Hi
THE LIBRARY
OF
THE UNIVERSITY
OF CALIFORNIA
PRESENTED BY
PROF. CHARLES A. KOFOID AND
MRS. PRUDENCE W. KOFOID
THE
COTTAGE GARDENERS'
DICTIONARY.
DESCRIBING
THE PLANTS, FRUITS, AND VEGETABLES DESIRABLE FOR THE GARDEN,
AND EXPLAINING THE TERMS AND OPERATIONS EMPLOYED
IN THEIR CULTIVATION.
WITH
AN ALPHABETICAL LIST OF SYNONYMES.
EDITED BY
GEORGE . JOHNSON, ESQ.,
KDITOH OF "THK COTTAGE GAUDKNEU," "THE GAUDKNEBS* AUIAKACK,
LONDON:
HENRY G. BOHN, YORK STREET, COVENT GARDEN.
1863.
"
PREFACE TO FIRST EDITION.
IT is not presumptuous, we think, to express our conviction that this Volume
will supply a want which has long existed in gardening literature. We so think
because all previous Dictionaries concerning plants are rendered more or less
deficient for horticultural purposes by being too much occupied with botanical
details ; by being too large and expensive for general use ; by being too old to
include more than a small number of the plants now cultivated ; or from being
the production of one writer, necessarily imperfect in one or more departments
in which his knowledge happened to be deficient. It is believed that THE
COTTAGE GARDENERS' DICTIONARY is free from all these objections. Its botanical
details are no more than sufficient as a guide to fuller knowledge of the plants;
it is the cheapest ever issued from the press ; it includes all plants known as
desirable for culture at the date of publication ; and every detail of cultivation
is either from the pen, or has passed under the supervision, of those well-known
for appropriate skilfulness. We need only add, that we have endeavoured
clearly to explain all the usual gardening occupations and terms; to give
accurate information relative to soil and manures, and to detail minutely the
culture of each plant; as well as to admit none but such as are either desirable
to have in cultivation, or are in some way interesting.
It being always satisfactory to know who are our teachers, we think it
desirable and just to all parties to state that Mr. BEATON, Gardener to Sir W.
Middleton, Bart., has furnished all the headings descriptive of each genus, the
derivation of their names, with their botanical classification and nomenclature.
To Mr. FISH, Gardener to Colonel Sowerby, we are similarly indebted for the
general cultivation of each genus of flowering and ornamental plants ; to Mr.
ERRINGTON, Gardener to Sir P. Egerton, Bart., for the fruit culture and selection
of varieties ; to Mr. APPLEBY, Floricultural Manager to Messrs. Henderson, for
the same information relative to Florists' Flowers; ^whilst on Mr. BARNES,
Gardener to Lady Kolle, Mr. WEAVEK, Gardener to the Warden of Winchester
College, and the EDITOR, have devolved the tenants of the kitchen garden. The
miscellaneous essays have been furnished by various hands, too numerous and
too combined to be particularized ; but the Editor does not shrink from being
responsible for them.
M368253
PREFACE TO SECOND EDITION.
IN a space df time unusually short for a work of this kind, a very large edition
has been sold; and, in preparing a New Edition, the Editor's effort has been
to correct such faults and deficiencies as have been detected since the publica-
tion of the first, and to add the New Plants which subsequently hare been
discovered. These, with the Tery copious List of Synonymes, will render this
Dictionary still more useful.
It is proposed, from time to time, to publish Supplements, containing
all New Plants, with notes on such novelties as merit the attention of tlie
Amateur and Gardener.
December, 1856.
EXPLANATIONS.
IT seems only necessary to observe that, to facilitate the proper pronun-
ciation of the names, the vowel in the syllable on which the emphasis is
to be laid is denoted by an accent placed after the vowel : Thus, in
ABE'LIA, the emphasis is laid upon the BE ; and in floribu'nda on the
bun. The other particulars scarcely need any explanation. The specific
name of each plant is translated into English ; and then follows the
height of the plant (where the figure or figures stand alone, either feet
or the fraction of a foot being intended); the colour of the flower; the
month when it begins to bloom; the native place; and the year of
iutroduction.
THE
COTTAGE GARDENERS' DICTIONARY,
ABE
ABE'LE TREE. The White Poplar
{Populus alba).
ABE'LIA. (After Dr. Abel, Physician
to the embassage of Lord Amherst to
China. Nat. ord., Capri/oils [Caprifo-
liacese]. Linn. Sys., 5-Pentandria 1-JMo-
nogynia.)
Half-hardy evergreen shrubs ; may be turned
out into the borders in summer. Cuttings in
summer, in light turfy loam and peat, and layers
in spring.
A. floribu'nda (many-flowered). 3. Rosy-purple.
Requires a little peat. March. Mexico.
1842.
rupe'stris (rock). 5. Pink and white. Sep-
tember. China. 1844.
triflo'ra (three-flowered). 5. Pale red. Sep-
tember. Hindostan.
uniflo'ra (one-flowered). 3. China.
A'BIES. See PINUS.
ABO'KTION. Too early or imperfect
development. In fruit, this frequently
occurs from a defect in the male or
female organs. If from the first, it may
be remedied by using pollen from other
plants.
A'BBICOCK. An old mode of spelling
APKICOT. (Armeni'aca vulga'ris.)
ABRA'XAS ijrossularia'ta. Magpie Moth.
The caterpillar of this moth often infests
the leaves of the gooseberry bush, as well
as of the currant, sloe, and even the
peach, in early summer. It is comryon
during the evenings of July and August.
Usually about one and a half-inch across
the expanded fore-wings, which are very
slightly yellowish-white, variously spotted
with black, more or less like those in our
drawing, for the marks are never uniform ;
and there is a band of pale orange across
each of the fore-wings. The hind- wings
are of the same colours, but without any
ABR
orange colouring. The body is orange,
spotted with black. The female deposits
her eggs upon the leaf of a gooseberry or
currant tree, and from these little loop-
ing caterpillars come forth in September
(see a drawing of these and of the Chry-
salis in The Cottage Gardener, iv. 15), and
surviving the whiter, begin to feed again
upon the leaves as soon as these open in
the spring. They are full-grown towards
the end of May, and enter the chrysalis
state between that time and the end of
June. In this state they remain for
about three weeks, and then the perfect
moth comes forth. The caterpillar is
yellowish white, with an orange stripe,
more or less complete, on each side, and
with numerous black spots, the largest
on the back. The chrysalis is black,
with orange circles round the pointed
end. The caterpillar prefers the leaves
of the gooseberry and red currant ; but,
after stripping these to their very stalks,
it will feed upon those of the sloe, peach,
and almond. Hand-picking, dusting with
the powder of white hellebore, and burn-
ing the leaves early in autumn, are the
best remedies and prevention against this
marauder.
ABR
]
ACA
ABRO'MA. (From a, not, and broma,
food ; on account of its deleterious quali-
ties. Nat. ord., Byttneriads [Byttneri-
aceae]. Linn., 18-Polyadelphia l-Decan-
dria.)
Ftove evergreen shrubs. Seed in March in
heat; or cuttings of half-ripe wood, April, in
strong heat, under a bell-glass ; loam and peat.
Summer temp., 65 to 75 ; winter, 50 to 55.
A. augu'sta (smooth-stalked). 10. August. Pur-
ple. E. Ind. 17/0.
fastuo'sa (prickly-stalked). 10. June to Oc-
tober. Purple. N. S. Wales. 1800.
ABRO'NIA. (From abros, its involucrum
being delicate. Nat. ord., Nyctagos [Nyc-
taginacess], Linn., 5-Pentandria I-Mo-
noyynia. Allied to Mirabilis.)
Half-hardy perennial trailers. Slips and seeds ;
andy peat, with a little light loam.
A. melli'fera (honey-bearing). . July. Orange.
California. 1826.
pulche'lla (neat). . July. Pink. Cali-
fornia. 1848.
ro'aaa (rose-coloured). . California. 1847.
umbella'te, (umbel-flowered). . April and
May. Pink. California. 1823.
precato'rius* Wild Liquorice.
^From the leaves being soft and delicate,
alros, and prayer, precntorius, because its
seeds are used for rosaries. Nat. ord.,
Mimosads [Fabacese]. Linn., YI-Dia-
delphia l-Decandria.)
Stove climber. Cuttings in sand, under a
glass ; sand and peat.
12. Pale purple. March to May. W. Ind.
ABU'TILON. (Arabic name for a plant
like a mallow. Nat. ord., Mallowworts
[Malvaceae]. Linn., IQ-Monadelphia 8-
Polyandria.)
Greenhouse evergreen shrubs. Cuttings in
sand, under a close frame or a glass, during sum-
mer. Light, rich loam and peat. Winter temp.,
35 to 40.
A. auranti 1 acum (orange - colored). Orange.
Brazil.
Bedfordia'num (D. of Bedford's). 15. Yel-
low and red. November. Brazil. 1838.
grave'olens (strong-scented). 6. Orange and
red. E. Ind. 1842. Stove.
insi'gne ^andsome-flowered). White and
carmine. January. New Grenada.
intege'rrimum (whole-leaved). 14. Yellow.
May. New Grenada. Stove.
poeoniflo'rum (peony -flowered). Pink. Ja-
nuary. Brazil. 1845.
pulche'llum (pretty). 8. White. May.
N. S.Wales. 1821.
nifine'rve (red-nerved)^ Pale yellow. August.
Rio Janeiro. 1845.
stria'tum (striped). 10. Orange and red stripes;
continually blooming. Brazil. 1837- In
Hampshire and south of England, large
old plants flower freely turned out under
a south wall, being there all but hardy.
~-veno'sum (veined). Orange and red stripes,
July.
A. vitifo'lium (vine-leaved). 6; White. July.
Chili. 1837. This is more hardy than
the other species.
ACA'CIA. (From akazo, to sharpen, on
account of the prickliness of the species
first noticed. Nat. ord., Mimosads [Fa-
baceffi]. Linn., 23-Polyyamia 1-Moncecia.)
This genus is composed almost exclusively of
stove and greenhouse shrubs and trees. Sandy
loam and turfy peat ; cuttings of the shoots taken
off at a joint, and pieces of the large roots, in
sand and peat, under a glass, in bottom heat;
but most of them will ripen their seeds in a
favourable situation. By seeds ; this is the best
mode of propagating them : sow in a slight hot-
bed in February or March: soak the seeds in
warm water for several hours before sowing. Al-
though the Acacias are all more or less beautiful,
yet most of them are so seldom seen under cul-
tivation, that we have omitted great numbers.
Those marked thus * are most desirable. Winter
temp, for stove species, 55 to 60 ; summer, 65
to 80; greenhouse species, winter temp., 35 to
40.
STOVE SPECIES.
A. acanthoca'rpa (spine-podded). 10. Pale red.
New Spain. 1822.
Acapulce'nsis (Acapulcan). White. Acapulco.
1825.
Ara'bica (Arabian). 20. White. E. Ind. 1820.
This tree produces gum arabic.
Bancroftia'na (.Bancroft's). 20. Jamaica.
brachyaca'ntha (short-spincd) 4. S. Amer.
1824.
BMrrMararafa'na(Burmann's). 6. Ceylon. 1818.
cee'sia<grey). 20. Yellow. E. Ind. 1773.
catechu 1 (catechu). 40. Pale yellow. E. Ind.
1/90. This tree produces that most power-
ful astringent, catechu. The bark of all
the other species also abounds in astrin-
gent principle, useful for tanning.
centrophy'lla (spur-leayed). 20. White. Ja-
maica. 1818.
cerato'nia (ceratonian). 3. White. S. Amer.
1800.
chryso'stachys (golden-spiked). 15. Mauritius.
1824.
conci'nna (neat). 20. White. E. Ind. 1823.
Coneordid'na (Concord's). 12. E. Ind. 181S.
ropalli'na (copal). 20. 1825.
* corni'gern (horn-bearing). 15. Pale yellow.
S. Amer. 1692.
coronillasfo' lia (coronilla - leaved). 10. N.
Africa. 1817-
di'ptera (two-winged). 20. White. S. Amer.
1818.
dumo'sa (bushy). 20. E. Ind. 1318.
ebu'rnea (ivory - thorned). 5. Yellow.
E. Ind. 1792.
e'dulis (eatable-fruited). 20. E. Ind. 1820,
* faTnesia'na (farnesian). 15. Yellow. July.
St. Domingo. 1656.
ferrugi'nea (rusty). E. Ind. 1818.
filifVaa (fern-leaved). 20. Mexico. 1825.
formo'sa (beautiful). 10. White. Mexico.
1825.
frondo'sa (leafy). 30. White. E. Ind. 1816.
frutico'sa( shrub by). 4. E. Ind. 1820.
gira'ffa (cameleopard's). 40. Cape of Good
Hope. 1816.
gra'ta (grateful). 10. Brazil. 1820.
Guiane'nsis (Guiana). White. Cayenne. 1803.
Guayatfu.ile'nsis (Guayaquil). 10. Guayaquil.
1818.
ACA
ACA
A. hamato'tryton (bloody- wooded). 20. Yellow,
white. Cape of Good Hope. 1816.
keteroma'lla (one side woolly-leaved). Yel-
low. June. N. Holland. 1818.
I'ntsia (InUia). SO.Yellow, white. E. Ind. 1778.
Jacara'nda (Jacaranda-like). 20. Yellow,
white. S. Amer. 1825.
fcaWfco'ra (kalkora). 45. E. Ind. 1818.
kermesi'na (kermesina). Purple.
latisi'liqua (broad-podded). 10. Pink. May.
W. Ind. 1777.
laurifo'Ka (laurel-leaved). 4. Yellow. May.
Tann*. 177-
/e'iStfefcOoebach). 20. Pink. May. Egypt. 1823.
lentiscifo'lia (lentiscus-leaved) . 20. Mexico.
1824.
leptophy'lla (slender-leaved). 20. S. Amer. 1824.
leucophlat'a (white). 12. Pale yellow. E. Ind.
1812.
Mcida (shining). 40. E. Ind. 1820.
macranthoi'des (long-spined). 20. Jamaica.
1820.
Ma'ngium (Mangium's). 10. Yellow. E. Ind.
1820.
micropfiy'ila (small-leaved). 10. Caraccas. 1826.
- odorati'ssima (most fragrant). 40. White. E.
Ind. 1790.
oligophy'lla (few-leaved). 4. Yellow. 1817.
pinna' to, (feather-leaved). 20. Yellow. E.
Ind. 1773.
pilo'sa (downy). 30. White. Jamaica. 1800.
plumo'sa (feathery-leaved). 20. Yellow. A
climber.
Portorice'nsis (Porto Rico). 6. White. July.
W. Ind. 1824.
prisma'tica (prismatic). 6. Yellow. 1818.
*pulche'rrima (fairest). 10. Brazil. 1823.
quadrangula'ris (four-angled). 4. White. Au-
gust. 1825.
Rohria'na (Rohr's). 30. White. 1823.
Ro'ssii (Ross's). 40. 1822.
sarmento'sa (twiggy). 10. 1820. A climber.
sca'ndens (climbing). 10. Purple. India.
1780. A climber.
semicorda'ta (half-heart-shaped). 40. E.
Ind. 1820.
Senega'l( Senegal). 30. White. Africa. 1823.
Seri'ssa (Shireesh). 20. E. Ind. 1822.
specio'sa (showy). 10. Purple. August. E.
Ind. 1742.
Spi'm' 1 (Spine's). 15. Red, yellow.
stipula'tu (large-stipuled). 20. White. Bengal.
1800.
tamarindifo'lia (tamarind-leaved). 4. White.
W. Ind. 1774.
tomento'sa (woolly). 20. E. Ind. 1816.
tricho'des (hairy). 10. Pale yellow. Peru. 1818.
va'ga (common). 40. White. Brazil. 1818.
venu'sta (charming). 6. Pink. S. Amer. 1816.
ve'ra (true, Egyptian thorn). 12. White.
July. Egypt. 1596.
vire'scens (strong-growing). 20. S. Amer. 1829.
Wallichia'na (Wallich's). 10. E. Ind. 1820.
GREENHOUSE SPECIES.
A. abieti'na (fir-like). 4. Yellow. May. N. Hol-
land. 1823.
*affi'nis (kindred). 5. Yellow. May. N. Hol-
land. 1822. This is the Green Wattle
Mimosa of the settlers.
ala'ta (wing-stalked). 6. Yellow. May. N.
Holland. 1803.
amte'na (pleasing). 5. Yellow. May. N.
Holland. 1820.
angula'ta (angular). 26. Yellow. June, N.
Holland. 1820.
At angustifo'lia (narrow -leaved}. 2. Yellow.
April. N. S. Wales. 1816.
* arma'tn (armed, simple-leaved). 10. Yellow.
May. N. Holland. 1803.
a'spera (rough). 4. Yellow. May. N. Hol-
land. 1824.
biflo'ra (two-flowered). 3. Yellow. May. N.
Holland. 1803.
binerva'ta (two-nerved). 8. Yellow. May.
N. Holland. 1824.
brenifo'lia (short-leaved). 3. Yellow. May.
N. Holland. 1820.
bre'vipes (short-stalked). 6. Yellow. N. S.
Wales.
- buxifo'lla (box-leaved). 4. Yellow. April.
N. Holland. 1824.
calamifo'lia (reed-leaved). Yellow. May. N.
Holland. 1823.
canalicula'ta (channeled). Yellow. May. N.
Holland. 1824.
celastrifo' lia (celastrus-leaved). 6. Yellow.
May. Swan River. 1842.
cilia 1 ta (fringe- winged). 8. Yellow. Mar.
N. Holland. 1803.
cinera'scens (ash-coloured). 10. Yellow. May.
N. Holland. 1824.
cochlea' ris (spoon-leaved). 4. Yellow. May.
N. Holland. 181-8.
confe'rta (crowded). Yellow. April. N. Hol-
land. 1824.
coria'cea (leathery-leaved). 5. Yellow. May.
N. Holland. 1825.
crassica'rpa (thick-fruited). 6. Yellow. April.
N. Holland. 1824.
cultra'ta (knife-shaped). 15. Yellow. April.
N. Holland; 1820. Same as cultrifo'rmis.
cunea'ta (wedge-shaped). Yellow. April.
Swan River. 1837.
cyanophy'll* (blue - leaved). Yellow. April.
Swan River. 1838.
Cyclo'pis (Cyelopis-like). 4. Yellow. May.
N. Holland. 1824.
cyno'rum (Swan River). 2. Yellow. Swan
River. 1852.
Daviesiafo'lia (Daviesia-leaved). 6. Yellow.
June. N. Holland. 1817.
* dealba'ta (whitened). 10. Yellow. May.
N. Holland. 1823.
* deci'piens prcemo'rsa (deceiving", bitten-
leaved). 3. Yellow. May. N. Hoi-
land. 1830.
* dt'cu'rrens (decurrent). 6. Yellow. June.
N. S. Wales. 1790.
denti'fera (tooth - bearing). Yellow. April.
Swan River. 1839-
depe'ndens (weeping). Yellow. March. Van
Dieman's Land. 1819.
de'tinens (detaining). 3. Yellow. May. N.
Holland. 1828.
* Di'ttwyniafo'lia (Dillwynia-leaved). 3. Yel-
low. May. N. Holland. 1828.
di'ptera (two- winged).
erio'ptera (woolly- winged). Yellow. Sep-
tember. Swan River. 1840.
di'scolor (two-coloured). 10. Yellow. May.
N. S. Wales. 1784.
divarica'ta (straggling). 6. White. April.
N. Holland. 1827.
* dolabrifo'rmis (hatchet-leaved). 6. Yellow.
June. N. Holland. 1814.
cchi'nula (prickly). 4. Yellow. May. N.
Holland. 1824.
elonga'ta (long-branched). 6. Yellow. May.
N. Holland. 1824.
emargina'ta (single-notched-leaved). 8. Yel
'low. April. N. Holland. 1824.
ACA
[4]
ACA
A, erioca'rpa (woolly-fruited). Pale yellow. April.
N. Holland. 1845.
eriocla'dus (woolly-branched). Yellow. June.
N. Holland. 1849.
Esterha'zia (Prince Esterhazy's). 4. Yellow
May. N. Holland. 1824.
*falca'ta (sickle-leaved). 6. Yellow. May.
N. S. Wales. 1790.
falcifo'rmis (sickle-shaped). 6. Yellow. May.
N. Holland. 1818.
*./Zort6M'7ida( many-flowered). 6. Yellow. May.
N. S. Wales. 1825.
glau'ca (milky- white). 6. White. July. S.
Amer. 1696.
* gra'ndis( great). Golden yellow. March. N.
Holland. 1846.
grave'olens (strong - smelling). 15. Yellow.
May. N. Holland. 1820.
gummi'fera (gum - bearing). 30. Guinea.
1823.
hasfula'ta (halbert-leaved). 4. Yellow. May.
N. Holland. 1824.
hetereca'ntha (varied-prickled). 15. Cape of
Good Hope. 1316.
heterophy'lla (variable -leaved). 5. Yellow.
May. N. Holland. 1824.
hispidi'ssima (hairiest). 3. Yellow. Swan River.
1800.
* holoseri'cea (all silky). Yellow. April. N.
Holland. 1820.
homoma'lla (equal-woolled). 6. Yellow. June.
N. Holland. 1822.
* Hugeflii (Baron Hugel's). Pale yellow. Fe-
bruary. N. Holland. 1846.
humifu'sa (trailing). N.Holland. 1820.
hy'brida (hybrid). 5. Yellow. May. Hybrid.
1822.
interme'dia (intermediate). 8. Yellow. N.
Holland.
interte'xta (interwoven). 6. Yellow. May.
N. Holland. 1824.
* juniperi'na (juniper -leaved). 6. Yellow.
May. N. S. Wales. 1790.
Lumber tia'na (Lambert's). Purple. May.
Mexico. 1818.
lani'gera (woolly). 6. Yellow. April. N.
Holland. 1824.
Lawso'ni (Lawson's). N. S. Wales.
leptoca'rpa (slender-podded). 6. Yellow. April.
N.Holland. 1821.
leucophy'lla (white-leaved). 6. Yellow. May.
N. Holland. 1822.
ligula'ta (strap-shape-leaved). Yellow. March.
N. S. Wales. 1818.
linea'ris (linear). 3. Yellow. May. N. S.
Wales. 1820.
* longi'ssima (longest -leaved). 4. Yellow.
May. N. S. Wales. 1819.
mo'llis (soft). 6. Yellow. July. N. Holland.
1810.
platyphy'lla (broad-leaved). 10. Yellow. June.
N. Holland. 1820.
Richardso'ni (Richardson's). 10. Yellow.
June. N. Holland. 1822.
serica'ta (silky). Yellow. April. N.Holland.
1820.
Si'mssi (Sims's). Yellow. April. N. Holland.
1819-
* so'phorce (sophora- podded). 10. Yellow.
May. Van Dieman's Land. 1805.
* specta 'bills (remarkable). Yellow. April.
N. S. Wales. 1837-
squama' to, (scaly). Yellow. April. N. Hol-
land. 1836.
stenophy'lla (short-leaved). Yellow. March.
N.S.Wales. 1818.
A. stri'cta (double-headed). 2. Yellow. March.
N. S. Wales. 1700.
stro'mbulife'ra (spiral-podded). 8. Peru. 1825.
suave'olens (sweet-scented). 4. Yellow. April.
N. S. Wales. 1790.
subula'ta (awl-shaped). 4. Yellow. May. N.
Holland. 1824.
sulca'ta (furrowed-leaved). 2. Yellow. July.
N. Holland. 1803.
* taxifo'lia (yew-leaved). 4. Yellow. May.
N. Holland. 1823.
trapezoi'des (trapezium-leaved). 4. Yellow.
April. N. Holland. 1810.
trinerva'ta (three-nerved). 6. Yellow. April.
N. Holland. 1820.
tri'stis (dull green -coloured). 18. Yellow.
March. N. Holland. 1828.
umbella'ta (umbellate). Yellow. April. N.
Holland. 1819.
uncina'ta (hook-leaved). 4. Yellow. May.
N. S. Wales. 1819.
unduleefo'lia (wave-leaved). 4. Yellow. May.
N. Holland. 1824.
uropJiy'lla (tail-leaved). Pale yellow. April.
Swan River. 1836.
vernici'flua (varnish-flowing). 6. Yellow.
April. N. Holland. 1818.
* verticilla'ta (whorl -leaved). 10. Yellow.
April. Van Dieman's Land. 1780.
verticilla'ta angu'sta (narrow - leaved) . 10,
Yellow. April. N. Holland. 1780.
_ * latifo'lia (broad-leaved). 10. Yellow.
April. N.Holland. 1780.
vesti'ta (clothed). 6. Yellow. June. N.
Holland. 1820.
vimina'lis (twiggy). Yellow. April. N. Hol-
land. 1820.
virga'ta (branchy). 4. Yellow. May. N.
Holland. 1824.
viridira'mis (green -branched). 4. Yellow.
Cape of Good Hope. 1816.
vomerifo'rmis (plough-share-shaped). Yellow.
April. N. Holland. 1818.
HALF-HARDY SPECIES.
A. julibri'ssia (silk-tree). 20. White. August.
Levant. 1745.
ACANTHOPHI'PPIUM. (From acanthos, a
thorn, and ippion, a horse; but why, is
not apparent. Nat. ord., Orchids [Or-
chidacero]. Linn., 20-Gynandria l-Mo-
nandria.}
Loam and peat in a rough state; division or
pseudo bulbs ; 50 to 60 when at rest ; 70 to 80
when growing.
A. bi'color (two-coloured). Yellow and red. June.
Ceylon. 1833.
Java'nicum (Javanese). Crimson, rose. August.
Java. 1844.
stria'tum (striped-flowered). White-striped.
June. Nepaul.
Sylhete'nse (Sylhet). White. June. Sylhet. 1837.
ACANTHOSTA'CHYS. (Acanthos, a spine,
stachys, a spike. Nat. ord., Bromeliads.
[Bromeliacese]. Linn., 6-Hexandria 1-
Monogynia.}
Stove herbaceous plant. Suckers ; equal parts
of Band, leaf-mould, and decayed wood.
A, etrobila'cea (cone-fruited). Red and yelloWi
June. Brazil. 1340.
ACA
ACA
ACA'NTHUS. Bear's Breech. (Acan-
thos, a spine; some being prickly. Nat.
ord., Acanthads [Acauthacese]. Linn.,
\4i-Didynamia %-Angiospermia.}
Herbaceous plants. Seeds, and root division ;
light rich garden-soil.
HARDY SPECIES.
A. Hispa'nicus (Spanish). 2. White. August.
Spain. 1700.
mo'llis (soft). 3. White. August. Italy.
1548. The leaves of this are said to have
given rise to the Corinthian style in ar-
chitecture.
ni'ger (black), 3. \Vhite. August. Portugal.
1759.
spinosi'ssimus (most-spiny). 3. White. Au-
gust. South of Europe, 16*29.
spino'sus (spiny). 3. White. August. Italy.
1629.
GEEENHOUSE SPECIES.
A, carduifo'lius (thistle-leaved). 1. Blue. Au-
gust. Cape of Good Hope. 1816.
A'CARUS. The Mite. Those most fre-
quent in our gardens are the following :
A. tella'rius. The Ked Spider. This
is one of the gardener's greatest pests,
NATURAL SIZE, AND MAGNIFIED.
though so small as to be scarcely visible
to the naked eye ; yet when a plant is
much infested by them it has the ap-
pearance of being scorched. Colour
sometimes yellowish, at others brown,
but oftener a dull red ; on each side of
its back is a blackish spot. In Novem-
ber it may be found under the bark of
the lime-tree; but at all times it is to
be found in greenhouses and hothouses
that have been kept too hot and dry.
In the summer-time it may be found,
occasionally in myriads, upon the under
sides of the leaves of kidney-beans and
limes. Even the apple, pear, and plum
suffer much from its ravages, as well as
various in-door plants. The injury they
occasion by sucking chiefly the elaborated
sap, and by their webs embarrassing the
breathing of the plant through the pores
of its leaves, is told by the brown colour
which these assume. To destroy these
insects in the greenhouse, or hothouse,
or cucumber-frame for they attack this
plant also there is no plan so effectual
as heating the hot-water pipes of the
houses, or having hot-water plates, filled
with boiling water, placed in the frames,
sprinkling upon them flowers of sulphur,
which begin to vaporize at a heat of
170, and then shutting up. the houses
or frames. The vapour of sulphur is
fatal to these insects where the air is
thoroughly impregnated with it ; and the
work of destroying them is completed
by syringing the infested plants with
water, continuing rather frequently the
operation. This last is the most practi-
cal remedy to plants in our borders, un-
less they can be covered over so that
the fumes of the sulphur may be con-
fined whilst the sulphur is volatilized
over a hot-water plate. Potted plants
may be submitted to the vapour of
sulphur in a similar way ; but in every
instance be cautious that the sulphur
does not burn, or you will kill your plants.
The vapour of spirit of turpentine is said
to be as effectual as sulphur. On walls,
the best plan is to beat up soft soap in
warm water, three ounces to the gallon ;
and to add as much finely-dissolved clay
as will make the whole a thick paint.
To this add three or four handsful of
sulphur, and keep the mixture well
stirred whilst applying it. Let it be
daubed on every open space of walling
the brush can reach ; and, if colour is an
object, the glaring yellow can be readily
subdued by adding plenty of soot, which
by some is considered a necessary in-
gredient. A similar mixture may be
daubed over the stems of ordinary fruit-
trees, choosing in this, as well as in the
former, the beginning of April for the
operation. Most good gardeners mix a
considerable quantity of sulphur with
the lime-wash which is applied to hot-
house walls.
A. holoseri'ceus is another species, dis-
tinguishable to an unscienced eye chiefly
by their scarlet colour. To destroy them
there is no plan equal to subjecting them
to the vapour of sulphur.
A.horte'nsis. The Garden Mite. Tho-
rax ochreous, abdomen white ; has been
ACA
[6]
ACA
found upon the roots of the cucumber,
upon which it is said to prey. We be-
lieve it to be the same * Acanus often so
abundant upon the root of cabbages
affected with the Ambury.
A. genicula'tus is a minute, brownish-
red, shining mite, congregating, during
spring, in prodigious numbers upon the
bark of the plum and other fruit trees,
near the base of the small branches,
and looking like a gummy exudation.
They all injure the plants they infest
by sucking their juices ; and, where the
fumes of sulphur cannot be applied, as
to the stems of trees, and to the soil, we
recommend an application of spirit of
turpentine, or gas ammoniacal liquor.
ACCLI'MA'TIZA'TION is rendering a plant
capable of yielding the production desired
from it, in a climate differing from that
in which it is a native. In our climate
it is usually required to enable a plant
to endure lower temperatures than those
to which it has been accustomed; and
this, though most are intractable, is more
easy than inducing the natives of colder
regions to live in our latitudes. When
anew plant arrives from a tropical coun-
try it is desirable to use every precaution
to avoid its loss ; but so soon as it has
be en propagated from, and the danger
of such loss is removed, from that mo-
ment ought experiments to commence,
to ascertain whether its acclimatization
is attainable. This should be done, be-
cause the nearer such a desirable point
can be attained the cheaper will be its
cultivation, and, consequently, the greater
will be the number of those who will be
able to derive pleasure from its growth.
Hence it is very desirable that an ex-
tended series of experiments should be
instituted, to ascertain decisively whether
many of our present greenhouse and stove
plants would not endure exposure to our
winters if but slightly, or not at all pro-
tected. It may be laid down as a rule,
that all Japan plants will do so in the
southern-coast counties of England; but it
remains unascertained to what degree of
northern latitude in our islands this
general power of endurance extends. Ex-
periment, and experiment only, ought to
be relied upon ; for we know that the
larch was once kept in a greenhouse ; and
within these few years, such South Ame-
rican plants as Tropce'olum pentaphy'llum
and Gesne'ra Dougla'sii have been found
to survive our winters in our garden-bor-
ders; the first in Scotland and Suffolk,,
and the second in Herefordshire. Many
tropical plants, of every order and species,,
have been found to succeed with much
less heat during the day, but more espe-
cially during the night, than gardeners
of a previous century believed. Other
plants than those already noticed have
passed from the tropics to our parterres,
and even to those of higher northern lati-
tudes. The horse chesnut is a native of
the tropics ; but it endures uninjured the-
stern climate of Sweden. Au'cuba Ja-
po'nica and Pceo'nia Mouta'n we all re-
member to have passed from our stoves
to the greenhouse ; and now they are in
our open gardens. Every year renders
us acquainted with instances of plants
being acclimatized ; and, in addition to
those already noticed, we find that Mr-
Buchan, Lord Bagot's gardener, at Blith-
field House, in Staffordshire, has an old
cinnamon - tree (Cinnamo'mum Ca'ssia)
under his care which ripens seed. From,
these many plants have been raised that
endure our winters in a conservatory
without any artificial heat. Then, again r
there is no doubt that all the conifers,
of Mexico, which flourish there at an
elevation of more than 8,000 feet above-
the sea's level, will survive our winters in
the open air. Among these are Pi'nug
Llavea'na, P. Teoco'te, P. pa'tula, P. Hart-
we'gii, Cupre'ssus thurlfera, Juni'perus
fla'ccida, and some others. We have kept
Plum'bago Larpe'ntaBin an open border at
Winchester during the severe winter of
1849-50 ; and we now know that it is
quite hardy. In this instance and the
course should be pursued in all other
cases we selected a light soil, tho-
roughly well drained ; and we began early
to introduce the plant to our climate
by bedding it out in May. As to all
plants of shrubby or tree character, there
can be little doubt that a proper solidifica-
tion of the wood by gardeners termed
ripening is the true basis of acclimatiza-
tion. The way to effect this is by en-
couraging a somewhat early and free
growth, and an early and decided rest.
Light, shallow soils, thoroughly drained,
necessarily accomplish this, by promoting
an earlier root-action, and by exposing
the roots more to the influences of the
atmosphere, whereby the very droughts
of summer become beneficial, by check-
ing luxuriance, and bringing on the rest-
ing period betimes. In annual plants, it
AOF,
[7]
ACH
must be confessed that scarcely so much
progress has been made as in thosd of a
woody character. It is not quite plain
that our kidney-beans, cucumbers, capsi-
cums, tomatoes, &c., are any hardier than
they were a century ago. Such facts,
however, should by no means deter those
who possess opportunities from trying
every new plant as above suggested.
A'CEB. The Maple. (Acer, hard, or
sharp; bep&use the wood was used for
lances. Nat. ord., Maples [Aceracese].
Linn., 23-Polygamia l-Moncecia.)
Nearly all hardy deciduous trees and shrubs*
with trivial flowers. Propagated by seeds sown
as soon as ripe ; layers in autumn, and grafting
or budding on the common maple. Cuttings will
strike in open ground if inserted in spring or
autumn. Sandy loam.
A. Austri'acum (Austrian maple). 40. Green.
May. Austria.
barba'tum (bearded-calyxed). 15. Green and
yellow. April. N. Amer. 1812. Timber.
campe'stre (common). 25. Green and yellow.
May. Britain.
Austri'acum. 30. Green and yellow.
June. Austria. 1812.
colli'num (hill-dwelling). 25. Green and
yellow. April. France.
hebeca'rpum (downy-fruited). 25. Green
and yellow. June. Britain.
laeviga'tum (smooth -leaved). 30. Green
and yellow. June.
na'num (dwarf). 6. Green and yellow.
June.
variega'tum (variegated). 25. Green and
yellow. May. Britain. Must be grafted
or budded.
circina'tum (round-leaved). 30. Green and
yellow. April. Columbia. 1827.
Cre'ticum (Cretan). 6. May. Levant. 1752.
dasyca'rpum (hairy-fruited). Green and yel-
low. April. N. Amer. 1725. Timber.
heterophyHlum (various-leaved). Green and
yellow. May. Levant. 1759. Evergreen.
Ibe'ricum (.Georgian). 40. Green. Asiatic.
Georgia. Yellow. 1826.
loba'tum (lobed-leaved). 20. Green. Siberia.
1820.
macrophy'llum (long-leaved). 25. Green. May.
N. Amer. 1812.
monta'nttm (mountain). 25. Green and yellow.
N. Amer. 1750.
Monspessula'num (Montpellier). 8. Green and
yellow. May. France. 1739.
m'grum (black). 40. Green and yellow. April.
N. Amer. 1812. Timber.
oblo'ngum (oblong-leaved), ao. Green and
white. Nepaul. 1824.
obtusa'tum (blunt-lobed-leaved). 40. Green
and yellow. May. Hungary. 1825.
This is the Neapolita'num of the Ita-
lians, and the hy'bridum of London nur-
series.
obtusifoilium (blunt-leaved). 4. Green and
yellow. May. Crete.
opalifo'Hum (Guelder - rose - leaved). 20.
Green and yellow. May. France. 1823.
o'palus (opalus). 50. Green and yellow.
May. Italy. 1752.
palma'tum (palmate- leaved). 10. Green.
Japan. 1830.
A. Pcvmsylva'nicum (Pennsylvanian or striped
bark). 20. Green and yellow. May. N.
Amer. 1755. A variety of this, stria'tum,
must be increased by grafting or bud-
ding.
plutanoi'des (plane-like). 50. Green and
yellow. June. Europe. 1683. Timber.
lacinia'tum (cut-leaved). 30. Green and
yellow. June. Europe. 1682. Must
be grafted or budded. Timber.
Lotie'lli (Lobels). 50. Green and yellow.
May. Naples.
variega'tum (variegated). 30. Green
and yellow. June. Europe. 1683. Must
be grafted or budded.
pseu' do-plu' tanus (the sycamore). 50. Green
and yellow. April. Britain. Timber.
purpu'reum (purple-leaved). Purple. May,
1828.
subobtu'sum (slightly blunt-leaved). 80.
Green and yellow. May.
variega'tum (variegated S.). 50. Green
and yellow. April. Britain. Must bo
grafted or budded.
ru'brum (red - flowered or swamp - maple).
There are two varieties, one with leaves
variegated with white, and tue other with
yellow. 20. Red. April. N. Amer. 1666.
sacchari'num (sugar-maple). 40. Yellow. April.
N. Amer. 1735. Timber. Sugar is made
from its sap.
Tarta'ricum (Tartarian). 20. Green and yellow.
May. Tartary. 1759. Timber.
ACETA'EIOUS PLANTS. Salading.
ACHILLE'A. Milfoil. (Achilles, pupil
of Chiron, first used it in medicine.
Nat. ord., Composites [Asteraceas].
Linn., 19-Syngenesia 2-SuperJlua.)
All hardy herbaceous plants, except A . JEgyp'
ti'aca, which is a greenhouse evergreen shrub.
This is propagated by cuttings, and the others by
root division, cuttings, and seed. Common soil.
A. abrotanifo'lia (southernwood-leaved). 2. Yel-
low. July. Levant. 1739.
acumina'ta (taper-pointed). 2. White. Au-
gust. 1830.
Mgypti'aca (Egyptian). 1. Pale yellow. Au-
gust. Levant. 1640.
age'ratum (sweet maudlin). 2. Yellow.
September. South of Europe. 1570.
al'bida (whitish). 1. Pale yellow. July. 1819-
Aipi'na( Alpine). 6 inches. White. September.
Siberia. 1731.
asplenifo'lia (asplenium - leaved). l. Pink.
July. N. Amer. 1803.
atra'ta (black-cupped). White. August.
Austria. 1596.
au'rea (golden-flowered). 1. Yellow. July.
Levant. 1739.
auricula' ta (eared). 1. Yellow. July. Asia
Minor. 1827.
chameemelifo'lia (chamomile-leaved). 9 inches.
White. July. France. 1825.
coarcta'ta (compressed). 4. Yellow. August
South of Europe. 1816.
compa'cta (compact), 1. Pale yellow. July. 1809.
Cre'tica (Cretan). 1. White. July. Candia. 1739.
cristaVa (crested-leaved. 6 inches. White.
July. Italy. 1/84.'
decolo'ran* (staining). 1. White, yellow, July.
1798.
-- decu'mbens (decumbent). Cinches. Yellow.
July. Kamtschatka. 1816.
\
AGH
[8]
ACH
At Eupato'rium (fern-leaved). 4. Yellow. July.
Caspian shore. 1803. One of the best,
continuing long in flower.
falca'ta (sickle-leaved). 6 inches. Pale yellow.
July. Levant. 1739-
glomera'ta (spherical). 1. Yellow. July.
Caucasus. 1818.
grandiflo'ra (large-flowered). 1. White. July.
Caucasus. 1818.
holoseri' ceo. (velvety). l. White. August.
Parnassus. 1817.
impa'tiens (impatient). 2. White. August.
Siberia. 1759-
lana'ta (woolly). 1. White. July. 1804.
leptophy'lla (slender -leaved). Pale yellov.-.
July. Tauria. 1816.
macrophy'lla (long-leaved). 3. White. July,
Italy. 1710.
millefo'lium (milfoil). 2. White. August.
Gardens. Found sometimes with reddish
flowers.
Mongo'lica (Mongolian). 1$. White. July.
Siberia. 1818.
moscha'ta (musky). 2. White. June. Italy.
1775.
myriophy'lla (myriad -leaved). 1$. White.
August. 1798.
na'na (dwarf). 6 inches. White. July. Italy.
1759.
no'bilis (noble). 2. White. Germany. 1640.
ochroleu'ca (yellowish-white). l. Pale yellow.
August. 1804.
odora'ta (sweet-scented). 6 inches. White.
July. Spain. 1729-
pectinata (comb -leaved). l. Pale yellow.
August. Hungary. 1801. Thought by
some to be the same as ochroleu'ca.
pta'rmica floreple'no (double - blossomed
sneezewort). 1. White. August.
pube'scens (hairy). 1. Light yellow. August.
Levant. 1739.
puncta'ta (dotted). 1. Straw. July. Naples.
1820.
recurvifo'lia (recurve-leaved). l. White. July.
Pyrenees. 1820.
santoli'na (lavender-cotton). 1. Pale yellow.
July. Levant. 1/59.
santolinoi'des (lavender-cotton -like). 1. White.
July. Spain.
seta'cea (bristly). 1. White. July. Hungary.
1805.
specio'sa (showy). 1^. White. August. 1804.
squurro'sa (rough-headed). 1. White. July.
1755.
tenuijo'lia (thin -leaved). 1. Yellow. July.
Switzerland. 1658.
Taw'rica(Taurian). 1. Pale yellow. July.
Tauria. 1818.
tomento'sa (downy). 2. Yellow. July. Britain.
vermicula'ris (worm-like). 1&. Yellow.
August. Russia. 1835.
ACHIME'NES. (From cheimaino, to suffer
from cold, and a prefixed as an augmen-
tive; alluding to the tenderness of the
genus. Nat. ord., Gesnerworts [Gesne-
racese]. Linn., 1.^-Dldynamia %-Angi-
ospermia.)
These are all beautiful, and are stove herba-
ceous perennials, unless otherwise distinguished
in the following list. When done flowering, and
the tops die down, allow the tubers to remain in
the pots, laid on their sides, where frost and wet
cannot reach them, until the latter part of Ja-
nuary ; then begin to place in a gentle heat ;
water them, and continue to introduce some
every month, down to the end of May, for suc-
cessional blooming. When the. small scaly tubers
have made shoots about two inches, plant six of
them in a 6-inch pot, in equal parts loim and
leaf -mould, with a little silver sand, thoroughly
drained. They will also grow in shallow pans, or
in baskets stuffed with moss, and the soil within.
If suspended, they look like a ball of flowers.
The temperature of an early vinery is well
adapted for these plants until the end of May, at
which period they should be taken to a cool pit,
where a steady, moist heat can be maintained.
Shade in hot days. Place the pots upon others,
inverted, and keep the bottom of the pit moist,
closing up early in the afternoon, and giving air,
in clear weather, about eight in the morning.
This beautiful genus is becoming overloaded with
varieties.
A. argyrosti'gma (silver-spotted). White and
rose. This is a hardy herbaceous plant.
June. Grenada. Not worth growing.
atrosangui'nea (dark crimson). l. Crim-
son. August.
ca'ndlda (white). l. July. White. Gua-
temala. 1848.
cocci'nea (scarlet). Scarlet. August. Jamaica.
1778. A variety, A. C. major, is good.
cuprea'ta (coppery). Scarlet. July. New
Grenada. 1847.
Esche'rii (Escher's). Purple, crimson. June.
Gardens. 1849-
floribu'nda e'legans (many-flowered). Purple,
crimson. October, Gardens. 1848.
formo'sa (handsome). Rose. September.
gloxiniceflo'ra (gloxinia-flowered). Buff-spot-
ted. December. Mexico. 1848.
grandiflo'ra (large-flowered). Pale crimson.
This is a greenhouse herbaceous plant.
October. Mexico. 1842. A variety of
this, Skinnerii, is a stove plant. Guate-
mala. Shaded scarlet. 1847.
heterophy'lla (various-leaved). Scarlet. Van
Houtte. July.
hirsu'ta (hairy). 2. Rose. September.
Guatemala. 1844.
interme'dia (intermediate). 1. Scarlet. Au-
gust. Gardens. 1847.
Jay'ii (Jay's). Violet purple. June. Gar-
dens. 1848.
Jwre'g'Mz(Jaureguia's). 1. White. Carmine
eye, striped. October. Mexico. 1848.
Klee'i (Klee's). . August. Pink and pur-
ple. Guatemala. 1848.
Liepma'nni (Liepmann's). l. Pale crimson.
July.
longiflo'ra (long-flowered). This is a green-
house herbaceous plant. Violet. Au-
gust. Guatemala. 1841. A stove vari-
ety, A- L. major, is good.
a'lba (white, long-flowered). White. Oc-
tober. Guatemala. 1849. Same as
Jaureguiee t
mi' sera (poor-flowered). 1. White and pur-
ple. July. Guatemala. 1848.
Mountfo'rdii (Mountford's). Scarlet. Au-
gust. Garden. 1847.
multiflo'ra (many-flowered). 1, Lilac. Octo-
ber. Brazil. 1843.
ocella'ta (eye-spotted), ij. Red. July.
Panama. 1847.
pa' tens (spreading). 1. Violet. June. Mexico.
1846. A small variety of this is not
worth growing.
peduncula'ta (long-stalked). 2. Scarlet, yel-
low. June. Guatemala. 1840.
ACI
AGO
A. pi 'eta ( spotted). 1$. Scarlet, yellow. June.
Mexico. 1844.
pyropce'a (flame-coloured). 1. Crimson. May.
Mexico. 1848.
ro'sea (rosy). I. Pink. June. Guatemala. 1841.
Skinne'ri( Skinner's). 2. Rose. July. 1847.
Tyrianthi'na (Tyrian blue). l. Violet-blue.
August. Mexico. 1849.
venu'sta (charming). l. Purple. July. Hy-
brid. 1848.
ACINE'TA. (From a/cineta, immovable ;
the lip being jointless. Nat. ord., Or-
chids [Orchidaceaej. Linn., 2Q-Gynan-
dria \-Monogynia,}
Allied to Periste'ria. Stave orchids, culti-
vated in baskets lightly fillefl with sphagnum.
The flowers grow through the bottom of the
baskets.
A. Barke'ri (Barker's). 2. Yellow. May. Mexico.
1837.
Humbo'ldtii (Humboldt's). 2. Chocolate and
crimson. May. Venezuela. 1841.
A Clo 'TIS. (Akis, a point, and ous, an
ear; from shape of petals. Nat. ord.,
Mdastomads [Melastomaceae]. Linn.,
10-Decandria L-Munogyiiia.)
Stove evergreen plants, allied to Osbeckia,
but may be grown in a warm pit or frame until
the spring, and then put into a greenhouse. Cut-
tings in sand, under a bell-glass ; equal parts rich
loam and peat.
A. aqua'tica (water). Q inches. White and red.
June. S. Amer. 1/Q3.
di'scolor (various-coloured). 1. White and
red. June. Trinidad. 1816.
A'cis. (After Acis, a Sicilian shepherd.
Nat. ord., Amaryllids [Amaryllidacese].
Linn., Q-Hexandria I-Monogynia.)
All hardy bulbs, related to the Snowflake. Off-
sets in sandy soil.
A. autumna'lis (autumn-blooming). 3 inches.
Pink. September. Portugal. 182Q.
grandiflo'rus (large- flowered). 6 inches.
White. August. Numidia. 1820.
ro'seus (rose-coloured). 3 inches. August.
Corsica. 1820.
trichophy'llus (hair-leaved). 6 inches. White.
January. Spain, 1820.
ACISANTHE'KA. (Akis, a point; antherai
an anther ; having pointed anthers. Nat-
ord., Loosestrifes [Lythracese], Linn.j
l.Q-Z)ecan dria 1- Monoyyn ia. )
An evergreen stove-shrub ; allied to Cuphea ;
cultivated like Aciotis.
A.quadra'ta (square-branched). 3. Jamaica. 1804.
ACMADE'NIA. (Acme, a point; aden, a
gland : the anthers having glands. Nat.
ord., Rueworts [Rutaceee]. Linn., o-Pen-
tandria \-Monogynia.}
Greenhouse evergreen shrub ; allied to Diosma.
Cuttings of end of branches two inches long,
planted in sand, under a bell-glass ; loam and
turfy peat.
A. tetrago'na (four-angled). 2. White. June.
Cape of Good Hope. 1798.
ACME'NA. (Acmena, a fabulous nymph.
Nat. ord., Myrtleblooms [Myrtacese].
Linn., 12-Icosandria l-Monogynia.)
Greenhouse evergreen shrub. Cuttings of small
side-shoots, in sand, in spring; loam and peat;
temperature from 35 to 40 in winter.
A. floribu'nda (many-flowered). 6. White. July.
N. Holland. 1788.
ACONI'TUM. (Being plentiful near
Acona. Nat. ord., Crowfoots [Banun-
oulacese]-. Linn., 13-Polyandria 3-Tri-
gynia.}
All hardy herbaceous plants. Many are very
beautiful, and will do well in plantations, even if
a little shaded by the trees. Division of the
roots and seeds ; common garden-soil.
TUBEROUS EOOTED.
A. acumina'tum (acuminate). 3. Blue. July.
Switzerland. 1819.
acu'tum (&cute-leaved). 4. Blue. June. South
of Europe. 1821.
albi'dum (whitish). 3. White. June. Europe.
1824.
amae'num (pleasing). 4. Blue. June. South of
Europe.
ampliflo'rum (large-flowered). 4. Blue. June.
Austria. 1823.
angustifo' Hum (narrow-leaved). 4. Blue. June.
Kurope. ls24.
Bernhardia'num (Bernhard's). 4. Blue. June.
Europe. 1824.
biflo'rum (two-flowered). . Pale blue. June.
Siberia. 1817.
Brau'nii (Braune's). 4. Blue. July. Switzer-
land. 1821.
callybo'tryon (fine-racemed). 4. Blue. June.
South of Europe.
Ca'mmarum (Cammarum). 3. Purple. August.
Austria. 1752.
ce'rnuum (drooping). 3. Blue. July. Switzer-
land. 1800.
flexicau'le ^zigzag-stemmed). 3. Blue.
July. Switzerland. 1819-
pauciflo'rum (few-flowered). 3. Blue.
July. Switzerland. 1821.
ramo'sum (branchy). 3. Blue. July.
Clu'sii (Clusius's). 3. Blue. July. Switzer-
land. 1819.
commuta'tum (changed, or tall dog's-bane). 3.
Blue. June. South of Europe. 1823.
delphinifo'lium (larkspur-leaved). l. Blue.
June. N. Amer. 1804.
ela'tum (tall). 4. Blue. June. Europe. 1822.
e'wjmens(eminent).4.Blue.June. Europe. 1800.
erioste'mon (woolly-stamened). 4. Blue. June.
Europe. 1821.
eusta'chyon (well-spiked). 4. Blue. June.
Europe. 1824.
exalta'tum (exalted). 6. Blue. June. Sibe-
ria. 1819.
fla'ccidum (flaccid). 5. Blue. July. Sibe-
ria. 1822.
Florkea'num (Florke's). 3. Blue. July. Si-
beria. 1822.
bi'color (two-coloured). 3. Blue, white.
June. Switzerland. 1801.
formo'sum (handsome). 4. Blue. June. South
of Kurope. 1824.
Fu'nkii (Funke's). 3. Blue. June. Switzer-
land. 1825.
gale'ctonum (lizard's-bane). Blue. June. 4.
Hungary. 1822.
gibbo'num (swollen). 4. Blue. July. Cauca- .
sus. 1818.
ACO
C 10 ]
ACO
A. Gmeli'ni (Gmelin's). 4. Blue. July. Sibe-
ria. 1821.
gra'cile (slender). 2. Blue. July. Switzer-
land. 1821.
Halle'ri (Bailor's). 4. Blue. June. South
of Europe. 1821.
bi'color (two-coloured). 4. Blue. June.
Switzerland. 1820.
hama'tum (hooked). 4. Pale blue. July. Italy.
1810.
hebe'gynum (blunt-styled). 3. Purple. July.
Switzerland. 1819.
multi'fidum (many- cleft). 3. Purple.
July. Switzerland. 181Q,
hi'ans (gaping). 4. Blue. June. South of
Europe. 1823.
Ho'ppii (Hoppe's). 4. Blue. June. Ca-
rinthia. 1823.
illini' turn (anointed). 4. Blue. July. 1821.
intermedium (intermediate). 5. Blue. July.
1820.
inu'nctum (anointed). 4. Blue. July.
Europe. 1822.
Japo'nicum (Japan). 6. Flesh. August.
Japan. 1790.
. caeru'leum (azwe). 4. Blue. July.
Japan. 1700.
Kcelea'num (Kcelle's). 4. Blue. June. South
of Europe. 1820.
pygmcB'um (pigmy). 2. Blue. June.
South of Europe. 1822.
Kohle'ri (KGhler's). 4. Blue. June Eu-
rope. 1824.
lacinio'sum (jagged). 3. Blue. July. Swit-
zerland. 1820.
lae'tum (joyful). 4. Blue. June. South of
Europe. 1820.
la'xum (loose). 4. Blue. June. South of
Europe. 1820.
leuca'nthum (white-flowered). 3. White.
June. 1823.
ma'ximum (largest). 6. Blue. July.
Kamtschatka. 1823.
Twe/o'com(badger's-bane). 4. Blue. June.
1821.
Meye'ri (Meyer's). 3. Blue. June. Switzer-
land. 1825.
mo'lle (soft). 5. Blue. July. 1820.
Nape'llus (monk's-hood). 4. Blue. June.
Europe. 1596.
a'lbus (white-lowered). 4. White. June.
Switzerland. 181Q.
rube'llus (small red-flowered). 4. Blue.
June. Switzerland. 1819.
nasu'tum (great-nosed). 3. Purple. July.
Siberia. 1818.
neomonta'num (new-mountain). 3. Blue.
July. Europe. 1799
Neuberge'nse (Neuberg). 4. Blue. June.
South of Europe. 1822.
ni'tidum (shining). 3. Blue. June. Swit-
zerland. 1825.
oligoca'rpum (few-podded). 4. Blue. July
Europe. 1823.
Ottoniu'num (Otto's). 4. Blue. June
Europe. 1824.
pnnicula 'turn (paniclecl). 3. Pale blue.
July. France. 1815.
plica'tum (plaited). 3. Blue. June. Swit-
zerland. 1825.
produ'ctum (lo^-lipped}. 1. Blue. July,
Siberia. 1821.
-~pube'scens (pubescent). 4. Blue. June
Europe. 1824.
*-reco'gnitum (recognised). 4. Blue. June
1824.
Blue. August.
Blue. June. Si-
Blue. June.
6. Purplish-blue.
Blue. June.
July. Swit-
4.
3.
A. rhyncha'nthum (bill-flowered). 4. Purplish-
blue. July. Switzerland. 1821.
bi'color (two-coloured). 4. Whitish-
blue. July. Switzerland. J819-
ri'gidum (rigid). 3. Blue. June. Switzer-
land. 1825.
grandiflo'rum (large-flowered). 3. Blue.
June. 1826.
rostra'tum (beaked). 3. Blue. July. Swit-
zerland. 1810.
pilosiu'sculum (rather hairy). 3. Purple.
July. Carpathian mountains. 1800.
Schleiche'ri (Schleicher's). 2. Blue. June.
Switzerland. 1821.
scmigalea 1 turn (half-helmeted). 1. Blue.
July. Siberia. 1818.
specio'sum (showy). 3. Blue. July. 1823.
Sprenze'lii (Sprengel's). 4. Blue. June.
Europe. 1824.
squarro'sum (squarrose). 4.
Siberia. 1822.
stri'cturn (upright). 4.
beria. 1824.
Tatt'ricum (Taurian).
Tauria. 1752.
tortuo'sum (twisting).
June. 1812.
to'xicum (poisonous).
Switzerland. 1825.
umbro'sum (shady). 3. Blue.
zerland. 1825.
uncina'tum (hooked). 2. Blue. July. N
Amer. 1768.
Michauxia'num (Michaux's). 2. Blue.
July. N. Amer. 1800.
variega'tum (variegated). 5. Purplish-white.
July. South of Europe. 1597-
albifio'rum (white-flowered). 4. White.
July. Switzerland. 1819.
bi'color (two-coloured). 4. Whitish-
blue. July. Switzerland. 1821.
ctxru'leum (blue). 4. Blue. July. Switccr-
land. 1819.
venu'stum (beautiful). 3. Blue, June. Swit-
zerland. 1823.
virga'tum (twiggy). 4. Blue. June. South of
Europe. 1822.
volu'bile (twining). 6. Blue. July. Siberia. 1799.
Willdeno'vii (Willclenow's). 3. Blue. June.
Europe. 1823.
son'ctonum (poisonous). 3. Blue. June.
Switzerland. 1825.
FIBROUS ROOTED.
A. a'lbum (white). 4. White. July. Levant. 1752.
A'nthora (Anthora). l. Pale yellow. July.
Pyrenees. 15Q6.
Anthoroi'deum (Anthora-like). l. Pale yel-
low. July. Jura. 1821.
austra'le (southern). 2$. Purple. July.
Denmark. 1821.
autumna'le (autumnal). 1*. Lilac, white.
November. N. Ch ina. 1846.
barba'tum (bearded). 2. Pale yellow. June.
Siberia. 1807.
Carpa'ticum (Carpathian). 2. Purple. July.
Carpathian mountains. 1810.
Chine'nse (Chinese). 4. Blue. September.
China. 1833.
cyno'ctonum (tall dog's-bane). 3. Pal*
yellow. July. France. 1820.
_ Decando'llii (Decandolle's). l. Pale yellow.
July. Siberia. 1823.
deco'nnn (neat)'. 4. Blue. June. Pyrenees. 1894*
eu'lophum (well-crested). lj. Pale yellow.
June. Caucasus. 1331.
AGO
[11]
ACR
A. grandiflo'rum (large -flowered). l. Pala
yellow. July. Jura. 1821.
hi'spidum (rough-haired). 2. Pale yellow.
June. Siberia. 1823.
Jacqui'ni (Jacquin's). l. Pale yellow. June*
Austria. 1800.
Lama'rckii (Lamarck's). 2. Pale yellow.
July. Pyrenees. 1817.
laxiflo'ruln (loose-flowered). 3. Pale yel-
low. July. Switzerland. 1823.
lupici'dum (wolf's-bane). 2 Pale yellow.
July. Europe. 1821.
lyco'ctonum (wolf's-bane). 3. Purple. July.
Alps. Europe. 1596.
macrophy'llum (large - leaved). 2. Pale
yellow. July.
Molda'vicum (Moldavian). 5. Purplish.
August. Moldavia. 1830.
nemoro'sum (grove). 2. Pale yellow. July.
Caucasus. 1823.
Nutta'llii (Nuttali's). 5. Pale blue. August.
N. Amer. 1829.
ochralnthum (pale-flowered). 4. Yellow.
August. Russia. 1834.
ochroleu'cum (yellowish- white). 3. Light
yellow. July. Caucasus. 1794.
ova'tum (ovate-leaved). 2. Purple, green.
June. Cashmere. 1839.
Palla'sii (Pallas's). 2. Pale yellow. July.
Siberia. 1821.
Pyrena'icum (Pyrenean). 4. Yellow. June.
Pyrenees. 1739.
re'ct urn (upright). 3. Pale yellow. July.
Europe. 1824.
rubicu'ndum (reddish). 2. Purple. July.
Siberia. 1819-
septentriona'le (northern), 4. Blue. July.
North of Europe.
roods, and 19 perches, Statute measure.
The Scotch Acre contains 5760 square
yards, equal to 1 acre, 1 rood, and 2 pec-
ches, Statute measure.
ACEIO'PSIS. (From akros, top, and
opsis, eye. Nat. ord., Orchids [Orchida
cese]. Linn., 2Q-Gynandria 1-Monogynia.')
A small genus of pretty stove orchids.
A. densiflo'ra (crowded-flowered). Green and
pink. Borneo. 1846.
pi'cta (painted). White, green, and purple.
August. Bantam. 1842.
ACEOCO'MIA. (From akros, top, and
kome, a tuft ; referring to the way the-
leaves are produced. Nat. ord., Palms
[Palmaceeej. Linn., 2I-Monaecia 6-Hex-
andria.}
A genus of South American Palms ; a race of
plants including some of the most majestic speci-
mens of the vegetable kingdom, whose product*
of fruit, root, stems, and leaves are applied to-
numerous economical purposes. Suckers; riclfc
sandy loam.
A. aculea'ta (prickly). 40- West. Indies. 1796.
fusifo'rmit ^pinole-shaped). 40. Trinidad.
1731.
globo'sa (globular). 20. St. Vincent. ' S2 4'
Guiane'nsis (Guiana). 30. Demerara. 182t
ho'rrida (horrid). 30. Trinidad. 1820.
mi'nor (smaller). 20. Trinidad. 1820.
scleroca'rpa (hard - fruited). 40. W. Ind.
1731.
tenuifo'lia (fine-leaved). 30. Brazil. 1834..
AcEONycHiA. (From akros, top, and
Stoerckia'num (Stoerck's). 4. Blue. August.
-therio'phonum '(o^st's-bane). 2$. Pale n ?*' * claw ? referring to the curved-
yellow. June. Europe. 1824. j points of the petals. Nat. ord., Citron-
trago'ctonv.vn (goafs-bane). 2. Pale yellow. ! worts [Aurantiacese]. Linn., S-Octandriz
July. Switzerland. 1822. I -i Mnnnntin'm \
-versi'colar (various-coloured). Blue and white. *"***?
August. Siberia. 1820. About the best. A fine greenhouse evergreen tree, producing
vulpa'ria (fox-bane). 3. Pale yellow. July. ! sweet-scented blossoms, not unlike those of the-
Alps. Europe. 1821. orange. Cuttings of small side-shoots in July,
and
in sand, under a bell glass ; soil, sandy loam
peat . winter temp(j fe 40 o to 45 o/ '
A'COEUS. (From a, privative, and kore,
the pupil of the eye; referring to its Z"cnm^Aa47(Cunn"ingham'' s ). White. July,
medical qualities. Nat. ord., Orontiads |
[Orontiacese]. Linn., 6-Hexandria 1-
Monogynia.}
A small genus of herbaceous plants, having
word-like leaves. A. calamus is a useful medi-
cinal plant a native of our marshes ; but now
used chiefly by perfumers for the fragrance of its
roots. Hardy marsh perennials.
A. ca'lamus (sweet-flag). 2. June. Britain.
grami'neus (grass-leaved). . February. China.
1796.
terre'stris (land). 1. June. China. 1822.
ACEE is the usual land-measure in
Great Britain. The Statute Acre through-
out the United Kingdom now contains 4
square roods; a rood contains 160 square
perches, rods, poles, or luys ; and a perch
contains 30|- square yards. A Statute
Acre, therefore, contains 4840 square
yards. The Irish Acre contains 7840
square yards, or nearly equal to 1 acre, 2
Moreton Bay. 1838.
ACEOPE'EA. (From akros, the end,
and per a, a pouch; referring to a pouch-
like appendage at the end of the label-
lum. Nat. ord., Orchids [Orchidacese],
Linn., 29-Gynandria \-Wgnp^ynJ.d.\
A pretty stove orchid.
A. Loddige'sii (Loddige's). j. Yellow and
spotted. August. Mexico. 1823.
ACEOPHY'LLUM. (From akros, top, and.
phyllon, a leaf; referring to the way in
which the leaves are produced at the
summit of the branches ahove the
flowers. Nat. ord., Cunoniads [Cuno-
niacese]. Linn., 10-Decandria I-Mono-
yynia.)
Greenhouse evergreen shrub. Cuttings of half-
ripe shoots in July ; soil, sandy peat and loam.
A, verticilla'tum (whorled). 6. Pink and white.-
May. N. Holland. 1835.
ACR
[ 12]
ACY
ACRO'PTEBIS. (From akros, a point, and
pteris, a fern. Nat. ord., Ferns. Linn.,
24:-Cryptoyamia I-Filices.)
Allied to Asplenium, the Spleenwort. All
Ferns are now in the Nat. ord. Polypodiacete.
Stove Ferns, propagated by division ; soil, light
loam and peat. See ASPLENIUM.
A. austra'Us (southern). Brown. N. Holland.
Canarie'nsis (Canary). Brown. Canaries. 1824.
nauda'ta (tailed). Brown. I. of Luzon. 1824.
falca'tu (sickle-like). 1. Brown. India. 1843.
laserpitifo'lia (laserpitium - leaved). Brown.
I. of Luzon. 1843.
oxyphy'lla (sharp-leaved). Brown, yellow. I.
of Luzon. 1843.
pellu'mda (clear). Brown. I. of Luzon. 1843.
platyphy' lla (flat-leaved). Brown, yellow. Ma-
lacca. 1843.
prcemo'rsum (bitten-leaved). J. Brown. Ja-
maica. 1/93.
rndia'ta (rayed). Brown. N. Amer. 1793.
ru'ta mura'lia (wall-rue). . Brown. Britain.
1793.
se'rra (sa.\f -leaved). Brown. North of Europe.
1844.
septentriona'le (northern). $. Brown. Britain.
1844.
^pathuli'na (spathulate). I. of Luzon. 1844.
va'rians (varying). I. of Luzon. 1844.
ACEO'STICHUM. (From akros, top, and
stichos, order; in reference to the lines
on the back of the leaves ; but the appli-
cation is not very obvious. Linn., 24-
Cry'j. togamia l-FUices. Nat. ord., Ferns
Polypodiacese.)
Nearly all stove Ferns. Seed and root divi-
ion ; loam and peat, equal parts. Winter temp.
not below 50.
A. alcico'rne (elk's-horn). 1. September. N. S.
Wales. 1808.
appendicula'tum (appendaged). 2. W. Ind.
1824.
asplenifo' Hum (asplenium-leaved). 1. Brown,
yellow. July. Brazil. 1833.
au'reum (golden). 4. August. W. Ind. 1815.
citrifo'lium (orange-leaved). . Yellow, brown.
September. W. Ind.
crini'tum (hairy). 1. July. W. Ind. 1/Q3.
flagelli'ferum (rod-shaped). 2. E. Ind. 1828.
fimbria'tum (fringed). Brazil. 1824.
fusifo'rme (spindle-formed). 1. Brown, yellow.
July. Malacca.
glandulo'sum (glandulous). I.Jamaica. 1825.
gran'de (magnificent). 6. Moreton Bay. 1828.
juglandifo'lium (walnut-leaved). 2. Yellow,
brown. August. Surinam. 1832.
latifo'lium (broad-leaved). 1. Yellow, blue.
Jamaica.
longifo'lium (long-leaved). 1. August. Ja-
maica. 1817.
nicotianifo'lium (tobacco-leaved). 2. Brown.
October. W. Ind.
piloselloi' des (mouse-ear-leaved). 2. Brown,
yellow. July. E. Ind. 1822.
scolope'ndrium (scolopendrum-like). 2. Brown.
August. E. Ind.
si'mplex (simple-leaved). 1. Jamaica. 17)3.
S/e'marm(Stemaria). 1. July. Guinea. 1823.
subdia'phana (semi-transparent). Brown. In-
dia.
ACEO'TEICHE. (From akros, top, and
thrix, hair ; referring- to the hairs on the
sepals. Nat. ord., Epacrids [Epacri-
dacece]. Linn., Q-Hexandria 1-Mono-
aynia.)
Greenhouse evergreen shrubs. Cuttings in
sandy peat, under a bell-glass, in cold frame.
Temp., 40 to 45.
A. corda'ta (heart-leaved). $. White. June. N.
Holland. 1823.
divarica'ta (straggling). * White. May. N.
Holland. T824.
ovalifo'lia (oval-leaved). . White. May. N.
Holland. 1823.
ACT;E'A. (From aktaia, the elm ; re-
ferring to the leaves. Nat. ord., Crowfoots
[Ranunculacese]. Linn., 13-Polyandria
I-Monogynia.)
Hardy herbaceous perennials of little beauty.
Propagated by dividing roots.
A. tpica'ta (spiked or bane-berry}, 3. White.
May. Britain.
ACTINOCA'RPUS. (From aktin, a ray, and
carpos, fruit ; referring to its radiated ap-
pearance. Nat. ord., Alismads [Alis-
maceae]. Linn., Q-Hcxandria k-Tetra-
(jynia.)
Aquatics. A. minor grows in sandy peat im-
" . sandy peat;
temp., 40 to 50.
mersed in water ; seeds sown in
A, Damaso'nium (Damasonium). 4. White. July.
England.
mi'nor (smaller). $. White. June. N. S.
Wales.
ACTINO'MERIS. (From aktin, a ray, and
mem, part ; referring to the radiated as-
pect of the plants. Nat. ord., Composites
[Asteraceee]. Linn., lQ-Syngenesia3-Poly-
(jamia frustraiiea.)
Ornamental hardy plants, allied to Coreopsis,
and of easy culture. Propagated by dividing
roots.
A. ala'ta (wing-stalked). 3. Yellow. July. S.
Amer. 1803.
helianthoi'des (sunflower-like). 3. Yellow. S.
Amer. 1825.
procc'ra (tall). 8. Yellow. September. N.
Amer. 1766.
squarro'sa (squarroseX 3. Yellow. July. N.
Amer. 16*0.
ACTINO'TUS. (From actinotos, meaning
radiated, on account of the form of the
involucrum. Nat. ord., Umbellifers [Um-
belliferfe]. Linn., 5-Pentandria 1-Mono-
gynia.)
Greenhouse herbaceous perennials. Boot divi-
sion ; loam and peat. Winter temp., 40 to 45.
A. helia'nthi (sunflower) 2. White. June. N.
Holland. 1821.
leucoce'phalus (white-headed-). Swan River.
1837.
ACU'MINATED. Having a long, slender
point.
A'CYNOS. (A Greek word of no obvious
meaning, applied to balsamic plants.
ADA
13]
ADE
Nat. ord., Labiates |_ Lammeece] . Linn.,
14 Didynamia l-Gymnospermia.)
These thyme-like plants are all hardy. In-
creased either by seeds or division of roots.
ANNUALS.
A. heterophy' HUB (vwiable-leaved}. &. Purple.
June. Italy. 1822.
tuave'olens (sweet-scented). 1. Red. July.
Greece. 1817.
vulga'ris (B a' sil- leaved, common). Violet.
July. Britain.
villo'sus (villous). . Red. July. Germany. 1817-
BIENNIALS.
A. Alpi'nus (Alpine). . Purple. August. Austria.
1731.
grandMo'rus (great - flowered). . Purple.
July. 1810.
PateiN'wMs(Paduan). 3- Fiesh. July. S.
Europe. 1776.
purpvra'scens (purplish). . Purple. June.
Spain. 1820.
EVERGREEN SHRUBS.
A. grave'olens (strong-scented). 1. Purple. July.
Crimea. 1820.
kerba-baro'ni (herb-baroni). 1. Purple. July.
Corsica. 1820.
rotundifu'lius (round-leaved). $. Purple. June.
Spain. 1820.
ADAM'S NEEDLE. See YUCCA.
AD-A'MIA. (In honour of John Adam,
M.D., of Calcutta. Nat. ord., Saxifrages
[Saxifragacese]. Linn., 14,-Didynamia
l-A<ngiospermia.)
Greenhouse evergreen shrubs. Peat and loam ;
cuttings, in sand, under a bell-glass.
A.cya'nea '(blue-berried). 4. Pink. Nepaul. 1829.
tpfoa'fteB (wood), Blue. June. India. 1846.
versi'color (many-coloured). Blue. August.
China. 1844.
ADANSO'NIA. The Baobab. A single
African tree comprehends this genus. It
is the largest tree in the world.
ADDER'S- TONGUE. A Fern. Ophio-
glo'ssum.
ADE'LIA. (From a, not, and delos,
visible ; in reference to the minute parts
of fructification. Nat. ord., Spurgeworts
[Euphorbiacese]. Linn., 22-Dioecia 12-
Mojiadelphia.)
Stove evergreen shrubs. Peat and loam; cut-
tings in sandy loam, after their cut end is dry.
A. acido'ton (spiry). 3. Greenish-white. June.
Jamaica. 1768.
Berna'rdia (Bernard de Jussieu's). 6. Green.
July. Jamaica. 1768.
rfctrae'Wa (ricinus-like). 6. Greenish- white.
July. Jamaica. 1768.
ADENA'NDRA. (From aden, a gland,
and oner, the stamen or male organ ; re-
ferring to the aspect of the anthers. Nat.
ord., Eueworts [Kutacese]. Linn., 5-Pen-
tandria l-Monogynia. This genus was
formerly included in Diosma.)
Greenhouse evergreen shrubs. Sandy peat, with
a little turfy loam; cuttings from the young
branches in sand, under a bell-glass, and left in a
cold frame. Winter temp., 40 to 45.
A. acumina'ta (acuminate). 2. White. June.
Cape of Good Hope. 1812.
amae'nu (pleasing). 2. Red. June. Cape of
Good Hope. 1798.
coria'cea (leathery-leaved). 2. Pink. June.
Cape of Good Hope. 1720.
fra' grans (fragrant). 3. Pink. June. Cape
of Good Hope. 1812.
linea'ris (linear-leaved). 1. White. June.
Cape of Good Hope. 1800.
margina'ta (margined). 2. Pink. June. Cape
of Good Hope. 1806.
specio'sa (showy). 2. Pink. June. Cape of
Good Hope. 1/89.
multiflo'ra (many-flowered, showy). 2.
Pink. June. Cape of Good Hope. 1790.
specio'sa paucifio'ra (few-flowered, showy). 2.
Pink. June. Cape of Good Hope. 1790.
umbella'ta (umbel-flowered). 2. Pink. June.
Cape of Good Hope. 1790.
uniflo'ra (one-flowered). 1. Pink. June.
Cape of Good Hope. 1775.
villo'sa (shaggy). 2. Pink. June. Cape of
Good Hope. 1/86.
ADENANTHE'RA. (From aden, a gland,
and anthera, an anther ; referring to the
gland on each anther. Linn., W-JDecan-
dria l-Monogynia. Nat. ord., Leguminous
Plants [Fabaceee], and allied to Mimosa.)
Stove evergreen trees. Loam and peat; cut-
tings.
A.falca'ta (sickle-shaped). 5. Yellow. E. Ind.
1812.
panoni'na (peacock-like). 5. Yellow, white.
July. E. Ind. 1759.
ADENA'NTHOS. (From aden, a gland,
and anthos, a flower; referring to the
glands on the flowers. Nat. ord., Proteads
[Proteaceffi]. Linn., 4^-Tetrandria 1-
Monogynia.)
Greenhouse evergreen shrubs. Sandy peat
cuttings in spring, under a glass, in sand ; soil,
peat and loam. Winter temp.,, 40 to 45.
A. barbi'gera (bearded). Swan River.
cunea'ta (wedge-leaved). 5. Red. July. N.
Holland. 1824.
obova'ta (obovate -leaved). 5. Red. July. N.
Holland. 1826.
seri'cea (silky). 5. Red. N.Holland. 1824.
termina'lis (terminal-flowered). Swan River.
ADE'NIUM. (From Aden, where it is
native. Nat. ord., Dogbanes [Apocy-
naceffl]. Linn., b-Pentandria l-Mono-
gynia.)
Greenhouse shrub, allied to Alstonia, It is
propagated from cuttings of the young shoots in
sand, under a glass, with bottom-heat, in spring.
Soil, sandy loam and peat, in equal proportions.
A. hou'ghel (houghcl-bush, native name). 3.
June. Pinky-crimson. Aden. 1845.
ADENOCALY'MNA. (From aden, a gland,
and calymna,- a covering ; referring to
the conspicuous glands on the leaves and
floral coverings. Nat. ord., Bignoniads
[Bignoniacese]. Linn., \^-J)idynamia 2-
Angiospermia.)
ADE
[14]
ADI
A genus allied to Spatho'dea. Stove evergreen
twiner. Loam and peat ; cuttings in sand, under
a bell-glass, and bottom-heat.
A. como'sum (hairy). 20. October. Yellow.
Brazil. 1841.
ADENOCA'RPUS. (From aden, a gland,
and carpos, fruit; referring to the glands
on the fruit. Nat. ord., Mimosads
[Fabaceae]. Linn., 16-Monadelphia 6-
Decandria. Allied to Cytisus.)
This genus is chiefly made up of old species of
cytisus, brooms, and allied plants. All are
yellow-flowered. The first two greenhouse plants,
others hardy ; sandy loam, but with a little peat
for the first two. Seeds sown in March, and cut-
tings any time in spring and summer.
A. fuliolo'sus (slightly-leaved). 6. May. Ca-
naries. 1629.
frankenioi'des (frankenia-like). 2. June. Ca-
naries. 1815. These two are evergreen,
and require protection from frost.
Hispa'nicus (Spanish). 3. June. Spain. 1816.
interme'dius (intermediate). 4. June. Sicily.
parD'/o'/izsismaU-leaved). 4. June. South of
France. 1800.
Tolone'nsis (Toulon). 3. June. South of
France. 1800.
ADENO'PHORA. (From aden, a gland,
and phoreo, to bear. Nat. ord., Bellworts
[Campanulacese]. Linn., S-Pentandria
I-Monogynia.)
Hardy herbaceous plants, like Campanula.
Common soil. Seeds. All bear blue or bluish
flowers.
A. commu'nis (common Siberian). 4. July. Si-
beria. 1810.
hy'brida (C. S. hybrid). 2. June. Si-
beria. 1816.
suave'olens (sweet-scented C. S.). 2. June.
Siberia. 1816.
coronopifo'lia (buckthorn-leaved). 1. June.
Dahuria. 1822.
denticula'ta (finely-toothed). 1. July. Si-
beria. 1817.
Fische'ri (Fischer's). 2. August. Siberia. 181Q.
Gmeli'ni (Gmelin's). 2. June. Siberia. 1820.
interme'dia (intermediate). 2. August. Si-
beria. 181Q.
Lamarckia'na (Lamarck's). 2. July. Siberia.
1820.
marsupiflo'ra (purse-flowered). 2. July. 1818.
pere'skicefo'lia (pereskia-leaved). 2. June.
Siberia. 1821.
/>erfp/oc!/o7ta(periploca-leaved). 1. August.
Siberia. 1824.
J2afieZama'na(Rabelais's). 2. August. Siberia.
1823.
reticula'ta (netted). 2. July. Siberia. 1820.
stylo'sa (long-styled). 2. May. Siberia. 1820.
verticilla'tn (whorl-leaved.) 2. June. Si-
beria. 1783.
ADENO'STOMA. (From aden, a gland,
and stoma, a pore. Nat ord., Sanyuisorbs
[Sanguisorbaceae]. Linn., S-Triandria
l-Monoyynia.) Hardy shrub, allied to
Lady's Mantle (Alchemilla).
Propagated by cuttings of the young shoots in
spring, under a glass, in sand. Soil, rich loam
and peat, in equal proportions.
A, fascicula'ta (fascicled). 3. White. California.
1843.
ADENOTRI'CHIA (From aden, a gland,
andthrix, hair; having hairs with glands.
Nat. ord., Composites [Asteraceae]. Linn.,
IG-Syngenesia %-Superflua. Allied to
Groundsel.)
Half-hardy herbaceous plant. Propagated from
seeds sown in the spring in a gentle hotbed.
Planted out in summer. Soil, light rich loam.
A. amplexicau'lis (stem - clasping). 2. May.
Yellow. Chili. 1826.
ADE'SMIA. (From a, not, or without,
and desmos, a bond ; in reference to the
stamens being free. Linn., IQ-Monadct-
phia Q-Dccandria. Nat. ord., Leguminous
Plants [Fabacese] . Greenhouse and half-
hardy plants, allied to Hedysarum, all
more or less of a trailing habit.)
Annuals, sown^n spring in slight hotbed. Cut-
tings of others inSmmmer, in sandy loam, under
a glass. Winter temp., 40 to 45.
ANNUALS.
A. murica'ta (point-covered). 1. Yellow. June.
Patagonia. 1793,
pappo'sa (downy-podded). 1. Yellow, June.
Chili. 1823.
pe'ndula (pendulous-flowered). 1. Yellow.
June. Buenos Ayres. 1825.
EVERGREEN SHRUBS.
A. glutino'sa (sticky). Yellow. Chili. 1831.
Loudo'nia (Loudon's). 2. Yellow. May.
Valparaiso. 1830.
microphy'lla (small-leaved). Yellow. Valpa-
raiso. 1830.
uspallate'nsis (uspallatan). 1. Yellow. July.
Chili. 1832.
visco'sa (clammy). 12. Yellow. August.
Chili. 1831.
ADIA'NTUM. Maidenhair. (From adi-
antos, dry, as if plunged in water, yet
remaining dry. Nat. ord., Ferny [Poly-
podiaceae]. Linn., %-Cryptogamia 1-
F 'dices.)
Greenhouse and stove Ferns. Loam and peat.
Root division, or seeds scattered on a moist, shady
surface, Greenhouse temp, in winter, 40 to 45,
and stove winter temp., 50 to 55.
GREENHOUSE.
A. assi'mile (assimilated). 1. July. N.Holland.
1823.
capi'llus Vene'ris (Venus's hair). $. July.
Britain, Capillaire is so called from being
made with this plant.
cunca'tum( wedge-shaped). 1. August. Brazil.
1820.
foliolo'sum (leafy.) Brown. August.
formo'sum (handsome). 1. July. N. Hol-
land. 1820.
hispi'dulum (hairyi&h). 1. August. N.Hol-
land. 1822.
pube'scens (downy). 1. April. N.Holland.
1830.
pulverule'ntum (dusty). 2. July. W. Ind. 1793.
renifo'rme (kidney-leaved), f. July. Madeira.
1699.
rhomboi'deum (rhomboid). 1, July. S. Amer.
1820.
ADI
JEGI
STOVE.
A. MtUo'picum (^Ethiopian). 2. Brown. Sep-
tember. 1838.
Brazilie'nse (Brazilian). 2. Brazil. 1844.
conci'nnum (neat). 2. Brown. June. N. Hoi
land.
corda'tum (heart-shaped). Brown. Yellow.
Mindenao.
crista'tum (crested). 1. Brown. Jamaica. 1844
curva'tum (curved). 2. Brown. Brazil. 1841.
deltoi'deum (deltoid). 1. S. Amer. 1820.
denticula'tum (small-toothed). Brown. July.
W.Jnd.
flabellifJlium (fan-leaved). 1. Brown. Sep-
.tember. Jamaica.
flave'scens (yellow). Yellow. June. W. Ind.
1 folio'sum (leafy). 1. Brown. August.
Fovia'num (Foy's). 1. Brown. May. W.Ind.
1840.
hirtu'tum (hairy). Brown. I. of Luzon.
lu'cidum (shiny). 1. Brown. August. S. Amer.
luna'tum (half-moon). . July. Mexico. 1823.
lunula'tum (crescent-leaved). Brown. I. of
Luzon.
macrophy' Hum (long-leaved). 1 . July. Ja-
maica. 1793.
Moritzin'num (Moritz's). 1. Brown. Sep-
tember. S. Amer. 1838.
obli'quum (oblique). 1. Brown. April. W.
Ind. 1826.
pa' tens (spreading). 1. July. Brazil. 1824.
peda'tum (pedate). 1. July. N.Amer. 1640.
pent ada'cty Ion (five-fingered). Brown. July.
Brazil. 1828.
radia'tum (rayed). 5. July. W.Ind. 17/6.
serrula'tum (tooth-edged). 1. August. Ja-
maica. 1822.
setulo'snm (bristled). 1. Norfolk Island. 1805.
stria'tum (line-marked). Brown. June. W.
Ind. 1822.
-- te'nerum (tender). 1. July, Jamaica. 1793.
ternu'tum (three-leafleted). f . July. S. Amer.
1819.
trapezifo'rme (rhomb-leaved). l. June. W.
Ind. 1793.
triangula'tum (triangle-leaved). Brown. July.
Trinidad. 1824.
va'rium (various). 1. July. S, Amer. 1820.
villo'sum (hairy-stalked). 1. July. Jamaica.
1775.
ADI'NA. See NAUCLEA, of which it is
a synonyme . Ten other names have been
given to Nauclea.
A pretty little plant, requiring a cool stove.
Cuttings in sandy loam, under a bell-glass. Soil,
sandy loam. Winter temp., 50 to 55.
A. globiflo'ra (globe-flowered). 3. White. July
China. 1804.
ADLU'MIA. (Named after Adlum, an
American author. Nat. ord., Fumeworts.
Allied to Corydalis [Fumariacese]. Linn.,
YI-Diadelphia 2-Hcxandria.)
A biennial climber, requiring common soil*
Seeds.
A. cirrho'sa (tendriled). 15. White. August.
N. Amer. 1778.
ADO'NIS. (Named after Adonis of the
Classics. Nat. ord., Crowfoots [Ranun-
culacese]. Linn., I3-Polyandria 6- Poly -
yynia.)
Hardy plants ; common soil ; the annual spe-
cies from seeds, and the perennial from seed or
root division.
ANNUALS.
A. a-stiva'lit (summer). 2. Scarlet. June. South
of Europe. 1629.
autumna'.lis (autumnal. Pheasant's eye). 1.
Crimson. July. Britain.
aitri'na (citron-coloured). 1. Orange. June.
South of Europe. 1819.
PERENNIALS.
^pem'na(Appenine). 1. April. Yellow. Al-
pine. Europe.
Davu'rica (Dahurian). I.April. Yellow. Si-
berift. 1827.
disto'rta (distorted). 1. April. Yellow. Na-
pier- 1827.
Pyrena'ica (Pyrenean). l. July. Yellow.
Pyrenees. 1817.
Sibi'riea (Siberian). 2. April. Yellow. Si-
beria. 1827.
verna'lis (spring). 1. March. Yellow. Eu-
rope. 1629.
Volge'nsis (Volga). 1. April. Yellow. Russia.
1818.
^ECHHE'A. (From aichme, a point ; in
reference to the rigid points on the calices
or flower-envelopes. Nat. ord., Bromel-
worts [Bromeliaceaj] . Linn., G-Hexan-
dria 1-Monoyynia.)
Suckers; light turfy loam and leaf mould;
very handsome. Stove herbaceous perennials.
. di'scolor (vari-coloured). 2. Scarlet, purple.
June. 1844.
fu'lgens (glowing). 1. Scarlet, blue. Sep-
tember. Cayenne. 1842.
Merte'nsii (Merten's). 2. Green, red. March.
Demerara. 1830.
rnucroniflo'ra (spring-petaled). Yellow. Sep-
tember. Peru. 1852.
suave' olens (sweet-scented). 2J. Pink. April.
Brazil. 1838.
2EGi r CEKAs. (From aix, a goat, and
keros, a horn ; alluding to the shape of its
fruit. Nat. ord., Ardisiads [Myrsinacess].
Linn., b-Pentandria I-Monogynia.}
Greenhouse evergreen shrub. Propagated from
cuttings of the half-ripe shoots in summer, under
a glass, in sand, and gentle heat. Soil, sandy
loam and peat.
3S.fr a! grans (fragrant). White. N. Holland. 1824.
EGI'PHILA. (From aix, a goat, and
philos, dear ; referring to its being a fa-
vourite with goats. Nat. ord., Verbenas
[Verbenacea?]. Linn., k-Tetrandria 1-
Monogynia.}
Stove evergreen shrubs. Sandy rich loam;
cuttings in sand, under a glass, with bottom-heat.
Winter temp., 60 to 60 ; summer, 65 to 80.
M. arbore'scens (arborescent). 10. White. Tri-
nidad. 1823.
di/u'sa (diffuse). 2. Yellow. July. W.Ind.
1824.
ela'taltM). 12. Pale yellow. August. W.
Ind. 1323.
foe'tido. (stinking). 2. Lilac. July. W. Ind. 1820.
grandiflo'ra (large-flowered). 2. Yellow. No-
vember. Havannah. 1843.
[16]
/#'{ (smooth). June. Yellow. Guinea. 1824.
Martinice'nsis (Martinique). 6. White. W.
Ind. 1780.
obova'ta (obovate). 2. Yellow. September.
W. Ind. 1804.
tri'fida (three-cleft). 4. White. June. Ja-
maica. 1826.
. Bengal Quince. (From
one of the Hesperides. Nat. ord., Citron-
worts [Aurantiaceee], Linn., I3-Polyan-
dria 1-Monogynia.)
The Marmelos is a delicious Indian fruit, pos-
sessing high medicinal qualities. Stove ever-
green shrub. Cuttings of ripe-wooded shoots,
in sand, under a bell-glass, with bottom heat ;
rich loam.
JE. ma'rmelos (ma'rmelos). 6. Whitish red. E.
Ind. 1759.
-53GOCHLOA. See NAVAKRE'TIA.
^EOLLA'KTHUS. (From aiolo, to vary, and
anthos, a flower ; referring to the varia-
bleness of the flowers. Nat. ord., Labi-
ates, or Lipworls [Lamiaceee]. Linn., 14-
Didynamia 2-Angiospermia.)
Stove annual. Sandy loam ; seeds.
M. suave'olens (sweet-scented). 1. White. July.
Brazil. 1825.
.ZEo'NiUM. See SEMPERVIVTJM.
./ERA'NTHUS. (From aer, air, and anthos,
a flower; referring to the way in which
the plant grows. Nat. ord., Orchids
[Orchidacese], Linn., 20-Gynandria 1-
Monandria.}
Stove orchid. Division of root ; on wood, or in
a basket.
JE. grandifl'ora (large -flowered). 1. Yellow,
green. June. Madagascar. 1823.
AERA'TION. Exposing soil to the air.
AE'RIDES. (From aer, the air; in re-
ference to the power these have of living
on the air. Nat. ord., Orchids [Orchi-
dacese]. Linn., 2Q-Gynandria 1-Monan-
dria.)
Stove orchids. These all require a summer
temp, of 60 to 65 ; winter, 50 to 65. Grow
best in baskets filled with sphagnum or white
bog-moss.
A. affi'ne (related). 1. Sylhet. 1837.
Broo'kii (Sir A. Brooke's). Purple and white ;
fragrant. Bombay.
cri'spum (crisp). 1. White and rose. May.
E. Ind. 1840.
cyli'ndricum (cylindric). E. Ind.
macula' sum (spotted). 1$. Purple-spotted.
May. Bombay. 1840.
odonto'chilum (tooth-lipped). 2. Sylhet. 1837.
odora'tum (fragrant). l. White. August.
E. Ind. 1800.
quinque vu'lnern (5-wounded). $. Pink. June.
Philippines. 1838.
ro'sevm (rose-coloured). Dwarf; rosy. E, Ind.
tessela'tum (chequered). White, green, and
purple. June. E. Ind. 1838.
vi'rqns (vigorous). Purple, white. April. Java.
1843.
Wightia'num (Wight's). E. Ind, 1800.
ZE'uuA. (From eruua, its Arabic- name.
Nat ord., Amaranths [Amarantaceee].
Linn., b-Pentandria \-Monogynia.)
Stove herbaceous plants; flowering in June.
Propagated by dividing roots.
JB. Java'nica (Javanese). 2. White. E. Ind. 1768.
lana'ta (woolly). 1. White. E. Ind. 1691.
^ESCHYNA'NTHDS. (From aischuno,to
be ashamed, and anthos, a flower. Nat.
ord., Gesnerworts [Gesneraceffi]. Linn.,
I4:-Didynamia 2-4.ngiospermia.)
JE. albi'dus (whitish). 1. Java. 1849.
atrosangui'neus (dark-bloody). Dark red. July.
Aucla'ndi (Lord Auckland's). Scarlet. Borneo.
1847.
Boschia'nus (Bosch's). Scarlet. July. Java.
1843.
grandifio'rus (large -flowered). 5. Scarlet.
August. E. Ind. 1837.
Horsfi'eldii (Horsfield's). 2. Pale scarlet.
August. Java. 1844.
Lobbia'nus (Lobb's). 1. Scarlet. June. Java
1845.
longifio'rus (long-flowered). 2. Scarlet. June.
1845.
macula' tus (spotted). 3. Scarlet. August.
India. 1839.
minia'tus (vermilion). l. Scarlet. June.
Java. 1845.
Paxto'nii (Paxton's). Scarlet. April. Khosea.
1839.
pu'lcher (fair). Scarlet. 1. July. Java. 1845.
purpuia'scens (purplish). 1. Purple, yellow.
March. Java. 1845.
radi'cans (stem-fibred). Red. August. Su-
matra. 1845.
ramosi'ssirmis (most-branched). 3. Scarlet.
June. Khosea. 183?.
specio'sus (showy). 2. May. Orange. Java. 1S45.
Roxbu'rghii (Roxburgh's). Scarlet. July. E.
Ind. 1837.
zebri'nus (striped). 1. Scarlet. June. Java.
1847.
JJ]SCHYNO'MENE. (From aisohuno,io bo
ashamed; in reference to the supposed
sensitiveness in the leaves. Nat. ord., Le-
guminous Plants. Allied to Hedysarum
[Fabacese]. Linn., Dtadelphia b-Tc-tmn-
dria.)
Stove plants. The annuals by seed in a high
temperature, and the shrubs by cuttings in sand,
under a bell-glass, in good heat ; rich sandy
loam. Winter temp., 60 to 75; summer, 70
to 80.
ANNUALS.
M. Amcrica'na (American). 2. Yellow. July.
Jamaica. 1732.
a'spera (rough-stemmed) . 2. Yellow. Juno.
E. Ind. 1759.
hi'spida (rough-haired). 2. Yellow. N, Amer.
1803.
I'ndica (Indian). 2. Yellow. June. E. Ind.
1799-
pu'mila (dwarf). 3. Yellow. July. E. Ind.
1818.
subvisco'sa . (subvlsciJ). 1. Yellow. Julv. E.
Ind. 1816.
visci'dula (viseidish'j. 1. Yellow, July, I'Jo
ridu. 1816.
[ 1? J
AGA
SHRUBS.
JE.cretpitans (rattling -podded). 4. Yellow
July. Caraccas. 1820.
pa'tula (spreading). 4. Yellow. July. Mau
ritius. 1820.
pe'ndula (drooping). 3. Yellow. July. Mau
ritius. J826.
sensiti'va (sensitive). 3. White. W. Ind. 173
Horse Chesnut. (Fron
escu, nourishment ; referring to the groun
flour from the kernels of some species
Nat. ord., Soapworts [Sapindaceae], Linn.
7-Heptandria 1-Monoyynia.}
Although the Horse Chesnut and other Soap
worts produce wholesome or nourishing fruit
gome families in this order are highly poisonous
Hardy deciduous trees. Deep rich loam.
JE. gla'bra (smooth-leaved). 12. Greenish-yellow
May. N. Amer. 1812. Grafts.
hippoca'stanum (common Horse C.). 40
White. May. Asia. 1629. Seeds.
flore-ple'no (double-flowered). 40. White
May. Gardens. Grafts.
fo'liis arge'nteis (silver - leaved). 40
White. May. Gardens. Grafts.
' variegn'tum (common striped- leaved) ,
16. White. May. Asia. 1629. Layers,
Ohiote'nsis (Ohio). 30. Seeds. White. May.
N. Amer.
pa'llidn (pale-flowered). 12. Greenish-yellow.
June. N. Amer. 1812. Grafts or buds,
rubicu'nda (red-flowered). 12. Red. June.
N.Amer. 1820. Grafts or buds.
^ETHIONE'MA. (From ailho, to scorch,
and nema, a filament; in reference to
some burnt appearance in the stamens.
Nat. ord., Crossworts, or Crucifers [Bras-
sioacese]. Allied to Lipidium. Linn.,
1] -Dodecandria l-Monoyynia.)
The order of Crucifers to which our Cabbages,
Mustard, Cress, Turnips, and Horse-radish be-
long has the universal character of being pos-
sessed with antiscorbutic and stimulating quali-
ties. Hardy Alpine plants, suited for rock-work.
Common light soil ; seeds and cuttings.
ANNUALS.
IE. Buxbau'mii (Buxbaum's). J. Pale red. June.
Levant. 1823.
gra'cile (slender). $. Pale red. June. Carniola.
1823.
saxa'tile (rock). $. Flesh. June. South of
Europe. 1759.
PERENNIALS.
heterocar'pum (variable-podded). $. Purple.
July. Armenia. 1837.
membrana'ceum (membranous - podded). .
Lilac. July. Persia. 1829.
monospe'rmvm (one-seeded). . Pale purple.
July, Spain. 17/8.
parviflo'rum (small-flowered). J. Lilac. July.
Persia. 1830.
(From JEthion, one of
Phoabus' horses. Nat. ord., Composites
[Asteracese]. Linn., IQ-Syngenesia 1-
JjEqualis.)
Greenhouse evergreen shrubs. Cuttings; com-
mon light soil.
M.frutico'sa (shrubby). 2. Yellow. June.
Madeira. 1785.
filifo'rmis (thread-leaved). l. June. Yellow.
Madeira. 1777.
AFRICAN ALMOND. Brabe'jum.
AFRICAN FLEABANE. Tarchona'nthus.
AFRICAN LILY. Agapa'nthus.
AFRICAN MARIGOLD. Tage'tes ere'cta.
AFZE'LIA. (In honour of Dr. A. Afze-
lius. Nat. ord., Leguminous Plants [Fa-
baceae]. Linn., 8-Octandria \-Monogy-
nla. Allied to Amherstia.)
Stove evergreen tree. Sandy peat and leaf-
mould. Cuttings in sand, under a bell-glass.
Winter temp., 55 to 60 ; summer, 60 to 80.
A. Africa'na (Africa). Crimson. June. Sierra
Leone. 1821.
AGA'LMYLA. (From agalma, an orna-
ment, and hule, a forest. Nat. ord., Ges-
ncrworts [Gesneracese], Linn., 14^-Didy-
namia 2-4ngiospermia.)
It is a fine stove plant, with scarlet tubular
flowers, suitable for growing on branches of trees,
in baskets or in pots, in the orchid-house or
moist stove. Propagated from cuttings. Sandy,
fibrous peat suits it.
A. stami'nea (long-stamened). 2. November.
Scarlet. June. 1846.
AGANI'SIA.' (From aganos, desirable;
in reference to the beauty of these neat
little plants. Nat. ord., Orchids [Orchi-
dacese]. Linn., 2Q-Gynandria 1-Monan-
dria.)
Grown on a block in stove ; division of root.
A. pulche'lla (pretty). . Cream-coloured. June.
Demerara. 1838.
AGANO'SMA. (From aganes, mild, and
isme, small. Nat. ord., Dogbanes [Apo-
^ynacese]. Linn., b-Pentandria 1-Mono-
gynia.)
The order of Dogbanes includes a host of
most beautiful plants as Allamanda, Echites,
Oleander, &c. They are venomous in many
cases, and always to be suspected. These stove
tlants are propagated by cuttings in sand, under
'lass, and with bottom-heat ; they prefer a mix-.
;ure of loam, sand, and peat.
A. acumina'ta (pointed- leaved). White, fragrant.
Sylhet. Shrubby climber.
caryophylla'ta (clove-scented) . Pale yellow.
October. E. Ind. 1812. Shrubby twiner.
cymo'sa (cymose-flowered). White, fragrant.
Sylhet. Shrub.
e'legans (elegant). Purple. E. Ind. Shrubby
twiner.
margina'ta (bordered). White, fragrant.
Sylhet. Shrubby twiner.
Roxbu'rghii (Roxburgh's). White, fragrant.
October. E. Ind. 1812. Shrubby twiner.
Walli'chii (Wallich's). White, fragrant. 'E.
Ind. Shrubby twiner.
AGAPA'NTHUS. Bhie African Lily.
(From agape, love, and anth'os, a flower,
Nat. ord., Lilyworts [Liliaceae]. Linn,,
Q-Hexandria 4e-Tefrayynia.)
AGA
[18 ]
AGA
Half-hardy plants from the Cape of Good
Hope. Sandy loam; suckers. Require to be
.kept in a cold pit during winter.
A.nmbelMtus (umbelled). 3. Blue. April. 1692-
a'lbidus (whitish-umbelled). 2. Whitish-
September. ,.
variega'tus (variegated-umbelled), 2.
Blue. April.
AGA'RICTJS. (From Agaria, the name
of a town in Sarmatia. Nat. ord., Mush-
room* [Fungi]. Linn., ^-Cryptogamia
5-Fungi.)
This very large genus of fungous plants in-
eludes the Mushroom (A. campestns) and the
Fairy!ring Mushroom (A. pratensis), with a few
others, which are eatable; but, except the two
named, they are too dangerous for us to recom-
mend them. See MUSHROOM.
AGA'STACHYS. (From agastos, admira-
ble, and stachys, a spike. Nat. ord., Pro-
reads [Proteaceae]. Linn., 4,-Tetrandna
1-Monogynia.)
A greenhouse evergreen shrub. Ripe-wooded
cuttings in sand, under a glass, and in a cold
frame ; equal parts loam, sand, and peat.
A. odora'ta (fragrant). 3. Pale yellow. June.
N. Holland. 1826.
AGATEUE'A. (From agathos, excellent;
in reference to the "beauty of the flowers.
Nat. ord., Composites. Allied to Aster
[Asteraceaj], Linn., IQ-Syngenesia 2-
Superjlua.)
Greenhouse plants ; cultivated like the Cine-
raria, which they much resemble.
A. caVstis (heavenly). 2. Blue. June. Cape
of Good Hope. 1J59-
tfmYo'/m (flax-leaved). 2. Blue. June. Cape
of Good Hope. 1800.
AGATKE'LPIS. (From agathos, plea-
sant, and thelis, a woman. Nat. ord.,
Selagiads [SelaginaCese]. Linn., 14-
Didynamia 2-Angiospermia.)
Greenhouse evergreen shrubs. Cuttings of
half-ripe shoots in April, in sandy loam, under a
glass without heat. Soil, 'peat and sandy loam,
equal parts. Winter temp., 40 to 45 .
A. parvifo'lia (small-leaved). White. May. Cape
of Good Hope. 1816.
ansustifo'lia (narrow-leaved). White. May.
Cape of Good Hope. 1823.
AGATHOPHY'LLUM. Madagascar Nut-
meg. (From agathos, pleasant, and phyl-
lon a leaf; referring to the pleasant,
clove-like smeL of- the leaf. Nat. ord..
Laurels [Lauracete]. linn., ll-JDodecan-
dria 1-Monogynia.)
Stove evergreen tree. Peat, and light rich
loam; cuttings.
A. aroma'ticum (aromatic). 30. White. Mada-
gascar. 1823.
AGATHO'SMA. (From agathos, pleasant,
and osma, smell. Nat. ord., JRueivorts.
Allied to Diosma [Kutacese], Linn., 5-
^Pentcmdria l-Monogynia.)
The Rueworts are principally distinguished for
their bitterness and powerful smell. Greenhouse
evergreen shrubs, all from the Cape of Good
Hope, and all blooming in May and June. Peat
and sand ; cuttings of young shoots in sand,
under a glass, without heat. Winter temp., 40
to 45. In summer a rather shady place.
A. acumina'ta (sharp-pointed-leaved). 5. Violet.
1812.
ambi'gua (doubtful). 2. White. 1810.
Ireotfo'Lia (short-leaved). 2. Purple. 1818.
Brum'ades (Brunia-like). 2. Purple. 1820.
cerefo'lia (chervil-leaved). 2. White. 1774.
cilia'ta (eyelash-haired). 2. White. 1774.
erf/eta (upright). 2. Blue, white. 1816.
hi'rta (hairy). 2. Purple. 1794.
ezsiccafta (dried-up, hairy). 2. Purple.
1718.
purvu'rea (purple, hairy). 2. Purple. 1791.
Ventenatia'na (Ventenat's hairy). 2.
Purple. 1794.
hi'spidu (rough-haired). 1. Violet. 1786.
imbricalta (imbricated). 3. Pink. 1774.
Imifn'lia (flax-ieaved). 2. White. 1823.
orbicula'ris (round-leaved). 2. White. 1SOO.
proli'fera (proliferous). 2. White. 1/90.
-~ pube'scens ( downy). 1. White. 1798.
refle'xa (reflex-leaved). 2. Purple. 1820.
rugo'sa (coarsely-wrinkled). 2. White. 1790.
vesti'ta (clothed). 2. White. 1824.
villo'sa (long-haired). 2. Violet. 1786.
AGATHY'RSTJS. (From agathos t pretty;
and thyrstis, a thyrse, or dense panicle ;
referring to the handsome flowers so
produced. Nat. ord., Composites. Allied
to Hawkweed [Asteracese]. Linn., 19-
Syngenesia I-^qualis.')
All hardy herbaceous, perennials, except A'
alpirlus, which is an annual, and A. Floridanus.
which is biennial. Root division and seeds.
Common garden-soil.
A. alpi'nu* (alpine). 4. Blue. July. Scotland.
cya'neMs(blue). 2. Blue, July. Nepaul. 1820.
Floridu'nus (Florida). 6. Blue. July. Iberia.
1820.
Lappo'nicus (Lapland). 6. Blue. July. N-
Amer. 1713.
Flumie'ri (Tlumier's). 6. Blue. August.
Lapland. 1804.
Sibi'ricus (Siberian). 1>. Blue. August.
Pyrenees. 1794.
Tata'ricus (Tartarian). 4. Blue. August.
Siberia. 1784.
AGA'TI. (The Sanscrit name for it.
Nat. ord., Leguminous Plants [Fahacese] .
Linn., 17 -Itiadelphia ^-Tetrandria. Allied
to Galega.)
Stove evergreen tress. Loam and peat in
equal proportions ; cuttings in sand, under a
glass, with bottom-heat.
A. cocti'nea (scarlet). 25. Red. August. E.
Ind. 1/68.
erandiflo'ra (large-flowered). 20. Red. Au-
gust. E. Ind. 1820.
AGA'VE. Aloe. (From agavos, admir-
able ; referring to the stately form in
which some of them flower. Nat. ord.,
Amaryllids. Linn., 6-Hexandria l-Mo-
nogynia.)
AGK
c
The fibre of some srecies of aloe has been
manufactured into ro;>es and paper, and the
juice into an intoxic.i;ing liquor 'a led pulque,
from which, in its turn, brandy is distilled. Stove
and greenhouse succulent plants. Rich loamy
aoil, decayed vegetable mould, and brick rubbish ;
suckers.
STOVE.
A. angustifo'lia (narrow-leaved). 6. Green. 1/90.
brachy'stachys (short-spiked). 3. Green.
Mexico. 1820.
e'legans (elegant). Mexico. 1835.
fla'cdd-a (feeble). 6. Green. S. Amer. 1/90.
#ara'#o(Karatto). 5. Green. S. Amer. 1/63.
lu'rida (lurid). 8. Green. June. Vera Cruz.
1/31.
Mexica'na (Mexican). 5. Green. Mexico. 1817.
Miile'ri (Miller's). 6. Green. 1/63.
polyaca'ntha (many-spined). 6. Green. Au-
gust. 1800.
univitta'ta (one - striped). Green. Mexico.
1830.
vivi'para (viviparous). 15. Green. Sep.
tember. S. Amer. 1731.
yucccefo 'Ha (yucca-leaved). 6. Yellow. 1816.
GREENHOUSE.
A. America'na (American aloe). 20 Yellow.
August. S. Amer. 1640.
' vuriega'tn (variegated aloe). 12. Yellow.
August. S. Amer. 1640.
glauce'scens (glaucous). Mexico. 1835.
polyacanthoi'des (polyacantha-like). Mexico.
1835.
pulche'rrima (most beautiful). Mexico. 1835.
snpona'ria (soap). Brown. July. Peru. 1838.
Virgi'nica( Virginian). 3. Purple. N. Amer.
1/65.
AGENO'EA. See SERI'OLA.
AGE'RATUM. (From a, not, and qeras,
old; in reference to the flowers being
always clear. Nat. orcl., Composites [As-
teracese]. Linn., IQ-Syngenesia \-2Equa-
//.)
All annuals, but may be kept perennials by
cuttings, or in pots, if not allowed to ripen seeds.
The first two greenhouse ; the others, except A,
Mexicamim, hardy. Light rich soil ; cuttings
and seeds.
A. ungustifo'lium (narrow-leaved). 1. White.
July. Monte Video. 1827.
cceru'leum (sky-blue). 1. July. W. Ind. 1800.
conyzoi'des (conyza-like). "l. Light blue.
Jujy. America. 1/14.
latifo'lium (broad-leaved). 2. White. July.
Peru. 1800.
Mezicainum (Mexican). 2. Blue. June.
Mexico. 1822. Greenhouse.
~~ stri'ctum (upright). 2. White. June. Ne-
paul. 1821.
AGLA'IA. (The name of one of the
three Graces. Nat. ord., Meliads [Meli-
acece]. Linn., 5-Pentandria \-Monogynia.')
Until very recently this interesting Chinese
plant was referred to the Citronworts. Stove
evergreen shrub. Light loam, decayed dung,
and peat; half-ripe cuttings in sand, under a
glass, in a cold frame.
A, odora'ta Cswcet-scentei?). Striped. February.
China. 1810.
AGLAOMO'UPHA. (From aglaos, beauti-
AIE
fill, and morpha t a form. Nat. ord. % Ferns
[Polypodiacese], Linn., 2-Cryptogamia
1-Filices.)
Stove herbaceous Fern. Root division and
seed ; light, rich loam and peat.
A. Meyeria'na (Meyer's). Yellow. May. Island
of Luzon.
AGLAONE'MA. See A 'RUM.
AGNO'STUS. See STENOCA'RPUS.
AGONIO'PTERIS. See ACRO'STICHUM.
AGRIMO'NIA. Agrimony. (From ag-
remone, a plant used by the Greeks in
cataract of the eye. Nat. ord., Eoseivorts
[Rosaceee]. Allied to Potentilla. Linn.,
\\-Dodecandria '2-Digynia.*)
Hardy herbaceous plants. Boot division ;
common garden-soil.
A. Eupato'ria (Eupatoria). 3. Yellow. June.
Britain.
Nepale'nsis (Nepaul). 3. Yellow. June.
Nepaul. 1820.
odora'ta (scented). 4. Yellow. July. Italy.
1640.
suave'olens (sweet-smelling). 3. Yellow.
July. Virginia. 1810.
AGROMY'ZA VIO'UE. Pansy Fly. At-
tacks the flower by puncturing the petal,
and extracting the juice ; the puncture
causes the colouring matter, to fade.
Very minute ; shining black ; bristly ;
eyes green; head orange. Appears in
May.
AGROSTE'MMA. Rose Campion. (From
ayros, a field, and stemma, a crown ; refer-
ring to the beauty of the flowers. Nat.
ord.,Clove^oorls [Caryophyllaceai]. Linn.,
\Q-Decandria k-Tetraqynia.*)
Hardy herbaceous perennials. Common soil ;
division or seed.
. Bungea'na (Don Bunge's). 1. Scarlet. July.
Russia, 1834.
decu'mbens (hanging-down). 1 . Crimson. July.
P^rewa'ica(Pyrenean). 1. Pale rose. June.
Pyrenees. 1819.
Sueci'ca (Swedish). Pink. August. Sweden.
1824.
ATLA'NTHUS. (From ailanto, tree of
heaven; referring to its lofty growth.
Nat. ord., Xanthoxyls [Xanthoxylacesb].
Linn., 23-Polyc/amia l\-Dicecia.}
Deciduous trees. Cuttings of the roots ; sandy
loam and peat.
A. exce'lsa (lofty). 50. Green. E.Ind. 1800. Stove.
glandulo'sa (glandulous). 20. Green. China.
1751. Hardy.
Ant. Atmospheric air is uniformly
and universally composed of
Oxygen .
Nitrogen
. 79
Every 100 parts, even in the driest,
weather, containing, in solution, one part
of water; and in every 1000 pails having
AIK
[20]
ALC
admixed about one part of Carbonic acid.
The average proportions are
Air 98-9
Watery vapour . . . I'O
Carbonic Acid Gas . . . O'l
All these are absolutely necessary to
every plant, to enable it to vegetate with
all the vigour of which it is capable ; and
on its due state depends, in a great mea-
sure, the health of any plant requiring
the protection of glass. See LEAVES,
ROOTS, VENTILATION.
AIK (GIVING) is a term commonly used
by gardeners, who mean by the term,
lowering the upper sashes of the house,
pit, or frame, to allow the escape of ex-
cessive heat, bad air, and vapour, and open-
ing, at the same time, the front sashes,
to admit fresh air. The openings should
be so regulated as to equalize the escape
and supply, and according to the liveli-
ness of the current of air desired to be
maintained,
AIR-PLANT. Ae'rides.
AITO'NIA. (In honour of Mr. W.
Alton, once head-gardener at Kew. Nat.
ord., Mdiads [Meliacese]. Linn., 16-
Monadelphia 5-Pentandria.)
Greenhouse evergreen shrub. Loam and peat ;
cuttings of young wood, in sandy loam, under a
glass, with bottom-heat.
A. Cape'nsis (Cape). 2. Pini. July. Cape of
Good Hope. 1777-
AJAE. Used to denote the smallest
amount of opening to allow the entrance
of air, and usually applied to the front
sashes or lights.
A'juGA. Bugle. (From a, not, and
ZMijon, a yoke ; in reference to the calyx
being one-leaved. Nat. ord., Labiates, or
Lipworts [Lamiacese]. Linn., 14,-Didy-
namia "L-Gymnospermia.}
Hardy plants. Common garden-soil ; division,
or seeds.
ANNUALS.
A. chamce'pitys (ground-pine). 1. Yellow; July.
England.
I'va (Iva). 1. Yellow. May. South of
Europe. 1759-
PERENNIALS.
A. atistra'Ks (southern). 1. Blue. July. N.
Holland. 1822.
folio' sa (leafy). 1. Blue. August. Switzer-
land. 1826.
Genevdnsis (Geneva). 1. Flesh. July.
Switzerland. l6s6.
integrifo'lia (entire-leaved). 1. Blue. June.
Nepaul. 1821.
orienta'lis (oriental). 2. Blue. June. Le-
vant. 1/52.
pvramida'lis (pyramidal). . Blue. May.
Britain. A beautiful plant.
ru'bra (red-flowered). 1. Bed. May. Bri-
tain.
A. ru'bra variega'ta (variegated-leaved). 1. Blue.
April. Britain.
rupe'stris (rock). 1. Blue. May. Switzer-
land. 1826.
AKE'BIA. (The name it bears in Japan.
Nat. ord., Lardiziibalads [Lardizabala-
ceee]. Linn., %l-Moncecia G-Hexandria.)
The fruit of Akebia quinata is used in Japan
as an emollient medicine. Greenhouse evergreen
twiner. Root division and cuttings ; sandy loam
and peat.
A. quina'ta (five-leafleted). Lilac-pink. March.
Chusan. 1845.
AKEE-TREE. BU'ghia sa'pida.
ALA'NGIUM. (The Malayan name for
two trees, bearing fruit not palatable to
Europeans. Nat. ord., Alatiyiads [Alan-
giacese]. Linn., 12-Icosandria l-Mono-
gynia.)
Stove evergreen trees. Loam, mixed with
peat ; cuttings under glass, with bottom-heat.
A. decape'talum (ten-petaled). 10. Pale purple.
E. Ind. 1779-
hesape'talum (six-petaled). 15. Purple. E.
Ind. 1823.
ALBU'CA. From albicans, or albus,
white; referring to the prevalence of
white flowers in the genus. Nat. ord.,
Lilyworts [Liliacese]. Linn., 6-Hexan-
dria 1-Monoyynia.)
Greenhouse bulbs ; all from the Cape of Good
Hope, except the first-named. Sandy loam and
peat ; suckers from the old bulb, or leaves taken
off with a scale. Well adapted for planting out
in a border of light loam, in front of a green-
house ; to be covered from frost like Ixias.
A- AbyssVnica (Abyssinian). 2. White. August.
1818.
alti'ssima (tallest). 4. White. May. 1789-
au'rea (golden). 2. Greenish-yellow. June.
1818.
cauda't a (tailed). 2. Yellow. June. 1791.
coarcta'ta (compressed). 2. White. June. 17/4.
exuvia'ta (adder's skin). 1. White. June. 1795.
fastigia'ta (peaked). 2. White. June. 1774.
filifo'lia (thread-leaved). 1. Yellow. June. 1820.
fla'ccida (weak). 2. Yellow, green. June. 1791.
/ra'pransffragant). 1. Yellow, green. July. 1791.
fu'gax (fleeting). 1. Green, yellow. July. 1791.
Garde'ni fCapt. Garden's). White. October.
Natal. 1854.
ma'jor (greater). 3. Green, yellow. May. 1759-
mi'no/(smaller). 1. Yellow. May. 1768.
physo'des (flatulent). 1. White. June. 1804.
seto'sa (bristly). 1. Green. June. 1795.
smra'lis (spiral-leaved). 1. White. June. 179-'.
viridifio'ra (green-flowered). 1. Green. June.
1794.
visco'sa (clammy-leaved). 1. White, green.
June. 1779.
vitta'ta (banded). 1. Yellow, green, June. 1802.
ALBU'RNUM. The layers of young
wood next beneath the bark, in which
layers the vessels are situated for con-
veying the sap from the roots to the
leaves.
ALCHEMI'LLA. Lady's Mantle. (From
ALC
]
ALL
aikemelyeh, its Arabic name. Nat. ord.,
Sanguisorbs [Sanguisorbaceae]. Linn.,
k-Tetr an cliia 1-Muiwyynia.)
Herbaceous perennials. Common dry soil;
seeds, or divisions.
GREENHOUSE.
A. Cape'nsis (Cape). 1. Green. June. Cape of
Good Hope. 1818.
sibbaldiaefo'lia (sibbaldia-leaved). 1. White.
June. Mexico. 1823.
A. alpi'na (alpine). 1. Green. June. Britain.
fi'ssa (cleft-leaved). 1. Green. July. Swit-
zerland. 1826.
pentnphy'lla (five-leaved). 1. White. July.
Switzerland. 1784.
pube'scens (downy). 1. Green. July. Cau- j
casus. 1813.
seri'cea (silky). 1. Green. July. Caucasus. 1813.
ALCO'VE. A seat in a recess, formed of
stone, brick, or other dead material.
A'LDER. See A'LNUS.
ALE'TEIS. (From alet ran, meal; refer-
ring to the powdery appearance of the
whole plant. Nat. ord., Bloodworts [Hse-
modoracese]. Linn., 6-Hexandria \-Mo-
nogynia.}
A.farino'sa is the most intense of bitters
known. Hardy herbaceous perennials. Shady
situation. Peat or loam and leaf-soil ; offsets.
A. au'rea (golden-tipped). 1. Yellow. July.
N. Amer. 1811.
farino'sa (mealy). 1. White. June. N.
Amer. 1768.
ALBURI'TES. (The name is the Greek
word for mealy ; in reference to the mealy
appearance of the plants. Nat. ord.,
Spuryeworts [Euphorbiaceae]. Allied to
Croton.)
Stove evergreen trees. Loam. Ripe cuttings
root readily in sand, under a ghiss, in heat.
A. corda'ta (heart-leaved). Japan. 1818.
tri'loba (three-lobed). 10. Apetal. October.
Society Islands. 1/93.
ALEXANDER or ALISANDER (Smy'rnium
"hisa'tntm) received its common name
from the Greek, which means " a helper
of man," because formerly believed to
possess powerful medicinal properties.
It was also much cultivated for its stems,
when blanched, to be eaten as celery,
which it slightly resembles in flavour.
Sow any time from the end of March to
the commencement of May, in drills
three feet apart. Thin the plants when
four inches high to a foot apart, and the
seedlings removed may be planted in
rows at similar distances. Earth them
M/>, to blanch like celery, when about a
foot high. The plants will last two years ;
but the stems are finer and crisper, if
raised from seed annually. Grow it on
a rich, light soil, and give it abundance
of water and liquid-manure.
ALEXANDRIAN LAUREL. Hu'scus race-
mo' sus.
ALHA'GI. (The Arabic name of the
plant. Nat. ord., Leguminous Plants
Allied to Hedysarum [Fabacese]. Linn.,
ll-Diadelphla l-Tetrandria,}
The natural secretion from the leaves and
branches of A. Maurorum is supposed by some
to be the manna of Scripture. It is worthy of
remark, that this secretion is not now formed in
Arabia, Egypt, or India, but only in Persia,
where it is highly esteemed as food for cattle.
Both require the protection of a greenhouse in
winter. Sandy loam and peat ; young cuttings
and seeds, the first in sand, the latter in a hot-
bed. Winter temp., 40 to 45; in summer, 55
to 70.
A. camdo'rum (camels). 2. Red. July. Siberia.
1816.
Mauro'rum (Moors). 2. Red. July. Egypt. 1714.
ALIBE'RTIA. (In honour of Alibertj a
French chemist. Nat. ord., Cinchonads
[Cinchonaceae], Linn., 5-Pentandria 1-
Monogynia.}
Stove evergreen tree. Cuttings ; sandy peat.
A. edu'lis (eatable). 12. Cream-coloured.
Guiana. 1823.
ALI'SMA. Water Plantain. (From
the Celtic word alls, water. Nat. ord.,
Alismads [Alismaceae]. Linn., 6-Hexan-
dria 4^Polygynia.)
Hardy aquatics. Seed; sandy peat immersed
in water. A. plantago is recommended in hydro-
phobia.
A. lanceola'ta (spear-leaved). 2. Pure white.
July. Britain.
na'tans (floating). 1. White. July. Wales.
parviflu'ra (small-flowered). 1. July. N.
Amer. 1811).
planta'go (plantain). 2. Pure white. July.
Britain.
ranunculoi' des (ranunculus-like). 1. Purple.
August. Britain.
trivia'lis (trivial). 2. White. July. N.
Amer. 1816.
ALLAMA'NDA. (In honour of Dr. Alia-
mand, of Leyden. Nat. ord., Dogbanes
[Apocynacea?]. Linn., 5-Pentandria 1-
Monoyynia.')
This order is remarkable for handsome flower-
ing plants, with deleterious qualities. An infu-
sion of the leaves of A. cathartica is a valuable
purgative. Stove evergreen climbers. Rich
loam ; cuttings root readily in sand, with bottom-
heat and moist air. Winter temp., 65 to 65;
summer, 65 to 7.1.
A. catha'rtica (cathartic). 12. Yellow. July.
Guiana. 1785.
grandiflo'ra (large-flowered). Yellow. June.
Brazil. 1844.
Parae'nsis (Paran). Yellow. Brazil. 1846.
Scho'ttii (Schott's). September. Yellow.
Brazil. 1847.
verticilta'tu (whorl-leaved). June. E. Ind. 1812.
ALL
[ 22]
ALL
ALJAKTO'DIA. (From allantos, a sau-
sag.e ; in reference to the cylindrical form
of the indusium, or the case which en-
closes the seeds of Ferns. Nat. ord.,
Ferns [Polypodiaeese]. Linn.,24-<7rypto-
gamia 1-Filices.)
Greenhouse Ferns; division of the roots, or
sowing spores ; equal parts, turfy peat and loam.
A. austra'lis (southern). Brown. Van Dieraen's
Land. 1820.
axila'ris (axillary). 2. Brown. Madeira. 1//9.
strigo'sa (strigose). 2. Brown. Madeira.
te'nera (tender). 1. Brown. N. Holland. 1820.
umbro'sa (shade-loving;. 4. Brown. Madeira.
1779-
ALLEYS are of two kinds : 1. The
narrow walks which divide the compart-
ments of the kitchen-garden ; and, 2.
Narrow walks in the shrubheries and
pleasure-grounds, closely hounded and
overshadowed by the shrubs and trees.
ALLIGATOR PEAR. Pe'rsia grati'ssima.
ALLIO'NIA. In honour of C. Allioni,
an Italian botanist. Nat. ord., Nyctagos.
Allied to the Marvel of Peru [Nyctagy-
. naceoe]. Linn., k-Tetrandria \-Mono-
gynia.)
Hardy annuals. Seeds ; sandy loam.
A, incarna'ta (flesh-coloured). 1. Flesh. August.
Cumana. 1820.
ova 1 la (egg-leaved). 1. Purple. July. N.
Amer. 1827
viola' ceo, (violet-coloured). 1. Violet. July.
Cumana. 1S20.
(From the Celtic all, mean-
ing hot, or burning; referring to the
well-known qualities of all the Onion-
worts, which are now classed in the Nat.
ord., Lily worts [Liliacesej. Linn., 0-
Sexandria 1-Monogynia.
The onion, garlic, and leek, according to Dr.
Royle, are the plants translated as such in the
Bible (Num. ch. xi. 5). The genus includes the
onion, garlic, &c, Hardy bulbs. Seeds or off-
sets ; rich, light loam.
A, ampelopra'sum (vine-leek). 2. Purple. May.
England.
Anderso'nii (Anderson's). 1. Purple. July.
Siberia. 1818.
angulo'sum (angulose). 1. Light purple. June.
Germany. 1/39.
ascalo'nicum (askalon, or shallot). 1. Purple.
June. Palestine. 1546.
-- ma'j'us (greater askalon, or scallion). 1.
Purple. July. South of Europe.
a'sperurn (rough). 1. Purple. August. South
of Europe. 1800.
azu'reum (blue-coloured). 1. Blue. October.
1830.
brachyste'mon (short-stemmed). 1. White.
June. Europe. 1819.
c<ETu'leum (sky-blue). Blue. June. Russia.
1.840,
ce'pa (onion). 3. White. June.
-- a&grcgatum (aggregated onioc). 1.
White. June
At cefpa pauciflo'rum (few-flowered cnion) 2.
White. June.
cepaefo'rma (onion-form). 2. White. August.
1824.
cine'reum (grey). 1. Straw. July. Siberia.
182Q.
confe'rtum (crowded). 4. Purple. Augufct.
Europe.
conge'stum (crowded-flowered). 1. Purple.
May. Siberia. 1818.
controve'rsum (contrary-stemmed). 1. Pur-
ple. 1816.
desce'ndens (down-flowering). 1. July. Pur-
ple. Switzerland. 1/96.
Fi'scheri (Fischer's). 1. Lilac. July. Siberia.
1829.
fistulo'sum (pipe-leaved). Welsh onion. 2.
Green, yellow. April. Siberia. 1629.
glau'cum (milky-green). Pink. June. Siberia.
1800.
27/yncM(Illyrian). 1. Purple. July. Austria.
1820.
intermedium (intermediate). 2. White. Au-
gust. South of Europe. 1827.
litto'reum (sea-side). 2. Purple. Italy. 1818.
longifo'lium (long-leaved). 1. Dark purple.
July. Mexico. 1826.
me'dium (middle). 1. White. June. Hun-
gary. 1820.
mo'ly (moly). 1. Yellow. June. South of
Europe. 1604.
ophiosco'rodon (garden rocambole). 4. Pale
red. August. Greece.
oxype'talum (sharp-petaled). 2. White. Au-
gust. South of Europe. 1818.
po'rrum (leek). 2. White. Switzerland. 1562.
proli'ferum (proliferous). 3. White. 1820.
pu'lchrum (beautiful). Yellow. June. South
of Europe.
Pu'rshii (Pursh's). 2. Pink. August, N.
Amer. 181S.
ramo'sum (branchy). 2. Pale yellow. June.
Siberia. 1819.
sati'vum (garlic). 2. White. June. Sicily.
1548.
schacno'prasum (chives). . Flesh. May. Bri-
tain.
scorodo'prasum (rocambole). 3. Light purple.
July. Denmark. 1596.
scorzonercefo'lium (scorzonera-leaved). 1. Yel-
low. June. South of Europe. 1820.
spu'rium (spurious). 1. Purple. June. Si
beria. 1820.
Victoria'lis (Victor's). 2. Green, yellow,- May.
Austria. 1/39.
angustifo'lium (Victor's narrow-leaved).
1. Green, yellow. April. Scotland.
viola' ceum (violet). 1. Violet. June. Eu-
rope. 1823.
Waldstei'nii (Waldstein's). 2. June. Hun-
gary. 1826.
ALLOPLE'CTUS. (From allos, diverse,
and plekcin, to plait ; in reference to the
leaves. Nat. ord., Gesnerworts [Gesner-
acese]. Linn., Didynamia 2-Angiosper-
mia.)
Stove evergreens. Light, rich soil ; cuttings.
A. di'chrous (two-coloured). 2. Purple, yellow.
Brazil. 1845.
re' pens (creeping). Yellow, brown. February.
St. Martha. 1845. This is a climbing
plant.
ALLOSO'RUS. (From allos, diverse, and
ALL
L 23 ]
ALO
goros, a heap ; in reference to the variety
of the patches of fructification sori on
the hack of the leaf. Nat. ord., Ferns
[Polypodiaeese]. Linn., 2-Cryptogamia
l-Filices.)
A. calomela'nts (deltoid-leaved). Cape of Good
Hope.
corda'tus (heart-leaved). December. Mexico.
1842.
crispus (curled). . Brown. July. Britain.
flexuo'sus (zigzag). 4$. Peru.
ALLOTMENT. A sace of land divided
At cfuftno'fa emargina'ta (five-notched-leaved).
April. Britain.
fo'liis variega'tis (variegated -leaved).
April. Britain.
inci'sa (cut-leav-ed). April. Britain.
lacinia'ta (jagged-leaved). April. Britain.
quercifo'lia (oak-leaved). April. Britain.
,1838.
inca'na (hoary-teoed).20. June. Europe. 1780.
angula'ta (angular-teaued). 20.
pinna'ta (pinnate). 26. June. Europe.
Jorulle'nsis (Jorulla). Mexico.
macroca'rpa (long-fruited). 20. June.
macropky'lla (long-leaved.) 20. June. Na-
ples.
obcorda'ta (two-lobed). March. Russia.
oblonga'ta (oblong-/eaed). 20. June. South
of Europe. 1730.
elli'ptica (elliptic-lobed). 20. June.
oxyacanthifo'lia (oxycanth-leaved). 20. June.
pu'mila (dwarf). 10. June.
ru'bra (red). 20. June.
rugo'sa (wrinkled). March. N. Amer.
serrula'ta (saw-teaoeeZ). 20. June. N. Amer.
1769.
Sibi'rica (Siberian). Siberia. 1820.
sn.br otu'nda (roundish-feaued). 23. April.
undula'ta (vf&ve-leaved). 20. June. N. Amer.
1782.
ALOCA'SIA. See COLOCA'SIA.
A'LOE. (Frbm alloeh, its Arabic name.
Linn.,
amongst so many labourers or artisans
and generally at the same price as that
which the farmer pays. It may just be
such a piece of ground as a man and
his family may successfully cultivate in
their over-hours, after attending to their
usual employment during the day. The
term allotment thus becomes synonymous
vriih garden ; and, if near to the occupier's
home, such a piece of ground is of great
importance- to him, socially and morally.
Or, secondly, an allotment may be such
& space of ground as will secure the la ^
bourer in employment, when otherwise h; Nafc ord ~ Lilyworts [Liliacese]
might be without it. In that sense it be- ^ Hexandria LMonogynia.)
comes a mere temporary palliative lor a
social evil, and ultimately entails uponj_ Gr snhouse _evergree nts, from
its occupier all the disadvantages of_a
small farmer, without many of his
benefits.
ALLSEED. Polyca'rpon.
ALLSPICE. Calyca'nthus.
ALLSPICE-TREE. Pime'nla.
ALLUVIAL SOIL is so called from the
Latin word alluere, to wash down ; be-
cause the soil so named is that rich de-
posit of finely-divided earths and decom-
posing vegetable matters which, forming
the land in valleys, and on the banks of'
rivers, is evidently formed of the richest
and finest portions, washed down from,
higher-situated soils. Alluvial soils are
usually very fertile, and excellent for pas-
turage.
ALMOND.
Amy'ydalus.
A'LNUS. The Alder-tree. (From al, near,
and /are, the bank of a river; in refer-
ence to the situation where the Alder de-
lights to grow. Nat. ord., Birchworts [Be-
tulaceas]. Linn., 21-Moncecia &-Tetran-
dria.)
Hardy deciduous trees. The flowers have no
petals. Layers, or seeds; laght loam, in moit
situation.
A. barba'ta (bearded). March. Russia. 1838.
Canade'nsis (Canadian). June. Canada.
cordifo'lia (heart-leaved). June. Naples. 1818.
glauca (milky-green). June. N. Amer. 1820.
glutino'aa (sticky). 'April. Britain,
the
of Good Hope. Sandy loam and peat, with
K Tittle reduced manure, and full one-third of
broken bricka and lime-rubbish, and good drain-
ege. Giro very little water in winter. Medium.
temp, in winter, 40; in summer, 50 to 70;
water with care in winter. Propagated from
puckers or leaves, inserted in gravelly soil. As
purgatives, the juice of the tree-aloes are exclu-
sively in use, particularly that of A. socotrina,
vulgaris, purpurascens, and spicata.
A. acumina't a (spike-leaved). Orange. April. 1795-
albispi'na (white-spined). Scarlet. June. 1796.
alboci'ncta (white-banded). Orange. June.
-like). Red. June. 1731.
arista'ta (awned). Orange. May. 1801.
brevifo'lia (short-leaved). Orange. June. 1810.
cec'sia (grey). 2. Orange. July. 1818.
ela'tior (taller). 9. Red. June. 1821.
Chine'nsis (Chinese). Yellow. June. 1821.
cilia'ris (hair-fringed). Red. June. 1821.
Commeli'ni (Commelin's). 1819.
depre'ssa (depressed). Orange. August. 1831.
dicho'toma (pair-branched). Red. July. 1781.
dis'tans (distant). 6. Red. July. 1732.
depre'ssa (fat-leaved). 6. Red. July. 1820
refle'fca (reflexed).
echina'ta (hedge-hog).
4. Red. July.
6. 1820.
1820.
flavispi'na (yellow-spined). Red. August. 1793.
frute'scens (shrubby). Red. June. 1818.
gla'uca (milky-green). Red. April. 1731.
rhodaca'ntha (lesser red-spined). 4. Red.
May. 1731.
gra'cilis (graceful). Orange. June. 1822.
hu'milis (humble). Orange. April. 1731.
incu'rva (incurved). Orange. May. 1791-
latifo'lia (broad-leaved). Scarlet. July. 179*
linea'ta (line-marked). Scarlet. 1789.
glauce'scetu (milky-green-marked; . Sew
let. 1789.
ALO
[24
ALP
A. mttrcefo'rmis (mitre-shaped). Red, August.
1731.
- no'k-lls (noble). Blue, August. 1800.
-.palle'scens (palish). Red. July. 1820.
panicula'ta (panicled). Scarlet. July. 1795.
pl'i'ridens (many-toothed). Red. July. 1823.
proli'fera (proliferous). Orange. April. 1819.
ma'jor (larger proliferous). Orange. April.
1819.
purpura' scens (purplish). Purple. August.
1/89-
sapona'ria (soapy). Red. July. 1727.
lu'teostria'ta (yellow-striped, soapy.) Reel.
July. 1821.
se'rra (saw). Orange. July. 1818.
serrula'ta (finely-toothed). Red. July. 1/S9.
socotri'na (socotrine). Red. March. 17^1.
spica'ta (spiked). Red. 1795.
spino'sior (more spiny). Red. April. 1820.
stria'tula (slight-striped). Red. June. 1821.
subere'cta (slightly-leaning). Scarlet. April.
1/39.
semigutta'ta (half-spotted). Orange. May.
1819.
subtubernula'ta (slightly-knobbed). Orange.
June. 1620.
tenuifo'lia (thin-leaved). Orange. June. 1S31.
tenu'ior (thinned). Orange. June. 1821.
tuberrsula'ta (knobbed). Orange. April. 1706.
variega'ta (variegated). Pink. June. 179i>.
xanthafta'ntha (yellow-spined). Orange. June.
181/.
ALO'MIA. (From a, not, and loma, a
fringe. Nat. ord., Composites. Allied to
Eupatoria [Asteracesej. Linn., 19-Syn-
yenesia I- JE quails. ~)
Half-hardy evergreen. Sandy loam ; cuttings ;
temp, not below 35 in winter.
A. ageratoi'des (ageratum-like). White. July.
Spain. 1824.
ALO'NA. (Letters of the primitive
name, Nolana, transposed from Nola, a
little bell; in reference to the form of the
flowers. Nat. ord., Nolanads [Nolan-
acese]. Linn., 5-Pentandria I -Mono -
gynia.)
A small order of pretty Chilian half-shrubby
greenhouse evergreens, with large flowers ; cut-
tings root freely in sandy loam ; peat and loam.
A. bacca'ta (berry-bearing). Yellow. Coquimbo.
ccele'stis (sky-blue). 2. Blue. Chili. 1843.
carno'sa (fleshy). Blue. Coquimbo.
glandulo'sa (glandulous). Blue. Valparaiso.
longifo'lia (long-leaved). Blue. Coquimbo.
obtu'sa (blunt-leaved). Blue. July. Coquimbo.
revolu'ta (rolled-back-leaved). Blue. Peru.
rostra'ta (beaked). Blue. July. Coquimbo.
tomento'sa (white-downed). White. Valpa-
raiso.
ALONSO'A. (In honour of Z. Alonzo, a
Spaniard. Nat. ord., Fiyworts. Allied
to Hemimeris [Scrophulariacese]. Linn.,
I4t-Didyn amia 2 -Angiospermia.)
Greenhouse evergreens, except A. caulialata,
which is a half-hardy herbaceous. Rich mould ;
cuttings, or seeds, the first in sandy loam in
August or March ; the seeds in March in gentle
heat.
A. acutifo'lia (acute-leaved), 3. Scarlet. June.
Peru. 1/90.
I A. cuuliala'ta (wing-stemmed). 3. Scarlet. June.
Chili. 1823.
1 incisifo'lia (cut-leaved). 2. Scarlet. June.
Chili. 1/95.
1 intermedia (intermediate). 2. Scarlet. June.
Hybrid.
linea'ris (linear-leaved). 2. Scarlet. June.
Peru. 1790.
ALOY'SIA. Sweet-scented Verbena. (In
j honour of Maria Louisa, Queen of Spain.
! Nat. ord., Verbenas [Verbenacese]. Linn.,
1 1-i-Didynamia '3-Anyiospeivnia.)
j Greenhouse deciduous shrub. Rich mould ;
. cuttings in sandy soil of the old stem, or young
! shoots j if the latter, shade ; August and March
I best times.
! A. citriodo'ra (lemon-scented). 3. Pale purple.
August. Chili. 1784.
ALPI'NES, strictly speaking, are plants
from alpine, that is, mountainous dis-
tricts, usually requiring the protection of
a frame in winter, because we cannot
secure to thfim their natural covering of
snow during that season. Gardeners,
however, include in their lists of Alpines
a great diversity of small plants, difficult
of cultivation. They are best grown in
pots, and require light sandy loam and
peat, with abundant drainage.
ALPI'NIA. (In honour of Alpini, au
Italian botanist. Nat. ord., Ginyerivom
[Zingiberacere]. Linn., I-Monaudria
1-Jlfonoyynia.)
Stove herbaceous perennials, except A. penici.l.
lata, which is a greenhouse plant. Rich sandy
soil and peat. They like much moisture and pot-
room in the growing season ; root division in
moist air.
A. Allu'gahs (Aiiugahs). 2. Red. February.
E. Ind. 1796.
1 Antilla'rum (Antilles). 4. Flesh. Maj. V,.
Ind. 1826.
| auricula' ta (eared;. 5. Reddish-yellow. E.
Ind. 1814.
bractea'ta (bracted). 3. White. May. E.Ind.
1824.
caleara'ta (spur-flowered). 3. White. Sep-
tember. E. Ind. 1800.
Cardamo'mum (Cardamom). 8. White. Au-
gust. E. Ind. 1815.
ce'rnua (drooping). 6. Pink. April. E.Ind.
1804.
como'sa (tufted-spiked). 1. White. May. Ca-
raccas. 1752.
diffi'ssa (two-cleft). 6. Purple-blue, yellow.
April, E. Ind. 1813.
exalta'ta (lofty). 20. Red, yellow. Surinam.
1820.
Gala'nga (Galanga). 6. White, yellow. Oc-
tober. E. Ind.
lingucefo'rmis (tongue-formed). 6. Red. July.
E. Ind. 1820.
magni'fica (magnificent). 10. Red. July.
Mauritius. 1830.
Malacce'nsis (Malayan). 5. White. April.
E. Ind. 1799-
me'dia (mediate). 6. Red. July. E. Ind. 1R15.
nvu'tica (spurless). 5. White. August. E.
Ind. 1811.
ALS
[25]
ALT
A. nutana (nodding). 13. Pink. May. E. Jnd. i frost, except A. caryophyllcea, erroneously called
1792. I Hgtu; and this requires'stove heat and absolute
occidenta'lis (western). 6. White. July. Ja- I rest in
maica. 1/93.
penicilla'ta (pencilled). 3. Pink. May. China.
puni'uea (scarlet). 6. Scarlet. June. E. Ind.
1820.
racemo'sa (branchy). 5. White. August. W.
Ind. 1752.
Roicoea'na (Roscoe's). 3. Red. May. E.
Ind. 1823.
spica'ta (spiked). 2. Sumatra. 1822.
stria'ta (streaked). 4. E. Ind. 1818.
tubula'ta (tubular). 2. lied. July. Dcme-
rara. 1820.
ALSI'NE. Chickweed. (From alsos, a
grove ; in reference to the situation pre-
ferred by these plants. Nat. ord., Clove-
worts [Caryophyllacese]. Linn., 5-Pen-
tandria 3-Trigynia.)
Hardy annuals. Seed ; common loam.
A. laricifo'lia (larch-leaved). . Siberia. 1834.
This is perennial ; root division.
moliugi'nea (mollugo-like). . White. July.
Spain. 1816.
mucrona'ta (spine-pointed 'leaved). 1. White.
July. South of Europe. 1777*
pube'scens (downy). . White. July. 1810.
segeta'lis (sedge-like). 1. White. July. France.
1805.
ALSODEI'A. (From alsodss, leafy. Nat.
ord., Violetworts [Violacese]. Linn.,
-Pentaudria l-Monogynia.)
Stove evergreen shrubs. Loam and peat ; cut-
tings in sand, under a bell-glass.
A. latifo'lia (broad-leaved). White. Madagascar.
1824.
paucifio'ra (few-flowered). White. Madagas-
car. 1824.
ALSO'PHILA. (From a/sos, a grove, and
phileo, to love ; in reference to the situa-
tion best suited for the plants. Nat. ord.,
Ferns [PolypodiaceaVJ. Linn., 24L-Cryp-
togamia \-Filices.)
Greenhouse herbaceous Fern. Peat and loam ;
division.
A. Av-stra'lis (Australian). Brown. N. Holland.
1833.
ALSTO'NIA. (In honour of Dr. Alston
Nat. ord., Storaxworts [Styracacese].
Linn., 5-Pentandria 1-Monogynia.}
The leaves of Alstonia are slightly astringent
and are used as tea. Stove eve^.ueen shrubs
allied to the Oleander. Sandy luam and peat;
cuttings root readily in moist bottom-heat. Win-
ter temp., 50 to 55; summer, 60 to 75.
A. schola'ris (oleander-leaved). 8. White. May,
E. Ind. 1825.
venena'ta (poisonous). 6. White. June. E
Ind. 1825.
ALSTROME'RIA. (In honour of Baroi\
Alstriimer, a Swedish botanist. Nat
ord., Amaryllids [Amaryllidaceae], Linn.
Q-Hexandrla 1-Monogynia.}
All the species of this beautiful genus live ou
of doors with us, with a slight protection from j
winter. All the species, also, have one
uniform mode of upright growth, by which they
are easily distinguished from Bomare'as, the
species of which are all twiners. The golden
Alstromer from Chiloe (A. aureu,}, is perfectly
lardy in England, and prefers a damp situation
nd strong loam ; the other species are chiefly
rom the alpine regions of Chili, and require free
ir and lighter soil their long fascicled (or
iundled) roots are not well adapted for pot culti-
ation. They succeed in deep, rich, light loam, or
oaai, peat, and sand, and should be planted eight
r ten inches deep, and receive abundance of
rater while they are growing. Alstromers have
i strong natural tendency to variation, but will
not cross with Bornare'as, as has been asserted,
limits can be assigned between species and
varieties in this family ; a race of endless varia-
ions has been obtained from A. Hookeria'na by
he pollen of A. Hosma'ntha and its varieties.
These are called Van Houtte's seedlings. The
r ollowing are the most distinct forms of the
genus in our gardens ; but many more are re-
corded and described, which remain to be in-
troduced :
4. au'rea, syn. auranti'aca (golden). 2. June.
Orange. Chili. 1831.
Cummingia'na (Camming'*). Chili.
caryophy'll&a, syn. li'gtu (clove-like scent}.
1. February. Scarlet. Brazil. 17/6.
haema'ntha, var. Barcleyu'na (blood-coloured).
July. Crimson. Chili. 1830.
Hooke'rii, syn. ro'sea (Dr. Hooker's). 3. June.
Pink. Chili. 1834.
li'gtu. See Caryophy'llaea. The true ligtu is
not introduced.
Nei'llii (Neil's). 2. June. Pink. Chili. 1827.
pelegri'na (spot-flowered). 1. July. Striped.
Chili. 1/54.
psittaci'na (parrot-like). September. Crimson.
Brazil. 1829.
pulche'lla. See Si'tnsii.
pu'lchra, syn. Flos Marti'ni; syn. tri' color
(fair),
yello
June. White, purple, and
Chili. 1822.
Si'msii, syn. pulche'lla (Sims's). 3. June.
Scarlet. Chili. 1822.
ALTERNANTHE'RA. (Alluding to the
anthers being alternately barren. Nat.
ord., Amaranths [Amarantacess], Linn.,
5-Pentandria I-Monogynia.)
Chiefly stove herbaceous perennials. Cuttings
root readily in common hotbed heat ; light, rich
loam.
A. achyra'nthn (chaff-flowered). 1.
Buenos Ayres. 1732.
cane'scens (hoary). 1. White.
White. July.
July. Cu-
1. White. July.
White.
July.
mana. 1825.
Caracasa'na (Caraccas).
Caraccas. 1819.
denticula'ta (finely-toothed-leaved).
July. 1822.
filifo'rmis (thread-shaped). White.
E. Ind.
-frute'scens (shrubby). 1. White. July.
Peru. 1820. This will do in a green-
house.
nodiflo'ru (knot-flowered). White. May. N.
Holland. 1826.
1 polygonoi'des (polygonum-like). 1. White.
July. America. 1731.
ALT
[26 ]
ALJf
A. procu'mhens (procumbent), 4. White. July.
Brazil. 1818.
seri'cea (silky). 2. White. July. Quito. 1820.
se'ssile (stalkless). &. July. Brown. E. Ind.
1778. A biennial.
spiito'sa (spinous). Yellow. June. 1823.
Stove annual.
ALTHJE'A. Mallow. (From altheo, to
<nire ; in reference to the medicinal quali-
ties. Nat.ord., Mallow worts [Malvaceae].
Linn., IQ-Monadelphia 8-Polyandria.)
The biennials and annuals sow in spring; the
herbaceous dividing the roots, or seeds, which,
sown as soon as ripe, produce flowering plants
next year. A. ro'sea is the Hollyhock.
HARDY ANNUALS.
A. acau'lis (stemless). 2. Purple. July. Aleppo.
1680.
Jiirsu'ta( hairy); 2. White. July. Britain.
Ludwi'gii (Ludwig's). 2. Pink. July. Sicily.
1791.
Chine'nsis (China). 1. Bed. July. China. 1818.
HARDY BIENNIALS.
A. Caribas'a (Caribean). 3. Pink. Stove. April.
W. Ind. 1816.
fitifo'lia (fig-leaved). 6. Orange. July. Levant.
1597-
Fro/owa'na(Frolove's). 3. July. Siberia. 1827.
pa'llida (pale-flowered). 6. Pale red. July,
Hungary. 1805.
ro'sea (the hollyhock). Red. August. China.
1573.
-- tilo'ba. (two-lobed H.). 8. lied. July.
Sie'beri (Sieber^). 4. Purple. July. Sicily. 1829.
stria 1 ta (streaked). 5. White. July.
HERBACEOUS.
A.cannafn'na (hemp-leaved). 6. Purple. July.
South of Europe. 1597.
flexuo'sa (zigzag). 3. Pink. July. E. Ind.
1803.
Narbone'nsis (Narbonne). 6. Pink. August.
South of Europe. 1/80,
nudifln'ra (naked-flowered). 6. White. July.
Siberia. 1827.
officina' Us (officinal. Marsh-mallow). 4. Flesh.
July. Britain.
Taurine'nsis (Turin). 4. Red. August. Turin.
1817.
ALTI'NGIA. (In honour ofAltiny, a Ger-
man botanist. Nat. ord., Conifers [Pinna-
cese]. Linn., %2-Dicecia 13-Monadelphia).
Greenhouse evergreens. Allied to Auraucaria.
Deep loamy soil. The best plants are from seeds,
although they may be raised from cuttings of the
half-ripened wood, under a bell-glass, in a cold
frame.
A. Cunningha'mi (Cunningham's). 30. Apetal.
N. Holland. 1824.
exce'lsa (tall). 100. Apetal. Norfolk Island.
1/96.
ALTITUDE, or elevation above the sea,
has a great influence over vegetation.
The greater the altitude the. greater the
reduction of temperature ; so much so
that every 600 feet of altitude are be-
lieved to reduce the annual temperature
as much as receding a degree from the
-equator, either to the north or to the
south. But this rule is far from uni-
versally applicable ; for the limit of per-
petual snow at the equator is at the height
of 15,000 feet ; whereas, in the 35th de-
gree of north latitude, the limit is at
11,000 feet, being an average of about
120 feet of altitude for every degree of
recession from the equator. In the 45th
degree, the limit is 8,400 feet, being an
average of 140 feet for every. degree; in
the 50th degree, 6,000 feet, or 180 feet
for each degree ; in the 60th, 3,000 feet,
or 200 feet for a degree ; and in the 70th,
from 1,200 to 2,000 feet, or about the
same for each degree as to the 60th de-
gree of latitude. Now we know of no
reason why the temperature of elevations
below the snow-line should not follow the
same gradations ; and if this be so, these
may be taken as a rule. All plants grow-
ing above 7,000 feet under the equator
ought to grow in the open air, in the
latitude of London. In general, good
vegetation is produced at the same dis-
tance from the snow-line in the same
latitudes.
ALUMINOUS, applied to land, means
heav.y, owing to the presence of clay.
ALY'SSUM. Madwort. (From a, not,
and lyssa, rage; in reference to a fable
that the plant allayed anger. Nat. ord.,
Crudfers [Brassicacese]. Linn., 15-2V-
tradynamia.)
Seeds, cuttings, and root divisions ; common
soil. Mostly yellow-flowered and hardy. The
best plants of the shrubs are from cuttings in
April and May, and struck in a hotbed. They
flower next year. The saxatile is the best yellow,
and for scent none surpass the white sweet
alyssum of the gardens, which will sow itself in
the ground, and may be sowed several times
during the summer, by the side of borders, kke
the Virginia stock. The evergreen shrubs, as
they are called, more resemble herbaceous plants,
they are so lowly in their growth. They are
best propagated by cuttings of the points of the
shoots, two or three inches in length, inserted in
sandy loam, early in the season, and in a shady
place. Variegatum is a little tender. Though
all grow freely in common soil, yet to have them
in perfection they should be used as rock or hil-
lock plants. Even when planted in the border
they succeed best when planted in little mounds.
The variegatum makes a fine edging to any bril-
liant-coloured bed.
EVERGREEN SHRUBS.
A. Atla'nticum (Atlantic). 1. April. Crete.
1817.
Gemone'nse (German). 1. April. Europe.
obtttsifo'lium (blunt-leaved). 1. April. Tauria.
1828.
orienta'le (eastern). 1. April. Crete.
variega'tum (variegated-leaved). April.
Gardens.
saxa'tile (rock). 1. June. Candia. 1710.
ALZ [ '
A serpyllifo'lium (thyme-leaved). I. August.
South of Europe. 1822.
spatula'tum (spatulate). 1. April. Siberia.
1818.
verna'le (vernal). 1. June. 1819.
ANNUALS.
A. Mrsu'tum (hairy). 1. June. Tauria. 1817.
umbella'tum (umbellate). 1. July. Tauria.
1821.
HERBACEOUS PERENNIALS.
A. alpe'stre (alpine). 1. June. South of Europe.
1825.
arge'nteum (silvery). 1. April. Switzerland.
Bertolo'nii (Bertoloni's). 1. July. Switzer-
land. 1823.
cuneifo'lium (wedge-leaved). 1. July. Italy.
1820.
diffu'sum (spreading). 1. July. Italy. 1820.
Marschallia'num (Marschall's). 1. April.
Caucasus. 1820.
micra'nthum (small-flowered). 1. August.
Russia. 1836.
monta'num (mountain). 1. June. Germany.
1713.
mura'le (wall). 1. July. Hungary. 1820.
oly'mpicum (Olympic). 1. June. 1700.
procu'mbens (trailing).
tortuo'sum (twisted). I.April. Hungary. 1804.
Warscha'lldii (Warschalld's). June. Yellow.
South of Europe. 1847-
Wulfenia'num (Wulfen's). 1. April. Ca-
rinthia. 1819.
ALZATE'A. (In honour of a Spanish
naturalist, named Alzaty. Nat. ord., Spin-
dle-trees [Celastracese]*. Linn., 5-Pen-
tandria \-Monogynia.)
Greenhouse evergreen tree, Cuttings in hot-
bed ; sandy peat.
A. vtrticilla'ta (verticillate). 20. Peru. 1824.
AMARA'NTHUS. Amaranth. (From a,
not, and mairaino,to wither ; in reference
to the durability or "everlasting" quality
of the flowers of some species. ' Nat. ord.,
Amaranths [Amarantacese]. Linn., 21-
Moiicccia 5-Pentandria.')
Hardy annuals. Rich loam; seeds sown in
open ground in March and April.
A. atropurpu'reus (dark purple). 3. Purple.
September. E. Ind. 1820.
bi'color (two-coloured). 2. Red, green. Au-
gust. E. Ind. 1602.
cauda'tut (love-lies-bleeding). 4. Red. Au-
gust. E. Ind. 1596.
ma'ximus (true-love-lies-bleeding). 6.
Red. August. 1820.
crue'ntus (dark-bloody). 3. Dark red. July.
China. 1728.
fnscia'tus (banded). 2. July. E. Ind. 1816.
fla'vus (yellow). 4. Light yellow. August.
India. 1759.
lancecefo'lius (lance-leaved). 3. Red. July.
E. Ind. 1816.
olera'ceus (pot-herb). 6. Pale red. July.
E. Ind. 1764.
sangui'neus (bloody). 3. Red. August.
Bahama. 1775.
epecin'sus (showy). 6. Red. July. Nepaul.
1819.
tri'coior (three-coloured). 2. Red, yellow.
Attgust. E. Ind. 1548.
r ] AMB
AMARY'LLIS. (A classic alname,' after
Virgil's Amaryllis. Nat. ord., Amaryllids
[Amaiyllidacese]. Linn., 6-Hexandria
"L-Monogynia. )
Half-hardy deciduous bulbs. Ever since
the day the great Linnaeus instituted this genus,
"with a playful reason assigned," until the
whole order was arranged by the late Dean of
Manchester, it has been loaded in books with all
kinds of allied plants in an interminable confu-
sion. Every hybrid usually arranged in this
genus is a Hippeastrum ; and all which we
think necessary to mention will be found under
that genus. Plant in light, rich soil, in a shel-
tered place, well drained, and the bulbs placed
at least six inches deep.
A. Bellado'nna (Belladonna-lily). 2. Pale pink.
Cape of Good Hope. 1712.
pa'lUda (pale-flowered). 2. Flesh. August.
Cape of Good Hope. 1712.
bla'nda (charming). 14. June. Whitish.
Cape of Good Hope.- 1754.
These are all that we can arrange in this genus,
although we think that Brunsvigia Josephine and
B. grandiflora are true Amaryllises, having
crossed, or produced fertile seeds, with Amaryllis
blanda; but, as they are very distinct in the
appearance of their leaves and bulbs, no author
but Dr. Herbert has yet ventured to unite them
with Amaryllis. Without aiming at a reform of
our botanical classification, we think it desirable
to keep Hippeiistrum apart from Amaryllis, on
account of the opposite habits of the bulbs of the
two genera, those of the Amaryllis growing only
late in the autumn, and through the winter in
Europe ; while those of Hippeastrum are under
the gardener's control, and may be managed to
grow at different periods. Our great aim should
be to get crosses between Amaryllis and Valotta.
Thus reduced, Amaryllis would turn evergreen,
or at least produce leaves and flowers simulta-
neously. All bulbs which flower wkhout their
leaves are objectionable.
AMASO'NIA. (In honour of an American
traveller, named Amason. Nat. ord., Ver-
benas [Verbenacese]. Linn., 14^-Didyna-
mia 2-Angiospermia.)
Stove herbaceous perennials. Sandy loam ;
suckers.
A. ere'cta (upright). 2. Yellow. September.
Maratihao. 1823.
puni'cea (scarlet). 2. Yellow. September.
Trinidad. 1825.
AMATE'UR. As the true qualification of
an amateur sometimes is questioned at
local horticultural shows, we give our defi-
nition. We consider that person is an
amateur who has a taste for a pursuit
(floriculture, or horticulture, for instance,)
but who neither follows it as a profession,
nor for pecuniary advantage.
A'MBURY is a disease peculiar to the
Cabbageworts, and is known by the va-
rious names of Hanbury, Anbury, and
Club Root. Fingers and Toes, a name
applied to it in some parts, alludes to the
swollen state of the small roots of the
affected plants.
AMB
C 28 ]
AME
^ Cabbage-plants are frequently infected
with am bury in the seed-bed, which in-
fection appears in the form of a gall or
wart on the stem near the roots. This
wart contains a small white maggot, the
larva of a little insect called the weevil.
If on the gall and its tenant being re-
moved, the plant is again placed in the
earth, where it is to remain, unless it is
again attacked, the wound usually heals,
and the growth is little retarded. On the
other hand, if the gall is left undisturbed,
the maggot continues to feed upon the
alburnum, or young woody part of the
stem, until the period arrives for its pass-
turnip and cabbage usually attacks these
crops when grown for successive years on
the same soil. This is precisely what
might be expected; for, where the parent
insect always deposits her eggs, some of
these embryo ravages are to be expected.
The am bury is most frequently observed
in dry seasons. This is also what might
be anticipated ; for insects that inhabit
the earth just beneath its surface are al-
ways restricted and checked in their
movements by its abounding in moisture.
Moreover, the plants actually aifected by
the ambury are more able to contend
against the injury inflicted by the larva
of the weevil by the same copious sup-
ply. Charcoal-dust, spread about half-on-
inch deep upon the surface, and just
ing into the other insect form, previously
to which it gnaws its way out through the
exterior bark. Ttie disease is now almost _ r ..^ ~ , ,,
beyond the power of remedies. The gall, I mixed with it by the point of a spade, it
increased in size, encircles the whole ' is said, prevents the occurrence of this
stem ; the alburnum being so extensively disease. Soot, we have reason to believe,
destroyed, prevents the sap ascending ; i from a slight experience, is as effectual
consequently, in dry weather, sufficient J as charcoal-dust. Judging from theoreti-
l"nryictmA ic vir*f c-nT^-rvlio/-! 4V/M-vi -flio Trvrvfc- ro1 T-oocrvnc? lira mirrlif />/~\*~ir1 n rlo fV*af if-
moisture is not supplied from the roots
to counterbalance the transpiration of
the leaves, and the diseased plant is very
reasons, we might conclude that it
would be more specifical ; for, in addition
to its being, like charcoal, finely divided
discernible among its healthy compa- 1 carbon, it contains sulphur, to which in-
nions by its pallid hue and flagging fo- i sects also have an antipathy. A slight
liage. The disease now makes rapid | dressing of the surface-soil with a little
progress, the swelling continues to in- . of the dry hydro-sulphuret of lime from
crease, for the roots continue to afford i the gas-works would prevent the occur
their juices faster than they can be con- j rence of the disease, by driving the wee-
veyed away; moisture and air are ad- i vils from the soil. It would probably as
mitted to the interior of the excrescence, ! effectually banish the turnip fly or beetle,
through the perforation made by the : if sprinkled over the surface immediately
maggot; the wounded vessels ulcerate, ! after the seed is sown. For cabbages,
putrefaction supervenes, and death con- i twelve bushels per acre would not, pro-
eludes the stinted existence of the mise- ! bably, be too much, spread upon the sur-
rable plant. The tumour usually attains j face, and turned in with the spade or last
the size of a large hen's egg, has a rug- ' ploughing. To effect the banishment of
ged, ulcerated, and even mouldy surface, i the turnip-beetle, we should like a trial
smelling strong and offensively. The ! to be made of six or eight bushels spread
fibrous roots, besides being generally ! over the surface immediately after the
thickened, are distorted and monstrous j sowing and rolling are finished. Although
from swellings which appear throughout j we specify these quantities as those we
their length, apparently arising from an ; calculate most correct, yet in all experi-
effort of nature to form receptacles for i ments it is best to try various proportions,
the sap. These swellings do do not seem | Three or four bushels may be found suf-
1 i arise immediately from the attacks of j ficient; perhaps twelve, or even twenty,
the weevil. When it attacks the turnip, may not be too much. In cabbages, the
a large excrescence appears below the | ambury may usually be avoided by fre-
bulb, growing to the size of both hands, i quent transplanting^; for this enables the
and, as soon as the winter sets in, it is,
by its own nature, brought to maturity,
becoming putrid, and smelling very offen-
sively. The parent weevil is of a dusky-
"black colour, with the breast spotted with
white, and the length of the body one
line and two-thirds. The ambury of the
workman to remove the excrescences
upon their first appearance, and renders
the plants altogether more robusts and
ligneous ; the plant in its tender, sappy
stage of growth being most open to the
insect's attacks.
AHELA'SCKIER. (This is the
AME
[29 ]
AME
name for the Medlar, to which this genus
is closely allied. Nat. ord., Appieworts
[Pomace<B~\. Linn., 1%-Icosandria 2-Di-
2)entagynia.)
Hardy deciduous shrubs, closely allied to the
Medlar. Layers ; common rich loam. Small
troes cultivated for their showy white flowers,
which are produced early in the season. They
are also propagated by grafting on the hawthorn,
or on the quince.
A. botrya'pium (grape-pear). 12. N. Amer. 1746.
fio'rida (flowery). 12. N. Amer. 1826.
parviftt'lia (small-leaved). 3.
ova'lis (oval-leaved). 8. N. Amer. 1800.
semi-integrifo'lin (half-entire-leaved). N.
Amer.
subcorda'ta (subcordate-leaved). N. Amer.
sangui'nea (bloody). 4. N. Amer. 1800.
vulga'ris (common). 6. South of Europe. 15Q6.
^ AME'LLUS. (A name employed by Vir-
gil for a blue aster-looking plant growing
on the banks of the river Mella. Nat.
ord., Composites [Asteraceffi]. Linn., 19-
Synyenesia 2-Supcr/lua.}
Allied to Aster. The first is a greenhouse
evergreen shrub, and the other two hardy herba-
ceous perennials. Loamy soil ; cuttings.
A. lychni'tis (lychnitis). 1. Violet. July. Cape
of Good Hope. 1/63.
spinulo'sus (spinulose). 2. Yellow. August.
Missouri. 1811.
villo'sus (long-haired). 1. Yellow. August.
Missouri. 1811.
AMERICAN ALOE. Aga'vc America'na.
AMERICAN BLIGHT. The insect attack-
ing our apple-trees, and known by this
name, is the Eriosoma lanigera of some
entomologists, and E. mail and Aphis la-
nigera of others. Its generic characters
are, having an abdomen (belly) without
tubercles, antennae, or horns, short and
thread form, and the whole body more or
less cottony or tomentose. The presence
of these insects is shown by the white
cottony matter in the cracks and excre-
scences of apple-tree branches in the
spring. When crushed they extrude a
reddish fluid. These insects are inju-
rious by piercing the sap-vessels of the
tree, sucking the juice, and causing
wounds which ulcerate, and finally de-
stroy, the branch attacked, by corroding
through all the sap-vessels. The cottony
matter is abundant ; and, wafted to other
trees, conveys to them infection by bear-
ing with, it the eggs or embryo insects.
Such, however, is not the exclusive mode
of diffusing the disease ; for, although the
females are usually wingless, yet some
are probably produced with wings at the
season propitious to colonization : the
males are uniformly winged. In the win-
ter these insects retire underground, and
prey upon the roots of the apple-tree. A
tree thus ravaged at all seasons will soon
be killed, if prompt and vigorous reme-
dies are not adopted. The affected roots
may be bared and left exposed for a feu
days to the cold, and the earth, before
being returned, be saturated with arnmo-
niacal liquor from the gas-works. In
early March the branches should be
scraped and scrubbed with the same am-
moniacal liquid, or a strong brine of com-
mon salt; but, whatever liquid is em-
ployed, the scraping and hard bristles of
the brush should penetrate every crack
in the bark. We have found spirit of
turpentine, applied thoroughly to every
patch of the insect by means of an old
tooth-brush, the most effective destroyer
of these insects. The spirit must be ap-
plied carefully, because it kills every leaf
on which it falls. The codlin and June
eating-apple trees are particularly liable
to be infected ; but we never observed it
upon any one of the russet apples ; and
the Crofton pippin is also said to be ex-
empted. Our woodcut represents the in-
sect of its natural size as well as magni-
fied. The head, antennae, and proboscis,
by which it wounds the sap-vessels, are
still further magnified.
AMERICAN COWSLIP. Dodeca'theon.
AMERICAN CRANBERRY. Oxyco'ccus
macroca'rpus. Soil light, and occasion-
ally manured with rotten leaves. Peat
has been considered indispensable by
some cultivators ; but we much question
whether this be not a mistaken impres-
sion, and should not be allowed to deter
persons from planting in any ordinary
dark vegetable matters, soft alluvium, or
humus which may happen to be within
reach. On making an artificial compost,
we would avdvise one-third peaty or other
AME
[ 30
AMH
dark and unctuous material, one-third I their seed before the commencement of
leaf-soil, or old 'decayed weeds, and one- autumn.
third light and sandy loam or ordinary AMERICAN PLANTS. These comprise
soil. Situation: It requires a constant many very different species, which, re-
supply of water ; and, on a south bank, sembling each other in requiring a well-
where this supply can be obtained, it drained, peaty soil and abundance of wa-
inay be planted in rows four feet apart ter, are usually cultivated in a separate
each way, and the water made to circu- department, where the garden-establish-
late in a small ditch between the rows, ment is extensive ; and, wherever grown,
But the edge of a pond will suit it almost should have a compartment to them-
as well, provided that a little soil of a selves, a very acutely sloping bank, facing
proper character is introduced round the the north or east; and some of them as
margin. It is well to state, however, the Pthododendron, Andromeda, and Aza-
that a very considerable amount of sue- lea do not object to being overshadowed
cess has been attained in beds of a peaty by trees. The soil, as already stated,
character, without any system of irriga- should, if possible, be peaty ; and the best
tion. After-culture : The shrubs require annual dressings that can be applied are
no other attention than to be kept free such matters as decayed leaves and the
from weeds. A top-dressing annually, bottom of old wood-stacks, or any other
in November, of heath-soil or rotten mixture of decayed woody fibre ; and, in
leaves has been stated to prove of much fact, these tribes in general have been
service. The American cranberry is con- well grown in an artificially- compounded
sidered of easier culture than the Eng- soil, such as rotten leaves, old and spent
lish, or Oxyco'ccus palu'stris, the latter tan, or sawdust, and ordinary light soil,
requiring more moisture than the Ame- with some sancl, using twice as much of
rican. Produce : The fruit, used for the vegetable matter as of the others. A
tarts and preserving, is so abundant, that | covering of moss, also, will be beneficial,
a bed six yards long is sufficient for the
largest family. Propagation : Suckers,
AMERI'MNUM. (From a, not, and me-
rimna, care ; in reference to the little care
cuttings, or seeds; the'two former plant- 1 needed by tha Houseleek, to which this
name was applied by the Greeks. Nat.
ord., Leguminous Plants [Fabacea3] .Linn.,
ed early in the autumn.
AMERICAN CRESS. Barbce'rea pre'cox.
Soil and Situation : For the winter
standing crops, a light, dry soil, in an
open but warm situation ; and, for the
summer, a rather moister and shady bor-
der in neither instance rich. Soiv every
six weeks from March to August, for
summer and autumn ; and one sowing,
\Q-Monadclphia Q-Decandria.)
Stove evergreen shrubs. Cuttings of the young
shoots in sand and gentle heat ; rich loam.
A. Bro'wnei (Brown's ). 10. White. W. Ind.
1793.
strigulo'sum (strigulose). 20. White. Trini-
dad. 1817.
AMETHY'STEA.
(From amcthystos, the
either at the end of August or beginning amethyst; in reference to the blue colour
of September, for a supply during winter O f the flower. Nat. OT&., Labiates, or Lip-
and spring. Sow in drills nine inches \ WO rts [Lamiaceaj]. Linn., W-Decandria
apart. Culture: Water occasionally dur- \-Monoyynia )
ing dry weather both before and after Ha rdy annual. Seed; peat and sandy loam,
tne appearance of the plants. Thin to A. casru'len (blue-flowering). 2. Blue. July
three inches apart. In winter, shelter Siberia, 1759.
with a little litter or other light covering, AMHE'RSTIA. (In honour of the Coim-
supported by some twigs bent over the \tess Amherst. Nat. ord., Leguminou.
bed, or some bushy branches laid among Plants [Fabaceffl]. Linn., Yl-Diadelph'u
the plants ; keep clear of weeds. In
gathering, strip off the outside leaves,
which enables successional crops to be-
come rapidly fit for use. When the plants | ? re , d England, by Mrs. Lawrence, in
begin to run, their centres must be cut
away which causes them to shoot afresh.
To obtain Seed 7 a few of the strongest
plants, raised from the first spring sow- 1 loam ;
ing, are left ungathered from. They
flower in June or July, and perfect! ind. 1337.
I-Triandria.)
Allied to Jonesia. This splendid flowering tree,
the cream of the Indian Flora," was first flow-
The
hardly three days, as to render its cultivation less
desirable. Stove evergreen tree. Rich, strong-
cuttings of half- ripened wood, in sand,
40. Rich vermilion, E.
AMI
AMP
AMI'CIA. (In honour of B. Amid, phy-
sician. Nat. ord., Leguminous Plants [Fa-
bacese]. Linn., 17-Monadelphia3-Hexan-
dria. )
Stove evergreen climber. Rough sandy loam ;
cuttings in sand, under a bell-glnss.
A. zigo'meris (two-jointed-podded). 8. Yellow.
June. Mexico. 1826.
AMIA'NTHIUM. See HELO'NIAS.
Aaoio'Eimi. (From ammos, sand, and
bio, to live ; in reference to the sandy soil
in which it thrives. Nat. ord., Composites
[Asteracese]. Linn., 10-Syngenesia 1-
M 'quails.)
Half-hardy herbaceous perennials. Cuttings
and seed ; common soil.
A. ala'tum (winged). 2. White. June. N.
Holland. 1S22.
plantagi'neum (plantain-leaved). 1. White.
August. N. Holland. 1827.
AMMO'OHAEIS. See BRUNSVI'GIA.
AMMODE'NDEON. (From ammos, sand,
and dendron, a tree ; in reference to the
situation it grows in. Nat. ord., Legu-
minous Plants [Fabacese]. Linn., 10-Zte-
candria 1-Monogynia.)
A hardy evergreen tree. Allied to Sophora.
A. Sieve'rsn (Siever's). 4. Purple. June. Si-
beria. 1837.
AMMOGE'TON. (From ammos, sand, and
geton, near; the situation it likes. Nat.
ord., Composites [Asteraceee]. Linn., 19-
Syngenesia l.-JEqualis.)
Hardy herbaceous perennial. Root division;
sandy loam.
A. scorzonerifo'lium (scorzonera-leaved). Yellow.
May. N. Amer. 1834.
AMMY'ESINE. (From ammos, sand, and
myrsine, myrtle. Nat. ord., Heathivorts
[Ericaceae]. Linn., 10-Decandria 1-Mo-
nogynia.)
Hardy evergreen shrubs, allied to Ledum, but
requiring slight protection in winter. Peat;
layers. This genus should be united to Leio-
phyllum.
A. buxifo'lia (box-leaved). 1. White. May.
N. Amer. 1736.
prostra'ta (flat-lying). White. June. N.Amer.
.AMO'MUM. (From a, not, and momos,
impurity ; in reference to the quality of
counteracting poison. Nat ord., Ginger-
worU [Zingiberacesej. Linn., 1-Monaji-
dria l-Monogy)iia.)
Grains of paradise, acrid seeds used to give
pungent flavour to liquors, belong to different
species of Arnomum. Being aromatic herbs, they
were used in embalming; whence the word
mummy. Stove herbaceous perennials. Root
division; rich, light loam; require, when grow-
ing, a high, racist heat.
A. awlea'tum, (pnckly). 10. Orange, May, E,
Ind. I8ig,
A. Afze'lii (Afcelius's). 3. Pink. May. Sierra
Leone. 1795.
angustifo'lium( narrow-leaved). 8. Red. June,
Madagascar.
aroma' ticum (aromatic). 3. Purplish-yellow.
June. E. Ind. 1823.
cardamo'mvm (small cardamom). 4. Pale
brown. Jane. E. Ind. 1823.
Danie'lli (bastard melligetta). 3$. Red. W.
Africa.
dealba'tum (whitened). 3. White. April.
Bengal. 1819.
gra'na paradi'si (grain of paradise). 3. Red.
March. Madasgascar.
grandiflo'rum (large-flowered). 3. White.
July. Sierra Leone. 1/95.
latifo'lium (broad-leaved). 4. Purplish-yel-
low. June. Sierra Leone. 1824.
ma'ximum (greatest). 5. White. June. E.
Ind.
seri'ceum (silky). 6. White. July. E. Ind. 1819.
subula'tum (awl-shaped). 3. Yellow. April.
Bengal. 1822.
sylve'stre (wood). 1. White. April. W.
Ind. 1819.
AMOO'EA. (Nat. ord., Meliads [Melia-
cese]. Linn., Q-Hexandria 3-Trigynia.)
Stove evergreen shrub. Cuttings in sand, under
bell-glass, in a hotbed ; soil, light, rich loam.
A. cuculla'ta (cowl-leaved). Yellow. May. N.
Amer. 1834.
AMO'EPHA. Bastard Indigo. (From a,
not, and morpha, form; in reference to
the irregularity of the flowers. Nat. ord.>
Leguminous Plants [Fabaceae]. Linn., 16-
Monadelphia 6-Decandria.)
Hardy deciduous shrubs. Common soil ; layers^
or cuttings of the ripe wood in autumn.
A. cane'scens (hoary). 3. Blue. July. Missouri.
1812.
cro'ceo-lana'ta (yellow- woolled). 5. Purple.
July. N. Amer. 1820.
fra'grans (fragrant). 3. Purple. July. N.
Amer. 1800.
frutico'sa (shrubby). 6. Purple. July. Ca-
rolina. 1724.
angustifo'lia (narrow-leaved). 9. Purple.
June. South Carolina. 1812.
ceeru'lea (blue). 9. Blue. June. South
Carolina.
emar^mM'fa.'(emarginate-leaved). 6. Pur-
ple. July. " Carolina. 1724.
microphy'lla (small-leaved). 2. Purple.
June. Carolina.
gla'bra (smooth). 3. Purple. Julv. N. Amer.
1818.
Jierba'cea (herbaceous). 3. Blue. July. Ca-
rolina. 1803.
Z,eu;i'su'(Lewis's). 3. Purple. July. N.Arner.
1818.
microphy'lla (small-leaved). 2. Purple. Au-
gust. Missouri. 1811,
na'na (dwarf). 2. Blue. August. Missouri-.
1811. These last four require a little
protection in winter.
AMPELO'PSIS. (From ampelos, a vine,
and oj;sis, resemblance; in reference to
its resemblance to the grape-vine. Nat.
ord., Vineworts [Vitacese]. Linn., b-Pen~
tandria 1-Monogynia,)
AMP
[32 ]
AMY
Loudon said A.hederacea is "the most vigo-
rous-growing climber in Europe. It thrives in
almost every soil and situation, from Warsaw to
Naples." Hardy deciduous climbers ; all their
flowers purple and green. Common soil ; layers
or cuttings.
A. bipinna'ta (double-winged). 15. August. N.
Amer. 1700.
corda'ta (heart-leaved). 20. May. N. Amer.
1803.
hedera'cea (Virginian creeper). 60. July. N.
Amer.
hirsu'ta (hairy). 60. May. N. Amer. 1806.
AMPELY'GONUM. (From ampelos, a vine,
and gonu, a joint ; referring to its stems.
Nat. ord., Buckwheats [Polygonacese],
Linn., 8-Octandria 9-2'rigynia.)
Greenhouse herbaceous perennial. Sandy loam
and a Ihtle peat ; seeds.
A. Chine'nse (Chinese). Yellowish- white. July.
. Ind. 1837.
AMPHEKE'PHIS. (From ampherephcs,
well-covered ; alluding to the double in-
volucre. Nat. ord., Composites [Compo-
sitse]. Linn., IQ-Syngcnesia 1-JE quails.)
Hardy annuals, with purple flowers. Sandy
loam ; seeds.
A. arista' ta (awned). 1. Purple. July. Ca-
raocas. 1824.
intermedia (intermediate). ]. Purple.
August. Brazil. 1821.
mu'tica (awnless). 1. Purple. July. S.
Amer. 1803.
AMPHICABP-E'A. (From amphi, around,
or on either side, and karpos, fruit; in
reference to the plant bearing pods on
the stem and on the shoots. Nat. ord.,
Leguminous Plants [Fabacese]. Linn., 17-
Diadelphia 4-Decawrfrio.)
Ornamental twining, hardy annual plants ;
allied to Wistaria; readily increased by seeds,
in common soil.
A. monoi'ca (monoicus). 4. September. N.
Amer. 1781.
sarmento'sa (twiggy). 2. September. N.
Amer. 1820.
AMPHI'COMA. (From amphi, around, and
home, hair ; in reference to the winged
peed. Nat. ord., Bignoniads [Bignonia-
cesej. Linn., l^-Didynamia 2-Angiosper-
mia.)
A pretty half-hardy evergreen, not unlike a
Pentstemon. It may be increased by seeds, or
by cuttings, which root readily in sandy peat, in
July, if placed under glass.
A. argu'ta (finely-cut). 1. Lilac. August.
Himalaya Mountains.
AMPHILO'BIUM. (From amphi, round,
and lobos, a pod ; in reference to the
shape of the seed-vessel. Nat. ord., Big-
noniads [Bignoniacese]. Linn., 14,-Didy-
namia %-Angiospermia.)
A handsome evergreen climber, requiring the
same treatment as Bignonia. Cuttings root
readily under glass, on bottom-heat, in the spring
months. Soil, loam and peat.
A. panicula' turn (panicled). 20. Purple. W.
Ind. 1738.
AMSO'NIA. (In honour of Charles Amso/i,
a scientific traveller in America. Nat. urd.,
Dogbanes. [Apocynaceee PlumiereeeJ.
Linn., 5-Pentandria 1-Monogynia.)
Allied to Plumieria. These are handsome her-
baceous perennials, with blue flowers, and will
grow in any garden- soil; rooting readily from
cuttings during the summer months, or they may
be divided at the root at any season.
A. angustifo'lia (narrow-leaved). 2. N. Ame*
1774.
latifo'lia (broad-leaved). 2. N. Amer. 1/59.
salicifo'lia (willow- leaved). 2. N. Amer. 1812.
AMY'GDALUS. (From amysso, to lacerate,
in reference to the fissured channels in
the stone of the fruit ; but some suppose
from a Hebrew word signifying vigilant,
as its early flowers announce the return
of spring. Na,t.ord.,Almondworts [Drupa-
cese]. Linn., 1%-Icosandria 1-Monogynia.)
These are very ornamental plants ; the tall tree
kinds are very pretty in the middle or back
ground of shrubberies ; the dwarf kinds, also,
as front plants to the same. The true varieties
are increased by budding them upon seedling
plum - stocks. In the south of France, Italy,
Spain, and different parts of the Levant, they are
cultivated for their fruit. Almost any soil suits
them.
A. Cochinchine'nsis (Cochin China). Pink. March.
Cochin China. 1825.
commu'nis (common or sweet). 15. Red.
April. Barbary. 1548.
umdra (bitter). 1. Red. April. Bar-
bary. 1548.
du'lcis (sweet). 15. Red. March. 1548.
flore-ple'no (double-blossomed). 15. Red.
March. 1548.
-~./o'liis variega'tis (variegated-leaved). 15.
Red. March. 1548.
fra'gilis (brittle). 15. Red. April. Bar-
bary. 1548.
grandifio'ra ro'sea (great-rosy.flowered).
15. Hose. March. 1548.
macroca'rpa (long-fruited). 15. Red.
April. Barbary. 1548.
persicoi'des (peach-like). 15. Red. April.
Barbary. 1548.
pe'ndula (drooping). 15. White. March.
1548.
salicifo'lia. (willow-leaved). 15. White.
March. 1548.
inca'na (hoary). 2. Red. April. Caucasus.
campe'stris (field). 2. Red. April.
Podolia. 1818.
Geo'rgica (Georgian). 3. Red. April.
Georgia. 1818.
orienta-'lis (eastern). 10. Red. April. Le-
vant. 1756.
peduncula'ta (flower-stalked). 10. Red.
April. Levant. 1833.
pu'mila (double-dwarf). 4. Red. April.
China. 1683.
prostra'ta (prostrate-growing). 2. Red. ApriL
Crete. 1802.
Sibtrica (Siberian). 6. Red, April. Siberia.
AMY
L 33 ]
ANA
(From a, intensive, and
myrrha, myrrh ; in reference to its power-
ful perfume. Nat. ord., Amyrids [Amyri-
dacese]. Linn., 8-Octandria 1-Monoyynia. )
This genus is famed for its resinous gum. The
species are all ornamental, white-flowered, ever-
green stove trees, growing well in loam and peat,
and readily increased by cuttings in sand and
peat, on bottom-heat, under glass, in the spring
months.
A. ayumina'ta (acuminated). 20. E. Ind. 1823.
Brazilie'nsis (Brazilian). 20. August. Brazil.
1823.
heptaphy'lla (seven-leaved). 16. E.Ind. 1820.
Luna'ni (Lunan's). 12. July. Jamaica. 1820.
mari'tima (sea). 12. S. Amer. 1810.
nn'na (dwarf). 5. E.Ind. 1822.
Plumie'ri (Plumier's). 20. W. Ind. 1820.
sylva'tica. (wood). 16. July. Carthage. 1793.
tecoma'ca (tecomaca). 20. Mexico. 1827-
tozi'feru (poison-bearing). 10. W. Ind. 1818.
ANACA'MPSEROS. (From anakampto,
to cause to return, and eros, love ; an
ancient name for a plant fabled to possess
the virtue of restoring the soft passion.
Nat. ord., Houseleeks [Crassulacece].
Linn., Il-Dodccandria I-Monogynia.)
These are very pretty little greenhouse plants ;
do well in sand and loam, mixed with a little
lime-rubbish, and are increased either from seeds
sown in spring, or from cuttings at any time ;
even a single leaf will make a plant. The cut-
tings should be laid to dry a day or two before
planting-.
J. angiistifo'lia (narrow-leaved). 1. Pink. July-
Cape of Good Hope. 1320.
aracknoi'des (cobwebbed). lg. Pink. August.
Cape of Good Hope. 1790.
filamentdsa (thready). 1. Pink. September.
Cape of Good Hope. 1795.
inter me' dia (intermediate). Pink. July. Cape
of Good Hope. 1824.
lanneola'ta (spear-leaved). 1. Pink. Sep-
tember. Cape of Good Hope. 1/96.
polyphy'lla (many-leaved). 1. Pink. August.
Cape of Good Hope. 1818.
rotnndifo'lia (round-leaved). 1. Pink. Au-
gust. Cape of Good Hope. 1/32.
ru'bens (reddish-leaved). 1. Red. August.
Cape of Good Hope, 1/96.
rufe'scens (rusty-coloured). 1. Pink. July.
Cape of Good Hope. 1818.
va'rians (varying). 1. Pink. August. Cape
of Good Hope. 1813.
ANACA'RDIUIT. (From ana, like, and
rmrdia, the heart ; in reference to the form
of the nut. Nat. ord., Anacards, or Tere-
binths [Anacardiacese]. Linn., 2'3-Poly-
r/amia 2-Dicecia.)
A. occidenta'le produces the Cashew-nut. These
are stove evergreen trees, ornamental, producing
panicled corymbs of sweet. smelling flowers. Soil,
rich loam ; ripe cuttings root readily, with their
1 eaves on, in a pot of sand, under a glass, in heat.
A. occidenta'le (western). 20. Green, red, W'
Ind. 1699.
1'ndicvm (Indian). 20. Green, red. E.
Ind. 1699.
3
ANACY'CLUS. (From ana, like, and
kyklos, a circle ; in reference to the rows
of ovaries in circles round the disk. Nat.
ord., Composites [Asteracese]. Linn., 19-
Syngenesiu 2-SuperJlua.)
Common hardy annuals of no groat beauty,
allied to Chamomile. They should be sown in
the open ground in April.
A. Alexandn'nus (Alexandrian). Yellow. June.
Egypt. 1828.
au'reus (golden-flowered). 1. Yellow. August.
Levant. 1570.
clava'tus (clubbed). 2. White. August.
Barbary. 1810.
pyre'thrum (pyrethrum - like). 2. White.
August. Barbary. 183/.
radia'tus (rayed). 2. Yellow. August. South
of Europe. 1596.
ANADE'NIA. (From a, not, and adcn, a
gland ; in reference to the absence of a
honey-gland. Nat. ord., Proteads [Pro-
teacesej. Linn., k-Tetrandria I-Mono-
(jynia.)
Pretty greenhouse plants, allied to Grevillea.
Grown in peat, with a little loam ; can be propa-
gated by cuttings in sand, under a bell-glass.
A. Mangle'sii (Mangle's). 3. Yellow. April.
South River. 1836.
pulche'lla (neat). 2. Yellow. N. Holland.
1 824.
ANAGA'LUS. Pimpernel. (From anu-
gclao, to laugh ; fabled to possess a virtue
to remove sadness. Nat. ord.. Primeworl*
[Primulaceffi]. Linn., 5-Pe:tiandria 1-
Jfonogynia.)
A favourite genus with gardeners. They are
very interesting plants, of easy culture ; many oi"
the perennial kinds require greenhouse protection
during winter, and are readily increased by cut-
tings, in spring, in the hotbeds. The whole of
them make excellent rock and border plants for
the summer.
A. alternifo'lia (alternate-leaved). Yellow, pink.
April. Rio Janeiro. 1839. Herbaceous
perennial.
co'rnea (fleshy). 1. Flesh. August. Swit-
zerland. 1819. Hardy annual.
frutico'sa (shrubby). 3. Vermilion. August.
Morocco. 1803. Greenhouse biennial.
I'ndica (Indian). 1. Blue. July. Nepaul.
1824. Hardy annual -
latifo'lia (broad-leaved). 1. Purple. August.
Spain. 1759. Greenhouse biennial.
Unifo'lia (flax-leaved). Blue. August. Por-
tugal. 1796. Greenhouse biennial.
Ittarrya'tttK (Mrs. Marryatt's). 1. Copper.
July. Hybrid. 1828. Half-hardy ever-
green trailer.
Mone'lti (Monelli's). 1. Blue. July. Italy.
164 8. This and the next five are green-
house herbaceous trailers.
Brewe'ri (Brewer's). 3. Red. June.
Gardens. 1648.
lilaci'na (lilac-flowered). 1. Lilac. May.
1836.
Phaeni'cea (Phoenician). Scarlet. May.
Morocco. 1803.
Philli'psii (Phillip&'s), f. Brown. June.
Gardens. 1803.
D
ANA
[34]
ANC
Pur- I An annual plant, indigenous to the Egyptian
deserts, and called the Rose of Jericho. When
July, i full grown it contracts its ri^id branches into a
round ball, and is then tossed about by the wind.
When it alights in water, or on damp ground, the
branches relax and open out, as if its life was re-
newed ; hence its name of Resurrection Plant.
Among the superstitious tales told of it is, that
" it first bloomed on Christmas Eve, to salute the
Willmorea'na (Willmore's). $.
pie. August. Madeira. 1834.
Wtbbia'na (P. B. Webb's). 1. Blue.
Portugal. 1828. Half-hardy trailer.
Wellsia'na (Welis's). 1. Copper. August.
English hybrid. 1830. Half-hardy trailer.
ANA'GYBIS. (From ana, like, and gyros,
a spiral, or turning in a circle ; in refer
ence to its curved pods. Nat. ord., Le- birth of the Redeemer, and paid homage to hU
. , rx , r , ln I resurrection by remaining expanded till Easter."
guminous Plants [FabaceseJ. Linn., 10- ( Thi curious annual requires f rame . pr otectiou
Decandria, l-Monogynia.)
Small ornamental trees, allied to Podalyria ; re-
ouirethe protection of the greenhouse; soil, loaiu
2nd peat ; P young cuttings root readily ui sand and
peat, under glass, planted in July.
A.foE'tida, f foetid). 9- Yellow. April. Spain. 1750.
glau'ca (glaucous). 6. Yellow. April. South
of Europe. 1800.
latifo'lia (broad-leaved). 10. Yellow. April.
Teneriffe. 1815.
ANANA'SSA. (From nan as, the local
name for the pine-apple in South Ame-
rica. Nat. ord., Bromelworts [Bromelia-
ceae]. Liun., 6-Hexandrial-Monoyynia.)
For culture, see PINE-APPLE.
A. bractni'ta (bracted). 3. Crimson. April.
Brazil. 1820
<fc'6i* (weak). 3. Crimson. April. Bwuil.
lu'cida (shining). 3. Pink. April. S. Amer.
1820.
sati'va (cultivated. The pine-apple). 3. Pur-
ple. April. S. Amer. 10QO.
ANA'NTHERIX. (From a, not, and
antherlx, an awn; in reference to the
want of awns, or filiform appendages to
Nat. ord., Asdepiads
during the colder months ; increased by seeds ia
any common soil.
Linn., Q-Enneandria
the pollen masses
[Asclepiadaceae]
l.Trigynia.)
A hardy herbaceous plant, increased by root
division ; at airy season, any soil suits it m an
open situation.
A. vi'ridis (green). *. Green, yellow Sep-
tember. N. Amer. 1812
A. Hierochu'ntina (Rose of Jericho). 1. White.
July. Levant. 1597.
ANCHIE'TA. (In honour of a Brazilian
writer on plants of that name. Nat. ord.,
Vloletworts [Violacese], Linn., 5-Pcra-
tandria \-Mouogynia.')
An ornamental evergreen stove climber. Loam,
and peat; increased most readily by seeds.
A. pyrifo'lia (pear-leaved). 3. White. July. Brazil.
AN'CHOVY-PEAR. See GRI'AS.
ANCHU'SA. (From anckousa, a cosmetic
paint, formerly made from A. tlncto'ria,
for staining the skin. Nat. ord., Boraijc-
worts [Boragiuaceifi]. Linn., 5-Pentan-
dria 1-Monogynia.*)
A reddish-brown substance, thought to be a pe-
culiar chemical principle, used by dyers, is ob-
tained from the roots of A. tincto'ria, or- alkanet,
and from other plants of this order. The whole
of this genus, but two, are hardy perennial, bien-
nial, or annual ornamental plants of the easiest
culture, either by seeds, or root division at any
season. A. Cape'iisis and pulche'lla require u little
frame-protection during the winter months.
ANNUALS.
A. aggrega'ta (cluster-flowered). $. Blue. June.
Levant. 1827.
amce'na (pleasing). 1.
ANARRHI'NUM. (From a, not, and rA?,
nose. The snout-like form of the allied
genus Antirrhinum is wanting in this.
Nat. ord., Fig worts [Scrophulariacese].
Linn., l-i-Dldynamia 2-Angiospermia.)
Allied to Snapdragon. These plants are hardy
biennials, and very pretty. Seeds may be sown
in the open borders in spring, or the plants may
be perpetuated by cuttings. See ANTIKRHI'NUM
MA'JUS.
A. bellidifo'lium (daisy-leaved). 2. Blue. July.
France. 1629.
frutico'sum (shrubby). 2. White. August.
South of Europe. 1826.
pube'scens (downy). 12. White. August.
South of Europe.
ANASTA'TICA. (From anastasis, resur-
rection ; in reference to its hygrometrical
property. Nat. ord., CrussiJ'ers [Brassi-
cacece]. Linn., IS-Tclradynamia.')
Blue. June. South
of Europe. 1817.
hy'brida (hybrid). 2. White, blue. July. Italy.
1820.
Mille'ri (Miller's). l. Blue. May. 1824.
parviflo'ra (small-flowered). 1. Blue. June.
Levant. 1827.
sfy/o's(stylose). i. Blue, May. Siberia. 1802.
tene'lla (delicate). 1. Blue. May. Ceylon. 1820.
verruco'sa (warty). 2. Blue. July. South,
of Europe. 1821.
BIENNIALS.
A. aspefrrima (very rough). 2. Blue. May. Egypt.
1817.
Cape'nsis (Cape). 1. Blue. June. Cape of
Good Hope. 1830.
Gmeli'ni (Gmelin's). 2. Blue. August. Po-
dolia. 1817.
latifo'lia (broad-leaved). 2. Blue. May. 1826.
PERENNIALS.
A. Agatrdhii (Agardh's). 1. Blue. August. Si-
beria. 1820.
angustifo'lia (narrow-leaved). 2. Purple. May.
South of Europe. 1040.
Barrelie'ri (Barrelier's). 2. Blue. July. South
of Europe. 18'JO.
caspito'sa (tutted). ,$. Blue. June. Levant.l8S8
AND
[35]
AND
A. cri'spa (curled). 1. Blue. June. Corsica. 1835.
hi'spida (bristly). 2. Blue. July. Egypt. 18" 7
Au-
Au-
incarna'ta- (fle*h-coloured). 2. Flesh.
gust. South of Europe. 1&16.
leptophy'lla (slender-leaved). 2. Purple.
gust. Europe. 1640.
longifo'lia (long-leaved). 3. Blue. July. Italy.
1819.
macula' tn (spotted-leaved). 2. Blue. May.
Russia. 1824.
myosotidiflu'ra (myosotis-flowered). 1'. Pink.
August. Levant. 1713.
officina'lis (officinal). 2. Blue. August. Tauria.
i82.->.
ochroleu'ca (yellowish-white). 2. Purple. July.
Britain.
Itaflica (Italian). 2. Pale yellow. Au-
gust. Caucasus. 1810.
panicula'tii (panicled). 3. Red. May. South
of Europe. 1597.
petiola'ta (petiolated). 1. Purple. Nepaul. 1840.
prorefrn (tail). 3. Blue. May. Madeira. 1777.
rupe'stris (rock). 1. Blue. July. Galicia. 1824.
seri'cea (silky). 1. Purple, yellow. July. Si-
beria. 1802.
tinctofria (dyer's). 2. White. August. Mont-
pelier. 1596.
undulu'ta (wave-leaved). 2. Purple. July.
Spain. 1752.
ANDERSO'NIA. (In honour of Messrs'
Anderson, patrons of botany. Nat. ord.,
Epacrids [Epacridacese]. Linn., 5-Pen-
landrla 1-Monogynia.)
A very pretty greenhouse shrub. Sandy peat ;
cuttings root readily, in spring, in common hotbed.
A, sprengeloi'des (sprengelia-like). 2. Pink. June.
N. Holland. 1803.
ANDI'RA. (Its local name in the Bra-
-zils. Nat. ord., Leguminous Plants [Faba-
Linn., If-Diadclphia 4t-Decandria.\
Alliance obscure. Large ornamental stove trees.
Soil, loam and peat ; cuttings root readily under
a -glass, in heat.
..:inefrmis (unarmed). 20. Purple. W. Ind. 1773.
racetno'su (branchy). 20. Purple. Trinidad.
1818.
ANDROCY'MBIUM. (From aner, anther,
and kymbion, a saucer ; in reference to the
peculiar form of the anthers. Nat. ord.,
Melanths [Melanthacece]. Linn., 6-Hex-
andria o-
Few plants are more generally poisonous than
this order of Melanths. Interesting bulbous-
rooted plants, requiring the protection of frame or
zrecnhouse; increased readily by offsets and seed.
Loam and peat, with plenty of sand.
A. encomoi'des (encomis-like). I. Green. April.
Cape of Good Hope. 1794.
melanthoi'des (melaHthium-like). 1. White.
July. Cape of Good Hope. 1823.
voluta're (rolled-leaved). 1. White. April
Cape of Good Hope. 1816.
AXDRO'MEDA. (A classical name, after
the daughter of Cepheus and Cassiope,
King and Queen of .^Ethiopia. Nat. ord.,
Hcathworts [Ericaceae]. 10-Decandria 1-
Monogynia.)
An extensive family of beautiful shrubs, al!
evergreen and all hardy, except those otherwise
specified ; delight in a peaty soil, although some
of them will do well in any soil; generally in-
creased by layers, put down about the month of
September, to remain till that time twelvemonth ;
also by seeds, which should be sown as soon as
ripe in large pans or pots, and covered thinly with
earth in a cold frame, but plenty of air given.
HARDY.
A. acumina'ta (acuminate). 3. White. August*
N. Amer. 1765.
angustifo'lia (narrow-leaved). !. White. Au-
gust. N. Amer. 17*8.
urbo'rea (sorrel-tree). 40. White. August. N.
Amer. 1752.
uxilla'ris (axil-flowering). 1. White. June. N.
Amer. 1765.
longifo'liu (long-leaved). 1. White. July.
N. Amer. 1765.
fiulyculu'ta (small-calyxed). 2. White. March.
N. Arner. 1748.
lutifo'lia (broad-leaved). 2. White. March.
Newfoundland. 1748.
na'na (dwarf). 1. White. March. New-
foundland. 1748.
ventrico'sa (inflated). 2. White. March.
Russia. 1748.
cane'scens (hoary). 3. White. June. N. Amer.
1748.
Catesban'i (Catesby's). 2. White. June. N.
Amer. 1793.
coria'cea (thick-leaved). 3. Pink. July. N.
Amer. 1765.
ru'bra (red-flowered). 3. Bed. July.
N. Amer. 1/65.
cri'spa (curled). 3. White. July. N.Amer.
1824.
dealba'ta (whitened). 2. Pink. April. N.Amer.
1824.
fastigia'ta (pyramidal). 2. White. May. Hi-
malaya. 1855.
fioribu'nda (many-flowered). 3. White. May.
N. A'mer. 1812.
glaucophy'lla (glaucous-leaved). 1. Pink. July.
N. Amer. 1812.
hypnoi'des (moss-like). 1. White, red. June.
Lapland. 1798. Half-hardy deciduous
creeper.
Maria'na (Maryland). 2. White. June. N.
Amer. 1763.
obto'nga (oblong-leaved). 2. White. June.
N. Amer. 1736.
ova'lis (oval-leaved). 2. White. June.
N. Amer. 1736.
piluliffera (pellet-bearing). 3. White. June.
West Florida. 1842.
polifo'lia (polium-leaved).
Pink. July.
West Florida. 1842.
-- grandiflofra (large-flowered). 1. Pink.
April. Ingria. 1790.
-- latifoflia (broad-leaved). 3. Pink. July.
N. Amer. 1790.
-- me! did (wild rosemary). 1. White. July.
Britain. 1790.
-- mi'nima (smallest). 1. Pink. April.
Britain. 1790.
-- oleif(/lia (olive-leaved). 1. Pink. April.
Britain. 1790.
-- revolu't a (rolled-back-leaved). I. Pink.
April. North of .Europe. 1783.
-- subula'ta (awl-leaved). 1. Pink. July.
North of Europe.. 1783.
raccmo'sa (branchy). 3. White. June. N.
Amer. 1736.
AND
[36 ]
ANE
A. latifo'Ua (broad-leaved) ; 3. White. July.
N. Amer. 1736.
stric'ta (upright). 4. White. July. N.
Amer. 1736.
rosmarinifo'lia (rosemary-leaved). 2. Pink.
July. N. Amer. 1736.
STOVE.
A. buxifo'lia (box-leaved). 2. Pink. July. Mau-
ritius. 1822.
fascicula'ta (bundled). 20. White. April.
Jamaica. 1824.
Jamaice'nsis (Jamaica). 6. White. June.
Jamaica. 1793.
rubigino'sa (ruddy). 10. White. July. W.
Ind. 1736.
GKEENHOUSE.
A. Japo'nica (Japan). 3. White. June. Japan.
1806.
neriifo'lia (oleander-leaved). 3. Crimson.
June. Brazil. 1851.
ovalifo'lia (oval-leaved). 20. White. June.
N. Amer. 1825.
phillyrecefo'lia (phillyrea-leaved). 1. White.
January. West Florida. 1842.
salicifo'lia (willow-leaved). 4. Pale green.
June. Mauritius. 1825.
Sine'nsis (Chinese). 2. Blush. June. China.
1826.
specio'sa (showy). 3. White. August. Caro-
lina. 1800.
glau'ca (milky-green). 2. Pink. August.
Carolina. 1800.
ni'tida (shining-leaved). 3. White. Au-
gust. Carolina. 1800.
pulverulefnta (dusty-leaved). 3. White.
August. Carolina. 1800.
spica'ta (spiked). 2. White. June. N.
Amer. 1800.
tetrago'na (four-angled). 1. White. April.
Lapland. 1810. Half-hardy.
ANDRO'SACE. (From aner, a man, and
mkos, buckler ; in reference vo the resem-
blance of the anther to an ancient buck-
ler. Nat. ord., Primetvorts [Primulaceas].
Linn., 5-Pentandria I-Monogynia.)
A favourite family of small alpine plants. All
do best, though hardy, grown in pots, in peat
and sandy loam, and carefully watered; increased
by seeds ; and the perennials by cuttings, or root
division. All are interesting plants for the rock-
work in summer, and in winter protected in frame.
ANNUALS.
A, elonga'ta (elongated). 1. White. April. Aus-
tria. 17/6.
filifo'rmis (thread-like). 1. White. May.
Siberia. 1820.
macroca'rpa (large-capsuled). 1. White,
July. Siberia. 1827.
ma'xima (greatest). 1. White. April
tria. 1797.
na-na (dwarf). I. White. April. Denmark.
1803.
obtusifo'lia (blunt-leaved).
Italy. 1817-
septentriona'lis (northern).
Russia. 1755.
A. brevifo'lia (short-leaved). 1. White. Maj,
South of France. 1820.
lactiflo'ra (milk-flowered). 1. White. Au-
gust. Siberia. 1806.
PERENNIALS.
A. ca'rnea (flesh-coloured). 1. Flesh. July.
Switzerland. 1768.
carina'ta (keel-shaped). 1. Yellow. April.
N. Amer. 1826.
chamoRJa'sme (bastard jasmine). 1. Pink.
July. Austria. 1768.
la'ctea (milk-white). 1. White. July. Aus-
tria. 1752.
lanugino'sa (vrooily -leaved). . P.ose, yellorr.
August. Himalaya. 1842.
linea'ris (linear-feared). . White. April.
N. Amer. 1806.
villo'sa (hairy). Pink. June. Pyrenees. 1/QO.
AHDBO&B'UM. (From aner, man, and
haima, blood ; in reference to the juice
of the plant. Nat. ord., Tutsans [Hy-
pericacese]. Linn., \Q-Monadelphia 8-
Polyandria.)
A hardy, herbaceous, pretty perennial, readily
increased by seeds or root division. Does well
under the drip of large trees.
A. qfficina'le (officinal). 2. Yellow. August.
Britain.
ANDRY'ALA. (Of unknown meaning.
Nat. ord., Composites [Asteracese]. Linn.,
IQ-Syngenesia 1-^qualis. Allied to Hie-
ratium.)
Both the greenhouse and hardy species are ra-
ther pretty, and will grow in any common soil ;
they are increased by seeds and root division. All
are hardy, except those otherwise described.
A. arffcfntea (silvery). 1. Yellow. August.
Pyrenees. 1817- Biennial.
chtiranthifrflia (stock-leaved). 2. Yellow. June.
Madeira. 17/7. Greenhouse perennial.
crithmifo'lia (samphire-leaved). 1. Yellow. Au-
April
Pink. April.
White. May.
1.
BIENNIALS.
A. acatSii* (*talkless). 1. White. July. Siberia.
I8S5.
alismoi'des (alisma-like). 1. White. August.
Siberia. 1820.
gust. Madeira. 17/8. Greenhouse biennial.
inca'na (hoary). 1. Yellow. June. Pyrenees.
1818. Biennial.
integrifo'lia, (.entire-leaved). 1. Yellow. Au-
gust. South of Europe. 1711. Biennial.
ni'gricans (blackish-flowered). 1. Yellow. Au-
gust. Barbary. 1804. Annual.
pinnati'fida (pinnatifid -leaved). 1. Yellow.
July. Madeira. 1773. Greenhouse bi-
ennial.
Ragusi'na (Ragusan). 1. Yellow. August. Ar-
chipelago. 1753. Greenhouse perennial.
runcina'ta (runcinate). 1. Yellow. July.
South of Europe. 1711. Biennial.
ANEILE'MA. (From a, not, and eilema,
Aus * involucrum ; in reference to the absence
of the involucrum. Nat. ord., Spider-
worts [Commelinacese]. Linn., 3-2Vian-
dria I-Monoyynia.)
All perennials and pretty little trailing-plants,
except A. longifo'lia and A. Si'niea. They are in-
creased by seed and root division; soil, loam,
peat, leaf-mould, and sand.
GREENHOUSE.
A. affi'nis (similar). 1. Blue. August. N. Holland.
1820. Evergreen.
ANE
[3T]
ANE
A.btflo'ra (two-flowered). I. Blue. August.
N. Holland. 1820. Evergreen.
nudiflofra, (naked-flowered). 1. Blue. July.
E. Ind. 1824. Biennial.
Si'nica (Chinese). 1. Purple-blue. May.
China. 1820. Herbaceous perennial.
spirata (spiral). 1. Blue. July. E. Ind.
1733. Evergreen.
STOVE.
A. acum.inu.ta. ^pointed). 1. Blue. August.
N.. Holland. 1822. Evergreen.
<equinoctia'lis (equinoctial). 1. Blue. July.
Guinea. 1820. Evergreen.
amfjigua (ambiguous). 3. Blue. July. Sierra
Leone. 1822. Herbaceous.
crispata (curled-leaved). Blue. N.Holland.
1822.
longifo'lia (long-leaved). 1. Blue. July. Mo-
zambique. 1825. Herbaceous perennial.
nudicfi'ulis (nakeri-stemmed). 1. Blue. July.
E. Ind. 1818. Evergreen.
serrulu't a (saw-edged). 1. Blue. July. Trini-
dad. 1824. Evergreen.
ANE'MIA. (From aneimon, naked; in
reference to the naked inflorescence.
Nat. ord., Ferns [Polypodiaceae]. Linn.,
Qh-Cryptoyamia 1-Filices.)
Stove herbaceous perennials, allied to Schizoea;
soil, loam and peat; readily increased by seeds or
root division.
A* adiantifo'lia (maiden-hair-leaved). 3. Brown.
August. W. Ind. 1793.
cocei'ea"(scarlet'>. 1. Brown. August. W.
Ind. 1830.
colli'na (hill). 1. Brown. August. Brazil.
1829.
fiexuu'sa (zigzag). 1. Brown. August. S.
Amer. 1831.
fruxinifo 1 lia (ash-leaved). 1. Brown, June.
Brazil. 1828.
hi'rta (hairy). Brazil. June. W. Ind. 1824.
kimufta (soft-haired). 3. Brown. June. Ja-
maica. 1704.
hu'milis (dwarf). 1. Brown. July. N. Amer.
1823.
'laclnia'ta (jagged). 1. Brown. August.
W. Ind. 1794.
lanceola'ta (lanceolate). 2. Brown. August.
W. Ind. 1820.
Icngifo'lia (long-leaved). 1. Brown. August.
Brazil. 1831.
radi'cuns (rooting). 1. Brown, yellow. May.
Brazil. 1831.
re'pens (creeping). 1. Brown. May. Brazil.
1831.
tene'lla (slender). 1. Brown. May. W. Ind.
1843.
PA'di* (Phillitis-likc). 1. Brown. June.
Trinidad. 1830.
ANE 'MONE. Wind-flower. (From anemos,
the wind; inhabiting exposed places.
Nat. ord., Crowfoots [Ranunculacese]. 13-
Pohjdn driu 6 -Polytjyn ia . )
They are all hardy except A. Cape'nsis and A.
mtifo'lia, which require the protection of a green-
house in winter. These two are propagated from
cuttings under glass; the tuberous-rooted from
onsets ; and the herbaceous from divisions of the
roots ; and, both from seeds. They all require a
light, rich and well-drained loam. All are hardy,
exceptwhere sea ted otherwise-
TUBEROUS ROOTED.
4.,4/;<?nmna(Apennine). $. Blue. April. Eng-
land.
Baldefnsis (Mount Baldo). . White. May.
Switzerland. 1792.
cceru'lea (blue). l. Blue. May. Siberia. 182G.
Carolinia'na (Carolina). 1. White. May.
Carolina. 1824.
corona'ria (garland or poppy A.). . Striped.
June. Lsvant. 1596.
ple'na (double-flowered), f . Striped.
April.
Fischeria'na (Fischer's)- 4- White. April.
Siberia. 1827.
horte'ns'K (garden), f. Striped. April. Italy
1597.
miniu'ta (red-leayed-flowered). . Red.
May. Gardens.
lancifo'li'a (lance-leaved). . White. April.
N. Amer. 1822.
nemoro'sa (grove). . White, red. April.
Britain.
ctzru'leu (blue-flowered). ?. Light blue.
May. Gardens.
flo're-ple'no (double-flowered). $. White,
red. April. Britain
palma'ta (palmated). 4. Yellow. May. Por-
tugal. 159/.
flo're-a'lbido (whitish-flowered). |. Whit-
ish. May.
flo're-fla'vo (yellow-flowered), f. Yellow.
May. Portugal. 1597'
flo're-ple'no (double-flowered). . Yellow.
May.
parviflo'ra (small-flowered). 4. White. May.
N. Amer. 1824.
pavoni'na (peacock-e#e). l.Red. April. Franc?.
flo're-ple'no (double-flowered). 1. Red.
May. Europe.
fu'lgens (shining). 1. Red. May. South
of Europe. 18)8.
quinquefo'lia (five-leaved. American wood). .
White. April. N. Amer. 1817.
ranunculoi'des (ranunculus-like). . Yellow.
April. England.
refle'xa (bent-back). *}. Yellow. April. Siberia,
1818.
stella 1 ta purpu'rea (purple-star-/e/;ed). .
Purple. April. Italy. 1597-
umbella'ta (umbelled). 1. Blue. April. Le-
vant. 1824.
HERBACEOUS.
A. a'lba (white). . White. June. Siberia; 1820.
AMa'na (Albana). 4. White. May. Caucasus.
1821.
alpi'na (alpine). . White. Austria. 1658.
acutipeftala (pointed-petaled). 4. Blue. May.
Switzerland. 1819-
Cape'nsis (Cape). 1. Purple. April. Cape
of Good Hope. 1795. Greenhouse.
ce'rnua (drooping). 4. Red, white. May.
Japan. 1806.
Dahu'rica (Dahurian). J. Flesh. May. Da-
huria. 1819.
deltoi'dea (triangular). White. May. Colum-
bia. 1827-
dicho'ioma (forked). 1. Red, white. May.
N. Amer. 1768. 1
Gavaniu'nu (Gavan's). Nepaul. 1844.
Halle'ri (Haller's). 4. Purple. April. Switzer-
land. 1816.
Hudsonia'na (Hudson's). . White. April.
N. Amer. 1827-
Japo'nica (Japan). 2. Rose. September
Japan. 1S41.
ANE
[38]
ANE
A, longisca'pa (long-stalked). White. June.
North Ind. 183Q. Half-hardy.
micra'ntha (small-flowered). $. White, pur-
pie. April. Austria. 1800.
montu'jia. (mountain). 1. Purple. June.
Switzerland. 1830.
multi'fida (many-cleft). 3. White. June.
Magellan. 1824.
narcissiflo'ra (narcissus-flowered). 1. White.
May. Siberia. 17/3.
Nuttallia'na (NutUll'a). . White. July. N.
Amer. 1827.
obsole'ta (obsolete). . Purple. May. Germany.
obtusifo'lia (blunt-leaved). White. June. Hi-
malaya. 1844.
r~obtusilo'l>a (blunt-lobed-fea??erf). $. White.
June. Himalaya. 1843.
pa'tens (spreading). 1. Light yellow. June.
Siberia. 1752.
ochroleu'ca (yellowish- white). 1. Cream.
April. Siberia. 1/52.
Pennsylna'nica (Pennsylvanian). 1. White.
May. N. Amer. 1706.
prate'nsis (meadow). . Dark purple. May.
Germany. 1ft I.
pulsati'llu. (common pulsatilla). $. Violet.
May. England.
u'lbida (whitishV?0">ered). . Whitish.
April. Germany. 1334.
ru'bra (red-flowered). Jleddish-purpls.
May. Germany. 1834.
Richardso'nia (Richardson's). . Yellow. June.
N. Amer. 1327.
rivula'ris (river). lj. White. June. North
Ind. 1840.
Sibi'rica (Siberian). $. White. June. Siberia.
1804.
stella'ta (star-flowered). A. White. Italy. 1597.
sulphu'rea, (sulphur-coZowred). . Sulphur.
May. Europe. ,1816.
sylve'stris (wood-snowdrop). $, White. May.
Germany. 15Q6.
trifo'lia (three-leaved). . White. April.
France. 159/.
Urale'nsis (Ural). . Blue. May. Siberia. 1824.
verna'lis (spring). . White. April. Switzer-
land. 1752.
flo're-lu'teo (yellow-flowered). . Yellow.
April. South of Europe.
Virginia'na (Virginian). 4. White. May. N.
Amer. 1772.
grandiflo'ra (large-flowered). 2. White.
June. Gardens. Greenhouse.
vitifo'lid (vine-leaved). 3. White. September.
Nepaul. 1829. Half-hardy.
The anemone, the florist's flower of our
gardens, is the offspring of the A. coro-
na'ria (poppy anemone), and A. hor-
te'nsis. Sprung from these there are an-
nually increased varieties. A variety lasts
about twelve years.
Characteristics of a good single anemone.
The stem strong, elastic, and erect,
not less than nine inches high; the
flower at least two inches and a half in
diameter, consisting of large, substantial,
well-rounded petals, at first horizontally
extended, and then turning a little up-
wards, so as to form abroad, shallow cup
the colour clear and distinct when di
versified in the same flower, or brillian
and striking if it consists only of one-
colour, as blue, crimson, or scarlet, &c.
A double anemone should have the
outer petals quite flat, the second series
a little shorter, the third shorter still,
and so on till the centre is quite full,
when the whole should form a rather flat
lemisphere. Every double flower should
be of one full colour.
Propagation. Offsets from the root,,
and new varieties from seed.
By offsets, all the best kinds should be
taken up annually at the decay of the leaf,,
and the root divided, at the time of taking
up, to allow the wound to heal, into as-
many pieces or knobs as are furnished
with an eye or bud, observing, however,
that if they are divided very small, they
flower very weak the first year.
The time for taking up the roots is
May and June, when the leaf and stalk
are withered ; for then the roots cease to
grow for a month or six weeks.
Take them up in dry weather, spread
in an any place out of the sun for about
a week, then clear from earth, and store
in bags or boxes.
The seed. Sow from the best single
or semi-double flowers. Double flower*
produce none.
Sowing. Make the beds in a sheltered
part of your garden, facing the south ;
remove the old soil from the beds to the
depth of sixteen or eighteen inches. If
it is low and swampy, with a wet, clay
bottom, drain well, and do not dig so
deep ; if high and dry, or with a sandy
or gravelly subsoil, you may go a little
deeper. Then put in from four to six
inches of unmixed cowduug, such as
might be gathered up where these ani-
mals feed. Upon this layer of dung
place as much good fresh loam as will
raise the beds to their former level, or a
little higher. Make the surface very
fine, and then sow. Anemone-seed re-
quires to be well rubbed with the hand,,
either amongst some sharp sand or
finely-sifted coal ashes, to separate the
seeds. When the seed is sown, cover it
immediately with some-sifted, light, sandy
soil, half an inch. It will soon come up,,
and should be frequently watered in dry-
weather. Beds so made will flower the
same year ; mark the best, and preserve
them for planting the next year.
Time for planting is October, or early
in November, and the plants will come
into flower in April and beginning of
ANE
[ 30 ]
ANG
May; but if some are planted in the
middle of September, and a second parcel
towards the middle or latter end of Oc-
tober, they will afford a succession of
bloom from the beginning of April until
the middle of May ; and, if a third plant-
ation is made in February or beginning
of March, they will come into flower
about the middle of May, and continue
until the middle of June.
Soil and site. The situation should be
thoroughly drained, and open to the
south. Any common, moderately light
earth suits the anemone ; overmoist and
stiff soils rot the roots in winter. If
necessary to make a soil, proceed as de-
scribed for the seed-bed. Take maiden
loam from the surface of a pasture, the
top spit, turf and all ; to every load of
this add one of cowdung, and half a load
of sea or drift sand; blend the whole to-
gether, and form it into a ridge, in which
let it remain a year, at least, turning it
over once in two or three months. But,
in default of pasture-earth, a good com-
post may be formed of common, light
garden-soil and rotted cowdung, adding,
to every load of the former, half a*load of
the latter, and about a quarter of that of
drift or sea-sand ; and of either of which
composts the bed is to be formed. Make
it aboiit twelve or fifteen inches in depth,
and three feet and a half broad.
Planting in borders. Plant five roots
together, in a patch of five or six inches
in breadth, two or three inches deep.
Beds should be three feet and a half
broad, with alleys eighteen inches wide
between bed and bed, and fifteen or
eighteen inches deep; break the earth
small, but do not sift it ; elevate the beds
three inches above the general surface ;
but, if there is danger of moisture stand-
ing in winter, double or treble that is a
proper height, working the whole a little
rounded, and after planting, rake the
surface smooth.
Plant six rows lengthwise, the roots at
six inches distance in each row, and two
inches deep.
The autumn plantation comes in leaf
in November; but, as the plants are hardy,
nothing is needful to be done till the
!>loom begins to appear, and then arch
the beds with hoops.. to support mats, to
protect them from frost.
Forcing. Double anemones, potted in
September or in October, in some com-
post, as above particularized, may be
placed in a cold frame or pit, and watered
but sparingly until the following spring,
when they may be put into a warmer
place. They will not stand much forcing.
A second blooming may be obtained, by
planting more roots, in a similar way, ia
December.
Mildew. This disease first appears as
pale spots on the under sides of the
leaves. These spots gradually rise into
tubercles, and a minute fungus bursts
through. This parasite is JEci'dium gua-
dri'jldiim. Sea-sand, or a little salt mixed
with the compost of the bed, is a good
preventive ; and sprinkling with sulphur
is the best remedy. Anemones are liable
to have distorted, swollen leaves, the cure
for which is to render the soil more free
from stagnant moisture.
ANE'THUM. (From ano, upwards, and
t/ico, to run; in reference to its quick
growth. Nat. or d., Umldlifers [Apiacese].
Linn., 5-Pentandria, 2-Digynia.)
A genus of useful plants, succeeding well in
any common garden-soil ; all hardy, readily in-
creased by seed or root division.
ANNUAL.
A. So'ua (Sowa). 1. Yellow. July. E. Ind. 1810.
BIENNIALS.
A. grave'olens (strong-smelling, or dill). . Yel-
low. July. Spain. 15/0.
pipcra'tum (peppered). 6. Yellow. July. Italy.
1824.
PERENNIALS.
A.fceni'culum (fennel). 6. Yellow. August.
England.
1 du'lce (sweet). 4. Yellow. August. Italy.
See DILL and FENNEL.
ANGE'LICA. (In reference to its fabled
angelic virtues in medicine. Nat. ord. y
Umlellifers [Apiacerc]. Linn., 5-Pentan-
dria "2-Dii/ynia.')
Common water-side perennials, of not much
beauty as garden-plants. The only species re-
quiring notice here is the common Angelica.
A.archangc'lica (archangel). 4. July. Green.
England.
The stalks of this are cut in May for
candying. Formerly, the stalks were
blanched for eating, like celery. Soil and
Situation: Grows best in moist situations,
such as the banks of ponds and ditches.
Soiviny : Sow soon after the seed is ripe,
about September, being almost useless if
preserved until the spring. Cultivation :
Sow thin, in drills a foot asunder, and
half an inch deep. When five or six
inches high, the plants must be thinned
to a distance of at least two feet and a
half from each other. In May, or early
ANG
[40 ]
ANG
in June of the second year, they flower,
when they must be cut down, which
causes them to sprout again ; and, if this
is carefully attended to, they will con-
tinue for three or four years ; but, if per-
mitted to run to seed, they perish soon
after.
ANGE'LICA-TKEE. Ara'lia spiiw'sa.
ANGELO'NIA. (From any f Ion, its local
name in South America. Nat. ord., Fig-
worts [Scrophulariaceffi]. Linn., l-Didy-
namla 2-Anyiospermia. Allied to Hemi-
meris.)
Pretty stove herbaceous plants; seed in heat,
sown in February ; division of the roots of seve-
ral kinds, and cuttings of young shoots in April,
inserted in sand under a bell-glass; must not be
kept too damp ; loam :md peat. Summer temp.,
i'rora 60 to 70 ; winter, 55 to 60.
A. angustfo'lia (narrow-leaved). l. Deep
violet. June. Mexico. 1846.
corni'gera (horn-bearing). 1. Purple. August.
Brazil. 183Q.
floribu'nda (many-flowered). 1. Purple.
August. Brazil. 1839.
Gardne'ri(Mr. Gardner's). 1. Purplish-white.
May. Pernarnbuco. 1838.
grandiflo'ra (large-flowered). 1. Purplish-
white. May. Pernambuco. 183S.
minia'ta (crimson). 1. Purplish- white. May.
Pernambuco. 1838.
salicaricefo'lia (willow-leaved). 1. Light blue.
August. S. Amer. 1818.
ANGIA'NTHUS. (From ayyos, vessel, and
anthos, a flower. Nat. ord., Composites
[AsteraceaB]. Linn., \Q-Syngenesia 5-Se-
yreyata.)
A pretty greenhouse herbaceous plant ; division
of the root ; seed, and cuttings under a bell-glass.
Summer temp., 50 to ?0 ; winter, 40 to 50.
A. a'urens (golden). 1. Yellow. July. N.
Holland. 1803.
ANGIO'PTERIS. (From ayyeion, a vessel*
and pteris, a wing. Nat. ord., Ferns [Po-
lypodiacese]. Linn., 2<L-Cryptoyamia ]-
Filices.}
A stove Fern, cultivated like Acropteris.
A. eveftica (evetic). June. Brown. Island of
Luzon.
ANGO'PHORA.. (From agyos, a vessel,
and phero, to bear ; in reference to the
shape of the fruit. Nat. ord., Myrtle-
blooms [Myrtacese]. Linn., 12-Icosandria
This is the most natural order of plants, and
no blue flower has yet been found to belong to it.
Greenhouse evergreen shrubs ; cuttings under a
bell-glass; loam and peat. Summer temp., 50
to 65 ; winter, 45.
A. cordifo'lia (heart-leaved). 6. Yellow. August.
N. Holland. 1789.
lanccola'ta (lanceolate-feanec!). 6. Yellow.
August. N. Holland. 1816.
ANGKJE'CUM. (From angurele, the Ma-
layan term for air-plants. Nat. ord., Or-
chids [Orchidaceee]. Linn., 20-Gynandria
l-Monandrta.)
By offsets in spring, sphagnum moss, and
broken potsherds, and pieces of wood ; kept moist
and hot when growing in summer ; cool in win-
ter ; hot and dry when coming into bloom.
Summer temp., 70 to 85; winter, 55 to 60.
A. apiculu'tum (small-pointed). . White. Sierra
Leone. 1844.
armeni'acam (apricot-coloured-./?OMweeZ) Yel-
lowish-pink. Sierra Leone. 1 838.
Ashante'si (Ashantee). $. Cinnamon. June.
Ashantee. 1843.
liilo'bum (two-lobed). . White. Septem-
ber. Cape Coast. 1841.
cnuda'tum (tail-lipped). l. White, green.
August. Sierra Leone. 1834.
caule'scens (stemmed). l. Green, white.
September. India. 1834.
clandesti'num (concealed-flowered). . Green,
white. September. Sierra Leone. 1835.
di'stichum (tvfo-rowed-lenved). . White.
September. Sierra Leone. 1834.
ebu'rneum (ivory-lipped). 1$. White. Ja-
nuary. Madagascar. 1826.
micro! nthum (small -flowered). \, White.
Sierra Leone. 1834.
odorati'ssimum (very sweet-scented). White.
Sierra Leone. 1832.
ornithorhy'nchum (bird's-beak). White.
Brazil. 1840.
peilu'cidum (transparent). A. White. No-
vember. Sierra Leone. 1842.
pertu'sum (broken). . White. October.
Sierra Leone. 1836.
polysta'chyum (many-spiked). Peru. 1840.
subula'tum (awl-shaped). White. Sierra
Leone. 1832.
tcretifo'lium (straw-leaved). White. Sierra
Leone.
ANGUILLA'BIA. (From anyuilla, an eel;
in reference to the twisted seeds. Nat.
ord., Melanths [Melanthacere]. Linn., 0-
Hexandria 3-Trv>ynia. Allied to Vera-
trum.)
Herbaceous plants, requiring a little protection
in winter; division of roots, and cuttings, under
a hand-light; peat and loam.
A. biglandttlo'sa (two-glanded). 1. Purple.
May. N. Holland. 1826.
dioi'ca (u'icecious). 1. Purple. May. N. S.
Wales. 1826.
I'ndica (Indian), l. Dark purple. June.
Tranquebar. 1818.
ANGULO'A. In honour of Angulo, a Spa-
nish naturalist. Nat. ord., Orchids [Orchi- .
dacere]. Linn., 2Q-Gyuandria 1-Monogy-
n ia. )
Stove orchids, requiring the same culture as
Angrtecom.
A. Clowe'sii (Clowes'). Ij. May. Yellow and
white. Columbia. 1842.
flo'ribus fla'vis (Clowes' straw-coloured).
I^. May. Pale yellow. 1845.
grandiflo'ra (large-flowered). 1. July. S.
Amer. 1823.
Ru'ckeri (Rucker's). 14. May. Yellow and
crimson. 1345.
ANG
[41 ]
ANI
A.supe'rba (supcrb) t Crimson and purple.
Mexico.
uniflo'ra (one-flowered). Slay. Cream-coloured.
Peru. 1843. There is a variety of this
with pink flowers.
ANGU'RIA. (One of the Greek names
for the cucumber. Nat. ord., Cucurbits
[Cucurbitacese]. Linn., 2l-Monoecia 2-
Di-nidrin.)
Tropical evergreen climbers; seed and cut-
tiugs; peat and loam. Summer temp., 65 to
70 ; winter, 55 to 60.
A. Mackaya'na (Mackay's^. 1847.
peda'ta (pedate). 20. Yellow. July. S.
Amer 1820.
triloba'ta (three-lobed). 20. Pink. July.
Carthage. 1793.
trifoliu'ta (three-leafleted). 10. Yellow. July.
St. Domingo. 1/93.
umbro'sa (shady). 10. Yellow. July. S.
Amer. 1827.
A'NIA. (After a Koman beautiful wi-
dow. Nat. ord., Orchids [Orehidacese].
Linn., 2Q~Gynandria I-Monogynia.)
A, bico'rnis (two-horned). |. March. Yclloxr,
green. Ceylon. 1SH. Cultivated like
Anguloa.
ANIGOZA'NTHOS. (From anoiyo, to ex-
pand, and anthos, a flower ; in reference
to the branching expansion of the flower-
stalks. Nat. ord., Hloodworls [Hcemodo-
racese] . Linn., Q-Hexandria l-Monogynia. )
Greenhouse herbaceous plants ; division of the
roots in spring; loam, one part to three of peat.
Summer temp., 45 to 60 ; winter, 40 to 45.
A. cocci'nca (scarlet). 5. Crimson. July. Swan
River. 1537.
fla'vidus (yello wish-green -./Zowered). 3. Yel-
low. July. N. Holland. 1808.
bi' color (two-coloured-Jlowered). 3. Scar-
let, green. May. Swan River. 1837.
fuligiiio'sus (sooty). 3. Yellow. June. Aus-
tralia.
hu' mills (dwarf). Brown. Swan River.
Mungle'sii (Mr. Mangle's). 3. Green. May.
Swan River. 1833.
angustifo'lia (narrow-leaved). 3. Green,
rod. July. N. Holland. 1836=
pulche' rrimus (beautiful). 2. Yellow, white.
Swan River. 1840.
ru'fa (rusty). 2. Yellow, red. June. N.
Holland. 1824.
< ANIMAL MATTERS, without any excep-
tion, are beneficial as manures; for they all
yield, during putrefaction, gases and so-
luble substances, that are imbibed greed-
ily by the roots of plants. That this is
the case, affords no cause for wonder, be-
cause animal matters and vegetable mat-
tern are alike compounded of carbon,
hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen, with a
small addition of saline matters. The
general consideration of MANURES will be
found under that title, and other relative
information under the heads DUNG and
VEGETABLE MATTERS ; and in this place,
we shall confine our attention to some of
the most available of strictly animal mat-
ters. See, also, the article BONES.
Slubber, or fat of the whale, contains
train-oil, composed of
Carbon . . , . 68.37
Hydrogen . . . . 16.10
Oxygen . 15.03
with a little animal skin and muscle.
40 gallons of train-oil, mixed with 120
bushels of screened soil, grew 23 tons of
soil where 40
j turnips per acre, on a
! bushels of bones broken small, and 80
j bushels of burnt earth, produced only 21
tons.
Fish, generally, such as sprats, herrings,
pilchards, five-fingers, and shell-fish, owe
their powerful fertilizing qualities not
only to the oil they contain, but also to
the phosphate of lime in their bones.
From 25 to 45 bushels per acre are the
extreme quantities to be applied broad-
cast; but if in the drills, with the crop,
16 bushels are ample. They are benefi-
cial to all the gardener's crops, but espe-
cially to asparagus, parsnips, carrots,
beets, onions, and beans. Shell-fish
should be smashed before being applied.
Blood is a very rich manure, and has
been applied with especial benefit to
vines and other fruit-trees. The blood
of the ox contains about eighty per cent,
of water, and twenty per cent, solid mat-
ter. The latter contains, in 100 parts,
when dried
Carbon
Hydrogen
Azote
Oxygen
Ashes
51.950
7.165
17-172
19.295
4.418
The ashes contain various salts, as chlo-
ride of sodium (common salt), phosphate
of lime, with a little oxide of iron. Sugar-
boker's skimmings owe their chief fer-
tilizing qualities to the blood used in clari-
fying the sugar, and which is combined
with vegetable albumen, and extractive.
tyoollen Rags. cut into very small pieces,
are a good manure, decomposing slowly,
and benefiting the second as much as the
first crop. Hops and turnips have been
the crops to which they have been chiefly
applied. Half a ton per acre is a fair
dressing. Wool is composed of
Carbon . . . 50.653
Hydrogen . . . 7-029
Azote . . . 17-710
0x 7=L en > , . 24.608
Sulphur J
It leaves a very slight ash, containing
ANN
imnnte quantities of muriate of potash*
lime, and probably phosphate of lime.
Feathers and hair closely resemble it in
their components. Horns are composed
of
Carbon . t 51.578
Hydrogen . . . 6.712
Azote . . . 17-284
x pen "I 24i426
Sulphur /
besides minute proportions of sulphate,
muriate and phosphate of potash, phos-
phate of lime, and other less important
matters.
Shells.- Those of the following are
thus composed :
Phos-
phate of
lime.
Carbo-
nate of
lime.
Animal
matter.
Oyster .
Lobster .
Hen's Eggs t
1.2
7.0
5.7
98.3
63.0
89.6
0.5
30.0
4.7
They have all been found good, in a
pounded form, as manures for turnips,
and must be for all other plants, and on
all soils where calcareous matters are
deficient.
ANISCA'NTIIA. (From anisos, unequal,
and akantha, a spine. Nat. ord., Cheno-
poils [Chenopodiacece]. Linn., 4:-Tctran-
dria \-Monogynia..')
Evergreen under-shrub ; cuttings of young
shoots, a little hard at bottom, in April ; peat
and loam. Summer temp., 50 to 65; winter, 45.
A. divarica'ta (straggling). 2. N.Holland. 1824.
ANISA'NTHIJS.' (From anisos, unequal,
and anthos, a flower. Nat. ord., Irids,
[Iridacese]. Linn., 3-Triandria l-Mono-
gynia.}
This is now a synonyme of Antholyza. Green-
house or frame-bulbs, requiring protection in
winter; offsets ; peat and loam. Summer temp.,
50 to 60 ; winter, 40 to 45.
A. Cuno'nia (Cunon's). 2. Scarlet. June. Cape
of Good Hope. 1756,
quudrangula'ris (quadrangular). 2. Yellow.
April. Cape of Good Hope. 1700.
sple'ndens (splendid). 2. Scarlet. June.
Cape of Good Hope. 1828.
ANI'SE. Tra'glum ani'sum.
Half-hardy annual, used for garnishing or
seasoning. Sow during April, in pots, plunged in
a hotbed ; remove to a warm, light border in
May. Thin the plants to six inches- apart. The
seed is ripe in August or September. It does not
bear transplanting.
A'NISEED-TREE. IlWcium anisa'tum.
ANISOCCHI'LUS. (From anisos, unequal,
and cheilos, lip. Nat. ord., Labiates or
Lipworts [Lamiacese]. Linn.,
iiamia I-Gymnospermia.)
Stove biennial; seeds in heat, or cutting* i
*a~ndy soil, under a bell-glass. Summer temp.,,
65 to 75; winter, 55 to 60.
A. carno'sa (fleshy). 2. Lilac. August. E.
Ind. 17/8.
ANISO'MELES. (From anisos, unequal,
and melos, a member. Nat. ord., Labiates
[Lamiaceoe]. Linn., l^-Didynamia 1-
GymnospermiaS)
Chiefly evergreen under-shrubs ; cuttings of
stove species in April, in heat, under a bell-glass.
Greenhouse species, under glass, without heat.
Sow the annual in March, in heat ; loam and
peat. Temperature same for stove plants, 55 to
75; winter, 50 to 60. Greenhouse, winter, 45.
A.furca't a (forked). 1. Blue. August. Nepaul.
1824. Greenhouse.
Blalaba'rica (Malabar). 2. Violet. August.
E. Ind. 1823.
moschn'ta (musk). 2. Purple. August. N.
Holland. 1824.
ova'ta (ovate-tojed-). 2. Pink. August. E.
Ind. 1823. Stove annual.
ANISO'PIA HORTico'LAjis a beetle which
often attacks the rose-flowers about June.
Its maggots live under turf, and feed on
its roots.
ANNUALS are plants which live but one
year, and, consequently, require to be
raised from seed annually. By a par-
ticular mode of culture some of them may
ba made to live longer. Thus, mignonette
will continue to bloom for two or more
years if not allowed to ripen its seeds.
Hardy Annuals, or those requiring no
protection, are sown where they are to
remain in the open borders, from the end
of February to the beginning of May.
To flower late in autumn, some may be
sown in the middle of June. Whether
sown in patches or broad masses, whether
mixed or separate, must be left to the
taste of the sower, guided by his know-
ledge of the colours of the flowers.
These should be well contrasted. Every
patch should be properly labelled, which
is easily done by having some deal laths,
one inch broad, planed smooth, cut into
nine-inch lengths, and painted white..
On these the name can be written with
a lead pencil.
Half-hardy Annuals, such as require-
artificial heat while seedlings, are sovm,
in a gentle hotbed in March and April.
The seedlings, when an inch or two long,,
to be transplanted into another gentle
hotbed, or greenhouse, to remain until
the middle of May, then to be trans-
planted into the borders, and attended
like other annuals.
Tender or Greenhouse Annuals, requir-
ing artificial heat and shelter during their-
ANO
c
whole growth, are sown early in March,
on a gentle hotbed ; to be transplanted
into another, like the half-hardy, and
thence into pots, to remain in the green-
house. Some of them, if moved into a
J ] ANS
Very neat, Ixia-likc, dwarf, bulbous plants,
which flower in the open borders all summer, in
any light, garden-soil ; ripen seeds freely, and
require the protection of a frame in winter.
Propagated from seeds and offsets ; light, sandy
loam and common soil; bulbs require, in most
i places, to be kept in a frame, or in stored bags,
'
_ . _. Ml 11 f "\ \ K iat;ca > M* u c A cut in a ij.aiu.Cj ui ui vuicu uaga y
warm, border in June, Will blOOni Ireely, during winter. A. crue'nta, especially, is well
and even ripen seed.
ANODO'NTIA. (From a, not, and odontos,
fitted for a flower-bed, or for the window-sill.
A. crue'nta (bloody).
Crimson. July. Cape
May. Cape of
a tooth ; in reference to the stamens. . of Good Hope. isso.
Nut.ord.,(7rii C t/fer [Brassicace*]. Linn, ^ unce ^ s ^ pe> 1 \ 7 * C '
16-Tetradynamia. Allied to Alyssum.) , ^^ (From wenona> its loca i name
For general management, <?ALYSSDM. ia Banda> Nat> ord>> Anonads [Anona-
*'*^S& C S% i ***' *' "' <*] Umn. t l3-PolyandnaO-PoIy 9 a m ia.)
ede'ntulum (toothless). 1. Yellow. July. Tropical evergreen trees and shrubs ; cuttings
Hungary. 1820. of ripened wood, in strong heat, under a glass, in
fialimifo'lia (purslane-leaved). 3- White. April; rich loam. Summer temp., 60 to 80}
June. South of Europe. 1820. winter, 55 to 6a.
macroca'rpa (long-fruited). . White. June. ^ amplexicau'lis ^tern-clasping). 12. Yellow,
France. 1823. g reen . Mauritius. 1824.
oioro'to (obovate). . Yellow. June. France. _ Asia i tica (Asiatic). 12. Yellow, green. Asia.
1830. 1816.
nipe'stre (rock). $. White. June. Naples. I cherimo'lia (Cherimoyer). 18. Brown. Au-
1825. gust. S. Amer. 1/39.
spino'sa (thorny). . White. June. South | _ cinc , rea (gny * J5 . Yellow, green. W. Ind.
of Europe. 1683. 1S 1 8 .
ANCECTOCHI'LUS. (From anoifdos, open, j gla'bra (smooth-fruited).__ 16. Brown. Au-
and cheilos, a h'p ; in reference to the
spreading apex of the lip. Nat. ord.,
rchids [Orchidacese] . Linn., 20- Gynan-
dria 1-Monandria.)
Division of the roots; lumpy peat; a littla
loam and charcoal ; and well drained. Summer
temp., 65 to 85 ; winter, 55 to 65.
A. seta'ceus (bristly). . White, green. June-
Java. 1836.
vxr.pi'ctus (painted-bristly).
The natives of Ceylon, where it grows in the
hedge-rows, admire it much, and give it the regal
name of " The King of the Woods ; " and well it j
deserves the title ; but yet the leaves are the only
part that attract our admiration. The flowers,
though various, are not at all beautiful ; but the
leaves are the most beautiful of all the leaves in
the world. The ground colour is of a dark
velvety-green, tinged with a metallic lustre,
curiously inlaid, as it were, with streaks of golden
net-work. If examined with a moderate micro-
scope, when the sun is shining, this golden net-
work is really glorious, having the appearance of
the richest rubies. But no description can do
justice to the beauty of the leaves of this plant.
The variety named pictus, or painted brought
home, we believe, by Mr. Gibson, from the
Khorea Hills, India has a broad stripe of yellow
down the centre of each leaf, in addition to the
golden net- work. It is equally beautiful with
the original species, but, if anything, more diffi-
cult to cultivate. Messrs. Low and Co., of the
Clapton Nurseries, have imported another variety,
from Borneo, of a stronger growth, and on that
account worth cultivating, though not quite so
beautiful as the other two Yirieties. (Cottage
Gardener, iii. 224.)
AHOMATHE'CA. (From anomos, singular,
ust. Carolina. 1774.
laurifu'lia (laurel-leaved). 15. Brown. W.
Ind. 17/3.
longifo'lia (long-leaved). 20. Yellow, green.
12. Yellow, green.
E.
Guiana. 1820.
Mexicu'na (Mexican).
Mexico. 1823.
muco'sa (mucous). 12. Yellow, green.
Ind. 1820.
murica'ta (muricated. The sour sop). 10.
Green, yellow. W. Ind. 1656.
obtusifo'lia (blunt-leaved). 15. Yellow,.
green. W. Ind. 1810.
pnludu'sa (marsh). 4. Green. Guiana. 1830.
pulu'stris (marsh. The cork- wood). 15.
Yellow. W. Ind. 1731.
puncta'ta (spotted). 12. Yellow, green.
Trinidad. 18)8.
reticula'ta (netted). 20. White, green. S.
Amer. 1690.
Senegale'nsis (Senegal). 10. Yellow, green.
Guinea. 1824.
squamo'sa (scaly. The sweet sop). 20. White,
green. S. Amer. 1731.
ANO'PTEEUS. (From ano, upwards,
and pteris, a fern ; alluding to the sem-
blance of the leaves. Nat. ord., Escallo-
niads [Escalloniacese]. Linn., 5-Pentan-
dria i-Monogynia.)
A greenhouse evergreen shrub ; cuttings under
a bell-glass, in heat ; sandy loam and peat.
Usually in a cold pit or greenhouse, but should
be tried on a wall, with slight winter protection.
A . glandulo'sus (gland-leaved). 3. December.
White and pink. Van Diemen's Land.
1646.
ANSE'LLIA. (In honour of Mr. Ansell,
the botanical collector who accompanied
*nd theca, a capsule, or seed-pod. Nat. j the ill-fated Niger Expedition. Nat. ord.,,
ord., Irids [Iriclacess]. Linn., 3-Trian- \ Orchids [Orchiclaceae]. Linn.,2Q-Gynan-
dria l-Honoyynia.) j dria \-Monoyynia. Allied to Aganisia.)
ANT
44]
ANT
A stove orchid. Divisions ; turfy heath-mould
and broken potsherds. Temp, in summer, 60
to 85, with plenty of moisture at root and top ;
winter, 55 to 60, and kept dry.
. Africa'na (African). 3. Brown, green, and
yellow. February. Fernando Po. 1844.
ANT. (Formi'ca.) To drive this insect
away, dig up its nests and haunts, and
mix the earth with gas-lime. To kill it,
pour over the nest, at night, a strong de-
coction of elder-leaves. To trap it, smear
the inside of a garden-pot with honey,
invert it over the nest, and when crowded
with them, hold it over the steam of
boiling water ; or turn a flower-pot, with
its hole stopped, over the nest. The ants
build up into it, and the whole colony may
be taken away in a shovel. They maybe
kept from ascending standard and es-
palier trees, by tying a piece of wool
round the stems and the supporters.
ANTENNA 'KIA. (From antenna, feelers;
in reference to the downy heads of the
seeds. Nat. ord., Composites [Asteracese] .
Linn., "LQ-Syngcnesia 2-Superflua.)
Root division and seeds ; common, light soil.
In most places the Nepaul species require the
protection of a cold pit in winter.
A. alpi'na (alpine). 1. Pink. June. Alpine.
Europe. 1775.
Carpa'tica (Carpathian). 1. Pink. June.
Carpathian Mountains. 1775.
conto'rta (twisted-leaved). 2. White. July.
Nepaul. 1821.
dioi'ca. (dioecious). 1. Pink. June. Britain. 1821.
Jiyperbo'rea (northern). 1. Whitish. June.
Isle of Skye. 1821.
mar gar ita' cea (pearly). 2. White. July.
England. 1821.
' plantagi'nea (plantain-leaved). 1. White.
July. Virginia. 1759.
tripline'rvis (three-nerved). 1. White. Au-
gust. Nepaul. 1823.
A'NTHEMIS. Chamomile. (From An
themon, a flower; in reference to the
-great number of flowers produced. Nat.
ord., Composites [Asteracesej. Linn., 19-
Syngencsin %-Superflua.}
With a few exceptions, they are hardy plants.
Division of plant, and seeds ; common soil. The
single-flowering A. no'bilin is superior to the
double for medicinal properties.
HERBACEOUS PERENNIALS.
A. alpi'na (alpine). 1. White. July. Austria. 1824.
upiifo'lia (parsley-leaved). 2. White. July.
China. 1819.
Barrelie'ri (Barrelier's). 1. White. August.
Italy. 1825.
Carpa'tica (Carpathian). I. White. June.
Carpathia. 1820.
chamomi'lln (chamomile). 1. White. July.
South of Europe. 1807.
coronopifo'lia (buck-horn-leaved). 1. White.
May. Spain. 1818.
fruticulo'sa (shrubby). 2. White. August.
Caucasus. 1820.
A. globo'sa (globose). 1. White. July. South
of Europe. 1570.
grandiflo'ra (great- flowered). 1. White.
July. South of Europe. 1825.
Ibe'rica (Iberian). 1. White. August. Iberia.
1820.
incrassa'ta (thick -peduncled). 1. White.
July. France, 1818.
Kitaibc'llii (Kitaibel's). 1. White. June.
Hungary. 1823.
Marshallia'na (Marshall's). 2. Yellow. July.
Caucasus. 18) 6.
melampo'dia (black- footed). 1. White. Au-
gust. Egypt. 1819.
montu'na (mountain). 1. Purple. July. Italy.
1759.
petras'a (rock). 1. White. July. Italy. 1825.
pube'scens (soft-haired). 1. White. July.
South of Europe. 1803.
pyre 1 thrum (pellitory of Spain). 1. White.
May. South of Europe. 1570.
rige'scens (rigescent). 2. White. August.
Caucasus. 1805.
Rudolphia'na (Rudolph's). 1. Yellow. July.
Caucasus. 1824.
saxa'tilis (rock). 1. White. July. Hungary.
1807-
tincto'ria (dyer's). 2. Yellow. June. Britain.
tomento'sa. (downy). 1. White. July. Le-
vant. 1795.
ANNUALS.
A. alti'ssima (tallest). 4. White. July. South
of Europe. 1731.
Austri'aca (Austrian). 1. White. August.
Austria. 1759.
Chi'a (Chian). 2. White. June. Chio. 1731.
co'ta (cota). 1. White. April. Italy. 1/14.
-- discoi'de.a (discoid). 1. Yellow. June. Italy.
1800.
fa'llax (uncertain). 1. White. July. 1825.
fusca'ta (brown-scaled). 1. White. July.
Portugal. 1805.
mari'tima (sea). 1. White. July. Medi-
terranean. 1800.
mi'xta (mixed). 1. White. August. France.
1731.
mucronula'ta (hard-pointed). Italy. 1836.
Ruthe'nica (Russian). 2. White. June.
Taurida. 1823.
Triumfe'tti (Triumfetti's). 1. Pale yellow.
August. Switzerland. 1819.
EVERGREENS.
A. no'bilis (noble. Common chamomile). 1.
White. August. Britain.
flo're-ple'no (double). 1. White. Au-
gust. Britain.
puncta'ta (dotted). 1. White. August,
Barbary. 18J8. Biennial.
See CHAMOMILE.
ANTHE'PHORA. (From anthos, a flower,
and phoreo, to bear. Nat. ord., Grasses
[Grarninace'Ee]. Linn., 3-Triandria 2-
Digynia.)
Seed in March or April. Peat and loam.
They are pretty, and, with the exception of re-
quiring a greenhouse in winter, as easily managed
as any other grass.
A. e'legans (elegant). Apetal. August. Jamaica.
1776.
villo'sa (soft-haired). August. W. Ind. 1824.
ANTHE'RICUM. (From anthos, a flower,
and kcrkos, a hedge ; in reference to the
ANT
ANT
tall flower-Stems. Nat. ord., Lily worts I sand under a glass, set at first in a cool place,
[Liliacea?]. Linn., 6-Hexandria l-Mono- \ d afterwards placed in a rnild bottom-heat.
Sandy loam and peat, well drained. Summer
gynia.) temp., 55 to 65 ; winter, 45 to 50.
Few orders of plants arc less ably arranged by
men of science, and still less understood by the
pardener,. than the " beautiful " Order of Lilies.
With the exception of A. sero'tinurn and suL-
phu'reum, which are hardy, they.yare mostly low,
greenhouse, herbaceous plants, wir.h tuberous and
fleshy-bundled roots. Propagated by suckers,
offsets, and seeds. Sandy loam, with abundance
of drainage, and 1 requiring the frame or green-
house in winter. The genus Bulbine is now
added to this.
A, albucoi'des (albuca-like). I. White. July.
Cape of Good Hope. 1788.
bipedunculu'tum (two-peduncled). 1. White.
May. Cape of Good Hope. 1825.
cunaliculu-'tum (channelled-leaved). 1. White
and green. May. Cape of Good Hope.
1774.
-- ru'fum (rusty). 1. Copper. June. Cape
of Good Hope..
ccsru'leum (bluish). Blue. May.
cro'ceum (saffron). 1. White. June. Cape
of Good Hope. 1800.
falca'tum (sickle-shaped). 1. White. July.
Cape of Good Hope. 1825.
filifo'lium (thread-leaved). 1. White. May.
Cape of Good Hope. 1820.
fiUfo'rme (thread-form). 1. White. April.
Cape of Good Hope. 1/75.
flexifo'lium (zigzag-leaved). 1. White. June.
Cape of Good Hope. 1795.
floribu'ndum (many-flowered). 1. White.
April. Cape of Good Hope. 1774.
frttgnuu (sweet-scented). 1. White. May.
Cape of Good Hope. 1795.
graminifo'lium (grass-leaved). 2. White.
June. Cape of Good Hope. 1794.
hirsu'twn (hairy). 1. White. July. Cape
of Good Hope. 1820.
longtfo'lium (long-leaved). 1. White. July.
Cape of Good Hope. 1824.
pilo'snm (long-haired). 1. White. July.
Cape of Good Hope. 1825.
plumo'sum (feather-petaled). 1. White.
March. Chili. 1829.
pomeridia'num (afternoon). 2. White. June.
Cape of Good Hope. 1819.
revolu'tum (rolled-back). 2. White. October.
Cape of Good Hope. 1/31.
sero'tinum (late -flowering). 1. White. July.
Britain.
spira'le (spiral). 1. White. May. Cape of
Good Hope. 1824.
squa'meum (scaly). 1. White. July. Cape
of Good Hope. 1820.
sulphu'reurn (sulphur). 1. Purple, yellow.
July. Hungary. 1823.
triflo'rum (three-flowered). 1. White. Sep.
tember. Cape of Good Hope. 1785?.*
undula'tum (waved). 1. White. June. Cape
of Good Hope. 1825.
vesperti'num (evening) . 2. White. June.
Cape of Good Hope. 1803.
- villo'sum (long-haired). 1. White. July.
Cape of Good Hope. 1826.
AKTHOCE'RCTS. (Prom qmthos, a flower,
;iml klrfns, a ray.' Nat. ord., Figworts
[ Scrophulariaceae]. Linn., "L^-Didyna-
*
Cuttings of ripened wood in April, placed tot
A, a'lbicans (whitish-leaved). 3. White. June.
N. Holland. 1825.
ilicifo'lia (holly-leaved). 6. Yellowish-green.
June. Swan River. 1843.
litore'a (shore). 3. White. June. N. Hol-
land. 1803.
visco'sa (clammy). 6. White. May. N. Hol-
land. 1822.
ANTHOCLEI'-STA. (From anthos, a flower,
and cleisios, shut up. Nat. ord., Loga-
niads [Loganeacese.]. Linn., 5-Pentan-
dria 1-Monogynia.}
Cuttings in heat; peat and loam. Summer
temp., 65 to 80 ; winter, 55 to 66.
A. macrophy'lla (long-leaved). 20. White. Sierra
Leone. 1820.
A'NTHODON. (From anthos, a flower,
and odon, a tooth. Nat. ord., Hippocra-
teuds [Hippocrateaeese]. Linn., 3-Tri-
andria 1-Monogynia.)
Tropical evergreen shrubs; cuttings of half-
ripened wood, under a bell-glass, m hotbed;
sandy loam and peat. Temperature as for pre-
ceding genus.
A. elli'pticum (elliptic). 12. Yellow, green.
Rio Janeiro. 1818.
panicula'tum (panicled). 12. Yellow, green.
Rio Janeiro. 1818.
ANTHELO'HA. (From anthos, a flower,
and loma, a fringe. .Nat. ord., Margra-
vlads [Margraviacese]. Linn., 13-Poly-
(indria 1-Monogynia.)
A stove evergreen shrub ; cuttings of ripe
wood, under glass, in sand and in heat ; light,
rich loam. Temperature as for preceding.
A. monta'na (mountain). N. Holland. 1810.
ANTHOLY'ZA. (From antkos, a flower,
and lyssa, rage; in reference to the open-
ing of the flower like the mouth of an
enraged animal. Nat. ord., Irids [Irida-
cese]. Linn., 8-Triandria \-Monoyynia.}
Bulbs requiring the assistance of a frame or
greenhouse in winter, or to be planted deep
enough beyond the reach of frost in a dry, shel-
tered situation ; light, sandy soil ; offsets. See
ANISA'NTHUS.
A. JEthio'pica (Ethiopian). 3. Scarlet and green.
June. Cape of Good Hope. 1759.
monta'na (mountain). 1 . Brown. June.
Cape of Good Hope. 1759-
prcBa'ltit (very tall). Orange. February. Cape
of Good Hope. 1759.
ANTHOMY'IA, a genus of fly very inju-
rious to the gardener. The principal
species are the following :
A. cepa'ittm (onion-fly).
In light soils, especially, the onion is
liable to suffer from the grub or larva of
this fly (Antliomy'ia cepa'rum, or Scttto'-
cepa'rum of some writers). The
ANT
[46 ]
ANT
gardener who sees his young onions,
when about the thickness of a straw,
turning yellow, and the leaves sunk down
upon the ground, may at once know that
they are the victims of this insect. Even
when of larger growth the onion is still
.liable to suffer from its attacks, and even
*up to the time of the bulb's full growth.
If the outer coats of a young onion thus
destroyed are stripped off, the grub is at
once detected; but if the onion is older,
the grubs are often numerous. In both
cases they will be found feeding on the
very heart of the onion. The grub varies
from about a quarter to half an inch
long, is fleshy, shining, whitish, cylin-
drical, tapering from the head to the tail,
and divided into twelve segments. The
pores through which it breathes are yel-
low, and in the first segment. In about
three weeks from the time of being
hatched it changes into a chesnut-co-
loured, oval pupaiium, or case, within
which is the real pupa. From this, in
about a fortnight, the perfect fly comes
forth, of the size of the cross lines, and
appearing as magnified in our drawing.
This is the female, and is entirely of a
pale, ashy colour, covered with black
bristles. The male has a black line
down the middle of the abdomen. The
antennas and legs are black ; the wings
are transparent, almost colourless, but
irridescent pink and green. The female
inserts her eggs within the leaf-sheaths
of the onion, close to the ground, She
continues to lay her eggs from May to
September, producing several broods dur-
ing that peiiod. The latest brood re-
mains in. the pupa state through the
winter, so that all old-decaying store-
onions should be burnt up as spring ad-
vances. The best preventive of this grub
is to sprinkle gas-lime between the rows
of seeding-onions, its fumes being offen-
sive to the fly. It may be well, also, to try
spreading powdered charcoal among thorn
in a similar way, for the fly is said to
deposit her eggs in this powder as readily
as in the onion-plants.
A. bra'ssica, cabbage-fly, says Mr.
Curtis, is found through the .summer,
and is the parent of a maggot which has
been known to lay waste whole fields of
cabbages, by diseasing the roots on which
they feed, as well as at the base of the
stalk. Successive generations are feed-
ing until November ; the latter families
lying in the pupa state through the win-
ter, and most probably some of the flies
survive that season, secreted in holes and
crevices. When the cabbage-leaves as-
sume a lead or yellow colour, and droop
in mid-day from the effect of the sun,
such plants, being diseased, should be
taken up, carried away, -and burnt, and
brine or lime put into the holes. Gar-
deners, in some instances, have collected
large quantities of the pupae from the
roots by drawing away the earth.
The male of A. bra'ssicce is dark, bright
grey, with black bristles; there is a
black stripe half way down the middle
of the thorax, and a curved one on each,
side ; the body has a more decided black
stripe down the centre, and the segments
are marked by a line of the same colour:
legs and antennae blackish ; wings a little
smoky. The female is pale, ashy grey ;
the eyes remote, with a dark chesnut-
coloured stripe on the crown ; the winge
are similar* in tint to those of tile fore-
going species, but the insects are consi-
derably smaller. Gardener's Cltronicle.
A. lactu'cce, lettuce-fly. Mr. Curtis says
the larvaa make their appearance in Au-
gust, but are abundant in September;
they closely resemble those from the cab-
bage and turnips, being of a yellowish-
white colour, tapering towards the head,
which is pointed, and armed with two
short, black claws at the nose. These
maggots live in the involucra of different
varieties of lettuce, feeding upon the
seeds and receptacle ; and when these
are consumed, they wriggle themselves
out backward, either to enter another
seed-vessel or fall to the ground and
become pupae.
When the seed-stems are gathered and
dying, the larvae change to pupse, called
shucks, in Surrey, being bright chesnut-
coloured,- oval cases, which are rough,
when examined under a lens, with two
minute tubercles at the head, and two
ANT
[47]
ANT
hooks, and a few other tubercles at the
taH. In the course of May a few of the
pupse hatch; they have, however, been
observed as early as April, and as late us
July. The male is intense black, clothed
with short hair and bristles; the eyes
reddish-brown, and meeting above ; face
inclining to chesnut-colour,with a bright
spot of the same on the crown ; the fore
part of the trunk bears four varying
whitish stripes ; the body is ashy-grey,
the segments blackish, at the base a deep
black; wings two, stained with black,
and beautifully irridescent ; the base and
poisers ochreous, the nervures of the
wings pitchy.
The female is entirely ashy-grey, and
less bristly ; the eyes not meeting on the
crown, with a bright chesnut-coloured
stripe between them ; body oval, the
apex cone-shaped; horns and legs black-
ish ; wings and nervures lighter than in
the male, which it equals in size. Hid.
ANTHONY'MUS POMO'RUM. Apple "Wee-
vil. This insect shelters itself beneath
the scurfy bark during the winter, await-
ing the return of spring to renew its
attacks upon the blossom-buds. " This
insect," says Mr. Curtis, " commits great
devastation in apple-orchards, by destroy-
ing the stamens, pistil, and receptacle of
the flower. As soon as the blossom-
buds swell, the female beetle begins
to deposit her eggs. In calm weather,
she selects a good bud, and makes a hole
in it with her rostrum (long beak) ; she
fixes herself at the hole, lays one egg,
and goes on till she has deposited a con-
siderable number of eggs in separate
buds. The bud continues to swell, and
the petals (flower-leaves) nearly expand,
when suddenly the growth ceases, and
the petals wither, and assume a shri-
velled appearance. If one of these flower-
buds be examined when nearly expanded,
a small, white grub, with a black head,
will be found in the centre, which begins
to assume a yellowish colour ; a few days
later the grub will be found either wholly
or partially changed to a beetle, and,
should there be a small hole on the side
of the receptacle, the beetle will have es-
scaped, the transformation from the egg
to the perfect state not having occupied
more than a month. When this beetle,
or weevil, leaves the receptacle, it feeds
during the summer on the leaves of the
trees, and is seldom to be seen. In the
autumn, the weevils leave the trees and
search for convenient hiding-places, un-
der stones about the trees, or under the
rough bark, in which they pass the winter.
Consequently, as they commence their
operations early in the spring, care should
be taken to remove all stones, dead
leaves, and other litter from under the
trees, as well as to scrape off the rough,
dead bark from them in the winter sea-
son. The apple-weevil is also very in-
jurious to pear trees. This beetle, or
weevil, is scarcely one line and a half
long; its wing-cases are dark brown,
with whitish-grey stripes; its antennas
(horns or feelers) spring from the middle
of its beak, and all these parts, as well as
its eyes and the under part of the body,
are black."
There are several nearly-allied species
of predatory weevils, which -will be found
under the name of CURCD'IIO.
ANTHOSPE'EMUM. (From anthos, a
flower, and sperma, seeds. Nat. ord.,
Cinclwniads [Cinchoniaceas, formerly Ru-
biacese]. Linn., 22-Diccci.a4^-Tetrandria.)
Cuttings in sand, under a bell-glass ; peat and
loam; summer temp., 50 to 65; winter, 40 to
45.
A. Mthio'picum (Ethiopian). 2. Green and white.
June. Cape of Good Hope. 1692.
ANTHU'RIUM. (From anthos, a flower,
and oura, a tail ; referring to the spadix.
or Arum flower-spike. Nat. ord., Oron-
tiads [Orontiacese], Linn., k-Tetrandria
\-Monoyynia. Allied to Pothos.)
Stove Epiphytes. Sucker; peat and loam.
Temp, in summer, 60 to 85 ; winter, 50 to 55.
A. longifo'lia (long-leaved). 1. Apetal. Mexico.
182Q.
rubc'sncns (reddish). Brown. September.
Brazil. 1828.
There are five other epecies, but undeserving
cultivation.
ANTHY'LLIS. (From anthcs^ a flower,
and ioulos, down ; literally, downy flower.
Nat. ord., Leauminous Plants [Faba-
ANT
eeie]. Allied to Trefoil. Linn., 1C Mo.
iiadelphia Q-Deeandritk )
Seeds, division of roots, cuttings; the hardy
perennial and annual species like a lighr, well-
drained soil; the greenhouse varieties should have
a little peat.
HARDY ANNUALS.
A. cornici'na(cro\v). ]. White. July. Spain. 1759-
hamo'su (hooked). 1. Pale yellow. July. Bar-
hary. 1821.
lotni'des (lotus-like). 1. Yellow. July. Spain.
1/39.
tetrapJiy' lla (four-leaved). 1. Yellow. July.
South of Europe. 1C40.
GREENHOUSE EVERGREENS.
A. aspala'thl (aspalathus-like). 1. Yellow. July.
Cape of Good Hope. 1824.
ba'rba Jo'vis (Jupiter's beard). 3. Pale yellow.
April. South of Europe. 1 640.
cytisoi'des (cytisus-like). 2. White. June.
Spain. 1731.
echina'ta (hedgehog). 1. Purple. June. South
of Europe.
erina'cea (prickly). 1. Purple. May. Spain.
1759.
Hermri'nni<s ( Hermann's). 2. Yellow. July.
Levant. 1739.
heterophy lla (various-leaved). 1. Pink. July.
South of Europe. 1768.
tenuifo'lia (fine-leaved). 2. Yellow. July.
Cape of Good Hope. 1818.
HERBACEOUS PERENNIALS.
A. alpi'na (hairy-alpine). 1. Yellow. August.
Britain.
Dille'nii (Dillenius's). . Red. July. South
of Europe. 1816.
Gera'rdi (Gerard's). 1. White. August, Pro-!
vence. 1806.
montu'nu (mountain). 1. Purple. July. South
of Europe. 1759-
a'lba (white). 1. White. July. South
of Europe. 1818.
onobrychoi'des (Saint Foix-like). 1. Yellow.
July. Spain. 1817.
polycefphala (many-headed). 1. Yellow. July.
Barbary. 1829.
potyphy'lla (many-leaved). 1. Yellow. July.
South of Europe. 1816.
mdnern'ria (common woundwort). 1. Yellow.
July. Britain.
ulbiflo'ra (white-flowered). 1. White.
July. Britain.
hirsutifssima (very hairy). . Red. July.
Europe. 1816.
rti'bra (red-flowered). 1. Red. July.
Britain.
Webbidna (Webb's). 1. Pale rose. Tene-
riffe. 1829.
ANTIA'RIS. (From antja, its Java name-
Nat, ord., Atrocarpads [Atrocarpacese] .
Linn., %1-Moncecia k-Tetradynamia. Al-
lied to Brosimum.)
This is the fabled upas-tree of Java, which fur-
nishes the "Antjar poison." As if to prove the
Baying that reality is more strange than fiction
at least in botany the very nearest plant in af-
finity to this deadly-poisonous tree is the cow-tree
of South America, whose. milky juice is as whole-
some as that of an "Alderney," and the bread-
fruit-tree is also closely allied to the upas. A
itove tree cuttings of rather firm wood, in sandy
soil, under a bell-glass, and in boUom-h^at,
Sandv peat and fibry loam. Summer temp., 60 J
to 85; winter, 55 to 60.
A. toxica'ria (poisonous). 40. Green. Java. 1844
ANTIGRA'MMA. (From anti, like, and'
gramma, writing; in reference to the ap-
pee.rance of the spore- cases, or seed -ves-
sels. Nat. ord., Ferns [PdypodiacejcJ.
Linn., 2-Cryptogamia 1-Filices. Allied to
Scolopendrium.)
A greenhouse Fern. Divisions ; peat and loam.
Temp, in summer, 55 to 75 ; winter, 45 to 50.
A. rhyzophy'lla (rooting-leaved). Brown. May.
ANTIRRHI'NUM. (From anil, like, paid
rhin, a snout, or nose ; flowers like the
snout of an animal. Nat. ord., Fir/worfs
[Scrophulariacesej. Linn., IJL-Tetrady-
iiamia 2-A>igiospermia.)
Grow freely from seed sown in spring ; the best
varieties by cuttings, inserted in sandysoil, under
a hand-light. Common soil, if not retentive of
moisture. All hardy herbaceous perennials, ex-
cept when otherwise specified. Excellent for
banks and under trees, but above either for the
tops of walls. The varieties are endless.
A. angustifrflium (narrow-leaved). 2. Pink.
August. Europe. 181 /.
asari'na (asarina) . 1. White. July. Italy.
1699. Half-hardy evergreen trailer.
calyci'num (large-calyxed). 1. Red. July.
Spain. 1810. Hardy annual.
glanduto'sum (glandular-haired.) 2. Roan,
yellow. September. California. 1834.
Hardy annual.
ma'jus (greater). 2. Pink. July. England.
bi'color (two - coloured). 2. White.
July. England.
cocci'neus (scarlet-flowered). 2. Scar-
let. July. England.
flo're-plt'no (double-flowered). 2. Flesh.
July. England.
variega'tum (variegated-leaved). 2. Red.
July. England.
me'dium (intermediate). 2. Pink. August.
Europe. 1821.
meana'ntkum (smaller-flowered). 2. Pink.
August. South of Europe. 1817.
mo'lle (soft-leaved). 1. White. August. Spain.
1752. Half-hardy evergreen trailer.
Montevidtfnse (Monte Videan). 1. Red.
Montevideo. 1829. Hardy annual.
ochroleu'cum (pale yellow). 4. Pale yellow.
July.
oro'ntiurn (orontium). 1. Flesh. August.
Britain. Hardy annual.
setnpcrvi'rens (evergreen), 2. Pink. August.
Pyrenees. 1821.
Si'culum (Sicilian). 1. White. July. 1804.
tortuo'sum (twisted). Purple. June. Italy.
ANTLER MOTH. See CERA'PTERYX.
ANTRO'PHYUM. (From avtron, a cavern,
and phio, to grow ; referring to its place
of growth. Nat. ord., Ferns [Polypo
diacese] . Linn., 24- Oryptogamial-Filices.)
Stove Ferns. Division of the roots ; sandy loarn.
in a shady situation.
A. Cayenne'nse (Cayenne). Brown. Cayenne
coria'ceum (leathery). Brown.
ANT
C -IS ]
APH
4, lanceola'tum (lance-leaved). Brown. August.
W. Ind. 1793.
latifo'lium (broad-leaved). Brown. Island
of Luzon.
obtu'sum (blunt-leaved). ^Brown. Island of
Luzon.
rsticula'tum (netted). Brown.
semicosta'tum (half-ribbed). Brown. Island.
of Luzon.
ANTWERP HOLLYHOCK. AUh<E'aficifo'lia.
AO'TUS. (From a, not, and ous, ear ;
the ear-like appendages to the calyx are
wanting. Nat. ord., Leyuminous Plants
[Fabaceae], Linn., \Q-Decandria 1-Mono-
yynia.)
Greenhouse small evergreen shrubs. Seeds
sown in heat. Cuttings of half-ripened wood in
April, in sand, under a bell-glass. Sandy loam
and peat, with a little charcoal.
A. gra'cilis (slender). April. N. Holland. 1830.
'graci'llimus (most slender). 3. Yellow, crim-
son. May. N. Holland. 1844.
inca'na (hoary)" 2. Yellow. June. N. Hol-
land. 1824.
lani'gera (woolly). Crimson, yellow. April.
Moreton Bay. 1838.
villo'sa (soft-haired). 2. Yellow. June. N.
Holland. 1790.
ericoi'des (heath-like). 2. Yellow. June.
N. Holland. 1810.
ferrugi'nea (rusty). 2. Yellow. June.
N. Holland. 1820.
virga'ta (twiggy). 2. Yellow. June. N.
Holland. 1824.
APA'RGIA. (A Greek name of a plant
now unknown. Nat. ord., Composites
[Asteracero], Linn., L9-Syitgenesia 1-
JEqualis.)
Allied to Succory. Common treatment in bor-
der. Division of roots.
A. auranti'aca (orange-coloured). 1. Orange.
June. Hungary. 1816.
The above hardy herbaceous perennial is the
only one worth cultivating, though there are
many other species.
APEI'BA. (The local name of one of
the species in Brazil. Nat. ord., Linden-
blooms [Tiliaceae]. Linn., l&Polyandria
1-Monogynia.}
Tropical evergreen trees and shrubs. Cuttings
of ripe wood, under a glass, in strong heat ; peat
and loam. Should be curbed in the Chinese fa-
shion, by pruning their roots, &c.
A. a'spera (rough-capsuled). 30. Yellow. Cay-
enne. 1792.
la? vis (smooth-leaved). 10. Green. Cayenne.
1817.
Petou'mo (Petoumo). 40. Yellow. S. Amer.
1817.
Tibou'rbou (Tibourbou). 7. Yellow. S. Amer.
1756.
APHELA'NDRA. (From apheles, simple,
and aner, a male ; the anthers being one-
celled. Nat. ord., Acanthads [Acantha-
ceffi]. Linn., l^-Didynamia '2-An<jiosper-
*nia.)
Stove evergreen shrubs. Allied to Justicia.
Cuttings of small side-shoots, taken off.in March
or April, inserted in very sandy peat, under a bell-
glass, and in a strong bottom'-heat. Rough loam,
and peat, well drained, and liberally supplied
with water during summer, until flower-buds ap-
pear ; kept dryer and cool during winter. Sum-
mer temp., 65 to 80; winter, 55 to Go ; but
10 less will do. A full account of the culture of
this genus is given in The Cottage Gardener, iv,
395.
A. auranti'aca (orange -coloured). 3. Orange,
scarlet. December. Mexico. 1844.
crista'ta (crested). 3. Scarlet. August. W.
Ind. 1733.
fu'lgens (glowing). ]. Orange. Autumn. 1847.
glabra'tu (smooth-leaved). l. Yellow. Au-
tumn. S. Amer. 1848.
tetrago'na (four-angled). 2. Autumn. 1846.
APHELE'XIS. (From apheks, simple
and exis, habit. Nat. ord., Composites [As-
teracese]. Linn., 19-Syngenesia 2-Super-
/lna.)
Greenhouse evergreen shrubs. Allied to Heli-
chrysum. Cuttings in 'spring or summer ; small
side-shoots are best, ripened, but not hard, in~
serted in sand, under a bell-glass. Summer temo.
55 to 65 ; winter, 40 to 47.
A. ericoi'des (heath-like). 1. White. June. Cape
of Good Hope. 1796.
fascicula'ta (fascicled). 2. Purpie, yellow.
June. Cape of Good Hope. 1799.
a'lba (white-flowered). 2. White. July.
Cape of Good Hope. 1799.
ru'bra (red-flowered). 2. Red. July.
Cape of Good Hope. 1799.
versi'color (party-coloured). 2. Varie-
gated. July. C. G. Hope. 1799.
hu'milis (dwarf). 2. Pink. May. Cape of
Good Hope. 1810.
macra'ntha (large-flowered-dwarf). 2.
Purple. N. Holland. 1840.
ro'sea (rose-large-flowered-dwarf ). 2.
Rose. Gardens. 1845.
purpu'rea (purple-large-flowered-dwarf).
2. Purple. N. Holland. 1840.
sesamoi'des (sesamun-like). 2. Purple, white*
May. Cape of Good Hop e . 1739,
APHIS. The plant-louse, or green
fly; calltid sometimes the puceron. 'or
vine-fretter. It is usual to consider that
every plant liable to be attacked by this
insect is the victim of some especial
species ; but we think that further exa-
mination will reduce the number of
species very considerably. Difference in
colour certainly does not constitute a
specific difference ; for the rose-louse is
green when the shoots of the rose are
green, but red when the shoots are of
this colour. The amount of injury they
cause to a plant, by robbing it of its sap
or blood, is proportioned to their num-
ber, and the time they are allowed to in-
fest the subject of their attack ; and the
amount of that injury may be appreci-
ated by the fact that the hop-duty is
often 408,000 ; but the hop-louse (Apktt
API!
[501
APR
humuli) frequently so destroys the crop
as to reduce it to a little more than
1 5,000. The green fly on our roses
(Aphis roste) is that of which we will
now offer a few particulars. It is curious
that these always are most abundant
after the prevalence of easterly winds ;
and Mr. Jenyns observed in Cambridge-
shire> during October, and Mr. White, at
Selborne, in August, myriads of aphides,
in both instances, after the wind had
been for some time easterly. So fast do
they multiply, twenty generations being
producible in one year, and the young in
the autumn being born alive, and not
from an egg, Reaumur has shown that
one female may be the ancestor of nearly
six millions in five generations' It is
needless to describe minutely the rose
aphis. It is usually light green, with
green wood; and red, with red wood,
with brown antennae and legs, and trans-
parent irridescent wings. They frequently
change their skins; and these may be
seen hanging about the leaves and shoots j
of the rose. The males may be known
by a double row of black dots on each of
their sides. The most effectual of all
applications for their destruction is to-
bacco smoke ; and the best mode of ap-
plying it is to cover the bush with a sheet,
and fill the space enclosed with the
smoke, by means of Brown's fumigator.
Aphis pjyimx^ is of a grass-green
colour, attacking the apple and pear. To
prevent its appearance, the following
treatment is said to be very effectual.
The application must be made every
other if not every year ; but once in two
years may be sufficient, if thoroughly
well done. Take 1 Ib. sulphur vivum,
1 Ib. Scotch snuff, 1 Ib. quicklime, f Ib.
lampblack, 1 Ib. soft soap, and of water
sufficient to make it into the consistence
of paint. Unnail your trees about Fe-
bruary, before the bloom-buds begin to
swell, and with a common paint-brush
paint every branch from the ground up-
wards.
A . persica is dark green, and is pecu-
liar to the peach and nectarine.
A. pruni ravages the plum tribes, and
is a very light green.
A. falce, known popularly as the Black
Dolphin and Elephant, is b,lack, and at-
tacks the common bean. The tops of
beans attacked by the black dolphin
should be forthwith removed ; and
smaller plants may be syringed with
tobacco-water, or water in which elder-
leaves have been boiled; which appli-
cations are all fatal to the aphis ; syring-
ing with soap-suds, on two or three
following days, is also effectual.
A. pisi is green, and affects the pea.
A. lonicera, woodbine louse. Dingy
green.
A. cerasi, Morello cherry louse. Ap-
pears black. Infests the under sides
of the leaves, especially on wet soils.
A. coryli, nut louse. Pale green.
A. dahlia, dahlia louse. Amber-co-
loured.
A. ri&is, red-currant louse. Blackish.
A. liyustri, privet louse. Dark brown.
A. rilis-nigri, black-currant louse.
Transparent green.
A. lathyri, sweet-pea louse. Dark
purple.
A. (Cinara) raphani, radish louse.
Females, green ; males, lightish-red.
The aphides on the peach appear the
earliest, being, as are all the others, the
produce of eggs deposited during the
previous autumn. During the spring
and summer they are viviparous, and
breed with extraordinary rapidity. The
gardener does well, therefore, to scrub
the branches of his wall-trees, and to
boil or change the shreds every winter,
for he thus destroys the pest in embryo.
So soon as they appear in spring, over
each wall-tree a mat should be fastened,
and tobacco, in some mode, burnt be-
neath it. Peas, whilst the dew is upon
them, may be dusted with Scotch snuff.
Over the apple, plum, and other stand-
ards, the only available remedy is a re-
peated application of quicklime, at the
same early period of the day, by the-
means of Curtis's lime -duster.
The larva? of the Coccinella or Lady-
bird, especially C. pnnctata, the Syrplius,.
or bee-like fly, the Hemerobins pcrla, or
golden-eyed fly, the ant, some caterpil-
lars, and many of the Iclineumomd<e, are-
great destroyers of the aphis, and should
be encouraged rather than removed. See
AMERICAN BLIGHT.
The following directions are applicable
to the destruction of every kind of aphis.
When you intend to fumigate your plants,.
APH
[51]
APL
in a house, pit, or frame, choose a still
evening, and let your plants be quite
dry. Place them closer together, and in
the clear space thus obtained put either
an iron pan, or, if you have not such a
thing, use a hard -burnt garden-pot ; put
in it a few red-hot cinders that do not
smoke ; upon those cinders put your to-
bacco, or tobacco-paper, rather damp. A
cloud of smoke will immediate rise,
and will soon nil the frame. Brown's
fumigator is an excellent instrument for
applying tobacco-smoke. As soon as you
judge it to be well filled with smoke,
remove the pan, or pot, and carry it to
the next frame, if you have more than
one that requires smoking. Be extremely
careful that the tobacco does not break
out into a flame, as it is that which does
the mischief. If you perceive a likeli-
hood of blazing out, prevent it with a
sprinkling of water, very gently applied.
Cover up the frames with mats to keep
in the smoke as long as possible. The
next morning examine the aphides, or
green flies, and if you find any alive re-
peat the smoking the following evening.
This second application will most effect-
ually destroy all your enemies. You may
now syringe the plants pretty severely,
to wash away the dead bodies of the
slain, and the plants will again thrive
and flourish in perfect health and beauty.
The green fly on plants out of doors,
so situated that the smoke of tobacco
cannot be so perfectly confined as to de-
stroy them, require a different mode of
attack, though the same herb furnishes
us with a remedy against the foe, only it
must be applied in a different form ; that
is, as tobacco-water. This can be had at
any tobacco manufactory, or it may be
made by steeping 4 oz. of tobacco in a
gallon of water ; let it stand in the water
for a week or so, occasionally stirring it
with the hand, and squeezing the tobacco,
to bring out the strength. It will then
be very powerful, and perhaps will bear
an addition of water, previously to using,
to the extent of one-half. Apply it to
standard roses, by dipping the infested
branches in it during a dry evening, and
syringing them the next morning. For
roses on pillars, or against walls, use the
syringe filled with clear liquor, and ap-
plied gently all over the shrubs. Verbe-
nas and Calceolarias in beds are often,
during the summer months, much in-
jured, and their beauty deteriorated, by
| these insects; also roses in beds suffer
j much from the same cause. We know
no better remedy than the above-men-
tioned tobacco-water, applied with a sy-
ringe or fine-rosed water-pot.
APHYLLA'NTHES. (From aphyllos, leaf-
less, and anthos, a flower; the flowers on
rush-like branches. Nat. ord., Lilyivorts
[Liliaceae]. Linn., G-Hcxandria 1-Mono-
yynia.)
Half-hardy herbaceous perennial. Division of
the roots and seeds; sandy peat; requires a
warm situation, or a cold pit in winter.
A. Monspelie'nsis (Montpelier). Red. South of
France. 1/91
(From apicros, not bitter.)
Greenhouse succulents, a section of the genus
Aloe; suckers and cuttings; sandy loam. Sum-
mer temp., 55 to 70; winter, 35 to 45; kept
rather dry.
A. a'spera (rough). 1. Grey. June. Cape of
Good Hope. 1795.
aspe'rula (roughish). 3. Grey. June. Cape
of Good Hope. 1824.
bicarina'ta (double-keeled). 1. Grey. June.
Cape of Good Hope. 1820.
bullulalta (little-blistered). l. Grey. May.
Cape of Good Hope.
fuliolo'sa (small-leafy). 1. Grey. July. Cape
of Good Hope. 17Q5.
imbrica'ta (imbricated). l. Grey. June.
Cape of Good Hope. 1731.
ni'gra (rough black). . Grey. July. Cape
of Good Hope. 1823.
pentago'na (five-angled). lj. Grey. June.
Cape of Good Hope. 1731.
-- to'rta (twisted). 1. Grey. June. Cape
of Good Hope. 1800.
ri'gida (rigid). $. Grey. June. Cape of
Good Hope. 1820.
spira'lis (great spiral). 1. Grey. June. Cape
of Good Hope. 1/QO.
spirilla (small spiral). l. Grey. June.
Cape of Good Hope. 1808.
A'PIOS. (From apion, a pear ; in refer-
ence to the form of the roots. Nat. ord.,
Leguminous Plants [Fabacese]. Linn.,
17-Diadelphia 4:-JDecandria.)
Hardy tuberous-rooted plant, allied to Glycine.
Division of roots ; sandy loam, with a little peat.
A. tubero'sa (tuberous-rooted). 6. Brown, pink.
August. N. Amer. 1640.
A'PIUM. (From apon, Celtic word for
water; water-plant. Nat. ord., Umbelll-
fers [Apiacese]. Linn., 5-Pentandria 2-
Digynia.}
Allied to Parsley. Seeds, spring, and superior,
rich soil, for the culinary kinds ; common soil
for others. See CELERY.
A. Chile'nse (Chilian). 1 . White. Chili. 1836.
grave'olens (strong-smelling Celery). 4.
White. July. Britain.
APLE'CTRUM. (From , not, and plek-
tron, a spur ; the flower spurless. Nat.
ord., Orchids [Orchidacetej. Linn., 20-
Gynandria 1-Monandria.)
APO
APP
Hardy orchid ; offsets ; sandy peat.
A. hiema'le (wintry). 1. Brown. N. Amer. 182/.
APO'CYNUM. (From GJOO, from, and
kyon, a dog; poisonous to dogs. Nat.
ord., Dogbanes [Apocynacese]. Linn., 5-
Pentandria \-Monogynia.*)
Hary herbaceous perennials. Suckers, division'
and seeds ; common garden-soil.
A. androscBmifo'lium (tutsan-leaved). 2. Striped-
August. N. Amer. 1683.
cannu 'binum (hemp-like). 3. Yellow. Au-
gust. N. Amer. 1699.
Iiypencifo'lium (hypericum-leaved). 2. White.
June. N. Amer. 1758.
Vene'tum (Venetian). 2. White. June,
Adriatic Islands. 16QO.
APONOGE'TON. From apon, Celtic for
water, and geiton, neighbour; indicating
its places of growth. Nat. ord., Arrow-
grasses [Juncaginaceae]. Linn., Q-Hcx-
andria 3-Trigynia.)
Aquatics, kept in a vessel of water, in stove or
greenhouse, according to their native localities,
but all thriving in the stove ; offsets, loam and
peat.
A. angustifo'lium (narrow-leaved). 1. White.
July. Cape of Good Hope. 1788. Green-
house.
cri'spum (curled-leaved). 1. White. August.
Ceylon. 1820. Stove.
dista'chyon (two-spiked). 1. White. June.
Cape of Good Hope. 1788. Greenhouse.
juncifo'lium (rush-leaved). White. 184/.
Stove.
monosta'chyon (simple-spiked). 1. Pink.
September. E. Ind. 1803. Stove.
APPLE. Pij'rus ma'lus.
Varieties. There are 1,496 named
varieties in the last edition of the Lon-
don Horticultural Society's List of Fruits,
of which they have 897 cultivated in
their gardens. The following are good
selections :
Espalier and divarf. Dessert kinds.
Lamb- abbey pearmain; Hick's fancy;
Kerry pippin ; Stunner pippin ; Eibston
pippin ; Pitmaston nonpareil ; Old non-
pareil ; Braddick's nonpareil ; Scarlet
nonpareil ; Pearson's plate ; Court-pen-
duplat ; Court of Wick ; Golden drop ;
King of pippins ; Margille ; Golden rein-
ette ; Reinette du Canada ; Adam's pear-
main; Boston russet ; Baddom, or spring
Ribston pippin; Early harvest; Early
Margaret ; Golden Harvey.
Standard. Dessert. Hick's fancy ;
Kerry pippin ; Pitmanton nonpareil ;
Court of Wick ; King of pippins ; Golden
reinette ; Adam's pearmain ; Boston rus-
set; Early harvest; Early Margaret;
Summer pippin ; Eibston pippin.
Espaliers and dwarfs. Kitchen. Haw-
Ihornden; Alfriston; Pitmaston nonpa-
reil ; Manks codling ; Wareham russet ;
Blenheim orange; Chappell ; Keswick
codling ; Waltham-abbey seedling.
Standard. Kitchen Northern green-
ing, or John; Manks codling; Chappell;
Wareham russet; Blenheim orange;
Norman ton, or Dumelow's seedling; Kes-
wick codling ; Hawthorden ; Bedfordshire
foundling; Reinette du Canada; Emperor
Alexander; Dutch codling; Wormsley
pippin; Waltham-abbey seedling; Al-
friston.
For ivalls. Ribston pippin ; Old non-
pareil; Newtown pippin ; Sturmer pippin.
Propagation by seed. Sow in autumn
the largest and most convex seeds, of a
favoured variety, in pots or border of light,
rich loam ; bury the seed an inch deep ;
if in a border, six inches apart each way.
Mr. London says, " The end of the first
year they should be transplanted into
nursery rows, from six inches to a foot
apart every way. Afterwards they should
be removed to where they are to produce
fruit ; and for this purpose the greater
the distance between the plants the bet-
ter. It should not be less than six or
eight feet every way. The quickest way
to bring them into a bearing state, Mr.
Williams of Pitmaston considers, is to
let the plants be furnished with lateral
shoots, from the ground upwards, so
I disposed as that the leaves of the upper
shoots may not shade those situated
underneath, pruning away only trifling
shoots. He adopted this mode, and suc-
ceeded in procuring fruit from seedling
apples at four, five, and six years of age,
instead of waiting eight, ten, and even
fifteen years, which must be the case by
the usual mode of planting close, and
pruning to naked stems."
The advice of Mr. Williams is very
good; but we must remind our readers
that most of our shy, flowering, arbore-
scent or shrubby plants or trees are the
soonest brought to blossom by first en-
couraging a high amount of luxuriance,
and then inducing a severe check by root-
pruning. By such means, carefully
carried out, there can be no doubt that
seedling apples may be made to blossom
in four years. The check may either
consist in a severe root-pruning, or the
plants may be transplanted ; taking caro
to prune away all taper-forked roots, and
using all possible means to encourage
surface fibres.
We may add here, that the less prun-
AFP
APP
ing of the shoots the better; the knife
is a great enemy to early i'ruitfulness in
young trees, especially codlings.
Most good cultivators and we believe
we may include the highly-scientific au-
thority' of the late Mr. Knight, of Down-
ton prefer grafting the shoots of seed-
ling Apples, when two years old, on very
old, healthy, and fine-bearing kinds. In
doing so, the extremities of the best
branches should be chosen, as, also, the
lightest portion of the -tree, which should
stand in a sheltered and warm situation.
Mr. Knight states, that "the width
and thickness of the leaf generally indi-
cate the size of the future apple, but
will by no means convey any correct idea
of the merits of the future fruit. When
these have the character of liigh cultiva-
tion, the qualities of the fruit will be far
removed from those of the native species;
but the apple may be insipid or highly
flavoured, green or deeply coloured, and,
of course, well or ill calculated to answer
the purposes of the planter. An early
blossom in the spring, and an early
change of colour in the autumnal leaf,
would naturally be supposed to indicate
a fruit of early maturity; but I have
never been able to discover any criterion
of this kind on which the smallest de-
pendarice may be placed. The leaves of
some varieties Avill become yellow, and
fall off, leaving the fruit green and im-
mature ; ansl the leaves in other kinds
will retain their verdure long after the
fruit has perished. The plants whose
buds in the annual wood are full and
prominent, are usually more productive
than those whose buds are small and
shrunk in the bark; but their future
produce will depend much on the power
the blossoms possess of bearing the cold;
and this power varies in the varieties,
and can only be known from experience.
Those which produce their leaves and
blossoms rather early in the spring are
generally to be preferred ; for, though
they are more exposed to injury from
frost, they less frequently suffer from the
attacks of insects the more common
cause of failure. The disposition to ve-
getate early or late in the spring is, like
almost every other quality in the Apple-
tree, transferred in different degrees to
its offspring; and 'the planter must there-
fore seek those qualities in the parent-
tree which 1-e wishes to find in the future
seedling plants. The best method I have
been able to discover of obtaining such
fruits as vegetate very early in the spring,
has been by introducing the farina of the
Siberian crab into the blossom of a rich
and early apple, and by transferring, in
the same manner, the farina of the Apple
to the blossom of the Siberian crab.
The leaf and the habit of many of the
plants that I have thus obtained possess
much of the character of the Apple,
whilst they vegetate as early in the spring
as the crab of Siberia, and possess at
least an equal power of bearing cold;
and I possess two plants of the family
which are quite as hardy as the most
austere crab of our woods."
By grafting. Stocks of the Crab and
Apple are raised from kernels ; but the
Codling and Paradise stocks must be
raised by cuttings and layers. Sow in
autumn, in beds of light earth, moderately
thick, in drills, covering them full half
an inch deep ; they will come up in the
spring, when, if the season proves dry,
water them occasionally, which will great-
ly forward the seedlings, and strengthen
their growth ; and in autumn, winter, or
spring following, they may be planted
out'in nursery rows, previously shortening
their tap-roots, and planting them in
lines two feet and a halt' asunder, and
one foot in the rows ; and, after having
from one to two or three years' growth
here, they will be fit for grafting, parti-
cularly if for dwarfs, or even for full and
half standards, if it is intended to form
the stem from the graft, which is an
eligible method for these trees ; but, if
the stock is to form the stem, they will
require three or four years' growth to
rise to a proper height ; seven feet for
full, and four or five for half-standards.
When these trees are intended for full-
sized orchard standards, with strong
stems, the too common practice of prun-
ing close all side-branches, as they spring
from the stem, cannot be too strongly
deprecated. A regular series of these
should be left up the stem at least for
one year after their production, practising
what is termed " spurring-in " by our
nurserymen, at the first winter's pruning
after their production. Indeed, in the
second year, if any stout stems are
required, we would only totally remove
one-half ; and instead of performing this
operation in the winter, we would leave
it until near midsummer ; for recent
wounds heal, and skin over much nicer
APP
[54]
APP
at that period than during the season of
rest.
Before quitting the subject of grafting,
it may he well to offer a few plain direc-
tions on that head. Presuming that
stocks, duly cultivated and prepared, exist,
the first thing is to provide scions ; that
is, a part of the kind intended to be
grafted on the stocks. It is, and has
been, a maxim, for perhaps centuries, to
procure these long before what is termed
the " rising of the sap ; " that is to say,
during the resting season.
Such, then, being procured during the
end of January, or through February,
they are "heeled;" that is, after being
correctly labelled, and tied in bundles,
they are placed in the earth, in a cool
and damp situation, where neither sun
nor wind can penetrate. Here they lie
until wanted. There appears to have
been originally more than one reason for
this procedure. A pressure of spring-
business, even in former days, would
suggest this practice, and it would soon
be discovered that these retarded scions
possessed real advantages ; the principle
of which appears to be the certainty of
nourishment the moment that they are
placed in the parent plant, or, at least,
as soon as their absorbing powers are
fully in action, which Avill be the case in
a day or two. The parent stock is thus
much in advance of them ; and a root-
action has already commenced, which is
capable of supplying their utmost need.
The period of grafting is determined by
the rising of the sap; and this is indi-
cated, in deciduous trees, by the enlarge-
ment of the buds, which generally takes
place in the early part of March, in Bri-
tain. We consider that the buds of the
stock should be near bursting their skin,
or hybernatory, before grafting should
take place.
This, of course, will differ, in different
fruits, as differ their degrees of preco-
city. For details of the process, see
GKAFTING.
By cuttings. All the varieties may be
raised in this mode, though some, as the
Burr -knot, Codling, and June-eating,
more readily than others. Trees so raised
are said to be not so liable as their pa-
rents to canker. In February take cuttings
of the young shoots from some of the
horizontal branches, about eight inches
long, cutting off a portion of the old
wood of the branch attached to the shoot ;
remove all the buds except the upper
three. Plant these firmly in sandy loam,
giving water, and covering with a hand-
giass, until the cuttings have well vege-
tated. Shade from the mid- day sun ; re
move the hand-glass in July, and get the
plants into the nursery early in No-
vember.
Soil. The Apple prefers a deep and
strong or adhesive loam. The colour is
not so very material, providing such rest
on a sound subsoil, free from water lodg-
ments. If it is not so naturally, draining
must be had recourse to, or it will be
vain to expect success. They are, never-
theless, cultivated with considerable suc-
cess on any ordinary garden-soil; and
even on soils of a peaty character ive
have known them succeed tolerably well ;
but, in the latter case, the peat must be
previously solidified by drainage, culture,
c., for a few years, for we have never
known them succeed on raw, elastic peats.
Improved peats, indeed, will in due time
approach the character of common, dark,
garden-soils; and it becomes expedient
for the Apple to introduce both marl and
clay, and also sand. Whenever a sus-
picion exists of an ungeuial subsoil, the
best plan is to plant on stations ; which,
indeed, is the best plan to adopt in all
kitchen-gardens, where the object is to
get great variety in small compass, or to
induce early bearing. See article STATIONS.
Planting. The soil should be trenched,
and immediately beneath each tree, ac-
cording to the extent of its roots, chalk,
stones, or brickbats rammed so as to form
a kind of pavement, to direct the roots
horizontally. Plant so that the roots
nearest the surface are twelve inches be-
low it. See STATIONS.
Espaliers. When first planted, the
young plant is cut down to within about
a foot of the ground, and only three
shoots permitted to spring from it, one
of which will be the leader, and the
others will form the first or lower tier of
bearing branches, which are to be se-
cured to small stakes, so as to keep them
in their proper places.
The following season the upright leader
must be shortened to nine inches or a
foot above the two horizontal branches,
and deprived of all its shoots, excepting
the three uppermost, which are to be
treated the same as before. In this way
the leading shoot is to be stopped at the
requisite distance above the horizontal
APP
[05]
APP
ones, until it has reached the. height of
five feet. It is then cut off, and no more
allowed to gro\v upright, the whole
strength of the tree being directed to the
fruiting branches.
Espalier Apple-trees should be planted
at not less than twenty feet distance ; but
five-and-thirty feet is better, especially
for trees grafted on Crab or Apple-stocks,
which are free growers. For trees grafted
on Codling or Paradise stocks, eighteen
or twenty feet may be a sufficient distance.
They should be planted with their heads
entire, only removing any very irregular
growths that do not range consistent with
the intended form, and pruning any
broken roots ; as, also, the points of im-
mature wood. Let all the branches be
trained horizontally to the right and left,
an equal number on each side, all at full
length, five or six inches asunder ; and,
according as they shoot in summer, still
continue them along entire. At the same
time, train in a further supply of new
shoots, to increase the number of hori-
zontals, or bearers ; and thus continue in-
creasing their numbers every year, till
the espalier is regularly filled from the
bottom to the top, preserving all the
branches at full length, as far as the al-
lotted space will admit.
They must have a summer and a win-
ter pruning annually. In the summer, cut
out all the superfluous and ill-placed
.shoots of the year, and train regular
ones towards the lower parts in vacant
spaces, at least to remain till winter, some
of which may then be wanted to fill
some unforeseen vacancy, clearing out all
others at this time as close as possible ;
and in winter, if any worn-out or de-
cayed parts appear, then is the time to
retrench them, retaining young branches
in their places, and if any vacancy oc-
curs, retain some contiguous young
shoot to fill it. Cut clean and close to
the branches, still continuing all the
branches, and any occasional supply of
shoots, at full length, as far as their li-
mited bounds will allow ; then train the
whole regularly, tying them in as straight
and close to the railing as possible, about
six inches asunder.
Standards, Half-Standards, and Dwarfs
The standards having been trained in
the nursery, with tolerably good heads,
they should be planted with those heads
nearly entire, merely pruning away late
growths, and occasionally shortening, to
produce new shoots when desirable. If
ny are intended for the kitchen-garden,
plant them, at least, forty feet distance;
and, for a full plantation, to form an
orchard, allow thirty feet distance every
way. _
Trim any broken or tap-roots, but leave
all the others entire.
As soon as planted, let every one be
well staked, to support them firmly up-
right, and prevent their being disturbed
n rooting by winds.
Smaller - growing standards, such as
Codlings and dwarfs upon Paradise stocks,
nay, if required, be planted only at
wenty feet distance, or even less, though,
f there is room to allow a greater dis-
,ance, it will be the greater advantage.
Let them also, in future, advance with
all their branches at full length, taking
heir own natural growth, and they will
soon form numerous natural spurs in
very part for bearing.
With respect to pruning these stand-
ards, very little is required, probably not
more than once in three years, and then
only the retrenching any very irregular,
cross-placed bough, or reducing to order
any very long rambler ; or, when the head
.s become greatly crowded and confused,
to thin out some of the most irregular,
growth, likewise all strong shoots grow-
ng upright in the middle of the head, and
all dead wood and suckers from the stem
and root. See PRUNING, also STATION.
Manuring old Apple-trees. We gene-
rally see fruitful old trees starving by
inches ; few think of manuring them. The
consequence is, not only premature decay
in the tree, but a continual sacrifice in
produce; and if there be a full crop, the
apples either crack, or become corroded
with a rusty fungus, under which circum-
stances they will lose, in a great degree,
their keeping properties. The best way
to deal with such cases is to strip away,
at the end of October, six inches of the
surface-soil, and to apply a coating of the
very slutch of the manure-yard, three or
four inches in thickness ; after which, the
turf or some soil may be strewed over, to
prevent the loss of its fertile properties.
This, once in three years, accompanied
by a rather severe thinning or pruning,
will be found to renew the constitution of
the tree in a very considerable degree;
the fruit, also, will regain their size, their
clear skin, and, of course, their keeping
properties.
APR
APR
Diseases. See CANKER, RUSSET, and
Moss.
Insects. So impressed was Mr. Kniglit
with the opinion, that of all our fruits none
suffers more from insects than the Apple,
that he declared his belief that these are
a more frequent cause of the crops failing
than frost. The figure-of-eight moth
(Episema cceruleocephala), Linnoeus de-
nominates the pest of Pomona, and the
destroyer of the hlossoms of the apple,
pear, and cherry. He also mentions ano-
ther (T nea corticella), as inhabiting ap-
ple-hearing trees under the bark. And
Reaumur has given us ths history of a
species common in this country, and pro-
ducing the same effect, often to the de-
struction of the crop, the caterpillar of
which feeds in the centre of our apples,
thus occasioning them to fall. Even the
young grafts are frequently destroyed
sometimes many hundreds in one night
in the nurseries about London, by the
Curculio vastator of Marsham (Otiorhyn-
chns picipes], one of the short- snouted
weevils ; and the foundation of canker, in
full-grown trees, is often laid by the larva?
of Temasa Wceberana. The sap, too, is
often injuriously drawn off by a minute
coccus, of which the female has the exact
shape of a muscle-shell (Coccus arborum
linearis), and which Reaumur has ac-
curately described and figured. But the
greatest enemy of this tree, and which
has been known in this country since the
year 1787, is the apple-aphis v called by
some 'the coccus, and by others the
American Blight. See AMERICAN BLIOHT,
BLIGHT YPONOMENTA, ANTHONYMUS, Coc-
cus, PSYLLA, BOSTRICHUS, ScoLYTUS, and
ACARUS.
APRICOT. Armeni'aca vulga'ris.
Varieties : 1. Early Masculine. End of
July. The best of the very early
Apricots. Fruit rather small, round,
and of a yellowish colour, tinted with
red on one side.
.Large Early, or Precoce. Ripens next
in order. An oblong fruit, of a palish-
orange colour, with a very agreeable
juice.
3. Blenheim, or Shipley's. One of the
most useful Apricots in the kingdom ;
for, although inferior in flavour to the
Moorpark, it is a much greater bearer,
and a sure ripener. An oval fruit,
middle-sized, and of a palish-lernon
colour. This kind is allied to the
Moorpark ; possibly a seedling from it.
4. Hemsltirke. Another of the Moorpark
section; somewhat earlier. This, also,
ripens safer than the Moorpark, and
such is a weighty consideration with
northern horticulturists. A roundish
fruit, somewhat flattened at the crown ;
colour, orange and red.
5. Breda. A well-known preserving fruit,
and most eligible for growing, as an
ordinary standard, in our southern
counties, or on any trellis device.
Called " Brussels " by some. A small
fruit, generally of a cramped or angled
appearance ; of an orange colour, and
rich flavoured.
6. Royal. A good fruit, of very rich
flavour, ripening just a little before the
Moorpark. Of a large size, oval, and
of an orange complexion.
7. Moorpark. The first Apricot in the
kingdom, taken altogether. A full-
sized, roundish fruit, ripening about
middle season ; flavour first rate. No
garden of any pretensions is complete
without a Moorpark or two.
These are all that are truly essential
either to the amateur or the cottager.
For the amateur who, in a small garden,
has room for three only, and those dis-
tinct kinds, we recommend Nos. 3, 5, and
7. If four, then take Nos. 1, 3, 5, 7. If
five, then Nos. 1, 3, 5, 6, 7. For cottagers,
we say, Nos. 3 and 7. Above all, wo
would recommend the "Shipley's" to
the cottager, as being a hardier and a
larger tree, and a much surer bearer.
Besides the above, there are the Black,
the Large Early, Musch-Musch, very
sweet, of the Breda section ; the Orange r
fitter for preserving than dessert, a good
bearer ; the Roman, another good bearer ;
the Turkey, a useful late variety; the-
Haisha, a Syrian kind, delicious, and
possessing a sweet kernel.
Choice of Trees. Those who have to
select, whether from stock of their own,
or from the nursery, should first see that
the junction between the stock and the
scion is complete, and thoroughly healed.
If any gum or other exudation appear on
any stem, by all means reject the tree as
to present use.
Two or three years' trained trees are
the most eligible, and such should pos-
sess at least two "bi'anches on either
side, and a -central one if possible.
Care should be taken to select those in
which the side-tranches are of about
equal thickness.
APK
[ 57]
APR
Propagation is best done by budding.
Some choose the Apricot stock, or those
from the kernels ; others prefer the Plum
stock: the latter, however, has been
much complained of in late 7/ears. Our
nurserymen have what is called a " com-
moner " stock, which appears to be a sort
of wild Plum, and which, in general,
answers pretty well.
For dwarfs, bud at eight inches from
the soil ; for half-standards, at three feet;
and for standards, at five feet.
Period of Planting. Those who wish
to gain time may plant successfully in
the first or second week of October : any
time, however, from that period until the
early part of March will do.
Soil. A good, sound, and rather unctu-
ous loam is best, using a little ordinary
vegetable matter, but no manure, unless
on the surface. See MULCHING. Do
not make the soil deeper than eighteen
inches. See article STATIONS.
Aspect. A south aspect is best in the
northern parts of the kingdom ; but the
east and west frequently produce superior
fruit in the southern counties, where
very warm aspects are apt to produce
mealy fruit in hot seasons. Standards
can only be grown in our southern dis-
tricts, where they are sometimes very
prolific and high -flavoured. As standards,
they are several years in coming into
bearing.
Training. The branches should be on
an average from six to eight inches apart,
and kept as horizontal as possible. The
following is a very good form ; but the
ordinary fan-training is very well adapted,
ff care be taken to pinch over-luxuriant
shoots in time.
Pruning must be regulated by the
knowledge that, with the exception of
Buch as the Moorpark, many varieties
bear chiefly on the shoots of the previous
year; the Moorpark mostly on spurs
two and three years' old.
Summer Pruning. Take off all fore-
right shoots, and others that are irregular
and misplaced, reserving those that are
not too vigorous, and that will train in
well for next year's bearing. If done
early in May, the finger and thumb will
supersede the necessity for the knife.
Continue to nail the shoots to the wall,
as necessary, during the summer, tying
down or nailing in all short-jointed, weak-
looking spray. Over- vigorous shoots may
be stopped early in June, and be thus
induced to put forth more fertile laterals.
Winter Pruning had best be done as
soon as the leaves have fallen, though it
may be carried on until the buds begin
to swell, in March. Cut out any naked-
looking shoots not more than four or
five years old, avoiding amputations in
the larger limbs, and get their places re-
occupied by younger and better branches.
Keep a leading shoot at the end of each
branch. Vigorous shoots of the last year
shorten as far as the points seem ill-
ripened weaker shoots about one-third.
This promotes the production of laterals
for next year's fruiting, and gives a fuller
supply of sap to the blossom-buds. Cut
off gross, fore-right spurs ; but lateral
spurs may be retained, as they some-
times produce blossom-buds, as they
nearly always do in the Moorpark. Let,
also, all decaying or imperfect points be
pruned off.
Espaliers are to be formed as those on.
walls; standards only requiring dead r
crowded, or chafing branches to be re-
moved.
When an Apricot gets diseased, it is
much more profitable to replace it by a
younger, than to attempt its renovation.
Gathering should take place before the
fruit is dead ripe, or it will be mealy.
Thinning should commence as soon as
the fruit is large enough for tarts, in May r
or early in June; no fruit being left
nearer, finally, than about five inches to
another. The thinning may be done,
however, at twice.
Insects. Wasps and flies are best kept
off by a net, at least a foot from the wall.
Sec EARWIG, P/TSDISEA, and AF T .IIS.
Mildew is often the most formidable
assailant of the Apricot, as it usually
arises from excess of moisture to the root.
Draining the border, and mixing lime
AQU [ 5
with the soil, has, in such case,been found
efficacious as a preventive ; and, at the
same time, sulphur, as a well-known and
powerful antagonist of the mildew, may
be carefully dusted over the tree;
Protection of Blossom. We know of no
fruit that more requires or deserves the
fostering care of the gardener than this.
Blossoming, as it frequently does, in the
end of February or beginning of March,
it must expect to be rocked by not only
the " rude, imperious gale," but, what is
much worse, to be subjected occasionally
to a temperature of some ten or fifteen
degrees of frost. We have ever found
it the best policy to protect carefully,
using a rather thick covering, and taking
care to remove it on every possible occa-
sion. Nothing can be better than a stout
canvass. Some, however, use bunting ;
some, ordinary garden-mats ; and not a
few, the fronds of fern, spruce-branches,
and even wisps of straw.
General maxims of culture. First of
all, a sound, loamy soil, with very little
manure, is most suitable. It is well,
nevertheless, in order to gain time, to
use a little generous soil, to start the
plant into free growth ; second, to per-
sist in summer stopping, in order to
equalise growths ; and, thirdly, after
careful summer training, to remove all
superfluous spray which shades the
embryo fruit buds in the end of August.
In addition to this, top-dressings in May,
and the application of liquid-manure,
"when the fruit commences the last swell-
ing, will be found useful adjuncts of high
culture. Apricot-branches, especially the
Moorpark, are apt to decay of a sudden,
without apparent reasons. By persisting
in the tying-down system, however, a
succession is ever ready for any gap.
AQUA'RIUM is the place devoted to the
cultivation of aquatic or water-plants.
The majority of those cultivated are ex-
otic, and require the protection of glass.
If there are only a few of these, they
may be successfully grown in cisterns,
placed in a stove ; but if the collection
be extensive, it requires a separate edifice.
The tank-system of heating by hot-water
offers a very superior mode of keeping
the water at a fitting temperature. The
leaden cistern in which the plants are
submerged may rest readily upon the
slates forming the cover of the tank.
The handsomest form for this purpose
would be a circular building, devoted
i ] AQU
entirely to the aquatics, because they do
not thrive satisfactorily in parts or
corners of a house in which other plants
are cultivated. The size will depend
upon the will or the means of the owner.
If the cultivation of the imperial Victoria
regia is intended, it ought not to be less
than 20 feet diameter. This will allow
a tank of 20 feet diameter, and a walk
3 feet wide round it. To make it hold
water, the sides should be made of thick
slates, fitted so as to be water-tight ; or
it may be built with bricks set in cement,
and lined with the same. It should be,
at least, three feet deep, for the Victoria
loves deep water. The water should be
heated with 4J-inch hot-water pipes,
coiled three times round the tank, and
two pipes should be carried round the
house, near to the outer wall, to give
heat to the air of the house. The roof
should be formed with wrought iron bars,
and should be flat, as far as possible, to
allow the rain-water to run off freely.
The Victoria should be planted on a
mound of strong earth, the base of which
should be, at the least, 5 feet in diameter,
and the top 2 feet, and it should be
brought up within a foot of the surface
of the water. This should have a motion
given to it by means of a vertical wheel,
with narrow boards affixed to it at right
angles, at 6 or 8 inches apart. This
vertical wheel should dip into the water
a few inches, and should play upon an
axis, being set in motion by a small
stream of water falling constantly upon
the boards. This wheel will give a
gentle motion to the whole surface of
the water, which motion will be a faint
imitation of a stream, and will be very
beneficial to the plants. The heat of the
water should be never lower than 70.
Air will be necessary in the hot days of
summer, and may be given by means of
shutters in the walls, 8 or 9 feet apart,
and a circular opening in the roof, at the
centre, 2 feet or 3 feet in diameter. This
part may be easily contrived, by any
mechanic, to lift up and fall down by a
simple machinery. This will cause a cir-
culation of air, necessary in all habita-
tions of plants. If the Victoria is not
intended to be grown, the house need
not be more than half the size.
The Victoria house, at Chatsworth, is a
noble structure for the purpose. It is,
however, the opposite to our beau id&al
i of an aquarium, being square, with a cir-
AQU
C 59 ]
AQU
cular tank in the centre, and the corners
filled up with eight small tanks, in which
are grown one plant of a kind of other
five-stove aquatics. A walk runs round
the central tanks, and that walk is entered
by a short one from each side of the
square. A walk, too, is formed into each
corner ; and a walk runs close along the
front, thus forming the small tanks
alluded to above. The diameter of the
central tank is 33 feet, which will give
us some idea of this truly noble aquarium;
but very few cultivators will choose to go
to the expense of erecting such a house.
The following are aquatic stove-plants :
Aponogeton angustifolium.
distachyon.
monostachyon.
Arum venosura.
Cyperus alternifolius.
papyrus.
Damasonium Indicum.
Euryale ferox.
Limnocharis Humboldtii.
Menyanthes Indica.
ovata.
Nelumbium speciosum.
N3'mphaea caerulea.
pubesecns.
pygrmea.
rubra.
stcllata.
versicplor.
Philydrum lanuginosunit
Pistia stratiotes.
Pontedera crassipes.
cordata.
dilatata.
Sagittaria lancifolia.
obtusifolia.
Thalia dealbata.
Victoria regia.
Propagation and culture. Being all
herbaceous plants, they are to be propa-
gated as these generally are. Some are
raised from seeds, which, in general
should be sown as soon as ripe, and the
pots plunged in shallow water. When
the plants corne up, they may be trans-
planted into other pots, and shifted as
they advance in growth, till in a pot of
sufficient size to admit their flowering
which will generally take place the same
season. Instead of being kept in pots
the plants may be inserted in a bed o:
earth, on the bottom of the aquarium
Keep the water warm, say from 70 t(
75 in summer, and leave them nearl)
dry in winter. Nelu'mliitm spedo'sum
requires a water heat of 84.
Cyperus, Papyrus, Nelumbium, Nym
phoea, Limnocharis, Hydrocharis, Sagit
taria, and Pontedera, will furnish variet
enough.
Aquarium for hardy Aquatics. For this
choose the lowest part of your garden; dig
out the soil or clay to a moderate depth ;
it may either be of a regular form, as a
circle or oval, or irregular, which latter
we prefer, with a bay in one part, a jut-
ting promontory in another, a shelving
shore here, and a steep bank, covered
with shrubs, at another point. However
small the piece of water may be, a little
good taste and judicious management
will have the best effect. Having formed
Lie shape by digging out the soil to the
equired depth, from two to three feet,
tie next point is to make it hold water.
?here is nothing better than clay for
his purpose : it will require preparing
o make it retentive of water. Take a
mall portion, say a barrow-load, and
hop it into small pieces with a sharp
pade. If it be dry, add a little water to
t ; then, with a wooden hammer having
long handle, beat it well till every part
s of a uniform consistency, having the
ippearance of clay dough. Spread this
m the bottom of the ;pond, about six
nches thick. Proceed with mixing up
and beating barrow-load after barrow-
oad till the bottom is entirely covered ;
then either puts on a pair of wooden-
soled shoes,-or go on it with naked feet;
the last is the best way. Tread the pre-
pared clay firmly, closely, and evenly
iown. Do this well and properly, and
the bottom will never leak. As soon as
that part is finished, mix and beat more
clay for the sides. With the spade, as
soon as it or a portion of it is ready, dab
t against the sloping bank, commencing
at and joining it to the clay bottom.. Ay
soon as this is done, beat it with the
wooden hammer- firmly against the bank.
If you have plenty of clay, eight inches
will not be too thick for the sides. Re-
member^ the more firmly the clay is
beaten to the sides, the better it will hold
water. The clay must be quite pure;
that is, have no stones or other matter
left amongst it. If there are any such
left, they will serve as conduits for the
water to escape by, and all your labour
will be in vain. Proceed with adding
layers of clay upward, until you reach
the level xpu intend the water to be.
Carry the clay -puddle two or three
inches higher,' level the natural soil
down, to it, and let this soil be two
inches or more higher than the clay.
This will prevent it cracking away from
AQU
AQU
the bank. Your aquai-ium is now ready
for the water. Previously to filling it,
however, cover the bottom, upon the
clay, with a coating of loam, four inches
thick. This is intended to encourge the
water-plants to root in, and to cause them
to grow finely. If you can procure a
sufficient quantity of rough stones or
pebbles, place them against the banks.
These will prevent the water from wash-
ing away the clay-puddle. All being now
ready, let in the water.
Planting. As soon as the aquarium is
full of water you may plant the aquatics.
The best mode is to have some wicker
baskets of various sizes, to suit the size
of each plant. Fill one with soil, in-
serting the plant intended for it at the
same time; cover the top of the soil
with some twisted haybands, coiling' them
round the plant ; then lace them firmly
down with some strong three-cord twine,
passing it under the rim of the wicker
basket, so as to keep in it the soil and
the plant. Throw either a plank or a
long ladder across the water. On this
you can walk, carrying the plant with
you. Drop it into the place you intend
it, for, and so treat all the other water
plants. Some of them the water-lily,
for instance have their leaves floating on
the surface ; but this is not needful at
first. They (the leaves) will scon rise
to the surface, and assume their natural
position. The water-violet has both its
roots and leaves floating ; all that is
required, then, is to cast it into the water,
and let it flourish as it pleases.
Some of our readers may wish to have
aquatics cultivated in tanks formed with
masonry, the water to be used for water-
ing plants in pots, &c. This can be
easily accomplished by puddling the bot-
tom with clay, as mentioned above, and
building upon it sloping walls, using
Roman cement for mortar. These, if
well executed, are very ornamental, and
of a neat appearance. If the tank walls
are carried up three or four feet above
the level, the plants are then brought
nearer to the eye. An example of this
may be seen in the royal gardens at Kew.
Single plants of this kind may be culti-
vated in vases, or even in troughs, the
only thing they will require being a por-
tion of mud at the bottom for the plants
to root in. The after-culture the aqua-
tics will require is, if possible, to change
the water frequently, and keep the sur-
face clear from water-mosses. A few
ducks soon clear off the latter; other-
wise the mosses must be skimmed, or
flooded off with water, if there is supply
enough.
The following are some of the best
hardy aquatics :
Ali'sma stratio'tis (water-soldier). native-
of Britain.
Aponoge'ton dista'chyon (two-spiked
Apouogeton), a very pretty, floating
aquatic, frovi the Cape of Good Hope;
yet, althoug \ from a warm country, it is
sufficiently hardy to survive an ordinary
winter. It has white flowers.
Bu'tomusiimbeUa'tus (Umbell-flowering
Bush), one of the best of our native
aquatics, found in ditches. It has beau-
tiful heads of pink flowers, and does not
require deep water; consequently, mjy
be planted ne:ir the edge of the wat/rt
Cattle are very fond of its leaves.
Ca'lla palu'stris (Marsh Calla), a native
of North America, and
Ca'lla JEt Ida' pica (African Calla), both
plants of great beauty. The latter is, on.
that account, cultivated as a greenhouse
and window plant, and is commonly
called the " arum plant." This specie^
is rather tender, but will survive our
winter if planted in deep water.
Hotlo'nia palu'stris (Marsh Hottonia).
flesh-coloured flowers: a native of Britain.
Menya'nthes trifolia'ia (Three-leaved
Buckbean), with white flowers. This is
another native species, growing in shal-
low waters. It is very pretty, and worth
cultivation.
Nu'phar In' tea (Yellow-flowered Nu-
phar), a fine water-plant, native ejf
Britain.
Nu'phar a'dvena (Stranger Nuphar),
yellow and red; a fine species, from
North America.
Nympha'a a'lba (White Water-Lily).
This is, without doubt, the finest of our
hardy water-plants. It loves dec-., water,
with plenty of room, and a muudy bot-
tom to root in. It then will produce
numbers of its beautiful, large, milk-
white flowers.
Ty'pha lutifo'lia (Broad-leaved Cat's-
tail). Though not so showy as some
species, this plant is worth growing, pro -
ducing its large flowers abundantly in
shallow waters.
Besides these there are Alisma plan-
tago ; A. ranunculoides ; Lobelia. Dort-
manna ; Myriojyhyllum spicatum and verti*
AQU
[61]
ARA
cillatum ,- Polygonum amphibium ; Sagit-
taria sagittifolia and latifolia ; Teucrium
soordium ; Trapa natans and quadrispi-
nosa ; and Villarsia nymphoides and lacu
nosa.
AQUILA'EIA. (From aquila, an eagle
.locally called Eagle-wood in Malacca
Nat. ord., Aqnilariads [Aquilareacese]
Linn., 10-Decandria \-Monoyynia.}
The Eagle-wood is the inside of the trunk o
Aquila' ria ava'ta and A. A.t*a'llockumestecinei
a cordial in Asia. Cuttings in heat, in sand, am
under a bell-glass. Sandy loam, with a littl
peat. Summer temp., 65 to J5; winter, 55 to 60
A. Malacre'nsis (Malacca). 6. Whitish-green
Malacca. 1823. A stove evergreen
shrub.
AQUILE'GIA. Columbine. (From, aquila
an eagle ; in reference to the form of th<
petals. Nat. ord., Crowfoots [Ranuncu
laceee.] Linn., 13-Polyandria 5-Pentagy
Seeds in March ; common soil. Seedling
flower sometimes the first, but generally the se
cond season. All hardy herbaceous perennials.
A. alpi'na (alpine). 1. Blue. June. Switzer
land. 1731.
anemonoi'des (anemone-like). 1. Purple
July. Altaia. 1827.
a rctica (arctic). 1. Reddish-yellow. June,
Siberia.
atropurpu'rea (dark purple). 1. Purple. June.
Siberia.
Fischeria'na (Fischer's). 1. Purple. June.
Siberia. 1827.
bracky'ceras (short-spurred). f. Brown. May.
North of Europe. 1838.
Canade'nsis (Canadian). 2. Reddish-orange.
June. N. Amer. 1640.
lu'tea (yellow-flowered). 1. Pale vellow.
May. N. Amer. 1835.
Davu'rica (Davurian). 2. Purple. June.
Davuria. 1827.
formo'sa (beautiful). 2. Red, orange. June.
Kamschatka. 1822.
fra' grans (fragrant) . . Yellow-striped. May.
Himalayas. 1839.
Garnieriu'na (Miss Garnier's). 2. Purple-
striped. June. English hybrid. 1829.
glandulo'sa (glandular). 2. Whitish-blue.
June. Siberia. 1822.
co'ncolor (one-coloured). 2. Violet.
July. Altaia. 1822.
di'scolor (two-coloured). Bluish-white.
June. Siberia. 1789.
glau'ca (milky-green). 2. Whitish-yellow.
June. Himalayas. 1839-
grandiflo'ra (large-flowered). 2. Blue. June.
Siberia. 1818.
hy'brida (hybrid). 2. Purple. Siberia.
juru'nda (joyous-looking). l. Blue, June.
Siberia. 1844.
lepto'ceras (slender-horned). 1. Blue. June.
Russia. 1833.
paroiflo'ra (small-flowered). 1. Purple. June.
Siberia. 1819.
pubiflafra (woolly -flowered). Pale purple.
June. India. 183g.
Pyrena'ica (Pyrenean). 1. Blue. July.
Pyrenees. 1818,
A. Sibi'rica (Siberian). 2. Blue, white. June.
Siberia. 1806.
Ski'nneri (Mr. Skinner's). . Red, green.
May. Guatimala. 1841.
viridifln'ra (green-flowered). 2. Green, yellow.
June. Siberia. 1780.
visco'sa (clammy). 2. Purple. June. Mont-
pelier. 1/52.
vulga'ris (common). 2. Blue. June. Britain.
cornicula'ta (small-horn-double). 2.
Blue, white. June. Europe.
de'gener (degenerate-double). 2. Blue,
white. June. Europe.
e'legans (elegant). 1. Purple. Juna.
Europe.
inve'rsa (inverted-double).. 2. Blue,
white. June. Europe.
Stella' ta (starred-double). 2. Blue, white.
June. Europe.
A'RABIS. Wall-cress. (From Arabia,
probably in reference to the dry situa-
tions where many of the species grow.
Nat. ord., Grossworts or Crucifers [Bras-
sicacete]. Linn., 15-Tetradynamia.)
Pretty rock-work ornaments ; seeds in March
or August; cuttings under hand-lights ; common
soil . Hardy perennial trailers, except where other-
wise specified.
A a'lbida (whitish). 1. White. July. Caucasus.
1793.
vuriegu'ta (variegated-leaved), f. White.
February. Gardens.
~ alpe sfris (rocky). 1. White. July. Swit-
zerland. 1819. Hardy biennial.
alpi''na (alpine). 1. White, yellow. May.
Switzerland. 1596.
Clusia'na (Clusius's). 1. White. May.
Pyrenees. 1596.
na'na (dwarf). 1. White. May. Switzer-
land. 1819.
ambifgua (doubtful). 1. White. July. Si-
beria. 1824. Hardy biennial.
areno'sa (sand). 1. Pink. July. Germany.
1798. Hardy annual.
bellidifo'lia (daisy-leaved). 1. White, yellow.
June. Switzerland. 1773.
cceru'lea (blue). 1. Pale blue. June. Swit-
zerland. 1793.
cilia'ta (eye-lashed). 1. White. June. Ire-
land. Hardy biennial.
cnspa'ta (curled). 1. White. May. Carniola.
1818.
curtisi'tiqua (short-podded). 1. White. June.
North of Europe. 1825. Hardy biennial.
dasyca'rpa (thick-podded). 1. White. Juue.
Podolia. 1827.
flexuo'sa (zigzag). Naples. 1832.
lasiololba (jagged-lobed). 2. White. June.
Mexico. 1820. Hardy biennial.
lilacifna (lilac -flowered). 1. Lilac. August.
Europe. 1836.
longifo'lia (long-leaved). 1. White. June. Per-
sia. 1820.
lu'cida (shining-Jeawed). 1. White, June.
Hungary. 1790.
variega'ta (variegated-feawed). 1. White.
June. Gardens.
mo'llis (soft). 1. White. June. Caucasus. 1817.
nu'tans (nodding). 1. White. May. Switzer-
land. 16.S8.
oviriefnsis (ovirian). 1. Pale red. June. Ca
rinthia. 1824.
petra'a (rock). 1. White, June, Austria. 1800,
ARA
[62]
ARE
A.petrce'a hastula'ta (halbert-Jeawed). 1. Purple. |
June. Britain.
hi'spida (bristly). 1. White. June. Scot-
land.
pros' cox ( earl y ) . 1
variega'ta (variegated). 1. White. June.
Gardens.
praoufrrau (procurrent). ]. White. June.
Hungary. 1818.
pu'milu (dwarf). 1. White. June. Austria. 18)6.
retrofra'cta (bent-back). Blush. June. N.
Amer. 1827.
ro'sca (r<ny-Jtbwerc&). 1. Hose. February.
Calabria. 1832.
Schivereckia'na (Shivereck's). 1. White. June.
Austria. 1826,
stellula'ta (little-starred). 1. White. June.
Italy. 1817.
stenope'tula (narrow-petaled). 1. White. June.
1818. Hardy biennial.
stoloni'ferq (shoot-bearing). 1. White. June.
Carmola. 1818.
stri'cta (upright). Cream. May. England.
toxophy'lla (bow-leaved). 1. White. July.
Volga. 1823. Hardy biennial.
undula'ta (waved-/moed). 1. White. June.
South of Europe. 1S10.
ve'rna (spring), l. Purple. May. France.
1710. Hardy annual.
A'RACHIS. Earth-nut. (From a, nor,
and rachis, a "branch ; a branchless plant.
Nat. ord., Leguminous Plants [Fabaceze.J
Linn., YI -Diadelphia ^-Decandria.)
Seed and offsets ; sandy loam ; summer temp.,
60 to 7? ; winter, 55 to 65; but may be treated
as an anuual.
A. Jiypogee'a (underground). 2. Yellow. June.
Africa. 1812.
ARA'LIA. (Meaning unknown. Nat.
ord., Ivy worts [ Araleaeese] . Linn., 5-
Pentandria 5-Penlagynia.)
Aromatic gum-resin is produced from the root
of A. racemo'sa, spino'sa, and hi'spida. The
young shoots of A. edu'lis are used in China as a
delicate vegetable ; and, in North America, the
shoots of A. mtdictiu'lis are used like sarsaparilla.
Hardy species, division of the plants, and also di-
vision of the roor.s. Greenhouse and stove spe-
cies ; cuttinprs of the ripe wood, in a gentle heat,
strike quickly. Sandy loam and peat ; common
treatment. All stove evergreens, except where
otherwise specified.
A. aculea'ta (prickly). White. Nepaul. 1820.
arbo'rea (tree). 15. Green. Jama : ca. 1820.
capita'ta (capitate). 12. Green. W. Ind.
cochlea'ta (shell- leaved). 10. White. E. Ind.
1820.
crassifo'lia (thick -leaved). 10. Green. New
Zealand. 1846.
digitafta (finger-leaved). 30. White. E. Ind.
1817.
edu'lis (eatable). Green. Japan. 1843.
ferrugi'nea (rusty). 40. White. Trinidad. 1826.
fra'gruns (sweet-scented). White, Nepaul.
1818.
Id'soida (bristly). 8. White. July. N,Amer.
1"99. Hardy deciduous.
Japo'nicu (Japan )". 10. Green. June. Japan.
1838. Half-hardy.
mi'cans (glittering). 40. White. Trinidad.
1846.
A, macrophy'lla (large-leaved). 6. White. Nor-
folk Island. 1331. Greenhouse evergreen.
Muhlenbergia'na (Muhlenberg's). 2. White.
July. N. Amer. Hardy herbaceous.
nudicau'lis (naked-stalked). 4. White. July.
N. Amer. 1/31. Hardy herbaceous.
petitaphy'lla (five-leaved). 20. White. Japan.
1810. Greenhouse evergreen.
pubc'scens (downy). 6. White. W. Ind.
1818.
racemo'su (rzczmc-flowering). 4. White.
July. N.Amer. 1658. Hardy herbaceous.
sambucifo'lia (elder-leaved). 5. White. Au-
gust. N. Holland. 1823. Greenhouse
evergreen.
Shepliefrdii (Shepherd's^. Green. New Zealand.
1842.
spino'sa (thorny). 8. White. Virginia. 16S8.
Hardy deciduous.
trifolia'ta (three-leaved). Green. New Zea-
land. 1842.
umbramli'fera (shade-giving). 40. White. E.
Ind. 1813.
ARAUCA'RIA. (From Araucanos, the
name of the people in whose country
Arauca'ria Imbrica'ta grows in Chili. Nat.
ord., Conifers [Pinacece]. Linn., 22-
Dicecia 13-Polyandria.)
Seeds of A. imbrica'ta are wholesome when
roasted. Seeds when procurable ; cuttings of
young, ripened wood, under a bell-glass, in a cool
place, but shaded. Good, friable loam. A. im-
brica'ta wants no protection. A. Brasilie'nsis is
tender. A. Cunningha'mii will live in sheltered
places near the sea. A. ezce'lsa ornamental in a
conservatory,
A.-Sidwi'llii (Mr. Bidwell's). 150. Apetal. More-
ton Bay.
Brasilia'na (Brazilian araucaria, or pine). 100.
Apetal. Brazil. 18 19.
columna'ris (pillared). Van Diemen's Land,
1851.
Cunningha'mii (Cunningham's, or Moreton-
Bay pine). 100. Apetal. Moreton Bay.
exceUsa. "(lofty, or Norfolk- Island pine). 120.
Apetal. Norfolk Island.
imbrica'ta (imbricated, or Chili pine). 150.
Apetal. Chili. 1/96.
ARBORE'TUSI is a collection of trees and
shrubs capable of enduring exposure to
our climate. These are sometimes ar-
ranged in genera, according to their pre-
cedence in the alphabet; but best in
groups, conformably to the natural sys-
tem; and, whichever is adopted, it is
quite compatible with an attention to fa-
cility of access by means of walks, as
well as to picturesque effect.
ARBOUR is a seat sbaded by trees.
Sometimes these are trained over a
wooden or iron trellis-work, mingled with
the everlasting sweet-pea, clematis, and
other climbing, sweet-scented plants.
When the trellis-work is complicated, and
the structure more elaborate, with a pre-
ponderance of the climbers already
named, together with the honeysuckle,
AEB
[63 ]
ARC
fee., they are described as French or Ita-
lian arlours.
A'RBOR VI'TJE Thu'ja.
A'RBUTUS. Strawberry-tree. (From
arloise, a Celtic word for rough fruit.
Nat. ord., Heathworts [Ericaceae]. Linn.,
IQ-Dectindria \-Monogynia.)
Seeds, budding:, and inarching. Common soi
for the hardy species ; sandy loam and peat for
those which require the protection of a green-
house in winter. All those are hardy evergreens
which are not otherwise described.
A. andra'chne (andrachne). 10. White. April-
Levant. 1724.
andrachnioi 'des (andrachne-like). 8. Whitish-
green. April.
Canarie'nsis(Ca.na.ry), 8. Whitish-green. June.
Canaries. l/9o. Greenhouse evergreen.
densiflo'ra (thickly-flowered). 20. White. Mex-
ico. 1826. Greenhouse evergreen.
hy'brida (hybrid).
laurifo'lia (laurel-leaved). 20. White. Mexico.
1825. Greenhouse evergreen.
JferaOTVsji(Menzie's). White. N. Amer. 1827-
Mille'ri (Miller's). 10. White. September.
Hybrid. 1825.
tnuerona't a (sharp-pointed leaved). 1. White.
Magellan. 1828. Greenhouse evergreen
trailer.
pilo'sa (hairy-branched). 1. White. May.
Mexico. 182Q.
phillyrecefo'lia (phillyrea-leaved). 1. White.
Peru. 1812. Greenhouse evergreen.
proce'ra (tall). 15. White. N. Amer. 1825.
pu'mila (dwarf). 4. White. Magellan. 1825.
Greenhouse evergreen.
serratifo'lia (saw-edged-leaved). 6. Whitish-
green, Greenhouse evergreen.
specio'sa (showy). Mexico. 1837.
tomento'sa (woolIy-AraneAed). 4. White.
March. California. 1826.
nu'da (smooth-branched),
u'nedo (unedo). 10. White. October, Ireland.
cri'spa (curled). 8. White. October.
integrifo'lia (entire-leaved). 6. Pink.
October.
ple'na (double-flowered). 5. W T hite. Oc-
tober.
salicifo'lia (willow-leaved). 6. White.
October.
schixope'tala (cut-petaled), 7. White. Oc-
tober.
ru'bra (red-flowered). 10, Pink. Oc-
tober.
ARCADE is a walk arched over with
trellis -work, and this covered with climb-
ers.
ARCHANGEL, or White Dead Nettle.
La'mium a'lbum.
ARCHANGE'LICA. (From arche, chief,
and angelica, from its supposed virtues.
Nat. ord., Umbellifers [Apiaceae]. Linn.,
5-Pentandria l-Monogynia.)
A. officina'lis (officinal). 4. Green. July. England.
This is the same as Ange'licn ar change' lie a.
There are two other species, but worthless. Seeds
in April ; common soil.
ARCTOSTA'PHYLOS. From arktos, a bear,
and staphyle, a berry. Bears eat the fruit
of some species. Nat. ord., Keathuorts
[Ericaceae]. Linn., IQ-Decandria l-Mo-
nogynia.)
Hardy plants, requiring treatment similar Jo
Arbutus.
A, alpi'na (alpine blackberried). 1. Flesh. April.
Scotland. Deciduous trailer.
longifo'lia (long- leaved). Mexico. 1847.
Half-hardy evergreen under-shmb.
ni'tida (shining). 4. White. May. Mexico.
1836. Half-hardy evergreen shrub.
pu'ngens (stinging). 1. White. February.
Mexico. 1839. Half-hardy evergreen
shrub.
tomento'sa (downy). White. N. Amer. 1826.
Evergreen shrub.
u'va-u'rsi (bear's-grape). 1. White. April.
Britain. Evergreen trailer.
ARCTOTHE / CA. (From arktos, a bear,
and theke, a capsule; seed-pod, or cap-
sule, as rough as a bear. Nat. ord., Com-
posites [Asteraceee]. Linn., 19-Syngenesia
3-Frustranea. Allied to Arctotis.)
Greenhouse herbaceous perennials. Division
of the plant ; peat and loam. Summer temp.,
55 to 60 ; winter, 40 to 45.
A. grandiflo'ra (great -flowered). 1J. Yellow.
July. Cape of Good Hope. 1833.
hi'rta (hairy). 1. Yellow. July. Cape of
Good Hope. 1820.
re'pens (creeping). 1. Yellow. July. Cape
of Good Hope. 1793.
ARCTO'TIS. (From arktos, a bear, and
ous, an ear. Shaggy fruit. Nat. ord.,
Composites [ Asteraceae] . Linn., IQ-Syn-
genesia 4^-Necessaria.}
General treatment same as for Arctotheca.
Many are easily propagated by cuttings in sand,
under a bell-glass, in a shady, cool place, and a
few by seeds. All greenhouse evergreens, except
where otherwise specified.
A. acau'lis (stemless). 1. Yellow, red. May.
Cape of Good Hope. 1759- Greenhouse
herbaceous perennial.
angustifo'lia (narrow -leaved). 2. Purple.
August. Cape of Good Hope. 1/3U,
arbore'scens (tree-like). 2. White, pink.
July. Cape of Good Hope. 1818.
arge'ntea (silver-leaved). 1. Orange. Au-
gust. Cape of Good Hope. 1774.
Greenhouse biennial.
a'spera (broad-rough-leaved). 3. Yellow.
August. Cape of Good Hope. 1710.
aure'ola (golden). 1. Orange. August. Cape
of Good Hope. 1710.
auricula! ta (ear-leaved). 1. Yellow. July.
Cape of Good Hope. 1795.
bi' color (two-coloured). 1. White, red-
July. Cape of Good Hope. 1812.
cinera'ria (cineraria). 2, Yellow, orange.
July. Cape of Good Hope. 1824. Green-
house herbaceous perennial.
cu'prea (copper-coloured). 2. Yellow, purple.
July. Cape of Good Hope. 1823.
decu'mbcns (decumbent). 1. Yellow. August.
Cape of Good Hope. 1790. Greenhouse
herbaceous perennial.
&'<?CM'rmis(decurrent). 2. White, red. July*
Cape of Good Hope. 1794.
ARC
ARE
A. elu'tior (taller). 2. Yellow, purple. July.
Cape of Good Hope. 1820.
fastuo'sa (disdainful). 2. Orange, red. June.
Cape of Good Hope. 1/95. Greenhouse
biennial.
fia'ccida (flagging-s//f<?d). 1. White, red.
June. "Cape of Hope. 1794. Green-
house annual.
glabra'ta (smoothish). 2. Yellow, purple.
June. Cape of Good Hope. 1820.
glaucophy'lla (milky-green-leaved). 1. Yellow,
purple. July. Cape of Good Hope. 1/94.
Greenhouse herbaceous perennial.
grandiflo'ra (great-flowered). 2. Pale yellow.
May. Cape of Good Hope. 1/74. Green-
house biennial.
macula' ta (spotted). 2. White, orange, June.
Cape of Good Hope. 1812.
melanoci'cla (dark-circled). 1. White, purple.
June. Cape of Good Hope. 1812.
panicula'ta (panicled) . 2. White, red. May.
Cape of Good Hope. 1816.
plantagi'nca (plantain-leaved). 1. Orange.
June. Cape of Good Hope. 1768.
Greenhouse herbaceous perennial.
re'ptuns (creeping). 1. White, red. August.
Cape of Good Hope. 1/95. Greenhouse
herbaceous perennial.
revoht'ta (revolute). 1. Yellow. June. Cape
of Good Hope. 1320. Greenhouse her-
baceous perennial.
ro'sea (rosy). 1. Pink. September. Cape of
Good Hope. 1/93.
Sc/-de'ri(Schrader's). Pink. May. Cape of
Good Hope. 1832. Greenhouse annual.
specio'sa (showy). 2. Yellow. July. Cape
of Good Hope. 1812.
spinulo'sa (small-thorny-leaved). 2. Orange.
June. Cape of Good Hope. 1795. Green-
house annual.
squarro'sa (squarrose). 2. Orange, purple.
June. Cape of Good Hope. 1825.
tri'color (t.hvee-coloured). 2. White, red.
June. Cape of Good Hope. 1794.
Greenhouse herbaceous perennial.
undu'a'ta (wave-leaved). 1. Orange. May.
Cape of Good Hope. 1795. Greenhouse
herbaceous perennial.
virga'ta (twiggy), 1. Yellow. July. Cape
of Good Hope. 1816. Hardy annual.
ARCUA'TION. The same as LAYERING.
ARDI'SIA. (From ardis, a spear-head ;
in reference to the sharp-pointed divi-
sions of the flower. Nat. ord., Ardisiads
[Myrsinaceae]. Linn., 5-Pentandria 1-
J^fonogynia.)
Half-ripened cuttings from the stem, or pieces
of the roots inserted in light soil, and placed in
strong heat, soon root; also by seeds, which re-
quire a rather long period to vegetate ; peat and
loam. Summer temp., 60 to 70; winter, 48 to
55. Stove evergreens, except where otherwise
specified.
A. acumina'ta (long-pointed). 7. July. Guiana.
1803.
canaliculu'ta (channelled). 6. July. 1821.
Canarie'nsis (Canary). 10. Red. July. Canaries.
1820. Greenhouse.
colora'ta (coloured). 10. Red. July. E. Ind.
1816.
complana'ta (levelled). 6. Pink. Penang.
1824.
caria'cea (leathery), 7. Scarlet. Antilles. 1824.
A. crcnula'ta (round-notched-/eaerf). 10. Red.
July. W. Ind. 1809.
c'legana (elegant). 10. Red. August. E. Ind.
1809.
exce'lm (tall). 30. Red. July. Madeira.
1784. Greenhouse.
hymena'ndra (membrane-anthered). 8. Pink.
May. Sylhet. 1828. Greenhouse.
hu'milis (humble). 3. Red. July. Ceylon. 1820.
lanceola'ta (lanceolate). 6. Red. "July. E.
Ind. 1809-
lateriflo'ra (side-flowering). 6. White. W.
Ind. 1793.
lentiffino'sa (speckled). 6. White. China. 1814.
litora'lis (sea-side). 4. R e d. July. E. Ind.
1809-
macrocu'rpa (long-fruited). 5. Flesh. Nepaul.
1824. Greenhouse.
odontophy'lla (tooth-leaved). 6. Pale salmon-
red. July. Bengal. 1334.
I panicula'ta (pamcled), 12. lied. July. E.
Ind. 1818.
pitbe'scens (hoary-haired). 6. July. 181:0.
Green house.
puncta'ta (dotted). 10. White. July. China.
1823.
pyramida'lis (pyramidal). 25. Red. July,
Santa Cruz. 1818.
serrula'ta (saw-leaved). 3. Red. July. W.
Ind. 1821.
solana'cea (nightshade-like). 10. Red. Au-
gust. E.Ind. 1798.
thyrsiflo'ra (thyrsc-flowered). 5. Pink. Ne-
paul. 1824. Greenhouse.
tinifo'lia (tinus-leaved). 10. Red. July. \V
Ind. 1820.
ARDUI'NA. (In honour of P. Arduini,
curator of the economical garden of Pa-
dua, in the time of Linnaeus. Nat. ord.,
Dogbanes [Apocyuaceoa]. Linn., 5-Pt'n-
tandrla l-Monoyynia.)
Cuttings in sand, under a glass ; peat and loam.
Summer temp., 60 to 65; winter, 40 to 45. A
greenhouse evergreen.
A. bispino'sa (two-spined). 2. White. June.
Cape of Good Hope. 1760.
ARE'CA. The Cabbage Palm. (Called
areec, in Malabar, when an old tree.
Nat. ord., Palms [Palmaceaej. Linn.,
2l-Moncecia IQ-Monadelphia. )
The Catechu yields a most powerful and astrin-
gent medicine, and its berry is the Betel-nut,
chewed by the natives of Hindostan, and its char-
coal as a dentifrice. Seeds ; light, sandy soil,
Summer temp., 65 to 80; winter, 55 to 65.
All stove Palms.
A. catechu 1 (medicinal catechu). 30. White.
E. Ind. 1690.
crini'ta (hair-coaled). 20. White. South of
France. 1824.
exi'lis (slender). 30. W. Ind. 1823.
hu'milis (humble). 6. White. E.Ind. 1814.
iute'scens (yellowish). 20. White. South of
France. 1824.
ma'micot (mamicot). 30. S. Amer. 1822.
montu'na (mountain). 30. S. Amer. 1820.
olera'cea (potherb). 40. White. W. Ind.
1656.
ru'bra (red). 30. Mauritius. 1823.
fmi'ndn'a(three-stamened). 20. E.Ind. 1825,
ARENA 'FJA. (From arena,) Band; in
ARE
ARE
reference to the sandy soil in which the
plant grows. Nat. ord., Cloveworts [Ca-
ryophylacese]. Linn., 10-Dccandria 3-
Trigynia. Allied to Alsine.)
All hardy herbaceous perennials, except when
otherwise described. Seeds ; division of the
plant ; sandy soil.
A. Austri'aca (Austrian). . White. July.
Austria. 17Q3.
Bulea'rica (Balearic). . White. July. Ma-
jorca. 1787. Hardy evergreen trailers.
biflo'ru (two-flowered). $. White. March.
Switzerland. 1818.
brevicau'lis (short-stemmed). 4. White. July.
Alps, Europe. 1823.
ccespito'sa (turfy). $. White. July. Swit-
zerland. 1826.
calyci'na (/arg-e-calyxed). ^. White. July.
Barbary. 1816. Hardy annual.
calycula'ta (calyculate). . White. July.
Hungary. 1817-
Canade'nsis (Canada). J. Red. July. N.
Amer. 1812. Hardy annual.
cane'scens (hoary). . White. July. 1817.
capilla'cen (hair - like). -4. White. July.
Piedmont. 1819. Hardy annual.
capilla 'ris (capillary). . White. July. Si-
beria. 1820.
cherlerioi'des (cherleria-like). \. White. July,
France.
cilia'ta (eye-lashed). ^. White. June. Ireland.
Coimbrice'nsis (Coimbra). . White. July.
Portugal. 1817. Hardy annual.
Da.hu' rica, (Dahurian). 1. White. July.
Dahuria. 1824.
de'nsa (dense). . White. July. Hungary. 1824.
fusciculu'ta (fascicled). . White. July. Scot-
land. Hardy annual.
filifo'lia (thread-leaved;. $. White. July.
Arabia.
formo'sa (handsome;. &. White. June. Dahu-
ria. 1824.
Gera'rdi (Gerard's). 3. White. June. France.
1822.
glandulo'sa (glandular). $. Purple. June.
Europe. 1820. Hardy annual,
gloinera'tu (round-headed). . White. July.
Tauria. 1818. Hardy annual.
gmminifo'lia (grass-leaved). . V/hite. July.
Siberia. 181J.
glabe'rrima (smoothest). . White. July. Cau-
casus. 1816.
grandijio'ra (great-flowered). J. White. July.
Switzerland. 1783.
He'lmii( Helm's). 4. White. July. Siberia.
1826.
hirsu'tu (hairy). ^. White. July. Caucasus.
1820.
iiti/jrica'ta (imbricated). \, White. July. Cau-
casus. 1820.
juniperi'na (juniper-leaved). 4. White. July.
Siberia. 1800.
iunceola'ta (lanceolate). . White. June.
Switzerland. 1823.
luricifo'lia (larch-leaved). . White. August.
Britain.
kmgifo'lia (long-leaved). . White. July. Si-
beria. 1823.
macroca'rpa (long-fruited). . White. July,
N. Amer. 1810.
mari'na (marine). . Purple. July. Germanv.
1793. ' I
margina'tn (margined). J. White. July. Cau- I
casus. 1818. Hardy deciduous trailer, j
A. Muditerru'nea (Mediterranean). . White.
June. Mediterranean. 1823. Hardy an-
nual.
monta'nn (mountain). 1. White. June.
France. 1800.
multicau'lis (many-stemmed). $.- White^ July.
Europe. 1814.
nardifo'lia (nardus-leaved). ^. White. July.
Siberia. 1827.
nemoro'sa (grov.e). . White. S. Amer. 1832,
Hardy evergreen under-shrub.
Norve'gica (Norwegian). . White. July.
Scotland. Hardy evergreen plant.
otitoi'des (otites-like). White. July. Siberia,
1820.
pe'ndula (pendulous). White. July. Hungary.
1816.
peploi'des (peplis-likc). White. June. Britain.
Kvergreen creeper.
pinifo'lia (pine-leaved). White. July, Cau-
casus. 1823.
polygonoi'des (knotgrass-like). Red. July.
Switzerland. 1822.
proc.e'ra (tall). White. July. Siberia. 1820.
procu'mbens (procumbent). Purple. July.
Egypt. 1801. Half-hardy deciduous
trailer.
pube'scens (downy). White. July. Archipelago.
1820.
purpu'rea (purple). White. July. Spain. 1823.
Hardy annual.
ramosi'ssima (branchiest). White. July. Hun-
gary. 1816. Hardy biennial.
recu'rna (recurved). White. July. Alps. 1822.
ri'gida. (stiff). . White. July. Siberia. 1823.-
rostru'ta (beaked). $. White. August. Hun-
gary. 1816.
fu'bra (red). . Purple. July. Britain. Hardy
annual.
rube'lla (reddish-cowered). J. Red. July.
Scotland.
sali'na (saline). . Purple. July. Bohemia.
1820. Hardy annual.
saxa'tilis (rock). . White. July. Germany.
1/32.
sca'bra (rough). 5. White. July. Alps, Eu-
rope. 1822.
seta'cea (bristle-leaved). 4. White. July.
France.
stria'ta fstriatedl. J. White* July. Switzer-
land. 1683.
stri'cta (upright). 4. White. July. N. Amer.
1812.
subula'ta (cwl-shaped). ^. White. June. Cau-
casus. 1822.
tenuifo'lia (fine-leaved). 4. White. July.
England. Hardy annual.
Barrelie'ri (Barrelier's). . White. July.
South of France. 1820.
hy'brida (hybrid). $. White. July. South
of France. 1827.
visci'duta (viscidish). $. White. July.
France. 1818.
tetra'quetra (square-sfa/Aed). ^. White. Au-
gust. Pyrenees. 1731.
triflo'ra (three-flowered). 4. White. July.
South of Europe. 1816.
tria'ndra (three-stamened). J. White. July.
1817. Hardy annual.
uligino'sa (marsh). ^. White. July. Switzer-
land. 18)7.
ve'rnn (spring). . White. May. Britain.
verticilla'ta(v;hnT\ed'). %. White. July. Ar-
menia. 1823.
ARETHV'SA. (A classical name, after
ARE
one of Diana's nymphs. Nat. ord., Orchids
[Orchidaceeel. Linn., 2Q-Gynandria L-
~Monogynia.)
Division, peat and loam, with charcoal. Sum-
mer temp., 65 to 80 ; winter, 55 to 65.
A.bulbo'sa (bulbous). 2- Whitish-red. June'
Carolina. Greenhouse.
plica'ta (plaited). 1. July. E.Ind. 1806.
Stove.
ABE'TIA. (Named in honour of a Swiss
professor, Aretius. Nat. ord., Primeworls
[Primulacese]. Linn., 6-Pentandria 1-
Monogynia.)
Division of the roots in spring or autumn ;
sand, loam, and peat. They cannot bear stagnant
water ; are good for rock-work ; all, but one,
hardy herbaceous perennials.
A.alpi'na (alpine). *. Pink. June. Switzerland-
anre'tt*eu(silvery). . White. June. Svvit-
* zerland. 1826? Half-hardy herbaceous
perennial.
Helve'tica (Swiss). $. Whits. June. Swit-
zerland. 1775.
pube'scens (downy). . White. June. Switzer-
land. 1824.
Vitalia'na (Vital's). *. Yellow. June. Pyre-
nees. 1787-
AEGA'NIA. (From argam,its aboriginal
name. Nat. ord., Sapotads [Sapotacese].
Linn., 6-Pentandria l-Monoyynia.)
Fine stove, hard-wooded, evergreen timber-
tree layers and cuttings in autumn or spring '
the latter under a bell-glass. Summer temp.,
60 to 70 ; winter, 45 to. 55. The specific gra-
vity of the wood is so great that it sinks in water.
A. sidero'xylon (iron-wood). 14. Green, yellow.
July. Morocco. 1711-
ARGEMO'NE. (From argema, a cataract
of the eye ; in reference to its medicinal
qualities. Nat. ord., Poppyworts [Papa-
veraceee]- Linn., 13-Polyandria l-Mono-
gynia.}
The seed of A. Mexico, 'no is the Fico del in-
ferno (infernal fig) of the Spaniards ; a pwrga-
r.ive and powerful narcotic, especially if smoked
with tobacco. In the West Indies they are used
is a substitute for ipecacuanha. Hardy annuals,
'xcept where otherwise specified ; seeds, suckers,
and divisions in March ; common soil.
1 albiflo'ra (white-flowered). 2, White. July.
Mexico. 1821.
- Barclaya'na (Mr. Barclay's). 5. Cream. June.
Mexico. 1827. Half-hardy herbaceous
perennial.
- randiflo'ra (great-flowered). 3. White. July.
Mexico. 1827. Hardy herbaceous per-
Mexica'na (Mexican). 2. Yellow. July. Mex-
ico. 1592.
othroleu'ca (yellowish-white). 2. Sulphur.
July. Mexico. 1S27.
ARGOLA'SIA. (From argos, white, and
asios, woolly; the perianth being velvety-
white. Nat. ord., Bloodroots [Hsemodo-
raceae]. lArw^G-JHexandrial-Monogynia,)
5 ] AEI
A small greenhouse plant, of easy culture, but
must not get dry ; division of the roots ; sandy
loam and peat. Summer temp., 50 to 60 ; win-
ter, 40 to 45.
A. plumo'sa (feathery). 2. White. Cape of Good
Hope. 1787.
ABGYKEI'A. Silver-weed. (From argy-
reios, silvery ; in reference to the silvery
hue of the leaves. Nat. ord., Bindweeds
[Convolvulacese]. Linn., 5-Pentandria
All stove evergreen twiners. Cuttings, half-
ripened wood, in sand, under a bell-glass, in April,
and in nice bottom-heat; rich lo~am and peat.
Summer temp., 60 to 75 ; winter, 50 to 60.
A. bo'na-nox (night-flowering). 20. White. E,
capita'ta (headed). Purple. July. E.Ind. 1823.
cunea'ta (wedge-leaved). 10. Purple. August.
E. Ind. 1822.
cymo'sn. (cyme-flowered). 10. Pink. E.Ind.
1823.
festi'va (festive). White. July. India. 1838.
Maluba'rica (Malabar). Cream. July. E. Ind.
1823.
orna'ta (adorned). 10. White. E. Ind". 1824.
poma'cea (apple-fruited). Pink. E.Ind. 1818.
specio'sa (showy). 10. R.ed. July. E.Jnd. 1818.
sple'ndsns (shining). 1. Pink. E.Ind. 1820.
uniflo'ra (one-flowered). 30. White. E.Ind.
1817-
AKISJE'MA. (From aron, an arum, and
sana, a standard ; in reference to the close
affinity to Arum. Nat. ord., Arads [Ara-
ceffi] . Linn., 21-Moncecia 9-Polyandria.)
Tuberous-rooted perennials. Division of its
tubers ; loam and peat.
A. draco'ntium (dragon). 2. June. Green. N.
Amer. 1759- Hardy.
macrospa'tha (large -spathed). Pink. July.
Morelia. 1839. Greenhouse.
Murra'yi (Murray's.) l.Apetal. March. Bom-
bay. 1847. Stove.
ri'ngens (gaping). *. May. Japan. 1800. Half-
hardy .
terna'tum (three-leafleted). f. Purple. May.
Japan. 1774. Half-hardy.
triphy'llum (three-leaved). |. Brown. May.
N. Amer. 1664. Hardy.
AEI'STEA. (From arista, a point or
beard ; in reference to the rigid points of
the leaves. Nat. ord., Trids [Iridacesej.
Linn., 3-Triandria L-Monogynia.)
The least conspicuous plants of this order.
Their leaves form the chief herbage for cattle at
the Cape of Good Hope. Greenhouse plants.
Seed and divisions in March or April ; sandy
loam and peat. Winter temp., 40 to 45 .
A. capita'ta (headed). 3. Blue. July. Cape of
Good Hope. 1/90.
cya'nea (bright blue). . Blue. June. Cape
of Good Hope. 1759.
_ melaleu'ca (black and white), l. Pale blue.
June. Cape of Good Hope. 1796.
pusi'lla (little). *. Blue. July. Cape of
Good Hope. 1806.
snlra' Us (spiral-flowered). 1. Pale blue. May
^ Cape of Good Hope. 1795.
AKX
[67]
ARM
Arjsxor.o'cHiA. Birtbwort. (Frorr
nristos, best, and tocheia, parturition ; its
supposed medicinal character. Nat. ord.
Birihworts [Aristolochiaceaj] , Linn., 20
Gynandria G-ffezcindria.)
Herbaceous and climbing plants, the first by
division of the roots ; hardy climbing ones b;
division of the roots, and layers in spring or air
tumn. Stove plants ; cuttings of fine wood
iu sand, in heat, under a bell-glass. Sandy loam
for the hardy ; peat and loam for the tende
mnds. Temp. foe. the latter, summer, 65 to 80
winter, 55 to 60.
HARDY.
A. Arku'nsa (Arkansa). 20. Purple. July. Ar-
kansas. 1824. Deciduous climber.
Bae'tica (Baetic). 6. Purple. June. Spain
1596. Deciduous climber.
Cftile'nsis (Chilian). 6. Purple, green. Sep-
tember. W. Ind. 1832. Deciduous
half-hardy.
clemati'tis (clematis-like). 2. Yellow. July.
Britain. Herbaceous perennial.
iG'nga (long-rooted). 2. Purple. July.
South of Europe. 1548. Deciduous
trailer.
pa'Uida (pale-flowered). 2. White, purple.
Italy. 1640. Herbaceous perennial.
pistolo'chia (pistolochia). 2. Purple. July.
South of Europe. 1597. Deciduous trailer.
sugitta'ta (arrow-shaped). 1. Purple. July.
N. Amer. 1819, Herbaceous perennial.
serpenta'ria (snake-root-like). 1. Dark purple.
July. N.Amer. 1632. Deciduous trailer.
si'pho (tube-bearing). 30. Yellow, brown. July.
N. Amer. 1763. Deciduous climber.
tomento'm (downy). 20. Purple. July. N.
Amer. 1/99. Deciduous climber.
GREENHOUSE.
A, arbore' scens (tree-like). 20. Yellow, pur-
ple. July. America. 1737. Evergreen
shrub.
cilia'ta (fringed). Purple, yellow. Buenos
Ayres.
glau'ca (milky-green- Jeaoed). 6. Purple. Bar-
bary. 1785.
hi'rta (hairy). 2. Purple. June. Chis. 1759.
Herbaceous perennial.
rotu'nda (round-rooted). 2. Dark purple.
July. South of Europe. 1596. Herba-
ceous perennial.
semperni'rens (evergreen). 4. Purple. June.
Candia. 1727.
STOVE.
A. acumina'ta (long-pointed). 10. Purple. Mau-
ritius. 1822.
nngui'cida (snake-like). 5. White, brown.
December. New Grenada. 1845. Twin-
ing evergreen.
b a rba'ta (bearded). 16. Purple. Caraccas. 1796.
biloba'ta (two-lobed). 10. Purple. 1824.
bractea'ta (bracted). 3. Purple. July. E.
Ind. 1793. Evergreen trailer.
nntsilie'nsis (Brazilian). 20. Yellow. Brazil.
1820.
cnvdata (tailed - lipped). 5. Lurid. June.
Brazil. 1828. Deciduous twiner.
fa'tens (stinking- flowered). 20. Purple,
yellow. June. W. Ind. 1832.
ritio'su (frinjjed). 6, Purple, srreen. Septem-
ber. New Patagon. 1R36.
cymbi'fera (\wzt~flowered). 20. Purple, July.
St. Pail. 1829.
A.fcn'tida (foetid). 20. July. Mexico. 1822.
gtga'nte.a (gigantic-flowered). 20. Yellow,
brown. July. Brazil.
gi'gas (giant). 6. White, brown. June. Gua-
timala. 1842. Deciduous climber.
grandiflo'ru (large-flowered). 20. Jamaica.
1824.
hnsta'ta(ha.Voert-leaved). 16. July. Cuba. 1822.
hyperbo'rea (northern). 20. Purple. May.
India. 1836.
I'ndica (Indian). 10. Purple. July. E. Ind.
1780.
labio'sa (grea/-lipped). 20. Purple, green,
yellow. July. Brazil. 1821.
mu'xima (greatest). 20. Purple. July. New
Spain. 1759.
odoruti'ssima (sweetest-scented). 10. Purple.
July. Jamaica. 1737.
ornithoce'phala (bird's-head). 20. Purple,
brown. October. Brazil. 1838.
pandurifo'rmis (fiddle-shaped). 10. Caraccas.
1823.
ri'ngens (gaping). 20. Purple, green, yellow.
July. Brazil. 1820.
saccu'ta, (pouch-flowered). 20. Purplish-red.
September. Sylhet. 1829. Deciduous
climber.
Suriname'nsis (Surinam). 20. Yellow. * Suri-
nam. 1823.
tri'fida (three-cleft-leaved). 15. Green. Ca-
raccas. Deciduous climber.
triloba'ta (three-lobed). 6. Purple. June. S.
Amer. 1775.
ARISTOTE'HA. (In memory of the great
Aristotle. Nat. ord., Lindenblooms [Tili-
aceae]. Linn., ll-JJodecandria 1-Mono-
jynla.)
This genus has been placed among Horn ali ads,
>r Philadelphiads, by some botanists; but Dr.
liindky says (Veg. King., 371), it has most affinity
o this order. A. Ma'cqui produces edible berries,
>f a dark purple colour, and wine is made from
hem in Chili. It is a hardy evergreen shrub.
Layers in autumn, and cuttings in April, in sand,
under a hand-light. Common, sandy soil.
A. Ma'cqui (Macqui). 4. Whitish-green. May.
Chili. 1/35.
variegu'ta (variegated-Jsawed). 4. Whit-
ish-green. May. Gardens.
AKMENI'ACA. (From Armenia, the na-
ive country of the apricot. Nat. ord.,
Almondworls [Drupacese]. Linn., 12-
'cosandria \-Monogynia.}
Hardy deciduous trees ; generally budded in
ummer on plum-stocks, but some use apricot
eedlings for budding peaches ; rather heavy,
oamy soil. See APRICOT.
I. Briganti'aca (Brigan9on). 6. Pink. March.
South of Europe. 1819.
dasyca'rpa (thick- rooted). 15. White. April.
1800.
persicifo'lia (peach-leaved). 15. Pink.
April. 1800.
Sibi'rica (Siberian). 6. Pink. April. Siberia.
1/88.
vulga'ris (common apricot). 15. White. April.
Levant. 1548.
cordifo'lia (heart -leaved). 15. White.
March. Levant. 1548.
flu're-ple'no (double-flowered). 15. White.
April.
ARM
[68]
AST
A. vulga'risffi'liis yarie^a'tis (variegated-leaved).
15. White.
15. White. April.
ovaltfo'lia (oval - leaved).
March. Levant. 1548.
A, montu'na (mountain). 1. Yellow. July. Ea-
Yeliow. July.
rope. 1731.
scorpioi'des (scorpion-like).
Austria. 1710.
ARME'RIA. Thrift. ^T he Latin name ARNOPO'GON. Sheep's -beard. (From
for the Sweet William. .Nat. ord., Lead- \ arnos, a lamb, and pogon, a beard ; in re-
worts [Plumbaginacese]. Linn., v-Ptm- \ ference to the bearded seeds. Nat. ord.,
tandria b-Pentagynia.) ! Composites [Asteracese]. Linn., 19-Syn-
AH Lhiardjr-herbaeeous perennials, except when j genesia I- Squalls. Allied to Scorzonera )
other wse specified. Division of_ the plant ; seeds I Hardy plants ; seed in March or April. Common
in spring ; sandy, loamy soil. The tender kinds i garden-soil,
will require to be well drained, and receive the , A a , gper (fough)
protection of a frame, or pit, during winter.
A. allia'cea (garlic-leaved). 1. White. June.,
Spain. 1798.
alpi'na (alpine). 1. Purple. July. Carinthia. j
arena'ria (sand). 1. Pink. June. France. J
cephalo'tes (roi//-headed1. 1. Pink. June.'
Algarbia. 1800.
denticvlu 'ta (toothed) 2. Flesh. June. Na- j
pies. 1816.
dianthoi'des (pink-like).
rope. 1810.
July. Montpe-
Capc of
M'rta (hairy). 1. Pink. July. N. Africa. 1820.
hutmitis (dwarf). 1. Pink. June. South of
Europe. 1817.
juniper ifo'lia (juniper-leaved). 1. Pink, June,
Spain. 1818.
latifo'Ua cad-leaved). 2. Light red. July,
of Europe.
mari'tima (sea-side). 1. Red. July. Britain.
rr.onta'na (mountain). 1. Pink. June. Scotland.
pinifo'lia (pine-leaved). 1. Pink. June. Por-
tugal.
plantaifi'nea (plantain-like). 1.
South of "Europe. 1818.
pu'ngens (pungent). 1. Pink. June. Spain. 1818
scorzoneraefo'liu (scorzonera-leaved). 1. Scar-
let. June. South of Europe. 1818.
vulga'ris (common). 1. Red. July. Europe
a'lba (\\hite~flowered). %.
tember.
2. Yellow
lier. 1774.' Annual.
Cape'nsis (Cape). 1. Yellow. July.
Good Hope. 1818. Biennial.
Dalecha'mpii (Dalechamp's). 2. Light yellow.
July. South of Europe. 1739. Perennial.
picroi'des (picris-like). 1. Yellow. July.
South of Europe. 1693. Annual.
ARo r NicuM. (From arnica, lamb-skin;
Fink. June. Eu- j in reference to the softness of the flower-
heads. Nat. ord., Composites [Asteracere].
Linn., IQ-Synt/enesia 2-Superflua. Allied
to Doronicum.)
A hardy, herbaceous, perennial, groundsel-like
plant. Divisions ; common soil.
A. Alta'icum (Altaic). Yellow. July. Siberia. 1783.
ARRACA'CHA. (Its Spanish name in
Pink. July. South { South America. Nat. ord., Umbellifers
[Apiacese]. Linn., 5-Pentandria 2-Diyy-
nia. Allied to Conium.)
A. escule'nta, a native of the table-land of
Grenada, produces large esculent roots, not
Red. June, i unlike parsnips, but of a better quality. Stove
! tuberous perennial. Division of the roots ; rich
loam. Summer temp., 65 to 85; winter, 55 to
60.
A. escuie'nia (eatable). 3. Brownish. July.
Santa Fe. 1823.
ARRHENATHE'RUM. (From arrhen,
coccfnea (carleMowerwi). 4. Red. Sep- j male, and otter, a point; on account of
tember. Gardens. i the awns on the male spikes. Nat. ord.,
A'RNICA. (From arnakis, lamb-skin; in I Orass^ [Graminaceee]. Linn., 23-Po!yga-
reference to the texture of the leaves. \ mla *-~Moncecta.)
Nat. ord., Composites [Asteracese]. Linn., j This genus really should be reunited to Hol-
lQ-Sy>i<jenesia 2-Superflua. Allied to | ^'soJ^for^^other grasL' ^
Groundsel. ) j A mea ceum ( oa t-like). 5. Apetal. June. Britain.
Hardy, dwarf, herbaceous plants; division of the ! mu'ticum (awnless}. 4. Apetal. July.
plants in spring or autumn. They like a little
peat incorporated with the soil. A. Co'rsica pre-
fers bog-earth.
A. Clu/sii (Clusius's). 1. Yellow. July. Swit-
zerland. 1819.-
corda'ta (heart-shaped). 1. Yellow. July. Swit-
zerland. 1819.
Co'rsica (Corsican).
1824.
1. Yellow. July. Corsica.
Scotland.
bulbo'snm (bulbous). 3. Apetal. July. Ger-
many.
ARROW-HEAD. See SAGITTA'RIA.
ARROW-ROOT. See MARA'NTA.
ARTA'BOTRYS. (From aratao, to suspend
or support, and botrys, grapes ; in ret'er-
2. Yellow. July,
the way the fruit is supported by
te y nclriL Nat . ord., Anonad*
glacia'lis (icy). 1. Yellow. July. Switzerland. [Anonaeere]. Linn., 13 -Polyandria 6-
1823. Polvoiinio ^
Helvetica (Swiss). 1. Yellow. July. Switzer- 3JJ '' Lv
land. 1819. I The leaves of this plant are held m Java to be
~-lani'gera (wool-bearing). 1.
Italy. 1827-
The leaves ot this plans are m v HI i
YeUow. July, invaluable against cholera. Stove evergreen shrub.
Icuttings of ripened wood in sand, uuder a bell-
AET
I 69 ]
AET
glass, and in bottom-heat, in March or Apri
Sandy loam and peat, with a little rotten dung
Summer temp., 65 to 75 ; winter, 50 to 55.
A. odorati'ssimu (sweetest-scented). 6. Brown
July. China. 1758.
ARTANE'MA. (From aratao, to suppor
and nema, a filament ; in reference to
tooth-like process growing on the longe
filaments. Nat. ord., Flgworls [Scroplm
lariaeese]. Linn., 14^-Didynamia 1 Gym
nospermia. Allied to Torenia.)
A greenhouse evergreen shrub. Seeds ; cutting
of the half-ripened shoots in autumn or spring
Will keep over the winter in the greenhouse, bu
seeds may be sown in the open border, in the be
ginning of May, as an annual. Sandy loam and
little peat.
A-fimbria'tum (fringed-corollaed). 3. Pale blue
August. Moreton Bay. 1830.
ARTEMI'SIA... Wormwood. (From Ar-
temis, one of the names of Diana. Nat
ord., Composites [Asteraceae]. Linn., 19-
Syngenesia 1-^Equalis.}
Various species of Artemisias, or Wormwoods,
have been used as tonic, bitter, and aromatic
medicines from remote ages. All hardy herba-
ceous perennials, except where otherwise specified
Annuals, by seed ; those with branching, shrubby
stems, and the whole of the greenhouse varieties,
which are mostly shrubby, by cuttings ; the hardy
species, by dividing the roots. For greenhouse
kinds, sandy loam, well drained; for the others,
common soil. Greenhouse summer temp., 50 to
65 ; winter, 40 to 45.
A. abro'tanum (southernwood). 4. Yellow, green.
August. Europe. 1548. Hardy decidu-
ous shrub.
hu'mile (low). 1. Yellow, green. Sep-
tember. South of Europe.
Tobolskia'num (Tobolskian). 5. Yellow,
green. September.
A'fra (African). 3. White. August. Green-
house evergreen shrub.
alpi'na (alpine). 1. Yellow, green. July.
Caucasus. 1804.
apri'ca (sunny). 2. 1834. Evergreen trailer.
arbore'scens (tree-like). 10. July. Levant.
1640. Hardy evergreen shrub.
*- arge'ntett (silvery). 4. Yellow, green. June.
Madeira. 1777- Greenhouse evergreen
shrub.
ccerule'scens (bluish). 2. Yellow. September.
England. Hardy evergreen shrub.
Chine'nsis (Chinese Moxa). 4. Yellow. July.
China. 1818. Greenhouse herbaceous.
dracu'nculus (tarragon). 2. White, green.
July. South of Europe. 1548.
fri'gida (cold). 1. Yellow, green. August.
Siberia. 1826.
furca'ta (forked). 1. Yellow, green. July,
Siberia. 1820.
Ga'llica (French). 2. Brown. August. Britain.
glacia'lis (icy). 1. Yellow, green. July.
Switzerland. 1739.
Juda'ica (Judean). 2. Yellow. August. 1774.
Half-hardy evergreen.
- lactiflo'ra (pale-flowered). 2. Pale white.
November, Nepaul. 1828. Greenhouse
evergreen.
- Lednice'nsis (Lednisc). 2. Yellow. July. Car-
pathia. 1826. Hardy deciduous shrub.
A. man'tima (sea). 1. Brown. July
Marstftallia'na (Marschall's). 1. Yellow,
Caucasus. 1816.
mutelli'na (mutellina). l. Yellow. July. Alps.
Europe. 1815.
Norve'gica (Norwegian). 1. Yellow. Julv.
Norway. 1818.
orienta'lis (oriental). 2. YeHow, green. July.
Armenia. 1810.
Palla'sii (Pallas's). 1. Yellow, green. July.
Siberia. 1820.
pectina'ta (comb-leaved). 1. Brown. June.
Dauria. 1806. Hardy annual.
peduncula'ris (flower-stalked), l. Yellow.
July. Caucasus. 1818.
Po'ntica (Pontine). 3. Yellow. September.
Austria. 1570.
potenWlcefo'lia (potentilla-leaved). 1. July.
Siberia. 1818.
ramo'sa (branchy). 2. Canaries. 1816. Green-
house evergreen.
renews (creeping). 1. Brown. June. Tartary.
1805. Hardy trailer.
rupe'stris (hill). 2. Brown. August. Siberia
1/48.
saxa'tilis (rock). 3. Brown. July. Hungary.
seri'cea (silky-leaved). 2. White. June. Si-
beria. 1/96.
spica'ta (spiked). 1. Brown. June. Switzer-
land. 1790.
~ Tau'rica (Taurian). 1. White, green. July.
Tauria. 1818.
tenuifo'lia (slender-leaved;. 10. Yellow, green.
October. China. 1732. Greenhouse ever-
green.
ValenWna (Valentian). 1. Yellow, green.
July. Spain. 1839. Half-hardy evergreen.
vulga'ris (common wormwood).
variega'ta (variegated-leaved). 2. Purple,
August. Gardens.
Wulfe'nii (Wulfen's). 1. Yellow, green. July.
Switzerland. 1819.
ARTHROPO'DIUM. (From arthron, a joint,
and pous, a foot ; in reference to the
[ower-stalks being jointed. Nat. ord.,
Lllyworts [Liliaceffi]. Linn., Q-Hexan-
Yta l-Monogynia. Allied to Anthericum. )
Greenhouse herbaceous perennials, except
where otherwise specified. Seeds, offsets, ami
uckers. Sandy loam, and a little peat. Summer
emp., 55 to 65 ; winter, 40 to 45.
:. cirra ! tum (curled). 3. White. June. New
Zealand. 1821.
fimbria'tum (fringed). 2. White. July. N.
Holland. 1822.
mi'nus (smaller). 2. White. July. N. Holland.
1823.
panicula'tum (panicled). 3. White. August.
N.S.Wales. 1800. Greenhouse bulb.
pe'ndulum (pendulous). 2. White. July.
Teneriffe. 1816. Half-hardy.
ARTHROSTE'MMA. (From arthron, a
oint, and slemma, a crown ; the flower-
talks being jointed. Nat. ord., Melas-
omads [Melastomacene]. Linn., 8-Octan-
ria l-Monogynia. Allied to Osbeckia.)
Cuttings of small, firm, side-shoots in August
r April, under a glass, in sandy soil. The stov
ecies with heat ; sandy loam, and a little peat.
fra'gile (brittle). 3. Rosy. June. Mexico. I8iii.
Stove evergreen.
ART
[70]
ART
A, ni'tidum (glossy-leaved). 2. Pale lilac. June.
Buenos Ayres. 1830. Greenhouse ever-
green.
oersi'color (changeable -flowered). J. Pink.
September. Brazil. 1825. Stove ever-
green.
ARTICHOKE. (Cy'nara sco'lymiis.') Many
persons ha^o thought that the name of
this vegetable refers to the almost un-
swallowabte part of it known by the name
of " the choke ; " but this is quite a mis-
take. The word artichoke is merely the
English mode of spelling its French
name, artichaid ; and this is said, by old
writers, to be a corruption of the Arabic
name for it, alcocalos, which has reference
to the shape of its heads being like that
of the pine-apple. The Arabs prize it
highly, not only for its edible heads, but
its roots as a purgative, and its gummy
exudations as an emetic.
Varieties. There are two varieties in
cultivation, the conical, or French, of
which the heads are green, and the scales
of their calyx spreading ; and the globe,
tinged with purple, with the scales curved
inwards and compactly. The artichoke
is sometimes called the globe artichoke,
on account of the round outline of its
heads. These heads are boiled, and the
bottom of each scale, or calyx, eaten
with butter and salt. The bottom of these
heads, which is the part named " the re-
ceptacle" by botanists, because it is the
receptacle or part containing all the mem-
bers of the flower, is very fleshy, and is
cooked in various ways; being, also,
sometimes dried, and used in winter.
Propagation. It may be raised from
seed ; but the most expeditious and usual
way is to plant suckers from the old
roots in the spring. When the suckers
are eight or ten inches high, in open
weather, about the end of March, or early
in April, select such as have much oi
their fibrous roots, and are sound, and
not woody. The brown, hard part by
which they are attached to the parent
stem must be removed, and, if that cuts
crisp and tender, the suckers are good
but. if tough and stringy, they are worth-
less. Further, to prepare them for
planting, the large, outside leaves are
taken off so low as that the heart ap-
pears above them. If they have been
some time separated from the stock
or if the weather is dry, they are
greatly invigorated by being put into
water for three or four hours before the)
are planted. They should be set in rows
bur feet and a half by three feet apart,
and about half their length beneath the
surface. Turn a large flower-pot, or a
sea-kale pot, over each, and water them
abundantly every evening until they are
established, as well as during the droughts
of summer. The only other attention
liey require, during the summer, is 'the
requent use of the hoe, and an occasional
supply of liquid-manure. It is also an
xcellent plan to have some mulch kept
about their roots during dry weather, im-
mediately after planting, and during the
whole summer, and to remove all small,
weak suckers about June. The plants
will produce a succession of heads from
July to October of the year they are
planted. For about five years they will
Continue similarly productive during
May, June, and July. At the end of
ive years a fresh bed should be made.
The Artichoke's heads attain a much
larger size than they would otherwise, by
twisting a piece of wire very tightly round
the stem, about three inches below each,
and thus preventing the reflux of the sap.
No vegetable is more benefited than the
artichoke by the application of sea- weed,
or any other manure containing common
salt.
To obtain Chards. Those who require
chards must make a plantation annually ;
for making the chards destroys the
plants. After the best heads have been
cut, early in July, the leaves are to be
cut over within half a foot of the ground,
and the stems as low as possible. In
September or October, when 'the new
shoots or leaves are about two feet high,
they are bound close with a wreath of
hay or straw, and earth or litter is drawn
round the stems of the plants. The
blanching is perfected in a month or six
weeks. If the chards are wished late in
the winter, the whole plants may be dug
up before frost sets in, and laid in sand
in their blanched state. In this way
they may be kept for several weeks.
Gobbo. The Italians, to make this,
bend the stem of an artichoke down to a
right angle, and the stalks of the leaves
are bound together, and covered over so
as to blanch. The result is a lump,
which is eaten raw, with salt, and is
tolerably good. In Italy it is used in the
autumn and winter, and replaces radishes.
Winter Dressing. As soon as a stem
is cleared of all its heads in the summer,
it should be broken down close to the
ART
C 71]
ARU
root; and early in November the beds
should be dressed for the winter. Cut
away the old leaves close to the ground,
but without injuring the centre or side-
shoots. Fork over the bed, throwing the
earth in a ridge, about eight inches high,
over each row, putting it close round
each plant, but being careful to keep the
heart free from the crumbs of soil. After
this has been done, pile round every plant
some long litter, or pea-haulm, three or
four inches thick ; and, to keep this from
blowing away, as well as to help in pre-
serving the roots from severe frosts, cover
over the litter, or haulm, two inches deep
with coal-ashes. The ashes may be
turned into the soil in the spring, being
a manure much liked by the artichoke.
Soil and Situation. 'The finest heads
are produced in a sail abounding in
moisture ; but in such they will not sur-
vive the winter. They should have a
rich, deep loam allotted to them. Manure
must be applied every spring ; and the
best compost for them is a mixture of
three parts welt-putrefied dung, and one
part of fine coal-ashes. They should
always have an open exposure, and, above
all, be free from the influence of trees ;
for if beneath their shade or drip the
plants spindle, and produce worthless
heads.
Insect. The leaves of the artichoke
are liable to injury by a beetle. See
CASSIDA VIEIDIS.
Saving Seed. Select any number of
the earliest and finest heads ; and as soon
as the flowers begin to decay, the heads
should be turned, and tied downwards,
so as lo prevent the wet lodging in them,
which would rot the seeds.
ARTOCAR'RPUS. Bread-fruit. (From
artos, bread, and carpos, fruit. The fruit,
baked, resembles bread. Nat. ord., Ar-
tocnrpads [Artocarpacese]. Linn., 21-
Moiicecia i- Monandria.)
In this order we meet with such anomalies as
the invaluable bread-fruit-tree of the tropics, the
useful cow-tree of Caraccas, and the virulent
poison of the upas-tree of Java, side by side.
Stove evergreen trees. Cuttings of ripened wood
in sand, under a hand-light, and in a brisk, sweet,
bottom-heat. Loamy soil. Summer temp., 60
to "0 ; winter, 60 to 65. The flowers of all the
species are whitish-green.
A. inci'sa (cut-leaved). 60. South Sea Islands.
1793.
nuci'fera (nut-bearing). 50. E. Ind
1793.
integrifo'lia (entire-leaved. Jack-tree). 60
June. E. Ind. 17/3.
helerophy'lla (variable-leaved). 60. E.
Ind. 1778.
A 'RUM. (From aron, supposed to be
an ancient Egyptian word. Nat. ord.,
Arads [Aracesej. Linn., 2l-Moncecia 9
Polyandria.)
All are propagated by division of the roots ;
best done when the plants cease growing, in
autumn, or when they commence growing, in
spring. Sandy loam will suit the most of them ;
the stove species should have a portion of peat.
Winter temp, for them, from 50 to 60. All are
herbaceous perennials, except where otherwise
particularized.
HARDY.
A. atro-ru'bens (dark- purple -streaked). 1.
Brown. July. N. Amer. 1758.
bulbi'ferum (bulb-bearing). 3. Purple. April.
Bengal. 1813.
draco'ntium (green-dragon). 1. Green. June.
N. Amer. 1759.
dracu'nculus (common-dragon). 3. Brown-
ish-purple. July. South Europe. 1548.
Ita'licum (Italian). 2. Light yellow. June.
Italy. 1683.
orienta'le (eastern). 1. June. Tauria. 1820.
pnlria'tum (hand-shaped). 2. 1825.
pi'ctum (painted). 2. Corsica. 180(
probosci deum (proboscis -like). 1. July.
Apenn. 1818.
tenuifo'lium (fine-leaved). 1. White. June.
South Europe. 1570.
triphy'llum (three-leaved). 1. Brown. June
N. Amer. 1664.
zebri'num (zebra). 1. Brown. June. N.
Amer. 1664.
GREENHOUSE.
A. crini turn (hairy-sheathed). 1. Brown. April,
Minorca. 1777.
ri'ngens (gaping). 1. June. Japan. 1800.
terna'tum (three-leafleted). 1. Purple- July.
Japan. 1774.
STOVE.
A. campanula! turn (bell-shaped). 2. Purple.
May. E. Ind. 1817-
coloca'sia (colocasia). 2. Green. Levant.
1551. Tuberous-rooted. This i? now a
genus by itself.
divaricdtum (straggling). 2. Green. July.
E. Ind. 1759. Tuberous-rooted.
hedera'ceum (ivy-leaved). 1. Purple. June.
W. Ind. 1793. Epiphyte.
Tndicum (Indian). 5. Brown. China. 1824.
Evergreen.
integrifo' Hum (entire-leaved). 3. Green.
June. 1825. Evergreen.
lingula'tum ftongue-/eaed). 6. W. Ind-.
1793. Epiphyte.
marglnu'tum (margined). 2. E. Ind". 1820
obtusi'lobum (blunt-lobed). 2. 1824.
Orixe'nse (Orissan). 1. Purple. June. S.
Amer. 1820. Tuberous-rooted.
pedn'tum (pedate). 1. S. Amer. 1820.'
pent nphy' Hum (five-leaved). 1. E. Ind. .1818.
ramo'sum (branchy). 3. June. 1810. Ever-
green.
sagittifo'lium (arrow-leaved). 2. 1824.
tarmento' 'sum (runner-bearing). Brazil. J835.
spira'le (spiral). 1. Brown. May. China. 18 16.
triloba'tum (three-lobed). 1. Purple. June
Ceylon. 1714. Tuberous-rooted.
auricula' turn (eared). 1. Purple. June.
Ceylon. 1714. Tuberous-rooted.
veno'sum (vvmy-purplu-flowered). 2. Purple.
June. 1794.
APvU
[72]
ASC
AIUJ'NDO. Reed. (A wrd oi' doubtful
derivation ; perhaps from the Latin word
arundo, a reed. Nat. ord., Grasses [Gra-
minacese]. Linn.. 3-Triandria 2-Digynia.)
The " gardener's garter " of the Scotch gardens
is the A. do'nax versi'colur. In England it is
called ribbon grass, painted grass, Indian grass,
and ladies' laces. Seeds and divisions ; common
soil.
A. <&'ar (donax). 10. Apetal. July. South
Europe. 1648.
versi'color (striped). 3. Apetal. July. South
Europe. W348.
A'SAEUM. Asarabacca. (From a, not,
and saron, feminine ; the application not
obvious, but perhaps because too violent
a medicine for women. Nat. ord., Blrth-
worts [Aristolochiaceae]. Linn., ll-Dode-
candria \-Monoyynia.)
A. Europium is called cabaret in France, and
is said there to be used by frequenters of pot-
houses to produce vomiting. Hardy herbaceous
plants, more curious than pretty. Divisions of
the plant ; common border ; if with a little peat,
all the better.
A. arifo'lium (arum-leaved). 1. Brown. June
N.Amer. 1823.
Canade'nse (Canadian"). 1. Brown. June.
Canada. 1713.
Europce'um (European). 1. Purple. May.
England.
grandifo' Hum (large-leaved). 1. Brown. May.
N. Amer. 18-20.
Virgi'nicum (Virginian). 1. Brown. May.
Virginia. 1759.
ASCARICI'DA. (From ascaris, an in-
testine worm, and ca-do, to kill ; referring
to its virtue in medicine. Nat. ord.,
Composites [Asteracese]. Linn., IQ-Syn-
yenesia l-JEqualis.)
Allied to Heterocoma. Stove annuals; seeds
in March, in heat; common soil. Temp., 60 to
75.
A. anthelmi'ntica (worm-killing). 1. Purple.
August. E. Ind. 1//0.
tripline'ruia (triple-nerved). 1. Purple. No-
vember. Brazil. 1825.
ASCLE'PIAS. Swallowwort. (The Greek I
name of JEsculapius of the Latins. Nat. '
ord., Ascleplads [Asclepidacese]. Linn.,
b-Penlandria l-Monogynia.)
All hardy herbaceous and sub-shrubby peren-
nials, except when otherwise specified. The
hardy species, chiefly by division of the root in
April ; the stove and greenhouse kinds, by the
same process ; and cuttings of the young shoots,
when they begin to grow, in heat; and also
seeds, kept over, and sown in heat, in February.
Peat and loam, but most of the latter. The
*tove species will stand the winter if the tempe-
rature is not below 48.
A. acumina'ta (long-pointed). 2. Red. July.
N. Amer. 18U6.
amce'na (pleasing). 3. \Purple. August, N.
Amer. 1732.
amplexicau'lis (stem-clasping). 2. Red. July.
N. Amer. 18 1 6.
A. angustifo'lia (narrow-leaved). 3. White. July.
Mexico. 1817.
cinereit (grey). 2. Brown. July. N. Amer. 1825.
citrifo'lia (citron-leaved). I. White. July.
S. Amer. 1818. Stove herbaceous.
Curassa'vica (Curassoa). 3. Scarlet. July.
S. Amer. 1692. Stove herbaceous.
a'lba (white). 1. White. July. S.
Amer. Stove herbaceous.
decu'mbens (decumbent). 2. Orange. July.
N. Amer. Stove herbaceous.
Dougla'sii (Douglas's). l. Ked. Autumn.
West America. 1846.
exalta'ta (lofty). 6. Purple. July. N.
Amer. 1800.
incarna'ta (fash- coloured). 2. Purple. July.
N.Amer. 1710.
Una' ria (toad- flax- leaved). 2. White. July.
Mexico. 1802. Greenhouse herbaceous.
linifo'lia (flax-leaved). 3. White. July.
Mexico. 1818. Greenhouse herbaceous.
longifo'lia (long-leaved). 2. Pale purple.
July. N. Amer. 1816.
Mexiea'na (Mexican). 3. White. July. Mexico.
1821. Greenhouse evergreen.
ni'vea (snowy.). 3. White. August. N. Amer.
1730.
obtusifo'lia (blunt-leaved). 3. Purple. July.
N. Amer. 1820.
parviflo'ra (small-flowered). 3. White. Sep-
tember. N. Amer. 1774.
paupe'rcula (poor). 2. Red. July. N. Amer
1817.
phytolaccoi'des (phytolacca-like). 3. Purple.
July. N. Amer. 1812.
polysta'chia (many-spiked). 4. White. July.
N. Amer. 1825.
pu'luhra (fair). 2. Purple. July. N.Amer.
purpura' scens (purplish), 3. Purple. July.
N. Amer. 1732.
quadrifo'lia (four-leaved). 1. White, red.
July. N.Amer. 1820.
ro'sea (rosy). 1. Red. July. Mexico. 1824.
Greenhouse herbaceous.
ru'bra (red). 1. Red. July. Virginia. 1825.
Syri'aca (Syrian). 4. Purple. July. S.
Amer. 162Q.
tubero'sa (tuberous-7*oo/erf). 2. Orange. Au-
gust. N. Amer. 1680. Hardy tuber.
variega'ta (variegated) . 4. White. July. N.
Amer. 1597-
vesti'ta (clothed). 3. Yellowish-green. Oc-
tober. N. Amer. 1S44.
verticilta'ta (whorl-leaved). 3. White, green,
July. N. Amer. 1759.
ASCY'RUM. (From a, not, and skyros,
roughness ; plants not hard to the touch.
Nat. ord., Tutsans [HypericaceseJ. Linn.,
\Q-Monadelphia S-Polyandria.)
All, but one, greenhouse evergreens ; cuttin gs
of small shoots, pretty hard ; placed in ve ry
sandy soil, under a bell-glass, any time during
summer; peat and loam. Summer temp., 50 to
65 ; winter, 38 to 45.
A. amplexicau' le (stem-clasping). 2. Yellow.
August. N. Amer. 1823.
crux-Andreet' (St. Andrew's cross). 2. Yel-
low. July. N. Amer. 1759.
hypericoi'des (hypericum-liks). 2. Yellow.
August. N.Amer. 1/69.
pu'milum (dwarf). 1. Yellow. July. Georgia.
1806. Half-hardy herbaceous.
-- sta'ns (standing). 2. Yellow. August. N,
Amer. 1316.
ASH
[re.]
ASP
ASHES are the remains of a substance
which has undergone burning, and are
as various in the proportions of their
components as are the bodies capable^
of being burnt. Whatever ba the sub-
stance burnt, the process should be
made to proceed as slowly as possible ;
for, by such regulation, more carbon,
or charcoal, is preserved in the ashes,
which is the most valuable of their
constituents. The simplest mode of ef-
fecting a slow combustion is to bank
the burning substance over with earth,
leaving only a small orifice, to admit the
air sufficiently to keep up a smouldering
fire.
Ashes have been usually recommended
as a manure most useful to heavy soils ;
but this is a decided mistake. As ferti-
lizers they are beneficial upon all soils ;
and they can never be applied in suffi-
cient quantity to alter the staple of a
too tenacious soil. To thirty square
yards, twenty-eight pounds are an aver-
age application ; and they cannot be put
on too fresh.
Peat-ashes contain-
Silica (flint) 32
Sulphate of lime (gypsum) . . 12
Sulphate and muriate of soda (Glau-
ber and common salt) . . 6
Carbonate of lime (chalk) . . 40
Oxide of iron .... 3
Loss 7
They are an excellent application to
lawns, turnips, cabbages, potatoes, and
peas.
Coal-ashes contain carbon, silica, alu-
mina, sulphate of lime, iron and potash,
carbonate of lime, and oxide of iron.
They are a good manure for grass, peas,
and potatoes. Sprinkled half an inch
deep on the surface, over beans and peas,
they hasten the germination of the seed,
and preserve it from mice. They are
also used for forming dry walks in the
kitchen-dep artrnent.
Soap-boilers' ashes contain
Silica 35.0
Lime 35.0
Magnesia 3.3
Alumina (clay) . . . . 1.5
Oxide of Iron . . . . 1.7
Mangranese . . . 1.8
Potash (combined with Silica) . 0.5
Soda (do.) 0.2
Sulphuric Acid (combined with
Lime) 0.2
Phosphoric Acid (do) . . . 3.5
Common salt .... 0.1
Carbonic Acid (combined with
Lime and Magnesia) . . 18.2
They are good for all crops, but espe-
cially grass and potatoes.
Wood-ashes and the ashes of garden-
weeds generally contain silica, alumina,
oxides of iron and manganese, Time,
magnesia, potash, partly in the state ot
a silicate, soda, sulphates of potash and
lime, phosphate of lime, chloride of
sodium (common salt), and carbonates
of lime, potash, and magnesia, with a
considerable portion of charcoal. They
are a good application to cabbages, pota-
toes, and peas.
Turf -as lies contain silica, alumina, ox-
ides of iron and manganese, lime, mag-
nesia, sulphates of potash and lime,
phosphates of lime and magnesia, com-
mon salt, and charcoal. They have been
used beneficially to grass, onions, carrots,
beans, potatoes, and beet-root.
ASH-TREE. Fra'ximis exce'lsior.
ASIATIC-POISON BULB. Cri'num Asia'-
ticum.
ASI'MINA. (A Canadian name, not ex-
plained. Nat. ord., Anonads [Anona-
eeaBJ. Linn., I3-Polyandria Q-Polyyynia.)
A. tri'loba is a fit companion to such plants as
Da'phnes, Illl'ciums, and Di'rca palu'stris in
British gardens. Sometimes by seed, but chiefly
by layering the branches, towards the end of
summer. Peat and loam.
A. grandiflo'ra ('large-flowered). 3. White. June.
Georgia. 1820.
parviflo'ra (small-flowered). 3. Brown. May.
N. Amer. 1806.
pygmce'a (pigmy). 2. White. N. Amer. 1812.
tri'loba (three-lobed- flowered) . 8. Pale purple.
August. China. 1822.
ASPA'LATHUS. (From a, not, and spuo,
to extract; in reference to the difficulty
of extracting its thorns from a wound.
Nat. ord., Leguminous Plants [Fabacese].
Linn., \.Q-Monadclphla Q-Decandria.)
With one exception, all greenhouse evergreen
shrubs. Cuttings of half-ripened wood, in April,
in sand ; placed over sandy peat, well drained,
kept shaded, and little water given, as they are
apt to damp off. Loam and lumpy peat. Temp.,
summer, 55 to 65 ; winter, 40 to 45.
A. affi'nis (kindred). 3. Yellow. July: Cap*
of Good Hope. 1822.
a'lbens (white). 4. White. July. Cape of
Good Hope. 1774.
araneo'sa (cobwebbed). 3. Yellow. July.
Cape of Good Hope. 17Q5.
arge'nteu (silvery-/eaoed). 2. Yellow. July.
Cape of Good Hope. 1759.
asparagoi'des (asparagus-like). 3. Yellow.
July. Cape of Good Hope. 1812.
astroi'tes (starry). 2. Yellow. July. Cape
of Good Hope. 1818.
callo'sa (hardened). 3. Yellow. July. Cape
of Good Hope. 1812.
ca'ndicans (whitish). '2. Pale yellow. July.
Cape of Good Hope. 1774.
ASP
[ 74]
ASP
A. carno'sa (fleshy-leaved). 3. Yellow. July.
Cape of Good Hope. 1795.
capita'ta (head-flowered), i. Yellow. July.
Cape of Good Hope. 1823.
ctteno'poda (goose-foot). 3. Yellow. July.
Cape of Good Hope. 1/59.
eilia'ris (fringed). 2. Yellow. July. Cape
of Good Hope. 1/99-
crassifrflia (thick-leaved). 2. Yellow. July.
Cape of Good Hope. 1800.
ericifo'lia (heath-leaved). 2. Yellow. July.
Cape of Good Hope. 1789-
guhoi'des (galium-like). 2. Yellow. July.
Cape of Good Hope. 18)7-
-- genistoi'des (broom-like). 2. Yellow. July.
Cape of Good Hope. 1816.
globo'sa (globular). 3. Orange. July. Cape
of Good Hope. 1802.
hi'spida (stiff-haired). 2. Yellow. July. Cape
of Good Hope. 1818.
hy'strix (porcupine). 2. Yellow. July. Cape
of Good Hope. 1824.
I'ndica (Indian). 3. Red. July. E Ind.
1759. Stove evergreen.
larici'na (larch-leaved). 2. Yellow. July.
Cape of Good Hope. 1823.
mucrona'tu (spine-pointed). 3. Yellow. July.
Cape of Good Hope. 1796.
multiflo'ra (many-flowered). 2. Yellow. July.
Cape of Good Hope. 1818.
peduncula'ta (long-flower-stalked). 6. Yellow.
July. Cape of Good Hope. 1775.
quinquefo'lia (five-leaved). 2. Yellow. July.
Cape of Good Hope. 1816.
seri'cea (silky). 2. Yellow. July. Cape of
'Good Hope. 1816.
spinosa (spiny). 2. Yellow. July. Cape of
Good Hope. 1824.
squarro'sa (squarrose). 2. Yellow. July.
Cape of Good Hope. 1823.
subula'ta (awl-leaved). 2. Yellow. July. Cape
of Good Hope. 1789.
thymifo'lia (thyme-leaved). 2. Yellow. July.
Cape of Good Hope. 1825.
uniflo'ra (single-lowered). 3. Yellow. July,
Cape of Good Hope. 1812.
ASPA'RAGUS. (From , intensive, and
sparasso, to tear ; in reference to the
Htrong prickles of some species. Nat.
ord., Lily worts [Liliaceae], Linn., 6-Hex-
andria l-Monoyynia.')
The A. officina'lis is well known in our kitchen-
gardens : it, as well as the other hardy kinds, is
propagated chiefly by seeds, and rejoices in rich,
light loam, well-drained. The stove and green-
house varieties are propagated chiefly by dividing
the roots, and prefer sandy loam and peat. All
herbaceous perennials, except where otherwise
specified.
HARDY.
A. ama'rns (bitter). 4. Green. July. France.
1824.
Broussone'ti (Broussonet's). 2. Canaries.
Dahu'ricus (Dahurian). 3. Green. April.
Dauria. 1823.
longifo'lius (long-leaved). 3. White. July.
Siberia. 1827.
mnri'timus (maritime). 2. Green. June.
officina'lis (officinal). 4. Green. July. Eng-
land.
- sylvttticu* (wood). 2. Green. July. Hun-
gary. 1819.
A. tenuifo'lius (fine-leaved). Yellow. June. Hun-
gary.
-- verticllla'ris (whorl-leaved). 2. White. July.
Caucasus. 1/52.
GREENHOUSE.
A. acutifo'lius (acute-leaved). 2. Whitish-green.
Spain. 1640. Evergreen shrub, half-
hardy.
Mthio'picus (Ethiopian). 3. White. Cape
of Good Hope. 1816. Evergreen shrub.
a'lbus (white). 12. White. Spain. 1540.
Half-hardy.
Asia'ticus (Asiatic). 3. White. Asia. 1759.
Evergreen shrub.
Cape'nsis (Cape). 4. Green. April. Cape
of Good Hope. I6gl. Evergreen shrub.
declina'tus (down -bent). 5. Whitish-green.
Cape of Good Hope. 1759. Half-hardy.
decu'mbens (decumbent). 2. Whitish-green.
April. Cape of Good Hope. 1792.
depe'ndens (drooping). 4. White. June.
Cape of Good Hope. 1819. Evergreen
twiner.
grandiflo'rus (large-flowered). White. July.
Teneriffe. 1828. Herbaceous climber.
ho'rridus (horrid). 4. White. June. South
of Europe. 1800. Half-hardy evergreen
twiner.
la'ncens (lance- leaved). White. May. Cape
of Good Hope. 1811. Herbaceous
climber.
larici'nus (larch-like). White. May. Cape
of Good Hope. 1816.
Nivcnia'nus (Niven's). Whitish-purple. May.
Cape of Good Hope. 1811.
racemo'sus (racemose). 3. Whitish-green.
E. Ind. 1808. Evergreen shrub.
rctrofra'ctus (backwards-bent). 4. White.
July. Africa. 1759. Evergreen twiner.
sca'ndens (climbing). 6. Green. Cape of
Good Hope. 1/95. Evergreen climber.
Smithia'nus ( Smith's). Teneriffe. 1529- Ever-
green shrub.
stipula'ceus (large-stipuled). 4. White. Cape
of Good Hope. 1821. Evergreen twiner.
subula'tus (a.wl-leaved). 3. Cape of Good
Hope. 1811. Evergreen shrub.
STOVE.
A.falca'tus (sickle-leaved). 3. Whitish-green.
E. Ind. 1792. Evergreen shrub.
flexuo'sus (zigzag). 3. Whitish-green. July.
Cape of Good Hope. 1800. Evergreen
shrub.
surmento'sus (twiggy). 6. Whitish-green.
August. Ceylon. 1810. Evergreen twiner.
ASPA'RAGUS (Aspa'ragitt oflicina'lis} was,
by the old gardeners, called sperage, and
by the modern vulgar, grass, or sparroio-
grass. The small heads are sometimes
spoken of as sprue.
Varieties. There are only two varie-
ties, the red-topped and the green-lopped:
the first is principally cultivated. There
are said to be a few sub-varieties, which
derive their names from the place of
their growth, and are only to be dis-
tinguished for superior sixe or flavour,
which they usually lose on removal from
their native place. The principal of
these is known as the qiant ; but this
ASP
ASP
loses its characteristics if grown in soil
less rich.
Soil best suited to this vegetable is a
fresh, sandy loam, made rich by the
abundant addition of manure. It should
be trenched from two feet to two feet
and a half deep. This depth of good,
rich soil, on a dry sub-soil, is ample to
yield the very best of heads, if the yearly
successive management be attended to.
Situation. The bed should enjoy the
influence of the sun during the whole of
the day, as free as possible from the in-
fluence of trees and shrubs, and ranging
north and south. The sub-soil should be
dry, or the bed kept so by being founded
on rubbish, or other material, to serve as
a drain. The space of ground required
for the supply of a small family is at least
eight square perches. If less, it will
be incapable of affording one hundred
heads at a time. Sixteen perches will, in
general, afford two or three hundred every,
day, in the height of the season.
Sowing. To raise plants, sow any
time, from the middle of February to the
beginning of April, in drills, one inch
deep, and one foot apart, if the seedlings
are to be transplanted ; but two feet apart,
if they are to remain where sown, as Mr.
Barnes does at Bicton t for the purpose of
taking up every alternate row for forcing.
He thus leaves his permanent crop on
the level ground in two rows, at four feet
distance. Between these he plants sum-
mer crops, such as French beans, lettuce,
spinach, or cauliflowers. Finer heads
are to be expected by this wide-row
system; but the most complete and
neatest way would be to line out beds,
four and a half feet wide, in which to sow
four rows of seeds, one foot apart, as
directed above, leaving three-feet alleys.
This will be found the best, for small
gardens in particular.
Culture in Seed-bed. If dry weather,
the bed should be refreshed with moderate
but frequent waterings ; and, if sown as
late as April, shade is required, by means
of a little haulm, during the meridian
of hot days, until the seeds germinate.
Care must be taken to keep free from
weeds, though this operation should never
commence until the plants are well above
ground, which will be in the course of
three or four weeks from the time of
sowing. Sprinkle them about twice a
month with salt, and supply them once
a week with a good soaking of liquid-
manure, during the growing season. To-
wards the end of October, as soon as the
stems are completely withered, they must
be cut down, and well-putrefied' dung
spread over the bed, to the depth of about
two inches. This serves to increase the
vigour of the plants the following year.
About March in the next year thin the
plants to one foot apart ; and those re-
moved may be transplanted into a bed,
twelve inches apart, if it is intended that
they should attain another or two years*
further growth before being finally
planted out; or they may be planted
immediately into the beds, for production.
It may be here remarked, that the plants^
may remain one or two years in the seed-
bed. They will even succeed after re-
maining three; but if they continue four,
they generally fail when transplanted.
Time of Planting. The best time is
the end of March, if the soil is dry, and
the season warm and- forward; otherwise
it is better to wait umtil the commence-
ment of April. A very determinate
signal of the appropriate time for plant-
ing is when the plants are beginning to
grow. If moved eartier, and they have
to lie torpid for two or three months,
many of them die, OF, in general, shoot
up very weak.
Construction of the Beds. Have them
four and a half feet wide. The situation
should be fixed upon a month or two
previously to making and planting the
beds. The whole should be trenched
two feet to two feet and a half deep, and
thoroughly well manured, as the work
goes on, with rich, thoroughly-decayed:
manure. When all is trenched and ma-
nured in this way,, give a good surface-
dressing of salt, which will wash in with
rains. After lying in this way for a
month, give the whole another surface-
dressing with similar manure, and'double-
dig or trench the whole over again, leav-
ing the surface rough and open, giving
the whole another salting, and let it lie
in this way until the time for planting.
Previously to marking out the beds, the
whole should have another thorough
good digging over, making the surface
neat and even as the work goes on.
Mode of Planting. The plants being
taken from the seed-bed carefully with a
narrow-pronged dung-fork, with as little
injury to the roots as possible, they must
be laid separately and evenly together,
for the sake of convenience whilst plant-
ASP
I 76 ]
ASP
ing, the. roots being apt to entangle, and
cause much trouble and injury in parting
them. They should be exposed as short
a time as possible to the air; and, to this
end, it is advisable to keep them, until
planted, in a basket covered with a little
sand. The mode of planting is to form
drills, or narrow trenches, five or six
inches deep, and one foot apart, cut out
with the spade, the line-side of each drill
being made perpendicular; and against
this the plants are to be placed, with
their crowns one and a half or two inches
below the surface, and twelve inches
asunder. The roots must be spread out
wide, in the form of a fan, a little earth
being drawn over each, to retain it in its
position whilst the row is proceeded
with. For the sake of convenience, one
drill should be made at a time, and the
plants inserted and covered completely
before another is commenced. When
the planting is completed, the bed is to
be lightly raked over, and its outline
distinctly marked out. Care must be
had never to tread on the beds (they are
formed narrow to render it unnecessary) ;
for everything tending to consolidate
them is injurious, as, from the length of
time they have to continue, without a
possibility of stirring them to any con-
siderable depth, they have a closer tex-
ture than is beneficial to vegetation.
Water must be given, in dry weather,
daily, until the plants are established.
The paths between the beds are to be
three feet wide. The first season after
planting the beds, a crop of radishes may
be sown upon them without very much
injury to the young plants, if the radishes
are all drawn off. early. It too often
happens that new asparagus -beds are
ruined by being pestered with other
crops ; but a row, or even two rows, of
either lettuces or spinach, may be sown
in the alleys.
Subsequent Cultivation. Throughout
the year care must be taken to keep the
beds clear of weeds ; and, in May and
summer, apply liquid-manure twice a
week plentifully, giving a sprinkling of
salt once a month. In the latter end of
October, or commencement of November,
the beds are to have the winter dressing.
The stalks must be cut down and cleared
away; the beds cleaned, if weedy, and
carefully forked up. A thoroughly good
dressing of manure is put all over the
beds equally, and the alleys forked over
too ; whilst, for the sake of giving the
whole a finish, a line is put down each
side of the alley, the edges made up a
little, and a few crumbs from the alleys
thrown upon the beds, and the edges
marked out with the point of the spade.
The work is then done for the winter.
Spring Dressing. In the month of
March the beds are again forked over
carefully, the manure and soil well
broken up and mixed together, and some
of the rougher parts of manure, with all
the rakings, forked into the alleys ; after
which the beds are raked over, and let-
tuces are there sown or planted in suc-
cession for the summer months.
Production. In the May of the second
year after planting, if tbey are very
highly cultivated with liquid -manure,
cutting may commence ; but, under or-
dinary culture, cutting had better not
begin until the third year. We recom-
mend the heads to be allowed to grow
about six inches above the ground before
they are cut, and then to be cut level
with the surface. By this mode, first sug-
gested by Mr. Weaver, the whole shoot
is eatable, all risk of injuring other
rising shoots is avoided, and the flavour
is much superior to that cut when only
just rising above the surface. Cutting
should cease at the end of June, or very
early in July.
Forcing may be commenced at the end
of November. For this purpose, take up
the plants from an old bed, or others
raised purposely, when they are three or
four years old. Carefully commence on
one side one of the outer rows of the bed,
by digging out a trench, forking the earth
as much as possible from underneath the
plants, so that they may easily, and with-
out straining or injuring their roots, be
moved out entirely, by thrusting down
the fork behind them. Be very care-
ful, at the same time, that the buds
about the crowns of the plants are not
injured by the fork, or trampled upon,
or bruised in any way during their
removal. Obtaining handsome, strong
shoots depends much upon the care with
which the plants are thus handled. As-
paragus is very easily forced, and is very
productive under the treatment when
properly managed. It may be forced in
various modes through the winter ; but
those who have the command of hot
water, to give it a moderate bottom-heat,
will find this give the least trouble. It
ASP
L 77- ]
ASP
may also be grown in winter, in any
kind of forcing-house, either in boxes
filled with earth, or in a pit filled with
leaves, tan, or other fermenting materials.
Melon-pits and frames may be used for
the same purpose. The hotbed of fer-
menting materials, thoroughly well work-
ed previously to being made up into the
beds, may give but a slight heat, and. on
it may be put six inches of old tan, or leaf-
mould. Put the asparagus -pi ants into
this, and keep them, during the winter
months, about one foot from the glass.
Cover them, at first, only slightly with
the old tan, or leaf-mould ; but, in ten
days or a fortnight, add three or four
more inches of the same kind of covering.
Take care that altogether the crowns of
the plants are not covered more than five
or six inches deep. When the plants
have begun to grow freely, and the
shoots begin to appear through the sur-
face, give them some weak, slightly-
warmed, or tepid liquid-manure, adding
to each gallon of it two ounces of com-
mon salt;
Quantity to be Forced. To keep a
supply during the winter months, com-
mencing the first week in November, use
two or three light cucumber-frames ; and
a succession al bed should be made up in
about a fortnight or three weeks after-
wards, and so on until the end of March,
taking the advantage of fine, open wea-
ther for taking up and planting.
Insects. See CRIOCERIS ASPAEAOI.
To obtain Seed, Some shoots should
be marked, and left in early spring; for
those Avhich are allowed to run up after
the season of cutting is over are seldom
forward enough to ripen their seeds per-
fectly. In choosing the shoots for this
purpose, those only" must be marked
which are the finest, roundest, and have
the closest heads; those having quick-
opening heads, or are small or flat, are
never to be left. More are to be selected
than would be necessary if each stem
would assuredly be fruitful ; but, as
some of them only bear unproductive
blossoms, that contingency must be al
lowed for. Each chosen shoot must be
fastened to a stake, which, by keeping it
in its natural position, enables the seed
to ripen more perfectly. The seed is
usually ripe in September, when it
must be collected, and left in a tub for
four or six weeks, for the pulp and husk
01 me uerry to decay, when it may be
well cleansed in water. The seeds sink
to the bottom, and the refuse floats, and
will pass away with the water as it is
gently poured off. By two or three
washings, the seeds will be completely
cleansed, and, when perfectly dried by
exposure to the sun and air, may be
stored for use.
ASPA'SIA. (From aspazomai, I embrace;
the column embraced by the labellum.
Nat. ord., Orchids [Orchidaceee]. Linn.,
20- Gynandria i-Monandria. )
Stove orchids, best grown in baskets containing
sphagnum, peat, and broken crocks, with char-
coal ; rather dry during winter, and moister when
growing. Summer temp., 60 to 80 ; winter, 58
to 65.
A. epidendroi 1 dss (epidendrum-like). 1. Whitish-
yellow. Panama. 1833.
lunu'ta (crescent-marked). Brazil. 1844.
lu'tea (yellow). Fellow. March. Guiana. 1838.
variega'ta (variegated-cowered). 1. Green and
yellow. February. Panama. 1836.
ASPEN. Po'pulus tre'mula.
ASPE'BULA. Woodroff. (The diminu-
tive of asper, rough ; in reference to the
rough leaves. Nat. ord., Steilates, or Star-
worts [Galiacese]. Linn., 4:-Tetrandria 1-
Monogynia.)
All hardy herbaceous plants, except where
otherwise described. Division of the plant in
March ; common soil. They do not dislike shade.
A. tricho'des from seed.
A. alpi'nu (alpine). . White. July. Caucasus.
1820.
Arcadie'nsis (Arcadian). . Red. April. Ar-
cadia. 181Q.
arista'ta (awned). 1. Yellow. July. South
of Europe. 1823.
brevifo'lia (short-leaved). . Purple. July.
Europe. 1825. Half-hardy evergreen
trailer.
crassifo'lia (thick-leaved). 1. White. June.
Levant. 1775.
cyna'nchica (cynanche-like). 1; Flesh. July.
England.
galioi'des (galium-like). 1. White. July.
South of Europe. 1710.
Tyra'ica (Tyrian). f . White. May.
Levant. 1820.
hirsu'ta (soft-haired). 1. White. June. Por-
tugal. 181Q.
hi'rta (bristly). 1. Purple. July. Pyrenees.
1817-
-- inca'na (hoary). Purple. June. Crete. 1823.
laviga'ta (smoothed). 1. White. June. South
of Europe. 1/75.
longiflo'ra (long-flowered). 1. Yellowish-
purple. July. Hungary. 1821.
longifo'lia (long-leaved). 1. Red. July.
South of Europe. 1820.
monta'nu, (mountain). 1. Pink. July. Hun-
gary. 1801.
ni'tida (glossy). 1. Pink. August. Greece.
1829.
odora'ta (sweet-scented). 1. White. June.
Britain.
Pyrena'ica (Pyrenean). 1. Flesh. July.
Spain. 1821,
ASP
C 78 ]
ASP
A. ri'gida (stiff), i. Red. July. Greece. 1819-
Ka'bre. (rough). K White. July. Italy.
1824.
scutetla'ris (skull-cap), 1. Russia. 1838.
supi'na (supine). 1. Pink. June. Caucasus.
1821.
tauri na (bull). 1. White. June. Italy. 1739-
tincto'ria (dyer's). -1. Pink. July. Europe.
1764.
tomento'sa (downy), 1. Red. July. South
of Europe. 1817,
tricho'dfis (hairy). White. June. Persia.
1838. Hardy annual.
ASPHALT, BITUMEN, or JEW'S PITCH, is
found floating on the Dead Sea, and else-
where. It becomes very hard by expo-
sure to the air ; and its name has been
appropriated to various artificial prepara-
tions, all of which owe their properties
to the boiled gas-tar which enters into
their composition. Thus the asphalt felt
is rendered waterproof for shed-roofing,
<fec., by being soaked in that tar; and
asphalt walks are most dry and excellent
when made as follows: Take two parts
of very dry lime -rubbish, and one part
voal-ashes, also very dry, and both sifted
flue. -In a dry place, on a dry day, mix
them, and leave a hole in the middle of
the heap, as bricklayers do when making
mortar. Into this pour boiling-hot coal-
tar ; mix, and, when as stiff as mortar,
put it three inches thick where the walk
is to be. The ground should be dry, and
beaten smooth. Sprinkle over it coarse
sa-nd ; when cold, pass a light roller over
it, and in a few days the walk will be
solid and waterproof.
ASPHO'DELUS. Asphodel. (From a,
not, and sphallo, to supplant ; the stately
flowers not easily surpassed. Nat. ord.,
Lily worts [Liliacese]. Linn., Q-Hexan-
dria \-Monogynla.)
Hardy herbaceous perennials, except where
otherwise specified. Dividing the roots, except
the stove annuals, which may be raised from
s\ed. Grown in any common soil. J. inter-
me'diug requires the protection of a cold pit
in winter ; temperature for it at that period,
33 to 45.
A. cesti'vus (summer). 2. White. July. Spain.
1820.
a'lbus (white). 2. White. April. South of
Europe. 1820.
Asia'ticus (Asiatic). White. June. Levant.
1824.
capilla'ris (hair-teawed). 4. Pale yellow. June.
South of Europe. 1312.
claoa'tus (club-seeded'). 1. White. July. E.
Ind. 1808. Stove annual.
Cre'ticus (Cretan). 2. Yellow. June. Can-
dia. 1821.
,/towfo'fiKS (pipe-stalked). 2. White. August.
South of Europe. 1596.
interme'diMS (intermediate). 2. White. July.
Canaries. 1822. Half-hardy perennial.
A. lu'teus (vellow). 3. Yellow. June. Sicily.
1596.
microca'rpus (small-podded). Dalmatia. 1831.
proli'ferus (proliferous). 1. White. August.
Armenia. 1824. Hardy annual.
ramo'sns (branchy). 2. White. April. South
of Europe. 1551.
Sibi'ricus (Siberian). 2. Pale yellow. May.
Siberia. 1829.
Tau'ricus (Taurian). 3. White. June. Tauria.
1812.
tenu'ior (slenderer). 2. White. July. Si-
beria. 1824.
ASPIDIO'TUS. See Co'ccus.
ASPIDI'STRA. (From aspidiseon, a little
round shield ; shape of flower, or, proba-
bly, in reference to the mushroom-shaped
stigma by which Aspidistras are charac-
terised. Nat. ord., Lily worts [Liliacesej.
Linn., 8-Octandria l-Monoyynia.)
Stove herbaceous perennials, more curious than
ornamental ; suckers ; common soil. Summer
temp., 60 to 75 ; winter, 50 to 60.
A. ela'tior (taller). 2. Brown. October. Japan
1835.
variega'ta (variegated). 2. Brown. Oc-
tober. Japan. 1835.
lu'rida (lurid). 1. Purple. July. China.
1832.
puncta'ta (dotted). 1. Purple. March.
It is questionable whether these would
not all be hardy in the south of England.
Aspr*DiUM:. Shield Fern. (From as-
pidion, a little buckler ; the shape of the
spores or seed-apparatus. Nat. ord.,
Ferns [Polypodiaceae]. Linn., 2-Cryp-
toyamia l-Filices.)
Spores or seed, and division of the roots,
chiefly the latter ; doing so before they begin to
prow freely. Shady situation; loam and peat.
The greenhouse and stove kinds should have their
appropriate treatment ; those of the latter should
not have the temperature lower than 50 in win-
ter. See FERNS for general culture.
HARDY.
A. alpi'num (alpine). 1. Brown. July. South
of Europe. 1825.
atoma'rium (atomed). 1. Brown. July. N.
Amer. 1820.
bulbi'ferum (bulb-bearing). 1. Brown. July
N. Amer. 1638.
dmta'tum (toothed). 1. Brown. June. Wales.
dilata'tum (widened-crested). 2. Brown. June.
Britain.
dumeto'sum (thicket). 1. Brown. July.
Britain.
ffn'gile (brittle). 1. Brown. July. Britain.
Haltc'ri (Haller's). Brown, yellow. April.
Switzerland. 1824.
irri'guum (plashy). 2. Brown. July. Britain.
monta'num (mountain). 1. Brown. June.
Switzerland. 1819.
re'gium (royal). 1. Brown. July. Britain.
Rhte'ticum (Rhsetian). . Brown. June.
Britain.
GREENHOUSE,
A. x'mulum (rival). 2. Brown. July. Madeira.
ASP
AS?
STOVE.
A. ala'tum (winged). Brown, yellow. July. E. Ind.
cicutu'rium (cowbane-like). 2. Brown. July.
Jamaica. 1820.
decu'rrens (decurrent). 2. Brown, yellow.
May. Island of Luzon.
exalta'tum (lofty). 4. Brown. July. Ja-
maica. 1793.
gra'nde (grand). Brown, yellow. May. Is-
land of Luzon.
heracleifo'lium (cow-parsnip -leaved.1. Yellow.
June.
Hooke'ri (Hooker's). Brown, yellow. June.
W. Ind. 1812.
indivi'&um (whole-leafed). 2. Brown. July.
Jamaica. 1824.
latifo'lium (broad-leaved). Brown, yellow.
May. Island of Luzon.
macrophy'llum (large-leaved). 3. Brown.
August. W. Ind. 1816.
pa' tens (spreading). 2. Brown. July. Ja-
maica. 1784.
pectina'tum (comb-like). 1. Brown. July.
W. Ind. 1820.
pu'ngens (stinging). Brown. W. Ind.
repu'ndum (wavy-leaved). Brown July. Is-
land of Luzon.
rhizophy'Uum (root-leaved). . Brown. July.
Jamaica. 1820.
Singaporia'num (Singapore). Brown, yellow.
April. Malacca.
trapezoi'des (trapezium-like). 1. Brown.
July. Jamaica. 1824.
trifolia'tum (three-leaved). 2. Brown. July.
W. Ind. 1/69.
By some botanists a new genus has
been created, under the name of Athy'-
rlum, merely to include our Lady-Fern,
and some others which they think only
varieties of it; but we have referred
them all to the genus Nephrodium.
ASPLE'NIUM. Spleen wort. (From a,
not, and splen, spleen ; referring to its
supposed medicinal properties. Nat. ord.,
Ferns [Polypodiacese]. Linn., %-Cryp-
togamla l-FUices. )
For general management see ASPI'DIUM and
FERNS. In propagating from the spores on the
back of a leaf, prepare a pot well-drained, with
some peaty soil ; shake the spores all over it ;
cover with a square of glass ; and set the pot in a
shady place until the plants are up.
HABDY.
A. adia'ntum-ni'grum (black adiantura). X
Brown. August. Britain.
alternifu 1 Hum (alternate-leaved). 1. Brown.
July. Scotland.
angustifo'lium (narrow-leaved). 1. Brown.
July. N. Amer. 1812.
athy'rium (athyrium). 2. Brown. August.
N. Amer. 1823.
ebe'neum (ebony-stalked) . 1. Brown. July.
N. Amer. 1779.
fi'lix-fasfmina (female fern). 2. Brown. April.
Britain.
~fonta'num (fountain). 1. Brown. July. Eng-
land.
Halle'ri (Haller's). 1. Browu. July. Switz-
erland. 181 Q.
veolii'twn (lanceolate). 1. Browa. Au-
gust, Engiaua.
A. mari'num (sea). 1. Brown. July. Britain
melanofiau'lon (black-stalked), l. Brown.
July. N. Amer. 1812.
Michau'xi (Michaux's). 2. Brown. August.
N. Amer. 1823.
monta'num (mountain). 1. Brown. July. N.
Amer. 1812.
rhixophy'llum (rooting-leaved). f . Brown.
July. N. Amer. 1680.
ru'ta-mura'ria (wall-rue). $. Brown. July.
Britain.
septentrionu'le (northern). 1. Brown. July.
Britain.
ihelypteroi'des (thelypteris-like). 1. Brown.
July. N. Amer. 1823.
trichtfmanes (maiden-hair). . Brown. July.
Britain.
vi'ride (green). 1. Brown. June. Britain.
GREENHOUSE.
A. acu'tum (acute). 2. Brown. April. Teneriffe.
1818.
ambi'guum (doubtful). 1. Brown. W. Ind.
alterna't urn (tapering). 1. Brown. July. N.
Holland. 1824.
bulbi'ferum (bulb-bearing). 1. Brown. July.
New Zealand. 1820.
Canarie'nse (Canary). Brown. July. Canaries.
1824.
de'ntex (sharp-toothed). Brown. June. Cape
of Good Hope. 1790.
diffo'rme (irregular). 1. Brown. August. N.
Holland. 1823.
dioersifu'lium (various-leaved). 2 Brown. June.
Norfolk Islands. 1831.
falca'tum (sickle-formed). 1. Brown. July. N.
Holland. 1825.
fi'ssum (cleft-fronds). Brown. April. Hungary.
1825.
flabellifu'lium (fan-leaved). 1. Brown. July.
N. Holland. 1820.
fla'ccidum (feeble). New Zealand. 1823.
Madere'nse (Madeira). 1. Brown. July. Ma-
deira. 1828.
mona'nthemum (one-flowered). 1. Brown. July.
Cape of Good Hope. 1/90.
obtusa'tum (blunt-/ronded). 2. Brown. July.
N. Holland. 1824.
palmu'tum (hand-shaped), f. Brown. July.
South of Europe. 1816.
Petrarchce (Petrarch's). 4- Brown. August.
France. 1819.
polyo'don (many-toothed). New Zealand. 1843.
Shephe'rdii (Shepherd's). 1. Brown. August.
N. Holland. 1820.
STOVE.
A. ala'tum (winged). 1. Brown. W, Ind.
auri'tum (eared). 1. Brown. September. S.
Amer. 182Q.
biauri'tum (two-eared). 1. Brown. July. W.
Ind.
biparti'tum (equal-parted). 2. Brown. August.
Jamaica. 1820.
bisefcttim (bisected). 2. Brown. July. Jamaica.
1821.
Brazilie'nse (Brazilian). 1. Brown. July.
Brazil. 1822.
calophy'ltum (beautiful-leaved). Brown. June.
Island of Luzon.
cicuta'riurn (cowbane-like). 1. Brown. Au-
gust. W. Ind. 1820.
crena'tum (round-notched). Brown. Septem-
ber. Brazil. 1835.
cultrifu'lium (knife-leaved). 1. Bcown, W.
Ind. 1820.
ASS
[ 80
AST
A cimea'tum( wedge-shaped). 1. Brown. Sep-
tember. W. Ind. 1832.
denta'tum (toothed). 1. Brown. July. W.
Ind. 1820.
depre'ssum (depressed). 1. Brown. August.
dimidia' turn (halved). Brown. September. W.
Ind. 1827.
elonga'tum (elongated). Brown, yellow. June.
Malacca. 1840.
ero'sum (jaj?ged-teaued). Brown, yellow. June.
W. Ind.
formo'sum (beautiful). 1. Brown. June. W.
Ind. 1822.
fra'grans (fragrant). 1. Brown. August. Ja-
maica. 1793.
la'rteum (milky). Yellow. April. W. Ind.
toft urn (&y). 'W. Ind.
long'issimum (longest). Brown. May. Ara-
lacca. 1840.
lu'cidum (shining). Yellow. May. W. Ind.
ni'dus (bird' s -nest). 2. Brown. August. E.
Ind. 1820.
obtusifo'lium (obtuse-leaved). |. Brown. Ja-
maica. 1838.
oligophy'llum (few-leaved). Brown. Brazil.
1841.
oti'tes (otites). 1841.
persicifo'lium (peach-leaved). Brown. Island
of Luzon.
planicau'le (smooth-stalked). E. Ind. 1841.
preemo'rsum (jagged-pointed), g. Browu. Au-
gust. Jamaica. 1793-
pu'lchrum (fair). Brown. June. Jamaica.
- pu'milum (dwarf). 1. Brown. July. W. Ind
1833.
-- ra'dicans (rooting). 1. Brown. June. W. Ind.
1820.
rese'ctum (shredded). 1. Brown. July. Mau-
ritius. 1820.
rhixo'phorum (root-bearing). 1. Brown. Au-
gust. Jamaica. 1/93.
sali'cinum (willow-like). 1. Brown. May. E
Ind. 18*9.
-salicifo'lium (willow-leaved). 1. Brown. June.
W. Ind.
scrra'tum (s&vr-leaved). 2. Brown. August.
W. Ind, 1793.
serrula'tum (minutely-toothed). Brownish-
yellow. June. India.
scolopendroi'des (hart's-tongue-like). Brown.
July. Island of Leyte. 1S40.
stria, 1 turn (striated). 1. Brown. August. W.
lud. 17Q3.
sulca'tum (furrowed). Brown. July. W. Ind.
1827.
vittaifo'rme (ribbon-like). Brownish-yellow.
Island of Luzon.
vivi'parum (viviparous). 1. Brown. August.
Mauritius. 1820.
zamaefo' Hum (zamia-leaved). 2. Brown. Jri?,
Caraccas. 1820.
ASSAM TEA. The'a Assame'nsis.
ASSO'NIA. (After the Spanish hotanist,
Ignatius de Asso. Nat. orcl., Byttneriads
[Byttneriacese]. Linn., 16-Monadelphia
7-Decandria.)
Stove trees. Cuttings in sand, in heat, under
a plass ; sandy loam. Summer temp., 60 to 75 ;
winter, 50 to 60.
A. popu'lnea (poplar-feared). 10. White, Bour-
bon. 1820.
vidurnoi'des (viburnum -like). 11. White.
Bourbon. 1822.
ASTA'RTEA. (A classical name,
Astarte, a goddess of the Assyrians anu
Sidonians, called in Scripture Ashtarotti.
Nat. ord., MyrthUooms [MyrtaceseJ.
Linn., IS-Polyadelphia 2-Polyandria.)
A greenhouse shrub. Cuttings of small shoots,
half-ripe, in sandy soil, under a bell-glass, and
kept shaded for a time; sandy loam and peat.
Summer temp., 55 to 65 ; winter, 35 to 45.
A. fascicula'ris (bundle-lowered). 3. N. Holland.
ASTE'LMA. (From a, not, and stelma,
a crown ; in reference to the construction
of the fruit. Nat. ord., Composites [Aster-
acese]. IAnn.,I9-Syngenesia 2-SitperJlua.)
Allied to Helichrysum. Greenhouse evergreen
shrubs ; all natives of the Cape of Good Hope.
Seeds sown in a gentle heat; cuttings in sand,
under a belt or hand-glass ; sandy, lumpy peat,
well-drained. Summer temp., 50? to 65; winter,
40 to 48.
A. cane'scens (hoary). 2. Purple. June. 1794.
exi'mium (fine). 3. Crimson. July. 1/93.
fra'grans (fragrant). 2. Pink. July. 1803.
imbrica'tum (imbricated). 2. White. August.
1820.
milleflo'rurn (thousand-flowered). 1 . Pale pur-
ple. July. 1802.
reto'rtum (twisted-back). 1. White. July.
1732.
speciosi' ssimum (showiest). 8. White. August.
1691.
spira'le (spiral-leaved). 2. White. September.
1801.
Stcehe.li'na (Stsehelina-like). 2. White. 1801.
viiri^ga'tum (variegated). 2. Brown, white.
June. 1801.
ASTE'PHANUS. (From a, without, and
Stephanos, a crown ; in reference to the
stamens; Nat. ord., Asclepiads [Aclepia-
dacese]. Linii., 5-Pentandria Z-Diyynia.)
Greenhouse twining evergreen plants ; division
and cuttings ; peat and sandy loam. Winter
temp., 40 to 45.
A. linea'ris (linear). 4. White. July. Cape of
Good Hope. 1816.
triflo'rus (three-flowered). 4. White. July.
Cape of Good Hope. 1816.
ASTER. Starwort. (From aster, a star.
The flowers of Composites, or Starworts,
are called florets, and, being collected to-
gether on a receptacle, as in the daisy or
dahlia, the rays of their circumference,
resemble stars. Nat. ord., Composites [As-
teracese]. Linn., iQ-Synyenesia 2* Super-
flua.)
To this family we are indebted for many of our
autumn ornaments in our flower-borders. The
greenhouse species are evergreen shrubs, propa-
gated by cuttings, under a hand-glass, in sandy
peat, and flourishing in peat and loam. The
hardy species are deciduous herbaceous plants,
propagated by division, and flourishing in com-
mon garden-soil.
HARDY.
A. abbrevia'tus (shortened). 2. Blue. August-
N. Amer.
AST
[81 ]
AST
A. a'cris (acrid). 2. Blue. August. South of
Europe. 1731.
acumlnatus (long-pointed). 2. Pale red. Sep-
tember. N. Amer. 1M)6.
adulteri'nus (false). 3. Violet. September.
N. Amer.
<z;*tt'rwr(summer). 2 . Blue. July. N. Amer.
1776. Labrador Starwort.
a'lhus (white). 3. White. August. N. Amer.
alpi'nus (alpine). 1. Purple. June. Europe.
1658.
-flo're-a'lbo (white-flowered). 1. White.
July, Europe. 1828.
ramo'sus (swuK-branchy). 1. Blue. June.
Europe.
AUa'icus( Altaic). 1. Blue. June. Siberia. 1804.
Alwarte'nsis (Alwart). 1. Red. May. Cau-
casus. 180/
ame'llus (amellus). 2. Purple. August. Italy.
1596. Italian Starwort.
angustifo' lius (narrow-leaved). 2. Pale
blue. August. South of Europe. 1596.
antelloi'des (amellus-like). l. Violet. July.
Podolia. 1824.
amplexicau 'Us (stem-clasping). 3. Blue. Oc-
tober. N. Amer.
amygdali'nus (almond-leaved). 2. White. Au-
gust. N. Amer. 175Q.
arge'nteus (silver-leaved). 1. Purple. August.
N. Amer. 1801.
artemisiifio'rus (wormwood - flowered). 3.
White. September. N. Amer.
bellidiflo'rus (daisy-flowered). 3. Pale red.
September. N. Amer.
Bessara'bit-us (Bessarabian). Purple. Septem-
ber, Russia. 1834.
biflo'rus (two-flowered). 1. Violet. August.
Caucasus. J 820.
-~ bla'ndus (charming) 2. Pale blue. October.
N. Amer. 1800.
bi'culor (two-coloured). 3. White, yellow.
August. N. Amer. 1759-
~ Cabu'licus (Cabul). 3. Pink. August. CabuL.
1842.
cane'scens (hoary). 2. Violet. September.
N. Amer. 1812. Hardy biennial.
ca'nus (hoary-leaved). 2. Purple. August.
Hungary. 1816.
Cas&iara'bicus (Arabian cassia). 2. Pink.
September. Russia. 1834.
Cauca'slcus (Caucasian). 1. Purple. July.
Caucasus. 1804.
ciUa'tus (fringed). 3. White. September.
N. Amer.
conci'nnus (neat). 2. Purple. October. N.
Amer. 1800.
co'ncolor (one-coloured). 1. Purple. October.
N. Amer. 1759.
conyzoi'des (conyza-like). 1. White. Sep-
tember. N. Amer. 1"/S.
eordifa'litts (heart-leaved). 2. Blue. July.
N. Amer. 1759.
coridifo'lius (coris-leaved). 1. Pale blue.
October. N. Amer.
cornifo'lius (cornus-leaved). 3. White. Oc-
tober. N, Amer.
corymbo'sus (corymbed). 2. White. Octo-
ber. N. Amer. 1765.
cyu'tuus (bright blue). 3. Blue. September.
N. Amer. 17^9.
deserto'rum (desert). 2. Blue. July. Si-
beria. 1820.
~diffu'su*( diffuse). 2. White. October. N.
Amer. 1777.
- divurica' tus (straying). 2. White. Sep-
le.uber. N. Amer. 1800.
fi
A. dracunculoi'des (tarragon-like). 3. White.
November. Tauria. 1811.
dumo'sus (bushy). 3. White. October. N.
Amer. 1734.
e'legans (elegant). 2. Blue. September.
1790.
e'minens (eminent). 2. Light. October. N.
Amer.
virgi'neus (pure- white-rayed). 3. Whitish-
yellow. September. United States.
ericoi'des (heath-like). 3. White. Septem-
ber. N Amer. 1758.
fi'rmus (firm). 6. Red. .August. N.Amer.
1816.
floribu'ndus (many-flowered). 4. Purple.
September. N. Amer.
foliolo'sus (small-leafy). 3. Purple, blue. Oc-
tober. N. Amer. 1732.
folio'sus (leafy). 3. White. September. N.
Amer. 1/99.
fra'gilis (brittle). 2. Flesh. September.
N. Amer. 1800.
grafcilis (slender). 1. Green. August. N.
Amer.
graminifo'lius (grass-leaved). 2. Pale purple.
October.
grandifldrus (great-flowered. Catesby's Star-
wort). 2. Blue. November. N. Amur.
1720.
grave'olens (strong-smelling). 2. Arkaru-as.
1826.
heterophy' llus (various-leaved). 3. White.
August. N.Amer. 1811.
hi'spidus (bristly-s^/ced). 1. White. Sep-
tember. China. Ia04.
hu'mUis (humble). 1. VVuite. September.
N.Amer. 1699.
hyssopifo'lius (hyssop-leaved), 2. Pale purple.
September. N. Amer. 16S3.
Ibe'ricus (Iberian). 2. Purple. August.
Iberia.
inci'sus (cut- leaved). 2. Blue. August.
Siberia. 1818.
inuloi'des (inula-like). 1. Red. August.
Nepaul.
ju'nceus (rush-like). 4. Flesh. September.
N. Amer. 1758.
IfBvigu'tus (smooth-stemmed). 3. F^esh. Sep
tember. N. Amer. 1/94.
Ice'vis (smooth). 2. Blue. September. N.
Amer. 1758.
lanceola'ius (spear-headed). 4. White. Sep-
tember. N.Amer. 1811.
la'xus (supple-stalked). 2. White. October.
N. Amer.
laxiflo'rus (loose-flowered). 4. September.
N. Amer.
llnarifo'lius (savory-leaved). 1. Pale blue.
September. N. Amer. 1699.
linifo'lius (flax-leaved). 2. White. July.
N. Amer. 1739.
longifo'lius (long-leaved). 3, White. Oc-
tober. N. Amer. 1798.
Lusita'nicus (Spanish). 1. Blue. June. Spain.
1826.
luxu'rians (luxuriant). 5. Blue. September.
N. Amer. Igl6.
macrophy'llus (large-leaved). 2. White. Au-
gust. N. Amer. 1739.
margina'tus (bordered). 1. Violet. July.
New Granada. 1827.
monta'mts (mountain). 1. August. Carolina.
mult fit}' rus (many-flowered). 3. White. Sep-
tember. N. Amer. 1732.
muta"illis (changeable). 2. Purple. fep
t.-.mber. N. Amer. 1/19,
AST
[8SJ
AST
A, myrlif(i>liut (myrtle-leaved). 2. Whits. Au-
gust. 1812.
ncinora'lis (grove). 1. Lilac. August. N.
Amer, 17/8.
No'vce AngHaf (New England). 6. Purple.
September. N. Amer. 1710.
ru'ber (red-flowered), 6. Red. July.
N.Amer. 1812.
AVt Be'lgii (New York). 4. Purple, blue.
September. N.Amer. 1710.
niidifto'rus (naked-flowered). 1. Purple. Au-
" gust. N. Amer.
oblongifo'lius (oblong- leaved). 2. Lilac. July.
N. Amer. 1797-
pa'llens (ode-flowered). 3. Violet. Septem-
ber. N. Amer.
paliido'sus (marshy). 3. Blue. August. N.
Amer. 1784.
panicula'tus (panicled). 4. Blue. Septem-
ber. N. Amer. 1640.
Panno'nicus (Hungarian). 2. Violet. July.
Hungary. 1815.
na'tens (spreading-/*rtim*). 2. Purple. Oc-
tober. N. Amer. 1773.
pauciflo'rus (few-flowered). 1. White. Sep-
tember. Missouri.
pe'ndutus (down-hanging). 2. White. Sep-
tember. N. Amer. 1758.
peregri'nus (foreign). 1. Blue. July. N.
Amer.
phlogifo'lius (phlox-leaved). 2. Violet. Sep-
tember. N. Amer. 1/97.
pilo'sus (downy) . 2. Pale blue. September.
N. Amer. 1812.
plantagineefo'lius (plantain-leaved). 1. White.
August. N. Amer.
polyphy'llus (many-leaved), 3. White. Sep-
tember. N. Amer.
preea'ltus (very tall). 6. Vermilion. Sep-
tember. N. Amer. 1800.
prce'cox (e*f\y-floa'ering). 2. Violet. July.
N. Amer. 1800.
prenanthui'des (prenanthes-like). 3. Blue.
September. N.Amer. 1821.
pulche'llus (pretty). 1. Purple. June. Ar-
menia.
pulche'rrimus (prettiest). 2. Blue. Septem-
ber. N. Amer. 1800.
puneta'tus (dotted). 3. Violet. August. Hun-
gary. 1815.
puni'ceus (red-stalked)* 8. Blue. September.
N. Amer. 1710.
demi'ssus (dwarf). 2. Blue. Septem-
ber. Gardens. 1820.
Pyrenee'us (Pyrenean). 2. Violet. July.
Pyrenees.
ra'dula (rasp-tea<?rf). 2. White. October.
N. Amer. 1785.
ramo'sus (swa//-branchy). 1. Purple, red.
June. N. Amer. 181 6.
recurva'tus (bent-back). 3. Pale blue. Au-
gust. N. Amer. 1800.
retic'ita'tus (netteA-leaved). 3. White. July.
N. Amer. 1812.
rigi'dulus (stiffish). 3. Blue. September. N.
Amer. 1816.
.-ri'gidus (stiff-leaved). 1. Purple. Septem-
ber. N. Amer. 1/59.
rivula'ris (river-side). 3. White. August.
N.Amer. 1820.
rubricuu'lis (red-stemmed). 4. Purple. Sep-
tember. N. Amer. 1815.
saglttaefo'lius (arrow-leaved). 2. Flesh.
June. N.Amer. l~6o.
saiieifu'lius (vrillow-leaved). 6. Flesh. Sep-
tember. N. Amer. 1760.
A, sali'gnus (sallow-leaved), 6. White. Sep-
tember. Germany. 1815.
sangui'neus (bloody). 3. Blue. September.
N. Amer.
Schrebe'ri (Schreber's). 4. White. August.
N. Amer.
sero'tinus (\zte-flowering. Michaeimas-daisy).
3. Blue. August. N. Amer.
sessiliflo'rus (stalkless-flowerfid). 5. lied.
October. N. Amer. 1700.
Sibi'ricus (Siberian). 2. Blue. August. Si-
beria. 1/68.
Sifckime'nsis (Sikkim). 3. Bluish-purple. Oc-
tober. Sikkini, Himalaya. 1850.
si'mplex (single-stemmed). 3. Whitish-purple.
September. N. Amer.
solidaginoi'des (solidago-like). 2. White.
August. N. Amer. 1699.
sparsiflo'rus (scattered-flowered). 3. Pale
purple. October. N. Araer. 1758.
spectttfbilis (showy). 2. Blue. August. N.
Amer. 1777.
spu'rius (spurious). 4. Blue. September.
N.Amer. 1/89.
squarro'sus (squarrose). 2. Blue. June.
N.Amer. 1801.
stellula'tus (small-star-like). 2. Violet. June.
Van Diemen's Land'. 1823.
stri'ctus (straight). 1. Violet. October. N.
Amer. 1806.
subula'ttu (awl-shaped). 2. Pale blue. Sep-
tember. N. Amer.
surculo'sus (spriggy). 2. Purple. August.
N. Amer.
tardiflo'rus (late-flowered). 2. Blue. Sep-
tember. N. Amer. 17/5.
Tata'ricus (Tartarian). 1. White. August.
Tartary. 1818.
tenuifo'lius (slender-leaved). 3. White. Au-
'gust. N.Amer. 1723.
tomento'sus (woolly). 2. Pink. July. N.
S.Wales. 1/25.
tortifo'lius (twisted-leaved). 1. Purple. Sep-
tember N. Amer.
Tradesca'nti (Tradescant's). 3. White. Au-
gust. N. Amer. 1633.
trine'rvis (three-nerved). 2. White. August.
Nepaul. 1818.
Tripo'lium (Tripoly-Sea starwort). 2. Blue.
August. Britain.
undula'tus (wave-leaved). 3. Purple. Sep-
tember. N. Amer. 1699-
versi' 'color (various-coloured). 3. White,
purple. August. N. Amer. 1790.
vimi'neus (twiggy). 3. Blue. September.
N. Amer. 1800.
GREENHOUSE.
A. aculea'tus (prickly-leaned). 2. White. June.
N. Holland. 1818.
angustifo' lius (narrow-leaved). 6. Pale blue.
July. Cape of Good Hope. 1804.
argophy'llus (silvery-leaved). 10. White. July.
Van Diemen's Land. 1 804.
Caroliniu'nus (Carolina). 8. Purple. Sep-
tember. Carolina.
cymbala'ria (ivy- leaved). 2. White. Sep-
tember. Cape of Good Hope. 1786.
erube'scens (blushing). 3. Red. June. N.
Holland.
exaspera' tus (roughened). 3. White. May.
Cape of Good Hope. 1823.
filifo'lius (thread-leaved). 3. White. May.
Cape of Good Hope. 1S12.
fruticulo'sus (rather shrubby). 1. Blue. May,
Cape of Good Hope. 1759.
AST
AST
A. lira tus (riffid-steramed). 3. White. June.
N. S. Wales. 1812-
myrsinni'des (myrsine-like). 3. Pale purple.
May. N. Holland. 1825.
obtusa'tus (blunt-leaved). 4. White. June.
Cape of Good Hope. 1793.
pluriflo'rtis (many-flowered). 2. White. June.
Cape of Good Hope. 1/59-
rcfle'xus (bent-back-teawed). 3. Crimson.
July. Cape of Good Hope. 1/59.
seri'ceus (silky-/eaed). 3. Blue. August.
Cape of Good Hope. 1786.
tene'llus (delicate). 1. Blue. August. Cape
of Good Hope. 1/69. Greenhouse
biennial.
villo'nu (long-haired). 4. White. May. Cape
of Good Hope. 1812.
ASTERACA'NTHA. (.From aster, a star,
and acantha, & spine; referring to the
disposition of the spines. Nat. ord.,
Acanthads [Acanthacese]. Linn., \<L-Didy-
namia 2-Angiospermia. Allied to Barleria.)
Greenhouse herbaceous perennial. Division
and seeds ; sandy loam. Winter temp., 38 to
45.
A. longifo'lia (long-leaved). 2. Yellow. July.
Egypt. 1781.
ASTEEOCE'PHALUS. (From aster, a star,
and kcphale, a head ; in reference to the
seed. Nat. ord., Teazleworts [Dipsacacese] .
Linn., <L-Tetrandria \-Monogynia.}
It seems useless to divide the species from Sca-
bious. Annuals, from seed; perennials, from
seed, or cuttings, under a hand-giass ; common
soil. All hardy, except where otherwise specified.
ANNUALS.
A. atropurpu'reus (dark purple). Brown. July.
E. Ind. 1629.
a'lbus (white). White. July. E. Ind.
1629.
ca'rneus (flesh-coloured). 3. Flesh. July.
E. Ind. 1629.
proli'ferus (proliferous). 3. Purple. July.
E. Ind. 1629.
ro'seus (rose-coloured). 3. Red. July. E.
Ind. 1629.
variega'tus (variegated). 3. Variegated.
July. E. Ind. 1629.
-BzeAersfci'm(Bieberstein's). 1A. Pink. July.
Iberia. 1823.
grandiflo'rus (great-flowered). 3. White. July.
Barbary. 1804.
Legione'nsis (Leon). 14. Pink. July. Spain.
1820.
mart' timus (sea). 2. Purple. July. Italy. 1683.
negle'ctus (neglected). l. Red*. June. Ger-
many. 1825.
Palcesti'nus (Palestine). 1. Citron. July. Pa-
lestine. 1771.
pectina'tus (comb-leaved). 1$. Violet. July.
Arabia. 1824.
proli'ferus (many-suckered). 1. Yellow. July.
Egypt. 1683.
rota'tus (Wheel-shaped). U. Pink. July. Ibe-
ria. 1823.
swra'tilis (rock). l. Pink. July. Spain. 1827.
Si'culus (Sicilian), i. Pink. July. Sicily. 1783.
si-mplex (simple). 2. White. July. South of
Europe. 1820.
- steUattus (starry), 14. Blue. July. Spain. 1596.
PERENNIALS.
. Africa'nus (African). 6. White. Augu*t.
Africa. 1690. Greenhouse evergreen shrub.
- agre'stis (field). Purple. August. Hungary. 1818.
- alti'ssimus (very tall). 5. Blue. August. Africa.
1819. Greenhouse evergreen shrub.
amce'nus (pleasant). Purple. June. 1820.
arge'nteus (silvery). White. August. Levant.
1713.
- Banna'<icMs(Bannatic). 3. Pink. July. Hun-
gary. 1802.
a'lbus (white-lowered). 3. White. July.
Gardens.
- canc'scens (hoary). 1. Lilac. July. Hungary.
1802.
capilla'ttts (long-haired). 2. Violet. July. 1820.
- Cauca'sicus (Caucasian). 1. Blue. June. Cau-
casus. 1803.
ceratophy'llus (buckthorn-leaved). 2. Red.
July. Italy. 1826.
- columba'rius (pigeon-co/ored). 1. Purple,
July. Britain.
- commuta'tus (changed), 1. Blue. July. Sibe-
ria. 1826.
crena'tus (scolloped). 2. Flesh. August.
Italy. 1825.
- Cre'ticus (Cretan). 1. Purple. June. Crete.
1596. Greenhouse evergreen shrub.
e'legans (elegant). 1. Light blue. June. South
of Europe. 1813.
- graminifo'lius (grass-leaved). 1. Blue. July.
Switzerland. 1683.
- Gramu'ntius (Gramont). 1. Light blue. July.
South of Europe. 1596.
- holoseri'cew (all-silky). 1. Blue. July. Pyre-
nees. 1818.
inca'nus (hoary). 1. Red. July. Europe.
1826.
- intei-me'dius (intermediate). l. Blue. July.
South of Europe. 1824.
/se*e'wsw(Isetsk). 1. White. July. Siberia.
1801.
- lu'cidus (shining). 2. Blue. Dauphiny. ISflfl.
- lu'teus (yellow). 2. Yellow. June. Russia. 1820.
-lyra'tus (lyrate - leaved}. 1. Purple. July.
Turkey. 1799. Greenhouse herbaceou s
perennial.
- micra'nthus (small-flowered). 1. Pink. July.
Armenia. 1825.
- molli'ssimus (softest). 2. White. June. Italy.
1820.
- ni'tens (glittering). June. Azores. 1779-
- ochroleu'cus (yellowish-white). 1. Yellow. July.
Germany. 1517.
-paucise'tus (few-bristled). Straw. July. South
of Europe. 1827.
- Pyrena'icus (Pyrenean). 1. Purple. July.
South of France. r819.
- rupe'stris (hill). 1. Pink. July. Caucasus. 1824.
-rutcefo'lius (rue-leaved). 1. Scarlet. July.
Sicily. 1804.
- Scopo'lii (Scopoli's). 2. Straw. July. South
Europe. 1819.
- seti'ferus (bristle-bearing). 2. White. July.
France. 1826.
- silenifo'lius (silene-leaved). 1$. Red. July.
Hungary. 1826.
- tomento'sus (woolly). 1$. Blue. July. Spain.
1827.
- Ucra'nicus (Ukraine). 1, Light yellow. July.
Ukraine. 1795.
- urceola'tus (jagged). 3. Yellow. July. Bar-
bary. 1804.
- Webbin'nus( Webb's). $. White. July. Mounf.
Ida. 1818.
AST
C 84 ]
AST
ASTI'LBE. (From a, not, and stilbe,
brightness; flowers not very striking.
Nat. ord., Saxifrages [Saxifragacese].
Linn., 10-Decandria 2-Digynia.)
Hardy herbaceous perennial. Divisions; peat
and a few pebbles.
A. deca'ndra (ten-stameued). 2. White. June.
Carolina. 1812.
ASTRA'GALUS. Milk Vetch. (An ancient
Greek name for some leguminous plant.
Nat ord., Leguminous Plants [Fabaceae].
Linn., Yi-Diadelphia -Decandria.)
All hardy, except where otherwise specified.
Annual species, seed, in common, sandy soil, in
March. Perennial herbaceous species, division ot
the plant. T ! ie under-shrubs, cuttings, under a
hand-light common, sandy soil for all.
ANNUALS.
A. cegi'ceras (goat's-horn-/;odded). 1 . Pale yellow.
July. 1818.
alope'cias ,'sea-fox). 3. Yellow. June. Siberia.
annula'ris (ring-formed). lj. Purple. July.
Egypt. 1800. Trailer.
Ba>iticus(B'<etic). 1. Pale yellow. July. South
of Europe. 1759- Trailer.
brachy'ceras ( short- horned-pmWed). i- Yel-
low. July. Tauria. 1828.
bu'ceras (ox-horn-podded). 1. Pale yellow.
July. 1818. Trailer.
canalicula'tus (channel-podded). 2. White.
July. 1816.
- carvoca'rpus (nut-podded). 1. Purple. July.
Spain. 1800. Biennial.
ci'cer (vetch). 2. Yellow. July. Europe. 1570.
contortuplica'tus (twisted-plaited). 1. Pale
yellow. July. Siberia. 1764. Trailer.
crucial tus (cross-formed). 1|. Violet. July.
1820. Trailer.
-- cymbaica'rpus (boat-podded). *. White. July.
Spain. 1800. Trailer.
glu'ux (milkwort). 4- Purple, July. Spam.
1596.
Intoi'des (lotus-like). . Red. August. China.
Mareo'ticus (Mareotic). 4- Lilac. July. Egypt.
1817. Trailer.
Nuttallia'nus(Nutta.\l's). 4. Blue. July. Ame-
rica. 1820. Trailer.
oxiglo'ttis (sharp-tongue-Jeawed). 4- Blue.
July. Tauria. 1817- Trailer.
pentaglo'ttis (five-tongued). 4. Purple. July.
Spain. 1739. Trailer.
- rticula'ris (netted). Blue. July. Iberia. 1828,
scorpioi'des (scorpion-like-podded). 1. Pale
blue. July. Spain. 1816.
sesa'meus (sesame-like). 1. Pale blue. July
South of Europe. 1816. Trailer.
triangula' ris (three-angled). 1. Pale yellow
July. 1818.
tribuloi'des (tribulus-like). 4. Purple. July
Egypt. 1817. Trailer.
trime'stris (three-monthly). 4. Pale yellow
July. Egypt. 1/30. Trailer.
~ trimo'rphus (three-formed). 4. Purple. July
South of Europe. 1816. Trailer.
PERENNIALS.
A. ncutifo'Kns (pointed-leaved). 4- July. Switzer-
land. 1826.
adsu'rgens (arising). . Purple. July. Si-
beria. 1820.
! _
adsu'rgens prostru'tus (prostrate). . Purple.
July. Siberia. 1818. Trailer.
udu'ncus (hooked). 1. Purple. July. Cau-
casus. 181Q.
alopecuroi'des (fox-tail-likeX 2. Light yellow.
July. Spain. U3/.
annuody'tes (sand-viper). \. White. July.
Siberia. 1820. Evergreen under-shrub.
oreno'u(wnd). 1. Blue. July. Germany.
1798. Trailer.
arista! tus (awned). 1. Purple. July. Pyrenees.
179!. Evergreen.
a'sper (rough). 3. Pale yellow. July. Astracan.
1/96.
. Austn'acus (Austrian). ^. Pale blue. July.
Austria. 1640.
Baicalefnsis (Baical). 1. August. Yellow. Si-
beria. 1830.
- Bayone'mis (Bayonne). . Purple. July.
France. I*l6.
-brachyca'rpus (short-podded). l. Purple.
July. Caucasus. 1820. Trailer.
- breviflafrus (shorc-novvered). i- Purple. July.
Armenia. 1826. Half - hardy ever-
green.
Buchtorme'nsis (Buchtorm's). 4. Yellow. Si-
beria. 1818.
Canade'mis (Canadian). 14. Pale yellow. July.
N. Amer. 1732.
calyci'mtt (long-calyxed). August. Caucasus.
1S19.
eaprVnus (gOAt-scented). 1. Pale yeUow. July.
Barbary. 1583.
capita? tus (headed). 1. Pale yeUow. July.
Levant. 1759.
Carolinid'nus (Carolina). lj. Greenish-yellow.
July. N.Amer. 1732.
Caucu'sicus (Caucasian). 4. White. July.
Caucasus. 1824. Evergreen.
Chine'nsis (Chinese). 1. Pale yellow. July.
China. 1795. Greenhouse.
chlorosta'chys (green-spiked). 3. Greenish-
yellow. September. Nepaul. 1824.
Christia'nus (Christian). 3. Pale yellow. July.
Armenia. 1737. So called by Diosco-
rides, because a native of the birth-land
of Christianity.
Dahu'ricus (Dahurian). f. Purple. June.
Dahuria. 1822.
dasya'nthus (hairy-flowered). I.June. Hun-
gary. 1819-
dasygio'ttis (thick-tongue-leaved), i- Purple.
July. Siberia. 1818.
deprefsmu (depressed). *. Pale yellow. July.
Europe. 1772. Trailer.
di/a'sus (wide-scattered), 4. Pale yellow. July.
Caspian. 1820.
Donia'nus (Don's). 4- Purple. July. Nepaul.
1818. Trailer.
emargin'i'tus (nicked-leaf). 1. Pale yellow.
July. South of Europe. 1825.
epiglo'ttis (heart-podded). ^. Pale yellow.
July. South of Europe. 173". Trailer.
e.rsca'pus (scapelew). 4- Yellow. July. Hun-
trary. 182/.
falca'tus (sickle-podded; hairy -podded}. 3.
Greenish-yellow. July. Siberia.
falcifo'rmis (gickle-shaped). lj. Pale yellow,
July. Algiers. 18! 6.
fruticn'sus (shrubby). 14. Violet. July. Si-
beria. 1804.
gte^(/rai(goat's-rue-&p). -2. Yellowish-
green. June. Siberia. J7-9-
gluciphylluSfdes (glyciphyllus-like. Liquorice
milk-vetch). 1. Pule yellow. July. Si-
beria. 1818. Trailer.
AST
AST
(sweet-leaved), 3. Yellowish-
July. Britain. Trailer.
srra'ci Us (slender). $ Purple. June. N.Araer.
1821.
haiicu'cubus (kettle-calyxed). $. Pale yellow.
May. Armenia. 1806.
hamo'sus (hook-podded}. 1 . Pale yellow. July.
Spain. 1683. Trailer.
macroca'rpus (large -fruited). . Pale
yellow. June. South of Europe. 1820.
Trailer.
hypuglu'ttis (tongue-under-tongue). . Pur-
ple. J-uly. Britain. Trailer.
a'lbus (vihiie-Jlowered). $. White. June.
Gardens. Trailer.
hymenuca'rpus (membranous-podded). 4.
Yellow. July. Russia. 1835.
inca'nus (hoary). . Purple. July. Montpelier.
1759.
injla'tus (swollen). 1. Purple. July. Mendoza.
1327.
lactifiu'rus (milk-flowered). Striped. June. Si-
beria.' 1832.
lani'gerus (wool-bearing). . Yellow. June.
E^ypt. 1791.
La.r/rttf'/mi(Laxuiann's). 1. Purple. August.
Siueria. 1814. Trailer.
leonti'ttits (lion-tail;. . Blue. July. Austria.
1815. Trailer.
leptophy'llus (fhie-leaved). . White. July.
Barbary. 1811.
Isucoplice 1 us (dusky). 4. Whitish-yellow. July.
1776. Trailer.
linearifo'lius (linear-leaved). 1. Purple. July.
Siberia. 1780.
longifiu'rits (long-flowered). . Yellow. July.
Tartary. 1806.
macroce'phulus (large-headed). 4. Yellow.
June. Caucasus. 1831. Trailer.
ma'ximus (greatest-/;r-arf). 3. Yellow. June.
America.
melilotoi'des (melilot-like). 3. Purple. June.
Siberia. 1785.
micfa'nthus (small-flowered;. 1. Pale yellow.
July. 1800.
microphy'llus (small-leaved). 1. Yellow. June.
Siberia.- 1773.
Mompessula'nus (Montpelier). 1. Purple.
July. France. 1/10. Evergreen trailer.
u'llrus (white). 1. White. July. South of
Europe. Evergreen trailer.
Narbun^imis (Narboniie). 3. Pale yellow.
July. South of Europe. 1789.
neglefctus (neglected). . July. Siberia. 1826.
odora'tus (sweet-scentea). 2. Pale yellow.
July. South of Europe. 1820.
onobrychioi'des (saiutfoin-Uke). 1. Purple.
July. Iberia. 1819.
unobry'chis (purple-spiked). 14. Purple. July.
Austria. lt)40. Trailer.
oto'pterus (ear-winged). 1, Pale blue. July.
Altai. 1817.
Palla'sii (Pallas's). $. Purple. July. Caspian.
1818.
palle'scens (palish). 1. Pale yellow. June.
Siberia.
physo'des (inflated). |. Purple. July. Siberia.
1/59.
platyphy'llus (broad-leaved). 1. Pale yellow.
July. Siberia. 1824. Trailer.
Po'nticus (Pontic). 2. Pule yellow. Tauria.
1820.
pote'rium(yotcnum). . White. July. Levant.
1640. Evergreen.
procu'mbens (lying-down). l. Yellowish-
blue. May. Chili. 1832. Hall-hardy.
A. purpu'reus (purple). $. Purple. July. South
of France. 1820. Trailer.
re'ptans (creeping). 4. White. July. Mexico.
1818. Greenhouse evergreen creeper.
Schanginia'nus (Schang's). 1. White. Siberia.
1832.
semibitocula'ris (half-two-celled). 1^. Pale
yellow. July. Siberia. 1804.
ste'llu (star-podded). 4. Blue. July. South
of Europe. 1658; Trailer.
stipulu'tus (/rtr^-e-stipuled). 1. Yellow. June.
Nepaul. 1S22.
subttla'tus (awl-shaped), f . Purple. July. Si-
beria. 1820.
succule'ntus (succulent). 1. Purple. July. N.
Amer. 1327.
sulca'tus (furrowed). 4. Light blue. July. Si-
beria. 1785.
sylvi'colus (wood). America. 1831. Trailer.
Tau'ricus (Tauriaii). *. Purple. July. Tauria.
1826.
testicula'tus (egg-shaped). 4, Fleshy-white.
July. Tauria. 118.
tomentu'sus (woolly-leaved). 3. Pale yellow.
July. Egypt. 1800. Half-hardy.
tntgacu'ntha (great-goat's-thorn). Pale yellow.
July. South of Europe. lo'iU. Ever-
green.
tu'midus (swelling). 4. Pale yellow. July.
Egypt. 1816. Evergreen.
uligino'sus (marsh). 2. Pale yellow. July. Si-
beria. 1752.
u'triger (bladder-bearing). $ Yellow. July.
Russia. 1818.
veiiieu'rius (bladder -calyxed). \. Whitish-
yellow. July. Europe. 1737. TraUer.
wimi'neus (rod-like). &. Purple. July. Siberia.
1816.
virga'tus (twiggy). 3. Violet. July. Siberia.
1806.
vulpi'nus (fox). 2. Light yellow. July. Cau-
casus. 1815.
ASTKA'KIHUS. (From astron, a star, and
atit/ws, a flower ; in rei'erence to the star-
like divisions of the flower. Nat. ord.,
Homaliads [HomaliaceseJ. Linn., S-Oc-
tandrla \-Monogyiiia.)
Greenhouse evergreen shrub ; cuttings in sandy
soil, under a glass ; rich, light loam. Teiup., oU a
in summer ; winter, 4u to 45.
A. Co'chin-Chine'nsis (Cochin-Chinese). 4. White.
July. China. 1823.
ASTEA'NTIA. Masterwort. (From astron,
a star, and anti, comparison; rei'erring to
the disposition of the flower-umbels. .Nat.
ord., UmbelilJ'ers [Apiacese]. Linn., o-
Pentandria 2-Dit/yniu. )
Allied to Sanicula. Hardy herbaceous peren-
nials ; dividing the plant in March, April, or Oc-
tober ; sandy loam.
A. Bieberstei'nii (Bieberstein's). 2. May. Cau-
casus. 1835.
Carniu'lica (Cornioline). 1. Striped. June.
Carniola. 1812.
Cauca'sica (Caucasian). 4. Pink. July. Cau-
casus. 1818.
ma'jor (greater). 2. Striped. June. Alps, Eu-
rope. 1596.
ma'xima (greatest). 2. Pink. July. Caucasus.
1804.
AS'
86 ]
ATE
A. mi'nor (smaller). A. Pink. June. Switzerland.
1686.
paucijiu'ra (few- flowered). . White. July.
"Sicily. 1820.
ASTRAP/E'A. (From astrape, lightning ;
in reference to the brightness of the
flowers in India. Nat. ord., Byttneriads
[Byttneriacese]. Linn., Q-Monaddpliia
1 -bodecundria.)
Formerly arranged erroneously with Stercuiiads.
Stove evergreen trees ; cuttings of young wood in
April, in sand, under a bell-jjlass, in heat; loam
and peat. Summer temp., b'j to 80; winter, 55
to 65^.
A. tiliafo'lia (lime-tree-leaved). 20. Isle of Bour-
bon, 1824.
visco'sa (clammy). 30. Pink. Madagascar. 1823.
Walli'chii (Wallich's). 20. Pink. July. Mada-
gascar. 1820.
ASTROCA'RYUM. (From astron, a star,
and fcaryon, a nut ; referring to the dis-
position of the fruit. Nat. ord., Palms
[PalmaceaB]. Linn., 21-Moncecia G-Hex-
andria. )
Allied to Cocos. Stove palms ; seed in hotbed,
in spring ; rich loam. Summer temp., 65 to 75 ;
winter, 55 to 60.
A. acau'le (stemless). 10. Brazil. 1820.
aculea'tum (prickly). 40. Guiana. 1824.
campe'stre (field). 10. Brazil. 1826.
Munimu'ru (Murumuru). 40. Brazil. 1825.
nrstra 1 turn (beak-sheathed). 10. White. Bahia.
vnfga're (common). 30. Brazil. 1825.
ASTKOLO'BIUM. United to Ornithopus.
ASTROLO'MA. (From astron, a star, and
loma, a fringe ; in reference to the bearded
fringe on the flowers. Nat.ord.,.E/>acnds
[Epacridacea?]. Linn., 5-Pentandria 1-
Monogynia.)
Greenhouse evergreen shrubs. Young cuttings,
firm at their base, in sand, under a bell-glass ;
sandy loam and turfy peat. Winter temp., 40
to 48.
A. denticulu! turn (finely-toothed). 1. Pale red.
N. Holland. 1826.
humifu'sum (trailing). 1. Scarlet. July. N. S.
Wales. 1807.
ASTY'RIA. (From a, not, and steiras,
sterile ; referring to the absence of bar-
ren stamens, one-half of these being
barren, generally, in this order. Nat. ord.,
Byttneriads [Byttneriaceae]. Linn., 16-
Monaddphia b-Octandria.}
Allied to Dombeya. Stove evergreen shrubs ;
cuttings in saud, under a beil-glass, in heat ; peat
and sandy loam. Summer temp., 60 to 85;
winter, ftS to 60.
A. ro'sea (rosy). Pink. May. Mauritius. 1843,
ASYSTk'siA. (From a, without, and
stackys, a spike, the inllorescence ; not in
spikes, as is often the ease in Acanthads.
Nat. ord., Acanthads [Acanthaceee]. Linn.,
^^.-Didynamia. 2-Anqivsvermia.}
| Stove evergreen shrub; cuttings of young
shoots in April, in sandy soil, under a bell-glass ;
peat and loam, with a little sand, and, when vi-
gour is required, a little dried cowdung. Sum-
mer temp., 60 to 80 ; winter, 50 to 55.
A. Coromandelia'na (Coromandel). Purple. Sep-
tember. India. 1845.
ATALA'NTIA. (A classical name, after
Atalanta, daughter of Schoanus, King of
Scyrus. "She being wearied with the
importunities of her suitors, consented
to have the man that could outrun her.
Hippo'menes did so by the help of Ve-
nus's golden apples. He cast three be-
fore her, and she lost ground in gather-
ing them." The fruit is golden-coloured.
Nat. ord., Citron worts [Aurantiacese].
Linn., IQ-Decandria I-Honoyynia.)
Stove evergreen shrub ; cuttings in heat, under
a bell-glass ; sandy loam and peat.
A. monophy'lla (one-leaved). 4. White. July. E.
Ind. 1/77-
ATAMASGO-LILY. Zephyra'nthus Ata-
ma'sco.
ATHANA'SIA. (From a, not, and tha-
natos, death ; in reference to the flowers
being what is called " everlasting." Nat.
ord., Composites [Asteracerel. Linn.,
19-Syngenesia 1-JEqualis.}
Greenhouse evergreens ; all natives of the Cape
of Good Hope. Cuttings of half-ripe wood in
spring, in sand, under a bell-glass ; loam and
peat, but most of the former. Winter temp., 40
to 45; summer, 60 and upwards.
A. canefscens (hoary). 3. Yellow. July. 1820.
capita'ta (headed). l. Yellow. March. 1/74.
crena'ta (scolloped). 2. Yellow. July.
1816.
crithmifo'lia (samphire-leaved). 2. Yellow.
July. 1723.
cuneifu'lia (wedge-leaved). 2. Yellow. July.
1816.
denta'ta (toothed). l. Yellow. July. 1759.
filifo'rmis (thread-shaped;. 2. Yellow. Au-
gust. 1787-
longifu'lia (long-leaved). 2. Yellow. July.
1800.
parviflu'ra (small - flowered). 2. Yellow.
April. 1731.
pectina'ta (comb-leaved). 14. Yellow. July.
177*.
pinna'ta (pinnate). 14. Yellow. July. 1818.
pubefscens (downy). 6. Yellow. July. 1768.
puncta'ta (dotted). 3. Yellow. June. 1822.
to'mento'sa (woolly-leaved). 2. Yellow. May.
177*.
tricu'spis (three-pointed). 3. Yellow. July.
1816.
trifurca'ta (three-forked-teaued). 3. Yellow.
July. 1710.
virgafta (twiggy). 1. Yellow. July. 1815.
ATELA'NDRA. (From atalos, soft, and
aner, an anther. Nat. ord., Labiates or
Lipworts [Lamiaoese]. Linn., li-Didy-
namia 1-Gymnospermiu. Allied to Wes-
tringia.)
ATH
[87]
ATP,
Greenhouse evergreen shrub. Cuttings of half
ripened wood in sand, under a bell-glass; loam
and peat. Winter temp., 40 to 45.
A. inna'na (mouldy-looking). Slate. Swan River.
ATHAIJA SPINAUUM. The Turnip Saw-
fly. "The grub of this insect known
as the Black Caterpillar, Black Canker.
Black Palmer, Negro, and Nigger, or
Black Grub sometimes destroys thou-
sands of acres of our turnips. Its body
is cylindrical, as thick as a crow-quill,
about half an inch long, greenish-black,
with a darker line down the back ; then
a line of dull, yellowish-grey, and a third
of dark slate. Underneath, the body is
paler; it is wrinkled, and the head is
black. When alarmed, this grub curls
itself together in a somewhat spiral form.
They feed on the leaf of the turnip,
leaving nothing but its largest ribs, from
the middle of August until about the
same period of October. They never
attack the Swedish turnip. "When full
grown, the grubs bury themselves just
below the surface of the earth, each
forming a small, oval cocoon of earth,
formed into a paste with a gummy mois-
ture from its mouth. It remains in the
chrysalis state until July, when the per-
fect insect, or Turnip Saw-fly, comes
forth. Our drawing represents it magni- 1
fwd, the natural size being shown by the i
cross lines. It is the Athalia centifoHte \
of some, and A. spinarum of other na-
turalists. Its colour is bright orange,
head black, upper lip pale yellow, anten-
iite black, thorax has two large dark spots,
and other dark marks are about the body
and wings. On small plots of turnips
the black grub may be easily removed by
hand-picking, and from larger breadths
by turning upon, them some broods of
ducks." (Cottage Gardener, hi. 149.)
ATHEROPO'GON. (From ather, an awn,
and porjon, a beard ; in reference to its
bearded awns. Nat. crd., Grasses [Gra-
minaceae]. Linn., %'3-Poli/ffanfia 1-Mo-
ncecia. Allied to Chloris.)
A hardy perennial grass 5 seeds and division ;
common soil.
A. aphidoi'des (aphida-like). f. Apetal. August.
South Europe. J76&.
ATHEROSPE'RMA. (From ather, an awn,
and sperma, seed; seeds awned. Nat.
ord., Plum-Nutmegs [Atherospermacese].
Linn., 21-Monoccia 8-Icosandria.)
This beautiful New-Holland tree attains the
great height of 150 feet, and has the aspect of a
stately conifer, with a girth of 6 to 7 feet. The
colonists make a pleasant tea- beverage from the
bark, either dried or in a green state. " Its
effects are, however, slightly aperient." Back-
house. Greenhouse evergreen tree ; cuttings ;
"oam and peat, Winter temp., 40 to 50.
A. moscha't-t (musk). White. June. N. Hol-
land. 1824.
ATIIRI'XIA. (From a, not, and thrix, a
lair; the receptacle being destitute of
lairs. Nat. ord., Composites [Asteracese].
Linn., Iti-Syngenesia, 2-SuperJlua. Allied
to Leyssera.)
Greenhouse evergreen ehrub; cuttings of rather
young wood, under a bell-glass, in sandy soil ;
lumpy loam and peat. Winter temp., 40 to 45.
A. Cape'nsis (Cape). 3. Red. ApriL Cape of
Good Hope. 1821.
ATMOSPHERE. See AIR.
ATRA'GENE. (From at/iron, pressed,
and yenos, birth ; in reference to the man-
ner in which the branches clasp their
supports. First applied by Thebphrastus
to our Traveller's Joy Cle'matis vita'lba,
Nat. ord., Crowfoots [Ranunculaceae],
Linn., 13-Polyandria 6-Polyyynia.)
Hardy deciduous climbers; seeds when pro-
curable ; sown in a cold pit, and pricked off into
other pots as soon as up ; layers in summer and
autumn ; cuttings in spring and summer, under
a hand-light ; common soil.
A. America'na (American). 15. Purple. June.
N. Amer. 1/97-
obli'qua (.unequal-sided). 15. Purple.
June. N. Amer. 1797.
Austri'aca (Austrian). 8. Brown, yellow.
July. Austria. 1792.
macrope'tala (large-petaled). Russia. 1831.
occidenta'lis (western). JO. July. 1818.
Ochote'nsis (Ochotsk). 12. White. June. Si-
beria. 1818.
Sibi'rica (Siberian). 12. Whitish -yellow. July.
Siberia. 1753.
A'TRIPLEX. Orach, or Arach. (From
ater, black, and plexus, woven together ;
on account of the dark colour and habit
of some of the species. Nat. ord., Cheno-
pods [Chenopodiacese], Linn., 23-Poiy-
gamia l-Moncccia.)
A. hn'Umus is a hardy evergreen shrub, rather
ornamental, and A.portuianoi'desis a hardy under-
shrub ; but the species most deserving notice if.
ATP,
AUPt
A. hortc j nsis, Garden Orarh. Se ORACH. There
aie many other species quite unueaerving the
notice of the gardener.
A'TKOPA. Nightshade. (Named after
Atropos, one of the three Fates, in refer-
ence to its poisonous qualities.)
We introduce this native weed (A'tropa bella-
do'nna), for the purpose of warning country
people from eating its berries, fatal accidents
frequently occurring in consequence. The berries
are at first green, but become black and juicy.
ATTALE'A. (From attains, magnificent;
in reference to the beauty of these palms.
Nat. ord., Palms [Palmacese]. Linn., 21-
Moncecia 9-PoiyeatAia, Allied to Cocos.)
Stove palms. Seeds ; rich, loamy soil. Sum-
mer temp., 65 to 80 ; winter, 55 to 60.
A. co'mpta (decked). 22. Brazil. 1820.
erceVsa(tall). 70. Brazil. 1826.
funi'fera (rope). 40. Brazil. 1824.
hu'milis (humble). 10. Brazil. 1820.
Ro'ssii (Ross's). 20. Brazil. 1825.
specio'sa (showy). 70. Brazil. 1826.
specta'bilis (remarkable). -70 Brazil. 1824*
AUBRIE'TIA. (Named after M. Aubtiet,
a French botanical draughtsman. Nat.
ord., Crucifers [Brassicacese]. Linn.,
\-Tetr adynamia. Allied to Arabis.)
Hardy everprreen trailers. Dividing in spring
or autumn ; cuttings under a hand-glass, in sandy
ooil ; any dry soil.
A. deltoi'dea (three-angled). $. Purple. April.
Levant. 1710.
hesperidiflo'ra (hesperis-flowered). $. Purple.
March. South Europe- 1823.
purpu'rea (purple). . Purple. April. Greece.
1820.
AU'CUBA. (The name of the shrub in
Japan. Nat. ord., Cornels [Cornacese].
Linn., 2l-Moncecia 4. Tetrandria.)
Cuttings in spring and autumn, in any light
soil, without covering ; common soil, if drained ;
Stands the smoke of towns well. It is sometimes
called the Variegated Laurel.
A. Japo'nica (Japan-blutch-leaved), 6. Apetal.
June. Japan. 1783.
AUDIBE'KTIA. (Named after M. Au-
dibert, a noted nurseryman of Taraseon.
Nat. ord., Labiates [Lamiacesej. Linn.,
2-Diandria \-Monogynia. Allied to
Monarda.)
Hardy evergreen. Seeds, in March or April ;
common soil.
A. inca'na (hoary). 1$. Pale blue. August.
Columbia. 1827.
AUDOUI'NTA. (Named after Audouin,
a celebrated entomologist. Nat. ord.,
Bruniads [Bruniacete]. Linn., 5-Pen-
tandria 1-Monogynia.)
Greenhouse evergreen under-shrub. Cuttings
of half-ripen'ed wood, in sand, under a bell-glass ;
peat and loam. Winter temp., 45.
A. capita'ta, (headed\ 14. Purple. June.
Cape of Good Hope. 179'J,
AU'LAX. (From anlax, a furrow: in
reference to the furrowed under side of
the leaves. Nat. ord., Proteads [Protea-
cese.j. Linn., 22-Dia>cia -Tetrandria.)
Greenhouse evergreen shrubs. Ripe cuttings,
in sandy soil, under a bell glass ; loam and peat.
Winter temp., 46 to 50.
A. pinifo'lia (pine-leaved). 2. Yellow. August.
Capeiof Good Hope. 1780.
umbella'ta (umbelled). 2. Yellow. July.
Cape of Good Hope. 1774.
AUKI'CULA. (Pri'mula auricula.) The
Bear's Ear, or Mountain Cowslip.
The varieties of this flower are very
numerous, and their numbers are annu-
ally increased. They are divided into
five classes. 1. Green-edged; 2. Grey-
edged ; 3. White-edged ; 4. Selfs, or one-
coloured ; and, 5. Alpines, which have
the outer edge of the petals shaded by
a mixture of two colours, not separated
into distinct bands of colour, as in the
edged varieties ; and the paste round the
tube is yellow, instead of white, as it is
in the edged and selfs.
"As florists have several terms relative
to the Auricula, which may not be under-
stood by every amateur, we may as well
explain that the thrum is a collective
name for the stamens in the very centre
or tube of each flower. Paste, in the
edged and self varieties, is the white
colour next round the edge of the tube,
or eiye, of the flower : it is yellow in the
Alpines. Ground-colour is the next
colour to this on the petal, being the
distinctive colour of the variety. Edye
is the outer colour of all, forming the
border of the flower. A Pip is the single
flower, and a Truss is several pips, with
their several footstalks springing from
one stem common to them all.
" The properties of the Auricula may
be divided into two series, namely, those
of the single pip, and those of the single
plant.
" The Pip. 1. Should be circular, large,
with petals equal, firm, fleshy, smooth at
the edges, without notch or serrature,
and perfectly flat.
"2. The centre, or tube, should not ex-
ceed one-fourth of the diameter of tho
pip ; it should be of a fine yellow or lemon
colour, perfectly round, well filled with
the anthers, or thrum, and the edge
rising a trifle above the paste, or eye.
" 3. The paste, or eye, should be per-
fectly circular, smooth, and of a dense;,
pure white, without crack or blemish,
AUR
[89 ]
AUR
forming a band not less than half the
width of the tube, aad encircling it.
"4. The ground-colour should be dense,
whole, and form a perfect circle next the
eye. The brighter, darker, or richer the
colour, the better the flower ; but, if it be
paler at the edges (where they are parted
into five), or have two colours or shades,
it s a fatal defect.
" 5. The margin, or outer edge, should
be a clear, unchangeable green, grey, or
white, and be about the same width as
the ground-colour, which must in no part
go through to the edge. From the edge
of the paste to the outer edge of the
flower should be as wide as from the
centre of the tube to the outer edge of
the paste. In other words, the propor-
tions of the flowers may be described by
drawing four circles round a given point,
at equal distances ; the first circle forming
the tube, the second the white eye, the
third the ground-colour, and the fourth
the outer edge of the flower; and the
nearer they approximate to this (except
that the ground-colour, which may be a
little broader than the other bands, and
the green or grey edge, may run into each
other in feathery points), the better the
flower. The colours should not be liable
to fly, as is the defect of Stretch's Alex-
ander, the colours of which fade in three
or four days.
" Of the Plant. 1. The stem should
be strong, round, upright, elastic, bearing
the truss upright without support, and
from four to seven inches high, so as to
carry the truss well, but not too high
above the leaves.
" 2. The length and strength of the
foot-stalks of the pips should be so pro-
portioned to the number and size of
these, that all the pips may have room
to show themselves, and to form a com-
pact, semi-globular truss of flowers, not
less than five, though we prefer seven in
number, without lapping over each other.
The pips should be all alike in colour,
size, and form, so as not to be easily dis-
tinguished from one another; for, other-
wise, the unity and harmony of the truss
will be destroyed, and, although ever so
beautifully formed, would appear as if
taken from different sorts of Auricula.
An Auricula ought to blow freely, and
expand all its pips at the same time ; for,
by this means, the colours in them all
will appear equally fresh and lively ;
whereas, in those trusses that do not
open some of th^. pips till others have
passed their prim^, the whole appearance
of the truss is impaired.
" 3. The truss is improved if one or
more leaves grow, and stand up well
behind the bloom ; for it assists the truss,
and adds much to the beauty of the
bloom, by forming a green background.
"4. The foliage, or grass, should be
healthy, well-grown, and almost cover
the pot." Gard. and Florist, i. 45.
" We are of opinion that all these cri-
teria are founded upon the dictates of
correct taste; but, as these excellencies
are never combined in one variety, and
as some, being equals in many qualities,
are mutually superior in others, the ques-
tion constantly arises, at Auricula exhibi-
tions, as to which variety has the prepon-
derance of merit. Now, we are clearly
of opinion that form, including in this
the relative proportions of the colours on
the pips, the half-globular form of the
truss, the number of pips, &c., is by far
the most striking excellence in an Auri-
cula. Next to this we should place the
harmony, or, as we should prefer, the
agreeable contrast, or complemental as-
sociation of the colours.
" Of the Pairs. Auriculas are usually
exhibited two specimens together, or ' in
pairs.' These should be of equal height
and size in all their parts, leaves as well
as blooms ; for it is offensive to the eye
to see a dwarf by the side of a tall-
growing specimen. It is also desirable
that the colours should differ ; thus, a
green-edged and a white-edged, a dark
ground-colour and a light ground-colour,
should go together. But we do not at-
tach so much importance to this diversity
of colour as some judges do. We think
it should have no weight further than
that, if two competing pairs are exactly
of equal merit in other respects, the
prize should be awarded to the pair of
best-contrasted colours. But the slight-
est superiority in any characteristic of
the pip or truss, we think, ought to pre-
vail over this mere matter of taste ; for
the other characteristics are evidences of
better cultivation." (The Cottage Gar-
dener, iii.)
Propagation is effected by taking slips
from, and dividing roots of, approved
varieties, after the seed has ripened, in
July and August, and by the seed itself.
Raising Varieties. The parent plants
should be vigorous ; and, before the pipd
AUE
AUK
of the mother-plant are quite open, cut
off the anthers of all of them with a
pair of sharp-pointed scissors, cover with
a hand-glass, dust the pistil with pollen
from the father-plant, and keep the
hand-glass over as before, until the flower,
beginning to fade, shows that there is
no danger of any other pollen being
intruded to frustrate your object. Gather
the seed-vessels as they become brown,
in June and July ; place them in the sun,
on a sheet of white paper, until they
burst. Bub out the seeds, and sow them
early in September, or keep them in the
seed-vessels, in a dry place, until March,
which is better. Sow them in a warm
border of light soil, or in boxes, under
glass ; cover them with a quarter of an
inch of the same soil. Keep the seed-
lings free from weeds, and, when they
have four or five leaves, transplant them
from the boxes, or from the border, into
a similar border, in rows eight inches
apart each way, there to remain until
they flower, which will be next spring.
Those that you mark as good must be
potted as soon as the bloom is over, and
treated as we shall direct for established
old plants.
Culture of established Plants. We will
suppose that you have bought these while
blooming. Then, at the end of June,
when the blooming is quite over, re-pot
them, in order to have a strong growth
to flower finely next season. Have your
compost of light loam, rotten cowdung,
and decayed vegetable mould, in equal
parts, with a portion of sand, about one-
eighth, well-mixed, and in a state neithei
wet nor dry, ready in such quantities as
your stock of plants may require. Turn
out of their pots your blooming-plants
remove nearly all suckers that have roots
to them ; lay them on one side, then
shake off nearly all the old soil; trim
the roots sparingly, and then your plan
is ready for the new pot. Place a large
crock, or broken piece of pot, or an oyster
shell, over the hole of each pot ; pu
upon this a number of smaller crocks, tc
the depth of three quarters of an inch
then place upon them about half an incl
of the fibrous part of the loam, and upon
that a portion of your compost; then
with one hand hold the plant rathe
above the level of the rim of the po
and with the other fill in the compos
amongst the roots. Proceed thus unL
the pot is filled, and then gently strik
the pot upon the bench, to settle the soil,
leaving hold of the plant, that it may
settle with the soil. This will bring the
soil level with the rim of the pot ; put a
little more soil around the plant, and
press it gently with your fingers, so as to
leave the soil a quarter of an inch below
the edge of the pot at the sides, and level
with it in the centre. Place them upon
a bed of coal-ashes, in a situation where
the sun does not shine upon them after
ten o'clock in the morning. The proper
sized pots for blooming-plants is the size
known as 32s : they are about 5J inches
i diameter, and of proportionate depth,
he suckers may either be put singly
nto small pots, or three or four in pots,
f the same size as those for the bloom-
ng-plants, and be treated in a similar
aanner. The single-pot plan is the best,
" you have room to winter them. "Water
aem all in fine weather, and look out for
lugs and worms, which would injure
lem. Keep them free from weeds, stir
le surface frequently, and shade them,
tirdughout July, August, and September
eneath a north wall, with a covering of
iled canvass, to draw down in very heavy
bowers. So soon as the cold nights and
leavy rains of autumn come on, the
)lants must be removed to their winter
uarters.
Wintering. Dr. Horner, one of the
most successful of Auricula cultivators,
las employed, for many years, a frame
made purposely for protecting this flower
n winter, which he has thus depicted
and desciibed :
'It stands on legs between two and
three feet high ; the top lights slide, and,
as shown in the diagram, may also be
propped up by means of an iron bar, per-
forated with holes two or three inches
apart, and which catch on a nail project-
ing from the wood on which the light
rests when down. It is permanently fixed
to the sadi by means of a small staple,
forming a moveable joint, and. when not
AUB
[ 91 ]
AUR
used, lies along its lower edge, and is
there secured. The front lights let down
on hinges ; the ends are also glass; and
in the back, which is wood, there is a
door, for the convenience of getting to
the pots behind, and also for thorough
ventilation. There are five rows of shelves,
graduated to the slope of the glass ; they
have a piece, an inch wide, sawn out of
the middle ; there is a space also left be-
tween them; so that the bottom of the
frame is quite open, for the abundant
admission of air to circulate thoroughly
around the sides and bottom of the pots.
By letting down the front light only, the
plants may be left, for days together, ex-
posed to all the advantages of light and
air, without care or notice ; and when it
is desirable to give them the benefit of a
shower the top lights are removed."
But it is not at all necessary to incur
the expense of a frame thus constructed,
as a common cucumber-frame, set on
bricks, or cold pit, answers equally well.
In either of these set them upon a stra-
tum of coal-ashes, two or three inches
thick; or, when expense is no object,
upon a stage of boards slightly raised.
The plants ought to be within six inches
of the glass. Careful attention is required
to two points giving air and watering :
very little, if any, is required of the latter.
If the weather is dry, and a good deal of
sunshine occurs, a little water will be re-
quired. This should be applied in the
morning, to allow the surface of the soil
in the pots to become dry before night.
A fine, sunny morning, therefore, should
be chosen to water these plants. Of air,
abundance should be given. On all fine
days the lights should be drawn entirely
off; but, should there be the least ap-
pearance of rain, let the frames be closed
instantly, giving air then either at the
back, by propping up the light, or by
propping up the lights in the centre of
each side, so as to allow a full current of
air to the plants. Constant search must
be made for slugs, woodlice, and other
destructive insects, and the surface of the
soil kept free from moss by frequent
gentle stirring.
Spring culture. At the close of Febru-
ary, top-dress the soil in the pots with
a compost of very rotten cowdung, two
years old, at least, and some rotten leaf-
mould and light loam. If these are not
dry, use means to make tbem so. Mix
them with the hand well together, and
add a little sand ; then have your plants
in some convenient place, remove a por-
tion of the old soil, clear away all decayed
leaves, and apply the top-dressing of
fresh compost, very nearly filling the
pots ; press it rather closely to the stem
of each plant, give a gentle watering with
a fine-rose watering-pot, to settle the new-
earth; replace the plants in the frame,
and attend them carefully, as directed
previously. This top-dressing greatly
strengthens the plants, and, consequently,
the blooms. Continue to give air freely,
as above directed. When the trusses of
flowers show themselves, which will be
about the end of March, give air freely
only during very fine days, and keep
them rather warmer both by night and
by day, giving at night a thick covering
of mats, or other warm material. Water
abundantly now, but only on the soil: do
not wet the leaves. When in flower,
shade them from the sun, or remove
them to a cool, shady situation, but quite
protected from rain by some kind of
glazed shelter. This will prolong the
time of the blooming. When the bloom is
over, place them on coal-ashes, to keep
worms out of the pots, and in a situation
where the sun does not shine upon them
after ten o'clock in the morning.
Diseases. The Auricula is liable to
have its roots ulcerated, or cankered, if
the pots are not well drained. This is
best done by having the pots deep, and
one-fourth filled with rubbly charcoal, and
the soil not too much divested of pebbles.
At the blooming-time the aphis, or green-
fly, sometimes attacks the plants. These
can only be removed individually by
means of a camel-hair pencil.
Canker. The first symptom of the dis-
order having attacked an Auricula is its
loss of green-colour, and its assuming a
yellowish, sickly appearance. Soon after,
it decays on one side, and becomes
crooked, or else the main root of the
plant rapidly decays quite through, and
the head drops off. In fact, the juices of
the plant are vitiated at the time the
leaves begin to appear sickly ; so that no
time must be lost in cutting away en-
tirely the cankered part, fresh potting it
into proper soil, and removing it to a cool,
shaded situation. This is the only likely
method to recover the infected plant.
Some florists have thought the disease
epidemic and contagious, because, when
it does appear, it usually attacks many
AVE
AVE
plants in the same collection. This, how-
ever, is no such proof, but merely evinces
that the whole have been rendered liable
to the disease, by being all equally mis-
managed, as by having an unsuitable
soil, &c.
AVE'NA. A genus of the Nat. ord.,
Grasses, of which it is only necessary to
observe here, that one of its species,
Ava'na sati'va, is the Oat.
A' YENS. Ge'-um.
AVENUE is a road bordered by trees on
each side ; and being, as observed by
Whateley, confined to one termination,
and excluding every view on the sides,
has, when straight, a tedious sameness
throughout. To be great it must be dull ;
and the object to which it is appro-
priated is, after all, seldom shown to
advantage. Buildings, in general, do not
appear so large, and are not so beautiful,
when looked at in front, as when they
are seen from an angular situation, which
commands two sides at once, and throws
them both in perspective; but a winding,
lateral approach is free from these ob-
jections. It may, besides, be brought up
to the house without disturbing any of
the views from it ; but a straight avenue
cuts the scenery directly in two, and
reduces all the prospect to a narrow
vista. A mere line of perspective, be
the extent of what it may, will seldom
compensate for the loss of that space
which it divides, and of the parts which
it conceals. These kinds of walks were
formerly much more the fashion than
they are at present. Where they are to
be made, the common Elm answers very
well for the purpose in most grounds,
except such as are very wet and shallow.
The rough, Dutch Elm is approved by
some, because of its quick growth ; and it
is a tree that will not only bear remov-
ing very well, but that is green in the
spring almost as soon as any plant what-
ever, and continues so equally long. It
makes an incomparable hedge, and is
preferable to all other trees for lofty
espaliers. The Lime is very useful, on
account of its regular growth and fine
shade; and the Horse Chesnut is proper
for such places as are not too much ex-
posed to rough winds. The Spanish
Cliesnut does very well in a good soil, or
on warm gravels, as it rises to a consi-
derable height when planted somewhat
close ; but, when it stands singly, it is
rather inclined to spread than grow tall.
The Beech naturally grows well with us
in its wild state; but it is less to be
chosen for avenues than others, because
it does not bear transplanting well. The
White Poplar may also be employed for
this use, as it is adapted to almost any
soil, and is the quickest grower of any
forest-tree. It seldom fails in transplant-
ing, and succeeds very well in wet soils,
in which the others are apt to suffer.
The Oak is but seldom used for avenues,
because of its slow growth.
The best example we know of a noble
avenue is from the Chester Lodge to
Eaton Hall, in Cheshire, but it is very
deceptive in its apparent length, and the
hall is not seen to advantage throughout.
There is an avenue of Limes leading to
the Duke of Devonshire's villa, at Chis-
wick, near London, which has a fine
effect, not being in a straight line.
Another of the best-planted avenues we
know is an approach to Clifden House,
now the property of the Duke of Suther-
land. The trees are planted on raised
platforms, right and left, with an open,
intervening space between them and the
carriage-drive. This would have been a
better arrangement for the noble avenue
of Deodars, lately planted between the
new conservatory and the old pagoda, in
Kew Gardens. When this avenue of
Deodars, and others that are now being
laid out, with Araucarias, the Douglas
Pine, and their allies, the Mexican, Ja-
panese, and Chinese Cypresses, come to
an age when they will assume the true
characters of these noble cone-bearers,
avenues will again become fashionable.
In every instance possible we would
recommend the trees to be planted con-
siderably above the level of the road, on
raised platforms, following any inequali-
ties or undulations in the bed of the
road. The celebrated avenue in Windsor
Park would have appeared much more
noble had it been thus planted.
AVEKRHO'A. (Named after Averrhoes,
a Spanish physician. Nat. ord.. Oxalids
[Oxalidacece]. Linn., \Q-Decandria 4-
Pentagynia.)
The leaves cf A. cara'mbola exhibit that kind
of irritability we call "sensitive." The fruit of
both species is eaten in India ; but its acidity is
intolerable to Europeans. Stove evergreen shrulis ;
half-ripened cuttings in April, in sand, under a
bell-glass, and in bottom-heat ; loam and peat.
Summer temp., 60 to 85 ; winter, 55 to 60.
A. bili'mlfi (Inlirnbi-Jree). 8. Reddish-yellow.
August. E.lnd. 1791.
AVE
AZA
A. cara'mlola (carambola-/'?e). 10. Greenishr I
red. Ceylon. 1/33.
AVERRUNCATOR (from the Latin aver-
ntnco, to prune). A small pair of pow-
erful shears, on a long handle, for sever-
ing boughs on lofty trees.
AVIARY. This building, devoted to the
preservation of live birds, distinguished
for the beauty either of their notes or
plumage, is rarely admitted within a
garden ; and still more rarely is it suffi-
ciently ornamental, or sufficiently free
from disagreeables, to be a source of
pleasure.
AXIL. This term, meaning, literally,
the arm-pit, is used by botanists to indi-
cate the point of the angle between a
leaf and a branch, or between a branch
and the stem.
AYE'NIA. (Named after the Duke d'
Ayen. Nat. ord., Byttneriads [Byttne-
riaceae], formerly among Sterculiads.
Linn., 5-Penlandria \-Monoyynia.)
Stove plants ; cuttings in sand,; rich soil; com-
mon stove treatment.
A. Iceviga'ta (smooth). 2. SrarJet. Jamaica.
Evergreen under-shrub.
pusi'lla (small). 1. Purple. August. Ja-
maica. 1756. Biennial.
AZA'LEA. (From azaleas, dry ; in re-
ference to the habitation of the plant.
Nat. ord., Heaihworts [Ericaceae] Linn.,
5 Pentandria \-Monoyynia.)
It was said that the Pontic honey which stupe-
fied the Greek soldiers was collected from Rhodo-
de'ndron Po'nticum ; but Pallas believes it to
have been gathered from Aza'lea Po'ntica. All
the greenhouse species are evergreen, except A.
squama' ta; and all the hardy species are deci-
duous. The hardy species, by layers, made in
summer and autumn, and doing best in sandy
peat, though many will thrive well in peat and
loam ; the Indian species and varieties are propa-
gated by seed, and cuttings of stiff, but not over-
hard, snoots, inserted in sand, under a bell-giass ;
sandy peat. Summer temp., 60 to 75, if re-
quired to bloom early ; winter, 45 to 55. A
lower temperature will suit, if late bloom is
wanted.
HARDY.
A. arbore'scens (tree-like). 10. Red. June.
N. Anier. 1818.
tn'color (two-coloured). 4. Scarlet. June.
N. Amer. 1734.
cune'srunf} (hoary). 3. lied. June. N,
.Amer. 1812.
calendula! ae* (marigold-libel. 4. Orange.
June. N. Amer. 1806.
(. calendula' cea clirysole'cia (fine-golden). 4,
Yellow. June. N. Amer.
cro'cea (saffron-coloured). 4. Saffron.
June. N. Amer.
cu'prea (copper-coloured). 4. Copper.
June. N. Amer.
fia'mmea (flame-coloured). 4. Red. June.
N. Amer. 1812.
grandiflo'ra (large-flowered). 4. Orange.
June. N. Amer.
igne'scens (fire-coloured). 1. Red. June.
N. Amer.
sple'ndens (shining). 4. Orange. June.
N. Amer.
triu'mphans (triumphant). 4. Orange.
June. N. Amer. ,
-glau'cn (dwar/-glaucous). 2. White. June.
N. Amer. 1/34.
- hi'spida (bristly). 5. White. June. N.
Amer. 1734.
- ledifo'lium (ledum-leaved). 2. White. Apri'.
China. 1824.
- ni'tida (shining-teawecf). 4. White. April.
N. Amer. 1S12.
- nudiflo'ra (naked-flowered). 3. Deep pink.
June. N. Amer. 1J34.
a'lba (ear/y-white). 4. White. June.
N. Amer.
a'lba-ple'na (double-white). 4. White.
June. N. Amer.
bla'nda (soft). 4. Blush. June. N.
Amer.
ca'rnea (flesh). 4. Pale red. June.
N. Amer. 1/34.
Carolinia'na (Carolina). 4. Scarlet. June.
N. Amer.
Cobu'rghii (Coburg's). Scarlet. June.
N. Amer.
cocci'nea (scarlet). 4. Scarlet. June.
N. Amer.
corymbo'sa (corymbose). 4. Scarlet. June.
N. Amer.
cri'spa (curled). 4. Pink. June. N.
Amer.
cumula'ta (bundled). 4. Scarlet, pink.
June. N. Amer.
- di'scolor (two-coloured). 4. White,
scarlet. June. N. Amer.
faatigia'ta (pyramidal). 4. Pink. June.
N. Amer.
flu'rida (many-flowered). 4. Pink. June.
N. Amer.
globo'sa (globe-like). 4. Pink. June.
N. Amer.
glomera'ta (round-headed). 4. Pink.
June. N. Amer.
inca'na (hoary). 4. Pink. June. N.
Atner.
incarna'ta (flesh-coloured). 4. Flesh.
June. N. Amer.
mira'bilis (wonderful). 4. Scarlet. June.
N. Amer.
magni'fica (magnificent). 4. Scarlet.
June. N. Amer.
monttt'na (mountain). 4. Scarlet. Ju/ie.
N. Amer.
pa'Uida (pale-cowered). 4. Pale red.
Jure. N. Amer.
paludo'sa (marsh). 4. Pale red. June.
N. Amer.
papilionu' cea (butterfly). 4. Striped.
June. N. Amer.
parti'ta (^we-parte-1;. 4. White and
red. June. N. Amer.
parviflo'rtt (small-flowered). 4. Jiine.
N. Amer.
AZA
[94]
AZA
A. nudiflo'ra proli'fera (proliferous). 4. June.
N. Amer.
pu'mila (dwarf). 4. White. June.
N. Amer.
purpura'scens (purplish). 4. Purple.
June. N. Amer.
purpu'rea (purple). 4. Purple. June.
N. Amer.
purpu'rfo - ple'no (double - purple). 4.
Purple. June. N. Amer.
rot sea (rosy). 4. Red. June. N. Amer.
rube'rri ma (reddest). 4. Dark red. June.
N. Amer.
rube' teens (reddish). 4. Red. June.
N. Amer.
rubicu'nda (ruddy). 4. Red. June.
N. Amer.
ru'bra (red). 4. Red. June. N. Amer.
ru'tilans (shining-red). 4. Dark red.
June. N. Amer.
semidu'plex (semi-double). 4. White.
June. N. Amer.
stumi'neu (long-stamened). 4. Red.
June. N. Amer.
stelta'ta (starry). 4. Red. June. N. Amer.
tri' color (three-coloured). 4. Scarlet,
white. June. N. Ainer.
vuria'bilis (variable). 4. Red. June.
N. Amer.
variega'ta (varieprated). 4. Red and
white. June. N. Amer.
versi'color (party-coloured). 4. Red and
white. June. N. Amer.
viola'ceu (violet -coloured). 4. Violet.
June. N. Amer.
Po'nticu (Pontic). 6. Yellow. June. Turkey.
1793.
dlbijio'ra (white-flowered). 6. White.
May. Turkey.
cordna'rium (garland). 7. Yellow. June.
Holland. 1832.
cu'prea (copper-coloured). 6. Copper.
June. Turkey.
glau'ca (milky-green-teawed). 6. Yellow.
June. Turkey.
pa'llida (pale). 6. Pale yellow. April.
Turkey.
tri' color (three-coloured). 6. Pale red.
April. Turkey.
specio'su (showy). 4. Scarlet. June. N. Amer.
acittifo'lia (pointed-leaved). 4. June.
N. Amer.
nura'ntia (orange). 4. Orange. June.
N. Amer.
ciliu'ta (fringed). 4. June. N. Amer.
cri'spa (curled). 4. Scarlet. June. N.
Amer.
cuculla'ta (hooded). 4. June. N. Amer.
ma'jor (larger-scarlet). 4. Scarlet. June.
N. Amer.
obli'quu (unequal-sided). 4. June. N,
Amer.
prunifo'lia (plum - leaved). 4. June.
N. Amer.
revolu'ta (rolled-back-teamZ). 4. June
N. Amer.
tortulifo'lia (twisted-leaved). 4. June
N. Amer.
undula'ta (waved -leaved). 4. June
N. Amer.
risco'sa (clammy). 2. White. July. N. Amer
cri'spa (curled). 4. White. July. N
Amer.
deatba'ta (whitened). 4. White. July
N. Amer.
fi'ss't (cleft). 4. White. July. N. Amer
A. visco'sa odora'ta (scented). 4. White. July.
N. Amer.
penicilla'ta (pencilled). 4. White. July.
N. Amer,
'pube'scens (downy). 4. White. July.
N. Amer.
rube'scens (reddish). 4. White. July.
N. Amer.
variegafta (variegated). 4. White. July.
N. Amer.
vitta'ta (banded). 4. White. July.
N. Amer.
GREENHOUSE.
A. amce'na (bright-./?ott>erai). 1. Crimson, purple.
April. Shangha?.
crispifto'ra (crisped-flowered). Rose. April.
China.
Danielsia'na (Daniel's). 3. Carmine. June,
China. 1830.
I'ndica( Indian). 4. Scarlet. June. China. 1808.
aurunti'aca (orange). 4. Orange. April.
China. 1822.
igne'scens (fire-coloured). 2. Brown.
April. China.
lateri'tia (brick-red-co/owred). 2. Red.
May. China. 1833.
phtsni'cea (purple). 3. Purple. April.
China. 1824.
purpu'reo-ple'na (double -purple). 4.
Purple. May. China. 181Q.
variega'ta (variegated). 4. Striped. June.
China. 1824.
obtu'sa (blvmt-lcaved). 1^. Red. March.
China. 1844.
ovu'ta (egg-shape-/eawed). 8. Pink. China.
1844.
a'lba (white-flowered). 8. White. May.
N.China. 1844.
Sine'nsis (Chinese). 3. Yellow. May. China.
1823.
squama' ta (scaly). 2. Rose, crimson. March.
China. 1844.
AZALEAS (AMERICAN)- These include
what are called Ghent Azaleas, \vlnch are
seedling varieties of A. calendula' 'cea, A.
nudiflo'ra, A. spccio'sa, and A. visco'sa.
The varieties were first raised in the
neighbourhood of Ghent.
Propagation By layers in the month
of March : the layers require notching or
twisting. If the part buried in the ground
is covered with moss they will root morn
freely. They should not be taken oil
the parent till after the second year's
growth.
Soil. Sandy peat, in a dry situation,
at least eighteen inches deep ; but, in a
damp one, a foot deep will be sufficient,
Culture. In spring, protect the young
shoots and flowers by hoops in low situa-
tions, as the late frosts often destroy the
young, early shoots. In winter, and in
summer, if the soil is very dry, cover the
bed with green moss.
Diseases. Sometimes the plants die off
just at the surface of the soil, owing to
too much moisture. The remedy, if the
situation is low and damp, is either to
AZA
C 95]
BAB
drain it thoroughly, or to raise the bed
completely above the general level of the
ground.
Varieties may be raised by crossing the
kinds in such a way as is likely to effeci
a pleasing change. Choose the best
forms and brightest colours ; let the
plants with flowers of the best form be
the seed-bearing mother, and rely for the
colour upon the pollen of the male. Sow
the seed in April, in pans, placed under a
cold frame ; prick the seedlings out the
year following in beds, four inches apart,
to remain till they flower.
AZALEAS (INDIAN or CHINESE).
Baisiny varieties. The best and most
certain way to obtain new varieties is by
impregnating the best-shaped flowers with
the pollen of some fine, high-coloured
variety. Remove the anthers before they
burst from the one intended to seed ;
cover with fine gauze the flower impreg-
nated, to prevent impregnation by insects.
When the seed is ripe, gather it, and sow
it the February following in shallow pans,
in a gentle heat. As soon as the seedlings
have two or three leaves, transplant them
into fresh, sandy peat, in deeper pans.
They may remain in these pans till the
spring following: then pot them singly
into 2^-inch pots, and grow them on, re-
potting them as they require it, till they
flower.
Propagation by cuttings. Take the
young tops, three inches long; dress them
by cutting off the bottom leaves. Fill a pot,
to within an inch of the top, with sandy
peat; fill up the rest with silver sand;
put in the cuttings thickly ; water gently,
and fit a bell-glass just within the rim of
the pot ; place them in a temperature of
ft5 to GO , and shade from the sun.
They should thus remain till rooted ;
then place them in a greenhouse for a
week or two; and remove the bell-glass
every night, replacing it during the day.
They may then be potted off singly into
small pots, and placed in a close frame
till fresh roots are made; then, gradually
inure them to bear the full sun and air;
re-pot, and grow on to any size required.
Propagation by grafting. See GRAFT-
ING. The bestmode is that called side-graft-
ing. The grafts must be very small,
not more than 1 to 1^-inch long; tie them
with worsted, or thick cotton thread, to
the stock. The best time is early spring.
Place the grafted plants in a close frame,
in gentle heat, or under hand-glasses,
upon sand, in a propagating house. The
stock most suitable is the Aza'lea Tndica
a'lba, or A.phceni'cca,\)olh easy to strike.
Soil. Sandy peat three-fourths, light
loam one-fourth.
Summer culture. Azaleas require the
same treatment as Camellias. After the
bloom is over give them a moderate de
gree of artificial heat, 55 to 60. Syringe
them freely during that period. As soon
as they have made their growth, give
plenty of air for a fortnight, and then set
them behind a low, north wall till autumn.
Winter culture.- As soon as there is any
fear of frost, remove them into an airy
greenhouse, and keep them just from
frost, and give very moderate supplies of
water. When they begin to show flower,
give more heat, and a more liberal supply
of water.
Insects. The Thrlps is the great pest
of Azaleas ; but the Green-fly is also apt
to trouble them when growing. Both in-
sects may be destroyed by tobacco-smoke
frequently applied.
Diseases. These plants are often at-
tacked by a disease which causes them to
die off just at the crown of the roots.
The small-leaved varieties, such as A.
I'ndica, var. Gledstane'sii, lateri'tia, and
variega'ta, are especially subject to die off
:hus prematurely. To prevent this, they
should be all grafted upon the free-grow-
ng stocks.
AZA'RA. (Named after J. N. Azara,
a Spanish patron of botany. Nat. ord.,
Bixads [Flancortiaceae]. Linn., 1'3-Poly-
andria \-Monogynia.)
Greenhouse evergreens. Cuttings in sand,
under glass, in slight heat. Sandy loam. Sutn-
ner temp., 60 to 75; winter, 55 to 60.
A. denta'ta ( toothed- leaved). 10. Yellow. Chili.
1830.
integrifo'lia (entire-leaved). 18. Conception.
1832.
serra'ta (saw-edged). 12. Chili. 1832.
B
BABIA'NA. (From babiancr, the Dutch
'or baboon ; in reference to the bulbs be-
ng eaten by the baboons. Nat. ord., Irids
'Iridacese]. Linn., 3-Triandria 1-Mono-
/j/nia.)
All greenhouse bulbs, from the Cape of Good
Hope. Offsets ; sandy peat and loam ; water
freely when growing. Keep dry when at rest.
Those potted in autumn must be kept in a cold
pit or greenhouse during winter. Those planted
in spring, in a warm border, should he taken up
before winter, and kept secure from frost.
B. angustifo'lia (narrow-leaved). 1. Variegated.
May. 175;.
.BAB
[85]
BJER
Blue, white
. Blue, red.
Blue. April.
B. bi'color (two-coloured).
1843,
di'nticha (two-ranked), $. Blue.
mucrana'tii (sharp-pointed), i. Purple. June..
1825.
na'na (dwarf). $. Blue. April. 1807.
iti/tusifu'tia ( blunt-leaved;, i. Blue. May. 1S2J.
plica' ta (folded). . Purple. May. 177*.
mu'ltiplex (fUll-Jlctueredj. . Purple.
June. 1834.
pUrpu'i-ca (purple). . Purple. May. ISOO
ri'ngens (gapiag-Slowerea". . Purple. Mav.
1752.
rttbroc&a'nta (red and blue).
April. 1794.
sumbucina (eldsr-scented) . .
1799-
spatha'cea (sheathy). . Light blue. June.
IbOl.
stri'cta (upright). 1. Blue, white. May. 1/57.
&i(fpfiu'>-eu(salphuT-Jiou.'ered}. . Yellow. May.
1795.
tenuijlo ra Blender-flowered), i. Purple. May
1825.
Thunbe'rgii (Thunberg's). 1, White and red.
April. 1774.
tuba'ta 'Jung-tubed), f . Yellow and red. June.
-'774.
tbbiflo'ra (tube-flowered). *. Dark red. May.
1774.
rnllvsa (hairy). . Purple. August. 1//8.
BABINGTO'NIA. (Named in compliment
to Charles Babinyton, Esq., of Cambridge,
u distinguished botanist. Nat. ord., Myr-
tlc'ilooms [Myrtacese]. Linn., \2-Icosan-
<tria 1-Monot/ynia. Allied to Leptosper-
.num and Beeckea.)
A greenhouse evergreen shrub. Cuttings of half-
ripened wood in sand, under a bell-glass ; peat
and loam, both fibry, with a small portion of leaf-
mould, dried cowdung, and silver sand. Wintei
temp., 45 to 50.
B. camphoro'sma (camphor-smelling). /. Pinkish.
July. Swan River. 1841.
BACA'ZIA. See BARNADE'SIA.
BA'CCHARIS. Ploughman's Spikenard.
(From Bacchus, wine; referring to the
spicy odour of the roots. The ancients
sometimes boiled down their wines, and
mixed them with such spices. Nat. ord..
Composites [Asteracese]. Linn., lU-Syn-
yem'sia %-Sltperflua.)
Cuttings under glass, with or without heat, ac-
cording as the species are stove, greenhouse, or
hardy ; loam and peat.
GREENHOUSE.
}>. alu'ta (winged-stemmed). 5. Pale yellow.
December. 1829.
(ingustifo'lia (narrow-leaved). 2. White. Ji.ly.
N. Arner. 1812.
u'/b7*a(iva-leaved). 3. White. July. Ame-
rica. 1696.
STOVE.
B. adna'ta (adhering-s/rtTHewed). 6. Purple. Au-
gust. S. Amer, 1823.
confe'rta (crowded). 3. White. July. Mexico.
1825.
glutino'sa (clammy). 3, White, August. Peru.
124,
June. | B. I'ndica (Indian). 3. White. October. E. Ind.*
1819-
June. l/"4. parKifto'ra (small-flowered). 3. White. July.
Peru. 1820.
scopa'ria (broom-like). 3. Cream-coloured.
July. Jamaica. 1820.
HARDY.
B. Diosco'ridis (Dioscorides's). 4. White. Sep-
tember. Levant.
glomerulirtd'ra (cluster-flowered). 3. White.
August. N. Amer. 1817.
| hdlimifu'lia (halimus leaved). 4 White. Oc-
tober. N. Amer. 1683.
It/copodioi'd'S (clubmoss-like). White. July.
1823.
Mauritius.
BACKHO'USIA. (Named in compliment
to Mr. James Backhouse, of York. Nat.
ord., Myrtl^blooms [Myrtaeecej. Linn.
\.'2,-Icosandria 1 Monayynia.)
A greenhouse evergreen shrub. Cuttings of
half-ripened shoots in April, in sand, under a
bell-glass. Peat and loam, boch fibry, and a
little white sand. Summer temp., 55 to 75 ;
winter. 40 to 48.
Jf?. myrtifo'tia (myrtle-leaved). 16. Pale yellow.
May. N. S. Wales. 1844.
BA'CTRIS. (From baktron, a cane ; the
young stems being used for walking-
sticks. Nat. ord., Palms [Palmacere].
Linn., Ql-Monceda Q-Hcxandria. Allied
to Cocos.)
Palm walking-sticks are much used in England ,
under the name of Penang layer. All stove
palms. Seeds ; sandy loam Summer temp., 65
to 85 ; winter, 60.
B. caryotcefo'lia (caryota-leaved). 10. Brazil. 1825.
cuspida'ta (tapering-/twerf). 20. Brazil. 182o'.
Guiune'nsis (Guiana). 16. Guiana. 1820.
macraca'ntfia (long-spined). 20. Brazil. 1823.
mu'jor (greater). 25. Carthagena. 1800.
mi'nor (less). 12. S. Amer. 1691.
pec t ma' t a (comb-leaved). 15. Brazil. 1825.
BADGER'S BANE. Aconi'tum melo'ctonnm.
B.'CKIA. (Named after Dr. Btrck, a
Swedish physician.
Nat. ord.,
Linn., ti-0<.tamina
blooms [MyrtaceoeJ.
l-Monoyynia.)
Greenhouse e ergreen shrubs. All white-flow-
e~ d. Cuttings in spring, under a glass ; sandy
peat, and lumpy, fibry loam. Winter temp., 40 3
to 45.
B, camphora'ta (camphor-scented). 3. July. N.
Holland. 1818.
densijlo'ra (thickly-flowered). 3. September.
N. S. Wales.
diosmafo'lia (diosma-leaved). 3. August. N.
Holland. 1824.
frute'scens (shrubby). 3. November. China.
1806.
gra'cilis (slender). 2. N.Holland. 1826.
linifo'lia (flax-leaved). 3. August. N.Holland.
1818.
ramosi'si'inja(branchiest). 3. N. Holland. 1824.
saxi'culu (rock-dwelling). 2. July. N.Hoilumi.
1824.
m'rffa'la (tKifgy). 3. September. New Caledo-
nia. ISUtf.
B^'IUA. (Named after Professor Bar,
BAK
BAL
of the University of Dorp at. Nat. orcl.,
Composites [Asteracese]. Linn., IQ-Syn-
yt:-nesia%-Superflua. Allied to Callirhoe.)
Hardy annual. Seeds, in March and April;
common soil.
P,. chryso'stoma (prolden-mouthed). 1. Yellow.
May. California. 1835.
BAKED is a terra descriptive of the
hard, impervious state of clayey soils,
long exposed to drought. It can be pre-
vented only hy altering the staple of the
soil, by the admixture of sand, chalk,
coal- ashes, and other matters less cohe-
sive than clay.
BALCONY. A \vord probably derived
from the Persian, signifying an orna-
mentally-barred window, and by us ap-
plied to a frame, usually of iron, and
encompassed with a balustrade, placed
in front of one window, or of several
windows. It is an excellent place for
giving air to room-plants, and for the
cultivation of some flowers.
BALA'NTIUM. (From balantion, a purse ;
referring to the shape of the seed-pouch,
or indusium, on the back of the leaf.
Nat. ord., Ferns [Polypodiacea?]. Linn.,
2-Cryptogamia 1-Filiccs.)
Stove herbaceous Ferns. Divisions ; peat and
loam. Summer temp., 60 to 70; winter, 50
to 60.
B. cu'lcitum (cushion). 3. Brown. August. Ma-
deira.
BALBI'SIA. See LEDOCA'KPUM PEDUNCU-
LA'RIS.
BALM. (Meli'ssa ojfficina'lis.} This hardy
herbaceous plant has a citron scent and
aromatic flavour. It is cultivated now
only for making a grateful drink for the
sick.
The Soil best suited to its growth is
any poor and friable, but rather inclin-
ing to clayey than sandy. Manure is
never required. An eastern aspect is
best for it.
Planting. It is propagated by root di-
vision (of which the smallest piece will
grow), and by slips of the young shoots.
The first mode any time during the spring
and autumn, but by slips only during
May or June. If divisions of an old
plant are employed, they may be planted
at once where they are to remain, at
twelve inches apart; but if by slips, they
must be inserted in a shady border, to be
thence removed, in September or Octo-
ber, to where they are to remain. At
every removal water must be given, if
dry weather, and until thev are estab-
7
lished. During the summer they require
only to be kept clear of weeds. In Oc-
tober the old beds (which may stand for
many years) require to be dressed, their
decayed leaves and stalks cleared away,
and the soil loosened by the hoe or slight
digging.
Old beds may be gathered from in
July, for drying, but their green leaves,
from March to September; and those
planted in spring will even afford a
gathering in the autumn of the same
year. For drying, the stalks are cut,
with their full clothing of leaves, to the
very bottom, and the drying completed
gradually in the shade.
BALM OF GILEAD. Dracoce'phalum
Canarie'nse.
BALSAM APPLE. Momo'rdica balsa-
mi'nea,
BALSAMI'NA. See IMPA'TIENS.
BALSAMS.' By this name are usually
known the varieties of the common
annual, Impa'ticns balsami'na, by some
needlessly separated, with a few others,
into a separate genus, and called Balsa-
mi'na horte'nsis.
Culture. The chief object in cultiva-
ting these is their fine, large, double,
flowers ; ami, to secure this object, seed
should be saved only from the finest
plants ; and, if the seed is several years
old, the plants will be less luxuriant, and
the blooms will be more double.
To have them very fine, the seed
should be sown in a sweet hotbed, in
the middle of March ; the plants pricked
out into small pots when three inches in
height, using light, rich soil, shifting
them again, and successively, never al-
lowing them to be pot-bound, and plung-
ing the pots into a medium temperature
of 75, until some time after their last
shifting into eight, twelve, or sixteen-
inch pots, according as you aim atmode-
rate-^ized or very large specimens. Al-
low, all the time, a current of air, less or
more, according to the weather, to keep
the plants bushy, and using richer ma-
terials every time of potting, until the
last soil used may consist of nearly as
much very rotten, but sweet dung (cow-
dung is best), as turfy, sandy loam.
Successions may be sown in April and
May, and treated in a similar manner,
either for pots, or to be turned into beds,
where they frequently do well until the
middle of October.
When you cannot accommodate any
BAL
[98]
BAN
but the best flowers in the greenhouse,
adopt the following method : After
pricking out into three or four-inch pots,
and plu-nging them in the bed, allow the
pots to get full of roots, keep them drier
and cooler, and give plenty of air, which
will soon cause flowers to appear ; then
select plants with best flowers, rub every
flower-bud off them, fresh pot, disen-
tangling the roots a little as you proceed,
and grow them on as advised above; and
what you lose in time you will make up
in selectness.
BALSAHODE'NDRON. (From lalsamon,
balm, or balsam, and dendron, a tree.
Nat. ord., Amyrids [Arnyridacese]. Linn.,
S-Oclandria 1-Hfonof/ynia.}
According to Capt. Harris, Myrrh is obtained,
on the Abyssinian coast, from a species of this
genus ; and the Balcsson of JJruce, or Balm of
Mecca, is the produce of another species of this
Balsam-tree. It is a stove tree. Sandy loam,
and a little rotten dung ; cuttings of ripe young
wood in April, under a glass, and in heat. Sum-
mer temp., 60 to 80 ; winter, 55 to 60.
B. Zeyla'nicum (Ceylon). 30. Ceylon.
BALSAM OF CAPE'VI. Copai'fcra.
BALSAM-TREE. Clu'sia.
BAMBU'SA. Bamboo Cane. (From
7)mnl>os ) its Indian name. Nat. ord.,
Grasses [Graminacese]. Linn., G-Hex-
andria \-Monogynia.}
The very young shoots of the Bamboo nre
eaten in India as asparagus. Stove perennials.
Suckers, in spring or autumn ; rich loam. Sum-
mer temp,, 60 to 85 ; winter, 55 to C5.
JB. am*a'te(awned). 20. Apetal. E. Ind. 1824.
arundina'cea (reed-like). 40. Apetal. E.
Ind. 1/30.
glau'ca (milky-green), 20. Apetal. E. Ind.
1826.
ni'gra ( black). 20. Apetal. E. Ind. 1825.
pube'scens (downy). 20. Apetal. E.Ind. 1820.
spino'sa (spiny). 20. Apetal. E.Ind. 18-^0.
stri'cta (upright). 20. Apetal. E.Ind. lH-2i.
verticilla'ta (whorl-jtfoitfejvd). 20. Apetal.
India. 1S03.
.BANA'NA, or PLANTAIN. Mu'sa.
BANE-BERRY. Acta'a.
BANISTE'RIA. (Named after the Rev.
J. Banister, a zealous botanist. Nat. ord.,
Jlfalpighiads [Malpighiacesej. Linn.,
IQ-Decandria 8-Trigynia.)
Stove plants. Sandy loam and peat ; cuttings
of half-ripened wood in heat, under glass. Sum-
mer temp., 6o c to 90; winter, 60 to C5.
TWINERS.
B. chrysopliy'lla (golden-leaved).
cilia' t a (fringed). 10. Yellow. Brazil. 1706.
dicho'toma (twin-branched,). Yellow. June.
S. Amer. 1814.
emargina'ta (single-notched). Yellow. June.
\V. Ind. 1826.
sei-i'cea (silky). 6. Yellow. July. Braail, 1810.
B. Sinemttrie'nsis (Guiana). Yellow. August.
Guiana. 1824.
te'nuis (slender). Yellow. Buenos Ayres.
tiUasfu'lia (lime-leaved). Purple. August.
Java. J820.
tomento'sa (soft-haired). 10. Yellow. July.
S. Amer. 1820.
Zanziliu'rica (Zanzibar). 10. Yellow. Zan-
zibar. 1825.
SHRUBS.
B.ferrugi'nea (rusty). JO. Yellow. Brazil. 1SSO.
fu'lgens (shininz- fruited). 6. Yellow. \V.
Ind. 1/59.
Humboldtia'iia (Ilumboldt's). 19. Yellow.
S. Amer. 1824.
laurifo'lin (bay-leaved). 10. Yellow. Ja-
maica. J733.
ova'ta (egR-shape-/eawrf). 6. Yellow. July.
St. Domingo. 1820.
periplocaefo'lia (periploca-Ieaved). 10. Yel-
low. July. Porto Rico. 1818.
spli'ndens (shining). 10. Yellow. S. Amer.
1812.
BANKS (SLOPING) are very desirable
in a Idtchen-garden, not only because
they aid in forwarding the crops on their
south front, and retarding those on their
north front, but because they much in-
crease the cultivatuble surface. Suppos-
ing the banks to run east and west, the
south side, especially as respects all low-
growing things, such as French beans,
potatoes, &c., will produce eight days
earlier than when cultivated on a level ;
while the north side will retain lettuces,
&c., during summer, much longer fit for
the table. The surface of the ground is
also increased, notwithstanding learned
assertions to the contrary. In making
them, at first, in shallow soils, they should
not be wider than six feet at the base ;
but, as the soil becomes improved, they
may be from ten to twelve feet in width.
In deep soils, the banks may be formed
by trenching in the usual manner, only
throwing them into shape by a line and
stakes. > In thin soils, care should be
taken to have plenty of room in the first
opening to stir the sub-soil, and then re-
place again the surface-soil on the sur-
face. The accompanying sketch will
give some idea as to how they are formed,
each ridge being twelve feet wide at the
base. A B is the ground level, c the
apex of the ridge, and d d paths between.
Of course they could not be raised so
high, at first, without impoverishing the
BAN
[ 99 ]
BAR
other ground. If drained beneath th
paths, all the better ; for, in heavy land
without drainage and deep stirring, th
moisture will be long retained. If at
there is a board fixed, or even a row o
dwarf, hardy peas, the south side wil
be rendered still warmer; and the north
side more cool and late. Such banks
therefore, may not only be used fo:
vegetables, but also for accelerating am
retarding fruits, such as the strawberry
Owing to the depth of soil thus obtained
if the surface is kept stirred, you wil
never need much of the water-pot, ever
in the driest weather. The right hand
or south side, should be the longest
and, in a succession of ridges, the north
ernmost one should be the highest.
BA'NKSIA. (Named after Sir Joseph
Banks, a distinguished patron of natura"
history. Nat. ord., Proteads [Proteacese]
Linn., 4^-Tclrandria l-Monorjynia.)
All interesting greenhouse plants, from New
Holland. Seeds, when obtainable, should be
sown in spring or summer, in sandy peat, and
placed in the greenhouse ; seedlings potted off as
soon as they can be handled, otherwise they will
:skank off. Some kinds are most easily propagated
by layers, and a. few rare ones by grafting ; but
most' are obtained by cuttings of the ripened
shoots, with most of the leaves attached, inserted
by the sides of a pot, placed under a hand-light,
kept close, and shaded from sunshine during the
day, and air given, and the glass removed for a time
during the night. Sandy peat, with a little loam
to the more strong-growing. Summer temp.,
50 to 65; winter, 35 to 45.
B. attenua'ta (tapering). 6. Yellow. 1794.
austra'lis (southern). 6. Green. 1812.
Bro'wnii (Miss Brown's). 1830.
Ca/e'.yi(Caley's). 1830.
cocci'nea (scarlet-flowered). 6. Scarlet. 1803.
colli'na (hill). 6. Yellow. 1800.
ctfmpar (well-matched). 6. Yellow. 1824.
Cunningha'mii (Cunningham's). 6. Pale
yellow. 1822.
cylindrosta'chya (cylindric-spiked).
denta'ta (toothed). 4. Yellow. 1822.
Dniandroi'des (Dryandra-like). 6. Yellow.
1822.
ela'tior (taller). 20. Yellow. 1824.
cricifo'lia (heath-leaved). 6. Yellow. 17SS.
Goo' (Hi (Good's). 1830.
gru'ndis (grea.t- flowered). 2. Yellow. 1/Q4.
#<# (Hugel's). Yellow. 1837.
ilicifo'lia (holly-leaved). Scarlet. 1837.
insula'ris (island). 6. Yellow. I8!i2.
integrifu'lia (whole-leaved). 12. Yellow. 1~88.
latifo'lia (broad-leaved). 30. Green. July. 1802.
marce'sccns (permanent-leaved). 6. Yellow.
1731.
ww#fna'a (bordered). 6. Yellow. July. 1804.
mc'dia (mediate). 6. Yellow. 1824.
Menzic'nsis (Menzies's). Yellow. 1837.
nuftdns :.n*Ading-flowered), 4. Yellow. June.
1803.
ollongifn'lia f oblong-leaved), 15. Yellow.
July, 1805.
B. pa?udo'sa(ma.rs}iy). 2. Yellow. March. 18os.
prostra'ta (prostrate). 2. yellow. 1824.
'
. 6. Yellow. 1805.
qnercifo'ha (oat-leaved). 5. Yellow. 1805.
Sola'ndra (Solander's). 6. 1830.
specio'sa (showy). 6. Yellow. July. 1805.
spinulo'sa (small-spined). 6. Yellow. August.
spkceroca'rpa (round-fruited). 6. Yellow. 1803.
verticilla'ta (whorled). 12. Yellow. August.
1794.
BA'OBAB-TEEE. Adanso'nia.
BA'PHIA. (From baphe, a dye ; the Cam-
wood or Barwood, from which a brilliant
red-colour is obtained, is from B. ni'tida.
Nat. ord., Leguminous Plants [Fabaceaj].
Linn., IQ-Decandria \-Monoyynia. Allied
to the Carob-tree.)
Stove tree. Cuttings; sandy peat. Summer
temp., 60 to 85; winter, 55 io 60,
B. ni'tida (shining). 30. White. August. Sierra
Leone. 1793.
BAPTI'SIA. (From bapto, to dye ; some
of the species possessing dyeing proper-
ties. Nat. ord., Leguminous Plants [Fa-
baceae]. Linn., I0-Decandria I-Monogy-
nia. Allied to Podalyria.)
Hardy herbaceous plants, except where other-
wise specified. Division ; common border-soil.
B. a'lba (white-lowered) . 2. White. June. N.
Amer. 1724.
auricula' ta (eared). Blue. June. N. Amer.
1812.
austra'lis (southern). 2. Blue. June. N.
Amer. 1758.
confu'sa (confused). Blue. June. N. Amer.
1812.
exalta'ta (exalted). 3. White. June. N. Amer.
1724.
lanceol'i'ta (lanceolate), 1. Yellow. July. N.
Amer. 1818.
mi'nor (smaller). l. Blue. June. N. Amer.
1829.
mo' His (soft). 1J. Blue. June. N.Amer. 1824.
perfolia'ta (perioliate). 3. Yellow. August.
Carolina. 1732.
tincto'ria (dyer's). 1&. Yellow. July. N.
Amer. 1750.
vers? color (various-coloured). 4. Light purple.
July. N. Amer. 1824.
villo'sa (long-haired). 2. Yellow. June. N.
Amer. 1811.
BARBACE'NIA. (Named after M. Barla-
ena, a governor of Minas Geraes. Nat.
>rd., Bloodrools [Hzemodoraceae]. Linn.,
-Hexandria 1-Monogynia. Allied to
Vellozia.)
Stove herbaceous perennials. Divisions ; sandy
am. Snmmer temp., 60 to 80; winter, 45
o55.
J. pra'cilis (slender). Red. March. Brazil.
purpu'rea (purple-./?ou,'em). Purple. July.
Brazil. 1825.
Rogie'rii (Rogers's). Purplish-violet. 1850.
sangui'nea (blood-coloured). Deep crimson.
1847.
squama' ta (scaly-stalked). . Yellow, crimson.
March. Brazil. 1841.
BAB
[100]
BAR
BARBADOES CEDAB. Juni'perus Barla-
de'nsis.
BARBADOES CHERRY. Malpi'ghia.
BARBADOES GOOSEBERRY. Perc'skla.
BARBADOES LILY. Hippea'slrum eque's-
tris.
BARBA'REA. Winter Cress. (From be-
ing formerly called the herb of Sta. Bar-
bara. Nat. ord., Crucifers [Brassicacese].
Jjinn.,lQ-Tctr adynamia. Allied to Arabis.)
All hardy herbaceous perennials, except B.
stri'cta. Division ; common soil.
J3. arcua'ta (bowed). 2. Yellow. July. Ger-
many. 1833.
orthoce'rus (straight-podded). 1$. Yellow.
June.
prasfcox (ea.rly-Biit/i'ivlt-cress'). l. Yellow.
October. England.
atri'cta (upright). Yellow. Britain. Hardy
biennial. Raised from seed.
vulga'ris (common). l. Yellow. July. Britain.
BARBERRY. (Be'rberis vulga'ris.} There
are five varieties of the Common Bar-
berry : the red, without and with stones ;
the black sweet, which is tender, and re-
quires a sheltered border ; the purple ;
and the white. The seedless (JB. vulga'ris
aspe'rma) is mostly preferred for pre-
serving purposes. The fruit is acid, and
the bark is very astringent.
Propagation. Suckers, cuttings, and
layers may be employed, either in the
spring or autumn. The seed is very
rarely used.
Soil. A sandy or calcareous soil, with
a dry sub-soil, suits it best.
Culture. It requires no other pruning
than such as is necessary to keep it
within bounds. As the fruit is very te-
dious to gather, it is well to keep the
middle of the tree open by pruning,
somewhat like gooseberry-pruning. Their
spines are so formidable, that we have
known the common kinds used with good
effect to stop gaps in hedges liable to
much trespass.
Fruit. This is fully ripe in October
and is gathered in entire bunches for
preserving, pickling, and candying.
Diseases. It is liable to be infected
with a parasitical fungus, once believed
to be the same as that which is the mil-
dew on wheat ; but they are now known
to be different species. That which preys
upon the Barberry is Puccinia, and that
which attacks Wheat is Uredo.
BARBIE'RIA. (Named after J. B. G.
Sarbier, M.D. t a French naturalist. Nat.
ord., Leguminous Plants [Fabacese].
Xinn., 17-Diadelphia k-Decandria. Al-
lied to Cajanus.)
Stove evergreen shrub. Cuttings of half-
ripened wood in sand, under a glass ; sandy peat,
bummer temp., 68 to 85; winter, 50 to 55.
B. polyphy'lla (many-leaved). Reddish-purple.
Porto Rico. 1818.
BARK. The refuse bark from the tan-
ner's yard is employed by the gardener
as a source of heat, and, when thoroughly
broken down by putrefaction, as a ma-
nure.
As a source of heat, it is much less used
than formerly, flues, steam, and the hot-
water system having very generally and
most deservedly superseded it. Bark for
heating requires frequent stirring and re-
newing, and, if too much moisture be
added, is apt to give out an excessive and
irregular heat. In addition, it is a trou-
blesome harbour for predatory insects.
Bark fresh from the tan-yard, being
thrown lightly together under a shed,
must be gently moistened, if dry, and
turned over twice a-week, to expose 11
its particles to the air. Unless this be
done the fermentation will not be gene-
ral or regular. This is to be continued
for a mouth or five weeks, in warm wea-
ther the shorter time being requisite;
and then, having acquired a general and
equal heat, it is ready for use in the
stove. Usually it will continue to afford
heat for a period varying between three
and six months, but sometimes ceases to
ferment without any apparent cause.
Whenever the heat declines, the tan
must be taken out, sifted, the dusty parts
removed, and some fresh tan added.
Sometimes turning the old tan and moist-
ening it will be sufficient.
It is desirable, on the first formation
of a bed, to mix new and old tan to-
gether, in which case the quantity of new
bark to be brought into the pit will de
pend upon the goodness of the bark, and
the bottom-heat required. As much new-
tan as will fill two-third parts of the
bark-pit, with a mixture of old, rotten,
reduced almost to earth, will produce a
bottom-heat of about 85. When old tan
with higher remains of strength is used
to modify the new, the same heat may be
produced, if the quantity be not more
than half the capacity of the pit. This
refers to a new pit. After a bark-bed
has been in action, partial renewals of
bark, to keep up the heat, are frequently
sufficient, in the reduced proportion of
one-third, one-sixth, one-twelfth, or less.
At intermediate stages between the par-
BAR
[ 101 ]
BAR
tial renewals, the bed requires only to be
excited to a brisker fermentation by fork-
ing up. About live-sevenths of the pit
from the bottom should be occupied by.
the new and old tan as a fermenting
body ; and about two-sevenths from the
top, or a little more than the depth of
the pot, whatever that may be, should
consist of old tan incapable of heating,
so as to burn the roots of the plants. At
least, such should be the ordinary distri-
bution of the tan; but, where peculiar
circumstances require a speedy augmenta-
tion of heat without displacing the pots,
and when fruit is to be swelled off in the
last stage, the earthy tan at top may be
taken away, and new tan substituted.
As a manure. See VEGETABLE MAT-
TERS.
BARK-BOUND. When a tree is affected
with this disease, cracks will appear in it
partially, and, in the case of the Cherry,
Apricot, Peach, and Nectarine, gummy
discharge will follow. It is a sure in-
dication that either the soil is too rich
or not sufficiently drained. The latter is
usually the source of the evil, causing a
repletion of the interior vessels, which
the dry, outer skin cannot expand suffi-
ciently quickly to accommodate. Under-
draiiiing, and scrubbing the stem with
brine, speedily effect a cure. Scoring the
bark lengthwise with a knife is a rude
mode of treatment, often followed by
canker, more fatal than the disease in-
tended to be removed. If scoring be
adopted, it should be early in spring;
and the knife should not penetrate below
the dry, outer bark.
BARK STOVE, or MOIST STOVE, is a hot-
house which, either by having a mass of
fermenting matter, or an open reservoir
of hot water within-side, has its atmo-
sphere appropriately supplied with mois-
ture, congenially with the habits of some
tropical plants. It received the name of
Bark Stove, because tanner's bark was
formerly a <niief source of the heat em-
ployed. See STOVE.
BARKE'RIA. (After the late Mr. Barker,
of Birmingham, an ardent cultivaton of
orchids. Nat. ord., Orchids [OrchidaceseJ.
Linn., ZQ-Gynandria \-Monandrla. Allied
to Laelia.)
Stove orchids, divisions ; fibry peat and sphag-
num, in shallow baskets. Summer temp., 60 to
85; winter, 55 to 60.
-B. e'legann f (elegant). 1$. Light rose. MeKico.
B. Lavsrcncea'na (Mrs. Lawrence's). 1, PinTc,
Guatimala. 1847.
Lindleyii'na (Dr. Lindley's). 1. Purple and
white. November. Costa Rica. 1842.
melanorau'lon (dark-stemmed). 1. Lilac.
June. Costa Rica. 1848.
Skinnefri (Mr. Skinner's). l. Pink. Gua-
timala.
spcctti'bilis (showy). 1. Lilac and purple.
July. Guatimala. 1843.
BARKING IRONS, or BARK SCALERS, are
for scraping off the hardy outer bark, or
dry scales from the stems and branches
of trees.
BARLE'RIA. (After the Rev. J. Bar-
relier, of Paris. Nat. ord., Acanthads
[Acanthacese]. Linn., 14^-Dldynamia 2-
Anyiospermia.)
Stove evergreens, except B. longifo'lia. This
may be propagated by seed, the others by cuttings
of the young wood, in heat, under a bell-glass;
rich loam and peat, Summer temp., 60 to 80 ;
winter, 50 to 60.
n. a'lha (white). 3. July. N. Holland. 1815.
buxifo'lia (box-leaved). 2. White. July,
E. Ind. 1768.
casru'lea (blue). 2. Blue. July. E. Ind. 1823.
crista'ta (crested). 2. Blue. July. E. Ind.
1796.
dicho'toma (twin-branched). 2. Purple. July.
E. Ind. 1823.
fln'va (yellow-flowered). 3. Yellow. July.
E. Ind. 1816.
longif'o'lia (long-leaved). 2. White. August.
E. Ind. 1781.
longiflo'ra (long-flowered). 3. July. E.Ind.
116.
lupuli'nu (hop-headed"). 2. Yellow. August.
Mauritius. 1824.
prioni'tis (prionitis-tt/ce). 3. Orange. July.
E. Ind. 1759.
purpu'rea (purple). 2. Purple. September.
E. Ind. 1818.
salanifo'lia (nightshade -leaved). 2. Blue.
W. Ind.
strigo'sa (bristly). 2. Blue. July. E.Ind.
1820.
BARLEY. (Ho'rdeum vulga're.) This
genus of grasses, being interesting only
to the farmer and botanist, has not beea
included in this work.
BARNADE'SIA. (After Barnaday, a Span-
ish botanist. Nat. ord., Composites [As-
teraceeej. Linn., iQ-Syngene&ia l-dSqua-
lis. Allied to Mutisia.)
B. ro'sea, a very pretty deciduous shrub, re-
quiring to be kept nearly dry, in a greenhouse, in
winter. Seeds in hotbeds, in March; cuttings
of half-ripened wood in April, in sand, under a
beil-glass. Summer temp., 60 to 80; winter,
45 to 55.
B. grandtfo'ra (large-flowered). 2. Pale rose.
S. Amer. 1844. An evergreen, requiring
a cool sto^e.
rofsea (rose-coloured). 1. Pink. May. S.
Amer. 1840.
spino'sa (spiny). 4. June. Peru. 1825. This
has been called Baoa'xia spinet sa. Green-
house evergreen.
BAR
[ 102 ]
BAB
BARNA'RDIA. (Named after E. Barnard,
F.L.S. Nat. ord., Lily worts [Liliacete].
Linn., 6-Hexandrial-Monoyynia. Allied
to the Squills.)
Half-hardy, bulbous-rooted plant. Offsets;
peat and loam ; only wants a little protection in
winter.
B. acilloi'des (squill-like). Pale blue. May. China.
1819.
BARO'METEK, or "WEATHER GLASS, so
called from two Greek words, signifying
a measurer of weight, hecause it indicates
the weight or pressure of the air. We
only admit a notice of this because, as a
guide to approaching changes of weather,
it is useful to the gardener.
Mr. P. Christenson, of Cowes, in the
Isle of Wight, lecturer upon astronomy,
&c., has arranged a table, which no one
having a weather-glass should be without.
Its price is only one shilling, and it may
be had of C. Wilson, 157, Leadenhall
Street. This " Companion to the Ba-
rometer" is the result, of thirty-two years'
observation; and the following is an
epitome of the information it gives.
During the first six months of the year,
when the mercury is rising, it the weather
has been bad, and the mercury reaches
to 29.G2 inches, there will be a change ;
if to 30.12, the weather will be fair ; if
if to 30.29, set fair. If the mercury has
been high, and begins falling, there will
be a change if it declines to 29.90 ; rain,
if it descends to 29.50 ; and wind, with
rain, if it reaches 29.12. During the
last six months of the year, if the wea-
ther has been foul, and the mercury
begins rising, there will be a change if it
reaches to '29.48; fair, if to 30.13; and
set fair if to 30.45. If the weather has
been fair, and the mercury begins falling,
there will be a change if it sinks to 29.87 ;
rain, if to 29.55 ; and wind with rain, if
to 29.28. At any time of the year, if
the mercury fall to 28.10, or even to 28.20,
there will be stormy weather. These
conclusions are from observations made
at thirty feet above the sea's level, and,
therefore, one-hundredth part of an inch
must be added to the height of the
mercury for every additional ten feet
above the sea's level, where the barometer
may happen to be.
BABO'SMA. (From barys, heavy, and
osme, odour; referring to the powerful
scent of the leaves. Nat. ord., Rueworts
[Kutacese]. Linn., 5-Pentandria l-Jfo-
noyynia. Allied to Diosma.)
( Greenhouse evergreen shrubs, all natives of the
' C-.'>* of Good Hope. Cuttings of half-ripened
wuod in June, under a bell-glass, in sand, without
heat ; sandy loam and peat. Summer temp., 60 ;
winter, 35 to 40.
B.betuli'na (birch -leavgd). 2. White. June.
1790.
crenula'ta (scolloped- leaned). 3. Bluish.
April.
dioi'ca (dioecious). 2. White. June. 1815.
latifo'tia (broad-leaved). White. July. 1789.
ova'ta (egg-shape- Jeacsd). 2. White. May.
1790.
pulche'lla (neat). Purple. June. 1/87.
BARBED. That part of a plant is said
to be larred which is striped with a
lighter or darker colour than the prevail-
ing colour of that part.
BARREN PLANTS. The male flowers of
the cucumber, melon, and other monoe-
cious plants are properly known as Ian-en
flowers ; and the plants of the asparagus,,
mercury, and other dioecious plants bear-
ing only male flowers, are usually termed
barren. These are naturally unfruitful:
but there is also a barrenness arising
from disease, or the consequences of bad
cultivation. If a tree, or any other plant,
does not yield the desired produce of
fruit of which it is capable, the gardener
may be assured that the soil, or the want
of drainage, or the manuring, or the
pruning, is injurious. Even a blind or
barren cabbage may be made productive ;,
for its barrenness arises from the central
bud being abortive, and it will produce
lateral buds, if all but one leaf and the
place of the abortive bud be cut away.
When a flower has no pistil it is in-
curably barren. Temperature has great
influence over the sex of the flowers
produced by a monoecious dioecious plant.,
A very high temperature caused a water-
melon to bear male blossoms only ; and
a very low temperature made cucumber-
plants yield female flowers alone. Mr.
Knight had little doubt that the same
fruit-stalks might be made, in the plants
just noticed, to support flowers of either
sex, in obedience to external causes.
Our own observations lead us to the con-
clusion that the cucumber and vegetable
marrow, when grown in too cold a.
temperature, produce a majority of male
blossoms.
BARREN SOIL. No soil is absolutely
incapable of production; and when it is
spoken of as being barren, no more is
meant than that, in its present state, it
will not repay the cultivator. The un-
productiveness arises from a deficiency of
EAR
[ 108 ]
BAS
Rome of the earths; from an excess or de-
ficiency of animal and vegetable matters ;
or from an excess of stagnant water. No
soil can be productive where nineteen
parts out of twenty are of any one earth
or other substance. If either chalk, or
sand, or clay, be in excess, the remedy
s found in adding one or both of the
other two. An excess of organic matter
only occurs in peat soils ; and these are
reclaimed by draining, paring, and burn-
ing, and the addition of earthy matter.
Drainage is also the cure for an excess
of water.
BARRENWORT. Epime'dinm.
BARRINGTO'NIA. (Named after ihe
Hon. Dairies Harrington. Nat. ord., Bar*
rimjtoniads [Barringtoniacese]. Linn.,
1 6-Monadelphia S-Polyandria. )
Stove evergreen trees and shrubs. B. echina'ta
and plutypliy'lla were, until lately, separated into
a genus, Commersonia. Cuttings of ripe shoots
under a glass, in a strong heat ; lumpy loam and
peat. Summer temp., 70 to 90 ; winter, 60
to (io.
B. echina'ta (hedgeho*-/rt70, 20. White.
Moluccas. 1820.
platyphy'lla (broad-leaved . 3. White. June.
Moluccas. 1806.
racemo'sa (rAceme-flowered}. 30. Red. Mo-
luccas. 1820.
tpecio'sa (showy). 30. Scarlet. Indian
Archipelago. 1786.
BARTHOLI'NA. (Named after Barlholin,
a Danish physiologist. Nat. ord., Or-
chids [Orchidacese]. ~L\rm.,ZQ-Gynandria
\-Monogynia. Allied to Serapias )
One of those ground-orchids from the Cape
which British gardeners have not yet succeeded
in cultivating easily. Greenhouse orchid ; divi-
sion of the root; sandy loam. Summer temp.,
60 to 70; winter, 45.
B. pectina'ta (comb-leaved). 1. Lilac. No-
vember. Cape of Good Hope. 1787.
BARTO'NIA. (Named after Dr. Barton,
an American botanist. Nat. ord., Loasads
[Loasaceaj]. Linn., 12-Icosandria 1-
Jtfonogynia.)
Half-hardy plants ; seeds ; the biennials should I
be sown in summer, and protected in a cold pit I
during; the winter ; the annuals may be sown in [
the open air, in April, or in a slight hotted, and
transplanted ; most of them delight in a sandy
oil and a little peat. B. au'rea does best where
the soil is peaty and moist.
ANNUALS.
B. albe'scens (white-s*a/*f). 2. White. Chiii.
1334.
au'rea (golden-jfojremO. 3. Yellow. June.
California. 1834.
BIENNIALS.
B. nu'da (naked-awied). 2. White. August.
Missouri. 1811.
orna'ta (ornamented). 2. White. August.
Missouri. 1811.
BA'RTSIA. (Named after J. Bart eft,
.D. Nat. ord., Fig worts [Scrophulari-
eJB]. Linn., I-Didynamia, %-Angio-
spermia. Allied to Euphrasia.)
These require the treatment of choice alpincsj
hardy annuals ; seeds in April, on rock-work.
B. nlpi'nn (alpine). . Purple. August. Britain.
lalijo'lia (.broad-leaved). 1. Purple. Au-
gust. South of Europe.
odonti'tes (odontites). 3- Pink. August.
Britain.
visco'sa (clammy). $. Yellow. July. Britain.
wBARWOOD. a'phia.
BARYO'SMA. See BARO'SMA.
BASE'LLA. Malabar Nightshade. Its
Malabar name. (Nat. ord., Basdlads
[BasellaceEeJ. Liun., 5-Pentandria 3-
Trigynid.}
B. a'lba and ru'bra nre used as spinach in the
East Indies ; and B. ru' bra yields a rich purpls
dye ; not easily fixed, however. Stove biennials,
except where otherwise specified, and mostly
climbers. If sown in good heat in February, and
treated as a border arnual, they will blow freely
the same season ; neb., lumpy soil.
B. a'lba (white). 8. White. August. E. Ind. 168S.
cordifo'lia, (heart-leaved). 6. Pale purple.
August. 15. Jnd. 1802.
lu'cidn (shining). 6. White. August. E.
Ind. 1802.
margina'ta 'bordered). 4. July. Mexico. 1824.
ni'gra (blacky 3. White. August. China. 1822.
ramo'su (branchy). 6. August.
ru'bra (red\ 8. Pink. August. E. Ind. 1731.
tubero'sn (tuberous). 6. Yellow. Septem-
ber. S. Amur. 3824.
BASIL (O'cymum.} There are two
lands, the Sweet-scented (0. basi'licum),
and the Dwarf-bush (O.mi'nimum). The
young leaf-tops are the parts made use
of in soups and salads, their flavour re-
sembling that of cloves.
The supply is never-failing during
summer, as they shoot out rapidly for
successional supplies.
Sow on a very gentle hotbed, under
glass, about the end of March or first of
April, to raise plants for the principal or
main crop. The frame should be filled
up with 'earth to within three or four
inches of the glass, or very shallow
frames may be used for purposes as
these. When the plants are up, give a
little air by tilting the lights ; and, as
they advance, and the weather is warmer,
give them more air, until the lights may
be taken off altogether during the day,
and put on at night. By the above ma-
nagement, good, hardened plants will be
fit for planting out towards the end of
May, or beginning of June, into warm
borders, or beds of light, rich earth. If
the weather be dry at the time of plant-
BAS
[ 104]
BAS
ing out, let the beds be well watered
previously to planting, and plant in the
evening. Lift the young plants from the
seed-bed with a small fork or trowel, and
plant them out with care, eight or ten
inches from plant to plant each way, and
water them, to settle the earth to the
roots. Attend to earth-stirring, and water
when required, until the plants are well
established. If green tops are required
for earlier use, sow in pots, pans, or
boxes, and place in any heated structure.
To obtain seed. Some of the earliest-
raised plants must be left ungathered
from. These flower from July to Sep-
tember, and, accordingly, ripen their seed
in early or late autumn.
BASINING-UP. By this term is meant
raising a small bank of earth entirely
round a plant, so as to retain water im-
mediately about the roots.
BASKETS, employed by the London
gardeners, being made of osier or deal
shavings, vary triflingly in size more than
measures made of less flexible materials.
They are as follows :
Pottle & long, tapering basket, made
of deal shavings, holding about a pint
and a half.
Sea-kale punnets eight inches diame-
ter at the top, and seven inches and a
half at the bottom, and two inches deep.
Radish punnets eight inches diameter,
and one inch deep, if to hold six hands ;
or nine inches by one inch for twelve
Lands.
Mushroom punnets seven inches by
one inch.
Salading punnets five inches by two
inches.
Half sieve contains three imperial
gallons and a half. It averages twelve
inches and a half diameter, and six
inches in depth.
Sieve contains seven imperial gallons.
Diameter, fifteen inches ; depth, eight
inches.
Bushel sieve ten imperial gallons and
a half. Diameter at top, seventeen inches
and three quarters ; at bottom, seventeen
inches ; depth, eleven inches and a
quarter.
Bushel basket ought, when heaped, to
contain an imperial bushel. Diameter at
bottom, ten inches; at top, fourteen
inches and a half; depth, seventeen
inches. Walnuts, nuts, apples, and po-
tatoes are sold by this measure. A bushel
of the last named, cleaned, weighs fifty-
six pounds; but four pounds additional
are allowed if they are not washed.
BASKETS (RUSTIC). These are often
suitable ornaments for the reception of
flowering-plants upon lawns, and other
parts of the pleasure-grounds. These
baskets are easily made. Having fixed
on the sizes you wish for, procure some
"nch boards, either of sound oak, which
is the best, or of well-seasoned elm or
deal. Cut them into the proper lengths,
and nail them together the right width ;
they will then form a square. Mark
then the desired form (round or octagon)
on this square, and cut it into the de-
sired figure. When this is done, you
have the ground-work of your basket ;
make the basket ten or eight inches deep;
and, if your garden is moderately exten-
sive, you may have them the largest size
to be manageable, that is from three to
five feet in diameter. If a small garden,
this size would be inconvenient, and
take up too much room. Yet there is
no reason why you should not have two
or three of these ornaments. For such a
garden, the most proper dimensions
would be two feet ; and for that size,
six inches deep would be proportionate.
Then proceed to nail to the circular or
octagon bottom the sides. If the shape
is round, let the pieces of wood to form
the sides be narrow, bevel inwards the
sides, and shape them so as to form the
circle; but if of an octagon form, the
pieces will be, of course, of the width of
each of the eight sides, and planed to fit
at each corner. Fasten them firmly to-
gether with nails, and the main founda-
tion and walls of your baskets are com-
plete. On the top of the side put some
split hazel rods, of sufficient thickness to
cover it, and hang over the outside edge
about half an inch. Place some of the
same kind close to the bottom ; then, be-
tween the two, cover the plain boards
with some rough oak or elm bark, so
closely fitted as to give the idea that the
basket has been cut out of a solid tree ;
or, which is more expensive and trouble-
some, but certainly more ornamental,
cover the sides with (split or whole, as
you may fancy) hazel rods, formed into
tasteful forms. These should fit so close
as to hide completely the material of
which the sides are formed. The bark-
plan will not require anything more
doing to it after it is neatly fitted and
securely nailed to the sides; but the
BAS
[ 105 ]
BAT
hazel rods should have a coating of boiled
linseed-oil applied.
BASS or BAST MATS. These are chiefly
made in Kussia, from the inner bark of
trees (bast in the Kuss language). Their
best use is as a packing-envelope ; for, as
a protection to wall-trees, they are inferior
to netting, and to standard shrubs, struc-
tures made of straw (sec SHELTERS) are
to be preferred. They are very service-
able, however, to place over beds of early
spring radishes, &c., to prevent the night
radiation. This is quite as effectual,
much cleaner, and less troublesome than
a covering of straw. Shreds of these
mats are also useful for many gardening
purposes where a ligature or string is
required. One of the principal of these
is for binding a bud or scion in its place
on the stock after grafting. For this we
prefer the new Cuba bast; but the finest
of the ordinary Prussian mats will answer
equally well, perhaps better, provided
the material is very fine and very tough.
In selecting a mat for this pui-pose, the
best may be distinguished by two or
three qualities : First, whatever colour
the bast be, it must feel silky and some-
what oily to the touch. A full reliance
must not be placed on this alone, how-
ever; but the strength should be tested
by cutting off a fine-looking strand, and
stripping off a narrow piece as fine as
twine. This, if good, should withstand
a considerable amount of tension: it is
well, however, to try a second piece. As
to colour, such is generally a pale straw.
BA'SSIA. (Named after M. Bassi, cu r
rator of the Botanic Garden at Boulogne.
Nat. ord., Sapotads [Sapotacese]. Linn.,
ll-Dodecandria 1-jlfonogynia.)
The Bassias are trees of some importance in
India. B. butyra'cea yields a thick, oil-like
butter from its fruit, or muhva. B. latifo'lia fur-
nishes a kind of arrack, called moura, by distil-
ling the leaves. The fruit of the lilupie-tree, B.
longif(/lin, yields oil for lamps, soap-making, and
also for food ; and Mungo Park's Butter-tree was
;i species of Bassia. Stove trees. Cuttings of
ripened young shoots in April, in heat, under a
bell-glass ; peat and loam. Summer temp., 6l)
to 70 ; winter, 55 to 60.
B. butyra'cea (buttery). 40. Nepaul. 1823.
littifo'lia (broad-leaved). 40. Yellow. E. Ind.
longifo'lia (long-leaved). 40. E. Ind. 1811.
BASTABD ACACIA. Eobi'nia pseu'do-
aca'cia.
BASTAED ATOCION. Sile'ne pseu'do-
uto'cion,
BASTARD BALM. MeWtta.
BASTARD Box. Poly'cala.
BASTAED CABBAGE-TREE.
BASTARD CEDAR. Guazu'ma and' Ce-
dre'la.
BASTARD CHERRY. Ce'rasm pseu'do-
ce'rasus.
BASTARD CINNAMON. Cinnamo'mum
ca' ssia.
BASTABD CORK-TREE. Que'rcus pseu'do-
sn'ber.
BASTARD CRACCA. Vi'ciapseu'do-cra'cca.
BASTARD DICTAMNUS. Beringe'ria
pseu'do-dicla'mmis.
BASTARD GROUND-PINE. Teu'crinm
pseu'do-chumte'pitys.
BASTARD HARE'S-EAR. Phy'llis.
BASTARD HYSSOP. Teu'crium pseu'do-
hysso'pus.
BASTARD INDIGO. Amo'rpha.
BASTARD JASMINE. Andro'sace chama-
ja'sme.
BASTARD LUPINE. Trifo'lium luplna's-
ter.
BASTARD MANCHINEEL. Camera'ria.
BASTARD MOUSE-EAR. Hiera'cium
})seu' do-pilose' I/a.
BASTARD OLBIA. Lava'lera o'lbia.
BASTARD TOAD-FLAX. The'sium.
BASTARD QUINCE. Py'rus-chamamc's-
pilns.
BASTARD VERVAIN. Stachyta'rpheta.
BASTARD VETCH. Pha'ca.
BASTARD WIND-FLOWER. Gentia'na
pseu'do-pneumonn' nthe.
BASTARD WOOD-SAGE. Teu'crium
pseu' do-scorodo' n ia.
BATA'TAS. (Aboriginal name. Nat.
ord., Bindweeds [ConvolvulaceseJ. Linn..
$-Pentaridria l-Monoyynia. Allied to
Pharbitis and Ipomsea.)
All stove deciduous climbers. Cuttings of
stumpy side-shoots, or young shoots slipped from
the tubers, just as they bepn to grow ; in sandy
soil, in bottom-heat, and under a hand-glass;
rich, sandy loam and finry peat, with manure-
water when growing. Temp., summer, 60 to
85, with moisture ; winter, 48 to 55.
B.beta'cea (beet-like). 6. Pale violet. Deme;
rara. 1S3Q.
Bignonioi'des (Biunonia-like). Dark purple
July. Cayenne. 1824.
Bonariensis (Buenos Ayres). 10. Purple.
Cavanille'sii (Cavanilles']. White, red. Au-
gust. 1815.
- edu'lis (eatable -fruited}. White, purple. E.
Ind. 1/97-
glaucifo'lia (milky-green-leaved). Purplish -
June. Mexico. 1732.
heteroph'/'lln (various-leaved). Pale purple-
September. Cuba. 1817-
jala'pa (jalap). Rose. August. Mexico. 184.1.
paniculu'ta (panicled). Purple. July. E. In".
1799-
pentaphy'lla (five-leaved). White. Aug-J.n
E. Ind. 1739.
BAT
BEA
B. Senegale'nsis (Senegal). White. July. Guinea.
.1823.
terna'ta (three-leafleted). White. July. Brazil.
1824.
neno'sa (veiny). Purple. July. Mauritius.
1820.
Walde'cldi (Waldeck's). White and purple.
S. Amer. 1847.
Willdeno'oii (Willdenow's) Purple. July. 1818.
BATEMA'NNIA. (Called after Mr. Bate-
man, a keen collector and ardent culti-
vator of orchids, and author of a splendid
work on the Orchids of Mexico and Gua-
tiraala. Nat. ord., Orchids [Orchidaceie].
Linn., 2Q-Gynandria I-Monogynia. Al-
lied to Maxillaria.)
Stove orchid; divisions and offsets; peat,
broken crocks, and sphagnum ; plant raised con-
siderably above the surface of pot, or suspended
in shallow baskets. Summer temp., 70 to 85;
winter, 60 to 65.
D. Co'llcyi (Colley's). . Purple, green. Au-
gust. Demerara. 183-1.
BA'TSCHIA. (Named after J. G. Batch,
& German botanist. Nat. ord., Borage-
worts [Boragynacece] . Linn., 5-Pentan-
dria 1-Monogynia. This really should
be united to Lithospermum.)
All hardy herbaceous perennials ; seeds, or divi-
sions ; common soil.
B. canefscens (hoary). 2. Yellow. July. N.
Amer. 1826.
Gmeli'ni (Gmelin's). . Yellow. June. Ca-
rolina. 1812.
longiflo'ra (long-flowered). $. Yellow. June.
Missouri. 1812.
seri'cea (silky). , Yellow. July. N. Amer.
1825.
BAD'ERA. (Named after Francis and
Ferdinand Bauer, German botanical
draughtsmen. Nat. ord., Hydranyeads
[Hydrangeacese]. Linn., 13-Polyandria
2-Diyynia.}
Bau'era is a botanical anomaly which has puz-
zled the learned as to its proper order. Dr.
Lindley has placed it with Hydrangea. Green-
house evergreen under-shrubs ; cuttings in sandy
soil, under a glass; sandy loam and peat. Sum-
mer temp., 50 to 65 ; winter, 38 to 45.
B. hu'milis (dwarf). 1. Red. September. N.
S. Wales. 1804.
rubitzfo'tia (madder-leaved). l. Pink. Sep-
tember. N.S.Wales. 1793.
BAUHI'NIA. Mountain Ebony. (Named
after the brothers John and Caspar Bau-
hin t botanists in the sixteenth century.
Nat. ord., Leguminous Plants [Fabacese].
Linn., ~LQ-Decandria I-Monogynia.}
One of the tribes of Caesalpinia. All stove
evergreen shrubs, except where otherwise speci-
fied. Half- ripe cuttings in summer, in sand,
placed under a glass, and in moist bottom-heat ;
light, sandy loam, and a little peat. Summer
temp., 60 to 85 ; winter, 55 to 60.
B.aculea'ta (prickly-fifaJJted!). 6. White. W.
Ind. 1737.
B. acumintfta (taper-pointed-tenwif). 8. White.
July. E. lud. 1SOS.
arma'ta (armed). 6. White. Brazil. 1824.
Climber.
auri'tu (long-eared). 6. White. Jamaica.
1756.
Chine'nsis (Chinese). 6. Red. China. 1800.
corymbo'su (corymbed). 6. White. E. Ind.
1818. Climber.
Cumane'nsis (Cumana). 20. White. July.
Cumana. 1826. Climber.
ferrugi'nea (rusty-leaved). 10. White. E.
Ind. 1820. Climber.
forfica'ta (pmca-leaved). 6. White. Brazil.
1823.
glafdra (smooth). 15. White. Carthage. 1810.
Climber.
glance 'scens (milky-green). 6. White. Cu-
mana. 1817.
grandiflo'ra (large-flowered). 4. White. Peru.
1820.
Fndica (Indian). 6. White. E. Ind. 1820.
ine'rmis (unarmed). 6. Yellow, red. Acapulco.
1810.
Larnarclda'na (Lamarck's). 6. White. S.
Amer. 1818.
latifo'lia (broad-leaved). 6. White. W. Ind.
1818.
Icptope'tala ( slender -petaled). 5. Yellow,
green. New Spain. 1818.
luna'ria (half-fnoon-leaved'). 6. White. Aca-
pulco. 1820.
Madagascarie'nsis (Madagascar). 4. Mada-
gascar. 1826.
Malabalrica (Malabar). 15. White. E. Ind.
1810. Climber.
microphy'lla (small-leaved). 6. White. S.
Amer. 18)7.
muitine'rvia (many-nerved). 5. White. Ccw-
raccas. 1808.
PaMte'tta(Pauletia). 4. White. Panama. 1737.
pube'scens (downy). 4. White. Jamaica. 17/8.
purpu'rea (purple). 6. Purple. E. Ind.
1778.
racemo'sa (racemed). 20. White. E. Ind.
1790. Stove climber.
retu'sa (abruptly-blunt). 7. White. E.Ind.
1820.
sca'ndens (small-leaved-cYurMn^). 30. White,
yellow. E. Ind. 1/QO. Climbe*.
sj)ecio'sa (showy). 10. White. 1820. Stove
climber.
subrotundifo'lia (roundish-leaved). 0. White.
Acapulco. 18*0.
tomento'sa (thickly-haired). 6. Yellow, white.
E. Ind. 1808.
tria'ndra (three-stamened). 15. White. E.
Ind. 1823. Stove climber.
variega'ta (variegated). 6. Stripad. June.
E. Ind. I7yo.
BAWD-MONEY. Me'itm.
BAY-TREE. Lnu'rus no'bil&.
BEAD-TREE. Me'lla.
BEAM-TREE. Py'rus a'ria.
BEAN. (Fa'ba vulga'ris.) There 'are
many varieties of this vegetable ; but we
shall only name those which are clearly
distinct and valuable.
Mazagon. This has whitish seeds,
rather larger than a horse-bean, two to
four feet high. Sown in spring, about*
ten weeks occur before beans are fit for
BEA
[107]
BEA
table. Many sub-varieties in seedsmen's
catalogues.
Long-Pod. Sandwich, or Lisbon, has
various names attached to these. Seeds
whitish, about an inch long, and half
that in width, flat. Very productive ; good
for main summer-crops. Sown in spring,
about twelve weeks elapse before the
beans are fit for table. Three to five feet.
Johnsons Wonderful. This is a long-
pod, but even more productive ; and we
consider it the best of all the varieties.
Pods very namerous ; many with six or
even eight beans in them, and bearing a
succession of pods; seeds rather more
broad in proportion to length.
Dutch Long-Pod has seeds still broader
in proportion to length.
Green Long-Pod. Nonpareil, or Genoa,
differs chiefly from other long-pods by
its seeds being green.
Taker has white, broad, oval seeds.
Height, five feet. Sown in spring, its
beans are ready in twelve weeks; rather
coarse-flavoured.
Windsor. Seeds whitish, flat, circular,
an inch in diameter; only two or three
in a pod. Produces a succession of pods ;
four feet. Many other names prefixed.
Green Windsor differs chiefly from the
preceding in the colour of its seed.
The Eed-Seeded, White-Blossomed, Red-
Blossomed, and some others, have no me-
rits equal to the preceding. The Fan,
not being more than one foot high, is
useful, in small gardens, to grow among
other crops ; but it is not productive,
and its beans come all at once.
Soil and situation. The soil should
vary with the season. For the winter-
standing and early crops, a moderately
rich and dry soil is best adapted to them,
since, if too moist, the seed is apt to de-
cay ; whilst a cool-bottomed, more tena-
cious soil is best for the spring and sum-
mer sowings. The situation cannot be
too unshaded ; but a protection from
violent winds is very beneficial.
Times and modes of sowing. For the
first production, in the following year, a
large sowing of Long-pods may be made
during the middle of November; and
plantations may be continued to be made,
from the beginning of January to the end
of June, once evory three weeks. Not
later than the 1st of July a last sowing
may be made. The early Mazagon is
best for the earliest and latest plantings,
to produce the same year.
Sowing for transplantation. If the sea-
son has been lost for sowing at proper
time, in the natural soil, for the early
ci-ops, or ground could not be spared or
made ready, then sow for transplanting,
either in small pots, turf-sods, or gentle
hotbed, and of such extent as can be
covered with a frame. If frames and
hand-glasses are deficient, matting or
litter, kept from injuring the plants by
means of hooping, &c., is sometimes em-
ployed. Care must be taken that the
beans are not weakened by a deficiency
of air and light ; to guard against it the
lights should be taken entirely off every-
day that excessive wet or cold does not
forbid their removal. The usual time for
removing them into the open ground, '"a
a south border, is February, in mild and
open weather.
Sowing to remain. Y/hen sown to
remain, the seed may be inserted in
double rows, in drills, drawn by the hoe,
from two and a half to three feet apart,,
from double row to double row, the dou-
ble rows four inches apart, and two deep.
Previous to sowing, in summer, if diy
weather, the seed should be soaked for
two or three hours in water; or, if sown
in drills, these should be well watered
immediately before the insertion.
When advanced to a height of two
inches, hoeing between the stems of the
plants may commence. This should be
often repeated. As soon as the various-
crops come into full blossom, two or three
inches length of each, stem is broken ofL
This, by preventing its increase in height,,
causes more sap to be afforded to the-
blossom, consequently causing it to ad-
vance with more rapidity, and to set
more abundantly.
For seed. No two varieties should be
grown near to each other ; and, in order
to preserve the early ones as uncontami-
nated as possible, those plants only which
blossom and produce their pods the first
should be preserved. None oi the pods
ought to be gathered for the table from
them; the after - production of seed is
never so fine, and the plants raised from
it are always deficient in vigour. They
are fit for harvesting when the leaves
have become blackish, which occurs at
the end of August, or early in September.
The pods may be gathered from the
stems when ripe enough, and spread out
thin, upon a dry, airy, boarded floor, to
dry. Those only should be preserved
BE A
L 108 ]
BED
that are fine and perfect. They are bes
stored in the pods until required. Seed
beans will sometimes vegetate after bein<:
l\ept for eight or ten years, but are seldom
good for anything when more than t\v<
years old.
Insects. See APHIS FAB.E.
BEATO'NIA. (Named by Dr. Herber
after D. Beaton, a Scotch gardener; one
of the contributors to the Cottage Gar
dener and to this Dictionary. Nat. ord.
Irids [Iridacena]. Linn., \Q-Monaddpku
1-Triandria. Allied to Tigridia.)
Greenhouse perennial bulbs. Offsets and seeds
the latter to be sown in a slight hotbed, in March
light, rich soil. To be taken up before frost
or covered up where they have grown, so as to
preserve them both from frost and wet.
U. atra'ta (dark-flowered). 2. Dark purple. Au-
gust. Mexico. 1843.
curva'tu (waved-stalked). Purple. April. DC
Monte. 1843.
purpu'rea (purple-cowered). Purple. April
Brazil. 1841.
BEAUFO'ETIA. (Named after Mary
Duchess of Beaufort. Nat. ord., Myrtle -
llooms [Myrtacese]. Linn., IS-Poiyadel-
phia 2-Polyandria.)
Greenhouse evergreen shrubs. Cuttincrs of half-
ripened shoots, under a glass, in sand, without
heat; loam and peat. Summer temp., 50 to 65 ;
winter, 38 to 48.
B. carina'fa (keel-leaved). 3. Scarlet. N. Hol-
land. 1823.
Dampie'ri (Dampier's). 2. Pink. May. Har-
tog's Island.
decussa'ta (decussated). 3. Scarlet. May. N.
Holland. 1803.
macroste'mon (long-stamened). Purple. July.
Australia. 1843.
purpu'rea (purple-flowered). Purple. July.
Australia. 1841.
spa'rso (scattered-teamed). 3. Red. N.Hol-
land. 1803.
sple'ndens (shining). 3. N.Holland. 1830.
BEATJMO'NTIA. (Named after Mrs.fi ea u-
mont, of Bretton Hall. Nat. ord., Dog-
banes [Apocynacese]. Linn., 5-Pentan-
dria 1-Monogynia.)
One of our first stove twiners, with large, white
trumpet-shaped flowers, produced in clusters at
the end of the shoots. They succeed best planted
out in the borders of a house, intermediate be-
tween a stove and a greenhouse. Cuttings of half-
ripened wood ; rich, lumpy loam and peat. Sum-
mer temp., 60 to 70 ; winter, 50 to 60.
. grandiflo'ra (large-flowered). 20. White.
June. E. Ind. 1820.
longifo'lia (long-leaved). 20. White. E.
Ind. 1818.
BE'CIUM. (United to Ocymum.)
BED is a comprehensive word, applica-
ble to the detached space on which any
cultivated plants are grown. It is mos*>
correctly confined to small divisions,
purposely restricted in breadth for tbe
convenience of hand-weeding, or other
reqiu'site culture, and, in the flower-gar-
den, for the promotion of beauty. This
involves the question of form, one of the
most difficult that is submitted to the
gardener, because few tastes agree as to
their estimate of the beautiful. Under
the head FLOWER-GAKDEN we shall give
a few general, and only general, obser-
vations upon this subject ; and here will
merely observe that, in making flower-
beds, they should always be proportioned
to the size of the plants which are to be
their tenants ; and that though, for large
masses of shrubs and trees, we have seen
rectangular forms so planted as to look
solid and grand, yet that we believe no
arrangement of dwarf-flowers would ever
make a separate square or parallelogram
bed of them otherwise than decidedly
ugly.
LEDDING-IN is a mode of sowing seed.
In this method, the ground being dug,
and formed by alleys into beds, four or
five feet wide, each alley being a spade's
width or more between bed and bed, and
the earth being drawn off the top of the
bed with a rake or spade, half an inch or
an inch deep into the alleys, the seed is
then sown all over the surface of the
bed ; which being done, the earth in the
alleys is immediately cast over the bed,
again covering the seeds the same depth,
and the surface is raked smooth.
The method of bedding-in sowing by
sifting is sometimes practised for very
small seeds of a more delicate nature,
hat require a very light covering of
earth when sown. To bury them as
shallow as possible, they are covered by
sifting fine earth over them out of a wire-
sieve.
BEDDING-OUT is removing plants from
he pots in which they have been grow-
ng into the beds where they are intended
o remain during the summer and autumn.
The following is a list of flowers for
ledding-out, arranged according to their
olours, the first-named being the most
Iwarf : White. Yerbena pulchella, Lo-
)elia erinus alhus, Campanula pumila,
Campanula Carpatica alba, Senecio ele-
gans flore albo, White Ivy-leaved Gera-
ium, White-flowered, horse-shoe Gera-
lium, Phlox omniflora, Double White
Snapdragon, (Enothera taraxifolia, (E.
peciosa, Nierembergia calycina, Varie-
ated s.weet Alyssum, Calendula hybrida,
BED
[ 100 ]
BEE
White Clarkia, Petunia nyctaginiflorn, ; of
Verbenas, the Bride and White Perfec-
tion, and White Salvia patens. Scarlet.
Of Verbenas, Boule de Feu, Inglefield
Scarlet, or fulgens, Melindre's latifolia,
Satellite, and Emperor of Scarlets; of
Geraniums, Shrubland Scarlet, Tom
Thumb, Improved Frogmore, Gem of
Scarlets, Royalist, and Compactum. Pur-
ple Of Verbenas, Walton's Emma,
Heloise, Venosa, and Sabina; Petunia
phoenicea, Lobelia unidentata, Lantaiia
Sellowii, and Phlox Drummondii. Pink.
Saponaria Calabrica, Silene Shaft, Si-
lene pendula, Silene compacta; of Ge-
raniums the Pink Ivy-leaf, Mangle's
variegated Pink, Pink Nosegay, Judy,
Lucia rosea, and Diadematum; Anagallis
^arnea; of Verbenas, Miller's Favourite,
Beauty Supreme, Duchess of Northum-
berland, and Standard of Perfection.
Yellow. Tagetes tenuifolia, Sanvitalia
procumbens ; of Calceolarias, Integrifolia,
Engosa, Kayii, Viscosissima, Corymbosa,
and Amplexicaule ; Orange African Ma-
rigold, Double Yellow French Marigold,
and Coreopsis lanceolata. Blue. Lobe-
lia ramosa, Cineraria amelloides, Salvia
chamasdrioides, and Isotoma axillaris.
BEDEGUAK. See CYNIPS KOS.&.
BEDFO'EDIA. (Named in honour of
the Duke of Bedford. Nat. ord., Compo-
sites [Asteracese], Linn., \Q-8ynyenesia
l-^ quails. Allied to Cacalia.)
Greenhouse evergreen shrub. Cuttings a little
dried before inserting them, in rough, sandy
soil ; sand, peat, loam, and brick-rubbish, in
equal proportions. Summer temp., 55 to 70 ;
winter, 40 to 45 ; and almost dry.
3. sallci'na (willow-like). Yellow. April. 1820.
BEE. (Apis.) All the species of this
insect are friendly to the gardener; for
they all aid in impregnating his flowers,
many of which, without their aid, wbuld
fall unproductive of either fruit or seed.
At the same time they are as often in-
jurious, by causing cross impregnations,
and actually injuring flowers in their
efforts to get at the honey. The honey-
bee (A. mellifica) is the most active in
this operation ; but the humble-bee
(JSombus apis), and others of the robust
species, visit flowers in rough weather,
when the honey-bee will not venture
from its hive.
BEECH. Fa'gus.
BEET. There are two sections of this
vegetable cultivated by gardeners.
1. For the leaves to boil like spinach,
and the stalks of the leaves like sea-kale.
Brazilian Beet (Be'ta Brazilian sis), with
very large green leaves. Thick-leaved
Beet (B. ci'cla), of which there are these
varieties : ] . Green-leaved, small-rooted,
2. White-veined, or silver. 3. Golden-
veined. 4. Eed-veined. The silver is
the flnest, and, when blanched as the
chard, nearly equals asparagus. The
leaves of all are boiled like spinach, and
the foot-stalks peeled and used as sea-
kale.
2. BedBeet(jB.t>MZ</aVis). Nine varie-
ties occur of this; but the yellow and
white-rooted, not meriting cultivation,
are here omitted. The others are:
1. Large-rooted. 2. Long-rooted. 3.
Dwarf-topped. 4. Turnip-rooted. 5.
Small. 6. Gastlenaudari. 7. Green-
topped. Of these, No. 4 is best for an
early crop, and No. 6 for the main crop,
if obtained genuiue. There are many
sub-varieties, but scarcely distinguish-
able from each other. For table use,
the object is to obtain moderate-sized and
dark crimson roots.
Use. The Eed Beet, after being
cooked, is used sliced in salads, or alone
with an acid dressing. It is much better
baked than boiled.
Soil and Situation. Beet requires a
rich, deep, open soil. Its richness should
rather rise from previous application, than
the addition of manure at the time of
sowing ; and, to effect this, th compart-
ment intended for the growth of these
vegetables is advantageously prepared as
directed for Celery. On the soil depend
the sweetness and tenderness for which,
which they are estimated; and it may be
remarked, that on poor, light soils, or
heavy ones, the best sorts will taste
earthy. The situation should be open ;
but it is of advantage to have the bed
shaded from the meridian sun in summer.
We have always found it beneficial to dig
the ground two spades deep for these
deep-rooting vegetables, and to turn in
the whole of the manure intended to be
applied with the bottom-spit, so as to
bury it ten or twelve inches within the
ground. Salt is a beneficial application
to this crop ; one reason for which un-
doubtedly is, the Beet being a native of
the sea-shore.
Time and mode of sowing. Sow from
the close of February until the begin-
ning of April, it being borne in mind
that the seed must not be inserted until
the severe frosts are over, which inevit-
BEE
[110]
BEG
ably destroy the seedlings when young.
The best time for inserting the main
crop of red Beet-root for winter supply
is early in April. The Brazilian and
Thick-leaved Beets may be sown at the
same time for supply in summer ; and,
at the beginning of July or August, a sue-
cessional crop of these mny be sown for
supply in the winter and following spring.
The seed is best sown in drills, a foot
asunder, and an inch deep ; or by dibble,
at the same distance each way, and at a
similar depth, two or three seeds being
put in each hole. The Brazil Beet re-
quires eighteen inches space.
During the early stages of growth, the
beds, which, for the convenience of cul-
tivation, should not be more than four
feet wide, must be looked over occa-
sionally, and the largest of the weeds
cleared by hand. In the course of May,
according to the advanced state of
growth, the plants must be cleared
thoroughly of v/eeds, both b}* hand and
small hoeing; the lied Beet thinned to
ten or twelve inches apart, and the White
to eight or ten. The plants of this last
variety which are removed may be trans-
planted into rows at a similar distance.
Moist weather is to be preferred for per-
forming this, otherwise the plants must
be watered occasionally until they have
taken root. They must be frequently
hoed, and kept clear of weeds through-
out, the summer.
It is a great improvement to earth up
the stalks of the White Beet, in the same
manner as Celery, when they are intended
to be peeled, and eaten as asparagus. No
vegetable is more benefited by the appli-
cation of liquid-manure than the White
and Brazil Beets.
Taking tip the Red Sect. In October
the Beet-root may be taken up for use as
wanted, but not entirely, for preserva-
tion during the winter, until November,
or the beginning of December, if the wea-
ther continues open ; then to be buried
in sand, in alternate layers, under shelter.
Before storing, the leaves and fibrous
roots must be trimmed off, but the main
root not wounded, and a dry day selected
for performing it. Beet-root may be kept
exceedingly well if stacked up neatly,
sloping to a point, against a north wall,
or other cool place, upon a dry bottom,
and buried with sifted coal-ashes. The
thickness of this covering must depend
apon the weather.
Gathering from the Green and White
Beet. In gathering from these, the
largest outside leaves should be first
taken, and the inner left to increase in
size, when the same selection must be
continued ; but, at the same time, it must
be remembered that they are to be used
whilst perfectly green and vigorous, other-
wise they are tough and worthless.
To obtain seed. Some roots must be
left where grown, giving them the pro-
tection of some litter in veiy severe wea-
ther, if unaccompanied with snow; or, if
this is neglected, some of the finest rootg
that have been stored in sand, and have
not had the leaves cut away close, may
be planted in February or March. Each
species and variety must be kept as far
away from others as possible, and the
plants set at least two feet from each
other. They flower in August, and ripen
their seed "at the close of September.
Seed of the previous year is always to be
preferred for sowing; but it will succeed,
if carefully preserved, when two years old.
BEFA'EIA. Sec BEJA'RIA.
BEGO'NIA. (After M. Scgon, a French
patron of botany. Nat. ord., Bignoniads
[Bignoniaceas]. Linn., 21-Moncecia 9-Po-
lyandria.)
Stove evergreen shrubs, except where otherwise
specified. Many freely by seeds, sown as soon as
ripe, or in the following: spring; cuttings in
spring or summer, after drying their base, in-
serted in sandy soil, in a little heat. The tuber-
ous kinds are easily propagated in abundance hy
division, when beginning to grow, and they will
stand more cold in winter by 5 or 10 than the
others; peat and sandy loam, and thoroughly-
decaye'l dung. Summer temp., 60 to 70 ; win-
ter, 48 to 55.
J3. acerifo'lia (maple-leaved). 3. Whitish. BraEiU
1829.
a'cid'i (acid). 1. White. Brazil. 1847.
acumina'ta (long-pomted-feattecQ. 1. White.
July. Jamaica. 1798.
acutifo'lia (abrupt-pointed-leaved). 1. White.
August. W. Ind. 1816.
a'lbo-mcci'neii (white and scurlet-flozvered). 1.
White and scarlet. E. Ind. 1844. Stove
herbaceous perennial.
a'pteru (wingless). 3. White. July. Stove
herbaceous perennial.
argyrosti'gma (silver -spotted). 3. White.
August. Brazil. 1S1Q.
aurnnfi'aca (orange-coloured). Orange. India,
auricutaft/rme (ear-shaped). White. Guati-
mala. 1850.
Barkn'ri (Barker's). 4. White. January.
Mexico. 1837. Greenhouse herbaceous
perennial.
biscrra'ta (saw-tooth-Zeayed). 2. Pale pink.
June. Guatimala. 1817.
bulbili'fcra (bulb-bearing). 1. Whitish-pink.
July. Peru. 1827. Greenhouse herba-
ceous perennial.
BEG
111 ]
BEJ
n. castarta?/0'#a(chesnut-leaved). 5. Pink. Fe-
bruary. Brazil. 1838.
einaabari'na (vermilion -coloured). Orange,
scarlet. Bolivia. 1848. Stove herba-
ceous perennial.
eocci'nea (scarlet-flowered). 3. Scarlet. April.
Brazil. Ih-i'J.
erussicau'lis (thick-stalked). 3. Whitish-pfcik.
February. Guatimala. 1842.
euculti'ta ^hooded). 3. White. Brazil.
digita'ta (finger-leaned ). 3. White. June.
Brazil. Stove herbaceous perennial.
dlpe'tala (two-petaled). 3. Pink. July. Bom-
bay. 1S2/.
dfptera \ two-winged) . I. White. July. Cape
of Good Hope. 1822.
di'scolor (two-coloured). 3. White. May.
China. 1&04.
dinersifo'lia (various-leaved). 1. Pink. July.
Mexico. 1820.. Stove herbaceous peren-
nial.
Dre'gei (Dregc's). 2. White. July. Cape of
Good Hope. 1838.
du'bia (doubtful). 1. White. July. Brazil.
1818. Stove herbaceous perennial.
fa^ifo'lia (beech-leaved). 3. White. April.
Brazil. 1838.
FischtSri (Fischer's). 2. June. S.Amer. 1835.
fuchsioi'des (fuschia-like). 5. Scarlet. De-
cember. North Grenada. 1844.
geraniifo'lia (geranium-leaved). 2. Whitish-
red. September. Lima. 1833. Stove
tuberons-rooted.
herac'eifo'lia (henicleum-leaved). 2. 1831.
Stove tuberous-rooted.
radii' tn (rayed). 2. Pale pink. Mexico.
Hernandieefo'lia (Hernandia- leaved). Rose.
June. Java.
hirsu'ta (shaggy-/eOTed). 1. White. June.
W. IndT 1789. Stove biennial.
hirte'lla (small-haired). 1. White. September.
1824. Stove herbaceous perennial.
Hoolce'ri (Sir W. Hooker's). 2. Pink. Mexico.
1827-
homo'nymn (ambiguous). 3. White. June.
Brazil.
hu'tnitia (humble). |. White. September. W.
Ind. 1788. Stove biennial.
fl#rf/oeofy/i/oY/(hydrocotyle-!caYpd). $. Pink.
June. S. Amer. 1843. Stove herba-
ceous perennial.
A/irfda (hybrid). l. Pink. March.
fateofaa (hoary). White. April. Mexico. 1S38.
Stove herbaceous perennial.
incarna'ia (flesh-coloured). 2. Pink. Brazil.
1829.
insi'gnis (striking). Pink. December. S.Amer.
1S26.
lauri'na (laurel-^cr-erf). 3. Pink. July. Stove
nerbaceous perennial.
Lindlnya'na ( Dr. Lindley's). 3. White. June.
Guatemala.
lo'ngipcs (longr-flower-rtalked). 3. White.
March. Mexico. 1828.
lu'cida (shining). 1. White. August. W. Ind.
1816.
luxu'rians (luxuriant). Bluish-white. S.
Amer.
HMerophy'lla (larpe-leaved). 3. White. July.
.Jamaica. 1793.
manica'ta (collared). 3. Pale pink. April.
Brazil. Stove herbaceous perennial.
Kartia'na (Martin's). 3. Pink. July. Brazil.
29- Stove tuberous-rooted.
,. 3. White. February. Bra-
zil. 1838. '
B. murica'ta (muricated). 3. White. September.
Brazil. Stove herbaceous perennial.
multibuVnllo'sa (many-bulbed). 2. White.
Brazil. 1830. Stove tuberous-rooted.
Natale'nsis (Natal). White aad rose. No-
vember. Natal.
ni'li'tfa (shining*/earwd). 1J. Pink. August.
Jamaica. 1/77.
ociopc'tala (eight-petaled). 2. Greenish-white.
October. Peru. 1835. Stove tuberous-
rooted.
odora'fa (fragrant). Ij. White. September.
1824. Stove herbaceous perennial.
palma'ta (hand-shaped). 1. White. August.
Nepaul. 1819.
papillo'sa. (pimpled). 3. Pink. July. Brazil.
1826.
parvifo'litt (small-leaved). 3. White. May.
Cape of Good Hope. 1836.
pa' tula (spreading). 1. White. June. W.
Ind. 1818.
peltifii'lla (shield-leaved). 3. White. 1816.
Stove herbaceous perennial.
pentapln/'lla (five-leaved). 3. White. July.
Brazil.
pi'cta (painted), f. Pink. August. Nepaul.
1818. Stove tuberous-rooted.
platanifo'lia (plane-tree-leaved). 10. Pink
September. Brazil. 182Q.
pulcheflla (neat). 4. White. July. Brazil. 1823.
Stove annual.
puncta'ta (spotted). Rose. May. Mexico. 1839.
ramenta'cea (scaly-stemmed] . 1. \Vhitish-
blush. June. Brazil. 1830. Stove her-
baceous perennial.
renifo'rmis (kidney-shaped). 1. White. July.
Brazil. 1818.
rtifiric'iu'lis ('red-stemmed). l. Blush.
ru'tjro-VK'nia (red-veined), f . White, red.
Bootan. 1852.
rupe'stris (rock). 2. Pink. April. Brazil. Stove
herbaceous perennial.
sangui'nca (biood-red-Jeaued). 3. White. June.
Brazil. 1829-
Sello'wii (Sellow's). White. September. Stove
herbaceous perennial.
semperflo'rens (ever-blooming). Pink. Brazil.
1829.
sinua'ta (vandyked). 2. White. June. Brazil.
1836.
spatula' ta (spatulate). 1<|. White. September.
W. Ind. 1819. Stove herbaceous peren-
nial.
stigmo'sa (spotted-tertTJetZ). lj. White. Stove
herbaceous perennial.
suave' ol ens (sweet-scented). 1. White. August.
W. Ind. 1816.
Thwaite'sii (Thwaites*). 6. White and pink.
Ceylon. 1852.
tubero'sa (tuberous). . TVhite. August. Am-
boyna. 1810. Stove tuberous-rooted.
undula'ta (waved). 2. White. July. Brazil.
1825.
urnphij'lla (tail-leaved). White. March.
vitifo'tia (vine-leaved). 3. White. April.
Brazil.
xa'nthia (yellow-flowered, or elephant-ear).
Tellow. July. Bootan. 1850.
zebri'nn (zebr**Mped). 3. Pink. BrazH.
Stove herbaceous perennial.
BEJA'EIA. (Named after M. Bcjar, a
Spanish botanist. Nat. ord., Heatkworts
[Ericacese]. IAnn.,ll-Dodecandria 1-Mo-
nogynia.*)
BEL
2 |
BEN
Greenhouse evergreen shrubs, except where {
otherwise specified. Cuttings of young wood,
firm at the base ; loam and peat.
B. es'stuans (glowing). 12. Rose. Peru. 1846.
cinnamo'mea (cinnamon). Peru. 1S47
coarcta'ta (close-headed). 5. Purple. Peru.
1847.
glau'ca (milky-green). 3. Purple. June. New
Granada. 1826, Stove evergreen.
ledifo'lia (ledum-leaved). 5. May. 1847-
racemo'sa (raceme- flowered). 4. Purple. June.
Florida. 1810.
BELLADONNA LILY. Amary'llls bella-
io'mm.
BELLEISLE CBESS. Barla'rea prae'cox.
See AMERICAN CRESS.
BELLEVA'LIA. (Named after P. R.
Believed, a French botanist. Nat. ore!,,
Lilyworts [Liliacese]. 'Lirm.^Q-Hexandria
1-Monogynia. Allied to the Squills.)
Hardy bulbs ; offsets ; common garden-soil.
B. opercula'ta (lid- covered). 1. White. May.
Italy. 1596.
Syri'aca( Syrian). Orange, blue. May. Syria.
1844.
BELL-FLOWER. Campanula.
BELL-GLASS is so called from its usual
form being that of a bell. It is formed
of one entire piece, and of common
"bottle-glass, when intended for sheltering
cauliflowers, &c., in the open borders ;
but of white, or very pale-green glass,
for preserving moisture to cuttings.
Formerly they were made with a top
almost flat, whence, to prevent drip upon
the cuttings, &c., it became necessary to
wipe them frequently. They are now
much improved by being cone-topped,
because the moisture condensed conse-
quently trickles down into the soil.
BELLIDIA'STRUM. (From bellis, a daisy,
and astrum, a star; being star-like. Nat.
ord., Composites [ Asteracese] . Linn., 19-
Synyenesia 2-Superflua. Allied to Aster.)
A hardy herbaceous perennial ; divinions ; sandy
oam.
'B.MicJie'lii (Micheli's). 1. White. June.
Austria. 1570.
BE'LLIS. The Daisy. (From lellus,
retty; referring to the flowers. Nat.
ord., Composites [ Asteracese] . Linn., 19-
Syngenesia 2-Superflua.)
All the cultivated kinds are hardy herbaceous
perennials. Seeds, but chiefly division of the
roots ; common soil.
S. Jiy'brida (hybrid). $. White. April. Italy.
1824.
integrifo'lia (entire-leaved). . White, pink.
July. Texas. 1801.
pere'nnis (perennial). . White. June.
Britain. This is the common Daisy.
fistulo'sa (piped, double-quilled), i. Red.
June.
B. pere'nnis horte-'nsis (garden, large-double).
Red. June.
proli'feru (proliferous). ^. Striped. June.
Commonly called The Hen and Chickens.
sylve'stris (wood), g. White. June. Por-
tugal. 1797-
It is curious that the daisy is not more cuiti-
vAted and crossed by florists and amateurs. It
is quite as capable of improvement as the chry-
santhemum. The continental florists have not
treated it with similar neglect; and M. Van
Houtte, of Ghent, has more than twerity disUnct
varieties in his catalogue white, pink, and varie-
gated ; quilled, red-disked, and double.
BE'LLIUM. (From lell-is, a daisy; the
flowers being like the daisy. Nat. ord.,
Composites [Asteraceaj], Linn., 19-Syn-
yenesia 2-Superflun.)
Seeds and divisions; sandy soil, and a little
peat.
B. bellidioi'des (daisy-like). $. White. July.
Italy. 1796. Hardy annual.
crassifo' Hum (thick-leaved). . Whitish-
yellow. June. Sardinia. 1831. Half-
hardy perennial.
intermedium (intermediate), . White. Au-
gust. Hardy herbaceous perennial.
minu'tum (minute). 1. White. August.
Levant. 17/2. Hardy herbaceous peren
nial.
BELLOWS are employed for fumigating
differing only from the common bellows
by having a receptacle for ignited to
bacco in the pipe of its nozzle, through
which the air, being gently forced in the
usual way, propels the smoke in any
desired direction, where the insects to be
destroyed appear. Brown's Fumiyator
is superior to any bellows for such pur-
poses.
BELOPE'RONE. (From belos, an arrow,
and perone, a band, or strap; in reference
to the arrow-shaped connectivum. Nat
ord., Acanthads [Acanthaaese]. Linn.,
2-Diandria \-Monogynia. Allied to Jus-
ticia.)
Stove evergreen shrub. Cuttings ; light loam.
Summer temp., 60 to 70; -winter, 45 to 55.
B. oblonga'ta (oblong-leaved'). 3. Rosy-purple.
September. Brazil. J832.
BENDING-DOWN. This term is chiefly
applied to the bending of the annual or
other shoots of fruit-trees, for the pur-
pose of making them fruitful, or to make
them assume some desired form. Balis
of clay have been fastened to the ex-
tremities of the shoots, to weigh them
down into the position required; but the
most desirable mode is by fastening them
by a string to pegs driven into the ground.
BENGAL QUINCE. JE'gle ma'rmelos.
BENJAMIN-TREE. Fi'cus Benjamvna
and Lau'rus Be'nzoin,
BENTHA'MIA. (Named after Jfr.JBru-
BEE
[113]
BEE
tham, a distinguished English botanist.
Nat. ord., Cornels [Cornacese]. Linii.,
4-Tetrandria \-Monogynia.}
Hardy evergreen shrubs. Layers; seeds where
procurable; loam; does in a sheltered place.
B.frugi'fera (strawberry-fruited). 10. Yellow-
ish-red. August. Nepaul. 1825.
Japo'nica (Japanese). Japan. 1847.
It is doubtful whether B. frugi'fera will en-
dure our winters unprotected, except in our
southern counties. It ripens its fruit against a
wall in Devonshire. It is like a raspberry, and
ornamental, but not eatable.
BERA'RDIA. (Named after M. Berard,
a botanist of Grenoble. Nat. ord., Bru-
niads [Bruniacese]. Linn., o-Pentandria
l-Monogynia.)
Greenhouse evergreen shrubs, from Cape of
Good Hope. Cuttings; divisions; common soil, j
B. palea'cea, (chaffy). 2. White. July. 1791- !
phylicoi' des (phylica-like). 2. White. July.
1805.
BEKBE'KIS. The Barberry. (From
lerberys, its Arabian name. Nat. ord.,
Berberids [Berberidacese]. Linn., 6-
Hexandria \-Monogynia.)
We have reunited with this genus all the
species separated from it, and called Mahonias,
Seeds, sown in spring ; cuttings root freely if |
planted early in autumn ; and suckers are abun-
dantly produced. Grafting is resorted to with
rare species. Deep, sandy soil. All are hardy,
except where otherwise specified. See BAB-
BES.BY.
EVEKGREENS.
B. actinaca'ntha (ray-spined). 3. fellow. June.
Straits of Magellan.
angulo'sa (angular). Yellow. Northern India.
1844.
aqitifo'lia (prickly-leaved). 6. Yellow. April.
N. Amer. 1823.
arista'ta (awned). 6. Yellow. April. Nepaul.
1820.
Asia'tica( Asiatic). 4. Yellow. Nepaul. 1823
hua). Golden-
Grenada. 1847.
Aurahuace'nsis (Aurahua). Golden-yellow.
Bea'le.iplanlfo'lia (Mr. Scale's Chinese, flat-
leaved). Yellow. China.
buxifo'Ua (box-leaved). 3. Yellow. Straits
of Magellan. 1827- Half-hardy.
conci'nna (neat). 2. Yellow. Sikkiui Hima-
laya.
Darwi'nii (Darwin's). 2. Orange. May.
South Chili. 184Q.
dealba'ta (whitened-Zeaed). 5. Yellow. May.
Mexico. 1833.
du'lcis (sweet-/riYed). 8. Yellow. March.
Straits of Magellan. 1830.
emarginu'ta (notch-petuled) . 3. Yellow. May.
Siberia. 1790.
empetrifo'lia (empetrum -leaved). 2. Yellow.
May. Straits of Magellan. 1827. Half-
hardy.
fascicula'ris (bundle-^otferetf). 8. Yellow.
April. California. 1820.
Fortu'ni (Fortune's). Yellow. July. China.
heterophy'lla (various-leaved). 4. Yellow.
May. Straits of Magellan. 1805.
B. nypoleu'ca (white-beneath-teawed). 5, PaTe.
yellow. May. Northern India. 1840.
ilicifo'lia (holly-leaved). 4. Yellow. July.
Terra del Fuego. 1791.
ine'rmis (unarmed). 2. Yellow. Straits of
Magellan. 1827. Half-hardy.
macrophy'lla (large-leaved). Yellow. Japan.
184/.
mi'tis (gentle-Morntei). Yellow. N. Amer.
1834.
nervo'sa (large-nerved). Yellow. June. N.
Amer. 1804.
pa'llida (pale). Yellow. April. S. Amer.
1844. Greenhouse.
Pangharanghc'nuis (Vznghai&ng). 1848. Half-
hardy.
parviflu'ra (small-flowered). 3. Yellow. May.
S. Amer. 1846. Greenhouse.
re' pens (creeping-roofed). 2. Yellow. April.
N. Amer. 1822.
ruscifo'lia (rAws-leaved). 5. Yellow. May.
Buenos Ayres. 1823. Greenhouse.
tenuifrflia (thin -leaved). Vera Cruz. 1836.
trifolia'ta (three -leaved). Yellow. May.
Mexico. 1839. Greenhouse.
virga'ta (twiggy). Yellow. Peru. 1836,
Wallichia'nu (Wallich's). 4. Yellow. May.
Nepaul. 1820. Half-hardy.
DECIDUOUS.
B. Canade'nsis (Canadian). 5. Yellow. May.
Canada. 1759.
Carolinia'na (Carolina). Yellow. June. N.
Amer. 1828.
Cona'ri(Conaria).Yellow. June. Nepaul. 1841.
coria'ria (tanner's). 10. Yellow. May. Hima-
layas. 1835.
cratce'gina (crataegus-like). 6. Yellow. May.
Asia Minor. 1820.
Cre'tica (Cretan). 3. Yellow. April. Candia.
1759.
serratifo'lia (saw-edged-leaved). Yellow.
May. Candia. 1750..
Dau'rica (Daurian). 8. Yellow. May. Dauria.
1818.
floribu'nda (many-flowered). 10. Yellow. June.
Nepaul.
Ibefrica (Iberian). 5. Yellow. May. Iberia.
1818.
Provincia'lis (Provence). 8. Yellow. June.
France. 1821.
Sibi'rica (Siberian). 2. Yellow. July. Siberia.
1790.
Sine'nsis (Chinese). 4. Yellow. May. China.
1815.
umbella'ta (umbellate-./?ouwed). ft. Yellow.
Nepaul. 1842.
vulga'ris (common). 10. Yellow. April.
England.
a'lba (white-/rt7f). 8. Yellow. April.
aspe'rma (seedless). 6. Yellow. April.
Europe.
du'lcis (weet-red-f rutted). Yellow. May.
Austria. Evergreen.
fo'liis purpu'reis (purple - leaved). 10.
Yellow. May. 1841.
glau'ca (milky-green-/eoed). 10. Yellow,
May.
Jongifo'lia' (long-leaved). 10. Yellow.
May.
lu'tea (yellow-/rued). 10, Yellow. May.
Europe.
mi'tis (gentle-MomteM), 10. Yellow.
May.
ni'gra (black./rwtfed). 10. Yellow. Hay.
Europe.
I
BER
[
JB. VtUfra'ris purpu'rea (purple-fruited}. 10. Yel
low. May. Europe.
viola'cea (violet-fruited). 10. Yellow
May. Europe.
BEBCHE'MIA. (Named after M. Ber
chem, a French botanist. Nat. ord.
JRhamnads [Rhamnacese]. Linn., o-
Pentandria I-Monogynia.)
Seeds, cuttings, and divisions ; sandy loam anc
peat. All twiners. Greenhouse treatment for
the two species first named. B. volu'bilis is
hardy.
B.floribu'nda (many-flowered). White. Nepaul
1827.
linea'ta (lined). 8. Green. June. China. 1804
volu'bilis (twining). 15. Green. June. Ca-
rolina. 1714.
BEBGE'BA. (Named after M. Berger,
a botanist at Kiel. Nat. ord., Citron-
worts [Aurantiaceae], Linn., I0-Decan-
dria I-Monogynia.)
Stove evergreen shrubs. Layers and cuttincrs ;
sandy loam. Summer temp., 60 to 70} win-
ter, 55 to 60.
B. intege'rrima (entire-leaved). 4. White. June.
W. Ind. 1823.
Koni'gii (Konig's). 3. White. June. E.
Ind. 1820.
BE'KGIA. (Named after P. J. Bergins,
M.D. Nat. ord., Water-Peppers [Elati-
nacese]. Linn,, lO-Decandria k-Penta-
gynia.)
Hardy annual. Seeds ; sandy soil.
B.verticilla'ta (whorled). 1. White and red.
June. Egypt. 1820.
BEBKHE'YA. (Named after M. J. L.
de Berkhey, a Dutch botanist. Nat. ord.,
Composites [Asteracese]. Linn., 19-Syn-
genesia 3-Frustmnea. Allied to Gorteria.)
All from the Cape of Good Hope, and green-
house evergreens, except where otherwise speci-
fied. Biennial species by seed, as a tender an-
nual ; herbaceous ones by seed, but chiefly divi-
sions, in spring ; evergreens by cuttings under a
glass, in sandy soil : sandy loam. Winter temp.,
40 to 50.
B.ce'rnua (drooping-flowered). 1. Yellow.
June. 17/4. Stove biennial.
cunea'ta (wedge-teawed). 2. Yellow, June.
1812.
cynaroi'des (artichoke-like). 1. Yellow. June.
1789. Greenhouse herbaceous.
grandiflo'ra (large-flowered). 2. Yellow. July.
1812.
inca'na (hoary). 2. Yellow. July. 1793.
obova'ta (reversed-egg-teooed). 2. . Yellow.
July. 1794.
palma'ta (hand-leaved). 3. Yellow. July. 1800.
pectina'ta (comb-leaved). 2. Yellow. Au-
gust. 1818.
spinosfssima (moat spiny). 2. Yellow. July.
1821. Greenhouse herbaceous.
unifto'ra (one-flowered). 3. Yellow. July,
1815.
BERMUDA CEDAB. Juni'perus JBermu-
BERXERO'A. (Named after V, /, Btr-
L4 ] BES
tero, a friend of Decandolle's. Nat. crd^
Grucifers [Brassicacese], Linn., 15-Te-
tradynamia. Allied to Arabis.)
Biennial and perennial from seed and cuttings ;
the shrubby and rather more tender species from
cuttings under a hand-glass, in summer ; loamy
soil.
B. inca'na (hoary). 2. White. July. Europe.
1640. Hardy biennial.
muta bills (changeable). 2. White, pink.
July. Levant. 1802. Hardy herba-
ceous perennial.
obli'qua (unequal-sided-Jeawed). I. White.
July. Sicily. 1823.
BEBTHOLLE'TIA. Brazil Nut. (Named
after L. C. Berthollet, a distinguished
chemist. Nat. ord., Lecyths [Lecythi-
daceoe]. Linn., 13-Polyandria 1-Mono-
gynia.)
The Brazilian nuts of the shops are the pro-
duce of this ornamental stove evergreen tree.
Cuttings, ripened wood, in sand, and in bottom-
heat; peat and loam. Summer temp., 60 to 7^;.
winter, 55 to 60.
B. exce'lsa (tall). 100. Para.
BEBZE'LIA. (Named after Berzelius,
the celebrated chemist. Nat. ord., Bru-
niads [Bruniacese]. Linn., 5-Pentandria
\-J\Io nogynia.)
Greenhouse evergreen shrubs, from the Cape
)f Good Hope. Cuttings of half-ripened wood
n sand, under a glass ; loam and peat. Winter
temp., 40 to 45.
JB. abrotanoi'des (southernwood-like). l. White.
June. 1787.
lanigino'sa (woolly). 3. White. July. 1774.
BESLE'EIA. (Named after Besler, an
apothecary at Nuremberg. Nat. ord.,.
Oesnerworts [Gesneracese]. Linn., 14-
Didynamia 2-Angiospermia. Allied to
Gresnera.)
Stove evergreen under-shrubs, except where
>therwise specified. Cuttings, slightly dried, and
placed in sweet bottom-heat, in rough, sandy
soil ; peat and loam. Summer temp., 60 to 80 ;
vinter, 50 to 60.
B. cocci'nea (scarlet-Serried). 3. Yellow. Guiana.
1819.
crista'ta (crested). 3. Yellow. June. W.
Ind. 1739. Stove evergreen climber.
grandifo'lia (large-leaved). 3. Yellow. Au-
gust. Brazil. 1823.
incarna'ta (flesh-coloured-iem'ed). 3. Yel-
low. Guiana. 1820. Stove herbaceous
perennial.
lu'tea (yellow-flowered). 3. Yellow. July.
Guiana. 1739-
mo'llis (soft). 3. Yellow. S. Amer. 1823.
pulche'lla (neat). 3. Yellow. August. Tri-
nidad. 1806. Stove evergreen climber.
tigri'na (tiger-spotted). 4. White, crimson.
December. Caraccas. 1853.
viola'cea (purple-iemed). 6. Yellow. Guiana,
1824. Stove evergreen climber,
BESOM, or BBOOM, received its second
name from being often made of the broom-
BET
[ 115]
BET
plant; but the best, both for flexibility
and durability, are made of the ling, or
heath. Birch-brooms are the most com-
mon, and are those to which the name
besom applies; beso, in the Armorican
language, being the birch. But what-
ever the material, they will endure much
longer if soaked in water for some time
before using. If kept constantly in
water they would be still less brittle.
Where walks are liable to become mossy,
a broom made of wire is frequently em-
ployed for sweeping them. If the wire
be iron, it ought to be well dried and
dipped in oil before and after being used,
or it is soon destroyed by the rust.
BE'SSEBA. (Named after Dr. Besser,
professor of botany at Brody, Nat. ord.,
Lllyworts [Liliacese]. Linn., 6-Hexan-
dria 1-Monogynia. Elegant little Mexican
bulbs, allied to the Squills.)
Offsets ; sandy peat ; kept dry and cool, but
secure from frost when not growing ; kept moist
when growing and flowering. They require a
cold pit or greenhouse.
J3. e'legans (elegant). 2. Scarlet. September.
Mexico.
fistulo'sa (hollow-stalked). 1. Purple. Sep-
tember. Mexico. 1831.
Herbefrti (Dr. Herbert's). Purple and white.
September. Mexico. 1846.
BE'TA. Beet Koot. (From belt, the
Celtic word for red ; in reference to the
red colour of the beet. Nat. ord., Ghe-
nopods [Chenopodiaceae]. Linn., 5-Pen-
tandria 2-Digynia.)
Hardy biennials, except where otherwise de-
scribed. Seeds in March or April; deep soil.
See BEET.
B. Ci'cla (Sicilian wJdte-beef}. 6. Green. Au-
gust. Portugal. 1670.
cri'spa (curled). 6. Green. August. South
of Europe. 1800.
macrorhi'za (long-rooted). 6. Green. Au-
gust. Caucasus. 1820.
mari'tima (sea). 1. Green. August. Britain.
tri'gyna (three-styled). 3. White. July.
Hungary. 1796. Hardy herbaceous
perennial.
vuJga'ris (common red-beet}. 4. Green. Au-
gust. Europe. 1548.
lu'tea (yellow-rooted). 4. Green. Au-
gust. South of Europe.
rv'bra (red-rooted). 4. Green. August. South
of Europe.
rtridis (green). 4. Green. August. South
of Europe.
BE'TCKEA. (Named after M. Betcke,
a botanist. Nat. ord., Valerlanworts
[Valerianacese], Linn., -Triandria 1-
Monoyynia.)
For all practical purposes, they may be taken
* a common Valerian. Hardy annuals. Seeds
in warm actuations, in middle of May j or, better,
in a slight hotbed, in the middle of March, and
transplanted into common garden-beds.
B. ma'jor (larger). l. Rose. August. Cali-
fornia. 1836.
samolifo'lia (samolus-leavcd). 1. Rose. July.
Chili. 1835.
BETLE NUT. PVper Be' tie.
BETO'NICA. Betony. (This genus,
named after the Celtic title, Eentonic, is
now united to Stachys.)
BE'TONY. Stu'chys and Teu'crium be-
to'nicum.
BE 'TULA. Birch. (From its Celtic
name, betu. Nat. ord., Birchworts [Betu-
lacese]. lLiim.,2l-Mon(ecia4=-Tetrandria.)
Hardy deciduous trees and shrubs, except
where otherwise specified. Seeds sown as soon
as ripe, or kept dry, and sown in the April fol-
lowing, in fine soil, and scarcely more than
covered ; deep, dry soil suits them best. Shrubs
nnd particular species by suckers and grafting.
The flowers of all are inconspicuous, having no
petals.
B. a'lba (common white). 40. April. Britain.
Daleca'rlica (Dalecariian). 40. Mar.
Europe.
fo'liisvariega'tis (variegated-leaved). Mar.
macrocu'rpa (large-fruited). 40. June.
Europe.
pe'ndula (pendulous). April. Britain.
Po'ntica (Pontic). 70. May. Turkey.
urticifo'lia (nettle-leaved). 40. May.
vei-ruco'sa (warty). 40. April. Eritain.
Bhojpa'ttra (Bhojpattra). 50. May. Himala-
yas. 1840.
carpinifo'lia (horn-beam-leaved). 50. July.
N. Amer. 1769. Hardy evergreen.
Dau'rica (Daurian). 30. July. Siberia. 1785.
parvifo'lia (small-leaved). July. Siberia.
exce'lsa (tall). 60. July. N. Amer. 1/67.
frutico'sa (shrubby). 6. June. Siberia. 1818.
glundulo'sa (glanded). May. N. Amer. 1816.
gra'ndis (great). N. Amer. 1834.
lunulo'sa (woolly). 70. July. N. Amer. 1S17.
le'ntu (pliant). 50. July. N. Amer. 1/59.
lu'tea (yellow). 20. May. N. Amer.
mo'llis (soft). E. Ind. 1840.
nu'nu (smoo^A-dwarf). 4. May, N. Amer.
macrophy'lla (large-leaved). 6. May.
Switzerland. 1819.
stri'cta (upright). May.
ni'gra (black). 60. July. N. Amer. 1736.
ova'ta (egg-leaved'). 6. May. Hungary. 1820.
palle'scens (palish). 6.
papyra'cea (paper). 50. June. N. Amer. 1750.
fu'sca (blackish -brown). May. Carolina.
plutyphy'lla (broad-leaved). 50. June.
Carolina.
trichoclu'da (hairy-twigged). June. Ca-
rolina.
pe'ndula (pendulous). 40. June. Britain.
Po'ntica (Pontic). 12. May. Turkey. Hardy
evergreen ,
populifo'lia (poplar-leaved). 30. July. N.
Amer. 1/50. Hardy evergreen.
lucinia'ta (cut-leaved'). 30. July.
pe'ndula (pendulous). July.
pube'scens (downy). 30. June. Germany. 1812.
pu'mila (Aafr^-dwarf).6. May. N. Amer. 1702.
ru'ltra (red). 60. July. Canada.
Scopu'lii (Scopoli's). b'.
tri'stis (sad). 10. May. Kamtschatka.
BIB
[ 116]
BIG
BiBioMARCi. St. Mark's Fly. Mr. Cur-
tis says : " The larvse, or grubs, of this
insect generally live, in large groups of
a hundred or more, in strawberry-beds,
vine-borders, flower-pots, and similar un-
disturbed spots, feeding upon the roots,
and sometimes destroying the entire
plant. Bouche says they completely de-
molished his bed of Kanunculuses for se-
veral successive years, by eating up the
tubers. The larva is dark brown, some-
what cylindrical, the belly flattened, mo-
derately broad, and nearly linear ; the
head is comparatively small, deep brown,
and very shining. It changes to a chry-
salis, generally, towards the end of March.
This is of a pale ochreous colour, the
head being brightest. The female lays
her eggs in the earth, and in the dung of
horses and cows, in May. They do not
hatch until August."
BI'DENS. (From 6is, twice, and dens, a
tooth; in reference to the seed. Nat. ord.,
Composites [Asteracese], Linn., 19-Synge-
nesia l-^Bqualis. Allied to Coreopsis. )
Hardy ones may be grown in the common bor-
der. The others are scarcely worfti cultivating ;
but we have named the best. The annuals and
biennials from seed, and the perennials by divi-
sions and suckers. All hardy, except when other-
wise specified.
B. argu'ta (arguta). Yellow. June. Mexico.
1825. Herbaceous perennial.
Bsrteriu'na (Berter's). 3. Yellow. May.
Porto Rico. 1787. Stove herbaceous
, perennial.
lipinna'ta (twice-leafleted). 2. Yellow. July.
N. Amer. 1687. Annual.
corona'ta (crowned). Yellow. August. 182Q.
Biennial.
grandiflo 1 (large-flowered). 2. Yellow. June.
S. Amer. 1800. Annual.
heterophy'lla (various-leaved). 2. Yellow. Au-
gust. Mexico. 1803. Greenhouse her-
baceous perennial.
Ituca'ntha (white-flowered). 1$. White. July.
S. Amer. Annual.
macrospe'rma (large-seeded). 1. Yellow. June.
Siberia. 1829. Annual.
odora'ta (sweet-scented). 3. White. June.
Mexico. 1825. Annual.
-proc'ra(tall).6. Yellow. November. Mexico.
1822. Herbaceous perennial,
-renews (creep ing). 2. Yellow. July. Nepaul.
181Q. Deciduous creeper.
terrulafta (fine-toothed). July. 182p. Bien-
nial.
BEDWI'LLIA. (Named after Mr. Bid-
well^ of Sydney, an ardent cultivator of
bulbs. Nat. ord., Lily worts [Liliacese].
Linn., 6-Hexandria \-Monogynia. Allied
to Anthericum.)
Hardy bulb. Divisions and offsets | light, rich
B. glauce'scens (milky- green). White. May.
Australia. 1843.
| BIEBERSTEI'HIA. (Named after M. Von
JBiebcrstein, who wrote a Kussian Flora.
Nat. ord., Eueworts [Rutaceae]. Linn.,
\Q-Decandria k-Pentagynia. Allied to the
common Rue.)
Half-hardy herbaceous perennial. Cuttings
under a hand-glass, in the beginning of summer;
seeds, in a slight hotbed, under a glass, in March
or April. Requires the protection of a cold pit
during winter, or a very dry, sheltered place.
B. odofra. (sweet). Yellow. May. Altaia. 1837.
BIENNIAL, from biennis, the Latin for
of two years' continuance, is a plant
which, being produced from seed in one
year, perfects its seed and dies during
the year following. Biennials may often
be made to endure longer if prevented
ripening their seeds ; and many exotics,
biennials in their native climes, are per-
ennials in our stoves.
Hardy Biennials. Some of these ripen
their seeds as early as August, in which
case they may be sown as soon as har-
vested. Others, ripening their seeds later,
must have these reserved from sowing
until May. The double varieties of wall-
flowers, stocks, &c., are propagated by
cuttings.
Frame Biennials. These require the
shelter of a frame during the early stages
of their growth ; to be removed thence,
in May, to the borders, where they bloom
in July and August.
BIFRENA'RIA. (From Us, twice, and
franum, a strap ; in reference to a double
strap, or band, by means of which the
pollen masses are connected with their
gland. Nat. ord., Orchids [Orchidaceee].
Linn., %Q-Gynandria \-Monandria. Al-
lied to Maxillaria.)
Stove orchids. Offsets and divisions. Peat,
sphagnum, charcoal, and broken pots; raised
above the surface of pots, or in baskets. Summer
temp., 65 to 85; winter, 60 to 60, and rather
dry.
B. a'trO'purpu'rea (dark purple). Dark purple.
Rio Janeiro. 1828.
auranti'aca (orange- coloured). . Orange-
spotted. September. Demerara.
au'reo-fu'lva (orange-tawny). Or&nge. Eio
Janeiro. 1843.
Hardwe'nii (Mr. Hardwen's). ij. Green,
chocolate, white. June. Brazil. 1851.
longico'rnis (long-horned). Orange, brown.
Demerara.
vitelli'na (yolk-coloured). Yellow. Rio Janeiro.
1843.
BIGNO'NIA. Trumpet Flower. (Named
after Ab beBignon, librarian to Louis XIV.
Nat. ord., Bignoniads [Bignoniacece].
Linn., l^-Didynamia 2-Angiospcrmia.)
This order furnishes the most gorgeous climbers
BIG
BIL
in the world ; natives of the tropical forests in
either hemisphere, a tenth part of which are said
not to be yet introduced to our gardeas. Stove
evergreen climbers, except where otherwise speci-
fied. Propagated easily by young, stiff side-
shoots, taken off in summer, inserted in sand,
under a bell-glass, and placed in bottom-heat;
peat and loam. Summer temp., 60 to 75; win-
ter, 45 to 55. These mostly produce their flow-
ers on short shoots, proceeding from well-ripened
buds of the previous'year's wood. Few do well as
pot-plants ; they like to ramble over the roof of a
cold stove. If the wood is well hardened in sum-
mer, many of them do well on the rafters of a
common greenhouse, and flower more freely tli^.i
they would do in a stove ; but you must have pa-
tience until they fairly mount the rafters. Jasmi-
noi'des may be taken as a type of these. The
only hardy species is Capreola'ta, which is an or-
namental wall-climber in a sheltered situation ;
propagated easily by cuttings of its roots, or
shoots, under a. hand-glass, in spring or autumn.
It has been recommended to try Cruci'gera, in
similar situations, grafted on Capreola'ta. The
Ra'dicans and its near neighbour, but prettier
Grandiflo'ra, the only other hardy species of the
order, have bee i transferred to TE'COMA, which
see; the difference in the genera consisting chiefly
in the partition of the fruit, being parallel in Big-
no'nia, and contrary in Te'coma.
B. adenophy'lla (gland-leaved). E. Ind. 1832.
a'loa (white). 8. White. Guiana. 1823.
allia'cea (garlic-scented;. 10. Yellow. W. Ind.
1790.
amas'na (pleasing). 20. Yellow. E. Ind. 1828.
Apure'nsis (Apures). 10. Yellow. Orinoco.
1824.
eequinuctia' Us (equinoctial). 40. Yellow. June.
Guiana. l/6r!.
(Bscullflo'ra (horse-chesnut-flowered). 20. Yel-
low. Mexico.
biju'ga (ivi'm-leaved), 6. Madagascar. 1822.
ca'ndicans (whitish). 10. Cayenne. 1820.
Capreola'ta (tendrilled). 15. Scarlet. June.
N. Amer. 1710.
Caroli'naei Carolina). 10. Cream. Carolina.
Chumberlay'nii (Chamberlayne's). 40. Yel-
low. August. Brazil. 1820.
Chi'ca (Chica). 10. Orinoco. 1819-
Chire're (Chirere). 10. Red, orange. Guiana.
1824.
chrysa'ntha (yellow-flowered). 10. Yellow.
Guiana. 1823.
chrysoleu'ca (yellowish- white). 10. Yellowish-
white. July. S. Ainer. 1824.
Cle'matis (Clematis). 15. Caraccas. 1820.
crena'ta (scolloped). 10. E. Ind. 1823.
cruci'gera (cross-stemmed). 20. Yellow, scar-
let. S. Amer. 1759.
deci'piens (deceiving). 10. E. Ind. 1823.
diversifii'lia (various-leaved). 10. Mexico.
1825.
echina'ta (bristly -fruited). 20. Purple.
Guiana. 1804.
elonga'ta (elongated). 8. Purple. S. Amer.
1820.
floribu'nda (many- flowered). 12. White.
Caraccas. 1816.
gra'tilis (slender). 50. Yellow. April. S. Amer.
1810.
grandifu'lia (large-leaved). 60. Purple, red
June. Caraccas. 1816.
incarna'ta (flesh-coloured). 4. White, orange.
Guiana. 1820.
Indica (Indian). 40. Purple. India. 1775.
B.jasminifo'lia (jasmine-leaved). 10. White.
Orinoco. 1826.
jasminoi'des (jasmine-like). 30. Purple. More-
ton Bay. 1830.
lactiflw'ra (milk-flowered). 20. White. May.
Santa Cruz. 1823.
lalifu'lia (broad-leaved). 10. Yellow. Cay-
enne. 1823.
laurifo'lia (laurel-leaved). 20. Guiana. 1804.
leuco'xylon (white-wooded). 12. Pink. W.
Ind. 1759.
litora'lis (shore). Pink, red. Mexico. 1824 4
lu'cida (shining). 10. E. Ind. 1823.
meona'ntha (smaller-flowered). 20. Pink.
June. N. Holland.
mo'llis (soft). 10. Guiana. 1818.
molli'ssima (very soft). 10. Caraccas. 182fc,
tmilti'fida (many-cleft). 10. E. Ind. 1823.
pu'llida (pale-flowered). 15. White. July,.
W. Ind. 1823.
pi'cta (painted). 10. Variegated. S. Amer
1823.
pube'scens (downy). 15, Yellow. June. Cam-
peachy. 1759.
purpu'rea (purple). 6. Purple. S. Amer. 1822.
quudrangula'ris (four-angled). 10. E. Ind,
1823.
salicifo'lia (willow-leaved). 10. Yellow. Trini-
dad. 1824.
serratifo'lia (saw-leaved). 20. Yellow. W.
Ind. 1822.
serrula'ta (fine-toothed). E. Ind. 1832.
specio'sa (handsome). 20. Pink. May. Ura-
jruay. 1838.
specta? bills (showy). 10. Purple. W. Ind. 1820.
spica'ta (spiked-flowered). Trinidad. 1822.
staini'nea (frmgr-stamened). 10. Yellow. His-
paniola. 1825.
subero'sa (cork-burked). 38. White. E. Ind.
1820.
tomento'sa (woolly). 10. Japan. 1820.
triphy'lla (three-leaved). 10. White. S.Amer.
1783.
Tweediti'na, (Mr. Tweedie's). 20. Yellow.
June. Buenos Ayres. 1838.
varia'bilis (variable), io. Yellow, white. W.
Ind. 1819.
venu'sta (lovely). 4. Orange. September.
S. Amer. 1816.
BILBERRY. Vacci'nium myrti'llus.
BILIMBI-TREE. Averrho'a bili'mbi.
BILL, a sharp-edged tool, employed in
cutting hedges,sharpeniiig stakes,
&c. It should never be used in
pruning ; but, where the branch
is too strong to be cut with the
knife, the saw ought always to
be applied. An implement well
adapted for this purpose is Dean's
bill ; for it has a narrow blade
with a keen-cutting edge, and a
saw at the back, made expressly
for cutting green wood, warranted
not to buckle or stick fast.
BILLARDIE'RA. Apple Berry. (Named
after Labillardiere, a French botanist.
Nat ord., Pittosporads [Pittosporaceae].
Linn., 5-Pentandria l-Monogynia.')
Greenhouse evergreen climbers. * Seeds sown
in a little heat, in April, from cutting- i" *' a 7
BIL
118 ]
BIB
or June, in sand, under a bell-fflass; loam and
geat. Summer temp., 50 to 70; winter, 40 to 48.
Ji. angustifo'lia (narrow-leaved). 2. Cream. July.
N.Holland. 1820.
Daphnoi'des (Daphne-like). Yellow, purple.
May. N. S. Wales. 1840.
longiflo'ra (long-flowered). 20. Crimson.
July. Van Diemen's Land. 1810.
muta'bilis (changeable). 8. Crimson. August.
N. S. Wales. 1795.
ova'lis (oval-leaved). 20. Green, yellow. Van
Diemen's Land. 1833.
varvijto'ra (small-flowered). 12. Blue. July.
N. Holland. 1825.
sca'ndens (climbing). 12. Purple. August.
N. S. Wales. 1790.
BILLBE'RGIA. (Named after Billbcrg, a
Swedish botanist. ''Nat. ord., Brumelworta
[Bromeliaceoe]. Linn., 6-Hexandria 1-
Monogynia.)
Stove plants, formerly belonging to. Bromelia.
Suckers and divisions; sandy loam, peat, and a
little rotten cow-dung. Summer temp., 6u to
75; winter, 55 to 60.
23. amce'na (pleasing). 2. Yellow. June. S.
Amer. 1817.
bi'color (two-coloured). |. Hose, blue. May.
Rio Janeiro. 1829.
cldva'ta (club-shaped). l. Blue. February.
Trinidad. 1824.
crue'nta (bloody). 1. Blue, red. August.
Kio Janeiro. 1824.
fascia'ta (banded). l. Blue, red. August.
Rio Janeiro. 1825.
iridifo'lia (iris-leaved). 1. Scarlet, yellow.
March. Rio Janeiro. 1825.
nudicau'lis (naked-stemmed). 2. Crimson.
May. Trinidad. 1822.
purpu'rea (purple). Eose, purple, October.
Brazil.
purpu'rea-ro'sea (purple and rosy). 2. Rose,
purple. November. Brazil. 1831.
pyramida'lis (pyramidal). 2. Crimson. Fe- '
bruary. Rio Janeiro. 1817.
thyrsoi'deu, (dense-flowered). Scarlet. Novem- |
her. Brazil * '
Wethere'lUWr.WethereIVs). Blue and yellow.
December. Bahia.
sebri'na (zebra-streaked') . l. June. S. Amer.
1826.
zona'ta (zoned.-leaved'). 1$. White. March.
Brazil. 1843.
BINDING. A term applied to adhesive
soils, to describe the closeness and hard-
ness of their texture in hot, dry seasons.
(See BAKING.) This term applies, also, to
some gardening processes. Thus, fasten-
ing a graft or bud in its place, by means
of bast or other material, is termed bind-
ing in some counties.
BINDWEED. Gonvo'lvnlus.
BIO'PHYTUM. Oxa'lts bio' phylum.
BlKCH. Be'tula and Carpi' nus be'titl'.t.
BIKDS are benefactors, as well as in-
jurers, of the gardener. They destroy mil-
lions of grubs, caterpillars, and aphides,
which would have ravaged his crops ;
tut, at the'same time, some commit havoc
upon his fruit and seeds. The wisest
course, consequently, is to scare them
from the garden at such times, or from
the portions of it in which they can be
predjudicial, but to leave them to visit it
unmolested whenever and wherever they
cannot be mischievous. Thus, in early
spring, a boy or two will drive them away
during such time as the buds of the goose-
berry, currant, and plum are open to
their attacks ; and again during the time
that the cherries are ripe. To keep them
from the fruit of late gooseberries and
currants, it is sufficient to interlace thickly
the bushes with red worsted. To keep
them from attacking peas and other
vegetables just emerging from the soil,
a similar display of white thread, fastened
to pegs about six inches from the surface,
is also sufficiently deterring. Nets, where
available, are also effectual guardians.
By these aids, but especially by the watch-
ing during certain seasons, the gardener
may protect himself from injury at a
very trifling expense, without depriving
himself of the services of the most sharp-
sighted, most unwearying, and most
successful of all insect-killers.
INSECT-EATING BIRDS, WHICH DO NOT
EAT FRUITS OR SEEDS.
One of the most exclusively 'insect-
eating birds is the golden-crested wren
(Rcgnlus crislatus, Ray), the smallest of
the birds of Europe. The species which
come nearest to the gold-crest, in appear-
ance and habits, are the wood-wren
(Sylvia sibilatrix) , and the willow-wren,
or hay-bird (S.fitis). The chiff chaff (S.
loqnax) also ranks with these as an insect-
eating bird, but is least common. The
nightingale (Sylvia lusciiiia) does consi-
derable service to the cultivator, by de-
vouring numbers of caterpillars and
grubs, as well as the moths, butterflies,
and beetles from which they are produced.
The whinchat (Saxicola rubetra), the
stonechat (S. rubicola), and the wheatear
(S. cenanthe}, may be ranked as insecti-
vorous birds ; the stonechat particularly.
The whinchat frequents cabbage-gardens
and turnip- fields after the breeding
season, and ought to be protected, be-
cause it not only eats insects, but small
shell-snails, while it never touches fruits
or seeds. The wheatear is equally bene-
ficial in clearing crops from insects, with-
out levying any contribution for its
services.
BIR
[ 110 J
BIS
The wagtails, particularly the yellow
one, (Mataciilaflava,) feed wholly on in-
sects, particularly gnats, midges, and
other flies that tease cattle. They will
also follow the spade, to feed upon the
worms and grubs turned up ; and, in
this way, no doubt, thousands of wire-
worms and other destructive vermin are
effectually destroyed. The treo-pipet, or tit-
lark (Anthus arboreus), and the meadow-
pipet (A, pratensis}, are common hedge-
birds , which search busily after the au-
tumnal hatches of caterpillars and grubs,
or the smaller flies and beetles, which
they find among the herbage. The
cuckoo, the common fly-catcher, and the
flusher, or lesser butcher-bird, may be
classed among the insectivorous-feeding
birds. To these many other hedge-birds
might be added, such as the nightjar, j Purse.)
the sedge-bird, the wryneck, the creeper, : AH hardy.
and the bottle-tit, none of which are in : the perennial
the least destructive ; while, from their i Coinu n soil.
feeding exclusively, or nearly so, on in- j
sects, they are of much service in dimi- ! B. ambi'gua (doubtful).
nishing the number of such as are in- j Italv -
jurious to field and garden crops.
finch, the mountain-finch, the bullfinch,
the house-sparrow, and the tree-sparrow.
BIRD CHERRY. Ce' rasus pa' dus.
BIRD PEPPER. Ca'psicum bacca'tum.
BIRD'S BILL. Tngone'lla ornitkopod**
oi'des.
BIRD'S EYE. Pri'mnlafarino'sa.
BIRD'S FOOT. Ortliino'pus and Etir
pho'rbia ortJdno'pus.
BIRD'S-FOOT TREFOIL. Lo'tus.
BIRD'S NEST. Asple'nium ni'dus.
BIRD'S TONGUE. Ornitkoglo'ssum.
BIRTHWORT Arislolu' chia.
BISCUTE'LLA. Buckler Mustard. (From
bis, double, or twice, and scutella, a saucer;
in reference to the shape of the seed-
vessel when bursting. Nat. ord., Cruci-
fers [Brassicacese]. Linn., 15-Tetrady-
Allied to Thlaspe, or Shepherd's
The annuals, by seed in March ;
the perennials, by division then or in September.
INSECT-EATING BIRDS WHICH EAT FRUIT
OR SEEDS.
These are the common wren, the
Ledge-sparrow, or dunnock, the redbreast,
the redstart, the tom-tit, the Cole-tit, the j ~ raphanifo'lia (radish-leaved).
marsh-tit, and the greater-tit. The weeds! - 3 ^' ****' 18 ' 22 '
and insects which these birds destroy
will, however, certainly more than com-
pensate for the few heads of grain, the
flower-seeds, or small fruit which they
may occasionally pilfer.
PERENNIALS.
f. Yellow. June.
Yellow.
1. Yellow. June.
June.
coronopifo'lia (buckthorn-leaved).
June. Italy. 1790.
' IcKvi^a'ta. (smooth-podded)
" Italy. 1777-
j -- alpe'stris (alpine). 1. Yellow.
Hungary. 1816.
longifc'lia (long-leaved). Switzerland. 1832.
monta'na (mountain). 1. Yellow. Spain. 1823.
Yellow.
PBUIT-EATINO BIRDS, WHICH ALSO FEED
ON INSECTS.
saxa'tilis (rock). 1. Yellow. June. South
Europe. 1821.
sempervi'rens (evergreen). 1. Yellow. June.
Spain. 1784.
stenophy'lla (narrow-leaved). 1. Yellow.
June. Spain. 1826.
ANNUALS.
B. cilia'ta (hair-fringed). 1.
South of France.
J Colu'mnce (Columna's).
Yellow.
1820.
1. Yellow.
June.
f June.
In this list are the black-cap, babillard, j South of Italy. '1823.
(Cnrruca garrula,) the garden-warbler, depre'ssa (depressed). 4. Yellow. June.
the whitethroat, the > missel-thrush, the | -i yra > t a^lllalld}. 14. Yellow, July.
song-thrush, the blackbird, and the Spain. 1799.
Starling. I mari'iima (sea). lj. Yellow. June. Naples.
1824.
DECIDEDLY DESTRUCTIVE BIRDS.
The greater portion of those to be
enumerated are exclusively grain-eaters,
and make no return for their depreda-
tions by destroying insects, though they
no doubt contribute to keep down the
diffusion of weeds by the quantity of
seeds which they devour. The goldfinch^
the yellow-hammer, the cirl-bunting, the
,reed-bunting, the corn-bunting, the sky-
lark, the woodlark, the linnet, the chaf-
| BISE'RULA. Hatchet Vetch. (From
i bis, twice, and serrula, a saw ; in refer-
I ence to the seed-pods being armed with
teeth. Nat ord., Leguminous Plants [Fa-
bacese]. Linn., 17-Diadelphia k-Decan-
dria. Allied to Astragalus.)
Hardy annual. Seeds in April or September.
Sandy soil.
B, pelefcinia (bastard-eorM-tfeerf). 1. Purple.
July. South Europe. l6<0.
BIT
[ 120 J
EIA
BITTEK OAK. Qua'rcus ce'rns.
BITTER- SWEET. Sula'num dulcama'ra.
BITTER VETCH. Oro'bus.
BITTER WOOD. Xylo'pia.
BIVON.E'A. (After A. Bivona Bernurdi,
a professor of botany in Sicily. Nat.
ord., Crucifers [Brassicacese]. Linn.,
\5-Tetradynamia. Allied. to Lepidium.)
Hardy annual. Seeds ; common soil.
B. lu'tea (yellow). J. Yellow. June. Italy. 1824.
BI'XA. Arnotta. (Its native name in
South America. Nat. ord., Bixads [Fla-
courtiacese]. Linn., 13-Polyandria 1-
Monogynia.)
The reddish pulp which surrounds the seeds of
J3. Orella'na is the Arnotta of commerce, used in
the preparation of chocolate, and by farmers for
colouring cheese, and also by dyers for a reddish
colour, Stove evergreen trees. Cuttings of half-
ripened shoots in sand, under- a bell-glass, and in
heat ; lumpy peat and loam. Summer temp.,
85 to 85 ; winter, 50 to 60.
B. Orella'na (Orellana). 20. Pink. June.
W. Ind. 1690.
purpu'rea (purple). 20. Purple. July. E.
Ind. 1817.
Urucura'na (Urucu). 20. Pink. July.
Brazil. 1820.
BIZARRE. See CARNATION.
BLACK ADIANTUBI. Asple'nium adia'n-
tum-ni'yrum.
BLACK ARCH-MOTH. See PSILURA
MONACHA.
BLACK BRYONY. Poisonous weeds,
which need not be further noticed.
BLACK BULLACE. Pru'nus insili'tia.
BLACKBU'RNIA. (Named after Mr.
Blackburn. Nat. ord., Xanthoxyls [Xan-
thoxylacese]. Linn., k-Tetrandria 1-
Monoyynia.)
Greenhouse evergreen shrub. Cuttings of half-
ripe shoots in sand, under a bell-glass, in April ;
also by layers, in autumn; peat and loam, both
fibry and" sandy. Summer temp., 65 to 75;
winter, 40 to 45.
B. pinna'ta (leafleted). White. May. Norfolk
Island. 1829.
BLACK CATERPILLAR. See ATHALIA
SPIN ARUM.
BLACK FLEA. (Haltica nemorum.)
No insect is more insidious or more
sweeping in the destruction it brings
upon some of the farmers' or gardeners'
crops than the turnip-flea (Haltica ne-
morum). Turnips of all kinds, beet-
root, mangold-wurtzel, radishes, and flax,
are all liable to be destroyed by this in-
sect. It is a singular misapplication of
terms, that this insect is known among
cultivators of the soil as the black and
the turnip flea or fly, none of them ever
calling it a beetle, which it really is ; and
the most descriptive name is the turnip-
flea beetle, for this describes not only its
real nature, but its favourite food, and its
extraordinary power of skipping or
leaping like the common flea. This
insect is represented in our drawing
of its natural size and magnified. The
body, one-eighth of an inch long, is rather
flattened, and of a brassy-black colour,
thickly dotted; the wing-cases are green-
ish-black, with a pale-yellow, broad line on
each ; the base of the feelers (antenna)
and the legs are pale clay-coloured.
The eggs are laid on the under side of
the rough leaf of the turnip from April
to September. They hatch in two days.
Their maggots live between the two skins
or cuticles of the rough leaf, and arrive
at maturity in sixteen days. The chry-
salis is buried just beneath the surface
of the earth, where it remains about
fortnight. The beetles are torpid
through the winter, and revive in the
spring, when they destroy the two
first or seed leaves of the young turnip.
There are five or six broods in a season.
These insects are most to be feared in
fine seasons. Heavy rains, cold springs,
and long droughts destroy them. Their
scent is very perfect: the beetles fly
against the wind, and are attracted from
a distance. The rapid growth of a plant
s the best security against them ; to
secure which, sow plenty of seed, all of
the same age. Burning the surface of
the land' is beneficial, by destroying the
chrysalides. Deep digging is an excel-
ent practice when the chrysalides are
n the soil. Drilling is a far superior
Dractice to sowing the seed broadcast.
Destroy charlock-: it affords support to
the beetles before the turnips come up.
The most effectual banishment of the
turnip-fly, we think, is secured by sowing
BLA
[ 121 ]
BLE
the surface of the soil with gas-lime two
or three mornings after the turnip-seed
has been sown. This is so offensive to
the insect as to drive it away just at the
time the young plants are appearing
above ground. The Coliaye Gardener,
ii., 93.
BLACK GRUB. Athalia spinarnm.
BLACK JACK OAK. Que'rcus ni'grx.
BLACK PINE. Pl'nus Justri'aca.
BLACK SALTWORT. Glaux mari'tima.
BLACK THORN. Pru'nus spino'sa.
BLACK VARNISH-TREE. Melanorrhce'a.
BLACK WATTLE. Callico'maserralifo'lia.
BLADDER BLIGHT. See PEACH Blister-
ing of Leaf.
BLADDER KETMIA. Hibi'scus trio* num.
BLADDER NUT. Staphyfe'a.
BLADDER SENNA. Colu'tea.
BLADDER CATCHFLY. Sile'ne infla'ta.
BLJE'RIA. (Named after Dr. Blair, a
physician. Nat. ord., Heathworts [Eri-
caceae]. Linn., k-Tetrandria l-Monogy-
nia.)
Greenhouse evergreen shrubs, from the Cape
of Good Hope. Cuttings of young wood in
sand, under a bell-glass; sandy peat. Summer
temp., 50 to 65; winter, 35 to 45, with plenty
of air.
B. articula'ta (jointed). 2 Pink. May. 1TP5.
cilia'ris (hair-fringed). 2. White. June. 1795.
dumo'sa (bushy). 2. 1806.
ericoi'des (heath-like). 2. Purple. Septem-
ber. 1774.
fascicula'ta (bundled). 2. 1812.
purpu'rcu (purple-flowered). 2. Purple, if ay.
1791.
BLA'KEA. (Named after Martin Blake,
an active promoter of useful knowledge.
Nat. ord., Melastomads [Melastomacece].
Linn., \\-Dodecandria \-Monoyynia. Al-
lied to Miconia.)
Stove evergreen shrubs. Cuttings from shoots,
rather firm ; plant in sandy peat, in bottom-heat,
under a glass ; peat and loam. Summer temp.,
60 to 85 ; winter, 50 to 55.
J?. quinquene'rvia (five-nerved). 10. White.
June. Trinidad. 1820.
trine'rmtt (three-nerved). 8. White. June.
Jamaica. 178Q.
BLANCHING, or ETIOLATION, is effected
by making plants grow in the dark; and
the more completely the light is ex-
cluded, the more entire is the absence of
colour from the leaves and stems of the
plants. The colouring matter of these
is entirely dependent upon their power
to decompose water arid carbonic acid
gas a power they do not possess when
light is absent. The effect of blanching
is to render the parts more delicately
flavoured, more pleasing to the eye, and
more crisp properties very desirable in
sea-kale, celery, rhubarb, endive, let-
tuces, &c. Wherever it can be accom-
plished, blanching-pots should be em-
ployed, in preference to covering the
plants with earth or other materials.
The flavour is better, and decay is less
liable to be induced. Lettuces and
cabbages are usually whitened by tying
the leaves over the heart, or centre-bud.
In some instances, blanching is unde-
signed and a positive evil, as when gera-
niums and other plants become pale and
weak, from being confined under vines in
a greenhouse, where the relative heat
and light are disproportioned.
BLANDFO'RDIA. (Named after George,
Marquis of Blandford. Nat. ord., Lily-
\ worts [Liliacese]. Linn., Q-Hexandria 1-
Monogynia. Allied to Hemerocallis.)
Beautiful greenhouse bulbs, requiring the
same treatment as Ixias. Seeds and offsets.
Winter temp., 35 to 45. Loam and peat.
B. Backhou'sii (Backhouse's). Van Diemen'a
Land.
Cunningha'mii (Cunningham's). Red, yellow.
N. Holland.
flafmmea (flame-flowered). Flame. Aus-
tralia. 1836.
grandiflo'ra (large-flowered). 2. Crimson.
July. N. S. Wales. 1812.
intermedia (intermediate). Yellow. Septem.
her. N. Holland. 1844.
margina'ta (rough-edged-leaved). 2. Copper.
July. Australia. 1842.
no'bilis (noble). 2. Orange. July. N. S v
Wales. 1803.
BLAST, or BLIGHT, is the popular name
for any withering of plants of which
neither the scientific title nor the causes
are known to the observer. The mildew
of corn ; the honey-dew on fruit-trees ;
the withering occasioned by violent cold
winds in early spring ; and the ravages
of the hawthorn caterpillar, are all
spoken of by the uninformed under the
above titles.
BLEABERRY, or BILBERRY. Vacci'nium
myrti'llus.
BLE'CHNUM. (From bltchnon, a Greek
name for a Fern. Nat. ord., Ferns [Poly-
podiacesej. Linn., 24^-Cri/ptogamia i-
Filices.)
Spores or seed, and divisions at the root ; peat
and loam. The Cape of Good Hope and New
Holland species will thrive in the greenhouse;
the South American and Indian require the stove,
though none of them will find fault with its heat.
Summer temp., 60 to 90; winter, 55 to 60.
B. serrula'tum is hardy.
B. angustifo'lium (narrow-leaved). 1. Brown.
July. W. Ind.
austra'le (southern). 2. Brown. June. Cape
of Good Hope. 16Q1.
BLE
[122 J
BLI
B.Brazilie'nse (Brazilian), f. Brown. June.
Brazil. 1820.
cartilagi'ncum (cartilaginous). 1. Brown.
July. N. Holland. 1820.
Corcovade'nse (Corcovado). 4. Brown. July.
Brazil. 1837.
denticula'tum (toothed). Brown. June. Te-
neriffe. 182".
Finlaysonia'num (Finlayson's). Brown. Ma-
lacca.
Fontanesia'num (Desfontaine's). Brown. July.
Brazil.
glajidu/o'surn (glanded). $. Brown. April.
Brazil. 1823.
gra'cile (slender). 2. Brown. November.
Brazil. 1830.
hasta'tum (halbert-shaped). 1. Brown. July.
Chili. 1841.
intermedium (intermediate). 1. Brown. July.
Brazil. 1841.
lance' ola (lance- Jeaued). 3. Brown. Sep-
tember. Brazil. 1829.
IcBviga'tum (smooth). 1. Brown. July. N.
Holland. 1821.
longifo'lium (long-leaved). 1. Brown. July.
Caraccas. 1820.
ni'tidum (shining). Brown. Isle of Luzon.
occidenta'le (western). 1. Brown. August.
Brazil. 1823.
orienta'le (eastern). Brown. July. E. Ind.
pectina 1 turn (comb-leaved). 1. Brown. Au-
gust. S. Amer. 1827.
polypodioi'des (polypodium-like). 1. Brown.
September. "Brazil. 1829-
serrula'tum (sa.\v-edged). f. Brown. July.
Florida. 1819-
stria' turn (furrowed), f . Brown. July. N.
Holland. 1824.
triangula're (three-angled). Brown. July.
Moxico. 1841.
trifolia'tum (three-leaved). Brown. July.
Brazil. 1841.
BLE'CHUM. (From a Greek name for
an unknown plant, supposed to be Mar-
joram. Nat. ord., Acanthads [Acantha-
cese]. Linn., 14-Didynamia %-Angiosper-
mia. Allied to Dicliptera.)
Stove herbaceous perennials. Cuttings of young,
firm shoots in spring or summer; peat and loam.
Summer temp., 60 to 80; winter, 48 to 55.
B angustifo' Hum (narrow-leaved). 1. Blue.
June. Jamaica. 1824.
Brazilie'nse (Brazilian). 1. Blue. June.
Brazil. 1824.
Bro'wnei (Brown's). 2. June. W. Ind. 1/80.
laxifio'rum (loose-flowered). 2. White. Ja-
maica. IS 18.
BLEEDING. See EXTRAVASATED SAP.
BLE'PHARIS. (From blepharis, the eye-
lash ; in reference to the fringed bractes.
Nat. OTidi.,Acanihads [Acanthacese]. Linn.,
].<L-Didynamia 2-Angiospermia. Allied to
Acanthus.)
The annuals and biennials by seed in hotbed,
as tender annuals ; the trailers and under-shrubs
by the same means, and by cuttings in heat,
under a bell-glass.
B. Boerhanieefu'lia (Boerhavia-leaved). 1. Blue.
July. E. ind. 1829- Stove annual.
Cape'mis (Cape). 1. Blue. July. Cape of
Good Hope. 18 1 6. Greenhouse biennial.
B.furca'ta (fork-spinel). 2. July. Cape of
Good Hope. 1816. Greenhouse ever-
green shrub.
linear if o'lia (narrow-leaved). 2. Blue. July.
Guinea. 1823. Stove annual.
procu'mbens (procumbent). 1. July. Cape
of Good Hope. 1825. Greenhouse ever-
green trailer.
BLEPHI'LIA. (From llcpharis, the eye-
lash ; in reference to the fringed bractes.
Nat. ord., Labiates [Lamiacece]. Linn.,
2-Diandria I-Monogynia. Allied to Mo-
narda.)
Hardy herbaceous perennials. Seeds, and divi-
ding the roots in April and September. Common
soil.
B. cilia'ta (hair-fringed). 3. Red. July. N.
Amer.
hirsu'ta (hairy). Purple. August. N. Amer.
1/98.
BLESSED THISTLE. Centau'rca fone-
di'cta.
BLE'TIA. (Named after a Spanish
botanist of the name of Blet. Nat. ord.,
Orchids [ Orchid acese]. Linn., 20 -Gy-
nandria l-Monandria.)
Stove terrestrial orchids, except where otherwise
specified. Division of the roots, when dona
flowering or starting into growth ; peat, loam,
and a little sand, enriched with top dressings of
cow-dung or manure, watering when growing.
Summer temp., 60 to 90 ; winter, 48 to 58.
B. acutipe'tala (acute-petaled). 5. Purple. Sep-
tember. America. Greenhouse.
campanula 1 tn (bell-flowered'). Purple and
white. Peru.
capita' ta (headed). June. W. Ind. 1795.
catenula'tu (linked). 1$. Purple. Peru. 1844.
fltfrida (florid). 2. Rose. February. Tri-
nidad. 1786.
Gebi'na (Japanese}. 1. White. April. Japan*
1846.
gra'cilis (slender-scaped). Ij. Yellow. July*
Mexico. 1830.
Guinee'nsis (Guinea). 2. Purple. Sierra
Leone. 1822.
Havane'nsis (Havannah). 2j. Purple. April.
Havannah. 1835.
hyaci'nthina (hyacinth-like). 1. Rose and
crimson. April. China. 18C2.
pa'iula(spTezding-flowered). 2. Purple. Hayti.
Parkinso'nii (Parkinson's). 1. Rose. Ja-
nuary. Mexico. 1838.
refle'xi (bent-back-sepated). 2. Purple, green.
Mexico.
secu'nda (one-sided). Green, crimson. Mexico.
1840.
verecu'nda (modest). 3. Purple. March. W.
Ind. 1733.
Shephc'rdii (Shepherd's). 2. Purple and
yellow. January. Jamaica. 1825.
BLI'GHIA SA'PIDA. The Akee-tree, the
berry of which is so much esteemed in
the West Indies. It was named after
Captain Bligh, the introducer of the
Bread-fruit from the Society Islands. It
is now united to Cupania.
BLIND PLANTS frequently occur in the
BLI
C 123 ]
BOB
cabbage and others of- the Brassica tribe*
They are plants which have failed to pro-
duce central buds ; and. as these are
produced from the central vessels, if the
top of their stems be cut away they
usually emit lateral or side-buds from the
edge of the wound. See BARREN PLANTS.
BLISTERED LEAVES. See PEACH.
BLIGHT. Sue BLAST.
BLI'TUM. The Strawberry Elite, or
Spinach, is scarcely worth growing. B.
capita' turn, B. virga'tum, and B.t mart' turn
axe sometimes cultivated.
BLOOD. See ANIMAL MATTERS.
BLOOD-FLOWER. Hcema'nthus.
BLOODWORT. Sanguinu'ria.
BLOOM, or BLOSSOM, is the popular
name for the flowers of fruit- bearing
plants.
The organs of fruitfulness are abso-
lutely necessary for the production of
seeds, and are always producible by gar
The corolla, or petals, with all their
varied tints and perfumes, have more
important offices to perform than thus to
delight the senses of mankind. Those
bright colours and their perfumed honey
serve to attract insects, which are the
chief and often essential assistants of
impregnation ; and those petals, as ob-
served by Linnaeus, serve as wings, giving
a motion assisting to effect the same im-
portant process. But they have occa-
sionally a still more essential office ; for,
although they are sometimes absent, yet,
if removed from some of those possess-
ing them, the subsequent processes are
not duly performed.
The corolla is not always short-lived,
as in the cistus ; for some continue until
the fruit is perfected. The duration of
the petals, however, is in some way con-
nected with the impregnation of the seed,
for in most flowers they fade soon after
den-plants properly cultivated. They j this is completed ; and doable flowers, in
may be deficient in leaves, or stems, or
roots, because other organs may supply
their places ; but plants are never inca-
pable of bearing flowers and seeds, for,
without these, they can never fully attain
the object of their creation the increase
of their species. Of course, we exclude
the mushroom, and others of which the
seed-producing parts are obscure.
Most flowers are composed of the fol-
lowing parts, viz. : The calyx, which is
usually green, and enveloping the flower
whifst in the bud ; the corolla, or petals,
leaves so beautifully coloured, and so
which it occurs not at all, are always
longer enduring than single flowers of
the same species. Then, again, in some
flowers they become green, and perform
the function of leaves, after impregnation
has been effected. A familiar example
occurs in the Christmas rose (Hellebo'rus
ni'ger), the petals of which are white, but
which become green so soon as the seeds
have somewhat increased in size, and the-
stamens and other organs connected with
fertility have fallen oif.
BLOOM. This term is also applied to-
the fine exudation on the surface of some
delicate in most flowers ; the stamens, or I fruit purple on the Black Hamburgh
male portion of the flower, secreting the
pollen, or impregnating powder ; the pis-
tils, or female portion, impregnatable by
the pollen, and rendering fertile the
seeds ; and, lastly, the pericarp, or seed-
vessel.
The stamens can be removed without
preventing the formation of fertile seed ;
but their loss must be supplied by the
application to the pistils of pollen from
some kindred flower.
The calyx is not useless so soon as it
ceases to envelope and protect the flower ;
for the flower-stalk continues increasing
in size until the seed is perfected, but
ceases to do so in those plants whose
calyces remain long green, if these be
removed. On the other hand, in the
poppy and other flowers, from which the
calyx falls early, the flower-stalk does
not subsequently enlarge.
Grape, and on some plums, and green on
the cucumber. It so improves their ap-
pearance that an apparatus has been
suggested for adding it artificially. It
seems of a resinous nature.
BLUE-BELLS. Campanula rotandifo'lia.
BLUE -BOTTLE. Centau'rea cya'nus.
BLUETS. VaccVnium angustifo 1 Hum.
BLUMENBA'CHIA. (Named after J. F.
Blumenbach, of Grottingen. Nat. ord.,
Loasads [Loasaceae]. Linn., 18-Polya-
delphla 2-Polyandria.)
Hardy annuals. Seeds in April ; rich mould.
B. insi'gnis (remarkable). J. White. July.
Monte Video. 1826. Trailer.
multi'fida (ma.ny-cleft-leaved). l. Greenish-
red. July. Buenos Ayres. 1826.
BOATLIP. Scaphyglo' ttis.
BOBA'RTIA. (Named in honour of
Jacob Bobart, professor of botany at Ox-
ford in the seventeenth century. Nat,
BOG
BOL
ord., Irids [Iridacese]. Linn., 3-Trian-
dria \ Mono'iynia. )
The species in this genus should have been
united to Aristea. Seeds in April; divisions in
iiutumn or spring. Sand}' loam ; protection of a
cool greenhouse or pit in winter.
J3. auranti'aca (orange), f Orange. March.
Bcleia. 1827. Hardy perennial.
gladia'ta (sword-shaped). 2. Yellow. June.
Cape of Good Hope. J8l6.
spatha'cf.a (sheathed). . Yellow. June.
Cape of Good Hope. 1798.
BOCCO'NIA. (Named after P. Boccnne,
M./J., a Sicilian. Nat. ord., Poppy worts
[Papaveracese], Linn., \i-Dodecandrla
1-Monogynia.)
Stove evergreen shrubs. Cuttings in sand and
lieat; fibry, sandy loam. Summer temp., 60 to
*0; winter, 55 to 60.
B.frute'scens (shrubby celandine}. 10. White,
yellow. February. VV. Ind. 1/39.
integrifo'lia (entire-leaved). 4. White. Fe-
bruary. Mexico. 1820.
BOZ'BERA. (Named after Bceber, a
Eussian botanist. Nat. ord., Composites
[Asteracea?]. Linn., IQ-Synyenesia 2-
A greenhouse evergreen shrub. Cutting* of
young, firmish shoots under a glass ; requires a
pit or a cool greenhouse in winter.
B.inca'na (hoary - herbaged). 1$. Golden.
Mexico. 1828.
There are other species, but not deserving cul-
tivation.
BOG-BEAN. Menya'nthes trifolia'ta.
BOG-EARTH, HEATH-MOULD, or PEAT.
By gardeners this is understood as not
meaning that mass of moss, or sphagnum,
dug out of wet, fenny places for fuel, hut
a sharp, sandy soil, mixed with the dead,
librous roots of heath, and usually of a
dark-grey colour, such as is found upon
the surface beneath the heath on Wim-
bledon, Bagshot, and many other dry com-
mons. Peat of the best description is
thus constituted. Of 400 parts :
Fine silicious sand
Unaltered vegetable fibre .
Decomposing vegetable matter
Silica (flint)
Alumina (clay) .
Oxide of iron .
Soluble, vegetable, and saline m
Muriate of lime .
Loss
tter
156
2
110
102
16
4
4
4
2
BOG-EARTH PLANTS. See AMERICAN
PLANTS.
BOG-MOSS. Sphagnum.
BOILER. The vessel employed to sup-
ply the pipes or tanks with hot-water or
steam, when either of these is used for
heating purposes. Many are the inge-
nious and intricate boilers from time to
time offered to the gardener ; but, after
much experience with boilers of all de-
scriptions, we can confidently say the
most simple is the best. The smaller
the boiler and the fireplace, compatible
with efficiency, the greater is the economy.
We can tell the gardener, also, most de-
cidedly, that the total size of the boiler
has nothing to do with that efficiency;
the only point to be secured is, that a
sufficient surface of the boiler be exposed
to the fire. The following table shows
the amount of boiler-surface which must
be exposed to the fire to heat given
lengths of pipe, respectively 4 inches, 3
inches, and 2 inches in diameter :
SurfaceTof "boiler exposed I 4-inch I &-inch 1 8-inch
to the lire. | pipe. | pipe. | pipe.
ft. ft. ft.
3 square feet will heat 200 or 266 or 400
5| 300 400 600
400 533 800
500 6t>6 ,, 1000
12 /OO 933 ,, 1400
10(10 1333 2000
To prevent the scale, or limy crust, which
is often so troublesome, dissolve in the
water at the rate of one ounce of sal
ammoniac (muriate of ammonia) to
every sixty gallons. Do this twice in
the year ; as, in October and April.
BOIS-PERDIX (Partridge-wood). Heis-
te'ria.
BOLBOPHY'LLUM. (From bulbos, a bulb,
and phyllon, a leaf; referring to the
leaves issuing from the apex of the bas-
tard bulbs. Nat. ord., Orchids [Orchi-
dacese]. Linn., 2Q-Gynandria 1-Mono-
gynia.)
Stove orchids. Division of the plant, when
fresh potting; sandy, lumpy peat, potsherds,
charcoal, and hard chips, raised above the pot,
well drained, and the plant fixed there, or on
blocks. Summer temp., 60 to 90, and moist;
winter, 55 to 65, and dry.
B. barbi'gerum (bearded). . Greenish-brown.
June. Sierra Leone. 1835.
bracteola'tum (small-bracted). 1. Yellow,
purple. July. Demerara. 1836.
Careya'num (Dr. Carey's). . Brown, piftr-
ple. October. Nepaul. 1832.
coco'inum (cocoa-nut). 1. Flesh. October.
Sierra Leone. 1835.
cu'preum (copper-flowered). Copper-coloured.
Manilla. 1837.
ere'ctum (upright). Mauritius. 1834.
fla'vidum (yellowish). Yellow. March. Sierra
Leone. 1840.
fu'scum (brown-flowered). Chocolate. April.
Sierra Leone. 1837.
hi'rtum (hairy). Whitish. E. Ind. 1846.
-imbricu'tum (imbricated). Purple. March.
Sierra Leone. 1845.
leopardi'num (leopard-spotted). Yellowish-
green. E. Ind. 1837.
EOL
C 125 ]
BON
J5. limba'tum (bordered). 1. Purple. February.
Singapore. 1840.
Lo'bbii (Lobb's). 1. Yellow, brown. March.
Java. 1845.
mucra'nthum (large-flowered). Lemon.
March. Sierra Leone. 1844.
occu'ltum (hidden- flowered). Sierra Leone.
radiii'tum (rayed;. Brownish-yellow. March.
India. 1836.
recu'rvum (bent-back/. Green, white. Sep-
tember. Sierra Leone. 1822.
sanatorium >, dancing). . Greenish-brown.
December. Sierra Leone. 1835.
- setigerum (bristle-bearing). Purple. De-
merara
B. acutifo'lia (pointed-leaved). 9. Red, yellow*
September. Mexico.
puncta'ta (dotted-floicered). 6. Spotted..
September. Mexico. 182Q.
edu'lis (eatable-tafiemZ). 6. Red. July.
Trinidad. 1820.
hirte'lla (small-haired). Red, yellow. July;
Mexico. 1824.
ova'ta (egg-shape-teawed). Red and green.
Chili. 1824.
Salsi'lla (Salsilla). 5. Green, crimson. June;
S, Amer. 1806.
BO'MBAX. Silk Cotton-tree. (From
I bombax, cotton; in reference to the woolly
tf.tragonium (four-sided). Sierra Leone. hairs which envelope the seed, like those
umbella turn (umbelled). . Yellow. E. Ind. j o f t jj e cotton-plant. Nat. ord., Stercu-
'* (sheathed). Brown. March. Sin- \ liads [Sterculiacese], Linn., 16-Mona-
delphia 8-Polyandria.)
Trees more remarkable for their prodigious size
for their use or beauty. Stove trees. Cut-
gapore. 1840.
BCLDO'A, (United to Salpianthus.)
BO'LEUM.
ference
Nat. Ord., Crudfers [Brassicacese]. Linn., j bottom-heat; J pe r at and loam. Summer' temp,,
15-Tetradynamia. Allied to Vella.) i 6o to 85 ; winter, 50 to 60.
J'LEUM. (From bolos, a ball ; in re- * han to j th ? ir use or beauty, stove trees. Cut-
., - , ' , ' , , tings of rather young shoots, but firm at the base,
ice to the shape of the seed-pods. ; p i a | ed in sand / pe * t unde ; a b eli- g iass, and in
border during summe
tection' " " '
under-shrub. Seed in a i
,me, or sown
It requires a little pro-
B '
( Cei - 100 ' Whi - te ' S " Amer '
1824.
or sown in the open ' ~ S^o'sum (globe-form). 60 .
L.-***** \ -- JUalaba'ricum (Malabar). Go. Scarlet. Ma-
labar.
septena'tum (seven-leaved). 50. White.
Carthagena. 1699.
B. a-sperum (rough). 1. Cream. June. Sniia i-> , ,-vr i -A. T ' .
18 i8. BONAPA'RTEA. (Named after Napoleon
BOLIVA'EIA. (Named after Bolivar, \ Bonaparte. Nat. ord., Bromelworts [Bro-
meliacese]. Linn., Q-Hexandria l-Mono-
gynia. Allied to Guzmannia.)
Remarkable for the gracefulness of their long,
rush-like leaves. They are well adapted for
growing in vases, out of doors, in summer,
Stove plants. Seeds in a hotbed ; cuttings in
thelate republican chief in South America.
Nat. ord., Jasmineivorts [Jasminacese].
Linn., 2-Diandria l-Motiogynia.)
Greenhouse evergreen shrub. Cuttings of half -
ripened shoots in sand, under a hand-light.
Summer temp., 55 to 70 ; winter, 40 to 48.
B. tri'fida (three-cleft).
Chili. 1828.
sand, under a glass, in heat; well drained. Sum-
BOLTO'NIA. (Named after J. B. Bol-
ton, an English professor of botany. Nat.
ord., Composites [Asteracese]. Linn. ,18-
Syngenesia 2-Superflua. Allied to Sten-
actis.)
Hardy herbaceous perennials. Division of the
roots in March or October ; common garden-soil.
B. asteroi'des (starwort-like). 3. Flesh. Sep-
tember. N. Amer. 1758.
glastifo'lia (woad-leaved). l. Pink. Sep-
tember. N. Amer. 1758.
BOMAKE'A. (Name not explained; pro-
bably it is commemorative. Nat. ord.,
Amaryllids [Amarylh'dacese]. Linn., 6-
2. Yellow. Juna. j mer temp,76o o0 to7o ; winter, ~55
B, %ra'cilis (slender). 2. Mexico. 1828.
ju'ncea, (tvish-leaved). 1^. Blue. Peru. 1800.
BONA'TEA. (Named after M. Bonat, a
distinguished ItaUan botanist. Nat. ord. r
Orchids [Orchidaceas], Linn., 2Q-Gy-
i nandria 1-Monogynia. AUied to Gymna-
! denia.)
Stove orchid. Division of the roots, or semi-
bulbous tubers ; peat and loam. Summer temp.,
60 to 85; winter, 50 to 55.
B. specio'sa (showy). 2. Green, white. May.
Cape of Good Hope. 1820.
BONES are beneficial as a manure,
because their chief constituent (phos-
phate of lime) is also a constituent of
all plants ; and the gelatine which is also
Hexandria l-Monogynia. Allied to Al-
stromeria.)
Two features which cannot be misunderstood | in bones is of itself a Source of food to
divide Bomare'a from Alstrome'riaa. twining j them. The bones of the OX,
those of Jerusalem artichoke, It is a stove plant.
The others prefer a deep, rich, light border in the
open air, with a slight protection from frost. B.
acutifo'lia, pianted in a good, cold greenhouse,
inside border, will twine up ten or twelve feet,
and flower better than in any other way. For
culture, see ALSTROMEKIA.
ployed, their analyses are here given :
Ox.
Sheep.
Horse.
Pi*
Phosphate of lime .
Carbonate of lime .
65
4
70
5
68
52
1
Animal matter .
S3
25 | 31
47
BON
we j
BOK
BONNE'TIA. (Named after G. Bonnet,
a distinguished naturalist. Nat. ord.,
Theads [Ternsttb'niiace*]. Linn., 13-
Polyandria \-j\fonogynia.)
Stove tree. Cuttings of firm young shoots in
sand, under a glass, in heat; loam and peat.
Summer temp., 60 to 80 ; winter, 55 to 60.
B. palu'stris (marsh). Red. Trinidad. 1S1Q.
Stove evergreen shrub, requiring similar treat-
ment to Bonnetia.
B. Daphnoi'des (Daphne-liko/. 6. Yellow, purple.
W.Jnd. 1690.
(Bo'rayo ojficina'lis.) Its
June.
BOIUGE.
The bones must be applied to the crops
in very small pieces or powder ; and ten
pounds, at the -time of inserting the seed,
are enough for thirty square yards, if
sown broadcast; and a much smaller
quantity is sufficient, if sprinkled along
the drills in which the seed is sown.
There is no doubt that bone-dust may be
employed with advantage in ail gardens : BO'NTIA. (Named after J. Bont, a
and to all garden-crops ; but it has been i Dutch physician. Nat. ord., Myoporads
experimented on most extensively with .' [Myoporaceaa]. Linn., l^-Didynamia 2-
the turnip and potato, and with unfail-
ing benefit. Mixed with sulphur, and
drilled in with the turnip-seed, it has
been found to preserve the young plants
from the fly. Mr. Knight found it bene-
ficial when applied largely to stone-
fruit at the time of planting ; and it is
quite as good for the vine. To lawns,
the dust has been applied with great ad-
vantage when the grass was becoming
thin. As a manure for the shrubbery,
parterre, and greenhouse, it is also most
valuable ; and, crushed as well as ground,
is employed generally to mix with the
soil of potted plants. Mr. Maund finds
it promotes the luxuriance and beauty
of his flowers. One pound of bone-dust,
mixed with twelve ounces of sulphuric,
acid (oil of vitriol), and twelve ounces
of water, if left to act upon each other
for a day, form super-phosphate of
lime, a wineglassful of which has been
found beneficial to pelargoniums. Ap-
plied as a top-dressing, mixed with half
its weight of charcoal- dust, it is a good
manure for onions, and may be applied ! spring, in shallow drills, twelve inches
young leaves, smelling somewhat like cu-
cumber, are sometimes used in salads, or
boiled as spinach. Being aromatic, its
spikes of flowers are put into negus and
cool tankards.
Soil and Situation. For the spring and
summer sowing, any light soil and open
situation may be allotted, provided the
first is not particularly rich; for those
which have to withstand the winter, a
light, dry soil, and the shelter of a south
fence, are most suitable. A very fertile
soil renders it luxuriant, and injures the
flavour.
Times and mode of solving. Sow in
March or April^and at the close of July,
for production in summer and autumn,
and again in August or September, for
the supply of winter and succeeding
at the rate of nine pounds to the square
rod. There is little doubt of this super-
phosphate being good for all our kitchen-
garden crops, being more prompt in its
effects upon a crop than simple bone-
dust, because it is soluble in water, and
therefore more readily presented to the
roots in a state for them to imbibe. Bones
broken into small pieces are generally
used as drainage for pelargoniums and
other potted plants.
BONNA'YA. (Named after the Ger-
man botanist, Bonuay. Nat. ord., Fiy-
worts [Scrophulariacese]. Linn., 2-Dian-
dria I-Monogynia. Related to Torenia.)
Stove plants. Seeds for annuals; divisions,
and cuttings of creepers and trailers ; rich, sandy
loam.
J3. brachyca'rpa (.short-seed-podded). Violet.
June. E. Ind. >829. Annual.
rc'ptans (creeping). . Blue. July. E. Ind.
1820. Perennial trailer
veroniccefo'Iia (speedwell-leaved). $. Pink.
August, E. Ind. 1798. Biennial trailer.
asunder. When of about six weeks'
growth, the plants are to be thinned to
twelve inches apart, and the plants thus
removed of the spring and autumn sow-
ing may be transplanted at a similar dis-
tance ; but those of the summer sowing
seldom will endure the removal, and at
all times those left unmoved prosper
most. At the time of transplanting, if at
all dry weather, they must be watered
until established; water must also be
frequently applied to the seed-bed of the
summer sowing.
To obtain Seed. Some of those plants
which have survived the winter must be
left ungathered from. They will begin
to flower about June ; and when their
seed is perfectly ripe the stalks must be
gathered, and dried completely before it
is rubbed out.
BO'IUGO. Borage. (Altered from cor,
heart, and ago, to affect ; referring to the
EOR
[ 147 ]
BOB
cordial qualities of the herbs. Nat. ore!.,
Borageworts [JBoraginaceae]. Linn., 5-
Pentandria 1-Monogynia.)
Hardy plants. Biennials and annuals from
seed ; perennials by divisions ; common soil.
B. crassifo'lia (thick-leaved). 2. Pink. June,
Persia. 1822. Herbaceous perennial.
Cre'tica (Cretan). 1. Blue. May. Crete. 1823.
Herbaceous perennial.
laxifio'ra (loose-flowered). I. Blue. June.
Corsica. 1813. Trailing biennial.
longifo'lia (long-leaved). 1. Blue. July. South
of Europe. 1825. Annual.
officina'lis (common). 3. Blue. August. Eng-
land. Annual.
alhiflo'ra (white-flowered). 2. White.
August. England. Annual.
orienta'lis (oriental). 2. Blue. June. Turkey.
1752. Herbaceous perennial.
BOEA'SSUS. (One of the names applied
to the spathe of the date-palm. Nat. ord.,
Palms [Palmacea3], Linn., 22-Dioecia 6-
Hexandria.)
Palm-wine, or toddy, a grateful beverage, is
the juice which flows from the wounded spathe of
this and some other palms. Stove tree. Seeds ;
peat and loam. Summer temp., 60 to 90" ; win-
ter, 60.
B.flabeWfo'rmis (fan-leaved). 30. White, green.
E. Ind. 1771.
BOEBO'NIA. (Named after one of the
Bourbon family. Nat. ord., Leguminous
Plants [Fabaeese]. Linn., 16-Monadelphia
6-Decandria. Belated to Scottia.)
This genus and its allies Hovea, Lalage, Tem-
pletonia, and others of that group have always
been great favourites with gardeners. All green-
house evergreen shrubs, from the Cape of Good
Hope. Cuttings in sand, in April, under a bell-
glass, and in a close place, without artificial heat ;
peat and loam. Summer temp., 50 to 70 ; win-
ter, 40 to 45.
B, barba'ta (bearded). 4. Yellow. July. 1823.
cilia'ta (hair-fringed). 3. Yellow. July.
1816.
corda'ta (heart-teaoed). 2. Yellow. August.
1759-
orena'ta (scolloped-/eaed). 6. Yellow. July.
1774.
ericifo'lia (heath-leaved). 2. Pink. January.
1821.
fanceola'ta (\ynce~leaved). 5. Yellow. July.
1752.
ruscifo'lia (ruscus-Jeawed). 3, Yellow. July.
1790.
MnJrvia (three-nerved). 6. Yellow, July.
1759.
undula'ta (wave-teavfd). 4. Yellow. July.
1812.
BOEDER is a name applied to that nar-
row division of the garden which usually
accompanies each side of a walk in the
kitchen-garden, and to the narrow bed
which is near to the garden-wall on one
side, and abuts on a walk on the other.
In fact, any bed which acts as a boundary
to a walk, or grass-plot, or the main
quarters of a garden, may be properly de-
scribed as a border.
1. Fruit- Borders. Next to the wall
should be a path, eighteen inches wide,,
for the convenierre of pruning and ga-
thering. Next to tnis path should be tba-
border, eight or nine feet wide ; and them
the broad walk, which should always en-
compass the main compartments of the
kitchen-garden. The whole of the breadth
from the wall to the edge of this main
walk should be excavated to the depth of
four feet; the bottom of the excavation
rammed hard ; brickbats and large stones
then put in, to the depth of one foot and
a half; and the remaining two feet ant
a half filled up with suitable soil. From
the under-drainage of brickbats, &c. T .
draining-pipes should be laid with an
outfall into some neighbouring ditch-
No fruit-tree will be healthy if it roots-
deep, or if its roots are surrounded by~
superfluous water; that is, more water
than the soil will retain by its own che-
mical and capillary attractions. Shallow-
rooting crops do no harm to the trees,
grown on fruit-borders sufficient to re-
quire their total banishment. See FEUIT-
TEEES and STATIONS.
2. Flower -Borders. These, like the
preceding, and, indeed, like every other
part of the garden not devoted to aquatic
and marsh plants, should be well drained.
In plotting them, it must also be remem-
bered that, if narrow, no art will impart to
them an aspect of boldness and grandeuiv
Indeed, narrowness of surface is inse-
parably connected with an impression
that the grounds are of limited extent ;.
and no disposal of the plants will remove
the littleness thus suggested. If the-
pleasure-grounds are small, narrow bor-
ders are permissible ; but, even then, the-
broader they are the less is the appear-
ance of meanness. Neatness must be
the presiding deity over flower-borders ;.
and no application of the hoe and rake,
no removal of decayed leaves, no tying,
up of straggling members, can be too un-
remitting. See FLOWEES.
ForJdnfj-Bordcrs.^Q border, whether
tenanted by the roots of fruit-trees or
flowering -shrubs, should be ever dug
with the spade. The surface turned up
roughly with the fork, to benefit by the
winter frosts, and manure as necessary,
turned in with the same implement, are
sufficient.
BOE
[ 128
BOE
BOKECOLE. Bra'ssica olcra'cca finibri-
a'la.
Varieties. Of the following, 1, 2, 3,
5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, and 15 are the best.
1. Brussels Borecole, or Sprouts.
2. Green Borecole, German or curled
Kale, or Curlies, Scotch or Siberian Kale,
Bra'ssica olera'cca seleni'sia.
3. Purple Borecole, B. olcra'cea laci-
nia'ta.
4. Variegated Borecole.
5. Chou de Milan.
6. Egyptian or Babi Kale.
7. Bagged Jack.
8. Jerusalem Kale.
9. Buda, Kussian, or Manchester Kale.
This is greatly improved by blanching
under a pot, like Sea Kale.
10. Anjou Kale.
11. One-thousand-headed Cabbage, B.
olera cea ace'phala.
12. Palm Borecole.
13. Portugal, or Large-ribbed.
14. Woburn perennial. This, and, in-
deed, the whole race, may be propagated
by cuttings, six inches long, planted
where to remain, in March or April.
15. Barnes's Feathered Savoy.
Sowing. The first crop sow about the
end of March, or early in April, the
seedlings of which are fit for pricking
out towards the end of April, and for
final planting at the close of May, for
production late in autumn and com-
mencement of winter. Sow again about
the middle of May; for final planting,
during July; and, lastly, in August, for
use during winter and early spring.
Prick out the seedlings when their
leaves are about two inches in breadth ;
set them about six inches apart each way ;
and water frequently until established.
In four or five weeks they will be of suffi-
cient growth for final removal.
Planting. Set them in rows two feet
and a half apart each way: the last plant-
ation may be six inches closer. They must
be watered and weeded; and some of
them being of large-spreading growth,
the earth can only be drawn about their
stems during their early growth. If,
during stormy weather, any of those
which acquire a tall growth are blown
down, they should be supported by stakes,
when they will soon firmly re-establish
themselves.
To raise Seed. Select such plants of
each variety as are of the finest growth,
and either leave them where grown or
remove them during open weather in
November, or before the close of Fe-
bruary, (the earlier the better,) into rows
three feet apart each way, and planted
deeply. The seed ripens about the be-
ginning of August.
BORO'NIA. (Named after Boroni, an
Italian servant of Dr. Sibthorp's. Nat.
ord., Rueworts [Butacese]. Linn.,'8-06--
tandria 1-Jlfonogynia.)
Greenhouse evergreen shrubs. Cuttings, neither
hard nor soft, inserted in sand, under a glass,
where there is the mildest heat; sandy peat and
charcoal. Though greenhouse plants, most of
them like a little extra heat in spring. Summer
temp., 60 to 70 ; winter, 45 to 50.
D. ala'ta (winged). 3. Red. May. N. Holland.
182*.
anemoneefo' Ha (anemone-leaved). 2. Red.
May. N. Holland. 1824.
anethifi/lia (fennel-leaved). N. Holland. 1841.
crenula'ta (scolloped-/eaued). 2. Red. July.
Kir.g George's Sound.
denticnla'ta (fine-toothed). 2. Red. N. Hol-
land. 1823.
dicho'toma (fork-branched). Rose. October.
N. Holland. 1841.
falcifii'lia (sickle-leaved). Moreton Bay. 1841.
Fraze'ri (Frazer's). Red. May. N. Holland.
1821.
lalifo'lin (broad-leaved). Red. April. N.
Holland. JS24.
Icdifo'lia (ledum-leaved). 2. Red. May. N.
S. Wales. 1814.
mo'llis (soft). N.Holland. 1841.
microphy' lla (small-leaved). 2. Pink. N.
Holland. 1846.
ova'ta (egg-shape-/eaye<Z). Crimson. May.
Swan River. 1841.
pinna' ta (leafleted). 2. Purple. August.
N. S. Wales. 1/Q4.
poly g alee fo'lia (polygala- leaved). 2. Red.
May. N. Holland, 1824.
sca'hra (rough). Pink. Swan River.
serrula'ta (saw-edged-teayed). 3. Scarlet.
June. N. S. Wales. 1816.
spathula'ta (spathulate-teaued). Pink. Swan
River. 1845.
tetra'nda (four-stamened). 2. Red. May.
N. Holland. 1824.
tereti fo'lia (round-leaved). Pink. Swan River.
triphy'lla (three-leaved). 2. Pink. May. N.
Holland. 1840.
vimi'nea (twiggy). Pink. Swan River.
BORRE'BIA. (Named after J. W. Borrer,
a British cryptogamist. Nat. ord., Cin-
chonads [Cinchonacese]. Linn., 4:-Tetran-
drial-Monogynia. Allied to Spermacoce.)
Stove plants. The biennials from seeds, treated
like a tender annual ; and the perennials from
cuttings in sand, in heat, under a glass ; light
soil.
B. commuta'ta (changed). . White. June,,
W. Ind. 1818.
stri'cta (upright), f . White. July. E. Ind,
18-20.
verlicUla'ta (whorled-./ZoM>ererf). 2. White.
July. Africa. 1732.
BO'SCIA. (Named after L. Bosc, a
BOS
[ 129 ]
EOT
French professor of agriculture. Nat.
ord., Capparids [Capparidaceae]. Linn.,
11-Dodecaudria \-Monoyynia. )
Cuttings of firm wood in heat, in sand, under a
glass ; lumpy, fibry loam and peat. Summer
temp., 60 to 80 ; winter, 60.
B. Senegale'nsis (Senegal). 3. White. Senegal.
1824.
BOSSEE'A. (Named after Bossieu, who
accompanied La Perouse on his fatal
voyage. Nat. ord., Leguminous Plants
[Fabacea?]. Linn., IQ-Afonadflphia Q-De-
candria. Allied to Hovea.)
Greenhouse evergreen shrubs and trailers ; cut-
tings of half-ripe shoots in sand, under a bell-
glass, in April; peat and loam, both fibry, with a
portion of silver-sand, and some pieces of charcoal,
to keep the soil open ; also seeds sown in a slight
hotbed, in March. Summer temp., 60 to 75;
winter, 40 to 50.
B. buxifo'lia (box-leaved). 4. Yellow. May*
N. Holland. 1324.
cine'rca (grey). 3. Yellow. June. Van
Diemen's Land. 1802.
Cardiff t'lia (heart-leaved), l. Yellow. May.
N. Holland. 1820.
di'sticha (two-rowed). 2. Yellow. May.
N. Holland. 1840.
en&a'ta (sword-branched). 6. Yellow. May.
N. Holland. 1824.
erioca'rpa (woolly-podded). 1. Yellow. May.
King George's Sound. 1837.
folio'sa (leafy). 4. Yellow. May. N. Holland.
1824.
Henderso'nii (Henderson's). Yellow and
bronze. N. S. Wales. 1844.
heterophy'lla (various-leaved). 3. Yellow.
September. N. S. Wales. 1792.
Icnticula'ris (lentil-leaved). 3. Yellow. June.
N. Holland. 1823.
Lineeoi'des ( Linn jea-I ike). Yellow. May. N.
Holland. 1824.
linopliy'lln (flax-leaved). 3. Orange. August.
N. Holland. 1803.
microphy'lla (small-leavsd). 3. Yellow. July.
N. S. Wales. ISO*.
ova' to, (egg-shape-ewc?). Yellow. April.
N. S. Wales. 1792.
paucifo'lia (few-leaved). 2. Yellow, brown.
June. Swan River. 184!.
prostra'tu (prostrate). . Yellow. August.
N. S. Wales. 1803.
r hombifo'lia (diamond-leaved). 1. Yellow.
May. N. Holland. 1S20.
rotundifo'lia (round-leaved). 3. Yellow. May.
N. Holland. 1824.
ru'fa (reddish-yellow-/oM7ered). 6. Orange.
August. N. Holland. 1803.
scolope'ndrium (hart's - tongue - leaved). 10.
Yellow. June. N. S. Wales. 1792.
s/7me'scews(spined). Yellow. N. Holland. 184Q.
tenuicau'lis (slender-stemmed). . Yellow.
April. Van Diemen's Land. 1836.
virga'ta (twiggy). 2. Yellow, red. June
Swan River. 1842.
BOSTRICHUS, a class of beetles, many
of which are very injurious to the crop
of the garden.
B. dispar, Apple-bark beetle. Th
female of this insect bores into the woo
.9
of the apple-tree, and there deposits her
eggs, generally in the month of May ;
and its perforations are so numerous and
extensive, as frequently, on the continent,
o destroy the tree. In England it rarely
occurs. The perforations are confined
o the alburnum, or young wood.
B. typographies, Typographer - bark
Beetle. This attacks the pine-tribe, espe-
cially the silver-fir. A drawing of this
nsect is given at page 329, vol. iii, of
The Cottage Gardener.
B.pinastri, Pinaster, or Bed-bark beetle,
;onfines its attacks to the pines, leaving
;he firs untouched, as the B. larius lives
exclusively on the larch, and the B. ortho-
jraphits on the spruce-fir.
BOSWE'LLIA. Olibanuin-tree. (Named
after Dr. Boswell, of Edinburgh. Nat.
ord., Amy rids [Amarydacese]. Linn., 10-
Decandria \-Monoyynia.}
The brittle resin of Boswellia, boiled with oil
o render it soft, is used in the East as pitch for
he bottoms of ships, and, in the dry state, as
rankincense. Stove trees ; cuttings of half-
ripened shoots, in sand and peat'; peat and loam.
Summer temp., 60 to 80 ; winter, 50 to 60.
B. gla'bra (smooth). 30. Pale yellow. Coro-
mandel. 1823.
serra'ta (saw-edged-Jea0ed). 20. Pale yellow.,
E. Ind. 1820.
BOTHY. The lodgings assigned to
young gardeners in the northern part of
the kingdom ; and miserable hovels they
often were, and, in some cases, still are.
BOTRY'CERAS. (From botrys, a bunch,
and Jceras, a horn ; in reference to the
Dunches of horn-like racemes. Nat. ord.,
Anacards [Anacardiacese]. Linn., 4-
Tclrandria \-Monoyy ma.)
Greenhouse evergreen shrubs ; cuttings of
ripened shoots in sand, under a hand-light, in a
frame, and the hand-light tilted up at night ;
sandy peat. Summer temp., 55 to 65; winter,
38 to 45.
B. lauri'num (laurel-like). 4. N. Holland. 1823.
BOTRY'CHIUM. Moonwort. (From bo-
r?/.s, a bunch; in reference to the bunch -
like formation of the seed-apparatus on
the back of the leaf. Nat. ord., Fern a
[Polypodiacesej. Linn., 2-Cryptogamiu
I-Filices.)
Perennial Ferns, hardy, with but one exception ;
chiefly divisions; peat and loam. B. uustra'U;
should be protected in winter.
B. austra'le (southern). . Brown. June. N.
Holland. 1823. Half-hardy.
disse'ctum (cnt-leavcd). $. Brown. July.
N. Amer. 1806.
fumarioi'des (fumitory-like), i. Brown. July.
Carolina. 1806.
luna'rium (common moonwort). J
May. Britain.
EOT
[ 130 ]
BOX
P. obli'quum (twisted). $. Brown. August
N. Amer. 1821.
Virgi'nicum (Virginian). 1. Brown. August
N. Amer. 1/90.
BOTTLE GOURD. Lagena'ria.
BOTTOM-HEAT. Naturally the tem-
perature of the soil always bears a due
relative proportion to that of the air.
When the temperature of the air de-
creases, that of the soil also decreases,
but very slowly; and, when the atmo-
spheric heat increases, that of the soil
also gradually rises. Bottom-heat, or
heat applied to the roots of plants, is the
artificial mode of imitating this proceed-
ing of nature in our hothouses and other
structures of that kind. If the tempera-
ture of the soil be too cold in proportion
to the temperature of the atmosphere,
the roots are not stimulated sufficiently
to imbibe food as fast as it is required
by the branches and foliage ; and, as a
consequence, the leaves or fruit will full
or wither. On the other hand, if the
temperature of the soil be too great in
proportion to that of the atmosphere, the
roots absorb food faster than it can be
elaborated by the leaves ; find, as a con-
sequence, over-luxuriant shoots and an
extra development of leaves are caused,
instead of blossoms and a healthy pro-
gress in all the parts.
Every plant obviously will have a par-
ticular bottom- heat most congenial to
it. Plants growing in open plains will
require a higher bottom-heat than those
growing in the shade of the South Ame-
rican forests, though the temperature of
the air out of the shade may be the same
in each country. That gardener will suc-
ceed in exotic plant-culture best, who,
among his other knowledge, has ascer-
tained the relative temperature of the
air and soil in which any given plant
grows naturally. At present, such in-
formation from actual observation is not
obtainable ; but it is not so difficult to
ascertain the maximum and minimum
temperature of the air of a country ; and,
these being obtained, the gardener may
adopt this as a safe rule : Let the bot-
tom-heat for plants of that country be
always 5 higher than the average tem-
perature of each month; that is, if the
lowest temperature of the month is 40,
and the highest 70, the average is 55 ;
and, if we add 5 to that, we shall have
60 as the bottom-heat for that month.
If the average maximum temperature of
the air only be known, let the bottom-
heat be less by 10 than the maximum
temperature of the air.
BOTTOMING. A term usually applied
to the drainage of pots, although equally
applicable to any kind of horticultural
drainage. (See DRAINING.) It is also
applied to mowing grtfss on lawns, and
signifies that the mower should take ex-
tra pains in mowing, cutting down almost
to the surface of the turf, in order to fa-
cilitate future mowings by the production
of an entirely fresh herbage, free from
moss and the residue of former mowings.
BOURBON PALM. Lata'nia.
BOURGEON, or BURGEON. See BUD.
BOUSSINGAU'LTIA. (Named after the
celebrated chemist, Boussinyault. Nat.
ord., Basellads [Basellacese]. Linn., 6-
Ilexandrici \-Monoijynia,.}
Half-hardy tuberous-rooted plant. Seeds; di-
vision of its tuberous roots ; peat and rich loam.
Summer temp., 60 to 70; winter, 45 to 55.
B. baselloi'des (basella-like). White. July. S.
Amer. 1835.
BOUVA'RDIA. (Named after Dr. Boit-
rrf, curator of the Botanic Garden at
Paris. Nat. ord., Cinchonads [Cinchona-
:efe]. Linn., 4^-Tetrandria \-Monogynia.}
Greenhouse evergreen under-shrubs, except
vhere otherwise specified. Seed at times, in heat.
Juttings of young shoots in heat, in March or
April. Shut up during the day, and air given at
light. Also by roots, cut into pieces, and In-
erted in sandy soil, and placed in a brisk, sweet
icat, in spring. Light, fibry soil. Summer temp.,
50 to 70 ; winter, 35 to 45.
B. angustifu'lia (narrow-leaved). 2. Red. Sep-
tember. Mexico. 1838.
Cavanille'sii (Cavanilles's). l. Scarlet. May.
Mexico. 1846.
fla'va (yellow).
Yellow. September. Mex-
longiflo'ra (long-flowered). 2. White. Mexico.
1827.
sple'ndens (shining). Scarlet. September.
Mexico. 1834.
strigillo'sa (small-bristled). 3. Yellow. March.
1845.
triphy'lla (three-leaved). 2. Scarlet. July.
2. Scarlet. July.
2. Scarlet. July.
2. Scarlet. April.
Mexico. 17<
gla'bra (smooth).
Mexico. 1794.
pube'scens (downy).
Mexico. 1794.
~ sple'ndens (shining).
Mexico. 1838.
versi'color (various-coloured). 2. Red. Au-
gust. S.Amer. 1814.
BOWER. See ARBOUR.
Box (Bu'xus scmpervi'rcns\ is noticed
by the gardener chiefly as a plant suitable
for edgings. For this purpose it is neat ;
but it is an exhauster of the soil more
than any other that can be so employed,
BOX
[131 ]
BRA
raid is a favourite lurking-place for tlie
snail. For plants that may be substi-
tuted, see EDGING. The best months
for planting Box are September and
February. Small-rooted slips are em-
ploj-ecl, and are planted against the per-
pendicular side of a small trench, along
the edge of the border or bed they arej
desired to bound. The best month for
-clipping Box is June, and it should be
done in showery weather. With great
attention to not injuring the roots, and
to washing earth in among these in their
new position, large Box-trees or bushes
have been moved in May, June, and July.
See The Cottage Gardener, iv., 328, 350.
Box ELDER. Negit'ndo.
Box THOBN. Ly'cium.
BRABEI'UM. African Almond. (From
In-abeion., a sceptre ; in reference to the
flower-racemes. Nat. ord., Proteads [Pro-
teacece]. Linn., 23-Polygamia \-Moncecia.
Allied to Persoonia.)
Greenhouse evergreen trees. Cuttings of ripe
hoots under a bell-glass, in sand. Sandy loam.
Summer temp., 50 to 65; winter, 35 to 45.
B. Stella! turn (starred). 15. White. August. Cape
of Good Hope. 1731.
BRACHY'COME. (From brachys, short,
and kome, hair. Nat. ord., Composites
Asteracese]. Linn., 19-Syngenesia 2-
Superflua. Allied to the Daisy.)
Annuals. Sown in a gentle hotbed in March,
and transplanted as a half-hardy annual. B. di-
versifo'lia by cuttings of half-ripe shoots, under
a bell-glass; peat and loam. Winter temp., 38
to 45.
B. diversifo'lia (various-leaved). . White. May.
Australia. 1824. Greenhouse evergreen.
iberidifo'tia (iberis-leaved). $. Purple. May.
Swan River. 1840. Half-hardy annual.
albiflo'ra (white-flowered), . White.
Swan River.
BRACHYL^'NA. (From brachys, short,
and I ana, a cloak, or covering ; referring
to the shortness of the involucre. Nat.
ord., Composites [Asteracese]. Linn., 19-
Syngenesia 2-Superflua. Allied to Tar-
chonanthus.)
Greenhouse evergreen shrub. Cuttings of half,
tipe shoots, same as Brachy'cone dioersifv'lia.
B.nereifo'lia (oleander-leaved). 4. White. Sep-
tember. Cape of Good Hope. 1752.
BRACHYSE'MA. (From brachys, short
and serna, standard; the flowers having
the standard petal short. Nat. ord.,
leguminous Plants [Fabacese]. Linn.,
IQ-Decandria 1-Monoyynia.)
Greenhouse evergreen climbers. Seeds in March,
in heat ; cuttings of half-ripened shoots in sum-
mer, in sand, under a bell-glass, in a mild bot-
tom-heat; loam and peat, with a little sand.
Summer temp., 50 to 65 ; winter, 46 to 55.
B. aphy'ilum (leafless). Brownish-crimson. N.
Holland. 1849.
bractea'tum (bracted). 3. Crimson. April.
Swan River. 1843.
hy'bridum (hybrid). Crimson, cream. March.
lanceola'tum (lance-leaved). Scarlet. February.
Swan River.
latifo'lium (broad-leaved). 3. Crimson. Ma;.
N. Holland. 1803.
platy'ptera (broad-winged-aiened). Grim*
son. May. Swan River. 1844.
pramo'rsum (jagged-pointed). Red. N. S.
Wales. 1848.
undula'tuin (w&ve-leaved). 3. Green. March.
N. S. Wales. 1828.
villo'sum (long-haired). 3. Crimson. March.
Swan River.
BEACHYSTE'LMA. (From brachys, short,
and stelma, a crown ; referring to the
coronal processes of the flowers. Nat.
d., Asclepiads [Asclepiadacese]. Linn.,
3-Peniandria 2-Digynia.)
Greenhouse tuberous perennials, from the Capa
of Good Hope. Cuttings in sandy soil, in heat ;
division of the roots ; fibry loam. Summer temp.,
60 to 75 ; winter, 48 to 55.
B. cri'spum (curled-teamed). . Brown, yellow.
September. 1829.
fpatula'tum (spatulate-feacl). 1. Green.
June. 1826.
tubero'sum (tuberous). l. Purple. June. 1821.
BRACTE. A leafy appendage to the
flower or its stalk, and not inaptly called
the floral leaf. The most familiar ex-
ample is the pale green, oblong one at-
tached to the flower-stalk of the Lime-
tree (Ti'lia Europafa).
BRAKE. Pte'ris.
BRAMBLE. Eu'lits.
BRANCHING ANNUAL STOCK. Malco'-
mia mari'tima.
BRASSA'VOLA. (Named after A. M.
Brassavola, a Venetian botanist. Nat.
ord., Orchids [Orchidacese]. Linn., 20-
Gynandria I-Honogynia.}
Stove orchids. Divisions ; best grown on block*
of wood, but will do in peat, crocks, and sphag-
num. Summer temp., 70 to 90, and moist ;
winter, 55 to 65, and dry.
B. angusta'ta (narrowed). Yellowish-green. June.
Demerara.
corda'ta (heart-Zipped). 1. White, green. May.
Brazil.
cuculla'ta (hooded). $. Purple and white.
June. W. Ind. 1790.
cuspida' t a (spear-Zipped). 4. White. March.
Trinidad. 1839.
Digbia'na (Mr. Digby's). f . Yellow, white,
and purple. July. Honduras. 1844.
e'legans (elegant). Lilac. Antigua.
glau'ca (milky-green), l . Yellow. March.
Vera Cruz. 1837.
grandiflo'ra (large-flowered). White. March.
Honduras. 1838.
Una a' t a (line-leaved). Light yellow. S.
Amer. 1850,
BRA
[ 132 ]
BRI
JG. Zlariia'nz (Dr. Marlins's). 1. White. March.
Berhice. 1838.
nodo'sa (knotty). 1. Yellowish-green. Oc-
tober. Mexico. 1833.
Perri'nii (Perriu's). 1. Green. September.
Rio Janeiro. 1831.
retu'sa (end-notched). White, green. March.
Maracaybo.
tubercula'ta (knobbed). . White. July.
Botaf Bay. 1827.
veno'sa (veiny-lipped). 1. White. March.
Honduras. 1839.
BRA'SSIA. (Named after Mr. Brass, a
botanical traveller. Nat. ord,, Orckids
[Orchidaceae]. Linn., 20-Gynandria 1-
Stove orchids. Divisions ; rough turf, in pots,
well drained. Those from Guatimala require less
heat than those from the West Indies ; water
freely when growing, but $uve little when at rest.
Temp, same as for Brassa'vola.
B. angu'sta (nwnovi-flou>ered}. Yellow. Octo-
ber. Brazil. 1839.
arista' ta (awned). Yellow, brown. August.
Guatimala. 1SU.
bi'dens (two-toothed). Brown, yellow. May.
Brazil. 1812.
brachia'ta (opposite-branched). 2. Yellowish-
green and brown. September. Guati-
mala. 1843.
cauda'tu (long-tailed). 1. Yellow and brown.
February. W. Ind. 1823.
CVoH>e'su(Clowes's). Brown, yellow. August.
Brazil. 184-1.
cochlea' ta (spoon-lipped) . 1. Green, brown.
April. Demerara. 1834.
gutta'ta (blotched). Green, yellow. August.
Guatimala. 1843.
Lancea'na (Lance's), . Yellow-brown
spotted. January. Surinam. 1813.
-- viridiflo'ra (green-flowered), f. Green.
March. Demerara. 1833.
Lawrencea'na (Mrs. Lawrence's). 1. Yellow,
brown. April. Brazil. 1839.
macrosta'chya (long-spiked). 2. Green,
brown. Demerara.
macula' ta (spotted-flowered). 1. Yellow-red
spotted. April. Jamaica. 1806.
pu'mila (dwarf). Yellow, purple. 1844.
Peruvia'nn (Peruvian). 1. Yellow, green.
April. 1844.
verruco'sa (warty-lipped). Green and brown.
March. Guatimala.
Wra'ya: (Mrs. Wray's). Yellow, green. Gua-
timala, 1840.
BRA'SSICA. Cabbage. (From bresic,
the Celtic name for Cabbage. Nat. ord.,
Crucifers [Brassicaceee]. Linn., 15-Te-
tradynamia.)
Seeds, chiefly spring and autumn; but at all
intermediate periods during summer, according
as the produce is wanted young ; deep, rich,
loamy soil. We shall only mention the specific
names of the most useful, the cultivation of each
of which will be found under its common name.
B. na'pa-bra'ssica. Turnip-cabbage.
na'pus, Rape.
olera'cea. Cabbage.
fimbria'ta. Borecole.
cauliflo'ra. Cauliflower.
botry'tis. Brocoli.
cau'lo-ra'pa. Kohl Eabi.
BRAVO' A. (Named after Bravo, a
Mexican botanist. Nat. ord., Amaryllids
[Amaryllidacese]. Linn., Q-Hcxandria 1-
Monogynia. )
A pretty Mexican small bulb, requiring slight
protection in winter, or the greenhouse-culture of
Ixias. Offsets ; light, rich loam. Summer temp.,
60 to 80 ; winter, 45 to 55.
JB. geminiflo'ra (twin-flowered). Red. July*
Mexico. 1841.
BRAZIL-NUT. Bertholle'tia.
BRAZIL-WOOD. Ccesalpi'nia Brasilie'nsis.
BREAD-FRUIT. Artoca'rpns.
BREAD-NUT. Bro'slmum.
BREAD-ROOT. Psora' lea escuh'nta.
BREAKING. A tulip's flower is broken
when it lias attained its permanent
colours. A bulbous root is said to break
when its foliage begins to be thrust forth ;
and a bud breaks when it bursts, to allow
the expansion of the leaves or flowers.
BREAST-WOOD. The shoots which grow
out directly from the front of branches
trained as espaliers, or against walls.
BREMONTIE'RA. (Named after M.
Bremontier. Nat. ord., Leguminous Plants
[Fabacesej. Linn., 17 ' -Liaddphia 4-Z>e-
candria. Allied to Hedysarum.)
Stove evergreen shrub. Cuttings in sand, under
a glass, in heat; fibry loam and peat, with a
little sand. Summer temp., 60 to 75; winter,
50 to 55.
B. ammo'xylon (sand-wood). 4. Purple. Mau-
ritius. 1826.
BRE'XIA. (From brexls, rain ; in refer-
ence to the protection from rain given
by the large leaves of some of the species.
Nat. ord., Brexiads [Brexiacese]. Linn.,
5-Pentandria 1-Monogyn ia. )
Stove evergreen trees. Half-ripened shoots in
sand, under a bell-glass, in bottom-heat ; sandy
peat, and a third loam. Summer temp., 60 to
75 ; winter, 50 to 55.
B. chrysophy'lla (golden-leaved). 30. Mauri-
tius. 1820.
Madagascarie'nsis (Madagascar). 30. Green.
June. Madagascar 1812.
spino'sa (thorny). 30. Green. June. Ma-
dagascar. 1812.
BRICKS. As the gardener often may
want to know how many bricks will be
needed for an intended structure, it
will be a guide to know that all bricks
sold in England were required by statute
(17 G-eo. III., c. 42) to be eight and a
half inches long, four inches wide, and
two and a half inches thick. Pantiles,
by the same authority, were required to
be thirteen and a half inches long, nine
and a half inches wide, and half an inch
thick. But as the duty is now taken off
these articles, we hope to see them made
BTJ
[ 133 ]
BEI
larger, and of various forms, so as to re-
duce the amount of bricklayers' labour,
which is one of the most costly items in
thrt construction of garden-buildings.
BEIDGES, says Mr. "Whateley, are in-
consistent with the nature of a lake, but
characteristic of a river. They are, on
that account, used to disguise the termi-
nation of the former ; but the deception
has been so often practised that it no
longer deceives, and a bolder aim at the
same effect will now be more successful.
If the end can be turned just out of
sight, a bridge at some distance raises a
'belief, while the water beyond it removes
every doubt of the continuation of the
river. The supposition immediately oc-
curs, that if a disguise had been intended,
the bridge would have been placed further
hack, and the disregard thus shown to
one deception gains credit for the other.
As a bridge is not a mere appendage
to a river, but a kind of property which
denotes its character, the connexion be-
tween them must be attended to. From
the want of it, the single wooden arch,
once much in fashion, seemed generally
misplaced. Elevated, without occasion,
so much above it, it was totally detached
from the river, and often seen straggling
in the air without a glimpse of the water
to account for it ; and the ostentation of
it, as an ornamental object, diverted all
that train of ideas which its use as a
communication might suggest. The
vastness of Walton Bridge cannot, with-
out affectation, be mimicked in a garden
where the magnificent idea of inducting
the Thames under one arch is wanting;
and where the structure itself, reduced
to a narrow scale, retains no pretension
to greatness. Unless the situation makes
such a height necessary, or the point of
view be greatly above it, or wood or
aising ground, instead of sky, behind it,
lall up the vacancy of the arch, it seems
an effort without a cause, forced and
preposterous.
The vulgar footbridge of planks, only
guarded on one hand by a common rail,
and supported by a few ordinary piles, is
often more proper. It is perfect as a
communication, because it pretends to
nothing further; it is the utmost sim-
plicity of cultivated nature; and, if the
banks from which it starts he of a
moderate height, its elevation preserves
it from meanness. No other species
of bridge so effectually characterizes a
river. It seems too plain for an orna-
ment, too obscure for a disguise ; it must
be for use, it can be a passage only.
It is, therefore, spoiled if adorned ; it is
disfigured if only painted of any other
than a dusky colour. But, being thus
incapable of all decoration and import-
ance, it is often too humble for a great,
and too simple for an elegant, scene. A
stone bridge is generally more suitable
to either; but in that, also, an extraor-
dinary elevation is seldom becoming, un-
less the grandeur compensates for the
distance at which it leaves the water
below.
A gentle rise and easy sweep more
closely preserve the relation. A certain
degree of union should also he formed
between the banks and the bridge, that
it may seem to rise out of the hanks, not
barely to be imposed upon them. It
ought not, generally, to swell much above
their level; the parapet-wall should be
brought down near to the ground, or end
against some swell ; and the size and the
uniformity of the abutments should be
broken by hillocks or thickets about
them. Every expedient should be used
to mark the connexion of the building,
both with the ground from which it starts,
and the water which it crosses.
In wild and romantic scenes may be
introduced a ruined stone "bridge, of
which some arches may be still stand-
ing; and the loss of those which have
fallen may be supplied by a few planks,
with a rail thrown over the vacancy. It
is a picturesque object it suits the situ-
ation and the antiquity of the passage.
The care taken to keep it still open,
though the original huilding is decayed,
the apparent necessity which thence re-
sults for a communication, give it an
imposing air of reality.
BRILLANTA'ISIA. (In honour of M.
Brillaint. Nat. ord., Acanthads [Acan-
thaceee]. Linn., 2-Diandria 1-Monogy-
nia.)
Stove evergreen. For culture, see BARLB'BIA.
B. Owarie'nsis (Owarian). 3. Purple. March.
Western Africa. 1853.
BEINING. See STEEPING.
BBI'ZA. (From ftrizo, to nod. Nat.
ord., Grasses [Graminacese]. Linn., 8-
Triandria 2-Digynia.)
This genus includes our Quaking-grass, or
Lady's-tresses, B. ma'xima and mi'nor. These,
with the two others we here enumerate, are the
only ones having any pretensions to being orna-
mental. Seed in early spring; common soil.
BKO
r 134 i
BRO
B. Clu'sil (Clusius's). l. Apetal. June. South
Europe. 1820.
ma'xima (greatest). l. Apetal. June. South
Europe. 1633.
mi'nor (smaller). . Apetal. July. England.
ru'bra (red). 1. Apetal. June. South
Europe. 1820.
BROADCAST is a mode of sowing now
rapidly falling into disuse in the garden
as well as in the field. It has no one
advantage over sowing in drills, except
that the work of sowing is done more
expeditiously. Subsequently, the saving
is all on the side of the drill-system. (See
DRILLING.) We know of no sowing where
the broadcast-mode is preferable, except
in the case of grass-seeds upon lawns,
and small seed-beds. The operation of
broadcast-sowing is thus performed:
Take up the seed in portions in the
hand, and disperse it by a horizontal
movement of the arm to the extent of
a semicircle, opening the hand at the
same time, and scattering the seeds in
the air, so as they may fall as equally
as possible over the breadth taken in
by the sower at once, and which is
generally six feet, that being the dia-
meter of the circle in which the hand
moves through half the circumference.
In sowing broadcast on the surface of
his beds, and in narrow strips or borders,
the seeds are dispersed, between the
thumb .and fingers, by horizontal move-
ments of the hand in segments of smaller
circles.
BROCOLI. (Bra'ssicaolera'cea botry'tis.}
Varieties. Mr. Thomson, of the Chis-
wiek Gardens, has published the follow-
ing list of these, with their synonymes,
or other names, by which they are known.
Those marked with an * we consider the
most desirable :
PURPLE OR GREEN BROCOLI.
1. *Early Purple Cape. Synonymes,
Grange's Early Cape, Purple Silesian,
Purple Sicilian, Blue Cape, Violet, Nain
Hatif of the French. Comes into use
during September, and until January.
Sow the first and third week in April,
and second week in June.
2. * Green Cape. Syn., Hardy Cape,
Late Cape, Autumnal Cape, Improved
Cape, Maher's Hardy Cape. Comes into
use in October and November. This
may be sown about the middle of April
and the middle of June.
3. Green Close-headed. Syn., Late
Green, Late Hardy Green, Dwarf Ro-
man, Siberian, Late Green Siberian.
From November to the end of February.
Sow about the second or third week in
April.
4. Sprouting. Syn., Italian Sprout-
ing, Grange's Early Purple Sprouting,
Early Branching, Lisbon Autumn Sprout-
ing, North's Early Purple. Very hardy,,
and in use from November to April, it'
sown at different periods from April to
the end of June.
5. Danish, or Late Green. Syn.,
Dwarf Danish, Late Danish. Very
hardy ; produce in April and May ; best
suited for standing severe winters. Sow
about the second or third week in April.
6. *Late Dwarf Purple. Syn., Dwarf
Danish, Purple Cockscomb, Dwarf Swe-
dish, Late Purple, Italian Purple, Dwarf
Hardy Siberian, Dwarf Close-headed
Purple. Very hardy, coming into use in
May. Sow this and the next about the
same time as the preceding.
7. Dwarf Brown. Syn., Late Danish,
Late Dantzic, Late Brown, Lewisbam
Brown. Very hardy, from March to May.
SULPHUR.
8.*Portsmouth. Syn., Cream-coloured,
Belvidere, Southampton, Maher's New
Dwarf. In use during March and April,,
and is very hardy. Sow about the se-
cond or third week in April.
9. Sulphur. Syn., Brimstone, Late
Brimstone, Edinburgh Sulphur, Fine
Late Sulphur. In use during April and
May. Sow at the same time as the pre-
ceding.
WHITE.
10. *Grange's Early Cauliflower Bro-
coli. Syn., Cup-leaved, Hopwood's
Early White, Early Dwarf White, Invisi-
ble White, Bath White, Italian White,
Marshall's Early White, Blanc d'ltalie
of the French. In use from the end of
September to Christmas, if the weather
proves mild, and is the earliest of all the
White kinds. This and the next should
be sown at three different seasons, viz. r
about the first and third weeks in April,
and the second week in June.
11. Early White. Syn., Neathouse,
Devonshire White, Autumn White. Dif-
fers from the preceding, in being smaller
and much later. Season from November
to February, if the weather prove mild.
12. * Knight's Protecting. Thehardiest
and largest of all the White kinds. Its
season from March to the beginning of
May, if planted at different times. Sow
about the third week in April.
BED
[ .135 ]
BRO
13. Spring White. Syn., Close-leaved
White, Cauliflower Brocoli, Neapolitan
White, Naples White, Large Late White,
New Dwarf, Late White. In perfection
during the months of April and May;
not so hardy as the preceding, but very
desirable for late use. Sow at the same
time as the preceding.
14. White Danish is good, hardy, and
dwarf. Sown in mid-April, it is ready
the May following.
15. *Walchereii Brocoli. W T hite ; ex-
cellent. Sown the third week in April ;
in season from the end of August through-
out September. Sown in May, it is in
season during December and January.
Time and mode of Sowing. The times
for sowing the varieties are specified
under each ; but we will add that, for a
small family, we have found the follow-
ing sowings and varieties are sufficient
to keep up a supply from the beginning
of October to the end of May :
Sow Early Purple Cape and Grange's
Early Califlower Brocoli the second week
in April, and the first week in June. The
produce will be fit for table during Oc-
tober, and until the middle of December.
Sow Green Close-headed the first week
in April. The heads will be ready in
November, and until January ends. Sow
Dwarf Brown the second week in April.
It will be in production from February
to end of April. Sow Sulphur-coloured
and Spring White the second week of
April. Their heads will be ready during
the April and May following.
Each variety should be sown sepa-
rately, and the sowing performed thin ;
the beds not more than three or four feet
wide, for the convenience of weeding,
which must be performed as often as
weeds appear, as they are very inimical
to the growth of this vegetable. The
seed must not be buried more than half
an inch, and the beds be netted over, to
keep away the birds, which, especially
in showery weather, are very destructive.
Pricking out. The plants are fit for
pricking out when they are two or three
inches high. Do it during warm, showery
weather, and set them six inches apart
each way, and water every night until
they have taken root. They must have
four or five weeks' growth before they
are again moved, or not until they have
leaves nearly three inches in breadth.
Planting. 'When planted out, they
must be set, on an average, two feet
asunder each way ; in summer a little
wider, in autumn rathei closer. Water
to be given at the time of planting, and
occasionally afterwards until they are
established. During the droughts of
summer it may be given plentifully, with,
the greatest advantage. They must be
hoed between frequently, and the mould
drawn up about their stems.
Protection in Winter. To those crops
which have to withstand the winter in
the open air, salt is beneficially applied,
as it preserves them from being frosted
in the neck. This application preserves
their roots from being worm-eaten ; and
so does pouring soapsuds between the
rows, which application is also very be-
neficial to the plants. The salt should
be sown over the bed, in a dry day, in
autumn, at the rate of ten bushels to the
acre.
To preserve the winter-standing crops
from destruction by severe weather, a
small trench is made, in the first week of
November, at the north end of each row,
in which the adjoining plant is laid so
low, with its head towards the north,
that the centre of its stem at the top is
just level with the surface of the ground,
the root being scarcely disturbed; it is
then immediately watered, and its roots
covered with more mould. Thus every
plant is in succession reclined ; and, in a
few days, it is scarcely perceptible that
they have been thus treated, though it
certainly checks their growth. Before
the arrival of snow, a small hillock
must be raised round each plant, to sup-
port its leaves, and prevent their being
broken. If snow accompanies severe
frost, advantage should be taken of it,
and the plants be heaped over with it,
which will afford them an effectual pro-
tection.
To obtain Seed. Such plants of each
variety must be selected, in March or
April, as most perfectly agree with their
peculiar characteristics, and are not par-
ticularly forward in advancing for ssead.
As the stems run up, some gardeners
recommend the leaves to be taken away ;
but this must be injurious. Mr. Wood,
of Queensferry, N.B., is particularly
careful that no foliage appears on the
surface of the head. He always lifts*
his plants, and plants them in another
bed, watering them abundantly, as this,
he finds, prevents their degenerating or
producing proud seed; and, when the
BKO
[ 136 ]
BRO
head begins to open, he cuts out its
centre, and leaves only four or fivo of
the outside shoots for bearing'. The
Sulphur - coloured he always finds the
most difficult to obtain saed from. As
the branches spread, four or six stakes
should be placed at equal distances
round each plant, and hooped round with
string, to support them, and prevent their
breaking. When the pods begin to form,
water should be given repeatedly, and
occasionally some thrown over the whole
plant, which tends to prevent mildew.
Before the pods begin to change colour,
those from the extremity of every shoot
must be taken away, as these yield seeds
which produce plants very apt to run to
seed without heading; and, by an early
removal, the others are benefited. The
branches ought to be gathered as soon
as the pods upon them ripen. Different
kinds must never be planted near each
other, or they will reciprocally be crossed.
The seed ripens in August or September,
and it is often recommended to preserve
it in the pod until wanted; but the
general practice is to beat it out, and
store it as soon as perfectly dry.
BRODLK'A. (Named after J. J. Brodic,
a Scotch cryptogamist. Nat. ord., Lily-
worts [Liliaceee]. Linn., 3-Triandria 1-
Monogynia. Allied to Allium.)
Frame or half-hardy small bulbs, requiring the
same treatment as Ixias. Offsets; sandy peat.
Summer temp., 50 to 70; winter, 40.
B. Califo'rnica (Californian). Pale brown. July.
California. 1848.
conge'sta (crowded). 1. Blue. July. Georgia.
1806.
grandijlo'ra (large-flowered). l. Blue. N.
Amer. 1806.
BROMK'LIA. (Named after Bromel, a
Swedish botanist. Nat. ord., Bromel-
ivorts [Bromeliacese]. Linn., 6-Hexan-
dria \-Monogynia. Belated to the Pine
Apple.)
Stove herbaceous perennials. Suckers ; rich,
lumpy soil, well drained. Summer temp., 60 to
85, with moisture ; winter, 50 to 60, dryish.
JB. bractea'ta (rerf-bracted). 2. Pink. Sep-
tember. Jamaica. 1/85.
chrysa'ntha (golden - flowered), 2. Blue.
Caraccas. 1819.
crue'nta (bloody). 2. Blue, white, August.
Rio Janeiro. 1824.
di'scolor (two-coloured). Pink. April. South
Europe.
fastuo'sa, (proud). 4. Purple. August. S.
Amer. 1815.
iiu'milis (low), l. Pink. March. 176Q.
Kara' tax (Karatiis). 2. Pink. W. Ind. 1/39.
~ Kngvla'ta (tongue-feat'ea). i. Yellow. May.
S. Amer. 1/5Q.
B. Plnguin (Pinguin). 3. Red. March. W.
Ind. 1690.
sylne'siris (wood). 3. Crimson. July. S.
Amer. 1820.
BROMHEA'DIA. (Named after Sir E.
F. Bromficad, Bart. Nat. ord., Orchids
[Orchidacese]. Linn., 2Q-Gynandria 1-
Monandria. Allied to Ausellia.)
Stove orchid. Offsets ; broken pots, moss, and
sandy, fibry peat ; set the pot in a pan, and keep
this rilled with water. Summer temp., 60 to
90 ; winter, 55 to GO .
B. palu'.-tris (marsh). 3. White, yellow, and
purple. June. Sumatra. 1640.
BROKGNIA'RTIA. (Named after B ron 17-
niart, a French botanist. Nat. ord.,
Leguminous Plants [Fabaceae]. Linn.,
17-DiadeIphia 4^-Decandria.~)
In relation with such plants as Colutea and
Clianthus. Greenhouse evergreen under-shrubs.
Cuttings in sand, under a bell-glass, of young
shoots, but firm at the base; sandy loam and
fibry peat. Summer temp., 50 to 00; winter,
40 to 45.
B. Podalyrioi'des (Podalyria-like). 1. Flesh.
September. North of Spain. 1827.
seri'cea (silky). Purple. Mexico. 1843.
BROOM. See BESOM.
BROOM. Spa'rtium and Cy'tisus spino'-
sus.
BROOM (SPANISH). Geni'staHispa'mca.
BROOM-CYPRESS. Ko'chia scopa'ria.
BROOM-RAPE. Oroba'-nche.
BRO'SIMUM. Bread-nut. (From Iro-
simos, edible, or good to eat; the fruit
being edible. Nat. ord., Atrocarpads
[Atrocarpaceae]. Linn., 23 - Poly garni a
2-Dicecia.)
The far-famed Cow-tree of South America
(Oalactode'ndron'), whose milky juice is as rich
and wholesome as the milk of the cow, is Bro'si-
mum u'tile. Another species, B. alica'stnim,
produces nuts, which are roasted and eaten as
bread ; and a third species produces the beauti-
fully-marked wooii, called snake-wood. Its
gummy juice is also made into India rubber.
Stove evergreen shrubs and tree. Cuttings of ripe
wood, in a hotbed; rich, fibry loam. Summer
temp., 60 to 75; winter, 50 to 55.
B. alica' strum (alicastrum). 6. Apetal. Ja-
maica. 1/76.
spu'rium (spurious-milkwood). 6. Apetal.
Jamaica. 178Q.
u'tile (useful. Cow-tree). 50. Caraccas. 182Q.
BROUGHTO'NIA. (Named after Mr.
Rroughlon, an English botanist. Nat.
ord., Orchids [Orchidacese]. Linn., 20-
Gynandria \-Monandria.}
Stove orchids ; division. These maybe grown
in crocks and fibry peat, the plant raised above
the pot, but best on blocks without moss, being
near a roof; high, moist temperature in summer ;
cooler and drier in winter. Summer temp., <3U
to 85 ; winter, 55 to 65.
Liar j
BfiU
ZJ. ciu'rea (golden}. Yellow, reel. Uarch. Mexico.
lS3t>.
ni'tida (glossy). l. Red. June. E.Ind. 182-4.
sangui'nKii (bloo'l-ciiltiurcd). 14. Crimson.
August. Jamaica- 179-T.
BROUSSONE'TIA. ( Named after Brotts-
sonet, a French naturalist. Nat. ord.,
illorads, or Mulberries [Moracea?-] . Linn.,
22-Dicecia 4,-Tetrandria. )
In general aspect there is nothing to distinguish
it from a mulberry-tree ; but it is less hardy.
Hardy trees ; suckers and cuttings of ripened
wood, inserted in autumn, and seeds sown when
lipe, or kept over to the following April ; good,
conv.non soil.
. . papiiri'fera (paper-bearing). 12. June.
Japan. 1/51.
cuculla'ta (cowl- leaved}. 12. February.
French variety. 1824.
disse'cta ( cut-lea ved) . 1 847.
fru'ctu-a'lbo( white-fruited}. 12. August.
macropky'Ua (large-leaved j.
variegn'ta (var.egated-^ntvcZ). 1846.
spatulaJta (spat-alate-&?a0f)' 12. June.
Japan. 1 824.
BBOWAUVU. (Named af t r J. Bm-
wallius, bishop of Abo. Nat. ord., Fi<j-
worls [Scrophulariacea;]. Linu., 1-i-
Didynamta 2-Anyio*p<!rin ia.}
Greenhouse annuals; scads sown in a mild
heat, in March ; p >ueda:id re-potted, and kept in
the greenhouse during a immer; light, rich soil.
B. demi'ssa (low), f . Blue. August. S. Auicr.
1/35.
elti'ta (tall), ij. Blue. August. Peru. 3768.
elongn'ta (elongated). l. Blue, white. July.
grandiflo'ra (large-flowered). 2. Light yellow.
June. Peru. 1329.
Jameso'ni (Jameson's). 4. Orange. June.
New Grenada. 1850.
specio'sa (showj-fiotvered). 'J.. Purple. Sep-
tember. Quindiu. 1845.
BRO'WNEA. ^ Named after Dr. Brown.
Nat. ord., Leguminous Plants [Fabacese].
Linn., 16-Monadelphia Q-Dccandria. Al-
lied to Csesalpinia and Amherstia.)
Stove evergreen shrubs. Cuttings of ripe wood
in sand, under a glass, and placed in a strong
bottom-heat; peat and loam. Summer temp.,
4iO to 85 ; winter, 50 to 55.
33. Ari'za (Ariza). Red. Bogota. 1343.
cocci'nea (scarlet). 6. Scarlet. July. W.
Ind. 1/93.
gra'ndiceps (large-headed). 6. Red. Carac-
cas. 1829.
latif'i'lia (broad-leaved). 6. Scarlet. Trinidad.
1824.
racemo'sa (clustered). 6. Rose. Caraccas.
1826.
ro'sca (rosy). 8. Crimson. July. Trinidad.
1828.
BROWNLOW'IA. (Named after Lady
Broicnlow. Nat. ord., Lindcnlloorns [Ti-
liaceae]. Linn., IQ-Polyandria 1-Mono-
[jynia. Allied to Grewia.)
Stove tree. -Cuttings of ripe shoots in heat ;
neb., leamy soil. Summer temp., 60 to 75;
Winter, 43 to 55.
B. data ('tali:. 60. Yellow. E. Ind. 1820.
BROW; TAILED MOTH. Porlhesia.
Bmj'cjiA. (Named after Bruce, the
j African traveller. Nat. ord., Quassiads
J [Sknarubacete]. Linn., %2-Dicecia 4-Te-
j trundria.)
I This genus possesses that intense bitter, for
j vr'.iich Quassia, the head of this small order, has
j li>n>j; been celebrated. Stove evergreen shrubs.
i Ripened cuttings in sand, under a glass, in hot-
I toai-heat. Summer ternp., 6oto 75; winter, 55.
B. ferrugi'neu (r 'usty-osA- 1 caved). 5- Green. April.
Abyssinia. " 1/75.
gra'cilis (slender). 6. Yellow, green. E.Ind.
1820.
Sumatra'na (Sumatra). 6. Green. May. E.
Ind. 1820.
BRUCHUS. A genus of small beetles,
which confine their depredations chiefly
to the seeds of leguminous plants.
Bruchus yranarius. The Grain Beetle.
! Every one who is acquainted with the
i seeds of the pea and the bean must .have
! noticed that in many of them were small v
!
round holes ; and these occasionally are
so numerous as to spoil the sample, and,
indeed, render the seeds totally valueless
for sowing; for not one of those thus
pierced but would produce either a weak,
unhealthy plant, or not vegetate at all.
Those holes in the " worm-eaten" peas
and beans are made by a small beetle
{Bruchus gnoiariits}, produced from a
grub, or caterpillar, which has eaten
away the vital parts of the seed; and,
when it has passed through the chrysalis
state, and given birth to this beetle, the
latter makes the hole in order to escape
into the open air, there to perpetrate
more mischief upon the growing crops.
The body of the beetle is a dull brown;
but the elytree, or wing-covers, are black,
dotted with white, but scarcely percepti-
bly so, unless magnified, as in our draw-
ing. Naturally it is the size of the smaller
figure; that is, scarcely two lines long.
The antenna?, or feelers, are eleven-
jointed, black, and thinnest near the
BEU
[138]
BRU
head, where they are also tinged with
red. The head droops, the eyes are
prominent, the fore-legs are rusty- co
loured. This little heetle may be founc
upon various flowers during seven
months of the year. In February it may
be found on the furze-blossom, in June
upon the white-thorn, and in July anc
August upon the spiraea and rhubarb
flowers. The female pierces through the
pod of the pea and bean whilst very
young, and often deposits an egg in each
seed. Probably the best mode of destroy-
ing this insect would be to subject the
seed, as soon as harvested, for some
hours, until thoroughly heated, to a tern
perature of 150. This, we think, would
kill the grubs without injuring the seed.
Bruchus ater. The Furze Beetle. This
little insect is shown in the annexed cut
of its natural size, as well as magnified.
It is black, with its elytra (wing-cases)
marked with lines and lighter- coloured
dots; antennae (feelers) divided into
eleven joints. The females, in February,
deposit their eggs in the germs, or young
seed- vessels,of the winter-blooming furze ;
and the same insects may be found again,
in June, similarly employed upon the sum-
mer-blooming furze. The grub hatched
from her eggs lives upon the seeds ; and
every one who has noticed this plant
must be aware that its ripe seed-vessels
often contain nothing but a little rough
powder a powder which is the refuse of
the seeds destroyed by the grub of this
insect. Another member of this family of
beetles, Bruchus pisi, is greatly destruc-
tive to the pea crops. It is a small,
brownish beetle, usually found at the
time the plants are in flower, and depo-
siting eggs in the tender seeds of legu-
minous plants, and sometimes in dif-
ferent kinds* of corn. In these the
larva a small, white, fleshy grub finds
both a suitable habitation and an abund-
ance of foo'd. It undergoes all its trans-
formations in the seed; and the perfect
insect remains in it till the spring,
though in fine autumns the perfect in-
sects appear at that season also. The
larvaj possess the singular instinct of
never attacking the vital part of the seed
till the last. We have ofttn observed the
seed-pots of Ghorozema, und other deli-
cate and scarce leguminous plants in
greenhouses, pierced by the Bruchus pisi.
The more effectual remedy is to pull up
and burn the haulm and pods altogether,
and not attempt to get a crop at all.
Cottage Gardener, i. and iii.
BRUGMA'NSIA. (This genus is united
to Datura.)
BRUISE. See CANKER.
BRU'NIA. (Named after C. Brun, a
traveller in the Levant. Nat. ord., Bru-
niads [Bruniaceeej. Linn., o-Pentandria
\-Monogynia.)
Greenhouse evergreen shrubs and under-shrubs,
from the Cape of Good Hope. Cuttings of young-
shoots in sand, under a hand-light, in summer;
sandy peat. Summer temp., 50 to 65; winter,
38 to 45.
n. como'sa (tufted). 3. White. July. 1320.
e'legans (elegant). 2. White. July. 1817.
ericoi'des (heath-like). 3. White. July. 1-804.
formo'sa (handsome). 2. White. 1817.
globo'sa( globe-like). 2. White. July. 1816.
Ice' vis (smooth). 2. White. July. 1322.
inacrophy'lla (large-leaved). 1. White. July.
1815.
nodifiufra (knot-flowered). 6. White. July.
1786.
plumo'sa (feathery). 2. White. July. 1924.
squarro'sa (broad-spreading). 2. White. July.
1820.
supefrba (superb). 4. White. June. 1/91.
verticilla'ta (whorled-). 3. White. July. 1794.
BRUNNI'CHIA. (Named after Brunnich,
a Danish botanist. Nat. ord., Buckwheats
"PolygonaceseJ. Linn., IQ-JDecandria 2-
Greenhouse evergreen climber. Cuttinjrs root
reely ; fibry loam, with a little sand. Summer
emp., 60 to 70 ; winter, 38 to 45.
B. cirrAo / *a(tendrillcd). 6. Pink. July. Carolina.
1787.
BRUNO'NIA. (Named after Dr. Brown,
he celebrated English botanist. Nat.
>rd., Brunoniads [Brunoniaceje]. Lin-
ntean class and order uncertain.)
Dr. Brown himself, and other great authorities,
iave been, and still are, in doubts as to the true
losition and affinity of the solitary genus of
i'hich this order is composed. Herbaceous per-
nnial. Seeds and divisions ; sandy loam and
BSU
[139]
BUD
fihry peat. It requires the protection of a frame j
or greenhouse in winter, being neat and fragrant. j
B. austra'lis (southern), 1. Blue. N. Holland, j
1834.
BRUNSFE'LSIA. (Named after Bruns-
fcls, a German physician. Nat. ord., Fig-
worts [Scrophulariacese]. Linn., 14--D*-
dynamia 2-Anyiospermia. Allied to Sal-
piglossis.)
We have added Francisce'a to this genus.
Stove evergreen shrubs. Cuttings in sandy soil,
in a moist heat ; rich, lumpy, fibry soil. Summer
temp., 60 to 75 ; winter, 50 to 55.
B. acumina'ta (taper-pointed-t'eaoed). 2. Purple.
April. Bio Janeiro.
America'na (American). 4. Pale yellow. June.
W. Ind. 1735.
angustifo'lia (narrow-leaved). 4. Pale
yellow. July. W. Ind.
latifo'lia (broad-leaved). 4. Pale yellow.
June. W. Ind.
angu'sta (narrow-teamed) 2. Purple. April.
calyci'na (large-calyxed). 2. Pale purple.
June. Brazil. 1850.
exi'mia (choice). 2. Purple. June. Brazil.
1847.
gra'cilis ^slender). 2. Pale cream. June.
1847-
hydrangecefo'rmis (hydrangea-like). 4. Purple.
April. Brazil. 1840.
latifo'lia (broad-leaved). 4. Purple. April.
Rio Janeiro. 1840.
LocMa'rtti(Lockhart's). Purple. April. W.
Ind. 1840.
monta'na (mountain). 4. White. July. S.
Amer. 1820.
niftida (shining).
Jamaice'nsis (Jamaica). 5. Yellow. June.
Jamaica. 1844.
Pohlia'na (Pohli's). Blue, \vhite). April.
Brazil. 1840.
undula'ta (wave- flowered). 4. White. June.
Jamaica. 1820.
uniflo'ra (one-flowered). 3. White, purple.
July. Brazil. 1826.
viola'cea (violet-coloured). 3. Livid. July.
W. Ind. 1815.
BRUNSVI'GIA. (Named after the noble
house of Brunswick. Nat. ord., Amaryl-
lids [Amaryllidacese]. Linn., Q-Hexan
dria 1-Monogynia.)
This genus bears the same relation to Amaryllis
which Azalea does to Rhododendron. It is a
well-marked section of Amaryllis itself, when
divested of "the mass of discordant plants ac-
cumulated under that name." Herbert. Half-
hardy bulbs, from the Cape of Good Hope. Off-
sets ; loam and fibry peat ; either in greenhouse
or in a warm situation out of doors, where the
bulbs, being planted deep, are secure from frost
and from wet by coverings, such as glazed sashes
or tarpauling ; or the bulbs may be taken up at
the approach of winter, and stored.
3. cilia'ris (hair-fringed). 1. Black. August.
1752.
Corafntea (Coranic poison-bulb'). 1, Pink.
September. 1815.
pa'llida (pale-flowered). 1. Pale. Sep-
tember. 1826.
di'sticha (two-rowed). 1. Red. 1823.
falca'ta (sickle-team*). J. Red. May. 177-1.
B. grandiflo'ra (large-flowered). 1. Pink. Au-
gust. 1827.
Josephi'nce (Josephine's). l. Scarlet. July.
1814.
mi'nor (smaller). 1. Scarlet. July. 1814.
stria'ta (streaked). 1$. Scarlet. July.
1823.
lu'cida (shining). 1. Pink. August. 1818.
margina'ta (red-margined). 1. Scarlet. Sep-
tember. 1795.
mi'nor (smaller), f . Pink. July. 1822.
multiflo'ra (many-flowered). 1. Red. July.
1752.
ra'dula (rasp-leaved). $. Red. June. 1790.
stria'ta (channeled). . Pink. July. 1823.
toxica'ria (poison- bulb). 1. Pink. October.
1774.
BRUSSELS SPROUTS. See Borecole.
BRY'A. (From bryo, to germinate ; the
seeds, at times, sprouting in the pod.
Nat. ord., Leguminous Plants [Fabacese].
Linn., IQ-Monadelphia 6-Decandria. Al-
lied to Hedysarum.)
Stove evergreen shrubs. Seeds and cuttings in
hotbed; rich, fibry loarn. Summer temp., 60 to
85 ; winter, 50 to 55.
B. e'benus (Jamaica ebony). 12. Yellow, green.
July. Jamaica. 1713.
Leone'nsis (Sierra Leone). 12. Yellow, green.
Sierra Leone. 1824.
BRYA'NTHUS. See Henzie'sia.
BRYOPHY'LLUM CALYCI'NUM. A species-
of House-Leek, chiefly regarded as a
curiosity ; hut a single leaf laid down ori
a damp surface will throw out young
plants all round its margin. Being a
native of the East Indies, it requires n,
summer temperature, 60 to 85 ; winter,
50 to 60.
BU'CTDA. Olive Bark -tree. (From
bons, an ox ; in reference to the fruit
being like an ox's horn. Nat. ord., My-
robolans [Combretacese]. Linn., 10-De-
candria 2-Digynia.)
B. bu'ceras furnishes bark for tanning. Stove-
tree. Cuttings of young, firm wood, in sand^
over sandy peat, and in a moist bottom-heat ;
loam, and rough, sandy peat. Summer temp.,
60 to 85 ; winter, 55 to 60.
B. bu'ceras (ox's-horn). 25. Yellow, white.
August. Jamaica. 1793.
BUCK-BEAN. Menya'nthes.
BUCKLER MUSTARD. Biscute 'lla.
BUCKTHORN. Rha'mnns.
BUCKWHEAT. Poly'gomim fayopy'rum.
BUCKWHEAT -TREE. Myloca'ryum.
BUD. The buds are organized parts
of a plant, of an oval, round, or conical
form, and containing the rudiments of
future branches, leaves, and flowers,,
which remain without breaking, on pro-
ducing them, until circumstances favour
their development. The same buds, ac-
cordingly, as circumstances vary, produce
either flowers or leaves. Buds spring:
BUD
[140]
BUD
from the alburnum, to which they are
always connected by central vessels.
Buds are formed, at first, only in the axils
of leaves, that is, in the angle between
the leaf and- the branch; but, if these
buds are destroyed, what are termed
adventitious or latent buds are formed,
yet chiefly in the neighbourhood of the
regular buds.
BUDDING is the art of making a bud
unite to the stem or branch (then called
the stock) of another tree or shrub, in-
dependently of its parent. The object
thus attained is a rapid multiplication of
that parent, and, in the case of seedlings,
an earlier production of fruit than if the
buds were left upon the parent. Deli-
cate kinds are strengthened by being
worked, as it is technically termed, upon
more robust stocks, as when a tender
vine is budded on the Syrian, and the
Double Yellow Eose upon the common
China. Variegated roses often lose their
distinctive marks if grown upon their
own roots. Some roses, budded upon the
common briar, afford finer flowers than
upon their own stems. Buds from seed-
ling peaches and pears are earlier pro-
ductive, and produce finer fruit, if budded
upon a robust stock; but buds of the
pear, inserted earlier than the close of
August, produce branches, and not blos-
soms. Where the bud comes in contact
with the wood of the stock, a confused
line is visible, between which line and
the bark of the bud new wood is pro-
duced, having solely all the characteristics
of the parent of the bud. Buds of
almost every species succeed with most
certainty if inserted in shoots of the
same year's growth ; but the small wal-
nut-buds succeed best which are taken
from the base of the annual shoots,
where these join the year-old wood of
that from which the bud is taken. Buds
are usually two years later than grafts in
producing fruit ; but then every bud will
produce a new plant ; but each graft has
at least three upon it. Buds succeed
more readily than grafts; and, if a graft
inserted in the spring has failed, a bud
may succeed in the summer of the same
year. Buds are ready for removal when
their shield, or bark attached to them,
separates readily from the wood. This
is usually in July or August, and is inti-
mated by the buds being well- developed
on the axils of the present year's leaves.
Scallop-budding maybe done almost at
any season. Bucls should be taken from
the middle of the shoot; those from its
point are said to make wood too freely,
and those from the base to be more un-
excitable, and, consequently, less prompt
to vegetate.
Stocks for budding may be much
smaller than for grafting, even on the
same year's shoot. Several buds may be
inserted on older branches, and thus a
good head be obtained sooner. On stocks
of long-standing, scallop-budding is to
be adopted. Just after rain, and when
there is no violent wind, is a time to be
preferred for budding. Whatever mode
of budding is adopted, quickness in the
operation is indispensable ; for, if the
wound in the stock or that of the bud
becomes dry, the budding will fail. The
bark of the stock should be cut and raised
first, and, if possible, on its north side.
A piece of moist bast may be twisted
over the wound whilst the bud is prepar-
ing; and the moment this is done it
should be inserted, and the ligature put
on forthwith.
The following practical details of bud-
ding fruit-trees and roses details ap-
plicable to all other trees and flowering-
shrubs capable of being thus propagated
we have copied from the pages of The
Cottage Gardener :
If the bark does not rise well, that is,
does not part freely from the wood, the
buds will not succeed.
A good budding -knife is the first thing
to be provided : any respectable nursery-
man will furnish this.* Next, some
really good matting : we prefer the new
Cuba bast; but the finest of the ordinary
Russian mats will answer equally well,
perhaps better, provided the material is
very fine and very tough.
The bast must be cut into lengths,
and adapted to the size of the stocks, be
they what they may. A mere novice
may soon determine the length necessary,
by twisting a piece round any twig of
similar size, as in the act of budding.
Before describing the process itself, it
will be well to speak of the condition of
* The best budding instrument we have ever
eeen is made by Mr. Turner, Neepsend, Sheffield.
It has a budding-knife at one end, and a grooved
hook at the other end. This hook being inserted
in the T cut made with the knife, keeps it open,
and allows the bud to be slipped easily down the
croove into its place. It really supplies the
fcuddcr with a third hand.
BUD
[HI]
BUD
the stocks, or subjects to be operated on. j the bottom upwards ; and an experienced
Budding, as before observed, is performed
at various seasons; and in very early
budding, it is considered, in the majority
of cases, prudential, if not absolutely
necessary, to insert the whole of the
shield, or bud, with its own system of
wood attached. When the summer is
far advanced, however, and the buds are
become individually perfect, or nearly so,
in their organization, the case alters ;
and the less of intervening matter there
exists between the bud and its imme-
diate appurtenances of petiole and bark,
the better.
Budding, then, in spring or early sum-
mer, is generally accompanied, it may be
presumed, by a copious current of sap.
Not so, however, late summer-budding
on all occasions ; for the season may
have been unusually warm and dry ; the
stock, or subject, may be short of sap,
or, in other words, be beset with a para-
lysed root-action : all these are impedi-
ments. A copious watering, the evening
previous to the process, will, however,
promote the free rising of the bark, on
which so much depends. In addition to
this, a cloudy day is preferable to a
sunny one.
In former days the chief criterion of
the eligibility of a tree for the budding-
process was the cessation of growth, or
rather, of extension in point of length, in
the stock. Such generally happens in
fruit-trees such as the peach, apricot,
cherry, plum, &c., about the first or se-
cond week in August ; the period, of
course, being liable to be modified by
several circumstances, as heat, drought,
<fec. Instead, however, of thus waiting
until the eleventh hour, it is better to
make an earlier commencement; and
there is little occasion to delay after the
middle of July has passed, unless the
stocks, or scions, are subjects of late
growth and excessive luxuriance.
The exact position of the bud being
determined, the incision is made across
the stock transversely, in length suffi-
cient to create an opening for the bud.
This slit forms the head of the incision,
which, when the next slit is made, wil]
ibrm the letter Tf. In making this slit,
or incision, a somewhat bold cut must
be made ; in fact, the point of the knife
must be made to reach the surface of the
wood of the stock.
The perpendicular slit is made from
budder gives a peculiar flirt, or .jerk, to
the knife when he approaches the head
of the T. This jerk at once rifts up the
bark better than any slower process could
do it ; and the haft of the budding-knife
is in a moment turned round, and the
point introduced ; and, by pressing it
close to the wood, right and left, the
bark is, as it were, ploughed up, or libe-
rated from the wood.
All is now ready for the reception of
he bud, which is, indeed, by most good
judders, prepared first, as follows : The
cutting, or shoot, of the kind to be in-
serted, being wood of the current year's
rowth, is generally kept in a waterpot,
first cutting off all the leaves : care must,
however, be taken to leave most of the
petiole (leaf-stalk) to handle the bud by.
This, also, doubtless assists in forming a
speedy union.
The bud, with its bark and a little of
the wood of the tree, is then cut off in
the form of a shield ; and the point of
the knife and thumb-nail of the right
hand, by a little nice handling, are made
to remove the portion of woody matter
from the centre. The bud is instantly
introduced beneath the bark in the T in-
cision of the stock, where, as before ob-
served, it is found in the same relation
to the stock, or stem, of its new parent a*
existed between it and the shoot whence
it sprang. This done, it is carefully and
closely, but not tightly, bound with the
bast. The operator generally beginning-
to bind at the lower end, gives an extra,
tug with the mat when he comes toler-
ably close to the lower end of the petiole.
This is an old practice, and not particu-
larly intelligible; the meaning, we sup-
pose if meaning it have being, that
the tightness of the ligature in that pre-
cise position impedes slightly the return-
ing sap, thereby concentrating it about
the bud.
Some persons employ a grafting wax
to cover the parts where air may enter.
The following mixture will make a very
useful kind : Sealing-wax, one part ;
mutton fat, one part; white wax, one
part; honey, one-eighth part. The white
wax and fat are first melted, and then
the sealing-wax is to be added, gra-
dually, in small pieces, the mixture be-
ing kept constantly stirred ; lastly, the
honey must be put "in, just before taking
it off the fire. It should be poured into
BUD
[142 ]
BUD
paper or tin moulds, and kept sligbtiy
agitated till it begins to congeal.
We before observed, tbat when the
season is late, and the bark rises some-
what badly, it may be excited to rise.
A liberal watering with liquid-manure,
of the temperature of 90, the day before
the operation, will, in general, facilitate
the proceeding. When the bud, or shield,
after the wood is removed, appears hol-
low at the bud part, it is commonly re-
jected. Such are not always barren ; but
they are apt to lie dormant for a year or
two.
When a choice of position offers itself,
we prefer the shady side of the stock. It
is of more importance, however, to select
a clear portion of the stem, free from
knots, although some fancy the bud
takes better if placed in a position from
whence a natural bud has been removed.
It should be taken as a maxim, that only
those buds should be selected, the leaves
of which have become fully developed;
the leaf, also, should, if possible, be un-
blemished.
Cloudy weather is, in all cases, to be
preferred to sunny periods.
For budding Kosvs, and, indeed, for
all budding, the best time of the day is
either early in the morning, at least as
early as seven o'clock, A.M., or after
three o'clock in the afternoon; cloudy,
moist days are most suitable. Cut off
the head of your stocks, and all the side-
branches to three, that is, for standards.
For dwarfs, cut off to within six inches
of the ground; then, with the knife,
make an incision on the upper side of
the young side-branches, as close to the
main stem as possible. The incision
should be about an inch long, lengthwise
on the branch. Cut a cross just at the
top of this incision, in a direction some-
what more slanting than in the annexed
drawing (fig. 2) Then take off the bud,
previously cutting off the leaf, leaving
part of the leaf-stalk. Cut away with
the bud a portion of the bark from the
parent stem, which is technically called
the shield of the oud, and a portion of
wood with it. This bud, and the bark
and wood with it, should be, altogether,
rather more than three-quarters of an
inch long. Turn the bud over between
your finger and thumb, and dexterously
take out the greater part of the wood ;
but be careful to leave the wood full in
the eye of the bud. Then raise one side
of the bark of the incision, in the shape
of a T made in the stock, and with the
ivory handle of the budding-knife slip
in one side of the bark attached to the
bud, then turn your knife, and lift up
1. The bud, xvith the wood taken out, and ready
to be put into the stock side-branches.
2. The branch, or stem, with the incisions made,
previously to raising the bark.
3. The bark raised for receiving the shield of the
bud.
4. The bud fitted into its place.
5. The bandage put over the parts. It is here
represented as done with a shred of bass-
mat ; but stout worsted thread is better.
the other side of the incision, and the
bud will drop into its place. Press the
bark of the bud to the farther end of the
incision ; and if any projects beyond the
cross incision on the stock cut it off.
Then tie with worsted neatly, and the
operation is complete. A laurel-leaf fast-
ened at each end by a ligature round the
stock, so as to arch over the bud, will'
complete the arrangement; and thus the
BUD
[143]
BUL
sun's rays, the air, and wet will be most
effectually excluded, the admittance of
any one of which is fatal to the union of
the hud with the stock. We feel it al-
most impossible to give instruction to
be understood, in words only, for such a
complex operation. We have, therefore,
given the preceding woodcuts, to show
all the several parts of this interesting
process.
BU'DDLEA. (Named after A. Buddie,
nn English botanist. Nat. ord., Flgworts
[Scrophulariaceffi]. Linn., 4^-Tetrandria
l-Monogynia.}
Stove evergreen shrubs, except where otherwise
specified. B. globo'sa, the only hardy species, re-
quires a dry, sheltered situation in the noith of
the island. Seeds are sometimes procured in the
south of England, and should be sown in the
spring following. Plants are also easily procured
from well-ripened cuttings, placed under hand-
lights, in September, and slightly protected dur-
ing winter frosts. The greenhouse and stove
species may all be propagated freely from cut-
tings; and, for general management, the latter
merely require a higher temperature than the
former.
B. America'na (American). 10. Yellow. August-
Mexico. 1826.
Brazilit'nsis (Brazilian). 10. Orange. Brazil.
1822.
conna'ta (base-joined-fcauecZ). 5. Orange.
May. Peru. 1826.
cri'spa (crisp-leaved). 13. Purple. March.
Himalaya.
diver sifo'lia (various-leaved). 6. Java. 1823.
globo'sa (globe-flowered}. 15. Orange. May.
Chili. 1774. Hardy herbaceous.
Jieterophy'lla (variable-leaved). 10. Yellow.
Mar. S. Amer.
Lindleyafna (Lindley's). 6. Violet. Sep-
tember. China. 1844. Greenhouse
evergreen.
Madacrascarie'nsis (Madagascar). 10. Orange.
Madeira. 1824.
2Vee'mda(Neemda). 15. White. June. Nepaul.
1824.
occidentals (western). White. Peru. 1730.
Greenhouse evergreen.
panicula'ta (panicled). 14. White. August.
Nepaul. 1823.
sali'gna (willow-like). 6. White. August.
Cape of Good Hope. 1816. Greenhouse
evergreen.
salrifo'lin (sage-leaved). 3. Crimson. Au-
gust. Cape of Good Hope. 1760. Green-
house evergreen.
tliyrsoi' 'dea (ihjrse-flowered). Yellow. S.
Amer. 1823.
BUFF-TIP MOTH. Hemmatopliora.
BUFFALO CLOVER. Trifo'lium Pennsyl-
va'nicum.
BUGAINVILLS'A. (Named after the
French navigator, Bougainville. Nat. ord. ,
Nyctagos [Nyctagiuaceae]. Linn., S-Oc-
tandria i-Monogynia.)
B. specta'bilisi* a scrambling plant, with beau-
tiful rose-coloured bractes, in cones, like those of
the Hop. It flowers freely at Paris; but ns
English gardener has yet succeeded in flowering
it : we keep it too hot. Stove plants. Cuttings
in sand, and in bottom-heat ; sandy, fibry loam.
Summer temp., 60 to 75; winter, 50 to 60.
B. specta'bilis (showy). 15. Pink. S. Amer. 1829.
sple'ndens (shining). S. Amer. 1848.
vitifo'lia (vine-leaved). 1848.
BUGLE. A'juga.
BUGLOSS. Anchu'sa.
BUGWORT. Cimici'fttga.
BUISSON is a fruit-tree on a very low
stem, and with a head closely pruned.
BULB. A bulb is really an underground
bud. Its fibrous or real roots die an-
nually ; but the bulb remains stored with
elaborated sap, and retaining the vital
powers of the plant, ready for reproduc-
tion at the appropriate season. .Besides
root bulbs, (as are the onion, crocus, &c.,)
there are stem, or caulinary bulb^, equally
efficient for propagation.
The stem-bulb consists of a number of
small scales closely compacted together
in an ovate or conical form, enclosing the
rudiments of a future plant, and originat-
ing, sometimes in the axil of the leaves,
as inDenta'ria lulbi'fera and several Lily-
worts, and sometimes at the base of the
umbel of flowers, as in A'llium carina'-
tum and others, in both which cases it is
nourished by the parent plant till it has
reached maturity, at which period the
bond of connexion is dissolved, and the
bulb falls to the ground, endowed with
the power of striking root in the soil by
sending out fibres from the base, and so
converting itself into a new individual.
Every bulbous-rooted plant has its
management given in its proper place;
but there are & few rules of general ap-
plicability. They should be moved, where
necessary, whilst in a state of rest. This
occurs to the summer-flowering bulbs in
autumn, and to the autumn-flowering in
spring. Many require to be taken up an-
nually, or, at farthest, every second or
third year, to remove the accumulated
offsets. No bulb should be kept long out
of the ground ; and, even during the time
it is necessarily so kept, it should be pre-
vented from drying by burying it in sand.
BULBI'NE. (From bolbos, a bulb. Nat.
ord., Lilyivorts [Liliaceas], Linn., Q-Hex-
andria \-Monogijnia.}
This is now united to Anthericum. The name
Bulbine, also, is a misnomer; for many more
have the herbaceous habit of Anthericum than
that of true bulbs. Bulb species by offsets;
herbaceous plants, suckers, and divisions ; the
shrubby species, by cuttings under a hand-
13 UL
[144]
BCJP
glass. Sand, loam. For greenhousa species,
summer temp., 50 to 70 ; winter, 40 to 45.
B. aloi'des (aloe-like). 1. Yellow. June. Cape of
Good Hope. 1732.
a'nnua (annual). |. Yellow. May. Cape of
Good Hope. 1731.
usphodeloi'des (asphodel-like). 2. White. July.
Cape of Good Hope. 1759.
austra'lis (southern). 1. Yellow. June. N.
Holland. 1820.
bisulcn'ta (two-furrowed). 1. Yellow. No-
vember. Cape of Good Hope. 1323.
cilia'ta (hair-fringed). 2. Yellow. May. Cape
of Good Hope. 1823.
floribu'nda (many-flowered). 1. Yellow, green.
September. Cape of Good Hope. J830.
frute'scens (shrubby). 2. Yellow. June: Cape
of Good Hope. 1702.
glau'ca (milky-grex:n). 2. White. Chili. 1828.
grand'nea (grass- tea wed). l. Yellow. May.
Cape of Good Hope. 1824.
hi'spida (bristly). 1. White. May. Cape of
Good Hope. 1774.
latifo'lia (broad-leaved). 2. White. July.
Cape of Good Hope. 1812.
longisca'pa (long-flower-stemmed). 1. Yellow.
June. Cape of Good Hope. 1759.
mesemln'yanthoi'des (mesem'oryanthemum-
like). ?. Yellow. May. Cape of Good
Hope. 1822.
nu'tans (nodding). 1. Yellow. July. Cane
of Good Hope. 1S20.
praemo'rsa (bitten-off). 1. Yellow. June.
Cape of Good Hope. 1818.
pugionifo'rmis (dagger-formed). 1. Yellow.
May. Cape of Good Hope. 1/93.
rostra'ta (beaked). 2. Yellow. June. Cape of
Good Hope. 1812.
scu'bra (rough). 1. Yellow. June. Cape of
Good Hope. 1825.
semibarba'ta (half-bearded). 1. Yellow. July.
Cape of Good Hope. 1820.
sua'vis (sweet). Yellow. May. N. Holland.
1836.
trique'tra (three -sided). 1. Yellow. June.
Cape of Good Hope. 1825.
BULBOCO'DIUM. (From bolbos, a bulb,
and kodion, wool; referring to the woolly
covering of the bulbs. Nat. ord., Me-
lanths [Melanthacese], Linn., Q-Hexan-
dria l-Monogynia.)
Small hardy bulbs, having the aspect of Crocus.
drained.
Offsets ; sandy loam, well
JB. ve'rnum (spring).
Spain. 1629.
versi'color (party-coloured).
gust. Crimea. 1820.
Purple. February.
Purple. Au-
BULBO'STYLES. (From bolbos, a bulb
and stylos, the style. Nat. ord., Compo-
sites [Asteracese], Linn., \Q-8yngenesia
l-JEqualis.)
Stove plants. Cuttings in sand, with bottom-
heat, under a bell-glass ; loam and peat.
B. Cavanille'sii (Cavanille's). lj. Purple. Au-
gust. Mexico. 1827. Evergreen under-
shrub.
pe'ndula (hanging-down). Yellow. August.
Mexico. 1832.
veronictsft/lia (speedwell-leaved). l. Blue.
August. Mexico. 1825.
BULLACE-TREE. Pnt'nus insiti'tia.
BULL GRAPES. Vi'tis rolundifo'lia.
BUNCHO'SIA. (From bunc/ios, coffee;
the seeds resembling coffee-berries. Nat.
ord., Malpighiads [Malpighiaceae]. Linn.,
IQ-Decandria 1-Moriogynia. )
Stove shrub and tree ; cuttings of ripe shoots
under a glass, in moist bottom-heat ; sandy loam
and peat. Summer temp., 60 to 85; winter, 50
to 55.
B. arge'ntea (silvery). 10. Yellow. July. Ca-
raccas. 1810.
cane'scens (hoary). 20. Yellosv. July. W.
Ind. 1742.
glanduli'fera (gland-bearing). 10. Yellow.
April. W. Ind. 1806.
ni'tida (shining). 10. Red. July. St. Domingo.
1800.
odora'ta (scented). 10. Yellow. July. Car-
thagena. 1806.
panicula'tu (panicled). 10. Purple. June. Ja-
maica. 1820;
BUPLEU'RUM. Hare's-Ear. (From bom,
an ox, and plcuron, a side ; the leaves, it'
eaten, are supposed to swell cattle. Nat.
ord., Umbellifers [Umbellaceze], Linn..,
5-Pentandria %-Digynia.)
Hardy annuals and herbaceous perennials, ex-
cept where otherwise specified. Seed of the
annuals in common soil, in March and April ;
divisions of herbaceous plants in autumn or
spring ; cuttings, or divisions of greenhouse
species, in March and April ; dry, sandy loam.
HARDY ANNUALS.
B. glau'cum (milky-green). . Green, yellow-
July. South Europe. 1S1Q.
gra'cile (slender). ?. Green, yellow. July.
Caucasus. 1820.
ju'nceum (rush-leaved) . 1. Green, yellow.
July. South Europe. 1/72.
lancifo' Hum (lance-leaved). 1. Green, yellow.
July. Tauria. 1820. Biennial.
oppositifo'liurn (opposite-leaved). 1. Green,
yellow. July. Pyrenees. 181g.
Polli'chii (Pollich's). 1. Green, yellow. July.
Palestine. 1818.
protra'ctum (protracted). . Yellowish.
July. Portugal. 1824. Twiner.
rotundifo'lium (round-leaved). 2. Green,
yellow. June. Spain.
semi-compo'situm (semi-compound). 3. Green,
yellow. July, Spain. 1778.
subo'vatum (rather oval-leaved). . Yellow.
June. Spain. 1819.
tenui'ssimum (slenderest). $. Green, yellow.
July. England.
tri'fidum" (three-cleft). 2. Yellow. July.
Italy. 1824. Biennial.
HARDY PERENNIALS.
B. arista'tum (awned). Blush. June. Britain.
au'reum (golden). 1. Yellow. May. Si-
beria. 1820.
coria'ceum (leathery). Striped. August. Gib-
raltar. 1/84.
falca'tum (sickle-leaved). . Green, yellow.
August. Germany. 1/2Q.
frute'scens (maU-8hrubby). 2. Yellow. Au-
gust. Spain. 1/52.
graminifo'Uum (grass-leaved). . Gree.n,
yellow. June. Switzerland. 17(i3.
BUP
C
BUR
S. longifo'lium (long-leaved). 3. Green, yellow.
June. Switzerland. 1713.
multine'rve (many-nerved). 3. Yellowish.
Altai.
panicula'tum (panicled). l. Yellow. July.
Spain. 1824.
petree'um (rock). 1J. Green, yellow. June.
Switzerland. 1768.
polyphy' Hum (many-leaved). 1. Green, yellow.
May. Caucasus. 1823.
scontonerasfo'lium (scorzonera-leaved). Yel-
low-streaked. June. Germany. 1818.
spino'sum (spined). Yellow. July. Spain.
1752. Evergreen shrub.
GREENHOUSE.
B. cane'scens (hoary). 5. Yellow. August.
Barbary. 1809. Evergreen shrub.
frutico'sum (shrubby). 3. Yellow. July.
South Europe. 1596. Evergreen half-
hardy.
GibraUa'ricti (Gibraltar). Yellow. June.
Gibraltar. 1784. Evergreen half-hardy.
plantagi'neum (plantain-leaved). 3. Yellow.
July. Mount Atlas. 1810. Evergreen
half-hardy.
BUPTHA'LMUM. Ox-eye. (From Ions,
an ox, and ophthalmos, eye ; the disk of
the flower ox-eye-like. Nat. ord., Com-
posites [Asteracese]. Linn., 19-Syn-
yenesia 2-Superflua.)
Seed of annuals in border, in April ; division of
herbaceous perennials in March ; cuttings in sand,
under a bell-glass, of the greenhouse evergreen
shrubs ; the latter require peat and loam, and the
usual greenhouse treatment.
HAEDY.
B. aqua'ticum (aquatic). . Yellow. July.
South Europe. 1731. Annual.
grandifltf rum (large-flowered). l. Yellow.
August. Austria. 1722. Herbaceous
perennial.
salidfo'lium (willow-leaved). l. Yellow.
September. Austria. 1759. Herbaceous
perennial.
speciosi'ssimum (showiest). 2. Yellow. July.
South Europe. 1826. Herbaceous per-
ennial.
spino'sum (thorny). 3. Yellow. July. Spain.
1570. Annual.
GREENHOUSE.
. IcEviga'tum (smooth-leaved). 4. Yellow.
July. Teneriife. 1800. Evergreen shrub.
mari'timum (sea). 1. Yellow. August.
Sicily. 1640. Half-hardy herbaceous
perennial.
seri'ceum (silky). 4. Yellow. June. Canaries.
1779. Evergreen shrub.
stenophy' Hum (narrow-leaved). 3. Yellow.
June. Canaries. 1818. Evergreen shrub.
BURCHA'RDIA. (Named after H. Bnr-
chard, M.D. Nat. ord., Melanths [Me-
lanthaceae]. Linn., Q-Hexandria S-Tri-
yynia. Allied to Veratrum.)
Greenhouse herbaceous perennial; offsets and
divisions ; sandy peat. Winter temp., 38 to 40.
3. umbcUa'ta (umbellate). 2. White, green.
August. N. Holland. 1820.
BURCBE'LLIA. (Named after Burchell,
an African traveller. Nat. ord., Cincho-
10
nads [Cinch oniacese]. Linn., 5-Pentan-
dria 1-Monogynia. Allied to Gardenia.)
Stove evergreen shrubs, from Cape of Good
Hope. Cuttings of young shoots, getting firm at
the base, in April and May; fibryloam and sandv
peat. Summer temp., 60 to 75; winter, 50"
to 55.
B. bubali'na (buffalo). 3. Scarlet. May. 1818
Cape'nsis (Cape). 3. Scarlet. March.
BURLINGTO'NIA. (Named after the
Countess of Burlington. Nat. ord., Or-
chids [OrchidaoeEB]. Linn., 20-Gynandria
l-Monoyynia.)
Stove orchids. Divisions fastened to blocks of
wood, with a little moss attached. High tem-
perature and moist atmosphere when growing ;
cool and dry when in a state of rest. Summer
temp., 65 to 90; winter, 55.
B. ca'ndida (snow-white). 1. White. April.
Demeraru. 1834,
de'cora (neat). Pink and white. November.
Brazil.
macula'ta (spotted). . Yellow and brown
spots. May. Brazil. 1837.
ri'gida (stiff-stemmed). l. Purplish-pink-
spotted. April. Brazil. 1838.
venu'sta (beautiful). White. March. Brazil.
BURN ONION. See POTATO ONION.
BURNET. (Pote'rium sanguiso'rba.)
Small, or Upland Burnet. Used in cool
tankards, soups, and salads.
Soil and Situation. It delights in a
dry, unshaded, poor soil, abounding in
calcareous matter, with a dressing of
bricklayers' rubbish, or fragments of
chalk. A small bed will be sufficient
for the supply of a family.
Propagation is either by seed or by slips
and partings of the roots. The seed
sown towards the close of February, if
open weather, and until the close of
May. But the best time is in autumn,
as soon as it is ripe ; for, if kept until the
spring, it will often fail entirely, or lie in
the ground until the same season of the
following year, without vegetating. Sow
in drills, six inches apart, thin, and not
buried more than half an inch. Keep
clear of weeds. When two or three
inches high, thin to six inches apart, and
those removed place in rows at the same
distance, in a poor, shady border, water
being given occasionally until they have
taken root, after which they will require
no further attention until the autumn,
when they must be removed to their final
station, in rows a foot apart. "When
established, the only attention requisite
is to cut down their stems occasionally in
summer, to promote the production of
young shoots, and, in autumn, to have the
decayed stems and shoots cleared away.
L
BUR
[ 1463
BUX
If propagated by partings of the roots,
the best time is in September and Octo-
ber. They are planted at once where
they are to remain, and only require oc-
casional watering until established.
To obtain Seed some of the plants must
be left ungathered from, and allowed to
shoot up early in the summer. They
flower in July, and ripen abundance of
seed in the autumn.
BURNING BUSH. JSuo'nymus Ameri-
ca'nus.
BURSA'RIA. (Named from bursa, a
pouch. Nat. ord., Pitlosporads [Pitto-
sporaceffi]. linn., 5-Pentandria 1-Mono-
gynia.)
Greenhouse evergreen shrub. Cuttings of
young shoots in sand, under a bell-glass ; sandy
peat and fibry loam. Winter temp., 40 to 45.
B.spino'sa (thorny). JO. White. October.
N. S. Wales. 1/93.
BU'RSERA. (Named after Burser, an
Italian botanist. Nat. ord., Amyrids
[Amyridacese]. Linn., 23-Polygamia 2-
Dicecia.)
Stove trees ; cuttings under a glass, with bot-
tom-heat; loam and peat. Summer temp., 60
to 85 ; winter, 50 to 55.
B. gummi'fera (gum-bearing). 20. White, green.
W. Ind 1690.
serra'ta (saw-edged-teaed). 30. E. Ind. 1818.
BURTO'NIA. (Named after D. Burton,
a collector for the Kew Gardens. Nat.
ord., Leguminous Plants [Fabacese].Linn.,
IQ-Decandria 1-Monogynia. Allied to
Pultensea.)
Greenhouse evergreen under-shrubs ; seeds in
March and April, in sandy peat; cuttings of
half-ripened snoots in sand, under a bell-glass ;
fibry peat, sandy loam, and pieces of charcoal,
mixed with soil and drainage. Summer temp.,
60 to 70; winter, 45 to 50.
B.Bj-ttntot'rfes(Brunia-like). ]J, Yellow. June.
N. Holland. 1844.
confe'rta (clustered-jffowered). 2. Violet.
July. N. Holland. 1830.
mi'nor (smaller). 4. Yellow. May. N.
Holland. 1812.
pulche'lla (beautiful). 2. Purple. April.
Swan River. 1846.
sca'bra (rough -tea0. i. Yellow. June.
N. Holland. 1803.
sessiliflo'ra (stalkless-flowered). . Yellow.
June. N. Holland. 1824.
villo'sa (long-haired). 2. Purple. May.
Swan River. 1844.
BUSHEL. See BASKET.
BUTCHER'S BROOM. Ru'scus.
BU'TEA. (Named after John Earl of
Bute. Nat. ord., Leguminous Plants [Fa-
bacese]. Linn., 17-Diadelphia 1-Pentan-
dria. Allied to the Coral-tree.)
Stove evergreen trees; cuttings of shoots,
young, but firm, in sand, in a moist bottom-heat,
under a glass, removed, or air given, during the
night; loam and peat. Summer temp., 60 to
75; winter, 50 to 55.
B. frondo'sa (leafy). 30. Scarlet. E.Ind. 1/96.
parviflo'ra (small-flowered). 20. Scarlet. Co-
romandel. 1818.
supeTrba (superb). 30. Scarlet. E. Jnd. 1798*
BU'TOJIUS. Flowering Hush. (From,
bous, an ox, and temnc, to cut ; in refer-
ence to its acrid juice, causing the mouth
to bleed. Nat. ord., Butomads [Butoma-
cese]. Linn., Q-Enneandria 3-Hexagynia.)
Hardy perennial aquatics ; divisions ; rich loam,
in water.
B.latifo'lius (broad-leaved). 1. White. June*
Nepaul. 1823.
umbeUu'tus (umbelled). 2. Pink. June.
Britain.
Caryo'car and Ju'glans
Narci'ssus incom-
TREE. Penta-
BUTTER NUT.
cine'rea.
BUTTER AND EGGS.
para'bilis.
BUTTER AND TALLOW
de'sma.
BUTTER-TREE. Ba'ssia.
BUTTERFLY PLANT. Onci'dium papi'Ko*
BUTTERWORT. PinguV cula.
BUTTON FLOWER. Go'mpkia.
BUTTON-TREE. Conoca'rpus.
BUTTON WEED. Spcrmaco'ce.
BUTTON WOOD. Cephala' nthiis.
Bu'xus. Box-tree. (From pyknos?
dense ; referring to the hardness of the
wood. Nat. ord., Spurgeivorls [Euphorbi-
acese] . Linn., 21-Monacia -i-Tetrandria. )
There is a weeping Box-tree in the gardens at
Shrubland Pa,rk, with branches as pendulous as
those of the Weeping Ash. Hardy and green-
house shrubs and trees ; seed sown in light, well-
drained soil, as soon as ripe; cuttings, from four
to six inches in length, of the young shoots, in-
serted in a shady place in August and September ;
layers of either old or young wood ; division of
the variety suffrutico'sa, generally used as edg-
ings to walks ; cuttings of Balea'ricn will require
protection in winter. Chinese and New Holland
species requirt a cold pit or greenhouse in winter.
B. austra'lis (southern). 6. N.Holland. 1820.
Bulea'rica (Balearic). 8. Yellow, green. July.
Minorca. 1780.
Chine'nsis (Chinese). 3. Yellow, green. Oc-
tober. China. 1802.
sempervi'rens (common evergreen). 8. Yellow,
green. April. England.
angusti/o'lia (narrow-leaved). 8. Yellow,
green. April.
arbore'scens (tree-like). 30. Yellow, green.
May. Britain.
arge'ntea (silver-variegated). 30. Yellow,
green. May. Britain.
au'rea (golden-variegated). 30. Yellow,
green. May. Britain.
margina'ta (i/eWow-edged). 30. Yellow,
green. April. Britain.
myrtifo'lia (myrtle-leaved). 8, Yellow,.
green. April. Britain.
BYE
C 147 ]
CAB
S. sempervPrenssuJj'ruticu'sa (sub-shrubby). 1.
Yellow, green.
variega'tu (variejrated-teawed)' 30. Yellow,
green. May. Britain.
BY'BLIS. (A classical name, after
JJyllis, daughter of Miletus. Nat. ord.,
Sundews [Droseracese]. IAnn.,5-Pentan-
dria 5-Pentagynia.)
Greenhouse aquatic ; seeds ; fibry, Mack peat
immersed in warcr. Summer temp., 50 to 70;
winter, 45 to 55.
. liniflo'ru (flax-flowered). $. Blue. May. N.
Holland. 1800.
BYESO'NIMA. (From byrsa, a hide; in
reference to the tanning properties of the
genus. N&i.oTd.,J\Talpi(jhia(ts [Malpighi-
acese]. Linn., \Q-Decandria 3-Z'rigynia.)
In Brazil the bark of these trees is in common
se by the tanners, under the name of murice.
The fruit of some of them is eaten in the West
Indies. Stove evergreens; cuttings of half-
ripened shoot* in sandy peat, under a bell-gl;iss,
and in a moist bottom-heat; loam and peat.
Summer temp., 60 to 80 ; winter, 55 to 60.
JS. alti'ssima (tallest). 60. White. July. Guiana.
1820.
chrysophy'lla (golden-leaved). 10. Yellow.
August. Orinoco. 1823.
coria'eea (leathery-/eaued). 30. White. June.
Jamaica. 1814.
crassifo'lia (thick-leaved). 20. Yellow. July.
Guiana. 1793.
laurifu'iia (laurel-leaved). 10. Yellow. Jnly.
Cumana. 1824.
lu'cida (shining- leaved). 6. Pink. July. W.
Ind. 1759.
-Jifowr7a(Moureila). 20. Yellow. August.
S. Amer. 1823.
nervo'sa (/w//-nerved;. 8. Yellow. July. Brazil.
1820.
pa'llida (pale). 4. Pale. Cayenne. 1820.
reticula'ta (netted). 10. Purple, yellow. July.
Cayenne. 1823.
spica'ta (spiked). 6. Yellow. Awgust. Antilles.
1810.
verbascifo'lia, (verbascum-leaved). 6. Pale red.
July. Guiana. 1810.
tolu'bilis (twining). 10. Yellow. August.
W. Ind. 1/53. Twiner.
BYSTROPO'GON. (From byo, to close,
and pogon, a beard ; in reference to the
throat of the flower being closed up with
liairs. Nat. ord., Labiates [Lamiacese].
Linn., lA-Didynamia \-Gymnospermui.
Allied to Thyme.)
Greenhouse evergreen under-shrob ; cuttinsrs of
stubby side-shoots in sandy soil, under a glass ;
peat and loam. Summer temp., 50 to 70;
winter, 40 to 48.
B.Canariensis (Canary). 1$. Pale purple. July.
Canaries. 1714.
origanifo' Hits (origanum-leaved). l. Pale
purple. July. Canaries. 1815.
~-plumo'sus (feathery-cowered). l. Pale purple.
June. Canaries. 1/79.
puncta'tus (dotted), li. Pale purple. June.
Madeira. 1775.
BYTTNE'BIA. (Named after Buttner,
a German professor. Nat. ord., Byttne-
rlads [Byttneriacese]. 'Linn.^-Pentandria
\-Monogyn ia. )
Cuttings; the first two species require the
greenhouse, the others the routiae of the piant-
stove.
B.dasyphy'lla (thick-leaved). 3. White. June.
Van Diemen's Land. 1/80.
Henrtnm/o7ta(Hermannia-leaved). 4. White.
July. N. Holland. 1823.
microphy'lla, (small- leaved). 5. White, purple.
S. Amer. 1816.
sca'bra (mush-leaned). 6. Purple, Ju.lv.
W. In!. 1798.
C.
CABARET. See A' a ARUM.
CABBAGE. Sra'&sica olera'cea,
Varieties. But few should be planted
of the early varieties, as they soon harden
and burst; but tbe Large York, and others
that are mentioned in the middle clas,
though not far behind the others in quick
cabbaging, continue long in a state fi t for
the table.
For First Crops. T&T\y Dwarf, Early
Fine York, Early Dwarf Sugar - Loaf,
Battersea, Imperial, East Earn.
Midsummer Crops. Large Early York,
Large Sugar-Loaf, Wheeler's Nonpareil,
Atkinson's Matchless, Shilling's Queen.
Penton this is valuable in late summer,
when other varieties are strongly tasted.
Antwerp, Russian to have this in per-
fection, the seed must be had from abroad,
as it soon degenerates in this country.
Early London Hol^v. Musk is excel-
lent at any period, but is apt to perish in
frosty weather. Couve Tronchuda; for
its leaves and stalks used as sea-kale.
For Autumn Crops. Pomeranian,
Large Hollow Sugar-Loaf, Large Oblong
Hollow, Long-sided Hollow, and any of
the preceding. Pied Dutch for pickling
(B. olera'cea ru'bra}. Large Round Win-
ter, Great Drumhead. Great Pound
Scotch, or Strasburg, employed for sour
krout in January.
Times of Sowing. Some gardeners sow
almost monthly, and employ many varie-
ties ; but we only employ Wheeler's Non-
pareil, Shilling's Queen, and Atkinson's
Matchless, of one of which a sowing
should be made about the 21st- of July ;
for final planting out, early in September ;
many plants of which will be turning in
between Michaelmas and Christmas, and
in early spring. The second and most
general time of sowing, to raise plants
for almost the whole year's supply, and of
any kind, including the Red JDutch and
its varieties, is from the 6th to the 12th
CAB
C 143 ]
CAB
of August, of which the seedlings may
remain in the seed-bed all the whiter, if
not too thick ; or any number may be fi-
nally planted out into the open quarters
from October to November, or pricked
out into nursery-beds, banks, c., so as
to have a good stock of plants for final
planting out whenever favourable oppor-
tunities offer.
Should the winter be so severe as to
have destroyed many of the autumn-
sown plants, then early spring sowing
becomes of importance. Sow towards
the middle or end of January, so as to
have good plants for final planting out,
if the weather be mild and open, about
the end of February. To effect this,
cither a pinch of seed may be sown in
pans or boxes, and placed in some steady-
heated structure; and, when the seedlings
are up large enough to prick out, have a
worm border, or very gentle hotbed,
ready to prick them out upon, to be pro-
tected either by a little glass or hoop and
mat. To sow on a larger scale, make up
gentle hotbeds, to be protected with either
glass, which is best, or mats : the pricking
out attend to as before-mentioned. Also,
any kind may be sown in the open, warm
border, in February and March, should
the August sowing have been destroyed.
The Couve Tronchuda should be sown
from the first of March to the end of
April. One vary important point is, that
all pricked-out plants should invariably
be lifted, with either a spade, trowel, or
fork, out of the pricked-out beds, whether
in frames or otherwise, so as to secure
their young roots. Plants out of the
seed-bed seldom need this precaution.
Mode of Sowing. The seed is inserted
rather thin, about a quarter of an inch
deep, and occasionally watered until the
plants are well above-ground; and the
waterings in summer may afterwards be
beneficially repeated two or three times
a week, until they are ready for removal,
if dry, hot weather continues. The seed-
lings are pricked out in rows four or five
inches asunder each way; shaded and
watered until completely established.
The Soil cannot be made too rich for
cabbageworts at any time.
Planting. We never make but two
plantings in the year; one from the 21st
of July sowing, which planting is made
during the first fortnight of September ;
and the second planting we make in the
spring, towards the end of February or
beginning of March. This last planting
is either made from plants raised in Au-
gust, or, if the winter destroyed that sow-
ing, it is made from early spring sowings,
our soil being made so rich for these two
plantings that we never want for cole-
worts, or even young cabbage, which are
produced after the principal heads have
been cut away.
Cutting Callages. If young sprouts
are required, the side-leaves should be
left on for about five days after the prin-
cipal head is cut. The side-sprouts will
be found to put forth very much the
stronger and quicker for the leaves being
thus left.
Planting. Plant in rows, from one and
a half to two and a half feet asunder
each way, the smaller early kinds being
planted the closest. The Bed Cabbage,
the principal plantation of which should
be made in March, for pickling in Sep-
tember, is benefited by having the dis-
tances enlarged to three feet. They must
be well watered at the time of removal,
and until fully established. The best
mode of applying the water is to make
the hole with the dibble, and pour in,
about a quart before inserting the plant.
Frequently hoe, to keep under the weeds ;
and as soon as their growth permits tho
earth should be drawn round the stems.
To promote the cabbaging of the plants,,
it is useful to draw the leaves together
with a shred of bass mat, which forwards
it about a fortnight. The stems of the
summer and autumn crops, if left after
the main head has been cut, will produce
numerous sprouts during those seasons,
and also throughout the winter.
To obtain Seed. In October, which is
the preferable season, and from thence
until the close of February, select some
of the finest and best cabbage-plants.
Have the large, outer leaves removed,
and then insert them up to their heads
in rows, three feet asunder each way.
Each variety must be planted as far from
any other as possible, as, indeed, from
every other species of cabbagewort ; and
this precaution applies equally to the
whole tribe.
Frame Seedlings. The heat must never
exceed 00, nor sink more than two or
three degrees beneath 50, which is the
most favourable minimum. Air should
be admitted freely in the day, and the
glasses covered, as necessity requires, at
night with matting.
CAB
CAC
Coleworls cr Collets, merely signify
cabbages eaten young, or previous to
their hearts becoming firm, the genuine
Cole wort, or Dorsetshire Kale, being
nearly extinct.
The observations upon transplanting,
and the directions for cultivating cab- j
bages, apply, without any modification, to i
epleworts ; but the distance at which the |
plants may be set is much less. If the i
rows are a foot apart, and the plants i
seven or eight inches distant from each |
other, an abundant space is allowed, i
They may be eaten when the leaves are j
five or six inches in breadth. The most
preferable mode of taking them is to pull
rip every alternate one. The openings
3*. it, are beneficial to the remaining plants ;
and some, especially of the August-raised
plants, may be left, if required for cab-
baging.
The cabbage is liable to the MILDEW j
and AMBURY, which sec-, and to many \
insects, as the Aphis, Mamestra, and
those next enumerated.
CABBAGE BUTTERFLY. See PIERIS.
CABBAGE FLY. See ANTHOMYIA.
CABBAGE - GARDEN PEBBLE - MOTH.
Pyralis -
CABBAGE MOTH. Mamestra.
CABO'MBA. (Derivation not explained.
Nat. ord., Watershialds [Cabombacere].
Linn., G-ffexandria Q-Digynia.)
A small water-plant, with floating shield-like
leaves, and small yellow flowers, which look, at
a distance, like so many Crowfoot-flowers. An
interesting species, propagated by root division,
requiring only greenhouse culture in summer,
and to rest in a cool part of the stove in winter.
A shallow pan of water, with three inches deep of
rich loam in the bottom, will suit it well.
C. aquti'tica (aquatic). Yellow. May. Caro-
lina. 1823.
CACA'LIA (From kakos, pernicious,
and lian, exceedingly ; supposed to be
hurtful to the soil. Nat. ord., Composites
[Astevaceaj]. Linn., W-Syngenesia 1-
JEqttalh. Allied to Senecio.)
Hardv species are propagated by dividing the
plant, and dividing the root when tuberous. C.
coccineu may be sown in the borders, in April ;
other annuals require a hotbed ; Cape and East
Indian species require the greenhouse and stove
respectively. Cuttings should have their juicy
ends dried before inserting them in sandy soil ;
sandy loam, fibry peat, equal parts ; lime-rubbish
and very rotten cow-dung, half a part of each.
HARDY HERBACEOUS.
C. rtlpi'nii (alpine). 2. Purple. July. Aus-
tria. 1/39.
cocci'nea (scarlet-./7nu;em/). 14. Orange.
June. 1/99. Annual.
cordifo'/ia (heart-leaved), l. White. August.
Mexico. 1823, Tuberous-rooted.
C. husta'ta fhvlbert-leaoed). l. White. Sep.
tember. Siberia. 1/80.
renifo'rmis (kidney-formed). l. White.
July. N. Amer. 1801.
suavs'olens (sweet-scented). 6*. White.
August. N. Amer. 1752.
tubero'sa (tuberous). ]. August. N. Amer.
1812. Tuberous-rooted.
GREENHOUSE EVERGREENS.
C. articula'tn (jointed). l. Yellow. Sep.
tember. Cape of Good Hope. 1/75.
carno'sa (fleshy-leaned'). l. Yellow. June.
Cape of Good Hope. 1757.
cyli'ndrica (cylindrical). 1. Yellow. June.
Cape of Good Hope. 1818.
Hawo'rthia (Haworth's). 2. Yellow. Cape
of Good Hope. 17Q5.
Klei'nin (Klein's). 3. Yellow. Septem-
ber. Canaries. 1732.
longifo'lia (long-leaved), l. Yellow. 1820.
papilla'ris (pimpled-stalked}. 2. Yelloxv.
Cape of Good Hope. l/27
ra'dicans (rooting). . Yellow. July.
Cape of Good Hope. 1823. Creeper.
reticula'ta (netted). 2. Yellow. Bourbon.
1823.
sca'ndens (climbing). 6. Orange, purple.
April. Cape of Good Hope. 1814.
Twiner.
STOVE.
C. bi' color (two -coloured). 2. Purple. July.
E. Ind. 1804. Deciduous.
ova'lis (oval-leaved'). 3. Yellow. July.
E, Ind. 1734. Evergreen.
CACO'UCIA. (The Indian name. Nat.
ord., Myrobolans [Combretaceae]. Linn.,
il.-Dodc'candria. l-JWonoyynia. Allied to
Combretum.)
A fine stove climber, requiring tke same treat-
ment as Combre'tutn purpu'reum. Cuttings of
stiff side-shoots in sand, under a bell-glass, in
bottom-heat. Peat and loam, both sandy and
fibry. Summer temp., 60 to 85 ; winter, 50 to
60
C. cocci'nea (scarlet). Scarlet. May. Guiana.
CA'CTUS. Melon Thistle. (A name
applied by Theophrastus to some spiny
plant. Nat. ord., Indian F'ujs [Cacta-
cea3]. Linn., 12-Icosandria \-Mo>io-
gynia.)
This extensive genus of Indian Fig. Melon-
cactus, &c., has been very properly divided into
several and well-marked sub-genera : here we
gather them under one general title.
C. corruga'tus (shrivelled). Chili. 1824.
falio'xus (leafy). Chili. 1824.
redtt'ctus (restored). 2. Mexico. 1796.
seni'lis (old). 20 feet at least. Mexico. 1823.
speciosi'.ssimus (most showy). Crimson.
July. S. Amer. 1836.
Echinoca'ctus. (Hedgehog Thistle.)
C. abno'rmis (mis-shapen). White. July. S.
Amer. 181S.
acu'tus (sharp-n66ed). April. Monte Video.
1828.
acutangula'ris (sharp-angled). Yellow. Sep-
tember. Mexico. 1835.
agglomern'tus (heaped). June. Mexico. 1838.
Ancuni(i'nus(Ai\coi\ia.n}. April. Ancona. 1834.
arcua'tus (arch-riftftcd). Yellow. September.
Monte Vkleo. 1836.
GAG
[ 150]
CAG
C. centete'rius (many-spined), Yellow. July.
Mexico. 1840.
chlorophtha'lmus (green-eyed). Purple. June.
Rio del Monte.
cocci'neus (scarlet- flowered). Scarlet. Sep-
tember. 1835.
conci'nnus (neat). Yellow. March. Monte
Video. 1828.
corni'gerus (horn -hearing). White. July.
Mexico. 1830.
corynoi'des (club-shaped). Yellow. October.
S. Amer. 1837.
crispa'tus (curled). Purple. Mexico. 1826.
cyli'ndricus (cylindrical). Mexico. 1836.
de'nsus (dense). Mexico. 1829.
Defppei (Deppe's). Mexico. 1829.
depre'ssus (depressed). S. Amer. 1708.
echina'tus (hedgehog-like). April. Mexico.
1830.
edu'lis (eatable). Yellow. Mexico.
erina'ceus (rough). July. 1818.
Eyre'sii (Eyre's). White, yellow. September.
Mexico. 182Q.
glau'cus (milky-green). White, green.
July.
gibbo'sus (swollen). White. July. Jamaica.
1808.
Gillie'sii (Gillie's). September. Mexico. 1830.
gladia'tus (sword -spined). July. Mexico.
1826.
hexaedro' phorus (six-sided). White. June.
Tampico.
'-infla'tus (inflated). Chili. 1828.
i'ngens (huge). Mexico. 1838.
into'rtus (twisted -spined). Purple. June.
Antigua. 1768.
intrica'tus (intricate). April. Monte Video.
1828.
Lefcchii (Lecche's). Yellow. July. S. Amer.
1833.
Leea'nus (Lee's). Pale sulphur. May. Bue-
nos Ayres. 1840.
Li'nkii (Link's). Yellow. July. Mexico. 1828.
longihama'tus (long - hooked). f . Yellow.
July. Mexico. 1851.
MacJeiea'nus (Mackie's). Yellow. Chili. 1836.
mammillaroi'des (mammillaria-like). Yellow.
Chili. 1836.
Mantevide'nsis (Monte Video). Yellow. Monte
Video. 1835.
multiflo'rus (many-flowered). White. June.
inyriosti 1 gma (many- spotted). Pale-striped.
July. Mexico. 1843.
no'bilis (noble). White. June. Mexico. 1796.
ubvalla'tus (fenced-round). Purple. Mexico.
octogo'nus (eight-sided). Red, white. June.
S. Amer. 1830.
oxygo'nus (sharp-angled). Pale rose. May.
Brazil. 1831.
pectini'ferus (comb-like). Pale green, rose.
April. Mexico. 1844.
Pentla'ndi (Pentland's). Rose. July.
pulche'lla (neat). White. August. Mexico.
1831.
rhodophtha'lmus (red-eyed). J. Crimson.
August. Potosi. 1850.
~- sco'pa (broom). Yellow. April. Brazil. 1S38.
. spi'nis-a'lbis (white-spined). Yellow. June.
Brazil. 1836.
Sfame'sj'i(Staincs's). Pink. May. Mexico. 1844.
streptocau'lon (spiral-stemmed). l. Yellow.
August. Bolivia. 1845.
subgibbo'sus (slightly-swollen). White. July.
Chili. 1830.
tubiflo'rus (tube-flowered). White. Mexico.
1836.
C. vi'snaga (tooth-pick-spined). Yellow, pink.
Mexico. 1844.
Willia'msii (William's). White. June. Mexico.
1845.
Epiphy'llum. (Leaf-flowering.)
C. Acleerma'nni (Ackermann's). Scarlet. June.
Mexico. 1829.
ma'jor (l&rgzt-flowered). Scarlet. June.
ala'tum (winged). White. June. N. Amer.
1810.
cocd'neum (scarlet). Scarlet. June. Brazil.
1828.
crena'tum (scolloped). Pale cream. May.
Honduras. 1839.
Hooke'ri (Sir Wm. Hooker's). White. June.
S. Amer.
longifo'lium (long-leaved). June. Mexico. 1838.
la'tifrons (broad-stemmed). White. August.
S. Amer. 1820.
phylla'nthus (many-flowering). White. June.
S. Amer. 1810.
rho'mbeum (diamond-leased). Pale yellow.
June. Brazil. 1835.
specio'sum (showy). Red. June. Brazil. 1810.
truncu'tum (abrupt-ended). Pink. June.
Brazil. 1818.
cocd'neum (scarlet). Scarlet. June. 1818.
Russellia'num (Duke of Bedford's). Pink.
May. Brazil. 1839.
viola' ccum (violet-colour-jforcered). Vio-
let. May.
Mammilla' ria. (Nipple-bearers.)
C. chrysaca'ntha (golden-spined). Yellow. S.
Amer. 1827-
chrysa'ntha (yellow-flowered). Yellow. S,
Amer. 1827.
cocci'nea (scarlet-flowered). Scarlet. June.
Chili. 1827.
cohimna'ris (column-like). Mexico. 1838.
co' nicd (cone-headed}. July. 1808.
corona'ria (garland). Scarlet. July. S. Amer.
1817-
de'nsa (dense). June. Mexico. 1830.
depre'ssa (depressed). Red, green. July. S.
Amer. 1800.
di'scolor (two-coloured). Red. July. S.Amer.
1800.
echina'na (hedgehog). Pale pink. Mexico.
1830.
fiave'scens (yellow-spinel). Yellow. 1811.
floribu'nda (many-flowered). Pink. Chili.
fulvispi'na (brown-spined). Red. Brazil. 1829.
geminispi'na (twin-'spiued). Red. Mexico.
1823.
glomera'ta (tufted). Red. St. Domingo. 1825.
heli'cteris (twisted). Rose. June. Mexico.
1827.
lani'fera (wool-bearing). Rerl. Mexico. 1823.
Leh'ma'nni (Lehmanu's). Yellow. Mexico.
1836.
Mis&ourie 1 nsis (Missouri). White. July. Mis-
souri. 1818.
proli'ferti (white -spined-proVifero'as'). Whitish.
July. S. Amer. 1600.
pu'lchra (pretty). Yellow. June. Mexico. 1826.
pusi'lla (small). Pale red. S.Amer. 1820.
pyramida'lis (pyramidal). Mexico. 1835.
quadra'ta (four-sided). Chili. 182".
quadrispi'na (four-spined). Mexico. 1838.
specio'sa (showy). Red. Chili. 1827.
stella'ta (starry). Pink. May. S.Amer. 1815.
strami'nea (straw-coloured). Red. June. S.
Amer. 1811.
CAG
C. le'nuis (slender). Pale yellow. May. Mexico.
1830.
tetraca'ntha (four-spined). Rose. July. Mexico.
turbina'ta (top-shaped). Striped. July. Mexico.
1838.
ve'tula (oldish). Light scarlet. 1835.
vivi'para (viviparous). Red. Louisiana. 1811.
Melo-ca'ctus (Turk's-Cap-Cactus).
C. amce'nus (lovely). Light scarlet. 1835.
commu'nis (common). Red. July. W.Ind. 1789.
vi'ridis (green). 1836.
depre'ssus (depressed). Scarlet. Pernambuco.
macra'ntha (large-spined). White, red. S.
Amer. 1820.
meonaca'nlhus (oblong-spiraed). Jamaica. 1835.
placentifo'rmis (placenta-shaped). Red. Brazil.
polyuca'ntha (many-spined). Brazil.
pyramida'lis (pyramidal). Red. Curacoa. 1824.
spi'nis-ru'bris (red-spined).
There are many more species in all the above
subdivisions of Cactus mentioned in botanical
works ; but so little is known about them that
is certain that we have omitted them. We think,
also, that when this very numerous genus is better
known, many now considered as species will be
found to be a single species at different periods
of its growth.
Culture. It is possible that under the
different names of Epiphy'llum, Mamil-
la'ria, and Meloca'ctus we may see occa-
sion to detail a few extra points of culture ;
but we may observe here, that there are
features of cultivation common to them
all, namely, a high temperature and a
somewhat moist atmosphere when grow-
ing in summer ; a dry atmosphere when
ripening their growth ; and a dry atmo-
sphere dryness comparatively at the
roots and a low temperature, when in
a, state of rest. Though a temperature
of from 80 to 95 will not be too high
in the one case, one not below 40 will
suffice in the other.
Ecliinocactus culture. This group is
propagated, at times, by seed, which
should be sown as soon as ripe in shallow
pans, and plunged in a hotbed ; by offsets,
which should be well-dried at the base
before planting, and then plunged into
bottom-heat. This method of propa-
gating should only be resorted to in
spring or summer ; all changing of the
soil, or re-potting, should also be done
At that time, as, if done in winter, stag-
nation and decay are apt to ensue. Good
drainage constitutes an essential feature.
Soil, equal portions of sandy loam and
peat, and half parts of clear river or
silver-sand, leaf-mould, or dried, old cow-
dung, and brick-rubbish, consisting, how-
ever, more of the brick broken than the
lime. In addition to this compost, when
potting offsets without roots, a little
silver-sand may be advantageously placed
round them, and firmness be secured by
placing some slight pins of wood round
their base. In re-potting, it is well to
use a thick, soft glove, to save alike
hands and spines; and then it is ad-
visable to remove most of the soil, as
well as drainage, and any faulty roots,
holding the plant well up, and shaking
the compost with the other hand care-
fully among the roots. Water at all
times must be given with care; but,
when growing in fine weather in summer,
they will require a considerable supply
both at the roots and as vapour in the
atmosphere, with a high temperature.
As soon as the spines change colour,
moisture must be gradually withheld,
the temperature lowered, and more air
given. Summer temp., 00 to 90 ; win-
ter, 40 to 50.
Insects. The Red Spider seizes them
at times ; and he must be started imme-
diately, either by covering the surface of
the pot, and then placing your hand over
it, turning it topsy-turvy, and drawing
the plant rapidly several times through
water at 120 ; or by dusting the plants
with flowers of sulphur; or, as alike
prevention and cure, fuming the house
by placing sulphur on the hot-water pipes,
or on a hot-water plate kept on purpose.
The most remarkable are the E. Stancsii
and Viznaga, the monsters for size lately
introduced to Kew Gardens.
CJELESTI'NA. (From calcslis, celestial ;
in reference to its sky-blue colour. Nat.
ord., Composites [Asteracese]. Linn., 19-
Synqenesia \-JEqualis. Allied to Agera-
tum.)
Seed and cuttings take freely. Greenhouse
and cold pit in winter, and the flower-border
in summer. They grow most compactly in loamy
soil.
C. ageratoi'des (ageratum-likc). 1. Blue. Au-
gust. New Spain.
c<eru ! leu (sky-blue). 1. Blue. July. N
Amer. 1732.
micru'ntha (small-flowered). 14. Blue. July.
8. Amer. 1800.
C^ENO'PTERIS. (From ftainos, new, and
j a fern. Nat. ord., Ferns [Polypo-
Divisions, like most Ferns; peat and loam.
Summer temp., 60 to /0; winter, 38 to 50.
GREENHOUSE EVERGREENS.
C. appendicula'ta (appendaged). f . Brown.
July. N. Holland. 1822.
odonti'tcs (odontites). ?. Brown. July. N.
Holland. 1822.
STOVE HERBACEOUS.
C. myriophy'lla (myriad-leaved). 1. Brown
.December. W. Ind.
OES
CAL
C. rhixophu'lla (rooting-leaved). 1. Brovn. June.
XV. Ind. 1827.
thalictroi'des (thalictrum-like;. 1. Ero'R'n.
September. Jamaica.
CJESALPI'NIA. Brasiletto. (Named after
Casalpinus, physician to Pope Clement
VIII. Nat. 'ord., Leguminous Plants
[Fabaceee]. Linn., IQ-Decandria 1 Mo-
nog ynia. In alliance with Poinciana.)
"As hard as Brazils" refers to the Brazil-
wood that of Caesalpi'nia Brasilie'nsis. Stove
evergreens, except where otherwise mentioned.
Seeds and cuttings in sand, and in bottom-heat.
Peat and loam. Summer temp., 60 to 75;
winter, 50 to 65.
C. Bahame'nsis (Bahama). 15. White. Bahama.
1820.
Brasiliefnsis (Brazilian). 20. Orange. Ja-
maica. 1/39.
cassioi'dcs (cassia-like). 6. Yellow. S.
Anier. 1821.
Chine'nsis (China). 10. Yellow. E. Ind. 1820.
Gillie'sii (Gillies's). Mcndoza. 1629. Deci-
duous.
olenspe'rma (oil-seeded). 15. Yellow. E.
Ind. 1820.
panicula'ta (panicled). 6. Yellow. Malabar.
1817.
proce'ra (tall). 30. Yellow. Cuba. 1824.
puncta'ta (dotted). 6. Yellow. Brazil. 1820.
Sappa'n (Sappan). 20. Yellow. E. Ind. 1/73.
sca'ndens (climbing). 20. Yellow. E. Ind.
1800. Climber.
vesica'ria (bladdered). 12. Yellow. E.
Ind. 1820.
CJE'SIA. (Named after F. Casia. Nat.
ord., Lilywnrts [Liliacese]. Linn., 6-
Hexandria \-Monogynia. Allied to An-
thericum.)
Greenhouse tuberous-rooted perennial. Seeds
in March, in heat ; division of the roots ; loam
and peat. Summer temp., 60 to 70 ; winter,
40 to 45.
C. vitta'ta (riband). 1. Pale blue. July. N.
S. Wales. 1816.
CAJA'NUS. Pigeon Pea. (From its
Malabar name, Catjang. Nat. ord., Legu-
minous Plants [Fabacese]. Linn., 17-
Diadelphia 1-Pentandria. Allied to Pha-
seolus.)
Stove evergreen shrubs. Seeds in spring;
sandy loam and peat. Summer temp., 60 to 75;
winter, 50 to 55.
C. bi'colnr (two-coloured). 4. Yellow. July.
E. Ind. 1800.
fla'vus (yellow). 4. Yellow. July. E. Ind.
1687.
CAJEPUT-TREE. Melaleu'ca leucade'n-
dron.
CAJOPHO'RA. (From kaio, to sting; re-
ferring to the stinging property in the
hairs on the leaves and stems. Nat.
ord., Loasads [Loasacesej. Linn., 13-
Polyandria 1-Monogynia. Allied to Blu-
menbachia.)
Hardy annuals. Seeds in open border, in the
end of April, or in a slight hotbed, in March t
and afterwards transplanted as a half-haruy
annual.
C. lateri'tia (brick-coloured). Bed, orange. May.
Tucumania. 1836. Chmber.
Pentlu'ndica (Penttand). Orange. May. Pent.
1841.
CALABA-TREE. Calophy'llum ca'laba.
CALABASH. Cresce'ntia.
CALADE'NIA. (From kalos, beautiful,
and adcn, a gland. Nat. ord., Orchids
[Orchidacese]. Linn., 20-Gynandria L-
Monoyyitia. Allied to Limodorum.)
New Holland, half-hardy, terrestrial orchids.
Division of the roots; loam, peat, sand, and
broken pots in equal portions. A cool greenhouse
in winter.
C. ala'ta (winged). June. N.Holland. 1823.
a'lba (white). White. July. N. Holland. 1810.
ceeru'lea (sky-blue). Blue. N. Holland. 1804.
ca'rnea (fieah-coloured). Flesh. July. N.
Holland. 1826.
clavi'gera (club-lipped). June. N. S. Wales.
denticulafta (toothed). Yellow. Swan River.
dilata'ta (broad-lipped}. N. S. Wales.
donga' ta (elongated). Yellow. May. Swan
River.
gemina'ta (budded). Purple. May. Swan River.
gr a 1 cilis (slender). Australia. 1826.
hi'rta (hairv). Yellow. May. Swan River.
ixioi'des (ixia-like). Yellow. May. Swan Jliver.
longicau'da (long-spurred). Yellow. June.
Swan River.
margina'ta (bordered). Purple. May. Swan
River.
mo'llis (soft). Yellow. Swan River.
Patcrso'nii (Paterson's). N. S. Wales.
pili'fera (hairy). Purple. September. Swan
River.
re'pens (creeping). Purple. August. Swaa
River.
testa'cea (light-brown). July. N. Holland,
1824.
unguicula'ta (clawed). Yellow. August*
Swan River.
CALA'DIUM. (A word of uncertain
derivation, perhaps from kaladion, a cup.
Nat. ord., Arads [Aracese]. Linn., 21-
Moncecia 9-Polyandria. Allied to Co-
locasia.)
The ginger-like roots of C. bi'color, &c., are
used as common food in tropical countries, under
the name cocoa-roots ; but the roots of others are
very acrid. Stove plants, with the exception of
C. Virgi'nicum. Interesting chiefly on account
of their stems and leaves. Herbaceous kinds by
division of the plants, and suckers ; sub-shrubs,
cuttings, and dividing the roots ; rich, lumpy
soil, and abundance of water. Summer temp.,
60 to 85 ; winter, 50 to 55.
STOVE EVERGREENS.
C. aculea'tum (prickled). White, Surinam. 1822*
arbore'scens (tree-like). 8. White. June.
W. Ind. 1759.
arbo'reum (tree). 9. White. Cumana. 1820.
auri'tum (car-leaved). 3. White. America.
1739.
cuculta'tum (hood-meowed). Green. Marcb.
China. 182G.
CAL
r 153 1
CAL
C. fraemnWssirmttn (most fragrant). 4. Red
Uemerara. 1832. A parasite.
hdleborifo'lium (hellebore-leaved). 2. White.
June. Caraccas. 1/96.
la'cerum (torn). 4. White. Caraccas. 1S22.
macula'tum (spotted). 6. Green. August.
8. Amer. 1820.
Segui'num (Seguin Dumb-cane], 6. White,
March. Amer. J759-
triparti'tum (three-parted-jeamJ). 3. White.
Caraccas. 181 6.
xanthorhi'zum (yellow-rooted). White. 1822.
STOVE HERBACEOUS.
C. li'color (two-coloured). 1. White. June.
Madeira. 17/3.
edu'le (eatable). 4. White. Guiana. 1800.
CKCulc'ntum (esculent). 2. White. America.
1739.
li'i'idiirn (livid). ). Dingy. September. W.
Ind. 1828.
nymp/iatifo'liiim (\vzter-l\ly -leaved). 4. White.
E. Ind. 1800.
odora'tuin (fragrant). 2. White. _ Pegu. 1818.
ova'lum (egg-shaped). 4. White. E. Ind.
1818.
peda'tum (doubly -cvA^leavad}. 2. White.
Brazil. 1824.
petiola'tum (toff-leaf-s talked). 1. Purple.
June. Fernando Po. 1832. Tuberous-
rooted.
pinnati'fidum (deeply-lobed-leaved). 2. White,
Caraccas. 181/.
pu'milum (dwarf ). 1. White. Nepftul. 1820.
sagitteefo'lium (arrow-leaved). 2. White. W.
Ind. 1710.
sca'ndens (climbing). 2. White. Guinea. 1822.
Virgifnicum (Virginian). 1. June. Virginia.
1759. Hardy.
vivi'parurn (viviparous). 2. Green. May.
E. Ind. 1817-
zamictfa 'Hum (zamia-leaved). Yellow. Brazil.
C ATA 'is. (Named after a fabled indi-
vidual covered with scales ; referring to
tho scaly involucre, or the parts which
surround the outside of composite flow-
ers. Nat. ord., Composites [Asteracece] .
Linn., 19 -Syngenesis 1-^Egualis. Allied
to Succory.)
A hardy annual. Seeds in common soil, in
March or April.
C. Lindle'yi (Dr. Lindley's). Yellow. May. N.
Amer. 1833.
CALAMI'NTHA. Calamint. (From katos,
beautiful, and mintha, mint. Nat. ord.,
Labiates [Lamiacere] . Linn., 14-D/V/y-
namia 1-Anyiospermia. Allied to Me-
lissa.)
Hardy herbaceous perennials, except where
otherwise mentioned. Suckers and divisions;
common soil.
C. a'/Ao (white), f. White. July. Hungary. 1813.
Carolinia'na (Carolina). 1. Flame. June.
Carolina. 1804.
Cre'tica (Cretan) . Purple. June. South
Europe. 1596. Half-hardy evergreen.
frncticofsa (shrubby), ij. Purple. August.
-Spain. 1752. Half-hardy evergreen.
grandiflo'ra (large-flowered). 1. Red. July.
Italy. 1598
C. grandiflora vnricga't'i (variegated-faiBcd!). 1-,
lied. July. Gardens.
marifo'lia (marum-leaved). l. Purple. June.
Spain. 1788.
CA'LAMUS. (From kalom, the Arabic
word for a reed. Nat. ord., a section of
Palms [Palmacess]. Linn., 6-Hexandri<t
i-Bfonogynia.)
The dark-coloured resin called Dragon's-blood
is the natural secretion of the fruit of C, dra'co.
Stove palms. Seed ; sandy loam. Summer temp.,
60 to 80 ; winter, 50 to 55.
C. a'lbus (white). 50. E. Ind. 1812.
dra'co (dragon). 50. E. Ind. 1819.
li'ger (black). 20. Green. E. Ind. 1824.
rude'ntum (cable). 200. Green. E. Ind. 1812.
nt'rus (true.) 20. Green. Cochin China. 1812.
Zala'cca (Zulacca). 20. Green. E. Ind. 1812.
CALANDRI'NIA. (Named after Calan-
drinl, a German botanist. Nat. ord.,
Purslanes [Portulaceae]. Linn., 11-1)0-
decandria \-Mono<jynia.}
When grown from seeds, the hardy, as well as
the greenhouse and stove kinds, like a little pro-
tection, such as may be given by a slight hotbed,
in April, and a hand-light over it. Cuttings,
also, strike freely; light, sandy soil, well drained,
suits them well.
HARDY.
C. arena' ria (sand-fnAWttf ). $. Orange, red.
July. Valparaiso. 1831. Herbaceous
perennial.
caule'scens (stemmed). Rose. August. Mexico.
1827. Annual.
compre'ssa (flattened). . Ross. August.
Chili. 1826. Annual.
mona'ndra (one-stamened). . lied. August.
Chili. 1837- Annual.
procu'mbens (lying-down). . Rose. August.
Peru. 1827. Annual.
specio'sn (showy). . Purple. June. Califor-
nia. 1831. Herbaceous perennial.
umbclla'ta (umbel-flowered). . Rose. July.
Peru. 18-26. Annual.
GREENHOUSE.
7. Andre'wsii (Andrews'). Hose. August. W..
Ind. 1812. Deciduous shrub.
dfacolor (two-Kolovttfd'leaved), l. Rose. July.
Chili. 1834. Herbaceous perennial.
glau'cn (milky-green). Rose. August. Chili.
182/. Annual.
Lockha'rti (Lockhart's). Rose. June. Tri-
nidad. 1825. Deciduous shrub.
ni'tida (shining). Red. August. Chili.
1837. Annual.
pJiacospe'rma (lentil-seeded). Red. August.
Chih. 1837. Biennial.
STOVE.
C. asce'ndens (ascending). . Purple. Brazil.
Herbaceous perennial.
cilia' tn (hair-fringed). 4- Purple. August.
Chili. 1823. Annual.
grandifln'ra (large-flowered). 1. Purple.
July. Chili. 1826. Herbaceous perennial,
Lla'vea (La Llave's). April. Mexico. Herba-
ceous perennial.
paniculn'ta (panicled). 1^. Purple. July. S.
Amer. 1816. Herbaceous perennial.
CALA'NTHE. (From kalos, beautiful, and
ant/ws, a flower. Nat. ord., a section of
CAL
[
CAL
Orchids [Orchidacece], Linn., 20-Gy-
lumdria l-Monogyiiia.)
Terrestrial orchids, all evergreens except C.
vesti'ta. Divisi ns and suckers; loam and peat,
lightened with band and charcoal, and enriched
by top-dressings of old cow-dung ; extra well-
drained, constantly moist, and the plants well ex-
posed to light. Summer temp., 60 to 80 ; win-
ter, 50 to 55.
GREENHOUSE.
C. bi'color (two-coloured). Yellow. Japan. 1837.
di'scolor (discoloured). White. Japan. 1837.
furca'ta (forked). White. Luzon Isles. 1836.
STOVE.
. austra'lis (southern). N. S. Wales. 18'23.
brevico'rnu (short-horned). Rose. White.
August. Nepaul. 1838.
curculigoi'des(c\iTc\iligo-li\ic). 2. Orange. Oc-
tober. Malacca. 1844.
denslflo'ra (thickly-flowered), f. Yellowish.
September. E. Ind. 1837.
fla'vicuns (yellowish-flowered). White, blue.
April. E. Ind. 1838.
gra'cilis (slender). Greenish-yellow. Sep-
tember. Khasya. 185 1.
Masu'ca (Masuca). 2. Violet, purple. June.
E. Ind. 1838.
ochra'cea (ochre-coloured). Pale yellow. April.
Japan. 1836.
plantngi'nea (plantain - leaved}. Lilac. Fe-
bruary. Nepaul. 1S3Q.
Siebo'ldii (Siebold's). E. Ind. 1337.
si/lvu'tica (wood). Wlute.changing to yellow.
Madagascar. 1823.
vcratrifo'lia (veratrum-leaved). 2. White.
April. Java. 181Q.
versi' color (various-coloured-/o?wered). Whit-
ish-blue. August. Mauritius. 1S36.
vesti'ta (clothed). 2. White and pink. No-
vember. This has pseudo-bulbs. No
water given between December and
March, its time of rest. See The Cot-
tage Gardener, v. 166.
vi'ridi fu'sca (greenish - brown). Greenish-
brown. April. Assam.
CALA'TI-IEA. (From kalatlios, a basket;
in reference to the leaves being worked
into baskets in South America. Nat.
ord.fMarantlia [Marantacese]. Linn., 1-
Monandrla
Stove herbaceous perennials. Divisions ; sandy
peat and fibry loam. Summer temp., 60 to 75;
winter, 5b to 60.
C.flave'fcens (pale yellow). 1$. Yellow. Au-
gust. Brazil. 1822.
grandifo' lia (large-leaved). 2. Yellow. July.
llio Janeiro. 1826.
longittracteu'ta (long-bracted). I. Purple.
July. Brazil. 1826.
orbicula'ta (round-leaved). 2. Yellow. Au-
gust. W. Ind. 1830.
villo'sa (shaggy). 3. April. Brazil. 1825.
viola'ceu( violet-coloured). 14- Purple. July.
Brazil. 1815.
zebrl'nii. (zebra-plant). 2. Red, yellow. Bra-
zil. 1815.
CALATHIAN VIOLET. Gentia'na pncu-
tnona' nthe.
CALCAREOUS SOIL is a soil in which
chalk (carbonate of lime) predominates.
The colour approaches to white, in pro-
portion. No soil is productive which does
not contain some chalk, or in which it
exceeds nineteen parts out of twenty.
From one to five per cent, is the usual
proportion in fertile soils. Calcareous
soils are rarely productive ; they are so
feebly retentive of moisture, that the
crops upon them are burnt up in sum-
mer ; and they reflect the sun's rays so
fully, that they remain unheated, and ve-
getation is late upon them in spring.
The best addition to such soils, to im-
prove their staple, is clay.
CALCEOLA'RIA. Slipperwort. (From
calceolus, a slipper; in reference to tho
j shape of the iiower. Nat. ord., Fiyivorts
[Scrophulariacete]. Linn., 1-Diandria 1-
Jlfonof/ynia.)
Herbaceous kinds, to bloom early, sow seeds in
August and September, and cuttings at the same
time. Shrubby kinds, for flower-garden decora-
tion, by cuttings of firm young shoots, under
glass, in September ; and again, in heat, in
March. Soil for pots, light and rich compost,
well drained ; for beds, a good loam should pre-
ponderate. Summer temp., 50 to 60 ; winter,
35 to 45.
HERBACEOUS PERENNIALS.
C. amplexicau' Us (stem-clasping). 1$. Yellow.
June. Peru. 1845.
arachnoi'des (cobweb-like). 1. Purple. June.
Chili. 1827.
u'lbu (white-flowered). 1. White. June.
conna'ta (base-joined-/et'erf). 3. Yellow.
| Chili. 1824. Biennial.
I corymbo'sa (corymbose). 1. Yellow. May.
Chili. 1822.
crenatijio'ra (scolloped- lipped). 14. Yel-
low-spotted. June. Chili. 183).
cuneifo'lia (wedge-shaped-leaved). l. Pale
lemon. Bolivia. 1846.
flexuo'aa (zigzag). 3. Yellow. Peru Mountains.
1847.
Fot/iergi'lti (Fothergill's). 4. Orange. April.
Falkland Isles. 1777-
PIerbertia'na( Herbert's). $ Yellow. June.
Chili. 1828.
pinna' ta (leafleted). 2. Yellow. July. Peru.
17/3. Annual.
plantagi'nea (plantain-feowrf), 1. Yellow,
August. Chili. 182/.
poly fo' lia (poly-leaved). 1. Yellow. July.
Chili. 1827.
purpu'rea ( purple-flowered). 1. Purple. Julv.
Chili. 1827.
e'leqims (elegant). 1. Pale purple. June.
Chili. 1832.
pi' eta (painted). 1. White, purple. June.
Chili. 1832.
SHRUBBY EVERGREENS.
C. a' Ilia (wliite-flawered). 14. White. June.
Chili. 1844.
angustiflo'ra (narrow-flowered). 14. Yellow.
June. Peru. 1830.
asce'ndens (ascending). I. Yellow. July. Cor-
dilleras. 1826.
j bi'color (two-coloured). 2. Yellow. August.
Peru. 1829.
CAL
[155]
CAL
C. Chiloe'nsis (Chiloe). 2. Yellow. August.
Chiloe. 1830.
flor ibu'nda (many-flowered). 1&. Pale yellow.
September. Quito. 1843.
Herbertiu!naparviflo'ra( Herbert's small-flow-
ered). 2. Yellow. April. Valparaiso.
1836.
integrifo'lia (entire-leaved).* 2. Yellow. Au-
gust. Chili. 1822.
angustifo'lin (narrow-leaved). 2. Yellow.
August. Chili. 1822.
viscosi'ssima (clammiest). 3. Yellow.
August. Chili. 1832.
pe'ndula (hanging). Yellow-spotted. July.
Chili. 1831.
rugo'sa (wrinkled). 2. Yellow. August. Chili.
1822.
scabios&fo'lia (scabious-leaved). 2. Yellow.
May. Chili. 1822. Trailer.
se'ssilis (stalklew-feaiwd). l. Yellow. Sep-
tember. Valparaiso. 1832.
thyrsifio'ra (thyrse-flowered). l. Yellow.
June. Chili. 1827.
CALCEOLARIA AS A FLORIST'S FLOWER.
Propagation by Cuttings. In August, im-
mediately after flowering, and in March.
In August, from a spent hotbed, remove
the soil, and place six inches of dry coal-
ashes or sawdust. In spring, prepare a
hotbed of leaves, or stable litter, a month
before it is wanted, to allow the strong
heat to subside ; then cover it with the
same depth of coal- ashes or sawdust.
Fill a sufficient number of pots, within
nn inch of the top, with light, sandy loam ;
fill up to the rim with silver- sand, and
water gently, to settle the sand firmly.
Take off the cuttings (the young tops
are the best) ; cut off the bottom leaves,
leaving two or three at the top ; put them
in the sand by the aid of a small, sharp-
pointed stick, pressing the sand about
them firmly. The herbaceous varieties
should be placed rather thinly round the
edge of the pot ; the half-shrubby ones
may be put in all over the pot, neatly, in
rows ; then give a gentle watering. Al-
low the water to dry off, and then plunge
them into the hotbed, in the ashes or
saw-dust, up to the rims of the pots,
taking care that the heat is moderate.
Shade for a week all the day ; afterwards,
only when the sun shines. If the sand
becomes dry, water in the morning of a
fine day; but very little water will be
necessary. Remove all decaying leaves,
or dead cuttings, as they occur. As soon
as the cuttings are rooted, pot them off
in the same kind of soil, and in S^-inch
pots, and set them on the surface of the
same bed till they make fresh roots;
then remove them into a shady part of
the greenhouse for a week previously to
re-potting.
By Seed.Sov? twice, as soon as the
seed is ripe, and in early spring. Sow
in wide, shallow seed-pans, rather thinly,
and very slightly covered. A similar
situation as for cuttings will answer; but,
as soon as the seedlings are up, place
them on a shelf, near the glass, in an
airy greenhouse. When they are large
enough, pot them into 2^-inch pots, sin-
gly, and keep re-potting, as they require
it, till they are in 6 -inch pots ; then allow
them to flower ; and such as are of a
good form, bright, distinct colours, and a
fair size, re-pot again, and keep them to
propagate by cuttings ; but all others
either throw away or plant them out to
ornament the flower-borders till the frost
kills them.
To save Seed. Impregnation is neces-
sary in order to produce good seed and
to produce variety. Choose the pollen
from a bright-coloured, clear-spotted va-
riety, and apply it to the best-formed
ones destined to bear the seed the male
parent for colour, and the female for
shape.
Soil. Light, sandy, yellow loam, t'vo
busheJs; leaf -mould, half a bushel,
much- decayed co\v-dung, one peck ; mix
thoroughly, and use in a moderately dry
state. If the loam is not sandy natu-
rally, add as much sifted river-sand as
will make it so.
Summer Culture. Commence potting
as early in spring as possible ; autumn-
struck cuttings early in March ; and the
spring-struck as soon as they are fit. Old
stools never make such fine specimens as
cuttings : they had better be thrown
away as soon as they have yielded a crop
of cuttings. Drain plentifully with broken
potsherds, using a greater quantity every
time. Re-pot about three times, and
leave the plants, at last, in 11-inch pots
to bloom. No flower- stems should be
allowed to remain until the plants have
attained their full growth. Keep them
as near the glass as possible, in a light,
airy greenhouse. After the last potting,
the plants should present a healthy
appearance, with large, broad leaves, of
a dark-green colour. The flower-stems
may now be allowed to grow : each should
be tied to a neat, small, green stick.
Place the sticks so as to slope outwards,
to allow room for the heads to bloom.
Plenty of air should be given, to cause
a stout growth. They should be in per-
fection early in July. Each plant will be
CAL
[ 150 ]
CAL
then two feet high, and as much in dia-
meter. They will be fine objects either
for the greenhouse, when few other things
are in bloom, or for exhibition purposes.
Winter Culture, As soon as the flow-
ers are all dead (if no seed is required),
the stems ought to be cut down, and the
plants either removed out of doors, or,
still better, into a cold pit. Plenty of
air should be given on all favourable oc-
casions ; and, as soon as the frost of win-
ter begins to appear, remove them into
the greenhouse, place them as near the
glass as possible, and keep them there
till the time of propagation arrives. Take
off the cuttings then, and throw the old
stools away.
Forcing. On account of their impa-
tience of heat, Calceolarias, excepting a
few shrubby ones, do not force well.
These may be re-potted in January, and
put into a heat of 55 to 60. Give water
moderately, and allow the flower-stems
to grow from the first. They will then
flower in April and May.
Diseases. The herbaceous varieties are
subject to a disease very like that which
has attacked the potato of late years.
They appear quite healthy, until dark-
brown spots appear on the leaves and
stems ; and in a week's time the disease
spreads, and the plants are dead. No
cure is known. As soon as it appears on
any plant, remove it at once, and throw it
away, because the disease is contagious,
and soon spreads to the healthy plants.
Too much wet at the root, or damp in the
house, will accelerate the disease.
Insects. The most destructive is the
green fly (Aphis}. Whenever it appears,
fill the house with tobacco-smoke. Eed
spider (Acarus) will sometimes appear, if
the house be kept hot and dry. Dust
the leaves with sulphur where it is ob-
served.
Calceolarias for bedding-out should be
propagated in the autumn, and kept in
the cutting-pots through the winter. Pot
them singly in the spring, place them in
a cold frame, and gradually harden them
off by May. Then plant them out in a
rich, light soil, where they are to flower.
CALDA'SIA. (Named after O. Caldas, a
naturalist at Bogota. Nat. ord., Phlox-
worts [Polemoniaceaj].)
Stove annual ; seeds in hotbed, in spring ;
sandy peat. Temp., 50 to 60.
C. heterophy'lla (variable-leaved). 2. Blue.
July- New Spain. 1813.
CALDCLU'VIA. (Named after A. Cald-
dcmjh, F.R.S., who collected botanical
specimens in Chili. Nat. ord., Cunoniads
[Cunoniacese]. Linn., S-Octandria 2-
Digynia. Allied to Cunonia.)
The principal characf r of this and other Cuno-
niads is the leaves g; 'ing opposite, with sti-
pules between the lea talks. The panicles of
little white flowers he j a pretty appearance.
Greenhouse evergreen scrubs ; cuttings of half-
ripened wood in sand, under glass, and a little
bottom-heat; peat and loam. Winter temp.,
40 to 45.
C.panicula'ta(vKnic\K&-flowered). White. June.
Australia. 1831.
CA'LEA. (From kalos, beautiful; re-
ferring to the flowers. Nat. ord., Com-
posites [Asteracesj]. Linn., 19-Synycnesia
l-^Eqnalis. Allied to Galinsogia.)
Stove evergreen shrubs ; seed in March ; side-
shoots strike freely at any time, in sand, and
placed in bottom-heat, under a glass. Summer
temp., 60 to /5 ; winter, 55 to 60.
C. cordifo'lia (heart-leaved). 2. Jamaica. 1822.
Jamuice'nsis (Jamaica). 3. Purple. June.
W. Ind. 1739.
pinnati'fida (leafleted). Yellow. June. Bra-
zil. 1816.
solidugi'nea (solidago-like). 4. Caraccas.
1817.
urticaifo'lia (nettle-leaved). 2. Yellow. July.
VeraCruz. 1740.
CALEA'CTE. See CA'LEA.
CALECTA'SIA. (From kalos, beautiful,
and stachys, a spike. Calectasias are
branched herbs, with dry, permanent,
starry flowers, of a bright violet. Nat.
ord., Hushes [Juncaceae]. Linn., Q-Hex-
andria \-Monoyynia. Allied to Baxteria. )
Unless we had it on authority, we should not
take this for a rush, but a lilywort. Greenhouse
herbaceous perennial ; divisions ; peat and loam,
or common soil. Winter temp., 35 to 45.
C. cya'nea (blue-flowered). Blue. June. Aus-
tralia. 1840.
CALE'NDULA. Marigold. (From ru
lenda, the first day of the month; its
flowers produced almost all the year
round. Nat. ord., a section of Compo-
sites [Asteracese]. Linn., 19-Syngenesia
4i-Necessaria.)
Hardy annuals may be sown in the border, in
April; tenderer ones in a slight hotbed, and
transplanted in May. Greenhouse varieties by
cuttings ; sandy loam, and loam and peat for the
greenhouse ones. See MARIGOLD.
GREENHOUSE EVEIIGKEENS.
C. arbore'scens (tree-like). 3. Yellow. Decem-
ber. Cape of Good Hope. 17/4,
chrysanthemifo' Ha (chrysanthemum - lenvcd).
2. Yellow. April. Cape of Good Hope.
1790.
denta'ta (toothed). 1$. Yellow. May. Caps
of Good Hope- 1/90.
denticula'ta (small-toothed). 1$. Yellow,
December. Barbarv. 1S21."
CAL
[ 157 ]
CAL
C.fla'ccida (feeble). 2. Orange. May. Cape
of Good Hope. 1774.
^-frutico'sa (shrubby). 2. Yellow. June.
Cape of Good Hope. 1752.
murica'ta (prickled). 2. Yellow. Decem-
ber. Cape of Good Hope.
oppositifo'lia (opposite-leaved). 2. Yellow.
August. Cape of Good Hope. 17/4.
sii/rutico'sa (sub-shrubby). 1. Yellow. De-
cember. Cape of Good Hope. 1823.
tra'gus (goat-rtA). 2. White, purple. May.
Cape of Good Hope. 1774.
visco'sa (clammy). 2. Orange. August. Cape
of Good Hope. 1790.
HABDY ANNUALS.
C. aroe'nsis (corn-field). 2. Yellow. June. Eu-
rope. 1597.
aste'rias (star). 1$. Yellow. August. Eu-
rope. 1838.
gra'cilis (slender). Yellow. June. Persia.
1836.
graminifo'lia (grass-leaved). 1. Yellow.
May. Cape of Good Hope. 1531.
hy'brida(hy\>r\di-Great-Cape). 1. White. June.
Cape of Good Hope. 1752.
inca'na (hoary). 1$. Yellow. July. Barbary.
1796.
Mexica'na (Mexican). $. Yellow. August.
Mexico. 1829.
nudicau'lis (naked-stalked). 1. White, purple.
July. Cape of Good Hope. 1731.
officina'lis (officinal. Common marigold}. 3.
Orange. June. South of Europe. 1573.
flo're-ple'na (double-flowered). 3. Orange.
June.
Pe'rsica (Persian). Yellow. June. Persia.
1830.
pluvia'lis (rainy. Small Cape marigold}. 1.
White. June. Cape of Good Hope. 1693.
sa'ncta (holy-pale-flowered). 2. Yellow. June.
Levant. 1731.
Si'cula (Sicilian). 1. Yellow. June. Sicily.
1816.
stella'ta (starred). 2. Yellow. July. Barbary.
1796.
CALE'YA. (Named after G. Caley, su-
perintendent of the Botanical Garden, St.
Vincent. Nat. ord., a small section of
Orchids [Orchidacese]. Linn., 20-Gynan-
dria l-Monogynia.)
Greenhouse terrestrial orchids ; division of the
plants ; fibry peat, lumpy loam, and a littie
charcoal, well-drained. Summer temp., 60 to
80 ; winter, 55 to 60.
C. ma'jor (greater). Green, brown. June. N. S.
Wales. 1810.
mi'nor (less). Green, brown. June. N.
Holland. 1822.
nigri'ta (blackish -flowered}. Dark. Swan
River.
CA'LLA. (From kalos, beautiful. Nat.
ord., Orontiads [Orontiacese]. Linn., 7-
Heptandria 1 - Mo n oyy nia.)
All greenhouse plants ; division of the plants
and roots; rich loam and peat; the marshy one
does well as an aquatic, and frequently stands out
of doors ; all generally need the protection of the
greenhouse in winter.
C. ttroma'tica (aromatic). 2. White. July. China.
1813, Herbaceous perenniaL
C. occu'lta (hidden-spiA-ed). White. May. China.
1817. Herbaceous perennial.
palu'stris (marsh). . White. July. N.Amer.
1/63. Perennial aquatic.
pertu'sa (perforated). 6. White. May. W.
Ind. 1752. Evergreen creeper.
CALICO-BUSH. Ka'lmia latifo'lia.
CALLIA'NDEA. (From kalos, beautiful,
and aner, a man ; referring to the sta-
mens, or male organ ; literally, beautiful-
stamened. The long, silky, purple or
white stamens of this genus are very beau-
tiful. Nat. ord., Leguminous Plants [Fa-
baceae]. Linn., 16-Monadelphia 8-Poly-
andria. Allied to Inga.)
Stove evergreen shrubs ; cuttings of rather firm
young wood in sand, under a glass, in heat ; peat
and loam. Summer temp., 60 to 85; winter, 50*
to 55.
C. Harri'sii (Mr. Harris's). 20. Rose. Brazil.
1845.
pulche'rrima (fairest). 20. Mexico. -1822.
Twee'dii (Tweedie's). 6. Scarlet, crimson.
Mexico. 1845.
CALLICA'EPA. (From fcalos, beautiful,
and carpos, fruit ; referring to the beau-
tiful berries. Nat. ord., Verbenas [Ver-
benacese]. Linn., k-Tetrandria 1-Mono-
yynia. Allied to Petrsea.)
The leaves of C. lana'ta are eaten by the Cinga-
lese as a substitute for betel-leaves. Stove ever-
greens, except where otherwise specified ; cut-
tings in saady soil, in bottom-heat; loam and
peat. Summer temp., 60 to 75; winter, 50 to
55.
C. America'na (American). 6. Red. June. N.
Amer. 1724. Greenhouse deciduous
shrub.
arbo'rea (tree). 12. Purple. August. E.
Ind. 1820.
ca'na (hoary). 3. Purple. E. Ind. 173?.
ftrrugi'nea (rusty). 2. Blue. June. Jamaica.
1/9*.
inca'na (very hoary). 4. Red. July. E. Ind.
1800.
lama'ta (woolly). 4. Purple. June. E. Ind.
1788.
lanccola'ria (spear-leaved). 4. Purple. July.
E. Ind. 1822.
longifo'lia (long-leaved). 3. White. Apr3.
China. 1825.
macrophy'lla (large-leaved). 6. Pink. India.
1808.
purpu'rea (purple). 3. Purple. July. E. Ind.
1822.
reticula'ta (netted). 4. Red. July. Jamaica.
1820.
rube'lla (reddish). 2. Red. May. China. 1322.
CALLI'CHEOA. (From kalos, beautiful,
and c/iroa, colour ; referring to the bright-
yellow colour of the flowers. Nat. ord.,
Composites [Asterace.Tg. Linn., 19-Syn-
genesia 2-Si<perjlua. Allied to Helenium.)
Hardy annual ; seed sown in March on a slight
hotbed, under a hand-light, and transplanted m
patches, in the open border, at the end of April,
or beginning of May ; or it may be sown in the
CAL
[153]
CAL
front of the border in the end of April, and it will
blow later.
C.platyglo'ssa (broad-rayed). 1. Yellow. Oc-
tober. California. 1835.
CALLICO'MA. (From kalos, beautiful,
and coma, hair ; in reference to the tufted
heads of its yellow flowers. Nat. ord.,
Cunoniads [Cunoniacese]. Linn., ll-Do-
decandria %-Digynia. Allied to Wein-
mannia.)
Greenhouse evergreen shrub ; cuttings of half-
ripened wood, under a bell-glass, in sandy peat ;
sandy peat. Summer temp., 50 to 70 ; winter,
40 to 45.
C. serratifo'lia (saw-leaved). 4. Yellow. June.
N. S. Wales. 1/93.
CALLI'GONUM. (From kalos, beautiful,
and gonum, a joint; in reference to its
leafless joints. Nat. ord., Buckwheats
[Polygonacese], Linn., Il-Dodecandria
-Tetragynia. Allied to Polygonum.)
This is a curious leafless shrub, a native of
Siberia, where the Calmucks, in times of scarcity,
pound and boil the roots, from which they obtain
a nutritious gum resembling tragacanth, to allay
their hunger ; while, by chewing the acrid
branches and fruit, they quench their thirst.
Hardy evergreen shrub ; cuttings under a hand-
giass, in spring and autumn ; sandy loam.
C, Palla'sia (Pallas's). 4. Green, white. August.
Caspian Sea. 1780.
CALLIO'PSIS. Synonyme of COREO'P-
sis, which see.
CALLIPHRU'RIA. (Derivation not ex-
plained. Nat. ord., Amaryllids [Amaryl-
lidacese]. Linn., Q-Hexandria I-Monogy-
nia. Allied to Eurycles.)
Pretty Peruvian bulbs, flowerintr, when not in
leaf, like the Guernsey lily. Offset s ; sandy loam
and a little peat ; cold pit, or a warm border, and
protected during winter.
C. Hartwegia'na (Hartweg's). Yellow. Grenada,
1843.
Herbertia'na (Herbert's).
CALLI'PRORA. (From kalos, beautiful
and prora, a front ; referring to the front
view of the flowers. Nat. ord., Lilyworts,
in the Squill section [Liliacese], Linn.
6-Hexandria l-Monogynia)
A pretty, hardy little bulb, with drooping
yellow flowers. Offsets ; shady, peaty border.
C. lu'tea (yellow-flowered'), f . Yellow. August
California. 1831.
CALLI'PTERIS. Synonyme of DIPLA'-
ZIUM, which see.
CALLI'SIA. (From kalos, beautiful. A
pretty species. Nat. ord., Spiderworls
[Commelynacese]. Linn., 3-Triandria
1-Monogynla. Allied to Tradescantia.)
Stove evergreen trailer ; division of its creeping
roots; sandy loam and a little peat. Summer
temp., 60 to 70 ; winter, 45 to 55.
C, re'pens (creeping), i. Blue, June. W. Ind
1776.
CALLISTA'CHYS. (From kalos, beautiful,
and stachys, a flower- spike. Nat. ord.,
Leguminous Plants [Fabacese]. Linn.,
[Q-Decaadria L-Monogynia. Allied to
Oxylobinsn . )
Greenhouse evergreen shrubs, except where
otherwise specified. Cuttings of half-ripened
side-shoots in April, in sand, under a bell-glass ;
andy peat, fibry loam, and a little charcoal.
Summer temp., 55 to 70; winter, 40 to 45.
C. cunea'ta (wedge-leaved'). 3. Yellow. July.
N. Holland. JS24.
lanceola'ta (spear-teawed). 4. Yellow. June.
N. Holland. 1815.
ttnaritefo'lia (toad-flax-leaved). 6. Yellow.
June. N. Holland. 1824.
linea'ris (narrow-Jeaued). 2. Red. October.
Swan River. 1838.
longifo'lia (long-leaved). 5. Red, yellow*
June. Swan River. 183p.
ova'ta (egg-shape-Jea?;erf). 4. Yellow. June.
N. Holland. 1815.
retu'sa (jagged-ended - leaved}. 4. Yellow.
July. N. Holland. 1830.
CALLISTE'IIMA. China-Aster. (From
kalistos, most beautiful, and stemma, a
crown. Nat. ord., Composites [Astera-
ceffi]. Jjimn.,~\.Q-Syngfiiicsia 2-Sttperftua.)
This is the common name for the China-Asters.
Cassini, its author, however, changed it to Callis-
te'phus; but, as botanists acknowledge that the
whole order, as now arranged, is but " a tempo-
rary device," and that "the genera are need-
lessly multiplied," we adopt the more common
name until the whole order is re-arranged. Hardy
annuals. Seeds sown in a slight hotbed, in March,
hardened and transplanted in May. If pricked
out in a similar way to celery, they will well re-
pay the labour. Seeds may also be sown at thn
end of April, where the plants are to bloom ; an
open situation and a rich, loamy soil will answer
best.
C. horte'nse (garden). 1J. Blue. July. China. 1731.
a'lbum (white.) l. White. July. China.
1731.
ru'hrum (red). !. Red. July. China.
1731.
variega'tum (variegated). 1$. Variegated.
July. China. 1731.
mu'ltiplex (double). l. Variegated. July.
China. 1731.
brachya'nthum (short-flowered). l- Blue.
July. China. 1/31.
1'ndicum (Indian). 1. Blue/July. E. Ind. 1820.
CALLISTEMMA CULTURE. Propagation.
These, being annuals, must be in-
creased by seed every year. It should
be saved from the best-formed and most
double flowers. Those with quilled flow-
ers are most esteemed. The colours
should also be taken into consideration
in saving seed. The self-colours should
be clear, divided, and bright; such as
have striped blooms ought to have the
colours well defined, not run into each
other, but distinctly separated.
Soil. The soil should be light and
CAL
[ 159
CAL
moderately rich ; and the situation where
they are to bloom should be fully ex-
posed to the sun. They make beautiful
beds in the parterre, but are not so last-
ing as some other flowers.
Culture. Sow the seeds in March, on
a gentle hotbed, either in pots or on a
bed of earth laid upon the heating mate-
rial at least six inches thick ; transplant
the seedlings as soon as the frosts are
over, either in beds of separate colours,
in mixtures, or in patches, in the general
flower-border. Whichever way is deter-
mined upon, the soil should be prepared
by the addition of a portion of fresh loam
and very much decayed dung, well mixed
with the original soil.
Diseases. China- Asters are subject to
die off suddenly. There is no remedy,
when this occurs, but to pull up the
sickly plants, and remove the soil; put
in some fresh, and replant from the re-
serve stock a stock that ought always to
be kept ready for such occasions.
'Insects. The green fly sometimes
during a dry season attacks these plants.
Either sprinkle with tobacco- water or
Scotch snuff, to destroy them. Do this
in the evening of a fine day, and wash it
off in the morning with the syringe.
CALLISTE'MON. (From kalistosj most
beautiful, and stcmon, a stamen; refer-
ring to the graceful, long, scarlet stamens.
Nat. ord., Myrtleblooms [Myrtacese] . Linn.,
12-Icosandria 1-Monogynia. Allied to
Leptospermum. )
Greenhouse evergreen shrubs, from New Hol-
land, with pea-like blossoms. Seeds sown in a
hotbed, in March ; cuttings of firm, but not solid,
wood, in sandy loam, under a bell-glass, in April
or May ; turfy peat, sandy and fibry loam, and a
few pieces of charcoal. Summer temp., 50 to
70; winter, 40 to 45.
C. brachya'ndrum (short-stamened). 3. Fellow.
October. 1348.
formo'sum Chandsome). 5. 1824.
lanceola'tum (spear-leaved). 10. Crimson.
June. 1788.
leptosta'chyum (slender-spiked). 6. Green.
June. 1820.
linearifo'lium (narrow-leaved). 10. Red. May.
1820.
linea're (narrow). 6. Scarlet. June. 1728.
lopa'nthum (crest-flowered). 0. Purple. June,
1800.
margina'tum (bordered). 6. 1816.
inicrophy'llum (small-leaved). 5. 1824.
mycro&ta'chyum (small-spiked). 5. Red.
March. 1836.
- phceni'ceum (purple). 3. Purplish. March. 1943.
pmifoflium (pine-leaved). 6. Green. June.
pn'ngens (stinging). 6. May. 182;.
'g-jd', (stiff). 5. Cream. April. 1800.
ruguli'sum (small-wrinkled). 6. Pink, May.
C. sali'gnui (willow-teaped). 6. June. 1783.
sca'ber (rough). 4. July. 1820.
semperfto'rens (ever-blooming). 6. Crimson-
April. 1818.
spenio'sum (showy). 10. Crimson. April. 1822..
vimina'le (twiggy). 10. Red. April. 1800.
mridiflo'rum (green-flowered). 5. Green. July.
1818.
CALLI'TKIS. (From kalos, beautiful ; re-
ferring to the whole plant. Nat. ord.,.
Conifers [Pinaceaa]. Linn., 2l-Moncecia
13-Polyandria. Allied to Thuja.)
The wood of C. quadriva'lnis is in great de-
mand by the Turks, who use it for the ceiling*
and floors of their mosques, as they believe it to
be indestructible. Greenhouse, evergreen, cypress-
like trees. Seeds and cuttings, under a hand-
light, in autumn, and protected by a cold pit ;
sandy loam, generally protected under a glass in
winter, though there seems reason to believe they
would flourish out of doors, in the warmer parts
of England, nearly as well as several of the Cy-
presses.
C. cupressifo'rmis (cypress-like). 20. N. Holland.
1826.
5ttflKfnya'Ji's(four-valved). 20. Apetal. Sep-
tember. Barbary. 1815.
trique'tra (three-sided). Apetal. April. Cap*
of Good Hope. 1820.
CALLU'NA. (From kalluno, to adorn ; in-
reference both to the beauty of the
Heather, and to its use as a scrubbing-
brush or broom. Nat. ord., Heathivort*
[Ericaceae]. linn., S-Octandria 1-Mono-
gynia.)
Callu'na vulga'ris, the common Heather, and
all its varieties, are the best bee-flowers of our
native Flora. The C. vulga'ris is a native of many
parts of the British Islands, and its flowers are
purple, opening in April ; but there are the dou-
ble-blossomed, the white, the scarlet, the red, the
decumbent, the spiked, the downy, and variegated
varieties. See EBI'CA.
CALLUS is the matter exuded from the
edges of the wound of a plant in the
process of healing. It is exuded from
the horizontally-communicating cells of
the plant ; and, in cuttings, it is from and
through tins exuded matter that the roots
and the perpendicular vessels connected
with them proceed.
CALOCHI'LUS. (From kalos, beautiful,
and cheilos, a lip ; referring to the beauty
of the labellum, or lip. Nat. ord., Orchids
[Orchidacese]. Linn., 20-Gynandria 1-
Monogynia. Allied to Listera and Neottia.)
Orchids are only apparently monandrous.
There are, in fact, three filaments, firmly grown
together in the column, the centre one bearing the
pollen, and the other two are barren. Greenhouse
terrestrial orchids. Divisions of the plant ; sandy
loam and turfy peat, enriched with a little lumpy,
old cow-dung. Encouraged to grow, when done
flowering, by heat and moisture ; kept cool and
dry after they are pretty well matured, and heat
given again when to be started into bloom. Sum-
mer temp., 50 to 75; winter, 45 to 50.
CAL
[ ICO ]
CAL
C> campe'stris (field). . Green, brown. N.
Holland. 1824.
paludo'sus (marsh). . Brown. N.Holland.
1823.
CALOCHO'KTUS. (From kalos, beautiful,
and chortus, grass ; referring to the leaves.
Nat. ord., Lilyworts [Liliacece]. Linn.,
Q-Hexandria 6-PoIygynia. Allied to the
Tulip and Fritillaria. )
The gayest of our hardy or half-hardy bulbs,
introduced by the unfortunate and intrepid
Douglass from Colombia. The finest of them
have been lost; but such beautiful plants cannot
long remain in the wilderness. Half-hardy bulbs.
Offsets ; sandy loam and peat, in equal propor-
tions. If planted out, the bulbs should be taken
up and dried before winter ; if in pots, keep in a
cold pit, and pot afresh when the bulbs begin to
grow.
C. e'legans (elegant). . White. June. Colombia.
1826.
In,' tens (yeUovr-petaled). 1. Yellow-spotted.
September. California. 1831.
macroca'rpus (large-fruited). 2. Purple. Au-
gust. California. 1826.
ni'tidus (shining). . Purple. August. Cali-
fornia. 1826.
sple'ndens (splendid-flowered). l. White-
spotted. August. California. 1832.
venu'stus (handsome-flowered). 1$. Lilac. Au-
gust. California. 1836.
CALODE'NDKON. (From kalos, beautiful,
and dendron, a tree. Nat. ord., Rueworts
[Rutacess]. Jjmn.,5-Pentandria 1-Mono-
gynia. Allied to Diosma.)
One of those beautiful Diosma-looking genera
which abound in our Cape Colony, remarkable
alike for their pretty flowers and for their power-
ful and generally offensive odour. The settlers
call them Bucku-plants. Greenhouse tree. Cut-
tings of half-ripened wood in sand, under a bell-
glass, and with a little bottom-heat ; sandy loam.
Summer temp., 50 to 75 ; winter, 40 to 50.
C. Cape'nsis (Cape). 40. Pink. Cape of Good
Hope. 1789-
CALONY'CTION. (From kalos, beautiful,
and nyx, night; in reference to their
flowering in the night-time. Nat. ord.,
Bindweeds [Convolvulacese]. Linn., 5-
Pentandria 1-Monogynia. Allied to Con-
volvulus.)
These night-flowering Bindweeds are the Mid-
night Lilies of travellers. Stove evergreen climber.
Convolvulus-lpokiiiBr, but opening its flowers at
night. Seeds in heat, in March ; cuttings of side-
shoots, in April or May, in sandy soil, and in
bottom-heat ; peat and loam. Summer temp., 60
to 85 ; winter, 50 to 58.
(7. pseudomurica' turn (false-point-covered). Pur-
ple. July. E. Ind. 1827.
CALO'PHACA. (From kalos, beautiful,
and phake f a lentil; in reference to the
lentil-like flowers. Nat. ord., Legumi-
nous Plants [Fabaceae], Linn., 17-Dia-
delphia k-Decandria. Allied to Cytisus.)
Loudon says of it, " Grafted standard high on
the common Laburnum, it forms an object at
once singular, picturesque, and beautiful." Hardy
deciduous shrub. Seeds sown in March; or cut-
tings, under a hand-iight ; common, light loam.
C. Wolga'rica (Wolga). 2. Yellow. May.
Siberia. 1/86.
CALO'PHANES. (From kalos, beautiful,
and phainG) to appear. Nat. ord., Acan-
tlinds [Aeanthacesej. Linn., l^-I>idyna-
mia 2-Aitgiospermia. Allied to Ruellia.)
Hardy herbaceous perennial. Dividing the
roots in March ; loam and peat, or sandy loam.
C. oWorag-i/o7ta(oblong-leavad). 1. Blue. Au-
gust. Carolina. 1832.
CALOPHY'LLUM. (From kalos, beautiful,
and phyllon, a leaf. Nat. ord., a section
of Guttifers [Clusiacese.]. Linn., 15-Te-
tr adynamia,}
Stove evergreen trees ; cuttings of half-ripened
shoots in sand, under a glass, and in bottom-
heat ; peat and loam. Summer temp., 60 to 85 ;
winter, 50 to 55.
C. cala'ba (calaba-ree). 30. White. India. 1780.
inophy'llum (fibrous-ieaved). QO. White. E.
Ind. 179.5.
spu'rium (spurious). 30. White. Malabar.
1800.
Tacamaha'ca (Tacamahaca). 30. White.
Bourbon. 1822.
CALOPO'GON. (From kalos, beautiful,
and pogon, a beard ; in reference to the
fringe on the lip, or labellum. Nat. ord.,
Orchids [Orchidacese]. Linn.,20-(?ya-
dria \-Monandria. Allied to Pogonia.)
Greenhouse orchid. Division of its tuberous
roots ; peat and loam. Summer temp., 55 to 75 ;
winter, 45 to 50.
C. pulche'llus (pretty). 1&. Purple. July. N.
Amer. 1771.
CALOSCO'KDUM. (From kalos, beautiful,
and scordon, garlic. Nat. ord., Lilyivorts
[Liliaceae]. Linn., Q-Hexandria l-Mono-
gynia. Allied to Milla.)
Half-hardy little bulb. Offsets; common soil.
Though a native of Chusan, it is likely to require
but little protection in winter.
C. nerineflo'rum (nerine-flowered). . Rose, pur-
ple. Chusan. 1843.
CALOSTE'MMA. (From kalos, beautiful,
and stemma, a crown. Nat. ord., Ama-
ryllids [Amaryllidacese]- Linn., Q-Hex-
andria \-Monogynia. Allied to Coburgia.)
Greenhouse bulbs. Offsets ; sandy loam and a
little leaf-mould ; a cold pit, or the greenhouse in
winter.
C. a'lbum (white). 1. White. May. N. Holland.
1824.
ca'rneum (flesh-coloured-flowered). 1. Flesh.
Australia. 1837.
Cunningha'mi (Cunningham's). May. Morcton
Bay.
lu'teum (yellow). 1. Yellow. November. N.
Holland. 1819-
purpu'reum (purple). 1. Purple. November.
N. Holland. 1819-
CALOTHA'MNUS, (From kalos, beautiful,
CAL
CAL
and thamnns, a shrub. Nat. ord., Myrtle-
blooms [Myrtaceae]. Linn., 18-Polyadel-
ph.iaZ- Polyandria. Allied to Melaleuca.)
Greenhouse evergreen shrubs, natives of Aus-
tralia. Cuttings of young wood, firm at the base,
iti sand, under a bell-glass ; sandy peat and fibry
loam. Summer temp., 55 to 75; winter, 38 to
45.
C. clava'ta (club-leaved). 2. Scarlet. July. 1824.
gru'cilis (slender-leaved). S. Scarlet. July.
1803.
Kni'phtii (Knight's). Blooms all year. 183Q.
qu'idri'fida (four-cleft). 3, Scarlet. July. 1803.
villo'sa (soft-haired). 3. Scarlet. July. 1803.
CALO'TIS. (From kalos, beautiful, and
OMS, an ear ; in reference to the chaffy
scales of the pappus, or seed-head. Nat.
ord., Composites [Asteracese]. Linn., 19-
Syngenesla Z-Superflua, Allied to Bel-
lium.)
Greenhouse herbaceous perennial. Divisions ;
sandy loam, bummer temp., 55 to 70 ; winter,
35 to 45.
C. cuneifo'lia (wedge-leaved). 1. Blue. June.
N. Holland. 1819.
CALO'TROPIS, (From kalos, beautiful,
and tropis, a keel ; referring to the flower.
Nat. ord., Asclepiads [Asclepiadacese],
Linn., 5-Pentandria 2-Digynia. Allied to
Schubertia.)
C. gi%a'ntea is the Akund-yercutn, or Mudar-
plant of India, whose thick, miiky juice is a pow-
erful purgative. Stove evergreen shrubs. Seeds
in a slight hotbed, in March ; cuttings of half-
ripened shoots in sand, under a glass, in April ;
good, common, fibry loam and a little sand. Sum-
mer temp., 50 to 80; winter, 40 to 50.
C. giga'ntea (gigantic). 6. White. August. E.
Ind. 1690.
pro'eera (tall). 10. White. April. Persia. 17U.
CA'LTHA. Marsh Marigold. (A con-
traction of kalathos, a goblet; referring
to the form of the flower. Nat. ord.,
Crowfoots [Ranunculacese]. Linn., 13-
Polyandria 6-Polygynia. Allied to Hel-
lebore.)
Hardy herbaceous perennials. Seeds, or di-
visions, in March or April ; common soil of the
border. A moist place, near a running stream, is
where they flourish most.
C. a'rctica (arctic). Yellow. May. N. Amer. 1827.
asarifo'lia (asarum-leaved). 4. Yellow. April.
Unilas. 1824.
biflo'ra (two-flowered), f . White. June. N.
Amer. 1827.
flabellifo'tia (fan-leaved). 1. Yellow. April.
N. Amer. 1818.
Govenia'na (Gowen's). North Ind. 1848.
intege'rnma (entire-leaved). Yellow. May.
N. Amer. 1827.
leptose'pala (small-sepaled). 1. Yellow. May.
N. Amer. 182?.
mi'nor (smaller). L Yellow. May. Bri-
tain.
no.' tans (floating). Yellow. May, Siberia,
1816.
11
C. palu'stris (common-marsh). 1. Yellow. April.
Britain.
flo're-ple'no (double-flowered). 1. Yellow.
April.
parnassifo'lia (parnassia-leaved). $. Yellow.
April. N. Amer. 1815.
ra'dicans (rooting). . Yellow. April.
Scotland.
sagitta'ta (arrow-leaved). J. Green, yellow.
November. Cape Horn. 1840.
CALTROPS. Tri'bidus..
CALYCA'NTHUS. Allspice. (From kalyv,
a calyx, and anthos, a flower ; in reference
to the coloured calyx. Nat. ord., Caly-
canths [Calycanthaceae]. Linn., 12-Jco-
sandria 3-Polygynia.)
The bark of C. flo'ridus, from its aromatic fra-
grance, is used as a substitute for cinnamon in the
United States of North America. Hardy deci-
duous shrubs. Layers, as fruit is seldom pro-
duced; rich, sandy loam, in a shady situation.
Ic is said, that by pulling out the terminal bud of
a shoot two flower-buds are produced ; and thus
the flowering season is prolonged.
C.fe'rtilis (fertile). 3. Brown. June. Carolina.
1726.
flo'ridus (flowery). 6. Brown. June. Carolina.
1726.
asplenifo 1 lius (asplenium - leaved). 6.
Brown. July.
fefrnx (fertile- flowered] . 6. Brown. July.
inodo'rus (nearly-scentless). 6. Brown.
July.
longifo'lius (long -leaved). 6. Brown.
July,
ova'tus (egg-8hape-/eats?d). 6. Brown.
July.
variega'tus (variegated-teaed). 6. Brown.
July.
glau'cvs (milky-green -leaved). 6. Brown. May.
Carolina. 1726.
Iceviga'tus (smooth-beared). 3. Brown. June.
N. Amer. 1806.
macrophy'llus (large-leaved). 6. California.
1848.
oblongifo'lius (oblong-leaved). 4. Brown.
May. N. Amer. 1820.
ocddenta'lis (western). 7i- Scarlet. Sep.
tember. California. 1831.
Pennsylva'nicus (Pennsylvanian). 4. Brown.
May. Pennsylvania. 1820.
CALYCOPHY'LLUM. (From kalyx, calyx,
and phyllon, a leaf; referring to a divi-
sion of the calyx expanding into the
form of a leaf. Nat. ord., Cinchonads
[Cinch on acese]. Linn., 5-Pentandria 1-
Monogynia. Allied to Bouvardia.)
Stove evergreen shrub. Cuttings of half-
ripe shoots in sand, under a bell-glass, in heat ;
loam, peat, and a little sand and charcoal. Sum-
mer temp., 60 to 85 ; winter, 50 to 55.
C. candidi'ssimum (whitest). 20. White. Cuba.
1830.
CALY'CULATE, having bractes so placed
as to resemble an outer or additional
calyx.
CALY'PSO. (From kalypto, to conceal ;
in reference to its place of growth. Nat.
CAL
CAM
ord., Orchids [Orchidacese]. Linn., 20-
Gynandria \-Monogyida. Allied to Li-
jjaris.)
Half-hardy terrestrial orchid. Offsets from the
bulbs ; sandy loam and peat. Cold pit and frame,
or close to the side of a wall.
C. borea'lis (northern). . Rose, brown. January.
N. Amer. 1820.
CALYPTKA'NTHES. (From kalyptra, a
veil, and anthos, a flower ; referring to the
way the flower-bud is hid by the cohe-
sion of the tips of the calyx, which falls
off like a cap when the flower expands.
Nat. ord., Myrtleblooms [Myrtacese].
Linn., 12-Icosandria L-Monogynia. Al-
lied to Pimento.)
The dried flower-buds of C. aroma'ticus are a
good substitute for cloves. Stove evergreen trees.
Layers and cuttings in heat ; loam and peat.
Summer temp., 60 to 85 ; winter, 50 to 55.
C. chytracu'lia (chytraculia). 20. White. April.
Jamaica. 1778.
zuey'gium (zuzygium). 30. White. June. W.
lad. 1778.
CALYSTE'GIA. Bearbind. (From kalyx,
a calyx, and stega, a covering ; in refer-
ence to the calyx being hid by two bractes,
as is the case with a section of Bindweeds.
Nat. ord., Bindweeds [Convolvulacese].
Linn., 5-Pentandria l-Monogynia. Allied
to Convolvulus.)
C. pube'scens, received from China as a double
flower, has become single with Mr. Beaton. Cot-
tage Gardener, iv. 302. Hardy deciduous plants,
except where otherwise mentioned. Both the
creeping and twining species may be propagated
by divisions of the plant and root?. Common soil.
C. Catesbia'na (Mr. Catesby's). Rose. July.
Carolina. 181 6. Twiner.
Dahu'rica (Dahurian). . Pink. July. Da-
huria, 1823. Twiner.
hedera'cea (ivy-like). Rose. June. Nepaul.
1826. Half-hardy twiner.
margina'ta (bordered). 3. Pink. July. N.
Holland. 1824. Twiner.
pube'scens (downy). 15. Pale rose. June.
China. 1844. Twiner.
renifo'rmis (kidney-shaped). Pink. June. N.
5. Wales. 1822. Half-hardy.
se'pium (great-hedge. Common Bindweed).
6. White. July. Britain.
incarna'ta (red-flowered). 6. Red. July.
N. Amer.
soldane'lla (soldanella -I eaved. Sea Bind-
weed). Flame. June. Britain. Ever-
green trailer.
spithama'a (span). 1. White. July. N.
Amer. 1796. Twiner.
sylve'stris (wood). 18. White. July. Hun-
gary. 1815. Twiner.
tomento'sa (woolly). June. N. Amer. 1818.
Trailer.
CA'LYTKIX. (From kahjx, a calyx, and
thrix, hair ; in reference to the divisions
of the calyx ending in long, bristly hairs.
Nat, ord., Frinye-myrtles [Chamselaucia-
cecej. Linn., 1%-Ieosandria l-Monogynia.}
The calyx, in this small order, ends in awn-like
hairs, or bristles, or is broken up into fringes :
hence the name, of Fringe-myrtles. They are
beautiful little bushes, often not unlike Heaths,
with the fragrance of Myrtleblooms. Greenhouse
evergreen shrubs. Cuttings of points of shoots,
in April or May, in sand, under a bell-glass.
Summer temp., 50 to 70; winter, 35 to 45.
C. angula'ta (sharp-cornered). Yellow. May.
Swan River. 1842.
au'rea (golden-flowered). Bright yellow. Swan
River.
brevise'ta (short-bristled). Pale lilac. May.
Swan River. 1843.
ericoi'des (heath-like). 2. White. N. Hoi-
land. 1824.
floribu'nda (many-flowered). 4. White. N.
Holland. 1820.
gla'bra (smooth). 4. White. May. N. Hol-
land. 1818.
glutino'sa (clammy). Yellow. Purple. May.
Swan River.
pube'scens (downy). 4. White. N. Holland.
1S24.
sapphiri'na (sapphire- coloured). 2. Blue.
May. Swan River. 1843.
sca'bra (rough-leaved and bracted). 4. White.
June. South Australia. 1824.
varia'bilis (changeable). Lilac. May. Swan
River. 1842.
virga'ta (twiggy-branched). 2. White. May.
Australia. 1823.
CAMARI'DIUM. (From camara,&r\ arched
roof; in reference to the arched tip of
the stigrna. Nat. ord., Orchids [Orchida-
cese]. Linn., %Q-Gynandrial-Monandria.
Allied to Maxillaria.)
Stove orchid ; division ; shallow basket, or
raised above the surface of the pots, with sphag-
num, moss, and broken pots. Summer temp.,
60 to Q0 ; winter, 55 to 65.
C. ochroteu'cum (yellowish-white). 1. White.
Brazil. July. Trinidad. 1823.
CAMAEO'TIS. (From camara, an arched
roof; in reference to the form of the lip,
or labellum. Nat. ord., Orchids [Orchi-
dacese]. Linn., 2Q-Gynandria 1-Monan-
dria. Allied to Sarcanthus.)
Stove orchids ; divisions ; block of wood, or
shallow pot, with plant raised above it, and the
lower part fastened with moss, peat, &c. Summer
temp., 66 to 90, with moisture ; winter, 55to 65.
C. Brazilie'nsis (Brazilian). White. May. Brazil.
1808.
obtu'sa (blunt- teamed). Rose. April. India,
1844.
purpu'rea (purple-cowered). $. Purple. May.
E. Ind. 1837.
CAMA'SSIA. (From Quamash, so called
by the North American Indians, who eat
the bulbs. Nat. ord., Lilyworts [Lili-
acese]. Linn., 6-Hexandria l-Monogynia.
Allied to Scilla, or Squill.)
A beautiful hardy bulb ; offsets and seeds,
which may be sown when ripe ; sandy peat, in a
shady situation.
C. escule'nta (eatable). 2. Purple. July. Co-
lombia. 1827.
CAM
t!63 ]
CAM
CAME'LUA. (Named after Camellus, a
Moravian Jesuit. . Nat. ord., Theads, or
Teaworts [Ternstromiaceae], Linn., 16
Monadelphia 8-Polyandria.)
A good table-oil is extracted from the seeds o:
C. olei'fera. Greenhouse evergreen shrubs. In-
arching and grafting, the latter mode entailing
least trouble, using a slight, sweet hotbed, anc
shading from bright sun until the scions have
taken : March and April is the best time. Cut-
tings of ripened shoots; every joint, if necessary
will form one, inserted firmly in the sand ; set in
a close, shady situation, and, after a time, placed
in mild bottom-heat ; peat and loam, with a little
cow-dung, dried, and charcoal. Summer temp
50 to 70, with shade ; winter 35 to 45. By
bringing forward in a vinery they may be induced
to flower at almost all seasons.
C.euryoi'des (eurya-like). 4. White, May
China. 1824.
Japo'nica (common Japan). 10. Red. May
China. 1739.
a'lba semidu'plex (white semi-double)
10. White. March. China. 182-2.
A Ibe'rti (Prince Albert's). Red. White.
May. China. 1839.
ela'ta (tall). Bright crimson. May.
imbrica'ta (imbricated). 10. Crimson.
March. China. 1824.
pcEoniaeflo'ra a'lba (peony-flowered- white).
10. White. February, China. 1820.
Pu'rksii (Park's). 10. Bright rose. Febru-
ary. China.
Reeoesiu'na (Reeves's). 10. Crimson.
September. China. 1829.
ro'sea (rose-like-flowered). 10. Rose.
February. China. 1821.
Sabinia'na (Sabine's). 10. White. Fe-
bruary. China. 1824.
specio'sa (Rawe's showy). 10. Deep red.
March. China. 1824.
Ki'sii (Kissi). 10. White. May. China. 1823.
maliflo'ra (apple-flowered). 8. Pink. China.
1818.
olei'fera (oil-yielding). 10. White. May.
China. 1819.
reticula'ta (netted). 6. Red. April. China. 1824.
Sasa'nqua (Lady .Bawfc's-Sasan). 4. White.
February. China. 1811.
ple'na-a'lba (double-white). 4. White.
February. China. 1824.
ple'na-ru'bra (double-red). Red. Fe-
bruary. China. 1818.
se'mi-ple'na (semi- double). 4. Red.
February. China. 181).
CAMELLIA CULTUKE . Propagation.
By Cuttings. The double varieties do
not grow nor flower so well on their own
roots. Cultivators, therefore, propagate
by cuttings the original single-flowered
species, and when these become plants
strong enough for the pm-pose, inarch or
^raft upon them the fine double varieties.
The best time to put in these cuttings is
when, the new wood has become nearly
ripe, which generally happens about the
end of June. Prepare, first, the pots, six
inches wide, for the cuttings, by covering
the hole at the bottom with an oyster-
shell, or a large piece of broken potsherd ;
place about an inch of smaller pieces
upon it, and another inch of pieces no
larger than peas upon them; cover these
with a thin layer of moss, and then fill
the pots to the top with sandy loam,
sifted pretty fine; press this firmly down,
and fill the pot again quite up to the
brim, making it very firm. Then take
the cuttings of the single-flowering spe-
cies ; make them about four or five
inches long ; cut the bottom off smoothly
and level just under a bud; then cut off
two of the lowest leaves, leaving as many
on the cutting. Make as many ready as
will fill the first pot. As soon as they
are ready, insert them into the soil thicklj
all over the pot; place them in a cold
frame, or spent hotbed, and in two or
three months they will nearly every one
be rooted. Then pot them off singly in
3 -inch pots, in peat and sandy loam, and
replace them in the frame, where they
may remain till winter approaches ; then
to be removed into the greenhouse, and
have the usual treatment of the older
plants. Let them have a little extra
heat during the growing season; and
most of them will be ready for grafting
or inarching the following season.
By Grafting. The time from Septem-
ber to February. The method called
tongue -grafting is the best for Camellias.
(See GKAFTING.) As soon as grafted,
place them under hand-glasses, upon a
surface of coal- ashes, in a deep pit or
shady part of the greenhouse, to remain
till the grafts have united to the stocks,
and begin to grow; the hand-glasses
may then be removed, and the plants
gradually inured to the open air, and
inally placed in the greenhouse, and
receive the same culture as the other
plants.
By Inarching. The time for this mode
of increasing the double varieties is just
)efore the growing season, in April. Place
the stocks in a warm place, to start the
sap, and, as soon as it is in motion, bring
:hem into a position near to the variety
ntended to work upon. (See INARCHING.)
"t is a more certain mode of increase
than by grafting, and also more expedi-
tious ; but the plants are generally longer-
itemmed, and do not make so neat a joint
as by the former mode.
Soil. A moderate, strong, turfy loam
ind sandy peat, in equal parts, will grow
hese plants well. Some growers use
CAM
CAM
pe.\t alone; but it is too light, and the
plants do not live long in it.
Summer Culture. The bloom will be
over before summer commences. It will
then be necessary to give the Camellia
a little artificial heat, to encourage a free
growth. A moist atmosphere, also, must
be produced, by syringing the plants,
walks, and walls every morning and
evening, and keeping the floor deluged
with water. Shade from bright sunshine,
and give air, to reduce the temperature to
65 by day, and 55 by night. Continue
this liberal treatment till the buds and
the new leaves are fully formed; then
give more air, and about the middle of
July pot them, using plenty of drainage :
and set them out of doors, behind a north
wall, where the sun cannot reach them
after 10 o'clock. There they may re-
main till the autumn.
Winter Culture. As soon as there is
the least fear of frost, prepare for housing
the plants for the winter. Cleanse and
repair the house, wash the pots, and top-
dress the soil before arranging them in
the house. Give abundance of air, both
night and day, when there is no frost ;
and when there is frost, only just use
fire enough to keep it out. This treat-
ment is proper till the blooming-season
is over. Water must be judiciously ap-
plied ; too much or too little will cause
the buds to drop off prematurely.
Insects. The white scale is the most
troublesome insect. Strong soap-water
will destroy it. The Mack fly, also, some-
times makes its appearance, and is very
injurious to the flower-buds. That and
the green fly may be destroyed in the
usual way by smoking with tobacco.
The black fly requires a stronger dose.
Diseases. Sometimes young plants will
die suddenly, and if the roots are ex-
amined, a brownness will be observed at
the ends. This arises from stagnant water,
caused by imperfect drainage. To prevent
it, pay particular attention to that point.
CAMOMILE, or CHAMOMILE. A'nthemis
no' bills.
Varieties. There are two kinds, the
common single species and the double-
flowering.
Soil and Situation. They require a
poor, dry soil, otherwise they are less
powerful in their medicinal qualities.
They will grow in almost any situation,
but the more open the better.
Time and mode of Propagation, Gene-
rally by parting the roots, and by offsets,,
planted from the close of February until
the end of May; the -earlier, however,
the better, though they be planted in
the autumn. Seed-sowing may be in any
of the early spring months ; but, as part-
ing the roots gives much less trouble, it
is generally pursued. Still, after a lapse
of several years, raise fresh plants, the
old ones often then declining.
Cultivation. They should not be plant-
ed nearer to each other than eighteen
inches. Water must be given mode-
rately at the time of planting, if dry
weather. If raised from seed, the seed-
lings require no further cultivation than
to be kept free from weeds in the seed-
bed, and when three or four inches
high to be thinned to about six inches
apart, and may remain thus until the
following spring, then to be thinned and
remain, or to be removed to the above-
mentioned distance apart. A very small
bed will supply the largest family.
Gathering. In July the flowers are
generally in perfection for gathering.
The period for performing it, however,
must be governed by the flowers them-
selves, as the best time is when they are
just opened. Particular care must be
taken to dry them thoroughly before they
are stored, otherwise they will become
mouldy. If seed be required, the only
attention necessary is to leave some of
the first-opening flowers ungathered : the
seed will ripen early in September, when
it may be dried and rubbed out.
CAMPA'NULA. Bell-Flower. (The di-
minutive of campana, a bell ; literally, a
little bell. Nat. ord., Bellworts [Cam-
panulacese]. Linn., 5-Pentaudria 1-
Monogynia.)
The annuals are chiefly pretty, low-growing
plants, the seed of which may be sown in the
common border, at the end of March. The bi-
ennials may be sown in April or May ; many of
them will bloom the same year. By cuttings, a
perennial habit will be given to many of them.
Perennials, chiefly by division of the plant and
roots. Those from the West Indies, New Hoi-
land, and the South of Europe, require the pro-
tection of a greenhouse, or cold pit, in winter.
Even the well-known, beautiful window-plant,
C. pyramida'lis, makes a poor show in the open
air in most places. Common soil for most of
them ; a little peat and dung for those in pots.
HARDY ANNUALS.
C, Broussonet ia'na (Broussonet's). 1. Blue.
July. Mogadore. 1825.
dicho'toma (forked-branched) 1. Blue. July.
Sicily. 1820.
drabcefo'li'a (draba-leaved). 1 . Pale blue.
June. Athens. 1823.
CAM
[ 105
CAM
C. eri'nus (erinus). 1. Pale blue. July. South
of Europe. 1768.
erinoi'des (erinus-like). 1. Pale blue. July.
Africa. 1823.
Hermi'nii (Hermini's). 1. Blue. July.
Portugal. 1823.
hispi'dula (rather bristly). 1. Blue. July.
Cape of Good Hope. 1817-
Lcefli'ngil (Loetling's). 1. Blue. July. South
of Europe. 1818.
Lo'rei (Lore's). 2. Purple. June. Italy. 1824.
puncta'ta (dotted-flou'ered) . 1. White.
May. Siberia. 1813.
ramosi' ssima (branchiest). 1. Blue. July.
Greece. 1820.
sylva'tica (wood-inhabiting). l. Blue. June.
Nepaul. 1840.
HARDY BIENNIALS.
C. Ada'mi (Adam's). 1. Blue. July. Caucasus.
1821.
qffi'nis (allied). 2. Blue. July. South of
Europe. 1824.
America'na (American). 1 . Blue. July.
Pennsylvania. 1763.
Arme'na (Armenian). 1. Blue. July. Russia.
1826.
bellidifJlia (daisy-leaved). 1. Blue. July.
Pyrenees. 1823.
betoniceefo'lia (betony-leaved). 1. Blue. May.
Greece. 1820.
cervica'ria (throatwort). 3. Light blue.
July. Germany. 1808.
corymbo'sa (corymbose). 2. Blue. May.
Crete. 1820.
dive'rgens (spreading). 2. Blue. June.
Hungary. 1814.
Garga'nica (Garganian). 1. Pale blue. July.
Mount St. Ang. 1830. Trailer.
lanugino'sa (woolly-leaved). 2. Blue. May.
1814.
macrosta'chya (large-spiked). 2. Blue. June.
Hungary. 1814.
me'dium (middle-sized). 4. Blue. July.
Germany. 15Q".
flo're-a'ibo-ple'no (double-white-flow-
ered). 3. White. July. Germany.
a'lbum (white-flowered). 3. White. July.
flo're-purpu'rea-ple'na (double-purple-
flowered). 3. Purple. July. Germany.
purpu'rea (purple). Purple. July. Ger-
many.
negle'cta (neglected). 2. Blue. June. 1318.
obli'qua (twisted). 3. Blue. June. 1813.
purviflo'ra (small-flowered). 2. Blue. June.
Iberia. 181 9.
peregri'na (diffuse). 2. Blue. June. Cape
of Good Hope. 1/9*.
Sitn'rica (Siberian). 1. Blue. July. Siberia. 1783.
spatula' ta (spatulate-feaued). 1. Blue. July.
Greece. 1817.
spica'ta (spiked). 1. Blue. July. Switzer-
land. 1786.
stri'cta (upright). 2. Blue. June. Syria. 1819.
thyrsui'dea (thyrse-flowered). 2. Blue. June.
Switzerland. 1785.
viotefo'lia (violet-leaved). 1. Blue. July.
Siberia. 1817.
HARDY PERENNIALS.
C. acumina'ta (long-pointed). 3. Blue. Au-
gust. N. Amer. 1826.
aggrega'ta (crowded-jZowered). 2. Blue. Au-
gust. Bavaria. 1817.
(dliariafo'lm (alliaria-leaved). 1. Blue. July.
Caucasus. 1803.
C. Allio'nii (Allioni's). 1. Blue. July. South
of France. 1820.
alpi'na (alpine). 2. Blue. July. Switzerland.
1779.
Alpi'ni (Alpinus's). 1. Blue. June. Italy. 1800.
angustifu'lia (narrow-leaved). Blue. July.
France. 1818.
azu'rea (blue). 2. Light blue. June. Swit-
zerland. 1778.
barba'ta (bearded). 2. Light blue. June.
Italy. 1752.
cya'nea (dark blue). 1. Blue. July. 1836.
Barrelie'ri (Barrelier's). 1. Blue. September.
,Be//a'/'di(Bellard's). i. Blue. July. Italy. 1813.
Biebersteinia 'na (Bieberstein's). 1 . Blue.
June. Caucasus. 1820.
Bononie'nsis (Bononian). 2. Blue. August.
Italy. 1773.
Carolinia'na (Carolina). Blue. August.
c&spito'sa (tufted). 1. Blue. July. Aus-
tria. 1819.
calyci'na (large-calyxed). 1. Blue. July.
Tauria. 1820.
Carpa'tica (Carpathian). 1. Blue. July.
Carpathian Alps. 1774.
a'lbu (white-flowered). . White. June.
Gardens.
Cauca'sica (Caucasian). 1. Purple. July.
Caucasus. 1804.
Ceni'nia (Mount Cenis). 1. Blue. June.
Switzerland. 1775.
cephala'ntha (head-flowered). 1. Blue. Au-
gust. Russia. 1817.
cephaMtes (round-headed.) 1. Blue. June.
1818.
cervicaroi'des (cervicaria-like). 1. Blue. July.
Italy. 1822.
cichora'cea (chicory-like). 2. Blue. June.
Greece. 1/68.
colli'na (hill). 1. Blue. July. Caucasus. 1803.
colora'ta (deep-coloured). 2. Purple. Sep-
tember. Sikkim Himalaya. 1849-
conge'sta (crowded). 1. Blue. July. France.
1823.
crena'ta(ro\ina.-tooth-leaved). 2. Blue. July.
Russia. 1820.
Elati'ne (Elatine). 1. Pale blue. July. South
of Europe. 1823. Trailer.
e'legans (elegant). 1. Pale blue. July. Siberia.
1811.
elti'ptica (oval-leaved). 1. Blue. July. Hun-
gary. 1826.
erioca'rpa (woolly-fruited). 2. Purple. June.
Caucasus. 1823.
exci'sa (cut-off). 1. Blue. June. Switzerland.
1820.
folio'sa (leafy). 1. Blue. July. Italy. 1826.
glomera'ta (clustered). 2. Violet. May. Britain.
flo're-a'lbo (white-flowered). 1. White.
May. Britain.
ple'na-a'lba (double-white-^Zowered). 1.
White. May. Britain.
flo'ra-ple'na-purpu'rea (double - purple-
flowered). 2. Pale purple. June. Gardens.
fra'gilis (fragile). Blue. August. Alps. 1826.
Half-hardy.
hirsu'ta (hsuiry-herbaged). 1. Blue. Au-
gust. Italy. 1833.
graminifo'lia (grass-leaved). 1. Blue. June.
Hungary. 1817.
gra'ndis (large). 3. Purple. August. Na-
tolia. 1842. Half-hardy.
gummi'fera (gum-bearing). 1. Blue. July.
Caucasus. 1817.
hedera'cea (ivy-leaved). 1. Blue. May. Cape
of Good Hope. 1817.
CAM
C 100]
CAM
C- heterodo'xa (heterodox). 1. Blue. June. Hun-
gary. 1824.
infundi 1 bulum (funnel-flowered) . 2. Purple.
July. Siberia. 1825.
~* infundibulifo'rmis (funnel-shaped). 2. Blue.
July. Siberia. 1822.
laclnia'ta (jagged-/eawed). 2. Blue. June.
Greece. 1788.
lactiflo'ra (milk-flowered). 6. Whitish-blue.
August. Siberia. 1816.
/amn/o'/?a (lamium-leaved). 3. Pale yellow.
June. Iberia. 1823.
lanceola'ta (spear-Zeooed). 1. Blue. July.
France. 1819.
latifo'lia (broad-leaved). 4. White. July.
Britain.
flo're-a'lbo (white-flowered). 3. White.
July.
liliifo'lia (lily-leaved). 3. Blue. May. Siberia.
1783.
lingula'ta (tongue-heaped). 1. Violet. July.
Hungary. 1804.
linifu'lia (flax-leaved). 1. Blue. July. Swit-
zerland. 1819-
longifo'liu (long-leaved). 4. Blue. July.
Pyrenees. 1820.
lyra'ta (lyre-shaped). 2. Violet. July. South
of Europe. 1823.
macra'ntha (large-flowered). 3. Purple. Au-
gust. Russia. 1822.
polya'ntha (many-flowered). 5. Blue.
May. Russia. 1830.
microphy'lla (small-leaved). 1. Blue. June.
Hungary. 1820.
mura'lis (wall). 1. Blue. September. South
of Europe. 1835. Half-hardy.
JY/ce'nsis(Nice). 1. Purple. June. Piedmont.
1820.
ni'tida (shining). 1. White. July. S. Amer.
1731.
flo're - a'lbo - ple'nn (double - white - flow-
ered). . White. July.
ceeru'lea (blue-flowered). 1. Blue. July. N.
Amer. 1731.
flo're-ceeru'leo-ple'no (double-blue-flow-
ered), f. Blue. July.
no'bilis (noble). 4. Pale purple. July. China.
1844.
Nutta'llii (Nuttall's), 1. Blue. July. N.
Amer. 1829.
obliquifo'lia (twisted-leaved). 3. Blue. July
Italy. 1823.
pa'tula (spreading). I.Violet. July. Britain.
persicifo'lia (peach-leaved). 3. Blue. July.
Europe. 1596.
a'lba (white-./?ow;ered). 3. White. July.
Europe. 1596.
a'lba-ple'na (double-white). 3. White.
July. Europe. 1596.
ple'na (double- A/e). 3. Blue. July. Eu-
rope. 1596.
gra'ndis (large-./Z0w*red). 3. Blue. July.
Europe. 1596.
ma'xima (largest-peach-leaved). 3. Blue.
July. Europe. 1596.
planiflo'ra (flat-flowered). 2. Llue. August.
Siberia. 1817.
pube'scens (downy). 1. Blue. July. Bohemia.
pu'lla (russet). 1. Blue. June. Austria. 1779.
pu'mila (dwarf). 1. Blue. July. Switzerland.
pusi'lla (diminutive). 1. Blue. June. Switzer-
land. 1821.
p-iramida'lis (pyramidal). 4. Blue. July. Car-
niola. 1594.
flo're-a'lbo (white-flowered). 4. White.
July. Europe.
C. quadri'fida (four-cleft). 1. Blue. June. N.
Holland. 1820.
Rnine'ra (Rainer's). 1. Blue. July. Italy. 1826.
rnpu'nculus (rampion). 3. Blue. July. Britain.
rapunculoi'des (rampion-like). 3. Blue. June.
England.
rhomboi'dea (diamond-Jeaved). 2. Blue. July.
Switzerland. 1775.
ru'bra (red-flowered). 1. Reddish-lilac.
July. Switzerland.
rige'scens (stiff). 1. Blue. June. Siberia.
1820.
rotund! fu'lia (round-leaved). 3. Blue. June.
Britain.
flo're-a'lbo (white-flowered). 1. White.
June. Britain.
flo're-ple'no (double-flowered). \ . Blue
July. Gardens.
Ruthe'nica (Russian). 2. Blue. June. Cau-
casus. 1815.
Sarma'tica (Sarmatian). 2. Blue. June. Si-
beria. 1803.
saxa'tilis (rock). 1. Blue. May. Candia. 1/63.
Scheuchze'ri (Scheuchzer's). 1. Blue. July.
Europe. 1813.
si'mplex (single-stemmed). 3. Blue. July.
South of France. 1319.
ipecio'sa (showy). 2. Purple. May. Siberia.
1835.
spre'ta (despised). 2. Blue. July. Siberia.
18-20.
Teno'rii (Tenor's). Blue. June. Naples.
tenuifo'lia (fine-leaved). 1. Violet. July. Hun-
gary. 1817-
tomento'sa (woolly). 1. White. June. Levant.
1810.
trache'lium (throatwort). 4. Blue. June.
Britain.
a'lba (white-flowered'). 3. White. July-
Britain.
a!lba-ple>na (double- white-lowered). 3,
White July. Britain.
ple'na (double-6/we-yfcwered). 3. Blue.
July. Britain.
tracheloi'des (throatwort-like). 3. Blue. July,
Caucasus. 1817-
flo're-purpu'rea - ple'na (double - purple-
flowered). 3. Purple. July.
trichocalyci'na (hairy-calyxed). 4. Blue. July.
Italy. 1823.
wrticifo'lia (nettle-leaved). 3. Blue. August.
Germany. 1800.
flo're-ple'na (double-flowered). White-,
July. Germany.
Vande'si (De Vande's). 1. Cream. June.
veluti'ua (velvety). 1. Blue. May. South of
Europe. 1826.
Vida'li (Vidal's). l. White. August. Azores.
virga'ta 'twiggy). 1. Blue. June. N. Amer.
1823.
versi'color (various-coloured). 4. Striped. July.
Siberia. 1/88.
Waldsteinia'na (Waldstein's). 1. Blue. June.
Hungary. 1824.
Zo'ysii fZoy's). 1. Dark blue. June. Car.
niola. 1813.
GKEENHOUSE.
C. au'rca (golden-cowered). 3. Yellow. August.
Madeira. Evergreen shruh. 17/7.
angustifo'lia (narrow-leaved). 2. Yellow.
August. Madeira. 1/77-
latifo'lia (broad-leaved). 2. Yellow. Au-
gust. Madeira. 1 777.
Cape'nsis (Cape). 1. Blue. July. Cape of
Good Hope. 1803. Annual.
CAM
[167 ]
CAN
C. cefrnun (nodding-./?OM'v?0. 1. Blue June.
Cape of Good Hope. 1804. Biennial.
dehi'scens (gaping). 1. Blue. July. E. Ind.
1818. Annual.
gra'cilis (slender). 1. Blue. June. N. S.
Wales. 1794. Biennial.
Ktora'lis (shore). 1. Blue. April. N.Holland.
1820. Biennial.
mo'lKs (soft). I- Purple. June. Sicily. 1788.
Herbaceous perennial.
Ottonia'na (Otto's). 1. Blue. July. Cape of
Good Hope. 1825. Evergreen shrub.
CAMPE'LIA. (From kampe, bending, and
helios, the sun; in reference to the flow-
ers bending round to the sun. Nat. ord.,
Spidcrworts [Commelynacene]. Linn., f>-
Hexandria l-Monogynia. Allied to Ira-
descantia.)
Stove herbaceous perennial; seeds in spring;
rich loam ; common stove treatment.
C. zano'nia (znnonia.- leaved). 2. Blue. July. W.
Ind. 1759.
CA'MPHORA. Camphor-tree. (From cam-
phor, commercial name of its chief pro-
duct. Nat. ord., Laurels [Lauracese].
Linn., Q-Enneandria I-Honogynia. Allied
to Cinnamomum.)
Although camphor is secreted by many plants
in this order, and more particularly by some spe-
cies of cinnamon, the true camphor of commerce
is obtained from Ca'mphnr officinu'lis, and is a
product of the oil procured from the wood,
branches, and leaves, by means of dry distillation.
Camphor is chiefly manufactured in the Island of
Formosa, and from thence sent to Canton for ex-
portation. The hard camphor of Sumatra and the
camphor-oil of Borneo are the natural secretions
of Dryoba'laopscu'mphora. Stove evergreen tree ;
cuttings ; peat and loam ; cool stove.
C officina'lis (officinal. Camphor-tree}. 20.
Greenish-white. March. Japan. 1?27-
CAMPOMANE'SIA. (Named after Campo-
manes, a Spanish naturalist. Nat. ord.,
Myrtleblooms [Myrtaceae]. Linn., 12-
Icosandria \-Monogynia. Allied to Psi-
dium.)
Its yellow, sweet-scented fruit, called palillo, is
eaten by the natives. Greenhouse evergreen
shrub ; cuttings of rather ripe shoots in sand,
under a bell-glass. Summer temp., 50 to 70;
winter, 40 to 45,
C. lineatlfo'lia (lined-leaved). White. April. Peru.
1824.
CAMPTE'BIA. (Stove Ferns. Allied to
Pteris and Blechnum [Polypodiacese].
Linn., 23-Cryptogamia 1-Filices.)
Divisions ; peat and loam. Summer temp., 60
to 75 ; winter, 45 to 55.
C. biauri'ta (two-eared). Pale yellow and brown.
W. Ind. 1824.
nemora'Hs (grove.) 1^. Brown. Isle of Bour-
bon. 1823.
CAMPYLA'NTHUS. (From campylos, a
curve, and anthoy, a flower. Nat. ord.,
figworts [Scrophulariacese]. Liun., 2-
Diandria 1-Monogynia. Allied to Ge-
rardia. )
Greenhouse evergreen shrub ; cuttings in sand
Of half-ripened shoots, under a bell-glass ; sanri\
peat and fibry loam. Summer temp., 65 to 7o c j
winter, 40 to 50.
C. salsoloi'des (salsola-like), 1, Purple. March.
Teneriffe. 1825.
CAMPY'LIA. (A section of the Pelar-
goniums.)
CANADA RICE. Tiza'nia. aqua' Ufa.
CANARI'NA. (So named from being a
native of the Canary Islands. Nat. ord.,
Bdlworts [Campanulacesej. Linn., 6-
Hexandria \~Monogynia. Allied to Light-
food a.)
Greenhouse herbaceous perennials; cuttings o'
small side-shoots in sandy loam, under a hand-
light, but rather difficult to manage ; division of
the roots in spring, just as they begin to grow ;
and at that time, for a month or two, they like
the assistance of a hotbed ; at other times the
common treatment of the greenhouse will suit
them ; fibry loam, turfy peat, and a good portion
of sand ; pots, well drained.
C. campanula (campanula). 3. Orange. Janu-
ary. 1696.
leeviga'ta (smooth). 3. Orange. January. 1825
CANARY GRASS. Pha'laris.
CANAVA'LIA. (From Canavali, its na-
tive name in Malabar. Nat. ord., Legu-
minous Plants [Fabaceae]. Linn., ifi-
Monadelphia 6-Uecandriu. Allied to Dio-
clea.)
Stove perennial twiners, except where otherwise
specified ; seeds and cuttings in sandy soil, and in
h>->at, under a bell-glass; sandy loam. Summer
temp.. 60 to 75; winter, 50 to 55.
C. Bonarir.'nsis (Buenos Ayrean). 10. Purple.
July. Buenos Ayres.
gladia'ta (sword-podded). 6. White, red.
June. E. Ind. 17QO.
obttuifu'iia (twisted-leaved). 6. Purple. July.
E. Ind. 1820.
emarglna'ta (end-notched-fcawd). 6.
Purple. July. E. Ind. 1800.
ro'sea (rose-coloured). 3. Purple. July.
Jamaica. 1812. Evergreen creeper.
ru'tilans (shining). Scarlet. 1847- Green-
house evergreen twiner.
CANDLEBERRY MYRTLE. My'rica.
CANDO'LLEA. (Named after the gre.it
botanist, Decandolle. Nat. ord., Dille-
niuds [Dilleniaceas]. Linn.,18-Po/^a^/-
phia 2-Polyandria.)
Greenhouse evergreen shrubs, from Australia ;
cuttings in sandy peat, under a glass ; sandy
peat and fibry loain. Summer temp., 55 to 70 ;
winter, 40 to 45.
C. Bruno'ms (Brown's). 6. Yellow. May. 1837-
cuneifo'rmis (wedge-shaped). 7. Yellow.
July. 1824.
Huge'lii (Hugel's). 6. Yellow. May. 183/.
tetra'nda (four-stamened). 7. Vellow. June.
1842.
CAN
[ 1G3 ]
CAN
CANDY CARROT. AlhamdntaMatlhi'ola.
CANDY-TUFT. Ibe'ris.
CANEL'LA. (From canna, a reed ; the
form of the inner bark when peeled off.
Nat. ord., Canelluds [Canellacese]. Linn.,
\\-Dodecandria 1-Monogynia.)
This is the wild cinnamon of the West Indies,
FO called on account of its aromatic fragrance.
Canella, or white wood bark, yields, by distillation,
a warm, aromatic oil, which is often mixed with
the oil of cloves in the West Indies. Stove ever-
green trees ; cuttings of ripe shoots in sand, under
a glass, and in bottom-heat, in April or Mav ;
sandy loam and fibry peat. Summer temp., 60
to 80 ; winter, 50 to 55.
C. a'lba (white-woocZ-Aarfc). 40. White. W. Ind.
1735.
laurifo'lia (laurel-leaved). 30. White. S.
Amer. 1820.
CANKER. This disease is accompanied
by different symptoms, according to the
species of the tree which it infects. In
some of those whose true sap contains a
considerable quantity of free acid, as in
the genus Pyrus, it is rarely accompanied
by any discharge. To this dry form of
the disease it would be well to confine
the term canker. In other trees, with
sap abounding in astringent or gummy
constituents, it is usually attended by a
discharge. In such instances it might
strictly be designated ulcer. This dis-
ease has a considerable resemblance to
the tendency to ossification, which ap-
pears in most aged animals, arising from
their marked tendency to secrete the
calcareous saline compounds that chiefly
constitute their skeletons. The. conse-
quence is, an enlargement of the joints
and ossification of the circulatory vessels
and other parts phenomena very analo-
gous to those attending the cankering oJ
trees. As in animals, this tendency is
general throughout their system; but
as is observed by Mr. Knight, " like the
mortification in the limbs of elderl
people," it may be determined, as to its
point of attack, by the irritability of that
part of the system.
This disease commences with an en
largement of the vessels of the bark of a
branch or of the stem. This swelling
invariably attends the disease when i
attacks the apple-tree. In the pear th<
enlargement is less, yet is always pre
sent. In the elm and the oak sometime:
no swelling occurs ; and in the peach we
do not recollect to have seen any. The
swelling is soon communicated to the
wood, which, if laid open to view on it
first appearance by the removal of the
ark, exhibits no marks of disease be.
'ond the mere unnatural enlargement.
n the course of a few years, less in
lumber in proportion to the advanced
age of the tree, and the unfavourable
circumstances under which it is vegeta-
^ the swelling is greatly increased in
size, and the alburnum has become ex-
ensively dead ; the bark above it cracks,
rises in discoloured scales, and decays
even more rapidly than the wood beneath.
[f the canker is upon a moderately-sized
Dranch, the decay soon completely en-
ircles it, extending through the whole al-
ournum and bark. The circulation of the
sap being thus entirely prevented, all the
parts above the disease perish.
Trees injudiciously pruned, or growing
upon an ungenial soil, are more fre-
quently attacked than those which are
advancing under contrary circumstances.
The oldest trees are always the first
attacked of those similarly cultivated.
The golden pippin, the oldest existing
variety of the apple, is more frequently
and more seriously attacked than any
other. The soil has a very considerable
influence in inducing the disease. If the
sub-soil be an irony gravel, or if it is not
well-drained, the canker is almost cer-
tain to make its appearance amongst the
trees they sustain, however young and
vigorous they were when first planted.
Bruises and wounds of all kinds
usually are followed by canker in the
wounded part, if the tree is tending to
this disease.
All these facts before us unite in as-
suring us that the canker arises from
the tree's weakness, from a deficiency in
its vital energy, and consequent inability
to imbibe and elaborate the nourishment
necessary to sustain its frame in vigour,
and much less to supply the healthy de-
velopment of new parts.
It is quite true that over-luxuriant
trees are particularly liable to this dis-
ease; but over-luxuriance is really a
demonstration that the tree does not
digest and secrete its juices healthily.
If over-luxuriance threaten to intro-
duce canker, the best remedy is to re-
move some of the main roots of the tree,
and to be particularly careful not to add
any manure to the soil within their
range. On the contrary, it will be well
if the continued exuberant growth shows
the necessity for the staple of the soil
to be reduced in fertility by the admix-
CAN
[ 169 ]
CAN
ture of one less fertile, or even of drift-
sand. If there be an excess of branches,
the saw and the priming-knife must be
gradually applied. It must be only a
tree of very weak vital powers, such as is
the golden pippin, that will bear the
general cutting of the annual shoots. A
vigorous variety would exhaust itself the
following year in the production of fresh
wood. Nothing beyond a general rule
for the pruning can be laid down. Keep
a considerable vacancy between every
"branch, both above and beneath it, and
especially provide that not even two twigs
shall chafe against each other. The
greaterthe intensity of light, and the freer
the circulation of air amongst the foliage
of the tree, the better the chance for its
healthy vegetation. If the disease being
in a fruit-tree be a consequence of old
age, it is probably premature, and in-
duced by injudicious management ; for
very few of our varieties are of an age
that insure to them decrepitude. We
have never yet known a tree, unless in
the last stage of decay, that could not
be greatly restored by giving it more air
and light, by careful heading in pruning,
improvement of the soil, and cleansing
the bark.
If the soil, by its ungenial character,
induces the diseases, the obvious and
only remedy is its amelioration ; and, if
the sub-soil is the cause of the mischief,
the roots must be prevented striking
into it. In all cases it is the best prac-
tice to remove the tap-root. If the trees
are planted shallow, as they ought to be,
and the surface kept duly fertile, there is
not much danger of the roots striking
into the worst pasturage of the sub-soil.
Scrubbing the bark of the stem and
branches with a mixture of soapsuds and
urine, and, where any pruning has taken
place, keeping the wounds covered with a
mixture of clay and cow-dung, are the
best local applications. We once thought
resinous plasters the best; but subsequent
experiments have altered our opinion.
The canker in the auricula is a rapidly-
spreading ulcer, which, destroying the
whole texture of the plant where it oc-
curs, prevents the rise of the sap. Some
gardeners believe it to be infectious, and
therefore destroy the specimen in which
it occurs, unless it be very valuable ; but
this we believe to be erroneous, the reason
of the disease appearing to be infectious,
or epidemic, being, that it occurs to
many when they are subjected to the
injurious treatment.
It appears to be caused by the appli-
cation of too much water, especially if
combined with super-abundant nourish-
ment. Therefore, although cutting out
the decaying part, when it first appears,
and applying to the wound some finely-
powdered charcoal, will effect a cure, if
the disease has not penetrated too deeply,
yet it will be liable to return immediately,
if a less forcing mode of culture be not
adopted. No auricula will suffer from
this disease if it be shifted annually, and
the tap-root at the time of moving be
shortened, a thorough system of draining
being adopted, and excessive damp during
the winter being prevented by proper
shelter.
Parsley, grown in a poor soil, is also
liable to canker in the winter. Mr. Barnes
says he never found any application which
eradicated this disease so effectually as a
mixture, in equal parts, of soot and
slacked lime thrown over the plants.
The cure is complete in a few days, the
vigour of the plants restored, indicating
that this species of ulceration arises
from deficient nourishment.
The tubers of the potato, also, are
liable to the speck, black spot, or canker,
a disease which we once thought occa-
sioned by the calcareous earth, lime, or
chalk contained by the soil ; but, on more
lengthened observation, we find it in all
soils, and in seasons characterized by
opposite extremes of wetness and dryness.
Hence we are induced to consider that
the disease arises from some defect in
the sets employed, or to potatoes being
grown too often on the same site. It is
quite certain, that in ground tired of pota-
toes, the disease most extensively appears.
This suggests that it is occasioned by a
deficiency of some constituent in the
soil, a suggestion confirmed by the fact,
that in the fields of the market-gardeners
near London, which are supplied without
stint with the most fertilizing manure,
this disease of the potato is comparatively
unknown.
The stems of succulent plants, such
as the cacti, mesembryanthemums, and
the balsam, as well as the fruit of the
cucumber and melon, and the stalk of
the grape, are all liable to canker in some
form.
CA'NNA. Indian Shot. (The Celtic
name for a cane, or reed. Nat ord.,
CAN
[ 170 ]
CAP
Maranths [Marantacesej. Linn., 2-Dian,
drin l-Hfonogynia.)
Store herbaceous perennials. Divisions of the
root; seed sown in hotbed; rich, open, loami
soil. Summer temp., 60 to 80 ; winter, 50 to 55
C.Achi'ras (Achiras). 5. Dark red. August
Isle of Mendoza. 182g.
angustifo'lia (narrow - leaved). 2. Scarlet
April. S. Amer. 1854.
auranti'aca (orange). 4. Orange. December
Brazil. 1824.
ca'rnea v flesh-coloured). 4. Flesh. December
Brazil. 1822.
eoccVnea (scarlet). 2. Scarlet. December,
S. Amer. 1731.
oompa'cta (compact). 2. Red. April. E,
Ind. 1820.
cro'cea (saffron-coloured). 2. Red. May. 1823.
denuda'ta (naked). 2. Scarlet. June. Brazil.
1818.
latifo'lia (broad-leaved). 3. Red. May.
Brazil. 1818.
di'sculor (two-coloured-teae(f). 10. Scarlet.
November. Trinidad. 182/.
edu'lis (eatable). 3. Red. September. Peru.
1820.
escule'nta (esculent). 4. Red. December S.
Amer. 1822.
exce'lsa (lofty). 16. Scarlet. January. Brazil.
1820.
fla'ccida (weak). 5. Red. July. South Carolina.
1788.
giga'ntea (gigantic). 5. Red, yellow. De-
cember. South Europe. 1809.
glau'ca (milky-green). 2. Yellow. January.
S. Amer. 1730.
ru'bro lu'tea (yellow and red). 4J. Yel-
lowish-red. Augnst. Jamaica. 1834.
ru'fa (reddish-brown). 2. Brown. July.
S. Amer.
1'ndica (Indian). 2. Scarlet. December. India.
1570.
macula! ta (spotted). 2. Reddish-yellow. De-
cember. India.
iridlflo'ra (iris-flowered). 6. Red. December.
Peru. 1816.
ju'ncea (rush-like). I. Red. May. Indies. 1820.
Lagune'nsis (Laguna). 5. Yellow. Septem-
ber. Laguna. 1 823.
Lambe'rti (Lambert's). 4. Scarlet. May.
Trinidad. 1819.
lanceola'ta (spear-leaved). 3. Red. Decem-
ber. Brazil. 1825.
lanugino'sa (woolly). 6. Scarlet. April. Marant.
1823.
latifo'lia (broad-leaved). 10. Pink. Decem-
ber. Brazil. 1820.
limbatta (bordered). 3. Red. December.
Brazil. 1818.
to/tea (yellow). 2. Yellow. October. E. Ind.
1829-
occidentals (western). 3. Reddish-yellow.
June. W. Ind. 1822.
orientu'tis (eastern). 4. Red. June. E. Ind.
1820.
fla'va (yellow). 4. Yellow. June. E.
Ind. 1820.
macula'ta (spotted). Scarlet, yellow. Au-
gust. E. Ind. 15/0.
pa 1 7rtda(pale- flowering}. 4. Pale yellow. June.
W. Ind. J820.
latifo'lia (broad-leaved). 3. Yellow. June.
W. Ind. 18iO.
pa'tens (spreading). 2. Reddish-yellow. May.
Kio Janeiro. 1778.
C.pedunculn > ta(long-fio\ter-&talked'). 6. Orange.
October. 1820.
polymo'rpha (many-formed). 3. Red. De-
cember. S.Amer. 1825.
Reefvesii (Reeve's). 5. Yellow. May. China.
1835.
ru'bra (red). 3. Red. December. W. Ind.
1820.
rubricau'lis (red-stemmed). 3. Red. May.
18-21.
sangtti'nea (bloony). 4. Red. December. S,
Amer. 1820.
specio'sa (showy). 3. Red. August. S.Amer.
1820.
sylve'stris (wild). 5. Scarlet. December. S.
Amer. 1 8VO.
varia' bills (variable). 3. Red. December.
India. 1822.
Warszeu'i'czii (Warszewicz's). 3$. Scarlet.
Costa Rica. 1849.
CANNON-BALL TREE. Le'cythis.
CANTERBURY BELLS. Campanula mc'-
dium.
CA'NTHIUM. (From Cantix, its Mala-
bar name. Nat. ord., Cinehonads [Cin-
chonacese]. Linn., 5-Pentandria 1-Monv-
gynia. Allied to Psychotria.)
Besides its beauty, it is one of those remedial
agents for which Cinchoaads are so much cele-
brated. A stove evergreen shrub. Cuttings of
half-ripened shoots in sandy soil, under a glass;
rich, fibry. sandy loam. Summer temp., 60 to
70 ; winter, 40 to 45.
C. du'bium (doubtful). 8. White. July. E. Ind.
1824.
CA'NTUA. ( Canlu is the Peruvian name,
tfat. ord., Pliloxworts [Polemoniacece].
Linn., 5-Pentandria l-Monoyynia.)
Greenhouse evergreen shrubs. Cuttings in sand,
under glass ; sandy loam and peat. Winter temp-,
40 to 45.
C. bi 1 color (two-coloured). 4. Reddish-yellow.
May. Peru. 1846.
buxifb'lia (box-leaved). 4. Rosy. April.
Peruvian Andes. 1849.
pyrifo'lia (pear-leaved). 3. Cream, March.
Peru. 1846.
CAPE JASMINE. Garde' tiiajlo'rida.
CAPE PHILLY'REA. Cassi'ne Cape'nsis,
CA'PPARIS. Caper-tree. (From Ara&ar,
he Arabic name for capers. Nat. ord.,
lappands [Cappaiidacese]. Linn., 13-
Polyandria 1-Monogynia.)
The flower-buds of C. spino'sa form a well-known
ickle. Stove evergreen shrubs, except where
therwise specified. Cuttings of ripe shoots in
and, under a glass, in moist heat ; sandy loam
nd fibry peat. All require protection, and most
f them the usual treatment of the plant-stove.
C. acumina'ta (long-pointed-teoyed). 6. White.
E. Ind. 1822.
JEgypti'aca (Egyptian). 3. White. Egypt.
1822.
amygdali'na (almond-like). 6. White. W.
Ind. 1818.
aphy'lla (leafless). 4. White. E. Ind.
1822.
auricula' ta (eared). 6. White.
CAP
[ 171 ]
CAP
C. Bm'ssn (Brass's). 4. White. Gold Coast.
1793.
Bre'yriin (Breynius's). 11. White. W. Ind.
1752.
Chine'nsis (Chinese). 4. White. July. S.
Amer. 1827.
*iora (dog-phallus-bearing. Bay-
leaved). 8. Green, white. W.Ind. 1752.
Eustachia'na (St. Kustach's). 6. Striped.
St. Eustach. 1822.
ferrugi'nr.a (rusty). 4, White. Jamaica.
frondo'sa (leafy). 7. Green. Carfhagena. 1806.
herba'cea (herbaceous). 2. White. Tauria.
1818. Herbaceous half-hardy.
Jamaice'nsis (Jamaica). 4. White. Jamaica.
1/93.
linealris (narrow-Jeaued). 15. White. W.
Ind. 1793.
Maria'na (Marianne Island). 4. White. Ti-
mor. 1820.
odorati'ssima (sweetest-scented). 6. White.
Caraccas. 1814.
ova'ta (egg->hape-te<'ed). 3. White. July.
South of Europe. Half-hardy deciduous.
pelta'ta (shield-leaved). 6. White. Trinidad.
1827.
pulche'rrima (fairest). 10. White. Carthagc-na.
1700.
sali'gna (willow-/eat>ed). 8. White. Santa
Cruz. 1807.
sepia'ria (hedge). 4. White. E. Ind. J823.
spino'sa (common-spiny). 3. White. June.
South of Europe. 1596. Half-hardy
deciduous.
tenuisi' liqua (slender- podded). 6. White.
Caraccas. 1823.
torulo'sa (twisted-podded). 6. White. W.
Ind. 1822.
triflo'ra (three-flowered). 4. White. S. Amer.
undulu'ta (waved). 6. White.
verruca' so. (warty-podded). 8. White. Car-
thagena. 1820.
Zeyla'nica (Ceylon). 6. White. Ceylon. 1819.
CAPEIFO'LIUM. Honeysuckle. (From
caper, a goat, and folium, a leaf; poeti-
cally, goat-leaf, for its climbing habit.
Nat. ord., Caprifoils [CaprifoliaceoeJ.
Linn., 5-Pentandria \-Monoyynia. Allied
to Lonicera.)
All deciduous and twiners, except where other-
wise specified. Cuttings of ripened shoots taken
off in autumn, and inserted in a shady border ;
tender and scarcer kinds should have the assist-
ance of a hand-light, as the wood is generally
pithy. The most successful mode of propagating
out of doors is by layers in autumn, after the
leaves have commenced falling. Common soil.
HARDY.
C. dioi'cum (dioecious). 6. Purple. June. N.
Amer. 17/6.
Douglu'sii (Douglas's). 20. Orange. July.
N. Amer. 1824. Climber.
Etru'scurn (Etruscan). 15. Orange. May. Italy.
flu'vurn (yellow). 10. Yellow. May. Carolina.
1810.
gra'tum (pleasant). 20. Red. July. N. Amer.
1730. Evergreen.
hirsu'tum (hairy-/med). 20. Yellow. May.
Canada. 1822.
hispi'dulum (rather bristly). Rose. July. S.
Amer. 1833.
Ita'licum (Italian). 10. Purple, yellow. June.
England.
C. Itali'cum ru'brum (red Italian), 10, Bed.
June. South Europe.
longiflo'rum (long-flowered). Yellow, white.
July. China. 1826. Climber.
occidenta'le (western). 20. Orange. July. Ft
Vancouver. 1824.
periclyme'num (woodbine). 20. Yellow. June.
Britain.
Be'lgica (Dutch). 20. Yellow. June.
querdfo'liurn (oak-leaved). 20. Yellow,
red. June.
sero'tinum (late-red). 20. Yellow, red.
June.
variega'tum (variegated), 15. Yellow, red,
June. Britain.
tempervi'rens (evergreen). 15. Scarlet. June.
N. Amer. 1656. Evergreen.
Bro'wnii (Brown's). 20. Bright scarlet.
May.
ma'jor (laxger-flowered). 20. Scarlet.
May.
mi'nus (less. Trumpet). 15. Scarlet.
June. Carolina. 1606.
tubulo'sum (cylindrical). Mexico. 1846.
HALF-HARDY.
C. Chine'nse (China). 30. Orange. August. China.
1806. Evergreen.
cilio'sum (hair-fringed). 6. Yellow. June.
Missouri. 1825.
imple'xum (interwoven). 8. Red, yellow. July.
Minorca. 1772. Evergreen.
Balea'ricum (Balearic). 8. Cream. June.
Minorca.
Japo'nicum (Japanese). 15. Red. June. China.
1806. Evergreen.
Nepale'nse (Nepaul). 15. Orange. July. Ne-
paul. 1807. Evergreen.
CA'PSICUM. Chili Pepper. (From kapto,
to bite ; referring to its pungency. Nat.
ord., Nightshades [SolanaceaeJ. Linn.,
5-Pentandria \-Monogynia.)
Cayenne pepper is the ground seeds of Capsi-
cum. Seeds sown in a hotbed, in March, and,
after being picked off finally, potted, to be grown
in a house, such as a vinery, or transplanted
against a wall, or any sheltered place out of doors.
HARDY ANNUALS.
C. angulo'sum (angular-/rwied). 1. White. June.
India.
a'nnum (annual). 1. White. June. India.
1548.
cordifo'rme (heart-shaped). 1. White. June.
India.
lo'ngum (long- fruited). 1. White. June.
India. 1548.
tetragu'num (four-angled). 1. White. June.
India.
STOVE EVERGREEN SHRUBf.
C. bacca't urn (berried). 3. White. June. 1/31.
bi'color (two-coloured). 4. Purple. June. W.
Ind. 1804.
cerasiflo'rum (cherry-flowered). 2. White.
June. 1823.
cerastfu'rme (cherry-shaped). 1. Red, yellow.
June. W. Ind. 1739. Annual.
ccerule'scens (bluish). Purple. June. S. Amer.
1827-
co'nicum (corned-fruited). 2. White. Jane.
Guiana. 1820. Annual.
conoi'des (cone-like). 2. White. April. India.
1750.
CAP
[ 172 ]
CAK
C.frute'scens (shrubby). 1. Pale yellow. July.
India. 1656.
-- tortulo'sum (rather-twisted). 2. White.
E. Ind. 1820.
globi'ferum (globe-bearing). 2. White. June.
Guiana. 1824.
gro'ssum (large). 1. White. July. India. 1752.
Biennial.
-- bi'fidvm (two-cleft). White. May. E.
Ind. 1758.
-- globo'sum (globe -fruited}. I. White.
July. E. Ind.
Havane'nse (Havanah). White. May. Ha-
vanah. 1826.
lu'teum (yellow-fruited). 1. White. July. E.
Ind. 1820.
micra'nthum (small-flowered). 3. White. May.
Brazil. 1820.
microca'rpon ^small-fruited). 2. White. May.
Mille'rii (Miller's). 1. White. June. W. Ind.
1824. Annual.
mi'nimum (smallest). White. May. E. Ind.
1728.
ova'tum (egg-fruited). 3. White. July. 1824.
pe'ndulum (pendulous). 2. White. May. 1750.
pyramida'le (pyramidal). 2. White.
Sine'nse (
Egypt. 1750
Chi
1807.
May.
nese). 2. White. July. China.
sphee'ricum (globular-fruited). 2. White. May.
1807.
tomatifo'rme (tomato-shaped). 1$. Whitish.
July. Biennial.
ustula'tum (burnt). 2. White. June. Chili.
Annual.
CAPSICUM. For pickling purposes the
following are the species and varieties
usually employed :
Ca'psicuni a'nmnim (Guinea pepper),
the long-podded, short-podded, and oval
short-podded. C. ccrasifo'rme (cherry
pepper), cherry-shaped red and yellow-
podded. C.yrd'ssum (bell pepper).
Soil and Situation. They do best in a
light, rich loam, and against a fence or
wall. Hence they are often grown within
an enclosure devoted to hotbed-forcing.
Time and mode of Solving. Sow to-
wards the end of March or beginning of
April. Sow in pots or pans, and place in
a hotbed, with the shelter of a frame ;
but, in default of a stove, hotbed, or
frame, they may be raised under hand-
glasses on a warm border, the sowing, in
such case, being deferred until settled
warm weather, in May. The seed co-
vered a quarter of an inch deep. When
the plants have still their seed-leaves,
thin to four inches apart, and those re-
moved plant in four-inch pots, three in
each, and keep them in a moderate hot-
bed, being shaded from the meridian sun,
and moderately watered with tepid water
until they have taken root; but little
shading will be required if the roots of
the seedlings are carefully moved, and in
the afternoon just before shutting up.
During the whole of their continuance
beneath a frame, air must be admitted
freely, to prevent their being drawn ; and,
as May advances, they must be accus-
tomed gradually to an uncovered situa-
tion, by taking off the glasses during the
day, and by degrees leaving them open of
an evening : this prepares them for their
final removal at the close of that month,
or early in June. Those raised in a
border beneath hand-glasses must also
be thinned as directed above, and those
removed planted in a similar situation,
or, in default of hand-glasses, beneath a
paper frame or matting. The same may
be adopted for the plants from the hot-
beds, if all other conveniences are want-
ing. When planted out finally, set them
two feet asunder, screened from the sun,
and water freely until rooted. Continue
the watering in dry weather throughout
their growth. They flower during July
or beginning of August, and the pods rfre
ready to be gathered for pickling at the
close of this last month, or early in Sep-
tember.
To obtain Seed. A plant bearing some
of the forwardest and finest fruits of each
variety must be preserved, that it may
be ripe before the frost commences, the
first of which generally kills the plants.
When completely ripe, cut the pods, and
hang up in the sun, or in a warm room,
until completely dry, and keep the seed
in them until wanted for sowing.
CARAGA'NA. Siberian Pea-tree. (From
Garagan, the name of C. arbore'scens
among the Mogul Tartars. Nat. ord., Le-
guminous Plants [Fabacese], Linn., 17-
Dladelphia k-Decandria. Allied to Co-
lutea.)
These handsome shrubs inhabit the whole of
north-eastern Asia, from Pekin in China, west-
ward, to the banks of the Wolga. They are in-
creased principally in the nurseries, by grafting
on C. arbore'scens, which is a deciduous tree ; hut
all the others are deciduous shrubs. The lareer-
growing species are best propagated by seeds
sown in spring, or by cuttings of the roots.
Shrubby, low plants by seed and layers ; and the
rarer, Chinese, Siberian, and drooping kinds by
grafting in spring ; sandy loam.
C. Altaga'na (Altagana). 3. Yellow. May. Si
beria. 1/89.
arbore'scens (tree-like). 15. Yellow. May.
Siberia. 1752.
ine'rmis (unarmed). 10. Yellow. May.
Siberia. 1820.
arena 'ria (sand). 1. Yellow. June. Si-
beria. 1802.
Chamla'gu (Chamlagu). 4. Yellow, May.
China. 1773.
CAB
[ 173 ]
CAR
C.fe'rox (fierce). 2. Yellow. June. Siberia.
frute'scens (shrubby). 2. Yellow. April.
Siberia. 1762.
angustifo'lia (nanrow-leafleted). 6. Yel-
low. April. Odessa.
latifo'lia (broad-leafleted). 6. Yellow.
April.
grandiflu'ra (large-flowered). 1. Yellow. June.
Iberia. 1823.
Gerardia'na (Gerard's). Himalayas. 1839.
juhufta (maned). 2. Pink. April. Siberia. 1796,
tnacraca'ntha (large-thomed). 2. Yellow.
June. Siberia.
microphy' lla (small-leaved). 2. Yellow. May.
Russia. 1819.
mo' His (soft). 2. Yellow. May. Tauria. 1818.
Mongo'lica (Mongolian). Yellow. April. Tar-
tary. 1826.
pygmat'a (pigmy). 1. Yellow. May. Si-
beria. 1751.
_^ arena'ria (sand). 1. Yellow. April.
Redo'wski (Redowski's). 3. Yellow. June.
Siberia. 1827.
pra'cox (early). 3. Yellow. April.
spino'sa (thorny). 6. Yellow. May. Siberia.
1775.
tragacanthoi'des (goat's-thorn-like). 4, Yel-
low. May. Siberia. 1816.
triflo'ra (three-flowered). Greenish - yellow.
1847.
CARA'LLIA. (From Carallie, its name
in India. Nat. ord., Mangroves [Rhizo-
phoracese]. Linn., ll-Dodecandria l-
Monogynia.)
This, like the rest of the Mangroves, grows only
along the tropical shores, where they form im-
penetrable thickets, and send down roots from
the branches, like the Banian-tree. In time such
roots raise the main trunks high above their ori-
ginal level ; hence the usual name of the order
Rhizophoracese, or root-bearers. Cuttings and
treatment as for Canthium.
C. lu'cida (shining). 20, Yellow. E. Ind. 1820.
CARALLD'MA. (Its Indian name. Nat.
ord., Asclepiads [AsclepiadaceaB]. Linn.,
5-Pentandria 2-Digynia. Allied to Sta-
pelia.)
Stove evergreen shrubs, natives of East Indies.
Cuttings well dried, and laid, rather than fas-
tened, among gravelly and limy, rubbishy soil,
until they strike ; sandy loam, broken pots, and
lime-rubbish ; little water given, unless when
growing freely. Summer temp., 60 to 85 ; win-
ter, 48 to 55, and dry.
C, asce'ndens (ascending). 2. Pink. July. 1804.
crenula'ta (scolloped). . Pale yellow.
182Q.
fimbrin'ta (fringed). , Pale yellow. 1829.
umbella'ta (umbelled). Pink. 1804.
CARAMBO 'LA-TREE. Averrho'a caram-
bo'la.
CARA'NDAS. Cari'ssa Cara'ndas.
CARA'PA. (From Caraipe, its name in
South America. Nat. ord., Meliads [Me-
liacese]. Linn., IQ-Decandria l-Mono-
ffynia.)
The flowers are small, but numerous ; and, like
the rest of the Meliads, this genus possesses bitter
astringent and tonic qualities. Stove trees. Cut-
tings of ripened shoots in sand, undei a glass,
and in bottom-heat ; loam and pent. Summer
temp., 60 to 85 ; winter, 55 to 60.
C. Guiane'nsis (Guiana). 20. Yellow. Guiana.
1824.
Guinee'nsis (Guinea). 20. Yellow. Sierra
Leone. 1793.
Molucce'nsis (Moluccas). 20. Yellow. E. Ind.
1820.
pro'emi (tall). 40. Yellow. W. Ind.
CA'RAWAY. Co! rum ca'rui.
CARDA'MINE. Lady's Smock. (From
kardamon, watercress ; referring to the
acrid flavour. Nat. ord., Crucifers [Bras-
sicacese]. Linn., 15-Tetradynamia. Allied
to Arabis.)
Like the rest of the Crucifers, Carda'mine is
antiscorbutic and stimulant. All that we describe
are hardy herbaceous perennials, except C.thalic-
troi'des, which is an annual ; seeds in any com-
mon soil, provided it be moist ; the herbaceous
and marshy plants by division ; marshy, peaty soil.
C. ama'ra (bitter). 1. White. April. Britain.
Aquatic.
asarifo'lia (asarum-leaved). 1. White. June.
Italy. 1/10.
bellidifo'lia (daisy-leaved), 1. White. April.
Scotland.
alpifna (alpine). 1. White. April. Aus-
tria. 1658.
cJielido'nia (celandine-feaued). ! White. June.
Italy. 1739.
glau'ca (milky-green). 1. White. June. Ca-
labria. 1827.
latifo'lia (broad-leaved). 2. Purple. June.
Spain. 1710. Marsh-plants.
macropfiy'tla (large-leaved). 1. Purple. May.
Siberia. 1824.
prate'nsis (me&dow-cuckoo-Jlower'). 1. Pur-
ple. April. Britain. Marsh-plant.
ple'na (double-flowered). I. Purple. April.
Marsh-plant.
ple'na-a'lba (double- white-lowered). 1,
White. April. Marsh-plant.
thalictroi'des (thalictrum-like). 1. White.
June. Piedmont. 1818. Annual.
trifo'lia (three-leaved). 2. White. May. Swit-
zerland. 1629.
uligino'sa (bog). 1. White. April. Tauria.
1819. Marsh-plant.
CARDAMOM. Alpi'nia Cardamo'mum.
CARDINAL FLOWER. Lobe'lia cardina'iis.
CARDOON. (Cyna'racardu'nculus.) The
stalks of tbe inner leaves, when rendered
tender by blanching, are used in stews,
soups, and salads.
Soil and Situation. A light, rich, un-
shaded soil, dug deep, and well pulve-
rised, suits it best.
Time and mode of Souring. -Sow at the
close of April, those plants raised from
earlier sowing being apt to run; for a
late crop, a sowing may be performed in
June. Best practice is to sow in patches
of three or four, six inches apart, in rows
four feet apart, to be thinned finally to
one in each place, the weakest being re-
CAB
[ 174 1
CAB
moved. If, however, they are raised in a
yeed-bed, they will be ready for trans-
planting in about eight or ten weeks
from the time of sowing, and must be set
at similar distances.
The seed must be covered about half
an inch. When about a month old, thin
the seedlings to four inches apart, and
those removed may be pricked out at a
similar distance. When of the age suf-
ficient for their removal, they must be
taken up carefully, and the long, strag-
gling leaves removed. The bed for their
reception must be dug well, and laid out
in trenches, as for celery, or a hollow
sunk for each plant ; but, as they are li-
able to suffer from excessive wet, the
best mode is to plant on the surface, and
form the necessary earthing in the shape
of a ridge. Water abundantly at the time
of planting, as well as subsequently,
until the plants are established ; and also
in August, if dry weather occurs, regu-
larly every other night, as this is found
to prevent their running to seed. When
advanced to about eighteen inches in
height, which, according to the time of
sowing, will be in August, and thence to
October, the leaves must be closed to-
gether, a hay-band wound round each,
and then earthed up like celery. It must
be done on a dry day. As the plants
grow, use more hay-bands and more
earthing, until blanched about two feet
high. The blanching is completed in
about eight or ten weeks. If litter is
thrown over the tops during severe wea-
ther, the plants will continue good
through the winter.
To obtain Seed. Being a native of
Candia, seed in this country seldom
comes 'to maturity ; but, in dry seasons,
a few plants may be set in a sheltered
situation of the April sowing, not earthed
up, but allowed the shelter of mats or
litter in frosty weather. The flowers
make their appearance about the begin-
ning of July, and the seed should ripen
in September.
CAKDU'NCELLUS. (The diminutive of
carditnculus, the Cardoon. Nat. ord.,
Composites [Asteracese] . Linn.,19-Syy</e-
nesia 1-JEqualis. Allied to Carthamus.)
Hardy herbaceous perennials, natives of France.
Division of the roots ; common soil.
C. miti'ssimus (most gentle), f . Blue. June. 17/6.
vulga'ris (common). |. Blue. May. 1734.
CA'RDUUS. Thistle. (From ard, the
Celtic word for a prickle, or sharp point;
referring to the spines of the Thistle.
Nat. ord., Composites [Asteracese]. Linn.,
\9-Syngenesia l-&qualis.)
Notwithstanding the proverbial weediness of
Thistles, there are some handsome garden-spe-
cies among them. All hardy. Seeds or divisions ;
common soil.
ANNUALS.
C. a'lbidus (whitish). 2. Purple. July. Tauria.
1816.
Ara'bicus (Arabian). J. Purple. July. Arabia.
1789-
argenta'tus (silvered). 1. Purple. July. Egypt.
1789-
cine'reus (grey). 3. Purple. July. Caucasus*
1818.
clavula'tus (club-shaped). 2. Purple. July.
Canaries. 1827.
leuca'nthus (white-flowered). 2. Purple. July.
Spain. 1816.
leuco' graphut (white-painted). 2. Purple.
June. Italy. 1752.
peregri'nus (diffuse). 2. Purple. July. 1816.
Volge'nsis (Volga). 2. Purple, July. Voiga.
1820.
BIENNIALS.
C. ala'tus (winged). 2. Purple. July. 1812.
cu'ndicans (hoar^. 3. Purple. July. Hun-
gary. 1805.
Carlineaifo'lius (Carline-leaved). 2. Purple.
July. Pyrenees. 1804.
Carlinoi'des (Carline-like). 1. Purple. July.
Pyrenees. 1784.
colli'nus (hill). 3. Purple. July. Hungary.
1818.
corymbo'sus (corymbose). 4. Purple. July.
Naples. 1824.
cri'spus (curled). 2. Purple. July. Europe.
1804.
hamuln'sus (hooked-spiaed). 5. Purple. June.
Hungary. 1802.
lanugino'sus (woolly). 3. Purple. July.
Armenia. 1820.
monto'sus (mountain). 3. Purple. July.
South of Europe. 1820.
myriaca'nthus (rayriad-spined). Purple. July.
N. Africa. 1856.
nigre'scens (blackish). 4. Purple. July.
South of France. ISig.
persona 1 ta (burdock). 4. Purple. July.
Austria. 1776.
seminu'dus (half-naked). 3. Purple. Cau-
casus. 1819.
uncina'tus (hooked), 6. Purple. July.
Tauria. 1817.
HERBACEOUS PERENNIALS.
C. affi'nis (allied). Pink. July. Naples. 1P30.
alpefstris (alpine). l. Purple. July. Cro-
atia. 1805.
atriplicifo'lius (atriplex-leaved). 10. Purple.
August. Siberia. 1/84.
arctioi'des (burdock-like). 2. Purple. July,
Carniola. 1804.
argemo'ne (argemone-leaved). l. Purple.
July, Pyrenees. 1810.
crassifo'lius (thick-leaved). 2. Purple. July.
1805.
deflora'tus (unflowered). 6. Red. Augut-t.
Austria. 1570.
du'bivs (doubtful). 2. Purple. July. 1S16.
mawoce'phdlus (large-headed). 2. July.
Numidia. 1827-
CAR
[ 175 ]
CAE
C. me'dius (intermediate). 2. Purple. June.
Piedmont. 1819-
onopordioi'des (onopordum-like). l. Purple.
July. Iberia. 1818.
orienta'Hs (eastern). 2. Purple. July. Iberia.
1804.
parviflo'rus (small-flowered). 2. Purple. July.
South of Europe. 1781.
podaca'nthus (foot-spined). 3. Purple. July.
France. 181Q.
pycnocc 1 phalus (dense-headed-7a/z'an). l.
Purple. July. South of Europe. 1739-
CARE'YA. (Named after Dr. Carey, a
celebrated divine and Indian linguist,
who devoted his leisure hours to garden-
ing and botany. Nat. ord., Barrington-
iads [Barringtoniacete]. Linn., 16-Jfo-
nadelphia $-Polyandria.}
These splendid plants are fit associates to Bar-
ringtonia and Gustavia. Stove-plants, from the
East Indies ; cuttings, and dividing the roots ;
sandy loam one part, to two parts fibry peat, with
pieces of charcoal, and plenty of drainage, and
careful watering. Summer temp., 60 to 85;
winter, 55 to 60.
C. arbo'ren (tree). 8. Red and yellow. 1823.
herba'cca (herbaceous). 1. Red and white.
July. 1808. Herbaceous perennial.
sphai'rica (round-fruited). 3. Red. 1803.
Evergreen shrub.
CA'RICA. Papaw-tree. (Named from
an erroneous idea that it was a native of
Caria. Nat. ord., Papayads [Papayacese].
Linn., 22-Dioscia 9-Dccandria.)
One of the tropical fruits grown in our stoves,
more for curiosity than for use. The Papaw fruit
(C. papa'va) is eaten, when cooked, in some parts
of South America, but not much esteemed by
Europeans. Stove trees ; cuttings of ripe shoots
in sandy soil, under a bell-glass, and in sweet
bottom-heat ; rich, loamy soil. Summer temp.,
60 to 85; winter, 50 to 60.
C. cauliflo'ra (stem-flowering). 20. Green. Ca-
raccas. 1806.
citrifo'rmis (orange-formed), 20. Yellowish.
Lima. 1820.
microca'rpa monoi'ca (small-fruited-monoe-
cious). 20. Whitish-green. 1818.
papa'ya (common papaw). 20. Green. July.
India. 1690.
pyrifo'rmis (pear-shaped). 20. Pinkish. Peru.
1823.
spino'sa (prickly). 20. Whitish-green. Guiana.
1821.
CAKI'SSA. (The derivation is not as-
certained ; but krishna-pakphula is the
Sanscrit name of C. Cara'ndas. Nat. ord.,
a section of Dogbanes [Apocynacese].
Linn., 5-Penlandria 1-Hfonogynia.)
The milky juice of this and others in this order
of Dogbanes is manufactured into India-rubber.
The fruit of C. Cara'ndas furnishes a substitute
for red-currant jelly. Stove trees and shrubs ;
cuttings of ripe wood in sand, under a glass, in
hottom-heat; peat and loam. Summer temp.,
60 to 85 ; winter, 50 to 55.
C. Cara'ndas (Carandaa). 15. White. July.
E. Ind. 1790.
C. lunceola'ta (spear-leaved). 6. White. Julr.
N. Holland. 1822.
ova'tu (egg-leaved). 15. White. August,
N. Holland. 181Q.
spina'rum (spiny). 20. White. July. E.
Ind. 181Q.
xylopi'cron (bitter-wooded). 12. White.
July. Mauritius. 1820.
CARU'NA. (Named after Charlemagne.
Nat. ord., a section of Composites [Astera-
ceaej. Linn., \9-Syngenesia 1-JEqualis.)
Hardy herbaceous perennials, except where
otherwise specified. Seeds of annuals in April ;
seeds and divisions of perennials. The Cape
species requires protection. Common soil.
C. acanthifo'lia (acanthus-leaved). 2. White.
June. Carniola. 1818.
acau'lis (stemless). jj. White. June. Italy.
1640.
caule'scens (short-stemmed). 1. White.
June. Switzerland. 1819-
aggrega'ta (clustered). 2. White. July.
Hungary. 1804.
Biebersteinia'na (Bieberstein's). 2. August.
Caucasus. 1816.
corymbo'sa (corymbose). 3. Yellow. July.
South of Europe. 1640.
"Jana'ta (woolly). 3. Purple. June. South
of Europe. 1683. Hardy annual.
lyra'ta (lyre-shaped-/eaped). ] . June. Cape
of Good Hope. 1816. Greenhouse bi-
ennial.
racemo'sa (racemed-./?ou>ered). 3. Yellow.
July. Spain. 1658. Hardy biennial.
Si'cula (Sicilian). 1. July. Sicily. 1827 .
Hardy biennial.
si'mplex (singly-lowered). lj. White. June.
Hungary. 1816.
CARLUDO'VICA. (Named after Charles
IV., of Spain, and Louisa, his queen.
Nat. ord., Screw-Pines [Pandanaceae],
Linn., 2l-Monoscia 9-Polyandria.)
The leaves of all the Screw-Pines are set spirally
round the stem, which gives it a cork-screw ap-
pearance ; hence the name of this order. Stove
perennials; suckers; sandy loam. Summer temp.,
60 to 80; winter, 50 to 55.
EVERGREEN CLIMBERS.
C.funi'fera (rope-bearing). 4. White. Trini-
dad. 1824.
Jamaicc'nsis( Jamaica). 4. White. Jamaica.
1825.
HERBACEOUS SHRUBS.
C. angustifo'lia (narrow-leaved). 3. Greenish-
yellow. Peru. 1818.
latifo'lia (broad-leaved). 3. Green. July.
Peru. 1818.
palma'ta (hand-leaped). 3. White. July.
Peru. 1818.
CARMICHAE'LIA. (Named after Capt.
H. Carmichacl, author of the Flora of
Tri&tan, da Acunha. Nat. ord., Legumi-
nous Plants [Fabacese]. Linn., \l-L>ia-
delphia k-Decandria. Allied to Indigo-
fera.)
Greenhouse evergreen shrub ; cuttings of side-
shoots under glass, in sand, in April or May}
sandy peat, and a very little fibry loam. Summer
temp., 55 to fl ; winter, 40 to 45.
CAE
J
CAH
C. austra'lia (southern). 2. Blue. June. N.
Holland. 1800.
CARNATION. (Dia'nthus caryophy'l-
lus.) Propagation by Layers. The latter
end of July and beginning of August is
the best time for this operation. By
performing it thus early the layers be-
come rooted in time to be taken off,
potted, and well established before
winter. Having a very sharp, small
knife, some fresh-sifted compost of light
loam and leaf-mould in equal parts, and
some hooked pegs (the best are made of
the fronds of the common Fern, or, when
they cannot be had,of birch or hazel-twigs ) ,
proceed to dress the stem intended to be
layered by trimming off the bottom leaves,
leaving about six on, nearest to the top.
Do not shorten those left on. If there
are more in the pot than can be con-
veniently layered, take the surplus ones
off, and" make pipings of them. Dress
all intended to be layered in one pot
before any are tongued. This prevents
breakage and confusion. Then tongue
the layer; to do which, hold the first
layer on one side, and with the knife
make an incision on the under-side, just
below the third joint, bringing the knife
slanting upward through the joint ; then
drop the knife, and with the other hand
take up a hooked peg, thrust the sharp
end into the soil, catching the layer with
the hooked end of the peg as it descends ;
press it gently but firmly down to the
soil. Proceed with the layer next to the
one done, and so on all round the plants,
till the first pot is finished; then cover
the slit joint an inch deep with the com-
post, and proceed to the next pot or plant.
It is not advisable to water the newly-lay-
ered plants the first day, because with-
holding it will give time for the wounds
to heal a little.
Soil. The best compost to grow and
bloom carnations in is three parts loam,
taken from an upland pasture, the top
turf four inches thick; lay it up in a
heap for twelve months, turning it over
once a month, to sweeten and pulverize,
and looking out diligently for the wire-
worm, the grand end of the carnation.
One part two-years-old cow-dung, and
one part well-decayed vegetable-mould.
Mix them together three months before
using, and turn them over together three
or four times.
Spring and Summer Culture. About
the end of March is the right time to put
the carnations into their blooming pots.
They are generally grown in pairs ; but
this is not a necessary point. The pots
for blooming should be eleven inches
across, well drained with broken potsherds,
and the compost not sifted : but in using
it keep a sharp eye upon the wire -worm.
As soon as all are potted, set them upon
a bed of coal-ashes, in a sheltered part
of the garden ; give water when necessary.
Whenever the plants begin to send up
their flower-stems, place sticks to them
of the size and height they will require
when in bloom. Tie very slackly, or the
stems will become knee'd, and perhaps
break ; to prevent which, pay attention
constantly to the ties.
When the buds are nearly full-grown,
thin out the least promising, leaving the
most plump and healthy. Just before
they break, or burst, place an India-
rubber ling round each bud, or a ribband
of bass-mat ; this prevents the buds
bursting on one side. Shade them from
sun and heavy rains.
Autumn and Winter Culture. As soon
as the bloom is over, cut down the flower-
stems, and expose the plants to the full
sun and rain. Take off the layers
as soon as they are rooted ; put them
into 5 -inch pots, in pairs; place them
in cold frames, shading them from the
sun until they make fresh roots ; then
expose them again to the weather till the
winter frosts begin to take place ; and
then keep the lights on, protecting them
from heavy rains and frost ; but, on all
favourable occasions, during mild, fine
weather, draw the lights entirely off
during the day, shutting them up at night,
and covering them up securely whenever
there is an appearance of severe frost.
Forcing. Carnations may be success-
fully forced, choosing the freest growers,
potting them singly, early, into 8-inch
pots, and placing them in gentle heat
(55) early in January. There is a
variety called the Tree Carnation, which
answers best for forcing. Lately there
have been imported from the Continent
several handsome and full - flowering
Tree Carnations, which are a great addi-
tion to our winter flowers. To bloom
these in the greatest perfection, they
should not be allowed to flower the first
year, but should be re-potted, when
rooted, into 8-inch pots, the tops nip-
ped off to make them bushy, and no
flower-stems allowed to rise till the
CAR
[ 177 ]
CAR
autumn following. They will then send
up several stems, and flower all the
winter in the greenhouse or conserva-
tory. Tree Carnations are propagated
by pipings ; and, as the same method of
propagating by pipings is proper for
the florists' varieties, we shall describe
it briefly. It is done as follows : Pre-
pare as many pots as are wanted for
the purpose ; fill them nearly full of the
compost above described, and the re-
maining space with silver-sand ; prepare
the piping by cutting off a stem quite
smooth at the third joint, then carefully
slit the joint just through, and insert the
pipings in the sand pretty thickly all over
the pot; place them upon a gentle hot-
bed, on a layer of sifted coal-ashes, or
river sand ; place the lights on, and
shade from the sun till they are rooted,
then harden them oif gradually, and pot
them into small pots ; if Tree Carnations,
singly ; if show varieties, in pairs of the
same kind, and re-pot them as directed
above.
Exhibiting. In June, or beginning of
July, the plants will be considerably
advanced towards flowering, and they
should be put upon stages or stands.
The posts, or supporters, of the stage
should be surrounded at the bottom by
small cups of water, to exclude slugs ;
and, by placing the plants on a stage,
having the platform eighteen indies or
two feet high, the flowers are viewed to
more advantage ; and if there is erected
an awning over the top, supported four
feet above the platform, the flowers, be-
ing screened from the heat of the mid-
day sun, and defended from heavy rains,
are continued much longer in beauty.
With respect to the cups of water
above mentioned, they are earthen or
leaden, about fifteen inches wide, and
three or four deep, having a hollow or
vacancy in the middle six inches wide,
like a socket, to receive the posts ; and
is formed by a raised rim in the middle,
equal in height to that of the circum-
ference, and the hollow, or socket, so
formed as to receive the bottom of the
posts quite through to the ground ; arid
the space between the outer and inner
rim is filled with water, so that each
post standing in the middle of such a
cistern sufficiently guards the plants
against creeping insects.
For want of a covered stage to screen
the flowers, you may contrive a small
12
umbrella, or round-spreading cap, either
of tin or canvass, nine or ten inches
diameter, one for each plant, having a
socket in the middle, to receive the tops
of the support-sticks. Those umbrellas
which are formed of tin are the best;
but, if you make them of canvass, first
make little round frames, having the
rim formed with slips of wire, cane, &c.,
the above width, with cross slips of the
same materials, contriving a socket of
lead or tin in the middle, for the support-
stick to go quite through, as just observed;
and upon these frames paste or sew
canvass, which paint with oil-colour.
Either covers are placed over the flowers
by running the support-stick up through
the hole, or socket, in the middle, and
resting the cap upon a piece of wire or
peg, put across through holes in the
stick at such a height from the flower
as to screen it from the sun and rains.
Give attention to continue to tie up
neatly the flower-stalks of the plants as
they advance in stature. When they 8,re
arrived at their full height, support
them erect at top with wires, having a
small eye, or ring, at one end, for the re-
ception of the flower-stalk ; so put the
other end into holes made in the sup-
port-sticks. These wires should be five
or six inches long, and several holes are
made in the upper part of the sticks ;
the first at the height of the bottom of
the flower-pod, the other above that, an
inch or two distant ; and place the wires
in the holes lower or higher, that the eye
or ring may be just even with the case
of the calyx, to support the flower in an
upright position ; and, by drawing the
wire less or more out, the flower is pre-
served at such distance from the support
as shall seem necessary to give it proper
room to expand ; and if two or three of
the like wires are placed also in the lower
parts of the support-sticks, placing the
stem of the flowers also in the eye of
the wires, all the tyings may be cut away.
To have as large flowers as possible,
clear off all side-shoots from the flower-
stem, suffering only the main or top-buds
to remain to flower.
When the flowers begin to open, attend-
ance should be given to promote their
regular expansion, they being apt to burst
open on one side ; and, unless assisted
by a little art, as by India-rubber rings
already noticed, the flower will become
very irregular. Therefore, attending
CAB
C 178 ]
CAB
every day at that period, observe, as soon
as the calyx begins to break, to cut it a
little open at two other places in the in-
dentings at top, with narrow-pointed
scissors, that the openings may be at
equal distances, observing if one side of
any flower comes out faster than another,
to turn the pot about, that the other side
of the flower be next the sun, to assist
the more regular expansion of the flower.
Likewise, to bloom any flowers as spread-
ing as possible, place paper collars round
the bottom of the flower, on which to
spread the petals to their utmost ex-
pansion. These collars are made of stiff
white paper, cut circular, about three or
four inches diameter, having a hole in
the middle, to receive the bottom of the
petals withinside of the calyx, the leaves
of which are made to spread flat for its
support; and then spread or draw out
the petals upon the collar to their full
width and extent, the longest undermost,
and the next longest upon these, and so
of the rest quite to the middle, observing
that the collar must nowhere appeal-
wider than the flower when they begin to
burst.
Diseases. These plants are subject to
the mildew; and, when it is not checked
in time, it not only destroys the plants
it first appears on, but will, in time,
spread to the whole stock As soon as
it is observed, sprinkle the affected plants
with sulphur, and keep the air inside the
frames as dry as possible. The black
spot is only mildew in a severer form.
Cut off" the leaf on which it appears, and
treat as for mildew.
Insects. The great enemy is the wire-
worm, which eats away the inside of the
stem, and destroys the plant. Search
for it in the soil previously to using, and
bury there, after the plants are potted in
the blooming-pots, some slices of pota-
toes. Examine these daily, and destroy
the wire-worms you may find in the
baits. The greenfly, also, attacks carna-
tions, sometimes even in the frames.
These are easily destroyed by fumigating
with tobacco-smoke. When the plants
are blooming they sometimes appear.
Destroy them then by sprinkling with
Scotch snuff. The red spider is often
troublesome in dry springs. The best
icemedy is washing every leaf with a
small sponge, repeating the operation till
the plants are quite cleared.
CAEOLI'NEA. Pachira. (Named after
Sophia Caroline, Margravine of Baden.
Nat. ord., Sterculiads [Sterculiacese].
Linn., 16-Monadelphia 8-Polyandria. Al-
lied to Adansonia.)
Stove trees. Cuttings of ripened wood in sand,
under a bell-glass, in heat ; rich, loamy soil.
Summer temp., 60 to 85 ; winter, 50 to 55.
C. a'lba (white). 20. July. Brazil. 1817-
insi'gnis (showj). 20. Red. W. Ind. 1796-
mi' nor (less). 20. Red, yellow, green. JuJy.
Guiana. 1/98.
pri'nceps (princely). 30. Red. yellow, green.
W. Ind. 1787.
CARPI' NUS. Hornbeam. (From car, the
Celtic for wood, and pix, a head ; in refer-
ence to the wood being used to make the
yokes of oxen. Nat. ord., Hastworts [Co-
rylacese]. Linn., 5-Pwtandria l-Mono-
gynla.}
C, be'tulut is the only one of the Hornbeams
that is of much use or ornament ; it is one of the
best nurse-plants in young plantations, and for
making fast-growing hedges. Hardy deciduous
trees. Seeds sown when ripe, or kept in dry sand,
until the following spring ; suckers and layers for
the varieties ; layers for the common plants ; but
they are inferior to plants raised from seed. Com-
mon soil.
C. America'na (American). 20. N, Amer. 1812.
bc'tulus (common). 30. March. Britain.
inci'sa (cut- tear vd). 15. March.
quercifo'lia (oak-leaved). SO. May. Eu-
rope.
variega'ta (variegated). 20. March.
Britain.
au'rea - variega'ta (golden - variegated-
leaved). 20. March. 1845.
orienta'lis (eastern). 12. Levant. 1739.
CARPOCAPSA POMONELLA. The Codlin
Moth.
Every grower of the apple knows how
liable his fruit is to be ''worm-eaten."
He finds basketsful of " windfalls " even
in the calmest weather, and that the
cause of the loss is a small grub, which
has fed upon the pulp of the fruit ; but
how, when, or where these grubs got
there he has not the slightest notion.
As it is one of the most injurious of in-
sects to one of our most useful of fruits,
we shall give more full particulars than
usual, borrowing them chiefly from Mr.
Westwcod's essay in the Gardeners' Ma-
CAR
[ 179 ]
CAR
gazine, iv. 235, N. S. The grub in ques-
tion is the larva of the Codlin Moth,
Carpocapsa pomonella of some entomolo-
gists, but Tinea pomonella, Pyralis po-
inona, and Tortrix pomoniana of others.
It is upon the pulpy parts of the apple
that the grub chiefly feeds. When, how-
ever, it has nearly attained its full size,
it feeds on the pips of the apple, which,
thus attacked in its most vital part, soon
falls to the ground. No sooner is the
apple fallen, than the grub quits the fruit
by the passage which it had previously
gnawed. A hundred apples may be
opened, and not more than two or three
larvae observed within them ; the orifice
by which they have escaped being open,
and not concealed by a little mass of
brown grains, which is the case with
those apples from which the larva has not
made its escape. These little grains are
the excrement of the larvae, which are
also to be seen in the burrows formed by
them within the apple. The grub is of
a dirty-white colour, with a brown head,
varied with darkish-brown marks. The
body is slightly hairy ; the first segment
after the head is whitish, with minute
brown spots ; the other segments are of a
pale colour, with about eight small tu-
bercles on each ; each of the three ante-
rior segments is furnished with a pair of
legs ; and there are a pair of feet at the
extremity of the body. In its early state
it is of a dirty-reddish or flesh colour.
The caterpillar wanders about on the
ground till it finds the stem of a tree, up
which it climbs, and hides itself in some
little crack of the bark. The fall of the
apple, the exit of the grub, and its wan-
dering to this place of safety usually take
place in the night-time. It gnaws away
the bark a little, and, having made a
smooth chamber, spins a little milk-white
silken case, in which, after a few weeks,
it becomes a chrysalis ; and in this state
it remains through the winter, and until
the following June, when the moth comes
forth, and is to be seen hovering round
the young apples on a midsummer even-
ing. The moth itself, of which we give
a cut, of the natural size and magnified,
is a very beautiful insect, about three-
quarters of an inch in expanse: fore
wings ashy-brown, with very numerous,
rather obscure, darker, transverse streaks,
united into a broadish band towards the
base, giving them a damasked appear-
ance. On the hind border of the fore
wings is a large reddish-brown patch,
spotted, and surrounded with a golden
mark. The hind wings reddish-brown,
tinged with yellow. The moth lays its
eggs in the eyes of the young apples, one
only in each, by inserting its long ovipo-
sitor (egg-tube) between the divisions of
the calyx. As soon as the egg is hatched,
the little grub gnaws a hole in the crown
of the apple, and soon buries itself in its
substance ; and it is worthy of remark,
that the rind of the apple, as if selected
for the purpose, is thinner here than in
any other part, and, consequently, more
easily pierced. The apple most com-
monly attacked is the codlin. It will be
evident, from the preceding details of
the habits of this moth, that there are
considereable difficulties in the way of its
extirpation. It is impossible, for instance,
to be aware of the presence of the enemy
within the fruit until the mischief is ac-
tually completed; and, in like manner,
the destruction of the moth, from its
small size, and its habit of secreting it-
self in crevices of the bark, &c., is
equally impracticable. The gathering up
of the worm-eaten apples immediately
after their fall, and before the enclosed
caterpillar has had time to escape, can-
not but be attended with good effect:
care, however, must be taken to destroy
the larvae, which would otherwise very
speedily make their escape. The cocoons,
also, may be destroyed in the chinks of
the bark during the autumn and winter.
(The Cottage Gardener, ii. 63.)
CARPODE'TES. (From karpos, a fruit,
and rfe/os,tied ; the fruit, or capsule, is as
much constricted as if tied in the mid-
dle. Nat. ord., Amaryllids [Amaryllida-
cese]. Linn., Q-Hexandria 1-Monogynia.
Allied to Eucrosia and Liperiza.)
C. recurva'fa (bent-back), a purplish, long-
necked bulb, with purplish-yellow flowers, from
Peru, where it is called by the natives Chicfnian-
huaita, constitutes this genus. It requires the
same treatment as Coburgia.
CAKPODO'NTOS. (From karpos, fruit, and
odontos, toothed; in reference to the
toothed ends of the fruit-cells. Nat. ord.,
Tutsans [Hypericacese]. Linn., 13-Poly-
andria 6-Pentagynia.)
Greenhouse shrub. Cuttings of small side-
shoots in sand, under a bell-glass, in April ; peat
ard loam. Summer temp., 55 to 70; winter,
40 to 45.
C. lu'cida (shining). 20. White. N. Holland.
1820.
CARPODI'SCUS, Sweet Fishamin. (From
CAR
[ ISO ]
CAB
karpos, a fruit, and discos, a circle ; in re-
ference to the form of the fruit. Nat. ord.,
Dogbanes [Apocynacese], Linn-, 5-Pen-
tandria 1-Monoyynia. Allied to Carissa.)
Stove shrub. Cuttings of half-ripened shoots,
in heat; loam and peat. Summer temp., 60 to
85 ; winter, 50 to 55.
C. du'lcis (sweet). 8. Green. June. Sierra
Leone. 1822.
CARPOLY'SA. (From karpos, a fruit, and
lyssu, rage ; in reference to the three-
celled fruit, or seed-pod, opening like the
mouth of an enraged animal. Nat. ord.,
Amaryllids [Araaryllidacese]. Linn., G-
Hexandria 1-Monogynia. Allied to Ge-
thyllis and Lapiedra.)
C. spira'lis (pink). Cape of Good Hope. 179).
A very neat little bulb, with spiral leaves, anil
starry, pinkish flowers, having ^reen topi, re-
quiring the same treatment as iZUU
CAEEOT. Dau'cus caro'ta.
Varieties. Those with a long tapering
root are named Long Carrots ; and those
having one that is nearly regularly cylin-
drical, abruptly terminating, are denomi-
nated Horn Carrots. The first are em-
ployed for the main crops ; the second,
on account of their superior delicate fla-
vour, are advantageously grown for early
use, and for shallow soils.
Horn Carrots. Early Red. Common
Early. Dutch, for forcing. Long. This
last is the best for the summer crop.
Long Carrots. White Belgium, Yel-
low, Long Yellow, Purple, Long Red,
Chertsey, and Surrey. Superb Green-
topped, or Altringham. The last two
are the test for main crops.
Soil and Situation. Carrots require a
warm, light, rich soil, dug full two
spades deep. With the bottom-spit it is a
good practice to turn in a little well-de-
cayed manure ; but no general application
of it to the surface should be allowed in
the year they are sown; but a spot should
be allotted them which has been made
rich for the growth of crops in the pre-
vious year, or else purposely prepared by
manuring and trenching in the preced-
ing autumn. The fresh application of
manure is liable to cause their growing
forked, and to expend themselves in
fibres, as well as to be worm-eaten. If
the soil is at all binding, it should be well
pulverized by digging very small spits at
a time. Pigeons' dung is a good manure
for the carrot.
Time and Mode of Solving. The, first
sowing for the production of plants to
draw whilst young should take place in
a moderate hotbed, during January, and
in a warm border at the conclusion of
February, or early in March. At the
close of the last month, or, preferably, in
the first half of April, the main crop
must be inserted ; though, to avoid the
maggot, it is even recommended not to
do so until its close. In May acd July
the sowing may be repeated for produc-
tion in autumn, and lastly in August, to
stand through the winter, and produce
in early spring. For sowing, a calm day
should be selected; and the seeds should
be separated by rubbing them between
the hands, with the admixture of a little
sand or dry coal-ashes, otherwise they
cannot be sown regularly. Sow thinly,
in drills eight inches apart for the horn,
and ten or twelve inches for the long ;
and the beds not more than four feet
wide, for the convenience of after-culti-
vation. The larger weeds must be con-
tinually removed by hand ; and when the
plants are seven or eight weeks old, or
when they have got four leaves two or
three inches long, they should be thinned,
those intended for drawing young, to four
or five inches apart, and those to attain
their full growth to ten. At the same
time, the ground must be small-hoed,
which operation should be regularly per-
formed every three or four weeks, until
the growth of the plants becomes an ef-
fectual hinderance to the growth of the
weeds. The crop to stand through the
winter should, in frosty weather, be shel-
tered with a covering of litter, as, if it
occurs with much severity, it often de-
stroys them. The hotbed for the first
sowing of the year must be moderate,
and earthed about sixteen inches deep :
two or three linings of hot dung, as the
heat decreases, will be sufficient to bring
them to a state fit for use. These are
the first in production, but are closely
followed by those that have withstood
the winter. The temperature must never
exceed 73, nor fall lower than 55.
They need not be thinned to more than
three inches apart. At the close of Oc-
tober, or early in November, as soon as
the leaves change colour, the main crop
may be dug up, and laid in alternate
layers with sand, in a dry outhouse, pre-
viously to doing which the tops and any
adhering earth must be removed. A
dry day should always be chosen for tak-
ing them up.
CAE
[ 181 ]
CAR
To obtain Seed. Leave some where I
raised; but,ii'this is impracticable, some j
of the finest roots should be selected, and j
their tops not cut so close as those for
storing. These, likewise, must be placed
in sand until February or March, then
to be planted out two feet asunder in a
stiff, loamy soil. Those left where grown,
or those planted at the close of autumn,
must, during frosts, have the protection
of litter to be removed, however, during
mild weather. As the seed ripens in
August, which is known by its turning
brown, each umbel should be cut, other-
wise much of the seed is often lost
during stormy weather. It must be
thoroughly dried, by exposure to the sun
and air, before it is rubbed out for stor-
ing. For sowing, the seed should always
be of the previous year's growth ; if it is
more than two years old it will not vege-
tate at all.
Insects. The carrot is liable to the at-
tacks of the wire- worm (see ELATEE), as
well as of those next mentioned.
CAREOT MAGGOT. (Psila rosce.) The
parent fly is dark, with a metallic green
lustre, and rather hairy ; head, reddish-
jellow; legs, yellow; wings, very trans-
parent. Very much resembles the An-
thomyia. The grub, or maggot, is cylin-
drical and yellow ; it eats holes in the
main root of the carrot. This under-
ground enemy of the carrot is said to be
Uiiuished by mixing spirits of tar with
saud until saturated, and applying it to
the soil previously to digging, at the rate
of about one gallon to sixty square
yards ; but we find trenching and manur-
ing, as we have directed, a sufficient pro-
tective.
CAHBOT MOTH. See TINEA.
CA'ETHAMUS. (From quartom, to
point, in the Arabic;, referring to the
Ibwers yielding a fine colour. Nat. ord.,
u section of Composites [Asteraceffi].
Liun., \9-Syngenesia 1-dEqualis.)
Hardy annuals. Seeds sown in April where
they ure to grow, or in a slight hotbed, in March,
and then planted out; common soil.
C. oxyaca'ntha (sharp-spined). 2. Yellow.
July. Caucasus. 1818.
tincto'rius (dyer's). 3. Orange. June. Egypt.
1551.
CARTONE'MA. (From kartos, shorn, and
item a, a filament ; referring to the forma-
tion of the filaments, or threads, which
support the pollen-bags. Nat. ord.,
Spiderworts [Commelynacese]. Linn., 6
Hexandria l-Monogynia.)
Greenhouse herbaceous perennial. iSecds O'*a
in slight hotbed ; light loum and sandy peai ; r.;.
quires the protection of a greenhouse, or a waroi
situation.
C. spica'titm (spiked), 1. Blue. July. N.
Holland. 1822.
CA'RUM. Caiaway. (From Car! a, in
Asia Minor, where it was first discovered.
Nat. ord., Umbdli/ers [Apiaceae]. Linn.,
*t-Pentandria %-Lig.ynia. Allied U> the
weed Ammi.)
The seed of C. ca'rui is our Caraway, esteemed
'or its aromatic qualities. Hardy biennial*.
Seeds ; open ground, in March or April. Coiu-
.non soil.
C. ca'rui (common). 2. White. May. Britain.
verticilla'tum (whorl-leaned). 1. White. July.
Britain. This species is removed here
from Si'son, a genus of weeds.
CA'EYA. Hickory. (The Greek name
for the Walnut, so named on account of
Carya, daughter of Dion, King of La-
conia, said to have been changed by
Bacchus into a Walnut-tree. Nat. ord.,
Juglans [Juglandacese]. Linn., 2l-Mo-
ncecia 9-Polyandria.)
This is the Hickory so celebrated in North
America for the purposes of the cabinet-maker.
Their best chairs they call their Hickories,
Hardy deciduous trees. Seeds ; the nut should
be sown where the tree is intended to stand ;
layers, and grafting on the Walnut. Good, com-
mon soil.
C. u'lba (white. Shell-bark Hickory'). 30. April.
1629.
ama'ra (bitter-nwO- 30. May. 1800.
compre'sna (compressed-fruited). SO. April.
1730.
lacinio'sa (jagged). 30. April.
microca'rpa (small-fruited). 30. April.
obcorda'ta (reversed-heart-shaped). 30. May.
1812.
olii-aifo'rmis (olive-shaped). 30. April.
porci'na (hog-nut). 30. May. 1/99.
glu 1 bra (smooth). May.
sulca'ta (furrowed). 30. April. 1804.
tomento'sa (woolly). 30. April.
ma'jcima (greatest fruited). 60. May.
CAKYO'CAE. Butter Nut. (From
karyon, a nut ; in reference to its fruit.
Nat. ord., JRhizobols [Rhizobolacese].
Linn., IQ-Polyaudria ^-Tetragynia.^)
Two genera of immensely large trees, bearing
large flowers and edible nuts, constitute the
whole of this small order. The Suwarrow (Sauari)
nuts of the shops are the produce of the C.
nuci'ferum. Oil not inferior to olive-oil is ex-
tracted from the kernels. Cuttinps in sand, in
heat, under glass. Loam and peat. Summer
temp., 60 to 80; winter, 50 to 55.
C. gla'brum (smooth). 100. Green. Guiana.
1820.
nuci'ferum (nut-bparing). 100. Red, yellow.
Guiana. 1820.
tomento'sum (woolly)' 100. White Guiana.
1820.
CARYO'PHYLLUS. Clove-tree. (From
CAK
[ 182 ]
CAS
k&ryim, a nut, and ophyllon, a leaf; in re-
ference to the appearance of the flower-
buds, or Cloves of commerce. Nat. orcl.,
Myrtleblooms [Myrtacese]. Linn., 12-
Icosandria \-Monoyynia.)
The powerful scent of Cloves, or flower-buds of
C. aroma' ticus, arises from a volatile oil contained
in the pellucid dots in the leaves and other parts
of the bark. Dotted leaves are one of the peculiar
characteristics of this, the most natural order of
plants-^ The flower-buds of Calyptranthes are as
Ood a spice as those of the Ciove-tree. Stove-
tree. Cuttings of firm shoots, with leaves on, in
heat, under elass. Summer temp., 60 to 86;
winter 55 to 60.
C. aroma'ticus (aromatic). 20. Yellowish-white.
Moluccas. 1797.
CARYO'TA. (From karyon, a nut. The
Greeks first applied this name to their
cultivated Date. Nat. ord., Palms [Pal-
macese]. Linn., 2i-Moncccia 9-Po/i/an-
rfria.)
A noble member of a noble family of plants,
most valuable to the natives of the countries they
inhabit, C. u'rens furnishing si highly nutritious
sago, besides abundance of palm-wine, or toddy.
Stove trees. Seeds ; rich, sandy loam and neat.
Summer temp., 60 to 85 ; winter, 50 to 55.
C. ho'rrida (horrid). 20. S. Amer. 1823.
mi'tis (mild). White. China. 1820.
u'rens (stinging). 20. White. E. Ind. 1788.
CASCADE, or WATERFALL, is agreeable
only when properly associated with the
scenery around. That association is a
bold, broken ground, and a dense planta-
tion of trees. Nothing is more misplaced
or tasteless than a sheet of water falling
into another uniform collection of water,
in an open, uuwooded plain. Mr. Whate-
ley justly observes, that a rill cannot pre-
tend to any sound beyond that of a little
waterfall. The roar of a cascade belongs
only to larger streams ; but it may be in-
troduced by a rivulet to a considerable
degree, and attempts to do more have
generally been unsuccessful : a vain am-
bition to imitate nature in her great
extravagances betrays the weakness of
art. Though a noble river throwing
itself headlong down a precipice be an
object truly magnificent, it must be con-
fessed, that in a single sheet of water
there is a formality which its vastness
alone can cure ; but the height, not the
breadth, is the wonder. When it falls
no more than a few feet the regularity
prevails ; and its effect only serves to ex-
pose the vanity of atfecting the style of a
cataract in an artificial cascade. It is
less exceptionable if divided into several
parts, for then each separate part may be
wide enough for its depth ; andj in the
whole, variety, and not greatness, will ba
the predominant character. But a struc-
ture of rough, large, detached stones
cannot easily be contrived of strength
sufficient to support a great weight of
water. It is sometimes, from necessity,
almost smooth and uniform ; and then
it loses much of its effect. Several little
falls in succession are preferable to one
greater cascade, which, in figure or in
motion, approaches to regularity.
When greatness is thus reduced to
number, and length becomes of more
importance than breadth, a rivulet vies
with a river ; and it more frequently runs
in a continued declivity, which is very
favourable to such a succession of falls.
Half the expense and labour which are
sometimes bestowed on a river to give it,
at the best, a forced precipitancy in any
one spot only, would animate a rivult t
through the whole of its course ; and,
after all, the most interesting circum-
stance in falling waters is their animation.
A great cascade fills us with surprise ;
but all surprise must cease ; and the
motion, the agitation, the rage, the froth,
and the variety of the water are finally
the objects which engage the attention.
For these a rivulet is sufficient ; and
they may there be produced without
that appearance of effort which raises a
suspicion of art. To obviate such a
suspicion, it may sometimes be expedient
to begin the descent out of sight; for the
beginning is the difficulty. If that be
concealed, the subsequent falls seem but
a consequence of the agitation which
characterises the water at its first appear-
ance ; and the imagination is, at the
same time, let loose to give ideal extent
to the cascades.
CASEA'RIA. (Named after J. Casearius,
the coadjutor of Eheede in producing
the If art us Malabaricus. Nat. ord., Sa-
myds [Samydacese]. Linn., IQ-Dccandria
1-Monogynia.)
Stove evergreen trees, chiefly valued for their
astringent and medicinal qualities. Cuttinors in
sand, under a glass, in heat. Light, sandy, fibrv
loam. Summer temp., 60 to 80; winter, 50
to 60.
C. hirsu'ta (hairy). 8. Yellow, green. Jamaic*.
1825.
parvifiu'ra (small-flowered). 6. Yellowish-
preen. S. Amer. 1818.
parvifu'lia (small-leaved). 6. Yellowish-
green. Martinique. 1827.
ramiflo'ra (branch-flowered). 4. Yellowish-
green. Guiana. 1824.
terrulu'tu (flue-saw-edged). 6.
gre?n. Jwuaica. 1313.
CAS
[183]
CAS
C. sylve'stris (wood). 8. Whitish-green. Jamaica
1823.
CA'SHEW NUT. Anaca'rdium occidental
CASSA'VA. Jani'pha ma'itihot.
CASSEBEE'RA. (Nat. ord., Ferns [Poly
podiacese]. Linn., Z-Cryptogamia 1
Filices. Allied to Platyloma.)
Divisions ; peat and loam ; hardy greenhous
and stove treatment, according to their nativ
locality.
C. arge'ntea (silvery), i. Brown. July. Siberia
1816. Hardy.
auricula'ta (eared). Brown. July. Stove.
cuneu'ta (wedge-shaped-fcaced). Brown. July
1831. Stove.
farino'sa (mealy). l. Brown. May. Isle o
Luzon. 1840. Stove.
hasta'ta (h&lbert-leaved). 2. Brown. August
Cape of Good Hope. 1823. Greenhouse
intramargina'lis (bordered-beneath). Brown
September. Mexico. 1828. Greenhouse
peda'ta (twice-lobed). . Brown. Virginia
1820. Hardy.
p'mna'ta (leafleted). Brown. June. Stove.
pteroi'des (fern-like). Brown. July. Cape
of Good Hope. 1775. Greenhouse.
triphy'lla (three-leaved). Brown. July. 1824
Stove.
vespertilio'nis (\)*.t-wingcd). 3. Brown. Au-
gust. N. Holland. 1823. Greenhouse
CA'SSIA. (From the Greek name of a
plant, kasian of the Bible. Nat. ord.,
Leguminous Plants [Fabaceae]. Linn.,
W-Decandria l-Monogynia.)
C. lanceola'ta produces the true Alexandrian
senna-leaves ; and a variety of this species yields
the Indian senna. The plant, however, is a native
of Arabia, and from it is obtained the senna of
Mecca. C. obova'ta furnishes the Aleppo senna ;
and in America they use the leaves of C. Mart'
la'ndica as a purgative. Allied to Caesalpinia.
Annuals and biennials by seed, sown in March or
April, in heat ; the biennials by cuttings, in April,
of half-ripened shoots, in heat. A few will thrive
in the greenhouse ; but most of them require
stove treatment in winter ; that is, a temperature
of from 50 to 60 ; and where there is much
room they deserve it.
ANNUALS.
C. eschyno'mene (seschynome). 1. Yellow. June.
W. Ind. 1810. Stove.
angusti 1 ssima (narrowest-team?). 1. Yellow.
July. E. Ind. 1820. Stove.
a'spera (rough), l. Yellow. July. Georgia.
1818. Stove.
Burma'nni (Burmann's). 1. Yellow. June.
Cape of Good Hope. 1810. Half-haniy.
flexuo'sii (zigzag-stemwzed). 1. Yellow. July.
Brazil. 1810. Stove.
floribu'nda (bundle -flowered). 4. Fellow.
June. New Spain. 1818. Stove.
flo'rida (large-flowered). 6. Yellow. June.
E. Ind. 1820. Stove.
glandulo'sa (glanded). 5. Yellow. Septem-
ber. W. Ind. 1822. Stove.
hi'spida (bristly). Yellow. June. Cayenne.
1826. Stove.
hu'milis (humble), l. Yellow. June. S.
Amer. 1800. Stove biennial.
Ilahca (Italian senna). 3. Yellow. June.
South of Europe. Stove.
C. mimosoi'des (mimosa-like). 2. Yellow. July*
Ceylon. 1806. Stove.
ni'ctitans (twinkling). 2. Yellow. July. N.
Amer. 1800. Hardy.
obova'ta (reversed-egg). 2. Yellow. July.
Egypt. 1640. Stove.
obtusifo'lia (twisted-leaved). Yellow. July.
Jamaica. 1732. Stove.
procu'mbens (lying-down). Ydlow. June.
N. Amer. 1806. Hardy.
pu'mila (dwarf). 1, Yellow. June. E. Ind.
1814. Stove trailer.
Ta'gera (Tagera). Yellow. July. E. Ind.
1803. Stove biennial.
Thonni'ngii (Thonning's). Yellow. June.
Guinea. 1824. Stove.
triflo'ra (three-flowered). 1. Yellow. June.
W. Ind. 1816. Stove.
- Wallichia'na (Wallich's). 1. Yellow. June.
Nepaul. 1817. Stove.
GREENHOUSE EVERGREENS.
C. JEgpti'acu (Egyptian). 3. Yellow. Kay.
Egypt. 1822.
artemisioi'des (wormwood-like). 2. Yellow.
June. N. Holland. 1820.
Barclay a'na (Barclay's). 4. Yellow. July.
N. Holland. 1827.
-Berfc'n(Berter's). 10. Yellow. June. W.
Ind. 1827.
bicapsula'ris (two-capsuled). 4. Yellow. May.
W. Ind. 1739.
biflo'ra (two-flowered). 6. Yellow. August.
W. Ind. 1/66.
bractea'ta (bracteated). 6. Yellow. August.
W. Ind. 1822.
brevifo'lia (short-leaved). Yellow. June.
Madagascar. 1824.
Cape'nsis (Cape). 1. Yellow. June. Cape
of Good Hope. 181 6.
Chine'nsis (Chinese;. 4. Yellow. June. China.
1807.
Flinde'rsii (Flinder's). Yellow. June. N. S.
Wales. 1818.
frondo'sa (leafy). 3. Yellow. April. W.
Ind. 1796.
glutino'sa (clammy). 3. Yellow. June. N.
Holland. 1818.
linea'ris (narrow-podded). 8. Yellow. June.
Carolina. 1800.
Marila'ndica (Maryland). 3. Fellow. Sep-
tember. N. Amer. 1823. Hardyhe/ba-
ceous perennial.
ni'gricans (blackish). 1. Yellow. June.
Egypt. 1817.
ruscifo'lia (ruscus-leaved). 2. Yellow. June.
Madeira. 1816.
STOVE EVERGREENS.
C. Acapulee'nsis (Acapulco). 4. Yellow. June.
Acapulco. 1823.
ala'ta ( winged- Jeoued). 12. Yellow. W. Ind.
1731.
JpOKCom v a(Apoucouita). 8. Yellow. Surinam.
1820.
arbore'scens (tree-like). Yellow. May. North
Spain. 1813.
atoma'ria (dotted). 4. Yellow. June. N.
Amer. 1810.
auricula'ta (small-eared). 4. Yellow. E. Ind.
1777-
barilla'rls (rod). 3. Yellow. E. Ind. 1/82.
chamcecri'sta (ground-senna). 1. Yellow. Julv.
America. 1699.
chrysn'tricha (golden-haired). Yellow. June.
Guiana. 1828.
CAS
[ 184 ]
CAS
1. Yellow.
Herbaceous
1. Yellow.
8. Yellow.
July.
Yellow. June. W.
Yellow. S. Amer.
5. Yellow. June.
July.
July.
July.
C. ciUafris (hair-frinfred-s/raA?rf).
June. E. Ind. Itt!/.
perennial.
cilia'ta (hair-fringed-/(?o/?e/ed).
June. Cuba. 1820.
Coromandelia'na (Cororaandel).
June. Coromandel. 1823.
eorymbo'sa (corymbose). 3. Yellow.
Buenos Ayres. 1796.
ffuspida'ta (spine-pointetU/eaued). 4. Yellow.
July. S. Amer. 1820.
diphy'lla (two-leaved).
Ind. 1781.
di'spar (unequal). 3.
1824.
elli'ptica (o\.il-leaved).
Trinidad. 1818.
emarginu'ta (notch-/eaued). 15. Yellow. May.
Jamaica. 1759.
fastigia'tu. (peaked). 4. Yellow. June. E.
Ind. 1818.
giga'ntea (gigantic). Yellow. June. Jamaica.
1825.
glau'ca (milky-green). 4. Yellow. June. E.
Ind. 1818.
gra'cilis (slender). 2. Yellow. June. Orinoco.
1817.
Herbertia'na (Herbert's). 9. Yellow. Novem-
ber. Barbadoes. 1828.
hi'rta (hairy). 3. Yellow. August. N. Amer.
1820.
hirsu'ta (coarse-haired). 4. Yellow.
America. 17/8.
Houstonia'na (Houston's). Yellow.
Jamaica. 1817-
Iceuiga'ta (smooth). 3. Yellow. July
lanceola'ta (spear- leaved}, 1. Yellow.
Levant.
linea'ta (lined-teaved). 1. Yellow. June. Ja-
maica. 1818.
Inngisi'liqua (long-podded). 6. Yellow. June.
W. Ind. 1800.
lotoi'des (lotus-like). 2. Yellow. June. Tri-
nidad. 1820.
macra'nthera (large-anthered). 3. Yellow.
June. Brazil. 1824.
margina'ta (bordered). 3. Yellow. June.
Surinam. 1823.
Mexica'na (Mexican). 5. Yellow. June.
Mexico. 1824.
melanoca'rpa (black-podded). Yellow. June.
Jamaica. 1825.
molli'ssima (softest-leaved). 6. Yellow. S.
Amer. 182<K
monta'na (mountain). Yellow. May. E. Ind.
1822.
occidenta'lis (western). S. Yellow. June.
W. Ind. 1759.
'- Parkeria'na ( Parker's). 2. Yellow. Augut.
Demerara. 1817.
pa' tula (spreading). 2. Yellow. August.
W. Ind. 1/78.
pe'ndula (pendulous). 3. Yellow. July.
S. Amer. 1820.
penta'gona (five-angled). 1. Yellow.
June. Peru. 1700. Herbaceous
perennial.
pilo'sa (soft-haired). 1. Yellow. June.
Jamaica. 1818. Herbaceous pe-
rennial.
planisi'liyua (flat-podded). 4. Yellow.
June. W. Ind. 1822.
po/^/<///a(many-leafleted). 4. Yellow.
June. W. Ind. 181 6.
pube'sctns (downy). 2. Yellow. June.
S.Amer. 1813.
C.pulche'lla (pretty). 3. Yellow. July. Mau-
ritius. 1825.
purpu'rea (purple-stemmed). 4. Yellow. July.
E. Ind. 1821.
quinquangula'ris (five-angled-fovmeAed). 3.
Yellow. June. Cayenne. 18)8.
reticula'ta (netted). 10. Yellow. August. 8.
Amer. 1821.
Richardia'na (Richard's). 2. Yellow. July.
Cumana. 1823.
Robinioi'des (Robinia-like). 10. Yellow. July.
S. Amer. 1823.
sennoi'des (senna-like). 3. Yellow. July. E. Ind.
1808.
seri'cea (silky). Yellow. May. S.Amer. 1731.
sophu'rn (sophora). 4. Yellow. July. E. Ind.
1658.
specio'sa (showy). 5. Yellow. June. Brazil. 1816.
sped a' bills (showy). 4. Yellow. June. Ca-
raccas. 1820.
stipula'cea(large-stipu\ed). 3. Yellow. Chili.
1781.
sulca'ta (furrow;ed-br (inched). 3. Yellow. June.
S.Amer. 1820.
Sumatra'na (Sumatra). Yellow. June. Su-
matra. 1823.
Tara'ntan (Tarantan). 2. Yellow. July. Cu-
mana. 1817-
felMrttefwealt). 2, Yellow. July. Orinoco. 1820.
tomento'sa (thick-downed), 15. Yellow. July.
S. Amer. 1822.
uniflu'ra (one-flowered). Red. June. Brazil.
1824.
venu'stula (rather pretty). Yellow. July. Cu-
mana. 1825.
vimi'nea (twiggy). 3. Yellow. W. Ind. 1/86.
virgu'ta (rod-branched). 1. Yellow. June.
W. Ind. 1810.
CASSIDA VIRIDIS. Artichoke Tortoise-
beetle. The common artichoke's leaves
suffer during the summer, sometimes,
though rarely, from the attacks of the
larva of a very curious small beetle,
which may be called the Artichoke Tor-
toise-beetle, Cassida viridis. The beetle,
which is found in May and June, is not
more than one-sixteenth of an inch long ;
the antennae are black; the dotted wing-
cases and other outer coverings green;
but the body beneath them black; and
the legs pale, with black thighs. It is
found upon the water-mints, as well as
upon thistles and artichokes. The larva
has a very flat body, with spines upon its
edges; and it has the singular habit of
o, larva ; b, the same on a leaf, with its canopy
of excrement ; c, pupa ; d, the perfect insect.
CAS
C 185 ]
CAS
covering itself with its own excrement,
which it attaches together in a mass, and
carries on a kind of fork attached to its
tail. The pupa is also very Hat, having
thin toothed appendages at the sides of
the body, with a broad thorax, prolonged
forward into a rounded expansion, which
covers the head. Tke Cottage Gardener,
iii. 317.
CASSI'NE. (A name given by the North
American Indians to a plant now referred
to the Holly I' lex Vomito'ria. Nat. ord.,
Hollyworts [Aquifoliacesej. Linn.,5-PeH-
tandria 3-Triqynia.)
Greenhouse evergreen shrubs ; cuttings of half-
ripened shoots in sand, under a glass ; Joam and
peat. Summer temp., 60 to 70 ; winter, 40 to
45.
C.&thio'pica (Ethiopian). 5. White. July.
Cape of Good Hope.
ba'rbara (barbarous). 6. White. July. Cape
of Good Hope. 1818.
Cape'nsis (Cape Phillyrea). 6. White. July.
Cap* of Good Hope. 1629.
colpo'on (colpoon-tree). 6. White. August.
Cape of Good Hope. 1791.
e*ce / tea(tall). 18. White. June. Nepaul. 1820.
Mauroce'nia (Morosini's. Hottentot cherry).
5. White. August. Cape of Good Hope.
1690.
oppositifo'li* (opposite-leaved). 5. White.
CASSI'NIA. Named after Cassini, a
French botanist. Nat. ord., Composites
[Asteraceee]. Linn., IQ-Syngenesia 5-
Seyregata. Allied to Amobium.)
The annual by seed, in March ; the others by
dividing at the roots, and cuttings of half-ripened
shoots, in sand, in April; loam and peat. Sum-
mer temp., 55 to 70 ; winter, 45 to 50
C. affi'nis (allied). 2. May. N. Holland. 1820.
Greenhouse evergreen.
eM'rm (golden). 1. Yellow. July. N. Holland.
1803. Greenhouse herbaceous perennial.
denticula'ta (small-tocthed). Pale yellow.
Australia. 1826. Greenhouse evergreen.
leptophy'lla (slender-leaved). 2. White. Au-
gust. New Zealand. 1821. Greenhouse
evergreen.
longifo'lia (long-leaved). 2. May. N. Holland.
1822. Greenhouse evergreen.
fptcio'sa (showy). N. 8. Wales. Greenhouse
herbaceous perennial.
"Gpecta'hiliii (showy annual). 6. Yellow. July.
N. Holland. 1818. Hardy annual.
CASTA'NEA. Chestnut. (From a town
of that name in Thessaly. Nat. ord.,
Mtistworts [Corylaceae]. Linn., 21-Mo-
ncecia 9-Polyandria.)
Hardy deciduous trees, except C. Fndica; seeds
pathered in autumn, preserved in dry sand, and
sown m March ; deep, sandy loam ; varieties by
grafting.
C. America'na (American). 50. Green. May.
America.
Chine'ngis (China). 50. Green. May. China.
chrysophy'lla (golden-leaved). Mexico, 1848.
C. I'ndica (Indian). 40. E. Ind. 1827. Store
evergreen.
pu'mila (dwarf). 12. Green, yellow. July.
N. Amer. 1699.
ve'sca (Spanish edible). 50. Green. June.
England.
asptenifo'lia (asplenium - leaved). 50.
Green. May. Europe.
cochlea'ta (spiral). Green. May.
coralli'na-vuriega'ta (coral-variegated).
Green. May. 1846.
cuculla'ta (hooded). Green. May, 1846.
fo'liis-au'reis (golden-leaved). 50. Green.
June.
gin 1 bra (smooth-tea wd). Green. May.
gluu'ca (milky-green). Green. June.
lu'cida (shining-feaued). Green. May.
1846.
me'di/i (intermediate). 50. Green. June.
Europe.
Pri'ncei (Prince's). Green. May. 18*6.
pu'mila (dwarf). Green. May. 1846.
variegafta (variegated-teaued). Green.
May.
CHESTNUT (SPANISH, or SWEET). This,
the Casta'nea ve'sca of the above genus, in
the southern parts of England is culti-
vated for its fruit, as well as for the value
of its timber, which is in good esteem.
There are several varieties in cultivation
in this country, and, of course, many in
France and Italy. About twenty foreign
varieties may be found in the catalogue
of the Horticultural Society; but the
Downton, and the Prolific, or Devonshire,
are, at present, most esteemed, probably
as being somewhat hardier, and therefore
well adapted to our climate, which is not
capable of producing the fruit in that
high degree of perfection of which it is
susceptible in the warm and bright cli-
mates of Spain, Portugal, and France.
The Chataigne Exalade has been sug-
gested as particularly eligible for the
dwarfing-system in a small garden.
Propagation. The better sorts are pro-
pagated by grafting on the ordinary
chestnut of our nurseries, which is raised
from seed.
Soil and Culture. An? free upland
soil is adapted to its culture, provided it
is dry beneath, and not too adhesive.
For the dwarfing-system we recommend
the platform mode, allowing only half a
yard in depth of soil. Little if any prun-
ing is necessary, the fruit being all pro-
duced in clusters on the extremities of
the shoots. No other culture is neces-
sary ; but a warm situation is of much
importance.
Frwt-steds, how to keep. It is almost
needless to observe that chestnuts are
generally eaten roasted, mostly with a
little salt. They are also stewed in
CAS
[ 180 ]
CAT
cream, and eaten with salt fish. In
keeping them dryness is necessary ; but it
must be accompanied with as low a tem-
perature as possible. They should be
taken out of their exterior or rough coat-
ing as soon as ripe ; and it is well to
subject them to an artificial heat of about
sixty to seventy degrees in a warm room
for a couple of days afterwards. They
may then be packed away in dry sand,
or dust, and placed in a very cold but
dry room or cellar, where they will keep
for months. They are very excitable as
to sprouting ; a very little moisture, with
warmth, will bring on germination.
CASTANOSPE'KMUM. Morton Bay Chest-
nut. (From castanea, the chestnut, and
sperma, a seed. Nat. ord., Leguminous
Plants [Fabacese]. Linn., 10-Decandria
1-Monogynia. Allied to Sophora.)
Greenhouse evergreen ; seeds when procurable ;
layers and cuttings ; deep, loamy soil ; greenhouse
or conservative wall.
C. austra'le (southern). 40. Saffron. N. Hol-
land. 1828.
CASTE'LEA. (After an author named
Castcl. Nat. ord., Ochnads [Ochnaceae].
Linn., 8-Octandria l.-Monogynia. Allied
to Elvasia.)
The Goatbust, C. Nicholso'ni, is as bitter as
Quassia. Stove evergreen shrubs. Cuttings of
rather firm shoots in sand, under a bell-glass, and
in bottom-heat ; peat and loam. Summer temp.,
CO to 85; winter, 50 to 55.
C. ere'cta (upright). 4. W. Ind. 1821.
Nic/iolso'ni (Nicholson's). 4. Copper. An-
tigua. 1830.
CASTILLE'JA. (Named after a Spanish
botanist of that name. Nat. ord., Fig-
worts [Schrophulariaceffi]. Linn., 14-
JDidynamia 2-Angiospermia. Allied to
Euphrasia).
The stove species by cuttings of half-ripe shoots
in sand, in bottom-heat, under a glass ; loam and
peat. Summer temp., 60 to 80; winter, 50 to
55. Hardy species, seeds and divisions of the
roots ; peaty, sandy soil.
C. integrifo'lia (whole-leaved). 1. S. Amer.
1825. Stove evergreen.
lithospermoi'des (gromwell-like). Scarlet.
August. Mexico. 1848. Greenhouse.
Moranefnsis (Moran). Mexico. 1825. Pros-
trate stove evergreen.
pa'llida (pale). 1. Light purple. July.
Siberia. 1782. Hardy herbaceous per-
ennial.
ieptentriona'lis (northern). 2. White, green.
August. Labrador. 1824. Hardy annual.
serra'ta (saw-edged). 1. Blue. June. 182Q.
Stove evergreen.
CASUAEI'NA. Beefwood. (Supposed
to be derived from the resemblance of
the long, weeping, leafless branches to
the drooping feathers of the Cassowary.
Nat. ord., Bet-fwoods [Casuarinacese].
Linn., 2l-Monoecia \-Monandria.}
This is the " Native Oak, or Beefwood " of the
Australian colonists, and probably the most sin-
gularly picturesque tree of the Australian flora.
Large trees, with weeping branches, the indi-
vidual branches being jointed like a bamboo, and
streaked between the joints, having no leaves.
The timber is as good as our Oak, and of the
colour of raw beef, whence the colonial name.
Cattle are extremely fond of the young branches
of the She Oak (C. quadriva'lvis), and the colo-
nists chew them to allay their thirst. From what
we know in this country of C. equisetifo'lia we
would rank the Beefwoods as the most remarkable
in a winter conservatory. Greenhouse evergreen
trees. Seeds, and cuttings of half-ripened shoots,
in April, in sand, under a bell-glass ; loam and
peat, with a portion of sand, and lumps of char-
coal. Summer temp., 55 to 70; winter, 40 to
45. They should be tried in sheltered places out
of doors, especially in the south of England.
C. di'styla (two-styled). 15. N.Holland. 1812.
equisetifo'lia (equisetum-leaved). 15. Sep-
tember. South Sea Islands. 17/6.
glau'ca (milky-green). 15. N: Holland. 1824.
murica'ta (point-covered). 15. E. Ind. 1822.
nodiflo'ra (knot-flowered). 15. New Cale-
donia. 1823.
quadriva'lvis (four-valved). 18. N. S. Wales.
1812.
stri'cta (upright). 15. May. N.S.Wales. 17/5.
tenui'ssima (slenderest). 10. N. Holland. 1825.
torulo'sa (twisted). 15. N. S. Wales. 17/2.
CATA'LPA. (The Indian name. Nat.
ord., Bignoniads [Bignoniacea?]. Linn.,
2-Diandria 1-Monogynia.)
The North American species by seeds sown in
spring, root-cuttings, layers in autumn, and
cuttings of the ripened shoots in autumn ; deep,
rich loam. The West Indian species by cuttings
of the ripe shoots in heat, and under a glass ;
usual stove-treatment.
C. longi'ssima (longest-podded'). 20. White.
W. Ind. 1/77.
microphy'ila (small-leaved). 15. White.
Hispaniola. 1820.
syringtefo' lia (syringa-leaved). 29. White.
July. N. Amer. 1726.
CATANA'KCHE. (From katanangfce, a
strong incentive ; in reference to an an-
cient custom among the Greek women
of using it in love-potions. Nat. ord.,
Composites [Asteraceae], Linn., IQ-Syn-
genesia l-^Equalis.)
Division of the roots in March, and need sown
in April ; common soil.
C. caru'lea (sky-blue). 3. Blue. August. South
Europe. 15Q6. Hardy herbaceous per-
ennial.
bi'color (two-coloured). 3. White, blue.
August. Gardens. 1827.
lu'tea (yellow). 1. Yellow. June. Candia.
Ib40. Hardy annual.
CATASE'TUM. (From kata, downward,
and seta, a bristle ; referring to the posi-
tion of the two horns of the column.
CAT
L 137
CAT
Nat. ord., Orchids [Orchidacese]. Linn.,
W-Gynandria l-Monandria.)
Stove orchids. Divisions ; peat, moss, broken
pots, and charcoal, elevated above a pot, Or in
shallow, open baskets ; cool and dry in winte*; a
high temperature and moist atmosphere when
making their growth. Summer temp., 60 to 90;
winter, 50 to 55.
C. abru'ptum (blunt- lipped}. 1. Greenish-yel-
low. September. Brazil. 1841.
atra'tum (dark-flowered). 1. Dark. July.
Brazil.
barba't urn (bearded). 3. Green, purple. May.
Demerara. 1836.
immacula' turn (spotless). j. Green,
pink. September. Demerara. 1835.
lube'llo-a'lba (white-lipped). . Greenish-
white. September. Demerara. 1835.
probosci 1 deum (long-snouted). Brown-
ish-green, May. Sertao. 1839.
callo'sum (hardened). 1. Brownish-yellow.
June. La Guayra. 1840.
grandiflo'rum (large-flowered). 1. Green,
brown, purple. December. Columbia.
1845.
ce'rnuum (drooping). 1. Pale green. Eio
Janeiro. 1832.
citri'num (citron-co/owred). Pale yellow.
August.
cornu'tum (horned). Greenish-purple, March.
Demerara. 1840.
crista'tum (created). 2. Green. August.
Brazil. 1823. I
deltoi'deum (trian&rle-/i/?pf). l. Green,
brown. March. Demerara. 1842.
fimbria'tum (fringe-lipped). Pink. red. Au-
gust. Brazil. 183?. There are two
kinds, Haynde'rii and Legre'lli, slightly
differing in colour.
fuligino'sum (sooty). Green, purple. August.
Mexico. 1839.
globiflo'rum (globe-flowered). 1. Olive, brown.
June. Mexico. 1840.
Hooke'ri (Hooker's). 2. Green, brown. Oc-
ber. Brazil. 1818.
intege'rrimum (entire-lipped). Purple, brown.
June. Guatimala. 1839,
~ ' interme'din variega'ta. Black, white,
yellow. Brazil.
lamina'tum (plaited). Brown, purple. April.
Mexico. 1844.
ebu'rneum (ivory-lipped). White, green.
April. Mexico. 1839,
lanci'ferum (lance-bearing). Pure green.
March. Brazil. 1839.
longifo' Hum (long-leaved). 2. Orange, violet.
August. Demerara. 1837.
macula'tum intege'rrimum (spotted-entire-
lipped). 3. Green-and-purple-spotted.
September. Mexico.
Sli'lleri (Dr. Miller's). 2. Purple-spotted.
September. Brazil. 1837.
na'so (nose-like-lipped) . White, purple. Au-
gust. Mexico. 1843.
ochra'ceum (reddish-yellow). Yellow. Bra-
zil. 1844.
pla'niceps (flat-headed). 1. Green and yellow.
Spanish Main. 1840.
probosci 1 deum (long-snouted). Brightish-green.
Demerara. 1839.
pn'rum (spotless). 1. Green. October. Brazil.
ro'seo-a'lttum (rose-Md-vihite-Jlowered). 2.
White, red. April. Para. 1836.
- Russellia'num (Duke of Bedford's). 3. Green.
July. Guatimala. 1838.
C. sacca'tum (pouched). Yellow, purple. March.
Demerara. 1840.
eemiape'rtum (half-open), l. Yellow. No-
vember. Brazil. 1826.
serra'tum (saw-edged-/ip/>ed;. Green, yellow.
September. Panama. 1844.
spino'sum (spiny-lipped). 1. Green, brown.
Brazil. 1840.
tabula're (table-formed-Jzpjoed). Pale green.
Guatimala. 1843.
tridenta'tum (three-toothed). 2. Yellow,
brown. April. Trinidad. 1822. This
sports into the six following, and even
into Waile'sii.
ntropurpu'reum (dark-purple-^owercrf).
2. Dark purple. August. Demerara.
au'reum (golden-flowered). 2. Yellow.
August. Demerara.
Claveri'ngi (Capt. Clarering's). 2. Yel-
low, brown. August. Brazil. 1822.
fioribu'ndum (bundle-flowered). 2. Yel-
low, brown. November. Trinidad. 1824.
macroca'rpum (large-fruited). 2. Yellow,
purple. August. Brazil.
viridiflo'rum (green-flowered). 2. Green.
May. Demerara.
tri'fidum (three-cleft-lipped). 2. Green. June.
Trinidad.
tru'lla (trowel-lipped). Green, brown. Sep-
tember. S. Amer. 1840.
viridifla'vum (greenish-yellow). 1. Yellow,
green. June. S. Amer. 1841.
Waile'sii (Wailes's). 1. Green. September.
Honduras. 1840.
CATCHTLY. Sile'ne.
CA'TECHU. Aca'cia cd'techu.
CATERPILLAR. Scorpiu'rus.
CATERPILLAR. This is the young of
either the butterfly or the moth, in its
first state after emerging from the egg.
There are many kinds; and the hest
mode of preventing their invasions is to
destroy every butterfly, moth, chrysalis,
and egg that can be found. Hand-pick-
ing, dusting with lime or soot, and other
modes of destroying the caterpillar are
mentioned when noticing the plants they
attack; but we may here observe that
the powder of White Hellebore is by far
the most effectual for dusting over this
marauder. Sparrows and other small
birds, in early spring, should not be
scared from the garden, for they destroy
myriads of caterpillars : at that season
they can do no harm if the gardener
properly guards his seed-beds. Boys
paid a halfpenny per dozen for leaves
havings eggs or smaller'caterpillars upon
them, have been found to keep a garden
free for a whole season for about seven
shillings.
CATESBJE'A. Lily Thorn. (Named
after M. Catesby, author of a Natural His-
tory of Carolina. Nat. ord., Cinchonads
[Cinchonacese]. Linn., -Tetrandria *-
Monogynia. Allied to Gardenia.)
CAT
[ 183 ]
CAU
Stove evergreens. Cuttings in sand, under a
glass, in heat, in April. Sandy loam and fiiiry
peat. Summer temp., 60 to 80; winter, 55
to 60.
C. latlfo'lia (broad-leaved). 5. Yellow. June.
W. Ind. 1823.
Lindenia'na (Linden's). 2. July.
puroiflo'ra (small-flowered). 2. White. June.
Jamaica. 1810.
apino'sa (thorned). 12. Yellow. June. Isle
of Providence. 1/26.
CA'THA. We have united this genus
to Celastrus.
CATHARA'NTHITS. See VI'NCA.
CATHCA'KTICA, (In honour of J. F.
Cathcart, Esq., B.O.S., Judge of Tirboot.
Nat. ord., Poppy worts [Papaveraceoe].
Linn., \8-Polyandria l-Monogynia.)
A greenhouse herbaceous plant, perhaps hardy,
and certainly may be planted out in summer ia a
cool shade.
C. viM so. (shajfgy). 1. Yellow. June. Sik-
kim-Himalaya. 1850.
CAT MINT. Ne'pcta.
CAT -THYME. Teu'crium ma'-rum.
CA'TTEKIDGE-TEEE. Euo'nymns Euro-
pce'us.
CA'TTLEYA. (Named after Mr. Cattley,
a distinguished patron of botany. Nat.
ord., Orchids [Orchidacese]. Linn., 20
Gyxandria \~Monandria. )
Stove orchids. Divisions. Moss, peat, and
broken pots, either in shallow baskets, or raided
above the surface of the pot. Summer temp.,
60 to 90 ; winter, 60.
C. Acli'ndiae (Lady Acland's). . Purple, brown.
July. Brazil. 1839.
Arembe'rgii (Count Aremberg's). Lilac. July.
Brazil. 1842.
bi'culor (two-coloured). 1. Olive-crreen. Sep-
tember. Brazil. 1837. There is a va-
riety with a white-margined lip.
bulbu'sa (bulbed). . Rose, purple. April.
Brazil. 1846.
ca'ndida (white-lowered). White, pink.
Brazil. 1838.
citri'na (citron-flowered). Citron. April.
Mexico. 1833.
cri'spa (curled-flowered). 1. White, purple.
September. Brazil. 18'26.
viola'cea (violet-coloured). Deep violet
and white. Guiana. 1850.
Dominge'nsis (St. Domingo). April. St. Do-
mingo. 1844.
ela'tior (taller). 1. Green-spotted. Brazil.
1827.
c'legans (elegant). Purple and white. Brazil.
1852.
Forbe'sii (Forbes's). f . White, yellow. June.
Brazil. 1823.
granulo'sa (granulated-Kpjjed). 1. Whitish-
green. May. Guatimala. 1841.
Russellia'na (Duke of Bedford's). 1.
Green, white, orange. May. Mexico. 183<J.
guttd'Ca (spotted-flowered). 1. Green, red.
April. Brazil. 1827.
ela'tior (taller). April. Brazil. 1827.
Rufsellia'na (Lord C. Russell's). Green,
red. August. Brazil. 1838.
C. Earriso'nia (Mrs. Harrison's). 1. Rose, yel-
low. April. Brazil. There is a variety
of a violet-colour.
-~inerme'dia (intermediate-st.ed). 1. Rose,
white. April. Brazil. 1824.
angustifo'lia (narrow-leaved). 1. Light;
purple. September. Brazil. 1836.
pa'llida (pzle-red-flowered). 1. Light red.
June. Brazil, 1833.
purpu'rea (purple blotched}.
variega'ta (variegated-/)>/>fid). 1. White,
red. May. Brazil. 1843.
labiu'ta (ruby-lipped). 1. Crimson, lilac. May.
Brazil. 1818. It appears as if this species
is identical with C. Mo'ssice.
a'lb^t (white).
atfo-purpu'rea (dark purple). Lilae, pur-
ple. November. La Guayra. 1839.
atro-sungui'nfi (dark crimson). 1. Dark
red. July. S. Amer.
pi' eta (painted).
Lernonia'nti (Sir C. Lemon's). 3. Rose, yel-
low. August. Brazil. 1812.
loba'ta (lobed petaled and lipped). Purple,
violet, and crimson veins. Brazil. 1847-
Loddige'sii (Loddige's). 1. Rose, lilac.
Auaut. Brazil. 1815.
margina'ta (bordered). $. Pink, crimson.
November. Brazil. 1843.
mari'tima (sea-side). Lilac, white. Buenos
Ay res.
ma'xima (largest). 1$. Dark pink. May.
Guayaquil. 1844.
Mo'ssia (Mrs. Moss's). 1. Crimson, lilac.
July. La Guayra. 1836.
a'lba (white). White and purple. Brazil.
odorati'ssima (sweetest). Purple. Demerara.
1836.
Papeiansiu'na.
Perri'nii (Perrin's). 1. Purple. Brazil.
Pinellia'na (PinelPs). Doubtful whether this
and pu'mila are not identical with wiur-
gina'ta,
pu'mila (dwarf). 1. Purple. July. S. Ames.
1837.
Skinne'ri (Skinner's). !. Rosy-purple. Au-
gust. Guatimala. 1836.
a'tro-ro'sea (chirk rose). l. Dark ros
May. Guatimala. 1836.
specio'sa (showy).
supe'rba (superb). 1. Purple. May. Gui&na.
1838.
Walkeria'na (Walker's). Lilac, crimson. Msy.
Brazil. 1844.
CAULTFLOWEE. Bretssica olera'cca cau~
liflo'ra.
Varieties. There are many to be found
in local catalogues ; but they are only
dilfereut names for the following : Early
Cauliflower; Late Cauliflower ; Large. Asi-
atic; and Walcheren. The last-named is
included also among the Brocolis ; for it
unites these to the Cauliflowers, partak-
ing of the character of each.
Sowiny. There are three seasons for
sowing this vegetable.
First Sowing. For the first main crop,
a sowing should be made in the third
week, or about the 24th of August, to
'.raise plants for winter protection, to form
CAU
[ 189 ]
CAU
the first principal and main crops of the
following year. Should the weather he
very dry at the time of sowing, the soil
should be thoroughly well watered hefore
the seed is sown, and so continued to
encourage the 'growth of the seedlings.
As soon as these are up large enough to
handle, heds should be formed in an open
situation, well broken up, made rich,
lined out neatly, and, if the weather is
dry, well watered before planting, as well
as afterwards. The best time for prick-
ing out young plants of any kind, in dry
weather, is late in the afternoon or in
the evening. By this attention, strong,
healthy plants will be ready for either
finally planting out under hand-glasses,
about the middle of October, or for pro-
tection in frames, or at the foot of walls.
These protected plants are to form a
second crop to those which were planted
out under the hand-glasses, and may be
finally planted out towards the end of
February, if the weather is favourable,
two feet and a half asunder each way ;
and should severe weather set in again,
flower-pots just large enough to cover the
plant may be turned over each, but taken
off in all favourable weather. Care
should always be taken to lift up the
plants out of the nursery-beds, so as to
insure uninjured roots.
Should the weather be very severe in
the winter, the hand-glass crop must
have a little protection more than that of
the hand-light itself. But particular at-
tention should be paid to airing at all
times when the weather will permit, by
either taking the lights entirely off, or
tilting them.
If, through some mismanagement or
misfortune, the winter stock should be-
come short, a sowing towards the end of
January becomes of importance. A very
little seed must then be sown in a pan or
box. placed in some moderate-heated
structure, or in a gentle hotbed made up
for the purpose ; and when the seedlings
ere up, and large enough to handle, they
should be pricked out on other very
gentle hotbeds, care being taken to keep
the plants up close to the glass, and
inured to the open air. Plants raised
in this way will be nearly as forward as
those sown in August, and protected in
cold frames through the winter.
The second Sowing should be at the
end of February or beginning of March,
and then either in a cold frame, or warn:.
open border ; or, if the weather be very
unfavourable, a sowing may be made on
a very gentle hotbed even at this time,
attention to pricking- out, &c., given as
before directed. From this sowing a
third planing is made.
The third Sowing should be made about
the last week in April, or first week in
May, and the seedlings attended to a3
before, as to pricking-out, &c. From
this sowing a fourth planting is made.
Fitness for Use. When a cauliflower
has arrived at its full size, which is shown
by the border opening as if it was about
to run, pull up the plant, as it never
produces any useful sprouts ; and if hung
up thus entire, in a cool place, it may be
preserved for several days. The best
time to cut a cauliflower is early of a
morning, before the dew is evaporated :
if it is done during the meridian or after-
noon of a hot day, it loses much of its
firmness, and boils tough.
To preserve from Frost. As frost de-
stroys the cauliflower, it is a practice in
November, before it sets in, to pull up
the late-standing plants, and the leaves
being tied over the head, to hang each
up in a coal-shed or cellar, by which
means they remain good for some time.
But a better mode is to bury them in
sand, laying them in alternate layers with
the earth, in a dry situation. By this
means they may be preserved to the close
of January; or they may be put in a
trench dug at the bottom of a wall,
eighteen inches wide and deep, the plants
being laid with their roots uppermost, in
an inclining position, so that the roots of
the second covered the top of the one
preceding. The earth to be laid over
them thick, a considerable slope given
to it, and beaten smooth with the spade,
to throw off rain.
Saving Seed. Some should be from
the first planted out of the hand-glass
crop. The best with well-formed heads
should be selected for this purpose, and
marked for seed, by placing a strong
stake to each for the future tying of the
flowering stems up to. Gather each
branch of seed as it ripens.
Diseases and Insects. See CABBAGE
and BBOCOU.
CAULOPHY'LLUM. (From kanlon, a stem,
and phyllon, a leaf; in reference to the
stems ending as if it were in a leaf-sta'ik.
Nat. ord., Berkerids [BerberidaceaeJ.
Linn., Q-Hexandria l-Monoyi/nia.)
CEA
C 190 ]
CED
Hardy tuberous perennial; division of the
roots ; light, sandy peat.
C. thalictroi'des (thalictrum -like). 1. Yellow,
green. N. Amer. 1755.
CEANO'THUS. (From keanothm, a name
applied by Theophrastus to a plant now
not known. Nat. ord., Rhamnads [Rham-
naceae]. Linn., b-Pentandria l-Mono-
gi/n-ia.)
'Cuttings in sand, under a glass, of firm side-
shoots answer best, either in April or August.
The greenhouse varieties do well against a south
wall, but may require a little protection in severe
weather. Those from tropical regions require the
usual treatment of the stove, or a warm conserva-
tory. They are not particular as to soil ; a little
peat mixed with loam will be an advantage.
HARDY DECIDUOUS.
C. America'nus (American). 2. White. July.
N. Amer. 1713.
colli'nus (hill). 1. Light. July. N. Amer.
1827. Evergreen.
cunea'tus (wedge-shaped). 4. California. 1848.
denta'tus (toothed). 3. Blue. California. 1848.
divarica'tus (straggling). 4. Blue. June.
California. 1848.
floribu'ndus (copions-Howering). Blue. June.
interme'dius (intermediate). 2. White. June.
N. Amer. 1812.
Lobbia/nus (Mr. Lobb's). Blue. July. Cali-
fornia.
microphy'llus (small-leaved). 2. White. June.
N. Amer. 1806.
Nepale'nisis (Nepaul.). 10. Yellow. Nepaul.
1820.
ovu'tus (egg-shaped-/eawed). 3. White. July.
N. Amer. 1818.
pa'liidus (pale). 10. Pale blue. July. N.
Amer.
pupilln'sus (pimpled). 8. Blue. California.
1848.
pere'nnis (perennial). 2. White. August.
Carolina. 1822.
ri'gidus (stiff). 4. Blue. California. 1848.
mmgui'neus (crimson-sa//eed). 2. White.
June. Missouri. 1812.
tardifio'rus (late-flowering). 3. White. Sep-
tember. N. Amer. 1820.
verruca' sus (warted). 3j. Purple. Upper
California. April."
GREENHOUSE EVERGREENS.
C. Africa'nus (African). Pale yellow. March.
Cape of Good Hope. 1712.
azu'r eus (blue). 10. Pale blue. April. Mexico.
1818.
flo're-a'lba (white-flowered). 10. White.
April.
buxifo'lius (box-leaved). White. April. Mexico.
1824.
Cape nsis (Cape). 3. White. June. Cape of
Good Hope. 1823.
STOVE EVERGREENS.
C. iife'stus (troublesome). 4. Mexico. 1824.
iMotgu'tus (smooth-Leaved). 4. Green, yellow.
W. Ind. 1818.
macroca'rpus (large-fruited). 3. Yellow.
July. New Spain. 1824.
Mocinia'nus (Mocino's). 5. Mexico. 1824.
mystaci'nus (bearded). 13. White, green.
November. Africa. 1775.
gpharoca'rpus (round-fruited). 15. Green,
yellow. Jamaica. 1824.
Zela'nicus (Ceylon). 3. White. Ceylon, 1818.
CECRO'PIA. Snake-wood. (A classical
name, after Cecrops, first king of Athens,
who built that city, and called it Cecropia.
Nat. ord., Atrocarpads [Atrocarpacese].
Linn., 22-Dicecia 2-Diandria.)
All the Atrocarpads abound in milky juice, by
which they are easily distinguished from the
Nettleworts, with which they are allied. From
many of the genera, and from C. peita'ta, caout-
chouc, or India rubber, is obtained. Stove ever-
green trees ; cuttings of ripened shoots, placed
in sandy peat, under a hell -glass, and in a moist
bottom-heat, in April; peat and loam in a rouga
state, with a little sand. Summer temp., 60 to
85 ; winter, 48 to 55.
C. co'ncolor (one-coloured). 20. Brazil. 1822.
palma'ta (hand-teaved). 20. Brazil. 1820.
pelta'ta (shield-teawed). 30. Jamaica. 1/78.
CEDRONE'LLA. (A diminutive of kediot>,
the cedar; referring to the fragrant,
resinous scent. Nat. ord., Labiates or Lip-
worts [Lamiaceae]. Linn., I'L-Didynamla
I-Gymnospermia. Allied to Dracocepha-
lum.)
It is worthy of remark that the Lipworts arc
all destitute of any deleterious qualities, and that
most of them are fragrant and aromatic as the
lavender, salvia, rosemary, mint, balm, and hys-
sop, &c. Greenhouse plants. Divisions of the
roots of the herbaceous species; cuttings of Me
evergreen ; sandy loam and a little peat. Winter
temp., 38 to 40.
C, ca'na (hoary-leaved). 3. Crimson. July.
New Mexico. 1851.
corda'ta (heart-shaped-teamf). 1. Purple.
July. N. Amer. 1824.
Mexica'na (Mexican). 2. Purple. Mexico.
pa'llida (pale-cowered). 14. Rose. September.
Mexico. 1844.
tryphy'Ua (three-leaved). Pale purple. July.
Canaries. 1697. This is a greenhcuss
evergreen shrub ; but all the others are
herbaceous perennials.
CE'DRUS. The Cedar. (From the
Arabic kedron, or kedree, power; in re-
ference to its majestic appearance ; but
some have supposed from Cedron, a brook
in Judea. Nat. ord., Conifers [Pinaceae].
Linn., 2l-Moncecia IQ-Monadelphia.)
Hardy evergreen trees. Seeds, saved in the
cones, extracted by steeping the cones in water,
and boring a hole down their centre so as to split
them, and sowing in sandy soil, in March; also
by cuttings, under a hand-light ; and the deoda'ra
by inarching and grafting on the common Cedar,
and on the Larch ; but it is doubtful if the latter
will answer as a stock ; deep, sandy soil.
C. Africa'nus (African. Mount Atlas Cedar). May.
Mount Atlas. 1843.
deoda'ra (deodara). 120. Nepaul, 1822.
There are other varieties of this crasni/i/'tn
(thick-leaved) ; tenuifo'lia (thin-leaved) ; and vi'-
ridis (green).
C. Le'bani (Cednr of Lebanon). Levant. 16S3.
fo'liis-arge'ntcis (silvery-leaved). 80. May.
ua'mt (dwarf).
There are other varieties of this species, as
CEL
CEL
glaufca. (milky-green) ; intrrme'dia (intermediate)
pe'ndula (pendulous-branched) f pyamidu'lis (py-
ramid-shaped) ; and pyramida'lis arge'nteis (sil-
very pyramid-shaped).
CE'LANDINE. Chelido'nium and Bocco
niafrute'scens.
CELA'STRUS. Staff-tree. (From kelas
the latter season ; referring to the fruit
hanging on the trees all winter. Nat.
ord., Spindle-trees [Cselastraceae]. Linn.,
5-Pentandria 1-Monogynia.)
Cuttings of the half-ripened shoots in sand,
under a glass ; peat, and very sandy, fibry loam
The stove and greenhouse species require th
treatment common to each department. The
hardy species may be propagated by layers in au-
tumn, and sca'ndens by seeds ; bullaftus seldom
ripens its seeds. Deep, loamy soil for those
hardy climbers.
HARDY DECIDUOUS CLIMBERS.
C. buUa'tus (blistered). 20. White. July. Vir-
ginia. 1759.
scafndens (climbing). 15. Yellow. May. N.
Amer. 1736.
STOVE EVERGREEN SHRUBS.
C. Mexicu'nus (Mexican). 7. Mexico. 1824.
multifl'j'rus (many-flowered). 4. White. May.
South Europe. 1 81 6.
myrtifo'lius (myrtle-leaved). 20. White. May.
Jamaica. 1810.
nu'tans( nodding). 5. White. E. Ind. 1810.
Climber.
panicula'tus (panicled). 3. Greenish. May.
E. Ind. 1841.
quadrangula'ris (square-stalked). 10. White.
Brazil. 1820.
tri'gynus (three-styled). 5. May. Isle of France.
1824.
GREENHOUSE EVERGREEN SHRUBS.
C. buxifu'lius (box-leaved). 4. White. May. Cape
of Good Hope. 1752.
cassinoi'des (cassine-likc). 4. White. August.
Canaries. 1/79.
ce'rnuus (drooping). 5. White. May. Cape of
Good Hope. 1817.
cymo'sus (cymose). 3. White. July. Cape of
Good Hope. 1815.
emargina'tvs (notch-leaned). 8. Yellowish.
Cape of Good Hope. 1820.
flexuo'sus (zigzag). 6. White. May. Cape of
Good Hope. 1826.
ilicifnus (\xA\y-leaved). 3. White. Cape of
Good Hope. 1817.
lauri'nus (laurel-like). 3. White. June. Cape
of Good Hope. 1818.
Zmea'ru (narrow-leaved). 4. White. May.
Cape of Good Hope. 1818.
lu'cidus (shining). 2. White. May. Cape of
Good Hope. 1/22.
lycioi'des (box-thorn-like). White. August.
Canaries. 1821.
macroca'rpus (large-fruited). White. Peru.
1826.
oleoi'des (olive-like). 3. White. May. Cape
of Good Hope. 1824.
pteroca'rpus (wing-fruited). 3. White. July.
Cape of Good Hope. 1824.
pttncta'tus(dottcd-(>ranched). Greenish. Ja-
pan. 1817. Climber.
jrrac.7'/Aw*(nre-spined). 3. White. May.
Cape of Good Hope. 1742.
C. retu'sus (blunt). 6. Yellow. Peru. 1824.
ri'gidus (stiff). 3. Yellow. May. Cape of Good
Hope. 1818.
rottra'tus (beaked). White. May. Cape of
Good Hope. 1821.
tetrago'nus (four-angled). 6. White. Cape of
Good Hope. 1810.
tricuspida'tus (three-pointed). 6. White. Miy.
Cape of Good Hope. 1818.
unda'tus (waved). 4. White. May. Cspa
of Good Hope. 1826.
CELERI'AC, or TURNIP-ROOTED GEL-
EBY. (A'piitm grave'olens rapa'ceum.) Of
this variety of celery there is said to be
a hardier kind cultivated by the Ger-
mans, called by them Knott-celery.
Sowing. It may be sown in March,
April, and May, to afford succession ai
plantations in June, July, and August.
Sow in drills six inches apart, and keep
regularly watered every evening in dry
weather. The bed must be kept free
from weeds, and when about three inches
high, the plants may be pricked out
into another border in rows three inches
apart each way, giving water abundantly
and frequently. By adopting the pre-
cautions mentioned in the cultivation of
celery, the same seed-bed will afford two
or three distinct prickings. In the neigh-
bourhood of Dresden, where this vege-
table is grown in great perfection, they
sow in February or March, in a hotbed,
under glass ; and the plants are removed
in April, when two or three inches high,
to another hotbed, and set an inch and
a half apart. The fineness of the plants
is there attributed to the abundance of
water with which they are supplied.
When five or six inches high, they are
fit for final planting in rows two feet
asunder, and the plants eight inches
apart on the level ground, or in drills
drawn with the hoe three inches deep,
as they only require earthing up a few
inches with the hoe. In dry weather
they should be watered plentifully, at
least every other evening. Keep them
free from weeds. They require a light,
fertile soil.
Sowing Seed. The directions given for
saving the seed of celery are in every re-
spect applicable to this vegetable.
CELERY. A'pium grave'olens.
Varieties. There are the Gigantic,
Dwarf Curled, Common Upright, Ked-
stalked, Upright, Giant, Hollow Upright,
and the Solid-stalked (red and while}.
The red chiefly for soups, the white be-
ing much more delicate in flavour ; violet t
solid, very superior, blanches white j
CEL
[ 182
CEL
Pure, solid, white, for autumn ; Cole's su-
perb, red and white ; and Nutt's cham-
pion ; the last-named being the best we
have cultivated.
Sowiny. The first sowing may be
made about the middle or toward the end
of February, sowing a very little seed in
a pan or box placed in any heated struc-
ture, and having a gentle hotbed made
up ready to receive the young plants as
soon as they are fit to prick out. The
soil cannot be too rich for them ; and, if
pricked out in gentle hotbeds under glass,
which is best, the young crop should be
kept up within two or three inches of the
glass, and attention paid to frequent wa-
tering, earth -stirring, and airing, in fa-
vourable weather.
The sowing for a main crop should be
made about the first week in March ; and
although it may be sown in a rich, warm
border, yet it is better to make a gentle
hotbed for this sowing, even if it is only
of four boards nailed together, to keep
up the earth round the sides of the bed,
and no glass to cover it ; but, if an old
light can be spared until the plants are
up, all the better. Several prickings-out
may be made from this sowing in any
rich earth, in open situations, having the
beds made up neatly ready for pricking
out, either in warm, showery weather, or
during evenings in dry weather. The
plants should be inserted six inches apart
in the nursery-beds, well supplied with
water, until the plants are established,
and the earth among them frequently
stirred.
A third sowing may be made about the
second week, or middle of April, iu the
open, warm border, to be attended to as
before mentioned, as to pricking-out,
watering, &c., only that cool situations
will be found best, such as north borders
for summer pricking-out, for a supply to
plant out for winter and spring use.
Final planting ; the single-trench system.
The trenches, where the soil will allow
of it, may be eight or ten inches deep, to
receive the plants for the first summer
plantings; but, as the season advances,
not so deep by two inches at each suc-
cessive planting ; and, lastly, on the level
surface, for late winter and spring use.
"YVhen planted in deep trenches for the
first crop, the rows may be much nearer
together. Another method of planting
out the principal and late crops is, to dig
out a trench, four and a half feet wide,
and one foot deep, placing the earth half
on one side, and half on the other side;
this done, give a thorough good manur-
ing, as the soil cannot be made too good
for this vegetable; let it be neatly dug in,
and the surface made smooth as the work
goes on ; then lift the plants with a trowel
from the nursery-beds, to insure their
having good roots ; let them be planted
precisely one foot from row to row, and
six or seven inches from plant to plant,
the row crossways of the trench, thus :
Thoroughly well water; and, in the
course of a week after planting, the earth
should be carefully stirred over the
whole bed.
The plants should not be shortened, as
many persons do ; but remove any de-
cayed or broken leaf, and all side-shoots
from the plants, one by one, being care-
ful not to injure other leaves or the roots.
Earthing up. The first earthing up
should be done with a small trowel,
holding the leaves of the plant together
in one hand, and stirring and drawing up
a little earth to the plant with the other.
The next earthing is done by the help of
two light boards, six to eight inches
broad, of the same length as the trench
is wide ; these to be placed between two
of the rows of plants by two persons ;
then place between these boards well-
broken earth, as much as required; dra\r
up the boards steadily; do the same in
the next space, and so on until the
work is completed. By the last-men-
tioned method of final planting, more
than double the quantity can be grown
on a given space of ground, and the
heads are quite as fine as in the single-
trench system. It is also handy for pro-
tection in winter, either with hoops and
mats or litter.
The trench being dug out four and a
GEL
[ 193 ]
GEL
half feet wide, allows room for six plants
across it, at six inches apart from plant
to plant, leaving three inches' space from
the outside of the trench.
Frost. At the appearance of very
severe weather setting in at any time
during the winter months, three or four
dozen heads of the celery may be taken
up without cutting away any part of
them, and laid in dry earth, sand, or
sifted coal-ashes, so as to be handy for
immediate use.
Manuring. In the seed-bed, when
pricked out, and in the bed for final
growth, too much of the richest manure
cannot be applied. Upon this, and upon
the roots being uninjured at each re-
moval, depend the fineness and excellence
of the celery ; any check to its growth is
never recovered, but renders it dwarf and
stringy. Liquid-manure should be given
to it frequently.
To save Seed. Some plants must be
left where grown ; or, in February or
March, some may be carefully taken up,
and, after the outside leaves are cut off,
and all laterals removed, planted in a
moist soil a foot apart. Those which
are most solid, and of a middling size,
are to be selected. When they branch
for seed, they must be tied early to a
stake, to preserve them from the vio-
lence of winds. The flower appears
in June, and the seed is swelling in
July. If dry weather occurs, they
should be watered every other night.
In August the seed will be ripe, and,
when perfectly dry, may be rubbed
out and stored.
Diseases. In heavy, wet soil it is
liable to have its stalks split and can-
ker. The soil for earthing up cannot
be too light and dry. We have seen
coal-ashes employed for the purpose
most successfully.
CELERY FLY. (Tephrilis onopordinis.}
In the autumn it is very common to ob-
serve part of the leaves of Celery-plants
blistered and turned yellow ; and this oc-
curs occasionally to such an extent, that
their growth is checked and their size
diminished. If the withered parts are
examined, and the skin of the blisters is
raised, there will be found beneath it
some small green grubs, that have eaten
away all the green pulp (parenchyma} of
the parts so withered. These grubs are
ihe larvfe of the Celery Fly. The grubs
may be found in the leaves of the Celery
13
in June, July, September, October, and
November; for there are two or more
broods of them in the course of the year.
The grubs, though less frequently, are
found doing similar damage to the leaves
of Alexanders and Parsnips. When full
grown, the grubs descend into the earth,
and remain in the chrysalis state until
the spring following, when they give
birth to the fly. The Celery Fly may
usually be found upon the leaves of the
laurel, hovering over flowers and resting
upon palings in the sunshine, from the
middle of May to the end of July. It is
one of the most beautiful of the English
two-winged flies, and has been thus de-
scribed by Mr. Westwood : The general
colour of the body, which is five-jointed,
varies from rusty-brown to shining black;
head buff, with black hairs ; legs yellow;
thorax sprinkled with long black hairs ;
wings black, with various pale spots ;
eyes green. The whole length of the
insect is riot more than one-sixth of an
inch, and its wings, when outspread,
barely half an inch across. The cross-
lines in our woodcut show these propor-
tions, as well as the insect magnified.
The motions of this fly are very peculiar:
seated upon a leaf in the sunshine, the
wings are partially extended, yet partially
elevated, and it has a sideling kind of
motion. The withered leaves of the
celery should be picked off, and the grubs
within them crushed as soon as seen.
Mr. Westwood suggests that a string,
smeared with bird-lime, and stretched
over the celery-plants, might catch many
of the parents. The Cottage Gardener,
i. p. 73.
CELO'SIA. Cockscomb. (From telos,
burnt ; in reference to the burnt-like ap-
pearance of the flowers of some of the
o
GEL
[
CEL
species. Nat. ord., Amaranths [Amaran-
taeese]. Linn., 5-Pentandria \-Mono-
yynia.)
The flowers of the Cockscomb, Celo'siacrista'ta,
are astringent, and much used by Asiatic physi-
cians. Seeds in a hotbed in March; potted off
repeatedly, and transferred to the hothouse or
greenhouse ; light, rich soil, well drained.
SHRUBS.
C. echina'ta (hedgehog). 1. Purple. July. Ori-
noco. 1821. Stove evergreen.
glau'ca (milky-green). 1. White. July. Cape
of Good Hope. 1818. Greenhouse ever-
green.
GREENHOUSE ANNUALS.
C. crista'ta (crested). 2. Dark red. July. Asia.
1570.
compa'cta (compact). 2. Dark red. July.
Asia. 15/0.
ela tn (tall). 2. Dark red. July. Asia. 1570.
Jlavfi'scens (pale yellow). 2. Yellow.
"July. Asia. 10/0.
STOVE ANNUALS.
C. arge'ntea (silvery -spiked). 1. Light flesh.
July. China. 1740.
linea'ris (narrow-leaved). 1. Flesh. June.
E. Ind. 1?14.
castre'nsis (camp). 2. Purple. July. E.
Ind. 1/39.
eefvnua (drooping). 3. Purple. July. E.
Ind. 1809.
cocci'nea (scarlet). 5. Pink. July. China. 1597-
como'sa (tufted). 1. Pink. July. E. Inrt. 1802.
dicho'toma (fork-branched). 1. Yellow. July.
E. Ind. 1824.
ma.rgu.rita! cea (pearly). 2. Yellow. August.
W. Ind. 1817.
Monso'nia (Monson's). 3. White. August.
E. Ind. 1778.
ni'tida (shining). 1. Purple. August. Ma-
labar. 170(5.
nodiflo'ra (knotted-flowered). 2. Green. Au-
gust. E. Ind. 1780.
pyramida'lis (pyramidal). 1. White. July.
E, Ind. 1820.
CELO'SIA CRISTA'TA. The Cockscomb of
Jlorists, All the varieties of this are well
worth cultivating. The deep crimson-
coloured varieties are generally the most
esteemed ; and of these there are tall
and dwarf kinds, the latter being gene-
rally preferred, the comb at its extremi-
ties altogether, or nearly, touching the
sides of the pot. Seeds should be sown
in a sweet hotbed in spring ; and, unlike
the balsam, where splendid specimens
are required, they should never be
turned out of the hotbed until the combs
are nearly full grown, when they may
be set in the greenhouse. Two systems
of culture may be adopted. First, as soon
as the plants are one inch in height,
prick out, and shift successively into
larger pots, never allowing the plants
to be pot-bound. By this method the
plants are strong before the combs ap-
pear, and you have a chance of having
many very fine, but with the risk that
many others, from their shape, will be
fit only for the rubbish-heap. By the
second method, the best for those with
limited space, the young plants are
pricked out a few inches apart into shal-
low pans, in light, rich earth, encouraged
to grow freely, and then checked sud-
denly by keeping them cooler and with-
holding water, which will cause them
to show their combs in a few days.
Though small, you can easily observe
those which are close and well shaped
from those which will be upright and
straggling. Select the best, pot them,
and continue repotting, and encourage
with heat and manure-water; and the
strength of your culture going chiefly
into the combs, these will be large, while
your plants will be small. Where extremely
dwarf plants are wanted, cut off young
plants a little below the comb ; insert the
part with the comb into a small pot, in
sandy soil, in strong heat, and a hand-
glass over. Soil, sandy loam and very
rotten dung, but sweet. Temperature
when growing, GO to 85 by day ; 60 at
uight.
CE'LSIA. (Named after Professor Cel-
sius, of Upsal. Nat. ord., Fig worts [Scro-
phulariaceffij. Linn., 14^-Didynamia 2-
Angiospermia.}
Chiefly from seeds, or raised in a slight hotbed,
in March or April, and flowered in the greenhouse
during the summer, or in favourable positions
out of doors. The biennials require the protec-
tion of the cold pit during winter ; light, sandy,
open soil.
C. Arctu'rus (Arctarus). 4. Yellow. August.
Candia, 1780. Half-hardy biennial.
oetonicafo'lia (betony-leaved). 2. Yellow.
July. N.Africa. Half-hardy biennial.
Coromanddia'na (Coromandel). 4. Yellow.
July. E. Ind. 1783. Stove annual.
Cre'tica (Cretan). 6. Yellow. July. Crete.
1752. Halt-hardy biennial.
heterophy'lla (various-leaved). Yellow. July.
1829. Half-hardy biennial.
luna'ta, (woolly). 2. Yellow. July. 1818.
Half-hardy evergreen.
lanceola'tu (spear-leaved). 3. Yellow. July.
Levant. 1816. Half-hardy biennial.
orienta'lis (eastern). 2. Brown, yellow. July.
Levant. 1713. Hardy annual.
visco'sa (clammy). 3. Yellow. July. 1816.
Stove annual.
CE'LTIS. Nettle-tree. (The name of
a tree mentioned by Pliny. Nat. ord.,
Elmworts [Ulmaceoo]. Linn., 23-Poly-
gamia i-Monoecia.)
Seeds, sown as soon as ripe ; layers, also, and
CEN
[ 105 ]
CEN
;;ittings of ripe shoots, in autumn; common,
good soil. The East and West India species re-
quire protection ; but there seems little to recom-
mend in them over the European and North
American species, which are hardy. The wood of
austra'lis is extreme.y pliant.
HARDY DECIDUOUS.
C. cane'scens (hoary). 40. Green, Mexico. 1840.
Half-hardy.
crassifo'lia (thick-leaved). 20. Green. April.
N. Amer. 1812.
leeviga'ta (polished). 20. Green. April. Loui-
siana.
occidentals (wetm). 20. Green. April.
N. Ame.?. )656.
corda'ta (heart-Jeaced). 20. Green. April.
N. Amer.
scadri^scula(rough\sh). 20. Green. April.
N. Amer.
pu'mila (dwarf). 6. Green. May. N. Amer.
1812.
Sine'nsis (Chinese). 12. Green. Asia. 1820.
Touincfo'rti (Tournefort's> 8. Green. Le-
vant. 1739.
STOVE EVERGREENS.
C. aculea'ta (prickly). 10. Green. Jamaica. 1/91.
austra'lis (southern). 10. Green. Jamaica. 1796.
li'ma (file-leaved). 20. Green, yellow. W.
Ind. 1823.
micra'ntha (small-flowered). 10. Green. Au-
gust. Jamaica. 1/39.
orienta'lis (eastern). 50. Yellow, green. E.
Ind. 1820.
CENTAU'REA. Centaury. (The clas-
sical name of a plant, fabled by Ovid to
have cured a wound in the foot of Chiron
Chiron being one of the centaurs, or
war-horse breakers., of Thessaly. Nat.
ord., Composites [AsteraceEe]. Linn., 19-
Syngenesia 3-Frustranea.)
The Centaurys are so numerous that more than
twenty generic names have been applied to the
species. C. cya'nea and depre'ssa, or corn-
flowers, are much used in bouquets. Seeds of
most of them in the open border, in the end of
March. The tenderer ones may be raised on a
hotbed, transplanted to another \ a few might be
preserved in a cold pit, if it was deemed desirable.
Common soil.
HARDY ANNUALS AND BIENNIALS.
C.Ada'mi (Adams's). 2. Yellow. July. Sibe-
ria. 1804.
America'na (American). 2. Red. July. N.
Amer. 1824.
A 'pula (Apulian). 1. Yellow. July. N.Africa.
1817.
arachnoi'dta (cobweb-likeX 3. Yellow. July.
Italy. 1820. Biennial.
benedi'cta (blessed-thistle). 2. Yellow. Au-
gust. Spain. 1548.
cancella'ta (latticed). 1. Yellow. July. N.
Amer. 1824.
Chile'nsis (Chilian). 1$. Lilac. June. Chili. 1836.
coarcta'ta (compressed). 1. Yellow. July.
N. Africa. 182;.
crocody'lium (crocodylium). 3. Purple. July.
Levant. 1777.
Crupi'na (Crupina). 3. Flesh. June. Italy.
1596.
Crupinoi'des (Crupina-like). 1. Copper. July.
N.Africa. 1818.
C. cya'nus (blue-bottle). 3. Blue. July. Britain.
fusea'ta (brownish). Yellow. July. Sardi-
nia. 1830.
glau'ca (milky-green). 1. Pale yellow. June
Caucasus. 1808.
Ibe'rica (Iberian). 2. Purple. July. Iberia.
1818. Biennial.
Li'ppii (Lippi's). 1. Pale purple. June.
Egypt. 1793.
Melite'nsis (Maltese). 1. Yellow, July. Malta.
1710.
moscha'ta (musky. Sweet Sultan). 2. Purple.
August. Persia. 1629.
napifo'lia( turnip-leaved). 3. Purple. July.
Candia. lo'Ql.
pallc'scens (pale). 2. Yellow. July. Egypt. 1 81 C.
pulche'lla (neat). 2. Purple. June. Persia. 1836.
pu'lchra (beautiful). 1. Bright crimson. June.
Cashmere. 1838.
Salma'ntica (Salamanca). 3. Purple. July.
South Europe. 1596. Biennial.
Si'cula (Sicilian). 2. Yellow. July. Sicily. 1710.
solstitia'lis (solstitial. Barnaby's Thistle). 1.
Yellow. July. England.
Steve'nii (Steven's). 2. Yellow. July. Cau-
casus. 1820. Biennial.
strami'neu (straw-coloured). I. Yellow. July.
Egypt. 1801.
suave'olens (sweet-scented). 2. Yellow. July.
Levant. 1C83.
sulphu'rea (sulphur-eo/owraJ). 1, Yellow.
July. 1815.
Torrea'na (Torre's). Ij. Purple. July.
Naples. 1830.
veru'tum (dwarf). 2. Yellow. July. Levant
1/80.
HALF-HARDY.
C. JSgypti'aca (Egyptian). 1. White. July.
Egypt. 1790. Herbaceous perennial.
iteii (silver-teawed). 2. Pale yellow. July.
Canriia. 1739- Evergreen shrub.
argu'ta (sharp-notched). August. Canaries.
1839. Evergreen shrub.
cinera'ria (grey -leaved). 3. Purple. July.
Italy. 1710. Herbaceous perennial.
hyssopifo'lia (hyssop-leaved). 1. Purple. July.
Spain. 1812. Half-hardy evergreen.
Ragusi'na (Ragusan). 2. Yellow. July. Can-
dia. 1710. Evergreen shrub.
sempervi'rens (evergreen). 2. Red, yellow. July.
Spain. 1683. Herbaceous perennial.
spino'sa (prickly-branched). 2. Purple. July.
Candia. 1640. Herbaceous perennial.
HARDY HERBACEOUS.
C. acanthoi'des (acanthus-like). 2. Purple. July.
1827.
ala'ta (winged-stalked). 2. Yellow. August.
Tartairy. 1781.
a'lba (white-flowered). 2. White. July. Spain.
1597.
alpi'na (alpine). 3. Yellow. July. Italy. 1640.
ama'ra (bitter). 2. Purple. July. Italy.
grandiflo'ra (large-flowered). 2. Purple.
July. Switzerland. 1819-
pinnati'fida (leafleted). 2. Purple. July.
Switzerland. 1819.
arena'ria (sand). 2. Purple. August. South
Europe. 1778.
a'spera (rough). 2. Purple. August. Soutfl
Europe. 1772.
Astraca'nica (Astracan). 2. Purple. July.
Astracan. 1818.
atropurpu'rea (dark-purple). 3, Purple. Julr.
Hungary. 1802.
CEN
[ 196 ]
CEN
C. art'rea (great-golden). 2. Yellow. August
South Europe. 1758.
Austri'aca (Austrian). 2. Purple. August
Austria. 1815.
axilla' ris (axillary). 1. Purple. July. Austria
1823.
Babylo'nica (Babylonian). 7- Yellow. July
Levant. 1710.
Balsa'mita (Balsamita). 2. Yellow. July.
Syria. 1820.
Barrelie'ri (Barrelier's). 2, Purple. July
Hungary. 1820.
bractea'ta (bracteated). 2. Purple. July.
South Europe. 1817-
calci'trapa (star-thistle). 1. Pink. July. Eng-
- land.
calcitrapoi'des (calcitrapa-like). 1. Purple.
June. Levant. 1683.
caloce'phala (beautiful-headed). 3. Yellow.
July. Levant. 1816.
calophy'lla (beautiful-leaved). 5. Yellow. July.
South Europe. 1816.
capillafta (hairy). 1. Purple. July. Siberia. 1810.
centaur eoi'des (centaurea-like). 3. Yellow.
June. South Europe. 1/39-
centau'rium (great centaury). 4. Yellow.
July. Italy. 15Q6.
cheiranthifo'lia (wallflower-leaved). 2. Pale
yellow. July. Caucasus. 1820.
cichora'cea (endive-like). 2. Purple. July.
Caucasus. 1816.
-C!CMfa?/o'/m(cicuta-leaved). 3. Yellow. July.
Podolia. 1820.
~ cine'rea (grey). 2. Purple. June. Italy. 1710.
colli'na (hill). 3. Yellow. June. South
Europe. 1596.
conci'nna (neat). 4. Yellow. August. Cau-
casus. 1818.
cariafcea (leathery-leaved) . 2. Purple. June.
Hungary. 1804.
coronopifo'lia (buckhorn-leaved). 3. Yellow.
June. Levant. 173Q-
crue'nta (crimson- leaved). 1. Purple. July.
1816.
dealba'ta (whitened). 2. Purple. July. Cau-
casus. 1804.
deci'piens (deceiving). 2. Purple. August.
France. 1816.
declina'ta (curved-down). 2. Purple. July.
Caucasus. 1821.
decu'mbens (lying-down). 2. Purple. August.
France. 1815.
depre'ssa (depressed). 1. Blue. July. Cau-
casus. 1818.
deu'sta (burned). 5. Dark red. August. Na-
ples. 1818.
dilu'ta (washed). 2. Pale purple. July. South
Europe. 1781.
dissefcta (deeply-cut-/eaerf). 2. Purple. July.
Naples. 1823.
ela'ta (tall). 4. Yellow. August. Mauritius.
1820.
elonga'ta (lengthened). 2. Purple. August.
Barbary. 1823.
erio'phora (wool-bearing). 1. Yellow. August.
Portugal. 1714.
eriophy'lla (woolly- leaved). 3. Yellow. July.
1827.
fe'rox (fierce). 2. Yellow. August. Barbary.
1790.
Fische'rii (Fischer's). 2. Blue. July. Russia.
1820.
flosculo'sa (many-floreted). 1. Purple. August.
Italy. 1818.
glastifo'Ha (woad-leaved), 4. Yellow. July.
Siberia. 1/31.
C. hy' brida (hybrid). 1. Purple. July. Switzer-
land. 1819-
inca'na (hoary). 2. Purple. August. Naples.
1822.
intyba'cea (succory-leaved). 2. Purple. Au-
gust. South Europe. 1/78.
Isna'rch"(Isnard's). 1. Purplt:. July. Britain.
Jacobceufo'lia (Jacobaea-leaved). 3. Yellow.
July. 1818.
Kartschia'na (Kartschi's). 2. Purple. June.
Carniola. 1836.
leuca'ntha( white-flowered). 2. White. August.
South France. 1816.
leucophy'lla (white-leaved). 2. Purple. July.
Caucasus. 1823.
limba'ta (fringed). 3. Purple. July. Portugal.
1818.
lingula'ta (tongue-/eacd). 2. Blue. July.
Spain. 1824.
linifo'lia (flax-leaved). 1. Purple. July. Spain.
1827.
maoroce'phala (large-headed). 3. Yellow.
July. Caucasus. 1805.
macula'ta (spotted-/eai)ed). Purple. July.
Siberia. 1816.
maculo'sa (spotted-ea/z/.mZ). 1. Purple. July.
Siberia. 181b'.
Marshallia'na (Marshall's). 2. Purple. Julj.
Caucasus. 1820.
mo' His (soft}. 2. Blue. July. Hungary. 1818.
monta'na (mountain. Perennial blue-dottle').
2. Blue. July. Austria. 1596.
murica'ta (point-covered). 1. Purple. July.
Spain. 1621.
myaca'ntha (mouse-thorn). 1. Purple. August.
France. 1820.
negle'cta (neglected). 3. Yellow. July. Fo-
dolia. 1820.
nervo'sa (nerved). 2. Purple. July. South
Europe. 1815.
Nicae'nsis (Nice). 2. Yellow. July. Nice. 18)9.
ni'tens (sparkling). Purple. Caucasus. 1823.
ochroleu'ca (yellowish- white). 2- Pale yellow.
July. Caucasus. 1801.
orienta'lis (eastern). 2. Yellow. Siberia. 1759.
orna'ta (ornamental). 2. Yellow. July. Spain.
1818.
oni'na (sheep's). 1. Purple. August. Caucasus.
1802.
panicula'ta (panicled). 2. Purple. July. Eu-
rope. 1640.
parviflo'ra (small-flowered). 2. Violet. June.
Barbary. 1823.
pectina'ta (comb-edged). 1. Purple. August.
France. 1727.
peregri'na (diffuse). 2. Yellow. July. South
Europe. 1749.
Phry'gia (Swiss). 2. Purple. August. Swit-
zerland. 1633.
ambi'gua (ambiguous). 2. Purple. Au-
gust. Switzerland. 1819.
potyaca'ntha (many-spined). 1. Purple. July.
Portugal. 1804.
polymo'rpha (many-formed). 2. Purple. July.
Spain. 181Q.
Pouzi'ni (Pouzin's;. 2. Purple. July. South
France. 1824.
prate'nsis (meadow). 2. Purple. July. France.
1817.
procu'mbens (procumbent). 1. Purple. June.
South Europe. 1821. Trailer.
pube'scens (downy). 1. Yellow. July. 1804.
pulche'rrima (very beautiful). 5. Yellow. July.
Armenia. 1816.
pulla'ta (sad-looking). 2. Purple. July. South
Europe. 1780.
GEN
[ 197 ]
CEN
O, radia.'tx (rayed). 2. White. July. Siberia. 1804.
vefletxa (bent-back-spined). 3. Yellow. July.
Iberia. 1801.
re'pens( creeping) . 1. Yellow. July. Levant.
1739.
rifgida (stiff). 1. Purple. July. 1823.
rivula'ris (rivulet). 2. Brown. July. Por-
tugal. 18)2.
Roma'na (Roman). 3. Red. July. Rome. 1739-
rupe'stris (rock). 2. Yellow. July. Italy. 1806.
Ruthefnica (Russian). 3. Pale yellow. August.
Russia. 1806.
sabulo'sn (sand). 1. White. July. Siberia. 1820.
salicifo'lia (willow-leaved). 2. Purple. July.
Caucasus. 1823.
sangui'nea (bloody). 2. Purple. July. ^7.
se'ridis (endive-leaved). 1. Purple. July. S^m.
1686.
Sessa'na (Sessane). 1. Blue, July. South
Europe. 181 6.
Sibi'rica (Siberian). 1. Purple. July. Siberia.
1780.
sonchifo'lia (sow-thistle-leaved). 1. Purple.
August. Mediterranean. 1780.
-- so'rdida (sordid). 1. Purple. July. 1818.
spatula'ta (spatulate-teaued). 2. Blue. July.
Naples. 1825.
spheeroce'phala (globe-headed). 2. Purple.
July. South Europe. 1683.
spinulo'sa (small-spined). 2. Purple. July.
Hungary. 1826.
sple'ndens (shining). 3. Purple. July. Spain.
1597-
squarro'sa (wide-spreading). l. Purple. July.
Persia. 1836.
sterenphy'lla (stiff-leaved). 2. Purple. July.
Podolia. 1820.
Sta'be (Stcebe). 1. Red, yellow. June. Aus-
tria. 1759.
stri'cta (erect). 1. Blue. July. Hungary.
1816,
Tata'rica (Tartarian). 2. Yellow. July. Tar-
tary. 1801.
tenuifo'tia (fine-leaved). 2. Purple. July.
Siberia. 1820.
transalpi'na (transalpine). 4. Purple. July.
Switzerland. 1819-
trichoce'phala (hairy-headed). 1. Purple. July.
Siberia. 1805.
trine'rvia (three- nerved). 2. Purple. July.
Podolia. 1816.
uligino'sa (marshv). 3. Yellow. July. Por-
tugal. 1816.
uniflo'ra (oiie-flowered). I. Purple. July.
South Europe. 1819.
Vochinefnsis (Vochin). 2. Purple. July. Aus-
tria. 1817.
Weidmannia'na (Weidmann's). 2. Rose. July.
Natolia. 1836.
ganthi'na (yellow). 2. Yellow.
CENTKADE'NIA. (From kentron, a spur,
and aden, a gland; referring to a spur-
like gland on the anthers. Nat. orcl.,
Melastomads [Melastomacese]. Linn., 8-
Octandria \-Monogynia. Allied to Lavoi-
biera.)
Stove evergreen. Cuttings of side-shoots, in
March or April ; sandy loam one part, and rough
peat two parts ; a cool stove, or a warm green-
house. Summer temp., 55 to 75 ; winter, 45 to
C. ro'sea (rose-coloured), i. Rosy-white. April.
Mexico. 1843.
CENTEA'NTHDS. (From kentron, a spur,
and antlios, a flower ; referring to a spur-
like process at the base of the flower.
Nat. ord., Valerianworts [ValerianaceseJ.
Linn., I-Monandria %-Digynia.)
Hardy herbaceous perennials, except C, calci'-
trapa. Seeds and divisions ; common soil.
C. angustifo'lius (narrow-leaved). 2. Crimson.
June. South Europe. 1759.
calci'trapa (caltrop-leaved). 1. Purple. June.
Portugal. 1683. Hardy annual.
ru'ber (red). 2. Crimson. June. Britain.
flo're-a'lbo (white-flowering). 2. White.
June. Britain.
CENTEOCLI'NIUM. (From kentron, a
sharp point, and Mine, a bed. Nat. ord.,
Composites. Linn., I9-Syngenesia 2-Su-
perflua.)
Stove plants. Seeds and cuttings, in heat;
sandy loam and leaf-mould. Summer temp., SO
to 75; winter, 50 to 55.
C. appre'ssum (close-pressed-seated). 2. Rosy.
January. Peru. 1836. Evergreen.
refle'xum (bent-back-scated)- 2. Rosy. Au-
gust. Peru. 1830. Annual.
CENTKOPO'GON. (From kentron, a spur,
and pogon, a beard ; in reference to the
fringe which envelopes the stigma. Nat.
ord., Lobeliads [Lobeliacese]. Linn., 5-
Pentandria \-Monogynia.)
Notwithstanding the acid poisonous qualities
assigned to Lobeliads, it is asserted that the soft
fruit of the Centropo'gon Surinamt'nsis is eatable.
Herbaceous perennials. Divisions of roots ; sandy
peat, and rich, fibry loam; moisture and heat
when growing, and comparative dryness and a low
temperature when at rest. The Surinam species
will require a few degrees higher temperature in
winter than the others.
C. cordifo'lium (heart -leaved). Rose. June.
Guatimala. 1839. Stove.
fastuo'sum (proud). 2. Rose. November.
Greenhouse.
Suriname'nsis (Surinam). 2. Rose. November.
Surinam. 1786. Stove.
CENTROSOLE'KIA. (From kentron, a
sharp point, and solen, a tubo ; referring
to the form of the corolla. Nat. ord.,
Gesnerworts [Gesneracese]. Linn., 14-
Didynamia 1-Gymnospermia.)
Natives of tropical America. Require a warm,
moist stove. Soil, equal parts of peat, leaf-mould,
and sand; good drainage, and little water in
winter. Cuttings in a warm frame, without a
bell-glass.
C. bracte'scens (bractescent). 2. White. Jane.
New Grenada. 1852.
gla'bra (smooth-teamed). 1. White. October.
La Guayra. 1846.
pi'cta (painted-teaued). White. Banks of
Amazon. 1851.
CENTROSTE'MMA. (From kentron, a spur,
and stemon, a stamen ; referring to a horn,
or spur-like process on the stamens of
Asclepiads. Nat. ord., Asclepiuds [Ascle-
CEP
[198 ]
CEK
piadacese]. Linn., 5-Pentandria %-D'ujy-
nia. Allied to Hoya.)
Stove evergreen twiner. Cuttings of rather firm
shoots root freely in sand, under a bell-glass, with
bottom-heat; fibry peat and sandy loam, with
rubbly charcoal to keep the soil open. Summer
temp., 60 to 80; winter, 55 to 60.
C.rejle'xum (bent-back). 2. August. Cream.
Manilla. 1838. It is also called Hoy'a
coria'cea and Cyrtufceras reflefxum.
CEPHAE'LIS. (From kephale, a head ; in
reference to the arrangement of the
flowers in heads, or corymbs. Nat. ord.,
Cinchonads [Cinchonaceee]. Linn., 5-
Pentandria 1-Monogynia. Allied to Psy-
ch otr a.)
The Ipecacuanha of the shops is the root of C.
ipecucuu'nha, a half-herbaceous plant, with
creeping roots, growing in the damp, shady fo-
rests of Brazil. Stove plants. Cuttings of firm
young shoots in sand, under a glass, and in moist
bottom-heat. Sandy, fibry peat, and lumpy loam.
Summer temp., 60 to 80 ; winter, 50 to 55.
C. a'lba (white). Pale pink. April. Guiana. 1824.
axilla'ris (axillary). 4. White. April. Brazil.
1816.
cla'ta (tall). 15. Purple. Jamaica. 1793.
gla'bra (smooth). Blue, April. Trinidad. 1820.
involucra'ta (involucrated). C. White. July.
Guiana, 1826.
ipecacua'nha (ipecacuanha). . White. Janu-
ary. Brazil. 1830,.
muscn'sa (mossy). White. May. W. Ind. 1824.
peduncula- 'ta (Jon^-flower-stalked). 2. White.
February. Sierra Leone.
puni'caa (scarlet-involucred). 3. White.
July. Jamaica. 1820.
purpu'rea (purple-/rutfed). 1. White, pur-
ple. May. Trinidad. 1821.
Swa'rtzii(Swartz's). 4. Bluish. W. Ind. 1824.
tomento'sa (downy). 4. Brownish. August.
Trinidad. 1825.
viola'cea (violet- berried), 1. White. June.
W. Ind. 1818.
CEPHALANTHE'RA. (From kephale, a
head, and anthera, an anther. Nat. ord.,
Orchids [Orchidacese]. Linn., 20 -Gy nan-
dria \-Monandria. Allied to Limodorum.)
Hardy terrestrial orchids. Divisions ; peat and
loam.
C. ensifo'lia (sword-leaved). . White. June.
Britain.
pa'llens (pale). 1. White. June. Britain.
ru'bra (red). 2. Purple. June. Britain.
CEPHALA'NTHUS. Button -wood. (From
kephale, a head, and anthos, a flower;
flowers disposed in heads heing a general
characteristic of this order. Nat. ord.,
Cinchonads [Cinchonacese]. Linn., 4-
Tetrandria I-Monogynia. Allied to Sper-
macoce).
The Button- wood grows in marshy places, from
Canada to Florida, and prefers a damp, peat bed
in this country. Hardy deciduous shrub. Cut-
tings in sandy soil, under a hand-glass, in the
beginning of autumn ; layers also, Sandy loam,
with vegetable mould or peat.
C. occidenta 1 Us (western). 7. White, August*
N. Amer. 1735.
brachypo'dus (short-stalked). White.
August. N. Amer.
CEPHALO'TUS. (From kephalotes, head-
ed ; in reference to the simple scape, or
flower-stalk, bearing a compound ter-
minal spike. Nat. ord., doubtful. Dr.
Lindley believes "the genus will fall
into the ranks of the Crowfoots."
This is the New Holland Pitcher-plant, found
growing in the marshes of King George's Sound.
Greenhouse herbaceous perennial. Offsets. Chop-
ped sphagnum, peat, earth, and broken pots, well
drained, and carefully watered ; a bell-glass kept
over it, and frequently cleaned. Summer temp.,
60 to 75
winter, 48 to 55.
1. White. N. Hoi-
C.follicula'ris (follicled).
land. 1822.
CEPHALOTA'XUS. (From fopftaZe, ahead,,
and taxus, the yew ; referring to the ge-
neral appearance of these trees. Nat.
ord., Taxads [Taxaceee]. Linn., 22-
Dicecia 13-Polyandria. Allied to Phyllo-
cladus.)
These are the Japanese Yews lately set apart
from the old yews by Dr. Sieboldt, the Japan
traveller, and Zuccarini, in their work called Flora
Japonica, Hardy evergreens.
C. drupa'cea (berry-bearing). 12 to 20 feet.
Japan. 1844.
Fortu'ni (Fortune's). 40 to 60 feet. Japan.
1848.
pedunctila'ta (stalked-fruited. LordHarring*
ton's Yew). Japan. 1837.
CERA'DIA. (From Jceras, a hom ; re-
ferring to the disposition of the spiny
branches. Nat. ord., Composites [Aster-
acese]. Linn., I9~Sy)>genesia2-Supeiflua.
Allied to Cremocephalum.)
We keep this botanical curiosity as a sample of
the scanty vegetation of the Island of Ichaboe,
of guano notoriety ; and we are told, by an offi-
cer of our navy, that when the plants are walked
over in the evening the bruised stems emit a
frankincense-scent. It succeeds best planted out
on a sunny border in summer, and requires the
protection of a greenhouse in winter. Cuttings
of the branches. Sandy soil, with a little peat.
Winter temp., 50 to 55 6 .
C.furea'ta (forked). Pale yellow. January.
Africa. 1844.
CERANTHE'RA. (From %eras, a horn,
and anthera, an anther; alluding to a
horny point on the anthers. Nat. ord.,
Violetworts [Violacead], Linn., 5-Pcn-
tandria 1-Mon.ogynia.)
This should have been united to Alsodeia.
Stove evergreen shrub. Cuttings in sandy soil,
under a bell-glass, in a brisk bottom-heat ; light,
fibry loam. Summer temp., 65 to 80; winter,
48 to 55.
C. subintegrifo'lia. (almost-entire-leaved). 6.
White. June. Guinea. 1824.
CEEAPTEEYX GEAMINIS. The Antler
CEK
C
CEft
Moth. We have seen enough to render
us quite ready to assent to Mr. Kirby's
observation, that it is " the greatest enemy
of our pastures." Fortunately, it is of
rare occurrence in this country. It is
the Chareas and Bombyx yraminis of
some entomologists. This moth, repre-
sented of its largest size in our drawing,
is generally altogether of a grey-brown
colour, with a slender, whitish line run-
ning from the base of the fore-wing along
its centre vein, and following along its
branches. Another whitish line runs
along near each edge of the fore-wing ;
near the point of the wing is a row of
triangular, dark spots. There are also
two dark, kidney-shaped spots near the
front edge. The hind-wings are yellow-
ish-brown, with a dark circular spot in
the centre of each, and various dusky
bars. The caterpillar is green, with
brown spots, and smooth. In the few
instances it has been found in this coun-
try it appeared in June. Mr. Kirby says,
" It is said not to touch the foxtail grass.
In the years 1740-41-42-48-49, they mul-
tiplied so prodigiously, and committed
such ravages, in many provinces of Swe-
den, that the meadows became white and
dry, as if a fire had passed over them.
In 1759, and again in 1802, the high
sheep-farms in Tweedale were dreadfully
infested with a caterpillar, which was
probably the larva of this moth. Spots
a mile square were totally covered with
them, and the grass devoured to the
root." The Cottage Gardener, v. 1.
CERA'STIUM. Mouse-ear Chickweed.
(From keras, a horn ; from the form of
the seed-vessel. Nat. ord., Cloveworts
[Caryophylacese]. Linn., 10-Decandria
4L-Pentagynia.)
There arc many annuals of this genus, all
unworthy of cultivation ; but the following hardy
trailing perennials are ornamental. They are
easily propagated by divisions in the spring ; will
grow in any light, moderately rich soil, and are
all white-flowered.
C. Bieberstei'nii (Bieberstein's). $. June. Cau-
casus. 1820.
purpura'scens (purplish) . July. 1831.
Ledebou'rii (Ledebour's). . June. Siberia*
Scara'ni (Scarani's). $. July. Naples.
CE'EASUS. Cherry. (From Cerasus,
a town in Pontus, in Asia, whence the
cherry was brought to Home by Lucullus.
Nat. ord., Almondworts [Drupacese].
Linn., 1%-Icosandria 1-Monogynia.)
Besides the cultivated cherry, the genus Cera-
sus includes species which contain virulent poi-
sons, chiefly in their leaves and fruit-kernels.
Hardy deciduous trees and shrubs, except where
otherwise specified. Seeds sown when the fruit
is ripe, or mixed up with three or four parts their
bulk of dry sand, and frequently turned, to pre-
vent sprouting, and sown in the March following ;
also by layers and cuttings from the roots, and
from suckers; particular varieties by budding and
grafting ; deep soil, rather sandy.
C. affi'nis (related). White. May. Europe. 1837.
a'vium (Birds'. Corone). 50. White. April.
England.
macroca'rpa (large-/?wrpte-fruited). 50.
White. April. Switzerland.
mu'ltiplex (double-flowered). 15. White.
April.
pu'llida (pale and red-fruited}. 20.
White. April.
sylve'stris (wood). 50. White. April.
Britain.
borea'lis (northern. Choke). 20. White. May.
N. Amer. 1822.
Canade'nsis (Canadian). 15. White. May.
Canada. 1820.
caproniu'na (hautbois). 20. White. April.
South of Europe.
cordi'gera (Gwzg'ne-heart-bearing). 20.
White. April. South of Europe.
Gobbe'tta (GobettaL-white-flesh). 20.
White. April.
Grio'tta (Griotte). 20. White. April.
Montmorencia'na (Montmorency). 20.
White. April.
mu'ltiplex (double-flowered). 12. White.
April.
palle'scens (pale. Ceramble). 20. White.
April.
persicifo'lia (peach-leaved). 20. White.
April.
poly'gyna (many-pistiled. Cera bouquet}.
20. White. April.
variega'ta (variegated). 10. White.
April.
Caroliniu'na (Carolina. Evergreen bird). 30.
White. May. Carolina. 1750.
chameece'rasus (ground-cherry). 8. White.
May. Austria. 1597.
Chica'sa (Chicasaw plum). 8. White. April.
N. Amer. 1806.
cornu'ta (horned). 10. White. 1842.
depre'ssa (depressed. Sand). 4. White.
May. South of Europe. 1805.
dura'cina (hard). 20. White. April. South
of Europe.
cordi'gera (heart-bearing). 20. White.
April.
mammilla'ris (nippled). 20. White.
April.
obtusa'ta (blunted). 20. White. April.
hyema'lis (winter. Black-choke). 4. White.
May. N. Amer. 1805.
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CEE
C. Japo'nica (Japan). 2. Pink. April. Japan.
1810.
flo're-ple'no - a'lba (white - double - flow-
ered). 2. White. March. North of
China. 1845.
mu'ltiplex (double). 4. Pink. April.
Japan. 1810.
Julia'na (St. Julian's). 20. White. April.
South of Europe.
Heaumea'na (helmeted). 15. White.
April.
. pe'ndula (pendulous). 10. White.
April. South of Europe. 1821.
lauroccfrasiis (common - laurel - cherry). 12.
White. April. Levant. 1629. Evergreen.
angustifo' lius (narrow-leaved). 8. White.
April. Evergreen.
variega'tus (variegated - leaved). 12.
White. April. Evergreen.
Lusita'nica (Portugal-Lwwre/). 20. White.
May. Portugal. 164S. Evergreen.
Maha'leb (Mahaleb). 20. White. April.
Austria. 1714. Evergreen.
fru'ctu-fla'vo (yellow-fruited). 20. White.
May. South of Europe.
latifo'lium (broad-leaved). 20. White.
June. South of Europe.
Mara'scha (Marascha). White. April. Eu-
rope. 1827.
Nepale'nsis (Nepaul). 20. White. May.
Nepaul. 1820. Half-hardy.
octidenta'lis (West - Indian). 20. White.
Jamaica. 16-2Q. Stove evergreen.
pa'dus (bird-cherry). 50. White. April.
Britain.
arge'ntea (silv&r-blotched). 20. White.
April. 1846.
atteMd#/o'/ia(aucuba-leaved). 20. White.
April. 1845.
bracteo'sa (/on^-bracted). 30. White.
April. Europe.
heterophy'lla (various-leaved). 20. White
April. 1845.
., parvifto'ra (small-flowered). 30. White.
April. North of Europe.
ru'bra(reA. Cornish bird). 30. White
April. Britain.
vulga'ris (common). 30. White. April
Britain.
Pennsylva'nica (Pennsylvanian). 30. White
May. N. Amer. 1773.
persicifoiia (peach-leaved). 8. White. May.
N. Amer.
prostra'ta (prostrate). 1. Pink. April. Crete
1802.
pseu'do-ce'rasus (bastard-cherry). 6. White
April. China. 1821.
pube'scens (downy). 12. White. April. N
Amer. 1806.
pu'mila (dwarf). 2. White. May. N. Amer
1756.
pygmeefa (pigmy). 4. White. May. N. Amer
1838,
sali'cinus (wiHow-teowd). 4. White. April
China. 1822.
semperflo'rens (ever-flowering). 20. White
April. China. 1822. Half-hardy.
sessiliflo'ra (stalkless - flowered). 20
White. April.
sero'tinus (late. American bird). 30. White
June. N. Amer. lfi2Q.
retu'sus (blunt-Zeaed). 30. May. S. Amer
serrula'ta (saw- edge- leaved). 4. White
April. China. 1822. Half-hardy.
sph<froca'rpa (round-fruited). 10. White. June
Jamaica. 1820. Stove evergreen.
?. Susqueha'nna (Susquehanna). White. May.
N. Amer. 1800.
Virginiafna, (Virginian). 30. White. May.
Virginia. 1724.
CHERRY CULTURE. All our cultivated
cherries appear to be derived, by the aid
yf various crosses, from Cc'rasusdura'cina,
Tulia'na, and capronia'na.
DESSERT FRUIT.
1 Early Purple Guigne May.
2 Early Duke b, June.
3 Royal Duke e. June.
4 Elton m. June.
5 Florence m. Aug.
6 Late Duke e. Ana?.
7 Morello b. Kept.
8 Biittaer's October Morelio e. Sept.
FOE PRESERVING.
9 Kentish e. Aug.
. For Standards take Nos. 2, 3, 4, 6, 7 ;
these, however, are equally adapted for
walls. For forcing take the Early Duke.
This is so well adapted, both on account
of its earliness and fine bearing, that few
of the other kinds are ever used for this
purpose. Some of the others would suc-
ceed very well, and the Tartarian has
been pointed to by some as very eligible.
In addition to the above the following
are in good repute : Werder's Black
Heart; Black Eagle; Bigarreau; Tarta-
rian ; Downton ; and the new kind, Heine
Hortense.
Propagation. Both budding and graft-
ing are resorted to; the former is the
safest plan to avoid gum. The stocks used
are those of the wild cherry for ordinary
standards, or wall-trees ; but, for a dwarf-
ing-system, it has become customary, of
late, to use the Ce'rasus Maha'leb, or
Perfumed Cherry so called on account
of the agreeable perfume emitted by the
wood whilst burning. In France this is
called Bois de St. Lucia, and this has
long been used as stocks. In addition to
its promoting a dwarf habit, it is said to
be adapted to very ordinary soils, totally
unfit for the common cherry-stock. It is
the usual practice to obtain the Mahaleb
from layers ; but no doubt cuttings will
answer equally well. The ordinary
cherry-stocks are raised from seed, gene-
rally obtained from trees of the same
kind. They are preserved in sand through
the winter, and sown in February. Care
must be taken to preserve, them from the
mice. They may be transplanted, in the
following October, in rows two feet apart
in the row. For dwarfs they may b*
budded the following season; but, if
CEE
[ 201 ]
CER
standards are required, they must stand
until they acquire the desired height.
Soil. A deep and mellow loam, rather
sandy, is best adapted to the cherry. It
will, however, succeed in any ordinary
garden-soil, if somewhat fertile in charac-
ter, and one which parts freely with
superfluous moisture.
'Wall culture in growing period. The
first operation commences in the disbud-
ding, stopping, and laying in of the young
shoots : this will be in the early part of
June. Gross fore-right shoots may at
once be displaced, unless required to
fill gaps ; but if any doubt exists as to
their becoming permanent stock, it will
suffice to pinch off their points when four
or five inches long.
The kinds differ so much in size of
foliage that a difference becomes neces-
sary in the distance at which the young
wood is trained. This must be ruled by
the size of the leaves. Such as the
Bigarreau must be kept at least five
inches apart; the Morello section may be
placed from two to four inches apart. One
of the main points is to destroy the
aphides in time ; they are almost sure to
infest the trees before midsummer.
Culture in rest period. The cherry, in
general, requires less culture than most
of our hardy fruits; and this because it
produces so little breast-wood. If the
summer management has been duly
attended to, there will be little to perform
during the rest period.
The remaining portion of the snags, or
bases of the young shoots, which were
pinched back in June, must now be
pruned back to within two inches of the
branch, unless required to furnish a blank
space. Any late-made, immature-looking
wood may be shortened to where solid ;
but no other shortening is required with
bearing trees. All the shortening requi-
site, in order to multiply shoots to furnish
the wall, should be done within three
jears after their transplanting. There
will, however, be mostly a few shoots to
be entirely removed in the winter's prun-
ing ; and, in doing this, regard must be
paid to the distance previously given.
Uses,howto keep,d;c. We need scarcely
point to the dessert section. The Mo-
rellos are famous as "brandy- cherries."
The Kentish has the peculiar property of
slipping from the stone, and, when dried,
making a delightful confection ; and, in-
deed, most of them are of great use for
confectionary purposes. The pulp of
some makes a very good wine ; and irx
Germany a liqueur is made from the
kernel and pulp, bruised and fermented,
known by the name of Kirschwasser.
The keeping of cherries on the trees is,
indeed, the great obstacle to their much-
extended culture. Were it not for this,
cherries would be an every-day affair from
the end of May until the end of October.
The birds are their greatest enemies, and
next to them the wasps. For preserva-
tion from birds there is nothing like good
nets ; but, as it takes much netting to
cover an ordinary tree, a dwarfing-system
should be had recourse to, by which
means much fruit may be preserved in a
little space. By strict preservation we
have had the May Duke in use from the
beginning of June until the middle of
August; the Late Duke from the latter
period until the end of September; and
the Morello from the close of September
until the end of October, or even later.
The wasps are by far the most difficult to
manage. We have, however, kept these
at bay, for a few weeks, by covering the
bushes with some material like Scotch
gauze.
Disease. We are not aware of any
positive disease in the cherry, excepting
the gum. This is an exudation ot gummy
matter, which generally follows a wound
or bruise, and not unfrequently breaks
out spontaneously. The best way to
avoid this is to plant in soil of moderate
quality. In general, a light, maiden loam
is good enough, without adding a particle
of manure or vegetable matter. See
EXTEAVASATED SAP.
Insects. The Black Aphis (see APHIS)
is the greatest enemy, and next the Red
Spider. (#* AoiKUS.) The wall and wood
of the trees should be washed annually,
in the rest season, with soft-soap water,
six ounces to a gallon, adding plenty of
lime, soot, and sulphur. When the
aphides attacis the young shoots in sum-
mer, there is no better plan than to dip
each in a bowl of tobacco-water just be-
fore they are trained.
Winter pruning of Standards. Very
little is requisite with standards. Like all
other fruit-trees, they are apt to produce
an inconvenient amount of young spray,
in the interior o-' the tree especially. All
shoots of this character should be dressed
away during the rest season, and all that
are obviously not placed in a position to
CEK
202 ]
CEK
receive the influence of light and air.
Most of these must be spurred back,
leaving a couple of inches of the base,
which generally becomes a nucleus of
spurs; and, although not well placed to
produce fruit of the highest amount of
flavour, yet they are sometimes of im-
portance in inclement seasons ; for we
not unfrequently find a sprinkling of
fruit in such situations, when all round
the outside is barren. Orchard cherry-
trees, which have to receive nets occa-
sionally, will, as strength increases, re-
quire the removal of some of the coarsest
and most unyielding shoots; for, were
they permitted to extend themselves
without control, the amount of netting
required to cover them would become a
rather serious item, and a drawback on
their culture. Such unruly shoots, there-
fore, should be timely removed ; for am-
putations of the large limbs should al-
ways be avoided in the cherry, and, in-
deed, in all trees liable to extravasation
of sap. By a timely removal of such
shoots, and by the occasional use of rope-
yarn, or other fastenings, the tree may
be kept in a somewhat compact form.
CERATI'OLA. (From a diminutive of
Jcerus, a horn ; in reference to the stigma
radiating into four divisions like little
horns, as in the Carnation. Nat. ord.,
Croivberries [Empetraceffi]. Linn., 21-
Moncecia 1-Monandria.)
The Crowberries are a small group of little
bushes, with heath-like leaves, which are ever-
green. The most of them inhabit the bleak arid
in
hospitable regions both in Europe and in I
merica. Half-hardy under-shrub. Cuttin
North
igs in
sandy soil, under a glass, in a mild bottom-heat.
Sandy peat, and a little very fibry loam. Winter
temp., 40 to 4S.
C. ericoi'des (heath-like). 2. Brown. June. N.
Amer. 1826.
CERATODA'CTYLIS. (From Jceras, a horn,
and dactylos, a finger; alluding to the
divisions of the fronds. Nat. ord., Ferns
[Polypodiacese], Linn., 2^-Cryptogamia
I-Filices. This ought to have been united
to Allosorus.)
Stove Fern. Divisions ; peat and loam. Sum-
mer temp., 60 to 90 ; winter, 50 to 55.
C. osmundoi'des (osmunda-like). Brown. June.
Mexico.
CEEATO'NIA. Carob-tree. (From Jceras,
a horn; in reference to the shape of
the seed-pods. Nat. ord., Leguminous
Plants [Fabacese]. Linn., 23-Polygamia
2-Dicecia. Allied to Gleditschia.)
This is believed to be the Locust-tree of Scrip-
ture. " The dry pulp in which the seeds are
buried is very nutritious, and is supposed to hare
been the food of St. John in the wilderness ;
wherefore it is called the Locust-tree, and St.
John's Bread." Lindley. The North American
Locust-tree, and the Locust-tree of the West In-
dies, are different from each other, and from the
Locust-tree of Scripture. Greenhouse tree, hardly
worth culture. Cuttings of ripe shoots in sand,
under a hand-glass. Sandy loam.
C. si'liqua (podded). 15. Red, yellow. Septem-
ber. Levant. 1570.
CERATOPE'TALDM. Bed Gum-tree.
(From keras, a horn, andp<?/a/on, a petal ;
the petals being jagged, or like a stag's
horn. Nat. ord., Cunoniads [Cunonia-
cea3J. Linn., 1Q-Decandria I-Monogynia.)
Greenhouse tree. Cuttings under a bell-glass,
in sand ; rich, sandy loam. Summer temp., 55*
to 75 ; winter, 35 to 45.
C. gummi'ferum (gum-bearing). 50. Yellow. N.
Holland. 1820.
CERATOSTE'HA. (From keras, a horn,
and sterna, a stamen. Nat. ord., Cran-
berries [Vacciniaceoe]. Linn., IQ-Decan-
dria \-Monorjynia. Allied to Thibaudia
and Cavendishia.)
Stove plant. Divisions ; layers. Peaty soil.
C. longifto'rum (long-flowered). Crimson. Peru.
1846,
CE'RBERA. (Named after the fabled
dog, Cerberus. Nat. ord., Dogbanes [Apo-
cynacese]. Linn., 5-Peniandria 1-Moiio-
gynia. Allied to Plumiera.)
Stove evergreens. Cuttings of young, rather
ripe shoots, in April, in sand, under a glass,
and in bottom-heat. Rich, fibry loam. Sum-
mer temp., 60 to 80; winter, 48 to 55.
C. Ahou'al (Ahouai). 20. Yellow. June. Brazil.
1/39.
fructico'sa (shrubby). 4. Red. May. Pegu.
1819.
macula 1 to, (spotted). 4. White. June. Eour-
bon. 1782.
ora'ta (egs-leaved). 3. Yellow. New Spain.
Tiieve'tia (Thevetia). 12. Yellow. June. 8.
Amer. 1/35.
Thevetioi'des (Thevetia-like). 8. Yellow. June.
New Spain. 1800.
CE'ECIS. Judas-tree. (From Jterkis,
a shuttlecock ; the name given by Theo-
phrastus. Nat. ord., Leguminous Plants
[Fabaceae]. Linn., IQ-jbecandria \-Mo-
nogynia.)
The wood of C. siliqua' strum is beautifully
veined, and takes a good polish. Hardy deci-
duous trees. Seeds, sown in a gentle hotbed, in
spring; hardened off, and pricked out into a shel-
;ered situation ; the varieties by grafting. In the
south of the island they do well in sheltered
laces, on a lawn ; in the north, they require a
wall.
C. Canadefnsis (Canadian). 13. Pale red. May.
N. Amer. 1730.
pube'scens (downy). 18. Pale red. May.
CEB
[ 203 ]
CEP.
C. ailiqua'strum (cylindrical-podded. Common
Judas-tree). 20. Red. May. South
Europe. 1596.
flo're-a'lbo (white-flowered). 20. White.
May. South Europe.
.. parviflo'rum (small-flowered). 20. Purple.
Hay. Bucharia. 1827.
-CERCOCA'EPUS. (From Jterkos, a shut-
tlecock, and carpos, & fruit. Nat. ord.,
Boseworts [Kosaceee]. Linn., 12-Jcosa/z-
dria \-Mono(jynia. Allied to Geum and
Pursbia.)
There is no unwholesome plant in this order ;
and the strawberry, raspberry, and the black-
berry of the bramble, are the nearest plants in
affinity to the rose itself. Then come the Poten-
tilla, Geum, and Agrimonia, among which stands
Cercocarpus, followed by the Spiraeas and Quil-
laiads. Greenhouse evergreen shrub. Cuttings
of green shoots in sand, under a glass, in a little
heat. Peat and loam. Winter temp., 40 to 45.
C. Pother gilloi'des (Fothergilla-like). 12. Purple.
May. Mexico. 1828.
CE'KEUS. Torch Thistle. (From cereus,
waxy ; referring to the fact that some of
the spines are as pliant as soft wax, while-
others are as brittle as wax tapers. Nat.
ord., Indian Figs [Cactacese]. Linn., 12-
Icosundria I-Monogynia.)
Cuttings, at any time, of either old or young
shoots ; the latter are the best, if the base of the
cutting is well dried. Instead of inserting them
firmly in sand, they do best when laid among
rough material, such as peat charcoal, leaf -mould,
and brick and lime-rubbish. They aie generally
described as stove plants ; but, unless when they
are just making their wood, they will endure a
Tery low temperature, if kept dry. Unless for
the winter-flowering varieties, and those desired
to bloom at that season, no water will be requi-
site from October to March, if kept cool. Sandy
loam, turfy peat, half-parts of lime-rubbish and
dried cow-dung. Water freely when growing,
and when in bloom. Summer temp., 55 to 85 ;
winter, 35 to 50.
C. ffi'thiops (black-spmcd). Brazil. 1829.
affi'nis (related). White.
aAbiseto'sus (white-bristled. Trailing). 2. St.
Domingo. 1816.
albispi'nus (white-spined). 2. St. Domingo.
1816.
ambi'guus (doubtful). 2. Purple, white. July.
1827-
amblygo'nus (blunt-angled). Buenos Ayres.
1836.
arcua'tus (arched). White. 1835.
au'reus (golden-s/wierf). S. Amer. 1825.
baxa'rius (clog-shaped). June. Mexico. 1838.
bifo'rmis (two-formed). June. Honduras. 1840.
Chiloe'nsis (Chiloe).
eocci'neus (scarlet). Scarlet. September.
Brazil.
cecrult'scens (bluish). 3. Blue. July. Brazil.
1829.
crispa'tus (curly). Rose. Brazil. 1829.
cyli'ndricus (cylindric). 3. Peru. 179Q,
De'/>j0ei (Deppe's). i. p er u. 1799.
ebu'rneus (irory). 3. S. Araer. 1813.
erio'phorus (woolly). Red. 1835.
euphorbioi'des (euphorbia-like). 3. S. Amer.
C. exte'nsus (lo^g-stemmed), 6. Pale rose. Au
gust. Trinidad.
Eyre'sii (Eyre's). White, green. 1829.
fe>rox (fierce). 1. Brazil. 1827-
fimbria'his (fringed). 20. Pink. St. Do-
mingo. 1836.
flagellifo'rmis (rod-shaped. Creeping Cereus}.
Pink. Peru. 1690.
fiavispi'nus (yellow-spined). 3. W. Ind.
formo'sus (handsome). White. Buenos Ayres.
1834.
fuluispino'sus (tawny-spined). 3. S. Amer.
1796.
gcmma'tus (bud-bearing). July. Mexico. 1834.
gra'cilis (slender long-spined) . S. Amer.
grandiflo'rus (great-flowering. 'Night-blooming
Cereus). White, yellow. Jamaica. 1700^
gra'ndis (great-s/nnerf). 3. Brazil.
gri'seus (grey). 3. Grey. S. Amer. 1809.
Hawo'rthii (Haworth's). 3. Caribbees. 1811.
heptugo'nus (seven-angled). 3. White. July.
W. Ind. 1728.
hexago'nus (six-angled). 36. White. Au-
gust. Surinam. 1690.
hu'milis (humble). S. Amer. 1827.
hy'stric (porcupine). S. Amer. 1808.
Jarnaca'ru (Jamacaru). White. Brazil. 1 835.
Lancea'nus (Lance's). Scarlet. May. Guiana.
1834.
lanugino'sus (woolly). 1. White. August.
W. Ind. 1690.
la'tifrons (broad-stemmed). White. September-
S. Amer. 1830.
Leea'nus (Mr. Lee's). 1. Bright red. Mexico.
Lemai'rii (Lemaire's). Yellow and white.
June. 1854.
le'ptophis (slender). White, purple. 1835.
. 1.
Mendoza. 1830.
. , . .
leuca'nthus (white-spined). 1. White, pink.
MacDo'naldie(Mrs.Ma.cDon&l&'s great night-
flowering Cereus). Yellow and white.
July. 1851.
ma'gnus (great). 3. White. June. St. Do-
mingo. 1829.
Martia'nus (Martius's). 2. Pink. April.
Mexico. 1838.
monoclo'nos (single -branched). 20. Rose,
white. June. Caribbees.
monstro'sus (monstrous). Red, white. S. Amer.
1816.
mu'ltiplex (multiplied). Scarlet. St. Do-
mingo. 1829.
myosu'rus (mouse-tail). Brazil. 1828.
myrinphy'llus (thousand-leaved). Brown. 1815.
Napoleo'nis (Napoleon's). 6. Green, white.
1834.
ni'ger (black). 3. S. Amer. 1820.
~- no'bilis (noble). 3. Pink. W.Ind. 1811.
ochroleu'cus (cream-coloured). Striped. 8.
Amer. 1835.
ova'tus (egg-shaped). Chili. 1827.
oxygo'nus (sharp-angled). Pink. Brazil. 1629.
oxvpe' talus (sharp - petaled). Red. May.
Mexico. 1828.
panicula'tus (panicled). White, red. St.
Domingo. 1827.
pcntago'nua (five-angled). 3. White. July.
S. Amer. 1/69.
Peruvia'nus (Peruvian). 3. Red. August.
Peru. 1728.
Pitajay'a _(Pitajaya). 6. White. Carthagena.
polygo'nus (many-angled). 10. White. ChUi.
quadrangula'ris (four-angled). White. W..
Ind, 1809- Creeper.
CER
[ 204]
GET
C. ramo'sus (branched). July. Mexico. 1838.
rega'lis (royal). 10. White. S. Amer.
repa'ndus (waved-/eayed). 20. August. W.
Ind. 1728.
rosa'ceus (rosy;. Rose. 1826.
Roye'ni Royen's). 2. White. S. Amer. 1728.
seni'lis (old-man). 20. Red. Mexico. 1823.
serpenti'nus (serpentine). 4. White, purple.
Peru.
sple'ndidus (splendid). Scarlet. September.
Mexico. 1831.
stri'ctus (erect). 3. S. Amer. 1823.
subrepa'ndus (sub-waved-/eat>ed). 3. 1817.
te'nuis (slender). Pink. Brazil. Creeper.
tetraca'ntha (four- spined). Hose. July.
Mexico.
tetrago'nus (four-angled). 3. White. Ju'y.
S. Amer. 1810.
triangula'ris (triangular-stemmed). 1. \Vhite.
August. W. Ind. 1590.
trigo'nus (triangular-stemmed). J. White.
S. Amer. 1809.
tri'queter (three-sided). 3. S. Amer. 1704.
tubiflo'rus (tube-flowered). White. 1830.
tunica'tus (tunicated). Brazil. 1832.
unda'tus (waved). China. 1829.
There are many other species named in bo-
tanical works ; but as little is known of them but
their names, and they are probably synonymous
with some of those we have retained, we have
omitted them until more certainly known. Cefreus
speciosi'ssimus and some others have been joined
to Cactus.
CERI'NTHE. Honeywort. (From yteros,
wax, and anthos, a flower ; referring to its
being a favourite flower with bees. Nat.
ord., Borageworts [Boraginacese]. Linn.,
6-Pentandria \-Monogynia. Allied to An-
chusa.)
Hardy annuals, except C. macula' ta. All by
seeds, in common soil. Macula' ta requires a dry
soil, or its fleshy roots decay.
C. alpi'na (alpine). Pale yellow. June. Carpa-
thian Mountains. 1827.
a'spera (rough). 2. Yellow, purple. July.
South France. 1633.
macula' ta (spotted). 2. Yellow, red. July.
South France. 1804. Perennial.
ma'jor (greater). 3. Yellow. July. South
France. 15Q6.
mi'nor (smaller). 2. Yellow, purple. July.
Austria. 1570.
reto'rta (twisted). 2. Yellow, green. July.
Levant. 1825.
CESOPE'GIA. (From Jceros, wax, and
pege, a fountain; referring to tbe form
and waxy appearance of the flower. Nat.
ord., Asclepiads [Asclepiadacess] . Linn.,
5-Pentandria 1-Monogynia. Allied to
Hoya.)
Cuttings of small side-shoots in April, in sand,
Under a glass, and a little heat ; sandy loam, fibry
peat, and a little leaf-mould and charcoal. Sum-
mer temp., 55 to 80 ; winter, 45 to 55 ; giving
the East Indian species the most heat. More
curious than beautiful.
GREENHOUSE.
C. aphy'lla (leafless). 2. White. June. 1817.
Evergreen twiner.
C. austra'lis (southern). 3. N. Holland. 1820.
Evergreen twiner.
sinua'ta (wavy-edged). S. Pale red. July.
Cape of Good Hope. 1818. Evergreen
twiner.
staphelicefo'rmis (staphelia-formed). 4. Purple.
July. Cape of Good Hope. 1826. Ever-
green trailer.
torulo'sa (uneven). Yellow. July. Cape of
Good Hope. 1820. Evergreen twiner.
STOVE.
. acumina'ta (taper-pointed). 2. Purple. July.
Coromandel. 1820. Tuber.
Africa'na (African). 6. Yellow, July. E.
Ind. 1823. Evergreen twiner.
bulbo'sa (bulbous). 2. Red, green. May.
E. Ind. 1821. Trailer.
dicho'toma (fork-branched). 1. White. July.
. Ind. 1804. Evergreen.
e'legans (elegant). 20. Purple. August. E.
Ind. 1828. Deciduous twiner.
ju'ncea (rushy). 1. Yellow. E. Ind. 1822.
Evergreen.
Lu'shii (Dr. Lush's). Purple. September.
Bombay. 1833. Deciduous climber.
ocula'ta (round-spotted). 6. Green. Red-
spotted. September. Bombay. 1842.
Deciduous twiner.
Thwaite'sii (Mr. Thwaites's). 23. Red, yellow,
green. September. Ceylon. 1851.
tubero'sa (tuberous). 8. Red, green. May.
E. Ind. 1821. Tuberous perennial.
vincacfo'lia (vinca-leaved). 20. Purple. Sep-
tember. Bombay. 1837. Evergreen
twiner.
Wri'ghtii (Dr. Wright's). 20. Green, purple.
August. E. Ind. 1832. Deciduous climber.
CE 'STRUM. (An ancient Greek name
for another plant. Nat. ord., Nightshades
[Solanaceae], Linn., 5-Pentandria I-Mo-
nogynia. Allied to Habrothamnus. )
Cuttings in sand, in heat, in April ; peat and
loam. Of easy culture. With the exception of
tincto'rium, which is used for dyeing, and the
few others we have selected, none are worth culti-
vating, being chiefly poisonous plants of no
beauty. There are fifteen other species. Those
we have described are stove evergreen shrubs,
with the exception of C. ro'seum, which is a
greenhouse evergreen shrub.
C. alaternoi'des (alaternus-like). 6. Yellowish.
March. Trinidad. 1824,
auranti'acum (orange-coloured-./?OM,'ered). S.
Orange. Guatimala. 1842.
latifo'lium (broad-leaved). 6. White. June.
Trinidad. 1818.
ro'seum (rose-coloured-cowered). 3. Rose.
July. Mexico. 1839.
subero'sum (cork-ar&ed). 5. Sulphur. June.
1815.
tincto'rium (dyeing). 4. White. May. Caraccas.
1823.
OETONIA AURATA. Golden Eose-
Beetle. This insect is the Scarabatts
auratus of some naturalists. The grub
is of a dirty-white colour, and tbe tail-
end thicker and more highly glazed than
the remainder of its body. It is usually
found in decayed wood ; but, being occa-
sionally discovered in the nest of the ant,
CHA
[ 205 ]
CILE
under-ground, where it seems to feed
upon the bits of wood of which the nest
is composed, it thence has the popular
name of " King of the Ants." After re-
maining about three years in the larva
state, it makes a sort of cocoon of chips
of wood, glued together by an excretion
of its own. In this it passes the winter,
and in June following emerges in the
perfect form. The Kose Beetle flies well,
with a considerable humming noise, dur-
ing the hottest part of the day, passing
from flower to flower, preferring, but not
exclusively, our roses. It robs them of
their honey; but not content with this,
devours, occasionally, their nectaries, and
the lowermost, juicy portion of the petals.
Our drawing represents the larva, pupa,
and beetle ?f their natural size. The
beetle is of a shining green- colour above,
and the wing-sheaths dotted with white.
Beneath, the body and head are coppery-
red. The Cottage Gardener, Hi. 341.
This beetle is most severely felt by
the gardener when it attacks the blos-
soms of his strawberries, which it does
in May or June ; but it also attacks the
whitethorn, candytuft, elder, mountain-
ash, and peony, the flowers of which it
feeds upon. The female rose- chafers
often lay their eggs in the ground ; and
the larvce they produce are no doubt
often confounded with those of the cock-
chafer (Melolonlha vulgaris), being as
large, and very similar. '
CHABIUE'A. (In honour of D. Chau-
Irey, a Genevese botanist. Nat. ord.,
Composites [Asteraceee]. Linn., IQ-Syn-
geiiesia 1-^qualis.)
C. runcina'ta (runcinate). 1*. White. June.
Chili. 1844.
CHJENA'NTHE. (From chaino, to gape,
and anthos, a flower. Nat. ord., Orchids
[Orchidacese]. Linn., QQ-Gynandria 1-
Monandria. )
Stove orchid. Offsets and divisions, placed in
a very shallow basket, with sphagnum, or tied to
a block of wood, and suspended in a high tern-
perature and moist atmosphere ; cool and dry in
winter. Summer temp., 60 to 00; winter, 50
to 60.
C.Barke'ri (Barker's). Para. 1837.
CH^NE'STES. (From chaino, to gape ;
in allusion to the flower's mouth. Nat.
ord., Nightshades [Solanaceoe]. Linn., 5-
Pentandria 1-Monogynia. Allied
to Lycium.)
A stove evergreen shrub, propagated
by cuttings in spring, in sand, under a
bell-glass, with bottom-heat. Sandy
loam and fibry peat. Summer temp.,
60 to 80 ; winter, 45 to 55.
C, lanccola'ta (spear-head-feayerf). 5.
Purplish-brown. July. Quin-
diu. 1846.
CH^NO'STOMA. (From cha-
ino, to gape, and stoma, a mouth;
in reference to the wide opening
of the tube, or bottom part of
the flower. Nat. ord., Figworts
[Scrophulariaceee]. Linn., 14-
Didynamia 2-Angiospermia.}
All natives of the Cape of Good
Hope. Seeds sown in March, in a hot-
bed, and transplanted to the flower-
garden in May ; and cuttings taken off
in August and September, and potted
in a greenhouse or cold pit, to be trans-
planted the following season.
GREENHOUSE ANNUALS.
C.foR'lida (foetid;. 1$. White. June. 1/94.
villo'sa (long-haired). 1. White. June. 1783.
GREENHOUSE HERBACEOUS PERENNIALS.
C. eorda'ta (heart-shaped-/eae<i). 1&. White.
June. 1816.
hi'spida (bristly). 1. White. July. 1816,
polya'ntha (many-flowered). . Lilac, yellow.
June. 1844.
CHJETANTHE'RA. (From chaite, a bristle,
and anther, an anther, or pollen-bag;
the anthers being furnished with tufts of
bristly hairs. Nat. ord., Composites [As-
teracese]. Linn., 19-8yngenesia 2-Super-
flua. Allied to Mutisia.)
All natives of Chili, and half-hardy herbaceous
perennials, except C. linea'ris. Division of the
roots, in March or April. C. linea'ris by seed.
Peat and loam. Protection or greenhouse or cold
pit in winter.
CILE
[ 206 ]
CHA
C. Chile'nsis (Chilian). 1. July. 1827. Annual.
cilia'ta (hair-fringed). 2. July. 1822.
lineu'ris (narrow- leaved). Yellow. July. 1837.
Annual.
scrra'ta (saw--/eawed). . Yellow. July. 1827.
tenuifo'lia (fine - leaved). Yellow. July.
1827.
CRETO'CALYX. (From chaite, a bristle,
and /calyx, a flower-envelope ; in reference
to the calyx being furnished with bristles.
Nat. ord., Leguminous Plants [Fabacese].
Linn., \l-Diadelphia k-Decandria. Allied
to Hedysarum.)
Stove evergreen twiner. Cuttings of ripe shoots
in heat. Peat and loam. Summer temp., 60 to
85; winter, 45 to 55.
. Vincenti'na (St. Vincent's). 6. Yellow. June.
St. Vincent. 1823.
CH^TOGA'STEA. (From chaite, a bristle,
and gastron, a cavity; referring to the
cavities between the apex of the ovary
and the bottom of the calyx being fur-
nished with hairy scales. Nat. ord., Mc-
lastomads [Melastomacese]. Linn., 10-
Decandria \-Monogynia. Allied to Os-
beckia.)
Seeds in hotbed, in March ; and cuttings in
;uidy soil, in heat. Peat and loam. Summer
temp., 50 to 80 ; winter, 45 to 55.
C. gra'cilis (slender). 1. Red, lilac. Brazil. 1834.
Stove perennial.
lanceola'ta (spear-head-Zeawed). 1. White.
January. Trinidad. 1820. Stove annual.
strigo'sn (short-bristled). . Rosy-purple.
August. W. Ind. 1848. Greenhouse
evergreen.
CHAFF-FLOWER. Alternanthe'ra acliy-
ra'ntha.
CHALK. Carbonate of lime contains,
when pure, carbonic acid, 45 ; lime, 55 ;
but, as it usually occurs, it contains about
twenty-four per cent, of water, and five
per cent, of silica (flint), alumina (clay),
and oxide (rust) of iron. After these
deductions, it will be apparent, that if
fifty tons of lime be applied to land, it
will be equal to more than one hundred
of chalk a subject worthy of considera-
tion, when it has to be conveyed from
afar. _Chalkis usually employed in large
quantities, to improve the staple of a soil.
It makes heavy soils less retentive of
moisture, and light, sandy soils more re-
tentive. On wet, sour lands it neutralizes
the acids which render them unproduc-
tive. Some chalks contain phosphate of
lime ; and this being a constituent of all
plants, such chalk is to be preferred.
Some contain a large proportion of car-
bonate of magnesia, which is less bene-
ficial. Chalk has also been shown, by
Mr. Beaton, to be of great value in form-
ing the best of walks. See CONCRETE
WALKS.
CHAM.ZECY'PARIS. White Cedars. (From
chamai, ground, meaning dwarf, and cu-
2iressus, cypress; the Cypress-dwarf, or
Bastard Cypress. Nat. ord., Conifers [Pi-
nacese]. Linn., %1-Moncecia 10-Decan-
dria. Allied to Taxodium and Cypress.)
Hardy evergreens. Seeds. Deep, sandy soil.
C. Nutkae'nsls (Nootka Sound). 70. N. Amer.
obtu'sa (blunt\ 80. Japan.
pisi'fera (pea-bearing). A small tree. Island
of Niphon.
spheeroi'dea (globe-coned). A small tree. N.
Amer.
squarro'sa (spreading). A bush. Japan.
thuri'fera (frankincense). 70. Mexico.
CHAILEDO'KEA. (From chamai, dwarf,
and dorea, a gift; referring to the nuts
of this palm being easily reached. Nat.
ord., Palms [Palmacese]. Linn., 22-Di-
cecia Q-Hexandria. Allied to Areca.)
Stove deciduous trees. Seeds, when obtainable ;
freely, by suckers from the roots. Rich, sandy
loam". Summer temp., 60 to 80: winter, 50
to 60.
C. e'legansmas (elegant male). 3$. Scarlet.
February. Mexico.
Erne'sti Augu'stimas (Ernest Augustus's
male). Orange. New Grenada.
fr a' grans (sweet-scented). 8. White. Tri-
nidad. 1820.
gra'cilis (slender). 10. White, green. Ca-
raccas. 1803.
CHAMJEFI'STULA. Same as CA'SSIA.
CHAMJELAU'CIUM. (From chamaileuke,
a dwarf, white poplar; because its heathy
stems are miniatures of that tree. Nat.
ord., Fringe-myrtles [Chamselauciaceae],
Linn., IQ-fiec&ndria "L-Monogynia.)
This is the head of a small order of beautiful
little greenhouse bushes, natives of New Holland,
generally with the aspect of Heaths, having their
flowers gathered into heads, and the flower^
envelopes ending in awns, fringes, or bristles,
which give them the appearance of Composites.
A greenhouse evergreen shrub. Cuttings of the
points of shoots or side-shoots, when getting
firm, in sand, under a bell-glass; one part fibry
peat, and two of sandy, lumpy loam. Summer
temp., 55 to 75; winter, 35 to 45.
C. cilia' turn (hair-fringed). 2. White. May.
N. Holland. 1825.
CHAMJE'LEDON. (From chamai, dwarf,
and ledon, a kind of Cistus.)
It is really Aza'lea procu'mbens ; and we ought
to have united it to the hardy section of that
genus. See AZA'LEA.
C. procu'mbens (trailing). $. Pink. April.
North of Scotland.
CHAH/ERHO'DES. (FromcAanwu, dwarf,
and rodon, a rose ; in reference to the
appearance of the plants. Nat. ord. 5
Roseworts [Rosacese]. Linn., 5-Pentan-
dria S-Pentagynia. Allied to Rubus.)
CHA
[ 207 ]
CHA
Hardy herbaceous perennials ; chiefly by seeds ;
andy loam, and a dry, elevated position.
C, grandijlo'rus (large-flowered). Yellow. June.
Dahuria. 1828.
poly'gynus (many-pistiled). Yellow. June.
Siberia. 18121.
CHASLK'ROPES. (From c/iamai, dwarf,
and rhops, a twig. A comparative name,
making the Fan-palm of the south of
Europe a low twig in comparison to the
huge, gigantic Palms of the tropics. Nat.
ord., Palms [Palmacesej. Linn., 23-
Polygamiu 2-JDiaecia.)
Seeds, imported ; suckers, which are freely
produced, with the exception of C. gra'cilis and
Guiune'nsis. The others will flourish in a green-
house; and their loaves render them striking
objects. In Edinburgh the hu'milis stood out
several winters, with but a slight protection; rich,
loamy soil. Summer temp., 50 to 80; winter,
35 to 45.
<7. exce'lsa (tall). 30. Green, white. Nepaul. 1822.
gra'cilis (slender). 10. Green, white. S. Amer.
1822. Stove.
Guiune'nsis (Guiana). 20. Green, white.
Guiana. 1824. Stove.
Jiu'milis (low). 10. Green, white. March.
South of Europe. J/31.
ky'strix (porcupine). 10. Green, white.
Georgia. 1801.
Palme'tto (Palmetto). 20. Green, white. Caro-
lina. 1801.
serrula'tn (saw-feed). 10. Green, white.
N. Amer. 1809.
CHAILENE'RON. (From chamai, dwarf,
and neron, the oleander. Nat. ord., Ona-
fjrads [Onagraceoe]. Linn., 8-Octandria
l-Honogynia. Allied to Epilohium.)
Hardy herbaceous perennial ; seeds ; division of
the roots in spring ; common soil.
C. America' num (American). Red. July. N.
Amer. 1825.,
CHAMISSO'A. (Named after M. Camisso,
a botanist. Nat. ord., Amaranths [Ama-
rantacese]. Linn., 6-Pentandria l-Mono-
gynia.}
Stove evergreen shrub ; cuttings of ripe shoots
in heat, under a bell-plass; fibry, sandy loam.
Summer temp., 60 to 85; winter, 50 to 55.
C. alti'ssima (tallest). 5. Yellow. July. Jamaica.
1816.
CHAPTA'LIA. (Named after M. Chaptal,
a French chemist. Nat. ord., Composites
[Asteracese]. Linn., 19-Syngenesia 4-
Necessaria. Allied to Cussonia.)
Hardy herbaceous perennial; division of the
roots ; light, sandy soil.
C. tomento'sa (woolly). $. White. May. N.
Amer. 1806.
CHARCOAL. Soot, a chief constituent
of which is charcoal, has long heen known
as a vety effective fertilizer; and burning
has still longer been known as a mode of
reducing stubborn soils to prompt pro-
ductiveness. But both these sources of
fertility might owe their efficiency to
other causes than their affording carbon
to plants ; and, comparatively, it is only
lately that anything like a general know-
ledge has been diffused that mere char-
coal is a good manure. Charcoal is a
most efficient manure to all cultivated
plants, especially to those under glass.
Heaths, rhododendrons, cucumbers,
onions, roses, orchidaceous plants, hy-
drangeas, camellias, melons, and pine-
apples, have been the subjects of exten-
sive and most successful experiments.
We think no cultivated plant would be
nnbenefited by having charcoal applied
to the soil in which it is rooted. It should
be broken into small pieces, about the
size of a nut, and, for potted plants, may
be mixed in the proportions of one part
charcoal to twenty parts earth. If ap-
plied to the open ground, one-fourth of
a bushel may bo sown over a square rod
or perch, and dug in just before insert-
ing the crop. The reason of charcoal
being so useful as a manure is very ap-
parent. MM. Scnuebier, Ruckert, Saus-
sure, and others, have demonstrated that
plants are rendered much more luxuriant
and productive by having carbonic acid
applied to their roots, than other plants
to whose roots no such application was
made. Now, charcoal kept moist, as when
buried in the soil, slowly combines with
oxygen, and emits carbonic acid ; in fact,
it slowly dissolves. We are sorry to differ
from such an authority as Liebig, who
broadly asserts that " carbon never com-
bines, at common temperatures, with
oxygen, so a? to form carbonic acid."
This was long since shown to be other-
wise by Count Rumford, and may easily
be demonstrated to be incorrect, by con-
fining a few ounces of fresh and moist-
ened charcoal -powder, mixed with earth,
in a glass receiver full of oxygen, over
lime-water : carbonate of lime will form,
showing the gradual evolution of car-
bonic acid. For draining, pieces of char-
coal, about the size of filberts and wal-
nuts, are among the best that can be
employed.
CHAED. See ARTICHOKE.
CHARDOON. See CARDOON.
CHARLES'S SCEPTRE. Pedicula'ris sce'p-
trum Caroli'mim.
CHARLOCK. (Sina'pis arve'nsis.) A well-
known weed.
CHARLWOO'DIA. New Holland Dragon-
CHA
[ COS ]
CHE
tree. The species are now united to Cor-
dyliue.
CHASCA'NUM. (From chasko,to. gape;
referring to the irregular limb of the
ilower approaching the form of a Lip-
wort-flower. Nat. ord., Verbenas [Ver-
benacese]. Linn., 14^-JDidt/namia 2-An-
yiospermia. Allied to Stachytarpheta.)
Greenhouse evergreen. Cuttings in spring, in
sand, under a glass, in gentle heat. Loam and
sandy peat, well drained.
C. cuneifo'lium (wedge-shaped-leaved). 4. White.
April. Cape of Good Hope. 1821.
CHEESE-RENNET. Ga'liwn vc'rum.
CHEILA'NTHES. (From cheilos, a lip, j
and anthos, a flower; in reference to the
form of the seed-organs. Nat. ore!.,
Ferns [Polypodiacese]. Linn., 2-Cryplo-
gamia 1-F'diccs. Allied to Adiantum.)
Division of the roots, just when commencing to
grow. Peat and loam. Summer temp., 55 to
80 ; winter, 45 to 55.
HARDY.
C. pra'cHis (slender). . Brown. July. N. Amcr.
1823.
odo'ra (sweet-smelling). . Brown. June.
Switzerland. 1819.
vesti'ta (clothed). . Brown. August. N.
Amer. 1812.
GREENHOUSE.
C. cauda'ta (tailed). . Brown. June. N. Hol-
land. 1824.
fralgrans (fragrant). . Brown. August. Ma-
deira. 1778.
hi'rta (hairy). . Brown. June. Cape of Good
Hope. 1806.
macrophy'lla (large-leaved). 1. Brown. Au-
gust. \V. Ind.
pteroi'des (pteris-like). . Brown. July. Cape
of Good Hope. 1775.
suave'olens (sweet-scented). Brown. August.
Madeira. 1778.
STOVE.
C. erenula'ta (scolloped). 1. Brown. 1824.
cunea'ta (wedge-leaved}. 1. Brown. 1831.
Dicksonioi'des (Dicksonia-like). 4. Brown.
August.
farino'sa (mealy). Brown, yellow. Isle of
Luzon.
ferrutri'nea (rusty). . Brown. June. 1810.
lendi'gera (maggot-bearing). &. Brown. June.
New Spain.
micro'mera (parted-small). Mexico.
micro'pteris (small-winged). . Brown. Sep-
tember. 1838.
profu'sa (dangling). . Brown. September.
re? pens (creeping). 1. Brown. July. W. Ind.
1824.
ru'fa (reddish-brown). . Reddish-brown.
W. Ind.
rufe'scens (brownish-red). . Brown. Sep-
tember. 1838.
- sinuo'sa (wavy-edged). 1. Brown. August.
W. Ind.
specta'bilis (showy). 1&. Brown. September.
Brazil. 1829.
tenuifo'lia (slender-leaved). Brown. Sep-
tember. Ceylon.
visco'sa (clammy). Brown. Mexico. 1811.
CHEIMATOBIA BRUJIATA. Winter Moth.
This is the cause of more destruction to
our fruit and other trees than almost anv
MALE AND FEMALE.
other insect; for no weather is suffi-
ciently severe to injure either them or
their eggs; and the caterpillars, in tho
early spring, will feed upon the opening
buds and leaves of almost every kind of
tree. The females, being without wings,
may be prevented ascending our standard
fruit-trees by smearing round their
trunks a band of tar; but this must be
renewed, as it dries, every two or three
days. The male moths begin to fly
about just after sunset during November,
and until the end of January. Their
upper wings, when opened, measure
across about one inch and a quarter; but,
during the day, they look much smaller,
for they fold them so as to form a tri-
angle, and have their feelers or horns
(antennae) turned back over them. Those
wings are pale grey, marked with va-
rious darker-waved lines. The under-
wings are greyish-white, often having &
notched line crossing their centre. The
body, delicate and tapering, is yellowish-
grey. The female crawls to the top of a
tree, and deposits her very small, oval
eggs upon the blossom and leaf-buds, as
well as upon the shoots. She will lay
from 200 to 300 eggs. The caterpillars
and the buds come to life together. At
first they are grey, and scarcely thicker
than a horsehair; but they cast their
skins, and finally become the green-looper,
of a yellowish-green colour, shining, and
with a blue line down the back. On
their sides are two yellowish-white lines.
The apple-buds are their favourite food ;
but they destroy, without difficulty, the
leaves of the hawthorn, lime, hazel,
rose, elm, willow, and hornbeam. (The
Cottage Gardener, i. 53.) The caterpillar
descends into the earth, and becomes a
chrvsalis about the end of May.
CHE
[ 209
CHE
CHEIRA'NTHUS. Wallflower. (From
cheir, the hand, and anthos, a flower; in
reference to the custom of carrying the
wallflower in the hand for a nosegay
Nat. ord., Crucifers [Brassicacese], Linn.,
15-Tetradynamia. )
Half-hardy evergreen uncler-shrubs, excepl
where otherwise specified. Seeds and cuttings
under a hand-light, in May or June, of particular
varieties!, and double-flowering especially. Most
of the finer kinds will like the protection of a pit
in winter, and maj be employed for early bloom-
ing in the greenhouse. When left out of doors,
a protection of a few evergreen boughs should be
given them ; herbaceous kinds by division. A
fight, rich, sandy soil suits them best ; but even
the tenderer species survive the winter on rock-
work.
<7. alpi'nus (alpine). $. Yellow. Hay. South
Europe. 1810.
arbo'reus (tree). 3. Yellow. May. Egypt.
1827-
capitu'tus (round-headed). Yellow. June.
Columbia. 182ti. Hardy herbaceous
perennial.
Chei'ri (Cheiri. Common Wallflower)* 2.
Orange. May. South Europe. 1573.
ferrugi'neus (rusty -flowered). 2. Brown.
May. South Europe. 1573.
flavt'scens (yellowish). 2. Yellow. May.
South Europe. 1573.
flo're-ple'no (double-flowered). 2. Yellow.
May.
grandiflo'rus (large-flowered). 2. Yellow.
May. South Europe. 1573.
heema'nthus (do6/e-bloody-flowered). 2.
Crimson. May. South Europe. 1573.
hcuma'nthus-variega'tus (variegated-
bloody). 2. Crimson. June. South
Europe.
ma'ximus (largest) . 2. Yellow. May.
South Europe. 1573.
pa' tulus (double-spreading}. 2. Yellow.
May. South Europe. 1573.
purpu'reus (purple-cowered). 2. Purple.
June. South Europe.
purpu'reus-variega'tus (variegated-pur-
ple. 2. Purple. June. South Europe.
sangui'neus (bloody). 2. Bark brown.
May.
serra'tus (saw-edged-cowered). 2. Yellow.
May. South Europe. 1573.
thyrsoi'des (ihyrse-flowered). 2. Blood.
May. South Europe. 1573.
va'rius (various-coloured). 2. Variegated.
May. South Europe. 1573.
flrmus (firm). 1. Yellow. June. Europe.
1816.
fruticulo'sus (small-shrubby). 1J. Yellow.
May. Britain. Hardy herbaceous per-
ennials.
linifo'lius (flax-leaved). 2. Purple. April.
Spain. 1815.
muta'bilis (changeable). 3. Yellow, purple.
April. Madeira. 1777-
longifo'lius (long-leaved). 3, White,
purple, September. Madeira. 1815.
ochroleu'cus (pale yellow). |. Pale yellow.
April. Switzerland. 1822. Hardy her-
baceous perennial.
tcopa'rius (broom). 3. White, purple. June.
Teneriffe. 1812.
turugino'sut (rusty). 3. Rusty. June.
Teneriffe. 1812.
14
C. scopa'rius chamce'leo (chameleon). 3. Yellow,
purple. June. Teneriffe. 1812.
semperflo'rens (ever-blooming). 2. White.
Barbary. 1815.
frute'acens (shrubby). 2. White. May.
Teneriffe. 1815.
tenuifo'lius (slender-leaved). 2. Yellow. June.
Madeira. 1777.
CHEIROSTE'MON. Hand-plant. (From
cIiL'ir, the hand, and stemon, a stamen ;
in reference to the formation of the
stamens and style. They issue in a cen-
tral column, bearing five curved anthers
and a curved style in the middle, having
much resemblance to a hand with long
claws. Nat. ord., Sterculiads [Sterculia-
cese]. Linn., IQ-Monadelphia 6-Decan-
dria. )
Stove tree. Cuttings of rather firm shoots in
sandy peat, under a glass, and in bottom-heat.
Sandy loam and fibry peat. Summer temp., 60
to 80 ; winter, 48 to 55.
C. plutanoi'des (plane-tree-like). 30. New Spain.
1820.
CHELIDO'NIUM. Celandine. (From
chelidan, a swallow; alluding to the
flowers opening on the arrival of that
bird, and to the plant drying up on its
departure. Nat. ord., Poppyworts [Pa-
paveracese]. Linn., 13-Polyandria 1-Mo-
nogynia.)
The yellow juice of the common Celandine (C.
ma' jus) is said to be a violent acrid poison, and
a popular remedy for warts. Hardy herbaceous
perennials. Division. Common garden-soil.
C. grandiflo'rum (large-flowered). 2. Yellow.
May. Dahuna. 1820.
lacinia'turn (j&gged-leaved) . 2. Yellow. May.
South Europe.
majus flo're-ple'no (large-double-flowered). 2.
Yellow. September. Gardens.
CHELO'NE. (From chelone, a tortoise ;
he back of the helmet of the flower be-
ng fancifully compared to a tortoise.
Nat. ord., Figworts [Scrophulariaceae].
Linn., ll-Didynamia 2-Anyiospermia.
Allied to Pentstemon.)
Hardy herbaceous perennials, except where
otherwise specified. Division of the roots, and
cuttings of the young shoots under a hand-glass,
n April or May; also by seeds. Sandy loam,
and if a little peat and leaf-mould, all the
better.
C. barba'ta (bearded). 3. Scarlet. July. Mexico.
1794,.
cafrnea (fiesh-coloured-flowered). 3.
Flesh. July. Mexico.
ma'jor (larger). 4. Orange-striped. June.
centranthifo'lia (centran thus-leaved). 7- Scar-
let. September. California. 1834.
- Gentianoi'des (Gentian-like). 3. Orange, scar-
let. July. Mexico. 1835.
gla'bra (smooth). 4. White. August. N.
Amer. 1730.
Lyo'ni (Lyon's). 4. Purple. August. N
Amer. 1812.
CHE
[210]
CHI
C. Zlexicn'nn (Mexican). Scarlet. June. Mexico.
1S42.
nemoro'sa (grove). 1. Purple. August. N.
Amer. 1827.
obli'qua (twisted). 4. Purple. August. N.
Amer. 1752.
spetio'sa (showy). 4. Pale red. August. N.
Amer.
CHENOLE'A. (From chen, a goose, and
leia, prey; in reference to the plant be-
ing eaten by those birds. Nat. ord.,
Chenopods [Chenopodiacess]. Linn., 5-
Pentandria 1-Monogynia.)
Greenhouse evergreen. Cuttings of half-ripe
shoots under a glass, in sandy loam. Summer
temp., 55 to 80 ; winter, 35 to 45.
C. diffu'sa (spreading). 1. Green. August. Cape
of Good Hope. 1758.
CHE'EMES. See PSY'LLA.
CHERRY. See CE'RASUS.
CHERRY PEPPER. Ca'psicum cerasifo'rme.
CHERRY LAUREL. The common Laurel,
Ce'rasus lau'ro-ce'rasus.
CHERVIL. Parsley-leaved. Charo-
phy'llum sali'vum. Fern-leaved Chervil,
or Sweet Cicely, C. aroma' ticum^ for soups,
salads, &c. They are not often found in
the kitchen-garden.
Soil and Situation. The soil for these
plants must be unshaded, light, with a
large portion of calcareous matter, and
well drained.
Sowing. A principal sowing should
be made in August ; and from this sow-
ing; seed should be saved the following
season. To continue the supply during
the summer months a spring sowing
should be made at the end of February,
and at the end of every three or four
weeks to the middle of July. Sow in
drills, eight inches apart, a quarter of an
inch deep, and thin the seedlings out to
six inches apart in the rows.
CHESTNUT. See CASTA'NEA.
CHICKASAW PLUM. Ce'rasus Ghi'casa.
CHICKEN GRAPE. Vi'tis cordifo'lia.
CHICKLING VETCH. La'thyrus sati'vus
CHICK PEA. Ci'cer arieti'num.
CHICKWEED. Alsi'ne.
CHICORY. Succory, or wild Endive
(Cicho'riwn i'ntylus). Cultivated for use
in salads, and for its roots, to roast foi
use like coffee.
Soil and Situation. -Like Endive, for
the main crops it requires a rich, ligh
soil, and for the earlier sowings a moister
one, in every instance having an open
situation allotted to it.
Sowing must be annually ; for, although
it is a perennial, yet, after being cut from
two or three times, the leaves become
bitter and worthless. Sow from the be-
ginning of March, and at intervals, to
,he end of June, or early in July. Sow
moderately thick, in the same manner as
3ndive, the directions for cultivating
which are equally applicable in every other
particular.
Cultivation. When the plants begin
to cover the ground, thin to nine inches
apart; and those removed plant out
at similar distances. If the leaves grow
very luxuriant, and shade the roots
much, they must be cut off within an
nch of the ground. Those grown from
sowings antecedent to June, when of
nearly full growth (which they arrive at
in about four months from the insertion
of the seed), must have all their leaves
trimmed away, so as not to injure their
hearts, and then covered over thick with
sand, ashes, or long litter. By this
treatment, those fresh leaves which are
produced are blanched and crisp, losing
their bitterness. Those from the sow-
ings of June and July must, at the end
of September, or early in October, be
raised, and planted very close, by the
dibble, in pots or boxes, having their
leaves trimmed as before directed, and
their roots shortened, previous to plant-
ing. "Water must be given moderately
in dry weather, until they are estab-
lished ; and shelter, if frosts occur, by a
light covering of litter. When well
rooted, they may be removed into the
cellar, or other place, where the light
can be completely excluded from them,
to blanch for use as wanted, which
change will be effected in six or seven
days. Succory will bear a temperature
of 60, but thrives better in a rather
lower one.
If the roots are vigorous, they will
bear cutting two or three times, after
which they are unproductive.
To obtain Seed, a few plants must be
left in the open ground of the June sow-
ing. They bear the severity of winter
without protection, and shoot up in the
spring, running to seed about May.
CHILI PEPPER. Ca'psicum.
CHILO'DIA. (From chcilos, a lip, and
odous, a tooth; the lip of the flower being
toothed. Nat. ord., Labiates [Lamiacese].
Linn., Ik-Didynamia I-Gymnospermia.
Allied to Prostranthera.)
Greenhouse evergreen shrub ; cuttings of young
shoots set firm in sand, under a bell-glass ; peat
CHI
[211]
CHI
and loam. Summer temp., 55 to 75; winter,
40 to 45.
C. austru'lis (southern). 3. Violet. July. N.
Holland.
scutellurioi'des (scutellaria-like). 2.J. Violet.
N. S. Wales. 18:28.
CHILD 'PSIS. (From cheilos, a lip, and
opsis, like ; referring to the irregular
lobes of the corolla. Nat. ord., Bigno-
niads [Bignoniaceee]. Linn., \k-Didy-
namia 2-Anyiospermia. Allied to Catalpa.)
Greenhouse evergreen shrub ; cuttings of half-
ripened shoots in sand, under a bell-glass, in
bottom-heat; peat and fibry loam. Summer
temp., 60 to 90; winter, 48 to 55.
C. linea'ris (narrow-leaved). Rose. May. Mexico.
1825.
CHIMA'PHILA. (From cheima, winter,
and phileo, to love ; these little plants
being green all winter. Nat. ord., Win-
lergreens [Pyrolacese]. Linn., IQ-Decan-
dria 1-Monoyynia.)
Hardy herbaceous perennials ; divisions and
suckers ; peat and sandy soil.
C. corymbo'sa (corymbose-flowered'), jj. White.
June. N. Amer. 1762.
macula 1 ta (spotted-leaved). . Pink. June.
N. Amer. 1752.
CHIMONA'NTHUS. (From cheima, win-
ter, and (Dithos, a flower ; referring to
the time of flowering. Nat. ord., Caly-
canths [Calycanthacece]. Linn., 12-/co-
sandria 3-2Vijfynfa.)
Half-hardy deciduous shrub ; layers made in
the beginning of autumn ; seeds sown in March,
in a gentle hotbed ; deep, rich, sandy loam ; re-
quires a wall in moat places, but, from its scent,
should be admitted, during winter, to the green-
house.
C. fra' grans (fragrant). 6. Yellow, red. De-
cember. Japan. 1766.
grundiflo'rus (large-flowered). 8. Yellow.
December. China.
pumiflo'rus (small-flowered). 8. Pale
yellow. December. Japan. 1818.
CHINA-ASTEE. See CALLISTE'MMA.
CHINESE EOSE. Hibi'scus ro'sea Sine'nsis.
CHIOCO'CCA. Snowberry. (From chion,
snow, and kokos, a berry. Nat. ord.,
Cinchonads [Cinchonaceee]. Linn., 5-
Pentandria \-Monogynla. Allied to Psy-
chotria.)
The roots of C. angui'fuga and denslfo'lia are
eaid to be a certain cure for serpert-bites in
Brazil. Stove evergreen shrubs. Cuttings in
sand, under a glass, in hotbed. Peat and loam,
bummer temp., 60 to 80 ; winter, 48 to 55.
C. angui'fuga (snake-defeating). 3. White. July.
Brazil. 1824.
densiflo'ra (thickly-flowered). 3. White. Brazil.
racemo'sa (racemed). 6. White. February.
Jamaica. 1729.
CHIONA'NTHUS. Fringe-tree. (From
chion, snow, and anthns, a flower. Nf>i.
ord., Olive warts [Oleacese]. Linn., 2-
Diandria \.-Monogynia.)
Fine hardy shrubs for peat-bogs, in a sheltered
situation. Seeds imported, sown in spring;
layers made in summer; and grafting on the
common ash. Deep, moist, sandy loam. The
East Indian species requires the heat of a stove.
C. axilla'ris (axil-flowering). 7. White. June.
E. Ind. 1810.
mari'tima (sea-side). 10. White. June. N.
Amer. 1736.
Virgi'nica (Virginian). 30. White. June.
N. Amer. 1736.
angustifo'lia (narrow-leaved). 30. White.
June. N, Amer.
latifu'lia (broad-leaved). 30. White. June.
Carolina.
CHIEI'TA. (From cheryta, the Hindo-
stanee for the Gentian-plant. Nat. ord.,
Gesnerworts [Gesneracese]. Linn., 14-
Didynamia %-Anc/iospermia.)
Stove evergreens, except C. Sine'nsis. Seeds
sown in a hotbed, in spring, and cuttings in
March and April, in sandy peat, under a bell-glass.
Teat and loam. Summer temp., 55 to 80;
winter. 40 to 45.
C. Moo'nii (Mr. Moon's), 2. Pale purple. July.
Ceylon. 1847.
Sine'nsis (Chinese). . Lilac. July. China,
1813. Greenhouse evergreen.
Walke'riee (Mrs. General Walker's). lj. Pale
yellow. Ceylon. 1845.
Zeyla'nica (Ceylon). 1$. Purple. June.
Ceylon. 1845.
CHHIO'NIA. (A classical name, after
Chiron, one of the centaurs, fabled to be
the father of medicine. Nat. ord., Oen-
tianworts [Gentianacese]. Linn., 5-Pen-
tandria \-Monogy nict.)
Greenhouse evergreens, from the Cape of Good
Hope. Cuttings in sandy peat, under a bell-
glass. Peat, three parts; loam, one part; all
fibry, with a little sand and charcoal, and good
drainage. Winter temp., 40 to 45.
C, angustifo'lia (narrow-leaved). 1. Red. July.
1800.
bacci'fera (berry-bearing). 2. Yellow. June.
1/59.
decussa'ta (cross-leaved). 1$. Red. July.
1769-
floribu'nda (abundant-flowering). 1. Rose.
May. 1842.
frufc'scxtis (shrubby). 1$. Red. July. 1756.
albiflo'ra (white-flowered). l. White.
July. 1756.
glutino'sa (clammy). 3. Red, lilac. 1844.
jasminoHdes (jasmine-like). 2. Purple. May.
1812.
linoi'des (flax-like). 2. Red. August. 1787-
lychnoi'des (lychnis-like). 2. Purple. May.
1816.
nudicau'lis (naked-stemmed). 1. Purple.
July. 1816.
peduncula'ris (long-flower-stalked). 3. Pur-
ple. July. 1830.
serpylifo'lia (wild-thyme-leaved). 1. Yellow.
August. 182fl.
tetrago'na (four-angled). 1. Yellow. Jiuy
1824.
CHITO'NIA. CF rom chiton, a coat or
CHI
[212 ]
CHO
mail; the seeds, when dry, bearing a
rough or scabrous exterior. Nat. ord.,
Bean-capers [Zygophylacese] . Linn., 10-
Decandria l-Monogynia.)
Stove evergreens. Cuttings in sand, in heat,
in April. Peat and loam. Summer temp., 60
to 80 ; winter, 45 to 55.
C. a'lbicans (\yhite-teflwed). 10. White. Mexico.
1815.
Fothergi'lla (Fothcrgill's). 20. Purple. S.
Amer. 1815.
macropliy'lla (large-leaved). 10. White.
Trinidad. 1820.
pyramida'lis (pyramidal). 3. White. July.
Trinidad. 1817.
Tamo'nia (Tamonia). 12. Purple. W. Ind.
1815.
CHIVE or GIVE (A'ttiumschasnopra'sum)
is used as a very superior substitute for
young onions in spring salading. A
single row, a few yards long, will supply
a family.
A light, rich soil is most suitable.
Plant together eight or ten of the off-
sets of the bulbs, in March or April, in
rows ten inches apart, and as many from
patch to patch. By autumn they mul-
tiply into large-sized bunches, and, if
required, may be taken up as soon as the
leaves decay, and be stored as a substi-
tute for the onion. The leaves, which
are fit for use as long as they remain
green, must, when required, be cut down
close to the ground, when they will
speedily be succeded by others.
CHLIDA'NTHUS. (From dideios, deli-
cate, and anthos, a flower. Nat. ord.,
Amaryllids [Amaryllidacea3]. Linn., 6-
Hexandria l-Monogynia. Allied to Cli-
nanthus.)
A half-hardy bulb, with sweet-scented flowers.
It requires fertile loam in a warm border, and to
be taken up on the approach of frost, and kept
dry, in a pot of sand, till April, when its nume-
rous offsets should be removed, to enable the
bulb to flower well. Offsets; sandy peat and
fibry loam.
C.fra'grans (fragrant). 1. Yellow. June.
Buenos Ayres. 1820.
C.^LOA'NTHES. (From chloa, greenish-
yellow, and anthos, a flower ; in reference
to its greenish flowers. Nat. ord., Ver-
benas [Verbenacese]. Linn., 14c-Didyna-
mia 3-Angiospermia. Allied to Lantana.)
Greenhouse evergreens, from New Holland.
Cuttings of young shoots in sandy soil, under a
glass ; fibry loam, and turfy, sandy peat. Winter
temp., 40 to 45.
C. glandulo'sa (glandulous). 2. Green, yellow.
July. 1824.
rosmarinifo'lia (rosemary-leaved). 2. Green,
yellow. July. 1823.
sttffcAddis (stsechas-like). 2. Green, yellow.
uly. 1822,
CHLO'RA. Yellowwort. (Fiom chloros,
greenish-yellow. The flowers of G. per-
folia'ta, a British plant, are yellow, and
turn green when dried. Nat. ord., Gen-
tianworls [Gentianacese], Linn., S-Oc-,
tandria l-
The leaves of these plants are a good substitute
for Gentian. Hardy annuals. Seed sown in
April, in the open border.
C. imperfoliu'ta (leaf-unstem-pierced). Yellow.
June. Italy. 1823.
perfoliu'ta (leaf-stem-pierced). Yellow. June.
Britain.
sero'tina (Izte-jlowering). 1. Yellow. No-
vember. South of Europe. 1832.
CHLORIDE OF LIME, or BLEACHING
POWDER, is composed of chlorine, 36.23,
lime, 36.77. Exposed to the air, it is
converted into chalk and muriate of lime,
a salt vrhich absorbs moisture from the
air very powerfully. By this conversion
it becomes a useful addition to soils ;
and, as it also gives out some chlorine
gas, so offensive and destructive to insects,
it lias been suggested as a useful appli-
cation to the land at the time of turnip-
sowing. It is also useful as a disinfectcr,
and for sprinkling about stable-floors, to
fix the ammoniacal fumes.
CHLORO'XYLON. (From chloros, green-
ish-yellow, and xylon, wood. Nat. ord.,
Cedrelads [Cedrelaceae]. Linn., 10-Z>e-
candria l-Monogynia. The Satin-wood is
from the trunk, and the wood-oil of India
is from the leaves of C. Swiete'nia.}
Stove evergreen tree. Cuttings of ripe shoots
in sand, under a glass, and in heat ; loam and
peat. Summer temp. ,60 to 80; winter, 50 to 55.
C. Swiete'nia (Van Swieten's). 50. White. E.
Ind. 1820.
CHOCOLATE NUT. Thcobro'ma.
CHOI'SYA. (Named after M. Choisy, a
botanist of Geneva. Nat. ord., Rueworts
[Kutaceae]. Linn., 10-Decandria 1-
Monogynia.)
Stove evergreen, cultivated like Chloroxylon.
C. terna'ta ' v three-leafleted). 6. White. July.
Mexico. 1825.
CHOME'LIA. (Named after Dr. Chomel,
physician to Louis XV. Nat. ord., (7m-
chonads [CinchonaceasJ. Linn.,4-7 T e<rw-
dria l-Monogynia. Allied to Ixora.)
Stove evergreen shrubs, cultivated like Chlo-
roxylon.
C.fascicula'ta (bundle -flowered). 5. White.
W. Ind. 1825.
spino'sa (spiny). 12. White. W. Ind. 1/93.
CHONEMO'RPHA. (From chone, a fun-
nel, and morpha, form ; the flowers being
funnel-form. Nat. ord., Dogbanes [Apocy-
CKO
[ 213 ]
CHK
r.acese]. Linn., 5-Pcntandria \-Mono-
'jynia. Allied to Rhyncospermum.)
Stove evergreen shrub. Cuttings of rather
firm young shoots in sand, under a glass, and in
h?at ; peat and loam. Summer temp., 60 to 85 ;
winter, 55 to 60.
C. pube'scens (downy). White. May. E. Ind.
1822.
CHORE'TIS. (From choros, to unite in
chorus ; this genus being an intermediate
link between Hymenoca'Uis and Isme'ne.
Nat. ord., Amaryllids [Amaryllidacese],
Linn., Q-Hexandria l-Monogynia.)
The bulbs are half-hardy, and require to rest
from the end of summer till March. Like the
Peruvian Daffodils (Isine'ne), they require very
light, sandy soil. The flowers are very beautiful
Sire white, with a green eye and greenish stripe,
ivision of bulbs; peat and loam, Summer
temp., 60 to 80; winter, 48 to 85.
C. Galvestonie'nsis (Galveston Bay). 1. White.
Texas.
glau'cti (milky-green). 1. White. July.
Mexico. 183/.
CHORI'SPORA. (From choris, separate,
and spora, a seed; the seeds being di-
vided from each other in the pods. Nat.
ord., Crucifers [Brassicaceffi]. Linn., 15-
Tetr adynamia. Allied to Cakile.)
Hardy annuals. Only one worth notice. Seeds,
sown at the end of March ; common soil.
C. tent'lln (slender). . Purple. June. Siberia.
1780.
arcua'ta (bowed). . Purple. June.
Siberia.
CHORO'ZEMA. (From choros, a dance,
and zema, a drink. The party who dis-
covered the first of these beautiful flowers,
in New Holland, danced for joy at finding
fresh water in its neighbourhood. Nat.
ord., Leguminous Plants [Fabacese].
Linn., \Q-Decandria I-Monogynia.}
Greenhouse evergreens, from New Holland.
Seeds sown in a slight hotbed, in March, give the
best plants ; cuttings of firm, short side-shoots
may be taken off any time before midsummer,
and inserted in sand, under a bell-glass; peat,
three parts ; fibry loam, one part; sand and char-
coal, one-half part each. Summer temp., 55 to
70; winter, 45 to 50.
C. angustifo'lia (narrow-leaved). Yellow, red.
March. 1830.
corda'ta (heart-shaped. leaved). 2. Red. April.
Dickso'ni (Mr. Dirkson's). 3. Scarlet, yellow.
July. 1836.
Henchma'nni (Henchmann's). 2. Scarlet.
May. 1824.
Hupe'lii (Hugel's). 2. Blue. May.
ilicifo'lia (holly- leaved). 2. Yellow, red.
August. 1803.
Lawrencia'na (Mrs. Lawrence's). 3. Orange.
Spring. 1845.
macrophy'lla (large-leaved). Red. April.
mucrona'ta (sharp-pointed). 3. Deep orange.
Spring. 1845.
na'na (dwarf), f. Yellow, red. April. 1803.
cva'tc (egg-shaped). 1. Scarlet. August. 1830.
| C. platylohioi'des (platylobium - like). Yellow.
May. 1825.
I rho'mbea (diamond-feared). 2. Yellow. May.
1803.
sra'ndens (climbing). Yellow. March. 1824.
Spartioi'des (Spartium-like). . Yellow, red.
August. 1832.
specta'bilis (showy). 2. Orange, red. March.
1840.
triangula're (three-angled). J. Scarlet. April.
1830.
va'ria (various- 1 caved). 4. Orange, red.
March. 1839.
grandiflo'ra (large-flowered). 3. Orange.
Spring. 1844.
CHRISTMAS EOSE. Hellebo'rus ni'ger.
CHRIST'S THORN. Paliu'rus.
CHRYSA'NTHEMOTI. (From chrysos,
gold, and artthos, a flower. Nat. ord.,
Composites [Asteraceee]. Linn., 19-Syn-
genesia 2-Superflua.}
Hardy plants. Annuals by seed sown in the
border, in April, or in a slight hotbed, at the end of
March, and transplanted ; perennial herbaceous
species by seed and division of roots, in autumn
or spring; the garden-varieties of Sine'nse by
divisions and cuttings, in March and April, giving
them light, rich soil ; and to do these full justice,
planting them against a wall, or blooming them
under glass, giving plenty of manure-water after
the bloom-buds appear. The shrubby kinds are
increased by cuttings and divisions, and require a
little aid in winter, in a frame, cold pit, or cool
greenhouse.
C. absinthiifo'lium (wormwood-leaved). 1. White.
Siberia. 1824.
Achi'llece (milfoil-teat^). 1. White. July.
Italy. 1775.
ano'malum (anomalous). 1. White. June.
Spain. 1811.
a'rcticum (arctic). White. July. Kamt-
schatka. 1801.
arge'nteum (silver-leaved). 1. White. July.
Levant. 1/31.
atra'tum (blackened-/eaw0 1. White. July.
Austria. 1731.
loba'turn (lobed). f. White. July.
Switzerland. 1819-
carina'tum (keeled). 2. White, purple. Au-
gust. Barbary. 1796.
corona'rium (garland). 4. Yellow. August.
Sicily. 1629.
daucifo'lium (carrot-leaved). 1. White. July.
1820.
graminifo' Hum (grass -leaved). 1. White.
June. Montpelier. 1739.
heterophy' Hum (various-leaved). 1. White.
July. Switzerland. 1806.
1'ndicum (Indian). 2. Yellow. September.
China.
Ita'licum (Italian). 2. Pale yellow. June.
Italy. 1796.
lanceola'tum (spear-head-/eaed). . White.
June. Hungary. 1817.
leuca'nthemum (white-flowered). 2. White.
June. Britain.
Mexica'num (Mexican). 1. White. August.
Mexico. 1825.
Montpelie'nse (Montpelier). 1. White. July.
Montpelier. l/3p.
monta'ainn (mountain). 2. White. June.
France. 1/C'J.
| -afyeo'ni(Mycon'*}. 1. Yellow. July. Italy. 1775.
CHR
[214]
CHR
C. paludo'sum (marsh). l. White. June
Barbary. 1810.
perpuni'llum (very small). 1. White. June
France. 1825.
pinnati'fidum (leafletcd). 3. White. July
Madeira. 1777.
' pu'milum (dwarf). . White. August. 1806
ra'dicans (rooting- branched). 1. White
July. Spain. 1818.
rotundifo 1 Hum (round-leaved). l. White
June. Hungary. 1817
Rutheni'acum (Russian). $. Pink. June.
Russia. 1827.
se'getum (corn). 1$. Yellow. July, I
tain.
Sine'nse (Chinese). 3. Variegated. October.
China. 1764.
sylve'stre (wood). 2. White. June. 1804.
tanacetifo'lium (tansy-leaved). 1. White.
Asia Minor. 1818.
triparti'tum (three-lobed-feawerf). 3. Yellow.
October. E. Ind. 1800.
CHRYSANTHEMUM as a Florist's Floiver.
This is the C. Sine'nse and its varieties.
Propagation by Cuttings. The best
time is the first week in February. Take
off the young shoots three inches long,
and, with a sharp knife, cut off the lower
leaves; insert the cuttings round the
edge of a five-inch pot, numbering each
kind as they are put in, to prevent mis-
takes. Use a light, sandy loam, with a
thin layer of pure sand on the surface.
Give a gentle watering, to settle the
earth closely to the cuttings. Place
them upon a heated surface of either
coal-ashes or river-sand. Cover them
with a hand-glass, and they will soon
emit roots. When rooted, pot them im-
mediately into small pots, and replace
them under the hand-glasses. As soon
as the roots reach the sides of the pots,
re-pot them immediately. Cramping the
roots in small pots is very injurious.
Then place them either on a shelf near
the glass of a good greenhouse, or, which
is better, place them in a cold frame, well
protected from frost and damp.
By Layers. To procure very dwarf
plants, as soon as the frosts are fairly
passed for the season, plant out in the
open air a few old plants in a row, in an
open situation. Peg down some of the
branches, and, as soon as the flower-buds
appear, plunge as many small pots round
the plants, filled with light, rich earth, as
may be required ; place a branch into
each pot, and give it a gentle twist ; put
a short, hooked peg into each pot, catch-
ing the branch with the hook ; then cover
it with half an inch of soil, and in a
month it will be rooted. Then cut it off
from the parent plant, take up the pots,
and keep them in the shade till fairly;
established. They may then have ano-
ther and final potting, and will be neat
dwarf-plants to place in front of the
taller ones.
By Seeds. The seed must be saved as
soon as it is ripe, and only from such as
are of a fine shape, and bright, clear co-
lour. Sow the seeds in February, very
slightly covered with soil, finely sifted,
in shallow, wide pots. Place them in a
gentle heat, giving very gentle waterings,
when dry, with a fine-rosed watering-pot.
As soon as the seedlings have two or
three leaves each, transplant them singly
into small pots, keeping them in a tem-
perature of 55 to 60; re-pot when re-
quired. Some of them may flower, if
well grown, the same season. Treat them
exactly like the old varieties, and they
will all flower the second year.
Soil. As these plants are gross feed-
ers, they require a very rich compost.
Half light loam, half decayed dung, with
a fourth of peat added, will grow them
strong, and flower them well.
Summer Culture commences in April.
Such as are intended to bloom in pots
should now have large shifts out of their
small pots into three sizes larger. For
cuttings struck the same season, the
blooming-pots should be at least nine
inches' diameter, but for plants a year
older, they should be twelve inches. At
every potting stop all the shoots, to cause
them to branch early, and form dwarf,
compact bushes. Give up stopping at the
last shift, which should not be done later
than the middle of June. Tie the branches
out, so as to give as much room and air
to each as possible, consistent with form-
ing a handsome plant. Thin the buds of
such as are intended for exhibition, to
ause large flowers. During the whole
season of growth give abundance of water.
Every week give them one watering with
iquid-manure. Never allow them to flay
from the first re-potting tip to the finishing
bloom. Water them over head, in hot
weather, at least twice a day. The proper
ituation to place them at this season
from May till they bloom), is on a bed
of ashes or gravel, in an open situation.
As soon as the buds begin to open, re-
move them into the greenhouse, giving
;hem as much space as possible, or the
ower leaves will drop off. Continue an
abundant supply of water till the bloom-
"ng season is over.
Winter Culture. When the flowers are
CHR
[215 ]
CHR
all decayed, cut down the blooming shoots,
and place the pots in a cool pit, giving
only just water enough to keep the plants
alive during the winter ; and, as they are
nearly hardy, they do not require much
protection: a mat or two thrown over the
glass in very severe frost will be quite
sufficient.
These old plants are the best to plant
out in the open border. In the southern
counties Chrysanthemums bloom very
finely, either in the open borders or
against a wall or low paling, and, during
the months of October and November,
make a fine display.
Insects. The green fly is the most
troublesome, and, where it is allowed to
prevail greatly, will quite destroy the
bloom. It is easily destroyed, in the open
air, by dipping the ends of the shoots in
tobacco-water, and, in the greenhouse,
by filling it completely with the smoke of
tobacco.
Diseases. These are such robust,
hardy plants that they are seldom trou-
bled with any diseases. The only one
that is dangerous is mildew on the leaves,
produced by a damp, cold atmosphere
before they are brought into the green-
house. The only remedy is dusting the
parts where it appears with flowers of
sulphur. Brown's fumigator is an excel-
lent one to apply the sulphur with.
CHEYSE'IS. See ESCHSCHO'LTZIA.
CHEYSOBA'CTEON. (From chrysos, gold,
and bactron, a wand ; alluding to the mag-
nificent racemes of C. Ro'ssii. Nat. orcl.,
Lily worts [Liliacese]. Jj.un. t 6-Hexandria
1-Monogynia.)
Half-hardy, perhaps hardy, bulbs.
C. Hoo'kerii (Dr. Hooker's). 2. Yellow. Middle
Island. 1850.
Ro'ssii (Ross's). 2. Yellow. Lord Auck-
land's Islands. 1848.
OHEYSOBA'LANUS. Cocoa Plum. (From
chrysos, gold, and lalanos, an acorn; in
reference to the colour of the drupes, or
berries. Nat. ord., Chrysolalans [Chry-
sobatanacese]. Linn., 12-Icosandria 1-
Monogynia.)
Layers ; also cuttings of half-ripened shoots in
sand, under glass. Loam and peat. Common
greenhouse and cool stove treatment.
C. Ica'co (Icaco). 15. White. W. Ind. 1752.
Stove evergreen.
oblongifo'lius (oblong-leaved). 3. White. May.
Georgia. 1812. Greenhouse evergreen.
CHKYSO'COMA. Goldy-locks. (From
chrysos, gold, and kome, hair ; in reference
to the yellow florets. Nat. ord., Composites
[Asteraceae]. Linn., IQ-Syngenesia 1-'
JE quails. Allied to Solidago.)
Hardy herbaceous species by divisions, in March.
Common soil. Greenhouse species by cuttings of
half- ripe shoots in April, under a glass, in sand.
Loam and a little peat. Winter temp., 35 to
HAEDY HEEBACEOTTS.
C. biflo'ra (two-flowered). 3. Blue. August.
Siberia. 1741.
dracunculoi'des (tarragon-like). 2. Yellow.
August. Siberia.
linosy'ris (fizz-leaved). 2. Yellow. September.
Europe. 1596.
nuda'ta (naked). 2. Yellow. September. Ca-
rolina. 1818.
villo'sa (long-haired-/<?at>ed). 2. Yellow. Au-
gust. Hungary. 1799.
virga'ta (twiggy). 1. Yellow. September. N.
Amer. 1821,
GEEENHOUSE EVEEGEEENS.
C. ctfrnua (drooping). 4. White. July. Cape of
Good Hope. 1712.
cilia'ris (hair-fringed-/eaed). 4. White. Au-
gust. Cape of Good Hope. 1759.
comau'rea (golden-hair). 6. Yellow. July.
Cape of Good Hope. 1731.
denticula'ta (tooth-leaved), 4. Yellow. Au-
gust.
ni' vea (snow- white'). 3. Yellow. July. Cape of
Good Hope. 1816.
pa'tu la (spreading). 3. Yellow. July. Cape of
Good Hope. 1810.
sea.' bra (rugged). 4. White. August. Cape
of Good Hope. 1832.
squama'ta (scaly -stalked). 2. Yellow. May.
N. S. Wales. 1837. Herbaceous.
CHKYSO'GONUH. (From chrysos, gold,
and gonu, a joint; the golden flowers
being borne on the joints. Nat. ord., Com-
posites [Asteraceas]. Linn., 19-Syngenesia
L-JEqualis. Allied to Milleria.)
Hardy herbaceous perennial. Dividing the
roots in spring ; loam, with a little peat and leaf-
mould.
C, Virginia'num (Virginian). 1, Yellow. May.
N. Amer.
CHEYSOPHY'LLUM. Star Apple. (From
chrysos, gold, and phyllon, a leaf; refer-
ring to the colour of the under side of
the leaves. Nat ord., Sapotads [Sapota-
cesB]. Linn., b-Pentandria l-3fonogynia.)
The fruit of C.Caini'to is the Star Apple, an
esteemed Indian dessert-fruit. Stove evergreen
trees; cuttings in sand, under a glass, and in
heat ; peat and loam. Summer temp., 60 to 80;
winter, 60 to 55.
C. angustifo'lium (narrow-leaved). 20* White.
W. Ind. 1819.
arge'nteum (silvery -leaved). 20. White. Mar-
tinique. 1758.
Caini'to (Cainito). 60. White. May. W. Ind.
1737.
cceru'leum (blue-fruited). 40. White.
May. S. Amer. 1737.
Jamaice'nse (Jamaica). 40. White. May.
Jamaica. 1737.
microphy'llum (small-leaved). 30. White.
May. S. Amer. 1800.
CHR
C 216 ]
GIB
C, gla'brum (smooth). 15. White. Martinique.
1823.
macrophy'llum (large-leaved). 100. White.
Sierra Leone. 1824.
monopyre'num (one-stoned). 30. Brown, W.
Ind. 1812.
CHRYSO'PSIS. (From chrysos, gold, and
opsis, a face. Nat. ord., Composites [Aste-
raceae]. Linn., IQ-Syngenesia 1-JEqualis.)
A strong, coarse, hardy herbaceous perennial
for a shrubbery, and will grow in any common
soil; divisions in March.
C. trichophy'lla (hairy-leaved). Yellow. June.
N. Amer. 1827-
CHRYSORRHO'E. (From chrysos, gold,
and rhco, to flow ; referring to their
bright yellow or golden heads of flowers.
Nat. ord., Fringe -myrtles [Chamselaucia-
cese]. Linn., W-Decandria l-Monogynia.
Allied to Chameelaucium.)
Very beautiful little bushes, from New Holland.
They are very scarce, if at all in cultivation. Cut-
tings of firm young shoots, under a bell-glass, in
sandy soil ; cold pit or greenhouse, or with a little
protection, such as a warm wall, might be tried.
C. ni'tens (shining-flowered). Yellow. May.
serra'ta (saw-teawed). Yellow. May. 1841.
CHRYSOSPLE'NIUM. Golden Saxifrage.
(From chrysos, gold, and splcn, spleen ; in
reference to the colour of the flowers,
and the supposed medicinal qualities of
the plant as a slight tonic. Nat. ord.,
Saxifrages [Saxifragacesej. Linn., 10-
Decandria '2-Digynia.}
Hardy herbaceous perennials. Dividing the
roots ; moist situation ; common soil.
C. alternifo'lium (alternate-leaved). 1. Yellow.
April. Britain.
Nepale'nse (Nepaul). 1. Yellow. April.
Nepaul. 1820.
oppositifo' Hum (opposite -leaved). Yellow.
April. Britain.
CHSYSOSTE'HMA. (From chrysos, gold,
and stemma, a crown ; the yellow flowers.
Nat. ord., Composites [Asteraceoa] . Linn.,
19-8yngenesia 3-Frustranea. Allied to
Eudbeckia.)
Hardy herbaceous perennial. Division of the
roots, and seed ; common, light soil.
C. tri'pteris (three-winged). 6. Yellow. Au-
gust. N. Amer. 1837.
CHYMOCA'RPUS. (Better known as
Tropai'olum pentaphy'llum of " THE COT-
TAGE GARDENER ; " but the genus is ac-
knowledged hy botanists, and the mean-
ing of the name is juicy -fruited, in con-
tradistinction to the hard, dry fruit of the
Nasturtium. It is derived from chymos,
juice, and carpos, a fruit.)
Greenhouse perennial climber. Seeds in a
slight hotbed ; cuttings in sandy soil, under a
hand-light, in summer. Sandy loam, with a little
peat.
C. pentaphy'llus (five-leaved). 4. Red, green*
August. Buenos Ayres. 1830.
CHY'SIS. (From chysis, melting ; in
reference to the fused appearance of the
pollen masses. Nat. ord., Orchids [Or-
chidacese]. Linn., 20-Gynandria 1-il/o-
nandria.)
Stove orchids. Offsets ; baskets filled with fibry
peat and potsherds, and kept in a cool, mcis,t
stove.
C. au'rea (golden-flowered). 1. Yellow and
crimson. May, Venezuela. 1834.
bracte'scens (bracteated). 1. White, yellow.
May. Guatimala. 1840.
lee'vis (smooth). Cream, yellow. Guatimala.
CIBO'TIUM. (From kibotion, a small
box ; referring to the form of the seed-
vessels. Nat. ord., Ferns [Polypodiaceso].
Linn., Zk-Cryptogamia I-Filices.}
Division of the roots ; peat and loam ; a warm
greenhouse, or cool stove.
C. Ba'rometz (Barornetz). 6. Brown, yellow.
May. China. 1824. Stove.
Billardie'ri (Billardiere's). 30. Brown. April.
N. Holland. 1824. Greenhouse.
Schie'dei (Schiede's). 6. Brown. Mexico.
1846. Stove.
CIBOUL, or WELSH ONION. (A'llmmjis-
tulo'sum.') A perennial, never forming
any bulb, but sown annually, to be drawn
young for salads, &c. Its strong taste
renders it greatly inferior to the common
onion for this purpose ; but, from its
extreme hardiness, it is good as a winter-
standing crop for spring use.
Varieties. Two varieties are in culti-
vation, the white and the red.
Cultivation. It may be sown at all
times with the onion, and is similarly
cultivated, except that it may be sown
thicker, and only thinned as wanted.
(See ONION.) The blade usually dies
away completely in winter; but fresh
ones are thrown out again in February or
March 
