The native name in
Guiana. Is it. ord., Melastomads [Melas-
tomaceee]. Linn., 8-Octandria 1-Mono-
gynia. Allied to Osbeckia.)
Stove evergreen. Cuttings of firmish side-shoots
in sand, under a bell-glass, and in a mild bottom-
heat, any time between April and August ; fibry
peat and sandy loam, with a little charcoal and
broken pots, and extra care in draining. Winter
temp., 55° to 60°; summer, 65° to 88°.
T. a'spera (rough). Purple. April. Guiana. 1820.
TICO'REA. (The native name of T.fce'-
tida. Nat. ord., Eueworts [RuUoese].
Linn., 5-Pentandria \-Monoyynia. Al-
lied to Galipea.)
Stove, white-flowered, evergreen trees. Cuttings
of ripe young shoots in sand, under a bell-glass,
in heat, in March ; fibry loam and sandy peat.
Winter temp., 50° to 55° ; summer, 60° to 80°.
T.fce'tida (stinking). 10. Guiana. 1825.
— /osminc/fo'ra (jasmine-flowered). 20. Brazil. 182/.
TIGRI'DIA. Tiger Flower. (From tigris,
a tiger, and eidos, like; resemblance of
the spotted flowers. Nat. ord., Irids [Iri-
dacesB]. IAnn.,3-Triandria 1 -Monogy;\ ? j '.)
Having yielded to cross-breeding, tin* genus
may be expected to run into varieties of very gay
colours. Hardy bulbs, from Mexico. Seeds in a
slight hotbed, in spring ; also by offsets ; sandy
loam and leaf-mould; protected ia the ground
from frost and wet, or taken ur» at the end of au-
tumn, and kept in a dry, cool place, the roots
being covered with earth until plautuig-out time
iu the middle of April.
T. conchifio'ra (shell-flowered). 1. Dark yellow.
June. 1823.
— lu'tea (yellow). Yellow. June.
— puvu'nia (peacock). 1. Orange, red. June. 1796.
leo'nu (lion). 1. Orange, red. June. 1«23.
— viola'cea ( violet-colour ed-flowered). ; . Purple.
May. 1838.
TiLE-KooT. GeissorhVza.
TI'LIA. Lime or Linden-tree. (Deri-
vation unknown. Nat. ord, Lindenblooms
[Tiliacese]. Linn., 13-Polyandria 1-Mono-
gynia.)
Hardy, deciduous, yellowish - green « flowered
trees. Seeds, gathered and preserved in moist
sand until March or April, and then some will
generaly vegetate that and the following season ;
principally, however, by layers in autumn, which,
may be removed in a twelvemonth. To save
layering, old trees are sometimes cut down}
TIL
I
shoots spring up in abundance ; among these six
inches or a foot of fine soil is thrown, and in tw
or three years nice-rooted plants are obtained
Deep, loamy soil suits all the varieties, as well a
the species, best. The white lime is propagatec
chiefly by layers and grafting. The America'm
and its many varieties are very ornamental, bu
not so hardy as the European in our moist climate
T. a'lba (white-wooded). 30. July. Hungary. 1767
— America'na (American). 30. June. N.Amer.1752
— - — heterophy'lla (various-leaved). 30. July
N. Amer. 1811.
laxiflo'ra (loose-flowered). SO.White. June
N. Amer. 1820.
-• pube'seens (downy). 20. July. N. Amer
J726.
• pube'seens leptophy'lla (£hin • leaved -
downy). 20. Yellow. July. N.Amer,
— Europee'a [European, or common), 60. July,
Britain.
au'rea (gol<ien*twigged), 50. August
Britain.
• — dasy'styla (hairy-styled). 50. July. Tauria,
~- /aetma'£a(cut-tea»ed). 50. August. Britain,
microphtfHa (small-leaved). 50. August,
Britain.
pe'ndula (drooping). June. 1845.
— platyphy'lla (broad-leaved). 50. August.
Britain.
• platyphy'Ha aw'rec(goldcn-broad-leaved)
20. Britain.
• ru'bra (red-twigged). 50. August. Britain.
• variega'ta (variegated-teowed). June. 1847.
-7 vitifo'lia (vine-leaved). June. 1846.
TILLA'NDSIA. (Named after E. Tillands,
physician at Abo. Nat. ord., Bromelworts
[BromeliacesB]. Linn., 6-Hexandria 1-
Monogynia.}
Stove epiphytes. Divisions and suckers. The
weaker kinds do best in baskets very shallow, in
sphagnum, turfy peat, broken pots, and charcoal ;
the stronger-growing ones may be potted high in
turfy peat, a little turfy loam, and charcoal. Winter
temp., 55° to 60° ; summer, 60° to 80°.
T. acau'lis (stemless). $. White. August. Rio
Janeiro. 1826.
zebri'na (zebra). $. White. August.
— aloifo'lia (aloe-leaved). 1. Fink, November.
Trinidad. 1824.
— (fnceps (two-edged). |. Blue. April, W. Ind.
1820.
— angustifo'lia (narrow-leaved). |. Blue. August.
— Bartra'mi (Bartram's), 1. Blue. 'April. Caro-
lina. 1825.
— oractea'ta (bracted). 1. August. W. Ind. 1824.
— bulbo'sa (bulbous). $. Blue. November. Tri-
nidad. 1823.
pi'cta (painted), f. Pink. December. Ja-
maica. 1845.
— cane'scens (hoary). £. Blue. June. W. Ind. 1824.
— coarcta'ta (straitened). I.June. Chili. 1823.
— compre'ssa (flattened). 1. June. Chili. 1823.
—fascicula'ta (fascicled). 1. Bme. June. W.
Ind. 1820.
— flexuo'sa (zigzag). I. Blue. Ws Ind. 1790.
-pa'l/ida (pale). 1. Yellow. June. W. Ind.
1815.
— Gardnc'ri (Gardner's). Rose. February. Brazil.
1842.
— gra'cilis (slender). 1. June. Chili. 1823.
— mv«rfa(shininir).2.Blue. October.Jamaica.1823.
— nu'faps (nodding). 2. Blue. August. Jamaica.
1793.
il 3 TIN
T. obseu'ra (obscure). 2. July. S.~Amerr 1820.
— panicula'ta (panieled). 1. Blue. June. W. Ind.
1820.
— polysta'chya (many-spiked). 2. June, S. Amer.
1825.
— psittaci'na (parrot-like). Scarlet. July. Rio
Janeiro. 1826.
— pu'lchratfair). §. Pink. October. Trinidad. 1823.
— ramo'sa (Lranchy). i. June. Chili. 1823.
— recurva'ta (curled-back-teaoed). £. Purple.
July. Jamaica. 1793.
— ri'gida (stiff). 1. June. Chili. 1823, '
— ro'sea (rosy). 1. Pink. Brazil.
— ru'bida (madder-coloured). $. Red, yellow.
February. Brazil. 1840.
— serra'ta (saw-leaved). 2. Yellow. June. Ja-
maica. 1793.
— seta'cea (bristly). £. Blue. June. W. Ind. 1824.
— stri'cta (erect). f.Blue. September. Brazil.1810.
— tenuifo'lia (slender-leaved), i. Blue. June.
W. Ind. 1825.
— tisneoi'des (usnea-like). 6. Purple. July. W.
Ind. 1.823. ,. , -.
•— utricuta'ta (bladdered). 2. Purple, yellow.
S. Amer. 17Q3.
— vitelli'na (yolk-of-egg-coloured). Yellow. Fe-
bruary. Venezuela.
— xiphioi'des (xiphium-like). £. White. July.
Buenos Ayres. 1810.
TINEA. A genus of moths, the larvcD
of which are very destructive.
T. dauceKa. Carrot Moth. Head and
back and upper wings reddish brown;
abdomen grey and white. Its caterpillar
"s greenish grey, with black tubercles, and
lives on the flowers and seeds of the
carrot, but prefers the parsnip, t
T. padella, Small Ermine Moth^is
white, with black dots on the upper wings.
Eggs deposited in June and July near
the hlossom-buds of the hawthorn,
euonymus, apple, and pear-tree. Cater-
pillars appear in autumn, and inclose the
wigs with a web. In the following spring
they attack the petals and calyx. Colour,
dull lead, with a black head.
T.cierckella. Pear-tree Blister Moth.
The caterpillars of this raise dark-brown
blisters on the leaves of the pear-tree,
and less often on those of the apple.
The motn is active and minute, shining
ike pearly satin, the wings having an
range ground, spotted with black and
ther colours. It appears in May. Mr.
Curtis says, " To check this disease, it
will be advisable to wash the tree with
oapsuds the end of May or beginning of
'une, when the moths are pairing and
aying eggs for a future progeny ; and if
i very valuable tree be only partially a't-
acked, the blistered leaves might be
athered and burnt as soon as any spots
egan to appear in August."
T. capitella. Triple-spotted Currant Ti-
nea. The larvse of this feed upon the pita
TIP
[782
TOB
of the young shoots of the cnrrant, which
they attack in the spring. The moth itself
is fuscous ; the head with an ochreous
tuft ; superior wings bronzed, spotted with
purple and yellow.
T. jMrectella, Socket or Grey-streak
Moth, has its hahits and forms thus de-
scribed by Mr. Curtis : —
During the middle and latter end of
April, as the shoots of the rockets ad-
vance, it is found that the leaves adhere
firmly together, and those that libe-
rate themselves are perforated with large
holes. On forcibly opening a shoot (for
the young leaves are connected by silken
threads), a small green caterpillar of dif-
ferent shades, varying with its age, is
found in or near the centre, feeding upon
the tender leaves, and sometimes a little
family of four or five inhabit the same
head. The head, feelers, and horns of
our little moth are white, the latter with
a few black spots near the tips ; the
thorax is cream-coloured, the sides brown,
upper wings lance-shaped, very pale clay
brown, with whitish streaks. Perhaps the
best mode of extirpating them would he
to search for the young caterpillars be-
tween the leaves on the first symptoms
of their presence, and extracting them
with a small pair of force] is, such as are
used for microscopic objects ; but as some
might be too minute at that early period
to be detected on the first search, this
operation must be repeated. Pinching
the maggots in the bud is also recom-
mended.
T. corticella. See APPLE.
TIPULA. Crane -Fly, or Daddy-long-
legs. T. oleracea, the grubs, or " leather-
jackets," so injurious to the market-
gardener, are its larvae. They attack the
roots of scarlet beans, lettuces, dahlias,
potatoes, &c., from May to August. Dur-
ing the last month and September they
become pupae. Mr. Curtis observes, that
it is said that lime-water will not kill
them, and suggests that if quick-lime
was scattered on the ground at night, it
would destroy them when they come to
the surface to feed; and all the gnats
that are found on the walls, palings,
ground, or elsewhere, should be killed,
especially the female, which would pre-
vent any eggs being deposited in the
ground. A mixture of lime and gas-
water, distributed by a watering-pot over
grass, has completely exterminated the
larvse where they had been exceedingly
destructive ; and by sweeping the grass
with a bag-net, like! an angler's landing-
net, only covered with canvass, immense
numbers of the gnats might be taken and
destroyed.
TITHO'NIA. (From Tithonus, in mytho-
logy, the favourite of Aurora. Nat/ord.,
Composites [Asteracese]. Linn., 19-Syn-
genesia 3-Frustranea. Allied to Helian-
thus.)
Stove, yellow-flowered evergreens, from Mexico.
Cuttings of young shoots, » little firm at their
base, in sand, under a bell-glass, and in a little
bottom-heat; rich, sandy, fibry loam. Winter
temp., 50° to 55° ; summer, 60° to 80°.
T. excf'lsa (tall). August. 1824,
— ova'tn (K^.leaned). 4. July. 1828.
— tagetiflo'ra (marigold-flowered). 10. August
1818.
TOAD-FLAX. Lina'ria.
TOBACCO, (Nicotia'na,) whether in the
form of snuff, or its decoction in water,
or its smoke whilst burning, is very de-
structive to insects.
Tobacco-paper is paper saturated with
the decoction of tobacco, and when burnt
emits a fume nearly as strong. It is an
easy mode of generating the smoke.
Whenever plants are smoked they should
be done so on two following nights, and
then he syringed the following morning.
Mr. Cameron says : — I have always
found tobacco-paper the most efficacious
substance to fumigate with for destroying
the aphis without doing any injury to the
plants. If the house is not filled too
rapidly with smoke, and is allowed to
reach the glass without coming in con-
tact with any of the plants, it then de-
scends as it coolrf, without doing any
injury. Plants fumigated in frames, or
under hand-glasses, are most liable to be
imjured by the heat of the smoke, if not
done cautiously. There is a spurious
kind of tobacco-paper sometimes offered
in spring by the tobacconists, apparently
made to meet the increased demand, and
this kind of paper will bring the leaves
off plants, without killing many of the
the aphides. It is of a lighter colour
than the genuine sort, and may be readily
detected by the smell being very different.
Foliage should be perfectly dry when a
house is fumigated, and should not be
syringed till next morning. If plants are
syringed immediately after fumigation,
many of the aphides will recover even
when they have dropped off the plants, a
fact which any one may soon prove after
fumigating a house.
Another very simple mode of fumigatin g
TOG
[785 3
TOO
plants in frames, and under hand-glasses
turned over them for the purpose, is as
follows : — " Dissolve a table-spoonful of
saltpetre in a pint of water ; take pieces
of the coarsest brown paper, six inches
wide and ten inches long, steep them
thoroughly in the solution, dry them, and
keep till wanted. To fumigate, roll one
of the pieces into a pipe like a cigar,
leaving the hollow half an inch in
diameter, which fill with tobacco, twist
one end and stick it into the soil, light
the other, and it will burn gradually away
for an hour or more."
Tobacco-smoke should not be admitted
to fruit trees when in bloom, nor when
the fruit is ripening, as it imparts to
them a flavour. See FUMIGATING and
FUMIGATOR.
Tobacco -water is usually made from
v.-hat is known as Tobacconists Liquor,
being a liquor expressed by them, and
full of ammonia and the acrid oil of the
plant. To every gallon of this add five
gallons of water. This mixture with
Read's garden -syringe may be sprinkled
over the trees, putting it on with the
finest rose, and being careful to wet all
the leaves. This operation is to be per-
formed only in the hottest sunshine, as
the effect is then much greater than when
the weather is dull ; five gallons of liquor
reduced as above stated cleanses seven-
teen peach and nectarine-trees, averag-
ing seventeen feet in length, and twelve
in height. The black, glutinous aphis,
provincially called blight, so destructive
to the cherry-trees, and, in fact, every
species of aphis, is destroyed in the same
way with equal facility. The grubs which
attack the apricot may be destroyed
almost instantly by immersing the leaves
infested m this liquor.
As the tobacconist's liquor cannot be
obtained always, tobacco-water may be, in
such case, made by pouring half a gallon
of boiling water upon one ounce of strong
tobacco, and allowing it to remain until
cold, and then strained.
TOCOYE'NA. (Name in Guiana. Nat.
ord., Cinchonads [Cinchonacese]. Linn.,
5-Pentandria 1-Monogynia* Allied to
Posoqueria.)
Stove evergreen shrub. Cuttings of half-ripened
shoots in sandy soil, under a glass, in heat, in
May ; fibry peat, a little lumpy loam, sand, and
charcoal. Winter temp., 50° to 00° ; summer,
603 to 85°.
T. iongiflo'ra (long-flowered), €. Yellow, Gui-
ana. 1826.
TODDA'LIA. (Toddali, the Malabar
name of T. aculea'ta. Nat. ord., Xan-
thoxyls [Xanthoxylacese]. Linn., 21-
Moncecia b-Pentandria. Allied to Ptelea.)
Stove white-flowered evergreens. Cuttings of
young, stubby side-shoots in sand, under a glass,
in April, in a Bweet bottom-heat ; fibry loam and
a little peat or leaf-mould. Winter temp., 50° to
60° ; summer, 60° to 80°.
T. aculea'ta (prickly). 6. E. Ind. 1790.
— angustifu'lia (narrow-leaved). 6. Mauritius.
1824.
To 'DBA. (Named after J7, J. Todc, a
German student of Ferns. Nat. ord.,
Ferns [Polypodiacese], Linn., Zk-Crypto-
(jamia l-Filices. Allied to Osmunda.)
Greenhouse, brown-spored Ferns. See FERNS.
T. Africa'na (African). 2. June. Cape of Good
Hope. 1805.
— ausira'lis (southern). N.Holland. 1831.
— pellu'cidn, (transparent). New Zealand. 1842.
TOFIE'LDIA. (Named after Mr. Tofield,
a botanical patron. Nat. ord., Melanths
[Melanthacese]. Linn., Q-Hexandria 1-
Monogynia.}
Hardy, North American, herbaceous perennials.
Division of the roots in spring ; sandy loam and
a little vegetable mould.
T. glutino'sa (clammy). £. White. 1825.
— pu'bens (downy). Green, yellow. July. 1840.
— pube'scens (downy). $. White. April. 1790.
TO'LPIS. (Meaning not known. Nat.
ord,, Composites [Asteracese], Linn., 19-
Syngenesia 1-^qualis. Allied to Cata-
nanche.)
Hardy, yellow- flowered annuals, from the South
of Europe. Seeds in flower-beds or borders in
April.
T. alti'ssima -(tallest). 4. June. 1823.
— barba'tu (bear&ed-purple-eyed). 2. Yellow:,
purple. June. 1620.
— coronopifo'lia (buckhorn-leaved). 1. June.
1/77.
— grandifio'ra (large-flowered). June. 1830.
— umbella'ta (umbelled). 2. Yellow, purple. 1820.
— virga'ta (twiggy). 2. 1818.
TOLU BALSAM-TREE. Myrospe'rmum.
TOMATO. (Lycope'rsicum.) -See LOVE-
APPLE.
TONGUE VIOLET. Schweigge'ria.
TONQUIN BEAN. BJpterlx.
TOOL-HOUSE. Upon this too-much-
neglected garden edifice, Mr. Barnes, of
Bicton Gardens, says : — " Have a place
for everything, and everything in its
place ; kept in good condition, and at all
times put away clean; for omission of
which have rules and fines placed in each
of the tool-houses, regularly enforced,
and payment demanded for each fine on
the labourers' pay-day. At Bicton, ft
book is kept for entering each fine, and
a separate account given of each fine,
TOO
[ 784]
TOR
and for what, or why, it was enforced ;
annually, Lady Kolle doubles the amount
so' collected, and if good order has been
kept, and only a small sum so collected,
her ladyship trebles the amount. I add
my own mite, and each foreman his,
as a sort of compound for any matter
that may have slipped our memories, &c. ;
the amount is then placed in the Savings
Bank, as a reserve sum in case of illness,
&c. We have the same order and regula-
tion kept in each tool-shed — that is to
say, the tool-shed of each department—
that I need here describe only one. The
tool-shed of the hothouse and flower-
garden department is a lean-to shed at
the back of a hot house, substantially
built, and covered with slate; length,
fifty -four feet; width, thirteen feet; height
at back, fifteen feet; and height at front,
nine feet ; paved all through with York-
shire flag-stones, which are neatly swept
up every night, the last thing, and washed
every Saturday thoroughly. There is a
door at each end, and one in the centre
of the front wail, and a window on each
side of the centre door. Strong beams
are thrown across from front to back, and
strong planks laid on them, which form
a useful loft for placing mats, stakes,
laths for tally -making, brooms, nets,
canvass for covering and shading, &c.,&c.
Within two feet of the roof, against the
back wall, is placed a row of pegs the
whole length of the shed, for hanging
the long-handled tools, such as grass and
leaf rakes, long-handled Dutch hoes, and
iron rakes, &c. ; on the next row of pegs,
the whole length of the shed, are placed
the various kinds of draw hoes, tan forks,
dung forks and prongs, strong forks for
digging and surface-stirring, spades and
shovels of various kinds, pickaxes, mat-
tocks and bills, dung drags,edging shears,
&c. ; on a third row of pegs, still lower,
are placed the water-pots, all numbered,
with initials as well, thus — B, G — 45, or
CO, whatever the number may run to;
underneath those is a row more of pegs ,
for placing the noses of the water-pots —
thus the back wall is furnished. The front
wall, half-way, is furnished with shelves
for placing shreds and nails, rope yarn,
tallies, flower-pegs, whetstones, rubber
or scythe-stones, and many other small
articles. Underneath those shelves are
pegs for hanging the hammers, axes,
saws, hatchets, mallets, and stake-drivers,
irowels, hand-forks, reels and lines,
hedge-clipping shears, scythes, chisels,
the various sizes of one-handed crane-
necked hoes, crowbars, mops, hair-
brushes, and brooms, and various other
articles. The scythes are hung up over
the end beam, and on the other side,
without shelves, the hand-barrows are
placed; birch and heath brooms, both
round and fan-shaped, that are in daily
use; and various other articles. The
garden rules are hung in a conspicuous
place; also in the tool-house. Every
tool is to be put into its proper or allotted
place every night thoroughly cleansed,
any omision of which subjects the de-
faulter to a fine. Each tool-house is
under the same system. We have sepa-
rate wheelbarrow sheds ; sheds for placing
soils in the dry, arranged in old casks ;
varieties of sand, pebbles, and flints, for
potting purposes, with lofts over for flower-
pot stowage; a shed for the liquid -manure
casks, which is one of the most essential
and valuable of all. A shed for placing
the charred articles of all kinds, equal to
the last ; a potting shed ; mushroom shed ;
stove shed ; fruit rooms, and onion lofts,
&c., &c. Each and all are kept under
the above regulations."
TOOTH-ACHE-TREE. Zantfio'xylum.
TOOTHWORT. JDenta'ria.
TOP-DRESSING. Manure spread over
the surface whilst the crop is growing.
TORCH-THISTLE. Ge'reus.
TORE'NIA. (Named after Bev. O. Toran,
a Swedish botanist. Nat. ord., Figworts
[Scrophulariacese]. Linn., \k-Didynamia
%-Angiospermia.)
Stove evergreens. Cuttings of the points of
shoots, or small side-shoots, in sandy soil, and in
a little heat ; if far enough from the glass of the
frame or pit, they will want no bell-glass ; fibry
loam and sandy peat in equal proportions, with
another part made up of dried old cow-dung,
charcoal, and rough sand. Winter temp., 42° to
50° ; summer, 60° to 80°.
T. Arracune'nsis (Arracan). Deep purple. June.
1846.
— Asia'tica (Asiatic). l$.Purple. June. E.Ind.1845.
— co'ncolor (one- coloured). l£. Purple. July.
China. 1844.
— cordifo'lia (heart-leaved). J. Lilac. July.
E. Ind. 1811.
— edenta'ta (toothless). 1. Purple. June, E.
Ind. 1845.
— hirsu'ta (hairy). White. June. E. Ind. 1823.
— sea' bra (rough-leaved'). 1. Pale blue. June.
Moreton Bay. 1830.
TO'RTRIX. A genus of moths.
T. luscana generates a red grub, and
T. cynosbana a black-spotted, green grub,
both very destructive of blossom-buds.
T. vitisana, Vine Tortrix. Found on
TOR
[ 7853
TRA
the vine in April and May ; head yellow ;
upper wings marbled with rusty and grey
colours. Caterpillars appear as the blos-
som-buds open, which they unite with
white thread.
T. nigricana. Red Plum Grub Tortrix.
Moth black, appearing in June. Eggs
deposited on the plum ; grub small, red,
pierces the fruit, and is found near the
stone. Mr. Curtis observes that, " If the
plums that have fallen off be examined,
a small red caterpillar will be found
within it ; the caterpillar being generally
full grown when the plum falls off, soon
creeps out, and penetrates the loose bark,
forming a case, in which it remains during
the winter. Early in the spring it changes
into a light brown pupa, and the moth
emerges about June. The moth is not so
large as a house-fly; its wings are almost
black, and when the sun is shining on
them they have a remarkably metallic
lustre ; on the outer edge of the fore-
wings there is an appearance of fine
silver dust. Among the remedies pro-
posed to lessen the ravages of this insect,
it is recommended to shake the trees and
remove all the fruit that falls off; and
another good method is to scrape thorough
pieces of bark off the stem under which the
cocoons are concealed: this must be done
late in the autumn, or early in the spring."
T.Bergmanniana. Rose Tortrix. Differs
little to a common observer from the pre-
ceding. "Where bushes are much infested
with the larvae of these insects, it is much
better to cut them down, and burn the
shoots. This and hand-picking are the
only remedies we are acquainted with.
Care must be taken not to disturb the
maggots when collecting them, for they
will let themselves down with threads,
and thus escape.
T. ocellana. This is the parent of the
red-bud caterpillar, which destroys the
buds of the apple and pear. Upper wings
grey, with a white transverse band.
T. Wceberiana. Plum-tree Tortrix. Its
larva feeds on the inner bark of the
plum, apricot, almond, and peach. The
grubs pierce holes through the bark,
which may be detected by small heaps of
red powder upon it. Moth brown; grub
greenish, with a red head.
T. pomonana. Codling Moth. Its
reddish-white grub is common in apples
and pears. Moth light grey, streaked
with dark grey. Seen of an evening
during May, and the grubs appear soon
50
after. All fallen apples should be de-
stroyed, because they usually contain this
or other grubs, which will otherwise pro-
duce moths, and multiply the evil.
T.turionana, T . hyrcyniana, T.resiiiella,
and T. buoliana, all infest pine-trees,
injuring them by depositing their eggs
in the buds, which are subsequently
preyed upon by their caterpillars.
TOUCH-ME-NOT. Impa'tiens.
TORRE 'YA. (Named after Dr. Torrey,
a botanical writer. Nat. ord., Taxads
[Taxacese]. Linn., 22-Dicecia 13-Mona-
dclphia. . Allied to Taxus.)
For culture, see TA'XXJS. Hardy evergreens.
T. Humbo'tdtii (Humboldt's). Georgia. 1848.
— myri'stica (Calijornian, nutmeg). 40. Cali-
fornia. 1851.
— taxifo'lia (yew-leaved). 30. Florida. 1840.
TOURNEFO'RTIA. (Named after J. P.
Tournefort, a great systematic botanist.
Nat. ord., Ehretiads [Ehretiaceee]. Linn.,
5-Pentandria 1-Monoyynia. Allied to the
Heliotrope.)
Cuttings of young shoots in April or August,
in sandy soil, under glass, and in a little heat.
Some, such as heliotropioi'des, make a fair bed
out of doors ; except for this purpose, they are
not worth house room either in a greenhouse or
a plant-stove ; any light, common soil suits them,
and they may be planted out in the middle of
May.
GREENHOUSE EVERGREENS.
T. umbella'ta (umbelled). White. June. Mexico.
1826.
— veluti'na (velvety). 10. White. June. Mexico.
1826.
STOVE EVERGREENS.
T. Caracasa'na (Caraccas). White, May. Ca-
raccas. 1828.
— ^raa^Aaio'des(gnaphalium-like). White. June.
W. Ind. 1820.
— tteliotropioi'des (heliotrope-like). 2. Pale lilac.
May. Buenos Ayres. 1829.
— hirsuti'ssima (hairiest). 10. Green, yellow.
June. W. Ind. 1818.
— laurifo'lia (laurel-leaved). 12. Yellow. July.
W. Ind. 182Q.
— macula'ta (spotted-fruited). Yellow. June,
Carthagena. 1828.
— sca'ndens (climbing). 10. Green, yellow. July.
Peru. 1816.
— volu'bilis (twining). 10. Green, yellow. July.
Jamaica. 1752.
TOVOMI'TA. (Tovomite, the name in
Cayenne. Nat. ord., Guttifers [Clusia-
cese]. Linn., IS-PolyandriaS-Pentagynia.)
Stove evergreen trees. Cuttings of half-ripened
shoots in sand, under a bell-glass, in heat ; sandy
peat and fihry loam. Winter temp., 58° to 65° ;
summer, 60° to 90°, and moist atmosphere.
T. Clusitefo'lia (Clusia-leaved). 10. Yellow. May.
Cayenne. 1823.
— Guiane'nais (Guianan). Green. Guiana. 1827.
TRACHE'LIUM. Throatwort. (From
trachelos, the neck ; supposed efficacy in
3JB
TEA
C 786
TEA
diseases of the trachea. Nat. ord., Bell-
worts [Carapanulacese]. .Linn 5-Pen-
tandria 1-Monogynia.)
Hardy herbaceous perennial. Seeds in a slight
hotbed in spring ; also by cuttings of young shoots
in sandy soil, in April, o"r at the end of summer ;
sandy loam and a little vegetable mould.
T. eaeru'Uum (blue). 2. Blue. August. Italy.
1640.
TRACHYHE'NE. (From trachys, rough,
and hymen, a memhrane ; channels of the
fruit. Nat. ord., Umbellifers [Apiaces?].
Linn., 5-Pentandria l-Monogynia.)
All the following are greenhouse, New Holland,
evergreen plants, except cceru'lea. The annuals
never do much good in the open air, however
raised ; but if sown in a gentle hotbed in March,
pricked out and potted, and flowered in the green-
touse in summer, they will reward the trouble ;
sandy loam and leaf-mould ; shrubs, cuttings of
young shoots under a bell-glass, in sandy soil ;
sandy loam and fibry peat. Winter temp., 40°
to 50°.
1. cceru'lea (sky-blue). l£. Blue. July. 1827.
Aunual.
— compre'ssa (fia.t-stalked). 1. Pale yellow. May.
— linea'ris (narrow-teamed). 2. yellow. July.
1824.
— ova'lis (oval-tea ved). 1. White. May.
— ova'ta (egg-leaved). 1. Pale yellow. May.
TRADE SCA'NTIA. Spiderwort. (Named
after J.Tradescant, gardener to Charles I.
Nat. ord., Splderworts [Commelinacese].
Linn., 6-Hexa.jidria I-Monogynia.)
All blue-flowered, except where otherwise men.
tioned. Annuals, by seed ; perennials, by divi-
sions in spring ; rich, light loam ; those requiring
the greenhouse and stove will thrive better from
having a little peat, and they should be well
drained.
HARDY ANNUALS.
T. erecta (upright). 2. July. Mexico. 1794.
— latifo'lia, : broad-leaved). l£. October Lima.1816.
GREENHOUSE HERBACEOUS, &C.
T. ci-assifo'lia (thick-leaved). 3. August. Mexico.
"UPS.
— panicula'la (panicled). 1. August. E. Ind.
1816. Biennial.
— pulche'lla (neat). 1. July. Mexico. 1825.
Evergreen.
— tu'mida (swollen). 1. Red. September.
Mexico. 1837.
STOVE HERBACEOUS, &C.
T. cordifo'lia (heart-leaved). £. June. Jamaica.
181y. Evergreen.
— cra'ssula (thick). 1. White. July. Brazil. 1825.
— di'sculor (various-coloured). 1. June. S. Amer.
1783.
— diure'tica (diuretic). $. June. Brazil. 1825.
— divarica'ta (straggling). ^.June. Trinidad. 1818.
— fusca'ta (browned). £.September.S.Amer.l820.
— genicula'ta (knotted). 1. July. W. Ind. 1783.
— Maluba'rica (Malabar). 1. Purple. July. E.
Ind. 17/6.
— Martensia'na (Marten's). White. E. Ind.
— m,ultlflo'ra (many-flowered). £. June. Ja-
maica. 1820.
— procu'mbew (trailing). $. June. Trinidad.
1824. Evergreen.
T. specio'sa (showy). 1. July. Mexico. 1825.
— spica'ta (spiked). 2. Purple. Mexico.
— tubero'sa (tuberous). l£. July. E. Ind. 1817.
— undula'ta (waved). 1. June. Trinidad. 1819.
— aebri'na (zebra). Reddish-purple. September.
1846.
HARDY HERBACEOUS.
T. caricifo'lia (sedge-teaved). 1. August. Texas.
1835.
— conge'sta (crowded). 2. August. N. Amer. 1826.
— pilo'sa (\\vny-herbaged}. 2£. Purple. July.
Louisiana. 1832.
— ro'sea (rosy). 1. Pink. June. Carolina. 180'2.
— ' Virgl'nica (Virginian). l£. July.N.Amer. 1629.
a'lba (white). l.White.July.N.Amer.l629.
— ——cteru'lea a'lba (blue-and-white). 1. Blue,
white. July. N. Amer. 1629.
pilo'sa (shasrgy). 1. White. July. N.
Amer. 1629.
— — —ple'na (AovCaie-fiowered). 1. Blue, July.
N. Amer. 1629.
ru'bra (red). 1. Red. July. N. Amer. 1629.
TRAGoro'aoN. Goat's Beard. (From
tragos, a goat, and pogon, a beard ; long,
silky beards of the seed. Nat. ord.,
Composites [Asteracese]. linn., 19-Syn-
genesia l-2Equalis.)
Hardy biennials, yellow-flowered, except where
otherwise mentioned : seeds in March and Au-
gust ; common garden-soil. See SA.LSAFY.
T. du'blus (doubtful). 3. May. Podolia. 1818.
— flocco'sus (woolly). 3. May. Hungary. 1816.
— ma'jor (greater). 6. May. Austria. 1788.
— mi'nor (smaller). 2. June. Britain.
— muta'bilis (changeable). 3. Pale. May. Si-
beria. 1816.
— orientu'lis (eastern). 3. June. Levant. 1787-
— porrifo'liuts (leek-leaved. Salsafy). 4. Pur-
ple. May. England.
— pusi'llus (small). £. June. Iberia. 1820.
— rtf sens (rosy). 1$. Red. May. Siberia. 1826.
TEAGOPY'RUM. Goat's Wheat. (From
tragos, a goat, and pyros, wheat. Nat.
ord., Buckwheats [Tolygonacesej. Linn.,
8-Octandria '3-Trigynia.)
Hardy deciduous shrubs. Generally by layers
in spring and autumn ; a moist, peaty soil suits
them most.
T. buxifo'lium (box-leaved). 1$. White. July.
Siberia. 1800.
— lanceola'tum (spear-head-Zeaccd). 2. Pink.
July. Siberia. 1778.
— poly'g<nnum (polygamous). 2. Piuk. July.
Carolina. 1810.
TRAILERS. See CREEPERS.
TRAIN OIL. See ANIMAL MATTERS.
TRAINING has for its object the render-
ing plants more productive either of
flowers or of fruit, by regulating the
number and position of their branches.
If their number be too great they over-
shadow those below them, and, by exclud-
ing the heat and light, prevent that ela-
boration of the sap required for the
production of fructification. If they are
too few the sap is expended in tbe pro-
duction of more, and in extending the
TEA
[787]
TEA:,
surface of the leaves required for the
digestion of the juices.
The position of the branches is im-
portant, because, if trained against a
waii, they obtain a higher temperature
and protection from winds ; and if trained
•with their points below the horizontal
the return of the sap is checked. Shy-
flowering shrubs, as Di'placus puni'ceus,
are made to blossom abundantly, and
freely -flowering shrubs, as Cy 'tis us hy'-
bridus, are made to blossom earlier, by
having their branches bent below the
horizontal line.
The reason of this appears in the fact,
that a plant propels its sap with greatest
force perpendicularly, so much so that
the sap rising in a vine branch growing
in a right line from the root, with a force
capable of sustaining a column of mercury
twenty-eight inches high, will, if the
branch be bent down to a right angle,
support barely twenty-three inches, and
if bent a few degrees below the horizontal
the column sustained will not be more
than twenty - one
inches. This is the
reason why, at such
angles, gardeners
find the trained
branches of their
wall-trees rendered
more productive of
blossoms, and fur-
nished with a small-
er surface of leaves.
A similar effect is
produced by train-
ing a branch in a
waving form, for
two-thirds of its
length are placed
horizontally, as in
the accompanying outline.
Besides the usual modes of training —
for which see also ESPALIERS and STAND-
ARDS— there are two other modes which
deserve notice.
Quenouille Training consists in training
one upright central shoot in summer,
and shortening it down to fifteen inches
at the winter pruning, in order that it
may, at that height, produce branches
forming a tier, to be trained, in the first
instance, horizontally. The shoot pro-
duced by the uppermost bud is, however,
trained as upright as possible during the
summer, and is cut back, so as to produce
another tier fifteen inches above the first,
and so on until the tree has reached the
desired height. In this climate it is
necessary to train the shoot downwards,
which is easily done by tying those of the
first tier to short stakes, those of each
successive tier being fastened to the
branches below them. When the shoots
are thus arched downwards at full length,
or nearly so, they soon come into a bear-
ing state ; but in this climate, if cut short,
as the French do, they only send up a
number of shoots annually. The plan
answers very well where it can be at all
times properly attended to; but if this
cannot be guaranteed, the ordinary form
of dwarf is preferable. Quenouille s re-
quire more time to be devoted to them
than espaliers.
Balloon Training is forcing downwards
all the branches of standard trees till the
points touch the earth, and they have the
merit of producing large crops of fruit
in a very small compass. Their upper
parts are, however, too much exposed to
radiation at night, and the crop from that
part of the branches is apt to be cut off.
TRANSPLANTING is most successfully
performed whenever the roots are least
required for supplying the leaves with
moisture. The reason is obvious, because
the roots are always in some degree broken,
and lessened in their absorbing power,
by the process of removal. That such is
the rationale of seasonable transplanting
is proved by the fact, that plants in pots,
with reasonable care, may be transplanted
at any season. This rule, too, is sanctioned
both by theory and practice — transplant
as early as possible after the leaves cease
to require a supply of sap ; the reason for
which is, that the vital powers in the roots
continue active long after they have be-
come torpid in the branches, and fresh
roots are formed during the autumn and
winter to succeed those destroyed by
transplanting.
For transplanting most deciduous trees
and shrubs October and November are
the most successful months. In trans-
planting evergreens, Mr. Beaton says : — I
do not now concur in the general belief ;
that autumn is the best time to plant all
kinds of evergreens indiscriminately. I
have planted evergreens every week in
the year, more from necessity than choice
it is true, but still the result of the whole
convinces me that a dogmatic adherence
r,o this or that given period of the year is
just as bad and unphilosophical as the
TRA
C 788 ]
TfiE
old prejudice in favour of planting all
kinds of evergreens late in the spring.
That vast assemblage of evergreens be-
longing to the natural order Conifers,
from the Cedar of Lebanon down to the
trailing Jumper, should be planted from
the middle of July to the beginning of
October, according to the weather after
St. Swithin's day. November, on the
other hand, is as good a time as can be
to remove evergreens of all kinds, pro-
vided that large balls of earth be removed
with them. Hollies, Laurestinus^Alaternvs,
PJiillyreas, and Tree Box will transplant
as well in May and June as at any other
time of the year — of that I am quite
certain ; I have removed hundreds of
them in May and June without losing a
twig. On the other hand, 'all these, and
many more besides, will answer as well
if planted early in November ; but that is
no reason for giving up the old plan of
late spring planting such evergreens as
do well at that time, although we need
not do so from choice. The whole ques-
tion amounts to this: — All evergreens
succeed if planted in the autumn ; a great
number of them will do better from being
planted in the autumn, and will not trans-
plant safely except in the autumn ; while
a large portion of them may be planted
every day in the year with almost equal
success.
November and May are the best two
months to remove Roses. All the young
and tender ones in pots turn out in May ;
but for all those on their own roots No-
vember is the best month to remove them.
TRA'PA. Water Caltrops. (From cafci-
trapa, an ancient instrument in warfare
with four spikes ; fruit armed with four
spikes, or horns. Nat. ord., Hippuriads
[Haloragacese]. Linn., ^-Tetrandria 1-
Monogynia,.}
Aquatics. Seeds ; good loam, in a tub or pond
of water; na'tans will do in the latter ; the others
require the shelter of a greenhouse.
T. bico'rnis (two-horned). White. July. China.
1790. Greenhouse perennial.
— bispino'sa (two-spined). White. July. E. Ind.
1822. Greenhouse biennial.
— na'tans (floating). White, purple. July. Eu-
rope. 1781. Hardy annual.
— quadrispino'sa (four-spined). White. July.
E. Ind. 1823. Greenhouse biennial.
TREVIRA'NIA. The following should be
united to Achimenes: —
T. pulche'lla (neat). Scarlet. August. Jamaica.
1778.
TRAVELLER'S JOY. Cle'matis vita'lba
and O. vio'rna.
TREE CELANDINE. Socco'niafrute'scens,
TREE GUARDS. The following are cheap
and effectual : — Stakes about the thick-
ness of the wrist, seven feet in length, and
tolerably straight, chopped each a little
flat on one side, some iron hooping, a
little thicker than coopers are in the habit
of using for barrels, with punched holes
through it six inches apart, with one hole
near each end. Nail this to the stakes
on the chopped side, one foot from the
top of them, and one foot from the bottom ;
then raise it, and bend it circularly round
the tree, observing that the hoops are
placed inside, nearest the tree ; the holes
left at each end of the hoop are then
clenched up with a nail, and the guard is
complete.
The following plan is somewhat simi-
lar : — Procure stakes of ash or larch, sis
feet in length, or more if requisite, and
about two inches in diameter, and bore
holes through the tops and bottoms about
one foot from each end. Get a similar hole
dulled up the centre of a stake, and saw
it off in lengths of two inches, or rather
less; pass a strong wire, or thick tarred
string, through one stake, by the holes
at the top and at the bottom ; then pass it
through the hole made in one of the two-
inch pieces at each end, and then through
another stake, separating each stake at
top and bottom by a piece of wood, until
you leave enough to surround the tree
loosely, leaving plenty of space for growth.
Place it round the tree, and fasten the
ends of the wire or string. This guard
is much the same as a cradle put round
the neck of a blistered horse, to prevent
his gnawing the irritated part. The
stakes merely rest on the ground, and
should be out quite flat at the bottom, to
prevent their sticking into the ground.
At the upper end they should have a
sharp slanting cut with a bill-hook, and
threaded with the slope towards the tree.
The motion of the tree will not in any
degree be impeded ; and the bark cannot
be injured let the wind blow as it may,
for the guard moves freely with the tree
in every direction.
TREES area chie^ material in landscape
gardening. The varieties in their shapes,
says Mr. Whately, may be reduced to
the following heads : — Some, thick with
branches and foliage, have almost an
appearance of solidity, as the bbcch, the
elm, the lilac, and seringa ; others, thin
of boughs and of leaves, seem light anu
TRE
789 ]
TRE
airy, as the ash and the abele, the com-
mon arbor vitse and the tamarisk.
There is a mean betwixt the two ex-
tremes, very distinguishable from both,
as in the bladder-nut and the ashen-
leaved maple. They may again be divided
into those whose branches begin from the
ground, and those which shoot up in a
stem before their branches begin. Trees
which have some and not much clear
stem, as several of the firs, belong to the
former class ; but a very short stem -will
rank as a shrub, such as the althaea, in
the latter.
Of those, the branches of which begin
from the ground, some rise in a conical
figure, as the larch, the cedar of Lebanon,
and the holly. Some swell out in the
middle of their growth and diminish at
both ends, as the Weymouth pine, the
•mountain ash, and the lilac; and some
are irregular and bushy from the top to
the bottom, as the evergreen oak, the
Virginian cedar, and Guelder rose. There
is a great difference between one whose
base is very large, and another whose base
Is very small, in proportion to its height.
The cedar of Lebanon and the cypress
are instances of such a difference; yet in
"both the branches begin from the ground.
The heads of those which shoot up
into a stem before their branches begin
sometimes are slender cones, as of many
firs ; sometimes are broad cones, as of
the horse-chestnut ; sometimes they are
round, as of the stone pine, and most
sorts of fruit-trees ; and sometimes ir-
regular, as of the elm. Of this kind
there are many considerable varieties.
The branches of some grow horizon-
tally, as of the oak ; in others they fall,
as in the lime and the acacia; and in
some of these last they incline obliquely,
as in many of the firs ; in some they hang
directly down, as in the weeping willow.
Some are of a dark green, as the horse-
shestnut and the yew; some of a light
green, as the lime and the laurel ; some
of a green tinged with brown, as the
Virginian cedar ; some of a green tinged
with white, as the abele and the sage-
tree ; and some of a green tinged with
yellow, as the ashen-leaved maple and
the Chinese arbor vitro. The variegated
plants, also, are generally entitled to be
classed with the white or the yellow, by
the strong tincture of the one or the
other of t o-ie colours on their leaves.
The fall of the leaf is the time to learn
the species, the order, and the proportion
of tints, which blended will form beautiful
masses ; and, on the other hand, to dis-
tinguish those which are incompatible
near together. The peculiar beauty of
the tints of red cannot then ^escape ob-
servation, and the want of them through-
out the summer months must be regretted ;
but the want, though it cannot perfectly,
may partially be supplied, for plants have
a permanent and an accidental colour.
The permanent is always some shade of
green, but any other may be the acci-
dental colour ; and there 19 none which
so many circumstances concur to produce
as a red. It is assumed in succession by
the bud, the blossom, the berry, the bark,
and the leaf. Sometimes it profusely
overspreads, at other times it dimly
tinges the plant, and a reddish-green is
generally the hue of those plants on
which it lasts long or frequently returns.
Admitting this, at least for many
months in the year, among the character-
istic distinctions, a large piece of red-
green, with a narrow edging of dark
green along the further side of it, and
beyond that a piece of light green still
larger than the first, will be found to
compose a beautiful mass. Another, not
less beautiful, is a yellow-green nearest
the eye, beyond that a light green, then
a brown-green, and lastly a dark green.
The dark green must be the largest, the
light green the next in extent, and the
yellow-green the least of all.
From these combinations the agree-
ments between particular tints may be
known, A light green may be next either
to a yellow or a brown-green, and a brown
to a dark green, all in considerable
quantities ; and a little rim of dark green
may border on a red or a light green.
Further observations will show that the
yellow and the white -greens connect
easily ; but that large quantities of the
light, the yellow, or the white-greens do
not mix well with a large quantity also of
the dark green ; and that to form a pleas-
ing mass, either the dark green must be
reduced to a mere edging, or a brown or
an intermediate green must be interposed;
that the red, the brown, and the inter-
mediate greens agree among themselves,
and that either of them may be joined to
any other tint; but that the red-green
will bear a larger quantity of the light
than of the dark green near it ; nor does
it seein so proper a mixture with the
TRE
[ 790 ]
TRE
white-green as with the rest. In massing
these tints an attention must he con-
stantly kept up to their forms, that they
do not lie in large stripes one beyond
another; but that either they be quite
intermingled, or, which is generally more
pleasing, that considerable pieces of
different tints, each a beautiful figure, be
in diiferent proportions placed near to-
gether. See CLUMP, AVENUE, and GKOVE.
TRKE MALLOW. Lava1 1 era arbo'rea.
TKEE OF SADNESS. Nycta'nthes a'rbor
tri'stis.
TREE or CANADA ONION. (A' Ilium
proli'ferum.} This is without a bulbous
root, but throws out numerous offsets.
Its top bulbs are greatly prized for
pickling, being considered of superior
flavour to the common onion.
It is propagated both by the root offsets,
which may be planted during March and
April, or in September and October, and
from the top bulbs, which are best planted
at the end of April. The old roots are
best to plant again for a crop of bulbs, as
they are most certain to run to stems.
Plant in rows twelve inches asunder, in
holes six inches apart and two deep, a
single offset or bulb being put in each.
Those planted in autumn will shoot up
leaves early in the spring, and have their
bulbs fit for gathering in June or the
beginning of July. Those inserted in the
spring will make their appearance later,
and will be in production at the close of
July or early in August. They must not,
however, be gathered for keeping or
planting until the stalks decay, at which
time, or in the spring also, if only of one
year's growth, the roots may be taken up
and parted if required for planting ; but
when of two or three years' continuance,
they must, at all events, be reduced in
size, otherwise they grow in too large and
spindling bunches ; but the best plan is
to make a fresh plantation annually with
single onsets.
The bulbs, when gathered, must be
gradually and carefully dried in a shady
place, and if kept perfectly free from
moisture will continue in good state until
the following May.
TRELLIS, or TRJEILLAGE, is an arrange-
ment of supporters upon which to train
plants.
Espalier Trellis. — The cheapest, the
easiest, and the soonest made is that
formed with straight poles or stakes of
ash, oak, or chestnut, in lengths of from
five to six or seven feet, driving them in
the ground in a range about a foot distant,
all of an equal height, and then railed
along the top with the same kind of poles
or rods, to preserve the whole form in a
regular position. They should be full an
inch and a half thick, and, having pointed
them at one end, drive them with a
mallet into the ground in a straight range,
close along the row of trees, a foot deep
at least. To render treillage still stronger,
run two, three, or more ranges of rods,
along the back part of the uprights, a foot
or eighteen inches asunder, fastening
them to the upright stakes either with,
pieces of strong wire twisted two or three
times round, or by nailing them.
Espalier trellis made of cast-iron rods
is neater and much more durable than,
that made of wood.
Trellis for Climbers. — These have been
greatly improved, or rather, they have
been created within these few years, for
ten years ago we had nothing but stakes
and rods.
Their forms are now various and
elegant; but we shall here only explain
the manner in which the wire trellis for
climbing plants is attached to the pots
It will be seen that a strong wire ring ia
carried round the pot a little above its
bottom. To this a sufficient number of
upright wires are attached all round.
These upright wires are pressed down
upon the surface of the pot till they
reach the rim, over which they are firmly
bent till they reach the highest point of
the rim, or are even bent a little within
it. At this point they are secured by a
second ring of stout wire, adjusted as in
the drawing, which having been done,
the uprights are directed upwards, and
fashioned into the pattern required. By
these means a sort of collar is formed
upon the rim of the pot, which prevents
the trellis from slipping downwards,
while, at the same time, the lowest ring
TEE
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of wire keeps it from swinging and sway
ing backwards and forwards.
Umbrella Trellis is a form excellently
adapted for Wista'ria Sine'itsis,a,nd. other
climbers or shrubs liaving long racemes
'of flowers.
Hothouse Trellis, for training vines
near the glass, is usually made of thin
rods of deal or of iron, placed about a foot
apart, and fastened to the framework of
the building. Mr. Long, Beaufort Place,
Chelsea, has invented a moveable wire
trellis, by which the vines may be lowered
from the roof, or placed at any angle,
without injuring the vines. This is an
excellent mode of removing them from
the influence of extreme exterior heat or
cold. A still further improvement would
be to have the vertical rods moveable
round the rod horizontally fixed to the
rafter or roof, for then the whole trelllis
might be raised to an angle with, or even
close to, the glass, whenever sun to the
vine upon the trellis, or shade to the
plants within the house, was desirable.
TuEMBLiNa AMERICAN-TREE. Po'pnlns
tre'mula.
TRENCHING is one of the readiest modes
in the gardener's power for renovating
his soil. The process is thus conducted :—
From the end of the piece of ground
where it is intended to begin take out a
trench two spades deep, and twenty inches
wide, and wheel the earth to the opposite
end to fill up and finish the last ridge.
Measure off the width of another trench,
then stretch the line, and mark it out with
the spade. Proceed in this way until the
whole of the ridges are outlined, after
which begin at one end, and fill up the
bottom of the first trench with the surface
or "top spit" oi the second one; then
take the bottom " spit" of the latter, and
throw it in such a way over the other as
to form an elevated sharp-pointed ridge.
By this means a portion of fresh soil is
annually brought on the surface in the
place of that which the crop of the past
season may have, in some measure, ex-
hausted.
Bastard Trenching is thus performed:
— Open a trench two feet and a half or
a yard wide, one full spit, and the shovel-
ling deep, and wheel the soil from it to
where it is intended to finish the piece;
then put in the dung, and dig it in with
the bottom spit in the trench ; then fill
up this trench with the top spit, &c., of
the second, treating it in like manner, and
so on. The advantages of this plan of
working the soil are, the good soil is
retained at the top, an important con-
sideration where the subsoil is poor or
bad; the bottom soil is enriched and
loosened for the penetration and nourish-
ment of the roots, and, allowing them to
descend deeper, they are not so liable to
suffer from drought in summer; strong
soil is rendered capable of absorbing more
moisture, and yet remains drier at the
surface by the water passing down more
rapidly to the subsoil, and it insures a
thorough shifting of the soil.
In ail trenching, whether one, two, or
more spades deep, always, previous to
digging, put the top of each trench two
or three inches deep or more, with all
weeds and other litter at the bottom of
he open one, which not only makes clean
digging and increases the depth of loose
oil, but all weeds and their seeds are
'egularly buried at such a depth, that the
veeds themselves will rot, and their seeds
;annot vegetate.
TRI'BULUS. Caltrops. (From treist
;hree, and ballo, to project; carpels, or
livisions of the seed-vessel, end in three
or four projecting points. Nat. ord.,
Beancapers [Zygophyllacese]. Linn., 10-
Decandria 1- Monoyynia.}
All yellow-flowered, and animals, except cistoif-
des. Sow in a hotbed in March, harden off, and
ur, in a sheltered place in the garden towards the
eginning of June, or flower in pots in th« green-
louse; rich, light, sandy loam; a little peat will
>e required for vistoi'des, which is easily increased
>v cuttings in the spring.
T. cistoi'des (cistus-like). 1|. July. S. Amcr.
1752. Stove evergreen.
ii'ximxn ( 'greatest). l£ June. Jamaica. 1729.
— terr?' stris (earth). I.June. South Rurope. 1596.
— trijugu'tus (three-paired). £. June. Georgia*
1819.
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TRICHI'IIA. (From tricha, in threes, or
ternary; the parts of the seed-pods in
threes. Nat. ord., Meliads [Meliacese].
Linn., 10-Decandria 1-Monogynia.)
White-flowered, stove evergreen trees. Cut-
tings of ripened shoots in sand, under a bell-glass,
and in a moist, sweet heat, in April or autumn ;
fibry loam and sandy peat. Winter temp., 55°
to 60° ; summer, 60° to 80°.
T. glandulofsa (glanded). 20. July. N. Holland.
1821.
— Havane'nsis (Havannah). 30. June. Havannah.
1794.
— termina'lis (terminal). 20. Jamaica. 1825.
— trifolia'ta (three-leaved). 8. S. Amer. 1828.
TRKJHI'NIUM. -(From trichinos, hairy;
flowers covered -frith knotted hairs. Nat.
ord., Amaranths [Amarantacese]. Linn.,
5-Peritandria 1-Monogynia.)
Australian annuals. Seeds in a hotbed in
April; pricked out, and ultimately bloomed in
a cool greenhouse ; rich, sandy loam and a little
peat.
T. alopecuroi'deum (foxtail-like). 1. Yellow, red.
June. 1838.
— Mangle'sii (Mangles'). White, pink. June.
1838.
— Stirli'ngii (Stirling's). White, pink. June,
1838.
TRICHOCE'NTRON. (From thrix, a hair
and centron, a spur; application not
ohvious. Nat. ord., Orchids [Orchidaceae]
Linn., 2Q-Gynandria \-Monandria.)
Stove orchids, grown on blocks. See ORCHIDS
T. ca'ndidum (white). White, yellow. May. Gua-
timala. 1840.
—fu'scum (brown). $. Green, white. July
Mexico. 1835.
— iridifo'lium (iris-leaved). Yellow. September
Demerara. 1830.
— macula' turn (spotted). White, purple. Fe
bruary. New Grenada.
— recu'rvum (curled-back). White, purple. May
Guiana. 1842.
TRICHODE'SMA. (From thrix, a hair
and desmos, a bond ; anthers hound to
gether hy hairs. Nat. ord., Borayewort
[Boraginacese]. Linn., 5-Pentandria 1
Jlfonogynia.)
Stove annual. Sow in a hotbed early in spring
plant out the seedlings in a sheltered, warm bor
der early in June.
T. Zeyia'nicum (Ceylon). 4. Blue. August
Ceylon and W. Australia. 1855.
TRICHO'MANES. (From thrix, a hair
and manos, soft; the shining stems appea
•like fine hair. Nat. ord., Ferns [Poly
podiaceee]. Linn., Zk-Cryptogamia
Filices.}
Stove, brown-epored Ferns. See FERNS.
T. achilleafo'lium (milfoil-leaved). Isle of Luzon
— aculea'tum (prickly). May, Isle of Luzon.
— nla'tum (winged). June. W. Ind. 1824.
•— angusta'ium (narrowish). May. Isle of Luzon
. brevise'tum (short-bristled). J. May. Britain,
Hardy.
— cri'spum (curled). May. W. Ind. 1828.
— curva'tum (curved). April. Isle of Luzon.
— disse'ctum (cut-leaved). April. Isle of Luzon.
— floribu'ndum (many-flowered). May. W. Ind.
1825.
— fu'sco-glauce'scens (brownish - milky - green).
May. Isle of Luzon.
— gemma'tum (budded). April. Malacca.
— hu'mile (low). May. Isle of Luzon.
— Java'nicum (Javanese). May. Java.
— meifo'littm (meum-kaved). April. Isle of
Luzon.
— membrana'ceum (membranous). £. May. W.
Ind. 1820.
— obscu'rum (obscure). April. Isle of Luzon.
— pa'rvulum (very small). April. Isle of Luzon.
— qnereifo'hum (oak-reared). April. Jamaica.
1844.
— ra'dicans (rooting). April.
— rhontboi'deum (diamond-shaped). May. Isle of
Luzon.
— spica'tum (spiked). May. Jamaica. 1844.
TRICHONE'MA. (From thrix, a hair, and
nema, a filament ; stamens clothed with
minute hairs. Nat. ord., Irids [Iridacese],
., 3- Triandria \-Monogynia.)
Half-hardy bulbs, which require the same treat-
ment as Ixias. All from the Cape of Good Hope,
where not otherwise stated.
T. butbocu'dium (bulbocodium). J. Red. March.
South Europe. 1739.
— caule'scens (stemmed). $. Fellow. June. 181 Oi
— ehlorolev? cum (greenish- white). $. Green,
white. June. 1 825.
— ccelesti'num (celestial). J. Blue. March.
Carolina. 1818.
— Culu'nmee (Columna's). £. Blue. March.
Italy. 1825.
— crucia'tum (cross-shaped). J. Rose. May. 1/53.
— edu'te (eatable). Socotra. 1842.
—Jitifn'Hum (thread-leaved). £. Yellow. May.
1822.
— longifo'tium (long-leaved). £. Rose. May. 1758.
— pudi'cum (blushinff). £. Red. August. 1809.
— purpura'scens (purplish). $. Purple. Way.
Italy. 1825.
— py'lium (pylium). 4. Yellow, white. Ha-
vannah.
— quadra'ngulum (four-angled). £. June. 1825.
— ramifio'ritm (branched-flowered). £. Purple.
June. Naples. 1830.
— recu'rvum (curled-back). £. Red. June. 1812.
— ro'seum (rosy). £. Pink. July. 1818.
— specto'sum (showy). $. Red. May. 1808.
— subpalu'stre (rather boggy). $. Like, white.
Ionian Isles.
— tortuo'sum (twisted-/ea»ed). 4. Yellow. May.
1822.
TRICHOPE'TALTJM. (From thrix, a hair,
and^e^on,apetal; flowers fringed inside.
Nat. ord., Lily worts [Liliacese], Linn.,
Q'Hexcntdria 1-Monogynia.)
Half-hardy herbaceous perennials, from Chili*
Division in spring ; rich, sandy loam and a little
peat. Winter tetnp., 38° to 45°.
T. gra'cile (slender). 3. Greenish. July. 1828.
— • stella' turn (rttury-ftowered). 1. White. April.
1829-
TRICHOPI'LIA. (From thrix, a hair,
IEI
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TKI
and pilony a cap ; summit of the column
with tufts of hair. Nat. ord., Orchids
[Orchidacese]. lann., %Q-Gynandria 1-
Monandria. Allied
Stove orchids, grown in "baskets. See ORCHIDS.
T. cocci'nea (yed-flowered). Red, purple. AprU.
Central America. 1849.
— to'rtilis (twisted-pe/ated). $. White, red.
January. Mexico. 1835.
---- pa'Uida (pale). White. January. Guati-
maia. 1844.
— • sua'vis (sweet). White, purple. April. Central
America. 1852.
TRICHOSA'NTHES. Snake Gourd. (From
thrix, a hair, and anthos, a flower; flowers
fringed. Nat. ord., Cucurbits [Cucurbita-
cese]. Linn., %l-Moncecia W-Decandria.}
Stove, white-flowered annuals. Seeds in a
sweet hotbed in March, potted and grown in a
plant-stove; sandy loam, leaf-mould, and fibry
peat. The great length of the cucumber-like
seed-vessel is interesting.
T. angui'na (common. Snake). 4. May. China.
1735.
— colubri'na (serpent- like). 20. August. Ca-
bello. 1844.
— palnta'ta (hand-teauec?). July. E. Ind. 1825.
TRICHO'SMA. Hair Orchis. (From
thrix, a hair, and kosmos, ornament. Nat.
ord., Orchids [Orchidacese]. Linn., 20-
Gynandria 1-Monandria.}
Stove orchid, grown in a basket. See ORCHIJ>S.
T. sua'vis (sweet). 1. White, yellow. June. E.
Ind. 1840.
TRTCO'RYNE. (From treis, three, and
koryne, a club ; form of the seed-pod.
Nat. ord., Lily worts [Liliaceae]. Linn.,
G-Hexandria 1-Monogynia. Allied to
Anthericum.)
Half-hardy, white-flowered, herbaceous peren-
nials, from New Holland. Division and seeds ;
rich, sandy loam ; a very sheltered place, or a cold
pit, or a oool greenhouse in winter.
T. ela'tior (taller). 2. June. 1824.
— sca'bra (rough). 1. 1826.
— si'mplex (simple-stemmed). 1. July. 1823.
Biennial.
TRIENTA'LIS. Wintergreen. (From
triens, one-third ; low growth. Nat. ord.,
Primeworts [Primulacese], Linn., 7-
Heptandria \-Monoyynia.)
Hardy, white -flowered, herbaceous perennials.
Seeds under a hand-light; divisions of the plant
in spring ; light, rich soil. Pretty little plants,
requiring a shady situation.
T. America'na (American). £. July. N. Amer.
1816.
— Europee'a (European). £. May. Britain.
TRIFO'JJUM. Trefoil. (From ires,
three, and folium, a leaf; three-leaved.
Nat. ord., Leguminous Plants [Fabacese].
Linn., 17-Diadelphia k-Decandria.)
Seeds in the open ground, and divisions of the
herbaceous perennials ; light, rich loam.
HARDY HERBACEOUS.
T. ala' turn (winged). 4. Flesh. June. South
Europe. 1820.
— alpi'num (alpine). 4. Purple. July. Europe.
1775.
— Armeni'acum (Armenian). 1. Red. July.
Armenia. 1830.
— Arme'nium (Armenian). 1. Cream. August.
Armenia. 1820.
— ba'dium (brown). £. Yellow. July. Pyrenees.
— ccespito'sum (turfy). *. Purple. July. Switzer-
land. 1815.
— como'sum (tufted), i. White. June, America.
1708.
— Cwsso'ne'ifCusson's). 1. Blue. July. Sicily. 1826.
— e'legans (elegant). £, Pale red. July. Eu-
rope. 1823.
— exi'mium (choice). $. Purple. June. Dahuria.
1820.
albiflo'rum (white-flowered). $. White.
June. Altai.
— Lati'num (Latin). 1. White, red. June. Italy.
— iupina'ster (lupinaster). l£. Purple. July.
Siberia. 1741.
albiflo'rum (white-flowered). White. July.
Siberia. 1818.
— me'dium (mediate. Cow-grass). 2.Purple. June.
England.
— No'ricum (Noric). 1. Cream. July. Carinthia.
1821.
— ochroleu'cum (yellowish- white). 1. Sulphur.
May. England.
— Panno'nicum (Pannonian). 1. White, yellow.
June. Hungary. 1752.
— Pennsylva'nicum (Pennsylvanian). 1. Red.
July. N. Amer. 1811.
— physo'des (bladdery). 4. Reddish. June. Hun-
gary. 1805.
— prate'nse (meadow. Common Clover). 2. Pur-
ple. July. Britain.
— purpura'scens (purplish). 1. Purple. June.
Siberia. 18i6.
— re'pens (creeping. White Clover). l£. White.
July. Britain.
pentuphy'llurn (five-leaved). 4. White.
June. Britain.
— ru'bens (red). 1$. Dark red. South Europe.
1633.
— rw/>e's^-e(rock). 1. White. June. Naples. 1820.
— trichoct'phalum (hairy-headed). 1. Cream.
June. Caucasus. 1827.
— uniflo'rum (one-flowered). £. Blue. June.
Italy. 1800.
Sternbergia'num (Sternberg's). £. White.
June. South Europe. 1822.
— vagina1 turn (sheathed). 1. Pale yellow. Switzer-
land. 1819.
HARDY ANNUALS.
T. Bocco'ni (Boccon's). 4. Pale purple. June.
Spain. 1820.
— bractea'tum (/ar#e-bracted). 1. Purple. June.
Morocco. 1804. Biennial.
— ce'rnuum (drooping). 1. Pale purple. June.
Spain. 1820.
— ci'nctum (girded). 1. Pale yellow. June. 1820.
— conge'stuin (crowded). $. White, red. June.
South Europe. 1820.
— Constantinopolita'num (Constantinople). £.
Yellow. June. Turkey. 1820.
— erina'cKum (prickly). $. Pale red. June.
Iberia. 1818.
— fuca'tum (tinted). 1. Yellow. June. Cali.
fornia. 1834.
— geme'llum (twin-s/n/red). 4. Yellow. June,
Spain, 1818.
TKI
L 794 ]
TKI
T. globo'sum (globe-shaped). 1. Purple. July.
Levant. 1713.
— hi'rtum (hairy). 1. Purple. July. Barhary. 181".
pi'ctum (painted). 1. Purple. July. 1800.
— incarna'tum (ft--sh-coloured). 1. Flesh. July.
Italy. 15Q6.
Moline'rii (Moliner's). 1. White, red.
July. South Europe. 1820.
— interme'dium (intermediate). 1. White. June.
Italy. 1820.
— Kitaibelia'num ( Kkaibel's'). 1. Pale purple.
July. Hungary. 1818.
— tago'pus (hare's-foot). 1. Red. July. Spain.
1827.
— lappa'ceum (burr-like). 4- Pale red. July.
Montpelier. 1787-
— ligu'sticum (lovaee-like). £. White, red. June.
Spain. 18)6.
— malaca'nthum (dark-flowered). 1. Purple. July.
1824.
— mari'timum (sea). $. Pale purple. June.
Britain.
— monta'num (mountain). 1. White. July.
Europe. 1736.
— obscu'rum (obscure). $. Purple. June. Italy.
1824.
— pa'llidinn (pale-flowered). 1. White. June.
Hungary. 1803.
— Parisie'nse (Parisian). $. Yellow. June.
France.
— parviflo'rum (small -flowered). £. White. June.
Hungary. 1 820.
— procu'mbens (h-inor-down. Hop}. 1. Yellow.
June. Britain.
— purpu'reum (purple). 1. Purple. June. France.
1816.
— refle'xum (bent-back). 1. Purple. July. Vir-
ginia. 1794.
— saxa' tile (rock). £. Pale white. June. Switzer-
land. 1818. Biennial.
— specio'sum (showy). 1. Yellow. June. Canclia.
1752.
— sphceroce'phalon (round-headed). £. White.
June. N. Africa. 1820.
— squarro'sutn (spreading). £. Pale purple. July.
Spain. 1640.
— ——fla'vicans (yellowish). £. Pale yellow.
July. Pisania. 1817.
— stri'ctum. (erect), l. White. July. South
Europe. J805.
— suave'olens (sweet-scented). $. Purplish.
July. Italy. IS-'O.
— supi'num (flat-lying). £. Pale purple. June.
South Europe. 18 16.
— tenuiflo'rum (fine-flowered). J. Pale red. July.
Italy. 1823.
— tenuifof/ium (fine-leaved). £. June- Italy. 1826.
— tomento'sum (downy). 2- Purple. June! South
Europe. 1640.
TRIGO'NIA. (From treis, three, and
gonu, an angle ; the fruit three-angled.
Nat. ord., Milkworts [Polygalacese].
Linn., 16-Monadclphia 2-Pentandria.)
Stove evergreens. Cuttings of half-ripened
shoots in sand, under a bell-glass, in heat ; sandy,
fibry loam, and a little rough peat and leaf-mould.
Winter temp., 55° to 65° ; summer, 60° to 85°.
T. lee'vis (smooth). White. June. Guiana. 1828'
— viUo'sa (shaggy). Yellow, red. Cayenne. 1820-
TRIGONI'DIUM. (From trigona, a tri-
angle, and eidos, like; resemblance of
several parts of the plant. Nat. ord.,
Orchids [Orchidacese], Linn., 2Q-Gynan-
dria 1-Monandria.)
Stove orchids, from Demerara, grown in pots.
See ORCHIDS.
T. acumina'tum (pointed). 1. Straw-coloure
1834.
— acn'tum (sharpj. Chocolate.
— Egertonia'num (Sir P. Egerton's). 1|. Pab
brown. Year.
— obtu'sum (blunt-petaled). 1. Orange, brown.
June. 1834.
— ri'ngens (gaping). Yellow, green. Mexico.
isap.
— te'nue (slender). Brown, purple. May. 1836.
TRI'LLIUM. (From trllix, triple ; the
parts of the flower in threes. Nat. ord,,
Parids [Trilliaceos]. Linn., Q-Hexandria
3-Trifjynia. Allied to Paris.)
Hardy, North American, tuberous-rooted per-
ennials. Division of the tuberous roots, and by
eeds ; sandy peat-border, or kept as alpine plants.
T. Catesbai (Catesby's). *. Red. May. 1820.
— ce'rnuum (drooping). H. White. April. 1758.
— ere'ctum-u'lbum (upright-white). £. White.
April. 1700.
— erythrnrn'rpirm (red-fruited). £• Red, white.
May. 1811.
— grandi flu' rum (large-flowered). £. White.
July. 1799-
— nervo'sum (J«r#e-nerveu). i. Red. April. 1820.
— obova'turn (reversed-eag-^ayc'd). i. lied.
April. 1810.
— petiolu'tum (tow^-leaf-stalked). J. Brown.
A»ril. 1811.
— pu'milum( dwarf). £. Red. May. 1812.
— sty/o'sttm (long-styled). $. Red. April. 1823.
— undula'tum (wavy-petaled). 4. Red. April.
1818.
TRIO'PTERYS. (From treis, three, and
pteron, a wing; carpels, or divisions of
seed-vessel, three- winged. Nat. ord.,
Hfnlpit/hlfids [Malpighiacese], Linn., 16-
Monadelphia 6-Decandria. )
Stove twiners. Cuttings of stubby side-shoots,
any time in summer, in sand, under a bell-glass,
and in a brisk, sweet, moist bottom-heat ; sandy
loam and fibrv peat. Winter temp., 48° to 58°;
summer, 60° to 85°.
T. Jamaice'nsis (Jamaica). 10. Yellow. Jamaica.
1822.
— lu'cida (shining-teamZ). Pink. May. Cuba,
1822.
— seri'cea (silky-leaved). 6. Yellow. S. Amer.
1823.
TRIO'STEUM. Feverwort. (From treis,
three, and osteon, a bone ; three bony
seeds. Nat. ord., Capri/oils [Caprifoli-
acese]. Linn., b-Pentand>ia\-Monogijnia.
Allied to the Honeysuckle. )
Hardy, North American, herbaceous perennials.
Division of the plant in sprin?, or cuttings of the
young shoots under a hand-li^ht in the beginning
of the summer; light, s:uidy soil and a little
leaf-mould.
T. angustifo'lium (narrow-leaved). 1. Yellow.
June. 1699.
— pei-foli't'tum (leat-stem-pierced). 2. Dark red.
June. 1/30.
TRI
[ 795 ]
TEO
TPJPHA'SIA. (From triphasios, triple;
calyx three -toothed, and three petals.
Nat. ord., Citronworts [Aurantiacese].
Linn., 5-Pentandria \-Monoyynia.}
Greenhouse evergreen shrub. Cuttings of
ripened shoots, at least those getting firm at the
base, in sandy soil, in May, under a bell-glass,
with a sweet bottom-heat; fibry, sandy loam and
a little peat and dried cow-dung. Winter temp.,
40° to 50° ; summer, 60° to SO0.
T. trifolia'ta (three-leaved. Little Orange). 2.
White. June. China. 1798.
TRIPOLY. A'ster tripo'lium.
TurpTi'LiOff. (From treis, three, and
ptilon, a feather; the divisions of the
pappus, or seed-crown. Nat. ord., Com-
posites [Asteracese], Linn., IQ-Syngenesia
Hardy annuals, from Chili. Seeds in a slight
hotbed in the beginning of April; plants pricked
Out, and either planted out in a sheltered place
at the end of May, or bloomed in pots in a cool,
airy greenhouse ; rich, light soil.
T. cordifo'lium (heart-leaved). £. White. July.
1824.
— spino'sum (spiny). £. Blue. July. 1827-
TRISTA'NIA. (Named after Tristan, a
French botanist. Nat. ord., Myrtle-
bloams [Myrtacese], Linn., 1%-Polya-
delphia 2-Polyandria.)
Hardy, yellow-flowered evergreens, from New
Holland. Cuttings of young-, stubby side-shoots,
or the points of shoots, two or three inches long,
when getting a little firm at the base, in sand,
under a glass, in April or May ; sandy, fibry loam,
anil a little peat and charcoal. Winter temp., 35°
to 45°.
T. arkare'scens (tree-like). 10. 1820.
— conft'rta (crowded). 6. August. 1805.
— macrophy'lla (large-leaved). 50. White. June.
1800.
— nereifo'tia (oleander-leaved). 6. July. 1804.
TRITELE'JA. (From treis, three, and
teleios, complete ; parts of the flower and
fruit in threes. Nat. ord., Lilyworts
[Liliacese]. Linn., Q-Hexandria l-Mono-
yynia. Allied to Brodisea. )
Very pretty little bulbs for a front border. Off-
•et-buibs ; sandy loam, peat, and leaf-mould ;
protected in a dry border from frost and damp in
winter, or saved in a cold pit or frame.
T. uu'rea (golden). 1. Yellow. April, Monte
Video. 1838.
— grandiflo'ra (large-flowered). White. July.
N. Amer. 1826.
— la'xa (loose-umbelled). 1$. Dark blue. July.
California. 1832.
— .unijto'ra (one-flowered). 1. Dlue. July.
Buenos Ayres. 1836.
TRI'TOMA. (From treis, three, and
temno, to cut; three sharp edges of the
ends of the leaves. Nat. ord., Lilyu:ort$
[Liliaceee]. Linn., Q-Hexandria l-Mona-
yynra. Allied to Veltheimia.)
Greenhouse, orange-flowered bulbs, from the
Cape of Good Hope. Division, and by suckers
from the roots ; rich, sandy soil ; as they bloom
late, they are better for the protection of a cold
pit in late autumn and winter.
T. Burche'llii (Burchell's). l£. 1816.
— me'dia (intermediate). 2. April. 1789.
— pu'mila (dwarf), l. September. 1774.
— uva'ria (uvaria). -2. August. 1707.
TRITO'NIA. (From triton, a weather-
cock ; variable direction of the stamens.
Nat. ord., Irids [Iriclaceae]. Linn., 3-
Trlandria \-Monogynia. Allied to Ixia.)
Bulbs, from the Cape of Good Hope. For cul-
ture, see I'XIA.
T. anigozanthceflo'ra (anigozan thus-flowered). £.
Yellow. June. 1825.
— au'rea (golden). 2. Orange. July. 1846.
— Cape'nsis (Cape). 1. White. September. 1811.
— co'ncolor (one-coloured). 1. Yellow. May. 1811.
— croca'ta (saffron). £. Orange. June. 1758.
— cri'spa (curled-leaved). £. Fiesh. April. 1787.
— deu'sta (blasted). £. Fulvid. May. 1774.
— .fenestra'ta (windowed). 1|. Yellow. May. 1801.
— fla'ntt (yellow). £. Yellow. February. 1780.
—fuca'ta (painted). Red, yellow. May. 1813.
— linea'ta (lined). 2. Variegated. May. 1774.
— longiflu'ra( long-flowered). 1. White. May. 1774.
— minia'ta (vermilion). £. Scarlet. August. 1795.
— odorn'ta, (fragrant). 4. Yellow. -June. 1829.
— pa'llidii (pale). 1. White. August. 1806.
— pectina'ta (comb-1 caved). 1 . Yellow. May. 1825.
— refra'cta (refracted). 1. Yellow, May. 1815.
— Hoc/tennis (De la Roche). 1. Yellow. August.
1811.
— ro'sea (rosy). 1$. Pink. June. 1793.
— securi'gera (axe-bearing). £. Brown. May. 17/4.
— squa'lida (squalid). £. R'utuus. May. 1774.
— stria' ta (channelled). 1. Blue. Way. 1825.
— ttnuiflo'ra (slender- flowered). 1. Yellow.
April. 1811.
— vi'ridis (green). J. Green. July. 1788.
— xuntho' spila (yellow- spotted). 1. Red, yellow.
June. 1825.
TRI'XIS. (From trixos, triple; triangu-
lar seed-vessel. Nat. ord., Composites
[Asteracese]. Linn., 19 Syngenesia 4-
Necessarta. )
White-flowered, blooming in August. Sene-
ciai'des by seed in open ground in April ; auricu-
lu'ta, by cuttings in sand, under a bell-glass, in
May ; sandy loam and leaf-mould, and the pro-
tection of a warm greenhouse in winter.
T. auricula'ta (eared). 1. Brazil. 1827. Evergreen.
— senecioi'des (groundsel-like). l£. Chili. 1821.
Annual.
TROCHE 'TIA. (Named after Dutrochet,
the celebrated French physiologist. Nat.
ord., Byttneriads [Byttneriacesej. Linn.,
IQ-Monadelphia 8-Polyandria. Allied to
Dombeya.)
Stove evergreen shrub. Cuttings of ripened
shoots in sand, under a bell-glass, in March, and
inserted in a sweet bottom-heat ; sandy peat and
fibry loam, with a little charcoal and broken free-
stone. Winter temp., 55° to 65° ; summer, 65°
to 88°.
T. grandiflo'ra (large-flowered). 6. White, yel-
low. Mauritius. 1844.
TEO
[796 ]
TRU
TROCHOCA'RPA. (From trocfws, a wheel,
and karpos, a fruit. Nat. ord., Epacrids
[Epacridacese]. Linn., 5-Pentandria 1-
Monogynia. Allied to Styphelia.)
Greenhouse evergreen tree. Cuttings of the
points of young shoots, or stubby, short side-
shoots getting firm at the base, in sand, under a
bell-glass, and kept close in a frame or pit, any
time in spring or summer; sandy, fibry peat.
Winter temp., 40° to 48°. More heat and moisture
after dowering, and plenty of air and light before
the end of autumn.
T. lauri'na (laurel-like). 25. Yellow. June.
N. Holland. 1829.
TEO'LLIUS. Globe-Flower. (From trot,
the German for round; the globular
flowers. Nat. ord., Srowfoots [Ranuncu-
Jaceffi]. Linn., 13-Polyandria Q-Polygynia.
Allied to Helleborus.)
Hardy, yellow-flowered, herbaceous plants.
Divisions of the plant in spring ; light, loamy
soil, rather moist.
T. acau'lis (stemless). $. July. Cashmere. 1841.
— aconitifo'lius (aconitum-leaved). 2. May. 1829.
— Alta'icus (Altaian). May. Altai. 1836.
— America'nus (American). \ . May. N. Amer.
1805.
— Asia'ticus( Asiatic). 1$. Dark orange. May.
Siberia. 1759.
— Cauca'sicus (Caucasian). l£. May. Caucasus.
1817.
•— Europee'us (European). 2. May. Britain.
a'lbus (white). 1. Whitish. June. Britain.
hu'milis (dwarf), l. May. Austria. 1800.
— Ledebou'rii (Ledebour's). 2. May. Siberia.
1827.
— napellifo'liw (napellus- leaved). 2. May.
Europe.
— paftulus (spreading). 1. Orange. May. Si-
beria. 1800.
— Ritderia'nus (Rieder's). May. Siberia. 1838.
TBOPJB'OLTOI. Indian Cress. (From
tropaion, a trophy. Nat. ord., Indian
Cresses [Tropseolaceae], Linn., S-Oc-
tandria \-Monogynia.}
Annuals, by seed in the open ground in April ;
tuberous, by division of the roots, and by cuttings ;
the others by seeds; also by cuttings in sandy
loam any time during spring and summer and
early autumn ; a rich, light soil suits them best.
The best tuberous kinds multiply their tubers if
the young shoots are laid in the ground as they
commence growing. A tuber will generally form
at the bends : none of them will stand frost,
unless the hardy tuberous ones, and they had
better be lifted and kept in dry sand until spring.
HARDY ANNUALS.
T. ma'jus (greater). 6. Orange, yellow. July.
Peru. 1686.
a'tro-sangui'neum (dark red). S. Dark
r«d. August. Peru.
— mi'nus (smaller), l. Orange, yellow. August.
Peru. 1506.
HALF-HARDY TUBERS.
T. brachy'ceras (ihort-horned). Yellow. Chili.
1830.
— edvfle( eatable). 6. Orange. March. Chili. 1841.
— Moritzia'num (Mr. Moritz's). 6. Yellow, red.
July. Cumana. 1839.
T. tubero'sum (tuberous-rooted). 3. Yellow, red.
September. Peru. 1836.
— umbella'tum (umbelled). 3. Rose, orange.
June. Pilzhum. 1846.
GREENHOUSE EVERGREENS, &C.
T. adu'ncum (hooked). 3. Yellow. August.
New Granada. 1810.
— azu'reum (azure). 3. Blue. October. Chili.
1842. Herbaceous.
— crenatiflo'rum (scolloped-flowered). 3. Yellow.
June. Peru. 1845. Herbaceous.
— hy'bridum (hybrid). 4. Orange. July. Peru,
— Jarru'ttii (Jarratt's). 12. Scarlet, yellow.
Santiago. 1836.
— Lobbia'num (Lobb's). 6. Orange. November.
Columbia. 1843. Herbaceous.
— ma'jus flo're-ple'no (larger double-flowered). 6.
Orange, yellow. August. Peru. 1686.
— mifnus flo're-ple'no (smaller double-flowered).
1. Orange, yellow. Peru. 1596.
— peregri'num (straggling). 3. Yellow. July.
New Granada. 1810.
— pinna1 turn (leafleted-^Zowered). 2.Yellow. June.
Peru.
— polyphy'llum (many-leaved;. 3. Orange, yel-
low. June. Chili. 1827.
— specio'sum (showy). 6. Scarlet. June. S. Amer.
1846. Herbaceous.
— tricolo'rum (three-coloured). Orange, purple.
July. Valparaiso. 1828.
TROWEL. This implement, made of
iron, from twelve to six inches long in
the plate, and half as broad, hollowed like
a scoop, and fixed on a short handle to
hold with one hand, is convenient in
removing small plants with a ball or
lump of earth about their roots ; lifting
bulbous flower-roots after the flowering
is past in summer, planting bulbs in
patches or little clumps about the borders,
for digging small patches, also, in the
borders, and sowing hardy annual flower-
seeds ; likewise for filling mould into
small pots, stirring the surface of the
earth in pots, and fresh earthing them
when necessary.
TRUFFLE. Tu'ber magna'tum, Pied-
montese Truffle; T. Bo'rchii, Italy; T.
moscha'tum, Musk Truffle, near Bath;
T. ciba'rium, Common Truffle, England.
But, besides the tubers, there are other
edible fungi known as truffles, viz., Hy-
drobo'lites tula'snei, Spye Park, Wilts;
Melagona'ster Broomeia'nus, Red Truffle,
near Bath.
These edible fungi have not yet been
cultivated in England, though the Prus-
sians have succeeded in making them a
garden tenant, and Comte de Borch has
been equally successful in Italy. The
latter cultivates the Piedmont Truffle,
and his process is this : — He either em-
ploys the soil where the truffle is found,
or he prepares an artificial soil of seven
parts good garden earth, two well-
TEU
[ 797]
TEY
pulverized clayey soil, and one oak saw
dust, intimately mixed. Decayed oal
or beech leaves would be better, probably
than the sawdust. If the natural soi
was used, he trenched it two feet deep
removing all the large stones, and adding
oak sawdust if necessary, and about one
tenth of powdered snail- shells if the
soil was too stiff.
Choosing an aspect rather exposed t<
the north than the south, where no re
fleeted rays could fall upon it, with every
precaution to insure its being thoroughly
soaked with pure rain-water, and after
waiting a day or two, till it was in a
proper state of moisture, he made rows
half a foot deep, and in these, at six
inches distance, he placed good and sound
truffles, each of them being surrounded
with two or three handsful of oak saw-
dust, taking care to mark the rows accu-
rately. Eidges were then made over each
row, to prevent the truffles being injured
by too abundant moisture. The bed was
then left till the following autumn, with
no other precaution than, in dry weather,
to take care that it did not become too
dry. The result, we are informed, was
an abundant harvest every year from
October to January.
Bradley, writing, in 1726, of the culti-
vation of the truffle in England, say?,
that the truffle may be easily cultivated
where there are woods or coppices of oak
or hazel, and where the soil is not too
stiff, or inclining to chalk. The soil
where they are most found is a reddish
sandy loam ; this will then be the best
for our purpose, especially if it has lain
long uncultivated. "When we are thus
provided with the proper soil, we must
be sure to let it lie undisturbed till we
are ready to plant, which will be in the
months of October, November, and De-
cember, if the weather be open ; for then
the truffles are to be found in their full
ripeness, and then, likewise, one may
find them in a state of putrefaction, which
is the time when the seeds are prepared
for vegetation. It is in the last state
that one ought to gather truffles for plant-
ing, or, at least, they should be in perfect
ripeness. The proper soil and these
rotten truffles being found, we may
begin our work as follows :— Open a spot
of ground of a convenient space, and
take out the earth about eight inches
deep, and screen it, that it may be as fine
as possible ; then lay about two or three
inches thick of this fine earth at the
bottom of the trench or open ground,
and upon it lay some of the over-ripe
truffles, about a foot and a half distance
from one another ; aad, as soon as pos-
sible, prepare a thin mud, made of the
screened earth and water, well-stirred
and mixed together, and pour it on the
truffles till the open ground is quite filled
up. By this means, in a few hours, the
ground will be as closely settled about the
truffles as if it had never been dug or
disturbed at all, and you may expect a
good crop in due time. You must, how-
ever, take care to choose your spots of
ground in woods or coppices, or such
places as are shaded with trees. Their
favourite tree is the oak, or the ilex or
evergreen oak, as the elm is the favourite
of the morille. Notwithstanding these
statements, it is quite certain that, at
present, the art of cultivating the truffle
is not known in England; and it will
remain unknown, probably, until we have
discovered how its spawn can be prepared
as for cultivating the mushroom.
Mr. Gower says he recommended an
old truffle- hunter to bury, at the proper
depth, some of his truffles that were in a
state of decay and unfit for the table
under one of the unproductive trees
sufficient in stature and in umbrageous
development. At the beginning of next
winter, when his visit was repeated, he
sought for Mr. G-., and told him, with
great satisfaction, that the scheme had
answered ; for he had found two or three
pounds of excellent truffles beneath the
litherto barren tree. By following this
example, proprietors of trees adapted to
xuffles, and where the proper trees have
)een planted, may, in a short period, do
that which a lapse of years, unassisted,
would not effect. Of all trees the cedar
f Lebanon is the most favourable to the
growth of the truffle.
TRUMPET FLOWER. Bigno'nia.
TRUSS is the florist's name for what
botanists call an umbel of flowers, where
everal flowers have their stalks united
,t one common centre, and thus spring
rom the root or branch on one stem, as
n the auricula, polyanthus, and cowslip.
See PIP.
TRYMA'LIUM. (Not explained. Nat.
>rd., Rhamnads [Ehamnaceffi]. Linn.,
'•Pentandria \-Monogy 'ma.)
Greenhouse evergreen shrubs, from New Hoi-
and. For culture, see POMADE'RRIS. P.globu-
'sa and P. Wendlandia'na belong to this genus.
TUB
[ 798
TUL
P.capsulafris (capsular). 3. Purple, yellow.
April. 1820.
— odorati's.siMum (sweetest -scented). White.
February. 1837.
— spathula'ta (spatulate). 4. Purple, yellow.
April 1826.
TUBE FLOWER. Clerode'ndron sipho-
na'nthus.
TU'BER CIEA'RIUM. See TRUFFLE.
TUBEROSE. Polya'nthes tubero'sa.
TU'LIPA. The Tulip. (From its Per-
sian name, thoulyban. Nat. ord., Lily-
worts [LiliaceseJ. Linn., 6-Hexandria 1-
Monogynia.)
' Hardy bulbs. Seeds for new varieties ; offsets ;
a rich compost, made of loam, sand, and vegetable
mould, suits them best; common kinds may re-
main for years in the same place if you top-dress
them, and do not want to separate the bulbs.
T. Alta'ica (Altaian). 1. Yellow. April. Altai.
— Biebersteinia'na (Bieberstein's). 1. Fellow,
purple. June. Siberia. 1820.
— biflo'ra (two-flowered). £. Yellow. April.
Russia. 1803.
— Bonarotia'na (Bonaroti's). 1£. Variegated.
April. Italy. 1827.
— Celsia'na(Ce\s's). l£. Yellow. June. Levant.
— Clusia'na (Clusius's). 1. White, purple. July.
Sicily. 1636.
— cornu'ta (horned). 2. Striped. May. Levant.
1816.
— Gesneriu'na (Gesner's). 2. Striped. April.
Levant. 1577.
— ___ laciniu'ta (cut-sepal ed}. 2. Variegated.
April. Levant. 1603.
lu'tea (yellow). It}. Yellow. April. Le-
vant. 1603.
ple'na (double). 1. Variegated. April.
Levant. 1603.
versi'coior (party-coloured). l£. Varie-
gated. April. Levant. 1603.
— hiema'lis (winter). Red. April. Russia. 1843.
— hu'milis (dwarf). Red. April. Russia. 1840.
— malefolens (ill-smelling). 1. Red, yellow. May.
Italy. 1827.
variega't a (variegated). 1. Variegated.
May. Italy. 1827.
— me'dia (middle). 1. Scarlet, white. May. 1827.
— monta'na (mountain). 1. Scarlet. July.
Persia. 1827.
— o'culus so'lis (sun's-eye). 1. Red, blue. April.
Italy. 1816.
Pe'rsica (Persian). 1. Scarlet, black.
April. Persia. 1826.
— pa' tens (spreading). 1. White, grey. April.
Siberia. 1826.
— prte'cox (early ). l. Scarlet. April. Italy. 1825.
— pube'scens (downy). 1. Red. April. 1824.
— re'pens (creeping. Russian). 1, Yellow. April.
Russia. 1819.
— saxa'tilis(rock). 1. Yellow. April. Crete. 1827.
— scabrisca'pa (rough-stemmed). 2. Red, yellow.
April. Italy. 1837.
~ stella'ta (starred). 2|. White. April. Cumana.
1827.
— strangula'ta (choked). l£. April.
— suave1 olens (sweet-scented). £. Red, yellow.
April. South Europe. 1603.
— sylve'stris (wild). 1. Yellow. April. England.
— tri1 color (three-coloured). 1. Scarlet. April.
Russia. 1817.
— Tu'rcica (Turkish). 2, Striped, April.
TULIP AS A FLORIST'S FLOWER. —
Florists call tulips seedlings until they
have bloomed ; after this those preserved
on account of their good form and habit,
as well as the offsets they produce, are
called breeders. After some years the
petals of these become striped, and they
are then said to be broken. If the
striping is good they are said to have a
good strain; if it be inferior, they are
described as having a bad strain. A
rectified tulip is synonymous with a tulip
having a good strain.
A feathered tulip has a dark-coloured
edge round its petals, gradually becoming
lighter on the margin next the centre of
the petal. The feathering is said to be
lit/ht, if narrow ; heavy, if broad ; and
irregular, if its inner edge has a broken
outline.
A flamed tulip is one that has a dark-
pointed spot, somewhat in shape like the
flame of a candle, in the centre of each
petal.
Sometimes a tulip is botiafeathered and
flamed.
A Bizard tulip has a yellow ground,
and coloured marks on its petals.
A Byblomen is white, marked with black,
lilac, or purple.
A Rose is white, with marks of crimson,
pink, or scarlet.
The end of September is a good time
for preparing the tulip-bed.
Situation. — The aspect should be open
to the south and south-east, but well
sheltered from the north, north-east, and
north-west winds. We prefer a perfectly
level surface, because the advantage of
rain falling upon the bed and sinking
into the earth is more certain than on a
slope. The elevation of the site is also
a consideration worth serious attention.
Wherever it is in the power of the culti-
vator of tulips intended for exhibition to
choose the site, let him choose the happy
medium, neither too high nor too low.
If there are no shelters already on the
spot to defend and protect those choice
flowers from the untoward blasts of the
northern quarter, there ought to be some
prepared. A close wooden paling is the
one most ready and effectual, and if made
of deal or oak, and well-painted, will last
several years. Beech, hornbeam, yew, or
arbor vitae hedges are very excellent ; but
they require several years' growth before
they are high enough to screen the flowers
effectually. They might be planted be-
TUL
[ 799 ]
TUL
hind the p alin g, to be advancin g in growth ;
so that when the paling decays the hedges
would be high and thick enough to answer
the purpose. Whatever shelter is made
use of, it should be placed at a sufficient
distance from the beds not to draw up
the flowers, or prevent a full exposure to
light. On these accounts, or for these
reasons, the wind-shelters should never
exceed six or eight feet high.
Draining. — The tulip loves a deep soil
and a dry subsoil. Where there is a good
depth of good loam, with a dry, gravelly,
or sandy bottom, no more drains are
required than one or two formed with
drain-pipes and tiles to carry off the water
that may fall in wet seasons on the sur-
face. An upright shaft, with a grating
on the top to catch this surface-water,
will be necessary. When the natural soil
is shallow and the subsoil clay, or any
other water-retaining substance, set out
the bed the desired length and breadth,
and cast on one side all the good soil,
shovelling the small crumbs ; then dig,
or hack and shovel out the subsoil till
the bed is eighteen inches deep. After
that is finished, dig a drain in the centre
of the bed six inches deep, and wide
enough to allow the operator to lay down
first the flat tiles, and then the circular
pipes, with holes in the latter to admit
the water to escape into them, and then
be carried clean away. When the pipes,
&c., are laid down, cover them with rubble,
and then lay all over the bottom of the
bed three or four inches of either small
stones, broken clinkers, or brick ends.
Upon this drainage lay a stratum of short
straw or small brushwood ; make this
smooth, and you may consider the drain-
age complete.
Manure and Soil. — Procure some one-
year-old cow-dung ; spread over and upon
the drains a stratum of this cow-dung
two inches thick ; then mix about one-
sixth of very well-decomposed hotbed
dung with the loam thrown out and laid
on one side on commencing the opera-
tion of draining. If there is not enough
soil to make the bed up level as before,
procure some good loam for the purpose,
mixing it with the same proportion of
well-decomposed dung. If the situation
is low and damp, it will be advisable to
place an edging round the bed six or
eight inches deep, of sufficient strength
to bear up the soil when it is raised to
that height. The best material for an
edging of this kind is blue slate, which
may now be had very reasonably; the
next best are common flags of slate ; and
the next, slabs of wood nailed to strong
uprights driven into the ground at proper
intervals. Mix the top surface with a
considerable mixture of river sand ; this
will cause the bulbs to come out of the
soil at taking -up time clean and of a
bright brown colour. Should the collec-
tion be large, there should be two parallel
beds, with a walk between them.
Planting. — The best season is about
the beginning of the second week in No-
vember, as near the tenth of that month
as the weather and the state of the ground
will permit. This rule applies to all the
country north of London ; perhaps, in the
milder climate of the southern counties,
a week later would be better. Too early
planting is injurious, inasmuch as that
the leaves will be pushing through before
the severe weather has passed away, and
would then be in danger, however well
protected, of being frost-nipped, and,
consequently, injured not only for that
year, but also for years to come.
The Method of Planting is governed by
the height of the flower-stems ; for, as
some varieties grow taller than others,
the tallest should be in the centre of the
bed. This consideration renders it neces-
sary to plant them in rows lengthways of
the bed, and not across it. This being
determined upon, let the soil of the bed
be levelled and made tolerably smooth ;
then, with a triangular hoe, draw a drill
the length of the bed, as near two inches
deep as possible. To accomplish this
quite straight, it will be necessary to have
a line stretched very tightly the whole
length of the bed, at such a distance from
the centre as will allow the point of the
hoe, in drawing the drill, to be exactly in
the centre. As soon as the drill is drawn,
bring out all the tall growers, and plant
them five inches apart at the bottom,
giving each a gentle pressure. When
the row is finished, thrust in at each end
a strong stick; this is to mark where the
row of bulbs is when covered up. Of
very choice and expensive varieties, some
florists recommend covering the bulbs
with fine white sand ; but, if the soil is
mixed with sand, we think the white sand
may be dispensed with. Cover them up by
drawing the soil over them with a short-
toothed rake. After that let the soil on
each side of the planted row be stirred
TUL
[ 800 ]
TUB
up with a three-pronged fork. Then set
the line at the right distance from the
centre (we mentioned that the beds
should he four feet wide, which would
allow 'nine inches between each of the
five rows, and six inches next the edging) ;
the line then must he set at such a dis-
tance from the centre, that the next row
of hulbs will be exactly nine inches apart
from the centre one. Draw the drill the
same depth as the first, and plant the
next tallest flowers in it. Then mark the
row with a stick at each end, and so pro-
ceed till the whole is finished ; the lowest
growers will then be next the paths all
round the bed. Each variety must be
numbered, and the numbers put in so
securely that they cannot be easily dis-
placed.
Shelter is necessary for the flower before
and when in bloom. Where the collec-
tion is small, and the means small too,
this consists merely of hoops, either of
wood or iron, with canvass covers or mats
to be thrown over the hoops, which should
be high enough to keep the covering
clear of the flowers. This covering should
be applied not only when the plants are
in bloom, but also to shelter them from
the late frosts that sometimes come after
the plants make their appearance, as well
as from the cutting winds that often visit
us in this country during the early months
of the year. This shelter, however, must
not be used except when absolutely neces-
sary. Too much shelter only coddles the
plants, and makes them so tender that a
too sudden exposure, or the least neglect
in applying the covering, would be equally
as injurious as no shelter at all; there-
fore, on all favourable occasions, remove
the coverings entirely, and let them have
the benefit of fine weather and gentle
rains.
Where the collection is large, and the
means ample, the most convenient width
of each bed would be five feet ; this will
hold five rows nine inches apart. A walk
between them may be either three or
four feet ; the latter will allow more room
for the operator and the spectator. Three
feet beyond each bed, on the outer sides,
place a row of pillars, four and a half
inches square, to support the shelter;
each pillar may either be let into the
ground and well-rammed, or be inserted
into an iron or stone socket. These pillars
should stand above the surface at least
five feet, and at a distance of five feet
from each other. On the top of each
pillar a rafter should be placed, to meet
a corresponding rafter in the centre of
the space just over the centre of the walk.
Each rafter, at the junction, must be
firmly fastened to a longitudinal piece of
wood running the whole length of the
beds, the length of the beds depending,
of course, upon the number of roots, or
size of the collection. There will then
be required two rollers of wood of the
length of the structure. On each of these
nail a sheet of canvass of sufficient width
to drop down on each side nearly to the
ground. On the top, at the centre, fix a pair
of weather-boards, proj ecting high enough
to allow the roller and canvass to go
under them, one on each side. This will
preserve the canvass from Totting, and
so enable it to be used for several years.
TULIP-TREE. Liriode'ndron.
TU'NICA. (From tunica, a coat; the
calyx. Nat. ord., Clovcworts [Caryophyl-
lacese]. Linn., 10-Decandria 2-Digynia.
Allied to Dianthus.)
Hardy herbaceous plants, blooming in July.
Seeds in spring, and division of the plants ; rich,
light soil.
T. dianthoi'des (pink-like). Red. Candia. 1838.
— ///y'riea (Illyrian). Red. Sicily. 1838.
— //acA;/rao7a(thick-backed).White.Natolia.lS38.
— saxi'fraga (saxifrage'. 5. Pink. Germany. 17/4.
— stri'cta (erect). Pink. Altaia. 1834.
TU'PA. (The name of one of the
species in Chili. Nat. ord., Lobeliads
[Lobeliacese]. Linn., 5-Pentandria 1-
Monogynia. Allied to Lobelia.)
Half-hardy herbaceous perennials. Cuttings,
but chiefly by division of the suckers that spring
up arter the flowering stalks are cut down ; rich,
sandy loam. When planted out in a bed the
surface may be dressed with advantage with rotten
dung. Unless in a very sheltered place, they
require the protection of a cold pit or a greenhouse
in winter; and to flourish well they should be
divided and potted, and assisted with a little
heat in a bed before planting out in May. Lobt'liu
Cavanillesia'na is united to this genus.
T. argu'ta (Aaif -toothed-leaved). Yellow. Sep-
tember. Chili. 1824.
— bla'nda (charming). 3. Pink. Chili.
-- Fuei'llei (Feuille's). Scarlet. September. Chili.
1824.
— polyphy'lla (many-leaved). Purple. August.
Valparaiso." 1832.
— purpu'rea (purple). August. Valparaiso. 1825,
— aalicifo'lia (willow-leaved). 6. Red. October.
Valparaiso. 1704.
— secu'nda (side-flowering). $. White. May.
Cape of good Hope. 1794.
TURF may be obtained either by sow-
ing grass seeds, or laying turf obtained
from a common or down : if the latter
mode can be adopted it is the best, as
the turf is obtained at once, and is more
TUR
I 801 ]
TUR
regular than can he obtained under the
best circumstances from seed. All the
preparation of the soil required is to dig it
level a spade deep, provided the subsoil
is open, otherwise to have a good drainage
•effected (see DRAINING) ; to have all large
stones removed from the surface, and to
have it brought to a perfect level by re-
peated rollings, and filling up the hollows
•when necessary, as indicated by the level.
The surface being then loosened by
raking is ready for the seed or turf.
By Seed. — See GRASS.
By Turf. — The season for laying turf
is any time from September till April or
May, though it will grow at almost any
time of the year, even if there is occasion
to lay it in summer, and dry weather
succeed ; for although it will open at the
joints, and turn brown, as if dead, yet
after the first rain it will close again, and
resume its verdure. The turf for this
Tise is cut with an iron instrument called
a turfing iron, observing to cut the pieces
all an equal width, length, and thickness —
the proper size is a foot wide, a yard long,
and about an inch thick; they should be
first marked by line the proper width,
length, and depth, with a racer orrutter ;
racing them first longwise a foot wide,
then across in yard lengths ; then pro-
ceed to cut them up, having particular
regard to cut them level, and equal in
thickness, otherwise it will be impossible
to lay them level. As you cut, a man or
boy should roll each turf up close and
tight, the grass side inwards, and pile
them up by tens, especially if they are
cut by the hundred. If they are cut by
the hundred, the price is from sixpence
to a shilling, according to the nature of
the soil, whether soft and easy to cut, or
bard, or stony. A man will cut from three
to five, six, or seven hundred in a day, or
more, if very soft, easy-cutting turf, and
having a person to race them out and
roll them up, turf and turf, as they are
cut. They are to be laid regularly, turf
and turf, unrolling them as you lay them,
joining them up quite close, edge to edge,
making good all deficiency of broken
parts as you go on ; and, as soon as laid,
it should be well beaten with broad, heavy,
wooden beaters, made of flat pieces of
elm or oak plank, two inches thick, fifteen
or eighteen inches lo&g, and a foot broad,
having a long handle fixed slanting in
the middle of the upper side ; and with
-these beat the grass regularly all over,
and then roll it well with a heavy roller,,
observing that the beating and rolling
should be repeated in moist weather. If
very dry, hot weather succeeds, so as to
occasion the turf to shrink and open at
the joints, a good watering will be of
much advantage.
By Inoculation. — If turf is scarce, cut
turves into pieces, about three inches
square, and plant these, green side up,
pretty thickly over the space intended
for the lawn. Beat them down into the
soil, and water freely ; roll frequently, and
water also in dry weather. The turf will
soon be as close, and the sward as perfect,
as if the ground had been entirely turved,
TURF ASHES. See ASHES.
These, which are the basis of charred
turf, now becoming so usual a manure,
are, according to M. Spreugel, thus con-
stituted : —
Silica ...... 93.10
Alumina ...... 1.35
Oxide of iron . . . .1.73
• •• manganese. . » . 0.32
Lime ...... 0.62
Magnesia ...... 0.33
Potash, combined with sulphuric
acid 0.33
Common salt • • . . 0.08
Sulphuric acid, combined with pot-
ash and lime . . . ^ . 1.70
Phosphoric acid, combined with
lime and magnesia . . . 0.39
TUEF TOOLS are the Racer or Rutter%
for cutting the edges of turf after it has
been laid, and for cutting the outlines of
the turves when first obtained. It is ?„
thin, sharp-edged implement, somewhat
resembling a cheese- cutter, fixed to a
handle about four feet long.
* .• • .' <m
The Turfing Iron is for raising or
peeling off the turves from the soil. It
has an arrow-headed, flat blade, with an
angular handle.
A Turf or Daisy Rake consists of a
piece of thin plate iron cut into teeth,
with two slips of ash, or other tough,
wood, between which it is firmly riveted
to form a back, and keep it from bending.
When put together, the back is an inch
and a quarter thick. The wood is bevelled
TUB
[802
TUR
or nothing half an inch above the inter-
stices of the teeth, at which point the
tion is slightly bent longitudinally, to
admit the thickness of wood underneath,
and give a proper inclination to the handle,
The instrument serves both as a grass
rake and a daisy rake, and has the advan-
tage over the daisy rakes in common use
of being easier cleaned, from the wide-
ness of the interstices between the teeth.
TU'RNERA. (Named after Dr. W. Turner,
author of the first English herbal. Nat.
ord., Turnerads [Turner ace fie]. Linn.,
5-Pentandria 3-Trigynia.)
All yellow-flowered. Annuals and biennials, by
seeds in a hotbed in spring, and plants bloomed
in a greenhouse ; shrubs, by seeds, and also by
cuttings in sand, under a bell-glass, in spring
and summer; sandy loam, fibry peat, and a little
charcoal, Winter temp., 50° to 60° ; summer, Go0
to 85°.
GREENHOUSE ANNUALS.
T. cistoi'des (cistus-like). ^. July. America. 1774.
— Guiane'nsis (Guianan). 1. June. Guiana. 1823.
— hi'rta (hairy). 1. June. Brazil. 1818.
— pu'mila (dwarf). £. August. Jamaica. 1796-
— racemo'sa (racemed). 2. July. Siberia. 1/89.
— ulmifo'Ha (elm-leaved). 3. July. Jamaica.
1733. Biennial.
STOVE EVERGREENS.
T. Brazilie'nsis (Brazilian). 1. June. Brazil. 1810.
— cuneifo'rmis (wedge-formed). 1. June. S.
Amer. 1821.
— rupe'stris (rock). 2. July. Guiana. 1824.
— trioniflo'ra (trionum-flowered). 2. Brazil. 1812.
— ulmi'tingtistifo'lia (narrow-elnx-leaved). 3.
June. Jamaica. 1733.
TURNIPS. Bra'ssica ra'pa.
Varieties. — For the first sowings: —
Early White Dutch, Early Stone.
For the spring sowings: — Common
Eound White, Large Round White, Large
Green-topped, Large Red-topped, Yellow
Dutch, Tankard, French, Small Round
French, Swedish, Moscow, or Narva.
Sowing may commence at the end of
February, a small portion on a warm
border, and some in a moderate hotbed
of the first two varieties mentioned.
These will be fit for use during April.
The sowing on a border to be repeated
in the beginning of March, and these
will produce throughout May.
These sowings are to be repeated in
^mall proportions, at monthly intervals,
• .n til the beginning of July, when the main
crop for the supply of the winter may bo
inserted ; and finally, small crops at the
commencement of August and September
for spring.
Mode. — Sow broadcast, or in drills,
twelve inches apart, and very thin ; and
to enable the seed to be distributed re-
gularly, mix it well with sand before so\v-
ing. Each sowing should, if possible,
be performed in showery weather; if
otherwise, water at the time of insertion,
and three times a week afterwards.
Thin the plants when they have four
or five leaves about two inches in breadth
to at least twelve asunder from each
other.
Water must be given frequently and
plentifully, as on a regular supply of
moisture their goodness, in a great mea-
sure, depends.
In November or December, before the
setting-in of frost, some of the bulbs
must be taken up, and, the tops and
roots being removed, preserved under
shelter in sand. The young tops are
much in request during spring; they
must be gathered when very young, other-
wise they are strong-flavoured and bit-
terish.
To obtain Seed, some of the most per-
fect roots of those which will withstand
the winter may remain where grown ; or
they may be transplanted in November
or February ; of the two earliest varieties,
sown on a border early in March, some
of the bulbs being allowed to remain will
produce seed the same autumn.
Manures. — The best manure for tur-
nips is stable-dung; and next in their
order, guano, super-phosphate of lime,
soot, and salt.
For the injuries to which the turnip is
liable, see ATHALIA, AMBURY, and BLACK
FI.Y.
Turnip Cabbage ( Bra'ssica na'po-bra's-
sica), and Turnip-rooted Cabbage (B.
can lo-ra'pa). See KNOHL-KOHL.
TURNIP-FLY. See BLACK FLEA.
TURNSOLE. Heliotro! pium.
TURPENTINE. Si'lphium terebintha'ceum.
TURPENTINE-MOTH. See TORTEIX EE-
SINELLA.
TURR^'A. (Named after G. Turra, pro-
fessor of botany at Tadua. Nat. ord.,
Meliads [Meliaceasj. Linn., \Q-Monadel-
phia 6-Decandria. Allied to Melia.)
Stove evergreen trees. Cuttings of firm young
shoots in sand, under a bell-glass, in March,
TUS
C 803 ]
ULM
in a kotbeot; fibry, sandy loam and vegetable
mould. Winter temp., 55° to 60° ; summer, Co0
to 85°.
T. heterophy'lla (various-leaved). 20. White.
Tilay. Sierra Leone.
— loba'ta (lobed-leaved). White. July. Sierra
Leone. 1843.
— pinna' ta (leafieted). 15. Pale rose. March.
Sylhet. 1828.
TTJSSILA'GO, Coltsfoot. (From tussis, a
cough ; used to allay coughs. Nat. ord.,
Composites [Asteracete]. Linn., IQ-Syn-
genesia 2-SuperJlua.)
Hardy herbaceous perennials. Division of the
roots, which are mostly inclined to .spread freely.
The flowery of many of the sorts, especially o
fra'grans, 'are grateful from their scent, and, if
kepv <n pots, are interesting in a greenhouse ij
the early mcnthr of the year ; they generally do
best in a strong, loamy soil, moderately rich.
T. a' Ma (white. Butter Bur), 1. White, March.
Europe. 16S3.
— alpi'na (alpine). £. Lilac, purple. April.
Austria. 1710.
— di'scolor (two-coloured;. £. Lilac, purple
April. Austria. 1633.
— Fa'rfarafo'liis variegu'tis(common-va.iiega.te<l-
leaved. Favfara.) &. Yellow. March.
Britain.
— fra'grans (sweet-scented), 1, White. February.
Italy. 1806.
— fri'gida (cold). £. Pale. May. Lapland. 1710.
— leevigu'ta (smooth). .}. Yellow, May. Bohemia.
1816.
— ni'vea (snowy). 1. White. April. Switzerland.
1713.
— palma'ta(hznd-leaved). $. White. April. La-
brador. 1/7S.
• — purpu'rea (purple). Purple, Julye Cape of
Good Hope. 1825.
— • sagitta'ta (arrow- leaved). J. White. April.
N, Amer.
TWEE'DIA. (Named after Mr. Tweedie,
a botanical collector. Nat. ord., Asckpiads
[Asclepiadaceffij. Linn., 5-Pentandria 2-
Digynia.)
Greenhouse twiners. Seeds in a slight hotbed
in spring ; cuttings of young shoots, getting firm
at the base, in sand, under a bell-glass, in April
or May; sandy, fibry loam, with a little peat and
leaf -mould; require the protection of a cool
greenhouse in winter.
T, caeru'lea (blue). 3. Blue. Buenos Ayres. 1836.
— floribu'nda (bundle-flowered). Pink. July.
Brazil. 1838.
— versi1 color (changeable-coloured). 3. Blue,
July. Tucumania. 1836.
TYLO'PHOEA. (From tylos, a swelling,
and phoreo, to bear, the swollen pollen
masses. Nat. ord., Asclepiads [Asclepia-
dacese]. Linn., 5-Pentandria %.Digynia.)
Greenhouse evergreen twiners, Cuttings of
either old or young- shoots in very sandy *oam,
and brick and old lime-rubbish, in spring, though
any time will do ; sandy loam, lime-rubbish, and
a little old, dried cpw-dung. Winter temp., 40°
to 45°, and dry; summer, 60° to 85°, and moist.
T. barba'la (beaded), 10, July, N, S, Wales.
182*.
T, exUlis (slender). 10. Pale purple. July. Sylhet,
1823.
— grandifio'ra (large-flowered). 10. July. N. S.
Wales, 1S22.
TYTO'NIA. The Water Balsam* -(In
honour of A. Tyton, a patron of botany.
Nat. ord., Balsams [Balsaminacese] . Linn.,
5-Pentandria 1-Monogynia.)
This genus is now called Hydrocera* Stove
aquatic. Seeds sown in spring in a good hotbed,
and grown in strong, loamy soil, with the pot
immersed in water in a tub, and receiving the
high temperature of a plant-stove from 65° to 90°.
T. na'tans (swimming). VajriouSj August, E.
Ind. 1810.
U.
ULCEE. See CANKER.
U'LEX. Furze. (From the Celtic ac,
a point ; the prickly branches. Nat. ord.,
Leguminous Plants [Fabaceee]. Linn., 16-
Monadelphia 6-Decandria.)
Hardy, yellow-flowered evergreens. Seeds in
spring; deep, light soil, though not very par-
ticular. The gorse, whin, or furze is valuable,
not only for its great beauty, but as constituting
a valuable fodder and fence-plant. The Double-
blossomed Furze is very beautiful, and worthy of
a place in small gardens, and is propagated by
cuttings in spring and autumn, in a shady, sandy
border, or under hand-glasses. The Upright or
Irish Furze is propagated in a similar manner,
and is also valuable for fodder ; but it seldom
flowers, and when it does has generally only a
few flowers on a plant. We are not aware that it
has been raised true from seed, and therefore it is
supposed to be not a species, but a variety of
Europafa or na'na. See HEDGE.
U. Europas'a (European. Common). 6. June.
Britain.
flo1 re-pie1 no (double-flowered). 6. May.
Britain.
— na'na (dwarf). 2. August. Britain.
— Provincia'lis, (Provence). 4. July. South Eu-
rope. 1823.
— stri'cta (erect. Irish). 10. October. Ireland,
ULLO'A. See JUANULLO'A.
U'LMUS. The Elm. (From the Celtic
name, ulm, Nat. ord., Elmioorts [Ulnia-
cesej. Linn., 5-Pentandria Z-Digynia.}
Nearly all hardy ; all deciduous, and brown-
flowered, blooming in April. Campe'stris and
its allies, by suckera and layers, and by grafting
on the monta'na. The latter is also propagated,
not by suckers, but by layers, which root freely ;
but chiefly by seeds, which should be gatherer! .n
June as soon aS'.ripe, and sown in light, mellow
soil ; or dried, and put in bags until the following
March or April. Deep, dry, sandy loam suits all
the species and varieties, and produces the most
valuable timber.
U. ala'ta (winged). 30. N. Amer. 1820.
— a'lba (white. Hungarian). 30. Hungary. 1824.
— America! no. (white, American). 40. N. Amer.
a'lba (while-branched). 40. N. Amer.
fo'tiis-variega'tis (variegated-leaved).
inci'sa (cut-leaved). N. Amer.
pe'ndula (drooping). N. Amer. 1820.
rvtbra (red-branched), 40, N. Amer. 1824.
UMB
[804]
UBI
U. campe'stris (English-field). 80. Britain.
acutifo'lia (acute-leaved). 80. Britain.
— a'lba (white). 80. Britain.
betulaefo'lia (birch-leaved). Britain.
Chinefnsis (Chinese). China.
concavafo'lia (concave-leaved). Britain.
— Cornubie'nsis (Cornish). 8. Britain.
cuculla'ta (hooded-leaved).
fo' ' liis-au'reis (leaves golden-variegated).
Britain.
fo'liis-variega'tis (leaves variegated with
white). Britain.
latifo'lia (broad-leaved). 80. Britain.
na'na (dwarf). 2. Britain.
. parvifo'lia (small-leaved). 20. Siberia.
1822.
planifo'lia (broad-leaved). 20.
Sarnie'nsis (Jersey). 80. Britain.
stri'cta (upright). 80. Britain.
tortuo'sa (twisted). Britain.
vimina'lis (twiggv). 30. Britain.
vi'rens (green. Kidbrook). 80. Britain.
viscn'sa (clammy). Britain.
vulga'ris (common). 80. Britain.
— carpinifo'lia (hornbeam-leaved). Britain.
— effu'sa (spreadmg-yZowered). Britain.
— fruticn'sa (shrubby). 8. Europe.
— fu'lva (deep yellow). 60. N. Amer.
— gla'bra (smooth). 60. Britain.
glandulo'sa (glandulous-tewtfed). Britain.
latifo'lia (broad-leaved). Britain.
ma! jor (greater). 80. Britain.
microphy'lla (small-leaved). Britain.
pe'ndula (drooping). Britain.
ramulo'sa (branching). Floetbeck.
variega'ta ( variegated- leaved), Britain.
vege'ta (vigorous). 80. Britain.
— ^— vulga'ris (common). 60. Britain.
•— integrifo'lia (entire-leaved). 40. E.Ind. 1822
— ma' jor (greater). 40. Britain.
— monta'na (mountain. Scotch or Wych"), 40.
Britain.
austra'lis (southern).
Cevenne'nsis (Cevennes).
— ' cri'spa (curled-leaved). 20. N. Amcr.
fastigia'ta (pyramidal. Exeter). Exeter.
1826.
ma'jor (greater). Britain.
— — — mi'nor (less). Britain.
ni'gra (black). 40. Ireland.
pe'ndula (drooping). Britain.
rugo'sa (tough-leaned). 40. Britain.
vulga'ris (common). 40. Britain.
— subero'sa (cork-iar&ed). 40. Britain.
a'lba (white-barked). Britain.
angustifo'ha (narrow-leaved). Hertford.
ere'cta (upright). 80. Britain.
— fo'liis-variega'tis (variegated-leaved). 80.
Britain.
latifo'lia (broad-leaved). Hertford.
— vulga'ris (common). 80. Holland.
UMBI'UCUS. (From umbilicus, the
navel; concave leaves of some species.
Nat. ord., Hwseleeks [Crassulacece].
Linn., 10-Decandria k-Pentagynia. Al-
lied to Sedum.)
Hardy herbaceous succulents. Seeds, divisions,
and cuttings of offsets ; sandy loam and peat.
They do best in the recesses of rock-work.
J7. ere'ctus (upright). Yellow. England.
— horizoqta'lis (horizontal). Yellow. June.
Sicily. 1828.
— Lieve'nii (Lieven's). Red. May. Caucasus. 1836.
— lu'tea (yellow). 4- Yellow. June. England, j
U. penduli'nus (drooping). Yellow. June. Britain.
— serra'tus (saw-edge-feauetf). Purple. June.
Siberia. 1732.
— spino'sus (spiny). $. White. June. Siberia. 1790.
UMBRELLAWORT. Oxy'baphus.
UNCA'RIA. The following stove ever-
green climbers, with pale-red flowers,
should be added to Nauclea : —
N. Ga'mbir (Gambier). 10. E. Ind. 1825.
— sessilifru'ctus (stalkless-fruited), 10. E.Ind.
1329.
UNDERGROUND ONION. See POTATO
ONION.
UNTRUE. See SPORTING.
UPAS-TREE. Antia'ris.
URA'NIA. (From ouranios, sublime;
the stateiiness of the plant. Nat. ord.,
Musads [Musaceee], Linn., 6-Hexandria
\-Monogynia. )
We have retained thia the old name; but it is
properly Ravena'la. Store herbaceous. Seeds
in a hotbed, in spring; suckers and divisions;
sandy, fibry loam, a little dried leaf-mould, and
charcoal. Winter temp., 55° to 65°; summer, 65°
to 90°, and a moist atmosphere.
U. specio'sa (showy). 20. Red. Madagascar.
URA'RIA. (From oura, a tail; the
bractes. Nat. ord., Leguminous Plants
[Fabacese]. Linn., I7-Diadelphia 4-
Decandria. Allied to Hedysarum.)
Stove evergreens. Seeds in a hotbed in spring ;
and cuttings of side-shoots in May, in sand, under
a bell-glass ; sandy loam and fibry peat. Winter
temp., 55° to 65°; summer, 65° to 85°.
U. alopecuroi'des (foxtail-like). White. July.
E. Ind. 1820.
— como'sa (tufted). 3. Purple. July. E. Ind. 1818.
— crini'ta (hairy). 2. Pink. July. E.Ind.
— hamo'su (hooked). White. June. E. Ind. 182/.
— lagoce'phala (hare-headed). 2. Yellow. July.
Brazil. 1824.
— lagopodioi'des (hare's-foot-like). l£. Purple.
July. China. 1/90.
— lago'pus (hare's-foot). 7. Purple. June,
Nepaul. 1824.
pi'cta (painted-leaoed). 3. Purple. July.
Guinea. 1/88.
URCEOT.I'NA. (From urceolus, a small
cup, or pitcher ; from the smallness of
the cup, or nectary, inside the flower.
Nat. ord., Amaryllids [Amaryllidaceoe].
Linn., G-Hexandria \-Monogynia. Allied
to Clinanthus.)
Half-hardy bulb, growing in shady woods, and
flowering from June to November, and requires
perfect rest in winter. Offset-bulbs ; rich, fibry
oam ; the protection of a cold pit, and kept dry
n winter.
U. pe'ndula (hanging-down). Yellow. Green.
June. Peru. 183/.
UREDO. See BARBERRY and MILDEW.
URINE. (See DUNG.) The urine of
all animals is excellent as a manure ; but
it must be given only to plants whilst
URO
C805]
VAC
growing, and in a diluted state. One of
the most fertilizing of liquid-manures is
composed of cabbage-leaves, and other
vegetable refuse, putrefied in the urine
from a house or stable, and diluted with
three times its quantity of water when
applied. If mixed with bleaching powder
(chloride of lime), there will be no offen-
sive smell. Gypsum mixed with urine,
or a littlo oil of vitriol poured into it,
adds to its utility as a manure. Sulphate
of iron, in the proportion of seven pounds
to every hundred of urine, prevents the
escape of ammonia during putrefaction.
UEOPE'TALON. (From oura, a tail, and
petalon, a petal ; the petals are lengthened
out into tail-like appendages. Nat. ord.,
Lily worts [Liliacere]. Linn., 6-Hexan-
dria }.-Monogynia. Alliance near Albuca.)
Offsets in spring ; sandy, light loam and leaf-
mould. Must be kept dry in winter, either by
protecting them in a border, or placing them in a
cold pit ; perhaps best by potting them, and keep-
ing them in a pit or greenhouse, and dry, until
growth has fairly commenced.
U.fu'lvum (tawny). 3« Green, red. July. Moga-
dore. 1808.
— longifo'liv.m (long-leaved). 2. Purple, blue.
August. Mozambique. 1825.
— eero'tinum (lute-flowering), g. Green, red.
July. Spain. 1629.
UVA 'EIA. ( From uva, a cluster of grapes ;
the resemblance of the fruit. Nat. ord.,
Anonads [Anonacese]. Linn., 13-Pofy-
andria Q-Polyyynia.}
.Stove evergreens, brown-flowered, except where
otherwise mentioned. Cuttings of firm side-shoots
in May, in sand, under a bell-glass, in heat; sandy
ioam and fibry peat. Winter temp., 55° to ^0°;
summer, 60° to 85°.
U. acumina'ta (sharp-pointed). 6. Guiana. 1820.
— aroma' tica (aromatic). 6. Guiana. 1820.
— escule'nta (eatable). 10. Madras. 1818.
—fascicula'ta (bundled). E. Ind. 1823.
— fusca'ta (brown). 5. Guiana. 1823.
— Ga'rtneri (Gsertners'). 6. E. Ind. 1820.
— longiflo'ra (long-flowered). Purple. E. Ind.
1833.
— longifo'lia (long-leaved). 4. Bengal. 1820.
— lu'cida (shining). Africa. 1825.
— lu'tea (yellow). 6. Greenish-yellow. E. Ind.
1822.
— Na'rum (Naru^a). 10. Malabar.
— nitidi'ssima (most-shining). Blue. Caledonia.
1825.
— odora'ta (sweet-scented). E. Ind. 1804.
— tomento'sa (woolly). 6. E. Ind. 1822.
— veluti'na (velvety). 6. E. Ind. 1823.
— villo'sa (shaggy). E. Ind. 1831.
— Zeyla'nica (Ceylon). 20. Scarlet. Ceylon. 1794*
UVTTLA'EIA. (Formerly used in diseases
of the uvula. Nat. ord., Melanths [Me-
lanthacese]. Linn., 6-Hcxandria \-Mono-
Hardy, North American, herbaceous perennials ;
yellow-flowered, except grandiflo'ra. Division of
the plant in spring ; light, sandy loam.
U.fln'va (yellow). $. May. 1810.
— grandiflo'ra (large-flowered). 1. Purple. May.
1802.
— lanceola'ta (spear-team*). 1. July. 1710.
— perfolia'ta (leaf-stem-pierced). £. May. 1810.
— pube'rula (downy). £. May. 1824.
— sessilifo'lia (stalkless-leaved). £. June. 1/90.
V.
VACCI'NIUM. Whortleberry. (The
derivation is doubtful, perhaps from
Sacra, a berry. Nat. ord., Cranberries
[Vacciniacese], Linn., 8-Octandria 1-
Monogynia.)
Seeds in autumn ; cuttings under a hand-light
in summer ; suckers ; divisions ; rooting stems
from trailing along the ground ; very sandy loam ;
if a portion of peat all the better. All hardy ex-
cept Caracasa'num, leuco'stomum, meridiona' lef
and Rolliso'ni, and all deciduous, and natives of
North America, unless otherwise mentioned.
V.albiflo'rum (white-flowered). White. May.
1833.
— angustifo'lium (narrow-leaved). 2. Pale yel-
low. May. 1776.
— arbo'reum (tree). White, red. 1765.
— buxifo'lium (box-leaved). 1. White. May.
— Canade'nse (Canadian). 1. White, red. May.
1825.
— Caracasa'num (Caraccas). 6. White. July.
Caraccas. 1825, Stove evergreen.
— caspito'sum (turfy). *. White. May. 1823.
— corymbo'sum (corymbed). 7. White. May.' 1765.
angustifo'lium (narrow-leaved), 3. White*
17b'7.
— fusca'tum (browned). 2. White, pink*
June. 1770.
virga'tum (twiggy). 3. White, red.
April. 1767.
— crassifo'lium (thick-leaved). 1. White. June.
1787.
— dumo'sum (bushy). 3. White. May. 1774.
hu'mile (humble). 2. White. May. 1774.
— elonga'tum (elongated). 2. White. July. 1812.
— erythri'num (reA-twigged). 1$. Scarlet. Java.
1852.
—frondo'sum (leafy). 3. White, green. May. 1761.
venu'stum (beautiful). 3. Pink. June.
1770.
— gale'zans (gale-leaved). 2. White. May. 1806.
— gla'brum (smooth). 2. Pink. July. 1812.
— grandiflo'rum (large-flowered). 2. White.
July. 1812.
— humifu'sum (trailing). $. White. 1827*
— leuco'stomum (white-lipped). 2. Scarlet, white.
Peru. 1847. Greenhouse evergreen.
— ligustri'num (privet-/ea«ed). 3. Purple. May.
— meridiona'le (meridional). 2. Red, white.
April. Jamaica. 1778. Stove evergreen.
— minutiflo'rum (small-flowered), 2. White. 1812.
— myrsini'tes(mjraioe-leaved). 1^. Purple. May.
lanceola'tum (spear.Jeawed). 1$. Purple.
May.
_. obtu'sum (blunt). 1$. Purple. May.
— myrh/o'tfwm (myrtle-leaved). 1. White. June.
1812.
— myrtilloi'des (myrtiUus-like). Id- Pink. June.
— myrti'llus (myrtle; Bilberry). 1$. Pink.
May. Britain.
VAL
[ 800 ]
VAN
V. myrti'llus a'llis-ba'ccls (white-berried). Green.
May. Britain.
— ni'tiduml glossy). Ij. Pink. May. 1/94.
. decu'mbens (lying-down), f. Pink. May.
1794.
— ova'tum (e^-leaned'). 2. Pink. May. N. W.
Amer. 1826.
— padifo'lium (hird-cherry-leaved). Pale green.
July. Madeira. 17/7.
— pa'llidum (pale). 2. White. May. 1774-
— Pennsylva'nicum(PKnnsylva.main'). 1$. White,
blue. June. 1/72.
— resino'sum (resinous). 4. Purple, green. May.
1/82.
_. lute'scens (yellowish). 2. Reddish-yellow.
June. 1804.
rutte'scens (ruddy). 3. Yellow, green.
May. 1773.
— JtnlllsQ'ni (Rollison's). 2. Scarlet. August.
Java Mountains. 1851. Greenhou-e.
— stami'neum (tow^-stamened). 2. White. Alay.
a'lbum (white-lowered). 2. White.
Mexico.
— uligino'sum (bog. Bleaberry}. 2. Flesh. April.
Britain.
— vi'tit idaSa (cowberry). £. Pink. May. Britain.
VALERIA'NA. Valerian. (Named after
Valerius, who first used it in medicine.
Nat. ord., Valerlanworts [Valerianacese].
Linn., Z-Triandria l-Monogynia.)
Hardy herbaceous perennials. Divisions of the
root in spring, and seeds ; common garden-soil ;
the tenderer sorts should have a dry place.
V. alliarieefo'lia (alliaria-leaved). 1$. Red. June.
Caucasus. 18-26.
— asarifo'tia (asamm-leaved). 1. Red. June.
Crete. 1824.
— Cape'nsis (Cape). &. Red. June. Cape of
Good Hope. 1816.
— Ce'ltica (Celtic). 1. White. June. Switzer-
land. 1/84.
— dioi'ca (dioecious). 1. Flesh, June. Britnin.
— elonga'ta (lengthened). £. Yellow. June.
Austria. 1812.
— globulariafo'lia. (globularia - leaved). Red .
June. Pyrenees. .
— interme'dia (intermediate). 1. White. June.
Pyrenees. 1818.
— monta'na (mountain). 1. Light red. July.
Switzerland. 1/48.
— na'pus (turnip-roofed). White. Mexico. 1839
— offieina'lis (shop% 3. Flesh. June. Britain.
— phu1 (phu). 3. White. August. Germany. 159;
— Pyrena'ica (Pyrenean). 3. Pink. August.
Scotland.
— saliu'nca (lavender). 1 £. Red, June. France
1824.
— tarribucifo' lia (elder-leaved). 3. White. July
Germany. 1819.
— saxa> 'tills (rock). J. White. July. Austria. 1740
— sisymbriifo'lia (sisymbrium-leaved). 1. Red.
June. South Europe. 1820.
— supVna (flat-lying). £. White, red. July
Switzerland. 1822.
— tri'pt eris (three-winged). 1. White. May
Switzerland. 1/52.
— tubero'sa (tuberous-rooted). 1 £. Light, red
June. South Europe. 1629.
TALERIANE'LLA. Lamb's Lettuce. (A
diminutive of Valerian. Nat. ord.
Valcrianworts [Valerianacesej. Linn.
3-Trjandria \-Monogynia.)
Hardy annuals. Seeds in the open border, in
pring. See COKN SALAD.
f. conge'sta (crowdsd-^oifcred). 1. Red. July.
Columbia. 1826.
— echina'ta (pr\ck\y -capsuled), 1. Pink. July.
South Europe. 1807.
— olito'ria (salad). $. Blue. April. Britain.
VALLA'RIS. (From vallo, to inclose;
used for fences in Java. Nat. ord., Dog-
banes [Apocynacese]. Linn., 5-Pentan-
dria l-Monogynia.)
Stove evergreen twiner. Cuttings of short, firm,
stubby side-shoots in sandy soil, under a glass,
n heat, in May; sandy, fibry loam, and fihry
j.-at. Winter temp., 55° to 60° ; summer, 63° to 83°.
V. pergulu'na (trellis). 10. White. E. Ind. 1818.
VAIJ/E'SIA. (Named after F. Vulie.;l>,
physician to Philip II. of Spain. Ntvt.
ord., Dofjbanes [Apocynacese].' Linn., 0-
Peiitandrin l-Monogynia.)
Stove, white-flowered evergreens. Cuttings of
young shoots, getting firm, in sand, under a hell-
glass in heat ; san<iy loam and fibry peat. \V in-
ter temp., 55° t«> 60° ; summer, 00° to 85°.
V. annlnfo'lia (boat-leaved). 4. June. Mexico.
199*.
— dicho'toma (forked). 8. May. Peru. 1822.
VALLISNE'RIA. ( Named after A. Vallis-
neri, an Italian botanist. Nat. ord.,
Hydrocharads [Hydrochaidraceae]. Linn.,
22-Dicecia 2 JJhtiidria.)
A floating, fresh-water perennial, whose flowers
live under water, except just at the time of im-
pregnation. Division; rich loam, in a good -sized
pot, plunged deep in a tub or cistern of water.
Winter temp., 45° to 50° ; summer, 60° to 80°.
V. spira'lis (spiral). Brown. July. South Europe.
1818.
VALLO'TA. (Named after P. Valht,
a French botanist. Nat. ord., Amanjiiids
[Amaryllidacese]. Linn., 6-Hexandria
l-Monogynia. Allied to Cyrtanthus.)
With the exception of Dr. Herbert, no sys-
tematic botanist has pointed out the real affinity
of Vallota. A cross-seedling, by its pollen, has
been obtained by Mr. Beaton from Cyrta'nthus
cbli'quus, which no one could distinguish from a
Vallota of the same age. It has not yet flowered.
Greenhouse, scarlet- flowered bulbs, from the Cape
of Good Hope. Offsets ; sandy loam and peat,
and leaf- mould. Winter temp., 40° to 45°, and
dry ; summer, 60° to 75°.
V. purpu'rea (purple). 1 J. May. 1774.
ma'jor (greater). May. 1774.
mi'nor (smaller). 1. May. 1774.
VA'NDA. (The Sanscrit name of the
first-found species. Nat. ord., Orchids
[Orchidaceffi]. Linn., ZQ-Gynandria l-
Monandria.)
Stove orchids, grown in baskets, See Oscmns,
V. Batema'nnii (Mr. Bateman's). 3. Crimson,
yellow. June. Moluccas. 1845.
— ceeru'lea (fight blue). Sylhet.
— crista'ta (crested). 1, Green, purple. April.
Nepaul. 1818.
VAN
[ 807 ]
VEN
V. crue'nta (bloody). 2. Bed. August. China.
1819.
«— Cumi'ngii (Cuming's). Brown, yellow. July.
Philippines. 1837.
— ftt'rva (dusky). Brown, white. December.
China. 1844.
~—fv?sco-m'ridis (brown - and - green). Brown,
greenish-yellow. September.
— insi'gnis (showy). 2. Crimson, brown, white.
February. Java. 1848.
— lamella'ta (layered). Pale. August. Manilla.
1837.
~>Lo'wci (Lowe's). Yellow, brown. February.
Borneo. 1846.
— peduncula'ris (long- flower -stalked). July.
Ceylon. J840.
— Roxbu'rghii ( Roxburgh's). lj. White, purple.
July. China, 1810.
— _ — ,. tessella'ta (chequered). 1. White, purple.
July. China. 1816.
• wm'coJor (one-coloured). 5. Brown.
— nta'vis (sweet-scented). White, brown. Sep-
tember. Java. 1847.
— te'res (cylindric-tea»ed). 2. Red, yellow.
March. Sylhet. 1829.
— viola' cen (violet-lipped). White, violet. May.
Manilla. 1839.
VANDE'LLIA. (Namedafteri. Vandelli,
a Portuguese botanist. Nat. ord., Fiy worts
[Scrophulariaceaej. Linn., ll-Didynamia
%-Anyiospermia. Allied to Torenia.)
Tender annuals. Seeds in a hotbed, in spring ;
plants pricked off, and bloomed chiefly in the
greenhouse, in light, rich soil.
V, crusta'cea (shelly). Blue. June. India. 1816.
— diffu'sa (spreading). 1. White. July. Santa
Cruz. 1824.
-rhirsu'ta (hairy). Blue. June. India. 1823.
— Roxbu'rghii (Roxburgh's). Purple. July.
Coromandel. 1818.
VANGUE'RIA. ( Voa-vanguer, the name
of edu'lis in Madagascar. Nat. ord.,
Cinchonads [Cinchonacese]. Linn., 5-
Pentandria 1 -Monogynia. Allied to
Ouettardia.)
It produces a good dessert fruit. ' Stove ever-
green. Cuttings of half-ripened shoots in sand,
under a bell-glass; sandy peat and fibry loam.
Winter temp., 50° to 55° ; summer, 60° to 85°.
V. edu'lis (eatable). 10. White. Madagascar. 1809.
VANI'LLA. (A diminutive of vaina, the
Spanish for sheath ; shape of seed-pod.
Nat. ord., Orchids [Orchidacese]. Linn.,
20-Gynandria 1-Monandria.)
Stove orchids, grown on blocks ; white-flowered,
where not otherwise specified. (See ORCHIDS.)
The Vanilla of commerce is, or should be, the
dried fruit of V. planifu'lia.
V. acutifo'lia (pointed-leaved). Caraccas. 1841.
— Africa/no. (African). Sierra Leone. 1843.
— aroma! tica (aromatic). 10. July. South
Europe. 1739.
— bi'color (two-coloured). Dull red. Guiana.
— etaui'cttZa7a(tendrilled). Cuba. 1839.
— planifo'lia (smooth-leaved). 10. May. W.
Ind. 1800.
— Pompo'nu (Pompona). Mexico.
YAPOUREB MOTH. Oryyia,
VARIEGATED LAUREL. Au'cuba.
VASCO'A. This genus is incorporated
with Kafnia, and the following yellow-
flowered evergreens from the Cape of
Good Hope should be added to it :—
R. amplexicau'lis (stem-clasping). 4. July. 1816.
— perfolia'ta (leaf-stem-pierced). 4, July. 1812.
VEGETABLE MANURES. See GREEN
MANURES, ASHES, and MANURES.
VE'LLA. Cress Eocket. (From velar,
the Celtic name of cress. Nat. ord.,
Crucifcrs [Brassicacese]. Linn., 15-
Tetr adynamia.)
Half-hardy evergreen. Cuttings of young
shoots in sand, under a hand-light, in a shady
place, in summer; a dry, airy, warm situation,
such as in raised rock-work. North of London,
in exposed, damp places, it will require a little
protection in winter.
V, nseu'do-cy'tisus (bastard-cytisus). 3. Yellow.
April. Spain. 1759.
VELLE'JA. (Named after Major Telley,
who studied sea- weeds. Nat. ord., Goode-
niads [Goodeniacese]. IAnn.,5-Pentandria
\-Monoyynia. Allied to Euthales.)
Greenhouse, yellow-flowered evergreens, from
New Holland. Division ; sandy loam and peat.
Winter temp., 35° to 45°.
V. lanceola'ta (spear-tea»ed). 1841.
— lyra'ta (lyre-leaved). J. April. 1819.
— parado'xa (paradoxical). £• July. 1824.
— spathula'ta (*patulate). £. April. 1825.
VELLO'ZIA. (Named after a Spanish
botanist. Nat. ord., Bloodroots [Hsemo-
doracese]. Linn., 6-Hexandria 1-Mono-
gynia. Allied to Barbacenia.)
The Vellozias are perennial Lilies, from two to
ten feet high, having trunks as large as a man's
body, branching, and having tufts of leaves on
the top like the Yucca. Greenhouse herbaceous.
Division of the plant in spring; sandy loam and
fibry peat. Winter temp., 40° to 50°; summer,
60° to 80°.
V. lanceola'ta (spear-teaced). Yellow. Swan.
Kiver. 1841.
VELTHEI'MIA. ( Named .after F.A. Vel-
theim, a German botanist. Nat. ord.,
Lily worts [Liliacese] . Linn., 6-Hexandria
l-Monogynia. Allied to Tritoma.)
Greenhouse bulbs, from Cape of Good Hope,
with flesh-coloured flowers. Offsets from the
bulbs; rich, sandy loam. Winter temp., 35°
to 45°.
V. glau'cn (milky-green). 2. March, 1781.
-- rubesce'nti-purpu'rea (red-purple). I.
Red, purple. July. 1834.
— interme'dia (intermediate). l£. April. 1800.
— viridifu'lia (green-leaved). 2. August. 1768.
VENTILATION. See GREENHOUSE.
VENUS'S FLY-TRAP. Dion®' a musci'pula.
VENUS'S HAIR. Adia'ntum capi'llus
Ve'neris.
YEN
[ 808 ]
VER
LOOKING-GLASS. Sjpecula'ria
spe'culum.
VENUS'S NAVELWORT. Omphalo'des.
VENUS'S SUMACH. Shu's coti'nus.
VERA'TBUM. (From vere, truly, and
titer, black; colour of the roots. Nat.
ord., Melanths [MelanthacesB], Linn.,
%3-Polygamia 1-Moncecia.)
The plants in this order are all poisonous.
Hardy herbaceous perennials. Seeds and divi-
sions in spring ; deep, rich loam.
V. a'lbum (white). 5. White. July. Europe. 1543.
— ungustifo'lium (narrow-leaved). 2. Green.
June. N. Amer. 1823.
— /«'#j<fttm (cold). 3. Black. June. Angan-
gulo. 1846.
— Lobelia'num (Lobel's). White. June. South
Europe. 1818.
— ni'grum (dark-flowered), 3. Dark purple.
June. Siberia. 1596.
— parviflo'rum (small-flowered). 2. Green.
June. Carolina. 1809.
— vi'ride (green-flowered"). 5. Green. July.
N. Amer. 1742.
YERBA'SCUM. Mullein. (From larbas-
citm, bearded ; the bearded stamens. Nat.
ord., Figworts [Scrophulaiiacese]. Linn.,
5-Pentandria \-Monogynia.~)
All yellow-flowered where not otherwise men-
tioned. All freely by seeds ; perennials also by
division of the roots in spring.
HARDY HERBACEOUS.
V. JEthio'picum (Ethiopian). May. Mount
Sinai. 1825.
— alopecu'rus (foxtail). 3. July. France. 1820.
— Austri'acum (Austrian). 5. July. Austria. 1818.
— betoniceefoflium (betony-leaved). 2. July.
Armenia. 1825.
— chryse'rium (golden). June. Palestine. 182".
— colli'num (hill). 3. July. Germany. 1820.
— cu'preum (copper-coloured). 3. Brown. July.
Caucasus. 1798.
— fascicula'tum (clustered). May. Mount Sinai.
1826.
— hyoserifo'lium (hyoseris-leaved). June. Levant.
1829.
— lana'tum (woolly). 3. July. Italy. 1825.
— ni'grum (black-roofed). 2. July. England.
— orienta'le (eastern). 2. July. Caucasus. 1821.
— phasni'ceum (purple). 8. Purple. July. South
Europe. 1796.
— plica'tum (plaited). July. Greece. 1816.
— spino'sum (thorny). 1. Purple. July. Crete.
1824. Evergreen.
— thapsoi'des (thapsos-like). July. Portugal.1819.
— tri'ste (dark). 2. Yellow, red. July. South
Europe. 1688.
— undula'tum (waved).3.July.SouthEurope.l819.
HARDY BIENNIALS.
V. auricula'tum(evred-leaved). June. Levant. 1826.
— Banna'ticum (Hungarian). July.Hungary. 1820.
— bipinnati'fidum (doubly-leaflet-cut) . June.
Tauria. 1813.
— Boerhaa'vii (Boerhaave's). 2. July. South
Europe. 1731. Annual.
— candidi'ssima (whitest). 4. May. Naples. 1823.
— ceratophy1 'Hum (horn-leaved). June. Levant.
1829.
— Chai'xii (Chair's). 3. July. France. 1821.
— cuspida'tum (pointed). 4. May. Vienna. 1817.
V. densijlr,' rum (dense-flowered). January. Italy*
JS25.
— formo'sum (handsome). 2. July. Russia. 1818.
— gla'brum (smooth). 2. July. Europe. 1805.
— gnaphtloi'des (gnaphalium-like). 2. July.
Caucasus. 1825.
— gossypi'num (cottony). 4. July. Caucasus. 1820.
— grandiflo'rum (large-flowered). 4. July. Eu«
rope. 1820.
— hxmorrhoida'lc (blood-coloured). 2. White,
purple. July. Madeira. 1777' Greenhouse.
— 1'ndicum (Indian). July. Nepaul.
— leptosta'chyum (slender-spiked). 3. ;July.
South France. 1825.
— longifo'liitm (long-leaved). 3. July.Naples.1824*
— lychni'tis (lychnitis). 3. July. Britain.
— lyra'tum (lyre-leaved), 4. June. Spain. 1819.
— macra'nthum (large-flowered). 3. July. Por-
tugal. 1820.
— maja'le (hog). 3. July. Montpelier; 1817.
— Monspessula'rium (Montpelier). June. South
France. 1824.
— monta'num (mountain). 3. July. France. 18 19.
— ni'veum (snowy). 3. May. Naples. 1823.
— ova' turn (egg-/ea»erf). 3. July. Spain. 1824.
— pinnati'fidum (leaflet-cut). 1. July. Archi-
pelago. 1788. Greenhouse.
— pulcerultSntum (powdered). 3. July. England.
— pyramids' turn (pyramidal). 3. July. Cau-
casus. 1804.
— repa'ndum (wavy-edged). 3. July.Europe.1813*.
— rotundifo'lium (round-leaved). 4. July. Italy.
1823.
— rubigino'sum (rusty). 4. Yellow, red. July.
Hungary. 1817«
— rugulo'sum (wrinkled-leaved). June. South.
Europe. 1820.
— sinua'tum (indented-leaved'). 2. July. South
Europe. 15/0.
— specta'bile (showy). 2. Yellow, purple. July.
Tauria. 1820.
— Steve'nii (Stevens'). 5. July. Siberia. 1821.
— Tau'ricum (Taurian). 2. Yellow, purple.
August. Tauria. 1839-
— tha'psus (shepherd's-club). 6. July.
elonga'tum (lengthened). July. Europe.
1813.
— versiflo'rum (inverted-flowered). 3. Purple.
July. Bohemia. 1823.
— virga'tum (twiggy). 5. August. Britain.
VERBE'NA. Vervain. (From the Celtic
Ferfain. Nat. ord., Verbenas [Verbeua-
cese]. Linn., ]k-Didynam.ia %-Angiosper-
mia.)
Annuals and biennials, by seed in a slight hot-
bed in March, or in the open air in April ; peren-
nials, by division, layers, and cuttings; tender
kinds, chiefly by cuttings, unless when seed is
employed to obtain new varieties. These varie-
ties are struck generally in spring and autumn for
blooming in pots, but chiefly lor decorating the
flower-garden beds. A rich, sandy loam suit&
them best. The points of the shoots in spring
strike best in a little peat. In autumn they can
scarcely be kept too cool. The smallest piece-
will form a better plant than a larger piece.
GREENHOUSE HERBACEOUS.
V. ala'ta (winged-stemmed). 5. Rosy. August.
Monte Video. 1828.
— amce'na (pleasing). 1. Pinkish-purple. July.
Mexico.
— Arrania'na (Lady Arran's). lj. Purple. Au-
gust. 1836.
— 6ar4a'ta(bearded).l .Pink.August.Mexico.lSS6.
VEE
[ 809
VEE
V. eftaro«rfn/b7ia.(gennander-Ieaved). 1. Scarlet.
August. Buenos Ayres. 1827.
— diffu'sa (spreading). 3..Blue..Iuly.N.Araer.l818.
— /rtandM/o'sa (glanded). 2. Pale. July. 1832.
— inci'sa (cut~leaved}. 2. Red. August. Pa-
nama. 1836.
— pulche'lla (nwt). 1. Purple. July. Buenos
Ayres. 1827.
— ra'dicans (rooting). £. Lilac. July. Chili. 1832.
— sulphu'rea (sulphur-coloured). 1. Sulphur.
July. Chili. 1832.
— teucrioi'des (germander-like). 2. Purplish.
July. Montevideo. 1837.
— Tweedia'na (Tweedie's). 1. Scarlet. Au«
gust. Brazil. 1834.
— veno'sa (stam^-veined) . 2j. Rosy. July.
Buenos Ayres. 1830.
HARDY ANNUALS AND BIENNIALS.
V.Aubleftia (Aublet's). 1. Purple. August.
N. Amer. 177*. Biennial.
— bracteo'sa (bracted). 1. Pink. July. Mex-
ico. 1820. Biennial.
— cane'sccns (hoary). *. Blue. July. Mexico. 1824.
— e'legans (elegant) £. Blue. July. Mexico. 1826.
Biennial*
— lasiosta'chys (hairy-spiked). 2. Purple. July.
California. 1820. Biennial.
— litora'lis (shore), 3. Grey. June. S. Amer. 1832.
— multi'fida (much-cut). Blue. July. Peru. 1818.
— pinnati'fida (leaflet-cut). 4. Purple. July.
N. Amer. 1810. Biennial.
— tri'Jtda (three-cleft). 1. Purple. August.
Mexico. 1818.
HARDY HERBACEOUS.
V. Auble'tia Drummo'ndii (Drummond's Auble-
tia). l£. Lilac. July. Texas.
— Lambe'rti (Lambert's). 14. Purple. July.
S. Amer.
ro'sea (rosy). 1$. Pink. July. Carolina.
— multi'fida a'lba (white).White.May.Chili.!839.
SaWm(Sabine's). $. Purplish. July.
Chili. 1834.
— officina'le-veno'sa (veined-shop). Bluish. Au-
gust. Oxford. 1 837.
— polysta'chya (many-spiked). 4. Red. July.
Mexico. 1820.
— pulche'lla-coro'lla-u'lbida (beautiful - whitish-
corollaed). 1. Whitish. July. 1834.
— rugo'sa (wrinkled-/ea»<?d). 2. Violet. July.
Buenos Ayres. 1833.
— sca'bra (scurfy), 4. Red. July. Mexico. 1825.
— soro'ria (sister). 2. Purple. July. Nepaul. 1824.
VERBENA (SWEET-SCENTED). Aloy'niu.
VERBESI'NA. (Altered from Verbena.
Nat ord., Composites [Asteracese]. Linn.,
IQ-Syngenesia Z-Superflua.)
Greenhouse, yellow-flowered, herbaceous per-
ennials, from Mexico. Seeds and divisions of the
root ; rich) sandy loam.
V. ala'ta (wing-*iaZfcfrf). 2. August. 1699.
— atriplicifo'lia (orach-leaved). 3. July. 1823.
— pinnati'fida (leaflet-cut). 3. August. 1826.
— salicifo'lia (willow-leaved). 2. July. 1825.
VERNO'NIA. (Named after W. Vernon,
a "botanical traveller. Nat. ord., Composites
[Asteracese]. Linn., 19 - Syngenesia 1-
JEqualis.)
All purple-flowered where not otherwise men-
tioned. Hardy, by seeds and divisions ; tender,
by seeds, divisions, and cuttings under a hand-
light ; rich, sandy loam ; stove treatment.
STOVE EVERGREENS, &C.
V. acutlfo'lia (pointed-leaved). 4. December. S.
Amer.
— anthelmi'ntica (worm-killing). Lilac. August.
E. Ind. 1770. Biennial.
— arborc'scens (tree-like). 5. November. Jamaica.
1733.
— a'spera (rough). White. June. E. Ind. 1823.
— axilleeflo'ra (axillary-flowered). l£. Lilac. Sep«
tember. Bahia.
— centrifo'lia (sharp-leaved). September. Brazil.
1826.
— eine'rea (grey). July. E. Ind. Biennial.
— flexuo'sa (zigzag). l£. September. Brazil. 1823.
—frutico'sa (shrubby). 4. October. W. Ind. 1818.
— linea'ris (narrow-teamed). 1. October. S. Amer.
1825. Annual.
— odorati'ssima (sweetest-scented). 4. October.
Caraccas. 1817.
— seri'cea (silky). 5. December. Brazil. 1825.
HARDY HERBACEOUS.
V. alti'ssima (tallest). 12. October. Ohio. 1820.
— angustifo'lia (narrow-leaved). 4. September.
N. Amer. 1817.
— glau'ca (milky-green). 4. July. N. Amer. 1710.
— Noveborace'nsis (New York). 6. August. N.
Amer. 1710.
— oligophy'lla (few-leaved). September. N. Amer.
1710.
— pandura'ta (fiddle-leaved}. 4. October. 1825.
— - praeu'lta (very tall). 8. October. N. Amer. 1 732.
— scabe'rrima (most scurfy). 4. October. N.Amer.
1824.
— serratuloi'des (sawwort - like). September.
Mexico. 1824.
— ie'res (cylindric-/ea»ed), July. Nepaul. 1821.
VERO'NICA. Speedwell. (The meaning
is doubtful. Nat. ord., Figworts [Scrophu-
lariacese] .lAnn.^-Diandnal-Monogynia. }
All blue-flowered where not otherwise named.
Annuals, seeds in March and April ; perennials,
chiefly by division in spring ; good garden-soil ;
shrubby, cuttings in spring or summer under a
bell-glass; peat and loam. Winter temp, for
greenhouse kinds, 38° to 45°.
GREENHOUSE HERBACEOUS, &C.
V. Cre'tica (Cretan). *. May. Crete. 1819.
— decussa'ta. (cross-leaved). 1. July. Falkland
Isles. 1776. Evergreen.
— dianthifo'lia (pink-leaved). 4. May. N. Hol-
land. 1823.
— . dPstans (distant). 1. April. N. Holland. 1825.
— formo'sa (beautiful). 3. White. April. Van
Diemen's Land. 1835. Evergreen.
— zra'cilii (slender). 1. May. N. S. Wales. 1820.
— labia'ta (lipped). 1. June. N.Holland. 1802.
— Lindleya'na (Lindley's). White. Septe ber.
New Zealand. 1843. Evergreen.
— ni'vea (snowy). White. May. Van Diemen's
Land. 1840. Evergreen.
— parviflo'ra (small-flowered). !. May. New-
Zealand. 1822. Evejrgreen.
— perfolia'ta (leaf-stem-pierced). I. August.
N. S. Wales. 1815.
— ple.be'ia (common). 1. June. N. Holland. 1820.
— salicifo'lia (willow-leaved). 3. White. July.
New Zealand. 1843. Evergreen.
— specio'aa (showy). 2. Van Diwnen's Land.
1835. Evergreen.
HARD? ANNTJALS.
V. ceratoca'rpa (horn-fruited). March. <Ja«casus,
1835.
TEB
VEE
IF. di'dyma'ttwiTi-raluxed). All seasons.
1827.
•—poli'ta (polished). £. March. Britain.
HARDY AQUATICS.
??, anngalloi'des (pimpernel-like). Calabria. 1836.
-— Caroltm'a'mt(Carolina). I. June. Carolina. 1821.
—,parmula'ria (small-shielded). 1. Red. July.
Austria. 1824.
— scutella'ta (saucer-leaved). 2. Flesh. May.
Britain.
IHARDY HERBACEOUS, &c.
V. 'dbrotanifo'lia (southernwood-leaved). 2. Au-
gust. Siberia. 1830.
— Geutijio'ra (acute-flowered). 1. Bed. May.
France. 1821.
— Allio'nii (Allioni's). £. May. South Europe.
1740. Evergreen.
— alpi'na (alpine). J. May. Europe.
—>—~- heterophy1 lla (variable-leaved). £. May.
Europe.
~ -~— integrifo'lia (entire-leaved). $. May. Si-
lesia. 1814.
: — obtusifo'lia( blunt-leaved), f. July. Scot-
land.
pu'mi7a(dwarf).&. August. Piedmont. 1819.
• rotundifo'lia. (round-leaved). £. May. Eu-
rope. 1816.
— aphy'lld (leafless). £. May. Italy. 1/75.
~ urgu'ta (sharp-notched). 3. July. South Eu-
rope. 1812.
— austra'lis (southern), l$. August. South Eu-
rope. 1812.
— Austri'aca (Austrian). 1. July. Austria. 1748.
— azu'rea (sky-blue). 3. May. 1821.
— Baumgarte'nii (Don Bauragarten's). May.
Transylvania. 1826.
— lellidioi'des (daisy-like). A. May. Switzerland.
1775.
— IracTiypJiy'Ha (short-leaved). July. 1822.
— brevifo'lia (short-leaved). I. May. 1822.
— Cauca'sica (Caucasian). 1. Pale red. June.
Caucasus. 181 6.
latifo'lia (broad-leaved). £. Pale red. June.
Caucasus. 1820.
— chamce'drys (germander). £. June. Britain.
— — /amn/o'ftttOamium-leavefl). August. 1825.
— — — variegu'ta (variegated). £. August.
— (7ftt'sii(Clusius's). £. August. Hungary. 1822.
— complied' ta (compl\c&tc-leaved) . 2. September.
Europe. 1812.
— crassifo'lia (thick-leaved). 2$. Violet. May.
Europe. 182<2.
— crenula'ta (notch-flowered). 1J. August. South
Europe. 1S14.
— crini'ta (hairy). 1. July. Hungary. 1822.
— cri'spa (curled-tercved). 2. June.
— denta'ta (tooth-leaned). l.TMay. Europe. 1818.
— depuupera'ta (impoverished). £. June. Hun-
gary. 1823.
— diosmcefo'lia (diosraa-leaved). Lilac. July. Van
Diemen's Land. 1835.
— ela'tior (taller). /. August. South Europe. 180S.
— c'legans (elegant). 2. Pink, May. South France.
1822.
— exalta'ta (lofty). 4. June. Siberia. 181 6.
— filifo'rmis (thread- leaved). 5. May.Levant.1780.
— folio'sa (leafy). 3. August. Hungary. 1805.
—fruticulo'sa, (shrub-like-sia/Aed). £.Flesh. July.
Scotland. Evergreen.
— Gentianifo'iui (Gentian-leaved). lj. May. Le-
vant. 1/48.
— Gentianoi'des (Gentian-like). 2. Violet. June.
Levant. 1/48.
— gla'brw 'smooth.). 4. August. South Europe.
V. gla'bra o.'lba (white). 4. White. August.
— gra'ndis (grand). l£. White. August. Si-
beria. 1826.
— hy'brida (hybrid). 1. June. England.
— tnca'na (lioary). 2. May. Russia. 1759.
— inci'sa (cut-leaved). 2. July. Siberia. 1739.
— Jacqui'ni (Jacquin's). 1. May. Austria. 1748.
— lucinia'ta (jugged-leaved). 2. July.Siberia. 1/80.
— latifo'lia (broad-leaved). 1. White, blue. May.
Austria. 1748.
— leuea'nthti (white-flowered). 2. White. July.
Siberia. 1817.
— Knaritefo'lia (linaria-leaved). August. Siberia.
1322.
— longibractea'ta (long-bracted). 1. May. 1817.
latifo'lia (broad-leaved). 1^. July. 1818.
— longiflo'ra (long-flowered). 1. Lilac. June. 1824.
— long'fo'iia (long-leaved). 3. August. South
Europe. 1?31.
abbrema'ta (shortened). May. 1823.
a'lha (white). 3. White. August.
incarna'ta (flesh-coloured). 3. Flesh.
latifo'lia (broad-leaved). June. Crimea.
1821.
— mari'tima (marine). 2. August. Sweden. 1570.
variegu'ta (variegated-teaped). l£. July.
— me'dia (mediate). 3. August. Germany. 1804.
— melimctt'tica (melancholy). 1. June." 1820.
— metisseffit'iia (balm-leaved). 1. May. 1826.
— menthafu'lia (mint-leaved). I.August. Aus-
tria. 1823.
— jtfey'eri (Meyer's). July. Dahuria. 1837.
— Michaii'xii (Michaux's). l.-Jaly. 1834.
— wicra'nthu (small-flowered). 14. White. May.
Portugal. IS JO.
— microphy'lla (small-leaved). £. June. Hungary.
1822.
— Mulleria'na (Muller's). 1. June. Syria. 1825.
— multi'fida (much-cut). £. June. Siberia. 1748.
— negh'ctu (neglected). l£. July. Siberia. 1797.
— widens (shining). 2. July. Europe. 1817.
falca'ta (sickle- leaved). June. 1820,
— ni'tida (clear). 2. July. Europe. 1817.
— nummulu'ria (money worWeawed). £. June.
Pyrenees. 1820.
— officina'lls (shop). $. June. Britain.
— orcfii'dea(ofcluS' flowered). l.Aucrust. Europe.
1819.
— orient a1 Us (eastern). £. July. Levant. 1743.
— pa'llida (pale). 1. May. Tatiria. 1 821.
— panicula'ta (panicled). 1^. June. Russia.
1797.
— pectina'ta (comb-leaved). 1. May. Italy. 1819.
— peduncvla'iis (long- flower-stalked). 1. March.
Caucasus. 1826.
•— persicifoWa (peach-leaved). 2. August. 1523.
— petrcs'a (rock). 1. May. Caucasus. 1521.
— pilu'sa (shaggy). 1^. July, Bohemia. 1S19.
— jMitM'/a (leaEeted). 1. Blay. Siberia. 17/6-
— pinnati'fida (leaflet-cut). 1. June. 1817-
— plica'ta (plaited), 2. June. Bohemia. 1817-
— polysta'chya (many-spiked). 2. July. 1817-
— Po'nee (Pona's) ^. September. Pyrenees. 1622.
— preeu'lta (very high). 4. August. 1817.
— pree'cox (early). £. June. South Europe. 1775.
— prostra'ta (trailing). 1. May.. Germany. 1774.
satureieefo'liet (savory-leaved). 1. July.
South Europe.
— re'pens (creeping). White. September. Eu-
rope. 1829.
— Ruthe'nica (Russian). 2. April. Russia, 1821.
— suxa'tilis (rock) ^. June. Scotland.
— Sckmi'ittii (Schmidt's). I.June. Bohemia. 1820.
(serpyllium-leaved). ^. May.
Britain.
YER
[ 811 ]
VIB
V.serpyUifo'liahumifu'sa (low -spreading). £•
May. Europe.
negle'cta (neglected), £. May. Britain.
quaterna'ta (four-leaved), fc. May. Europe.
tenJlla (tender). £. May. Europe.
— seti'gera (bristled). $. May. Scotland.
— Sibi'rica (Siberian). 3. July. Dauria. 1775.
— spica'ta (spiked). 1. August. England.
— spu'ria (spurious). 2. August. Siberia. 1/31.
— Ste7>AaMm'na(Stephan's;.l. June. Persia. 1S21.
— stoloni'fera (runnered). June.
— Tau'rica (Taurian). 4. June. Siberia. 1820.
— tene'lla (tender). £. May. Prance. 1820.
— tenuifo'lia (fine-leaved)4,June. Pyrenees. 1821.
— teu'crium (germander-/ea«ed). 2. July. Ger-
many. 1596.
— Ticine'nsis (Ticin). August. Ticin. 1819.
— Tournefo'rtii (Tournefort's). %. May. France.
1824.
— trichoca'rpa (hairy-capsuled). £. June. Levant.
1821.
— villo'sa (shaggy). 1$. August. South Europe.
1824.
— Virgi'nica (Virginian). 5. White. July. Vir-
ginia. 1714.
— incarna'ta (flesh-coloured). 5. Flesh.
July. Virginia. 1/14.
— Wormskio'ldii ( Wormskiold's). $. June. Green-
land, 1819.
VERTICO'RDIA. (Derivation not given.
Nat. ord., Fringe-myrtles [Chamaelaucia-
ceee]. Linn., IQ-Decandria l-Monoffynia.)
Greenhouse evergreens, from Swan River. Cut-
tings of young shoots in sand, under a bell-glass,
in April or May ; fi'nry loam and sandy peat.
Winter temp., 38° to 4 5°.
V. acero'sa-(chafiy-leaned'). Yellow. April. 1842.
— Bro'wnii (Brown's). 1. White. April. 1826.
— densiflo'ra (dense-flowered). White. June.
— Fontane'sii (Desfontaine's). 1. White. April.
1826.
— helia'nthus (sunflower). Fellow. May.
— insi'gnis (showy). Pink. April. 1839.
— penni'gera (feathery). Lilac. April. 1341.
— seti'gera (bristly). Lilac. May.
VESICA'RIA. (From vesica, a bladder, or
blister; inflated seed-pods. Nat. ord.,
Cruclfers [Brassicacese]. Linn., 15-Te-
iradynamia. Allied to Aubrietia.)
All yellow-flowered. Seeds, division, and cut-
tings of the young shoots under a hand-light ;
common soil.
HARDY ANNUALS.
V. gra'cilis (slender). June. Texas. 1S34.
— grandiflo'ra (large-flowered). July. Tex;is. 183.".
— sinua'ia (indented-leaved), 1. May. Spain. 15Q6.
Biennial.
HARDY EVERGREENS*
V. a'rctica (arctic). £. August. N. Amer. 182S.
— areno'sa (sandy). £. August. N. Amer. 1S-26.
— Cre'tica (Cretan). $. July. Crete. 1/39.
— Ludovicia'na (Ludovic's). June. Louisiana.
1825. Herbaceous.
— reticula'ta (netted). 1. May. South Europe.
1/00. Herbaceous.
— utriculalta (bladdered). I.May. Levant. 1730.
YE'STIA. (Named after 'Dr. Vest, a
German. Nat. ord., Nightshades [Sola-
nacese]. Linn., b-Pentandria 1-J/o/io-
gynia>~ Allied to Cestrum.)
Greenhouse deciduous shrub. Cuttings of half-
ripened shoots in sand, under a bell-glass ; peat
and loam. Winter temp., 40° to 48°.
V. lycioi'des (boxthorn-like). 3. Yellow. June*
Chili. 1815.
VETCH. Ti'cia.
VIBO'RGIA. (Named after E. Viborg, a
Danish botanist. Nat. ord., Leguminous
Plants [Fabacese]. ~Lmn.,]Q-Monadelphia
6-Decandria. Allied to Loddigesia.)
Greenhouse yellow-flowered evergreens, from
the Cape of Good Hope. Cuttings of young shoots
in sandy soil, under a glass, in May ; sandy loam
and fibry peat. Winter teinp., 40° to 50°.
V. obcorda'ta (reversed-egs-/ea«erf). 2. July.
— seri'cea (silky). 3. July. 1810.
VIBU'RNUM. (From vieo, to tie; use of
flexible sboots. Nat. ord., Capri/oils [Ca-
prifoliacese]. Linn., 5-Pentcwdria 3-2H-
gynia.)
White-flowered, unless otherwise mentioned.
Seeds, which should lie a season m the rot-heap
before sowing ; by layers ; and freely, especially
the evergreens, by cuttings in autumn, in sandy
soil, in a shady border, where they may remain
two years. The tender kinds like a little peat or
leaf-mould, and greenhouse or stove treatment.
GREENHOUSE EVERGREENS.
V. mono'gynum (one-styled). Java.
— ruiro'sum (rough). 4. May. Cananas. 1795.
— tinoi'des ftinus-like). 4. S. Amer. 1820. Stove.
— tomentn' 'sum (downy). 6. Japan.
— villu'sum (shaggy). 6. Jamaica. 1824.
HARDY EVERGREENS.
V. Atcafu'ki (Awafuki). Japan. 1841.
— cansinoi'des (cassine-like). 3 June. N. Amer.
— Iceviga'tum (smoothed). 10. May. N. Amer.
1724.
— Mulla'ha (Mullaha). Himalayas.
— pygmx'a (pigmy). l£. Himalayas. 1841.
— Sine'nse (Chinese). China. 1841.
— Unus (laurestine). 5. July. South Europe.
hi'rtum (hairy), 5. July. South Europe.
lu'cidum (shining). 10. August. Algiers.
lu'cidum variegu'tum (variegated). 10.
strJctum (erect). 6. August. South Eu-
ttri'ctum variega'tum (variegated). 6.
August. South Europe.
virga'tum (twiggy). 6. AugttSt. Italy,
HARDY DECIDUOUS.
V. acerifo'lium (maple-leaved). 4. June. N.
Am^r. 1736.
— cotinifo'lium (cotinus-leaved). 10. June. Hi-
malaya. 1830.
— Dahu'ricum (Dahurian). 2. June. Pahuria.
— denta'tum (tooth-leaved). S.June. N. Amer.
1763.
— dilata'tum (swollen). 4. April. China. 1846.
— edu'le (eatable-/rMtf ed) . 12. May. N.Amer.1812.
— lantu'na (wayfaring-tree). 10. May. Britain.
fo'liis-variega'tis (variegated-leaved;. 10.
grandifo'lium (large-leaved). 10. June.
— lantanui'des (lantana-like). 5. June. N. Amer.
8. July. Spain, l/ol.
.20.China.l844.
VIO
[812
VIE
F. mo'lle (soft), 6. May. N. Amer. 1812.
— ni'tidum (shining), 2. June. N. Amer. 1758.
— nu'dum (naked). 8. June. N. Amer. 1752.
squama'tum (scaly). 6. July. N. Amer.
1822.
— obova'tum (reversed-egg-Jeamf). 2, April. Nf
Amer. 1812.
punicifo'lium (punica-leaved), 2. May.
N. Amer. 1812.
— odorati'ssimum (sweetest-scented). 2. May.
China. 1818.
— o'pulus (guelder-rose). 10. July. Britain.
fo'liis - variega'tis (variegated - lea\ ad).
June.
— na'num (dwarf). A.
ste'rile (barren). July.
— orienta'le (eastern). 10. May. Caucasus. 1827.
— oxycdccus (cranberry-like). 12. June. N.Amer.
mo' His (soft). 10. July. N.Amer. 1841.
subintegrifo'Hum (nearly-entire-leaved).
10. July. Columbia.
— plica'tum (plaited-feaved). 10. May. China.
1846.
— prunifo'lium (plum-leaved). 8. May. N. Amer.
1731.
— pubfscens (downy). 3. June. N.Amer. 1736.
— pyrifo'lium (pear-leaved). 6. June. N.Amer.
1812.
VI'CIA. Vetch. (From vincio, to bind ;
referring to the tendrils clasping. Nat.
ord., Leguminous Plants [Fabaceae]. Linn.,
17-Diadelphia 4,-Decandria.)
Purple-flowered climbers, unless otherwise men-
tioned. Annuals, seeds ; perennials, seeds and di-
visions ; good garden-soil.
HARDY ANNUALS.
V. a'tro-purpu'rea (dark purple). 3. June. Algiers.
1815.
— bie'nnis (biennial). 2. August. Siberia. 1753.
— culcara'ta (spurred). 2. Red, blue. July. Bar-
bary. 1790.
— gla'bra (smooth). 2. July. Switzerland. 181Q.
— grandiflo'ra (large-flowered). 1. Yellow. July.
South Europe. 1818.
— hirsu'ta (hairy). 14. Yellow. July. Siberia. 1819.
— hy'brida (hybrid). !£. Yellow. July. England.
— longifo'lia (long-leaved). 2. Cream. July.
Syria. 1818.
— Nusqui'nez (Nusquinez). 1$. July. Europe.
1818.
— 2v"ar&o7ie'nsts(Narbonne). 3. July. Prance. 1590.
— Nissolia'na (Nissole's). 3. July. Levant. 1773.
— Panno'nica (Pannonian). l£. White. June.
Hungary. 1636.
— peregri'na (rambling), ij. July. South Europe.
1779-
— pseu'do-cra'cca (bastard-cracca). 2. Yellow.
June. South Europe. 1820.
— puncta'ta (dotted). July. Switzerland. 181Q.
— sati'va (cultivated. Tare). 3. May. Britain.
— serratifo'lia (saw-leaved). 3. June. Hungary.
1723.
— stria'ta (channelled). 1J. July. Tauria. 1/23.
— Syri'aca (Syrian), 2. June. Syria. 1816.
— Thou'ini (Thouin's). 2. June. Europe. 1800.
— trichoca'lyx (hairy-calyxed). White. June.
Sardinia. 1836.
— triflo'ra (three-flowered). 2. July. Italy. 1820.
— villo'sa (shaggy). 3. June. Germany. 1815.
HARDY HEEBACEOUS.
F. abbreviata (short-ftower-stalked). 2. Pale
blue. June. Caucasus. 1818.
— alti'ssima (tallest). 3. Pale blue. August.
Barbary. 1820.
V. Americatna. (American. Wood). 3, White,
June. N. Amer. 1800.
— amos'na (pleasing). 2. June. Siberia. 1818.
— Bythy'mca. (Bithynian). July. Britain.
— Bioo'nii (Bivoni's). Rose. July. Sicily. 1828.
— Cape'nsis (Cape). 1, July. Cape of Good
Hope. 1802.
— Carolinia'na (Carolina. Tufted). 2. White.
June. Carolina. 1820.
— Cassu'bica (Cassubian). 3. Light blue, July.
Gennany. 1711.
— cra'cca (cracca. Tufted). 2. July. Britain.
flo'ribw-a'lbus (white-flowered). 2. White.
July.
flo'ribus-ru'bria (red-flowered). 2. Red.
July.
— denta'ta (toothed). 4. July. Siberia. 1819.
— dumeto'rum (hedge). 3. July. France. 1752.
— Gera'rdi (Gerard's). 2. July. South Europe.
1810.
— teviga'ta (smooth -podded). l£. Pale yellow.
May. England.
— onoir#67a'oi'des(saintfoin-like). 1. June. South
Europe. 1/59.
— pellu'cida (transparent). 1. July. Cape oi
Good Hope. 17/3. Greenhouse.
— pere'nnis (everlasting). 3. June. South Europe.
— pisifo'rmis (pea-shaped). 2. Cream. July.
Austria. 1739.
— polyphy'lla (many-leaved). 2, July. Algiers.
1816.
— Pyrsna-ica (Pyrenean). 1. May. Pyrenees. 1818.
— tenuifo'lin (slender- leaved). ]£. July. Germany.
1799-
— variega'ta (variegated). 3. June. Caucasus. 1816.
VICTO'RIA. (Named after Her Majesty
Queen Victoria. Nat. ord., Water-lilies
[Nymphseaceaa]. Linn., 13-Polyandria 1-
Monogynia. Alliance between Euryale
and Nymphcea.)
Stove herbaceous aquatic. Generally by seeds,
sown in strong peat, and planted out in a reservoir
of heated water as soon as germinated. From
the size of the leaves, the tank must be twenty-
five feet in diameter; and if the water is moved,
or is being constantly furnished with a fresh
supply, the plants will thrive all the better. At
Messrs. Weeks', in the King's Road, it has been
bloomed successfully in the open air in a tank, the
water of which was heated to 80° by hot-water
pipes.
V. re'gia (royal). Rosy- white. Autumn. River
Amazon. 1836.
VIEUSSEU'XIA. (Named after M. Vieus-
seux, a Swiss botanist. Nat. ord., Irids
[IridaceaeJ. Linn., 3-Triandria 1 Mono-
gynia. Allied to Ixia.)
Bulbs, from the Cape of Good Hope, requiring
the same treatment as I'XIAS.
V. Bellende'ni (Bellenden's). 1. Yellow. June.
1803.
— fu'gax (transient). I. Purpie. June. 1825,
— glauco'pis (grey-eyed). 1. Red, brown. June.
1776.
— lu'rida (lurid). 1. Crimson. June. 1817.
— pavoni'na (peacock). 1. Red, blue. May. 1790.
— spira'lis (spiral). 1. White. May. 1824.
— te'nuis (slender). 1. Purple. May. 1807.
— tricu'spis (three-pointed), l. Green. May. 1776.
— tripetaloi'des (three-petaled-like). 1. Violet.
June. 1802.
VIG
[813 ]
VIO
V. unguicula'ris (soft-clawed). 1. Variegated.
June. 1802.
— villo'sa (shaggy). 1. Purple. July. 1739.
VI'GNA. (Named after Z>. Ffyni, a
commentator on Theophrastus. Nat.
ord., Leguminous Plants [Fabaceae]. Linn.,
17-Diadelphia A-Decandria. Allied to
Dolichos.)
Hardy, yellow-flowered, climbing annuals.
Seeds in a slight hotbed in March, and afterwards
planted out in the beginning of May, or sown in
the end of April in sandy, light soil.
V. gla'bra (smooth). 4. July. N. Amer. 1685.
" — villo'sa (shaggy). July. Chili. 1826.
VIGUIE'RA. (Named after L. G. A.
Viguier, a French botanist. Nat. ord.,
Composites [Asteraceoe]. Linn., 19-Syn-
gcnesia 3-Fntstrauea. Allied to the Sun-
flower.)
Stove, yellow-flowered, herbaceous perennials.
Divisions in spring, and cuttings of young shoots
as fresh growth commences, in sandy soil, in a
hotbed, in March ; sandy peat and fibry loam.
Winter temp., 50° to 55°; summer, 60° to 75°.
V. dent a' t a (toothed). 3. July. Mexico. 1826.
— helianthoi1 des (sunflower-like). 3. July. Cuba.
1825.
— prostra'ta (lying-flat). July. N. Amer. 1800.
Hardy.
VILLA'KSIA. (Named after Villars, a
French botanist. Nat. ord., Gentianworts
[Gentianaceos]. Linn., 5-Pentandria 1-
Monogyniu.)
Yellow-flowered, where not otherwise stated.
Divisions and seeds in spring. Most of them
must be treated as aquatics, either planted in pans
or tubs, or potted and set in large saucers, and
coaxed with stove or greenhouse treatment. The
hardiest like- the protection of the latter, though
they may stand frequently in the open air.
HERBACEOUS PERENNIALS.
V. gemina'ta (t\\\n-flower-stalked). June. N.
Holland. 1828.
— sarmento'sa (twiggy). 1. June. N.Holland.
!«06.
— Si'msii (Sims'). July. Nepaul. 1792.
HERBACEOUS AQ.UATICS.
V. Chile'nsis (Chilian). 1. June. Chili. 1832.
— I'ndicu (Indian). White. July. Cape of
Good Hope. 1/92.
— lacuno'sa (pitted). 2. White. June. N. Amer.
1812.
— nymphoi'des (water -lily -like). 2. June.
England.
— ova'ta (egg'leaved). June. Cape of Good
Hope. 1786.
— Parnassifo'lia (Parnassia-leaved). 2. August.
N. S. Wales. 1825.
— renifo'rmis (kidney-feared). 1. July. N.
Holland. 1820.
VJLITORI'NIA. (Named after M. Vll-
wion», a celebrated French nurseryman.
Nat ord., Leguminous Plants [Fabacecej.
Linn., 17-Diadelphia 4-Decandria.)
Stove evergreen. Seeds, soaked in warm water,
and sown in a hotbed in spring ; also cuttings of
half-ripeaed shoots in sand, under a bell-glass, iu
April, and in bottom-heat ; sandy peat and fibrv
loam. Winter temp., 55° to 60°; summer, 60°
to 85°.
V. multiflo'ra (many-flowered). 6. Purple. W.
Ind. 1826.
VIMINA'RIA. Rush Broom. (From
vimen, a twig ; the twiggy, leafless
branches. Nat. ord., Leguminous Plants
[Fabacese]. Linn., IQ-Decandria 1-Mo-
nogynia. Allied to Daviesiaj
Greenhouse, yellow-flowered evergreens, from
New Holland. Cuttings of half-ripened shoots
in sand, under a bell-glass, in April; also by
seeds in a gentle hotbed ; loam and peat. Winter
temp., 40° to 45°.
V. denuda'ta (stripped). 3. August. 1/80.
— lateriflo'ra (side-flowering). 3. July. 1824.
VI'NCA. Periwinkle. (From vineulum,
a band; the tough, long shoots. Nat.
ord., Dogbanes [Apocynacese]. Linn.,
5-Pentandria 1-Monogynia.)
Evergreens. Division of the plant in spring,
or cuttings of the shoots in a shady border, in
spring or autumn ; these make beautiful green
carpeting under trees, where scarcely anything
else would grow, and flourish in almost any soil.
Some require the stove.
V. herba'cea (herbaceous). 14. Purple. June.
Hungary. 1816.
— ma'jor (greater). 2. Purple. August. England.
— variega'ta (variegated). 2. Blue. July.
England.
— mi'nor (lesser). 1. Blue. August. Britain.
— pusi'lla (small-lowered). 4- Blue. August.
Tranquebar. 1778. Stove annual.
— ro'sea (rosy). 1. Rose-coloured. May. E.
Ind. 1776. Stove.
- a'lba (white). 1. White. June. E. Ind.
Stove.
- ocdla'ta (red-eyed). 1. White, red. June.
E. Ind. Stove.
VINE. ( Vi'tisvini'fera).See GRAPEVINE.
VINE BOWER. Cle'matis vitice'lla. *
VINE LEEK. A Ilium ampelo'prasum.
VIO'LA. The Violet. (The Latin
name. Nat. ord., Violetworts [Violace®].
Linn., 5-Pentandria 1-Monogynia.)
Blue-flowered, where not otherwise mentioned.
By seeds, divisions, and cuttings under a bell-
glass or hand-light; mostly in rich, light 80U,
with a portion of peat.
GREENHOUSE PERENNL^LS.
V. arbort'scens (tree- like). l£. May. Spain. 1770.
— bctonicasfti'lia (betony-leaved). £. August. N.
Holland. 1820.
— catspito'sa (tufted). *. Violet. March. Nepaul.
1825
— decu'mbens (lying-down). *. June. Cape of
Good Hope. 1819-
- hedera'cea (ivy-leaved). *. July. N. Holland.
1823 x
_ hu'milis (lo-wly). *. White. May. Mexico. 1824.
— Pakne'iai* (Palma). 1. Purple. May. South
Europe. 1836.
-pyfftrue'a (pigmy), i- August. Peru. 1822.
-rentfo'rmti (kidney -leaved), f July. N.
Holland. 1823.
TTO
P 8141
VTO
HARDY PERENNIALS.
V. affi'nis (related). April. N. Amer. 1802.
— Alleghanefnsis (Alleghany). J. May, N. Amer
1824.
«*• alpi'na (alpine). ^. Purple. June. Austria. 1823.
— Alta'ica (Altaic). £. Dark purple. May. Si-
beria. 1808.
•**'**— purpu'rea (purple). £. Purple. May.
Siberia. 1810.
— ambi'gua (doubtful). £. May. Hungary. 1823.
• — amos'na (pleasing). £. Purple. June. Scotland.
— artna'ria (sand). June. France. 1823.
— asarifo-'lia (asarum-leaved). ?. May. N.
Amer. 1820.
— a'spera (rough), 4. Pale yellow. May. Nepaul.
1824.
— attenua'ta (attenuated). §. White. July.
N. Amer. 1759.
— Banna'tica (Hungarian). £. Yellow, purple.
August. Germany. 1820. Annual.
— bi'color (two-coloured). £. White. May. N.
Amer. 1818. Annual,
— biflo'ra (two-flowered). £. Yellow. June,
Alps, Europe. 1752.
— bla'nda (charming). £. White. May. N.
Amer. 1803.
— calcara'ta (spurred). 4« May. Switzerland.
1752.
— campe'stris (field). £. Purple. April. Tauria.
1824.
— Canade'nsis (Canadian), £. White. May.
N. Amer. 1783.
— — — dt'scolor (two .coloured). £. Blue, white,
June. N. Amer. 1783.
— cani'na (dog's). $. May. Britain.
— Ceni'sia (Mount Genis). 4. June. Mount
Cenis. 1759.
— clandesti'na (clandestine^. £. Brown. April.
Pennsylvania. 1800.
— colli'na (hill). }. May. Poland. 1822.
— co'ncolor* (self-coloured). 1, Green. June.
N. Amer. 1788.
— cornu'ta (horned). £. May. Pyrenees. 1776.
— cuculla't a (hooded). £. May. N.Ainer. 1762.
— daclty/ot/£fes(dactylis-like).i.May.Sibcria.l820.
— •rfc/6ito;(weAk). i. April. N. Amer. 1820.
— declina'ta (turned-aside). £. June. Panno-
nia. 1818.
— digita'la (finger-/<?a»«d). 4. June, Virginia.
— dissetcta (jagged-Jeooed). Violet, Altaia.
— emargina'ta (notch-ended). May. N. Amer.
— epipsefla (naked-above). $. Yellow. Livo-
nia. 1822.
— moeaVpa (woolly-fruited). &. Yellow. June.
N. Amer. 1823.
~/aietoyo'#a (fan-leaved) 4. June.N. Amer. 1823.
—flavico'rnis (yellow-horned). £. Yellow, blue.
June. Britain.
— glau'co! (milky-green). 4. May. Poland. 1822.
— Gmelinia'na (Gmelin's). $. May. Siberia. 1820.
— 8ra cilis (slender). £. Purple. June.Greece.1817.
ra aarge.flowered). £. Yellow. July.
Switzerland.
(halbert-teared). }. Yellow. May.
Carolina. 1823.
rta (hairy), j. May. Bohemia. 1820.
— Mrta (hairy). J. Greyish. Mav. England.
— Japo'nica (Japan). 4. May., j'apan. 1818.
— Kitaibelia'nx (Kitaibel's). Yillow. AprU.
Switzerland. 1824. Annual.
— Kro'keri (Kroker's). $. Paie red. May.
Siberia. 1820.
— la'ctea (milky). ^. Crimson. May. England.
~ lanceola'ta (spe&r-leaved). *. White. June.
N, Amer. 1750.
F. Langsdo'rfii (Langsdorf's). J, June, Sibe-.
ria. 1823.
— litora'lis (shore). June. Baltic.
— lu'tea (yellow). £. Yellow. June. Britain.
— mira' bills (wonderful). |. July. Germany. 1732.
— monta'na (mountain). 1. May. Alps. 1683.
stri'cta (erect).Cream.May.England.l819.
— negle'cta (nezlected). %. May. Crimea. 1817.
— nummularifo'lia (moneywort-leaved). 1^. May.
South France. 1820.
— Nutta'llii (Nuttall's). ^. Yellow. May. Mis-
souri. 1312.
— obli'qua (twisted-flowered), $. Yellow, blue.
May. N. Amer. 1762.
— ochroleu'ca (yellowish- white). £, Cream.
May. N. Amer. 1800.
— occu'lta (hidden). £. Veiny. June. 1832.AnnuaI.
— odora'ta (sweet-scented. Common)* ^. Pur-
ple. June. Britain.
a'lba (white-flowered). 4. White, April.
Britain.
— ore'ades (oreades). ^. Purple.June.Tauria.1818.
— ova'ta (egg-leaved). $. May. N. Amer. 1783.
— palma'ris (palm). ^. Yellow. June.Nepaul.1824.
— palma'ta (hand-leaved). £. May. N. Amer.1752.
variega'ta (variegated). ^. Purple, white.
June. N. Amer.
— palu'stris (marsh). £. May. Britain,
Pennsylva'nica (Pennsylvaman). 4. June.
N. Amer.
— papiliona'cea (butterfly). ^. May.N. Amer. 1800.
Patri'nii (Patrin's). June. Siberia. 1822.
— peda'ta (doubly-lobed).^. May. N.Amer. 1759.
flabella'ta (fun-leaved). J. May. Georgia.
— — — rununculifo1 liu, (ranunculus-leaved), ^,
Whitish. June. N. Amer. 1818.
— pedati'fida (lobe-cleft). 4. June. N. Amer. 1826.
— Pennsylva'nica (Pennsylvanian). Yellow. June.
1772.
— persicifo'lia (peach-leaved). 1. Cream. June,
Germany. 1817.
— pinna' ta (leafleted). 4. Violet. June. South
Europe. 1752.
— praimo'rsa (bitten-rooterf). ^. Yellow. May.
Columbia. 1628.
— primulcef'j' lia (primrose-leaved). ^. June.
Carolina. 1/83.
— prostru'ta (prostrate). ^. Cream, June.
Teneriffe. 1824.
— pube'scens (downy). |. Yellow. June. N.
Amer. 1772.
— pu'mila (dwarf;. $. May. France. 1818.
ericeto'rum (heath). May. Germany. 1826.
lancifo'lia (spear-leaved). May. Germany.
— Pyrenu'ica (Pyrenean). ^. May. Pyrenees.1817.
— ra'dicans (rooting). ^. June. Carolina. 1823.
— Rothomage'nsis-' Rouen). 4. July. France. 1781.
— rotundifo'lia (round-leaved). ^. Pale yellow.
May. N. Amer. 1800.
— JZM'7)pii(Ruppius's). $. May. Italy, 1822.
— sugitta'ta (arrow -leaved). £. White, blue.
July, N. Amer. 1775.
— sarmento sa ( twiggy). ^. June. Caucasus. 1824.
— Schmidtia'tta (Schmidt's). i.May.Austria.1821.
— Selki'rkii (Selkirk's). 4. June. N. Amer. 1822.,
— stria'ta (streaked). $. Striped. June. N. An ^r.
1772.
— sua-'vis (^weet), |. June, Ukraine. 1823.
— Sude'tica, (Siidetic). 4. Yellow. Germany. 1805.
— sylne'strix (wood). ^- May. Hungary, 1826.
— tri'color (three-coloured. Pansy), £, Yellow,
purple. August. Britain.
arve'nsis (corn-field), 4. Yellow, purple.
June. Britain.
e'leguns (elegant). 4. Veiny. Summer,
Altai. 1832.
VIO
815 ]-.-;
VIS
V. tri'color Jii'rta (bailor). June. Pannonia. 1820.
— triparti'ta (three-parted). 3. Yellow. June.
N. Amer. 1823.
— uligino'sa (swamp). $. Purple. April. Ca-
rinthia. 1823.
— uniflo'ra (one- flowered) . £. Yellow. June.
Siberia. 17/4.
— Valde'ria (Valderian). £. Purple. May.
Mount Cenis. 1/59.
— • variegn'ta (variegated). ?. Pale violet. May.
Dahuria. 1817.
— Villarsiu'na (Villars's). £. June. Vallesia.
— Zo'ysii (Zoys's). £. Yellow. August. Carinthia.
VIOLET FOKCING. — To obtain Neapoli-
tan Violets in winter, select a warm, shel-
tered corner; cast out trenches a foot
deep and five feet wide into the alleys,
and make a turf wall all round to the
desired height, for holding about fifteen
or eighteen inches of leaves, rubbish-
heap refuse, or any fermenting materials
likely to afford a little bottom-heat, upon
which place about eight or nine inches
of rich, open soil. The width regulate
by any lights to be spared for a time, or
thatched hurdles, or other protectors.
The plants take up from the store plan-
tation carefully, with balls of earth to
their roots, and plant from ten to twelve
inches apart each way, first clearing them
of any side-shoots or suckers ; afterwards
keep clear of dead leaves, &c., well sur-
face-stir, and never allow to get dry. No
lights or protection are to be placed over
them, until frosty nights set in, or very
heavy rains; then, at all times, tilt on
both sides, with abundance of air, if the
weather is not too severe. By such
treatment the foliage is always large,
thick, and of a beautiful dark green, the
flowers abundant and large. No side-
runners are to be allowed to run until
April, at which time they are to be en-
couraged to grow ; and open, sandy, rich
soil sifted amongst them, and kept well
watered, to encourage them to root freely.
A partially-shaded piece of good ground
is then to be chosen in the month of
May, and the Violets then forked up, old
and young altogether, and the best of
the young plants selected and planted
out a foot apart each way singly. They
are to be kept well surface-stirred all the
summer, and by October they will be fine
plants to take up as above described.
Russian Violets — Single White, Double
White, Double Slue, and other hardy
varieties — grow in a similar way, with
regard to planting out the young runners
and summer treatment, and they are also
to be carefully taken up in October ; some
placed in turf-pits, with gentle bottom-
heat, and some without bottom-heat, and
a quantity planted on sloping banks. By
this simple contrivance abundance of
luxuriant flowers are kept in succession
from September till May. Every variety
is kept clear from side-shoots or runners
all the summer. All the varieties are
particularly fond of charred articles mixed
with the soil. •
VIPER'S BUGLOSS. E'chium.
VIPER'S GRASS. Scorzone'ra.
VIRGI'LIA. (Named after Virgil, the
Eoman poet. Nat. ord., Leguminous
Plants [Fabacese]. Linn., 10-Decandriu
I-Monoyynia. Allied to Sophora.)
Greenbouse, yellow-flowered evergreens, from
tbe Cape of Good Hope, where not otherwise
specified. Cuttings of half-ripened shoots in
sand, under a glass, in April ; sandy loam and
fibry peat. Lu'tea is generally propagated by
layers in spring and autumn.
V. au*rea (golden). 6. July. Abyssinia. 1777.
— Cape'nsis (Cape). 2. Purple, white. July. 1767.
— intru'sa (intruded). 8. July. 1/90.
— lu'tea (yellow). 15. July. N. Amer. 1812.
Hardy deciduous.
— Robinioi'des (Robinia-like). 8. August. 1818.
— sylva'tica (wood). 4. August. 18J6.
VIRGINIAN CREEPER. Ampelo'psis hede-
ra 'cea.
VIRGINIAN POKE. Phytola'cca deca'ndra.
VIRGIN'S BOWER. Cle'matis vitice'lla.
VISCA'RIA. Rock Lychnis. (From
viscus, bird-lime; the glutinous stems.
Nat. ord., Cloveworts [Caryophyllacese].
Linn., 10-Decandria 5-Decagynia. Allied
to Catchfly.)
Seeds in open border, in April ; or in a shel-
tered, dry place, in September; perennials, by
seeds and divisions; dry garden-soil. Lychnis
ulpi'na and Helvetica have been added to thi-
genus.
HARDY PERENNIALS.
V. negle'cta (neglected). |. White. May. 1807.
— Sue'cica (Swedish). $. Pink.June.Sweden.1824.
HARDY ANNUALS.
V. cas'U-ro'sa (rose-of-heaven). 1. Rose. June;
Mexico. 1843.
— gra'cilis (slender). Yellow. June. Texas. 1834.
— grandiflo'ra (large-flowered). Yellow. July.
Texas. 1835.
— ocula'ta (dark-eyed). 2.Pink.July.Algiers.l843.
VI'SCUM. Mistletoe. (From viscus,
bird-lime; the berries contain a viscid
matter like bird-lime. Nat. ord., LorantJis
[Loranthacese]. Linn., 22-Dicccia 4-Pen-
tandria.)
The Mistletoe thrives best on the thorn and the
apple. The seed, in early spring, should be
squeezed from the berries into crannies of the
bark underneath a branch, or slits h* made on
purpose in the bark.
V. a'lbum (white). 2, Green. May. England.
VI'SMIA. (Named after M. Visme, a
VIT
[616]
WAC
Lisbon merchant. Nat. or^ Tutsans
[Hypericacese]. Linn., . 18-Polyadelphia
%-Polyandria.) »•—
Stove, yellow-flowered evergreens. Cuttings of
'firmish side-shoots iu sand, in May, under a bell-
glass, and placed in bottom-heat; sandy peat,
fibry loam, and a little rough charcoal. Winter
temp., 50° to 65°; summer, 60° to 85°.
V. Brazilie'nsis (Brazilian. Wax-tree), 8. August.
Brazil. 1824.
— sla'bra( smooth). 10. Red. July. 8. Amer. 1824.
— Guiane'nsis (Guianan. Wax-tree'). 8. August.
Guiana. 1824.
— sessilifo'lia (stalkless-kaved). May. Guiana.
1826.
VI'TEX. Chaste-tree. (From vieo, to
bind; the flexible branches. Nat. ord.,
Verbenas [Verbenacese], Linn., Ik-Didy-
namia 2-Angiospermia.)
Purple-flowered, ezcept where otherwise stated,
The hardy by cuttings under a hand-glass, in a
shady border, in autumn, or in a sheltered place
•without the hand-glass. The others require
greenhouse and stove treatment, and are easily
propagated by cuttings under a bell-giass ; the
etove species in a little bottom-heat ; sandy loam
and a little peat.
HAEDY DECIDUOUS.
V. a'gnus-ca'stus (chaste-lamb-tree). 6. White,
blue. Sicily. 15/0.
latifo'lia (broad-leaved). 6. White, blue.
September. Sicily. 1570.
STOVE EVERGREENS.
V. ala'tn (winged). 10. September. E. Ind. 1820.
— alti'sfiima (tallest). 8. Ceylon. 1810.
— arbo'rea (tree). 30.
— bi'color (two-coloured). 4. E. Ind. 1810.
— Bignonioi'des (Bignonia-like). Blue. Caraccas.
1826.
— capita'ta (headed). Blue. June. Trinidad. 1822.
— Donia'na (Don's). Sierra Leone. 1824.
— gigante'a (gigantic). Guayaquil. 1826.
— heterophy' flu. (various-leaved). Blue. E. Ind.
1820.
— inci'sa (cut-leaved). 4. August. China. 1758.
Greenhouse.
— latifo'lia (broad-leaved). Blue. July. E. Ind.
1820.
— leuco'xylon (white-wooded). 4. Ceylon. 1793.
— Negu'ndo (Negundo). 4. E. Ind. 1812.
— ova'ta (egg-terti>eeZ)' *• J«ty« China. 1796.
— sali'gna (willow-team*)' Blue. July. E. Ind.
1S'23.
— . triflo'ra (three-flowered). 6. Cayenne. 1819-
— trifo'lia (three-leaved). 4. E. Ind. 1759.
— umbro'sa (shady). 30. Jamaica. 1823.
VI'TIS. The Vine. (From the Celtic
tricyd, pronounced vld, best of trees.
Nat. ord., Vineworts [Vitacese]. Linn.,
5-Pentandria \-Monogynia.)
Hardy deciduous, all but one green -flowered.
Few are worth growing except vini'fera and its
•varieties ; the other species are viewed chiefly in
this country as botanical curiosities. AH are pro-
pagated by cuttings and buds of the ripe wood,
layers, and by grafting and inarching. Soil for
all, a rich, open loam. See GRAPE VINE.
V. bla'nda (mild). May. N. Amer.
— Aeterop&yWa(variou»-leaved). 10. Blue. Japan.
1820.
V. parvifo'lia (small-leaved). • 'Himalaya. 1841.
— ripa'ria (river-bank). 20. May. N. Amer. 1826.
— vini'fera (wine-bearing). 30. June.
apiifo'lia (parsley-leaved). 20. June. 1(548.
— Walli'chii (WalTicn's). Nepaul. 1818.
VITTA'RIA. (From vitta, a riband ; shape
of fronds. Nat. ord., Ferns [Polypodia/.,
cese]. Linn., 2&-Cryptogamia l-Filices)\
Stove, brown-sporcd Ferns. See FERNS.
V, angustifo'lia (narrow-leaved). Malacca.
— elonga'ta (elongated). S. Amer.
— ensifo'rmis (sword-shaped). May. Brazil* -
— graminifo'lia (grass-leaved). 1. July. Brawl.
1820. -• ' •«
— linea'ta (lined). 2. August. S. Amer. 1793.
— xosterifo'lia (zostera-leaved). S. Amer. ;
VIVIA'NIA. (Named after Dr. Vlviani,
a Swiss botanist. Nat. ord., Vivianiads
[Viviauiacese], Linn., IQ-Decandria 3-
Triyynia.)
Greenhouse, Chilian evergreens. Cuttings of
young shoots in sand, under a bell-glass, in May;
sandy loam and fibry peat. Winter temp., 45° to
50° ; summer, 60° to 70°.
V. grandiflo'ra (large-flowered). 2. Red. July.
1832.
— mari/o'/m(marum-leaved). 2. Red. July. 1832.
— narviflo'ra (small-flowered). 2. White. July.
1832.
VOLKAME'RIA. The following are to ba
added to Clethra : —
C. aculea'ta (prickly). 4. White. September.
W. Ind. 1739. Stove evergreen.
— Japo'nica (Japan). 50. Purple. Japan. 1820.
Greenhouse evergreen.
VO'YRA. (Guianan name. Nat. ord.,
Gentianworts [Gentianacese]. Linn., 5-
Pentandria I-Monogynia.')
Stove herbaceous perennials. Seeds and divi-
sions in spring ; sandy loam, with decayed vege-
table mould, or a little peat. Winter temp., 60°
to 55° ; summer, 60° to 80°.
V. ceeru'lea (blue). Blue. June. Trinidad. 1824.
— ru'sea (rosy). Red. July. Guiana. 1822.
— uniflo'ra (one-flowered). Yellow. June. W.
Ind. 1824.
VRIE'SIA. (Named after Dr. de Vriese,
a Dutch botanist. Nat. ord., Bromelworts
[Bromeliacese]. Linn., 6-Hexandria 1-
Monogynia. Allied to Pitcairnia.)
Stove evergreens. For culture, see PITCAI'ENI A.
V. g-Za«eop7^'«a(milky-green-leaved). !£. Purple,
white. September. Santa Martha. 1847.
— psittaci'na (parrot-like-./fcwm?rf). 2. Scarlet.
July. Rio Janeiro. 1826.
-• sp«?jo'6-a"(showy). 14. White. March. 1847.
W.
"WACHENDO'RFIA. (Named after E. J.
Wachendorf, a Dutch botanist. Nat- ord.,
Lily worts [Liliacese]. Linn., 3-Triandria
1-Monogynia.)
Greenhouse, Cape of Good Hope bulbs ; yellow-
flowered, except where otherwise mentioned, and
WAH
C 817 ]
WAL
requiring the same treatment as the larger Irias.
They bloom in April.
W. brevifo'lia (short-leaved). 1. Purple. 1795.
— Breynia'na (Breynin's). 1. 1825.
— grami'nea (grass- leaved). 1.
— Hibbe'rtii (Hibbert's). 2. 1823.
— hirsu'ta (hairy). l£. Violet. 1687.
— panicula'ta (panicled). 2. 1/00.
— tene'ila'( tender). 1. 1816.
— thyrsiflo'ra (thyrse-flowered). 2. May. 1759-
WAHLENBE'RG-IA. (Named after Dr.
Wahlenberg, author of "Flora Lappo-
nica." Nat. ord., Bellworts [Campanu-
laceae]. Linn., 5-Pentandria 1-Mono-
yynia.)
All are blue-flowered, except when otherwise
mentioned. Seeds under a glass in the begin-
ning of April, and planted out in the end of May ;
division of perennials, and cuttings of the young
shoots in the beginning of summer, under a
hand-light; sandy peat and loam, and a cool,
moist situation.
GREENHOUSE ANNUALS, &C.
W, capiila'ris (hair- leaved). May. N. Holland.
1824. Biennial.
— ce'rnua (drooping). Blue, white. July. Cape
of Good Hope. 3804. Biennial.
— dehi'scens (gaping). White. June. Bengal. 181S.
— gra'cilis (slender). April. N.S.Wales. 1/94,
Biennial.
— litora'lis (sea-shore). April. Van Diemen's
Land. 1820. Biennial.
HARDY PERENNIALS.
W. Arva'tica (Arvatian). May. Spain. 1825.
— capilla'cea (hair-like-Jeaued). White. May.
Cape of Good Hope. 1822.
— grandiflo'ra (large-flowered). I.July. Siberia.
1/82.
— Kitaibe'lii (Kitaibel's). Violet. June. Hungary.
1823.
— re'pens (creeping). £. White. July. 1830.
HARDY ANNUALS.
W. Capensis (Cape). July. 1819-
— diffu'sa (spreading). June. Cape of Good
Hope. 1787.
— diversifo'lia (various-leaved). July. Cape of
Good Hope. 1822.
—fie'xilis (bending). May. Cape of Good Hope.
1836.
— hispi'dula (bristlv). Blue, white. June. Cape
of Good Hope. 1816.
— ttnea'm (narrow -leaved). White, July. Cape of
Good Hope. 1822.
— Lolelioi'des (Lobelia-like).rPalered. July. Ma-
deira. 1777-
— nutabu'nda (much-drooping). White. July.
Calabria. 1830.
— procu'mbens (lying-down). July. Cape of
Good Hope. 1824,
WALDSTEI'NIA. (Named after F. von
Waldstein, a German botanist. Nat. ord.,
Roseworts [Rosacese]. Linn., 12-Jco-
sandria \-Monogynia. Allied to Geum.)
Hardy herbaceous perennial. For culture, see
GK'UM.
W. geoi'des (avens-like). f. Yellow. June. Hun-
gary, 1804.
WALKE'RA. (Named after Dr. E.
Walker, founder of the Cambridge Bo-
52
tanic Garden. Nat. ord., Ochnads [Och-
nacese]. Linn., b-Pentandria 1-Mono-
gynia.)
Stove, yellow-flowered evergreens. Cuttings of
half-ripened shoots, or firm side-shoots, in sand,
under a bell-glass, in the beginning of April*
sandy loam and peat. Winter temp., 50° to 60° ;
summer, 60° to 85°.
W. integrifo'lia (entire-leaved). 12. Guiana.
— serra'ta (saw-leaved). 12. Malabar. 1824.
WALKS. See CONCRETE and GEAYEL
WALKS.
WALL-CRESS. A'ralis.
WALLFLOWER. Cheira'nthus.
WALLI'CHIA. (In honour of Dr. Wai-
lich, curator of the Calcutta Botanic
Garden. Nat. ord., Palms [Palmaceae].
Linn., 21-Moncecia 6-Hexandria.)
Moist-stove Palm. Requires a light, well-
drained loam. Increased by suckers, which must
be separated gradually, so as to induce them to
root before being finally taken from the parent.
W. densiflo'ra (thickly-flowered). Sikkim Him-
maiaya. This is the same as W, oblongi-
fo'lia.
WALLS are usually built in panels,
from fifteen to thirty feet in length, one
brick thick, with pillars at these specified
distances, for the sake of adding to their
strength, and the foundation a brick and
a half thick. The plan of Mr. Silver-
lock, of Chichester, is worthy of adoption,
since, if well constructed, it is equally
durable, and saves one-third of the ex-
pense. Walls so constructed are stated
to become dry after rain much more
rapidly than a solid wall of the same or
any other thickness, and there appears
not a shadow of a reason why they should
not ripen fruit equally well. He forms
the wall hollow, nine inches in breadth,
by placing the bricks edgewise, so as to
form two facings ; they are laid in good
mortar, and the joints carefully finished.
They are placed alternately with their
faces and ends to the outsides, so that
every second brick is a tie, and in each
succeeding course a brick with its end
outwards is placed on the centre of one
laid lengthwise on either side. The top
of the wall must be covered with a coping
of stone or bricks projecting eight inches.
It is strengthened at every twenty feet by
piers of fourteen-inch work, built in the
same manner, with bricks laid on edge.
In every instance a wall should never
be lower than eight feet. The thickness
usually varies with the height of the wall,
being nine inches if it is not higher than
eight feet; thirteen and a half inches, if
above eight and under fourteen feet j and
WAL
C 818 ]
WAT
eighteen inches, from fourteen tip to
twenty feet.
Inclined or Sloping Walls have been
recommended, but have always failed in
practice. It is quite true that they receive
the sun's rays at a favourable angle, but
they retain wet, and become so much
colder by radiation at night than perpen-
dicular walls, that they are found to be
unfavourable to the ripening of fruit.
The Flued-wall or Hot-wall is generally
built entirely of brick, though, where stone
is abundant and more economical, the
back or north side may be of that material.
A flued-wall may be termed a hollow wall,
in which the vacuity is thrown into com-
partments a a a a, to facilitate the circu-
lation of smoke and heat from the base,
or surface of the ground, to within one
or two feet of the coping. Such walls
are generally arranged with hooks inserted
under the coping, to admit of fastening
some description of protecting covers,
and sometimes for temporary glass frames.
A length of forty feet, and from ten to
fifteen high, may be heated by one fire.
the furnace of which, b, being placed one
or two feet below the surface of the
ground, the first course, or flue, c, will
commence one foot above it, and be two
feet six inches or three feet high, and
the second, third,and fourth courses, d, e,/,
narrower as they ascend. The thickness
of that side of the flue next the south or
preferable side should, for the first course
be four inches, or brick and bed ; and, for
the other courses, it were desirable to
have bricks cast in a smaller mould; say
for the second course three, for the third
two and three quarters, and for the fourth
two and a half inches in breadth. This
will give an opportunity of bevelling the
wall, and the bricks being all of the same
thickness, though of different widths, the
external appearance will be everywhere
the same.— Enc. Gard.
WALNUT. Ju'glans.
WAEDIAN CASE. See GLASS CASE.
WA'RREA. (Named after F. Warre, a
botanical -collector. Nat. ord., Orchids
[Orchidacese]. Linn., 20-Gynandria 1-
jWonandria. Allied to Grobya.)
Stove orchids, grown in baskets. See ORCHIDS.
W, bidenta'ta(two-tQOt'he6.-Hpj)sd}. Purple.white.
September, Caraccas. 1843.
— cya'nea (blue-lipped). 1. White, blue. August.
Columbia. 1843.
— discolor (two-coloured). Purple and white.
* Central America. 1854.
— quadra' ta (four-sided). Purple and white. Cen-
tral Africa.
— rube'scens (reddish). Red. April, Brazil. 1839.
— tri'colur (three-coloured). 2. Yellow, purple.
August. Brazil. 1843.
WATER. The best for the gardener's
purpose is rain water, preserved in tanks
sunk in the earth, and rendered tight
either by puddling, or bricks covered with
Parker's cement. To keep these tanks
replenished, gutters should run round
the eaves of every structure in the garden,
and communicate with them. Every hun-
dred cubic inches of rain water contains
mere than four cubic inches of air, of
which more than half are carbonic acid
gas, and the remainder nitrogen and
oxygen, in the proportion of sixty-two of
the former to thirty-eight of the last
named.
That obtained from ponds or springs
invariably contains matters offensive or
deleterious to plants. That known as
hard water, containing an excess of salts
of lime or magnesia, is invariably preju-
dicial, and pond water is scarcely less so.
If it be stagnant, and loaded with vege-
table extract, it is even worse than hard
spring water ; for it then contains car-
buretted hydrogen, and other matters
noxious to vegetables. These last-named
waters, if obliged to be employed to tender
plants, should have a pint of the arnmo-
niacal water of the gas-works, mixed
thoroughly with every sixty gallons, an
hour or two before they are used.
WATER-CRESS. (Nastu'rtittm ojficina'le.}
Varieties. — Small Brown-leaved, hardi-
est; Large Brown-leaved, best for deep
water; Green-leaved, easiest cultivated.
Planting in Water. — -The trenches in
which they are grown are so prepared,
that, as nearly as possibly a regular depth
of three or four inches can be kept up.
These trenches are three yards broad,
and eighty-seven yards long, and when-
ever one is to be planted the bottom is
made quite firm and slightly sloping, so
WAT
[ 819 ]
WAT
that thd water which flows in at one end
may run out at the other. If the bottom
of the trench is not sufficiently moist, a
small body of water is allowed to enter
to soften it. The cresses are then di-
vided into small sets or cuttings, with
roots attached to them; and these are
placed at the distance of three or four
inches from each other. At the end of
five or six days a slight dressing of well-
decomposed cow-dung is spread over all
the plants, and this is pressed down by
means of a heavy board, to which a long
handle is obliquely fixed. The water is
then raised to the depth of two or three
inches, and never higher. Each trench
is thus replanted annually, and furnishes
twelve crops during the season. In the
summer the cresses are gathered every
fifteen or twenty days, but less frequently
during winter ; care is taken that at each
gathering at least a third part of the bed
is left untouched, so that neither the
roots may be exhausted, nor the succeed-
ing gathering delayed. After every cut-
ting, a little decayed cow-dung, in the
proportion of two large barrowsful to
eacn trench, is spread over the naked
plants, and this is beaten down by means
of the rammer above mentioned. After
the water-cresses have been thus treated
for a twelvemonth, the manure forms a
tolerably thick layer at the bottom of the
trench, and tends to raise its level. To
restore it to its original level, all the
refuse should be thrown out upon the
borders which separate the trenches from
each other. These borders may be planted
with artichokes, cabbages, or eauli flowers.
Planting in Borders. — This must be
done in September, and in a moist, shady
border. Plant slips, and the only culti-
vation necessary is to dig the earth fine,
to drav,- a slight trench with a hoe, to fill
this with water until it becomes a mud.
to cover it about an inch deep with drift
sand, and then to stick in the slips about
six inches apart, watering them until
established. The sand keeps the plants
clean. They will be ready for gathering
from in a very few weeks, and the shoots
should be invariably cut, and not picked.
They are not so mild-flavoured as those
grown in water, but then they are free
from aquatic insects, &c.
WATEEFALL. See CASCADE.
WATEKING ENGINE. See ENGINE.
WATERING POTS. These should have
roses pierced with very fine holes ; the
diameter of those usually used is to6
large. Long-spouted watering pots are
required for watering plants in pots upoa
shelves. French watering pots have zig-
zag bends in the spout, to break from the
plant the force of the water. Shelf water-
ing pots are small and flat-bodied, for
giving water to plants overhead, and near
the glass in greenhouses or stoves.
The accompanying engraving is of a
watering pot from Mr. Gr. Thompson, 390,
Oxford-street, who states that its superi-
ority consists in the roses being so formed
as to give the water thrown from them
the nearest resemblance to a gentle
shower of rain, which renders it peculiarly
suitable for watering seedlings or other
tender plants. As the brass joints which
connect the roses to the spout are made
water-tight, there is no danger of its re-
turning outside, to the annoyance of the
person using it : a is the spout to which
^ roses are screwed; &, the box to
contain either spout out of use ; c and
d, the holes in which the joints are
placed; e, a large rose, for watering
flower-beds ; /, a smaller rose, for water-
ing plants in pots.
WATER LEAF, Hydrophy'llum.
WATER LEMON. Passifto'ra laurifo'lia.
WATER LILY. Nymphae'a.
WATER MELON. Cu'cumis CUru'ttustva.r.
WATER PLANTS. See AQUA'RIUM.
WATER EEED. Aru'ndo.
WATER VINE . Tc tra 'cera potato 'ria .
WATER VIOLET.- Hotto'nia.
WATSO'NIA. (Named after W. Watson,
a London apothecary. Nat. ord., Irids
[Iridacese]. Linn., 3-Triandria 1-Mono-
gynia. Allied to Gladiolus.)
Bulbs, from Cape of Good Hope, except where
otherwise mentioned. For culture, see GIA~
Dl'OLUS.
W. aletroi'des (aletris-like). li.Scarlet.June.l/"*.
variegafta (variegated), ij. Variegated.
June. 1774.
— angu'sta (narrow-lowered). Scarlet. June. 1825.
— brevifo'lia (short- leaved). 1. Pink. May. 1794.
— compa'ct a. (compact). l£. Purple. June. 1821.
— fu'lgida (bright). 4, R«d. May. 1795.
WAY
[ 820 ]
WHI
White. July.
W. glau'cvm (milky-green).
Peru. 1823.
— hu'milis (lowly). 2. Lake. June. 1754.
— iridifo'lia (iris-leaved), 2£. Flesh. May. 1795.
— leuca'ntha (white-flowered). 6. White. Ja-
maica. 1825.
— Klia'go (liliago). 1. White. May. South
Europe. 1596.
— — — wit'nor (smaller). f. White. May. South
Europe. 1596.
— tongifo'lium (long-leaved). Green. Septem-
ber. Lima. 1829.
— margina'ta (bordered). *. Pink. July.
-- mi'nor (lesser). 3. Pink. August. 1812.
— Meria'na (Merian's). l£. Flesh. May. 1750.
— Nepale'nse (Nepaul). 2. White. May. Ne-
paul. 1824.
— plantagi'nea (plantain-like). 2. White. June.
1774.
— puncta'ta (doited-flowered). 1. Purple. June.
1800.
— purpu'rea (purple). 6. Purple. Jamaica. 1825.
— ro'sea (rosy). 2. Pink. July. 1803.
-- a'lbo (red-and- white). 1. Pink, white. July.
— variega'ta (variegated). 1. Variegated. July.
— ru'bens (red). Bed. June. 1825.
— rumo'sum (branchy). 2. White. May. South
Europe. 1570.
— spica'ta (spiked). 1. Pink. May. 1791.
— strictiflo'ra (erect-flowered). 1. Red. June. 1810.
WAYFARING -TREE. Vilu'rnum lanta'na.
WEEVIL. See ANTHONYMUS.
WEIGE 'LA. (Named after G. E. Weigel,
a "botanical writer. Nat. ord., Capri/oils
[Caprifoliacese]. Linn., 5-Pentandria 1-
Monogynia.}
Hardy deciduous shrub. Cuttings in spring
and autumn, under a hand-light, or even in a
protected border. It forces as easily as a Lilac.
Sandy loam and a little leaf-mould.
W. rofsea (rosy). 8. Rosy. April. China. 1844.
WEINMA'NNIA. (Named after J. W.
Wcinmann, a German botanist. Nat.
ord., Cunoniads [Cunoniacese], Linn.,
S-Octandria %-Digynia.)
White-flowered, evergreen shrubs. Cuttings
of half-ripened shoots in sand, under a bell-glass,
in April. The stove ones in bottom-heat, the
others in a close, cool pit or frame ; sandy loam
and leaf-mould, with a little old, dried cow-dung.
STOVE.
W. elli'ptiea (oval- teamed). 4. May. S. Amer. 1824.
— gla'brn (smooth). 6. May. Jamaica. 1815.
— hi'rta (hairy). 6. May. Jamaica. 1820.
— ova'ta (egg-leaved). 6. May. Peru. 1824.
GREENHOUSE.
W.Austra'lis (Australian). N.Holland. 1836.
— panicula'ta (panicled). Australia. 1831.
— pube'scens (downy). 1847.
WELCH ONION. See CI'BOUL.
WELLINGTO'NIA. (In honour of the
great Duke of Wellington. Nat. ord.,
Conifers [Coniferaej. Linn., 22-£icetia
IQ-Monadelphia.)
This, appropriately to him whom it commemo-
rates, is the loftiest of known trees. Specimens
are known with trunks 300 feet high, and 20 feet
in diameter. It is an evergreen, and perfectly
hardy. For culture, see its ally, TAXO'DIUM.
W. gigante'a (gigantic). 300. California, 1853.
WENDLA'NDIA. (Named after J. (J.
Wendland, curator of the Botanic Garden,
Hanover. Nat. ord., Cinchonads [Cin-
chonacese]. Linn., Q-Hexandria 4^-Poly-
gynia. Allied to Hindsia.)
Stove, white-flowered evergreens. Cuttings of
the points of young shoots, or small young side-
shoots, in sand, under a bell-glass, in May ; sandy
loam, fibry peat, and a little charcoal. Winter
temp., 45° to 55° ; summer, 60° to 80°. Populifo'lia
is hardy, or nearly so.
W. panicula'ta (panicled). July. Malay. 1820.
— populifo'lia (poplar-leaved). 10. June. Flo-
rida. 1759.
— tincto'ria (dyer's).. July. E. Ind. 1825.
WERNE'RIA. (Named after A. G-
Werner, the celebrated mineralogist. Nat.
ord., Composites [Asteracese]. Linn., 19-
Syngenesia 2-Superflua. Allied to Doro-
nicum.)
Half-hardy herbaceous. Division of the plant
in spring ; sandy loam, well drained ; requires a
cool greenhouse or a cold pit in winter, or may be
treated as an alpine plant, protected from severe
frost and wet in winter.
W. ri'gida (stiff). £. February. Quito. 1828.
WESTO'NIA. Add ., the following to
Glycine : —
G. trifolia'ta (three-leaved); 'Yellow, red. June.
1820.
WESTRI'NGIA. (Named after J. P.
Westring, physician to the King of
Sweden. Nat. ord., Lipworts [Lamia-
ceai]. Linn., \k-Didynamia 1-Gymno-
spermia. Allied to Prostranthera.)
Greenhouse, blue-flowered evergreens, from
New Holland. Cuttings of half-ripened shoots
in May, in sand, under a bell or hand-glass;
sandy loam and leaf-mould. Winter temp., 35°
to 45°.
W. rubiafo'lia (rubia-leaved). 3. June. 1820.
— triphy'lla (three-leaved). September. 1823.
WHITE BEAM-TREE. Py'rus a'ria.
WHITE CEDAR. Cupre'ssus thyoi'des.
WHITE SPRUCE. Pi'nus a'lba.
WHITE -TREE. Melaleu'ca leucade'ndron.
WHITE VINE. Cle'matis vita'lba.
WHITFIE'LDIA. (Named after T. Whit-
field, a botanical collector of African
plants. Nat. ord., Acanthads [Acantha-
ceae]. Linn., \k-Didynamia Z-Angiosper-
mia. Allied to Barleria.)
For culture, see BABLE'RIA.
W. lateri'tia (brick-coloured). 3. Lilac, red.
December. Sierra Leone. 1841.
WHITLA'VIA. (In honour of F. Whitlawi
Esq., an Irish botanist. Nat. ord.,
Hydrophyls [Hydrophyllacese]. Linn.»
5-Pentandria l-Monogynia.)
Hardy annual.
W. grandiflo'ra (large-flowered), ]$« Purple.
June. California, 1854,
WH(J
£821
W00
WHORTLEBERRY. VaccVnium.
WIDOW WAIL. Cneo'rum.
WIGA'NDIA. (Named after J. Wigand,
Bishop of Pomerania. Nat. ord., Hy-
drophyls [Hydrophyllacese]. Linn., 5-
Pentandria 2-Diyynia. Allied to Hydrolea. )
Stove herbaceous. Seeds in a hotbed in spring;
and, we should think, by cuttings of the young
shoots, taken off with a heel, after the plant has
broken a fresh after-pruning ; sandy loam and
fibry peat, with charcoal nodules. Winter temp.,
50° to 55°; summer, 60° to 85°.
W. Caraccasa'na (Caraccas). 6. Lilac. April.
Caraccas. 1836.
— Ku'nthii (Kunth's). Blue. April. Mexico. 1837.
— u'rens (stinging). Violet. April. Mexico. 1827.
WILDERNESS. See LABYBINTH.
WILD LIQUORICE. A'brus.
WILD SERVICE. Py'rus tormina' Us.
WILLOW. Sa'lix.
WILLUGHBE'IA. (Named after F. Wil-
lughby, a pupil of Kay. Nat. ord., Dog-
banes [ Apocynacese]. Linn., 5-Pen-
tandria \-Monogynia. Allied to Alla-
manda.)
Stove evergreen. For culture, see ALLAMA/ND A.
W. edu'lis (eatable). 10. Pale pink. July. E.
Ind. 1818.
WIND FLOWER. Gfentia'na pneumona'n-
Ihe and Ane'mone.
WINE PALM. Cary6ta Hrens
~
WINTER ACONITE. Era'nthis.
WINTER BERRY. Pri'nos.
WINTER CRESS. Barba'rea.
WINTER MOTH. See CHEIMETOBIA.
WINTER SWEET. Ori'ganwn heracleo'-
iicum.
WIRE-WORMS are the larvfe of various
species of Elater, Click Beetle, or Skip-
Jack. To remove the wire-worm from
a soil, no mode is known but frequently
digging it and picking them out, as their
.yellow colour renders them easily de
tected. To prevent their attack upon a
crop, mix a little spirit of tar, or a larger
quantity of gas-lime, with the soil. It
has been stated that growing white mus-
tard drives them away, and it is certainly
worth the trial. To entrap them, and
tempt them away from a crop they have
attacked, bury potatoes in the soil near
the crop ; and if each potato has a stick
thrust through it, this serves as a handle
by which it may be taken up, and the
wire-worms which have penetrated it be
destroyed. To decoy them from beds of
Anemones, Ranunculuses, &c., it is said
to be a successful plan to grow round the
beds an edging of daisies, for the roots
of which they have a decided preference.
WISTA'MA. (Named after O. Wistart
an American professor. Nat. ord., Legu-
minous Plants [Fabacese], Linn., 17-
Diadelphia <L-Decandria.)
Hardy deciduous, purplish-flowered climbers.
Seeds when obtainable ; cuttings of the strong
roots ; by cuttings of the young shoots, getting
firm, under a hand-light, in sandy soil, but more
generally by layers of long-ripened young shoots,
as then almost every bud will form a plant.
Sandy loam and peat.
W.floribu'nda (bundle-floweted). May. Japan*
—frute'scens (shrubby). 10. July. N.Amer. 1724-
— Sine'nsis (Chinese;. May. China. 1818.
— a'lba (white). 20. White. April. China. 1846.
WITCH HAZEL. Hamame'lis.
WITHERI'NGIA. (Named after Dr.
Withering, a British botanist. Nat. ord.,
Nightshades [Solanaceas]. Linn., 5-Pen-
tandria L-Monogynia. Allied to Capsicum.)
Greenhouse herbaceous and evergreens. Peren-
nials, by seed, and divisions of the plant and
tubers ; evergreens, by cuttings in sand, under a
bell-glass ; rich, sandy loam. Winter temp., 38°
to 48°.
W. crassifo'lia (thick-leaved). 2. Yellow. June.
Cape of Good Hope. 1706. Evergreen.
— monta'na (mountain). 1. White. June. Peru.
1822.
— purpu'rea (purple). $. Pale purple. July.
Chili. 182Q. Tuberous.
— stramonifo'lia (stramonium-leaved). 3. Yellow.
June. Mexico. 1823. Evergreen.
WITSE'NIA. (Named after M. Witsen,
a Dutch patron of botany. Nat. ord.,
Irids [Iridacese]. Linn., 3-Triandria
I-Monogynia.)
Greenhouse, purplish - flowered, herbaceous
plants, from the Cape of Good Hope. Seeds
in a slight hotbed in April ; divisions of the plant
then, or taking off the sucker-like offsets ; sandy
peat and a little fibry loam, with a little rough
charcoal, and well-drained. Winter temp., 40*
to 48°.
W. corymbo'sa (corymbed). $, June. 1803.
— Mau'ra (Moorish). 4. December. 1790.
— parti' ta (divided). April. 1822.
— ramo'sa (branched). 1. April. 1819.
WOLF'S-BANE. Aconi'tum lupuci'dum.
WOLLASTO'NIA. ( Named after Dr. Wol-
laston, a great chemist. Nat. ord., Com-
posites [Asteraceae]. Linn., IQ.Syngenesia
2-SuperJlua.)
An annual. Seeds in a hotbed in March or
April ; plants pricked out, and afterwards bloomed
in the greenhouse or plant-stove ; sandy loam and
peat.
W. biflo'ra (two-flowered). Yellow. July. E. Ind.
1818.
WOOD ASHES. See ASHES.
Wo ODBINE . Caprifo' Hum periclyme 'num.
WOODLICE. See ONI'SCUS.
WOODROOF. Aspe'rula.
WOOD SORREL. O'xalis.
WOOLLEN KAGS. See ANIMAL MATTEBS.
woo
[ 822 ]
XAN
WOO'DSIA. (Named after J. Woods, a
British botanist. Nat. ord., Ferns [Poly-
podiacese]. Linn., %k-Cryptogamia 1-
Filices.)
Hardy, brown-spored Perns, except mo'llis and
pube'scens, which require the stove. See FERNS.
W. Cauca'sica (Caucasian). September. Caucasus.
— glabe'lla (smoothish). September. N. Amer.
1827.
— hyperbo'rea (northern), i. July. Scotland.
— Itve'nsis (Ilva). £. June. Britain.
— mo'llis (soft). July. Brazil.
— obtu'sa (blunt). £, June. N. Amer. 1836.
— Perrinia'na (Perrin's). June. N. Amer.
— pube'scens (downy). June. Brazil. 1826.
— vesti'ta (clothed). June. N. Amer. 1816.
WOODWA'RDIA. (Named after T. J.
Woodward, a British botanist. Nat. ord.,
Ferns [Polypodiacese]. Linn., 2&-Crypto-
yamia I-FUic#s.)
Hardy brown-spored Ferns. Ra'dicans requires
shelter in winter. See FERNS.
W. angustifo'lia (narrow-leaved). 1. August.
N. Amer. 1812.
— Japofnica (Japanese). September. Japan.
— ra'dicans (rooting- leaved). l£. July. Madeira.
1779-
— thelypteroi'des (thelypteris.like). September.
N. Amer.
— Virgi'nica (Virginian). I.August. N.Amer.1724.
WORKING is a gardener's term for the
practice of grafting. " To work " upon a
stock is to graft upon it.
WO'KMIA. (Named after O. Wormius,
& Danish naturalist. Nat. ord., Dilleniads
[Dilleniacese]. Linn., 13-Polyandria 5-
Pentagynia. Allied to Dillenia.)
Stove evergreen. See DILLE'NIA.
W. denta'ta (toothed). 20. Yellow. Ceylon, 1818.
WORMWOOD. ArtemVsia.
WOUNDS. See EXTRAVASATED SAP.
WOUNDWORT. Anthy'llis vulnera'ria.
WRI'GHTIA. (Named after Dr. Wright,
of Jamaica. Nat. ord., Dogbanes [Apo-
cynacese]. Linn., 5-Peniandria l-Mono-
gynia. Allied to Alstonia.)
Stove evergreen shrubs, with white flowers, and
from the East Indies, except where otherwise
described. For culture, see ALSTO'NIA.
W. angustifo'lia (narrow-leaved). 8. September.
S. Amer. 1752.
— antidysente'rica (antidys«nteric). 10. 17/8.
— cocci'nea (scarlet). 12. Scarlet. July. 1822.
— du'bia (doubtful). Orange. June. 1813.
— latifo'lia (broad-leaved). 30. August. Ha-
vannah. 1733.
— pube'scens (downy). 4. Green, yellow. March.
N. Holland. 1329.
— tincto'ria (dyer's). 15. 1812.
— • Zeyla'nica (Ceylon).
WULFE'NIA. (Named after F. Wulfen,
a botanical author. Nat. ord., Fiyworts
[Scrophulariaeese], Linn., 2-Diandria
1-Monoyynia.)
Hardy herbaceous. Seeds and divisions in
spring ; light, rich soil, and a dry, elevated place
in winter, or kept from damp in a dry, cool pit.
W. Amherstia'na (Amherst's). f. Like. July.
Chinese. Tartary. 1846.
— • Carinthi'aca (Carinthian). l£. Blue. July.
Carinthia. 18 1/.
— Notonia'na (East Indian). |. Purple. No-
vember. Ceylon. 1851.
WU'LFFIA. (Named after J. C. Wulfft
author of " Flora Borussica." Nat. ord.,
Composites [Asteraceae]. Linn., IQ-Syn-
gencsiak-Necessaria. Allied toRudbeckia.)
Stove evergreen shrub. Cuttings of young
shoots in sandy soil, in spring or summer; sandy
loam and leaf-mould. Winter temp., 45° to 5S° ;
summer, 60° to 80°.
W, macula'ta (spotted). Yellow. June. Brazil.
1822.
WU'RMBEA. (Named after F. V.
Wiirmbe, a Dutch naturalist. Nat. ord.,
Melanths [Melanthaceas]. Linn., Q-Hex-
andria S-Triyynia. AlliedtoMelanthium.)
Half-hardy bulbs, from the Cape of Good Hope,
and all but one white-flowered. For culture, see
MELA'NTHIUM.
W. campanula1 'ta (bell-flowered). £. June.
— longifio'ra (long-flowered). J. May. 1J88.
— pu'mila (dwarf). ^. May. 1800.
— purpu'rea (purple). 1. Purple. May. 1/88.
WYCH ELM. U'lmus monta'nus.
X.
XANTHORHI'ZA. Yellow Boot. (From
xantkos, yellow, and rkiza, a root._ Nat.
ord., Crowfoots [Ilanunculaeese]. Lian.,
5-Pentandria 6-Polyyynia.
Hardy evergreen shrub. Suckers; sandy loam
and peat ; does best in a moist situation.
X. apiifo'lia (parsley-leaved). 3. Purple, green.
February. N. Amer. 1/66.
XANTHORRH^E'A. Grass-tree. (From
xanthos, yellow, and rheo, to flow; yellow
juice. Nat. ord., Lilyworts [Liliacese],
Liun., fi-Hexandria \.-Monogynia. Allied
to Aphyllanthes. )
Greenhouse, white-flowered plants, from New
Holland. For culture, see APHYLLA'NTHES.
X. austra'lis (southern). 3. 1824. Evergreen.
— brnctea'ta (bracted). 2. 1810. Herbaceous.
— ha'stilis (spear). 4. 1803. Evergreen.
— hu'milis (dwarf). 2. 1825. Herbaceous.
— me'dia (intermediate). 2. 1803. Evergreen.
— mi'nor (smaller). 2. 1804. Herbaceous.
XANTHO'SOMA. (From xanthos, yellow,
and soma, a body ; the edible roots. Nat.
ord,, Arads [Aracese]. Linn., 2l-Mona:cia
7-Heptandria. Allied to Caladium.)
Stove plants. For culture, see CALA'DIUM.
X. Jacqui'ni (Jacquin's). Yellow. May. S. Amer.
181 6. Evergreen.
— sagittcefo'lia (arrow-leaved). White. May.
W. Ind. 1710. Herbaceous.
XAN
[ 823]
XYL
XANTHO'XYLON. Tooth ache -tree. (From
xanthos, yellow, and xylon, wood. Nat.
ord.,Xanthoxyts [Xanthoxylacese]. Linn.,
22-Dicecia 5-Pentandria.)
Nearly all white-flowered ; cuttings in sand,
under a bell-glass, in May ; the stove species in
heat; the hardy species by seed, pieces of the
roots, and cuttings of the ripened shoots in sandy
soil, under a hand-light ; sandy loam suits any of
them.
HARDY DECIDUOUS.
X. frax i'neum (ash-like). 15. March. N. Amer.
1759-
— mi'te (mild). 10. Yellowish. March. N.Amer.
1813.
— trica'rpum (three-capsuled). 6. July. N.
Amer. 1806.
STOVE EVERGREENS.
X. affi'ne (related). Mexico. 1826.
— Budru'nga (Budrunga). 20. March. E.Ind.
1825.
— cla'va-He'rculis (Hercules' -club). 50. W. Ind.
1739.
— heteropJn/'llum (various -leaved). Bourbon.
18-23.
— Jiermaphrodi'tum (two-sexed).SO. Guiana.1823.
— juglandifo'lium (walnut-leaved). W. Ind. 1822.
— ni'tidum (shining). 6. China. 1823.
— piperi'tum (pepper-like). 6. September. Ja-
pan. 1773. Greenhouse.
— ptero'ta (winged-leaf -stalked). August. Ja.
maica. 1/68.
— supindoi'des (sapiniia-uke). Jamaica.
— snino'sitm (thorny). 6. Jamaica. 1824.
— - ti-ugo'des (goafs-tooth). 6. St. Domingo.
1759.
— triphy'Uum (three-leaved). 4. Penang. 1320.
XERA'NTHEMUM. (From xeros, dry, and
77? /Acs, a flower; everlasting flower. Nat.
ord., Composites [Asteracese]. Linn., 19-
Syngenesia %-SuperJlua.')
The flowers, after being dried, may be dyed of
any colour. Hardy anauals. Seeds in the open
border in April.
X. a'nnuum (annual). 3. Purple. July. South
Europe. 1570.
— ere'ctum (upright). White. June. Persia. 1836.
— inupe'rtum (unopened). 2. Purple. July. South
Europe. 1620.
— longipuppo'sum (long-feathered). White. June.
Persia. 1836.
— orienta'le (eastern). 2. White. July. Levant.
1713.
XEROPHY'LLUM. (From xeros, dry, and
phyllon, a leaf; dry, grassy leaves. Nat.
ord., Melanths [Melanthacese]. Linn.,
Q-Hexandria 3-Triyynia. Allied to He-
lonias.)
White-flowered, herbaceous perennials, from
North America. Seeds and division of the plant
in spring. A rather moist, peaty border suits
them best. Sabadi'lla requires a stove.
X. asphoddoi'des (asphodel-like). I.May. 1/65.
— grumi'neum (grassy). 2. May. 1812.
— Saltadi'lla (Sabadilla). 3. Vera Cruz. 1830.
— te'nax (tough-leaved). 1$. May. 1811.
XIMENE'SIA. (Named after J. Ximenes,
a Spanish apothecary. Nat. ord, Compo-
sites [AsteracecB]. Linn., 19-Syngenesi&
2-Sttperflua. Allied to Sanvitalia.)
Yellow-flowered, Mexican plants. Annuals, by
seeds in the open border in April ; perennials,
also, by division of the plant in spring, and these,
in general, will want the protection of a dry, cool
pit in winter.
ANNUALS.
X. Cavanille'sii (Cavanilles'). 2. August. 1S20.
Biennial.
— fas'tida (stinking). 2$. August. 1824.
— heterophy'lla (variable-leaved). 2. July. 1827^
HERBACEOUS PERENNIALS.
X, corda'ta (hea.Tt-leavfd'). 3. September. 1626
— enceloi'des (encelia-like). 3. August. 17Q5.
XIME'NIA. (Named after F. Ximcnes, a
Spanish naturalist. Nat. ord., Olacads
[Olacacese], Linn., 8-Octandria i-Mono-
gynia.}
Stove evergreens. Cuttings of half-ripened
shoots in sand, under a glass, in May, and in.
bottom-heat; sandy, fibry peat, and lumpy loam.
Winter temp., 55° to 60° ; summer, 60° to 85°.
X. America'na (American). 15. Yellowish. W.
Ind. 1759.
— ine'rmis (unarmed). 40. White. Jamaica. 1810.
— tunceola'ta (spew-leaved). Yellow.April. China.
1820.
— oblongifo'lia (oblong-leaved). Green. June.
Australia. 1823.
XIPHI'DIUM. (From xiphos, a sword ;
sword-like leaves. Nat. ord., Lilyworts
[Liliacea3J. Linn., 6-Hexandria I-Mo-
noyynia. Allied to Wachendorfia.)
Stove, West Indian, herbaceous perennials.
Divisions of the plant as fresh growth com-
mences ; rich, fibry loam and fibry peat, and a
small portion of charcoal and sand. Winter
temp., 50° to 58° ; summer, 60° to 65°.
X. a'lbum (white). 14. White. 1787-
— cxru'leum (blue). j$. Blue. 1/93.
— gigante'um (gigantic). White. October. 1845.
XIPHO'PTERIS. Sword Fern. (From
xyphos, a sword, and pteris, a fern. Nat.
ord., Ferns [Polypodiacese], Linn., 24-
Cryptogamia 1-Filices.)
Stove, brown-spored Ferns. See FERNS.
X. heterophy'lla (variable-leaved). $. June. N.
Holland. J824.
— myosuroi'des (myosurus-like). June. W. Ind.
1824.
— serrulafta (saw-like). 4. June. W. Ind. 1823.
XYLOPHY'LLA. (From xylon, wood, and
phyllon, a leaf; texture of the leaves.
Nat. ord., Spuryeworts [Euphorbiacese].
Linn., 21-Moncecia IQ-Decandria. Allied
to Phyllanthus.)
Stove, yellow - and - red - flowered evergreens,
from Jamaica, unless otherwise mentioned. For
culture, see PHYLLA/NTHUS.
X. angustifo'lia (narrow-leaved). July. 1789.
— elonga'ta (elongated-/eawed). August. 1820i
— faica'ta (sickle-teawd). July. 1699.
— latifo'lia (broad-leaved). August. 1783.
— linea'ris (a.*i£Q\v-leaved), August. 181Q.
XYL
C
ZEA
A'. tonffi/o'/tfl(lonB-lcaved). August, E.Ind. 1816,
— me'dia (intermediate). August. 1825.
— monta'na (mountain). August. 1819.
— obova'ta (reversed-egg-fc?a»erf).August. Siberia.
1806.
— ramiflo'ra (branch-flowered). August. Siberia.
1785.
— specio'sa (showy). September. 1818.
XYLO'PIA. (From xylon, wood, and
pieron, bitter ; the wood and fruit of X.
gla'bra are called Bitterwood in the West
Indies. Nat. ord., Anonads [Anonaceee].
•linn., 13-Polyandria 6-Polygynia.)
' Stove evergreens. Cuttings of firm, stubby
side-shoots one year old, with most of the leaves
adhering, in sand, under a bell-glass ; sandy
loam and fibry peat. Winter temp., 50° to 55°;
summer, 60° to 85°.
X. frute'scens (shrubby). 4. Guiana. 1823.
— gla'bra (smooth-fruited). 20. Jamaica. 1820.
— muricu'ta (tough-fruited). 4. W. Ind. 1/79.
Y.
YELLOW BOOT. Hydra'slis.
YELLOW SULTAN. Centau'rea suave" olens.
YEW-TEEE. Ta'xus.
,. YU'CCA. Adam's Needle. (Name of the
plant in Peru. Nat. ord., Lilyworts [Lili-
acese]. Linn., Q-Hexandrial-Monogynia.}
, All whitish-flowered evergreens. Sometimes by
-seeds, sown immediately they are ripe, in a slight
"hotbed ; generally by suckers, but also, at times,
from young shoots that branch from the stems ;
deep, dry, sandy loam is their favourite soil ; a
few require the assistance of a stove or green-
house, but most of them stand the open air in
England. Aloifo'liais, perhaps, the tenderest of all
the hardy ones. They flourish near the sea-shore.
We may add, that they seem quite at home on a
knoll, or on rock-work.
HARDY.
Y. acumina'ta (pointed-flowered}. 6. August.1800.
— aletrifo'rmis (aietris-like). 2. Cape of Good
Hope. 1823. Greenhouse
— aloifo'lia (aloe-leaved). 2. August. S. Amer.
1696.
pe'ndula (drooping-teaned). 12. August.
variega'ta (variegated-teawerf). 2. August.
— angustifo'lia (narrow-leaved). 2. July. Mis-
souri. 1811.
— arcua'ta (bowed). 1. July. 1817.
— conca'va (hollow-teaued). l£. August. 1816.
— conspi'cua (conspicuous). 3. 1818. Greenhouse.
— crenula'ta (scolloped). 1818.
— draco'nis (dragon). 8. August. S. Amcr.
1732. Greenhouse.
—filamentu'sa (thready). 2. September. Virginia.
l6?5.
variega'ta (variegated-teawed). 2. Sep.
tember.
— fla'ccida (flaccid). 2. 1816.
— glauce'scens (milky-green). 2. July. N.Amer.
< 1819.
— glorio'sa (glorious). 4. July. America. 15Q6.
/o'«is-waneg'a'«s(variegated-leaved).July.
— obli'qua (oblique-/eaved). 4. 1808.
ma'jor (larger). 4. 1808.
— pube'rula (rather-downy). August.
— recu'rva (curled-back-teaued). 3. August.
Georgia. 1794.
Y. ru'fo'ti'ncta (reddish-edged). l£. July. 1816.
Stove.
— serrula'ta (saw-edged). 10. Carolina. 1808.
— str i'ct a (upright). 1. July. Carolina. 1817.
— supe'rba (superb). 10. August.
— tenuifo'lia (slender-leaved). 1. Malta. 1817.
STOVE.
Y. gra'cilis (slender). July. Mexico. 1829.
— graminifo'lla (grass-leaved). Mexico. 1838,
— LcKtevi'rens (pale green). Mexico. 1838.
— lungifp'lia (long-leaved). Mexico. 1830.
— Pitcairnicefo'lia (Pitcairnia-leaved). Mexico.
1838.
— serraiifo'lia (saw-leaved). Mexico. 1833.
Z.
ZALA'CCA ASSA'MICA. Ca'lamusZala'cca.
ZA'MIA. (From zamia, loss ; the barren
appearance of the male flowers. Nat. ord.,
Cycads [Cycadaceee]. Linn., 22-ZHa?ci«
l'2-Icosandria.)
A race of plants intermediate between Ferns
and Palms. Those not otherwise specified are
from the Cape of Good Hope, and will succeed
in a greenhouse ; but all do best in a stove. Suck-
ers ; rich, loamy soil. Winter temp,, 45° to 55° ;
summer, 60° to 80°.
Z. angustifo'lia (narrow-leaved). 2. July.
— Cu'ffra (Caffrarian). 4.
— cycadifo'lia (cycas-leaved). 3. 17/5.
— cy'cudis (cycas-like). 3. 1775.
— dc'bilis (we&k-long-leaved). I.July. W.'Ind.
1777.
—furfuru'cea (scurfy). 3. July. W. Ind. 1691.
— ho'rrida (horrid). 5. 1800.
— integrifo'lia (entire-leaved. Dwarf). 2. July.
W. Ind. 1768.
— lanugino'sa (woolly). 3. 1812.
— latifo'lia (broad-leaved). 6.
— longifo'lia (long-leaved;. 7. 1818. •
— me'dia (mediate). 2. July. W. Ind. 1/C8.
•— pruni'fera (plum-bearing). 14.
— pu'mila (dwarf). l£. 1812.
— pu'ngens (stinging). 10. 1775.
— pygrnce'a (pigmy). 1. May. W. Ind.
— repa'nda (wavy-leaved). 6.
— spino'sa (spiny). 5.
— spira'lis (spiral). S.July. N.S.Wales. 17Q6.
— te'nuis ^slender). 1. Bahama Islands.
— tridenta'ta (three-toothed). 2. 1814.
ZANTHO'XYLUM. See XANTHO'XYLON.
ZAUSCHNE'KIA. (Named after M.Zausch-
ner, a German. Nat. ord., Onagrads [Ona-
gracese]. Linn., 8-Octandria 1-Mono-
gynia. Allied to Epilobium.)
A hardy plant, with the habit of a Fuchsia.
Division of the plant in spring ; cuttings of the
shoots in spring, summer, and autumn, under a
hand-light. It is a good pot and bedding-plant ;
for the latter purpose, as the flowers are apt to drop
too much, mix it with Cu'phea strigiUo'sa; rich,
light soil.
Z. Califo'rnica (Californian). 3. Bright scarlet.
June. Santa Cruz. 1847.
ZE'A. Maize, or Indian Corn. (From
zao, to live; a food-plant. Nat. ord.,
Grasses [Graminacea?], Linn., 21-Jfo-
noecia 3-Triandria.)
ZEP
[ 825]
ZIZ
Annuals. Seeds in a slight hotbed in early
spring, and the seedlings planted out into good
soil. The heads, when half-grown ^ind grccu
make an excellent vegetable when boiled.
Z. Cura'gua (Curagua). 1. June. Chili. 1321.
— ma'ys (maize). 2. June. America. 1562.
ZEPHYRA'NTHES. (From zephyr, the
west wind, and anthos, a flower. Nat. ord.,
Amaryllids [Amaryllidacese]. Linn., 6-
Hexandria \-Monogynia. Allied to Ha-
branthus.)
Half-hardy bulbs, with only one flower on a
stalk. For culture, see HABRA'NTHUS.
Z. Atama'sco (Atamasco. Lily). 4- White. May.
N. Amer. 1629.
— ca'ndida (white). 4. White. September. Peru.
1822.
— carina'ta (keeled). 4- Pink. May. Mexico. 1824.
— chloroleu'ca. (greenish-white). 4. Pale green.
July.
— Drummo'ndii (Drummond's). White, pink.
July. Texas. 1835.
— meso'chloa (green-centred). 1. White, green.
June. Buenos Ayres. 1825.
— ro'sea (rosy). £. Red. May. Havannah. 1823.
- stria'ta (channelled). 3. White. April. Mexico.
1824.
— tubispa'tha (tube-spathed). 4. White. May.
S. Amer.
— verecu'nda (blushing). £. Pale red. April.
Mexico. 1824.
ZI'CHYA. (Named after Countess Zichy,
a German patroness of botany. Nat. ord.,
Leguminous Plants [Fabaceee]. Linn., 17-
Diadelphia ^-Decandria. Allied to Ken-
nedya.)
Greenhouse evergreen twiners, from Swan
River. For culture, see KENNE'DYA.
Z. angustifo'lia (narrow-leaved). Crimson. May.
1839.
— cocci 'nea (scarlet). May."
— glabra'ta (smooth). 6. Orange. May. 1834.
— heterophy' lla (various - leaved). 4. Purple.
April. 1826.
— inophy'lla (nerve-leaved). 4. Scarlet. July. 1 824.
— microphy'lla (small-leaved). Crimson. July.
— mo'lly (molly). Scarlet. July. 1837.
— panno'sa (wrinkled-teaued). 6. Crimson. May.
1840.
— seri'cea (silky). 4. Scarlet. May. 1825.
— tri 'color (three-coloured). 1. Red, yellow, pur-
ple. May. 1837.
— villo'sa (shaggy). 3. Vermilion. June. 1841.
ZIE'RIA. (Named after M. Zier, a
Polish botanist. Nat. ord., Rueworts [Ru-
taceae] . Linn., k-Tetrandria 1- Monogynia.
Allied to Boronia.)
Greenhouse, white-flowered evergreens, from
New Holland. For culture, see BOKO/MA.
Z. arbore'scens (tree-like). 1822.
— hirsu'ta (hairy). 4. June.
— leeviga'ta (smooth -leaved). 3. June. 1822.
— lanceola'ta (tpev-leaved). June. 1808.
— macrophy'lla (large-leaved). 4. June. 1820.
— microphy'lla (small-leaved). 3. June. 1822.
— obcorda'ta (reversed-egg-teawed). 4. June. 1824.
— octa'ndra (eight-stamened). 5. Green. 1825.
— paiiciflu'ra (few-flowered). 1822.
— pilo'sa (shaggy). 4. June. 1822.
— rcvolu'ta (curled- bick-/ea0ed). June. 1824.
E. (3-inger. (From the Indian
name. Nat. ord., Gingcrworts [Zingibera-
ceai], Linu., \-]\Ionqndrla l-Motiogynia.)
Stove herbaceous perennials, from the East In-
dies ; yellow-flowcrc.l, where not otherwise men-
tioned ; division of the roots ; fibry peat and
sandy loam. Winter temp., 40° to 45° ; summer,
60° to 90°. See GIJJGER.
Z. Americans (Amaricans). 3. Penang. 1846.
— capita'tum (round-headed). 4. February. 1825.
— Casumu'nar (Casumunar). 2. February. 1807.
— chrysa'-nthum (gold-flowered). 8. July. 1821.
— ela'tum (lofty). 6. July. 1820.
— ligula'tum (strap-leaved). 2. Pink. June. 1823.
— Hio'ga (Mioga). 2. Pink. May. Japan. 1796.
Greenhouse.
— officina'le (shop). 2. Red. July. 1605.
— pandura'tum (fiddle-^perf).5.Pink. June.1812.
— purpu'reum (purple). 2. Purple. September^
1796.
— ro'seum (rosy). 2. Rose, yellow. August. 1822.
— ru'bens (red). 6. Red. October. 1822.
— squarro'sum (spreading). 2..Pink. August. 1822.
— Zeru'mbet (Zerumbet). 4. August. 1690.
ZI'NNIA. (Named after J. G. Zinn, a
German professor of botany. Nat. ord.,
Composites [Asteracese]. Linn., 19-Syn-
gencsia 2-SuperJlua.)
Mexican annuals, scarlet-flowered, with one ex-
ception. Seeds in April in a hotbed; seedlings
hardened off, and then transferred to the flower-
garden, in good, rich, loamy soil. If sown earlier,
they are apt to be drawn and attacked by insects.
We have had them fine by sowing under a hand-
light, without bottom-heat, in the middle of April,
and throwing a mat over the glass at night.
Z. angustifo'lia (narrow-leaved). 2. July. 1824.
— e'leguns (elegant). 2. July. 1796.
cocci'nea (scarlet-rayed). 2. August. 1829.
— hy'brida (hybrid). 2. June. 1818.
— multiflo'ra (many-flowered). 2. August. 1770.
— pauciflo'ra (few-flowered). 2. Yellow. July.
Peru. 1/53.
— revolu'ta (curled-back). 2. July. 1817.
— tenuiflo'ra (slender-flowered). 2. July. 1799-
— verticilta'ta (whorl-leaved). 2. July. 1789.
ZIZI'PHORA. (From zizt, of the Indians,
and phoreo, to bear. Nat. ord., Lipworts
"Lamiacese]. Linn., 2-Diandria \-Mono-
gynia. Allied to Monarda.)
Red-flowered, where not otherwise mentioned.
Annuals, by seed in April ; perennials, by seeds,
divisions, and cuttings; dry, sandy loam, and
elevated places, such as rock-works; the peren-
nials require a little protection in winter.
HALF-HARDY EVERGREENS.
Z. acinoi'des (thyme-like). 4. July. Siberia, 1788.
Deciduous.
— clinopodioi'des (basil-like). J. Pink. June.
Siberia. 1821.
cane'scens (hoary). July. 1803.
me'dia (mediate). 4. July. Caucasus. 1822.
— dasya'ntha (thick-flowered). 4. July. Siberia.
1803.
ANNUALS.
Z. capita'ta (round-headed). 4. July. Syria. 1752.
— Hispa'nica (Spanish). 4. June. Spain. 1759.
— Tau'rica (Taurian). 4. Red, purple. August.
Tauria. 1816.
— tenu'ior (slenderer). £. Purplish. June. Le-
vant. 1752.
ZIZ
C 826 ]
ZYG
ZI'ZYPHTJS. (The Egyptian name of
Z. lo'tus. Nat. ord., Rhamnads [liham-
nacese]. Linn., 5-Pentandria 1-Mono-
gynia.)
Greenish-yellow-flowered, where not otherwise
mentioned. Cuttings of the roots, suckers, and
cuttings of ripened shoots under a hand-light or
bell-glass, according as the species are hardy or
tender; deep, dry loam for the hardy, peat and
sandy loam for the tender.
HAEDY DECIDUOUS, &C.
Z.fiexuo'sa (zigzag). 6. Nepaul. 1820.
— incu'rna (curled-in). 5. Nepaul. 1823.
— spi'na-Chri'sti (Christ's thorn). 6. August.
Egypt.
-- ine'rmis (unarmed). 6. August.
STOVE EVERGBEENS, &C.
Z. Caracu'tta (Caracutta). E. Ind. 1820.
— longifo'lia (long-leaved). India. 1837.
— melastomoi'des (melastoma-like). 6. N. Hoi-
land. 1824.
— mucrona'ta (pointed -leaved). 30. Cape of Good
Hope. 1810. Greenhouse.
— Nape'ca (Napeca). 15. Ceylon. 1816.
— ni'tida (shining). 6. June. China. 1822.
— spi'na Chri'sti trint'rvia (three-nerved Christ's
thorn). E. Ind. 1821.
ZO'KNIA. (Named of J. Zorn, a German
botanist. Nat. ord., Leguminous Plants
[Fabacese]. U\.nn.,I6-Monadelphia (j-Dc-
Annuals, seeds in a hotbed, and the plants af-
terwards bloomed in the greenhouse ; perennials,
also, by seeds, and dividing the plants in spring,
and requiring to he kept from frost, and rather
dry in winter ; rich, light, fibry loam.
Z. angustifo'liu (narrow-leaved). 1. Purple. July.
India. 1/33. Annual.
— Cape'nsis (Cape). £. Yellow. July. Cape of
Good Hope. 1824. Greenhouse perennial.
— tetraphy'lla (four-leaved). £. Yellow. July.
Carolina. 1824. Greenhouse perennial.
ZYGADE'NUS. (From zygmto, to join,
and aden, a gland ; double glands on the
perianth. Nat. ord., Melanths [Meian-
thacess]. Linn,, 6 - ffexandria ~L-Mono-
gynia. Allied to Veratrum. )
Hardy, North American, herbaceous perennials.
Seeds, and division of the plant in spring; a
moist, shady peat-border.
Z. bractea'tus (bracted). 1$. Cream. May. 1811.
— commuta'tus (changeable). I. Cream. June.
1811.
— e'legans (elegant). 1. White. May. 1828.
— glabe'rriinus (smoothest). 1 . Cream . June. 1811.
— hy'bridum (hybrid). £. White. June. 1822.
— monoVcum (monoecious). 2. Brown. June, isl 1.
— Virgi'nicum( Virginian). 2. Brown. June. 1/68.
ZYGOPE'JALUM. (From zygos, a yoke,
and peialon, a petal ; tbe union of the
bases of the petals and sepals. Nat.
ord., Orchids [Orchidacese]. Linn., 20-
Gynandria i-Moiiandriu.)
Stove orchids, grown in pots. See ORCHIDS.
Z. Africa'num (African). Violet. January. Gua-
timala. 183Q.
— Irachype'tulum (short-petaled). Green, blue.
October. Brazil. 1844.
— cochlea're (spoon-lipped). 1. White, purple.
August. Demerara.
— crini'tum (tressed). Green, blue. November.
Brazil. 1829.
— gramine'um (gftas-leaoed), Green, blue. No-
vember. Popayan. 1844.
— intermedium (intermediate). Green, blue. No-
vember. Brazil. 1844.
— Mucka'yi (Mackay's). 1. Green, lilac. March.
Brazil. 1325.
— muxilla're (tooth -like-lowered). 1. Brown,
green. September. 5. Amer. 1829.
— Alurraya'num (Murray's). $. Green, white.
July. Brazil. 1837.
— rostra' turn (beaked), g. White, brown. Sep-
tember. Demerara. 1S27.
— sisnochi' him (narrow-lipped). |. White, yellow.
September. Brazil. 1828.
— tri' color (thvee-coloured). Green, white. No-
vember. Guayana. 1845.
ZYGOPHY'LLUM. Bean-caper. (From
zygos, a yoke, and phyilon, a leaf; leaves
in pairs. Nat. ord., Bean-capers [Zygo-
pliyllacea;]. Linn., IQ-Decandria 1-Mo-
nogynla.)
Greenhouse, yellow-flowered evergreens, and
from the Cape of Good Hope where not otherwise
mentioned. Annual seeds in a hotbed in spring,
and then the plants hardened off, and placed in
the open border. Perennials, by cuttings of half-
ripened shoots in sand, under a bell-glass, in
heat ; sandy peat and fibry loam, with a little
charcoal and freestone.
Z. a'lbum (white). 2. White. October. Canaries.
1779-
— atriplicoi'des (orach-like). America. 1S3/.
Hardy herbaceous.
— cocci'neum( scarlet). 3. Scarlet. Egypt. 1823.
— cordifo'lium (heart-leaved). 6. October. 17/4.
— fce'tidum (stinking). 4. June. 1/90.
^insua've (unpleasant). 4. July. 1790.
— macula'tum (spotted). 4. October. 1782.
— ma'jor (larger). 4. July. Syria. 1596. Hardy
herbaceous.
— microphy' Hum (small-leaved). £. July. 1S16.
— Murgsa'na (Morgsana). 3. August. 1/32.
— prostra'tum (prostrate). £. July. 1810.
— sessilifo'lium (stalldess-leaved). 3. July. 1713.
— si'mplex (simple). ^. July. St. Jago. 1825.
Annual.
— spatTivla'tum (spatulate). June. Cape Verd Is-
lands. 1824. Stove herbaceous.
— spino'sum (spiny). 1, July. 1830.
£837]
S Y N O N Y M E S.
IN the following List the plants mil be found in this Dictionary, or in other
works, under the names printed in Italics. Where the generic names are the same
in the synonymes, only the first letter. is .printed; ,\dien.the specific names are the
same, they are omitted .entirely.
ABB
Abelia serrata, A. iimflorct, A. cyanorum,
A. hispidissima.
Acacia ambigua, A . suaveolens. /A.'line-
aris, A. longissima. .A. mollissima, A.
mollis. A. strigosa, .A. ciliata. A.
CumanensiSj Prosopis. A. edulis, P.
dulcis. A. falcata, P. juliflora. A.
smilacifolia, A. urophylla. A. tamarijj-
cina, Gagnebina.
Acanthus Capensis, Blepharis.
Acer ericarpon, A. dasycarpon. A. sem-
pervirens, A. heterophyllum. A. spica-
tum, A. montanum. A. striatum hy-
l)ri(ium,A.Pennsylvanicum. A.negundo,
Negundo fraxini folium.
Achama, Malvaviscus.
Achillea filicifolia, Eupatorium. A. ochro-
leuca, A. pectinata. A. sambucifolia,
Pyrethrum macrophyllum.
Achimenes Ghiesbreghtii, A.heterophylla.
A. Scheerii, Sheeria Mexicana.
Achras mammosa, Liicuma. A. lucuraa,
L. ubovnta.
Achyranthes altissima, Chamissoa.
Acmella, Wollastonia. A. buphthalmoidefy
Heliopsis scabra.
Acoidium fuscum, Trichocentrum.
Aconitum altissimum, A. cynocUmum. A.
Cam ir, arum, A. rostratum pilosiusculum.
A. inclinatum, A. anthoroideitm. A.
laxum, A. Tauricnm. A. napellus pu-
bescens, A. Sohleicheri. A. pallidum,
A. Nuttallii. A. P}Tenaicnm, A. La-
marckii. A. strictum, A. Neubergense.
Acrophyllum venosum, A. verticillatnm
and Weinmannia venosa.
A.crostich\im,Cyriogonium)Gym7togramma,
Lumaria, Nothola/ia, O/fersia, Platy-
AGA
cerium. A. lepidopteris, Gonlophlelium
sepultum. A.axillare, Gymnopteris axil-
laris. A. acuminatnm, G. nicotian'! folia,.
A. lingua, Niphobolus. A. velleum, No-
thoehlccna lanuginosa. A. sorbifolium,
Stenochl<sna.
Actinella lanata, Erinphyllum c&spitositm.
Actinophyllum, Scioda pity Hum.
Acunna oblonga, Bejaria astuans.
Adamsia scilloicles, Pusckltinia. A. rotun-
difolia, Gewn. A. glacialis, Sieversia.
Adenandra tetragona, Acmadsnia.
Adenanthei'a scandens, JZiitada adenan.
thera.
Adenophora liliifolia, Campanula.
Adiantum trigonum, A. etBsimile. A. psra-
doxicum, Platyloma Brownii. A. pte-
roides, Ckeilanthes.
Adonis miniata. A. cestivalis. A. Mentzelii
and veraalis, A. Apennina.
Adysetum, Glyce.
^Eginetica capitata, Lipostoma campanu-
liftora.
Aerides cornutum,^.o^ora<Mm. A. arach-
nites, Renanthera.
^Erobion superbum, Angracum. .
JSscbynomene, Daubeii Ionia. ^E.papposa,
Adesmia. M. aristata, Pictetia. jiE.pla-
tycarpa, Glottidum Floridanum. M, vir-
•gata, Corsetia. M. viscidula, JE.siibvis-
cosa, ^E. Sesban, Se.sbtmia 2Egyptiaca.
&. cannabina, ^. affiui*.
jfEsculus carnea, M, rubicunda.
Afzelia gY&ndis,Erpf.hrop/ileuni Guineense.
A, cassioides, Seymeria tenuifolia.
Agapetes setigera and variegata, Thi-
baiif/ia.
Agarista neriifolia, Andromeda.
AGA
[828
ANT
Agathis loranthifolia, Dammara orientalis
Agathosma, Macrostylis, Baryosma.
Agave spicata, A. brachystachys. A. gemi
niflora, Litt<ta.
Ageratum obtusifolium, A. cteruleum. A.
G-uiauense, Eupatorium macrophyllum
A. cselestinum, Caelestina micrantha.
Agrostemma, Lychnis. A. perennans, A
decumbens.
Ajax maximus, Narcissus.
Ajuga furcata, Anisomeles.
Aletris alba, A .farinosa. A, uvaria, Tritonia
Aleuritopteris farinosa and dealbata
Cheilanthes farinosa.
Alisma Damasoniurn, Actinocarpus.
Allionia, Oxybaphus.
Allinm canipestre, A, confertum. A. Baica-
lense, spirale. and senescens, A. glan-
cum. A. paniculatum, A. intermedium.
A. Monspessulanura, A. litoreum. A.
scorodoprasum, A. ophioscorodon. A.
vineale. A. Purshii. A. tenui folium, A.
schcenoprasum. A. ampeloprasum, A.
Waldsteinii.
Alloplectus Schottia and sparsiflorus, A.
dichrous.
Allosorus acrostichoides, Par/ceria. A.
imbricatus, Jamesonia. A. Karwinksii,
Ceratodactylis osmundioides.
Alnus viridis, Betula ovata. A. Africanus,
Tritoma uvaria.
Aloe atro-virens, Haworthia. A. huniilis,
A. acuminata. A. mitreefornris, A. Com-
melini. A. humilis incurva, A. incurva.
A. striata, A. paniculate.
Alpmia bracteata, A. Roscoeana. A. colo-
casia, Colocasia antiquorum. A. spiralis,
Costns.
Alstonia clean drifolia, A. scholaris.
Al-stromeria, Bomarea. A. Hooperi and
rosea, A. Simsii.
Althaea leucanthn, A.nuArftora. A. grandi-
ilora, A. rosea biloba.
Altern-anthera axillaris. A, spinosa.
Alyssum, Anodontia, Aubrietia, Glyce,
JPtilotrichum, Vesicaria. A. alpestre, A.
Marschallianum. A. Podoiicum, Schive-
reckia. A. cheiranthifolium, Farsetia.
A. linifolius, Meniocus. A. vesicaria,
Vesicaria reticulata.
Amerimnum, Lonchocarpus.
Amaryllis, Iziolirion, Phycdla, Xephy-
ranthes. A. Peruviana, Pyrolinon au-
reum. A. gigantea and Moluccana,
Crimtm. A. longifolia, C. Capense. A.
ornata, C. distichum. A. Australasia,
C.jlaccidum. A. revoluta, C. Herberli.
A. insignis, (7. insigne. A. Zeylanica, C.
Zeylanicum. A. adrena, Habranthus
hesperius. A. intermedia, H. intermt-
dius. A. curvifolia, Nerine. A.laticoma,
Brunsvigia lucida. A. orientalis, JS.
multiflora. A.purpurea, Vallota.
Ambrosinia ciliata, Cryptocoryne,
Amerimnum ebenus, Brya.
Ammocharis, Brunsviyia.
Amorphanana, A.frayrans. A. pubescens,
A. herbacea.
Amygdalus Persica nectarina;. jpienica
lavis. A. Persica, P. vulgaris.
Amyris, Idea. A. elemifera, A. Plumieri.
A. balsamifera, A. toxi/era. A. Zey-
lanica, Balsatnodendron.
Anacardium longifolium and Cassuvium,
Semecarpus anacardium.
Anagaiiis collina, A.fruticosa.
Anaxetum crassifolium, Drynaria'.
Ancbusa angustifolia, A. leptophylla. A.
Zeylanica, A. tenella. A. sempervirens,
Omphalodes. A. lanata, Cynoglossum
cheirifolium. A. tinctoriaJLithospermum.
Andromeda, Lyonia. A. lucida, populifolia,
reticulata, andlaurina, A. acuminata. A.
crassifolia. A. neriifolia. A. Walteri, A.
axillaris longifolia. A. spinulosa, A.
Catesbtfi. A. nitida lucida, A. coriacca.
A. fastigiata and cupressiformis, Cassi-
ope fastiyiata. A. polifolia latifolia, A.
glaucophyUa. A.paniculata,^.7'flC^m(.'s«.
A. pubescens, A. rubiginosa. A. coc-
ciuea, Gaylussacia pseudo-vaccinium.
Andryala lyrata, A.argentetK. A. lunata,
Hieracium verbascifolium..
Anemone hepatica, Hepatica triloba.. A.
Ochotensis, A. alba. A. fragifera, A.
Baldensis. A. tenella, A. Caroliniana.
A. stellata and versicolor, A. hortensis.
A. alpina, A. micrantha. A. cuneifolia,
A. parviflora. A. hortensis and pavo-
nia, A. pavonina fulgens. A. apiifolia,
A. sulphurea. A. thalictroides, Thalic-
trum anemonoides.
Angreecurn faicatum, (Eceoclades. A. su«
perbum, A. eburneum.
Anguloa superba, Acineta Hamboldtu.
Anisopetal.um Careyanum, Bolbophyllum.
A.nneslea spinosa, Euryale ferox.
Anona, Asimina. A. tripetala, A. cheri-
molia.
Anonymos bracteata, Zornia tetraphylla.
Anthemis valentina, Anacyclus radiatus.
A. Arabica, Cladanthus. A. saxatilis,
A. Kitaibelii.
Anthericum, Arthropodium. A. exuvia-
tum and fragrans, Albuca. A. lilias-
trum, Czackia. A. serotinum, Gagea.
A. annuum, Bulbine. .
Athyrium Halleri, Asplenium fontanym.
ANT
[ 829 ]
AST
Antholyza Cunonia,Anisavthus. A.JSthio-
pica vitigera, A. praealta.
Anthyllis, Ebenus. A. cuneata, Lespe
deza eriocarpa. A. cornicina, A. hamosa
A. rustica, A. vulneraria albiftora. A
Italica, A. vulneraria hirsutissimct.
Antirrhinum macrocarpum, Nemesia cha
mcedrifolia. A. fruticans, Linaria. A,
lanigerum, L. dealbata. A. linarioides,
L. Mans. A. spurium. L. lanigera. A.
linaria, L. linifolia. A. odorum, L
Loselii. A. strictum, L. macroura.
Apargia cichoracea, A. aurantiaca,
Apeiba hispida, A, Petoumo. A. hirsuta
A. Tibourbou.
Apicra pseudo-rigid a, A. rigida.
Apios frutescens, Wistaria.
Apocynum frutescens, Ichnocarpus. A
hastatum, Eustegia,
Aquilaria ovata, A. Malacccnsis.
Arabis, Aubrietia. A. Caucasica, A. albida.
A. bellidifolia and ciliaris, A.pumila.
Aralia sciadophyllum, Sciadophyllum
Brownii. A. hispida, A. Muhlenber-
giana. A. glomerulata, Hedera,
Araucaria excelsa, Altingia. A. Cookii,
A. columnaris.
Arbutus, Arctoslaphylus, Pernettya. A.
hybrida, A. adiacknoides.
Angelica officinaliE, A. archangelica.
Arctotis, Sphenogyne. A. scapigera, Arc-
totheca repens.
Ardisia crenata,.4. elegans. A. crenulata,
A.lentiginosa. A. umbellata, A. litoralis.
pyramidalis, A. paniculata.
ArenariaVillarsii, A.Austriaca. A.macro-
carpa, A. canescens. A. Sibirica, A.capil-
laris. A. fastigiata, A.fasciculata. A.
liniflora, A. Gerardi. A. filifolia, A.
graminifolia. A. glaberrima, A. gramini-
folia glaberrima. A. androsacea, A.
otitoidcs. A. cherlerifolia, A. rubella.
A. heteromalla, A. setacea. A. pungens,
A. subulata. A. viscosa, A. tenuifolia
viscidula.
Arethusa pectinata, Bartholina.
Argemone intermedia, A. Bar clay ana.
Aristolochia ringens, A. Braziliensis. A.
trilobata, A. Surinamensis.
Arnica bellidiastrum, Bellidiastrum Mi-
chelii. A. montana, A. Helvetica.
Avtabotrys hexapetala, A. odoratissima.
Artemisia Caucasica, A. alpina. A. in-
odora, A. Marschalliana. A. glacialis,
A. mutellina. A. rupestris, A. Norve-
gica and mutellina. A. splendens, A.
peduncularis.
Arthrophyllum Madagascarieuse, Phyl-
larthron Bojeriana.
Arum, Caladium. A. xanthorhiza, Xan-
thosoma sagittcefolia. A. colocasia, Colo-
casia antiquorum.
Asclepias, Cynanchum. A. viridis, Ancn-
therix. A. viminalis, Sr.rcostemma
Swartzianum. A. scandens, Dcemia.
A. tenacissima, Gymnema. A. arbores-
cens, Gomphocarpns. A. gigantea,
Calotropis. A. laurifolia, A. acuminata.
A. connivens, A. exaltata. A. purpuras-
cens, A. obtusifotia. A. hybrida, A. pur-
pur ascens.
Aspalathus arboreus, Brya ebenus.
Asperula Calabrica, Ernodca montana. A.
repens, A. hirsuta. A. incana, A. to-
mentosa.
Asphodelus Altaicus and Sibiricus, Ere-
murus spectabilis.
Aspidium, Asplenium, Cyrtomium^ Las-
trcea, Nephrodium, Polytrichum. A»
Wallichii, Oleandra. A. truncatulum,
DidymochloEna. A. Barometz, Cibolium.
A. caclucum, Hemigonium. A. trape-
zoides, A. pedinatum.
Asplenium, Acropteris. A. hemionitis,
Scolopendrium. A. scolopendrium, S.
officinarum. A. sorbifolium,^fenisci«w^
A. nidus, Neoltopteris vulgaris. A.
odontites, Canopteris. A. laxum, C.
appendiculata. A. Germanicum, A*
alternifolium.
Astelma fruticans, Helichrysum.
Aster, Felicia. A. corymbosus, cordi-
folius, Eurybia corymbosa. A. pul-
chellus, Erigeron. A. chrysanthernoi-
des and tanacetifolia, Machceranthera.
tanacetifolia. A. Chinensis, Callistemma
hortense. A. Indicus, C. Indicum. A.
pumilus, A. Altaicus. A. Pennsylvani-
cus, A. ample xicaulis. A. umbellatus, A.
amygdalinus. A. dracunculoides, A.
artemisiiflorus. A . biennis, A. canescens.
A. Marylandica, A. conyzoides. A. sco-
parius, A. diffusus. A. pubescens, A*
eminens. A. carneus, A. fragilis. A.
glaucus, A. lavigatus. A. lucidus, A.
lavis. A. leucanthemus, A. laxus. A.
expansus, A. luxurlans. A. ledifolius,
A. nemoralis. A. \illosus, A.pilosus. A.
fruticulosus, A. plurijlorus. A. pini-
folius, A.polyphyllus. A. amcenus, A.
puniceus. A. alpinus ramosa, A.ramosus.
A. glaucus cyanus, A. rubricaulis. A.
virgatus, A. salicifolius. A. Hungari-
cus, A. salignus. A. Virginicus, A. sim-
plex. A. dentatus and ferruginea, A.
lomentosus. A. patolos and stiictus,
A. vimineus*
Astragalus Uralensis, Oxytropis*
AST
[ 830 ]
BOS
leri, O.feetlda. A. montanus, 0. mon-
lana. A. Dahuricus, 'O.prostrata. A.
leontinus oroboides, Phaca oroboides.
A. carnosus, A. caryocarpus. A. macro-
rhizus, A. Donianus. A. virescens, A.
falcatus. A. malacaphyllus, A. galegi-
formis. A. tragacanthoides, A. lani-
yerus* A. tenuitblius, A. linearifolius.
A. sinicus, A. lotoides. A. raicranthus,
A. Nuttallianus. A. albidus, A. vesi-
carius. A. aloipecuroides,A.vulpimis.
Astrantia intermedia, A. Caucasica. A.
helleborifolia and heterophylla, A.
maxima.
Astrapsea mollis, Dombeya.
Ataccia cristata, Tacca integrifolia.
Athanasia lanuginosa, A. canescens.
Atragene Zeylauica, Naravelia. A. alpina,
A. Austriaca.
Avena elatior, Arrhenatherum avenaceum.
A. bulbosa, A. bulbosum.
Azalea procumbens, Chamaeledon.
Azima tetracantha, Monetla Barlerioides.
B.
Baccharis nereifolia, Brachylana.
Bactris globosa minor, Acrocomia minor.
Bseckea camphorosma, Bdbingtonia.
Balsamina hortensis, B. impatiens.
Ballota cinerea, Roylca eleyans.
Banksia ledifolia and litoralis, B. Cun-
ninghami.
Banisteria heteropbylla and fulgens, B.
splendens. B. auriculata, Stigmaphyllon
auriculatum. B. chrysophylla and ni-
tida, Heleropterys.
Barleria mitis, B.jlava.
Barringtonia acutangula, Stravadium
acutangulum, B. raceniosa, S. race-
mosum.
Bartsia coccinea, Euchroma. B. pallida,
Castilleja.
Baryosma Tongo, Dipterix odorata.
Bartonia decapetala, B. ornnta.
Batscbia Carolinensis, B. Gmelini.
Bauhinia anguina, B. corymbosa. B. re-
tusa and divaricata, B. Lamarckiana.
Begonia floribunda, parvifolia, and seni-
perflorens, B. Dregel. B. pendula and
repens, B. fayifolia. B. acida, pauci-
iiora, and pe'ltata, B. peltifoiia. B.
odorata, B. sinuata. B. maculata, B.
argyrostigma. B. punctata, Eupetalum
punctatum. B. rubi-a, B. coccinea. B.
Evansiana, B. discolor.
Belantheria lamiuin, Belvisiana, and
Vogeliana, Brillantaisia Owariensis.
Beilis jaculiflora, Cunninghamia Binensis.
Borberis Chitria, B. aristaia. B. atro-
virens, B. Wallichiana. B . vulgaris and
Iberica, B. Iberica.
Beschomeria tubiflora, Fourcroya.
Besleria bicolor and dichrous, Alloplcctus
dichrous. B. melittifolia, Episcia me-
liUifolia. B. inodora, Franciscea caly-
cina. B. serrulata, Drymonia bicolor.
Bidens calendulacea, Osteospennum calen-
dulaceum. B. seandens, Salmea. B.
odorata, B. yrandiflora. B. tripartita,
B. repens.
Bigelovia stricta and verticillata, Bor-
reria. B. coramuta, B. commulata.
Bignonia articulata, Phyllarthron Bojeri-
ana. B. cserulea, Jacaranda Baha-
mensis. B. comosa, Adenocalymna co-
mosum. B. keterophyila, B. Chirere. B.
microphylla, Catalpa. B. linearis, Chi-
lopsis. B. paniculata, Amphilobiumpani-
ctilalum. B. tomentosa, Paulownia impe-
rialis. B. Capensis, pentaphylla, radi-
cans, and stans, Tecoma. B. Pandorse,
T. aitstralis. B. grandiflbra and Chinen-
sis, T. grandiflara. B. fraxinifolia, Spa-
thodea. B. chelonoides, S. longiflora.
B. spathacea, S. Eheedii. B. quadril-
ocularis, S.Roxburyhii. B. uncata, S.
uncala.
Billardiera fusiformis, Sollya angustifnUa.
Billotia flexnosa, Leptospermumjlexitosiim.
Blseria bracteata, Sympieza capitella.
Blandfordia cordata, Qalax aphylla.
Blechuum, Woodwardia. B. boreale, Lo-
' maria spicant. B. Canadense, B. Bra-
ziliensc. B. stramineum, B.striatum. B.
volubile, Salpichleena volabilis.
Bletia pallida, B.florida. B. verecnnda
Shepherdii, B. Shepherdii. B. Tanker-
villa3, Phaius grandifolius. B. Wood-
fordii, P. maculatus.
Bocconia cordata, Macleaya.
Bseobotrys Indica and pubescens, Maesa.
Bombax pentandrum, Eriodendron an-
fractuosum. B. erianthos, E. hian-
therum. B. gossypium and grandiflo-
rum, Cochlospermum gossypium. B. viti-
folium, C. serratifolium. B. quinatum,
Ceiba. B. heptaphyllum and Malaba-
ricum, B. septenatum.
Bonplandia geniiniflora, Caldasia hciero-
phyila.
Borago Zeylanicum, Trichodesma.
Borbonia axillaris and ericaefolia, Priest-
ley a. B. cordata, Eafnia triflora. B.
perfoliata, Vascou.
Boronia anemonsefolia, B. Frazerl. B.
ledifolia, B. lati/olia.
Bossiaea rufa, B, ensata. B. lanceolata,
EOT
[ 831 ]
CAP
B. heterophylla. B. lenticularis, B.
rhombifolia.
JRotrycbium gracilis, B. dissectum.
Bouvardia Jacquinii, B. Iripliylla.
Brasenia peltata, Hydropcltis pitrpurea.
Brassica arvensis, Slor lean diet. B. orien-
talis, Erysimum perfoliatum.
Brodisea alliacea and ixioides, Leuco-
coryne. B.graadiflora, Hesperoscordum
hyadnthinum.
Bromelia lucida, Anannssa. B. ananas,
A. sativa. B. nudicaulis, pyramidalis,
and zebrina, JBillbergia. B. pallida, B.
amaena. B. melanantha, B. clavata. B.
iridiflora, B. iridifolta.
Brotera ovata, Pcntapetes.
Broussonetia Plumieri and tinctoria,
Madura.
Browallia iactea, B. elongata.
Brownea speciosa, B. rosea.
Brugmansia parviflora and floribunda,
Juanulloa parasitica. B. suaveolens,
Datura Gardnerl.
Brunia abrotanoides andlanuginosa,.Z?er-
zella. B. microphylla, Raspailia. B.
ciliata, glutinosa, and radiata, Staavia.
B. paleacea and phylicoides, Berardia.
Bubroraa polybotryum, Giiazuma. B. gua-
zuma, G. ulmi folia.
Bucco prolifera, Agathosma. B. crenata,
Barosma crenuldta.
Buchnera viscosa, Manuka.
Bulbocodium trigynum, Merendera Cau-
casica.
Buphane disticha, Brunsvigia.
Buphthalmum frutesceus, Diomedea In-
dentala. B. arborescens, D. glubrata.
B. cordifolium, Telekia speciosa. B.
scabrum, Heliopsis. B. helianthoides,
H. l<£vis. B. coriaceum, B. Icevigatum,
Bupieurum junceum, B. Pollichii.
Burchellia parviflora, B. bubalina.
Burlingtonia anioana, B. decora.
C.
Cacalia pugioniformis, C.longifoUa.
Cactus phyllantlms, C. Hookeri. C. ele-
gans, C. spedosum (Epiphyllum). C.
flavescens, C. straminea. C. melocactus,
(7. communis (Melocactus). C.latispina,
C. cornigerus (Ecbinocactus). C. Pe-
reskia, Pereskia aculcata. C. portu-
lacaefolia, P. portulacatfolia. C. auran-
tiacus, Opuntia aurantiaca. C. opunLia,
O. vulgaris. C. pendula, E/iipsalis
Cassutka. C. fdnalis, JR. grandiflora.
C. nobilis, (7. reductus. C. tenuis, C.
tnyosurus.
Ca3salpinia tinctoria, Coulteria.
Caladium sequinum raaculatum, C/.mccw-
iatum. C. odoratum, Oolocusia odorcin'.
Calceolaria tinctoria, C. arachnoidea. C.
diflfusa, C. bicolor. C. floribunda, O.
connata. C. anomaln, and pendula, (7.
creiifttiflora.
Calea scopavia, Baccharis.
Calendula JSgyptiaca, C. Sicida.
Calinoa scandens, Doliocarpus calinea
Calla vEthiopica, Eichardia.
Callicarpa toraentosa, (7. cana.
Calophyllum Calaba, G. spurium.
Caltha ficarioides, G. Parnassifolia.
Calycanthus prsecox, Ghimonanlhus fru-
grans.
Calymenia angustifolia, Oxyb aphis an-
gustifolius.
Calypso Americana, C. lorealis.
Calyptranthes Jambolana, Syzycjium. C.
caryopbyllifolia, S. caryopkyUifuiium.
Calyptrion pyrifolium, Anchieta pyrifo ia.
Camellia axillaris, Polyspora.
Cameraria lutea, Tuber ntemontanaodora Id-
See WRIGHTIA. *•
Campanula communis, coronopifoli ay
Fisclieri, intermedia, Lamarckiana, Pe-
reskifefolia,periplocitbiia,B,abeiaisiana.
stylosa, and verticillata, Adenophora.
C. tricuspidata, A. denticulata. C. coro-
nata, A. marsupiftora. C. porosa, 8a-
molus campanuloides. C. fruticosa and
interrupta, Lighffoolla subulata. , C.
Moorcroftiana, C. colorata. C. rupestris,
G. Biebersteiniana. C. capitata, C, ci-
choracea. C. neglecta, C. crenata. C.
spatulata, C. diveryens. C. speciosa,
C. elegans. C. difFtisa, C. fragilis. C.
betonicsefolia, G. gummifera. C. Bsl-
densis, G. Lorei. C. multiflora, (7.
macrostachya. C. Lobelioides, (7. "«-
mosissima. C. gummifera, C. Sarmatica,
C. planiflora, G. versicolor. C. flexuosa..
C. Waldsteiniana. C. elongata, Wahlcn-
lergia Gapensis. G. grandiflora, W,
grandi/lora a.nd.PlatycodonqrandiflorMr!,.
Camptosema rubicundum, Kcnnedya ni-
bicanda and splendcns.
Campylanthera elegans, Marianthus c&-
ruleo-pundatus.
Canna Chinensis, G. orientalis. C. sangui-
nea, G. Warszewiczii.
Cantbium coronatum, Gardenia dun ?to~
rum. C. Chinense, G. spinosa.
Cantua ovata, tomentosa, and uniflora, (7,
buxifolia. C. aggregata and parviflora,
Gilia. C. ligustrifolia, Vestialycicides*
Capella plumbea, Phalocallis.
Capparis acutifolia and acuminata, C-
CAP
[ 832 ]
CHE
Chinensis. C. octandra, C.ferruginea.
C. Fontanesii, C.ovata. C. arborescens,
G.pulcherrima. C.uncinata, C.torulosa.
C. trifoliata, Cratceva Roxburghil. C.
trifoliata, C. tapioides.
Caprifolium pubescens, C. hirsutum. C.
Japonicum, C. Nepalense.
Capsicum cerasiforme, C. Millerii.
Caragana argentea, Halimodcndron ar-
genteum.
Cardamine carnosa, Pteroneuron ear-
nosum. C. Gnecurn, P. Grwcum.
Cardamomum medium, Alpinia media.
Carduus cyanoides, Serratula cyanoidcs.
C. fimbriatus, S.fimbriatum. C. nitidus,
S. Kitaibelii. C. Pannonicus and serra-
tuloides, S. Pannonica. C. paniculatus,
Cirsium paniculatum. C. polyanthe-
mus, C. polyanthemum. C. cichoraceus,
C. cichoraceum.
Carlina Acarna, Cirsium. C. bracteata, C.
Sicula. C. sulphurea, C. racemosa. C.
Pyrenaica, Carduus Carlinoides.
Carolinea insignis, Sciadophyllum anoma-
lum.
Carpinus ostrya, Ostrya vulgaris.
Carpodinus. See CARPODISCUS.
Carthamus arborescens and cynaroides,
Onobroma. C. cseruleus, O, cterulcum.
C. glaucus, O. glaucum. C. leuco-
caulis, O. leucocaulon. C. arboreus,
Kentrophyllum arborescens. C. lanatus,
K. lanatum. C. Creticus, K. Tauricum.
C. mitissimus, Carduncellus. C. car-
duncellus, Carduncellus vulgaris.
Casearia decandra, C. parviflora.
Cassebeera farinosa, Cheilanthes.
Cassia acuminata, C. apoucouita. C. flexu-
osa, (7. Burmanni. C. crispa, C.fron-
dosa. C. grandiflora, C. Icevigata. C.
orientalis and acutiloba, (7. lanceolata.
C. senna, (7. obovala. C. procumbens,
C. pumila. C. cernua, (7. sulcata. C.
arborescens, C. sulphurea. C. multi-
glandulosa, C. tomentosa. C. diniidiata,
C. Wallitltiana.
Cassine xylocarpa, Elaodendron xylocar-
pum. C. Isevigata, E. tricuspida'tus.
Cassinia, Anyianthus.
Cassiope fastigiata, Andromeda fastigiata
and A. cupressiformis.
Castalia edulis, Nymphaa. C. mystica,
N. lotus.
Castilleja coccinea, Euchroma. C. ses-
siliflora and grandiflora, E. grandiflora.
Catasetum Claveringi, (7. tridentatum Cla-
verinyi. C. floribundum, C. tridentatum
floribundum.
Cattleya coccinea, Sophronitis grandiflora.
Ceanothus cteruleus, C. azureus. C. Cu-
bensis, Colubrina. C.Asiaticus, C.Asia-
tica. C. colubrinus, C,ferruf/inosat C.
reclinatus, C. reclinata. C. globulosus,
Pomaderris globulosa. C. Wendlandia-
nus, P. Wendlandiana.
Cedronella Canariensis, C. triphylla.
Celastrus Zeylanicus, Ceanothus Zcylani-
cus. C. emarginatus, (7. relusus. C.
octagonus and verticillatus, Maytenus.
Celosia lanata, JErua.
Celsia linearis, Alonsoa. C. urticifolia, A.
incisifoha.
Celtis aspera, C. occidentalis scabriuscula.
C. cordifoiia, C. crassifolia.
Cenchrus laevigatus, Anthephora elegans.
Centaurea conifera, Leuzea conifera. C.
Altaica, L. sahna. C. nitens, Calli-
cephalus. C. ceratophylla, (7. arach-
noidea. C. Caucasica, (7. cheiranthi-
folia. C. exaltata, C. coronopifolia.
C. argyrophylla, C. Jacob (eafolia. C.
linarifolia, C. linifolia. C. Sibirica, (7.
MarschaUiana. C. sulplmrea, (7. neg-
lecta. C. leucantha, C. ochroleuca. C.
virgata, (7. polymorpha. C. rigescens,
C. rigida. C. Zamonii, (7. Bomana. C.
Ehapontica, Rhapontica Pallasii and
It. scariosa. C. galactites, Galadites
tomentosa.
Cephalotaxus coriacea, C. drupacea.
Cephaelis calycina, C. axlllaris.
Cerasus macropbylla, C. duracina mam.
millaris. C. salicina, C.pygmcea.
Ceratostema grandiflorum, (7. lonfjiflorum.
Cerbera fruticosa, Kopsia. C. Borbonica,
Ochrosia. C. laurifolia and Odollam,
Tanghinia. C. lactaria, T. Manyhas.
C. Tanghin, T. veneniftua.
Cereus abnormis, cylindricus, gibbosus,
and imbricatus, Cactus (Echinocactus).
C. squamulosus and elegans, Lepismium
commune. C. tenuispinus and myo-
surus, L. myosurus.
Ceropegia sagittate, Microloma sagilta-
tum.
Certoceras reflexum, Centrostemma.
Chaixia Myconi, Ramondia Pyrenaica.
Chamselaucium plumosum, Verticordia
Fontanesii.
Chamserhodes erecta, Sibbaldia.
Chamserops acaulis, Sabal Adansoni.
Chamorchis alpina, Hermininm alpinum.
Chardinia orientalis, Xeranthemum ori-
entale.
Cheilanthes cuneata and pteroides, Cas-
sebeera. C. lentigera and vestita, ATo-
thochlana. C. aculeata, repens, and
tenuifolia, Hypolepis. C. hirta, rufa,
CHE
[ 833 ]
COG
and vestita, Eriochasma. C. dealbata,
C.farinosa.
Cheiranthusdubius> C.ochroleucus. C.Fav-
setia, Farsetia ch eiranthoides. C. stric-
tus, Heliophila cleomoides. C. versicolor,
bicolor, and decumbens, Erysimnm. C.
leptophyllus, E. leptophyllum. C. al-
pinus, E. canescens. C. colliuus, E.
collinum. C. firnaus, E.ftrmum. C.
Armeniacus, E. Ibericum. C. Khae-
ticus, E. RhoEticum. C. strigosus, E.
strigosum. C. hieracifolius, E. strictum.
C. Ijratus, Malcomia lyrata. C. mari-
tiraus, If. maritima. C. litoreus, M.
lit ore a.
Chelidonium Dalmricum, C. grandiflo-
rum. C. diphyllum, Meconopsisdlphylla.
C. hybridum, Romania hybrida.
Chelone ceerulea and hirsuta, Pentstemon
angustifolium. C. atro - purpurca, P.
atro-purpureum. C. cristata, P. erian-
therum. C. erianthera, P. glabrum. G.
angustifolia, P. Kunth'd. C. elegans,
P. pulchellum. C. rosea and angusti-
folia, P. roseum. C. major, C. Lyoni.
Chenopodium cordatus, Amaranlkits.
Cliilopsis saligna, C. linearls.
Chironia gracilis, Sablalia.
Chlora dubia, (7. imperfoliata.
Chloria curtipendula, Atheropogon aphe-
doides.
Cliorozema scandens, Podolobium.
Clirysanthemum Tndicura, C. triparti-
tttnf.
Chryseis tenuiflora, Eschscholtzia.
Chrysipbiala flava, Stenomesson aitranti-
acnm.
Chrysocoma, Solidago. C. cinerea, Ozo-
thamnus cinereus,
Cibotium glaucescens and glaucum, C.
Barometz.
Cicuta venenata, Ferula villosa.
Cinchona excelsa, Hymenudictyon excel-
sum. C. tbyrsiflora, H. thyrsiflorum.
C. gratissima, Liiculia.
Cineraria linifolia, Agathaa. C. amel-
loides, A. ccslestis. C. glauca and pur-
purata, Senec'dlis- C. praecox, Senccio.
C. cruenta, 8. crnentus and alphnts.
C. cordifolia, 8. cordifolius. C. alpina,
8. lyratifolius.
Cir'sium horndns,C.B<eticum. C.salinum,
Leuzea salina,
lis sampelos convolvulacea, Menispermum
fenestratum.
Cissus ampelopsis, Ampelopsls cordata.
C. quinquefolius, A. hcderacea.
Cistus salvifolius, C. acutifolius. C. la-
dani ferns and stenophyllus, C. Cyprus. \
C. undulatus, C.Dunalianm. C. villosus
and virescens, C. rotundifotius. G. Ja-
daniferus undulatus, C. undulatus.
Clavija macrophylla, C. macrocarpa.
Claytonia Virginica, C. acutijlora. C. bi-
fida, C. Unalaschkensis.
Clematis, Atragene. C. calycoma, C. Bale-
arica. C. australis, C. coriacea. C. fra-
grans, C.flammula rotundifolia. C. cir-
rhosa, C.pedicellata. C. cordata, C.Sim-
sii. C. bracteata, C. Viryiniana brac-
teata. C. csespitpsa and flammula, C.
flamrnulaccespitosa. C. bicolor, C.floridti
Sieboldii. G. anemonaefloia, C. mon~
tiw/n grandiflora. C. Henderson!, C. Ne-
palensis. C. tenuifolia and Lusitanica,
C. viticella tenuifolia. C. verticillaris,
Atragene Americana. C. alpina, I.
Austriaca. G. Capensis, Anemone.
Cleome Cheladonii, dodecandra, uni-
glandulosa, and viscosa, Polanisia. C.
dodecandra Canadensis, P. graveolent.
C. icosandra, P. viscosa icosandra. G.
candelabrum, pentaphylla, and speci-
osa, Gynandropsis. C. triphylla, G.
triphylla and sessilifiora. G. orni-
thopioides, C. Dilleniana. C. spinosa,
C. pungens. C. prostrata, Rothia tri-
foliata. C. pinnata, Stanleya pinnaii-
fida. C. Capensis, Heliophila cleo-
moides.
Clerodendron ovatum, C. Coromanddia-
num.
Cliftonia ligustrina, Mylocarywn ligus-
trinum.
Clitanthes humilis, Coburgia.
Clitoria multidora, Vilmorina. C. Brons-
sonetii.; Cologania. C. polyphylla, Bar-
bieria.
Clycina Vincentina, CJuefocalyx.
Cnicus Acarna, cynaroides, and pungens,
Cirsium. C. nivalis, C. cernuum. C.
horridus, C. Bertolini. G. centaurioi-
des, C. cynaroides. G. elatior, C.
elatius. C. glaber, C. muticum. C.
orientalis, C. orientals. C. paludosus,
C. paltidosum. G. Salisburgensis, C.
Salisburgeme. C. strictus, C . strictum .
G. Paycuarensis, C. Paycuarense. C.
pinnatindus, C. pinnalifidum. C. car-
thamoides, Leuzea. C. Pannonicus,
Serratula Pannonica.
Coccocypselum buxifolium, Fernelia buvi-
folia.
Coccoloba parvi flora, C. uvifera.
Cocculus Carolinus, Wendlandia populi-
folia.
Cocos aculeata, Acrocomia. C. fusiformis,
Diplothcmium. C. arenaria, D. Morale.
3H
COD
[ 834
CHI
C. comosa, C. plumosa* C. Maldivica,
Ztodaicea Sechellarum.
Codonopsis ovata, Glossocotnia.
Coelogyne coronaria, Trichosma suavis.
Colchicum versicolor, Bulbocodium. C.
Caucasicum, Merendera Gaucasica.
Coleus Amboinicus, C. aromaticus.
Colletia ferox, C. horrida. C, horrida, C.
spinosa. C. ephedra and oboordata,
Eetanilla.
Collomia lateritia, (7. coccinea.
Columnea splendens, Nematanthus longi-
pes. C. grandiflora, C. splendens.
Colutea Pocockii, G. Haleppica. C. fru-
tescens, Sutherlandia. C. galegifolia,
Swainsoma.
Combretum laxum, C. secundum. C. ma-
crophyllum, C. latifolium. C. Afzelii,
Poivrea. C. barbatum, P. barbata. C.
purpureum, P. coccinea. C. como-
sum, P. comosa. C. decandrum, P. de-
candra. C. intermedium, P. intermedia.
Commersonia dasyphylla, Bytlneria.
Conium arracacha, Arracacha esculenta.
Conanthera bifolia, C. Simsii. C. campa-
nulata, Cummingia.
Connarus Africanus, OmphaloUum Afrl-
canum. C. Asiaticus, O. Indicum.
Conoclinium ianthinum, Eupatorium.
Conostylis Americana, Lophiola aurea.
Convallaria verticillata, Polygonatum ver-
ticillatum. C. polygonatum, P. vulgare.
C. Japonica, Ophiopogon Japonicits.
Convolvulus CairiCUS, 7jpom«a Oairica. C.
fastigiatus, I.fastifiiata. C.panduratus}
7. pandurata. C'. pilosus, I. pilosa.
C. umbellatus, J. polyanthes. C. stipu-
laceus, J. stipulacea. C. vitifolius, J. vi-
tifolia. C. canescens and polyanthus,
Jacquemontia canescens. C. pentantha,
J. violacea. C. pseudo-Siculus, O. elon-
gatus. C. decumbens, C. evolvuloides.
C.pudibundus and Portoricensis,P/mr-
bitis cathartica. C. Cflespitosa, Skinneria,
C. jalapa, Batatas jalapa, Exogonium
purga, and Ipomaa jalapa. C. macro-
rhizus, Batatas jalapa. C. sepium, Ca-
lystegia. C. spithamseus, C. sylvestris.
0. stans, C. tomentosa.
Conyza Chilensis, Engevon. C. ambigua,
E. linifolms.
Corbularia conspicua, Narcissus conspi-
cmts.
Corchorus Japonicus, Kerria Japonica.
Cordia Patagouula, Patagonula Amen-
can a.
Cordyline alba, Dracaena elliptica.
Coreopsis alata and procera, Actinomeris.
C. alternifolia, A. sqttarrosa. C. trip-
teris, Chrysostemma. C. heteropbylla,
Ximenesia Cavanillesii and Echinacea
heterophylla. C. coronata, Bidens Btr-
teriana.
Cornus capitata, Benthamia fragifera.
C. asperifolia and stricta asperifolia, C.
sericea asperifolia. C. oblongifolia, C.
sericea oblongifolia.
Coinutiapunctata, Hosta c&rulea.
Corydalis fungosa, Adlumia cirrhosa. C.
Canadensis and tenuifolia, Dielytra.
Corypba minor, Sabal Adansoni. C. pal-
mata, Cham&rops Palmetto. C. Ta-
liera, Taliera Bengalensis.
Costus afer hirsutus, C. maculatm. C.
speciosus angustifolius, C. Nepalensin.
Cotoneaster deniiculata, Nagelia.
Cotula quinqueloba, Lidbec/cia lobata.
Cotyledon csespitosa and coccinea,
Echeveria. C. calycinum, Bryophyl-
lum. C, lutea, Umbilicus ercctus. C.
umbilicus, U. pendulinus. C. serrata,
U. serratus. C. spinosa, 17. spinos-us.
C. purpurea, C. curvijlora. C. papil-
laris, C. decussata. C. ramosissima, C.
ramosa. C. mucronata, C. undulaia.
C. Hispanica, Pistorinia.
Crassula dichotoma, retroflexa, and gen-
tianoides, Grammanthes chlorcpflora.
C. cultrata, Globulea. C. rotundifolia,
Kalanchoe*
Cratsegus glauca, Stranvasia glaiicesccns.
C. lobata, C.flava lobata. C. Olive-
riana, C. oxycantha Oliveriana. C. la-
ciniata, (7. oxycantha rosea. C. edulis,
C. pyrifolia. C. Celsiana, C. tanaeeti-
folia Taurica. C. apiifolia, C. apiifolia
minor. C. macrantha, C. coccinea
macrantha. C. subvillosa, C. coccinea
subvillosa* C. orientalis, (7. orientalis
sanguinea. C. Sibirica and monogyna,
(7. oxycantha Sibirica. C. edulis, C.
punctata nigra. C. stricta, G. punctata
nigra stricta. C. glandulosa, G. coc-
cinea glandulosu. C. inlentata, C. coc-
cinea indentata. C.Indica,, Itaphiolepis.
C. torminalis, Pyrus. C. glabra, PAo-
tinia serrulata.
Cratseva fragrans and capparoides,
Richieafragrans.
Crepis barbata and coronopifolia, Tolpis.
C. filiformis, JEthionia. C. incana,
Andi'yala.
Crinum superbum, G. amabile. C. cam-
panulatura, (7. aguaticum. C. toxica-
rium, C. Asiaticum. C.. brevifolium,
G. bracteatum. C. Capense viridiflo-
rum, (7. crassi folium, C. rubrolimbo,
C. erubescens. C.revolutum, C.Herberti..
CEO
835 ]
DIA
Crotalaria sericea, C. Burmanni. C. hirta,
C. Cubensis. C. trifolias train, C. medi-
caginea. C. Chinensis, C. paniculata.
\ 0. Isevigata, C. Purshii. C. stricta and
anthylloides, C. Eoxburgldana. C. cae-
rulea, C. verrucosa. C. opposita, Raf-
' nia. C. cordifolia, Hypocalyplus obcor-
\datits. C. amplexicaulis, Vascoa am-
plexicaulis and perfoliata. C. floribunda
and obcordata, Viboryia obcordata.
Cruikshanksia cistiflora, Ledocarpum pc-
duncularis.
Cryptomeria Japonica pygmsea, C. Ja-
ponica nana.
Cucifera Thebaica, Hypliane coriacea.
Cucubalus chlorsefolius, Silene perfoliata.
Cucumis anguineus, Trichosantkes an-
guina.
Cucurbita citrullus, Cucumis. C.lagenaria,
Lagenaria vulgaris.
Cunninghamia lanceolata, C. Sinensis.
Cupia, Stylocoryne.
Cupressustriquetra, Callitris. C.thyoides,
Chamcecyparissphteroidea. C. Japonica,
Cryptomeria. C. glauca, C. Lusitanica.
Cyathea arborea, C. excelsa. C. dentata,
Aspidium dentatum.
Cyclamen Clusii, C. Europoeum. C. Eu-
ropaeum, C. hederlfolium.
Cyclobothra barbata, (7. lutea.
Cymation Isevigatum, Lichtensteinia lasvi-
gata.
Cymbidium iridioides, C. giganteum. C.
floridum, Bletia florida. C. hyacinthi-
num, B. hyacinthina. C. altum, B. ve-
recunda. C. cucullatum, Brassavola cu-
cullata. C. nodosum, B. nodosa. C. trip-
terura, Ccelia Baueriana. C. dependens,
Cirrhcea Loddigesii.
Cynanchum bicolor, Daemia. C. extensum,
D. extensa. C. discolor, Gonolobus. C.
maritimum, G.maritimus. C.viniinale,
Sarcostemma.
.Cynoglossum Virginicum, C. ample xicaule.
C. hirsuta, C. canescens. C. scorpioides,
Omphalodes. C. brassicsefolium, O. am-
plexicaulis. C. liriifolium, 0. linijolia.
C. nitida, O. nilidum. C. ompbalodes,
0. verna.
Cyperus elegans and odoratus, Papyrus.
Cypripedium humile, C. acaule.
• Cyrilla cocciuea, Achimenes. C. pulchella,
Trevirania.
Cyrtanthus uniflorus, Gastronema clava-
tum.
;Cyrtocbilum stellatum, Miltonia stdlata.
Cyrtopodium Woodfordii, Cyrtopera.
.Cytisus niger, pinnatus, and Wolgarica,
Galophaca Wolgarica. C. pseudo-Cajan,
Cajanus bicolor. C. Cajani, C. flaws.
C. argenteus, Lotus. C. foJiolosus, His-
panicus, and Telonensis, Adenocarpus.
C. complicatus, A. intermedius and par-
vifolius. C. pauciflorus, C. calycinus.
C. elongatus, C. multiflorus.
D.
Dactylanthus- globosa, Euphorbia.
Dalbergia arborea, Pongamia ylabra. D.
dtphaca, Diphaca Cochinchinensis. D.
Domingensis, Lonchocarpus.
Dalea Kuhnistera, Petalosiemvn corym-
bosum.
Dalibarda repens, D. violaoides. D. fra-
garioides, Comaropsis Doniana and
fi'agarioides.
Daraasonium stellatum, Actinocarpus da-
masonium.
Dahlia frustranea fulgens, Z>. crocata.
Daphne collina Neapolitana, D. Neapoli-
tana. D. cannabina, D. papyracea. D.
olesefolia, Z>. sericea. D. lagetta, La-
getta lintectria.
Darea appendiculata and odontites, Ca-
nopteris.
Davallia alata, Microlepia. D. primata
and flagellifera, M. primata. D. tiac-
cida, M. rhomboidea. D. Boryaua,
Odontolomia Boryanum.
Daviesia glauca, T). mimosoides* D. reti-
culata, Jacksonia.
Diastella vacciniifolia, Mimetes.
Delphinium tridactylum,,Z>. excdtatum.
D. hirsuturn, D. hybridum. D. inter-
medium, D. intermedium l-eptostachyum.
D. junceum, D. peregrinum. D. ambi-
guum. Z>. pubescens.
Dendrobium cucullatum, D. Pierardii. D.
aureum, D. heterocarpum.
Denhamia scandens, Culcasia.
Desfontainea splendens, Hookeri, and
acutangula, D. spinosa.
Desmanthus plenus, polyphyllus, and
punctatus, Neptunia plena.
Desmotricbum cymbidioides, Dendrobium.
Dianthus scaber, D. asper. D. glauco-
phyllns, Z>. Balbisii. D. pumilus, D.
barbatus latifolius. D. atro-rubens, D.
capitatus. D. orientalis, Z>. Jimbriatus.
D. neglectus, D.ijlacialis. D. furcatuii,
D. Homemanni. D. Willdenovii, D. Ibe-
ncus and Llbosckitzianus. D. petneus,
D. petraus majoribus. D. procumbent,
D.monadelphns. D. pallens, D.pallidi-
florus. D. moschatus and dubius, D.
plumarius. D. ochroleucus, D. pralensis.
D. Bisigniani, D. rupicola. D. virgi.
ETA
f 836 ]
ELO
neus, D. syhcstris.< D. pungons and
rupestris, D. virgineus.
Diapensia cuneii'olia, D. barbidata.
Dicksonia glutinosa, Sitolobium glutino-
sum. D. flaccida, 8. flaccidum, D.
pubescens, S. punctilobiwn. D. cul-
cita, Balantium. D. antarctica, Gibo-
tium Billaa'dieri. D. aculeata, Hypo-
lepis.
Dicliptera spinosa, Barleria lupulina.
Dictarnnus albus, D.fraxinella.
Didiscus cceruleus, Trachymene ccerulva.
Didymocarpus Eexii, Streptocarpus.
Didymochlsena sinuosa, D. truncatula.
Dielytra scandens, Dactylicapnos thalic-
trifulia.
Diervilla Canadensis, D. lutea.
Digitalis Canariensis and sceptrum, Iso-
plexls. D. granditiora, D. ambigua. D.
parviflora, Z>. lutea. D. intermedia, D.
media. D. ambigua, D. ochroleuca. D.
erubescens, D. purpurasccns.
Dilatris tinctoria and Heritiera, Lach-
nanthes tinctoria.
Dillenia, Wormia. D. scandens, Tetra-
cera volubilis.
Diilwynia pungens, Eutaxia.
Dimocarpus Litchi, Nephelium. D. Lon-
gan, N. Long ana.
Dimorpha grandiflora, Parivoa.
Dinebra cuitipendula, Atheropogon aphi-
doides.
Diosma, Audouinia. D. alba, Coleonem-a.
D. latifolia, serratifolia, and odorata,
Barosma crenulata. D. linifolia, B.
dioica. D. linearis, marginata, and vil-
losa, Adenandra. T). ambigua and
•orbicularis, Agathosma. D. cuspidata,
Linconia. D. deusta, L. thymifolia.
D. ciliata, Macrostylis obtitsa.
Dolichos polystachyos, Pkaseolus peren-
nis. D. soja, Soja hispida. D. obtusi-
folius, Canavalia obtiisifolia. D. ro-
seus, C. rose a. D. luteolus, Viyna
glabra.
Dombeya columnaris, Araucaria.
Donia ciliata, glutinosa, and squarrosa,
Grindelia.
Doronicum orientale, Z>. Caucasicum, D.
Peruvianum, Werneria rigida. D. vil-
losum, Diplocoma villosa.
Dorycniurn Ibericum, D.'lati folium. D.
Monspeliense, D. siiffnilicosum. D. hir-
sutum and incanum, D. tomentosum.
Draba, Aitbrietia. D. prtecox, Erophila.
D. verna, E. vulgaris. D. lutea and
longipes, D. gracilis. D. contorta, Z>.
incana. D. androsacea, D. Lapponica
arid Fladnicensis. D. hirta, JL>. muri-
cclln, rupi'st ) -is, arid sffllalrt. D.nixoiilcs,
D. brack]] stemo it. \). incana, D. confusa.
D. Pyrenaica, Petrocallis.
Dracaena australis, indivisa, and stricta,
Cordyline. D. spicata, terniflora, Wal-
lichii, maculata, and Javanica, D. cl-
liptica. D. marginata, D. tcssellata.
D. ensifolia, Dianella.
Dracocephalum grandiflorum, D. Altai -
ense. D. cordatum, Physostegia cordata
andCedronella cordata. D. denticulatum,
P/iysostegia denticulata. D. speciosum,
P. speciosa. D. variegatum, P. va-
riegata. D. Virginianum, P. Virginian a.
D. Mexicanum, Cedronella Mexicana.
D. Canariense, C. Mphylla.
Dracontium pertusum, Calla perlitsa.
Dracophyllum capitatum and gracile,
Spkenotoma.
Drimys Granatenis, Chilensis, and Mexi-
cana, D. Winteri.
Drosera intermedia, D. longifolla.
Dryandra falcata, Hemididia Baxleri.
Dryas octopetala, D. Drummondi. D.
integrifolia, D. tenella.
Duranta microphylla, D. Ellisia. D.
dentata, D. macrocarpa.
Duvalia. See STAPELIA.
Dyssodia porophylla, Bccbcra incana.
E.
Echinocactus obrepandus, Echinopsis
cristala. E. depressus, gibbosus, and
hystrix, Cactus (Echinocactus). E.
platacantha, C. cornigerus (Echinocac-
tus). E. ingens, C. visnaya (Ecliino-
cactus). E. recurvus, C.nobiles (Echi-
nocactus). E. polyacantha, C.polyacau-
tha (Melocactus).
Echinopsis campylacantha, Cereus leu-
can thus.
Echites, Aganosma. E. caudata, Sfro-
phanthus dichotomus. E. succulents,
Pachypodhtm succulentum. E.tuberosa,
P. tuberosum. E. sanguinolenta and
nutans, Hcemadictyon venosum. E.
suberecta, H. suberectum. E. crassi-
noda and splendens, Dipladenia.
Echium formosum, E. grandiflorum. E.
grandiflorum, E. macranthum. E. his-
pidum and elegans, E. Sibliiorpii.
Elffiocarpus lanceolata, E. grand/Jlonts.
E. peduncularis, Friesia.
Elseodendron argania, Argania sideroxy-
lon.
Elichrysum, Aphelexis and Astelma.
Elodea campanulata, Hypericum Virgi-
nicum.
ENC
[ 837]
FEE
Encpplmlartos, Zamia.
Encyclia patens, Epidendrum odoratissi-
mum.
Epacris rosea, Lysinema pungens rubrum.
Ephippium elongatum, capitatum, and
cornpressum, Cirrhopetalum. E. ciiia-
tum, C. Blumei.
Epidendrura ellipticura, E. crassifolium.
E. ciliare, E. cuspidatum. E. lineatiun,
E. fragrans. E. marginatum, E. ra-
diatum. E.basilare, E. Stamfordiarwm.
E. caudatum, Brassia caudata. E. cu-
cullatum, Brassavola cuctdlata. E. no-
dosura, B. nodosa. E. tripterum,
Ccelia Baneriana. E. subulatura,
Aerides cylindricum.
Epilobiura Halleri, E. Dodonai. E.
squamatum, E. rosmarinifolium.
Epipactis cucullata, JEriocltilns autttm-
nalls. E. ensitblia, palleus, and rubra,
Cephalanthera.
Epiphyllum splendidum and Hitcheni,
Gereus splendidus.
Epithecia glauca, Epidendrum glancum.
Eranthemum flavum, Barleriaflava.
Ereraurus Altaicus, Caucasicus, and
Tauricus, E. spectabilis.
Erica quadrittora, E. Bergiana. E. erio-
cephala, E. canescens. E. mirabilis,
E.Daphnoicles. E. rupestris, E. depressa.
E. octophylla, E. fascicularis. E.
Walkeriana, E. fasiigiata. E. Lin-
nseana perspicua, E. Llnnopana. E. Pa-
tersoniana coccinea, E. Patersonlana.
E. peduucularis, E. rulens, E. tri-
color, E. Spreiigelii. E. Cassonii, E.
varia. E. Dabfeci, Mcnziesia polifolia.
Erigei'on serpentarius, E. beUldifolius.
E. pubescens, Heterochata. E. gluti-
nosus, Inula saxatilis. E. viscosus, J.
viscosa.
Erinus fragrans, Lyperla.
Eriocalia major, Acllnotus helianthl.
Eriodendron Caribaium, E. anfractuosum
CariboBum.
Eriogonium flavum, E. sericettm.
Eriopappus paniculatus, Eupatorium pa-
niculatum.
Eriospermum latifolium, E. Bdlendeni.
Eriostemon salsoloides, Philotheca aus~
trails.
Erodium alpinum, E. caucalifolium. E.
graveolens, E. glandidosum. E. cha-
ma?dryoides, E. Reichardi. E. multi-
caule and Ituthenicum, E. serotinum.
E. multilidnm, E. Steplianiannm.
Ervura volubilis, Galaclia glabclla.
Erysimurn diffusurn, E.Andrzejosk'iamtm.
E. gran diHor urn, E. long (folium. E.
prascox, Barbarea. E. barbarea, B,
vitlgaris.
Erythronium Americanum, E. lanceola*
turn.
Escallonia bifida, E. Montevidensis.
Eucalyptus cordata, E. pnlvtrnkuta.
Eucnida Bartonioides, Microsperma.
Eugenia australis, macrophylla, acumi-
nata, macrocarpa, ternit'olia, amplesi-
caulis, and aquea, Jambnsa. E. Malac-
censis, J. purpurea. E. Jambos, J.
vitlgaris. E. myrtifolia, J. australis.
E. Zeylanica, Syzygium. E. acutan-
gula, Stravadlum acutangulum. E. ra-
cevnosa, S. racemositm. E. orbiculata,
Myrtus.
Euiophia crinita, Zygopetalum crinitum
and Mackayi. E. gracilis, Galeandra.
Euosma albiflora, Log curia floribun da.
Eupatorium molle, E. macro phyllum. E.
veronicsefolium, Bulbostylis verouicfrfo-
lia. E. squarrosum, B. Cavanillcsii.
E« cseruleum, Calestina caerulea. E.
micranthum, C. mierantha. E. ferru-
gineum, Ozothamnus ferrugineus. E.
rosmarinifolium, O. rosmarinifolius.
Euphorbia bupleuroides, E. Atlantica.
E. virgata, E. Lamarckii. E. Jacqui
niflora, E. pwnjfolia.
Euphrasia Salisburgeusis, E. alpina.
Euryale Amazonicum, Victoria regia.
Eurybia Gunniana, Olearia.
Eustoma Eussellianus, Lisyanthus. E.
silenifolia, L. glaucifolius.
Euthamia, Solidago.
Eutoca parviflora, Nemophila.
Evoclia tripbylla, Xanthoxylon triphyl-
lum.
Evolvulus sericeus, E. incanum.
Evosmus albidus, Lauriis Borbonia.
Exacum hyssopifolium and viscosum,
Hippion. E. verticillatum, Coutoubaa
and Hippion. E. ramosum, C. ramosa.
E. spicatum, C. spicata. E. vaginale,
Logania lalifolia.
F.
Fadyema, Aspidium.
Fagara Budrunga, pterota, and tragodes,
Xanthoxylon. F. piperita, X. piperititm.
F. triphylla, Evodia.
Fagus castanea, Caslanea vesca.
Fai'setia, Aubrictia, F. incana and mu-
tabilis, Bcrterua. F. Jigyptiaca, /*'.
cheiranlhoides.
Fedia rupestris, Patrinia.
Ferdiimndea superba, Crescentia macro-
FEE
[ 838 ]
GLY
Ferraria pavonia, Tigridia. F. tigridia,
T. pavonia. F. tricuspis, Vieusseuxia.
Ferrariola viridiflora, Ferraria antherosa.
Ferreola buxifolia, Maba.
Ferula nodiflora, F.ferulago. F. asafoe-
tida, F. Persica.
Ficaria ranunculoides, F. verna.
Ficus seabra, F. opposilifolia. F. nifida,
F. Hookeri. F.venosa and leucosticha,
F. leucotoma.
Fothergilla Gardeni, F. alnifolia acuta.
F. major, F. alnifolia obtusa. F. mira-
bilis, Chitonia Fothergilla.
Fragaria grandiflora, F. calycina.
Franciscea calycina and confertiflora,
Brunsfelsia calycina. F. Hopeana,
B. uniflora. F. capitata, B. hydrangece-
formis. F. Pohliana, B. acuminata.
Frankenia hispida, F. hirsuta. F. bir-
suta, F. intermedia.
Frasera Walter!, F. Carolinensis.
Fraxinus discolor, F. epiptera. F. crispa,
F. excelsior. F. simplicifolia, F. hetero-
1 phylla. F. nigra, F. pubescent. F.
striata, Ornus.
Fritillaria latifolia, F. nervosa. F. Pyre-
naica, F. nigra. F. meleagris and alba,
F. prcecox. F. racemosa, F. Pyrenaica
and tenella. F. minor, F. nervosa and
tenella. F. Thomsonia, Lilium roseum.
F. purpurea, Cyclobothra. F. barbata,
C. alba.
Fuchsia decussata, .P. gracilis.
Fumaria capreolata, F. media. F. cucul-
laria and eximia, Dielytra. F. pauci-
flora, Corydalis. F. solida, C. bulbosa,
F. fabacea, C. Caucasica. F. semper-
virens, C. glauca. F. cava albiiiora, (7.
\tuberosu atbijlora.
G.
Gagealutea, G.fasticularis.
Gaillardia bicolor Drummondii, G. picta.
Galactia pinnata, Barbieria polyphylla.
Galaxia plicata, Peyrousia fasciculata.
Galega filiformis and longifolia, Sweetia.
G. biflora, Caribsea, grandiflora, mu-
cronata, and ochroleuca, Tephrosia.
Galium reflexum, G. Tauricum, G. glau-
cum, Asperula galioides.
Galinsogea discolor, Verbesina atriplici-
folia.
Gardenia esculenta, Genipa. G. tubiflora,
Oxyanthus tubiflorus.
Gardoquia betonicoides, Cedronella Mexi-
cana.
Gasteiia longifolia, G. angulata. G. ni-
gricans, G.decipiens.
Gastonia palmata, Gilibertia.
Gaultheria tomentosa, G.ferruginea. G.
serpyllifolia, Phalerocarpus.
Gela lanceolata and oblongifolia, Ximenia.
Geledupa uliginosa, Pongamia.
Genist&\iscosa,,Adenocarpusfrankenioides.
G. prostrata, G. procumbens. G. Jami-
ensis, G. scariosa.
Gentiana quinqueflora, G. aurea. G.
ciliata, G. barbata and Jimbriata. G.
fimbriata, G. crinita. G. amarelloides,
G. Pyrenaica. G. rotata, Pleuroyyne.
G. verticillata, Coutoubaa.
Geofifroya inermis and racemosa, Andira.
Georgina pinnata, Dahlia superflua.
Geranium Grenvillea, Pelargonium con-
spicuum. G. capitatum, P. graveolena
variegatum. G. stenopetalum, P. lepto-
petalum. G. miniatum and album, P.
oxyphyllum. G. spinosum, Sareocauloii
Biirmanni. G. varium, G. cinernmn.
G. albanum, G. cristatum. G. prostia-
tum, G. Lancastriense. G. Londesii,
G. longipes. G. Pyrenaicum nemoro-
sum, G. nemorosum. G. Keichardi,
Erodium.
Gerardia Afzelia, Seymeria tenuifolia.
Gesnera pendulina, G. aggregata. G.
seabra, Conradia. G. ventricosa, C.
longiflora. G. odorata, Coleus aroma-
tictts. G. Regeliana, Sciodacalyx Wars-
zewiczii.
Geum Canadense, G. album. G. coc-
cineum, G. Atlanticum. G. sylvaticuui,
G. Chilense. G. inclinatum, G. Pyre-
naicum. G. potentilloides, Coluria. G.
Peckii and triflora, Sieversia.
Ghinia mutica, Tamonea. G. spinosa,
T. Curassavica.
Gilia pulchella, G, aggregata and Ipo-
mopsis elegans.
Githago Nicffiensis, Lychnis.
Gladiolus, Anisanthus. G. nanus, Babi-
ana nana. G. bicolor, tSynnotia. G.
galeatus, S. galeata.
Glaucium luteum, G. flavum. G. cor-
niculatum, G. phceniceum.
Gleditschia Icevis, G. triacanlhos inermis.
Globba Hura, G. racemosa.
Globularia vulgaris, G. linifolia. G.
salicina, G. longifolia.
Glomerata petrsea, Campanula Nicteensis.
G. Dahurica, C. speciosa.
Gloriosa simplex, G. Nepalensis.
Glossanthus Notoniana, Malabarica, and
Zeylanica, Wulfenia Notoniana.
Glycine, Wistaria. G. monoica, Amphi-
carpa. G. nlosa and sarmentosa, A .
sarmentosa, G. punctata, Poirctia
GLY
L 839 ]
EEL
scandens. Or. apios, Apios tuberosa. G.
huraifusa, Rothia trifoliata. G. sagit-
tata, Rudolphia dubia. G. lignosa
Swuetia. G. bitutninosa, Fagelia. G
Vincentina, Chatocalyx.
Glycyrrbiza aspera and hispida, G. as-
yerrima.
Gnaphakum, Astelma. G. alpinum, An-
tennaria. G. acuminatum, angustifo-
lium , apiculatum, arboreum, cephalotes,
congestum, conicura, crassifoliura, cris-
pmti, cymosum, dasyanthum, diosmse-
folium, divaricatum, ericoides, fruti-
cans, helianthemifolium, lasiocaulon,
odoratissimura, orientate, patulum,
rutilans, and Stsecbas, Helichrysum.
G. arenarium, H. affine. G. grandi-
florum, H. grandiflorum au&fruticans.
G. divergens, Metalasia. G. fastigiatum,
M. fastigiata. G. leontopodium, Leon-
topodium Helveticum. G. coronatum,
Petalacte coronata.
Gnidia itcerosa, G. juniperifolia. G, fila-
mentosa, Lachncea buxifolia,
Gonieza recurva, Rodriguezia.
>. Gompholobium fimbriatum, G. barbige-
rum and latifolium. G. Celsianum,
Platychilum. G. minus, JBurtonia minor.
Gomphostylis Candida, Ccelogyne macu-
lata.
Gongora macrantha and speciosa, Cory-
anthes. G. vhidi-purpurea, CiirJuea.
Goniopteris canescens, Nephrodium
Blumei.
Goniostemon. See STAPELIA.
Gonolobus hirsutus, G. Garolinensis. G.
viridiflorus, G. Nuttallianus.
Goodenia ramosissima, Sccevola hispida.
G. albida, S. microcarpa. Q. calendu-
lacea, 8. suaveolens.
Gorteria rigens, Gazania.
Grammitis Have seen s and Hamilton!, Sel-
liguea. G. decurrens, S. pothifolia. G.
elongata and lanceolata, Phlebodium
elongatum. G. furcata, Monogramma
trichoidea and/wrcate. G. linearis, Pleu-
rogramma. G. heterophylla and serru-
lata, Xiphopteris.
Gratiola veronicsefolia, Bonnaya.
Grevillea blechnifolia, G. Caleyi. G.
concinna, G. plani folia.
Grindelia angustifolia, G. Duvalii. G.
Sibirica, Aster incisus.
Guarea trichilioides, G. grandiflora.
Guatteria lucida, Stenostomum lucidum.
Guettardia coccinea, Iscrtia.
Gymnadenia angustifolia, Orchis Iberica.
Gymnogramraa asplenioides and polypo-
dioides, Lcptogramma. G. villosa, L.
villosum. G. sinuata, Nothochlcena. Q.
canescens, Nephrodium Blumei.
Gypsophila dianthoides and stiicta,
Tunica. G. scorzonersefolia, G. sabu-
losa.
Gyronia Virginica, Medeola.
H.
Habenaria ciliaria, cristata, dilatata, fim-
briata, herbiola, hyperborea, incisa,
psychodes, and lacera, Platanthera. H.
gigantea, P. Susanna. H. blephari-
glottis, P. holopetala. H. orbiculata,
P. Huokeri. H. spectabilis, Orchis.
Habrothamnus cyaneus, lochroma tubu-
losa.
Haemanthus ciliaris, Bntnsvigia. H.
toxicarius, B. toxicaria.
Hamiltonia fruticosa, Leptodermis lanceo-
laia.
Harina densiflora, Wallichia.
Haronga paniculata, H, Madagascariensh.
Harrachia speciosa, Crossandra undulte-
folia.
Hastingia scandens, Holmskioldia. II.
coccinea, H. san guinea.
Haworthia concava, H. cymliformis. H.
rigida, H. expansa. H. fasciculate,
H. Reinwarti.
Hebecliniura iantbinum, Eupatorium.
Hebenstreitia aurea, H. integrifolia.
Hedaroma tulipiferum, Genetylli* iullpi-
fera.
Hedera, Aralia.
Hedycbium angustifolium, H. attrantia-
cum and coccineum.
Hedyotis campanulaeflora, Lipostoma.
Hedysarum Sibiricum, H. alpinum. IT.
alpinum, H. alpinum pedicelare. H.
obscurum Altaicum, H. brachysemum.
H. humile, H. candidum humile. H.
tuberosum, Puerarta tuberosa. H. sax-
atile, Onobrychis saxatilis. H. biarti-
culatum and elegans, Dicerma. H.
volubile, Galactia mollis. H. pseudo-
albagi, Alhagi camelorum. H. alhagi
manna Hebraica, A. Maurorum. H.
tetraphyllum, Zornia Capensis and te-
traphylla. H. muricatum, Adesmia mu-
ricata. See UKARIA.
Eeintzia tigrina, Besleria.
Selenium Douglasii, Monolopia major.
Helianthemum rosenm, H. canescens. H.
sampsucifolium, H. ocymoides.
Eeliantbus pubescens, H. Hookeri. H.
asper, H. petiolaris. H. dentatus,
Viguiera dentata.
FTeliconia buccinata, 77. Tndica. H. psit-
tacorum, //. Swartziana.
HEL
[
Helicteres apetala, Sterculia hellcteres.
Heliophila pinnata, H. pendula and tri-
fida. H. iutegrifolia, H. pilosa.
Heliotropioxu grandiflorum, H. corymbo-
sum. H. Indicum, Tiaridium. H.
gnaphalodes, Tournefortia.
Helleborus trifolius, H. lividits integrilo-
bus and Cpplis Irijoliata. H. h.) emails,
£ rant his.
Helonias latifolia, H. bullato. H. Iseta,
H. erythrosperma. H. asphodeloides
and tenax, Xerophyllum. H. graminea,
X. gramineum. H. bracteata, Zyyade-
ttus bracleatus. H. glaberrima, Z. com-
mutatm. H. Virginica, Z. Virginiciim.
Hemeroeallis lanceffiiblia, Funkla. H.
caerulea, F. ovata. H. Japonica, F.
subcordata.
Hemimeris urticsefolia, Alonsoa incisifoUa.
H. coccinea, A. lirtearis.
Hemionitis pedata,- rufa, and tartarea,
Gymnogramma. H. pothifolia, Selli-
guea. H. prolifera, Meniscium pro-
liferum. H. lanceolata, Anlrophyum
lanceolatum. H. plantaginea, Drynarlu
hemioiiitidea. H. esculenta, Diplazium
esculcntum. H. grandifolia, D. yruiuli-
folium.
Henckelia criuita, Didymocarpus cri-
nitus.
HeracanthaTaurica, Kentrophyllum Tau-
ricum.
Hermannia latifolia, H. micans.
Hesperis Sibirica, H. matronalis Sibirica.
H. inodora, H. matronalis sylvostris. H.
bituminosa, H. runcinata bituminosa.
H. verna, Arabis. H. litorea, Alrioana,
and arenaria, Malcolmia.
Hexacentris lutea, H. Mysorensis.
Hibbertia corifolia, H. pedunculata.
Hibiscus racemosus, H. cancellatus. H.
digitatus, If. digitatus Kerianus. H.
ficulneus, H. diversifolius. H. gran-
diflorus, H. heterophyllus. H. aculea-
tus, H. scaber. H. populneus, Thes-
pesla populnea. H, Patersonii, Lagu-
naria. H. lilacinuSj i. lilacina.
Hieracium fruticosum, ^thionia fruti-
cosa. H. rerbascifolium, H. anchuses-
folium. fl. prenanthoides, H. denticu-
Catnm. H. collinum, H.fiayellare. H.
collinum cymosum, H. Gochnati. H.
montanum, JEf. incarnatum. H. in-
tegrifoliura, H. succiscefolium.
Hippocrepis coniosa, H. Helvetica.
Hippophae argentea and Canadensis,
Shepherdia.
Hiptage obtusifolia, Gaertnera. H. man-
dablota, G. racemosa.
10 ] ILE
Hohenbergia strobilacea, Acanthostachys.
Holeus, Arrhenathernm.
Hookeria coronaiia, Brod'uza grandijiora.
Hopkirkia scandens, Salmea.
Horminum caulescens, Lepcchinia spicata.
H. Pyrenaicum, Melissa Pyrenaica.
Hornemannia ovata, Vandd'lia Crustacea.
H. viscosa, F, hirsitta.
Hortensia opuloides, Hydrangea hortensis.
Houstonia coccinea, Bouvardia triphylhi.
Hovea lanigera, H. pannosa.
Hovenia acerba, II. dulcis. H. dulcis,
77. inaqualis.
Hoya lanceolata and pallkla, 77. paraxitica.
H. coriacea, C entrust emmu njlexuin.
Huttia elegans, Cahctasia cyanea.
Kyacinthus moschatus, Hit scan moscha-
tnm. H. Roman us, Bellevalia vper-
culala.
Hydrangea radiata, 77. nivea.
Hydrocera. See TYTONIA.
Hydrolea Caroiiniana, 77. qitadrivalvis.
Hydropbyllura Magellanicum, Phacelia
circinata. H. appeudiculatum, Ntmu-
phila paniculatti.
Hymenocallis patens, 77. Coymanensis.
H. alatum, Trichomanes brevisettim.
Hymenolepis opbioglossoides, Gymnop-
tcris.
Hyoscyanius scopolia, Scopolia Carnio-
lica.
Hyperanthera moringa, Moringa ptery-
(josperma.
Hypericum, Vismia. A. alternifolium,
Reaumuria hypericoides. H. noonogy-
uum, 77. Chinense. H. Koblianum, 77.
elegans. H. aspalatboides, H.fnscicu-
officinale.
Hypocyrta discolor, Alloplectus dichrous.
Hyssopiis anisatus, Stachys faaiiculum
and Lophanthm anisatus. H. orientalis,
77. ofiici»alis angustijblius. H. Scblei-
cheri, 77. njftcinaiis canesccns. H. ne-
petoides and scropbularioides, Lopfiun-
thus. H. lonhanthus, L. urtica-Jotuis.
Iberis cepsefolia, 7. Tenoreana. I. ro-
tundifolia and stylosa, Hntchlnsia.
Icacorea Guianensis, Ardisia acvminata.
Ilex nata, 7. recurva. I. Japonica, BKY-
beris Bealei. I. myrsiuitis, Myyinda
myrtifolia. I. Canadensis, Neniopan-
tlies Canadensis and Prinos lucidvSi I.
crocea, Elaeodendron crocenm. I. skirn-
rnia, Shlmmia Japonica. I. prinoides,
Priiws deciduus.
IMA
C 841 ]
KAU
Tmatophyllum Aitoni, Olivia nnbilis.
Impatiens biglandulosa, I. Ifookeriana.
I. balsamina, 7. hortensis. I. corni-
feraj /. cornuta. I. biflora, I.fulva.
. natans, Tytonia.
Incarvillea grandiflora, Tecoma. I. to-
naentosa, Bignonia.
Indigofera hirsuta, J. lateritia. I. angu-
lata, 7. sylvatica. I. cserulea, 7. tinc-
toria. I. stricta, Tephrosia.
Inga marginata, I. Burgoni. I. Afze-
lioides, I. hymenoides. I. Harrissii,
Calliandra. I. biglobosa, Parkia Afri-
cana.
Inula montana, I. calycina. I. thap-
soides, I. verbascif cilia. I. scabra,
Heterotheca.
lonidium longifolium, Noisettia longifolia.
Ipomaea angustifolia and denticulata, 7.
filicaulis. I. rubro-ceerulea, /. Hooker i.
I. Michauxii, J. macrorhiza rubra. I.
maritima, J. pes capra*. I. palmata, 7.
Cairica. I. speciosa, Argyreia. I.
purga and Schiediana,^.ro^o»iwwz purga.
I. filiformis, E.filiforme. I. repanda,
J?. repandum. I. Bignonioides, Bona-
riensis, Cavanillesii, glaucifolia, hete-
rophylla, pentaphylla, Senegalensis,
ternata, venosa, and Willdenovii, Ba-
tatas. I. batatas, B. e dulls. I. erio-
sperma, gossypifolia, and insignis, B.
paniculata. I. jalapa, B. jalapa and
Exogonium purga. I. coccinea, digi-
tata, hederifolia, longiflora, luteola,
phoenicea, sanguinea, and triloba,
Quatnoclit. I. quarooclit, Q. vulgarls.
'I. Gangetica, .R/yea tilitsfolia. I. punc-
tata, scabra, varia, barbata, barbigera,
coerulescens, cuspidata, Dillenii, hede-
racea, and bispida, Pliarbitis. I. nil
and cserulea, P. nil. I. catbartica and
pudibunda, P. cathartica.
Ipomopsis elegans, Gilia aggregata. I.
inconspicua, G. parvijlora.
Iris bicolor, Moraea. I. morseoides, M,
iridioidcs. I. villosa and tricuspis,
Vieusseuxia. I. pavonia, F". glaucopis
and pavonina. I. tripetala, F. tripeta-
loldes, I. Hookeri, and 7. tridenlata. I.
gracilis, I. Boltoniana. I. spatulata,
7. desertorum. I. Nepalensis, 7. Humei.
I. paradoxa, 7. Iberica. I. stenogyna,
7. ochroleuca. I. aphylla, 7. Swertii.
I. pumila, 7. violacea.
Iroucana Guianensis, Casearia ramiflora.
Ismene Knightii, Hymenocallis rotata.
Jsotoma axillaris, Lobelia senecioides.
Ixia anemoniflora, Sparaxix. I. bicolor,
Synnctia. I. angusta, Hesperantha. I.
purptirascens, Trichonema. I.coelestina,
!T. ccelestinum. I. quadrangula, T.
quadrangulum. I. ramiflora, 7'. rami-
jtorum. I. stricta, Babiana angustifolia.
I. villosa, J?. obtusifolia.
Ixora Pavetta, 7. arborea. I. alba, 7.
blanda. I. longifolia, 7. fnlgens. I.
coccinea and flammea, 7. stricta. I.
fasciculata and spinosa, Chomelia. I.
paniculata, Pavetta Indica.
J.
Jacaranda alba and echinata, Bignonia.
J. tomentosa, I?, mollis. J. rhoinbifo-
lia, J.filicifulia. J. ovalifolia, ,7". mimo-
sifolia.
Jacquemontia violacea, J. canescens. J.
pentantha, 7. violacea.
Jasminum Wallicbianum, J. pubigerum.
J. flexile, 7. torluosum.
Jatropba Lneflirigii and Manihot, Janipha.
J. elastica, Siphonia Cahucha.
Jeblia fucbsioides, Lopezia macrophylla.
Jonesia pinnata, 7. Asoca.
Josepba angusta, Biigainvillaa spectaMlis.
Jossiuia orbiculata, Myrtus.
Juglans beterophylla and filicifolia, /.
re^ria laciniata. J. amara, compressa,
obcordata, porcina, and sulcata, Carya.
J. squamosa and alba, (7. aZ&a. J. an-
gustifolia and olivseformis, (7. oUvce-
formis.
Junipe.rus Canadensis, 7. communis Cana-
densis. J. nana, J. communis nana. J.
Suecica, 7. communis Suecica. J. aipina,
7. sabina aipina. J. prostrata and
repens, 7. sabina prostrata. J. tama-
riscifolia, J". sabina lamariscifolia. J.
Caroliniana, J^. Virginiana. J. vulgaiis
fruticosa, «7. communis vulgaris. J. com-
munis erecta, 7. communis vulgaris. J.
Lusitanica, J. sabina cupressifolia. J.
elata, Dacrydium.
Justicia flavicoma, J". calytricha. J. ob-
longata, J. nodosa. J. tinctoria, J. 22oo;-
buri/hiana. J. pulcherrima, Aphelandra
cristata. J. Gangetica, Asystasia Corc-
mandeliana. J. picta alba, Grapiophyl-
htm hortense album. J. flava, Barleria.
J. guttata, Phlogacanthus guttattts. J.
thyrsiflora, P. thyrsijiorus. J. glabra,
Hhapidospora.
K.
Eadsura propinqua, Spharostema pro-
pinqntim.
Kaulfussia ciliata, Felicia tenella.
KEN
[842
LIN
Kennedya cordata, Comptoniana, macro-
phylla, monophylla, and ovata, Harden-
bergia. K. latit'olia, K. ovata. K. gla-
brata and pannosa, Zichya. K.dilatata,
Z. sericea and jfit. inophylla.
Kleinia tomentosa, Cacalia Haworthii.
Klugia Notoniana, Wulfcnia.
Kniphovia aloides and uvaria, Tritoma
uvaria.
Knoxia corymbosa, K. Sumatrensis. K.
umbellata, K. teres.
Kodda-pail, Pistia stratiote*.
Lacathea florida, Gordonia pubescent.
Lafoensia Vandelliana, L. microphylla.
Lamarckia dentata, Elaodendron australe.
Lanaria plumosa, Argolasia.
Langeria hirsuta and odorata, Guettardia.
L. lucida, G. lucida and Stenostomum
Ittcidum.
Lasiopetalum purpnreum, Thomasia pur-
purea. L. triphyllum, T. triphylla. L.
arborescens, Seringia platyphylla.
Lasiorhiza rosea, Chabrcea runcinata.
Latania Chinensis, L. JBorbonica.
Lathyrus fruticosus, Coursetia tomentosa.
L. Bithynicus, Vicia Bithynica.
Launis Borbonica, Carolinensis. L. persea,
Persea gratissima. L. Beiolgota, Cu-
lilaban, and Malabatrum, Cinnamomiim.
L. glauca, C. gluucum. L. gracilis,
C. gracile. L. montana, C. monian um.
L. nitida, C. nitidum. L. cassia, C.
cassia and vernum. L. cinnaraomura,
(7. cassia and vernum. L, dulce and
Burmanni, C. dulce.
Lavandula formosa, L. pinnata pubescens.
L. carnosa, Anisochilus.
Lavatera Empedoclis, L. flava. L. un-
dulata, L. pseudo-olbia.
Lawsonia inermis, L. alba. L. spinosa,
L. purpurea.
Lebeckia nuda, Indignfera.
Ledum Grsenlandicum, L. Canadense. L.
buxifolium, Ammyrslne buxifolia.
Leimanthum. See ZYGADENUS.
Leiophyllum tbymbifolium, Ammyrsine
buxifolia.
Lenticula palustris, Pistia stratiotes.
Leontice thalictroides, Caulophyllum.
Leontopodium vulgare, L. Helveticum.
Lepidium oppositifolium, Eunomia oppo-
sitifolia. L. procumbens, Hutchinsia.
L. alpinura, H. alpina. L. calycinum,
II. calycina. L. petrseum, H. petr&a.
IjeptanthesTcemfoYmis.Helerantheraacuta.
Leptanrhena pyrolaslblia, Saxifraga.
Leptochilus axillaris, Gymnopteris nico-
tianaefolia.
Leptospermum grandifolium, L. grandi-
florum. L. ambiguum, Metrosideros co-
rifolius.
Leptostegia lucida, Onychium lucidum.
Leschenaultla Baxterii, L. oblata.
Lespedeza reticulata, L. violacea reticu-
lala. L. sessiliflora, L. violacea sessili-
Jlora. L. hirta, L. villosa. L. diver-
gens, L. violacea divergens.
Lettsomia, Argyreia.
Leucadendron grandiflorum, Leucosper-
mum.
Leuceria runcinata, Chabraa. L. sene-
cioides, Trixis.
Leucographis lamium and Vogeliana,
Brillantauia Owariensis.
Leucojum maritimum minus, Malcohnia
litorea. L. autumnalis, Ads. L. ro-
seum, A. roseus. L. trichophylliim, A.
trichophyllus.
Leucopogon parviflorus, L. Richei.
Leucosceptrum canum, Ckrodendron leu-
cosceptritm.
Leucothoe newifolia and crassifolia, An-
dromeda neriifolia*
Ligbtfootia tenella, L. Loddigesii.
Ligusticum levisticum, Levisticum ojfici-
nale. L. Nepalense, L. spicatum.
Liliura fulgens, L. atro-sanguineum. L.
autumnale, L. Carolinianum. Lv spe-
ciosissimum, L. eximium. L. lascitb-
lium, L. speciosum. L. lanci folium ro-
seum, L. speciosum punctatum. L.
Pennsylvanicum, L. spectabile. L.
Thomsonianum, L. roseum. L. eor-
difolium, L. giganteum. L. Kamt-
schatkense, Fritillaria lanceolala. L.
pudicum, F. pudica.
Limodorum altum, Bletia verecunda. L.
ebui-neum, Angrcecum. L. tuberosum,
Cttlopoyon pulchelhis.
Limonia pentaphylla, Clausena. !>. lau-
reola, Skimmia Japonica.
Limcvnium monopbyilum,-<4/aZan^a mono-
pliylla.
Linaria speciosa, L. bipartita. L. strkta,
L. Monspessulana.
Lindernia Japonica, Mazus ntgosus.
Lindssea ensifolia and heteropbylla,
Schizoloma. L. tenuifolia, Odontoloma
temiifolium. L. lobulosaj Synuphle-
bium lobulosum. L. pectioata, S.pecti-
vatum. L. recurvata, nitens, and ser-
pens, S. recurvatum.
Sinningia calycina, Conradla.
Linum perenne, L. Anglicum and Siliri-
cum. L. tenuifolium bicolor, L. bicoior.
LIP
[843 ]
HAL
L. angustifolium decmnbens, L. decum-
bens. L. angustifolium, L. maryinatum.
L. Austriacuin, L. Sibiricum and squa-
mulosum.
Liparia graminifolia, capitata, hirsuta,
laevigata, myrtifolia, sericea, teres, to-
mentosa, umbellifera, vestita, and vil-
losa, Priestleya.
Liquidambar orientale, L. imberbe.
Liquiritia officinalis, Glycyrrhiza glabra.
Lisyanthus longifolius, Leianthus longifo-
lius and Tachia longifolia. L. ophio-
rhiza, Metternichia principis. L. cordi-
folius, Tachia cordifolia. L. exsertus,
T. Swartzii. L. glaucifolius, L. Rus-
sellianus. L. trifidus and tetragonus,
L. acutangidus. L. angustifolius, L.
Kunthii.
Lithospermum canescens, Batschia. L.
hirtum, B. Gmelini. L. latifolium, L.
officinale latifolinm.
Litsea citrifolia, Tetranthera apetala. L.
Zeylanica, T. trlnervis.
Loasa tricolor, L. nitida. L. ambrosise-
folia, L. hispida. L. acanthitblia, L.
Placei, L. Pentlandica and lateritia,
Gajop fiora. L. volubilis, Scyphanthus
grandtflorus. L.palnaata, Blumenbachia
insiynis.
Lobelia erinoides, L. campanuloidcs. L.
Goodenioides, L. Claytoiriana. L. ma-
culata, L. rugulosa. L. pedunculata.
L. Simsii. L. Surinamensis, Siphocam-
pylos. L. gigantea, S. giganteus. L.
speculum, Monopsis cunspicua. L. Ion-
giflora, Hippobroma longijloriim. L. ar-
guta, polyphylla, and purpurea, Tnpa.
L. gigantea and salicifolia, T.salicifolia.
L. tu pa, T. Feuillei. L. cardamines and
Tolubilis, Cifphia. L. Begonisefolia and
corymbosa, Pratia. L. concolor, P.
erecta. L. unidentata and varii folia,
Parastranthus. L. lutea, P. simplex.
Loiseleuria procumbens, Chamaeledon.
Lomaria antarctica, L. alpina. L. obtusi-
folia, obtusa, setigera, and zamioides,
L. Magellanica. L. aurita, Cbilensis,
and ornifolia, L. vestita. L. limonifolia,
sorbi folia, and spondit'olia, Stenochlcena.
L. filiformis and propinqua, S. lietero-
morpha.
Loncbitis hirsuta, Litobrochia,
Lonicera Sibirica, L. alpigena Slbirica. L.
campaniflora, L. nigra campaniflora. L.
glabratum, Capr/folium Ghinense. L.
caprifolium, G. Italica. L. Diervilla,
XHervilla lutea. L. symphoricarpus,
Symphoricarpus vulgaris.
Lopezia grandiflora, L. macrophylla.
Lophospermum rhodochiton, L. atro-san-
gitineum.
Loranthus floribundus, Nuytsia flori-
bunda.
Lotus dififusus, L. angustissimus. L. de-
cumbens, L. Forsteri. L. pinnatus,
Hosackia bicolor. L. sericeus, H. Pur-
shiana. L. australis, Carmichaelia. L.
biflorus and siliquosus, Tetragonolobus.
L. conjugatus, T. biflorus and conju-
gatus. L. tetragonolobus, T.purpureus.
L. hirsutus, Dorycnium hirsutum. L.
rectus, D. rectum. L. dorycnium, D.
sujfruticosum. L. tomentosus, sericeus,
and affinis, D. tomentosum.
Loxotis Zeylanica, Rhyncoglossum Zey~
lanicum.
Ludia tuberculata, L. sessilijlora. L. he-
terophylla, Prockia theaformis.
Ludovia funifera, Carludovica.
Lumnitzera ocymoides, Moschosma,
Luuaria annua, L. b-iennis.
Lupinaster pentaphyllum, Trifolium lupi.
naster. L. oblongifolium, T. purpuras-
cens.
Lychnis brachypetala, L. apetala pavc'i-
flora. L. Pyrenaica, Ayrostemma.
Lycium carnosum, L, rigidum.
Lycopodium apothecium, L. Brazilicnse.
L. Helveticum, L. denticulatum. L.
cuspidatum, L. cordatum. L. unibro-
sum, L. plumosum.
Lygodium dichotomum, L. flexuosum.
Lysimachia quadrifolia, L. longifolia.
Lythrum Kennedyanum, L. alatum. L.
diliusuni, L. lanceolalum.
M.
Macrsea, Viviania.
Macrochilus Fryanus, Miltonia spectabilis.
Macrocnemuni coccineum, Musscenda
coccinea.
Madia mellosa and viscosa, M. sativa.
Msesa tomentosa, M. macrophylla.
Magnolia gracilis and Yulan, M. con-
spicua. M. tomentosa, M. Kobns. M.
umbrella, M. tripetala. M. pumila,
Talauma. M. odoratissima, T. Can-
dollii.
Maheraia odorata, M. glabrata. M. Bur-
chellii, M. grandiflora. M. grandiflora,
Hermannia.
Mahonia nervosa and glumacea, Berberi*
nervosa. M. Japonica, B. Bealei.
Malaxis caudata, Brassia.
Malesherbia coronata, M. linearifolia.
Malpighia punicifolia, M. biflora. M.
canescens, glandulifera, and nitida,
MAL
[844]
LIES
Bunchosia. M. altissima, coriacea,
craasifolia, lucida, Moureila, pallida,
verbascifolia, and volubilis, Byrsonima.
M. macrophylla, B. nervosa.
Malva alceoides, M. Morenii. M. sco-
paria, M. scabra. M. reflexa, M. tri-
dactylites. M. Caroliniana, Modlola and
Sphasralcea. M. abutiloides, angusti-
folia, decumbens, elegans, obtusiloba,
prostrata, and urnbellata, Sphceralcea.
Mamrnillaria csespitosa, Cactus densus
(Mammillaria). M. strarainea, C.
Jiavescens (Mararaillaria). M. stellaris,
C.stellata (Mammillaria).
Manettia cordifolia, M. glabra.
Mangifera glauca, Elaodendron.
Manglilla Canariensis, Myrsine. M. Mil-
leriana, M. mitis.
Mangostana Garcinia, Garclnia mango-
stana.
Manulea cordata, fcetida, and \illosa,
Chanostoma. M. hispidaand oppositi-
folia, C. hispida. M. pedunculata, pin-
natifida, and violacea,, Lyperia.
Maranta zebrina, Calatfiea. M. comosa,
Phrynium comosum.
Marica iridioides, Sisyrinchium Bermudi-
anum. M. iridifolia, S. iridifolium. M.
plicata, S. plicatum. M. gladiata, Bo-
bartia.
IMarrubium affine, M. leonnroides. M.
apulum, M. vulgare lanatum.
Martynia annua, M. proboscidea.
Massonia pustulata, M. scubra.
Mathiola scabra, Guetlarda.
Maxillaria placanthera, M. viridis. M.
macrophylla, Skinneri, tetragona, aro-
matica, Barringtonia?, costata, cruenta,
and Deppn,Lycasle. M. galeata, Acro-
pera Loddujesii. M. Steelii, Scuticaria.
M. citrina lentiginosa, Eollissonii, Sta-
pelioides, and xantnina, Promencea.
M. atro-purpurea, aureo-fulva, and
vitellina, Bifrenaria. M. Brocklehursti-
ana, Houllelia. M. Warreana, \Var-
reana tricolor. M. cristata, Paphinia.
Meconopsis petiolata, M. diphylla.
Medeola asparagoides, Myrsiphytlum.
Medicago tricycla, M. striata. M. pu-
bescens, M. Hornemanniana. M. he-
lix, M . laevis. M. lupulina anguiculata,
M. mniocarpa.
Medusa major, Euphorbia caput Medusa.
Megasea ciliata, Saxifraga ligulata.
Melaleuca, Astartea. M. parvitlora, M.
decussata. M. canescens and tomen-
tosa, M. incana. M. Cajaputi, M.
minor. M. epacridea, M. siypheloides.
M. discolor, M. thymifutia.
\ Melanthium Virginicum^i/^a^e'ntw. M.
hybridum, latit'olium, and racemosum,
Z. hybridum. M. monoicum and poly-
gamum, Z. monoicum. M. euconioi-
des, Androcymbium. M. monopetalum,
Wurmbea campanulata. M. spicatum,
W. purpnrea.
Melastoma Malabathrica, M.macrocarpa.
M. granulosa, Lasiandra Fontanesiana.
M. subtriplinervium, Heteronoma. M.
nivea, Heterotrichum niveum. M. ar-
borescens, Loreya. M. Fothergilla, Di-
plochita and Ckitonia. M. Tamonia,
Z). Swartziana and C. Tamonia. M.
Nepalensis, Osbecfcia. M. Osbecki-
oides, O. Chinensis. M. aquatica and
discolor, Aciotis. M. purpurascens.
Ossaa. M. acinodendron, grandifoha,
Isevigata, and trinervia, Miconia. M.
purpurea, M. purpurascens. M. trival-
vis, Microlicia bivalvis. M. albicans and
pyramidalis, Chitonia. M. Swartziana,
C'. TamonioL. M. discolor, Tetrazygin.
M. tetrandra, T. discolor and Miconia
tetrandra. M. heteromalla, Pleroma.
M. viilosum, P. villosa.
Melilotus Sibirica, Medicago. M. brachy-
loba, 3f. brachycarpa.
Melissa altissima and cordifolia, If. q^j-
cinalis villosa. M. alba, Nepeta Croa-
tica. M. granditiora, Calami ntha.
Melloca tuberosa and Peruviana, Basella
tuberosa.
Melocactus Besleri, Cactus placentiformis
(Melocactus).
Melvillea speciosa, Cuphea Melvilla.
Meniscium proliferum, Goniopteris pro-
lifera.
Menispermum Virginicum, Jlf . Canadense
lobata. M. cocculus, Cocculus Plukenctii.
M. fenestratum, Cosciniumfenestralum.
Mentha rivalis, Jlf. arvensis. M. borealis,
Jf. Canadensis glabrata. M. odorato,
Jl/. citrata. M. Capensis, Jf. salicina.
M. hirta, Jl/. suavis. M. brevispicata
and leevigata, M. viridis. M. crispatn,
If. viridis crispa. M. quadrifolia, X>rj/-
sophylla. M. pumila and verticillaui,
D. pumila. M. australis, Micromeria.
Menyanthes Americana, J/. trifoliata
Americana. M. Indica and nymphoides,
Merendera montana, Colchicum mon-
tanum.
Meriana speciosa, Tocoycna longijlora.
Myrsine Heberdenia, Ardisia cxcclsa.
Mertensia. Sec PULMONAUIA.
Mesembryanthenium canescens, M. pul~
cliellum. M. hirsutum^ M. stellatum*
MKS
C 845 ]
NAR
M. hispidnm, M. subhispiclum. M. stel-
Jiituin, jW. (f-racile. M. Candollii, M.
hdianthoidcs. M. purpureo-croceura,
M. inslitium. M. dimidiatum, JW. lace-
rum. M. magnipunctatum, I/, nobile.
JM. micranthum, IT. parvi/forum.
Mespilus grandiilova and Smitliii, M. lo.
lata. M. lineaii?, Cratcegns crus-galli
linearis. M. nan a, Q. crus-galli nana.
M. Constantinopoiitar.*, C. coccinea
Nuapolilana. M. Japonica, Eriobotrya.
M. cuila, E. elliptic*- II. Canadensis,
Amelunchur snngitinea. M. Amelan-
chier, .4. vul;/aris. M. Bengalensis,
Photinia dubia. M. cotoneaster, Cote-
ncaster vuli/aris.
Messerschmidtia Caracasana, umbellata,
and veludna, Tourneforlia.
Metalasia umbellata, Erythropogon. M.
uniflora, J5/. imbricatus.
Metrosideros paucifiora, .Eremaa pilosa.
M. floribunda, Acmena. M. lophau-
thus, rugulosus, salignus, speciosus,
and viminalis, Callistemon. M. citrinus,
(7. lanceolatus, M. laispidus, Angophora
coriKfottd.
Metroxylon sagus, Sagus Rumphii.
Metternichia princeps, J^. principis.
Meum foeniculum, Anethum.
., Michauxia decandra, Jl/. laevigatct.
Micropera pyrifolia, M. Banksii.
Microsorum irregulare, Drynaria irioides.
Microtis pallida, Micropera.
Millingtonia hortensis, Bignonia suberosa.
Miltonia Clowesii, Brassia.
Mimosa juliflora, Prosopis. M. polysta-
chya, Entci'ia. M. entada, E. mono-
stachya. M. adenanthera, plena, and
punctata, Ncptuni't plena. M. ptero-
carpa, Gagnebina axillaris. M. Hous-
toni, Inga. M. fagifolia, /. Burqoni
and laurina. M. tortuosa, Acaria Bnr-
manniana. M. giraifas, ^4. coronlllasfolla.
M. nigricans, ^(. Rohriana. M. verti-
cillata, ^4. verticillata angusta and ver-
ticillata latifolia.
Mimulus propinquus, II. glabratus. M.
luteus, .M". guttatus. M. perfoliatus,
Leucocarpus alatus. M. glutinosus, J>i-
Mitella reniformis, JfcT. w?/rf«. M. pen-
tandra, Dnimmondia mltc-lloldes.
Modiola Caroliniana, decumbens, and
prostrata, Sphasralcea.
Molina parviflora, Baccharls. M. canes-
cens, Cnjxtnia.
Monarda citriodora, M. aristatn,. M. Kal-
miana, M. dulyma. M. afiinis, altissiina,
media, oblonga, purpurea, and rugosa,
If. fistulosa. M. menthrefolia, Jl/. ,j»?«-
fu/osa flore-maculzto. M, mollis, 'j/.
fistulosa mollis.
Monatelia secundiflora, Eetlniphyllum se~
cundiftorum.
Monocera lanceolata and grandiflora,
El&ocarpus grandiflorus.
Monsonia speciosa, M. pilosa. M. spi.
nosa, Sarcocanlon Heritieri.
Montia. See WRIGHTIA.
Morsea edulis lutescens, M. longifolia.
M. lurida, pavonia, tenuis, and tricuspis,
Vieusseuxia. M. tricuspis lutea, V.Bd-
lendeni. M. tripetala, V. tripetaloidu*.
M. unguiculata, F. unguicnlaris. M.
villosa, V. villosus. M. Herbert!, C7.y-
pella. M. gladiata and spathacea, #0-
Morus Sinensis, M. alba ItaTica and «/'^a
Sinensis, M. pumila and nana, JI.
a/6a pumila. M. Pennsylvanica, 3/.
rubrn, M. papyrifera, Brousnonetia. M.
Plumieri and tinctoria, Madura.
Muruouya adlantitblia and Herbertiana,
Muscari moscliatum and flavum,
Musseenda luculia, Liwiifia gratissima,
M. spinosa, Gardenia armala.
Mutisia speciosa, M. arachnoid en-.
Myosotis obtusa, Anchusd Barrelieri. M.
macropliylla, A. myosotidijlora. M.
linifulia, Heliotropium linifolium. J\J.
lithospermifolia, rupicola, and suaveo-
lens, M. valustris.
Myrica Carolmensis and Pennsylvania,
M. cerifera latifolia.
Myristica officinalis, M. moschata.
Myrobalanus Fatreea, Terminalia.
Myrosma cannge.folia, Phryiiiummyrosma.
Myrsine retusa, M. Africana ratusa.
Myrtus Ugni. Eugenia. M. pimenta
Pimento vulgaris. M. acris, coriacea.
and pimentoides, Myrcia.
N.
Nantilocalyx hastatus, Centrosolenia brae-
tescenst
Narcissus radiiflorus, N. angustifolius.
N. triandrus, N.cernuus. N. orientals,
N. citrinus. N. pvascox, N. Italicns.
N. bicolor, N. lorifolius. N. Tazetta,
N. nndtijlorus. N. trilobus, N. nutans.
N. calathinus, N.obvallaris and Irilobus.
N. unicolor and nevius, N. papyrace u> .-.
N. poeticus and majalis, N. patellatix.
N. moschatus, N. patnlus. N. t'estalis,
N. pseudo-narcissus. N. odorus and ui-
partitus, N. trilobus.
NAU
C 846 ]
OEC
Nauclea adina, Adina globiflora. N,
Gambler, Uncaria.
N ecsea salicifolia, Heimia.
Nectris peltata, Cabomba aquatica.
Negundium Americanum, Negundofraxi-
nifolium,
Nematanthus Guilleminiana, Columnea
splendens.
Neraopanthes fascicularis, N. Canadensis.
Neottia repens, Goodyera.
Nepeta patella, N. graveolens. N. longi-
flora, N. Mussini. N. ainethystina,
N. nepetella. N. paniculata, N, Pan-
nonica. N. Malabarica, Anisomeles.
N. marifolia, Calamintha and Micro-
meria.
Kephrodium serra, thelypteris, filix-mas,
Noveboracensis, and oreopteris, Las-
trasa. N. s&miGord&tum,L.semicordata.
N. spinulosum, L, spinulosa. N. de-
compositum, L. decomposita. N. elon-
gatura, L. elongata. N. Goldinnum,
L. Goldiana. N. margioale, L. margi-
nalis. N. proliferum, Polystichum, N.
punctilobium, Sitolobium. N. aspie-
nioides, Asplcnium athyrium. N. filix-
foBraina, A. Michauxi. N. Barometz,
Cibotium. N. lanosum, Clteilantiies
vestita. N. Banksisefolium, Osmunda
and Laslrcea Presliana.
Neptunia polyphylla, ^7". plena.
Nerine laticoma, Brunsvigia lucida.
Nerium, Wrightia. N. coronariutn, Ta-
bern&montana coronariajlore-pleno. N.
tinctorium, Alstonia scholaris.
Neuronia asplenioides, Oleandra Wal-
lichii.
Nicotiana nyctaginiflora, Petunia. N.
suaveolens, N. undulata.
Nierembergia linariaefolia, N. fiUcanlis.
N. phoenicea, N. violacea. N. inter-
media, Petunia.
Nipbobolus carnosus, Drymoglossum car-
nosum.
Notbochlsena Issvis, N. sinuata. N. chei-
lanthoides, Cheilanthesmicrophylla. N.
distans, hirta, lanuginosa, rufa, tomen-
tosa, and vestita, Eriockasma.
Numezia fragrans, Cham<sdorea.
Nupbar minima, N. pumila.
Nuttallia involucrata, Walva.
Nycterium Amazonium, Fontanesianwm,
and rostratum, Solanum. N. lobatum,
S. heterandrum. N. cordifolium, S. ves-
pertilio.
Nyrnphsea stellata, N. carulea. N. cah-
Jara, N. cyanea. N. esculenta, N. edulis.
N. odorata minor, N. minor. N. cce-
rulea, N, scut/folia, N. lotus, N, Ama-
zonwn' an^ thermalis. N. Handa and
foetida, N. Amazonu/m. N. advena and
lutea, Nuphar.
Nyssa aquatica, N. liflora. N. capitata,
2V. candicans. N. denticulate and to-
mentosa, N. grandidentata. N. sylva-
tica, N. villosa.
0.
Obesia. See STAPELIA.
Ochna squarrosa, O. obtusata. 0. Zeyla-
nica, Gomphea.
Ocymum caryophyllatum, 0. basilicum
glabratum. 0. tbyrsiflorum, O. basili-
cum thyrsiflorum. 0. cordifolium, O.
Bojeri. 0. grandiflorum, O.fdamento-
sum. 0. asperura, Orthosiphon asperus.
Odontoglossum Bictonense, Zygopetalum
Africanum. 0. Clowesii, Brassia.
CEnopliavolubilis, Berchemia. CE.lineata,
B. Uneatus.
(Enothera ambigua, CE. fntticosa ambigva.
OE. alata, CE. Missourisnsis. QE. striata,
(E. nocturna. CE. undulata, CE. odorata.
CE.pinnatifida,(E. Purshii. (E.minima,
CE. sinuata minima. CE. rhizocarpa,
CE. triloba.
Olea undulata, 0. Capensis undulata. 0.
Europeea, O. sativa.
Ompbalobiurn Schotii, Scholia lalifolia.
Oncidium juncifolium, O. Cebolleti.
Onobrychis orientalis, 0. cornuta. 0.
picta, O. Micliauxii.
Onoclea nuda, Lomaria.
Ononis fruticosa, O. fntticosa microphylla.
0. barbata, O. minutissima.
Onopordon deltoideum, Carduus atripll-
cifollus.
Onosma arenarittm, 0. echioides arena-
rium.
Onostachys malacophyllum, Cotyledon.
Onycbium Krebsii, Scolopendrium.
Opercularia aspera and diphylla, O.
hispida.
Ophiopteris verticillata, Oleandra nerii-
formis.
Ophrys monorchis, Herminium. 0. al-
pina, H. alpinum,
Opuntia bumilis, O. horrtda. 0. glome-
rata, 0. longispina.
Orbea. See STAPELIA.
Orchis parviflora, O. acuminata. 0. pa-
lustris, O. laxiflora. 0. Rivini, O. mi-
litaris vr.ra. 0. Cyrilli, 0. provincial'^.
0. Schleicberi, O. sambiicina, O. si-
milia, O. tephrosanthos. 0. tephrosan-
tbos, G.undnlatifolia and macro. 0.
foliosa, Habenaria alata. 0. speciosa,
Eonatea,
OEI
[847]
PHI
Origanum stoloniferum, O. vulgare. 0.
hurnile, O. vulgare humile. 0. Creti-
curn and megastachyum, 0. vulgare
prismaticum. 0. oblongatum and virens,
O. vulgare virens.
Ornithogalum Bohemicum, Gagea Bohe-
mica. 0. luteum, G. bracteolaris and
fascicularis. 0. pygmseum, G. pygmcea.
0. minimum and arvense, G. siellaris.
0. striatum, G. striata. 0. uniflorum,
G. uniflora.
Ornithopus tetraphyllus, Myriadenus.
Ornitrophe cominia and serrata, Sc/imide-
lia.
Orobus Gmelini, 0. lacteus. 0. tomen-
tosus, Coursetia tomentosa.
Orthostemma paniculata, Oxyspora.
Osbeckia grandiflora, Melastoma elongata.
Osmunda crispa, Allosorus. 0. humilis
and phillitidis, Anemia. 0. Caroliniana,
Woodwardia angustifolia. 0. lunaria,
Botrychium. 0. procera, Lorn-aria.
O. struthiopteris, Struthiopteris Ger-
manica.
Othonna flabellifolia, O. virginea.
Otostemraa lacunosa, Hot/a.
Oxalis caprina, O. cernua. 0. arracacha,
O. crenata. 0. rubens, O. microphylla.
O. floribunda, O. rosea. 0. Martiana,
O. urbica. 0. rosea, O. variabilis Simsii.
Oxyanthus speciosus, 0. tiibiflorus.
Oxycoccus erythrocarpus, O. ercctus. 0.
hispidulus, Phalerocarpus serpyttifolia.
Oxytropis Gmelini, O. longirostra. 0. sor-
dida, 0. Uralensis.
P.
Pgeonia Makoya, P. alVJlora festa. P. la-
ciniata, P. anomala. P. Tatarica, P.
paradoxa fimbriata. P. Dahurica. P.
triternata. P. sessiliflora, P. villosa.
Pallasia halimifolia, Encelia canescens.
P. grandiflora, E. halimifolia.
Pancratium Amboinense, Eurydes Am-
bomensis. P. aurantium, Stenomesson
Jlavum. P. Amancses, Ismenc. P. ca-
lathiuui, J. nutans. P. incarnatum,
Coburgiu incarnata. P. luteum, Chli-
danthus fragrans. P. Mexicanum, P.
acutifolium and Hymenocallis adnata
litorahs. P. Caribseum and declinatum,
H. Caribcea. P. rotatum, H. rotata.
P. speciosum, H. speciosa.
Papaver Burseri, P. alpinum. P. pul-
cherrimum, P. bracteatum. .P. auran-
tiacum, P. Pyrenaicum. P. alpinum,
P. Pyrenaicum puniceum. P. Olym-
picum, P. pilosum. P. Cambrica, Me-
tonoprit.
Parkeria acrostichoides, Cryptogramma.
Parkia biglobosa, P. Africana.
Passerina Tarton-raira and thymelsen,
Daphne. P. villosa, D. tomentosa. P.
conglomerata, Lachnasa.
Passiflora lyraefolia, P. cuneata. P. pal-
mata, P. filamentosa. P. glauca, P.
stipulata. P. adiantifolia and Her-
bertiana, Disemma. P. peifoliata,
Murucuya. P. murucuya, M. ocellatu.
P. peduncularis, Tacsonia. P. sangui-
nea and quadriglandulosa, T. sangui-
nea.
Patersonia glauca, P. longiscapa.
Patrinia nudiuscula, P. intermedia. P.
serratulifoHa, P. scabioscefolia. P. coro-
nata, P. Sibirica.
Paullinia Asiatica, Toddalia acnleata
Pavetta Indica, P. arenosa. P. alba, P.
Indica. P. fo3tidissima, Ernodea mon-
tana. P. Javanica, Ixora.
Pavia hybrida, P. discolor. P. parviflora,
P. macrostachya. P. humilis, P. rubra
humilis.
Pedicularis asplenifolia, P. alro-rubens.
Pekea tuberculosa, Caryocar tomenlosum.
Pelargonium australe, P. glomeratum.
Pentaraphia iongiflora, Conradia,
Pentstemon Bradburii, P. grandiflorum.
P. elegans, P. pulchellum. P. Mexi-
canus, Tetranema Mexicana.
Perdicium Brasiliense, Trixis aurindata.
P. roseum, Chabrtea runcinata. P. Clii-
lense, Chcetanthera Chil&nsis.
Pereira medica, Cosciniumfenesfratum.
Pergularia glabra, Vallaris pergulana.
Periphragmos depender.s and* unitiDrits,
Cantua buxlfolia. P. flexuosus and
pyrifolia, C. pyrifoKa.
Periploca liaeaiis, Microloma lineare.
Peristeria Barked and Humboldui, Aci-
neta.
Pernettya phillyresefolia, P. angustifolia.
Petrocarya campeatris, Parinarium cam-
pestre.
Petunia phoenicea, P. intermedia.
Peucedanum obtusifolium, Ferula oMu-
sifolia. P. Sibiricum, F. Sibirica.
Phaca, Astragalus. P. Floridana, Glotti-
dium Floridanum. P. membranacea, P.
alpina Dahurica.
Phacelia parviflora, Nemophila.
Phalangiura, Watsonia. P. virgatum, Aro.
Una Georgiana.
Pharium fistulosum, Bessera Hcrlerli.
Pbiladelphus gracilis, P. hirsuttts. P.
Nepalensis, P. tomentosus. P. grandi-
florus, P. verrucosus.
Philibertia gracilis^ P. grandifiora*
PHI
[ 848 ]
POL
Phillyrea virgata, P. ligustrifolia. P. ili-
cit'olia, P. spinosa. P. robusta, Olea.
Phloims Saraia, P. bicolor. P. Cretica,
JP.Jvrmginea Cretica. P. rotuudifolia,
P. Italica. P. micropbylla, P. lanata.
P. salvifefolia, P. purpurea. P. luua-
lifblia Kusselliana, P. Rnsselliana. P.
\irens, P. viscosa. P. leonurus, Leo-
nitis. P. Jeonitis, L. ovala.
Phlox amoena. P. pilosa amcena. P. sto-
iomfera, P. reptans. P. crassifolia, P.
reptans crassifolia. P. scabra, P. tficA;-
manni. P. longiflora, P. tardiflora.
Phycella ignea glauca, P. glanca. P.
obtusa, PlnEdranassa. P. cbloracea,
7*. fihlomcroi
FJtyiioa pubescens, P. capitata. P. erio-
phora, P. nitida eriophora. P. cordata,
ctioica, royrti folia, and tbymifoiia,
Sonlangia. P. radiata, Staavia.
Phyllantbus kirganelia, Kirgandia eh-
yans. P. lineaiis, Xylop/iylla. P.
ceramicus, X. longifolw. P. arbuscula,
.X". speciosa. P. augustifolius and epi-
phyllantlius, X. angustifalia. P. i'alca-
tns, X fulcata. P. latifolius, X. /a/i-
yo/ia. P. embiica, Emblica qffidnalis.
P. racemosus, 2£. racemosa.
JPhylogyne minor, Narcissus pusillus.
Phyraatanthus tricolor, Pelargonium.
Physematium, Woodsia.
Phyteuma strictum and virgatum, P. li-
moniifolium. P. cordatum, P. orbicnlare.
P. brevifolium, P. orbicnlare decipiens.
P. ellipticum, P. orbiculare giganteum.
P. ovatum, P. Scheuchzeri.
Picea. See PINUS.
Pierardia sapida, P. dulcis.
Pilosa incisa, Heliophila araboides.
.Pinus palustris, P. australis. P. Lemo-
niana, P. pinaster Lemoniana. P. ru-
bra, P. resinosa. P. cedrus, Cedrus
Libani. P. Dammara, Durrmiara orien-
tnlis. P. lanceolatu, CunningJiamia
Sinensis.
Piriqueta racemosa, Turnera.
Piscidia erythriua, P. Carthaginentis. P.
longifolia, Daubentonia.
Pistacia lentiscus Massiliensis, P. lentis-
cus angustifolitis. P. officinarura, P.
vera. P. reticulata, P. vcra Narbonen-
fis.
Pitcairnia coarctata, Puya Ckiknsla.
Pittosporum birsutum, P. hirtitm.
Planera aquatica, P. Gmelini.
Plantago aquatica, Pistia stralintes.
Platanus aceriiolia, P. orientals acerifo-
lia. P. cuneata, P. orientalis cuneala.
Platylobium scolopendriuni, Bossiasu. P.
lanceolatum and ovatum, B. hetero.
phylla.
Platyloma calomelnnos, Allosorus. P.
cordata. A. cordatus.
Plectrantbus rubicundus, OrtJiosipJion.
P. asper, O. asperus. P. fi-uticosus,
Colens. P. scutellarioides, C. Blumei.
P. barbatus and Forskahlii, G. bar-
batus. P. monacboruui, Ocymum sano-
tum,
Pleione maculata, Ccelogyne.
Pleopeltis nuda, Drynaria sesquipcdaUs.
Pleroma glomerata, Osbeckia. P. holose-
riceum, Lasiandra argentea. P. Fonta-
nesii, L. Fontanesiana.
Pleufothallis coccinea, Rodiiguezia &c-
cunda.
Plumieria tricolor, P. Kerii. P. Gouani,
P. Lambcrtiana,
Podalyria alpina, Thermopsis Corgonensis.
P, iupinoides» T.lanceolata. P. biflora,
P. argentea* P. obcordata, Beyuienia.
P. uniflora, Baptisia lanceolata.
Podantbe. See STAPELIA.
Podocarpus asplenifolius, Phyllocladus
rhomboidalls. P. drupacea and coria-
cea, Cephalotaxits drupacea.
Podolobium equifolium, P.slaiirophyllnm.
Podopbylluin dipbyllum, Jefferson ia di-
phylla.
Podoria Senegalensis, Boscia.
Pogonia glabra, Myoporum ellipticum.
Poinciana tarra, Coultcria tinctoria.
Poiretia elliptica and linearis, Hovea.
Polemonium bursitbliura, P. Mexicaimm.
Polybotrya acutuinata, Gymnopteris. P.
Corcovadeuse and cervina, Olfersia. P.
peltata and tripartita, Ehipidopteris.
Polygala oppositifblia, P. Borbonicpfolia.
P. corditblia, P. latifolin. P. graudi-
liora, P. myrtifolia grandijlora. P.
sanguinea, P. purpurea. P. spinosa,
Mundia. P, vimiuea, Kf. spinosa an-
gustifolia. P. alopecuroides, filiformis,
Heisteria, bumilis, and mixta, Mitraltia.
Polygonatum latifolium, P. macrophyHnm.
Polygonum acutatum and cymosum, Fa-
gopyrttm cymosum. P. frutescens, Tra-
gopyrum lanceolatum. P. polygamuin
and parvifolium, T. polygamum. P.
Caucasicum and crispulum, T. buxifo-
lium. P. petiolatum, P. amplexicaidis,
Polypodium axillare, Allantodia axillari*.
P. umbrosurn, A.itmbrosa. P. iilix-l'(B-
mina and fontanum, Asplenium. P.
grande, Platy cerium biforme. P. areo-
latum, aureum, and decurnanum, Phle-
lodiitm. P. glabellum, P lycopodioides.
P. glaucum, P. sporodocaruum, P. ad-
POP
849 ]
PTE
nascens, confluens, lineare, lingua, and
rupestris, Niphobolus. P. pertusum, N.
pertusus. P. latifolium, P.plantagineum.
P. decursive-pinnatum, Lastraea deeur-
rens. P.oxypbyllum,£. eburneu. P. ne-
riifolium, pectinatum, attenuatum, and
dissimile, Goniophlebium. P. longifo-
lium, O. menisciifolium. P. hirsutissi-
mum, G. sepultum. P. asperum, Go-
niopteris aspera. P. proliferum, G.
fraxinifolia. P.viviparum, G.prolifera.
P. longifrons, Drynaria. P. polyce-
phalum and irioides, D. irioides. P.
albido-squamatum, D. albido-squamata.
P. scandens, D. Billardieri and pustu-
lata. P. juglandifolium, D. capitellata.
P. cuepidiflorum, D. cuspidiflora. P.
diversifolium, D. diversifolia. P. mem-
branaceum, D. hemionitidea. P. phy-
matodes, D. vulgaris. P. cuspidatum,
D. leiorhlza and albido-squamata. P.
neglectum, D. neglecta. P. palmatum,
D. palmata. P. coespitosum and pustu-
latum, D. pustnlata. P. quercifolium,
-D. quercifolia. P. rapestre, -D. rupestris.
P. grammitoides, Xiphopleris hetero-
phylla. P. fragrans, Cheilanthes. P.
Barometz, Cibotium. P. reticulatum,
Meniscium. P. rugulosum, Hypolepis
rugulosa.
Populus nivea, P. cu'&a, P. suaveolens,
P. balsamifera suaveolens. P. viminalis
and longifolia, P. balsamifera viminalis.
P. macrophylla, P. candicans. P.
acerifolia, P. canescens acerifolia. P.
dilatata, P. fastigiata. P. Acladesca,
P. monilifera. P. Isevigata, P. tremula
laevigata. P. supina, P. tremula su-
pina.
Porana paniculata and racemosa,Dindws.
Portenschlagia australis, Elaodendron
australe.
Portlandia hexandra, Goutarea speciosa.
Portulaca racemosa, Talinum triangulare.
Posoqueria dumetorum and fragrans,
Gardenia.
Potentilla comarum, Comarum palustre.
P. aurea, Halleri, and Salisburgensis,
P. alpestris. P. leucophylla, P. an gusli -
folia. P. pumila, P. Canadensis. P.
Tlmringiaca, P. chrysantha. P. sabauda
andfiliformis, P. crocea. P. Nepalensis,
P. formosa. P. fragariastrum, P. fra-
garia. P. Dahurica, P. fniticosa Thu-
rica. P. floribunda, P. fniticosa tenui-
loba. P. Weinmanniana, P. Guntheri.
P. vinosa, P. Loddigcsii. P. hispida, P.
Pennsylvania. P. splendens, P. Siever-
siana.
54
Pothos grandiflora, P. macrophylla.
Pourretia coarctata, Pitcairnia. See PUYA,
Primula grandiflora, P. Carniolica. P.
intermedia, P. Davurica. P. Norvegica,
P. Finmarchica. P. calycina, P. glau-
cescens. P. crenata, P. marginata. P.
nivalis, P. nivea. P. Sinensis, P. pra;-
nitens. P. villosa, P. pubescens. P.
rotundifolia, P. Sibirica. P. Horne-
manniana, P. stricta. P. Columnae, P.
suaveolens. P. acaulis, P. vulgaris, P.
villosa flore-albo, P. Simsii.
Prism atocarpus speculum, Specularia. P.
falcatus, $. falcata. P. hybriclus, £.
hybrida. P. pentagonius, /9. pentagonia.
P. perfoliatus, ^. perfoliata. P. hir-
sutus, ^S1. speculum pubescens.
Proiphys Amboinensis, Eurycles. P. Aus-
tralasicum, -E. Australasica.
Protea decumbens, Serruria Niveni. P.
abrotanifolia odorata, S. odorata. P.
candicans, Leucospermum. P. cucul-
lata, Mimetes. P. speciosa, P. obtusa.
P. divaricata, Isopogon divaricatus. P.
fucifolia, Petrophila pule he II a.
Prunella Pennsylvanica, P. vulgaris elon-
gate. P. hirta, P. vulgaris hispida. P.
incisa, P. vulgaris pinnatifida.
Prunus, Armeniaca. P. Armeniaca, A.
vulgaris. P. pubescens and serrulata,
Cerasus. P. rubra, C. padus rubra. P.
Sinensis, Amygdalus pumila.
Psidium decaspermum, Nelilris Jambo-
sella. P. Chinense, P. Cattleyanum.
P. sapidissimum, P. pomiferum sapidis-
simum.
Psoralea pedunculata, P. sericea. P. in-
termedia, P. verrucosa intermedia.
Psychotria crocea and rigida, Palicourca.
P. lineata, Palicourea spicata. P. race-
mosa, Nonatelia. P. involucrata, N.
offlcinalis.
Psygmium elegans, Aglaomorpha Meyeri-
ana.
Ptelea ovata, Ptelidium ovatum. P. pin-
nata, Blftckburnia.
Pteris argentea, auriculata, farinosa, in-
tramarginalis, and pedata, Casseoeera.
P. hastata, C. hastata, Doryopteris has-
tata, and Allosorus calomelanos. ]'.
flexuosa, Platyloma flexuosa and Allo-
sorus fiexuosus. P. gracilis, Cheilanthes.
P. argyropbylla and decursiva, C. fari-
nosa. P. calomelanos, Allosorus. P.
crispa, A. crispus. P. cordata, A. cor-
datus. P. angustifolia and lanceolata,
Ttenitis. P. biaurita and nemoralis,
Campteria. P. piloselloides and triebo-
manoides, Nothechlama. P. aurita, in-
8l
PTE
[ 850 ]
EHE
termedia, and splendens, Litobrochia.
P. elegans, P. discolor. P. collina and
palniata, Doryopteris. P. sagittata, D.
sagiltifolia. P. irabricata, Jamesonia.
P. lanuginosa, Eriochasma.
Pterocarpus glabra, buxifolius, and foliis-
aggregatis, Brya ebenus. P. latifolius,
Lonchocarpus. P. lunatus, Drepano-
carpus.
Pteronia cbameepeuce, Stahelina.
Pulmonaria oblongata, P. angustifolia ob~
longata.
Pultensea aspera, Phyllota. P. enchila,
' Spadostyles Sieberi.
Punica granatum album, P. granatum
albescensflore-pleno. P. granatura ple-
num, P. granatum rubrumflore-pleno.
Purshia hispida, Onosmodium hispidum.
P. mollis, 0. molle.
Puya suberosa, Pitcairnia coarctata.
Pyrethrum diversifolium, Brachycome di-
versi folia* P. orientale, Anthemis Ru-
dolphiana. P. grandiflorum, P. latifo-
lium,
Pyrola chlorantha, P. convoluta. P.
rosea, P. minor. P. maculata, Chima-
phila. P. umbellata, C. corymbosa.
PyrusNussia, Ootonea&terfrigida. P. mi-
crophylla and uva-ursi, C. rotundifoli'a.
P. cratsegifolia, Crateegus Florenlina.
P. malus sylvestris, P. acerba. P. sa-
licifolia, P. amygdaliformis. P. alpina,
P. aria acutifolia. P. sylvestris, P.
communis pyraster. P. orientalis, P.
elaagnifolia. P. pubens, P. grandi-
folia. P. edulis, P. intermedia angus-
tifolia. P. Bollwylleriana, P. Pollveria.
P. hybrida and spuria sambucifolia, P.
spuria pendula. P. Pasbia, P. vario-
losa. P. Nepalensis, P. vestita. P.
sanguinea, Amelanchier.
Pyxidanthera barbulata, Diapensia.
Q.
Quassia excelsa, Simaruba. Q. sima-
ruba, S. officinalis.
Queltia concolor, Narcissus Haworthia.
Quercus conglomerata, Q. Apennina. Q.
hemisphserica, Q. aquatica maritima.
Q. nana, Q. aquatica nana. Q. Aus-
triaca, Q. cerris Austriaca. Q. cerris
dentata, Q. cerris Fulhamensis. Q.
Kagnal, Q. cerris Ragnal. Q. frondosa,
Q. cerris vulgaris. Q. discolor, elongata,
and triloba, Q. falcata. Q. lanuginosa,
Q. lanata. Q. aquatica, Q. nigra. Q.
stellata, Q. obtusiloba. Q. Banisteri and
montana, Q. paiustris. Q. fastigiata, Q.
peduncnlata fastigiata. Q. laciniata, Q.
pedunculata heterophylla. Q. pendula,
Q. pedunculata pendula. Q. purpurea,
Q. pedunculata purpurea. Q. cinerea,
Q. phellos cinerea. Q. sericea, Q. phellos
sericea. Q. castanea, Q. prinus acumi-
nata. Q. montana, Q. prinus monticola.
Q, prinoides, Q. prinus pumila. Q.
Micbauxii, Q. prinus tomentosa. Q.
Tauzin, Q. Pyrenaica. Q. Robur, Q.
sessilijlora. Q. pubescens, Q. sessiliflora
pubescens.
Rafnia amplexicaulis, Vascoa.
Rajania quinata, Akebia.
Randia aculeata, JR. latifolia. R. longi-
flora, JR. macrantlia. R. obovata, JR.
pubescens and latifolia.
Ranunculus grandit'olius and Teneriffae,
JR. cortuseefolius. R. Olyssiponensis
and Lusitanicus, R. spicatus. R. aureus
and villosus, JR. Brcynianus and nemo-
rosus pauciftorus. R. Pyrenseus, R.
Gouani. R. Thomasi,jR. gregarius. R.
sericeus, R. Illyricus. R. apiifolius, R.
Monspeliacus cuneatus. R. Monspelia-
cus, R. Monspeliacus rotundifolius. R.
polyanthemos, R. nemorosus. R. peuce-
danifolius, R. pantothrix Jluviatilis. R.
Pyrenseus plantagineus,£./?/an^iwews.
R. aconitifolius, R. platanifolius flore-
pleno. R. muricatus and Brasilianus,
R. vcntricosus. R. Breynianus, R.
Villarsii.
Rapbanus tenellus, Chorispora tenella.
R. arcuatus, C. tenella arcuata.
Rapbia pedunculata and vinifera, $a-
gus.
Raphiolepis Indica, R. phaostemon.
Ravenala Madagascariensis, Urania spe-
ciosa. See URANIA.
Reaumtiria linifolia, R. hypericoides.
Renealmia ramosa lutea, Pitcairnia co-
arctata.
Rbamnus Capensis, leevigatus, and mys-
tacinus, Ccanothus. R. sphaerosper-
mus, C.sphcerocarpus. R. lineatus and
volubilis, Berchemia. R. Clusii, R.
alaternus angustifolius. R. Willdeno-
vianus, JR. longifolius. R. rupestris, R.
pvmilus. R. pumilus, R. Valentinus
and Wulfenii.
Rbapis acaulis, Sabal Adansoni.
Rbeum Emodi, R. australe.
Rbexia, Arthrostemma. R. glomerata,
Osbeckia glomerata alliflora. R. holo-
SGrice&,Lasiandraargentea. R. aquatica,
RHO
[851 ]
SAL
Aciotis. R. acisanthera, Acisanthera
quadrata. R. trivalvis, Microlicia bi-
valvis. R. viminea, Pleroma.
Bhodiola Sibirica, Sedum Altaicum. R.
rosea, 8. rhodiola.
Rhodochiton volubile, Lophospermum
atro-sanguineum.
Rhododendron salignum, elaeagnoides,and
obovatum, JR. lepidotum. R. obtusum,
E. Ponticum obtusum. R. aromaticum,
R. anthopogon. R. cinnamonicum, R.
arboreum cinnamonicum. R. album, R.
niveum. R. officinale, R. chrysanthum.
R. myrtifolium, R. Ponticum myrti-
folium. R. Roylei, R. cinnabarinum.
Rhodora Canadensis, Rhododendron rho-
dora.
RVius Bucku amela, R. amela. R. Caro-
liniana and elegans, R.glabra coccinea.
R. Theezans, R. vndulata. R. vene-
nata, R. vernix^ R. juglandifolia, -R.
vernicifera. R. Rcsdoalijavel, Omphalo-
bium Tndicum.
Rbynchosia violacea, Eriosema.
Ribes aureum sanguineum, R. flavum.
R. hybridum, R. grossularia Besseriana.
R. reclinatum, R. glossularia reclinata.
R. uva-crispa, R. grossularia uva-crispa.
R. oxyacanthoides, R. lacustre. R.
glandulosum, R. prostratum. R. laxi-
florum, R. prostratum laxiflorum. R.
malvaceum, R. sanguineum malvaceum.
R. stamineum, R. speciosum. R. Mis-
souriense, R. tenuiflorum.
Richardia scabra, Richardsonia.
Richardsonia pilosa, R. scabra.
Ricotia ^Egyptiaca, R. lunaria.
Robinia Capensis, Virgilia sylvatica. R.
squamata, Pictetia. R. coccinea, Or-
mosia. R. uliginosa, Pongamia. R.
media, P. glabra. R. sepium and se-
riceus, Lonchocarpus. R. hispida and
rosea, L. roseus. R. violacea, L. viola-
ceus. R. Altagana and frutescens, Ca-
ragana. R. Caragana, O. Altagana arbo-
rescens. R. mollis and tomentosa, C.
mollis. R. bybrida, ambigua, and echi-
nata, R. dubia. R. grandiflora and ma-
cropliylla, R. hispida macrophylla. R.
amorphsefolia, R. pseudo-acacia amor-
ph&folia. R. inonstrosa, R. pseudo-
acacia monstrosa. R. pendula, R. pseudo-
acacia pendula. R. procera, R. pseudo
acacia procera. R. sophorsefolia, R.
pseudo-acacia soplwrafolia. R. stricta,
R. pseudo-acacia stricta. R. inermis,
R. pseudo-acacia umbraculifera. R. ha-
lodendron, Halimodendron argenteum.
R. triiiora, H. argenteum, subvirescens.
Roella decumbens, Campanula Capensis.1
R. filiformis, R. sguarrosa Bergii.
Rondeletia, Wendlandia.
Rosa berberifolia, Lowea. R. rubiginosa
inodora, R. Borreri. R. canina caesia,
R. casia. R. leucantha, R. Caucasea.
R. canina dumetorum, R. dumetorum.
R. parvifolia, R. Qallica parvifolia. R.
odorata, J?. Indica odoratissima. R. flo-
ribunda, R. Klukii. R. laxa, R. Lind-
leyi. R, Eglanteria, R. lutea. R. pla-
typhylla and Roxburghii, R. mulliftora
Grevillei. R. scabriuscula, R. tomentosa
scabriuscula.
Rubentia angustifolia, Toddalia. R. oli-
vina, Elaeodendron orientale.
Rubus pistillatus, R. acaulis. R. pedun-
culosus, R. bi/lorus. R. vulgaris, R.
corylifolius. R. flavus, R. ellipticus. li.
inermis, R.flagellaris inermis. R. dis-
color, and abruptus, jR. fruticosus. R.
fruticosus plenus, R. fruticosus flore-
raseo-pleno. R. fruticosus albus, R. fru-
ticosus leucocarpus. R. paniculatus, R.
Linkianus. R. pauciflorus, jR. micran-
thus. R. villosus vulpinus, R. Spren-
gelii. R. aegopodioides, R. tnflorus.
Rudbeckia amplexifolia and perfoliata,
Dracopis amplexicaulis. R. napifolia,
purpurea, and serotina, Echinacea. R.
amplexicaulis, R. amplexifolia and Dra-
copis amplexicaulis.
Ruellia cristata, Aphelandra. R. infun-
dibuliformis, Crossandra undulcefolia.
R. ringens, Hygrophila. R. aniso-
phylla and glomerata, Goldfussia. R.
oblongifolia, Calophanes. R. Barle-
rioides and bracteata, Petalidium Bar-
lerioides. R. Coromandeliana, secunda,
intrusa, and obliqua, Asystasia Coro-
mandeliana. R. Sabiniana, Strobilan-
thes.
Rulingiapolypbyllaandvarians,^waca7n/>-
seros. R. anacampseros, A. rotundifolia.
S.
Sagittaria hastata, 8. Doniana.
Sagus palma-pinus, S. vinifora.
Salix violacea, S. acutifolia. S. cserulea,
8. alba ccerulea. S. uliginosa, S. aurita.
S. annularis, 8. Babylonica crispa. S.
Napoleona, 8. Babylonica Napoleona.
S. prsecox, S. Daphnoides. S. argentea,
8. fusca argentea. S. adscendens and
parvifolia, S. fusca foetida. S. incuba-
cea, 8. fusca incubacea. S. prostrata,
8. fusca prostrata. S. repeus, S.ftis^a
repens. S. malifolia, S. hasttita muli-
SAL
C 852 ]
SED.
frtia, S. serrulata, S. hastata sernilata.
S. riparia, 8. incana. S. arbutifolia, S.
myrsinites. S. phylicifolia, 8. radicans.
S. Fluggeana, 8. salvitefoHa. S. Hop-
peana, 8. Irian dra Hoppeana.
Salmia angustifolia, Carlitdovica.
Salpiglossis atro-purpurea, 8. sinuata. S.
picta, 8. sinuata picta. S. straminea,
8. sinuata straminea. S. linearis, Pe-
tunia intermedia. S. iutegrifolia, P.
violacea.
Salvia carnosa, Audibertia incana. S.
patula and pyramidalis, S.argentea. S.
colorata, 8. aurea. S. polyrnorpha, S.
clandestina. S. multifida and laciniata,
8. clandestina multifida. S. rosea, 8.
coccinea. S. prismatica, S. Hispanica.
S. Boosiana, 8. lamiifolia. S. tricho-
stemoides, S. lanceolata. S. pilantba,
$. Linkiana. S. Abyssinica and ap-
planata, 8. Nilotica. S. betonicaefolia
and hastata, 8. nutans. S. linearifolia,
S.polystachya. S. haematodes, Tenorii,
and variegata, 8. pratensis. S. foliosa,
8. rhombifolia. S. vulnerarisefolia and
Hablitziana, 8. scabiosafolia. S. Sim-
siana, 8. sclarea. S. elongata and bul-
lata, 8. sclareoides. S. Dominica, S.
serotina. S. campestris and mollis, 8.
SibthorpiL S. uEgyptiaca, S. spinosa.
S.neraorosa andValentina, S.sylvestris.
S. coarctata, 8. Tingitana. S. oblongata,
S. verbenaca oblongifolia. S. affinis,
amplexicaulis, and gigantea, S. virgata.
S. truncata and Spielmanni, 8. viridis.
Samara pentandra, Myrsine Samara.
Sambucus nigra variegata, S.nigrafoliis-
argenteis. S. aurea, S. nigra foliis-
luteis. S. laciniata, S. nigra laciniata.
S. nigta albida, S. nigra leucocarpa.
S. viridis, S. nigra virescens.
Samyda viridiflora,' 8. macrophylla. S.
pubescens, 8. rosea.
Sanguisorba rubra, S. carnea.
Sanseviera sessiliflora, S. carnea. S. Ja-
vanica, Dracaena elliptica.
Santolina anthemoides, Lasiospermum.
, S. critbmifolia, L. crithmifolium. S.
eriosperma, L. eriospermum. S. al-
pina and erecta, L. pedunculare. S.
rigida, L. rigidum.
Sapindus spiuosus, Xanthoxylon sapin-
doides.
Saponaria Illyrica, Tunica.
Sarcanthus guttatus, 8accolabium gutta-
turn.
Sarracenia psittacina, 8. rubra. S* adunca,
8. variolaris.
Satureia capitata, Thymus capitatus. S.
Juliana, approximata, and Grseca, Ml-
cromeria. S. congesta and tenuifolia,
M. Grceca densiflora. S. hirsuta, M.
Juliana hirsuta. S. viminea, M. obo.
vata. S. obovata, S. virgata.
Sauvagesia nutans, 8. erecta.
Saxifraga aquatica,>S. adsccndens. S. Isevis,
8. affinis. S. Grsenlandica, S. ccespitosa..
S. palmata, S. decipiens. S. crenata,
S. geum crenata. S. dentata, 8* geum
dentata. S. polita, 8. geum polita. S.
sphseroidea, 8. hirsuta spharoidea. S.
recta, S. intacta. S. muscoides, 8.
moschata. S. moscliata, S. muscoides
and pygmcea. S. congesta, 8. nivalis.
S. cuscutseformis, 8. sarmentosa cus~
cut<B/ormis. S. dissiimlis, 8. stellaris
dissimilis. S-. punctata, 8. umbrosti
punctata. S. serratifolia, 8. umbrosa
serratifolia.
Scabiosa, Asterocephalus. S. pseudo-aus-
tralis, S.aiistralis. S. Norica, S.strictn.
Sceptrantbus Drummondi, Cooperia pe-
dunculata.
Schaefferia lateriflora, Drypetes crocea.
Schellolepis. See GONIOPHLEBIUM.
Schousbsea coccinea, Cacoucia.
Scbrebera albens, El<endendron glaucum.
Schubertia Capensis, Taxodium Capense.
S. disticha, T. distichum. S. disticba
pendula, T. distichum nutans.
Schwagrichenia flavida, Anigozanthos..
Scilla-monophylla, S.pumila. S. bifolia
rubra, 8. rosea. S. serotina, Uropeta-
lonfuivum. S. pomeridiana, Antheri-
cum. S.maritima, Ornithogalum squilla*
S. Romana, Bellevalia operculata.
Scolopendrium palmatum, 8. hemionith.
Scopolia atropoides, S. Carniolica. S.
aculeata, Toddalia.
Scorzonera taraxacifolia, Podospermum
taraxacifolium. S. gramini folia, &.
glastifolia. S. Austriaca, S. humilis.
Scutellaria Cretica, Teucrium Arduini.
S. Altaica, 8. alpina. S. lupulina, S.
alpina lutea. S. decumbens, S. hirta.
S. Caroliniana and hyssopifolia, S. in-
tegrifolia. S. ambigua, 8. parvula. S.
rubicunda, 8. peregrina.
Scuticaria Hardwenii, Bifrenaria.
Scytalia trijuga, Melicocca.
Sedum fruticulosum and Jacquini, S.
altissimum. S. spinosum, Umbilicus,
S. glaucum, S. Andersonii. S. rupestre,
8. anopetalum. S. maximum, S. lad-
folium. S. album micranthum, S.
micranlhum. S. hexapetalum and
quinquefidum, S. quadrijidum. S.
colliuum, 8. reflexum collinum. S.
SEL
[ 853 J
SPI
recurvalum, S. reflexum recurvatum
S. Guettardi and Monregalense, S
repens. S. minus, S, rupestre. S
annuum, S.saxatile. S. sempervivoides,
S. sempervivum. S. spirale, S. sexan-
yulare. S. argutum, paucidens, and
triphyllum, S. telephium. S. portu-
lacoides, S. ternatum.
Selas lanceolate, Ximenia and Gela.
Sempervivum cuspidatum, Umbilicus spi-
nosum. S. sediforme, Sedum altissimum.
S. calyciforme, S. aizoides. S. lineolare,
S. barbatum. S.barbatum and ciliatum,
S. ccEspitosum. S. laxum, 8. dichoto-
mum. S. grandiflorum, S. globifentm.
S. soboliferum, S. hirliim. S.villosum,
S. stellatum.
Senacia glauca, El&odcndron glaucum.
Senecio incanus, 8. leucophyllus. S.
graminifolius, 8. reclinatus. S. nemo-
rensis and persicsefolius, S. To'nrne-
fortii. S. racemosus, Cineraria auricu-
lata.
Septas globiflora, 8. Capensis globiflora.
Seringia ovata, Ptelidium ovatum.
Seripbium alopecuroides, Stcebe reflexa.
Serratula alata, 8. cyanoides. S. lineari-
folia, S. multiflora. S. centaurioides,
8. radiala. S. simplex, S. Transyl-
vanica. S.alpina, amara, angustifolia,
discolor, pygmaea^ and salsa, Saussurea.
S. pycnocephala, S. lialroides.
Serruria arenaria, S. emarginata.
Sesbania disperma, Glottidittm Florida-
num. S. coccinea, Agatl.
Sibbaldia grandiflora, Chamcerhodes gran-
difloriis.
Sicyos edulis, Sechium edide.
Sida vitifolia, Abut'don- vilifolium.
Sideranthus spinulosus and villosus,
Amellus.
Sideritis decumbens, Stachys LamarcJdi.
S. linearifolia, Sideritis stcnophylla. S.
alpina. and Pyrenaica, S. sr.ordi.oi.des
alpina. S. hyssopifolia, S. scordioidvs
angustifolia.
Sideroxylon melanopbleum, Myrsine
melanophleos. S. spinosum, Argaida
sideroxylon.
Simsia ficifolia, Ximenesia fcetida.
Siphonanthus Indica, Clerodendron si-
phonanthus.
Siphoniar elastica, 8. Calmchu.
Sisyrinchium Bermudianum, 8. Nuttallii.
S. formosum, Libertia formosa.
Skinnera excorticata, Fuchsia.
Solanum Quitense, 8. angulatum. S.
violaceum, 8. Brownil. S. undatum,
8: incdnum. S. longifoliuni, S.longi-
jlorum. S. ovigerum, 8. melonyena ovi-
gerum. S. insanum, 8. melon gcna es-
cnlentum. S..uniflorum, 8.monanthum.
S. melanocerasum, 8. nic/rum melano-
cerasum. S. Gervantesii, 8. pubigeruni.
S. spiuosissimum, 8. pyracantha. S.
pseudo-lycopersicum, Lycopersicum ce-
rusijorme. S. lycopersicum, L. escu-
lentum.
Solea verticillata, lonidium polygalafo-
lium. S. stricta, I. Sprengelianum.
Solena gracilis and longiflora, Posoqueria.
Solidago montana, S. arenaria. S. argen-
tea, S. pulverulenta. S. retrorsa, 8.
recurvata. S. bicolor, Aster. S. urti-
Cffifolia, Calea.
Soncbus, Agathyrsus.
Sophora, Virgilia. S. fabacea, Ther*
mopsis. S. alpina, T. Corgonensi*. S.
argentea, Ammodt-ndron. 8ieversii. S.
sericea, Edwardsia nitida.
Sophronia cernua, Sophronitis.
Sorbus microcarpa, Pyrus. S. latifolius,
P. intermedia latifolia. S. bybrida, P.
pinnatifida. S. domestica, P. sorbus.
Sparaxis bicolor, Synnetia.
Spartium patens, Cytisus. S. multiflo-
rum, C. albus. S. spinosum and vil-
losum, C. laniger. S. nubigenum, C.
nubigenus. S. spinosum, C. spinosus.
S. Telonensis, Adenocarpus. S. com-
plicatum, A. parvifolius. S. ^Etbnense,
ferox, patens, and scorpius, Genista
S. angulatum, G. angulata. S. apbyl-
lum, G. aphylla. S. cinereum, G. cl-
nerea. S. sericeum, G. clavata. S. con-
gestum, G. congesta. S. linifolium, G.
linifolia. S. monospermum, G. mono-
sperma. S. parviflorum, G. parviflora.
S. radiatum, G. radiala, S. sphsero-
carpon, G. sphcerocarpa S. umbel-
latum, G. umbellata. S. virgatum, G.
virgata.
Spermacoce stricta and verticillata, Bor-
reria. S. verticillata, B. commit tata.
S. Siimatrensis and teres, Knoxia. S.
Koxburghii, K. Icevis. S. Lirta, Mitra-
carpum villosum.
Spermadictyon suaveolens, Hamiltonia.
S. azureum, H. scalra.
Spbaerotele coecinea, Stenomesson cocci-
neum.
Spira?a hypericifolia acuta, 8. acittifolia.
S. media, 8. chamadrifolia media. S.
oblongifolia, S. chamcedrifolla oblongi-
folia. S. sororia, 8. corymbosa sororia.
S. Besseriana, S. crcnata. S. ulmaria
denudata, S. denudata. S. Altaiensis,
8. latvigata. S. hypericifolia orenata,
SPI
[ 854]
TEN
S. obovala. S. carpinifolia, 8. salicifolia
latifolia. S. salicifolia alba, S. salici-
folia paniculata. S. hypericifolia Sa-
vranica, S. Savranica. S. grandiflora,
S. sorbifolia alpina. S. triloba, S. trilo-
bata. S. hypericifolia Uralensis and
crenata, S. Uralensis.
Spiranthes bicolor, elata, picta, and pu-
dica, Neottia.
Spondias myrobalanus, 8. lutea. S. dulcis
and mangifera, Poupartia. S. Mona-
bin, 8. purpurea.
Stachys salvisefolia, S. Italica. S. Bal-
bisii, 8. pubescens.
Stsehelina gnaphaloides, Leyssera squar-
rosa.
Stapelia mammillaris, Piaranthus. S.
arida, P. aridus. S. Gussoneana, P.
Gussoneanus. S. incarnata, P. incar-
natus. S. parviflora, P. parviflorus. S.
pulla, P. pullus. S. deflexa, S. reflcxa.
S. grandiflora, 8. spectabilis. S. ocel-
lata and reticulata, Huemia.
Statice lyrata, 8. spicata. S. spatulata,
S. Willdenoviana. S. armeria, Armeria
maritima.
Stauntonia latifolia, Holbolia.
Stegania falcata, nuda, and procera, Lo-
Stellera chamsejasme, Passerina Stelleri.
Stenactis speciosa, Erlyeron speciosum.
Stenanthium. See VERATRUM.
Stenochilus elegans, Lamourouxia multi-
fida.
Sterculia Balanghas, 8. nobilis. S. pubes-
cens, 8. tetracanlha.
Sterrebeckia laterifolia, Singana Guia-
nensis.
Stevia callosa and pedata, Florestina. S.
canescens, S. incanescens. S. linearis,
Palafoxia.
Stizolobium pruriens, Mucuna, S. alds-
simum, M. altlssima.
Stobeca glomerata, Cynara.
Streblorniza speciosa, Clianthus carneus.
Strophanthus divergens, 8. Chinensisi
Struthiola stricta, 8. erecta.
Sturmia lucida, Stenostomum lucidum.
Styrax glabrum, 8. Icevigaturn.
Stylidium glandulosum, 8. fruticostim.
S. laricifolium, 8. tenuifolium.
Stylolepis gracilis, Podolepis. See PODO-
LEPIS.
Stylophorum diphyllum, Ohioense, and
petiolatum, Meconopsls diphyllum.
Styphelia obovatus and Eichei, Leucopo-
gon. S. glauca, Monotoca lineata.
gymphonia globuliflora, Moronobea coc-
Symphoria montana, Symphoricarpia
montanus. S. racemosa, 8. racemosii*.
S. glomerata, 8. vulgaris. S. glomerata
foliis-variegatis, 8. vulgaris foliis-varie-
gatis.
Symphoricarpus puniceus, Lonicera.
Symphytum Bohemicum, 8. ojficinale Ba-
hcmicum. S. bullatum, S. Tauricum
bullatum.
Swertia corniculata, 8, Michauxiana. S.
rotata, Pleurogyne.
Swietenia chloroxylon, Chloroxylon Swie-
tenia.
Syphocampylus, Siphocampylus.
T.
Tabernsemontana citrifolia, T. alba. T.
multiflora, T. cymosa. T. tamaquarina,
T. odorata. T. Amsonia, Amsonia lati-
folia.
Tacca cristata and Kafflesiana, T. in-
tegrifolia. T. phalifera, Arum campanu-
latum.
Tachia longifolia, Lelanthus longifolius.
Tacsonia quadriglandulosa and quadri-
dentata, T. sanguinea.
Tsenitis furcata, Pteropsis.
Talinum anacampseros, Anacampseros
rotundlfolia. T. paniculatum, Calan-
drinia paniculata. T. ciliatum, C. cili-
ata. T. patens, T. Andrewsii. T. fru-
ticosum, T. crassifolia albiflorum.
Taligaleacampestris, Amasonia erecta.
Tamarix Dahurica and Germanica, My,
ricaria. T. articulata, T. orientalis.
Tamonea verbenacea, T. Curassavica.
Tamus elephantipes, Testudinaria.
Tapogomia purpurea and violacea, Ce-
phaelis.
Tarchonanthus dentata, Brachylcena ne-
riifolia.
Taxanthema australis, Statice.
Taxodium Japonicum, Cryptomcria Japo-
nica. T. Sinense pendulum, T. disti-
chum pendulum. T. Sinense, T. dis-
tichum 8inense.
Taxus Harringtonia and Inukaja, Cepha-
lotaxus pedunculata. T. baccata and
coriacea, C. drupacea. T. fastigiata,
Hibernica, and baccata Hibernica, T.
baccata fastigiata.
Tecoma incisa, T. stans incisa.
Teesdalia nudicaulis, T. Iberis. T. re-
gularis, T. lepidium.
Tenoria Canadensis, Crithmum latifolium.
T. arborescens, Heteromorpha. T.
canescens, frutescens, fruticosum,
plantagineum, and spinosum, Bupleu-
rum. T. coriaceum, B. Gibraltar ica.
TEE
[ 855']
TBI
Terminalia Benzoin, T. angustifolia. T.
subcordata, T. Catappa subcordata. T.
Madagascariensis, T. Fatraa. T. alba,
Dracaena elliptica.
Terpnantbus jasminoides, Spiranthera
odoratissima.
Tetracera Calinea, Doliocarpus.
Tetramerium paniculatum, Cojfeapanicu-
lata. T. odoratissimum, Faramea
odoratissima.
Tetrantbera involucrata, T. seMfera.
Teucrium Sibiricum, Nepeta Sibirica. T.
flavum and capitatum, T.poliumangus-
tifolium. T. aureum, T. poliumflaves-
cens. T. orcbidaum, T. Arduini. T.
latifolium, T.fiavum.
Thalictrum rugosum, T. Oarolinianum.
T. minus, T. collinum. T. corynellum,
T. Cornuti. T. revolutum, T. Cornuti
revolutum. T. ambiguum, T. datum
ambiguum. T. vaginatum, T. flavum
vaginatum. T. styloideum, T.fcetidum.
T. speciosum, T. glaucum. T. diffusura,
T. lucidum. T. minus, T. rugosum dis-
color.
Tbalamia nucifera, Podocarpus. T. as-
plenifolia, P. asplenifolius.
Thea Cbinensis Bobea, T. Bohea. T.
Cbinensis viridis, T. viridis.
Theobroma guazuma, Guazuma ulmifolia.
Theopbrasta longifolia, Clavija ornata.
Thermopsis rbombifolia, T.fabacea. T.
lupinoides, T. lanceolata.
Thesium drupaceum, Leptomcria Billar-
dieri.
Tblaspi luteum, Bivonaa lutea. T. saxa-
tile, Mthionema. T. Arabicum, ^.
Buxbaumii.
Thuja articulate, Callitris quadrivalvis.
T. spbseroidea, Cupressus thyoides. T.
sphaeroidalis, Chamcecyparis sph&roidea.
T. pyramidalis, T. orientalis stricta. T.
Tatarica, T. orientalis Tatarica.
Thymbra Caroliniana, Macbridea pulchra.
T. verticillata, T. spicata. T. ciliata,
Thymns ciliatus.
Thymus grandiflorus, herba-barona, be-
teropbyllus, and suaveolens, Acinos.
T. tragoriganum, Satureia thymbra.
T. acicularis, odoratissimus, and zygis,
T. angustifolius. T. Creticus and Ma-
rinosci, T. capitatus. T. Marscbal-
lianus, T. Pannonicus. T. exsereus,
T. serpyllum. T. citriodorus, T. ser-
pyllum citratus. T. lanuginosus, T.
serpyllum lanuginosus. T. montanus
and nummularius, T. serpyllum monta-
nus. T. collinus, T. serpyllum vulgaris.
T. Tenerifise, Micromeria. T. ericse-
folius, M. varia. T. lucidus, Ziziphora,
clinopodioides canescens. T. Carolini-
anus, Calamintha.
Thyrsacanthus striotus, Salpixantha coc-
cinea. T. rutilans, T. Schomburghianus.
Tigaria tridentata, Purshia.
Tigridia Herberti, Cypella. T. violacea,
Beatonia atrata.
Tilia argentea, T. alba. T. glabra and
Canadensis, T. Americana. T. hetero-
pbylla, T. Americana heterophylla. T.
laxiflora, T. Americana laxiflora. T.
pubescens, T. Americana pubescens. T.
pubescens leptophylla, T. Americana
pubescens leptophylla. T. intermedia,
T. Europ&a. T. platyphylla laciniata,
T. Fjuroptea laciniata. T. microphylla,
T. Europaa microphylla. T. platy-
phylla, T. Europaa platyphylla. T.
rubra, T. Europaa rubra.
Tillandsia, Vriesia.
Tithymalus pendulus, Euphorbia pendula.
T. geniculatus, E. repanda.
Tittmannia ovata, Vandellia Crustacea.
T. viscosa, V. hirsuta.
Torenia diffusa, Vandellia Roxburghii. T.
scabra, Artanema fimbriatum.
Torreya nucifera, Taxus.
Trachylobium Martianum, Hymenaavcr-
rucosa.
Tradescantia multiflora, T. procumbens.
T. zanonia, Campella.
Tragopogon livescens, T. dubius. T.
ruber, T. roseus.
Tragium Tauricum, Ledebouria hyacin-
thina.
Treisia hystrix, Euphorbia. T. clava, E.
Haworthii.
Trevirania heterophylla, Achimenes. T.
coccinea, A. coccinea and T. pulchella.
Tribrachia pendula, Bolbophyllum recur-
yum.
Tricratus admirabilis, Abronia umbellata.
Trichilia glabra, T. Havanensis.
Trichodesma Kotschyanum, T. Zeylani-
cum.
Trichomanes gibberosa, Davallia.
Trichonema cruciatum, T. longifolium.
T.monadelpha, Spatalanthus speciosus.
Tricophyllum oppositifolium, Eriophyl-
lum. T. lanatum, E. caspitosum.
Trichopilia marginata, T. coccinea. T.
Candida, Pilumnafragrans.
Trichostemma brachiatum, Isanthus cceru-
leus.
Tridentea. See STAPEIIA.
Trifolium strictum, T. parviftorum. T.
carripestre, T. procumbens. T. squar-
rosum, T. squarrosum flavicans. T.
TKI
£856]
VER
pratense flavicans, T. vaginatum. T
Cupanij T. alatum. T. hispidum, T.
hirtum. T. pictum, T. hirtum pictum
T. Molinerii, T. incarnatum Molinerii.
T. conicum, T. Kitaibelianum. T. aris-
tatura, T. ligusticum. T. albens, T.
lupinaster albiflorum. T. irregulare, T.
maritimum,
Trigonella Indica, Lotus Tndicus.
Trillium pietum, T. erythrocarpum. T.
erythrocarpum, T. grandiflomm. T.
pusillum, T. pumilum.
Triphasia aurantiola, T. trifoliata.
Tripsacum hermaphroditum, Anthephora
clegans.
Tristania laurina^ T. macrophylla*
Tritoma flammea, JBlandfordia.
Tritomanthe uvaria, Tritoma.
Trollius laxus, T. Americanus. T. ra-
nunculinus, T. patuli(s.
Tromsdorffia speciosa, Liebigia.
Tropseolum pentaphyllum, Chymocarpus
pentaphyllus. T. peregrinum, T. adun-
cum.
Tulipa acuminata, T. eornuta. T. Brey-
niana, Me.lanthium unijlorum.
Turgosia aloides, capitellata. lingusefolia,
obovata, tomentosa, pertusula, andtur-
rita, Crassitla. T. pertusa, C. corymbu-
losa.
Turnera elegans, T. trionijlora.
Turpinia punctata, Poiretia scandens.
Turritis alpina, Arabis cifiata.
Tussilago Bohemica, T. Icevigata. T.
paradoxa, T. nivea. T. lobata, T. pal-
mata. T. tomentosa, T. spitria. T.
integrifolia, Chaptalia lomentosa,
U.
Ulex genistoides, Slauracanthus aphyllus-
U. Hibernica, U. stricta.
Ulloa parasitica, Jnanulloa.
Ullucus tuberosus, Basella luberosa.
Ulmus Chinensis, U.cavnpestris Chinensis.
U. stricta, U. campestris Conntbiensis.
U. humilis, micropbylla, parvifolia,
pumila, and planifolia, U. campestris
planifolia. U. Sarniensis, U, campes-
tris Sarniensls. U. viscosa, U. campes-
tris viscosa. U. ciliata, U. effusa. U.
pendula, U.fnlva. U. Americana and
montana vegeta, U. glabra vegeta. U.
scabra, U.montana. U. crispa, U.mon-
tana crispa. U. nemoralis, Planera
Richardi.
Umbilicus Lievenii and sempervivurn,
Cotyledon. ,
Unona, Uvaria.
^Jrospermum, Arnopogon,
Ursinia foeniculacea, Sphenogyne.
Uvaria lanceolata, Gnatteria virgata.
Uvularia Chinensis, Disporumfulvum.
V.
Vaccinium myrtilloides, F. angustifolium.
V. diffusum, V. arboreum. V. brachy-
cerum, V. buxifolium. V. prunifolium,
V. ovatum. V. amoenum and disomor-
phum, V. corymbositm. V. virgatum
angustifolium, V. corymbosum angusti-
foliitm. V. fuscatum and formosum,
V. corymbosum fuscatum. V. virgatum,
V. corymbosum virgatum. Y. hirtellum
and frondosum, V. ditmosum. V. glau-
cum, V. frondosum. V. venustura, V.
frondosum venustum. V. Maderense,
V. padij'olium. V. tenellum, V.Penx-
sylvanicum. V. parviflorum, F. resino-
sum lutescens. V. album, F. stamineiim
and corymbosum. V. elevatum, F. stami-
neiim. V. macrocarpus, Oxy coccus. V.
oxycoccus, O. palustris. V. Brasiliense,
Gaylussacia pseudo-vaccinium.
Valentia Taurica, Galium Tauricum.
Valeriana cardamines, F. sisymbrifolia.
V. heterophylla, F. globulari^folia. V.
Sibirica, Patrinia riipestris and Sibirica.
V. Ruthenica, P. Sibirica.
Valerianella congesta, Plectritis.
V&\lot&rmniiita,,Imantophyllumminiatum.
Vauanthes chloneflora, Grammanthes.
Vella aspera, Boleum aspcrum.
Vellozia squamata, Xerophyllum Sabadilla.
Veltheimia uvaria and speciosa, Tritoma
uvaria.
Ventenatia minor, Stylidhtm lineare.
Veratrum Yirginicum, Zyyadenus. V.
Sabadilla, Xerophyllum.
Verbascum ferruginetim, F. triste. V.
Myconi, Ramon dia Pyrcnaica.
Verbena Melindres, F. chamacdrifolia.
V. Drummondii, F. Lamberli rosca.
V. erinoides, F. multifida. V. tri-
phylla, Aloysia citriodora.
Verbesina, Wollastonia.
Verea acutrflora and crenata, Kalanchoe.
Vernonia, Ascaridda.
VTeronica polymorpba, F. Atistriaca. V.
lamiifolia, F. cham&drys lamiifolia. ^r.
pulchra, F. dianthifolia. V. incarnata,
F. elegans. V. gentianoides, F. gen-
tiamfolia. V. Barrelieri, F. hybrida. V.
angustifolia, F. linaricefolia. V. acuta,
ambigua, and rigens, F. longifolia ub-
breviata. V. grossa, F. longifolia lali-
folid. V. falcata, F nitens falcata. V.
'eorymbosa, F. polystachya. V. hir-
VIE
[ 857]
ZYO
suta, V, setigera. V. amethystina, V.
spur ia. V. Hostii, V. Ticinensis. V.
pilocarpa, F. trichooarpa.
Viburnum strictum, V. tinus strictum. V.
squamatum, F. nudum squamatum. V.
opulus roseum, V. opulus sterile. V.
lucidum, V. tinus hirtum. V. strictum
virgatum, V. tinus virgatum.
Vicia monantha, F. calcarata. V. cracca,
F. Caroliniana. V. atro-purpurea, F.
Nissoliana. V. tenuifolia, F. pseudo-
cracca. V. fab a, Fab a vulgaris, V.
fruticosa, Coursetia tomentosa.
Yieusseuxia iridioides, 7m curtopetala.
Villarsia cordata, F. lacunosa.
Vintera Granadensis, Drimys Winteri.
Yiola sororia, F. affinis. V. Pallasii and
chrysantha, F. Altaica. V. Allioni, F.
arenaria. V. lanceolata, V.altenuata.
V. Patrinii Nepalensis, F. ceespitosa.
V. multifida, F. digitata. V. dentata,
F. emarginata. V. Sibirica, F. Gfme-
hniana. V. odorata, V.'Japonica. V.
stagnina, F. /ac/<?a. V. Horneman-
niana, F. montana stricta. V.primulse-
folia, F. ovata and c&spitosa. V. pru-
nellsefolia, F. papilionacea Patrinii. V.
digitata, F. pcdata flabellata. V.ra-
nunculifolia, F. pe.data ranunculifolia.
V. ericetorum, V.pumilaericetoriim. V.
lancifolia, F. piimila lancifolia. V.
litoralis, F. pumila litoralis. V. Brous-
sonetia, F. Muppii. V. saxatilis, F.
Sudetica. V. arvensis, F. tricolor arven-
sis. V. Kitaibeliana, F. tricolor hirta.
V. calcarata, F. Villarsiana. V. Ca-
pensis, lonidium Capense. V. longifolia,
Vireya retusa, Rhododendron rctusum.
Virgilia helodes, Gaillardia bicolor.
Virola sebifera, Myristica.
Viscaria alpina, Helvetica, and neglecta,
Lychnis. V. vulgaris, L. viscaria.
Vitex Negundo, F. incisa. V. rotundifolia,
F. ovata,
Vitis laciniosa, F. vinifera upiifolia.
Volkameria buxifolia, Clerodendron buxi-
f aliiim. V. Madagascariense, (7. (7oro-
manddianum. V. angustilblium, (7. Ae-
tcrophyllum.
Vuineraria polypbylla, Anthyllis. V. ru-
brifolia, A. Dillenii.
W.
Wachendorfia paniculata, W. Hibbcrtii.
Wahlenbergia elongata, W. Capensis. W.
pendula, W. Lobelioides. W. E^'lei,
Glossocomia ovata.
Waitzia. See MORNA.
Waldsteinia Doniana, Comaropsis.
Wallrothia, Vitex.
Webera, Stylocoryne.
Weinmannia paniculata, Caldduvia. W.
trifoliata, Platylophus trifoliatus. W.
venosa, Acrophyllumverticillatum. W.
pinnata, W. glabra.
Willughbeia Zeylanica, Fagraa.
Wintera aromatica, Drimys Winteri.
Wistaria consequana, W. Sinensis. "W.
speciosa, W. frutescens.
Woodwardia caudata, Doodia. W. ono-
cleoides, W. angustifolia.
Xanthorrh«a resinosa, X. hastile. X.
pumilio, X. humilis.
Xerophyllum setifolium, X.asphodeloide$.
Xeranthemurn sesamoides, Apheltxis.
Y.
Yueca gloriosa, Y. superia.
Z.
Zephyranthes Druinniondi, Oooperia pe-
diinculata.
Zieria Smithii,.Z. lanceolata.
Zinnia violacea, Z. elegans.
Zizophora serpyllacea, Z. clinopodioides
cancscens and clinopodioides media. Z.
media, Z. clinopodioides media. Z.
Pouschldni, Z. dasyantha.
Zizyphus bubalina, Z. mucronata. Z.
sororia, Z.-spina-Christi trinervia. Z.
incurvus, Paliitrus virgatus. Z. myr-
toides, Condalia microphylla.
Zoraia diphylla, Z. angustifolia. Z. ele-
gans, jUicerma. Z. pulchella, D. pul-
chellum.
Zuccagnia viridis, Hyacinthus.
Zygopetalum crinitum, Z. Mackayi cri-
nitum.
Zygophyllum arboreum, Guaiucum. Z.
fruticulosum, JRoellafruliculosa.
THE END.
, PRINTER AND STEREOTYPER,
. 6URBEY.
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