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COTTAGE RESIDENCES;

A SERIES OF DESIGNS

FOR

RURAL COTTAGES AND COTTAGE-VILLAS,

AND THEIR

GARDENS AND GROUNDS.

ADAPTED TO

NORTH AMERICA.

BY A. J. DOWNING,

AUTHOR OF A TREATISE ON LANDSCAPE GARDENING.

"I long for the preservation of those pure, simple, holy tastes, which have led our country-
men, in all ages, to delight in the pleasant fields, in the pleasant country houses, in the profound
peace of noble woods so favorable to high and solemn musings, and in all those healthful and
animating sports and pursuits that belong to such a life." lloicitt.

ILLUSTRATED BY NUMEROUS ENGRAVINGS.

NEW-YORK AND LONDON:

WILEY AND PUTNAM.

1842.

MAU4 L.IAV.AGIflCUl.TUIfe

Entered according to the Act of Congress, by

A. J. DOWNING,

In the Clerk's office of the Southern District of New-York,
in the year 1842.

NEW-YORK:

William Osborn, Printer,

88 William-street.

WITH SINCERE REGARD,
TO

ROBERT DONALDSON, ESQ,

OF BLITHEWOOD, ON THE HUDSON,
Arbiter elegantiarum.

PREFACE.

A HEARTY desire to contribute something to the im-
provement of the domestic architecture and the rural taste of
our country, has been the motive which has influenced me
in preparing this little volume. With us, almost every man
either builds, or looks forward to building, a home for himself
at some period of his life ; it may be only a log hut, or at
most a rustic cottage, but perhaps also, a villa, or a man-
sion. As yet, however, our houses are mostly either of
the plainest and most meagre description, or, if of a more
ambitious, they are frequently of a more objectionable cha-
racter shingle palaces of very questionable convenience,
and not in the least adapted, by their domestic and rural
beauty, to harmonize with our lovely natural landscapes.

Now I am desirous that every one who lives in the
country, and in a country house, should be in some degree
conversant with domestic architecture, not only because it
will be likely to improve the comfort of his own house, and
hence all the houses in the country, but that it will enlarge
his mind, and give him new sources of enjoyment.

It is not my especial object at this moment to dwell upon
the superior convenience which may be realized in our
houses by a more familiar acquaintance with architecture.
The advantages of an ingeniously arranged and nicely
adapted plan, over one carelessly and ill-contrived, are so
obvious to the reason of every one, that they are self-evi-
dent. This is the ground work of domestic architecture,
recognized as all important by all mankind, and some in-
genuity and familiarity with practical details are only ne-

11 PREFACE.

cessary to give us compact, convenient, and comfortable
houses, with the same mean's and in the same space as the
most awkward and unpleasing forms.

But I am still more anxious to inspire in the minds of
my readers and countrymen more li vely perceptions of the
BEAUTIFUL, in every thing that relates to our houses and
grounds. I wish to awaken a quicker sense of the grace,
the elegance, or the picturesqueness of fine forms that are
capable of being produced in these by Rural Architecture
and Landscape Gardening a sense will not only refine
and elevate the mind, but pour into it new and infinite re-
sources of delight. There are perhaps a few upon whose
souls nearly all emanations of beauty fall impressionless ;
but there are also many who see the Beautiful in nature
and art only feebly and dimly, either from the want of
proper media through which to view her, or a little direc-
tion as to where she is to be found. How many, too, are
there who even discover the Beautiful in a picture or a
statue, who yet fail to admire her rounding with lines of
grace, and touching with shades of harmony all common
nature, and pervading silently ah 1 material forms ! " Men,"
says Goethe, " are so inclined to content themselves with
what is commonest, so easily do the spirit and the sense grow
dead to the impression of the Beautiful and the Perfect,
that every person should strive to nourish in his mind the
faculty of feeling these things by every thing in his power,
for no man can bear to be wholly deprived of such enjoy-
ment ; it is only because they are not used to taste of what
is excellent, that the generality of people take delight in
silly and insipid things, provided they be new. For this
reason, every day one ought to see a fine picture, read a
good poem, hear a little song, and if it were possible,
to speak a few reasonable words."

It is in this regard, that I wish to inspire ah 1 persons
with a love of beautiful forms and a desire to assemble
them around their daily walks of life. I wish them to ap-

PREFACE. Ill

preciate how superior is the charm of that home where we
discover the tasteful cottage or villa, and the well designed
and neatly kept garden or grounds, full of beauty and har-
mony, not the less beautiful and harmonious because sim-
ple and limited, and to become aware that these superior
forms, and the higher and more refined enjoyment derived
from them, may be had at the same cost and with the
same labor as a clumsy dwelling, and its uncouth and ill
designed accessories.

More than all, I desire to see these sentiments cherished
for their pure moral tendency. " All BEAUTY is an out-
ward expression of inward good," and so closely are the
Beautiful and the True allied, that we shall find, if we be-
come sincere lovers of the grace, the harmony, and the
loveliness, with which rural homes and rural life are capa-
ble of being invested, that we are silently opening our
hearts to an influence which is higher and deeper than
the mere symbol; and that if we have worshipped in the
true spirit, we shall have caught a nearer glimpse of the
Great Master whose words, in all his material universe, are
written in lines of Beauty.

And how much happiness, how much pure pleasure,
that strengthens and invigorates our best and holiest affec-
tions, is there not experienced in bestowing upon our homes
something of grace and loveliness in making the place
dearest to our hearts a sunny spot where the social sym-
pathies take shelter securely under the shadowy eaves, or
grow and entwine trustfully with the tall trees or wreathed
vines that cluster around, as if striving to shut out what-
ever of bitterness or strife may be found in the open high-
ways of the world. What an unfailing barrier against
vice, immorality, and bad habits, are those tastes which
lead us to embellish a home, to which at all times and in
all places, we turn with delight, as being the object and
the scene of our fondest cares, labours, and enjoyments,
whose humble roof, whose shady porch, whose verdant

IV PREFACE.

lawn and smiling flowers, all breathe forth to us, in true
earnest tones, a domestic feeling, that at once purifies the
heart, and binds us more closely to our fellow beings.

In this volume, the first yet published in this country de-
voted to Rural Architecture, I am conscious of offering but a
slight and imperfect contribution to this important subject,
which I trust will be the precursor of more varied and
complete works from others, adapted to our peculiar wants
and climate. The very great interest now beginning to
manifest itself in rural improvements of every kind, leads
us to believe and to hope, that at no very distant day our
country residences may rival the " cottage homes of Eng-
land," so universally, and so justly admired.

The relation between a country house and its " sur-
roundings," have led me to consider, under the term Re-
sidences, both the architectural and the gardening designs.
To constitute an agreeable whole, these should indeed
have a harmonious correspondence one with the other ;
and although most of the following designs have not
actually been carried into execution, yet it is believed that
they will, either entirely or in part, be found adapted to
many cases of every day occurrence, or at least, furnish
hints for variations suitable for peculiar circumstances and
situations.

My acknowledgments are due to J. Notman, Esq. Archi-
tect, of Philadelphia, for the architectural portion of
Design IX ; and to Alexander J. Davis, Esq. Architect, of
New-York, for that of Design X, and for a general re-
vision of the architectural drawings and details.

A. J. D.

Botanic Garden and Nurseries,
Newburgh, N. Y., June, 1842.

CONTENTS.

ARCHITECTURAL SUGGESTIONS.

LEADING principles of domestic architecture, and their importance, p. 9.
The principle of utility or Fitness, p. 10. Value of a convenient arrange-
ment, p. 10. Different wants in a cottage, p 12. Labour saving fixtures,
p. 13. The mode of construction, and materials most suitable, p. 16.
Fitness in furniture, p. 19. The principle of Propriety, or Expression of
Purpose, p. 19. Features most characteristic of this expression, p. 20. The
colour of the exterior of cottages, p. 22. Architecture as an art of taste
and imagination, p. 25. Beauty of form. The Principle of Unity, p. 26.
Of Uniformity and Symmetry, p. 27. Of Harmony and Variety, p. 29.
Different styles in architecture, p. 29. Relation of domestic architec-
ture, p. 30. The most suitable styles for this country, p. 32. The
sentiment of architecture, p. 33.

DESIGN I.

A SUBURBAN COTTAGE.

Description of the plan of the house, and its internal arrangements,
p. 36. Remarks on its external effect, p. 38. Details of construction,
p. 39. Chimneys should be placed in the inner walls, p. 40. Estimate,
p. 40. Laying out the garden, p. 41. List of creepers for a trellis, p.
42. Choice fruits for the kitchen garden, p. 43. Training them to a
trellis, p. 44. The ornamental portion, p. 45. Sweet scented shrubs, to
be planted near the windows, p. 46. Border flowers, p. 48. Care
necessary to keep the whole in order, p. 49.

DESIGN II.

A COTTAGE IN THE ENGLISH, OR RURAL GOTHIC STYLE.

Object in view in arranging the interior, p. 50. Explanation of the
plans, p. 51. Beauty of this style of cottage, p. 53. Introduction of the
veranda, p. 53. The chimney-tops, p. 54. Construction and details,
p. 55. Estimate, p. 56. Laying out the garden, p. 56. Trees to be
introduced ; disposing the kitchen garden, p. 59.

VI CONTENTS.

DESIGN III.

A COTTAGE IN THE POINTED, OR TUDOK STYLE.

The situation, p. 61. Size of this cottage suited to the generality of
wants in this country, p. 62. Arrangement of the principal floor, p. 62.
Of the second floor, p. 66. Of the basement, p. 67. Degree of decora-
tion to be employed. The proper materials, p. 69. Introduction of
shutters, p. 69. Finish of the interior, p. 70. Details of the exterior,
p. 71. The dumb waiter described, p. 73. Estimate, p. 74. Arrange-
ment of the grounds, p. 74. Sunk fence, or ha-ha, p. 77. Trees most
in keeping with the place, p. 77. Preparation of the soil for planting
trees, p. 78. Arrangement of trees in the natural style of landscape
gardening, and what constitutes the art, p. 80. Flower beds, p. 80.
List of the finest hardy ornamental trees of foreign and native growth,
suitable for planting in groups and masses, p. 81. List of 42 choice
fruit trees, for the orchard of this design, p. 87.

DESIGN IV.

AN ORNAMENTAL FARM-HOUSE.

Aim in this design, p. 88. Reasons why a farmers' house should be
tasteful, 89. Description of the first floor plan, p. 90. Of the second
floor, p. 91. Why the Rural Gothic style is adopted, p. 91. The mate-
rial considered, p. 92. Details of construction and the estimate, p. 93. The
Ferme Ornee, or ornamental portion of the farm, p. 94. Trees to be
employed for ornament, p. 96. The introduction of hedges, and the best
plants for this purpose, p. 97. Rendering fences ornamental by creepers,
p. 98. Harmonizing the adjacent portions of the farm j list of apples
for the orchard, p. 98.

DESIGN V.

A COTTAGE VILLA IN THE BRACKETTED MODE.

Bold character of this mode of building ; its adaptation to this country,
and to the south, p. 99. The plan of the principal floor, p. 100. Supe-
rior effect of one large apartment for the drawing-room, p. 101. The
second floor and the basement arrangements, p. 102. Variation of this
design as constructed in wood, p. 103. Details ; the chimney and
porch, p. 105 ; the brackets and siding, p. 106. Construction of the
water-closet, p. 107. Estimate, p. 108. Laying out the ground, p. 108.
The ornamental portions, the kitchen and fruit gardens, p. 111. Hints

CONTENTS. Vll

for the detached green-house, p. 112. Treatment of the hill in the rear,
p. 112. Preparation and treatment necessary to produce a fine lawn,
p. 113. The flower-beds cut in the turf, and reasons why this is a superior
method of arranging them, p. 114. List of beautiful Verbenas and
ever-blooming Roses, for these beds, p. 115. Treatment of the long
flower borders, p. 116. List of perennial border flowers, arranged ac-
cording to their height, and period of blooming, p. 117.

DESIGN VI.

AN IRREGULAR VILLA IN THE ITALIAN STYLE, BRACKETTED.

Beauty of irregularity in buildings, and reasons why an irregular
design will be disliked by some, and greatly preferred by others, p. 124.
Elegant domestic features of the Italian style, p. 125. The accommo-
dation of the principal floor of this design, p. 125. Of the chamber floor,
p. 126. Trees in keeping with the style, p. 127. Construction, p. 127.
Estimate, p. 128. Laying out the grounds, p. 123. Natural character
of the situation, and the way in which it should be treated, p. 129.
Advantages of walks made in natural woods, p. 130. The importance
of studying the natural expression of the place, and of making our im-
provements harmonize with it, p. 131. The orchard and fruit garden,
p. 132. List of the finest varieties of fruit, p. 133. Hints for their
cultivation, and for securing them against insects, p. 136.

DESIGN VII.

AN IRREGULAR COTTAGE IN THE OLD ENGLISH STYLE.

Character of the old English cottage, and reasons why it should only
be built in appropriate situations, p. 137. Domestic expression, the
characteristic of this style, p. 138. Examination of the interior, p. 138.
Fitting up and furnishing, p. 139. Plan of the chamber story, p. 140.
Construction and details, p. 142. Care necessary in executing a design
of this kind, p. 143. Estimate, p. 144. Laying out the grounds, p. 144.
Mode of thinning out a wooded surface, p. 146. Management of the
walks, p. 147. An irregular flower garden, p. 148. A cottage in the
same style, suitable as agate lodge to this residence, or for a small family,
p. 149. Beauty of vines and climbing plants on cottages, p. 150.

DESIGN VIII.

A VILLA IN THE ITALIAN STYLE.

Grecian and Italian architecture compared ; characteristic quality of
the latter, p. 151. Situation suitable for this villa. The terrace ; its

Vlll CONTENTS.

beauty and utility ; union between the house and grounds, p. 153 ; exte-
rior features, p. 153 ; of the second floor, p. 154. Comparative cost, and
the facility of making additions to buildings in the Italian style, p. 155.
Construction and details, p. 156. Estimate, p. 157. Arrangement of
the grounds, p. 157. The architectural flower garden described, p. 185.
Elegant effect of vases, etc., in connexion with garden scenery, p. 160.
Pedestals for vases, p. 161. Details of the garden ; construction and
supply of the fountain, p. 162.

DESIGN IX.

A COTTAGE IN THE ITALIAN OR TUSCAN STYLE.

Description of this cottage ; the principal floor, p. 164. The second
oor, and basement accommodation, p. 165. Arrangement of the ground,
with a view to combine utility and beauty, p. 166. The orchard and
kitchen garden, p. 167. Attached conservatory, p. 170.

DESIGN X.

A VILLA IN THE GOTHIC, OR POINTED STYLE.

Character of the exterior, p. 171. Complete interior arrangement,
p. 172. The dining, drawing-room and library, and other apart-
ments of the principal floor, p. 172. The second floor and basement
accommodation, p. 173. Estimate, p. 174. Arrangement of the grounds ;
treatment of the approach, p. 175. Care and judgment necessary in
opening a wooded surface, p. 177.

ADDENDA.

Cements for the exterior of buildings, p. 179. Building contracts,
p. 182. Employment of architects and professional men, p. 185.

COTTAGE RESIDENCES.

ARCHITECTURAL SUGGESTIONS.

" True Taste is an excellent economist. She confines her choice to few objects,
and delights to produce great effects by small means ; while False Taste is forever
sighing after the new and rare; and reminds us, in her works, of the scholar of
Appelles, who, not being able to paint his Helen beautiful, determined to make her
fine."

THERE are certain leading principles connected with
architecture, which earnestly demand our attention on the
very threshhold of the subject. In an indefinite manner
they are, perhaps, acknowledged by all intelligent minds,
but they are only distinctly and clearly understood by
those, who, having analyzed the expressions or characters
inherent in various forms and modes of building, have
traced the impressions derived, whether of utility or beauty,
to their proper origin. When the mind has arrived at this
point, the satisfaction it enjoys in an admirable work, is
proportionably greater; in the same manner (though in
less degree) as the ' devout astronomer' enjoys, with a far
more intelligent and fervent rapture, his starry gaze, than
the ignorant eye that sees only a myriad of lights hung
above to dispel the gloom of midnight.

As the first object of a dwelling is to afford a shelter to

10 COTTAGE RESIDENCES.

man, the first principle belonging to architecture grows
out of this primary necessity, and it is called the principle
of FITNESS or usefulness. After this, man naturally desires
to give some distinctive character to his own habitation, to
mark its superiority to those devoted to animals. This
gives rise to the principle of Expression of PURPOSE.
Finally, the love of the beautiful, inherent in all finer natures,
and its exhibition in certain acknowledged forms, has
predated the principle of the expression of Style. In other
words, all these principles may be regarded as sources of
beauty in domestic architecture ; Fitness being the leauty
of utility ; Expression of purpose, the beauty of propriety ;
and Expression of Style, the beauty of form and sentiment,
which is the highest in the scale. We shall say a few
words in illustration of our ideas on each particular
division.

Fitness, or use, is the first principle to be considered in
all buildings. Those indeed who care little for any other
character in a dwelling, generally pride themselves upon
the amount of convenience they have been able to realize
in it ; and nothing could be in worse taste than to embellish
or decorate a dwelling-house which is wanting in comfort,
as the beautiful is never satisfactory when not allied with
the true.

In a dwelling-house, our every day comfort is so en-
tirely dependant on a convenient arrangement of the rooms,
or plan of the interior, that this is universally acknow-
ledged to be the most important consideration. To have
the principal rooms or apartments situated on the most fa-
vourable side of the house with regard to aspect, in order
that they may be light, warm, or airy, and, in respect to

COTTAGE RESIDENCES. 11

view, that they may command the finest prospects, are
desiderata in every kind of dwelling. In all climates the.
stormy quarters are the worst aspects, and the fair weather
quarters the best ones. Thus in the middle states a
south-west aspect (all other things being equal) is the best
for the finest rooms, and a north-east the most disagreeable.
In hot climates, a north exposure may be agreeable on
account of its coolness, but in all temperate latitudes, a
southern one is more desirable for the entire year.

In arranging the different apartments of a cottage or
villa, great variations will naturally arise out of peculiar
circumstances, mode of living, or individual wants of the
family by whom it is to be inhabited. Thus, a small
family living a secluded life, or one composed of infirm
persons, would prefer to have their sleeping apartments,
their kitchen, and other conveniences, on the same floor with
the parlour or living room, even at the expense of one or
two handsome rooms, for the sake of the greater convenience
in conducting domestic affairs, and the greater ease and
comfort thereby realized. On the other hand, a family
fond of social intercourse, and accustomed to entertain
moderately, would greatly prefer, in a cottage or villa of
moderate size, to have several handsome apartments, as a
drawing-room, library, dining-room, etc., occupying almost
exclusively the principal floor, placing the kitchen and its
offices in the basement, and the bedrooms in the second
story. This arrangement would perhaps be less convenient
in a few respects for the family, but it would be more
elegant and more satisfactory for the kind of residence in-
tended each department of the house being complete in
itself, and intruding itself but little on the attention of the

12 COTTAGE RESIDENCES.

family or guests when not required to be visible, which is
the ideal of domestic accommodation. A kitchen on the
first floor has the advantage of being more accessible, and
more completely under the surveillance of the mistress of the
house, but, on the other hand, it is open to the objection of
being occasionally offensive in the matter of sound, sight,
and smells, unless, in the case of large houses, where these
may be excluded by long passages and double doors.
Some families have a decided literary taste, and to them a
library would be an indispensable apartment, while others,
caring less for books, would in the same space prefer a
bedroom. We mention these circumstances to show in
what a relative sense the term fitness, as regards accom-
modation, must be used, and how many peculiar circum-
stances must be considered before we can pronounce de-
cidedly upon the merits or demerits of a plan. What
may be entirely fit and convenient for one, would be con-
sidered quite unsuitable for another. Hence the great
difficulty of arranging plans exactly suited to all wants.
And hence the importance of all persons, and especially
ladies, who understand best the principle of conve-
nience, acquiring some architectural knowledge. There
are doubtless many desiring to build a cottage, who
will find no one of the plans hereafter submitted pre-
cisely what they want, and this will be found to arise
mainly from their having certain peculiar wants growing
out of their habits, or position, for which no artist, not
familiar with them, could possibly provide.

There are some rules of fitness of nearly universal appli-
cation. Thus a dining-room should obviously have con-
nected with it, either a pantry or a large closet, or both :

COTTAGE RESIDENCES. 13

and it should be so placed as to afford easy ingress and
egress to, and from the kitchen. The drawing-room,
parlour, or finest apartment, should look out on the most
beautiful view, either over a distant prospect, if there be
such, or, if not, upon the fine home landscape of trees, lawn,
or flower-garden. A library may occupy a more secluded
position, and requires less attention to outward circum-
stances, as the materiel from whence it dispenses enjoy-
ment is within itself. Again, there are other minor points
more generally understood, which may be considered
under this principle, and to which we need scarcely allude.
Among these are the construction of proper drains to the
kitchen and basement, the introduction of water pipes,
cisterns, etc. A bathing room requires little space, and
may be easily constructed in any cottage, and its great im-
portance to health renders it a most desirable feature in all
our houses. No dwelling can be considered complete
which has not a water-closet under its roof, though the
expense may yet for some time prevent their general intro-
duction in small cottages.

In a country like ours, where the population is compara-
tively sparse, civil rights equal, and wages high, good
servants or domestics are comparatively rare, and not
likely to retain their places for a long time. The maximum
of comfort, therefore, is found to consist in employing the
smallest number of servants actually necessary. This
may be greatly facilitated by having all the apartments
conveniently arranged with reference to their various uses,
and still further by introducing certain kinds of domestic
labour-saving apparatus to lessen the amount of service re-
quired, or to render its performance easy. Among those

14 COTTAGE RESIDENCES.

which we would, from experience, especially recommend
for cottages, are the rising cupboard or dumb waiter, the
speaking tube, and the rotary pump.

The rising cupboard is only required in the case of a
basement kitchen, and, in this instance, it will be found to
render the labour of carrying the dinner to and from the
kitchen, much easier than that experienced in bringing it
from a kitchen on the same floor, with less risk of broken
china or dishes. The unsightly appearance of a cupboard
rising through the floor in a corner of the dining-room, is
obviated by having it enclosed by a fixed case, like a small
side-board, and its construction we shall show hereafter.

Speaking tubes are merely common tin tubes one and a
half inches in diameter, terminated by mouth pieces, one
of which is in the kitchen, the other in the desired apart-
ment. They will usually only be required in two rooms,
viz., the dining-room and the family bedroom, and in
constructing the house they may be introduced and led
through the partitions at a very trifling cost. They save
much time and labour, as by their aid we may be able to
communicate our wants in a whisper from the chamber
floor to the kitchen, and have them complied with more
speedily than we should be able in the ordinary mode, by
the use of the bell only, to bring the servant to our room
to learn our wishes.

The rotary pump may be considered as supplying the
place in a cottage of the extensive arrangement of water
pipes introduced in the best mansions for supplying the
upper or chamber story with water. A rotary pump,
placed in some convenient position in the hall of the
chamber floor of a cottage, and communicating by a leaden

COTTAGE RESIDENCES. 15

pipe with a cistern outside, may be said to place an abun-
dant supply of water within a few steps of every bedroom
in that story. This, it is evident, will save much labour in
carrying water daily, to say nothing of the comfort of
having a fresh supply within reach at any moment. The
introduction of a complete set of water pipes in a house is
expensive, and to keep them in repair is a considerable
additional tax, but the comparative cheapness and effici-
ency of the rotary pump, (which is the neatest and most
complete apparatus,) render it, or something of this same
description, an almost indispensable convenience in a cot-
tage of more than one story.

The universally acknowledged utility of closets, renders
it unnecessary for us to say any thing to direct attention to
them under this head. In the principal story, a pantry or
closets are a necessary accompaniment to the dining or
living room, but are scarcely required in connexion with
any of the other apartments. Bedrooms always require
at least one closet to each, and more will be found conve-
nient. One, or sometimes two, may always be provided,
in a chamber having a fire-place, by enclosing the space
on one side of the chimney breast, and in all cottage villas,
or villas of good size, one or two bedrooms should be
provided with dressing-rooms attached, which will be
found to add greatly to the real comfort of the apartment.
Some persons, however, have such a passion for closets,
that they not unfrequently destroy all the merit of a
plan, by cutting up the interior so as to afford them in
abundance. A plan of very moderate size wih 1 perhaps
only afford a few rooms of good size and proportion, which
would be injured or destroyed by cutting off many closets.

16 COTTAGE RESIDENCES.

It is far better to substitute wardrobes, or moveable
closets, than thus to sacrifice all space, and elegance of
arrangement, to convenience.

The mode of construction, and the materials employed,
are also comprised under the head of fitness. In this
country, from the great abundance and cheapness of wood,
it has, until within a few years, been almost the only mate-
rial employed in constructing country houses ; but as
timber has become scarcer in the forest, it has become
dearer, until in many parts of the Atlantic states stone, or
brick, is equally economical. Wood is acknowledged by
all architects to be the worst material for building, and
should never be employed when it is in the power of the
builder to use any other. Its want of durability, the ex-
pense of painting it and keeping it in repair, and its frailness
and liability to decay by the action of the weather, are all
very serious objections to it as a material for dwelling-
houses. A cottage of wood is, from the thinness of the
exterior, necessarily warmer in summer, and colder in
winter, than one built of more solid materials. Filling in
with brick decreases this objection, but does not entirely
remove it. In point of taste, a house built of wood strikes
us the least agreeably, as our pleasure in beholding a
beautiful form is marred by the idea of the frailness of the
material composing that form. We are aware that the al-
most universal prevalence of wooden country houses in
the United States has weakened this impression, but the
strength with which it strikes an European, accustomed to
solidity and permanence in a dwelling, is the best proof of
the truth of our remark. And even in this country, the
change of feeling which is daily taking place on this sub-

COTTAGE RESIDENCES. 17

ject, shows very plainly in how little estimation wood will
be held as a building material, compared with brick or
stone, by the next generation.

Brick is the next best material to wood, and is every
day coming into more general use. The walls formed of
it, if well constructed, have a solidity and permanence ap-
propriate for a dwelling and requiring little cost to keep
them in good repair. The offensive hue of red brick walls
in the country, is easily removed by colouring them any
agreeable tint, which will also render them dryer and more
permanent. Brick-and-stucco (that is, a wall built of rough
bricks and coated exteriorly with a cement) is, when well
executed, one of the best materials for cottages or villas.
It is much warmer and dryer than wood, or even stone,
and is equal to the latter in external effect, when marked
off and coloured to resemble it. We have no doubt that
in a short time it will have a very general preference in
most sections of the country.*

Stone is generaUy conceded to be superior, on the whole,
to any other material for building. This is owing to its
great durability and solidity, both in expression and in
reality ; and to its requiring no trouble to keep it in repair,
as it suffers little or no injury from the action of the ele-
ments.

When houses are built of brick, or stone, the interior
plastering should never be put directly upon the inner

* The common hydraulic cements of New- York are unfit for plastering the ex-
terior of houses, and many persons who have only seen these employed (mixed
perhaps with dirty, instead of sharp, clean, sand) suppose that all cements are
equally liable to crumble by exposure to damp and frost. The cement (or hydraulic
limes) of Connecticut and Pennsylvania are greatly superior for stucco, or external
plaster, becoming, when well applied, nearly as firm and durable as stone.

18 COTTAGE RESIDENCES.

face of the wall, as is sometimes done by careless or igno-
rant mechanics : but the lathing, upon which it is formed,
should always be separated from the solid wall by what is
technically called " furring off," which leaves a space of
two or more inches between the solid wall, and that of
plaster. This vacuity is, of course, occupied by air, which
is a better non-conductor than any wall, prevents effec-
tually the penetration of all dampness, and renders the wall
warmer than would three times the same thickness of
solid material.

When we are necessarily restricted to the employment
of a certain material, both fitness and good taste require
that there should be a correspondence between the material
used and the style adopted for the building. Heavy and
massive architecture, a temple, or a castle, or a mansion,
should be built of stone only, or some solid enduring sub-
stance, but cottages in some light and fanciful styles may
with more propriety be erected in wood, that material be-
ing in harmony with the expression of the form and out-
lines. There cannot well be a greater violation of correct
taste, than to build a Gothic castellated villa with thin
wooden boards. It is a species of counterfeit coin which
will never pass current with cultivated minds. De Tocque-
ville, in his remarks on the spirit in which the Americans
cultivate the arts, says, " when I arrived for the first time
at New-York, by that part of the Atlantic ocean which
is called the Narrows, I was surprised to perceive along
the shore, at some distance from the city, a considerable
number of palaces of white marble, several of which were
built after the models of ancient architecture." His sur-
prise was still greater, however, when he went the next

COTTAGE RESIDENCES. 19

day to inspect the temple that had particularly attracted
his notice, to find that its imposing portico was supported
by huge columns of painted wood !

Something might be said on the subject of fitness, with
regard to the furniture and interior decoration of our
dwelling-houses. There is a great charm about a country
house fitted up or fumished simply, appropriately, and
comfortably. A profusion of mirrors, of gilding, or of
chairs or sofas too magnificent except for show, strikes us
disagreeably amid the freshness, the silence, and simpli-
city of nature, which quietly looks us in the face at every
window of a house in the country.

The expression of purpose in architecture is conveyed by
features in a building, or by its whole appearance, sug-
gesting the end in view, or the purpose for which it is in-
tended. A church, for example, is easily known by its spire,
or a barn by its plain large doors and the absence of chim-
neys, and the reason acknowledges a satisfaction in find-
ing them to be what they appear, or, in other words, with
the truthfulness of their expression. Whatever, therefore,
tends to heighten expression of purpose, must grow out of
some quality which connects itself in the mind with the
use for which it is designed, and a genuine mode of increa-
sing our admiration of any building, is to render it expres-
sive of the purpose for which it is built.

Although, at first thought, it would appear that persons
would be little likely to fall into error in violating the
truthfulness of a building, yet examples do not unfrequently
occur. Some of our dwelling-houses are so meagre and
comfortless in their exteriors, that one might be fairly par-
doned for supposing them barns, and, on the other hand,

20 COTTAGE RESIDENCES.

we have seen stables so decorated with green shutters and
pilasters, that they have actually been mistaken for dwell-
ing-houses. A blind passion for a particular style of build-
ing may also tend to destroy expression of purpose. It
would certainly be difficult for a stranger in some of our
towns, where the taste for Grecian temples prevails, to
distinguish with accuracy between a church, a bank, and
a hall of justice.

Not only should the whole house have a general charac-
ter denoting the end in view, but every portion of it should
be made, as far as possible, to convey the same impres-
sion. The various useful features entering into its com-
position, should all be expressive of the end for which
they are intended, and should appear to answer their pur-
pose. Thus large windows indicate spacious and well
ventilated apartments, and although propriety requires the
windows of the principal rooms to be made larger than
those of the chamber story, yet the latter should not be
shorn of their due proportions so as to be expressive of im-
perfect accommodation. One of the most common errors,
which of late has crept into our suburban builders' heads,
is the introduction of short attic windows into the second
or third story of their houses. However satisfactory such
dwellings may otherwise be, the expression of low and
confined chambers, conveyed by these cramped windows,
destroys all pleasure in contemplating their exteriors.

The prominent features conveying expression of purpose
in dwelling-houses are, the chimneys, the windows, and the
porch, veranda, or piazza ; and for this reason, whenever
it is desired to raise the character of a cottage or villa
above mediocrity, attention should first be bestowed on
these portions of the building.

COTTAGE RESIDENCES. 21

The chimney tops, in all countries where fires are used,
are decidedly expressive of purpose, as they are associated
with all our ideas of warmth, the cheerful fire-side, and
the social winter circle. The learned Bishop Hall says,

" Look to the tower'd chimnies, which should be
The wind-pipes of good hospitalitie."

" In every human habitation," says London, " these chim-
ney tops ought to be conspicuous objects, because they are
its essential characteristics. They distinguish apartments
destined for human beings from those designed for lodging
cattle. They also distinguish a dwelling-house from a
manufactory or workshop, by their size, number, form, or
disposition." As chimney tops are thus so essential a part
of dwelling-houses, we should endeavour to render them
pleasing objects and increase their importance by making
them ornamental. The clumsy mass of bricks should be
enlivened and rendered elegant by varying its form, orna-
menting its sides, and summit, or separating the whole into
distinct flues, forming a cluster, in modes of which there
are a multitude of suitable examples in the various styles
of architecture. The chimney tops generally occupy the
highest portions of the roof breaking against the sky boldly,
and, if enriched, will not only increase the expression of
purpose, but add also the picturesque beauty of the com-
position.

The porch, the veranda, or the piazza., are highly cha-
racteristic features, and no dwelling-house can be consi-
dered complete without one or more of them. The en-
trance door, even in the humblest cottage, should always be
a conspicuous feature in its front, and it may be rendered

22 COTTAGE RESIDENCES.

so, by a porch or veranda of some kind, which will serve
to keep the entrance dry and warm in inclement weather.
In all countries like ours, where there are hot summers, a
veranda, piazza or colonnade, is a necessary and delightful
appendage to a dwelling-house, and in fact during a con-
siderable part of the year, frequently becomes the favourite
lounging apartment of the family. Hence a broad shady
veranda suggests ideas of comfort and is highly expres-
sive of purpose. For the same reason bay or oriel win-
dows, balconies, and terraces, added to villas, increase
their interest, not only by their beauty of form, but by
their denoting more forcibly those elegant enjoyments
which belong to the habitation of man in a cultivated and
refined state of society.

The colour of buildings may very properly be made to
increase their expression of truthfulness. Thus a barn or
stable being regarded entirely in a useful point of view,
may have a quiet, unobtrusive tone of colour, while a cot-
tage or villa should be of a cheerful mellow hue harmoni-
zing with the verdure of the country. A mansion may
very properly have a graver colour than a cottage, to be in
unison with its greater dignity and extent. There is one
colour, however, frequently employed by house painters,
which we feel bound to protest against most heartily, as
entirely unsuitable, and in bad taste. This is white, which
is so universally applied to our wooden houses of every
size and description. The glaring nature of this colour,
when seen in contrast with the soft green of foliage, renders
it extremely unpleasant to an eye attuned to harmony of
colouring, and nothing but its very great prevalence in the
United States could render even men of some taste so

COTTAGE RESIDENCES. 23

heedless of its bad effect. No painter of landscapes, that
has possessed a name, was ever guilty of displaying in his
pictures a glaring white house, but, on the contrary, the
buildings introduced by the great masters have uniformly
a mellow softened shade of colour, in exquisite keeping
with the surrounding objects.*

We shall quote on this subject some remarks in point by
Uvedale Price, whose name is a high authority.t " One
of the most charming effects of sunshine, is its giving to
objects not merely light, but that meUow golden hue so
beautiful in itself, and which, when diffused as in a fine
evening over the whole landscape, creates that rich union
and harmony so enchanting in nature and Claude. In any
scene, whether real or painted, when such harmony pre-
vails, the least discordancy in colour would disturb the
eye : but if we suppose a single object of a glaring white
to be introduced, the whole attention, in spite of all our ef-
forts to the contrary, will be drawn to that one point ; if
many such objects be scattered about, the eye will be dis-
tracted among them. Again, (to consider it in another
view,) when the sun breaks out in gleams, there is some-
thing that delights and surprises, in seeing an object, be-
fore only visible, lighted up in splendour, and then gradu-
ally sinking into shade : but a whitened object is already
lighted up ; it remains so when every thing else has retired
into obscurity; it still forces itself into notice, stih 1 impu-
dently stares you in the face. An object of a sober tint,

To render the effect still worse, our modern builders paint their Venetian win-
dow shutters a. bright green ! A cool dark green would be in better taste, and
more agreeable to the eye, both from the exterior and the interior.
t Essays on the Picturesque.

24 COTTAGE RESIDENCES.

unexpectedly gilded by the sun, is like a serious counte-
nance suddenly lighted up by a smile : a whitened object,
like the eternal grin of a fool." There may be a little sar-
casm in the tone of these remarks, but that they are strictly
true every fine colourist will admit.

As it is difficult to convey in words a proper idea of de-
licate shades of colour, and as we think the subject one of
very great importance in domestic architecture, we have
given specimens on the opposite page of six shades of
colour highly suitable for the exterior of cottages and villas.
A, B, and C, are shades of gray, and E, F, G, of drab or
fawn colour, which will be found pleasing and harmonious
in any situation in the country. Stuccoed or cemented
buildings should be marked off in courses, and tinted to
resemble some mellow stone ; Bath, Portland stone, or
any other of the light free-stone shades, are generally most
agreeable.

A person of correct architectural taste will carry his
feeling of artistical propriety into the interior of his house,
and confer on each apartment, by expression of purpose,
a kind of individuality. Thus, in a complete cottage-villa,
the hall will be grave and simple in character, a few plain
seats its principal furniture ; the library sober and digni-
fied, or bookish and learned in its air ; the dining-room
cheerful, with a hospitable sideboard and table ; the
drawing-room lively or brilliant, adorned with pictures or
other objects in art, and evincing more elegance and gayety
of tone in its colours and furniture. The bedrooms would
be simple, or only pretty, with abundant ventilation, and
ceilings of full height, and not low or contracted.

We have thus sketched the ground work upon which

COTTAGE RESIDENCES. 25

architecture rests, fitness and expression of purpose, but
architecture which goes no further is only a useful, not a
fine art. It is only building. The true artist breathes a
life and soul, which is beauty, into the dead utilitarian ma-
terials, stone and wood, and they speak a language that is
understood as readily as that of animate nature. The
mechanic blocks out the stone from the quarry, he even
gives to it the semblance of the human form, but the
sculptor only moulds the cold marble into a passion or a
sentiment that endures for ages, and strikes men of speech
dumb with its voiceless eloquence. A Greek temple, or
an old cathedral, speaks to the soul of all men as audibly
as could a Demosthenes. Even a Swiss chalet, with its
drooping, shadowy eaves, or an old English cottage, with
its quaint peaked gables, each embodies a sentiment in its
peculiar form, which takes hold of the mind, and convinces
us that, in some way or other, it has a living power. To
reproduce the beautiful in this manner, and to infuse a
spirit and a grace in forms otherwise only admirable for
their usefulness, is the ideal of architecture as an art of
taste, and its inspiration may be seen here and there in
some humble nook-hidden cottage, as well as in the dome
of St. Peters.

As all the satisfaction which the reason experiences in
building as a useful art, arises from fitness, and expres-
sion of purpose, so all the delight which the imagination
receives from architecture as an art of taste, is derived
from beauty of form, and from the sentiment associated with
certain modes of building long prevalent in any age or
country.

Aside from certain styles of architecture, which have

26 COTTAGE RESIDENCES.

received the approbation of all men for their acknowledged
beauty, and which are generally followed by architects,
there are also some leading rules which should govern
us in the composition of buildings in any style, however
simple, because they are inherent sources of beauty, com-
mon to all styles.

The first of these is the principle of Unity, a principle
of the highest importance in all works of art. There
should be an unity of design in all portions of the same
building, showing, by a correspondence of its various parts,
that they all originated in the same mind ; an unity of
forms, producing harmony instead of a discordant whole ;
an unity of style, avoiding the introduction in an established
mode, of any portions or members not in keeping with that
mode ; and an unity of decoration, evinced in the appro-
priate application of enrichment to the whole, rather than
to a single part, of an edifice. These rules of Unity are not
unfrequently violated by architects, but always at the
expense of the beauty and perfection of their works, as no
artist is superior to principles.* The production of a whole
follows as the result of attention to the principles of Unity,
and our pleasure in every work of art is enduring, precisely
in proportion as it forms a perfect whole. Unity is the
principle of Oneness, and its violation always shocks a
tasteful and consistent mind. As an example of the vio-
lation of unity of style, we might refer to a number of
country chapels, or churches, within our knowledge,
where a Grecian portico and Gothic or pointed windows

* " Every opportunity should be taken to discountenance that false and vulgar
opinion, that rules are the fetters of genius ; they are fetters only to men of no
genius." SIR JOSHUA REYNOLDS.

COTTAGE RESIDENCES. 27

occur in the same composition ! Or to illustrate the like
in unity of decoration or of design, how many country
dwellings have we all seen, with a highly elegant colonnade
in front, accompanying bare sides, without the least cor-
responding enrichment in the windows !

The next principles of composition are those of Uni-
formity, and of Symmetry; two words which frequently
pass as synonymous in common language.

Uniformity in building is the repetition of the same forms
in the different portions or sides of a building. "A hut
may be recognised as a work of art, however rude or
anomalous its form ; because, according to human expe-
rience, its sides, its roof, and its door, could never have
been arranged so as to form a hut by chance. Such a hut
is satisfactory as a work of art, but nothing more ; but a
hut in a square form, gives additional satisfaction by the
regularity of its figure ; which gives an idea not only of
art, but of cultivated or improved art. There can be no
doubt, therefore, that the love of regularity is strongly im-
planted in the human mind ; since regularity is the first
principle which displays itself in the works of man, com-
posed with a view to beauty."* Hence, those persons who
have the least taste or imagination, will be found to prefer
a plain square or cube, above all others, for a house, as
being the first principle of beauty which they are able to
discover in architecture.!

* Architectural Magazine, 1, 221.

t As besides this, a square or parallelogram is the most economical form in which
a house can be built, and as a. small house does not easily permit irregularity, we
have adopted it in designing the greater number of cottages which follow, but we
have endeavoured to raise them above mere uniformity, by adding such character-
istic ornaments as give also some variety to the compositions.

28 COTTAGE RESIDENCES.

As Uniformity is the balance of two regular parts, so
the principle of Symmetry may be defined the balance of
two irregular parts ; in other words, Uniformity in works
of art is artistical regularity. Symmetry, artistical irregu-
larity. There are irregular buildings without symmetry,
but in all irregular compositions entirely satisfactory, it
will generally be found that there is a kind of hidden pro-
portion which one half of the whole bears to the other,
and it is this balance which constitutes symmetry.

A building may be highly irregular, it may abound in
variety and picturesqueness, and yet be perfectly symme-
trical. In the annexed rough sketch, (Fig. 1,) the pile of

[Figure 1.]

building represented, which is full of irregularity, is also
symmetrical, for if we divide it by the imaginary line o, the
portion on the right balances that on the left; that is,
though not in shape, yet in bulk and in the mass of com-
position ; while in Fig. 2, which is a uniform or regular
building, the portion to the right balances that on the left
both in form and bulk. Now almost all persons, who have
not cultivated a taste for architecture, or whose organiza-
tions are deficient in this faculty, would prefer a regular

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[Figure 2.]

house to a symmetrically irregular one, because with them
the reason only demands to be satisfied, but with more
cultivated minds the taste and imagination are active, and
call for a more lively and varied kind of beauty, and the
irregular building would be chosen, as affording more in-
tense and enduring pleasure.

As the principles of Harmony, Variety, &c., are intimately
connected with, and may be said to grow out of Unity,
Uniformity, and Symmetry, we shah 1 not in our present
limits offer any remarks upon them.

The different styles in architecture are certain modes of
building, which have had their origin in different countries,
and may be considered as standard forms of architectural
beauty. They have almost, without exception, had their
origin in some lofty enthusiasm of the age, which was
embodied by the master artists of the time, generally in
the enthusiasm of religion. To the pagan gods were
reared the beautiful temples of the Greeks, and, under the
more spiritual influence of Christianity, arose those Gothic
cathedrals, in which the ponderous stone was wrought in the
most exquisite modifications of intricacy and beauty
those cathedrals which, says an eloquent writer, are "a

OU COTTAGE RESIDENCES.

blossoming in stone, subdued by the insatiable demand of
harmony in man." In like manner the oriental style, dis-
tinguished by its mosques and minarets, and the Egyptian,
by its pyramids and cavernous temples, have all had their
origin in the same lofty aspirations of the artist.

All domestic architecture, in a given style, should be a
subdued expression or manifestation of that style, adjusted
to the humbler requirements of the building and the more
quiet purposes of domestic life. Hence it would evidently
be absurd to copy a cathedral, in building a dwelling
in the Gothic style, or a temple in a cottage after the Grecian
mode.

Nearly all the modes of building in modern use may be
referred to two original styles, of which they are only
modifications or varieties, viz., to the Grecian, in which
horizontal lines prevail, and to the Gothic, in which verti-
cal lines prevail ; and there have not been wanting artists
who have caught something of the spirit and beauty of the
original masterpieces of art, and transfused them into the
more domestic styles which have grown out of these, to
suit the wants of civilized life. Thus, although the pure
Grecian style (the temple) was not intended, and is not
suitable for domestic purposes, the Roman and the Italian
styles, which are modified forms of it, are elegant adapta-
tions of its characteristic forms to this purpose. The
Italian style, by its verandas and balconies, its projecting
roofs, and the capacity and variety of its form, is especially
suited to a warm climate.

In the same manner the Swiss, the Flemish, and other
continental modes of building, with exterior galleries, and
wide horizontal cornices, are all variations of this mode,

COTTAGE RESIDENCES. 31

only differing in some peculiar adaptation to the climate of
the country, or the customs of the people.

Neither has the Gothic been confined to the cathedral,
where, as the noblest form, it exists in its grandeur and
purity, but its beauty and picturesqueness have reappeared
in the old English styles of domestic architecture. The
most perfect examples are those of the castles and mansions
of England of the time of the Tudors, but the whole of the
cottage architecture of England is imbued with its spirit,
and the manifestations are every where visible, in quaintly
carved gables or verge boards, wreathed and clustered
chimneys, beautiful windows ornamented with tracery,
and numberless other details, highly expressive and cha-
racteristic.

In adopting any style for imitation, our preference should
be guided not only by the intrinsic beauty which we see
in a particular style, but by its appropriateness to our
uses. This will generally be indicated by the climate,
the site, or situation, and the wants of the family who are to
inhabit it. In a high northern latitude, where it is evident
colonnades and verandas would be unsuitable for most of
the year, the Italian or Grecian styles should not be
chosen, and in a tropical one, the warm, solid, comfortable
features of the old English architecture would not be
necessary or appropriate. In a country like the middle
portions of the United States, where the summers are hot
and the winters cold, there is sufficient latitude for the
adoption of various styles of building, and therefore more
judgment or taste is requisite in the selection.

The different styles of architecture have been very aptly
compared to different languages, employed by various

32 COTTAGE RESIDENCES.

architects to express their ideas, and which, when perfect,
always remain nearly fixed, and best express the wants of
a particular age or country. We may safely carry out
this illustration, and say that the temples and cathedrals
are the orations and epic poems, the dwelling-houses the
familiar epistles, or conversations of the particular styles.

In expressing our architectural ideas by the medium of
a certain style or language, we shall succeed best, and our
efforts will afford most delight, the more nearly we
approach to the nature of the circumstances under which
the style or language originated. Thus, if we talk pure
Greek, and build a Grecian temple for a dwelling, we shall
be little understood, or perhaps only laughed at by our
neighbours. It is not much better in the present day to
recite an epic poem by building a cathedral, or a heroic
one by constructing a castle for our habitation. Let us
rather be more sensible, though not less graceful in our
architectural utterance, and express a pleasant, every-day
language, in an old English mansion, a Rural Gothic cot-
tage, or an Italian villa.

For domestic architecture, we would strongly recommend
those simple modifications of architectural styles, where
the beauty grows out of the enrichment of some useful or
elegant features of the house, as the windows or verandas,
rather than those where some strongly marked features, of
little domestic beauty, overpower the rest of the building.
The Rural Gothic style characterised mainly by pointed
gables, and the Italian, by projecting roofs, balconies and
terraces, are much the most beautiful modes for our
country residences. Their outlines are highly picturesque
and harmonious with nature. Their forms are convenient,

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their accessories elegant, and they are highly expressive
of the refined and unostentatious enjoyments of the country.
We have pointed out in another work the objections that
may fairly be urged against the false taste lately so preva-
lent among us, in building our country houses in the form
of Greek temples, sacrificing thereby the beauty of
variety, much convenience, and all the comfort of low and
shady verandas, to the ambitious display of a portico of
stately columns ; and we are happy to see that the fashion
is on the decline. Let us hope speedily to see in its place
a correct taste springing up in every part of the country,
which shall render our cottage homes beautiful, not by
borrowing the features or enrichments of a temple or
palace, but by seeking beautiful and appropriate forms,
characteristic of domestic life, and indicative of home
comforts.

Not a little of the delight of beautiful buildings to a cul-
tivated mind grows out of the sentiment of architecture, or
the associations connected with certain styles. Thus the
sight of an old English villa will call up in the mind of one
familiar with the history of architecture, the times of the
Tudors, or of " merry England," in the days of Elizabeth.
The mingled quaintness, beauty, and picturesqueness of
the exterior, no less than the oaken wainscoat, curiously
carved furniture and fixtures of the interior of such a
dwelling, when harmoniously complete, seem to transport
one back to a past age, the domestic habits, the hearty
hospitality, the joyous old sports, and the romance and
chivalry of which, invest it, in the dim retrospect, with a
kind of golden glow, in which the shadowy lines of poetry
and reality seem strangely interwoven and blended.

34 COTTAGE RESIDENCES.

So too an Italian villa may recall, to one familiar with
Italy and art, by its bold roof lines, its campanile and its
shady balconies, the classic beauty of that fair and smiling
land, where pictures, sculptured figures, vases, and urns,
in all exquisite forms, make part of the decorations and
" surroundings" of domestic and public edifices. A resi-
dence in the Roman style (more suitable than the Grecian)
may, by its dignified elegance of arrangement and decora-
tion, recall to the classic mind the famed Tusculum retreat
of Pliny. And one fond of the wild and picturesque,
whose home chances to be in some one of our rich mountain
valleys, may give it a peculiar charm to some minds by
imitating the Swiss cottage, or, at least, its expressive and
striking features. A great deal of the charm of architec-
tural style, in all cases, will arise from the happy union be-
tween the locality or site, and the style chosen, and from
the entireness with which the architect or amateur enters
into the spirit and character of the style, and carries it
through his whole work. This may be done in a small
cottage, and at little cost, as well as in a mansion, at great
expense ; but it requires more taste and skill to achieve
the former admirably, although the latter may involve ten
times the magnitude.

DESIGN I,

- ;} U H B A N C o I T A O E

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DESIGN I.

A suburban cottage for a small family*

We have supposed this cottage to be situated in the
suburbs of a town or village, and, for the sake of illustra-
ting the treatment of a small portion of ground, we shall
also imagine it to be placed on a lot of ground 75 feet front
by 150 deep, which, at the time of commencing the building,
has upon it no trees or improvements of any description.

By referring to the plan of the first floor of this cottage,
Fig. 4, the reader will perceive on the left of the hall, the
parlour, or living-room, 16 feet by 22 feet, having in com-
munication with it, a pantry, and a closet for books each
4 feet by 8 feet. On the opposite side of the hall are, the
kitchen 14 feet by 16, and a bedroom 12 feet by 16 feet.
In the plan of the chamber floor, Fig. 5, there are four bed-

trig. 5.]

rooms of good size, and one of small dimensions. Suffi-
cient cellar room will be obtained under the living-room,

36 COTTAGE RESIDENCES.

closets, and hall, and it will not therefore be necessary to
excavate for this purpose under the kitchen and first floor
bedroom ; a circumstance which will lessen the expense
in building the foundation walls.

This simple cottage would be a suitable one for a small
family when the mistress wishes to have the management
of the domestic affairs directly tinder her own personal
care and supervision. In such a case it is indispensable
to have the kitchen on the same floor with the living-room,
though, if possible, not opening directly into it ; as, in such
a case r the smell arising from the cooking would be in un-
pleasant proximity to the latter. We have therefore placed
it on the opposite side of the hall, though but a few steps
from the living-room. In a cottage of this description, the
master and mistress will generally prefer to have their own
bedroom on the first floor, and we have accordingly placed
it opposite the living-room.

Although this cottage is of very moderate size, yet, to
a family of small means, leading a comparatively retired
life, it will afford a great deal of comfort, and even a
considerable degree of taste or neatness. The parlour
or living-room, is comparatively large ; its outline is
agreeably varied by the bay window opposite the fire-
place and the closet of books connected with it, indica-
ting a certain degree of mental cultivation, may very fairly
stand in the place of the library which forms one of the
suite of apartments in a larger cottage or villa. On the
other hand, the pantry opening into the same apartment
renders it equally eligible and convenient as a dining-
room. However large our dwelling-houses may be, inclu-
ding every grade from a cottage to a palace, if they are

COTTAGE RESIDENCES. 37

occupied by a family of moderate size, it will be found that
more than one room is seldom used at a time, and that all
the actual comforts of domestic life may be realized in a
cottage of this class, containing only a single parlour or liv-
ing-room, as well as in a mansion of a dozen apartments.
" I must confess," says Cowley, " I love littleness almost
in all things. A little cheerful house, a little company, and
a very little feast." Whatever is necessary beyond this,
arises either from the desire to enjoy a more luxurious
style of living, or from the wish to entertain a larger circle
of friends. Now as neither of these are supposed to come
within the wishes or means of the inmates of a cottage like
the present, its accommodation will be found ample. And
supposing one or two of the attic chambers occupied by
younger members of the family, and another by a domestic
or domestics, there will still remain a " spare room" which
we shall suppose always neat and clean, ready for the
friend or stranger who may enjoy the cordial welcome of
the cottage.

In building this cottage, the kitchen should be provided
with a brick drain, leading from the sink to some large
drain at a distance from the house, or, in case this is im-
practicable, to a reservoir dug at a distance of thirty or
fifty feet from the house in a gravelly stratum, where the
drainage may lose itself in the soil. This reservoir may
be of the size of a cistern of ordinary capacity, the sides
built up with a dry wall, the top covered by flag
stones, and the whole finally covered by soil. In order to
prevent smells arising to the kitchen from the drain, it
must be provided with a smell-trap, which is easily con-
structed. If the water from the well, or cistern, or both, is

38 COTTAGE RESIDENCES.

introduced by a leaden pipe and small pump into a corner of
the kitchen over the sink, it will add still further to the con-
venience of performing the culinary labour of the dwelling.

As regards external effect, we think this cottage will be
allowed to be very pleasing to the eye. Aside from any
other quality, its uniformity will be a source of satisfaction
to a larger class of persons who do not relish irregularity
in any building. There are also several features entering
into the composition of this cottage, which give it at once
the air of something superior in design to ordinary build-
ings of the same class. The first of these is the veranda,
ornamented by brackets between the supports, which shel-
ters the entrance door and affords an agreeable place both
for walking in damp or unpleasant weather, and to enjoy
a cool shaded seat in the hotter portions of the season.
The second feature, is the projection of the eaves, with the
ornamental eave board, which serves the purpose of pro-
tecting the exterior more completely than any other form
against the effects of storms, and gives character by its
boldness and the deep shadows it casts upon the building.
The chimneys tops are rendered sufficiently ornamental to
accord with the degree of decoration displayed in the other
portions of the cottage ; and something of the bracketted
character is kept up in the dressings of the window and
door-frames. The projecting dormer-window adds beauty
and gives importance to the entrance front.

If we suppose this cottage, stripped of its projecting
eaves, its bracketted veranda, its dormer-window, and the
little decoration visible in the chimneys tops and other de-
tails, we shall have a building in the form of a parallelo-
gram of the very plainest description. Such a building

COTTAGE RESIDENCES. 39

would be distinguishable from a barn or outhouse only by
the presence of chimneys and windows of larger size, and
would convey to the mind no impression whatever of re-
finement in its occupants. By a trifling additional outlay
at the time of building, amounting to from 7 to 10 per cent,
on the whole cost, such a plain dwelling may be made the
ornamental cottage shown in Design L, which we think
would strike every observer as being tasteful and agree-
able to the eye.

Construction. This cottage, being light and somewhat

_ _ fanciful in its character, may be

built of wood filled in with brick.
The roof should project 20 inches
or 2 feet, and the roof of the ve-
randa in proportion. A portion
of this veranda is shown in Fig.
6, and a section of the pillars or
[Fig . 6< ] supports in Fig. 7. z. The or-

namental cornice, which surrounds the
building, is shown more in detail at y ;
the pendant portion being cut out of inch
board, and the points terminated by
acorns turned, and nailed on. The de-
tails y and z 9 are to the scale of one half t Fi s- 7 -]

of an inch to a foot.

Brick-and-cement would be a very suitable mode of
construction for this cottage, as the projecting roof would
afford perfect security for the dryness and preservation of
the walls. In this mode of building the roughest bricks
may be used, and are really preferable, as affording a bet-
ter surface for receiving and retaining the stucco than

40 COTTAGE RESIDENCES.

smooth ones. In many districts, where bricks are easily ob-
tained, this kind of building will be found as cheap as wood.

It will be observed that in this design and the seven
others that follow, we have placed the chimneys in the
interior, not in the exterior walls, a point of considerable
importance, which is greatly overlooked by our builders.
When a stack of chimneys is built in the outer walls, it
seldom continues warm during the whole twenty-four
hours, as it parts with its heat rapidly to the cold external
air. Now as a good draught depends, in a great degree, on
the warmth of the column of air, and this upon the heat of
the chimney, it is evident that chimneys in the interior of a
house must draw better than in the exterior walls. Be-
sides this, a great deal of heat is retained in the body of the
house by carrying the stacks of flues through it. And in
point of external effect, it is much more pleasing to see the
chimney tops rising from the apex, or highest part of the
roof, than from its lowest edge.

Estimate. The estimated cost of this cottage, finished
in a neat and suitable manner, is $1800. This, as well as
the estimates which follow, is intended to apply to the ma-
jority of situations in the middle and eastern states, where
timber is comparatively scarce, and bricks of second quality
suitable for stuccoing upon, are worth about $4 per
1000. In districts where wood is much cheaper, the cost
of erection would be much less if this material were wholly
employed.

Laying out the ground. As this cottage is decidedly
ornamental in its character, it may fairly be presumed, that
it would be required that a considerable portion of the

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42 COTTAGE RESIDENCES.

limited ground nearest the house should be rendered orna-
mental also. In the suburbs of a town or village, the
more common kinds of vegetables may generally be pur-
chased as cheaply as they can be raised by the inmates of
such a cottage. The more delicate kinds of fruit, and a few
of the earlier or finer kinds of vegetables, may however be
produced, of fine flavor, and with more satisfaction to the
proprietor, on the spot. We have therefore devoted one
third of the area of the lot, Fig. 8, to the kitchen garden o,
and the remaining two thirds will remain to be occupied
by the house, and for ornamental purposes. In order to
separate these two portions, and to prevent the eye of a
person looking from the house, or from any of the walks
across the little lawn 6, from seeing the kitchen garden
at the same time with the ornamental portion, we shall
place an ornamental trellis across the lot at c, which may
be covered by the following vines, remarkable for the
beauty of their foliage and flowers, or for their fragrance,
viz. :

2 Chinese Twining Honeysuckles, blooming in June and October.

2 Monthly Fragrant " May to November.

1 Yellow Trumpet " May to November.

1 Red " " May to November.

1 Sweet Scented Clematis, August.

1 Virginian Silk, or Periploca, July.

1 Chinese Wistaria, May.

1 Climbing Boursalt Rose, June.

2 Noisette Climbing Rose, May to December.

These, after a couple of years growth, will form a
verdant barrier, which in no season, except winter, will
be without flowers. Across the walks leading into the

COTTAGE RESIDENCES. 43

kitchen garden, the lattice fence may be continued in the
form of light gates, and the vines may be trained so as to
form archways overhead.

Around the exterior of the kitchen garden is a border 6
feet wide, which will be an excellent situation for a few
choice fruit trees ; because, if planted on this exterior
border they will not shade the beds devoted to vegetables,
which if planted in the middle of the compartment, they
would soon do to such an extent as to render the situ-
ation unfit for raising a crop of any kind. On the right
hand border, which is the warmest aspect, we would
advise the planting of some grape vines, which may either
be trained to the fence, or to a trellis placed four or five
inches from the fence. These vines may consist of a Ca-
tawba, an Isabella, an Elsingburgh, and a Eland's Virginia,
all hardy varieties, very productive, and requiring little
care. On the other two outer borders, there will be suffi-
cient room for one tree of each of the following fruits, viz. :
a Bartlett, a Seckel, and a Dutchess of Angouleme Pear ;
a George the Fourth, and a Yellow Rareripe Peach ; an
Imperial Gage and a Golden Drop Plum ; a May duke,
and a Downer's Late Red Cherry ; and a Moorpark Apri-
cot. In the same borders, and beneath these fruit trees,
strawberries may be planted, making a bed about one
hundred and twenty feet long, which if kept in good con-
dition, will be sufficient to supply a small family with this
delicious fruit. The border to the right, containing the
grape vines, we shall suppose (except immediately around
the vine) to be kept in grass, in which neat posts are set
at the distance of twelve feet apart, for the purpose of
stretching a line for drying clothes upon. These posts
being half way between the frame or trellis, upon which

44 COTTAGE RESIDENCES.

the grapes are trained, and the walk, the line would
be easily commanded, by a person standing upon the
walk. The space devoted to culinary vegetables, we have
merely indicated by beds four feet wide on the plan, leav-
ing the occupant to apportion the same to their various
uses, premising that the large bed in the centre, at , is
intended for asparagus; the three smaller ones d, for
sweet herbs; and the long bed, x, behind the trellis,
covered by ornamental vines, for the esculent rhubarb,
which is so valuable an article for tarts, or pies, that no
cottage garden, however small, should be without it.

Such a thing as a wall for fruit trees, in a cottage garden,
is nearly unknown in the United States, and therefore we
need say nothing respecting training them to a wall. But
a cottage garden is usually surrounded by a neat board
fence or paling, painted some dark or inconspicuous
colour, and as the number of fruit trees that could be judi-
ciously planted here, is small, we would strongly advise
the owner of this garden to train the branches to this
fence, or to a trellis formed by nailing narrow strips of
board, trellis like, at a distance of four or five inches from
the fence. The luxuriance and fruitfulness of trees planted
as ordinary standards, in most parts of the country, is the
very obvious reason why, except in gardens of the first
class, a trained tree is so rarely seen ; but, on the other
hand, the superior size and beauty of the fruit raised in
this way, make it an object of considerable importance,
when the number of trees is small. Besides this, the
trees occupy so much less space, interfere so little with
the growth of any thing else that may be near or under
them, and are so much more completely under the control

COTTAGE RESIDENCES. 45

of the gardener, that we are certain they would, if trained,
afford ten times the satisfaction at all times, beyond that
derived from standard trees, cultivated, or, rather, left to
grow, in the usual manner.

Proceeding now to the ornamental portion of the ground,
we shall suppose the outer border e, to be planted with a
small mixed collection of handsome trees and shrubs, of
such varieties as may be easily and cheaply procured.
The trees may be planted at considerable distances, as a
very few, when they have attained some size, will be
sufficient for this limited surface. In the intermediate
spaces, room will be found for quite a variety of shrubs,
interspersed with several sorts of hardy roses. In the
centre of each of the two small circles fronting the house,
we will place a Balsam, or Balm of Gilead fir, one of the
finest evergreens in this climate, as it preserves its rich
green verdure unimpaired throughout the coldest winter.
These firs, with two or three additional evergreens in the
swell of the front border, will give a cheerful aspect to the
entrance front of the cottage, during the winter months.

The border marked /, in the plan, that directly sur-
rounds the building, should be laid down in turf, which, if
kept short, will be much more pleasing and satisfactory
than if kept in a raw state by cultivation partly from the
greater appearance of permanence in a turf border and
partly from its greater neatness at all seasons. In this turf
border may be planted a few choice shrubs, or roses, se-
lecting such as are remarkable for beauty of leaf and
flower, or for their fragrance ; as from their nearness to
the windows, the latter may be enjoyed in the summer,
while the windows are open, through the whole house.

46 COTTAGE RESIDENCES.

There are about a dozen of these shrubs indicated on the
plan which we shall suppose to be the following, viz :

Blooms in

2 Pink Mezereon (Daphne Mezereuvi), March.

2 Sweet Scented Shrub ( Calycanthus florida), June.

2 Champney Cluster Rose (Rosa champneyana), May to Nov.

2 Fragrant Clethra (Clethra ainifolia), August.

2 Purple Magnolia (Magnolia obovata), April.

2 Missouri Currant (Ribes aureurri), April.

These are all deliciously fragrant when in flower, and
some of the number will be in bloom during the whole
growing season.

Quite a large area 5, in the rear of the house, is devo-
ted to a lawn, which must be kept close and green by fre-
quent mowings, so that it wih 1 be as soft to the tread as a
carpet, and that its deep verdure will set off the gay co-
lours of the flowering plants in the surrounding beds and
parterre. This little lawn is terminated by an irregular or
arabesque border g, varying in width from four to fourteen
feet. The irregular form of this border is preferable to a
regular one on account of its more agreeable outline, and
more especially for the reason that, to a person looking
across the lawn from any part of the walk near the house,
this variety of form in the boundary increases the apparent
size of the area of turf which it encloses. To give still
further variety and effect, we have introduced also the two
small beds A, and i, cut in the turf; the former of which
may be planted with monthly roses of any free-blooming
sorts, and the latter may be filled with mignonette by sow-
ing the seeds annually in April. The monthly roses will
be covered with bloom all the season, and will stand the

COTTAGE RESIDENCES. 47

winter perfectly well in the open air any where south of
Albany with the trifling care of throwing a little straw, or
litter, over them at the approach of winter, to protect them
against the changes of temperature.

It will be remembered that the kitchen garden is kept out
of view to a person standing at b,. by the trellised screen c,
covered with a luxuriant wreath of honeysuckles and other
climbing plants, six or eight feet in height. We shall next
suppose the arabesque border g, devoted to a miscellane-
ous collection of perennial flowering plants, or herbaceous
plants, as they are generally termed, arranging them so
that those of a few inches in height shall be near the front
margin of the border, those of a larger size next, and so
gradually increasing in size until the largest growing ones,
perhaps three feet in height, shall be at the back of the
border and farthest from the eye. It is not necessary
to have costly varieties of plants, or a large collection, to
render this border a handsome object to look upon, but on
the contrary a few well selected species, which may
be procured for a trifling sum from a nursery, or the
greater part of which may be had from the garden of some
neighbouring amateur, will serve to render this border
rich and beautiful, in leaf and blossom, all the season. In
the description of Design V., we shall give a list of the
most ornamental varieties of border perennials, from which
the reader may choose for this or any other garden. If,
however, the occupant of this cottage should desire to be
at little or no cost for border flowers, and still should
wish to produce a considerable effect, it may be done by
planting the bed with masses of the following showy pe-
rennials

48 COTTAGE RESIDENCES.

Double red Ragged Robin, (Lynchis flos-cuculi.)

Orange Chelone, (Chelone barbata.)

Chinese Pinks, (Dianihus sinensis.)

Bee Larkspur, (Delphinium elatum.)

White Lily, (Lilium candidum.")

Japan White Lily, (Hemeroallis japonica.)

Early W T hite Phlox, (Phlox suaveolens.)

Late Purple Phlox, (Phlox autumnalis.}

Fragrant Blue Violet, (Viola odorata.}

Blue Omphalodes, (Omphalodes verna.)
Chinese White and Rose,

Preonias, (Paonia whitlejii and fragrans.)

Hearts-ease or Pansy, ( Viola tricolor.)

Or, as a few seeds of ornamental annuals are easily and
cheaply procured at the seed shops, the variety may be
increased by sowing the seeds of twenty or thirty species
of the latter, in the spaces that would be left between the
masses of herbaceous plants, taking care to arrange them
with regard to height, in the same manner as the pe-
rennials, as otherwise the taller plants near the eye would
hide the smaller and more delicate ones at the back of the
border.

We trust the reader who has followed us in our de-
scription, will acknowledge that this cottage, with its
moderate accommodations and small lot of ground, may
be made productive of a considerable degree of interest
and beauty, as well as comfort and enjoyment. There is
nothing in the plan of the house or garden, that may not
be realized by a family living upon a very small income,
provided the members of the family are persons of some
taste and refinement, who appreciate the value and pleasure
of such a residence, sufficiently to take a strong personal

COTTAGE RESIDENCES. 49

interest in it. The master of the premises we shall sup-
pose capable of managing the kitchen garden, the fruit
trees, the grass, and the whole of the walks, himself, with
perhaps the assistance of a common gardener, or labouring
man, for a day or two, at certain seasons of the year.
The mistress and her daughter, or daughters, we shall
suppose to have sufficient fondness for flowers, to be will-
ing and glad to spend three times a week, an hour or two,
in the cool mornings and evenings of summer, in the
pleasing task of planting, tying to neat stakes, picking off
decayed flowers, and removing weeds from the borders,
and all other operations that so limited a garden may
require.

A love for these floral occupations, so simple and so
natural, that in all times and countries they have been
the delight of the highest, as well as the lowest, insensibly
strengthens upon us as we become interested in the growth
of plants and the development of the varied forms of
beauty and grace with which every leaf, tendril, and
blossom is replete ; and the exercise involved in the pur-
suit, thus soon becomes, also, a source of pleasure and
mental satisfaction, and is not, as in many other cases, an
irksome duty performed for the preservation of bodily
health.

50 COTTAGE RESIDENCES.

DESIGN II.

A cottage in the English, or Rural Gothic Style.

THE object in view in designing this cottage, is internal
convenience. There are many families mainly composed
of invalids, or persons advanced in years, who have a
strong preference for a plan in which the kitchen, and at
least one bedroom, are upon the same floor with the
living rooms, and in which there is little or no necessity
for ascending or descending stairs ; an exercise which,
though of little consequence to the young and robust, is of
all others the most fatiguing to the infirm, or those in deli-
cate health.

A glance at the plan of the first floor opposite, Fig. 10,
will show how we propose to realize this kind of accom-
modation in this dwelling. The kitchen is a wing added
in the rear, of one story in height. The situation on which
this dwelling is placed, has a prospect in one direction
only, and the front, shown in the elevation, commands this
view, the rear being nearly hidden by trees. On this
front are situated two pleasant apartments, each 17 by 20
feet, opening from the vestibule or entrance hall, by large
double doors, which, when fully opened, will throw these
two rooms and the vestibule into one large apartment.
Some elegance is conferred on the parlour by the bay
window, after the old English mode, projecting on the

DESIGN II.

.GE IN THE ENGLISH, OR RUF.AL GOTEIC STYLE.

LIBRARY BVESTIBULE* PARLOUR

'7 X 20 7 17 X20

COTTAGE RESIDENCES. 51

right side, which is balanced by a double window opposite
in the dining-room. We would recommend the employ-
ment of a few large windows in the principal apartments,
as there is an appearance of pettyness, and a want of
breadth in rooms full of little windows, which is so com-
mon a feature in our country houses. It is always pre-
ferable, also, to light a room from two sides only, rather
than three, as nothing is more unfavorable to the effect of
interiors, than cross lights proceeding from every direction.
The living-room, or library, commands a pantry of con-
venient size, in the rear of which is a closet opening into
the hall. This hall is of ample size to serve as a dining-
room, and this arrangement would doubtless be preferred
during at least part of the year, as it would leave the
apartment on the left to be devoted entirely to a library.
To make an entrance hall a dining apartment, is a very
objectionable, though not unusual mode, as visitors, chanc-
ing to call at the dinner hour, cannot be shown into the
parlour without passing the table, and perhaps discom-
posing the whole family. But in the present case, the
door being closed between the entrance or vestibule, and
the dining hall, the table a, and persons seated about it,
would be completely private. There is a glazed back
door opening to the rear of the house, near the left angle
of this hall, and a door opening into the kitchen passage
5, on the right, and the hall also receives light from the
window over this door, in the second story. This passage
is formed by running a solid partition across the kitchen
building, so as to admit of two doors, in order to prevent
smells ; one an ordinary door opening into the hall, and
the other a fly or spring-door, opening into the kitchen.

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This partition also gives room for the introduction of two
convenient closets, one for the kitchen, and another for the
bedroom.
In the plan of the second floor, Fig. 11, we have two

SECON D

FLOO R

[Figure II.]

large and two small bedrooms. There is a dressing-room
and closet communicating with the small bedroom on the
left, and a closet for linen opening into the hall. The
cellar plan is not given, as this would be very sim-
ple and would probably not be required larger than the
main building. Access would be had to it by steps going
down under the stone platform of the stoop on which
the hall, back door and the kitchen door open ; and by
stairs descending under the ascending staircase in the
hall.

The elevation of this cottage is in the English cottage
style so generally admired for the picturesqueness evinced

COTTAGE RESIDENCES. 53

in its tall gables ornamented by handsome verge boards
and finials, its neat or fanciful chimney tops, its latticed
windows, and other striking features, showing how the
genius of pointed or Gothic architecture may be chastened
or moulded into forms for domestic habitations. The steep
roofs are highly suitable for a cold country liable to heavy
snows. A very pleasing mode of covering roofs of this
kind is shown in the elevation, and the effect is produced
by procuring the shingles of equal size, and cutting the
lower end, before laying them on, in a semi-hexagon, or
semi-octagon shape, so that when laid upon the roof, these
figures will be regularly produced.

The English cottage style wih 1 admit of great irregularity
and picturesqueness of outline, and is productive of beau-
tiful effects when the composition forms a large group of
building. In the present example we have only been able
to show one of the simplest of its forms, which, however,
is not destitute of the expression of the style. In the Eng-
lish examples a veranda is rarely seen, as the dampness
of their climate renders such an appendage scarcely ne-
cessary. But its great utility in our hot summers makes
it indispensable to every house, and we have introduced it
on the entrance front, as affording in this position, shelter,
prospect, and an agreeable promenade. Over the porch is a
pleasant balcony for the pointed window in the gable. As
the spirit of Gothic architecture lies in vertical lines, a long
unbroken horizontal line of veranda would destroy, or mar
the architectural character of the cottage. We have, there-
fore, made the veranda two or three feet shorter at each
end than the front, and have further broken the horizontal

54 COTTAGE RESIDENCES.

line by the porch-balcony to the window in the front
gable.

One of the most characteristic and beautiful features in
rural Gothic architecture is the ornamental chimney shaft,
sometimes rising singly, sometimes in clusters, from the roof;
often plain and square, or octagonal, but frequently wreathed
and moulded in the most picturesque manner. The finest
specimens of the old English chimneys are built of bricks,
cast in moulds for the purpose, or stamped with ornaments.
These bricks are now so highly taxed in England as to
render them as expensive as cut stone, but they may be
made very cheaply here.* We have built neat chimney
shafts in an octagonal form of common bricks by cutting
them with a trowel in the desired form and rubbing the
faces smooth on a hard sand-stone before laying them, but
this is more expensive than to employ bricks ready mould-
ed for the purpose. Chimney tops of artificial stone may
also be had of Gibson, Pearl-street, New- York, who has at
his warehouse of architectural ornaments, stained glass,
etc., a variety of suitable forms.

Construction. This cottage should be built of brick-and-
cement, coloured in imitation of Bath or Portland stone ; or
of smooth brick coloured after some of the soft neutral
tints described in a former page ; or of quarried stone.
The window frames, the porch and veranda, and the verge
board, may be made of good seasoned wood, painted the
same colour as the walls and sanded ; or they may be

* We trust that by the time this volume is out of press, some of our brickmakers
will be able to offer moulded bricks of a variety of patterns, as the demand for such
is every day increasing.

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grained in imitation of oak. Real oak would be pre-
ferable where economy is not
an object. The label or drip
stones to the window may be
made of moulded brick, or cut
free-stone after Fig. 25 of the
next Design. These windows
are latticed casement windows,
the plan and section of which
are shown in Fig. 12. [Fi<r 12]

In the gable, Fig. 13,
the roof or cornice of which
should project at least 20
inches over the wall, is
shown a specimen of fea-
thered tracery from one
of the best examples with
its pinnacle and pendant.
This may be cut out of
thick plank, and if thought
too elaborate, may be sim-
plified by omitting the mi-
nor details. If well exe-
cuted it will have a rich

[Fig. 13.]

effect.

The porch and veranda is shown in detail in Fig. 14 ;
the detached portion on the right showing a part of the
veranda cornice, and that on the left a portion of the clus-
tered column. (The sections of which are seen at the
lower ends of the drawing.)

COTTAGE RESIDENCES.

[Figure 14.]

Fig. 15, shows a pair of chimney shafts
in the old English style, which may be had,
in artificial stone, at Gibson's, New- York.
A great variety of forms are frequently
collected together in the same stack.

The shutters should be inside box shut-
ters, or shutter-blinds, painted and grained
in imitation of oak.

Estimate. The cost of this cottage in
brick-and-stucco (bricks at $4) would be [Fig. is.]
$2500.

LAYING OUT THE GARDEN OF DESIGN II.

The situation where it is proposed to build this cottage,
is about a mile from a country town, and the area of sur-

COTTAGE RESIDENCES. 57

face for the whole purpose is about an acre and a fourth.
This lot of ground is bounded by a street both in the
front and rear. The entrance is at a ; the dwelling at b ;
the stable at c. One half of the whole surface, viz., that
portion represented by right lined plots, in the rear of the
house, is devoted to a garden for fruits and vegetables,
and the whole remaining portion, comprising the space in
front and at the sides of the house, is laid out as a lawn,
shrubbery and flower garden, in the picturesque manner.
The carriage road, leading to the front door and to the
stable, is shown at d ; e, designates irregular beds cut in
the turf, and stocked with annuals and perennial flowers ;
f, a thick shrubbery belt, composed of syringos, mountain
ashes and lilacs, interspersed with the balsam fir, and
arbor vitae, to give a cheerful appearance in winter. In
the rear of the kitchen are planted two or three hemlocks
and larches. Two plots of grass, for bleaching and drying
clothes, are shown at g.

In the ornamental garden before the house, the whole
surface, excepting the walks, and the flower beds e, is to
be laid down in turf, and kept neatly mown. This turf
will give an appearance of much greater extent to the area,
than it could possibly have by any other arrangement,
while it will be more agreeable to the eye through the
whole year, than any extensive disposition of parterre, or
flower beds, directly under the eye. A fresh verdant
lawn, varied only by walks and green trees, is a delightful
object at all seasons, and more especially in the middle
of summer ; while at the latter period flower beds have
frequently a dry and parched appearance, but poorly

COTTAGE RESIDENCES.

[Fig. 16.]

COTTAGE RESIDENCES. 59

compensated for by the brilliancy of a few plants in
bloom, which scarcely hide the surface.

The spiry topped trees shown in these plots, are chiefly
the European Larch and the Balsam Fir, with one or two
White Pines, all of which harmonize well with the archi-
tecture of the cottage. Among the round-headed trees
we will only particularize the Osage Orange, (Madura au-
rantiaca^) the Umbrella Magnolia, (M. tripetala,) the
Weeping Ash, (Fraxinus excelsior , pendula,) and the Ken-
tucky Coffee, (Gymnodadus Canadensis.) Among the
shrubs forming little thickets along the walks, we would
introduce the Mezereon and the Cornelian Cherry, the
pink and yellow flowers of which appear in March ; the
scarlet and blush Japan Quince, (Cydonia Japonica ;) the
pink and double white Hawthorns ; and the purple and
white fruited Strawberry Trees, (Enonymus europeus.)

The walks should all be well gravelled ; the carriage
road being first excavated twelve inches deep, and one
half the depth on the bottom filled with small stones, in
order to have it dry and firm at all seasons.

In the kitchen garden, the borders on the sides of the
central walk A, are occupied by two rows of currants and
gooseberries. The currants are the Large White and Red,
Dutch, and the Naples, or Black English. The goose-
berries are half a dozen of the best English sorts. Both
currants and gooseberries must be kept well trimmed and
thinned, to admit the air freely to every part of the plant,
and the soil should be annually manured, as they require
a rich soil to produce large fruit. On one side of the cross
walk i, is a border devoted to raspberries, and planted

60 COTTAGE RESIDENCES.

with the new Red Antwerp, and the White Antwerp, in
equal quantities.

Within the boundary fence of that half of the area com-
prising the kitchen garden, is a border, fourteen feet wide on
the sides, and twice that width on the rear, devoted to a
small number of choice fruits. The walk/, is covered by an
arbor for grapes, and may contain, besides the native sorts,
Catawba, Isabella, etc., a few vines of the Royal Muscadine,
Sweet Water, and Black Hamburgh, which are among
the hardiest and most productive of the foreign varieties.
Nearly all the foreign grapes require much care to be
raised in the open air. For a year or two after they come
into bearing, the crops, it is generally remarked, are
good, and the fruit fair ; but in a few seasons more, the
mildew attacks the fruit, and frequently destroys every
bunch, or renders it worthless. The most successful
practice for out-of-door culture, appears to consist in lay-
ing down some of the long thrifty shoots each season, so
as to have every year, or every other year, a succession
of new roots destroying those that have borne two good
crops, and allowing the young rooted plants to take their
place. Lime and marl are excellent manures for the
grape.

DESIGN III,

. A COTTAGE IN THE POINTED, OR TUDOR STYLE

COTTAGE RESIDENCES. 61

DESIGN III.

A. cottage m the Pointed^ or Tudor style.

THIS edifice is designed for a situation on the bank of
one of our boldest rivers. From its site, the eye wanders
over a richly cultivated country, dotted and sprinkled with
luxuriant groups of wood ; the wide lake-like expanse of
water, the sails floating lazily on its bosom, the tufted
fringes of trees and shrubs in the foreground, and the dis-
tant hazy summits of blue in the horizon, are all fascinating
elements of the beautiful, which make up the view from
the point of its location. As in many of our finest natural
situations for residences, nature has done so much here to
render the scene lovely, that it would appear that man
had only to borrow a few hints from the genius of the
place, and the home features would all be rendered
equally delightful. But how frequently do we see those
who seem incapable of reading the wide and ever elo-
quent book of natural beauty, deforming its fair pages,
written in lines of grace and softness, by rigid lines, and
hard mathematical angles, only too plainly indicative of
the most primitive and uncultivated perceptions. Let
us hope, by studying the character of the whole scene, to
succeed better in improving a very small portion of it.

The arrangement of the cottage we propose for this
place, differs from the previous ones, in having the princi-

62 COTTAGE RESIDENCES.

pal floor devoted almost entirely to pleasant apartments ;
the kitchen being below, and the bedrooms above stairs.
This renders the whole air of the house somewhat elegant.
A cottage like this, although of moderate size, in the hands
of a family of taste, may be made to produce a beautiful
effect. While, it is true, that

" Here no state chambers in long line unfold,
Bright with broad mirrors, rough with fretted gold,
Yet, modest ornament with use combined,
Attracts the eye to exercise the mind."

And while there are no superfluous and luxurious apart-
ments, nor any thing requiring the attendance of a retinue
of servants, there is much here, compactly arranged, to
render a home pleasant and attractive. The neat and
spacious parlour, 18 by 20 feet, (see Fig. 18,) is varied in
its outline by an old English bay-window, one of those
pleasant nooks, which, says Lord Bacon, " be pretty re-
tiring places for conference," and has also windows opening
quite to the floor of the veranda, and letting in a full expanse
of the bright green lawn, and tufts of rich foliage that border
it. This room would afford some scope for the < ' faire ladye' '
to exercise her taste in a simple, elegant, and harmonious
style of fitting and furnishing ; not by bringing from the
shops the latest and most fashionable patterns of city
chairs and tables, carpets and sofas, which, we are sorry
to say, are in most cases destitute of all appropriateness,
and in many, of all intrinsic grace and beauty, but by
selecting articles recommended by fitness in design, in
order that they may be in harmony with the character of
the house, and by their tasteful and comfortable character,

COTTAGE RESIDENCES. 63

that they may suit the more simple and unostentatious
habits of country life.

The dining-room is of equal size with the drawing-
room, and as the family who are to occupy this cottage
villa, live in a pleasant and social neighborhood, and are
in the habit, occasionally, of entertaining a little party of
their friends, they thought it desirable to make these rooms
communicate by sliding doors, in order that they may, on
such occasions, be thrown into one. The rooms will then
have a handsome effect, as the bay window at the end of
the parlour is balanced by a wide mullioned window at
the end of the dining-room opposite, and the whole space
between them is forty feet. For the convenience of the
menage, we have located a neat pantry directly in contact
with the dining-room, and opening out of it, so that the
china and plate, or the little delicacies of the larder, may
be under the eye, or, what is better, under the lock and
key of the mistress. As the kitchen is below stairs, in the
ordinary mode the dishes will require to be brought up
the stairs and across the staircase entry to reach the
table. This is somewhat objectionable, inasmuch as a hot
dinner is likely to become cooled in this long state of
transition, the china is liable to become broken by an
occasional misstep, and the privacy of the hall is unneces-
sarily intruded upon, by the repeated coming and going
of the domestics, arranging the dinner. We shall en-
deavor to remedy these difficulties, by placing in the little
space on the right hand of the door opening from the
dining-room to the pantry, what is called a rising cupboard
or dumb waiter, which will be found a more careful, more
obedient, and more unobtrusive " help," than any other

PANTRY 4X8

64 COTTAGE RESIDENCES.

in the house. The actual size of this cupboard need not
be more than 20 inches by 3 or 4 feet, which will just
occupy the space in the pantry that is of little value for
any other purpose. Or, if it should be thought desirable
to have it a little wider, the width may be increased by
making a small recess in the wall of the house. Fig.

19 shows the manner in
which the pantry may be
finished ; the pantry be-
19.] ing on the right side,

and the dumb waiter, (D W) on the left ; the cupboard
rising in the pantry to the height of three feet, and de-
scending through the floor to the closet in the kitchen.
The mode of constructing this is shown in the details of
this design, Fig. 28.

It will be seen on examining the plan of the principal
floor, that by placing the stairs in a separate passage com-
municating with the principal hall, this hall is left free and
unincumbered, and is in fact a pretty little ante-room, 12
by 16 feet. This is doubly advantageous, as the servants
are enabled to go from the basement to the chamber story
without passing through the principal hall ; thus making
this single staircase to serve* the purposes, in a great
measure, of the two frequently seen in villas, viz., the
stairs in the hall used by the family, and the private stairs
chiefly used by the domestics. From this passage also
there is a private, or side entrance to the house, by an
outer door. The hall is lighted by two small windows in
the sides and by the semi-glazed door as shown in the
perspective elevation.

We have as yet said nothing of the neat little library on

COTTAGE RESIDENCES. 65

the right of the hall twelve by fourteen feet in its dimen-
sions, where

" Selected shelves shall claim our studious hours."

But there is no portion of the house which, to a man fond
of those most cheerful and never tiresome companions, good
books, is more peculiarly the sanctum^oi "own room," than
the library, whether it be small or large. This, though
small, is sufficiently ample to contain all the lest books ever
written ; large enough for a comfortable ruddy fire in a
damp or cold wintry day, and for an ample library round-
table furnished with the necessary materials for writing
and correspondence of all kinds. The gentleman who is
to occupy this cottage has, besides the few acres on which
this residence is erected, a farm where he practises agri-
culture in an amateur manner, and on his library shelves
may therefore be found a few choice works on rural econo-
my, such as London's Encyclopedias, Low's Practical
Agriculture, Johnson's Agricultural Chemistry, and a num-
ber of others of similar character, and on the table lie the
last numbers of our most valuable and interesting agricul-
tural periodicals. The library being fitted up in a plain
and simple manner, answers admirably also as an office,
into which persons who call to see the master of the house
on business are readily shown from the hah 1 , without dis-
turbing the family who are occupying the dining-room, or
parlour.

The veranda, or umbrage, which is entered by windows
opening to the floor of the two principal apartments, is a
cool and shady place for promenade, and, we need hardly

COTTAGE RESIDENCES.

repeat, commands the most delightful views, as this is the
river front of the house.

In the plan of the second floor, which is before us, are
accommodations for the family and their guests, Fig. 20,

SECOND

FLOOR

[Fig. 20.]

consisting of four excellent sleeping apartments, each with
a small closet attached. Two of these are of ample size,
and as it might be desirable to many to have in them a
greater amount of closet room, it may be easily obtained
by making a double partition between these apartments,
which would allow of two large closets in the space
thus formed. The bedroom, 12 by 12 feet, over the hall,
is a pretty lodging apartment opening through a pictu-
resque old English oriel window on a balcony. The stair-
case shown in this plan, gives access to the attic, where
two servants bedrooms are located.

COTTAGE RESIDENCES.

The basement accommodation, Fig. 21, shows an en-
trance into the staircase passage by a descent of steps : a

PLAN OF

B AS E M EN T

[Fig. 21.]

kitchen, and cellar of good dimensions, a servant's sleeping
room, (which may be made a laundry if preferred,) and a
small store-room and wine cellar conveniently located.

The exterior of this dwelling is designed after the old
English architecture of the Tudor era, a style replete with
interesting associations, as it is the genuine and most
characteristic mode of building long ago prevalent in the
finest country-houses of England, associated by " lay and
legend ten times told," with all that is brightest and noblest
in the history of our mother country. It is highly pictu-
resque, abounding in the finer specimens with a rich variety
of gables, turrets, buttresses, towers, and ornamental chim-
ney-shafts, which form striking and spirited objects in do-
mestic architecture, and harmonize agreeably with the hills
and tree tops, and all the intricacy of outline in natural ob-

68 COTTAGE RESIDENCES,

jects. And finally the irregularity of its outlines, admit-
ting future additions with facility, the substantial and per-
manent expression of its exterior, and the beauty and
comfort indicated in the richness, variety and size of its
windows, all point out the old English style, in its various
modifications, as admirably adapted, by beauty and fit-
ness for domestic purposes in a cold climate.

This cottage being of very moderate size, neither de-
mands nor would with propriety admit a profusion of or-
nament, and we have indeed, for the sake of economy, made
it assume a character and a degree of decoration compa-
ratively simple, still, however, preserving a very marked
and distinct expression of the style. If we analyze its
leading features, we shall find that character is conferred
chiefly by the windows and the chimney tops, the two
most essential and characteristic features of dwelling-
houses as contrasted with buildings for any other pur-
poses ; and to which, as such, decoration should always
be first applied rather than to any less essential or super-
added features, for example, to columns or a colonnade.
Chimney tops, since we cannot dispense with them, should
always be rendered ornamental, both strongly expressive
of comfort, no house being tolerable in a cold climate
without fires, and on account of their occupying the
highest part of the building, and therefore are most likely
to strike the eye agreeably if appropriate, or offend it if
ugly and unshapely in form. We have shown in this de-
sign one of the simplest forms of old English chimneys,
many of which are extremely beautiful.*

* By an error in the engraving, the base of each stack of chimneys in the eleva-
tion of this design is made to appear too low ; a more correct proportion is shown
in the details, Fig. 15.

COTTAGE RESIDENCES. 69

An edifice in this style should be built of none but the most
solid materials. Stone would be the most appropriate, as
it has a substantial and durable character in keeping with
the style, and next to this, brick, or brick covered with the
best cement, would be most suitable. To erect a dweUing
in this style of so light and frail a material as wood, under
any circumstances, would be a complete violation of good
taste, as there would be an entire discordance or incon-
gruity between the style adopted and the material em-
ployed. Where wood is the only material within our
reach, some lighter and more suitable style should be
adopted, and the result will then undoubtedly be more

satisfactory.

A solecism in taste which we have several times wit-
nessed with pain in this country, and which we will there-
fore caution our readers and the occupant of this cottage
against, is the introduction of green blinds, orVenetian shut-
ters, upon a building in the pointed, or the English cottage
style. This kind of shutter, applied to the outside of build-
ings, belongs properly to the Venetian, Tuscan, or Italian
villas, where the architecture is lighter and more fanciful,
and the windows are frequently mere openings for the cir-
culation of air ; but to cover a handsome or quaint old
English window, enriched by decorative mullions and win-
dow-heads, with an outside shutter belonging to a totally
different style of building, and painted a bright green, is
as revolting to a mind imbued with correct principles of
taste, as to cover the venerable head of a staid gentleman
of the old school with the flaunting head-dress of an
Italian peasant girl. Outside shutters of any description
are scarcely admissible in this style of architecture, as they
conceal one of the chief sources of interest in the exterior.

70 COTTAGE RESIDENCES.

But as the walls are thick, inside shutters, or even inside
blinds, are easily introduced. The latter may be made to
fold into window casings like ordinary box shutters, where
they will serve the purposes of both shutters and blinds :
and will be found more convenient and more appropriate
than outside blinds, without violating correct principles of
art.

The interior of this cottage may be finished in a very
simple manner. But the effect will be far more consistent
and satisfactory, if some attention is paid to keeping up
the pointed, or old English character, in the finish of at
least the principal apartments. This may be done with-
out incurring any extra expense, merely by employing
Gothic, or pointed mouldings and details in the trimmings
of the doors and windows, the forms of the cornices and
chimney pieces. As there are now numerous examples
of this style of dwelling in the middle states, there will
be little or no difficulty in procuring the necessary forms
of designs, moulds, and planes, for a cottage of this kind.
A person whose taste is sufficiently cultivated to induce
him to desire such a dwelling as this, will naturally inform
himself of the actual effect, both as regards the interior
and exterior finish, by inspection of the best example of
the style within his reach ; or, for a small sum, he may
obtain from an architect the working drawings necessary
for the complete execution of the whole, by the builders
employed, in the most correct manner.

A harmonious and pleasing effect is produced in houses
in the old English style, by painting and graining the
wood-work in imitation of oak or black walnut. This is
partly owing, no doubt, to the allusion thus awakened in
the mind, to the " old oaken wainscots," always so cha-

COTTAGE RESIDENCES.

racteristic a feature in the antique houses in this style, but
partly, also, to the mellow and furnished look which the
warm and dark tone of the wood gives to the apartments.
In an economical point of view, it has also the great
recommendation of being kept clean and bright, with one
twentieth part of the labor expended in maintaining wood-
work, painted in white, in its original purity.

Details. In the construction of a cottage in the pointed
style, attention should be paid to an unity of design in all
parts of the building. One of the most essential principles
in this style, is the recognition of the arch, in some man-
ner, in ah 1 the principal openings. In public buildings,
all windows and doors terminate upward in the pointed
arch ; in domestic architecture this would often be incon-
venient, as in the case of windows in apartments on the
first floor, where inside shutters are required. The win-
dows are generally therefore square-headed, but the prin-
ciple of the arch appears in the moulded window tracery.

In Fig. 22 is shown a small portion of the veranda on
the river front, with its appropriate columns, and the arch-
way between.

[Fig. 22.]

COTTAGE RESIDENCES.

A portion of the balcony to the oriel window is shown
in Fig. 23. In Fig. 24, is shown one of the dormer

[Fig. 25.]

[Fig. 23.] [Fig. 24.]

windows of the front elevation. For the section and plan
of the lower windows, see Fig. 12, of Design I.

The section or profile of the label, or lintel
of the window, is shown in Fig. 25 ; and
that of the wall-coping in Fig. 26 ; both to
the scale of half an inch to a foot.

A stack of chimneys suitable for this cot-
tage, is shown in Fig. 27, which may be
built of brick; the chimney tops being
8 feet high, above the base or square
platform. The flues may be square or
circular within, (the latter is preferable,)
and ten or twelve inches in diameter.
Circular flues are easily formed by build-
ing round a cylinder of tin, which is
worked upwards by turning it with the
hand as the chimney is carried up. The [Fig. 27.]

COTTAGE RESIDENCES.

[Fig. 26.]

interior of the flue next the cylinder is covered
with mortar in building, and the gradual
withdrawal of the cylinder upwards, leaves
a smooth plastered surface.

A section showing the construction of the
rising cupboard, or dumb waiter, is shown in Fig. 28.
In this section, the floor of the pantry is indicated at/, the
portion above being enclosed in a sort of sideboard or
closet in the pantry, and the part below in a similar closet
in the basement. At a, is the cupboard with three shelves.
This cupboard, and the dishes it will contain, is bal-
anced by the weight c, at the end of a rope, passing over
the pulleys b, which is attached to the top of the cupboard.
This, with a slight impetus, sends
the loaded cupboard up to the top ;
it is drawn down by a small wheel
and crank, J, with a similar cord
or leathern strap, attached to the
bottom of the cupboard. This
wheel and crank is fixed firmly at
the bottom of the trunk in which
the cupboard moves, and about a
foot and a half above the floor of
the kitchen. The top of the trunk,
[Fig. as.] or that part above the floor /, is

disguised, and rendered ornamental, by the neat side-
board or closet covering it, which opens in front to allow
the dishes to be taken out.

Estimate. If this cottage is built of brick and stucco,
with cut stone labels to the windows, and finished in a
consistent and appropriate, though simple manner in the

74 COTTAGE RESIDENCES.

interior, it will cost about $3500. Built of quarried stone,
where the latter is not abundant, it would probably cost
$3800.

THE GROUNDS OF DESIGN III.

The situation of the ground, four acres in extent, upon
which this dwelling is to be erected, we have already partly
described. It is nearly a parallelogram, one end of which
borders the public road and the other is bounded by the
river. In its original state, before operations were com-
menced, the place appeared only a simple meadow, the
land of fair quality, and the surface level, or nearly so, be-
tween the road and the site of the house, but sloping off to
the river, in some parts gently, and in others more abrupt-
ly, about 100 feet beyond the veranda on the river side of
the house, at 7i, Fig. 29. The best soil for a garden ap-
peared to be on the left of the property, and we accord-
ingly located the kitchen garden /, and the orchard of
choice fruits g, in this quarter.

As it was not thought desirable by the owner of this
place to expend much in keeping the place in order, be-
yond what labor might be required in the kitchen garden,
few walks are introduced, except such as are actually ne-
cessary or convenient. Of these the most essential in
every place is the entrance road, or Approach b, which
leaves the public road in this example at a, that point be-
ing indicated as most suitable by the situation of the
ground, and by the shelter and effect which will be given
to the entrance gate by two or three large trees found grow-
ing there. There is a gravelled area in front of the house,

COTTAGE RESIDENCES.

[Fig. 29.]

upon which carriages may turn, and at the extremity of
this road are the stable d, and stable yard e. Next to the
Approach, the most desirable walk is one for exercise, lead-
ing over more secluded parts of the place, or to spots en-
joying beautiful or extensive prospects. In a place of small

76 COTTAGE RESIDENCES.

extent, it is desirable to have this walk as long as possible,
which is generally effected by making the circuit of the
space offered, keeping at such a distance from boundary
fences that they may not be obtrusive. Such a walk is
shown at i, which leaving the veranda, on the river front
of the house, proceeds in easy curves, shaded by occasional
groups of trees, over the whole area between the house and
the river.

On the right of the house, looked out upon from the bay
window of the parlour, is a small area of smooth turf, sur-
rounded by the walk Jc, and containing some irregular beds
and circles, cut in the turf, devoted to choice flowers. At
Z, on the left, is a corresponding walk, serving the purpose
of connecting the two principal walks, which is thickly
bordered with ornamental shrubbery. With the exception
of a few vines on the veranda, and shrubs near the house,
these two small walks, with their accompaniments of
flowers and shrubs, comprise all the ornamental details of
the place requiring much care. All that portion of the
grounds between the public road and the line A, is in lawn
or grass, and is kept short by repeated mowings during
summer. At A, is a slight paling fence rendered incon-
spicuous by painting it dark green. This fence follows
the lower line of the ridge, and from the house is not visi-
ble, on account of the slope of the ground just above that
line ; the fence being six or eight feet below the level of
the platform on which the house stands. The area em-
braced between this fence and the river is also in grass,
but which here, however, is kept short by the pasturage of
a cow, or a few sheep.

Instead of this fence of pales a sunk fence or ha-ha, might

COTTAGE RESIDENCES. 77

be preferred, and where stone is abundant it would not be
more expensive. The construction of such a fence will be
easily understood by referring to the accompanying sec-
tion, Fig. 30, in which a is the level of the ground, falling

[Fig. 30.]

off gradually at &, where a wall 3j feet deep, open on the
side facing the declining surface, would form an effectual
protection against cattle on the lower side. It is evident
from the section shown here, that, to a person standing at
a, the fence and depressed surface at its bottom not being
seen, there would be no apparent barrier or interruption
to the view across the whole space to the river. Such a
fence, it should be remarked, must, as in the present case,
run across the surface to be looked over, and not in any di-
rection parallel to the line of vision. In commencing the
description of this place, it was remarked that the few fine
trees already growing on it gave it a considerable degree of
character. The majority of these were oaks and chestnuts
of good size, and as the expression of dignity and pictu-
resqueness inherent in these trees is in excellent keeping
with the style of this dwelling, it will be advisable to main-
tain this character by planting chiefly round-headed trees,
rather than drooping trees like the elm, which are mainly
expressive of gracefulness. Near the house, a few Larches^

78 COTTAGE RESIDENCES.

and Hemlocks are also introduced, as the spirited forms
of these trees, contrasted with the round-headed ones, will
add to the picturesque character of the architecture.

At the end of this section we shall give a list of the
finest ornamental trees classed according to height and
other qualities, and another of shrubs, from which selec-
tions may be made for planting this and other designs.
We shall, in relation to these, only remark at present that,
in order to insure a rapid and vigorous growth to these
trees, the holes, previously to planting them, should be
thoroughly prepared by throwing out the soil two feet in
depth, and from three to six feet in diameter, and mixing it
intimately with a plentiful supply of compost or well rotted
manure, before returning it to the holes in planting. When
a tree is planted in the ordinary manner without prepa-
ration, from the poverty of the soil, and the closeness of
those portions of it adjacent to the roots of the newly
moved tree, it requires a year or two to recover from the
removal, and advances afterward in its growth only in a
feeble and tardy manner. On the other hand, where the
holes are carefully prepared, the soil furnished with a
plentiful supply of nutriment, and rendered loose and
easily permeable by the light and air, as well as the roots,
the newly transplanted tree soon establishes itself, and
makes rapid and luxuriant shoots. In many soils it will
be found that this previous preparation will insure a
growth more than four times as vigorous as that resulting
from the usual hasty and careless mode of planting without
preparation ; and it is therefore better policy, where effect
is speedily desired, to plant a few trees in the best man-
ner, than a great number in the ordinary careless mode.

COTTAGE RESIDENCES. 79

Another very erroneous practice, of frequent occurrence
with planters of little experience, in the United States,
consists in planting the tree too deep. This is not only to
the eye contrary to nature, and in violation therefore of
correct taste, but it is destructive to the health of the tree,
by placing the mass of young roots below the genial in-
fluence of the atmosphere. Treated in this manner, trees
will frequently struggle against the adverse situation for
years, without ever attaining any considerable degree of
luxuriance.

If we observe a tree growing in a natural state after it
has attained some size, we must at once remark, that the
base of the trunk, or that part nearest the ground, is much
larger than the same trunk a few inches above ; and that
in consequence of the development of roots just below
this point, the tree appears to stand on a base a little ele-
vated above the level of the ground about it. This gives
it an appearance of strength and dignity, and connects
it, by a natural transition, with the surface around it. Now
a tree, however large, which has been planted too deep,
presents no appearance of this kind, but rises out of the
level ground without any base, in a manner precisely
similar to a post. In order to prevent this appearance, it
is advisable, in planting, to set out the trees on a hillock,
a few inches raised above the surface, in order that they
may, when the ground settles about them, have a natural
appearance to the eye, and that the roots may also be
placed in the most favorable condition.

We have arranged the trees to be planted on the lawn,
in this design, as in most of the others, in the natural style of
landscape gardening that is, with a view to the production

80 COTTAGE RESIDENCES.

of natural beauty. This is effected by planting the trees in
irregular groups, or singly, in a manner somewhat similar to
that in which they occur in nature, avoiding straight lines
and parallel rows, because such lines indicate a formal art,
never found in natural landscape. At the same time the
effect will be not the less indicative of elegant art, which
will be evinced, 1st, In the employment of many exotic trees,
or those obviously not natives of this part of the country, as
the Horse Chestnut, or the European Linden : 2d, In the
space allowed for the trees to develope themselves fully in
the lawn from h to , and in the more park-like forms
which they will therefore assume in time : and 3dly, In
the manner in which these trees are arranged.* The latter
consists in concealing all objects which would not add to
the beauty of the scene by an irregular plantation, as for
example, the fence of the kitchen garden at m, or the out-
buildings at d ; in planting the borders of the approach,
and of all walks, so as to give an obvious reason (when
none other exists) for the curves of such walks, as well as
to shade or shelter them ; and in contrasting these planta-
tions by broad open glades of turf, n. On the river side
of the house, the trees should be so arranged as not to shut
out any important portion of the prospect.

It is preferred in this design, not to have any spot
especially devoted to a flower garden, but in its place to
assemble a showy and select collection of flowers, in beds
dug in the turf bordering the walk &, near the house. In
this way the flowers are brought near the house, and their

* Landscape gardening, as an art, does not consist, as many seem to suppose,
in producing a counterfeit of nature, but in idealizing natural beauty in a lawn,
park, or garden.

COTTAGE RESIDENCES. 81

beauty enjoyed, without destroying the simplicity and
general effect of the place, by cutting off a separate space
for a flower garden.

In laying out the kitchen garden /, the border within
the boundary is devoted to fruit trees, as designated on
the plan, with the exception of a small space in the corner
adjoining the stable-yard e, for hot beds. There is a
separate entrance for a cart or wagon to this yard, or to
the kitchen garden, by a road on the left of the kitchen
garden. The interior of the latter is left free for grow-
ing vegetables; and a select collection of fruit is
planted in the small orchard g. This little orchard,
together with the border set apart in the kitchen garden,
if planted with the selection of fruit trees, forty-two in
number, given for this purpose in a succeeding page, will
furnish a moderate supply to the family through the greater
part of the year. They are to be cultivated as standards,
unless the proprietor prefers training those in the kitchen
garden as espaliers, and the ground in the orchard g, is
to be devoted to potatoes, beets, tumips, or other roots,
both for the purpose of turning the ground to account, and
of promoting .the growth of the trees.

List of the finest hardy ornamental trees of foreign and native
growth, for planting in groups and masses.

CLASS I.

Deciduous trees of the largest size, and of very rapid growth.

Chinese Ailanthus, - - Ailantus glandulosa.
European Alder, ... Alnus glutinosa.
Cut-leaved do. do. do. laciniata.

Norway Maple, ... Acer platanoides.

COTTAGE RESIDENCES.

Sugar Maple, ...

Catalpa, -

Spanish Chestnut, -

European Ash, ...

American White do.

Three Thorned Acacia, -

Tulip Tree,

European Larch, - - -

American do.

American Plane, or Sycamore,

Oriental do.

Lombardy Poplar, -

Silver-leaved Aspen, or Abele,

Cotton Wood do.

Yellow Locust, ...

Weeping Willow, -

Hunt.ington do. -

American Linden, -

European Linden, - - -

Red-twigged do. -

American White, or Drooping Elm,

English Elm, ...

Dutch, or Corked-bark Elm,

Scotch, or Wych Elm, -

Acer saccharinum.
Catalpa syrigifolia.
Castanea vesca.
Fraxinus excelsior.

do. americana.
Gleditschia triacanthos.
Liriodendron tulipifera.
Larix europaa.

do. microcarpa.
Platanus occidentalis.

do. orientalis.
Populus dilitata.
Populus alba.

do. angulata.
Robinia pseud-acacia.
Salix babylonica.

do. alba.
Tilia glabra.
do. europ&a.
do. rubra.
Ulmus Americana,
do. campestris.
do. suberosa.
do. montana.

CLASS II.

Deciduous trees of the largest size, and of moderate growth.

White Horse Chestnut, -
Scarlet Maple,
Silver-leaved do. -
Sycamore do.
Scotch Weeping Birch, -
Black Birch
American Beech, -
Kentucky Coffee, -
Sassafras Tree, -

JEsculus hippocastanum.
Acer rubrum.

do. dasycarpum.

do. pseudo platanus.
Betula alba, pendula.

do. lenta.
Fagus americana.
Gymnocladus canadensis.
Laurus sassafras.

COTTAGE RESIDENCES.

Liquidamber, or Sweet Gum, -
Cucumber Magnolia,
American White Oak, -
do. Scarlet do. -
Overcup Oak,

English do. ...

Lucombe's Seedling Oak,
Willow-leaved do.

American Cypress,

Liquidamber styraciftua.
Magnolia accuminata.
Quercus alba.

do. coccinea.

do. macrocarpa.

do. Robur.

do. lucombeana.

do. phellos.
Taxodium dislicJium.

CLASS III.

Deciduous trees of medium size, and of rapid growth.

Buckeye, or Western Horse-
Chestnut, -

Pale Yellow do. - -
Weeping Ash, -
Umbrella Magnolia,
Large leaved do. -
Ash leaved Maple,
Osage Orange, -
Double Flowering Cherry,
Ringlet Willow, -
Wahoo Elm,

Pavia rubra.
do. flava.

Fraxius excelsior, pendula.
Magnolia tripetala.

do. macrophylla.
Negundo fraxinifolia.
Madura aurantiaca.
Cerasus fiore pleno.
Salix annularis.
Ulmus alata.

CLASS IV.

Deciduous trees of medium size, and moderate growth.
Papaw, or Western Custard Apple, Anona triloba.

Red Bird, or Judas Tree,

White flowering Dogwood,

Scotch Laburnum,

Persimon, or American Medlar,

Purple leaved Beech,

Yellow Magnolia, ...

Sour Gum, -

Cercis canadensis.
Cornus Jlorida.
Cytissus alpinus.
Diospyrus virginiana.
Fagus sylvaiica, purpurea.
Magnolia cordata.
Nyssa villosa.

COTTAGE RESIDENCES.

Paper Birch, -
Japan Ginko Tree,
European Mountain Ash,
American do. do.

Betula papyracea.
Salisburia adiantifolia,
Sorbus aucuparia.
do. americana.

Hardy Evergreen trees.

Norway Spruce Fir,

Double Black Spruce Fir,

Balsam, or Balm of Gilead,

Hemlock Fir,

White, or Weymouth Pine,

Yellow Pine,

English Yew,

American Arbor Vitae, -

Abies picea.

do. nigra.

do. balsamea.

do. canadensis.
Pinus slrobus.

do. variabilis.
Taxus baccata.
Thuya occidentalis.

CLASS V.

Hardy shrubs growing from 6 to 20 feet high.

Hercules Club, -

Snow-Drop, or White Fringe Tree,

Narrow leaved do.

Laburnum, or Golden Chain, -

Weeping do.

Yellow Bladder Senna, -

Pink flowering Hawthorn,

New Scarlet, do.

Double White, do.

Cornelian Cherry,

European Strawberry Tree, or

Burning Bush, -
White Fruited, do.
Purple Flowering, do.
American do.

Silver Bell Tree, -
Althea Frutex, or Rose of Sharon,

many sorts and colours,

Aralia spinosa.
Chionanthus virginica.
do. maratima.
Cytissus laburnum.

do. do. pendula.

Colutea arborescens.
Crategus oxycantha, var.

do. do. var.

do. do. fl. pi.

Cornus mascula.

Euonymus europaus.

do. do. fructa albo.

do. alropurpureus.

do. americanus.
Halesia telraptera.

Hibiscus syricus.

COTTAGE RESIDENCES.

Silvery Hippophae,
Chinese Kolreuteria,
Snowy Flowered Mespilus,
Glaucous, or Swamp Magnolia,
Carolina large flowering Syringo,
Common fragrant do.

Semi-double do.

Hop Tree, ....
Venetian Sumac, or Purple Fringe

Tree,

Shrubby Yellow Robinia,
Silvery-leaved Shepherdia, or

Buffalo berry, ...
Three-leaved Bladder Nut, -
White and Purple Lilacs,
White and Purple Persian Lilacs,
Cut leaved do.

French Tamarisk,
Snowball, or Guelder Rose
Way-faring Tree,

Hippophae rJiamnoides.
Kolreuteria paniculata.
Mespilus botryapium.
Magnolia glauca.
Philadelphus grandiflorus.

do. coronarius.

do. semi-pleno.

Ptelia trifoliata.

Rhus cotinus.
Robinia frutescens.

Shepherdia argentea.
Staphylea trifoliata.
Syringa vulgaris.

do. persica.

do. laciniata.
Tamarix gallica.
Viburnum opulus.
do lantana.

CLASS VI.

Hardy shrubs^ growing from 1 to 6 or 8 feet high.

Indigo Shrub,

Dwarf white Horse Chestnut,
Groundsel Tree,
Sweet scented Shrub, -
Fragrant Clethra, -
Panicled flowered Clethra,
Red flowering bladder Senna,
Scorpion Senna, -
Bloody twigged Dogwood,
Cluster flowered Cytissus,
Scarlet Japan Quince,
Blush, or White do.
Pink Mezereon,

Amorpha fruticosa.
JEsculus macrostachya.
Baccharis Jialimifolia.
Calycanihus Jloridus.
Clethra alnifolia.

do. paniculata.
Colutea arborescens.
Coronilla emerus.
Cornus sanguinea.
Cytissus capitatus.
Cydonia japonica.

do. alba.
Daphne mezereum.

COTTAGE RESIDENCES,

White Mezereon -
Oak leaved Hydrangea,
Italian yellow Jasmine,
Japan yellow Globe Flower, -
Common Privet, or Prim,
Tartarian Upright, or Tree Honey-
suckle, -

White flowering Honeysuckle,
Black berried do.
English fly do.

Dwarf Syringe, -
Shrubby Cinquefoil,
Double Purple Tree Poeony, -
Single Pink and Purple do.
Double Rose coloured do.
Rose Acacia, -

Shrubby Caragana,
Corymbose Spirea,
Panicled do. ...
Pretty flowering Spirea,
Sorb leaved do.

Red flowering do.
St. Peters' Wreath,
Snowberry (white fruit),
Indian Currant (Red fruit),
Parsley leaved Yellow- Root, -

Daphne m. album.
Hydrangea quercifolia.
Jasminum Jiurmile.
Kerria japonica.
Ltigustrum vulgare.

Lonicera tartarica.
do. alba.
do. nigrum.
do. xylosteum.
PhiladelpJius nanus.
Potentilla fruticosa.
Pceonia moutan Banksia.
do. papaveracea.
do. rosea.
Robinia hispida.

do. caragana.
Spirea corymbosa.
do. paniculata.
do. bella.
do. sorbifolia.
do. tomentosa.
do. hypericifolia.
Symphoria racemosa.
do. glomerata.
Zanthorhiza apiifolia.

Tree Box, -

American Holly, -

European do. rather tender at

the north, -
Swedish Juniper, -
Common Laurel, or Kalmia, -
American Rhododendron,

Evergreen Shrubs.

Buxus arborescens.
Ilex opaca.

do. aquifolium.
Juniperus sueccia.
Kalmia latifolia.
Rododendron maxiumum.

COTTAGE RESIDENCES.

Selection of very choice fruits, for the small orchard of 42 trees.

CHERRIES.

1 Knight's early Black.
1 Mayduke.
1 Tartarian.

1 Napoleon Bigarrieu,

PEARS.

2 Bartlett.
2 Seckel.

2 D'Angouleine.
1 Early Madeleine.
1 Easter Beurre.

1 Bloodgood's early.

2 Marie Louise.
1 Beurre Diel.

PEACHES.

2 George the IV.
2 Early Newington.
2 Morris White.
1 Yellow Rareripe.
1 Large White Cling.

1 Favourite.

APPLES.

2 Newtown Pippin,
1 Yellow Harvest.

1 Fall Pippin.

2 Baldwin.

2 Rhode Island Greening.
1 Yellow Bellflower.

PLUMS.

1 Coe's Golden Drop.

1 Washington.

1 Green Gage.

1 La Royale.

1 Magnum bonum.

APRICOTS.

I Moorpark.
1 Turkey.

NECTARINES.

1 Peterborough.
1 Elruge.

Total 42

88 COTTAGE RESIDENCES.

DESIGN IV.

An Ornamental Farm House.

IN designing this farm house, we have had two objects
in view; first, to offer to the large class of intelligent
farmers, a plan of a house of moderate size, somewhat
adapted in internal accommodation to their peculiar
wants : and secondly, to give to the exterior, at little addi-
tional cost, some architectural beauty. The first object,
it is evident, must ever be the principal one in a farmer's
dwelling, and therefore every thing should yield to such
an interior arrangement, as will give the greatest amount
of comfort, and the maximum of convenience, in performing
in-door labor. But beyond this, there is no reason why
the dwelling houses of our respectable farmers should not
display some evidences of taste, as well as those of profes-
sional men, or persons in more affluent circumstances.
The farmers are really the most independent men in our
community, as their wealth is less liable to fluctuation than
that of any other class ; and if the amount which they
wish to expend upon a dwelling, be less than that within
the means of others, they are generally able, on the other
hand, by having abundance of stone or timber on their own
premises, to build at a greatly reduced cost. By bestow-
ing some degree of ornament on farm houses, we shall
hope to increase the interest and attachment, which the

DESIGN IV,

AN ORNAMENTAL FARM EOUSE.

PRINCIPAL FLOOR

30 20

O V X

COTTAGE RESIDENCES. 89

farmer and his family have for their home, and thereby
to improve his social and domestic state. A man who is
content to live in a clumsy, badly contrived, and uncouth
habitation, will generally be found to care little for his
home, or to have in his heart but a scanty flow of genial
domestic sympathies. This love of home, and with it
all the tender affections bound up in that endearing
word, will be sure to grow with every step we take
to add to its comforts, or increase its beauty ; and if we
feel a species of affection for the goodly trees we have
planted, which, growing along with us, seem like old
and familiar friends, we must acknowledge a still greater
attachment to a dwelling that we have built, and which
becomes our own home, whether it be a cottage or a man-
sion, if there is an air of taste lurking about it, and breath-
ing out from vine covered porch or open window casement.
We are especially anxious that the farmer should culti-
vate a taste for improving his home, including under this
term his dwelling, and his garden or grounds, as we are
confident that in so doing he will unconsciously open to
himself and his family new sources of enjoyment, beyond
such as are directly derived from their beauty and con-
venience. It is unquestionably true, that we learn to
appreciate the beauty of nature, in proportion as we be-
come familiar with the beauty of art. Now, although we
do not expect farmers to possess a gallery of pictures or
statuary, yet they have a scarcely less instructive field
open to them while tastefully disposing their gardens and
grounds, in studying the various developments of beauty
that occur, and become familiar to the mind in these,
and all other employments, unfolding the order and har-

90 COTTAGE RESIDENCES.

mony of a well regulated home. And we will venture to
assert, that no person, however small his original know-
ledge, has followed these occupations thoughtfully for half
a dozen years, without having his appreciation of the
beauty of all nature, and especially the beauty of trees,
forests, hills and rivers, a thousand fold increased.

By referring to the plan of the principal floor, Fig. 32,
it will be seen that the main building, 30 by 46 feet, is
two stories in height, and contains on this floor a hall, a
parlour, two bedrooms, and a large pantry. The parlour,
or sitting-room, is an excellent apartment, suitable for any
occasion, and the pantry being placed between it and the
kitchen, either of these rooms may be used to dine in ;
while the passage, with two doors between the parlour
and the kitchen, prevents the noise of the latter from
being heard in the former.

The kitchen, wash-house, dairy, and wood-house, on
the same level with the main building, are contained in an
L-form addition in the rear, one story in height. The
kitchen is 16 feet square, and opens also by a back door,
upon a broad stone platform, under which the steps next
the main building descend to the cellar. The wash-
room is 16 feet square, and has by the side of the fire-
place a circular copper boiler set, for boiling the clothes.
There is a passage from the wash-room, communicating
directly with the wood-house. The dairy may, if it is
thought advisable, be sunk three feet below the level of
the wash-house, and paved with flag stones, in order to
keep it cool ; and there may be a raised shelf of stone all
around it, on which to place pans of milk. In this case
it would be entered by descending four or five steps.

COTTAGE RESIDENCES,

I7X2O

8X12

13X18

The wood-house has a large door, to facilitate unloading
from the wood wagons.

The plan of the second story,
Fig. 33, affords three good bed-
rooms, closets, &c., and a small
bedroom ; and above this story
is an ample garret for drying
various seeds and vegetables.

The cellar is large, being
of the same size as the main
building, and on the side next
the carriage road, should be
placed a slide, wide enough to
receive a cart load of roots,
which will save much labor Fig.33.

and time usually occupied in carrying them in baskets.

This dwelling is supposed to be constructed of rough
stone, or stone partially smooth on the face, but not laid in
regular courses. Such stone is abundant throughout a
great portion of the United States and makes excellent
walls.

We have given the preference to the Rural Gothic style
in composing the exterior of this dwelling, partly on ac-
count of the large lofts or garrets, so useful to the farmer,
afforded by the steep gables and roofs, and partly on ac-
count of its intrinsic beauty and picturesque effect when
built of stone even in this simple manner. We have in-
troduced a veranda in the same style in front, because
such a feature is as necessary to the comfort of a farm-
house as a villa, in this country.

Where all the outbuildings are to be erected at the

92 COTTAGE RESIDENCES.

same time with the dwelling-house, something of the same
style should be evinced in their construction. It is not
necessary to attain this, that ornamental verge boards, or
windows, or other minor details, should be introduced in
barns or the like structures, but it will be sufficient if at--
tention be paid to repeating the same general forms ire
the outlines of the buildings, and of these the form of the
roof or gables is most essential.

In some districts, wood is the only material which
comes within reach of the farmer. When this is the case
it would be better to adopt another'style for the exterior,
of a lighter character. We would recommend the simple
projecting roof, and the general style of Design L, omit-
ting some of the ornamental details. The arrangement of
the rooms would require no material alteration, whatever
style of architecture may be adopted for the interior ; and
a farm-house built in the plainest manner, preserving the
arrangement exactly, would still have all the merit of this
part of the design, of whatever value it may be considered.

It is evident that to some families another parlour, or a
common eating room, but little superior to the kitchen,
might be thought desirable. This would be easily ob-
tained by converting the rear bedroom into a dining-room
and keeping the parlour, (which is now intended to serve
the purpose of dining-room also,) as a show apartment, or
best room. Such a plan might suit the fancy of those who
take pleasure in keeping the best and most comfortable
room in their house shut, except when they see strangers,
but we cannot recommend it as consonant with good taste
and that unaffected, genuine hospitality, which ought to
characterize " plain country folks."

COTTAGE RESIDENCES.

Details of construction. The construction of this build-
ing will be easily understood by merely inspecting the ele-
vation, as it is extremely simple. In Fig. 34, the verge-
board and cornice are
shown more in detail, to
the scale of J inch to a
foot. In this, A, is the
front view of the top of
the gable, and B, the pro-
file or section of the
same, p, is the pendant
which perforates the ridge
of the roof, and termi-
nates the gable by what
is termed a hip knob, or finial. The roof, in this design,
projects about a foot beyond the walls of the house. The
veranda is supported by octagonal posts or pillars, the
openings between which, are ornamented at the top by
single arches cut from 2 inch plank. All the exterior
wood-work of this building, (except sashes and doors,)
should be painted three coats of the same color as the
stone, or a few shades lighter, and sanded.

Estimate. The cost of this building, supposing the stone
to be found on the farm, and all the materials to be drawn
by the farmer, will not exceed $1700.

. 13.]

The Ferme Ornee, or ornamental portion of the farm.

ornee is a term generally applied to a farm, the
whole or the greater part of which is rendered in some de-
gree ornamental, by intersecting it with drives, and private

94 COTTAGE RESIDENCES.

lanes and walks, bordered by trees and shrubs, and by the
neater arrangement and culture of the fields. But it may
also be applied to a farm with a tasteful farm-house, and
so much of the ground about it rendered ornamental, as
would naturally meet the eye of the stranger, in approach-
ing it the first time.

It is evident that the farm proper, in the present case,
may consist of 50 or 500 acres. We have only shown in
the annexed engraving, Fig. 35, a plan of a few acres
immediately surrounding the house, and consisting of the
entrance lawn a 1 about one and a quarter acres, bordering
the entrance road or approach b ; the orchard c, the
kitchen garden d, adjoining fields, in grass or under the
plough e, and the yard for the out-buildings/.

At g is shown the house, and in the rear of the kitchen,
wash-house, &c., is the kitchen yard h. The out-build-
ings, or farmery, are arranged around three sides of a
square, open to the south, and consist of the piggery j 9
the tool-house communicating with the garden Jc, open
shed for carts, ploughs, &c., Z, cow-house with three calf-
pens attached at the end m, barn n, stable for horses o,
wagon-house p, and corn crib q. The surface of the
yard descends slightly on all sides to the centre /, where
the manure heap is kept. This collection of out-buildings
is much more complete and extensive, than will be found
connected with most farms in this country, but we have
given it, with the view of exhibiting what ought to be
aimed at as a desideratum in accommodation, on every
extensive farm, and it will be found easy to diminish the
amount of buildings and sheds, to as many as would

COTTAGE RESIDENCES.

[Fig. 35.]

96 COTTAGE RESIDENCES.

occupy only one side of the yard, if the farm be small, or
to such a number as can be afforded.

This plan will require but little description, as the orna-
mental grounds have no intricacy of detail. The effect of
the view from the house across the entrance lawn a, would
be pleasing, and its expression would be that of simply
natural, or pastoral beauty. The trees might be of the
finest native species, selected from the woods on the farm,
as nothing is more beautiful than our fine drooping Elms,
Tulip trees, Oaks, and Ashes. Or some additional interest
may be given to the place, by introducing a few Horse
Chestnuts or European Lindens, around the house, and
along the approach. The trees we would plant in natural
groups, as indicated on the plan, as this would not only
evince a more cultivated taste in a farmer, than strait
lines, but it would also add to the apparent extent of the
whole area, devoted to ornamental trees, by giving it an
irregular and varied boundary of foli age.

This acre and a quarter devoted to ornament, may also
be rendered profitable also : 1st, by mowing the grass over
the whole surface ; or, 2dly, by keeping it short, by pas-
turing it with favorite animals. In the case of mowing,
when no animals are admitted, a few flowering shrubs and
plants may be cultivated directly around the house. But if
it is preferred to pasture the area, it would be necessary
to confine them to a certain portion of the kitchen garden
devoted to this purpose.

There are some farmers who would be willing to devote
an acre around their house to some kind of lawn, or pur-
pose superior to a common field, who are yet not suffi-
ciently alive to the beauty and dignity of fine forest trees,

COTTAGE RESIDENCES. 97

to be willing to plant the latter. Such may substitute
fruit for forest trees, and even arrange them in the same
manner, planting those most symmetrical and pleasing in
their forms, as the cherry and pear, near the house and the
approach, and those which are unsightly in growth, nearest
the boundary.

The beauty of a ferme ornee will be greatly enhanced
by introducing verdant hedges, in the place of stone or
wooden fences, at least in all situations near the house.
The best plant to be had in the nurseries, for this purpose,
is the Newcastle thorn, a native sort, much hardier and
better than the English for our climate. But almost any
of our native thorns in the woods, make admirable hedges,
and the farmer may gather the seeds, and raise them him-
self. Good hedges may also be made of the crab, or the
buckthorn, or even the mulberry, though the latter will not
turn cattle, from its want of thorns.

If the ground is previously well prepared by repeated
ploughings and manuring, and proper care is taken to
head back the young plants the first year or two to make
a thick bottom, and to trim them twice a year afterwards,
an excellent hedge may be obtained in five years. No
person, we hope, who has once seen a handsome deep
green hedge, forming a dense close surface, enlivened with
blossoms in the spring, and berries in the autumn, will
grudge the little annual care necessary to substitute this for
at least a small part of his unsightly wall, or "post and rail."

Wooden and stone fences near the house, may be ren-
dered ornamental by planting the Virginia creeper, (Am-
pelopsis,) or five-leaved ivy, at short distances along the
fence. This vine is common over a large portion of the

98 COTTAGE RESIDENCES.

Union, and will quickly form a beautiful mantle of verdure,
concealing the wall in summer with its rich and luxuriant
green, and in autumn with its bright scarlet foliage.

When the eye commands from the house a view beyond
the ornamental lawn, the latter may be pleasingly con-
nected by planting or preserving, here and there, in the
adjoining fields, a few of the same forest trees that are
growing on the lawn, thus avoiding too strongly marked
a contrast between the latter area and the farm lands, and
showing something of a unity of design or purpose.

The orchard near the house is an apple orchard, and
we give a selection of one hundred trees for the purpose of
planting it with the most valuable sorts, including a num-
ber of sweet apples, for feeding stock.

'Ripens in

2 Early Bough, August.

2 Yellow Harvest, July.

6 Esopus Spitzenberg, Nov. Feb.

4 Roxbury Russett, May.

6 Fall Pippin, Sept. Dec.

8 Jersey Sweet, Aug. Nov.

6 Jonathan, Dec. Feb.

6 Baldwin, Nov. May.

2 Lady Apple, Nov. March.

4 Large Golden Pippin, Nov. March.
6 Ladies' Sweeting, Nov. March.
8 Newtown Pippin, Dec. May.

5 Wells' Sweet, Sept. Dec.
8 Rhode Island Greening, Nov. March.
2 Summer Paradise, Aug. Sept.
4 Swaar, Dec. March.
8 Yellow Bellflower, Oct. Dec.

4 Pearmain, Nov. March.

4 Michael Henry Pippin, Nov. March.

4 Dominie, Nov. March.

DESIGN V,

K.iCKKTTED MODE.

PRINCIPAL PORCH FLOOR

COTTAGE RESIDENCES. 99

DESIGN V.

A cottage-villa in the BracJcetted mode.

WE trust that the exterior of this villa will generally
please, as although it is very simple in form, we have
endeavored to add to its domestic, comfortable air, a more
forcible and elegant expression than rectangular buildings
generally possess. The strongly marked character which
it has, is derived mainly from the bold projection of the
roof, supported by ornamental brackets, and from the
employment of brackets, for supports, in various other parts
of the building.

This bracketted mode of building, so simple in con-
struction, and so striking in effect, will be found highly
suitable to North America, and especially to the southern
states. The coolness and dryness of the upper story,
afforded by the almost veranda-like roof, will render this
a delightful feature in all parts of our country where the
summers are hot, and the sun very bright, during the long
days of that season. Indeed, we think a very ingenious
architect might produce an American cottage style, by care-
fully studying the capabilities of this mode, so abounding
in picturesqueness, and so easily executed.

In actual fitness for domestic purposes, in this country,
we think this bracketted mode has much to recommend
it. It is admirably adapted to the two kinds of construc-
tion which must, for some time, be the most prevalent in the

100 COTTAGE RESIDENCES

United States wood, and brick covered by cement. Its
comparative lightness of character, renders it well suited
for wood, and the protection afforded by the projection of
the roof, will give complete security and dryness to the
walls, rendering good stucco or cement in such a situation,
as durable as stone. The facility of its construction is an
additional circumstance in its favour, as the details are
extremely simple the ornamental brackets, which are the
principal features of decoration, being cut out of pine
or oak plank, two inches thick, and one or two patterns
serving for the whole exterior.

Extending the roof in the manner shown in this design,
gives expression and character at once to the exterior, and
the broad and deep shadows thrown by the projection are
not only effective and pleasing to the artistical eye, but
they increase the actual comfort of the chamber apart-
ments ; a projection of from 20 inches to three feet, serving
as a hood to shelter the windows from the summer sun during
all the sultry portion of the day ; while in winter, the sun
being low in position, this effect will not be felt, when it
is not desirable.

On entering the hall, (see plan of principal floor, Fig.
37,) we find on the left an oval dining, or living room,
lighted by a large and handsome window on the side, and
another in front ; the latter finished with a window-seat.
There are two pantries, or closets, in this room, in the
spaces formed by the ovals in front, and the opposite end
of the room may be finished with shallow closets for plate,
glass, or valuable china. At the end of the room opposite
the front, is a door opening into the passage a, which com-

COTTAGE RESIDENCES. 101

municates with the stairs to the kitchen, (under the main
stairs,) and also with the open air, by the door on the
veranda. At b is a water-closet.

On the opposite side is the parlour or drawing-room,
occupying the whole space, 18 by 26 feet. This room is
of very handsome size, and if well finished would make a
splendid apartment. The ceiling should be 13 or 14 feet
high, and might be supported by a bracketted cornice,
tastefully executed in plaster, to harmonize with the
character of the exterior. Our own taste wquid; dead us
to prefer greatly, in all cases, the simplicity and dignity
of a single large apartment of this kind, in* the, country, to
two apartments connected by folding or sliding doors. In
the latter, the single room considered by itself, is com-
paratively of no importance, because it is evidently only
one half of the architect's idea, and the coup d'ceil of the
whole is greatly injured, by the partition still remaining,
after the doors are open. A large room like this drawing-
room, will, on the contrary, be a complete whole in itself,
and with regard to its effect, either with or without com-
pany, it will be found much more satisfactory than that
of the two smaller ones connected. Access to the veranda
from this room, is afforded by the window at its farther
end, which is a casement-window opening to the floor, and
may therefore be used as a door.

At the end of the hall a door opens into the library, 18
by 20 feet, which is a cool, airy apartment, shaded by the
veranda that surrounds it on three sides. It communi-
cates directly with the drawing-room by one door, and
with the passage a, leading to the veranda, by another.

102

COTTAGE RESIDENCES.

12X17

8X16

SEC. FLOOR

On the second floor are
five bedrooms, Fig. 38.
The two bedrooms on the
right being connected by a
door, one of them may be
used as a nursery, and the
other as a family bedroom.
Three bedrooms, for ser-
vants, may be finished in
the altte' scon'-, which will
be lighted by the windows
in * 'the' 'gable . * * 'There is a
handsome balcony, which is
entered upon from the case- [Fig.sa]

ment-window, at the end of the hall in this story, shaded
by the broad overhanging roof, and two other balconies
which accompany, in a similar manner, the large windows
in the two principal bedrooms on either side of this hall.
These two large windows are each composed of three
compartments, and the middle compartment of that on the
right, against which the partition of the nursery abuts, is
made solid on the inside, which still gives one window,
or compartment of moderate size, for each room.

The basement accommodation, Fig. 39, consists of a
kitchen, laundry, store-room, and cellar. The basement
story is raised about three and a half feet above ground,
with areas built around the windows, to admit an abun-
dance of light. The outer entrance to this story is by the
steps descending under the veranda, indicated on the left
of this plan.

The chimneys in this elevation are bold and striking,

COTTAGE RESIDENCES.

103

B A

and show what would be in.
good keeping with the style
of the house. Their con-
struction is simple. They
are each covered on the top
by two flat copeing stones,
of bold projection, the smoke
escaping on two sides, (Fig.
42.) Chimneys built in this
manner are much more likely
to draw well, than those
with an open top, in the com-
mon mode. This form, how-
ever, is not by any means

E M E N T.

[Fig. 39.]

essential, and square flues in a body, with a bold cornice
supported on bricks projecting as brackets, or separate
detached flues carried up in clusters, with heavy tops,
would also be suitable for a building in this style.

Variation of this design, as constructed in wood. The fore-
going engravings being in illustration of this design, as
built of solid materials, we introduce another elevation,
Fig. 40, to show its appearance constructed of wood.
The common mode of siding is sufficiently well understood
by every one, but in this elevation a less general mode is
shown, which consists in tongue and grooving the boards,
nailing them vertically on the frame, and covering the
joint by a strip one to two inches wide. We suggest this
mode as a variation, as it makes a very warm and dry
house, and the effect is good. Fig. 45 is a section to the
scale of half an inch to a foot, showing this kind of siding.

There are, perhaps, some families who would much
prefer a bedroom, to the library in our previous plan of

104

COTTAGE RESIDENCES,

[Fig. 40.]

[Fig. 41.]

COTTAGE RESIDENCES.

105

the principal floor. We have in the annexed Fig. 41,
shown how this wing, originally intended for a library,
may, by a little variation in the plan, be made to afford a
pleasant bedroom, with a closet adjoining, and a pretty
little boudoir opening either into the bedroom or the draw-
ing-room, as may be thought best. If this variation should
be preferred to the original plan of this floor, it will only
be necessary to carry through the partitions introduced in
this wing, which will make a similar alteration in the plan
of the second and basement stories, so easily understood
that it will not require any further plans in illustration.

Details. A portion of the porch
in Fig. 43, shows the manner
of ornamenting this part of the
building by brackets. Four va-
rieties of brackets, suitable for the
roof supports of buildings in this
style, are seen in the accompany-
ing Fig. 44. In this engraving,
drawn to the scale of half an inch

NtWWWiiAi

to a foot, A, represents the bold-
est form, suitable for the corners or
angles of building ; B, one of lesser
size, proper for the projection of
the gables ; c, is another variation,
employed in the bold projection of
the gable in front, over the porch,
and D, is a form employed for eave
brackets, when it is thought ad-
visable to continue them along the
whole line of roof, as in the next
13

'uinuiiiunii

[Fig. 43.]

106

COTTAGE RESIDENCES.

design. In this engraving, a represents a moulding, and
I the roof and cornice above the bracket. The most com-
plete mode would undoubtedly be to employ cut-stone

[Fig. 44.]

brackets in a building like this, composed of stone or solid
materials ; but if made of good sound wood, and thoroughly
painted and sanded to resemble the stone or stucco, it will
answer nearly as well.

In Fig. 45, is seen a section of the mode
of siding, alluded to in our variation of
[Fig. 45.] this design in wood, which needs no fur-
ther explanation.

It will be observed that the supports to the veranda in
the rear of this dwelling, are simple, octagonal posts, or-
namented with brackets at the top, and that the brackets
being a characteristic feature in this style or mode, it is
introduced wherever a support is really or apparently
necessary, as in the case of the balconies to the windows,
etc. ; and in a building in this mode, the unity of design
should be further preserved, by carrying out the boldness
of character in all portions of the building, by projecting
the roofs, verandas, porches, etc., in a proportionate de-

COTTAGE RESIDENCES. 107

gree, and by introducing few and bold mouldings and or-
naments.

Some character is given to the roof in this design, by
employing shingles of an uniform size, and rounding the
lower ends before laying them on the roof.*

We have designated a water-closet in this design. A
water-closet does actually not require a space larger than
3 by 4 or 5 feet, and it may therefore be introduced in the
first or second story of almost every house, although we
have only shown it in two or three of these designs. If
properly constructed, and its accompanying cistern kept
supplied with water, it will be found entirely free from
odours of any kind, and therefore a very great desideratum
in every house. The better way is to employ a first rate
plumber from the city to fit it up completely, while the
house is in progress. In order to explain the principle of its
construction we extract the following description of one of
a simple and very efficient kind from the Encyclopedia of
Cottage, Farm and Villa Architecture, p. 18.

" The water-closet may be variously arranged ; but as
one of the best and cheapest modes, and one the least
likely to go out of order, we give the following : The
cistern, Fig. 45, a may be at any distance from the seat

* The principle of expression of purpose, demands that the roofs of buildings
should be shown, and rendered ornamental. In snowy countries, especially, a
moderately steep roof is necessary to sustain the pressure and shed the snow per-
fectly, and it should always, therefore, be boldly exposed, and rendered ornamental
in domestic architecture. Some of our builders seem to have a farcical horror of
a roof, or a chimney-top, (derived from the study of Greek temples,) and con-
ceal both, by costly and elaborate balustrades and parapets, in many cases at an
expense sufficient, if judiciously applied, to have given a superior character to th' 6
whole building.

108

COTTAGE RESIDENCES.

[Fig. 45.]

b, provided it be on a higher
level, by four or five feet. The
basin c, may be an inverted hol-
low cone, truncated, and joined
to a piece of cylindrical tube, in-
serted in a closed leaden vessel,
technically called a smell-trap d.
In the side of c, at e, is a hole
or vertical opening passing obli-
quely through the sides of the
basin and communicating with
the cistern a, by the pipe f.
The water in the cistern is pre-
vented from running off through
this pipe by a nicely fitting valve at g. When it is desired to
allow the water to rush down into the basin, it is only neces-
sary to pull the string h ; which, if the cistern be at a dis-
tance, may pass over several pullies, according to the num-
ber of angles in its course. In order to insure the descent of
a quantity of water to the basin every time it hasbeen\ised,
a cord i, may be joined to A, and passed over the pully at
&, and the end of this cord may be fixed to the upper part
of the door of the water-closet, at such a distance from
the hinge, say a foot, as will suffice to lift up the valve g ;
or the same purpose might be effected by a lever which
would be acted upon every time the door was opened.
In every case where it is intended that a common or lever
valve should be operated on by a door, the latter ought to
have a spring-bolt to shut it, lest at any time it should be
left open by neglect." The waste pipe from the water-
closet should leave the house by a properly fitted under-

COTTAGE RESIDENCES. 109

ground drain, and should either terminate in a covered
drain or sewer, at a considerable distance, or in a well or
cistern for liquid manure, the contents of which may be
turned to valuable account.

Estimate. This cottage-villa may be built of brick-and-
stucco, or of wood, in the best manner, at a cost of about
$5500. With cut free-stone trimmings it would cost $6000.

Laying out the Ground.

The situation for which this cottage is designed borders
the public road and contains about two acres, which are
nearly level. At the back of the garden, Fig. 47, is a steep
hill a, the side covered with trees, which is ascended by
a walk 6, leading to a rustic summer-house on the top at
c, from whence a prospect of the surrounding country is
obtained.

The house is at d, and the objects in laying out the
ground were to create an airy, cheerful aspect around the
house, especially in front ; to preserve a view of the steep
picturesque hill from the veranda in the rear, and with the
appearance of a good deal of ornamental effect to retain
about one acre, or nearly half the level ground, for a
kitchen garden e, and a fruit garden /.

In order to give an air of extent and elegance about the
house, the whole surface in this neighborhood, not devoted
to the kitchen and fruit gardens, is laid down in lawn g,
to be kept neatly mown ; with the exception of the long
borders A, devoted to a miscellaneous collection of flow-
ers ; the circular beds, filled with verbenas, petunias
and monthly roses, three plants which will bloom the

110

COTTAGE RESIDENCES.

[Fig. 47.]

COTTAGE RESIDENCES, 111

whole summer, and have a brilliant effect from the draw-
ing-room windows ; and the two beds j filled with choice
double Dahlias. In the turf is planted a number of the
finest species of ornamental trees and shrubs, some being
allowed to grow alone and assume all their beauty of de-
velopment, and others planted in groups, or thickets, for
effect or shelter. The novice will be assisted in making a
selection of these trees and shrubs, by referring to the list
given at page 81. Some of the less hardy and robust of
these trees and shrubs, being planted in groups in this
way, will require that the surface around each tree for a
small area of about two feet in diameter be kept loose by
culture to promote their growth, until they attain consider-
able size.

The entrance gate is shown at Jc, and there is a large
oval of turf around which to turn carriages immediately
before the door. The carriage road I, after approaching
the entrance to the kitchen, for the convenience of de-
livering heavy articles, leads to the carriage-house m, ad-
joining which are the barn and stable n, and the stable
yard o, the latter communicating directly with the public
road by the lane p.

The kitchen and fruit gardens are enclosed on three
sides by hedges of the privet or prim, a rapid growing
plant which forms a thick hedge in three years, has neat
foliage and flowers, and is easily cultivated from slips or
cuttings planted in March or April. These verdant fences
will scarcely appear barriers, and a spectator standing on
the veranda in the rear of the house, and looking over the
open, oval lawn g, bordered by the flower borders, and
these backed by the deep green hedges, would scarcely

112 COTTAGE EESIDENCES.

be impressed with that idea of confinement which this
moderate space would otherwise convey.

A detached green-house is shown at r, which, like the
dwelling-house, fronts due south. This green-house is 14
feet wide by 40 feet long, and has a lean-to, or shed, at the
rear, which affords a cover for the furnace, with a place
for fuel, and a long narrow apartment for a gardener's
seed room, tool room, or work room, the latter being a
place absolutely necessary in every residence of the size
of half an acre, if appropriated to ornamental purposes.
Not only the front, but' also both the ends of this green-
house should be glazed, as the sun will then, in the course
of the day, shine on all sides. In the middle or eastern
states, where the winters are severe, it will be found a
great economy of both fuel and labor to have light shut-
ters made for all the sashes in a green-house detached like
this one. When the sun is shining the shutters can be
speedily removed, and in cold dull days, and at night, the
glass may be kept covered, which will prevent the house
from losing its heat rapidly. No green-house in this
country, where even the wintry sun is brilliant, will require
a particle of fire while the sun shines, and by the aid of
shutters we may preserve the warmth of the green-house
collected during the afternoon, through a considerable
portion, and often the whole of the night.

The hill side a, in its original state, was sprinkled over
with trees, tufts of grass, ferns, etc., and was disfigured
by the presence of a number of rough piles of rock. In
order to render them ornamental, a quantity of hardy
climbers, as the Trumpet vine, (Bignonia,) the coral or
trumpet Honeysuckles, the double flowering Bramble,

COTTAGE RESIDENCES. 113

and the Virginia creeper, may be planted at the foot and
among these rocks, and they will in two or three seasons
render them highly picturesque by enwreathing them with
beautiful garlands of foliage and flowers.

As the lawn will be a great source of beauty in all
places of this kind, it is important that attention should be
paid to this feature early in the preparation of the grounds.
No lawn will retain its freshness and verdure throughout
our hot summers, unless particular attention is paid to two
circumstances. The first of these is the preparation of a
deep soil before it is sown, or laid down in grass the
second consists in frequent mowings. When there is a
large surface to be kept in lawn, the soil may be rendered
suitable by manuring, and ploughing thoroughly before-
hand with the sub-soil plough, or by going through the
same furrow three times in ploughing the soil. If the area
be small, it may be trenched with the spade. The roots
of the grasses strike much deeper in a mellow prepared
soil, than persons are generally aware, and are thereby
enabled to withstand a severe drought, when, if sown in
the ordinary mode, they would have dried up and the
foliage become brown in a short time. A rich soil for a
lawn is not desirable, but rather a deep one, capable of re-
taining moisture for a long time. Ashes will be found an
excellent top-dressing for invigorating a worn-out lawn.

Frequent mowing is necessary to insure that velvet-like
appearance so much admired in English lawns. To per-
form this operation neatly, the mower must be provided
with a scythe the blade of which is very broad, and hung
nearly parallel to the surface of the lawn ; and the mow-
ing should always be performed, if possible, after a shower

114 COTTAGE RESIDENCES.

or a heavy dew, while the grass is yet damp. The best
mixture of grass seeds in use among us, and to be had
at our seed shops, is the same as composes the natural
growth of our commons and the turf by the road sides, viz.
Red top, and white Clover, (Agrostis vulgaris and Trifo-
lium repens.) They should be sown thickly for a lawn, at
the rate of four bushels to the acre.*

The five circular beds i, are supposed to be each 10 or
15 feet in diameter, and cut in the turf. It is proposed to
fill these with plants, each bed with the same genus, and
cultivate them in such a manner that, when full grown,
they shall cover the whole surface of the bed. They will
then present a mass of rich leaves and blossoms, and the
raw earth not being seen, these beds will connect them-
selves much more harmoniously with the surrounding turf
or lawn, than if only partially covered with plants. No-
thing is more unsightly than raw flower beds near the
windows of the house, in midsummer, and we therefore
greatly prefer the beauty of a few rich circles or groups
like these, to the lean and parched appearance which long
beds of miscellaneous flowers exhibit when placed in
direct proximity to the dwelling.

The trailing Verbenas and Petunias are very showy
plants, blooming perpetually during the whole season, and
are therefore admirably adapted to this purpose. As they
will not stand our winters, they must be treated as annu-
als ; or preserved by taking small plants up in pots, in
autumn, and keeping them in the green-house or a frame,

* Mr. Loudon recommends the following mixture of grasses for a lawn : viz.
Agrostis vulgaris var. tenuifolia, Festuca duriuscula, F. ovina, Cynosoru
cristatus, Poa prateusis, Avenaflavescens, and Trifolium minus.

COTTAGE RESIDENCES. 115

planting them out again in April. The following varieties
are recommended.

Verbenas Tweediana, grandiflora. Petunia phcenecia.
chamedrifolia. Groomii.

elegans. picta.

ignescens. striata.

Mestoni. grandiflora.

superba.
chalmeri.
Binneyana.

A great number of beautiful monthly roses, including
the Noisettes, the common China, or Bengal, and the Tea
and the Bourbon varieties may be procured in the nurse-
ries. These require a rich loamy soil, where they will
bloom in great profusion all the summer, and until winter
frosts overtake them. The Bourbon roses are especially
remarkable for the size, the abundance, fragrance, and
the beauty of their blossoms. The following selection in-
cludes some of the most desirable sorts, all everblooming
or monthly.

BOURBON ROSES. NOISETTE ROSES.

Madam Desprez, large and very Champney's cluster, blush.

double. Aimee Vibert, pure white.

General Dubourg, do. very fra- Louise Phillipe, deep crimson.

grant. Cerise, cherry coloured.

Hermosa, rose coloured. Conque de Venus, delicate blush.

Le Brun. Jaune desprez, creamy blush.

Gloire de France, or Neumann. Lamarque, pale yellow.

Queen, very fine. Smith's yellow.

Aristides. Julia.

Marshall de Villars, lively red. Du Luxembourg.

Gloire de Rosamond. Superba.

Bouquet de Flora. Charles the X.

116 COTTAGE RESIDENCES.

BENGAL ROSES. TEA ROSES.

Louise Phillipe, deep crimson. Odorata, or Common blush Tea.

Cramoisie superieur, very rich. Alba, or white Tea.

Agrippina, beautiful. Caroline, fine blush.

Double white Daily. Madam Desprez, white.
Queen of Lombardy, cherry colour. Bourbon white Tea.

Semperflorens, or Sanguinea. Bougere.

Roi de Cramoisie. Aurora.

Marjolin, superb. Clara Sylvain, fine.
Admiral de Rigny.

Nearly all the varieties of China Roses may be cultivated
in the open air, with a trifling covering of straw or Utter
over the tops in winter, to prevent their being injured by
sudden thawing after severe frosts.

The two flower borders A, being each more than one
hundred and fifty feet long, will contain a large collection
of flowering plants, both annuals and perennials. The
latter being more permanent and more showy, are to be
chiefly employed, but small spaces should be left at inter-
vals along the borders to allow the sowing of annuals, as
the latter bloom profusely during midsummer and autumn,
when comparatively few perennials are in flower. We
have already remarked that, in order to attain the most
beautiful effect from such flower borders, two rules must
be observed : the first is, to arrange the plants so that the
taller and coarser growing shall be farthest from the front
of the border, the smallest near the walk ; and the second,
that the collection should consist of a due proportion of
plants blooming in the different months through the whole
season. As to perform this, will perhaps require more
knowledge of the habits of herbaceous plants than many
of our readers possess, we give the following list for the

COTTAGE RESIDENCES. 117

purpose of assisting them in stocking beds of this descrip-
tion so as to produce satisfactory results.

LIST OF PERENNIAL BORDER FLOWERS,

Arranged according to their period of bloomingj with their

height.

FLOWERING IN APRIL.
CLASS I.

From 6 to 12 inches high.

Anemone thalictroides, pi. Double wood Anemone ; white.

Adonis verualis. Spring flower Adonis ; yellow.

Corydalis cucularia. Breeches flower ; white.

Anemone pulsatilla. Pasque flower ; blue.

Anemone hepatica, pi Double Hepaticas ; blue.

Viola odorata, pi. Double white and blue European violets.

Omphalodes verna. Blue Venus Navelwort.

Polemonium reptans. Greek Valerian ; blue.

Phlox stolonifera. Creeping Phlox ; red.

Primula veris. The Cowslip ; yellow and red.

Primula polyantha. The Polyanthus ; purple.

Primula auricula. The Auricala ; purple.

Viola tricolor. Heart's Ease or Pansy ; many colours and sorts.

Viola grandiftora. Purple Pansy.

Phlox subulata. Moss pink Phlox.

Phlox nivea. White Moss Pink.

Gentiana acaulis. Dwarf Gentian ; purple.

CLASS II.

From 1 to 2 feet high.

Phlox divaricata. Early purple Phlox.

Saxifraga crassifolia. Thick leaved Saxifrage ; lilac.

118 COTTAGE RESIDENCES.

DodecatJieon meadia. American Cowslip ; lilac.
Pulmonaria xirginica. Virginian Lungwort ; purple.
Alyssum saxatile. Golden Basket ; yellow.
Trollius europeas. European Globe flower ; yellow.

MAY.

CLASS I.

From 6 to 12 inches high.

Veronica gentianoides. Gentian leaved Speedwell ; blue.
Jejfersonia diphylla. Two-leaved Jefferson ia ; white.
Lysamachia nummularia. Trailing Loose-strife ; yellow.
Convallaria majalis. Lily of the Valley ; white.
Saponaria ocymoides. Basil-like Soapwort ; red.
Phlox pilosa. Hairy Phlox ; red.
Honstonia ccerulea. Blue Houstonia.

CLASS II.

From 1 to 2 feet high.

Coronilla varia. Changeable Coronilla ; pink.
Paonia tenuifolia. Fine-leaved Pceony ; red.
Corydalis formosa. Showy Corydalis ; red.
Veronica spicata. Blue-spiked Speedwell.
Pentstemon ovata. Oval-leaved Pentstemon ; blue.
Pentstemon atropurpureas. Dark purple Pentstemon.
Orobus niger. Dark purple Vetch.
Anchusa Italica. Italian Bugloss ; blue.
Ranunculus acris, pi Double Buttercups ; yellow.
Tradescantia virginica. Blue and white Spiderwort.
Lupinus polyphyllus. Purple Lupin.
Iris sibirica. Siberian Iris ; blue.
Lupinus Nootkaensis. Nootka Sound Lupin ; blue.
Hesperis matronalis, albo, pi. The double white Rocket.
Phlox suaveolens. The white Phlox, or Lychnidea.
Phlox maculata. The purple spotted Phlox.

COTTAGE RESIDENCES. 119

Lupinus perennis and rivularis. Perennial Lupins ' r blue.
Lychnis floscuculi, pi. Double Ragged-Robin ; red.
Aquilegia canadensis. Wild Columbine ; scarlet.

CLASS III.

2 feet and higher.

Papaver orientals. Oriental scarlet Poppy.
Iris florentina. Florentine Iris ; white.
Pceonia albiflora. Single white Poeony.
Hemerocallisjlava. The yellow Day-lily.

JUNE.

CLASS I.

From 6 to 12 inches high.

Potentilla rosea. The Rose-coloured Potentilla.
Potentilla mayana. Mayes' Potentilla; light rose.
Spirea filipendula, pi. Double Pride of the Meadow ; white.
Cypripedium pubescens. Yellow Indian Moccasin.
Viscaria vulgaris, pi White, and red Viscaria.
Eschscholtzia californica. Golden Eschscholtzia ; yellow.
Lychins fulgens. Fulgent Lychins ; red.
Dianthus chinensis. Indian Pinks ; variegated.
Verbena multifida. Cut-leaved Verbena ; purple.
Verbena Lamberti. Lambert's Verbena ; purple.
Iris Susiana. Chalcedonian Iris ; mottled.

CLASS II.

From 1 to 2 feet high.

Spirea Lobata. Siberian spirea ; red.
Spirea Ulmaria, pi. Double meadow sweet ; white.
Delphinium grandiflorum, pi. Double dark blue Larkspur.
Delphinium chinense, pi. Double Chinese Larkspur ; blue.
Dianthus hortensis. Garden Pinks ; many double sorts and colours.

120 COTTAGE RESIDENCES.

Caltha palustris, pi Double Marsh Marigold ; yellow.
Polemonium cceruleum, and album. Common white and blue Greek
Valerian.

Campanula persicifolia, pi Double peach-leaved Campanula ; white.

Antirhinum majus. Red and white Snap Dragons.

Geranium sanguineum. Bloody Geranium ; red.

(Enothera fruticosa. Shrubby Evening Primrose ; yellow.

Dianthus caryophyllus. Carnation ; variegated.

Campanula grandiftora. Large blue Bellflower.

Clematis integrifolia. Austrian blue Clematis.

Asphodelus ramosus. Branching Asphodel ; white.

Pentstemon speciosa. Showy Pentstemon ; blue.

CLASS III.

2 feet and higher.

Aconitum Napellus, variegated. Purple and white Monk's Hood.

Aconitum Napellus. Monk's Hood ; purple.

Campanula rapunculoides. Nodding Bellflower ; blue.

Verbascum phcenecium. Purple Mullein.

Clematis erecta. Upright Clematis ; white.

Linum perenne. Perennial Flax. blue.

Poeonia Humei. Double blush Poeony.

Pceonia fragrans. Double fragrant Poeony ; rose.

Pceonia Whitleji. Double white Pceony.

Gaillardia Aristata. Bristly Gaillardia ; yellow.

JULY.

CLASS I.

From 6 to 12 inches high.

Pentstemon Richardsonii. Richardson's Pentstemon ; purple.
Pentstemon pubescens. Downy Penstemon ; lilac.
Campanula carpatica. Carpathian Bellflower ; blue.
Sedum populifolium. Poplar-leaved Sedum; white.
Dianthus deltoides. Mountain Pink ; red.
Veronica maritima. Maritime Speedwell ; blue.

COTTAGE RESIDENCES. 121

CLASS II.

From 1 to 2 feet high.

Pentstemon campanulatum. Bell-flowered Pentstemon ; lilac.
Psntstemon speciosa. Showy Pentstemon ; red.
Pentstemon roseum. Rose-colored Pentstemon.
Monarda didyma. Lemon-scented balm ; scarlet.
Potentilla atrosanguinea. Dark red Potentilla.
Funkia Sieboldti. Lilac Funkia.
Coreopsis Aikinsonia. Atkinson's Coreopsis ; yellow.
Aquilegia glandulosa. Glandular Columbine ; striped.
Phlox Brownii. Brown's Phlox ; red.
Dictamnus Fraxinella. Purple Fraxinella.
Dictamnus alba. White Fraxinella.
Anchusa officinalis. Common Bugloss ; blue.
(Enothera Fraseri. Fraser's Evening Primrose ; yellow.
(Enothera macrocarpa. Large podded Evening Primrose ; yellow.
Campanula tracheliuem, pi. Double white, and blue Bell flowers.
Potentilla Russelliana. Russell's Cinquefoil ; red.
Delphinium speciosum. Showy Larkspur ; blue.
Campanula macrantha. Large blue Bell-flower.
Chelone Lyoni. Purple Chelone.
Chelone barbata. Bearded Chelone ; orange.
Dracocephalum grandiftorum. Dragon's head ; purple.

CLASS III.

2 feet and higher.

Delphinium datum. Bee Larkspur ; blue.

Pentstemon digitalis. Missouri Pentstemon ; white.

Hibiscus palustris. Swamp Hibiscus ; red.

Lychnis Chalcedonica. Single and double scarlet Lychnis.

Lythrum latifolium. Perennial Pea ; purple.

AUGUST.

CLASS I.

From 6 to 12 inches high.
Corydalis formosa. Red Fumitory.

122 COTTAGE RESIDENCES.

Phlox carnea. Flesh colored Phlox.
Lychius coronata. Chinese orange Lychnis.

CLASS II.

From 1 to 2 feet high.

Geum Quellyon. Scarlet Geum.
Gaillardia aristata. Bearded Gaillardia ; yellow.
Phlox Alcordi. Alcord's Phlox ; purple.
Catananche cereulea. Blue Catananche.
Asclepias tuberosa, Orange Swallowort.
Veronica carnea. Flesh-colored Speedwell.
Gaillardia bicolor. Orange Gaillardia.
Hemerocallis japonica. Japan day-lily ; white.
Dianthus superbus. Superb fringed Pink ; white.
Lobelia cardinalis. Cardinal flower ; red.
Lythrum Salicaria. Willow Herb ; purple.
Liatris squarrosa. Blazing Star ; blue.
Coreopsis temifolia. Five-leaved Coreopsis ; yellow.

CLASS III.

2 feet and higher.

Campanula pyramidalis. The pyramidal Bell-flower ; blue and white.

Yucca filamentosa. Adam's thread ; white.

Yucca Jlaccida. Flaccid Yucca ; white.

Phlox panicalata. Panicled phlox ; purple and white.

Epilobium spicatum. Purple spiked Epilobium.

Cassia Marylandica. Maryland Cassia ; yellow.

SEPTEMBER AND OCTOBER,

CLASS I.

From 6 to 12 inches high.

Achillea Ptarmica, pi. Double Milfoil ; white.
Aster linifolius. Fine-leaved Aster ; white.
Gentania Saponaria. Soapwort Gentian ; blue.

COTTAGE RESIDENCES. 123

CLASS II.

From 1 to 2 feet Ugh.

Coreopsis grandiftora. Large yellow Coreopsis.
Eupatorium ccelestinum. Azure blue Eupatorium.
Phlox Wheeleriana. Wheeler's Phlox ; red.

CLASS III.

2 feet and higher.

Aster macrophyttas. Broad-leaved Aster ; white.

Eupatorium aromaticum. Fragrant Eupatorium ; white.

Liatus elegans. Elegant Blazing Star ; purple.

Liatris spicata and scariosa. Blue Blazing Stars.

Aster nov(B-angli&. New-England Aster ; purple.

Echtnops ritro. Globe thistle ; blue.

Chrysanthemum indicum. Artemesias, many sorts and colors.

124 COTTAGE RESIDENCES.

DESIGN VI.

An irregular villa in the Italian style, Bracketted.

THIS design shows a villa in the Italian style of mode-
rate size. It is highly irregular, and while it will, on ac-
count of the greater picturesqueness and variety growing
out of this circumstance, be much more pleasing to a por-
tion of our readers, a great number of persons, who only
judge of a dwelling-house by a common-sense standard,
will probably prefer a more regular and uniform building,
like one of the previous designs. The latter class will find
no good reason for any extra cost incurred in creating an
irregular villa like this, as a more regular one would afford
the same comfort and convenience ; but persons who have
cultivated an architectural taste, and who relish the higher
beauties of the art growing out of variety, will give a great
preference to a design capable of awakening more strongly
emotions of the beautiful, or picturesque, as well as the
useful, or convenient. We might illustrate the natural
progress in taste in the fine arts, which all persons make,
and their relative capacity of enjoying different degrees of
art, by a familiar example drawn from music. Most per-
sons, having an ear for music, but who have never culti-
vated a taste for it, will be found greatly to prefer simple
airs, because the simple rythm of melody is distinct and
easily understood ; the more intricate beauties of harmony
abounding in fine musical compositions, are only intensely

DESIGN VI,

A V7LLA IN THE ITALIAN STYLE, BRACKETTED.

COTTAGE RESIDENCES. 125

felt and enjoyed when our perceptions are enlarged and
heightened by education.

The Italian mode is capable of displaying a rich do-
mestic character in its balconies, verandas, ornamental
porches, terraces, etc. The square-tower, or campanile, is
a prominent feature in villas in this style, and frequently
confers on the Italian compositions a character of great
boldness and dignity. The projecting roof, and the round-
arched window, are also characteristic features.

The present design is intended for a situation where it
is desired to preserve the whole of the fine view from the
windows of the drawing-room unobstructed, and the en-
trance front is accordingly made on the adjoining side.
After reaching the porch, see Fig. 49, we enter the vesti-
bule which occupies the lower floor of the tower, and from
thence the hall, leading through the building and termi-
nating in a back porch of one story in height. Adjoining
the latter is a large closet for stores.

On the left of this hall is an elegant drawing-room, 20
by 24 feet, connected with a library 20 by 16 feet. At
either extremity of these rooms is a handsome projecting
window in the Italian mode, giving an air of dignity to the
apartments, and in front are three casement windows
opening to the floor of the veranda, both for the purpose of
allowing an uninterrupted view, and affording easy com-
munication.

On the right of the hall is the dining-room, 20 by 16
feet. A pantry or store-room, 8 by 10 feet, opens into
this room. In front is a pretty little terrace, ornamented
with a few vases of terra cotta, or artificial stone.*

* Handsome vases for this purpose may be obtained at Gibson's Warehouse,
Fearl-street, or at the Salamander Works, Cannon-street, New-York.

126

COTTAGE RESIDENCES,

CHAMBER FLOOR

[Fig. 50.]

The chamber floor of this design shows three bedrooms,
20 by 16 feet, each with a pleasant balcony at one of its
windows ; and two smaller bedrooms. In the attic story
are three bedrooms for servants, lighted by the windows
shown in the gables. From the attic a small staircase
leads through the half story (with square windows,) to the
upper story of the campanile or tower, whence an exten-
sive prospect of the country for many miles round is en-
joyed.

The kitchen of this villa is placed beneath the dining-
room, and ample cellerage, wine, and store-rooms, are
obtained under the main body of the house, at the other
side of the hall.

The fanciful and convenient window shades, or cano-
pies, occasionally employed in this style, may be made of
canvass supported by a light iron frame, or of light wood
painted to resemble an awning.

COTTAGE RESIDENCES.

127

A building in this style will be greatly heightened in
effect by being well supported by trees, the irregular
forms of which will harmonize with the character of the
architecture. A Lombardy poplar or two, judiciously in-
troduced in the midst of groups of round-headed trees, will
have a happy effect. The beautiful wooded situations on
the banks of our fine rivers are, many of them, admirably
suited for an Italian villa of this kind.

Construction. We have supposed this villa to be built
of wood, the bracketted construction giving it a character
of lightness, but the effect would be even better if built
of more solid materials, and brick-and-stucco well con-
structed would be very
durable under the shelter
of the broadly projecting
roof. The forms of brack-
ets given in Fig. 44, of our
last design, are equally
suitable here, D, being the
bracket for the eaves in
front. A portion of the
veranda is shown in Fig.
51. In this, the upright
columns enclosing the lattice are supposed to be octagonal,
and four inches in diameter, the lattice itself being much
heavier and more durable than it is usually made. Its
ceiling is made of beaded and planed stuff forming also
the roof, and the rafters are in like manner beaded and
plainly shown. The chimney tops of the main building-
should come out at the ridge of the roof, which will be
effected by drawing over the stacks in the garret. The

[Fig. 51.]

128 COTTAGE RESIDENCES.

roof should project two feet on every side. The principal
story should be 13 feet high in the clear and the chamber
story 10 feet.

Estimate. The cost of this villa, handsomely finished,
will be about $6800.

LAYING OUT THE GROUNDS.

The grounds attached to this villa, are supposed to be
about one hundred and fifty acres in extent, and we have
therefore been able to represent in the annexed engraving,
Fig. 52, only a small part containing the house, and the
more ornamental portion bordering the river. The house
is situated on a plateau elevated about 80 feet above the
river, and the ground falls off somewhat rapidly from this
level along the river bank and in the direction indicated
by the waved lines a.

The approach 6, leads to the house c, in gently curved
lines, and from thence to the stable, and other outbuild-
ings d. There is a large orchard, a small part of which is
seen at e, the kitchen garden is located at /, and at g is a
bathing house, on the river bank.

This place, like a great many in this country of its cha-
racter, we will suppose to possess a richly wooded, hanging
bank on its river side. This will afford us a fine opportu-
nity to create a most agreeable series of walks i. These
walks may be conducted in easy directions, through the
wood, and along the bank, occasionally intersecting each
other. They may often approach each other very near
without being visible one from the other, in consequence
of the thickness of the foliage in some places, or the irre-

COTTAGE RESIDENCES.

129

[Fig. 52.]

gularity of the surface in others. They will be full of va-
riety now leading to a point where a lovely view sud-
denly bursts upon us, and again plunging into a secluded
portion, where the dense foliage of evergreens shuts out
all other objects, and give a quiet and secluded charac-

130 COTTAGE RESIDENCES.

ter to the scene.
Rustic seats, Fig.
53, placed here
and there in the
most inviting spots,
[Fig. 53.] will both heighten

the charm, and enable us to enjoy at leisure the quiet beau-
ty around. A very great advantage which walks made in
such a situation have, is, the trifling care and expense ne-
cessary to preserve them in order. But few weeds grow
in the shade of large forest trees, and the character of the
place renders it unnecessary that the walks should have a
very trim and neat appearance. The repose, the variety,
and the beauty of a series of walks of this kind in several
places that we could name, created with very trifling
trouble, render them, in our opinion, far more delightful,
than twice the same distance of walks in a common level
flower garden.

These walks commence at the veranda at A, and form
a connected promenade terminating at the other end of the
veranda at k. Near the house, in the space commanded
by the drawing-room and library windows, are some bor-
ders of handsome flowering plants I. At least the oval
area of lawn m, and the space between the porch and
where the ground descends at a, should be kept constantly
and neatly mown, so as to heighten, and render more for-
cible by contrast, the wilder and more picturesque beauty
of the sylvan walks i.

A turfed area for bleaching and drying clothes is set
apart and concealed by shrubbery at n.

When a situation like this is selected for a villa resi-

COTTAGE RESIDENCES. 131

dence, with a bank richly clothed by a natural growth of
forest trees, and with, perhaps, scattered groups of large
trees here and there elsewhere, the art of the improver
should lie in harmonizing all his improvements with the
main features of the place already existing. Almost every
place of this kind has a natural character of dignity, or
picturesqueness, derived from the rich banks of wood, the
noble river, and the finely undulating surface, which must
be kept in view in all embellishments. The trees which
are planted in the larger breadths of lawn should be elms,
oaks, horse-chestnuts, and maples, or other species of large
growth, so that they may correspond in expression, when
somewhat grown, with those already existing. No formal
avenues, or straight lines, should be planted, to raise a
discordant expression when viewed in the same coup d'ceil
with the existing groups and masses of foliage ; and the
larger breadths of lawn at a distance from the windows of
the house, should not be broken up by any frippery walks
or parterres which might detract from the breadth and
simplicity of the scene. In a place where there is a cha-
racter of dignity and simplicity arising from extensive
prospect, large and lofty trees, and considerable breadth
of lawn, we should be extremely cautious about introdu-
cing too much of the little details of flower garden or
shrubbery ornaments in the foreground, lest they should de-
grade or weaken the original and higher character of the
scene. We should rather place the latter in a more se-
cluded spot, where they will form objects of beauty to be
considered entirely by themselves, and not in connection
with other objects. For this reason it will be seen that
we have in this plan and a previous one, confined the

132 COTTAGE RESIDENCES.

flowering plants to three or four beds cut in the turf near
the drawing-room windows of the house.

The orchard and fruit garden. A small portion of the
orchard e, appears on the plan, but as we have supposed
a place of this size to have a large and well stocked or-
chard and fruit garden, we shall here give a list of supe-
rior fruits, which having been tested, are known to be of
first-rate excellence in the climate of the Middle States.
A fine orchard and fruit garden, producing an abundant
supply of fruit at all seasons, is one of the greatest sources
of enjoyment in a country life, and when we consider how
easily good fruit is generally obtained in this country,
without the aid of walls or any thing more than a mode-
rate degree of attention, it would certainly appear a matter
of just reproach, wherever there is sufficient room, not to
have a first rate collection of fruit.

Horticulture, but more especially pomology, that branch
of it devoted to fruits, has received so much attention both
in Europe and at home, that within the last 20 years the
number of delicious fruits capable of being raised in the
open air has been more than doubled. The Pear espe-
cially has been greatly improved and ameliorated, and has
indeed taken the first rank among dessert fruits, in consi-
deration of the variety in flavour, time of ripening, dura-
tion and beauty of the numerous sorts. The late autumn
and winter varieties are a very valuable acquisition to our
dessert at these seasons. Added to this, many of the
new sorts come into bearing at one half or one fourth the
age necessary to the fruiting of the older kinds.

Where a variety of soils occur, as is frequently the case
in a large orchard, it is well to know those peculiarly

COTTAGE RESIDENCES. 133

adapted to each fruit tree. Apples are found to thrive
best in a strong loam, if stony it is preferable ; pears and
cherries, in a mellow, gravelly loam: plums in a strong
clayey loam, and peaches in a light sandy loam. Apples
may be planted in an orchard at from 30 to 45 feet apart ;
cherries and pears, from 25 to 30 feet ; peaches and
plums, from 20 to 25 feet. In transplanting all fruit trees
be mindful not to commit the common error of setting
them too deep.

LIST OF THE FINEST VARIETIES OF FRUIT
For the Orchard and Fruit Garden.

CHERRIES. PLUMS.

Early White Heart. Early Scarlet, or Cherry Plum,
Knight's Early Black, fruit large very early,

and fine. Morocco, early.

Mayduke, fine for the table and Apricot, do.

for cooking. Green Gage.

Black Tartarian, large and of fine Imperial, or Flushing Gage, a fine

quality. and productive sort.

Black Eagle. Coe's Golden Drop, handsome,
Graffion, or Yellow Spanish, large very late and excellent.

and delicious. Coe's late Red, fine and productive.

Napoleon Bigarrieu, white and Bleeker's Gage.

blush, fine. Jefferson, yellow, large and fine.

Downton. Kirkes.

Downer's Red, late and delicious. La Royal, delicious.

Ox Heart, or White Bigarrien. Orleans.

Carnation, valuable for preserving. Nectarine.

Transparent. Washington, excellent.

Belle de Choisey, fine. Huling's Superb, large.

Elton, handsome and fine. Magnum bonum, or Egg Plum,
Late Duke. for preserving.

Davenport's Early. Emerald Drop.

134

COTTAGE RESIDENCES

Violet Perdrigon.

Violet Imperatrice.

German Prune.

Purple Gage.

Autumn Gage, late and fine.

Lucombe's Nonsuch.

Late Damson.

PEACHES.

Early White and Early Red.
Nutmeg.

Early Royal George.
George the IV., excellent.
Morris White Rareripe.
Red Rareripe.
Yellow Rareripe, delicious.
Snow Peach, handsome.
Red cheek Malecaton.
Brevoort's Morris, fine.
Columbia.
Kenrick's Heath.
Lemon Cling.
Large White Cling.
Early Newington.
Large Early York.
President

APRICOTS.
Moorpark, one of the very lest

sorts.

Gold Blotched, excellent.
Turkey.
Breda.

PEARS.

1. Early varieties.
Madeleine, early and fine.
Bloodgood's Early, excellent.
Dearborn's Seedling.
Muscadine, good and abundant

bearer.

Bartlett, or Williams' Bonchretien,
large and delicious.

2. Medium period.
St. Ghislain, delicious.
Seckel, first quality.

*St. Michael, or Virgalien.
Belle et Bonne.
Golden Beuree of Bilboa.
*Brown do.

*Gansel's Bergamot, excellent.
Capiumont, fine and productive.
Frederick of Wurtemburg, hand-
some and good.
Henry the IV.
Louise Bonne of Jersey.
Marie Louise, delicious.
Napoleon, juicy and pleasant.
Urbaniste, excellent.
Beuree Bosc.
Dix.

Compte de Lamay.
Thompson's.

Bezi de la Motte, excellent.
Beuree d'Amalis.

3. Late varieties from Nov. to May.
Beuree Die!, excellent.

* These sorts, although fine in the interior, do not succeed so well near the sea-
coast.

COTTAGE RESIDENCES. 135

Dutchess d'Angouleme, large and Red Astrachan, a very beautiful and

very fine. early sort.

Passe Colmar. Yellow Harvest, large and excellent.

Glout Morceaux. Strawberry Apple, or Early Red.

Beuree Easter. Margaret, a fine sort.

do. d'Aremberg, very fine. Sine qua non.
do. Rans. William's Favorite, fine flavor.

Lewis. Downton, a fine English golden

*St. Germain, an old but valuable pippin.

sort - Lady Apple, beautiful dessert fruit.

Surpasse Virgalieu, Jonathan, tender flesh and excellent.

Columbian. Ladies' Sweeting:

Wilkinson. Ross Nonpareil, high flavor.

Winter Nelis. Esopus Spitzenburgh.

Green Newtown Pippin.

NECTARINES. Yellow Bellflower, handsome and

Peterborough, good and productive. good.
Perkin's Seedling. Scarlet Pearmain.

Red Roman. Baldwin, excellent.

Scarlet, very handsome. Porter.

Fameu-e.

APPLES. Sops of -Wine, early, and handsome.

Many of the best winter varieties Hawthorndon.
are enumerated at page 98; the fol- Rhode Island Greening, excellent.
lowing are choice dessert fruits. Fall Pippin.

In addition to these, we would recommend some of the
smaller fruits of choice varieties. The Isabella and Ca-
tawba grapes, and some of the hardier foreign sorts, as
the Black Hamburgh, Chapelas, Black Cluster and White
Muscadine ; the large Red and the White Antwerp Rasp-
berries ; the Early or Grove Scarlet Hudson, Bishops,
and Methven Strawberries ; the frizzled, and prolific Eng-

* These sorts, although fine in the interior, do not succeed so well near the sea-
coast.

136 COTTAGE RESIDENCES.

lish Filberts, and the large White and Red Dutch Currants,
may all be named as indispensable in every fruit garden.

In the cultivation of fruits but little difficulty will be
experienced if a keen watch is kept on insects, destroying
every appearance of a nest, brood, or swarm, as soon as it
makes its appearance. One man may often do more to
subdue and exterminate a troublesome insect in an hour
or two, when it first appears, than a host of men would
after it has had time to multiply, as many will in a week,
by thousands and tens of thousands.

In the case of the peach tree, examine the trees at the
root every spring and autumn, and take out the peach
worm, before it girdles the tree, with your knife ; and de-
stroy every sickly looking tree, especially every old one,
on your premises the moment it becomes fairly diseased :
the Yellows, to which this fruit tree is liable, being a conta-
gious disease, spreading from tree to tree, so that it is quite
needless to plant healthy young trees where old ones are
suffered to stand in their neighborhood. This fact alone
when understood is sufficient to solve all the apparent
difficulties in cultivating this fruit of late years.

The knots, to which the Plum is liable in some districts,
are caused by an insect, and the limbs infected with them
should be cut off and burned early in the spring. If the
fruit fall from the tree prematurely, it is probably caused
by the sting of the curculio, and the remedy lies in de-
stroying all the curculio for the next season by gathering
the fruit as soon as it falls, (which contains the lavrse,)
and throwing it into the hog-pen ; or in planting your
stone fruits in an enclosure by themselves, and letting the
swine run in it during the season when the green fruit is
falling.

DESIGN VII,

.\GE IX THE

CIPAL FLOOR

COTTAGE RESIDENCES. 137

DESIGN VII.

An irregular cottage in the old English style.

THE situation for this cottage may be in a richly wooded
plain, or a sequestered valley. It belongs to the class of
richly decorated, rural Gothic edifices, abounding in carved
verge boards and pendants, clustered chimney tops, and
irregular outlines. There is something of grotesqueness, or
at least fantastic richness in its details something indi-
cating a certain license of architectural imagination, not
to be precisely measured by the standard of the rule and
square, or the strictly utilitarian view. Now a cottage of
this class must not, in any case, be erected on a bare
plain, or even one comparatively so, as in such a place all
its picturesqueness would seem out of keeping, unmeaning
and absurd. But let it be partially hidden, or half con-
cealed by clustering foliage, and assimilated, as it were,
with nature, by the interlacing and intertwining branches
and boughs around it, and of which its ornaments are in
some degree a repetition, and we shall feel it to be in per-
fect unison with its situation. Whoever has seen one of
these cottages, with its rich gables breaking out from
among the intricacy of tall stems, and shadowy foliage,
will readily confess that he has rarely beheld any thing
more harmonious and delightful, than the charming effect
thereby produced.

Some one has truly remarked that the architecture of

138 COTTAGE RESIDENCES.

our dwellings is most appropriate, when it embodies and
breathes forth a home expression ; a character to which we
think the rural Gothic, with its quaint, independent, com-
fortable, and extended air, seems fully to lay claim.

In arranging the plan of the interior of this cottage, Fig.
56, we have had convenience, as well as elegance, in our
mind. The neat porch which shelters the front door, is
provided with suitable seats on either side, made to cor-
respond with the architecture. On opening this door we
find ourselves in the vestibule, or entrance-hall. This we
shall suppose fitted up with a dado or base, three and a
half feet high, of wood grained in imitation of oak or black
walnut, and the walls painted of some grave color, to give
greater effect to the rooms. The vestibule opens on the
left into a pleasant little room, 12 by 18 feet, which may
be devoted to a study, or library, and neatly fitted up with
book-cases. In building, it will be found that recesses
may be left in the walls for these book-cases, so that they
will occupy but little space in the apartment. On the
opposite side of the hall is the living or dining-room, 17
by 18 feet. This room is lighted by one of the large,
square, mullioned windows, so common in the old English
houses, which should be finished on the inside with a
window-seat. A china closet is made on the right of the
chimney breast in this room, and on the other side of the
hall are a pantry and a store-room, of good size, very con-
veniently disposed.

The dining-room communicates with the parlour or
drawing-room on its right. This drawing-room is, of
course, the finest room in size, aspect, and proportion, in
the house, being 22 by 19 feet, with a fine semi-

COTTAGE RESIDENCES. 139

hexagon bay, which, projecting boldly, will give three dis-
tinct views to a person standing within it. We would
have the ceilings of this and the dining-room ribbed, and
perhaps slightly arched, in the form of two inclined
planes, rising 8 or 10 inches from the side walls, to the
highest part of the ceiling. The wood- work of the whole
of this story should be finished simply and consistently,
that is, with suitable Gothic mouldings, and the whole
should be painted and grained in imitation of oak, or of
black walnut. The effect of the rooms will be still more
pleasing, if the walls are colored some harmonious neutral
tint.* The furniture should be in strict character with
the style of the house, which may be easily attained,
without any additional expense, by choosing simple and
suitable forms.

At the end of the hall leading to the drawing-room, is a
bedroom, 19 by 13 feet, with a closet. This would make
a convenient bedroom for the master and mistress of the
house. Adjoining it is a dressing-room, which, if neatly
and tastefully fitted up with every thing appertaining to a
lady's toilet, will give this bedroom something of a highly
comfortable and refined air.

The staircase is placed at the other extremity of this
hall, and it may be made more private or secluded, if it
is thought desirable, by an oaken screen of open wood-

* We take pleasure in recommending to those who wish to fit up the interior of a
cottage or villa beautifully, Mr. George Platt, decorative artist, 12 Spruce-street, New-
York. The great variety of ornaments in the different styles, to be found at his
warehouse, and the correct taste and skill with which they are applied by him to
the decoration of apartments, fully entitle him to the ample patronage which he
now receives.

140

COTTAGE [RESIDENCES.

work. Under this staircase is constructed a descending
flight leading to the cellar.

On the sides of the passage leading from the hall to
the kitchen, are the pantry, the larder, and the store-room.
By placing these most useful and convenient appendages
in this position, we not only make them at once easily
accessible from the kitchen or the dining-room, but we
also remove the kitchen, with its concomitant noises and
odours, at some distance from the main hall, and these may
be still further lessened in effect, by having a door at both
ends of this passage, to be shut when required.

The kitchen itself is 16 feet square j it is amply lighted
and ventilated, and communicates directly with the open
air, by the passage at the further side. In this passage is
a servant's staircase, communicating with the apartments
in the chamber story.

The chamber story contains abundant accommodation

SECOND FLOOR

[Fig. 57.]

COTTAGE RESIDENCES. 141

for a cottage. There are three handsome bedrooms, and
two of smaller size. That over the drawing-room being
the largest, and the most beautiful in form, may be kept
as the " state bedroom," being fitted up with all the appli-
ances of comfort in its furniture and fixtures. The little'
room over the porch will make a delightful room for a
bachelor, or if one of the young ladies takes a fancy to it,
it will make a little bijou of a boidoir, the oriel window
giving a character of novelty and beauty to the whole
apartment. On the second floor of the kitchen wing are a
bath-room, near the main hall, (which may be supplied with
hot water by pipes leading to a boiler in the kitchen below,)
and three servants' bedrooms. There is also a water-
closet at the end of the passage in this wing, the discharge
pipe from which is concealed in the partition, in a closed
trunk or chamber.

This class of dwellings, abroad, is frequently covered
with thatch, which has a pleasing, rustic effect. But our
snowy and changeable climate will soon destroy so frail a
material, and it is therefore unfit for covering the roofs of
buildings for habitation. Our best shingles, however, afford
an excellent material for covering roofs, and if those of good
size and thickness are chosen, and shaped as we have
directed in a former page, they will have a picturesque and
agreeable effect, and make a very durable roof, when
painted with the cheap, coarse paint, now so generally used
for this purpose. The roof of this cottage should be ex-
tended boldly, say two to three feet, to give force and ex-
pression to the exterior, and to protect the walls fully. The
ends of the rafters are projected, so as to appear as visible
supports at the eaves. A verge board is shown to a

142

COTTAGE RESIDENCES.

IFig. 58.]

larger scale in Fig. 58. This would be suitable for the
porch gable, and the others may be made simpler and still
bolder, with good effect. The chimney-tops should be
characteristically made of ornamental moulded bricks, or
shafts may be selected of pretty patterns, in artificial stone.
Although the partitions in which the dining-room and study
flues are carried up, are not in the centre, it will be easy
to draw over these stacks in the garret, so as to bring
them out at the ridge or
apex of the roof, which
will have the best effect.
A plan of the bay win-
dow is shown in Fig. 59,

in which the inside shut- COTTA(JE BAy W , NDOW .
ters fold into boxes on each [Fig . 59i]

side.

COTTAGE RESIDENCES. 143

In a country where good bricks are abundant, and
easily obtained, we should prefer to build this cottage
of good smooth brick. The raw and disagreeable colour
of new brick we would destroy, by painting it three good
coats in oil, of some one of the neutral shades given
in a previous illustration, perhaps that one designated F.
By building it of brick, in the best manner, we should not
only have solid enduring walls, but, to those familiar with
English cottage architecture, it would have an agreeable
effect, by creating an allusion to the same material chiefly
employed in that country.

All the exteriour wood-work in this cottage, (except the
roof,) we would either make of real oak, and oil it, when
it would assume a warm rich tone of colour by the effects
of time, or we would paint and grain it in imitation of oak.
If either of these modes should be considered too expen-
sive, it may be plainly painted the same colour as the
house, or a few shades darker.

Should the execution of such a design as this fall into
the hands of an ordinary country carpenter, without suit-
able working drawings from an architect, the probability
is that he would destroy its beauty and character, by re-
ducing all its characteristic features to the most meagre
level, until all the boldness and spirit of the style would
be lost. He will cut the gable ornaments out of thin
boards, make the mullions of the windows of slender tim-
ber, reduce the projection of the roof, and the irregularity
of the ground plan. If the amateur builder is so unfortu-
nate as to fall into the hands of such a person, he will be
very likely to get the emaciated shadow of the rural Gothic
cottage, not its bold, picturesque and striking reality. We

144 COTTAGE RESIDENCES.

mention this to put our reader, whose taste may lead him
to build a cottage in this style, on his guard ; and we ad-
vise him, as in the end the most economical, and most
satisfactory mode, to employ a competent builder, and to
procure accurate working drawings from an architect of
ability before he commences.

Estimate. The cost of this cottage, built in the manner
we have here suggested, would be about $7600.

THE GROUNDS OF THIS RESIDENCE.

In designing this cottage we have had in view a quiet,
sequestered situation in a long valley, or rather dale, in
which there are ten or twelve acres of nearly level land,
pretty well clothed with a natural growth of forest trees,
and backed on either side by wooded hills fifty or eighty
feet above the level of the dale.

There is an entrance lodge at the point where the ap-
proach diverges from the main road 6, Fig. 60, which is
to be built in the same style as the cottage, but in a more
simple and rustic manner. From this point the approach
leads by a graceful curve to the house c, and from thence
to the stable and other farm buildings d, having a gravel-
led sweep for turning carriages in front of the porch, and
another for discharging articles from a cart at the kitchen
door e.

In its original state the whole of the surface of this dale,
from / to g, is thickly covered with wood. This we pro-
pose to thin out and render an ornamental and interesting
part of the place, by leading through it the series of walks
marked i in the plan. These walks would be cool and

COTTAGE RESIDENCES.

^ O Q C? OOP ///

145

146 COTTAGE RESIDENCES.

shady in summer, and Would have a delightful sylvan
character at all seasons. In thinning out a natural wood
on a place like this a good deal of care and judgment is
necessary to obtain a pleasing effect and preserve the best
trees in good condition.* Were we to go into the wood
and thin out the trees here and there, so as to leave the
finest specimens standing singly, the probability is that
these trees, thus suddenly losing the support of their fel-
lows that had grown up in close contact with them on
every side, would be blown down and destroyed by the
first severe autumnal gale accompanied with rain. Good
judgment, as w*ell as good taste, will rather dictate that we
should thin them out in masses here and there, leaving
pretty open glades A, at intervals, which being soon covered
with a fine green turf, and catching the gleams of sunlight,
will be a charming contrast to the groups and thickets
around. The trees thus left in groups and masses, will
afford each other protection and support against the wind,
and will gradually strengthen and expand in their roots
and heads, until they become luxuriant and spreading.
We should bear in mind also never to trim off the lower
branches of such trees, unless they are dead or unsightly ;
as they will probably never be replaced, and the highest
beauty of a tree as an ornamental object, consists in its
being park-like, that is, luxuriantly feathered with foliage
quite down to the ground.

These walks, after traversing the little wood, lead to the
summit of the hill where a rustic arbor &, serves as a rest-

* Always lay bare the roots, and dig or cut out the tree below the surface of the
soil. This will leave the ground clear, and not covered by straggling stumps, which
it is afterward more difficult to extricate than to cut the whole tree out properly.

COTTAGE RESIDENCES. 147

ing place and affords a pleasant view. On the supposi-
tion that the surface on the right of the walk z, (where it
first leaves the house,) is open, or clothed with a few scat-
tered trees, we will introduce a -**& belt of flowering
shrubs on the right of this walk. This belt will be a plea-
sant contrast, in its lively show of blossoms, to the graver
character of the forest trees, and it will serve the import-
ant purpose of concealing this walk from a person coming
up the approach, and vice versa; a circumstance which
should never be lost sight of in places of moderate size,
where it is always desirable to increase their apparent
dimensions.

On the line of this approach, as there were not trees in
sufficient abundance to give it a wooded appearance, we
should plant some fine maples, elms, and sycamores, and
near the house, some European larches, Scotch elms, and
other exotic trees. As the trees already clothing the place
are large, and as all newly planted trees will therefore be
likely to look somewhat insignificant for a few years, we
should be careful to prepare the soil thoroughly, as previ-
ously described, before planting them. This will not only
cause them to grow much more vigorously, but it will give
them almost at once a luxuriant appearance, which goes
very far to lessen the apparent disparity between a large
tree, and a small one ; as we never despair of that which
we see making rapid advances.

A regular, symmetrical flower garden is only in good
keeping with a Grecian, Italian or other highly architec-
tural building. For a cottage of a highly rural air, like the
present, something is required of a less formal character,
and which shall leave a little more room for the exercise

148 COTTAGE RESIDENCES.

of the fancy. Such an irregular flower garden n, we have
designated (on a very small scale) on the right of the
house, which is looked into from the drawing-room win-
dows. It will be seen that the beds are irregular, and
that the whole garden is surrounded by an irregular plan-
tation of small ornamental trees and flowering shrubs.*
The beds may be surrounded by turf kept neatly mown,
or by gravel ; or a gravel walk may be led through the
centre of the space between the beds, and a border of turf
left on either side wide enough for walking upon. The
latter will perhaps be the preferable mode, as in damp
weather the hard, firm gravel will be preferred, and in
warm sunny days the soft turf will be more agreeable to
the tread.

The kitchen garden o, is placed in the rear of the house,
in a sheltered position between the rising ground on either
side. From the barn and stables a lane _p, leads to the
farm land in grass and tillage beyond, which has a sepa-
rate back entrance leading into the public road.

When a place like this occurs, as it occasionally does,
in the midst of a more cultivated and less wooded neigh-
borhood, it will be a delightful surprise, with its high-
ly picturesque air, to a stranger entering it for the first
time. It will be a much easier place to render effective
than a level plain with few trees, if we carefully study
the natural expression of the scene and only attempt to
heighten, not to alter it by our improvements. In the
wooded walk, which is the principal feature of interest in
this place, there will doubtless be many beautiful wild

* A larger plan of a flower garden of this description may be found in our Trea-
tise on Landscape Gardening, p. 359.

. . ;.L COTTAGE, OR GATE LODGE.

SECOND BALCONY -FLOOR

X V O

COTTAGE RESIDENCES. 149

plants growing naturally. These we should by all means
foster, and we may increase their charm by collecting
from other and richer localities all the ornamental, indi-
genous plants which may be made to thrive in such a
situation.

A cottage in the same style, suitable for a gate lodge for this
residence, or for a small family.

In the opposite illustration, Fig. 61, we have indicated
a very simple cottage in the same style as Design VII.,
which would be well adapted for a lodge at the entrance
gate b. In this situation it would probably be occupied
by the gardener, the farmer, or some family in the em-
ployment of the proprietor of this residence. When a
stranger entered the place, this cottage would of course
first arrest his attention, and with its old English, and
pretty, rural expression, would serve as a prelude or agree-
able preparation for the more varied and extensive cottage
of the owner of the demesne.

It would also make a neat and picturesque dwelling, if
properly located, for a small, respectable family, who wish
to lead a quiet and simple life. Although its accommo-
dation is limited, yet it may be made to assume an air of
taste and neatness, always agreeable to the mind, and
often more striking in its effect, when met with in perfec-
tion in a charming little cottage, than in a stately mansion.

An examination of the plans of the interiour, Figs. 62
and 63, will show the arrangement of the rooms. There
is a parlour or living room, lighted by two windows, one of
them a bay window, and adjoining it a pantry, a bedroom,

150 COTTAGE RESIDENCES.

and kitchen on the first floor. On the second floor are
two bedrooms, a large closet or wardrobe, and a smaller
closet for linen. The kitchen is a wing added in the rear,
with a gable and roof joining the main roof in a similar
manner to that over the porch in the view of the front.
The construction of this cottage is so similar to that of the
Design VII. just described, that we need not repeat the
details.

Much of the pleasing effect of the most ornamental
English cottages of this kind, arises from the employment
of vines and other climbing plants of different sorts, which
growing over and partly concealing portions of the exte-
riour, render them, rich with blossoms, verdure, and fra-
grance, perfect wonders of rural beauty. For this pur-
pose our Virginia creeper, the Trumpet monthly Honey-
suckles, and the Boursalt, and English White Climbing
Roses, are most suitable in this climate.

Estimate. This cottage may be built of wood for $830.

DESIGN V.I II,

A VILLA IN THE ITALIAN STYLE

PRINCIPAL FLOOR.

COTTAGE RESIDENCES. 151

DESIGN VIII.

A Villa in the Italian Style.

THIS is a design in the modern Italian style, some of
the merits of which we have previously pointed out. It
will be at once perceived that, while this mode retains
much of the expression of the Grecian style, it has far
more variety, and a much more domestic character than
the latter. The characteristic quality of the purest speci-
mens of Grecian architecture is elegant simplicity, and it is
a quality which is most appropriately displayed in a tem-
ple. On the other hand we should say that the charac-
teristic quality of the modern Italian buildings is elegant
variety, which is most fitly exhibited in a tasteful villa,
The great simplicity of form of the first is highly suited to
a temple, where the singleness of purpose to which it is
devoted appears symbolized in the simple Oneness of the
whole edifice ; the irregularity of the second is equally in
unison with the variety of wants, occupations and plea-
sures, which compose the routine of domestic life.

In our last design we have shown a cottage highly
suited to a romantic vale, or sylvan nook, by the rustic
picturesqueness of its ensemble; the present one is equal-
ly appropriate for an open smiling plain, diversified
by hill and dale, and sprinkled with groups and
masses of trees. The more finished and architectural
character of the building requires less the support of

152 COTTAGE RESIDENCES.

thickets of trees and intricacy of scenery to produce a
harmonious union. The elegance of an Italian villa is
produced mainly by the assemblage of simple and effec-
tive lines in its exteriour, but it is also greatly enhanced
by the introduction of such beautiful and refined features
as the terrace with its ornamental balustrade and vases,
and the balcony with its shade or canopy.

The terrace is a paved walk or smooth area, higher
than the adjoining grounds, and twenty or more feet in
width, surrounded by a handsome balustrade of stone, or
of wood formed to imitate heavy Italian balusters.- At
suitable distances along the top of this balustrade, may be
placed vases of terra cotta, artificial stone, or more costly
materials, and of classic forms in proper keeping with the
style of the building. As an object of taste, the terrace is
universally admired, because it serves to connect, by a
gradual transition, so highly artificial an object as an ar-
chitectural dwelling with the more simple forms of natural
objects around. There is felt to be something incongruous
in a highly finished house set down, as we sometimes see it,
without the least reason or preparation, in the middle of a
green lawn ; but let the base of the house extend itself by
a handsome terrace, and let the characteristic forms of the
building be occasionally repeated near by, in the shape 'of
a few pedestals with vases, or other sculptured objects,
and there is at once produced a harmonious union between
the architecture and the landscape, or, in other words, be-
tween the house and grounds.

As an object of utility, the terrace is a most comfortable
and agreeable feature, affording a firm, dry and secure
walk, sunny and warm in the mid-day of winter, and cool

COTTAGE RESIDENCES. 153

and airy in the mornings and evenings of summer. From
it, in many situations, access is had to the flower garden,
the luxuriant creeping and climbing plants of which, en-
wreathing gracefully here and there the balustrade, or
hanging in clusters of rich blossoms about the sculptured
vase, increase the harmony growing out of this artistically
contrived union of nature and art.

In this cottage villa of very moderate size, we have en-
deavoured to combine several of the peculiar beauties of
the Italian style. Its facade, see Fig. 64, comprises a
square tower or campanile, an arcade or Italian veranda,
the triple, round arched windows, the ridged or furrowed
roof, and on the left is seen a portion of the terrace, which
extends along the whole south side of the building. In
the stack of chimney to the left, is shown the usual Italian
form ; in the central one, of loftier dimensions, (which we
have there introduced to improve the composition by giving
it a more pyramidal outline,) we have copied one not un-
common in Florence.

In its accommodation this house is moderate, and yet
we trust it will be found convenient and agreeable. The
front door is approached from the arcade, or veranda of
the entrancel front, Fig. 65. Opening this we arrive in
the entrance hall, which may be very completely con-
nected with the veranda when the door and window are
open in summer. The staircase is conveniently, and yet
privately situated, as it is placed in a separate division of
the hall, which may be excluded at any time by a door
between them. At the side of the hall opposite the front
door, is the dining room, 17 by 20 feet, with a pantry
opening into it on the left. Proceeding to the door at the

154

COTTAGE RESIDENCES.

left end of the hall, we enter the drawing-room, 20 by 22
feet, opening by its two casement windows to the terrace,
and enjoying a fine view of the lawn through the large
projecting window on the front. Directly in the rear of
this room is the library, more quiet and secluded in its
position, and of less size, but therefore more in character
with the purposes for which it is destined.

We must not forget the boudoir, situated at the other
extremity of the hall, which occupies the lower part of the
tower. This may be very tastefully and prettily fitted up,
and used by the lady of the house as a morning room for
receiving social calls ; or, if preferred, it would serve ad-
mirably as a dressing-room, and with a cabinet bedstead,
as a bedroom at night, when necessary. There is a pri-
vate, or back door to the hall, at the end of the passage
leading into this boidoir.

SECOND

[Fig. 66.]

FLOOR

By a glance at the plan of the second floor, Fig. 66, the
number and sizes of the sleeping apartments will be readily
understood. There are five bedrooms, of different dimen-

COTTAGE RESIDENCES. 155

sions, including that in the tower, from which a light and
fanciful open stairs may lead to the apartment in the cam-
panile, serving as a belvidere or observatory. There is a
large linen closet in the front hall, and wardrobe-closets
may be made in each of the bedrooms.

The basement of this house may contain a kitchen di-
rectly beneath the dining-room, a cellar under the draw-
ing-room, a store-room and laundry under the library, and
a man-servant's bedroom in the basement of the tower.

Although from the strong contrasts of light and shade
in an Italian elevation like this, there is much boldness
and painter-like effect, yet, as these arise chiefly from the
employment of a few strong lines and well marked features,
the Italian, it will be perceived, is a comparatively easy
and an economical style. In this country, especially, it
will for some time be found that a building in this style
will be erected with less trouble than one like the pre-
ceding design, because the ordinary mechanics are all
familiar with the details of Grecian architecture, which
are chiefly employed, with slight variations, in its execution.

An important advantage which the Italian architecture
possesses over the Greek, is the very great capacity which
its irregular form offers for additions that may be wanted
at any future period. One of our Greek-temple dwelling-
houses, on the other hand, is originally so complete in its
form, that its fair proportions would be greatly marred
by adding any apartments that the comfort or conve-
nience of the family might suggest, when it has increased
in wealth or numbers. In carrying the present design
into practice, should it be preferred to enlarge or extend
it by adding a kitchen and offices on the first floor,

156

COTTAGE RESIDENCES.

a wing for this purpose might be extended to the right of
the dining-room, a little in the rear of the tower, which, if
judiciously composed, would heighten the effect of the
whole pile of building, by giving it greater extent and
irregularity, two important elements of beauty in Italian
villa architecture.

Construction. We would either build this house of the
smoothest and best brick, and paint it in some soft, pleasing
shade, or of the roughest brick,
and coat it with the best cement
coloured to resemble a light mel-
low stone. The solidity of the
architecture would not permit
the employment of wood, as a [Fig. 67.]

material for the whole of this edifice, although the lighter
character of the bracketted Italian, (Design V.) is well
suited to wood. Should economy oblige us to construct
the balcony and terrace balustrades of wood, they should
be made in a bold manner, and thoroughly painted and
sanded, to imitate the material of the house. In Fig. 67,

ARCADE

[Fig. 68.]

COTTAGE RESIDENCES. 157

is shown the Italian balcony, in Fig. 68,
the arcade on the entrance front, both to a
larger scale. The central Florentine chim-
ney, which is of a very handsome descrip-
tion, is shown in Fig. 69. The body of this
chimney-top may be built of common bricks,
and the ornamental apex or summit of cut
'[Fig!e9.T~ stone.
The roof is one of the most striking features in this
style, which arises (on the continent) from its being made
ornamental by employing large furrowed tiles. When
these are not at hand, the effect may be easily imitated,
by a covering of tin or zinc put on in the ridge manner, the
ribs being made bold and heavy. This is not only a hand-
some, but an equally economical and a much more secure
mode, than the common one of soldering the whole surface,
generally practised. The roof of a house in this style, is
made sufficiently steep to render the latter unnecessary.
In painting it, either a dark brown, or slate color should
be chosen.

Estimate. This design would cost $7800, if the balus-
trades, etc., were of cut free-stone. If made of wood
$7600.

ARRANGEMENT OF THE GROUNDS.

A house like this would naturally demand a situation
where some considerable extent of ground could be ob-
tained. It would be highly suitable for a handsome villa
residence in the country of moderate size comprising from
80 to 150 acres of land. A large portion of this would

158 COTTAGE RESIDENCES.

be kept under culture and would serve to give employ-
ment to the proprietor in his character of an amateur
farmer. Near the house ten or twenty acres may be de-
voted to lawn, all of which may be kept mown ; that
nearest the house being of course more neatly and more
frequently clipped by the scythe, to accord with the air of
elegance and polish always to be observed in the pre-
cincts of a handsome dwelling.

In the plan here given, Fig. 70, we have attempted to
convey an idea of the arrangement of that portion of the
grounds directly about the house, as our previous exam-
ples have probably given sufficient hints of the manage-
ment of the more distant and extended portions, including
the approach.

The dwelling a, we have placed on a little table of land
descending gently on every side, and about one hundred
and twenty feet distant from the shore of a pretty little
natural lake on the left. The approach leading from the
public road through the demesne to the house is shown, in
part, at b ; a gravelled sweep for carriages c is formed in
front of the arcade, and the road d, leading to the stable
and farm buildings, branches off at the right of the house.

The most important feature in this plan which we shall
endeavor to describe here, is the architectural flower gar-
den e, which will be seen occupying a considerable space
on the left of the house. The terrace /, the beauty and
utility of which we have already insisted upon, lies in this
direction, serving as a kind of beautiful extended base to
the house. We shall suppose this idea still further carried
out in the architectural flower garden, which surrounds
this terrace, and which lying directly below it, affords a

COTTA&E RESIDENCES.

159

IFig. 70.]

160 COTTAGE RESIDENCES.

fine display from the windows of the drawing-room and
library.

We are not admirers of geometric or formal flower
gardens like this, considered by themselves, and merely
as flower gardens, because we think a natural arrangement
is more replete with beauty and grace, and is capable of
affording a much higher kind of pleasure. But this kind of
architectural flower garden, so common in Italy, and so ap-
propriate an accompaniment to residences of this kind, re-
quires to be regarded in another light. It is not only a garden
for the display of plants, but it is a garden of architectural
and floral beauty combined ; it is as much an accessory of
the building as a portion of the grounds, and therefore it
very properly exhibits much of the regularity and symme-
try of architectural forms and compositions. It contains
plants, trees and shrubs, it is true, in great profusion, but
the beauty of these is heightened, and rendered more bril-
liant, by the introduction of elegant vases, sculptured urns,
or perhaps a few statues of floral deities, or busts of dis-
tinguished persons. Those who have never seen the lively
effect that may be produced by a garden of this kind,
joined to an elegant villa, the architectural forms of which
seem repeated in the garden and thus beautifully harmo-
nized with nature, can scarcely conceive how charming it
appears. A summer moonlight walk on this terrace, while
we hear the silence broken only by the gentle murmur of the
fountain at e, and see, softly gleaming in the silvery beams,
the sculptured vases clustered over partially by luxuriant
climbers, and backed by dark masses of rich waving shrubs
and flowers, would be sufficient to remind one of even

COTTAGE RESIDENCES. 161

the most indifferent poetical temperament, of the garden
of Boccaccio,

Where, half conceal'd, the eye of fancy views

Fauns, nymphs and winged saints all gracious to his muse !

Still in the garden let me watch their pranks,

And see in Dians vest between the ranks

Of the trim vines, some maid that half believes

The vestal fires of which her lover grieves,

With that sly satyr peeping through the leaves !

COLERIDGE.

In the example of this kind of garden attached to this
house we should not expect to find so costly a decoration
as marble vases introduced, but all the beauty of form,
and nearly all that of material may be obtained at a very
moderate cost, suited to our more economical habits in
this country, in vases and ornaments of terra cotta, or arti-
ficial stone.* The exorbitant price paid
for some single article of fashionable fur-
niture, such as we not unfrequently find
in our country-houses of this class, would
embellish a whole architectural garden
with vases.

It should always be remembered that
all vases, urns, or other sculptured orna-
ments for gardens or grounds, should be

placed on proper pedestals, plinths, or
bases, to serve as a firm support. A pedestal not only
secures a firm and an upright position, but it gives a dig-
nity and importance to the vase as a work of art, which it

* Some specimens of terra cotta vases may be found at the Salamander Works,
Cannon-street, New-York. Those in artificial stone may be had at Gibson's, or
Goodwin's Warehouses.

162 COTTAGE RESIDENCES.

would not have if it were loosely and carelessly placed
upon the ground, or the gravel walk. A simple form for
such a pedestal is shown in Fig. 71, 6, but a great variety
of a more ornamental description will be suggested by a
study of classical antique designs.

This garden, octagonal in its form, we would surround
by a light, and low balustrade-like fence, Jc, to be partially
concealed by creepers. At the angles of this fence we
would place pedestals for supports wz, each to be crowned
by a vase of some simple form. These pedestals, and
those in the interior of the garden that we intend for vases,
are designated by the X mark on the plan.

The beds, or parterres, for flowers we would border with
box, that being a very regular, architectural looking plant,
and a very permanent one for this purpose. The walks
should be of gravel, made hard and firm by the use of the
roller. The collection of plants chosen for the garden may
vary somewhat to suit the taste of the proprietor, but the
most satisfactory result will be attained by choosing such
shrubs and herbaceous plants as are distinguished for
richness and depth of colour in their foliage, and for a
massy and luxuriant habit of growth, as well as for beauty
or delicacy of blossom. All lean, starved, and meagre-
looking plants, mere botanical rarities, or such as are
pretty for a short time and then only remain to offend the
eye and destroy the general ensemble of luxuriant verdure
and bloom, should be rejected from a garden of this kind.

It will be a fortunate circumstance should a spring exist
somewhere on a neighboring height, whence it may be
brought, in concealed pipes, to supply this fountain. When
this is out of the question, a cistern constructed in the

COTTAGE RESIDENCES. 163

upper story of some outbuilding, at no great distance, may
afford a sufficient supply for playing in the evening, or at
certain times during the day. The French have an inge-
nious method of raising water from a well for this purpose,
which has been put in practice in some places in this
country at little expense. A small wooden tower or square
building is placed in a convenient position, over a well,
and where it is not a too conspicuous object, and furnished
with sails like a windmill, and a simple shaft and appa-
ratus for drawing water by means of a pump to a cistern
of good capacity in the top of the tower. This will fur-
nish a fountain, or jet d?eau of moderate size, with a suffi-
cient supply of water during the whole summer at little
trouble, and without intermission if the cistern be made
large enough, to hold a small over-supply for an occasional
calm day.

164 COTTAGE RESIDENCES,

DESIGN IX.

A cottage in the Italian, or Tuscan style.

THE design for this cottage, Fig. 72, has been kindly
sent us for this work by J. Notman, Esq., Architect, of
Philadelphia.

Although its details are very simple and will be under-
stood at a glance, and although the cottage is only of very
moderate dimensions, yet the variety of outline which it
exhibits, makes it appear a house of much larger size than
it really is. The projection of the roof, and the orna-
mental cornice, as well as the heavy and appropriate win-
dow dressings, bestow at once an expression of some ele-
gance, and render the house superiour to the ordinary
dwellings of this class.

In the plan of the principal story, Fig. 73, there is an
entrance hall with a handsome staircase, and an apart-
ment on either side ; that on the right being a parlour, and
that on the left a dining-room. In the piers on either side
of the staircase, are spaces which designate hot-air flues,
which proceed from the furnace in the basement, and by
means of registers, warm all the apartments in the house,
although the four principal ones have fire-places besides
for occasional use, if necessary.

The first flight of stairs ascends half the story, and on a
level with the landing here is the broad and airy balcony
in the rear, entered by a fair round-headed window, open-

DESIGN IX,

A COTTAGE IN THE ITALIAN OP. TUSCAN STYLE.

PRINCIPAL FLOOR

COTTAGE RESIDENCES.

165

ing to the floor. Underneath, this balcony forms a kind
of partly enclosed apartment, serving as a wash-room or
outer kitchen in summer.

There is also a balcony over the recessed porch in
front, which is a pleasant appendage to the chamber floor.
This floor, Fig. 74, affords three pleasant bedrooms, and

15 X 22

SECOND STORY

[Fig. 74.]

there is a fourth of more ample size in the third story of
the central portion of the cottage, which is, both with re-
gard to its proportions and the fine birds-eye view it com-
mands, a very pleasant apartment.

The plan of the basement, Fig. 75, sufficiently explains

Fig. 75.]

166 COTTAGE RESIDENCES.

itself. In the middle of the hall below is the furnace for

supplying heated air, and on either side are the kitchen,
the store-room, and the fuel cellar.

This design Mr. Notman remarks might be altered and
improved, without any variation of the present form, by
elongating the flanks, and adding a suite of rooms in the
rear. It may be built of brick and cement, or of wood ;
and a very simple kind of interiour finish, would be in the
best taste for a cottage of this class. The roof may be
covered with tin, zinc, or shingles, and the joints, between
the roof of the wings and the wall of the central portion,
should be well protected by broad lead or copper flash-
ings, or strips, running up a foot or more on the roof and
wall, and being built-in the latter in the usual manner.

Estimate. This cottage well constructed of solid mate-
rials, and neatly finished, would cost $3000. If built of
wood, filled in with brick, the expense might be slightly
reduced. The design has been executed in a more ele-
gant and costly manner near Philadelphia.

ARRANGEMENT OF THE GROUND.

For the sake of illustration, we shall suppose this to be
a suburban dwelling, placed upon a long and narrow lot
of ground, that being the most common form near towns,
and the most difficult one to render agreeable or interest-
ing. Its dimensions may be 120 feet broad by 375 feet
deep, and it may extend from the street in front to another
in the rear.

The first object of the proprietor of this cottage ornee
we shall suppose to be the production of a large crop of

COTTAGE RESIDENCES. 167

fruit and vegetables of every description, and the second
to render the whole garden rather tasteful and agreeable,
by a skilful distribution of his materials and arrangement
of walks. We shall suppose no trees introduced solely
for ornament, except on the small lawn or area of grass in
the front of the dwelling, and those bordering the pictu-
resque walk on the left ; and even in these situations a
preference will be given to ornamental fruit-bearing trees,
as the Black Mulberry, the English Walnut, the Spanish
Chestnut, and the thin-shell Almond among trees, and the
productive varieties of filberts, etc., among shrubs.

In the plan, Fig. 76, the entrance gates are placed at a,
the house at &, the stable and yard at c. On either side
of the house is an area of turf studded with a few orna-
mental trees of such species as are thought desirable. The
plot g, in the rear of the house, is also devoted to grass,
but it is planted with a small orchard of fruits of the har-
dier and more rapid growing kinds, cherries, pears, or
such other trees as will succeed tolerably well in a sur-
face kept in grass. This orchard is planted in the pic-
turesque manner, that is in irregular groups, as it is seen
directly from the house, and therefore would be most
agreeable in this form. The second compartment /*, is
another orchard of such choice fruit trees as require more
care, and the ground around which is to be kept open by
culture, and may be planted annually with various crops
of vegetables with advantage to the trees, and economy
of space.

The third compartment i, is the kitchen garden, the
area of which is to be kept free from trees and devoted
entirely ta vegetables. There is a walk &, sufficiently

168

COTTAGE RESIDENCES.

[Fig. 76.]

COTTAGE RESIDENCES. 169

wide for a cart or wagon leading from the stable c, to
the street in the rear, which gives access to the stable and
affords an opportunity of supplying the garden with com-
post, or carrying away litter, or garden products, without
passing by the house, or having recourse to the front en-
trance. The long border Z, may be devoted,, in different
parts, to grape vines, strawberries, and other small fruits,
or to rhubarb, and other esculent plants.

As a counterpart to this long walk, which is strictly
useful in its character, we have another m, on the opposite
side, winding and graceful in its direction, and bordered
by a miscellaneous collection of small flowering trees and
shrubs. These shrubs as we have before suggested may
be interspersed with the productive varieties of English
filberts, the Siberian crab and other small fruits used for
preserves, and also with dwarf apples and pears, which,
growing only a few feet high, will, when in fine bearing,
be very ornamental objects. The border or belt of shrubs
varying in width from three, to fourteen or more feet,
should be continued on both sides of this walk, as the ob-
ject of it is, not only to render the walk interesting by the
variety of shrubs, but also to render this portion of the
garden complete in itself, by preventing, as much as possi-
ble, the eye from seeing the kitchen garden or other com-
partments on the right, at the same time with the scene
formed by the walk and its boundary or fringe of shrubs.
A person after having walked along the whole course of
the picturesque walk m, may vary the impression received
either by returning through the straight walk Jc, of the
kitchen garden, or, if it is preferred, he may return partly

170 COTTAGE RESIDENCES.

in a new course of curved walks, by taking the cross
walks ft, in his way.

We have indicated by the dotted outline at 0, how a
conservatory might be added on the left wing of this
house, which might be warmed either by a flue, or by
warm water pipes connected with the fire-place of the
dining-room, or the kitchen below. This should be on a
level with the principal floor, and should of course be en-
tered by a glazed door from the dining-room. As the wall
of the house would form one side, or rather the back of
the conservatory, it could be more economically con-
structed, and kept warm at less expense, than a detached
green-house.

The grass on the areas/, and g, should be mown at least
once a fortnight during summer. This, if it is successively
performed on the different portions, will go far towards
supplying a horse or cow with green fodder during the
growing season, and by the frequent cutting, the beauty
and verdure of the lawn will be greatly improved.

The grounds of a cottage orne'e like this, while they
would afford a considerable quantity and variety of valu-
able products, would, we think all will admit, be far more
agreeable and interesting than the common rectangular
lots, so general in the suburbs of our towns, and which are
so entirely destitute of beauty of design.

DESIGN X,

A VILLA 1JJ TEE 1'UlN'lKD STYLE,

COTTAGE RESIDENCES.

DESIGN X.

A villa of the Jlrst class, in the Pointed Style.

THIS design of a " Beau Ideal Villa," by A. J. Davis,
Esq. Architect, although a much larger and more elabo-
rate composition than fairly comes within the scope of this
work, we have introduced as a concluding example both
for the purpose of showing a more complete and extensive
villa than we have hitherto presented, and as a specimen
of the progress which architectural taste is making in this
country ; it having been recently designed by Mr. Davis
for the country residence of J. Rathbone, Esq. of Albany.

In the annexed view, Fig. 77, the artist has chosen a
position showing the south and west fronts of the building
which are to be seen from the river, the entrance front be-
ing on the west side, a small portion of the open porch or
porte cochere being visible on the right of the house.

This villa when completed will undoubtedly be one of
the finest specimens of the Gothic, or pointed style of ar-
chitecture in this country. Although the whole composi-
tion evinces great unity of feeling, there is as much variety
of feature as we ever remember to have seen introduced
successfully in a villa. Of windows alone there is almost
every specimen belonging to the pointed style of this date,
the triple lancet, the arched, the square headed, the bay,
the oriel, and the triangular. There are three or four va-
rieties of gables and buttresses shown, and an air of origi-

172 COTTAGE RESIDENCES.

nality and boldness is bestowed on the whole composition
by the octagonal tower which gives a pyramidal and artis-
tic al form to the whole pile of building.

Fig. 78, is a plan of the principal floor. A good deal
of character is conferred on the west or entrance front by
the projecting porch, which, extending entirely across the
approach road 15 feet, forms a dry, sheltered carriage
porch, under which a carriage may draw up and the occu-
pants alight dry and sheltered in all weathers.

If we now enter and pass through the vestibule, we shall
soon find ourselves in a circular hall, 16 feet in diameter,
that forms a nucleus or radiating point from which all the
principal apartments diverge. This (and through it the
whole house) it is proposed to heat by a furnace in the
basement. Directly beyond the hall is the library, a sex-
angular apartment of much beauty of proportion, which
will command a very striking view of the Hudson from
the bay window at the eastern extremity. This bay win-
dow should be filled with rich stained glass, which would
produce a mellow tone of light in this apartment in admi-
rable keeping with its character. On the right side of
the library is another window opening to the veranda or
" umbrage," affording a delightful walk, with a noble view
of the river in its southern course.

The dining-room is entered by another door on the right
*of this hall. It is 16 by 24 feet in its dimensions, and the
bay at the south opens into a conservatory for plants,
which will give this apartment an air of summer, even in
the depths of a northern winter. This conservatory, form-
ing as it does a portion of the veranda, may be entirely
removed in summer, if it should be preferred to have the

COTTAGE RESIDENCES. 173

whole veranda open, by having moveable sashes, con-
structed so as to be easily taken out in the spring, and re-
placed in autumn. The dining-room has a china closet
on the right of the chimney breast ; a dumb waiter on the
left ; across the staircase hall is the pantry, and the stairs
descending to the kitchen and its offices is placed in most
convenient proximity to the door leading to this passage.

The drawing-room opens on the left of the hall and
forms a suite with the library and dining-room. Its bay
will have a charming sylvan view to the north, and the
two windows on the river front another looking east.

The two remaining doors of the hall lead, on one side
to the staircase hall, and on the other into the family bed-
room. The latter has three closets, a space for a ward-
robe, and an alcove which maybe used as a dressing-
room or a recess for placing a bed. On the south side of
the vestibule is the office, or gentlemen's own room, to be
neatly and appropriately fitted up as a business room, or
study, for the master of the house. The dotted triangu-
lar space at the corner of this office, indicates a place for
an iron safe to be built in the wall. On the north side of
the vestibule is a large closet for cloaks, umbrellas, etc.
This story is 13 feet in the clear, and the dotted lines in
the hall and principal rooms show the forms of the ribbed
ceilings.

The second floor contains six sleeping apartments of
various sizes, a bath room, and a water-closet ; and the
attic furnishes sleeping accommodations for the servants.
We regret that we are not able to show, by engraved
plans, the ample and convenient arrangements of this and
the basement story.

174 COTTAGE RESIDENCES.

The whole internal arrangement of this " beau ideal
villa" of Mr. Davis' is, we think, highly remarkable for its
elegance, its compactness, and the abundance and con-
venience of its accommodations. While any portion of the
house may by itself be used by the family at any time, the
effect of the entire first floor, when thrown open at once,
would be more striking than that of many mansions we
have seen of four times the size, where the rooms, having
no connexion, and being badly arranged, produced little
effect as a whole.

Estimate. The estimated cost of this villa varies from
$12,000 to $15,000, according to the material adopted,
stone or bricks, (either,) and the degree of finish employed
in the interior.

ARRANGEMENT OF THE GROUNDS.

The situation selected for this villa is a hill of conside-
rable extent, commanding an extensive view of the Hudson,
which is densely wooded with a natural growth of forest
trees. The preference was given to this site, as its natural
picturesqueness and intricacy seemed to be admirably in
keeping with the style of the building in view, and also,
as it is found much easier to produce, in a short time, a
satisfactory effect, by thinning out and improving a
suitable natural wood, than by planting and raising up
new growths of sylvan accessories, where none are al-
ready existing.

The grounds are about 120 acres in extent. In the
accompanying plan, Fig. 79, a considerable portion in the
neighborhood of the site for the house is shown. There is

COTTAGE RESIDENCES.

175

176 COTTAGE RESIDENCES.

a great variety of surface caused by the undulations of the
ground, upon this area, which will eventually, if proper
advantage is taken of this circumstance, cause the demesne
to appear of large extent. In laying out the grounds, the
course of the entrance road 6, was determined by a natural
depression, which afforded a much more easy and suitable
approach, than could be found in any other direction. The
road itself is not made in the bottom of the little dell, as this
would render it wet, and even liable to be washed away
at certain seasons of the year, but upon one side of the
sloping bank, at a sufficient height above to insure the dry-
ness and firmness of the road, at all seasons. At c, the
road is carried across a small stream, which affords an
opportunity of introducing a pretty rustic bridge, con-
structed of the roots and stems of the trees felled in open-
ing the road. An object of this kind, strictly useful in its
character, when, as in this case, it can be legitimately in-
troduced, always gives interest to a walk or road through
the grounds, although it should never be made when there
is not some obvious purpose beyond that of mere ornament.
There will be, eventually, an opportunity for creating
a great variety in these grounds, but as an idea of this
kind of situation can scarcely, like a flat surface, be con-
veyed by a mere plan, we shall only designate a few of
the leading points of interest. There is an open lawn d, at
the south side of the house, to be enlivened by groups of
flowering shrubs and plants, that will contrast agreeably
with the dark verdure of the thicker groups of foliage on
the other sides. At e, is a rustic pavilion or summer-house,
Fig. 80, on a knoll slightly elevated above the surrounding
surface. The stable and other out-buildings, are located

COTTAGE RESIDENCES.

177

[Fig. 80.]

at g, the kitchen garden at h, and the orchard at i. The
long and intricate walk j, which may be led, at pleasure, a
long distance beneath the shady, embowering branches
of tall beeches, stately maples, and " melancholy pines,"
now threading little dells filled with mosses and ferns, and
dark with forest verdure, and again emerging into sunny

glades, opened among the fo-
rest trees here and there, will
be one of the most agreeable
features of the place. The
greatest charm of this resi-
dence, when it is completed,
will be the novelty and con-
trast experienced in coming
directly from the highly arti-
|ficial and populous city, only
a couple of miles distant, to its quiet, secluded shades, full
of wildness, only sufficiently subdued by art to heighten
its natural beauty.

The principal difficulty in skilfully treating a residence
like this, to be formed on an entirely new surface, covered
with wood, lies in thinning out and opening the wood
judiciously in seizing on the finer portions to be left, and
selecting such as may, with the greatest advantage, be
cleared away. It must be borne in mind, as we have
previously urged, that few single trees can be left, but that
the thinning must be done by opening glades boldly, &, and
leaving the trees in groups, masses, thickets and groves.
Trimming up the trees, beyond what is absolutely neces-
sary in removing dead branches, should never be
attempted, but unsightly underwood should be removed,

178 COTTAGE RESIDENCES.

except in distant parts, where it is desired to retain the
wild and picturesque character of the place for the sake
of contrasting with the more dressed air immediately
around the h6use. In short, the natural expression of a
place like this must be thoroughly studied, before making
any improvements, as otherwise, the latter will, instead of
heightening and developing its original charm, only weaken
and render it incongruous and unsatisfactory.

ADDENDA.

Cements for the exterior of buildings. In the description of
the preceding designs, we have frequently recommended
brick and cement, as a mode of construction highly suit-
able for cottages. Houses built in this manner will be
found much dryer and warmer in winter, and much cooler
in summer, than those built of wood ; and the greater
solidity and durability of such dwellings, as well as their
superior architectural expression, will always render them
preferable to dwellings built of so perishable a material as
timber.

In speaking of brick and cement, however, we must
not be understood as referring to the wretched mode of
plastering exterior walls which generally passes current
under this name, examples of which may at once occur to
some of our readers, to prejudice them against the em-
ployment of this mode of construction. Indeed, there is no
subject hitherto so little understood by the majority of
our practical men, as that of cements suitable for resisting
the attacks of the weather on exterior walls. Accordingly
we not unfrequently see whole surfaces of this so-called
cement, crumbling and falling from the walls, and the
proprietor, lamenting the sad appearance of the exterior of
his dwelling, protests loudly against all cements.

The fact, however, that there are, both in this country

180 COTTAGE RESIDENCES.

and abroad, numerous examples of cements resisting the
attacks of the weather for a great length of time, and be-
coming almost incorporated with the solid wall, should
teach our builders that the error lies in their ignorance of
its nature, and the proper mode of mixing and laying it on.

The frequent failures in exterior cements arise, 1st,
From the use of sand composed of rounded, worn particles,
mixed with earthy matter ; 2dly, From the employment
of hydraulic cements of inferior or unsuitable quality ;*
3dly, From the use of poor lime ; and 4thly, From im-
perfect mixture and application of the materials.

If in building of brick and cement, the following parti-
culars are strictly observed, we can confidently insure
satisfactory results. The walls should be laid of the best
hard brick, the roughness or exterior unevenness of which
is an advantage. In laying the brick-work, the outer sur-
face of the walls should not be pointed, but the mortar only
roughly struck off with the trowel ; indeed, the preferable
mode is to spread the mortar in such a manner that it
may not come quite to the outer edge of the brick work in
all parts, but leave little recesses or slight cavities, which
being filled up by the cement, will afford a more perfect
hold and lodgment for the exterior coating.

Immediately before putting on the cement, the wall to
which it is to be applied must be well scrubbed with a
stout and coarse broom, and an abundance of water, in
order both to get rid of all loose sand, mortar, or other

* Many of the hydraulic limes, or cements, of this state are totally unfit for exterior
work, as they contain a salt (muriate of soda) which, on the absorption of water,
crystallizes upon the brick walls, and thus forces off the cement. This is the se-
cret of nine-tenths of the failures in cementing houses in this and other sections of
the country. The best hydraulic lime that we can recommend, is that of Berlin, Ct.

COTTAGE RESIDENCES. 181

matter adhering to the face of the wall, and partially to
saturate the surface bricks with moisture, in order that the
cement may set more equally and gradually.

In making the cement, choose a hydraulic lime that has
been thoroughly tested, and is known to be well adapted to
resist the weather, in the air as well as under water, and let
it be perfectly fresh, as it will be nearly worthless if it has
been long prepared, unless it has been kept in entirely
air-tight vessels. The very best and purest lime should
also be selected, of the greatest tenacity in mortar, and
such as will slacken equally throughout. Especial pains
should also be taken to procure sharp angular sand, which,
if not perfectly clean, must be freed from any admixture of
earthy particles, by repeated washings. Let the lime be
thoroughly slaked, and a good mortar be made in suffi-
cient quantity for the whole of the work, of the lime and
sand. When the masons are ready for plastering, open
one of the. casks of cement, and mix the latter in the pro-
portion of one third to two thirds of the mortar, making a
hod of the mixture at a time, as it would otherwise par-
tially set before it could be used. Only one coat of cement
should ever be put on, as it will then form one homoge-
nous mass with the wall.* In finishing the surface, float
it off as smoothly as possible, and mark it off in courses to
resemble stone, coloring it while the cement is yet only
partially dry, so that the coloring matter may set with the
cement.

In mixing the coloring material, choose some of the

* Or rather, two layers may be applied, directly one after the other, which will
at once form one. The coat of lime-putty frequently applied to stuccos to give " an
elegant finish," soon crumbles off, and hastens the decay of the surface underneath.

182 COTTAGE RESIDENCES.

ochres, or earthy colors, for a base, rendering it liquid by
the use of milk, and varying the tint by adding other colors,
until the desired tint be obtained. In order to protect the
cement against moisture, it is the practice of the most suc-
cessful plasterers, to mix, or incorporate with the color-
ing wash, or paint, a quantity of thick boiled grease or
fatty matter, in the proportion of six or eight quarts to a
half barrel of the paint. The cement should be applied
in fine weather, free from frost, and it will be preferable in
all cases, if buildings covered by it are finished in time to
allow them to become pretty thoroughly dry before win-
ter. Two months will probably be sufficient.

The decay of cemented surfaces, arises most frequently
from the unsuitable or imperfect construction of the roof or
cornice at the eaves, or barge-board. For this reason,
buildings in the Italian style, with bold projecting roofs,
generally retain the cement in a much more perfect state
than those with narrow and slender copings or projections ;
but a little care exercised in the first construction, will
render a well cemented house much more durable, and
one that requires far less repairs than any house built of
wood, or other perishable material.

Building Contracts. The great disproportion frequently
occurring between the estimate or contract, and the final
cost of a house, is a very frequent source of disappoint-
ment and vexation, to persons who engage for the first
time in building. The cottage or villa is contracted to be
built by the mechanics, at a fair, or even a low price, quite
satisfactory to the proprietor, but when the building is
complete, the bills are often found to exceed the con-
tracting price by one third or one half the original sum.

COTTAGE RESIDENCES. 183

This result will always, on experience, be found to arise
from two causes. The first of these is the want of a well
digested and thoroughly satisfactory plan, before the con-
tracts are made. A general idea of the arrangement, or a
mutual understanding to copy pretty nearly the house of
Mr. A., or B., in the neighborhood, is very often as definite
a shape as the matter assumes before the house is com-
menced. While it is in progress, the subject opening on
the mind of the owner, new arrangements or alterations in
the plan are suggested ; an additional room here, a closet
or staircase there, would, it is discovered, add so greatly to
the elegance or convenience of the house, that they are of
course at once introduced. There are not wanting me-
chanics, who, finding perhaps that they shall obtain but a
moderate profit on their original contracts, and being secure
of the whole work, charge at a greatly increased price for
these additional items, knowing that no other builder can
now be brought into competition with them, to reduce the
rate by a lower estimate.

The second source of multiplied expense, is the want of
proper specifications when the building is proposed to be
estimated upon. The specifications of a building, to be
contracted for at a certain price, are supposed to embrace
every portion of the building, and every item of the ex-
pense. Now to draw up a full and complete list of spe-
cifications for a house of considerable size, requires a very
accurate knowledge of every thing relating to building
a knowledge that neither the generality of proprietors,
nor but few artisans among us will generally be found
to possess thoroughly. Usually, these specifications for
a country house are drawn up at the suggestion of the

184 COTTAGE RESIDENCES.

proprietor, by one of the master workmen, and include all
the particulars that occur to him or his employer. But in
carrying out these specifications, it is found that so large a
number of items have been overlooked, that the bill of
extras, at the close of the work, amounts to 20 or 30 per
cent, on the whole estimate.

To obviate these evils it is evident that it is highly ne-
cessary to have perfectly satisfactory plans, showing every
portion of the house, necessary to a perfect understanding
of all its parts, before it is commenced or contracted for,
in order that no material alteration may be made while it is in
progress ; and also to procure from some experienced and
competent architect, or master-builder, very complete and
full specifications for the whole work.

We have in these remarks supposed the contract mode
of building, because experience has led us to believe that
in most parts of the country -the work may be done in this
way in an equally excellent manner, and at a much lower
cost than by the days-work system. This is owing partly
to the fact, that a great deal more judgment and proper
economy will always be exercised in the purchase of ma-
terials, etc., by a master-builder for himself, than for the
proprietor ; and partly, also, that in all buildings there is a
great deal of labor of secondary importance, which may
be performed at a cheap rate to the master-builder by his
apprentices, and which would otherwise be paid for at the
journeyman's rate in the days-work system. At the same
time the owner, or superintendent of the work, retains the
power to inspect and reject all workmanship or materials
not of a proper and specified quality.

The most economical mode of building in the United

COTTAGE RESIDENCES. 185

States will therefore be found to be that of employing only
the best master workman, building by contract, and un-
dertaking the work only when provided with complete
plans and specifications.

Employment of architects or professional men. The most
mortifying feature, to a person of cultivated taste, in archi-
tecture of our country-houses built within the last ten
years, is the frequent violation of correct proportions, of
unity of decorations, and of appropriateness of style so
frequently seen, even in our finest residences. This arises
sometimes from the indulgence of the fancy or caprice of
the proprietor, and sometimes from the bad advice, or
worse plans of the country carpenter or mason in his em-
ploy. Although such buildings please their owners at
first, yet with the dawnings of a more extensive know-
ledge, obtained either by the examination of really admi-
rable edifices, or by a greater familiarity with the subject,
they almost certainly regret, when it is too late, the errors
they have so hastily committed.

To those who are not really thoroughly informed and
competent themselves, (a class yet very small in all coun-
tries,) we would strongly recommend the employment, in
any building of importance, of the best professional talent.
They may then feel assured not only of having a satisfac-
tory production, but one which, being correctly designed,
will rather grow than lessen in their admiration as their
knowledge or taste for architectural beauty increases.

When we have really decided to build, the difference
between a common form and an excellent one may at
once be secured in favor of the former, by applying to an

186 COTTAGE RESIDENCES.

architect of talent and experience. The small addition
(from 2 to 5 per cent.) which this will make to the whole
cost of the building, is certainly a consideration of trifling
consequence, when we reflect that in the design lies the
whole individuality of the building, whether it shall be full
of beauty, grace, or picturesqueness, or abound in un-
couthness, incongruity and foolish conceits a matter of
the more importance as it is to continue before our eyes
and become identified almost with ourselves, perhaps, for
a life time ! ^f any persons within our knowledge have
been deterred from applying to a professional man for ad-
vice in building a house, or laying out their grounds, from
a mistaken idea of the enormous charges to which they
would be subjected. In the hope of lessening this error
we have applied to Mr. Davis, of New-York, one of our
ablest architects, for a general list of professional terms,
an extract from which we shall here offer.
" Design for a gate lodge or small cottage, - $50 00
do. for a church, - - 100 00

do. for a villa residence of moderate

size, 60 to 100 00

do. for a villa of the first class (esti-
mated at $15,000,) including a
visit to the site, - - 150 00

" The foregoing are exclusive of working drawings.
" For two per cent, on the estimate of the whole cost at
New-York prices, the architect furnishes the design, in-
cluding the elevations, sections and working drawings, a
complete list of specifications, procures an estimate, and
gives an occasional superintendence while the building is
in progress."

COTTAGE RESIDENCES. 187

We do not give this as the uniform scale of prices for
professional services of this kind, as no fixed standard is
agreed upon in this country, but we believe the average
charges will be found to vary very little from those here
stated.

BY THE SAME AUTHOR.
A TREATISE ON THE THEORY AND PRACTICE OF

LANDSCAPE GARDENING,

ADAPTED TO NORTH AMERICA, WITH A VIEW TO COUNTRY RESIDENCES J

Comprising Historical Notices and General Principles of the Art Directions for Laying out

Grounds and arranging Plantations The Description and Cultivation of Hardy

Trees Decorative Accompaniments to the House and Grounds The

Formation of Pieces of Artificial Water, Flower Gardens,

&c., &c., &c.

WITH REMARKS ON RURAL ARCHITECTURE.
BY A. J. DOWNING.

Illustrated with numerous engravings on wood. 1 vol. Svo. $3 50.

" Mr. Downing, inspired by his ardour for the more ge-
neral diffusion of taste in embellishing country dwellings,
has endeavoured, and as we think with much success, to
bring within a small compass, and yet in an alegani form,
all of the information most important to be had for the end
in view. ******

" Mr. Downing evidently brings to his task, much more
than the mere requisites for making a book about garden-
Ing. He is an enthusiast, as well as a practical artist, in
his profession. He speaks of effects to be produced from
given causes, not from what he may have read of them in
books, or seen in pictures and highly coloured engravings,
but from personal observation and experiment. The con-
equence is, -that such advice as he can give is worth
i having.

' There is also much valuable instruction in this book
upon the subject of making hedges, laying out gardens,
ornamental bridges, walks, shrubberies, &.c., communica-
ted in an agreeable etyle, and illustrated by frequent

quotations from those poets of various countries who have
sung the delights of rural life." North American Review.

" This volume, the first American treatise on this sub-
ject, will at once take ihe rank of the standard work."
SiUimaris Journal.

" Downing's Landscape Gardening is a masterly work
of its kind, more especially considering that in North Ame-
rica the art is necessarily yet in its infancy." Mr. Lou-
don, in the Gardener's Magazine.

" The author has taken up the subject directly, and as a
whole, with an apparently thorough knowledge of its prin-
ciples, and a fine natural taste, guided by a cultivated and
experienced judgment. It is his'least praise to say that he
has written con amore; possessed of the feelings and sensi-
bilities of the true artist, and keenly alive to all that is
boautiful and picturesque in nature, he comes to his task
with a relish for it; yet his enthusiasm is directed by a
calm and judicious discrimination.''- Democratic Review.

THE THEORY OF HORTICULTURE;

AN ATTEMPT TO EXPLAIN THE PRINCIPAL OPERATIONS OF GAR-
DENING UPON PHYSIOLOGICAL PRINCIPLES.

WITH NOTES, ETC.

BY A. J. DOWNING AND ASA GRAY, M. D.

Illustrated with wood cuts. 1 vol. 12mo. #1 25.

" A vast fund of horticultural learnin?, and embraces,
it is hardly too much to say, nearly all that an intelligent
gardener need to know."

" We are constrained to believe that it will provide the
intelligent gardener and the scientific amateur with correct
means of learning the more important operations of hor-
ticulture."

" The American edition of this valuable work is, in all
respects, creditable to the editors ; whose joint labors, it
may be remarked, furnish in the present instance, another
illustration of the happy combination of scientific theory
With practical experience. To the American reader, the
notes of the co-editors, which are both scientific and prac-

tical, add much to the value and interest of the work ; be-
ing, for the most part, the results of successful experience,
with such additions and adaptations as the climate and
circumstances of our country render necessary. ' ' SiUiman's
Journal.

" To all who delight in a garden, Dr. Lindley's volume
will yield not only instruction, but endless amusement.
Though professedly scientific in its scope, its illustrative
facts are mostly of an order to fix the attention, and to
awaken ideas of an elevated and prolific character. It
is, however, as a book of utility, that the book rests its
strongest claims upon public approbation." London Athe-

ELEMENTS OF

AGRICULTURAL CHEMISTRY AND GEOLOGY.

BY JAMES F. W. JOHNSTON, F. R. S.

Author of " Lectures on Agricultural Chemistry and Geology," &c.
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briefly noticed, is in the Lectures examined, discussed, or more fully detailed." Introduction.

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LOUDON, J. C. An Encyclopaedia of Agriculture; comprising the Theory and

Practice of the Valuation, Transfer, Laying out, Improvement, and Management of Landed Property, and the cultiva
tion and economy of the Animal and Vegetable productions of Agriculture, inculuding the latest improvements, a ge

sent state, with suggestions for its futur<
with a supplemement, contain
$10 0(

LOW, DAVID. (Professor of Agriculture in the University of Edinburgh.) Ele-

ments of Practical Agriculture ; comprehending the Cultivation of Plants, the Husbandry of the Domestic Animals
and the Economy of the Farm. 3d Edition. 1 vol. Svo. $5 K

RUSSELL, JOS. A Treatise on Practical and Chemical Agriculture, compiled prin-

cipally from the Works of Sir H. Davy. 2d Edition. 1 vol. Svo. S3 5t

neral History of Agriculture in all Countries, and a statistical view of its present stat
progress in the British Isles. With nearly 1,300 engravings on wood. Third edition,
ing all the recent improvements.

WORKS ON AGRICULTURE, HORTICULTURE, &c. -CONTINUED.
STEPHENS, HENRY. The Book of the Farm, intended as a Guide to those who

of becoming practical Farmers - iiiustmted

SPROULE, JOHN. A Treatise on Agriculture, comprehending the Nature Proper

ties, and Improvement of Soils ; the Structure, Functions, and Cultivation of Plants ; and the Husbandry of the Domes-
tic Animals of the Farm. 2d Edition, illustrated with numerous engravings on wood. 1 vol. 8vo $4 75

TUSSER, THOS. Five Hundred Points of Good Husbandry, as well for the Cham-

pion or open Country as for the Woodland or several; together with a Book of Housewifery, bein<r a Calendar of Ru-
ral and Domestic Economy for every Month in the Year; and exhibiting a Picture of the Agriculture Customs and
Manners of England in the 16th Century. A New Edition, with Notes, &c., by William MavorflX B i 1 voL 8?a 2 00

VAUX, THOMAS. Outlines of a New Plan for Tilling and Fertilizing Land 1 vol

8- S225

THE HORSE.
BLAINE, D. Outlines of the Veterinary Art ; or a Treatise on the Anatomy, Physi-

ology, and Curative Treatment of the Diseases of the Horse, and subordinately, of those neat Cattle and Sheen illns
trated by Surgical and Anatomical plates. 5th Edition, greatly improved. 1 vol. 8vo. '$8 50

HORSE AND HOUND ; their various Uses and Treatment in-doors and out, includ-

ding Practical Instructions in Horsemanship. By Nimrod. 1 vol. 8vo. beautifully illustrated. $4 00

SMITH, LIEUT.-COL. C. H. The Natural History of Horses, illustrated by 35

Coloured Plates, with Portrait and Memoir of Gesner. (Naturalists' Library, Vol. 30.) 1 vol. 12mo. $1 75

STEWART, JOHN. Advice to Purchasers of Horses ; being a Short and Familiar

Treatise on the External Formation of the Horse ; the Nature of Soundness and Unsoundness, &c. 18mo. 88

- Stable Economy : a Treatise on the Management of Horses, in relation to

Stabling, Grooming, Feeding, Watering, and Working. 12mo. $2 25

YOUATT, WM. The History and Treatment of the Horse ; with a Treatise on

Draught. 1 vol. 8vo. Illustrated with numerous cuts. $2 75

HORTICULTURE, GARDENING, RURAL AND DOMESTIC ECONOMY.
DOWNING, A. J. A Treatise on the Theory and Practice of Landscape-Gardening,

adapted to North America ; with a View to Country Residences, comprising Historical Notices and General Princi-
ples of the Art, Directions for Laying out Grounds and Arranging Plantations, the Description and Cultivation of Hardy
Trees, Decorative Accompaniments to the House and Grounds, the Formation of Pieces of Artificial Water, Flower 1
Gardens, &c., with Remarks on Rural Architecture. Illustrated by engravings. 1 vol. 8vo. $3 50

- Designs for Cottage Residences, adapted to North America, including Elevations

and Plans of the Buildings, and Designs for Laying out the Grounds. 1 vol. 8vo. Beautifully embellished. $2 50

DONOVAN, M. Domestic Economy, &c. 2 vols. 12mo. $3 50

The subject* of this work are the Arts of Brewing, Halting, and Wine Making; of the dualities and preparation, the Uses and Abuses, of Human
Food, in all its Varieties ; including the General Processes of Oookery and the eflects of Aliments on Bodily Health.

HOARE, C. A Practical Treatise on the Cultivation of the Grape-Vine on Open

Walls. 3d Edition. 8vo. $2 50

LINDLEY, JOHN. The Theory of Horticulture : or an Attempt to Explain the

Principal Operations of Gardening upon Physiological Principles. With Notes, &c., by A. J. Downing, and A. Gray.
1 vol. 12mo. Wood cuts. $1 25

LOUDON, J. C. An Encyclopaedia of Gardening ; comprising the Theory and

Practice of Horticulture, Floriculture, Arboriculture, and Landscape Gardening, including all the latest improvements,
a General History of Gardening in all Countries, and a statistical view of its present state. New edition, greatly en-
larged and improved, with nearly 1000 engravings on wood. $10 00

- The Suburban Horticulturist : or an Attempt to Teach the Science and Practice

of the Culture and Management of the Flower, Fruit, Kitchen, and Forcing Garden, &c. Illustrated with numerous
engravings on wood. 1 vol. 8vo. 4 50

- The Suburban Gardener and Villa Companion, comprising the choice of a

Villa or Suburban residence, or of a situation on which to form one ; the arrangement and furnishing of the House ;
and the laying-out, planting, and general management of the Garden and Grounds ; the whole adapted for grounds
from one perch to fifty acres and upwards in extent ; intended for the instruction of those who know little of Garden-
ing and Rural Affairs, and more particularly for the use of Ladies. 1 vol. 8vo. With upwards of 300 wood engrav-
ings. $5 50

- The Arboretum et Fruticetum Britannicum ; or the Hardy Trees and Shrubs

of Britain, scientifically and popularly described, with Botanical Figures of most of the Species, and pictorial portraits
of all the principal Trees. In 8 vols. 8vo. ; four of letterpress and four of plates.

- An Encyclopaedia of the Trees and Shrubs of Great Britain, Native and Foreign,

Scientifically and Popularly Described ; with their Propagation, Culture, and Uses in the Arts ; and with Figures of
nearly all the Species. Abridged from the large Edition, and adapted for the use of Nurserymen, Gardeners, and
Foresters. In one very thick vol. 8vo., with upwards of 2000 engravings on wood.

LOUDON, MRS. The Ladies' Flower-Garden of Ornamental Annuals. In 48 beau-

tifully coloured plates, containing upwards of 300 figures of the most showy and interesting Annual Flowers, with full
Directions for their Culture. 1 vol. 4to.

- The Ladies' Flower-Garden of Ornamental Bulbous Plants. In 58 coloured

plates, containing above 300 coloured figures of the most desirable Bulbous Flowers, with Descriptions and Directions
for Cultivation. 1 vol. 4to.

- Practical Instructions in Gardening for Ladies. 3d Edition. 1 vol. 12mo.

Numerous wood cuts. $2 00

- The Ladies' Companion to the Flower-Garden ; being an Alphabetical Arrange-

ment of all the Ornamental Plants usually grown in Gardens and Shrubberies; with full Directions for their Culture.
1 vol. 12mo. With numerous woodcuts, representing the processes of Grafting, Budding, Layering, &c. <kc.

- - The Ladies' Magazine of Gardening. Illustrated with 16 coloured plates of

choice flowers, and 87 wood cuts. 1 vol. 8vo. $ 4

WORKS ON AGRICULTURE, HORTICULTURE, &c. CONTINUED.
McINTOSH, C. The Flower-Garden : its cultivation and general arrangement,

with select Lists of the most desirable Annual, Biennial, and Perennial Flowering Plants, arranged according to their
height, colour, and time of flowering, with hints and plans for laying out and arranging Garden Grounds. 1 vol. 8vo.
cloth, gilt. S3 00

The Green-House, Hot-House, and Stove ; including Directions for the Cultiva-
tion and Management of Exotic Flowering Plants, the erec ion and management of Green-Houses and Conservatories,
and the most approved mode of warming and ventilating, with lists of the most choice species. 1 vol. 8vo. S3 00

The Orchard and Fruit Garden; including the Management of all Wall, Stand-

ard, and Espalier Fruit-trees and the Forcing-pit, with select lists of the most choice varieties, and their synonymes.
1 vol. 8vo., cloth, gilt. S3 00

PAXTON'S BOTANICAL POCKET DICTIONARY ; comprising the Name, His-

tory, and Culture of all Plants known in Britain ; with a full explanation of technical terms, accentuated and corrected
by Prof. Lindley. Neat pocket size, bound, with gilt edges. S4 50

PAXTON'S MAGAZINE OF BOTANY, AND REGISTER OF FLOWERING

PLANTS. Vols. 1 to 8. Each volume beautifully embellished with upwards of 50 coloured plates of flowers after na-
ture, and numerous wood cuts. (The text comprises Botanical description of the Plants figured ; the best mode of
Culture ; a Calendar of the work to be done in each month in the Flower Garden, together with such other informa-
tion as is requisite for the successful propagation of Plants.) per vol. $10 00

PRICE, SIR UVEDALE. On the Picturesque, as compared with the Beautiful;

including his Letter to REPTON, and a Dialogue of the Distinctive Characters of the Picturesque and Beautiful. The
whole carefully revised, with an Essay on the Origin of Taste, and numerous additions, by Sir Thos. Dick Lauder.
Illustrated by upwards of 60 vignettes, by Montague Stanley. 1 vol. 8vo. $6 50

REPTON. The Landscape Gardening and Landscape Architecture of the late

Humphrey Repton, Esq., being his entire works on these subjects. A new edition ; with an Historical and Scientific
Introduction, a Systematic Analysis, a Biographical Notice, Notes, and a Copious Alphabetical Index, by J. C. Loudon.
Illustrated by upwards of 250 engravings. 1 vol. 8vo. S10 00

RURAL SPORTS, &C.
BLAINE'S ENCYCLOPAEDIA OF RURAL SPORTS; or a Complete Account,

Historical, Practical, and Descriptive, of Hunting, Shooting, Fishing, Racing, and other Field Sports and Athletic
Amusements of the Present Day. Illustrated by 600 wood engravings. 1 large vol. 8vo. $13 00

CARLETON, JNO. W. The Sporting Sketch-Book ; a series of characteristic papers,

by the most distinguished Sporting Writers of the day. Illustrated with 11 engravings. 1 vol. 8vo. S5 00

COLQUHOUN, JOHN. The Moor and the Loch ; containing Practical Hints on

Highland Sports, and Notices of the Habits of the different creatures of Game and Prey in the Mountainous Districts of
Scotland ; with Instructions in River, Burn, and Loch-Fishing. 2d Edition, illustrated with wood cuts. 1 vol. 8vo. $3 50

GREENER, W. The Gun ; or a Treatise on the various descriptions of small

Fire Arms. 1 vol. 8vo., plates. $5 00

HANSARD, GEO. H. The Book of Archery. 1 vol. 8vo., plates. $5 oo

Contents 1. Juvenile Bowmen. 2. Equipments of Young Archer. 3. Female Archery. 4. Welsh Archery. S.French
Archery. 6. The Cross-Bow. 7. Societies of Modern Archers. 8. Yew Trees, Yew Bows, kc. 9. Power of Mod-
ern Bows. 10. The Shaft. 11. Roving or Rural Archery. 12. Greek and Roman Archery.

HAWKER, LIEUT.-COL. P. Instructions to Young Sportsmen in all that relates to

Guns and Shooting. 8th Edition. Corrected and enlarged, with numerous plates and wood cuts. 1 vol. 8vo. $6 50

MARTINGALE'S SPORTING SCENES AND COUNTRY CHARACTERS.

With numerous Illustrations on wood. 1 vol. 8vo. $6 75

PENN, RICH'D. Maxims and Hints for an Angler ; and Miseries of Fishing.

To which are added, Maxims and Hints for a Chess-Player. New Edition, enlarged, with wood cuts. 1 vol. 12mo. $2 50

RADCLIFFE, F. P. DELME. The Noble Science ; a few General Ideas on Fox

Hunting, for the Use of the Rising Generation. 1 vol. 8vo. with numerous illustrations. S7 50

WALTON, IZAAC, AND CHARLES COTTON. The Complete Angler; or

Contemplative Man's Recreation : being a Discourse on Rivers, Fish-Ponds, Fish, and Fishing, with Lives and Notes
by Sir John Hawkins, Knt. Edited by James Rennie, A.M. 1 vol. 12mo. Cuts. SI 25

WILSON, JAS. The Rod and the Gun ; two Treatises on Angling and Shooting.

1 vol. 8vo. Numerous plates. S3 00

RURAL ARCHITECTURE.
DOWNING'S DESIGNS FOR COTTAGE RESIDENCES, ADAPTED TO

NORTH AMERICA, including Elevations and Plans of the Buildings, and Designs for laying out Grounds, &c. By A.
J. Downing. 1 vol. 8vo. S2 50

LOUDON'S ENCYCLOPEDIA OF COTTAGE, FARM, AND VILLA ARCHI-
TECTURE. With about 1100 pages of letterpress, and upwards of 2000 wood engravings ; embracing designs of Cot-
tages, Farm Houses, Farmeries, Villas, Country Inns, Public Houses, Parochial Schools, &c. ; including the interior
Finishings and Furniture ; accompanied by Analytical and Critical Remarks illustrative of the Principles of Architec-
tural Science and Taste, on which the Designs for Dwellings are composed, and of Landscape Gardening, with refer-
ence to their Accompaniments. New Edition, corrected, with above 100 or the Plates re-engraved. S15 00

ROBINSON, P. F. A new Series of Designs for Ornamental Cottages, and Villas,

with Estimates of the Probable Cost of erecting them. Illustrated by 56 plates. 1 vol. 4to., half bound. S13 00

Designs for Farm-Buildings, with a view to prove that the simplest forms may

be rendered pleasing and ornamental, by a proper disposition of the rudest materials, in 56 plates. 3d Edition. 1 vol.
4to. 5 half bound. $1050

Designs for Ornamental Villas, in 96 plates. 3d Edition, greatly improved.

1vol. 4to. S1400

Designs for Gate Cottages, Lodges, and Park Entrances, in various styles, from

the humblest to the castellated. 48 Designs. 3d Edition. 1 vol. 4to. k S10 50

WAISTELL, CHAS. Designs for Agricultural Buildings. Edited by J. Jopling,

Architect 1 vol. 4to. 12 plates. 86 00

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