Full text of "Counties of Cumberland, Jasper and Richland, Illinois. Historical and biographical"

LIBRARY OF THE

UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS

AT URBANA-CHAMPAIGN

977.373
B32c

I.H.S

C O IJ N T I E S

O K

jUmyandJaspef^njRiclilaot

ILLINOIS.

I€:iSXOmC-A.L A.lSri3 BIOGHt-A.raiC-A.L.

ILLUSTRATED.

CHICAGO:
F. A. BATTEY & CO,

1884,

'577,37-3

j:)],,.o,c. f^''+ ■^'Z

PREFACB.

THIS volume goes fortli to our patrons tlie result of months of arduous,
uiireniitting and conscientious labor. None so well know as those who
have been associated with us the almost insurmountable diHiculties to be
met with in the preparation of a work of this character. Sin(;c tiie inaug-
uration of the enteri>rise a large forc« has been employed in gathering
material. During this time most of the citizens of three counties have been
called upon to contribute from their recollections, carefully preserved let-
ters, scraps of manuscript, printed fragments, memoranda, etc. Public
records and semi-otticdal documents have been searched, the newsjjaper
tiles of the county have been overhauled, and former citizens, now livini;-
out of the counties, have been corresponded with, for the verification of
the hiformation by a conference with many. In gathering from these
numerous sources, both for the historical and l)iographical departments,
the conflicting statements, the discrepancies and the fallible and incom-
plete nature of i)ublic documents, were almost appalling to our historians
and biographers, who were expected to weave therefrom with some degree
of accuracy, in panoramic review, a record of events. Meml)ers of the
same families disagree as to the spelling of the family name, contradict
each other's statements as to the dates of birth, of settlement in.the coun-
ties, nativity, and other matters of fact. In this entangled c;ondition, we
have given preference to the preponderance of authority, and Avhile we
acknowledge the existence of errors and our inability to furnish a perfect
history, we claim to have come uj) to the standard of our promises, and
<>iven as accurate a work as the nature of the surroundings would })erniit.
The facts incorporated in the biographic;al sketc^hes have in most cases
been secured from the persons whom they rei)resent, hence tlM3 publishers
disclaim any responsibility as to their general tenor. Whatever may !)(•
the verdict of those who do not and will not comprehend the difficulties to
be met with, we feel assured that all just and thoughtful people will api>re-
ciate our efforts, and recognize the importance of the undertaking and
the great public benefit that has been accomplished hi preserving the val-
uable historical matters of the counties, and I)iograi)hies of many of their
citizens, that perhaps would otherwise have passed into oblivion. To those
who have given us their support and encouragement we acknowletlge our
gratitude, and can assure them that as years go by the book will grow in
value as a repository not only of ])leasing reading nnitter. but of treasured
information of the past that will become an enduring numument.

TlIK PUliiJSIIKRS.

April. 1884.

35^'^'^

CONTKNTS.

PART I.

HISTORY OF THE NORTHWEST TERRITORY.

PA«K.

American Settlements 59

Black Hawk and the Black Havrk War 73

Discovery of the Ohio River :<2

Division of the Nortliwest Territory 05

PAUX.

Early Explorations 20

English Explorations and Settlements 34

Geographical Position 19

Tecumseh and the War of 1812 69

ILLUSTRATIONS.

PAOB.

Black Ilawk, Sac ChiefUin 74

Buffalo Hunt 26

High Bridge 33

Indians attacking Frontiersmen 55

Indians attacking a Stockade 71

LakeBluff «2

La Salle Landing on the Shores of Green Bay 24

Mouth^of the Mississippi 31

PA»B.

Niagara Falls 92

Perry's Monument 91

Pioneer Dwelling 00

Pontiac, Ottawa Chief tain 42

Present Site of Lake St. Bridge, Chicago, 1883 58

Source of the Mississippi 22

Tecuiaseh, Shawanoc Chieftain 68

Trapping ^ 28

CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITKT> STATES AN1> ITS AMENDMENTS

PART II.

HISTORY OF CUMBERLAND COUNTY.

PAGE.
OlUiANIZATION AM) DKVKI.OPMKNT 91

Agriculture, etc 104

Churches - 170

Clerks, Circuit I'lO

Clerks. County 147

Commissioners, County 142

County's Name, Origin of the 90

Court, County 143

Courts, First 140

Early Settlers --- HO

Fair Association 109

Geology 9'*

Horticulture, etc... i04

Industries and Experiences of Settlers . . 110

Judges, County 147

Jurors, First -- 140

Material Resources 102

Minor Divisions 1'^

Officials, County 142

Origin of the County "1

Political Organization 123

Press and Politics 167

Public Buildings 130

Railroads 154

Schools 1~3

School Superintendents IIS

Secret Organizations 175

Sheriffs, County 146

Social Development -. 148

Stock Raising, etc 104

PAOK.

Supervisors. Board of 142

Surveyors. County 148

Swamp Lands 104

Topography 97

Treasurers, County 147

Wau Record 170

Cavalry, Fifth 192

Infantry, Twenty-First 181

Infantrv. Fifty-Ninth 184

Infantry, Sixty-First 196

Infantry. Sixty-Second 199

Infantry, Ninety-Seventh 187

Infantry, One Hundred and Twenty-Third 188
Infantry, One Hundred and Thirty-Fifth 192

VlI.I.AliKS OF THK CoiTNTY 201

Bradbury 22:1

Centerville 223

Diona 223

Greenup 201

Hazel Dell 223

Janesville 223

Jewett 211

Johnstown 210

Neoga 219

Rainsburg 223

Toledo 213

Woodbury 210

CONTENTS

HISTORY OF CUMBERLAND COUNTY. -Continued.

BIOGRAPHICAL SKKTCHES.

PAGE.

Cottonwood Township 299

Crooked Creek Township 284

Greenup Tow-nnhip 248

Neoga Township 322

Spring Point Township 305

PAGE.

Sumpter Township 234

Toledo City 224

L'nion Township . 34tj

Woodlxiry Township 363

PORTRAITS.

PAGE.

Albin, George W 125

Green. David B i*>l

Hanker. Charles - 21a

Monohon. Gershom i'^

PAGE.

Neal, David 143

Voris. Franklin D . 197

Votaw, Alahlon 107

PART III.

HISTORY OP JASPER COUNTY.

PAGE.

Orijakization and Condition 367

Agriculture.. SI'S

Fair Association - 381

Geology - 373

Material Resources 3i()

Name, Origin of 369

Settlement, Early 382

Swamp Lands - 378

Topography 371

Pl.l.lTICAI. ORliANIZATION -ffld

Acta of County Commissioners H94

Attorneys, State's 4.J6

Charities, County 418

Circuit Clerks 42.")

Coroners' 4'J6

iJourtsand Crime - 419

(Jourt House 413

•lail. The -ll-"'

Judge, County - 4:i6

Officials, County 422

Public Buildings 413

School Commissioners 426

Sheriffs, County.... 42.')

Supervisors. County 42;^

Surveyors, County 426

Townships • -WW

Treasurers, County 125

Voting Precincts 4()0

Social Dkvki.opment 427

Benevolent Societies 4,55

Bridges 4.34

Church, The 449

Ferries...- 4.34

Modes of Life, Early -- 427

Press and Politics 444

Itailroads 436

Hoads, Early 431

Schools, The 451

School StJitistics 455

Settlers, Early 427

Societies, Benevolent 4.55

PACE.

Travel, Early 431

Jasi'kh Cotnty in the Wak 458

Cavalry, Fifth 474

Infantry, Eighth . 46(»

iufantrv, Eleventh 463

Infantrv, Twenty-First 405

Infantry, Thirty-Eighth 468

Infantry, Forty-Sixth 471

Infantry, One Hundred and Thirtieth 473

Infantrv, One Unudred and Forty-Third. 473
Infantry, One Hundred and Fifty Fifth.. 473

ViLi.AiiK Gkowth - 477

Advance 491

Bogota. 491

Boos Station 491

Brockville 487

Buena ^'ista 487

Centerville 487

C'onstantinople 488

Embarra8.aville 489

Falmouth 491

Franklin 488

Grandville 487

Harrisburg 487

Haysville. 489

Hidalgo 490

Hunt City . 49()

Langdon 489

Latona .. 491

List 491

Mount Sidney 487

New Liberty 4«8

Newton 477

Plainfield 487

Pleasant Hill 488

Point Pleasant 489

(Mieenstown 487

Hose Hill 489

Saint Marie : 481

West Liberty 488

Wheeler 491

BIO«KAI'HICAI. SKKTCHKS.

l'A(iK.

Crooked (reek Township 527

Fox Township 577

Grandville Township - .552

Grove Township 865

Newton Village 492

North .Muddy Township... 571

PAGE.

Saint Marie Township .576

Small wood Township 561

South Muddy Townshij) .574

Wade Township 492

Willow Hill Township .510

Caldwell. A. Gallatin.

PORTRAITS.

PAGE. I

...411 I Picquet, .Joseph.

I-AGE.

,. 443

CONTENTS.

Vll

PART IV.

HISTORY OP RICHLAND COUNTY.

PA(iB.
OIM4ANIZATION AND GENERAL DB8CRIPTI0N.. 685

Agriculture 595

Agricultural Societies 600

Agricultural Statigtics ,.,[ 60]

Geology 589

Material Resources 593

Origin of the County ]] 585

Personal Property 601

Pioneers. The 606

Real Estate Statistics (i02

Settlement. Early 604

Social Customs, Early 614

Topofirraphy ,588

Political OmrANiZATlON 618

Churches, The 6(>0

Clerks, Circuit (^9

Clerks, County 639

Commissioners, County 638

Courts and Crimes 634

.Tudijes, County 64<1

Alinor Divisions 619

Officials, County 6:W

Press, The '.'.'.'.' 6,')7

Press and Politics 6,'56

Public Buildings 626

Railroads 645

Roads, Early 641

rAoi,

Schools, The 65^

Secret Organizations 667

Sheriffs, County ,..."1! C40

Social Development Ml

Superintendent of Schools, County '. 640

Surveyors, County 640

Treasurers, County !. 63!»

Thk War Rhxonn 683

Cavalry, Fifth 705

Cavalry, Sixth 696

Infantry, Eighth 685

Infantry, Sixtieth 703

Infantry, Sixty -Third 687

Infantry, Nine(v-Ei;;hth 690

Infantry, One Hundred and Thirtieth... 704
Infantry, One Hundred and Thirtv-Sisth 095
Infantry, (Jne Hundred and Fifty-Fourth 705
Infantry, One Hundred and Fifty-Fifth 6!t5

\'ii.i,A(iE Ouowth 708

Claremont 721

Duudas ' 722

Fairview 722

Glenwood 728

Noble 1 7ig

Parkersburg '.. 722

Wakefield 722

BIOGRAPHICAl. SKETCHES.

PAGE.

Bonpas Township 819

Claremont Township 800

Decker Township 808

Denver Township 833

German Township ..." 824

PAGE.

Madison Township 812

Noble Township 794

Olney City and Township 724

Preston Township 829

PORTRAITS.

PAGE.

Beck. W. P 68]

Elliott, William 603

Hall, n. M ".;." 601

Kuster, John 610

Landensberger, F ',.['. 719

Radcliff, Thomas '...[][l[ "[["["" 699

PAGE.

Spring, Arch 65S

St. John, M. M 635

Stiider, Henry .587

Wolf, John " ' .595

Wright, H.j.B "::;: 709

VIEW.

Residence of H. C. Sands.

PAOK.

... 671

([«

The Northwest Territory.

GEOGRAPHICAL POSITION.

When the Northwestern Territory was ceded to the United States
by Virginia in 1784, it embraced only the territory lying between the
Ohio and the Mississippi Rivers, and north to the northern limits of the
United States. It coincided with the area now embraced in the States
of Ohio, Indiana, Michigan, Illinois, Wisconsin, and that portion of
Minnesota lying on the east side of the Mississippi River. The United
States itself at that period extended no farther west than the Mississippi
River ; but by the purchase of Louisiana in 1803, the western boundary
of the United States was extended to the Rocky Mountains and the
Northern Pacific Ocean. The new territory thus added to the National
domain, and subsequently opened to settlement, has been called the
'' New Northwest," in contradistinction from the old " Northwestern
Territory."

In comparison with the old Northwest this is a territory of vast
magnitude. It includes an area of 1,887,850 square miles ; being greater
in extent than the united areas of all the Middle and Southern States,
including Texas. Out of this magnificent territory have been erected
eleven sovereign States and eight Territories, with an aggregate popula-
tion, at the present time, of 13,000,000 inhabitants, or nearly one third of
the entire population of the United States.

Its lakes are fresh-water seas, and the larger rivers of the continent
flow for a thousand miles through its rich alluvial valleys and far-
stretching prairies, more acres of which are arable and productive of the
highest percentage of the cereals than of any other area of like extent
on the globe.

For the last twenty years the increase of population in the North-
west has been about as three to one in any other portion of the United
States.

(19)

20 THE NORTHWEST TERRITORY.

EARLY EXPLORATIONS.

In the year 1541, DeSoto first saw the Great West in the New
World. He, however, penetrated no farther north than the 35th parallel
of latitude. The expedition resulted in his death and that of more than
half his army, the remainder of whom found their way to Cuba, thence
to Spain, in a famished and demoralized condition. DeSoto founded no
settlements, produced no results, and left no traces, unless it were that
he awakened the hostility of the red man against the white man, and
disheartened such as might desire to follow up the career of discovery
for better purposes. The French nation were eager and ready to seize
upon any news from this extensive domain, and were the first to profit by
DeSoto's defeat. Yet it was more than a century before any adventurer
took advantage of these discoveries.

In 1616, four years before the pilgrims " moored their bark on the
wild New England shore," Le Caron, a French Franciscan, had pene-
trated through the Iroquois and Wyandots (Hurons) to the streams which
run into Lake Huron ; and in 1634, two Jesuit missionaries founded the
first mission among the lake tribes. It was just one hundred years from
the discovery of the Mississippi by DeSoto (1541) until the Canadian
envoys met the savage nations of the Northwest at the Falls of St. Mary,
below the outlet of Lake Superior. This visit led to no permanent
result; yet it was not until 1659 that any of the adventurous fur traders
attempted to spend a Winter in the frozen wilds about the great lakes,
nor was it until 1660 that a station was established upon their borders by
Mesnard, who perished in the woods a few months after. In 1665, Claude
Allouez built the earliest lasting habitation of the white man among the
Indians of the Northwest. In 1668, Claude Dablon and James Marquette
founded the mission of Sault Ste. iMarie at the Falls of St. Mary, and two
years afterward, Nicholas Perrot, as agent for M. Talon, Governor Gen-
eral of Canada, explored Lake Illinois (Michigan) as far south as the
present City of Chicago, and invited the Indian nations to meet him at a
grand council at Sault Ste. Marie the following Spring, where they were
taken under the protection of the king, and formal possession was taken
of the Northwest. This same year Marquette established a mission at
Point St. Ignatius, where was founded the old town of Michillimackinac.

During M. Talon's explorations and Marquette's residence at St.
Ignatius, they learned of a great river away to the Avest, and fancied
— as all others did then — that upon its fertile banks whole tribes of God's
children resided, to whom the sound of the Gospel had never come.
Filled with a wish to go and preach to them, and in compliance with a

THE NORTHWEST TERRITORY. 21

request of M. Talon, who earnestly desired to extend the domain of his
king, and to ascertain whether the river flowed into the Gulf of Mexico
or the Pacific Ocean, Marquette with Joliet, as commander of the expe-
dition, prepared for the undertaking.

On the 13th of May, 1673, the explorers, accompanied by five assist-
ant French Canadians, set out from Mackinaw on their daring voyage of
discovery. The Indians, who gathered to witness their departure, were
astonished at the boldness of the undertaking, and endeavored to dissuade
them from their purpose by representing the tribes on the Mississippi as
exceedingly savage and cruel, and the river itself as full of all sorts of
frightful monsters ready to swallow them and their canoes together. But,
nothing daunted by these terrific descriptions, Marquette told them he
was willing not only to encounter all the perils of the unknown region
they were about to explore, but to lay down his life in a cause in which
the salvation of souls was involved ; and having prayed together they
separated. Coasting along the northern shore of Lake Michigan, the
adventurers entered Green Bay, and passed thence up the Fox River and
Lake Winnebago to a village of the Miamis and Kickapoos. Here Mar-
quette was delighted to find a beautiful cross planted in the middle of the
town ornamented with white skins, red girdles and bows and arrows,
which these good people had offered to the Great Manitou, or God, to
thank him for the pity he had bestowed on them during the Winter in
giving them an abundant " chase." This was the farthest outpost to
which Dablon and Allouez had extended their misoionary labors the
year previous. Here Marquette drank mineral waters and was instructed
in the secret of a root which cures the bite of the venomous rattlesnake.
He assembled the chiefs and old men of the village, and, pointing to
Joliet, said: " My friend is an envoy of France, to discover new coun-
tries, and I am an ambassador from God to enlighten them with the truths
of the Gospel." Two Miami guides were here furnished to conduct
them to the Wisconsin River, and they set out from the Indian village on
the 10th of June, amidst a great crowd of natives who had assembled to
witness their departure into a region where no white man had ever yet
ventured. The guides, having conducted them across the portage,
returned. The explorers launched their canoes upon the Wisconsin,
which they descended to the Mississippi and proceeded down its unknown
waters. What emotions must have swelled their breasts as they struck
out into the broadening current and became conscious that they were
no.w upon the bosom of ths Father of Waters. The mystery was about
to be lifted from the long-sought river. The scenery in that locality is
beautiful, and on that delightful seventeenth of June must have been
clad in all its primeval loveliness as it had been adorned by the hand of

THE NORTHWEST TERKITORY.

Nature. Drifting rapidly, it is said that the bold bluffs on either hand
*' reminded them of the castled shores of their own beautiful rivers of
France." By-and-by, as they drifted along, great herds of buffalo appeared
on the banks. On going to the heads of the valle)' they could see a
country of the greatest beauty and fertility, apparently destitute of inhab-
itants yet presenting the appearance of extensive manors, under the fas-
tidious cultivation of lordly proprietors.

SOURCE OF THE MlSSISSirPI.

On June 25, they went ashore and found some fresh traces of men upon
the sand, and a path wliich led to the prairie. The men remained in the
boat, and Marquette and Joliet followed the path till they discovered a
village on the banks of a river, and two other villages on a hill, within a
half league of the first, inhabited by Indians. They were received most
hospitably by these natives, who had never before seen a white person.
After remaining a few da3^s they re-embarked and descended the river to
about latitude 33°, where they found a village of the Arkansas, and being
satisfied that the river flowed into the Gulf of Mexico, turned their course

THE NORTHWKST TEURITOKY. 28

up the river, and ascending the stream to the mouth of the Illinois,
rowed up that stream to its source, and procured guides from that point
to the lakes. " Nowhere on this journey," says Marquette, •' did we see
such grounds, meadows, woods, stags, buffaloes, deer, wildcats, bustards,
swans, ducks, parroquets, and even beavers, as on the Illinois River."
The party, without loss or injury, reached Green Bay in September, and
reported their discovery — one of the most important of the age, but of
which no record was preserved save Marquette's, Joliet losing his by
the upsetting of his canoe on his way to Quebec. Afterward Marquette
returned to the Illinois Indians by their request, and ministered to them
until 1675. On the 18th of May, in that year, as he was passing the
mouth of a stream — going with his boatmen up Lake Michigan — he asked
to land at its mouth and celebrate Mass. Leaving his men with the canoe,
he retired a short distance and began his devotions. As much time
passed and he did not return, his men went in search of him, and found
him upon his knees, dead. He had peacefully passed away while at
prayer. He was buried at this spot. Charlevoix, who visited the place
fifty years after, found the waters had retreated from the grave, leaving
the beloved missionary to repose in peace. The river has since been
called Marquette.

While Marquette and his companions were pursuing their labors in
the West, two men, differing widely from him and each other, were pre-
paring to follow in his footsteps and perfect the discoveries so well begun
by him. These were Robert de La Salle and Louis Hennepin.

After La Salle's return from the discovery of the Ohio River (see
the narrative elsewhere), he established himself again among the French
trading posts in Canada. Here he mused long upon the pet project of
those ages — a short way to China and the East, and was busily planning an
expedition up the great lakes, and so across the continent to the Pacific,
when Marquette returned from the Mississippi. At once the vigorous mind
of LaSalle received from his and his companions' stories the idea that by fol-
lowing the Great River northward, or by turning up some of the numerous
western tributaries, the object could easily be gained. He applied to
Frontenac, Governor General of Canada, and laid before him the plan,
dim but gigantic. Frontenac entered warmly into his plans, and saw that
LaSalle's idea to connect the great lakes by a chain of forts with the Gulf
of Mexico would bind the country so wonderfully togetiier, give un-
measured power to France, and glory to himself, under whose adminis-
tration he earnestly hoped all would be realized.

LaSalle now repaired to France, laid his plans before the King, who
warmly approved of them, and made hun a Chevalier. He also received
from all the noblemen the warmest wishes for his success. The Chev-

THE NORTHWEST TERRITORY.

alier returned to Canada, and busily entered upon his work. He at
once rebuilt Fort Frontenac and constructed the first ship to sail on
these fresh-water seas. On the 7th of August, 1679, having been joined
by Hennepin, he began his voyage in the GrifiQn up Lake Erie. He
passed over this lake, through the straits beyond, up Lake St. Clair and
into Huron. In this lake they encountered heavy storms. They were
some time at Michillimackinac, where LaSalle founded a fort, and passed
on to Green Bay, the " Baie des Puans" of the French, where he found
n large quantity of furs collected for him. He loaded the GrifiQn with
these, and placing her under the care of a pilot and fourteen sailors,

LA SALLE LANDING ON THE SUCRE OF GREEN BAY.

Started her on her return voyage. The vessel was never afterward heard
of. He remainc<l about these parts until early in the AVintcr, when, hear-
ing nothing from the Griffin, he collected all the men — thirty working
men and three monks — and started again upon his great undertaking.

By a short portage they passed to the Illinois or Kankakee, called by
the Indians, "Theakeke," tvulf^ because of the tribes of Indians called
by that name, commonly known as the Mahingans, dwelling there. The
French pronounced it Kiakiki, which became corrupted to Kankakee.
"Falling down the said river by easy journeys, the better to observe the
country," about the last of December they readied a village of the Illi-
nois Indians, containing some five hundred cabins, but at that moment

THE NORTHWEST TERRITORY. 25

no inhabitants. The Seur de LaSalle being in want of some breadstuff's,
took advantage of the absence of the Indians to help himself to a suffi-
ciency of maize, large quantities of which he found concealed in holes
under the wigwams. This village was situated near the present village
of Utica in LaSalle County, Illinois. The corn being securely stored,
the voyagers again betook themselves to the stream, and toward evening,
on the -Ith day of January, 1680, they came into a lake which must have
been the lake of Peoria. This was called by the Indians Pim-i-te-wi, that
is, a place where there are many fat beasts. Here the natives were met
with in large numbers, but they were gentle and kind, and having spent
some time with them, LaSalle determined to erect another fort in that
place, for he had heard rumors that some of the adjoining tribes were
trying to disturb the good feeling which existed, and some of his men
were disposed to complain, owing to the hardships and perils of the travel.
He called this fort " Crevecoeur''' (broken-heart), a name expressive of the
very natural sorrow and anxiety which the pretty certain loss of his ship,
Griffin, and his consequent impoverishment, the danger of hostility on the
part of the Indians, and of mutiny among his own men, might well cause
him. His fears were not entirely groundless. At one time poison was
placed in his food, but fortunately was discovered.

While building this fort, the Winter wore away, the prairies began to
look green, and LaSalle, 'despairing of any reinforcements, concluded to
return to Canada, raise new means and new men, and embark anew in
the enterprise. For this purpose he made Hennepin the leader of a party
to explore the head waters of the Mississippi, and he set out on his jour-
ney. This journey was accomplished with the aid of a few persons, and
was successfully made, though over an almost unknown route, and in a
bad season of the year. He safely reached Canada, and set out again for
the object of his search.

Hennepin and his party left Fort Crevecceur on the last of February,
1680. When LaSalle reached this place on his return expedition, he
found the fort entirely deserted, and he was obliged to return again to
Canada. He embarked the third time, and succeeded. Seven days after
leaving the fort, Hennepin reached the Mississippi, and paddling up the
icy stream as best he could, reached no higher than the Wisconsin River
by the 11th of April. Here he and his followers were taken prisoners by a
band of Northern Indians, who treated them with great kindness. Hen-
nepin's comrades were Anthony Auguel and Michael Ako. On this voy-
age they found several beautiful lakes, and " saw some charming prairies."
Their captors were the Isaute or Sauteurs, Chippewas, a tribe of the Sioux
nation, who took them up the river until about the first of May, when
they reached some falls, which Hennepin christened Falls of St. Anthony

THE NORTHWEST TERRITORY.

in honor of his patron saint. Here they took the land, and traveling
nearly two hundred miles to the northwest, brought them to their villages.
Here they were kept al)out three months, were treated kindly by their
captors, and at the end of that time, were met by a band of Frenchmen,

BUFKAI.O HUNT.

headed by one Seur dc Luth, wlio, in pursuit of trade and game, had pene-
trated thus far by the route of Lake Superior; and with these fellow-
countrymen Hennepin and his companions wore allowed to return to ihe
borders of civilized life in November, 1680, just after LaSalle had
returned to the wilderness on his second trip. Hennepin soou after went
to France, where he published au account of his adventures.

THE NORTHWEST TEUIIITORY. 27

The Mississippi was first discovered by De Soto in April, 1541, in his
vain endeavor to find gold and precious gems. In the following Spring,
De Soto, weary with hope long deferred, and worn out with his wander-
ings, fell a victim to disease, and on the 21st of May died. His followers,
reduced by fatigue and disease to less than three hundred men, wandered
about the country nearly a year, in the vain endeavor to rescue them-
selves by land, and finally constructed seven small vessels, called brig-
antines, in which they embarked, and descending the river, supposing it
would lead them to the sea, in July they came to the sea (Gulf of
Mexico), and by September reached the Island of Cuba.

They Avere the first to see the great outlet of the Mississippi; ])ut,
being so weary and discouraged, made no attempt to claim the country,
and hardly had an intelligent idea of what they had passed through.

To La Salle, the intrepid explorer, belongs the honor of giving the
first account of the mouths of the river. His great desire was to possess
tliis entire country for his king, and in January, 1082, he and his band of
explorers left the shores of Lake Michigan on their ^hird attempt, crossed
^ the Portage, passed down the Illinois River, and on the Gth of February
reached the banks of the Mississippi.

On the loth they commenced their downward course, which they
pursued with but one interruption, until upon the Gth of March they dis-
covered the three great passages by which the river discharges its waters
into the gulf. La Salle thus narrates the event :

" We landed on the bank of the most western channel, about three
leagues (nine miles) from its mouth. On the seventh, M. de La Salle
went to reconnoiter the shores of the neighboring sea, and M. de Tonti
meanwhile examined the great middle channel. They found the main
outlets beautiful, large and deep. On the eighth we reascended the river,
a little above its confluence with the sea, to find a dry place beyond the
reach of inundations. The elevation of the North Pole was here about
twenty-seven degrees. Here we prepared a column and a cross, and to
the column were affixed the arms oL" France with this inscription :

" Louis Le Grand, Roi de France et de Navarre, regne ; Lc neuvieme April, 1682."

The whole party, under arms, chanted the Te Deum, and then, after
a salute and cries of " Vive le Jloi,'^ the column was erected by M. de
La Salle, who, standing near it, proclaimed in a loud voice the authority of
the King of France. La Salle returned and laid the foundations of the Mis-
sissippi settlements in Illinois ; thence he proceeded to France, where
another expedition was fitted out, of which he was commander, and in two
succeeding voyages failed to find the outlet of the river by sailing along
the shore of the gulf. On the third voyage he was killed, through the

THE NORTHWEST TERRITORY.

treachery of his followers, and the object of his expeditions was not
accomplished until IGOO, when D'Iberville, under the authority of the
crown, discovered, on the second of March, by way of the sea, the mouth
of the " Hidden River." This majestic stream was called by the natives
^' JIalbouchia,'' and by the Spaniards, " Za Falissade,'' from the great

TRAPPING.

number of trees about its mouth. After traversing the several outlets,
and satisfying himself as to its certainty, he erected a fort near its western
outlet, and returned to France.

An avenue of trade was now opened out which was fully improved.
In 1718, New Orleans was laid out and settled by some European colo-
nists. In 17G2, the colony was made over to Spain, to be regained by
France under the consulate of Napoleon. lu 1803, it was purchased by

THE NORTHWEST TERRITORT. 29

the United States for the sum of fifteen million dollars, and the territory
of Louisiana and commerce of the Mississippi River came under the
charge of the United States. Although LaSalle's labors ended in defeat
and death, he had not worked and suffered in vain. He had thrown
open to France and the world an immense and most valuable country;
had established several ports, and laid the foundations of more than one
settlement there. " Peoria, Kaskaskia and Cahokia, are to this day monu-
ments of LaSalle's labors ; for, tliough he had founded neither of them
(unless Peoria, which was built nearly upon the site of Fort Crevecoeur,)
it was by those whom he led into the West that these places were
peopled and civilized. He was, if not the discoverer, the first settler of
the Mississippi Valley, and as such deserves to be known and honored."

The French early improved the opening made for them. Before the
year 1698, the Rev. Father Gravier began a mission among the Illinois,
and founded Kaskaskia. For some time this was merely a missionary
station, where none but natives resided, it being one of three such vil-
lages, the other two being Cahokia and Peoria. What is known of
these missions is learned from a letter written by Father Gabriel Marest,
dated " Aux Cascaskias, autremeut dit de I'lmmaculate Conception de
la Sainte Vierge, le 9 Novembre, 1712." Soon after the founding of
Kaskaskia, the missionary, Pinet, gathered a flock at Cahokia, while
Peoria arose near the ruins of Fort Crevecoeur. This must have been ,
about the year 1700. The post at Vincennes on the Oubache river,
(pronounced Wa-ba, meaning summer cloud moving swiftly) was estab-
lished in 1702, according to the best authorities.* It is altogether prob-
able that on LaSalle's last trip he established the stations at Kaskaskia
and Cahokia. In July, 1701, the foundations of Fort Ponchartrain
were laid by De la Motte Cadillac on the Detroit River. These sta-
tions, with those established further north, were the earliest attempts to
occupy the Northwest Territory. At the same time efforts were being
made to occupy the Southwest, which finally culminated in the settle-
ment and founding of the City of New Orleans by a colony from England
in 1718. This was mainly accomplished through the efforts of the
famous Mississippi Company, established by the notorious John Law,
who so quickly arose into prominence in France, and who with his
scheme so quickly and so ignominiously passed away.

From the time of the founding of these stations for fifty years the
French nation were engrossed with the settlement of the lower Missis-
sippi, and the war with the Chicasaws, who had, in revenge for repeated

• There Is considerable dispute ai)out this date, some assertlnpr It was founded as late as 1742. When
the new court house at Vincennes was erected, all authorities on the subject were carefully examined, and
1702 fixed upon as the correct date. It was accordingly engraved on the corner-stone of the court house.

30 THE NORTHWEST TERRITORY.

injuries, cut off the entire colony at Natchez. Although the company-
did little for Louisiana, as the entire West was then called, yet it opened
the trade through the Mississippi River, and started the raising of grains
indigenous to that climate. Until the year 1750, but little is known of
the settlements in the Northwest, as it was not until this time that the
attention of the English was called to the occupation of this portion of the
New World, which they then supposed they owned. Vivier, a missionary
among the Illinois, writing from " Aux Illinois," six leagues from Fort
Chartres, June 8, 1750, says : " We have here whites, negroes and
Indians, to say nothing of cross-breeds. There are five French villages,
and three villages of the natives, within a space of twenty-one leagues
situated between the Mississippi and another river called the Karkadaid
(Kaskaskias). In the five French villages are, perhaps, eleven hundred
whites, three hundred blacks and some sixty red slaves or savages. The
three Illinois towns do not contain more than eight hundred souls all
Id. Most of the French till the soil; they raise wheat, cattle, pigs and
horses, and live like princes. Three times as much is produced as can
be consumed ; and great quantities of grain and flour are sent to New
Orleans.'" This city was now the seaport town of the Northwest, and
save in the extreme northern part, where only furs and copper ore were
found, almost all the products of the country found their M^ay to France
by the mouth of the Father of Waters. In another letter, dated Novem-
ber 7, 1750, this same priest says : " For fifteen leagues above the
mouth of tlie Mississippi one sees no dwellings, the ground being too low
to be habitable. Thence to New Orleans, the lands are only partially
occupied. New Orleans contains black, white and red, not more, I
think, than twelve hundred persons. To this point come all lumber,
bricks, salt-beef, tallow, tar, skins and bear's grease ; and above all, pork
and flour from the Illinois. These things create some commerce, as forty
vessels and more have come hither this year. Above New Orleans,
plantations are again met with ; the most considerable is a colony of
Germans, some ten leagues up the river. At Poink Coupee, thirty-five
leagues above the German settlement, is a fort. Along here, within five
or six leagues, are not less than sixty habitations. Fifty leagues farther
up is the Natchez post, where we have a garrison, who are kept prisoners
through fear of the Chickasaws. Here and at Point Coupee, they raise
excellent tobacco. Another hundred leagues brings us to the Arkansas,
where we have also a fort and a garrison for the benefit of the river
traders. * * * From the Arkansas to the Illinois, nearly five hundred
leagues, there is not a settlement. There should be, however, a fort at
the Oubache (Ohio), the only path by which the English can reach the
Mississippi. In the Illinois country are numberless mines, but no one to

THE NORTHWEST TERRITORY.

work them as they deserve." Father Marest, writing from the post at
Vincennesin 1812, makes the same observation. Vivier also says : " Some
individuals dig lead near the surface and supply the Indians and Canada.
Two Spaniards now here, who claim to be adepts, say that our mines are
like those of Mexico, and that if we would dig deeper, we should find
silver under the lead ; and at any rate the lead is excellent. Tliere is also
in this country, beyond doubt, copper ore, as from time to time large
pieces are found in the streams."

MOUTH OF TUE MISSISSIPPI.

At the close of the year 1750, the French occupied, in addition to the
lower Mississippi posts and those in Illinois, one at Du Quesne, one at
the Maumee in the country of the Miamis, and one at Sandusky in what
may be termed the Ohio Valley. In the northern part of the Northwest
they had stations at St. Joseph's on the St. Joseph's of Lake Michigan,
at Fort Ponchartrain (Detroit), at Michillimackanac or Massillimacanac,
Fox River of Green Bay, and at Sault Ste. Marie. The fondest dreams of
LaSalle were now fully realized. The French alone were possessors of
this vast realm, basing their claim on discovery and settlement. Another
nation, however, was now turning its attention to this extensive country,

32 THE NORTHWEST TEREITORV.

and hearing of its wealth, began to lay plans for occupying it and for
securing the great profits arising therefrom.

The French, however, had another claim to this country, namely, the

DISCOVERY OF THE OHIO.

This " Beautiful " river was discovered by Robert Cavalier de La-
Salle in 1669, four years before the discovery of the Mississippi by Joliet
and Marquette.

While LaSalle was at his trading post on the St. Lawrence, he found
leisure to study nine Indian dialects, the chief of which was the Iroquois.
He not only desired to facilitate his intercourse in trade, but he longed
to travel and explore the unknown regions of the West. An incident
soon occurred which decided him to fit out an exploring expedition.

While conversing with some Senecas, he learned of a river called the
Ohio, which rose in their country and flowed to the sea, but at such a
distance that it required eight months to reach its mouth. In this state-
ment the Mississippi and its tributaries were considered as one stream.
LaSalle believing, as most of the French at that period did, that the great
rivers flowing west emptied into the Sea of California, was anxious to
embark in the enterprise of discovering a route across the continent to
the commerce of China and Japan.

He repaired at once to Quebec to obtain the approval of the Gov-
ernor. His eloquent appeal prevailed. The Governor and the Intendant,
Talon, issued letters patent authorizing the enterprise, but made no pro-
vision to defray the expenses. At this juncture the seminary of St. Sul-
pice decided to send out missionaries in connection with the expedition,
and LaSalle offering to sell his improvements at LaChine to raise money,
the offer was accepted by the Superior, and two thousand eight hundred
dollars were raised, with which LaSalle purchased four canoes and the
necessary supplies for the outfit.

On the 6th of July, 1669, the party, numbering twenty-four persons,
embarked in seven canoes on the St. Lawrence ; two additional canoes
carried the Indian guides. In three days they were gliding over the
bosom of Lake Ontario. Their guides conducted them directly to the
Seneca village on the bank of the Genesee, in the vicinity of the present
City of Rochester, New York. Here they expected to procure guides to
conduct them to the Ohio, but in this they were disappointed.

The Indians seemed unfriendly to the enterprise. LaSalle suspected
that the Jesuits had prejudiced their minds against his plans. After
waiting a month in the hope of gaining their object, they met an Indian

THE NORTHWEST TERRITORY.

from the Iroquois colony at the head of Lake Ontario, who assured them
that they could there find guides, and offered to conduct them thence.

On their way they passed the mouth of the Niagara River, when they
heard for the first time the distant thunder of the cataract.

Arriving

lUGII BRIDGE, LAKE BLUFF, LAKE COUNTY, ILLINOIS.

among the Iroquois, they met with a friendly reception, and learned
from a Shawanee prisoner that they could reach the Ohio in six weeks.
Delighted with the unexpected good fortune, they made ready to resume
their journey ; but just as they were about to start they heard of the
arrival of two Frenchmen in a neighboring village. One of them proved
to be Louis Joliet, afterwards famous as an explorer in the West. He

34 THE NORTH^VEST TERRITORY.

had been sent by the Canadian Government to explore the copper mines
on Lake Superior, but had failed, and was on his way back to Quebec.
He gave the missionaries a map of the country he had explored in the
lake region, together with an account of the condition of the Jndians in
that quarter. This induced the priests to determine on leaving the
expedition and going to Lake Superior. LaSalle warned them that the
Jesuits were probably occupying that field, and that they would meet
with a cold reception. Nevertheless they persisted in their purpose, and
after worship on the lake shore, parted from LaSalle. On arriving at
Lake Superior, they found, as LaSalle had predicted, the Jesuit Fathers,
Marquette and Dablon, occupying the field.

These zealoiis disciples of Loyola informed them that they wanted
no assistance from St. Sulpice, nor from those who made him their patron
saint ; and thus repulsed, they returned to Montreal the following June
without having made a single discovery or converted a single Indian.

After parting with the priests, LaSalle went to the chief Iroquois
village at Onondaga, where he obtained guides, and passing thence to a
tributary of the Ohio south of Lake Erie, he descended the latter as far
as the falls at Louisville. Thus was the Ohio discovered bv LaSalle, the
persevering and successful French explorer of the West, in 1669.

The account of the latter part of his journey is found in an anony-
mous paper, which purports to have been taken from the lips of LaSalle
himself during a subsequent visit to Paris. In a letter written to Count
Frontenac in 1667, shortly after the discovery, he himself says that he
discovered the Ohio and descended it to the falls. This was regarded as
an indisputable fact by the French authorities, who claimed the Ohio
Valley upon another ground. When Washington was sent by the colony
of Virginia in 1753, to demand of Gordeur de St. Pierre why the French
had built a fort on the Monongahela, the haughty commandant at Quebec
replied: "We claim the country on the Ohio by virtue of the discoveries
of LaSalle, and will not give it up to the English. Our orders are to
make prisoners of every Englishman found trading in the Ohio Valley."

ENGLISH EXPLORATIONS AND SETTLEMENTS.

When the new year of 1750 broke in upon the Father of Waters
and the Great Northwest, all was still wild save at the French posts
already described. In 1749, when the English first began to think seri-
ously about sending men into the West, the greater portion of the States
of Indiana, Ohio, Illinois, Michigan, Wisconsin, and Minnesota were yet
under the dominion of the red men. The English knew, however, pretty

THE NORTHWEST TERRITORY. 35

conclusively of the nature of the wealth of these wilds. As early as
1710, Governor Spotswood, of Virginia, had commenced movements to
secure the country west of the Alleghenies to the English crown. In
Pennsylvania, Governor Keitli and James Logan, secretary of the prov-
ince, from 1719 to 1731, represented to the powers of England the neces-
sity of securing the Western lands. Nothing was done, however, by that
power save to take some diplomatic steps to secure the claims of Britain
to this unexplored wilderness.

England had from the outset claimed from the Atlantic to the Pacific,
on the ground that the discovery of the seacoast and its possession was a
discovery and possession of the country, and, as is well known, her grants
to the colonies extended " from sea to sea." This was not all her claim.
She had purchased from the Indian tribes large tracts of land. Tliis lat-
ter was also a strong argument. As early as 1684, Lord H oward. Gov-
ernor of Virginia, held a treaty with the six nations. These were the
great Northern Confederacy, and comprised at first the Mohawks, Onei-
das, Onondagas, Cayugas, and Senecas. Afterward the Tuscaroras were
taken into the confederacy, and it became known as the Six Nations.
They came under the protection of the mother country, and again in
1701, they repeated the agreement, and in September, 1726, a formal deed
was drawn up and signed by the chiefs. The validity of this claim has
often been disputed, but never successfully. In 1744, a purchase was
made at Lancaster, Pennsylvania, of certain lands within the " Colony of
Virginia," for which the Indians received £200 in gold and a like sum in
goods, with a promise that, as settlements increased, more should be paid.
The Commissioners from Virginia were Colonel Thomas Lee and Colonel
William Beverly. As settlements extended, the promise of more pay was
called to mind, and Mr. Conrad Weiser was sent across the mountains with
presents to appease the savages. Col. Lee, and some Virginians accompa-
nied him with the intention of sounding the Indians upon their feelings
regarding the English. They were not satisfied with their treatment,
and plainly told the Commissioners why. The English did not desire the
cultivation of the country, but the monopoly of the Indian trade. In
1748, the Ohio Company was formed, and petitioned the king for a grant
of land beyond the Alleghenies. This was granted, and the government
of Virginia was ordered to grant to them a half million acres, two hun-
dred thousand of which were to be located at once. Upon the 12th of
June, 1749, 800,000 acres from the line of Canada north and west was
made to the Loyal Company, and on the 29th of October, 1751, 100,000
acres were given to the Greenbriar Company. All this time the French
were not idle. They saw that, should the British gain a foothold in the
West, especially upon the Ohio, they might not only prevent the French

36 THE NORTHWEST TERRITORY.

settling upon it, but in time would come to the lower posts and so gain
possession of the whole country. Upon the 10th of May, 1774, Vaud-
reuil. Governor of C0,nada and the French possessions, well knowing the
consequences that must arise from allowing the English to build trading
posts in the Northwest, seized some of their frontier posts, and to further
secure the claim of the French to the West, he, in 1749, sent Louis Cel-
eron with a party of soldiers to plant along the Ohio River, in the mounds
and at the mouths of its principal tributaries, plates of lead, on which
were inscribed the claims of France. These were heard of in 1752, and
within the memory of residents now living along the " Oyo," as the
beautiful river was called by the French. One of these plates was found
with the inscription partly defaced. It bears date August 16, 1749, and
a copy of the inscription with particular account of the discovery of the
plate, was sent by DeWitt Clinton to the American Antiquarian Society,
among whose journals it may now be found.* These measures did not,
however, deter the English from going on with their explorations, and
though neither party resorted to arms, yet the conflict was gathering, and
it was only a question of time when the storm would burst upon the
frontier settlements. In 1750, Christopher Gist was sent by the Ohio
Company to examine its lands. He went to a village of the Twigtwees,
on the Miami, about one hundred and fifty miles above its mouth. He
afterward spoke of it as very populous. From there he went down
the Ohio River nearly to the falls at the present City of Louisville,
and in November he commenced a survey of the Company's lands. Dur-
ing the Winter, General Andrew Lewis performed a similar work for the
Greenbriar Company. Meanwhile the French were busy in preparing
their forts for defense, and in opening roads, and also sent a small party
of soldiers to keep the Ohio clear. This party, having heard of the Eng-
lish post on the Miami River, early in 1652, assisted by the Ottawas and
Chippewas, attacked it, and, after a severe battle, in which fourteen of
the natives were killed and others wounded, captured the garrison.
(They were probably garrisoned in a block house). The traders were
carried away to Canada, and one account says several were burned. This
fort or post was called by the English Fickawillany. A memorial of the
king's ministers refers to it as '' Pickawillaues, in the center of the terri-
tory between the Ohio and the Wabash. The name is probably some
variation of Pickaway or Picqua in 1773, written by Rev. David Jones
Pickaweke."

• The followInK Is a translation of the Inscription on the plate: "In the year 1749. reign of Louis XV.,
Kliiguf France, we, CeliMon, coninianilant of a lU'tachnicnt by Monsieur the Marquis of Galllsonlere, com-
uiantU'r-lii-('liU-( of Ni'W Kranco, to establish traiiqulllty In certain Indian villages of these cantons, have
burled this plate at the conlluence of the Toradakoln, this twenty-ninth of July, near tlie river Ohio, otherwise
Beautiful Ulvw, as a monument of renewal of possession which we have taken'of the said river, and all Its
tributaries; Inasniucli as the preceding Kings of France have enjoyed It, and maiutalucd It by tlmir arms and
treaties; especially by tboae of Kyswick, Utrecht, and Alx La Cbapelle.'*

THE NORTHWEST TERRITORY- 37

This was the first blood shed between the French and English, and
occurred near the present City of Piqua, Ohio, or at least at a point about
forty-seven miles north of Dayton. Each nation became now more inter-
ested in the progress of events in the Northwest. The English deter-
mined to purchase from the Indians a title to the lands they wished to
occupy, and Messrs. Fry (afterward Commander-in-chief over Washing-
ton at the commencement of the French War of 1775-1763), Lomax and
Patton were sent in the Spring of 1752 to hold a conference with the
natives at Logstown to learn what they objected to in the treaty of Lan-
caster already noticed, and to settle all difficulties. On the 9th of June,
these Commissioners met the red men at Logstown, a little village on the
north bank of the Ohio, about seventeen miles below the site of Pitts-
burgh. Here had been a trading point for many years, but it was aban-
doned by the Indians in 1750. At first the Indians declined to recognize
the treaty of Lancaster, but, the Commissioners taking aside Montour,
the interpreter, who was a son of the famous Catharine Montour, and a
chief among the six nations, induced him to use his influence in their
favor. This he did, and upon the 13th of June they all united in signing
a deed, confirming the Lancaster treaty in its full extent, consenting to a
settlement of the southeast of the Ohio, and guaranteeing that it should
not be disturbed by them. These were the means used to obtain the first
treaty with the Indians in the Ohio Valley.

Meanwhile the powers beyond the sea were trying to out-manoeuvre
each other, and were professing to be at peace. The English generally
outwitted the Indians, and failed in many instances to fulfill their con-
tracts. They thereby gained the ill-will of the red men, and further
increased the feeling by failing to provide them with arms and ammuni-
tion. Said an old chief, at Easton, in 1758 : " The Indians on the Ohio
left you because of your own fault. When we heard the French were
coming, we asked you for help and arms, but we did not get them. The
French came, they treated us kindly, and gained our affections. The
Governor of Virginia settled on our lands for his own benefit, and, when
we wanted help, forsook us."

At the beginning of 1653, the English thought they had secured by
title the lands in the West, but the French had quietly gathered cannon
and military stores to be in readiness for the expected blow. The Eng-
lish made other attempts to ratify these existing treaties, but not until
the Summer could the Indians be gathered together to discuss the plans
of the French. They had sent messages to the French, warning them
away ; but they replied that they intended to complete the chain of forts
already begun, and would not abandon the field.

Soon after this, no satisfaction being obtained from the Ohio regard-

38 THE NORTHWEST TERRITORY.

ing the positions and purposes of the French, Governor Dinwiddie of
Virginia determined to send to them another messenger and learn from
them, if possible, their intentions. For this purpose he selected a young
man, a surveyor, who, at the early age of nineteen, had received the rank
of major, and who was thoroughly posted regarding frontier life. This
personage was no other than the illustrious George Washington, who then
held considerable interest in Western lands. He was at this time just
twenty-two years of age. Taking Gist as his guide, the two, accompanied
by four servitors, set out on their perilous march. They left Will's
Creek on the 10th of November, 1753, and on the 22d reached the Monon-
gahela, about ten miles above the fork. From there they went to
Logstown, where Washington had a long conference with the chiefs of
the Six Nations. From them he learned the condition of the French, and
also heard of their determination not to come down the river till the fol-
lowing Spring. The Indians were non-committal, as they were afraid to
turn either way, and, as far as they could, desired to remain neutral.
Washington, finding nothing could be done with them, went on to
Venango, an old Indian town at the mouth of French Creek. Here the
French had a fort, called Fort Machault, Through the rum and flattery
of the French, he nearly lost all his Indian followers. Finding nothing
of importance here, he pursued his way amid great privations, and on the
11th of December reached the fort at the head of French Creek. Here
he delivered Governor Dinwiddie's letter, received his answer, took his
observations, and on the 16th set out upon his return journey Avith no one
but Gist, his guide, and a few Indians who still remained true to him,
notwithstanding the endeavors of the French to retain them. Their
homeward journey was one of great peril and suffering from the cold, yet
they reached home in safety on the 6th of January, 1754.

From the letter of St. Pierre, commander of the French fort, sent by
Washington to Governor Dinwiddie, it was learned that the French would
not give up without a struggle. Active preparations were at once made
in all the English colonies for the coming conflict, while the French
finished the fort at Venango and strengthened their lines of fortifications,
and gathered their forces to be in readiness.

The Old Dominion was all alive. Virginia was the center of great
activities ; volunteers were called for, and from all the neighboring
colonies men rallied to the conflict, and everywliere along the Potomac
men were enlisting under the Governor's proclamation — which promised
two hundred thousand acres on the Ohio. Along this river they were
gathering as far as Will's Creek, and far beyond this point, whither Trent
had come for assistance for his little band of forty-one men, who were

THE NORTHWEST TERUITORY. 39

working away in hunger and want, to fortify that point at the fork of
the Ohio, to which both parties were looking with deep interest.

" The first birds of Spring filled the air with their song ; tlie swift
river rolled by the Allegheny hillsides, swollen by the melting snows of
Spring and the April showers. The leaves were appearing ; a few Indian
scouts were seen, but no enemy seemed near at hand ; and all was so quiet,
that Frazier, an old Indian scout and trader, who had been left by Trent
in command, ventured to his home at the mouth of Turtle Creek, ten
miles up the Monongahela. But, though all was so quiet in that wilder-
ness, keen eves had seen the low intrencliment risiuix at the fork, and
swift feet had borne the news of it up the river ; and upon the morning
of the 17th of April, Ensign Ward, who then had charge of it, saw
upon the Allegheny a sight that made his heart sink — sixty batteaux and
three hundred canoes filled with men, and laden deep with cannon and
stores. * * * That evening he supped with his captor, Contrecoeur,
and the next da}^ he was bowed off by the Frenchman, and with his men
and tools, marched up the Monongahela."

The French and Indian war had begun. The treaty of Aix la
Chapelle, in 1748, had left the boundaries between the French and
English possessions unsettled, and the events already narrated show the
French Avere determined to hold the country watered by the Mississippi
and its tributaries ; while the English laid claims to the country by virtue
of the discoveries of the Cabots, and claimed all the country from New-
foundland to Florida, extending from the Atlantic to the Pacific. The
first decisive blow had now been struck, and the first attempt of the
English, through the Ohio Company, to occupy these lands, had resulted
disastrously to them. The French and Indians immediately completed
the fortifications begun at the Fork, which they had so easily captured,
and when completed gave to the fort the name of DuQuesne. Washing-
ton was at Will's Creek when the news of the capture of the fort arrived.
He at once departed to recapture it. On his way he entrenched him-
self at a place called the "• Meadows," where he erected a fort called
by him Fort Necessity. From there he surprised and captured a force of
French and Indians marching against him, but was soon after attacked
in his fort by a much superior force, and was obliged to yield on the
morning of July 4th. He was allowed to return to Virginia.

The English Government immediately planned four campaigns ; one
against Fort DuQuesne ; one against Nova Scotia ; one against Fort
Niagara, and one against Crown Point. These occurred during 1755-6,
and were not successful in driving the French from their possessions.
The expedition against Fort DuQuesne was led by the famous General
Braddock, who, refusing to listen to the advice of Washington and those

40 THE NORTHWEST TERRITORY.

acquainted with Indian warfare, suffered such an inglorious defeat. This
occurred on the morning of July 9th, and is generally known as the battle
of Mouongahela, or " Braddock's Defeat." The war continued with
various vicissitudes through the years 1756-7 ; when, at the commence-
ment of 1758, in accordance Avith the plans of William Pitt, then Secre-
tary of State, afterwards Lord Chatham, active preparations were made to
carry on the war. Three expeditions were planned for this year : one,
under General Amherst, against Louisburg ; another, under Abercrombie,
against Fort Ticonderoga ; and a third, under General Forbes, against
Fort DuQuesne. On the 26th of July, Louisburg surrendered after a
desperate resistance of more than forty days, and the eastern part of the
Canadian possessions fell into the liands of the British. Abercrombie
captured Fort Frontenac, and when the expedition against Fort DuQuesne,
of which Washington had the active command, arrived there, it was
found in flames and deserted. The English at once took possession,
rebuilt the fort, and in honor of their illustrious statesman, changed the
name to Fort Pitt.

The great object of the campaign of 1759, was the reduction of
Canada. General Wolfe was to lay siege to Quebec ; Amherst was to
reduce Ticonderoga and Crown Point, and General Prideaux was to
capture Niagara. This latter place was taken in July, but the gallant
Prideaux lost his life in the attempt, Amherst captured Ticonderoga
and Crown Point without a blow ; and Wolfe, after making the memor-
able ascent to the Plains of Abraham, on September 13th, defeated
Montcalm, and on the 18th, the city capitulated. In this engagement
Montcolm and Wolfe both lost their lives. De Levi, Montcalm's successor,
marched to Sillery, three miles above the city, with the purpose of
defeating the English, and there, on the 28th of the following April, was
fousfht one of the bloodiest battles of the French and Indian War. It
resulted in the defeat of the French, and the fall of the City of Montreal.
The Governor signed a capitulation by which the whole of Canada was
surrendered to the English. This practically concluded the war, but it
was not until 1763 that the treaties of peace between France and England
were signed. This was done on the 10th of February of that year, and
under its provisions all the country east of the Mississippi and north of
the Iberville River, in Louisiana, were ceded to England. At the same
time Spain ceded Florida to Great Britain.

On the 13th of September, 1760, Major Robert Rogers was sent
from Montreal to take charge of Detroit, the only remaining French post
in the territory. He arrived there on the 19th of 'November, and sum-
moned the place to surrender. At first the commander of the post,
Beletre, refused, but on the 2'Jth, hearing of the continued defeat of the

THE NORTHWEST TERRITORY. 41

French arms, surrendered. Rogers remained there until December 23d
under the personal protection of the celebrated chief, Pontiac, to whom,
no doubt, he owed his safety. Pontiac had come here to inquire the
purposes of the English in taking possession of the country. He was
assured that they came simply to trade with the natives, and did not
desire their country. This answer conciliated tlie savages, and did much
to insure the safety of Rogers and his party during their stay, and while
on tlieir journey home.

Rogers set out for Fort Pitt on December 23, and was just one
month on the way. His route was from Detroit to Maumee, thence
across the present State of Ohio directly to the fort. This was the com-
mon trail of the Indians in their journeys from Sandusky to the fork of
the Ohio. It went from Fort Sandusky, where Sandusky City now is,
crossed the Huron river, then called Bald Eagle Creek, to " Mohickon
John's Town" on Mohickon Creek, the northern branch of White
Woman's River, and thence crossed to Beaver's Town, a Delaware town
on what is now Sandy Creek. At Beaver's Town were probably one
hundred and fifty warriors, and not less than three thousand acres of
cleared land. From there the track went up Sandy Creek to and across
Big Beaver, and up the Ohio to Logstown, thence on to the fork.

The Northwest Territory was now entirely under the English rule.
New settlements began to be rapidly made, and the promise of a large
trade was speedily manifested. Had the British carried out their promises
with the natives none of those savage butcheries would have been perpe-
trated, and the country would have been spared their recital.

The renowned chief, Pontiac, was one of the leading spirits in these
atrocities. We will now pause in our narrative, and notice the leading
events in his life. The earliest authentic information regarding this
noted Indian chief is learned from an account of an Indian trader named
Alexander Henry, who, in the Spring of 1761, penetrated his domains as
far as Missillimacnac. Pontiac was then a great friend of the French,
but a bitter foe of the English, whom he considered as encroaching on his
hunting grounds. Henry was obliged to disguise himself as a Canadian
to insure safety, but was discovered by Pontiac, who bitterly reproached
him and the English for their attempted subjugation of the West. He
declared that no treaty had been made with them; no presents sent
them, and that he would resent any possession of the West by that nation.
He was at the time about fifty years of age, tall and dignified, and was
civil and military ruler of the Ottawas, Ojibwas and Pottawatamies.

The Indians, from Lake Michigan to the borders of North Carolina,
were united in this feeling, and at the time of the treaty of Paris, ratified
February 10, 1763, a general conspiracy was formed to fall suddenly

TBTE NOKTHWEST TERRlTOEr.

PONTIAC, THE OTTAWA CHIEFTAIN.

THE NORTHWEST TERRITORY. 43

upon the frontier British posts, and with one blow strike every man dead.
Pontiac was the marked leader in all this, and was the commander
of the Chippewas, Ottawas, Wyandots, Miamis, Shawanese, Delawares
and Mingoes, who had, for the time, laid aside their local quarrels to unito
in this enterprise.

The blow came, as near as can now be ascertained, on May 7, 176:1,
Nine British posts fell, and the Indians drank, " scooped up in the hollow
of joined hands," the blood of many a Briton,

Pontiac's immediate field of action was the garrison at Detroit.
Here, however, the plans were frustrated by an Indian woman disclosing
the plot the evening previous to his arrival. Everything was carried out,
however, according to Pontiac's plans until the moment of action, when
Major Gladwyn, the commander of the post, stepping to one of the Indian
chiefs, suddenly drew aside his blanket and disclosed the concealed
musket. Pontiac, though a brave man, turned pale and trembled. He
saw his plan was known, and that the garrison were prepared. Re
endeavored to exculpate himself from any such intentions ; but the guilt
was evident, and he and his followers were dismissed with a severe
reprimand, and warned never to again enter the walls of the post.

Pontiac at once laid siege to the fort, and until the treaty of peace
between the British and the Western Indians, concluded in August, 1764,
continued to harass and -besiege the fortress. He orcxanized a reoular
commissariat department, issued bills of credit written out on bark,
which, to his credit, it may be stated, were punctually redeemed. At
the conclusion of the treaty, in which it seems he took no part, he went
further south, living many yeass among the Illinois.

He had given up all hope of saving his country and race. After a
time he endeavored to unite the Illinois tribe and those about St. Louis
in a war with the whites. His efforts were fruitless, and only ended in a
quarrel between himself and some Kaskaskia Indians, one of whom soon
afterwards killed him. His death was, however, avenged by the northern
Indians, who nearly exterminated the Illinois in the wars which followed.

Had it not been for the treachery of a few of his followers, his plan
for the extermination of the whites, a masterly one, would undoubtedly
have been carried out.

It was in the Spring of the year following Rogers' visit that Alex-
ander Henry went to Missillimacnac, and everywhere found the strongest
feelings against the English, who had not carried out their promises, and
were doing nothing to conciliate the natives. Here he met the chief,
Pontiac, who, after conveying to him in a speech the idea that their
French father would awake soon and utterly destroy his enemies, said :
" Englishman, although you have conquered the French, you have not

44 THE NORTH^VEST TERRITORY.

yet conquered us ! We are not your slaves ! These lakes, these woods,
these mountains, were left us by our ancestors. They are our inheritance,
and we will part with them to none. Your nation supposes that we, like
the white people, can not live without bread and pork and beef. But you
oufrht to know that He, the Great Spirit and Master of Life, has provided
food for us upon these broad lakes and in these mountains."

He then spoke of the fact that no treaty had been made with them,
no presents sent them, and that he and his people were yet for war.
Such were the feelings of the Northwestern Indians immediately after
the English took possession of their country. These feelings were no
doubt encouraged by the Canadians and French, who hoped that yet the
French arms might prevail. The treaty of Paris, however, gave to the
English the right to this vast domain, and active preparations were going
on to occupy it and enjoy its trade and emoluments.

In 1762, France, by a secret treaty, ceded Louisiana to Spain, to pre-
vent it falling into the hands of the English, who were becoming masters
of the entire West. The next year the treaty of Paris, signed at Fon-
tainbleau, gave to the English the domain of the country in question.
Twenty years after, by the treaty of peace between the United States
and England, that part of Canada lying south and west of the Great
.Lakes, comprehending a large territory which is the subject of these
sketches, was acknowledged to be a portion of the United States ; and
twenty years still later, in 1803, Louisiana was ceded by Spain back to
France, and by France sold to the United States.

In the half century, from the building of the Fort of Crevecoeur by
LaSalle, in 1680, up to the erection of Fort Chartres, many French set-
tlements had been made in that quarter. These have already been
noticed, being those at St. Vincent (Vincennes), Kohokia or Cahokia,
Kaskaskia and Prairie du Rocher, on the American Bottom, a large tract
of rich alluvial soil in Illinois, on the Mississippi, opposite the site of St.
Louis.

By the treaty of Paris, the regions east of the Mississippi, including
all these and other towns of the Northwest, were given over to England;
but they do not appear to have been taken possession of until 1765, when
Captain Stirling, in the name of the Majesty of England, established him-
self at Fort Chartres bearing with him the proclamation of General Gage,
dated December 30, 1764, which promised religious freedom to all Cath-
olics who worshiped here, and a right to leave the country with their
effects if they Avished, or to remain with the privileges of Englishmen.
It was shortly after the occupancy of the West by the British that the
war with Pontiac opened. It is already noticed in the sketch of that
chieftain. By it many a Briton lost his life, and many a frontier settle-

THE NORTHWEST TERRITORY. 46

ment in its infancy ceased to exist. This was not ended until the year
17G4, when, failing to capture Detroit, Niagara and Fort Pitt, his confed-
eracy became disheartened, and, receiving no aid from the French, Pon-
tiac abandoned the enterprise and departed to the Illinois, among whom
lie afterward lost his life.

As soon as these difficulties were definitely settled, settlers began
rapidly to survey the country and prepare for occupation. During the
year 1770, a number of persons from Virginia and other British provinces
explored and marked out nearly all the valuable lands on the Mouonga-
hela and along the banks of the Ohio as far as the Little Kanawha. This
was followed by another exploring expedition, in which George Washing-
ton was a party. The latter, accompanied by Dr. Craik, Capt. Crawford
and others, on the 20th of October, 1770, descended the Ohio from Pitts-
burgh to the mouth of the Kanawha ; ascended that stream about fourteen
miles, marked out several large tracts of land, shot several buffalo, which
were then abundant in the Ohio Valley, and returned to the fort.

Pittsburgh was at this time a trading post, about which was clus-
tered a village of some twenty houses, inhabited by Indian traders. This
same year, Capt. Pittman visited Kaskaskia and its neighboring villages.
He found there about sixty-five resident families, and at Cahokia only
forty-five dwellings. At Fort Chartres was another small settlement, and
at Detroit the garrison were quite prosperous and strong. For a year
or two settlers continued to locate near some of these posts, generally
Fort Pitt or Detroit, owing to the fears of the Indians, who still main-
tained some feelings of hatred to the English. The trade from the posts
was quite good, and from those in Illinois large quantities of pork and
flour found their way to the New Orleans market. At this time the
policy of the British Government was strongly opposed to the extension
of the colonies west. In 1763, the King of England forbade, by royal
proclamation, his colonial subjects from making a settlement beyond the
sources of the rivers which fall into the Atlantic Ocean. At the instance
of the Board of Trade, measures were taken to prevent the settlement
without the limits prescribed, and to retain the commerce within easy
reach of Great Britain.

The commander-in-chief of the king's forces wrote in 1769 : " In the
course of a few years necessity will compel the colonists, should they
extend their settlements west, to provide manufactures of some kind for
themselves, and when all connection upheld by commerce with the mother
country ceases, an independency in their government will soon follow.''

In accordance with this policy, Gov. Gage issued a proclamation
in 1772, commanding the inhabitants of Vincennes to abandon their set-
tlements and join some of the Eastern English colonies. To this they

46 THE NORTHWEST TERRITORY.

Strenuously objected, giving good reasons therefor, and were allowed to
remain. The strong opposition to this policy of Great Britain led to its
change, and to such a course as to gain the attachment of the French
population. In December, 1773, influential citizens of Quebec petitioned
the king for an extension of the boundary lines of that province, which
was granted, and Parliament passed an act on June 2, 1774, extend-
ing the boundary so as to include the territory lying within the present
States of Ohio, Indiana, Illinois and Michigan.

In consequence of the liberal policy pursued by the British Govern-
ment toward the French settlers in the West, they were disposed to favor
that nation in the war which soon followed with the colonies ; but the
early alliance between France and America soon brought them to the side
of the war for independence.

In 1774, Gov. Dunmore, of Virginia, began to encourage emigration
to the Western lands. He appointed magistrates at Fort Pitt under the
pretense that the fort was under the government of that commonwealth.
One of these justices, John Connelly, who possessed a tract of land in the
Ohio Valley, gathered a force of men and garrisoned the fort, calling it
Fort Dunmore. This and other parties were formed to select sites for
settlements, and often came in conflict with the Indians, who yet claimed
portions of the valley, and several battles followed. These ended in the
famous battle of Kanawha in July, where the Indians were defeated and
driven across the Ohio.

During the years 1775 and 1776, by the operations of land companies
and the perseveranceof individuals, several settlements were firmly estab-
lished between the Alleghanies and tiie Ohio River, and western land
speculators were busy in Illinois and on the Wabash. At a council held
in Kaskaskia on July 5, 1773, an association of English traders, calling
themselves the " Illinois Land Company," obtained from ten chiefs of the
Kaskaskia, Cahokia and Peoria tribes two large tracts of land lying on
the east side of the jNIississippi River south of the Illinois. In 1775, a mer-
chant from the Illinois Country, named Viviat, came to Post Vincennes
as the agent of the association called the " Wabash Land Company." On
the 8th of October he obtained from eleven Piankeshaw chiefs, a deed for
37,497,600 acres of land. This deed was signed by the grantors, attested
by a number of the inhabitants of Vincennes, and afterward recorded in
the office of a notary public at Kaskaskia. This and other land com-
panies had extensive schemes for the colonization of the West ; but all
were frustrated by the breaking out of the Revolution. On the 20th of
April, 17b0, the two companies named consolidated under tlio name of the
'' United Illinois and Wabash Land Company." The^' afterward madf

THE NORTHWEST TERRITORY. 47

strenuous efforts to have these grants sanctioned by Congress, but all
si<]rnally failed.

When the War of the Revolution commenced, Kentucky was an unor-
ganized country, though there were several settlements within her borders.

In Hutchins' Topography of Virginia, it is stated that at that time
" Kaskaskia contained 80 houses, and nearly 1,000 white and black in-
habitants — the whites being a little the more numerous. Cuhokia con-
tains 50 houses and 300 white inhabitants, and 80 negroes. There were
east of the Mississippi River, about the year 1771 " — when these observa-
tions were made — " 300 white men capable of bearing arms, and 230
negroes."

From 1775 until the expedition of Clark, nothing is recorded and
nothing known of these settlements, save what is contained in a report
made by a committee to Congress in June, 1778. From it the following
extract is made :

" Near the mouth of the River Kaskaskia, there is a village which
appears to have contained nearly eighty families from the beginning of
the late revolution. There are twelve families in a small village at la
Prairie du Rochers, and near fifty families at the Kahokia Village. There
are also four or five families at Fort Chartres and St. Philips, which is five
miles further up the river."

St. Louis had been settled in February, 1764, and at this time con-
tained, including its neighboring towns, over six hundred whites and one
hundred and fifty negroes. It must be remembered that all the country
west of the Mississippi was now under French rule, and remained so until
ceded again to Spain, its original owner, who afterwards sold it and the
country including New Orleans to the United States. At Detroit there
were, according to Capt. Carver, who was in the Northwest from 1766 to
1768, more than one hundred houses, and the river was settled for more
than twenty miles, although poorly cultivated — the people being engaged
in the Indian trade. This old town has a history, which we will here
relate.

It is the oldest town in the Northwest, having been founded by
Antoine de Lamotte Cadillac, in 1701. It was laid out in the form of an
oblong square, of two acres in length, and an acre and a half in width.
As described by A. D. Frazer, who first visited it and became a permanent
resident of the place, in 1778, it comprised within its limits that space
between Mr. Palmer's store (Conant Block) and Capt. Perkins' house
(near the Arsenal building), and extended back as far as the public barn,
and was bordered in front by the Detroit River. It was surrounded by
oak and cedar pickets, about fifteen feet long, set in the ground, and had
four gates — east, west, north and south. Over the first three of these

4 THE NORTHWEST TERRITORY.

gates were block houses provided with four guns apiece, each a six-
pounder. Two six-gun batteries were planted fronting the river and in a
parallel direction with the block houses. There were four streets running
east and west, the main street being twenty feet wide and the rest fifteen
feet, while the four streets crossing these at right angles were from ten
to fifteen feet in width.

At the date spoken of by Mr. Frazer, there was no fort within the
enclosure, but a citadel on the ground corresponding to the present
northwest corner of Jefferson Avenue and Wayne Street. The citadel was
inclosed by pickets, and within it were erected barracks of wood, two
stories high, suflBcient to contain ten officers, and also barracks sufficient
to contain four hundred men, and a provision store built of brick. The
citadel also contained a hospital and guard-house. The old town of
Detroit, in 17T8, contained about sixty houses, most of them one story,
with a few a story and a half in height. They were all of logs, some
hewn and some round. There was one building of splendid appearance,
called the " King's Palace," two stories high, which stood near the east
gate. It was built for Governor Hamilton, the first governor commissioned
by the British. There were two guard-houses, one near the west gate and
the other near the Government House. Each of the guards consisted of
twenty-four men and a subaltern, who mounted regularly every morning
between nine and ten o'clock. Each furnished four sentinels, who were
relieved every two hours. There was also an officer of the day, who per-
formed strict duty. Each of the gates was shut regularly at sunset ,
even wicket gates were shut at nine o'clock, and all the keys were
delivered into the hands of the commanding officer. They were opened
in the morning at sunrise. No Indian or squaw was permitted to enter
town with any weapon, such as a tomahawk or a knife. It was a stand-
ing order that the Indians should deliver their arms and instruments of
every kind before they were permitted to pass the sentinel, and they were
restored to them on their return. No more than twenty-five Indians were
allowed to enter the town at any one time, and they were admitted only
at the east and west gates. At sundown the drums beat, and all the
Indians were required to leave town instantly. There was a council house
near the water side for the purpose of holding council with the Indians.
The population of the town was about sixty families, in all about two
hundred males and one hundred females. This town was destroyed by
fire, all except one dwelling, in 1805. After which the present " new "
town was laid out.

On the breaking out of the Revolution, the British held every post of
importance in the West. Kentucky was formed as a component part of
Virginia, and the sturdy pioneers of the West, alive to their interests^

THE NORTHWEST TERRITORY. 49

and recoguizing the great benefits of obtaining the control of the trade in
this part of the New World, held steadily to their purposes, and those
within the commonwealth of Kentucky proceeded to exercise their
civil privileges, by electing John Todd and Richard Gallaway»
burgesses to represent them in the Assembly of the parent state.
Early in September of that year (1777) the first court was held
in Harrodsburg, and Col. Bowman, afterwards major, who had arrived
in Auo-ust, was made the commander of a militia organization which
had been commenced the March previous. Thus the tree of loyalty
was growing. The chief spirit in this far-out colony, who had represented
her the year previous east of the mountains, was now meditating a move
unequaled in its boldness. He had been watching the movements of the
British throughout the Northwest, and understood their whole plan. He
saw it was through their possession of the posts at Detroit, Vincennes,-
Kaskaskia, and other places, which would give them constant and easy
access to the various Indian tribes in the Northwest, that the British
intended to penetrate the country from the north and soutn, ana annihi-
late the frontier fortresses. This moving, energetic man was Colonel,
afterwards General, George Rogers Clark. He knew the Indians were not
unanimously in accord with the EngUsh, and he was convinced that, could
the British be defeated and expelled from the Northwest, the natives
might be easily awed into neutrality ; and by spies sent for the purpose,
he satisfied himself that the enterprise against the Illinois settlements
might easily succeed. Having convinced himself of the certainty of the
project, he repaired to the Capital of Virginia, which place he reached on
November 5th. While he was on his way, fortunately, on October 17th,
Burgoyne had been defeated, and the spirits of the colonists greatly
encouraged thereby. Patrick Henry was Governor of Virginia, and at
once entered heartily into Clark's plans. The same plan had before been
agitated in the Colonial Assemblies, but there was no one until Clark
came who was sufficiently acquainted with the condition of affairs at the
scene of action to be able to guide them.

Clark, having satisfied the Vii-ginia leaders of the feasibility of his
plan, received, on the 2d of January, two sets of instructions — one secret,
the other open — the latter authorized him to proceed to enlist seven
companies to go to Kentucky, subject to his orders, and to serve three
months from their arrival in the West. The secret order authorized him
to arm these troops, to procure his powder and lead of General Hand
at Pittsburgh, and to proceed at once to subjugate the country.

With these instructions Clark repaired to Pittsburgh, choosing rather
to raise his men west of the mountains, as he well knew all were needed
in the colonies in the conflict there. He sent Col. W. B. iSmith to Hoi-

60 THE NORTHWEST TERRITORY.

ston for the same purpose, but neither succeeded in raising the required
number of men. The settlers in these parts were afraid to leave their
own firesides exposed to a vigilant foe, and but few could be induced to
join the proposed expedition. With three companies and several private
volunteers, Clark at length commenced his descent of the Ohio, which he
navio-ated as far as the Falls, where he took possession of and fortified
Corn Island, a small island between the present Cities of Louisville.
Kentucky, and New Albany, Indiana. Remains of this fortification may
yet be found. At this place he appointed Col. Bowman to meet him
with such recruits as had reached Kentucky by the southern route, and
as many as could be spared from the station. Here he announced to
the men their real destination. Having completed his arrangements,
and chosen his party, he left a small garrison upon the island, and on the
24th of June, during a total eclipse of the sun, which to them augured
no good, and which fixes beyond dispute the date of starting, he with
his chosen band, fell down the river. His plan was to go by water as
far as Fort Massac or Massacre, and thence march direct to Kaskaskia.
Here he intended to surprise the garrison, and after its capture go to
Cahokia, then to Vincennes, and lastly to Detroit. Should he fail, he
intended to march directly to the Mississippi River and cross it into the
Spanish country. Before his start he received two good items of infor-
mation : one that the alliance had been formed between France and the
United States ; and the other that the Indians throughout the Illinois
country and the inhabitants, at the various frontier posts, had been led to
Ijelieve by the British that the " Long Knives" or Virginians, were the
most fierce, bloodthirsty and cruel savages that ever scalped a foe. With
this impression on their minds, Clark saw that proper management would
cause them to submit at once from fear, if surprised, and then from grati-
tude would become friendly if treated with unexpected leniency.

The march to Kaskaskia was accomplished through a hot July sun,
and the town reached on the evening of July 4. He captured the fort
near the village, and soon after the village itself by surprise, and without
the loss of a single man or by killing any of the enemy. After sufficiently
working upon the fears of the natives, Clark told them they were at per-
fect liberty to worship as they pleased, and to take whichever side of the
great conflict they would, also he would protect them from any barbarity
from British or Indian foe. This had the desired effect, and the inhab-
itants, so unexpectedly and so gratefully surprised by the unlooked
for turn of affairs, at once swore allegiance to the American arms, and
when Clark desired to go to Cahokia on the 6tfi of July, they accom-
panied him, and through their influence the inhabitants of the place
surrendered, and gladly placed themselves under his protection. Thus

THE NORTHWEST TERRITORY. 51

the two important posts in Illinois passed from the hands of the English
into the possession of Virginia.

In the person of the priest at Kaskaskia, M. Gibault, Clark found a
powerful alh^ and generous friend. Clark saw that, to retain possession
of the Northwest and treat successfully with the Indians within its boun-
daries, he must establish a government for the colonies he had taken.
St. Vincent, the next important post to Detroit, remained yet to be taken
before the Mississii^pi Valley was conquered. M. Gibault told him that
he would alone, by persuasion, lead Vincennes to throw off its connection
with England. Clark gladly accepted his offer, and on the 14th of July,
in company with a fellow-townsman, M. Gibault started on his mission of
peace, and on the 1st of August returned with the cheerful intelligence
that the post on the " Oubache " had taken the oath of allegiance to
the Old Dominion. During this interval, Clark established his courts,
placed garrisons at Kaskaskia and Cahokia, successfully re-enlisted his
men, sent word to have a fort, which proved the germ of Louisville,
erected at the Falls of the Ohio, and dispatched Mr. Rocheblave, who
had been commander at Kaskaskia, as a prisoner of war to Richmond.
In (October the County of Illinois was established by the Legislature
of Virginia, John Todd appointed Lieutenant Colonel and Civil Governor,
and in November General Clark and his men received the thanks of
the Old Dominion through their Legislature.

In a speech a few days afterward, Clark made known fully to the
natives his plans, and at its close all came forward and swore alle-
giance to the Long Knives. While he was doing this Governor Hamilton,
having made his various arrangements, had left Detroit and moved down
the Wabash to Vincennes intending to operate from that point in reducing
the Illinois posts, and then proceed on down to Kentucky and drive the
rebels from the West. Gen. Clark had, on the return of M. Gibault,
dispatched Captain Helm, of Fauquier County, Virginia, with an attend-
ant named Henry, across the Illinois prairies to command the fort.
Hamilton knew nothing of the capitulation of the post, and was greatly
surprised on his arrival to be confronted by Capt. Helm, who, standing at
the entrance of the fort by a loaded cannon ready to fire upon his assail-
ants, demanded upon what terms Hamilton demanded possession of tha
fort. Being granted the rights of a prisoner of war, he surrendered to
the British General, who could scarcely believe his eyes when he saw the
force in the garrison.

Hamilton, not realizing the character of the men with whom he was
contending, gave up his intended campaign for the Winter, sent his four
hundred Indian warriors to prevent troops from coming down the Ohio,

,^^^:>^

52 THE NORTHWEST TERRITORY.

and to annoy the Americans in all ways, and sat quietly down to pass the
Winter. Information of all these proceedings having reached Claik, he
saw that immediate and decisive action was necessary, and that unless
he captured Hamilton, Hamilton would capture him. Clark received the
news on the 29th of January, 1779, and on February 4th, having suffi-
ciently garrisoned Kaskaskia and Cahokia, he sent down the Mississippi
a " battoe," as Major Bowman writes it, in order to ascend the Ohio and
Wabash, and operate with the land forces gathering for the fray.

On the next day, Clark, with his little force of one hundred and
twenty men, set out for the post, and after incredible hard marching
through much mud, the ground being thawed by the incessant spring
rains, on the 22d reached the fort, and being joined by his " battoe," at
once commenced the attack on the post. The aim of the American back-
woodsman was unerring, and on the 24th the garrison surrendered to the
intrepid boldness of Clark. The French were treated with great kind-
ness, and gladly renewed their allegiance to Virginia. Hamilton was
sent as a prisoner to Virginia, where he was kept in close confinement.
During his command of the British frontier posts, he had offered prizes
to the Indians for all the scalps of Americans they would bring to him,
and had earned in consequence thereof the title '' Hair-buyer General,"
by which he was ever afterward known.

Detroit was now without doubt within easy reach of the enterprising
Virginian, could he but raise the necessary force. Governor Henry being
apprised of this, promised him the needed reinforcement, and Clark con-
cluded to wait until he could capture and sufficiently garrison the posts.
Had Clark failed in this bold undertaking, and Hamilton succeeded in
uniting the western Indians for the next Spring's campaign, the West
would indeed have been swept from the Mississippi to the Allegheny
Mountains, and the great blow struck, which had been contemplated from
the commencement, by the British.

" But for this small array of dripping, but fearless Vii-ginians, the
union of all the tribes from Georgia to Maine against the colonies might
have been effected, and the whole current of our history changed."

At this time some fears were entertained by the Colonial Govern-
ments that the Indians in the North and Northwest were inclining to the
British, and under the instructions of Washington, now Commander-in-
Chief of the Colonial army, and so bravely fighting for American inde-
pendence, armed forces were sent against the Six Nations, and upon the
Ohio frontier, Col. Bowman, acting under the same general's orders,
marched against Indians within the present limits of that State. These
expeditions were in the main successful, and the Indians were compelled
to sue for peace.

THE NORTHWEST TERRITORY.

During this same year (1779) the famous " Land Laws" of Virginia
were passed. The passage of these hiws was of more consequence to the
pioneers of Kentucky and the Northwest than the gaining of a few Indian
conflicts. These laws confirmed in main all grants made, and guaranteed
to all actual settlers their rights and privileges. After providing for the
settlers, the laws provided for selling the balance of the public lands at
forty cents per acre. To carry the Land Laws into effect, the Legislature
sent four Virginians westward to attend to the various claims, over many
of which great confusion prevailed concerning their validity. These
gentlemen opened their court on October 13, 1779, at St. Asaphs, and
continued until April 26, 1780, when they adjourned, having decided
three thousand claims. They were succeeded by the surveyor, who
came in the person of Mr. George May, and assumed his duties on the
10th day of the month whose name he bore. With the opening of the
next year (1780) the troubles concerning the navigation of the Missis-
sippi commenced. The Spanish Government exacted such measures in
relation to its trade as to cause the overtures made to the United States
to be rejected. The American Government considered they had a right
to navigate its channel. To enforce their claims, a fort was erected below
the mouth of the Ohio on the Kentucky side of the river. The settle-
ments in Kentucky were being rapidly filled by emigrants. It was dur-
ing this year that the first seminary of learning was established in the
West in this young and enterprising Commonwealth.

The settlers here did not look upon the building of this fort in a
friendly manner, as it aroused the hostility of the Indians. Spain had
been friendly to the Colonies during their struggle for independence,
and though for a while this friendship appeared in danger from the
refusal of the free navigation of the river, yet it was finally settled to the
satisfaction of both nations.

The Winter of 1779-80 was one of the most unusually severe ones
ever experienced in the West. The Indians always referred to it as the
"Great Cold." Numbers of wild animals perished, and not a few
pioneers lost their lives. The following Summer a party of Canadians
and Indians attacked St. Louis, and attempted to take possession of it
in consequence of the friendly disposition of Spain to the revolting
colonies. They met with such a determined resistance on the part of the
inhabitants, even the women taking part in the battle, that they weie
compelled to abandon the contest. They also made an attack on the
settlements in Kentucky, but, becoming alarmed in some unaccountable
manner, they fled the country in great haste.

About this time arose the question in the Colonial Congress con-
cerning the western lands claimed by Virginia, New York, Massachusetts

54 THE NORTHWEST TERRITORY.

and Connecticut. The agitation concerning this subject finally led New
York, on the 19th of February, 1780, to pass a law giving to the dele-
gates of that State in Congress the power to cede her western lands for
the benefit of the United States. This law was laid before Congress
during the next month, but no steps were taken concerning it until Sep-
tember 6th, when a resolution passed that body calling upon the States
claiming western lands to release their claims in favor of the whole body.
This basis formed the union, and was the first after all of those legislative
measures which resulted in the creation of the States of Ohio, Indiana,
Illinois, Michigan, Wisconsin and Minnesota. In December of the same
year, the plan of conquering Detroit again arose. The conquest might
have easily been effected by Clark had the necessary aid been furnished
him. Nothing decisive was done, vet the heads of the Government knew
that the safety of the Northwest from British invasion l^y in the capture
and retention of that important post., the only unconquered one in the
territory.

Before the close of the year, Kentucky was divided into the Coun-
ties of Lincoln, Fayette and Jefferson, and the act establishing the Town
of Louisville was passed. This same year is also noted in the annals of
American historv as the vear in which occurred Arnold's treason to the
United States.

Virginia, in accordance with the resolution of Congress, on the 2d
day of January, 1781, agreed to yield her western lands to the United
States upon certain conditions, which Congress would not accede to, and
the Act of Cession, on the part of the Old Dominion, failed, nor was
anything farther done until 1783. During all that time the Colonies
were busily engaged in the struggle with the mother country, and in
consequence thereof but little heed was given to the western settlements.
Upon the 4th of July, 1773, the first birth north of the Ohio River of
American parentage occurred, being that of John L. Roth, son of John
Roth, one of the Moravian missionaries, whose band of Christian Indians
suffered in after years a horrible massacre by the hands of the frontier
settlers, who had been exasperated by the murder of several of their
neighbors, and in their rage committed, without regard to humanity, a
deed which forever afterward cast a shade of shame upon their lives.
For this and kindred outrages on the part of the whites, the Indians
committed many deeds of cruelty Avhich darken the years of 1771 aiwi
1772 in the history of the Northwest.

During the year 1782 a number of battles among the Indians and
frontiersmen occurred, and between the Moravian Indians and the Wyan-
dots. In these, horrible acts of cruelty were practised on the captives,
many of sucli dark deeds transpiring under the leadership of the notorious

THE NOKTHWKST TERRITORY.

frontier outlaw, Simon Girty, whose name, as well as those of his brothers,
was a terror to women and children. These occurred chiefly in the Ohio
valleys. Cotemporary with them were several engagements in Kentucky,
in wliich the famous Daniel Boone engaged, and who, often by his skill
and knowledge of Indian warfare, saved the outposts from cruel destruc-

INDIANS ATTACKING FKONTIEKS.MEN.

tion. By the close of the year victory had perched upon the American
banner, and on the 30th of November, provisional articles of peace had
been arranged between the Commissioners of England and her uncon-
querable colonies. Cornwallis had been defeated on the 19th of October
preceding, and the liberty of America was assured. On the 19th of
April following, the anniversary of the battle of Lexington, peace was

56 THE NORTHWEST TERRITORY.

proclaimed to the army of the United States, and on the 3d of the next
September, the definite treaty which ended our revolutionary struggle
was concluded. By the terms of that treaty, the boundaries of the West
were as follows : On the north the line was to extend along the center of
the Great Lakes ; from the western point of Lake Superior to Long Lake ;
thence to the Lake of the Woods ; thence to the head of the Mississippi
River ; down its center to the 31st parallel of latitude, then on that line
east to the head of the Appalachicola River ; down its center to its junc-
tion with the Flint ; thence straight to the head of St. Mary's River, and
thence down aloncf its center to the Atlantic Ocean.

Following the cessation of hostilities with England, several posts
were still occupied by the British in the North and West. Among these
was Detroit, still in the hands of the enemy. Numerous engagements
with the Indians throughout Ohio and Indiana occurred, upon whose
lands adventurous whites would settle ere the title had been acquired by
the proper treaty.

To remedy this latter evil. Congress appointed commissioners to
treat with the natives and purchase their lands, and prohibited the set-
tlement of the territory until this could be done. Before the close of the
year another attempt was made to capture Detroit, which was, however,
not pushed, and Virginia, no longer feeling the interest in the Northwest
she had formerly done, withdrew her troops, having on the 20th of
December preceding authorized the Avhole of her possessions to be deeded
to the United States. This was done on the 1st of March following, and
the Northwest Territory passed from the control of the Old Dominion.
To Gen. Clark and his soldiers, however, she gave a tract of one hundred
and fifty thousand acres of land, to be situated any where north of the
Ohio wherever they chose to locate them. They selected the region
opposite the falls of the Ohio, where is now the dilapidated village of
Clarksville, about midway between the Cities of New Albany and Jeffer-
sonville, Indiana.

While the frontier remained thus, and Gen. Haldimand at Detroit
refused to evacuate alleging that he had no orders from his King to do
BO, settlers were rapidly gathering about the inland forts. In the Spring
of 1784, Pittsburgh was regularly laid out, and from the journal of Arthur
Lee, who passed tlirough the town soon after on his way to the Indian
council at Fort Mcintosh, we suppose it was not very prepossessing in
appearance. He says :

" Pittsburgh is inhabited almost entirely by Scots and Irish, who
live in paltry log houses, and are as dirty as if in the north of Ireland or
even Scotland. Tiiere is a great deal of trade carried on, the goods being
bought at the vast expense of forty-five shillings per pound from Phila-

THE NORTHWEST TERRITORY. 5(

delpliia and Baltimore. They take in the shops flour, wheat, skins and
money. There are in the town four attorneys, two doctors, and not a
priest of any persuasion, nor church nor chapel."

Kentucky at this time contained thirt}'' thousand inhabitants, and
was bec^inning to discuss measures for a separation from Virginia. A
land office was opened at Louisville, and measures were adopted to take
defensive precaution against the Indians who were yet, in some instances,
incited to deeds of violence by the British. Before the close of this year,
1784, the military claimants of land began to occupy them, although no
entries were recorded until 1787.

The Indian title to the Northwest was not yet extinguished. They
held large tracts of lands, and in order to prevent bloodshed Congress
adopted means for treaties with the original owners and provided for the
surveys of the lands gained thereby, as well as for those north of the
Ohio, now in its possession. On January 31, 1786, a treaty was made
with the Wabash Indians. The treaty of Fort Stanwix had been made
in 1784. That at Fort Mcintosh in 1785, and through these much land
was gained. The Wabash Indians, however, afterward refused to comply
with the provisions of the treaty made with them, and in order to compel
their adherence to its provisions, force was used. During the year 1786,
the free navigation of the Mississippi came up in Congress, and caused
various discussions, which resulted in no definite action, only serving to
excite speculation in regard to the western lands. Congress had promised
bounties of land to the soldiers of the Revolution, but owing to the
unsettled condition of affairs along the Mississippi respecting its naviga-
tion, and the trade of the Northwest, that body had, in 1783, declared
its inability to fulfill these promises until a treaty could be concluded
between the two Governments. Before the close of the year 1786, how-
ever, it was able, through the treaties with the Indians, to allow some
grants and the settlement thereon, and on the 14th of September Con-
necticut ceded to the General Government the tract of land known as
the " Connecticut Reserve," and before the close of the following year a
large tract of land north of the Ohio was sold to a company, who at once
took measures to settle it. By the provisions of this grant, the company
were to pay the United States one dollar per acre, subject to a deduction
of one-third for bad lands and other contingencies. They received
750,000 acres, bounded on the south by the Ohio, on the east by the
seventh range of townships, on the west by the sixteenth range, and on
the north by a line so drawn as to make the grant complete without
the reservations. In addition to this. Congress afterward granted 100,000
acres to actual settlers, and 214,285 acres as army bounties under the
resolutions of 1789 and 1790.

THE NORTHWEST TERRITORY.

While Dr. Cutler, one of the agents of the company, was pressing
its claims before Congress, that body was bringing into form an ordinance
for the political and social organization of this Territory. When the
cession was made by Virginia, in 1784, a plan was offered, but rejected.
A motion had been made to strike from the proposed plan the prohibition
of slavery, which prevailed. The plan was then discussed and altered,
and finally passed unanimously, with the exception of South Carolina.
By this proposition, the Territory was to have been divided into states

i'B£Si::\T felTK OF I^VKE STREET BKIDGK, CHICAGO, IN 1S33.

by parallels and meridian lines. This, it was thought, would make ten
states, which were to have been named as follows — beginning at the
northwest corner and going southwardly : Sylvania, Michigania, Cher-
sonesus, Assenisipia, Metropotamia, Illenoia, Saratoga, Washington, Poly-
potamia and Pelisipia.

There was a more serious objection to this plan than its category of
names, — the boundaries. The root of the difficulty was in the resolu-
tion of Congress passed in October, 1780, which fixed the boundaries
of the ceded lands to be from one hundred to one hundred and fifty miles

THE NORTHWEST TERRITORY. 59

square. These resolutions being presented to the Legislatures of Vir-
ginia and Massachusetts, they desired a change, and in July, 1786, the
subject was taken up in Congress, and changed to favor a division into
not more than five states, and not less than three. This was approved by
the State Legislature of Virginia. The subject of the Government was
again taken up by Congress in 1786, and discussed throughout that year
and until July, 1787, when the famous "Compact of 1787" was passed,
and the foundation of the government of the Northwest laid. This com-
pact is fully discussed and explained in the history of Illinois in this book,
and to it the reader is referred.

The passage of this act and the grant to the New England Company
was soon followed by an application to the Government by John Clevcs
Symmes, of New Jersey, for a grant of the land between the Miamis.
This gentleman had visited these lands soon after the treaty of 1786, and,
being greatly pleased with them, offered similar terms to those given to the
New England Company. The petition was referred to the Treasury
Board with power to act, and a contract was concluded the following
year. During the Autumn the directors of the New England Company
were preparing to occupy their grant the following Spring, and upon the
23d of November made arrangements for a party of forty-seven men,
under the superintendency of Gen. Rufus Putnam, to set forward. Six
boat-builders were to leave at once, and on the first of January the sur-
veyors and their assistants, twenty-six in number, were to meet at Hart-
ford and proceed on their journey westward ; the remainder to follow as
soon as possil)le. Congress, in the meantime, upon the 8d of October,
had ordered seven hundred troops for defense of the western settlers, and
to prevent unauthorized intrusions ; and two days later appointed Arthur
St. Clair Governor of the Territory of the Northwest.

AMERICAN SETTLEMENTS.

The civil organization of the Northwest Territory was now com-
plete, and notwithstanding the uncertainty of Indian affairs, settlers from
the East began to come into the country rapidly. The New England
Company sent their men during the Winter of 1787-8 pressing on over
the Alleghenies by the old Indian path which had been opened into
Braddock's road, and which has since been made a national turnpike
from Cumberland westward. Through the weary winter days they toiled
on, and by April were all gathered on the Yohiogany, where boats had
been built, and at once started for the Muskingum. Here they arrived
on the 7th of that month, and unless the Moravian missionaries be regarded
as the pioneers of Ohio, this little band can justly claim that honor.

THE NORTHWEST TERRITORY.

Gen. St. Clair, the appointed Governor of the Northwest, not having
yet arrived, a set of laws were passed, written out, and published by
being nailed to a tree in the embryo town, and Jonathan Meigs appointed
to administer them.

Washington in writing of this, the first American settlement in the
Northwest, said : " No colony in America was ever settled under
such favorable auspices as that which has just commenced at Muskingum.
Information, property and strength will be its characteristics. I know
many of its settlers personally, and there never were men better calcu-
lated to promote the welfare of such a community."

' '• ' d-Ji^^fcT-sTt

-•"^K*^

A riONEER DWELLING.

On the 2d of July a meeting of the directors and agents was held
on the banks of the Muskingum, " for the purpose of naming the new-
born city and its squares." As yet the settlement was known as the
"Muskingum," but that was now changed to the name Marietta, in honor
of Marie Antoinette. The square upon which the block -houses stood
was called '■'Campus Martins ;'' square number 19, ''■ Capitolium ;'"' square
number Gl, '■'• Cecilia T and the great road through the covert way, "• Sacra

Via" Two days after, an oration was delivered by James M. Varnum,
who with S. H. Parsons and John Armstrong had been appointed to the
judicial bench of the territory on the IGth of October, 1787. On July 0,
Gov. St. Clair arrived, and the colony began to assume form. The act

of 1787 provided two district grades of government for the Northwest,

THE NORTFTWEST TERRITORY. 61

under the first of which the whole power was invested in the hands of a
governor and three district judges. This was immediately formed upon
the Governor's arrival, and the first laws of the colony passed on the 25th
of July. These provided for the organization of the militia, and on the
next day appeared the Governor's proclamation, erecting all that country
that had been ceded by the Indians east of the Scioto River.into the
County of Washington. From that time forward, notwithstanding the
doubts yet existing as to the Indians, all Marietta prospered, and on the
2d of September the first court of the territory was held with imposing
ceremonies.

The emigration westward at this time was very great. Tlie com-
mander at Fort Harmer, at the mouth of the Muskingum, reported four
thousand five hundred persons as having passed that post between Feb-
ruary and June, 1788 — many of whom would have purchased of the
"Associates," as the New England Company was called, had they been
read}' to receive them.

On the 26tli of November, 1787, Symmes issued a pamphlet stating
the terms of his contract and the plan of sale he intended to adopt. In
January, 1788, Matthias Denman, of New Jersey, took an active interest
in Symmes' purchase, and located among other tracts the sections upon
which Cincinnati has been built. Retaining one-third of this locality, he
sold the other two-thirds to Robert Patterson and John Filson, and the
three, about August, commenced to lay out a town on the spot, which
was designated as being opposite Licking River, to the mouth of which
they proposed to have a road cut from Lexington. The naming of the
town is thus narrated in the "Western Annals " :— " Mr. Filson, who had
been a schoolmaster, was appointed to name the town, and, in respect to
its situation, and as if with a prophetic perception of the mixed race that
were to inhabit it in after days, he named it Losantiville, which, being
interpreted, means : ville, the town ; anti, against or opposite to ; os, the
mouth ; L. of Licking."

Meanwhile, in July, Symmes got thirty persons and eight four-horse
teams under way for the West. These reached Limestone (now Mays-
ville) in September, where were several persons from Redstone. Here
Mr. Symmes tried to found a settlement, but the great freshet of 1789
caused the " Point," as it was and is yet called, to be fifteen feet under
water, and the settlement to be abandoned. The little band of settlers
removed to the mouth of the Miami. Before Symmes and his colony left
the " Point," two settlements had been made on his purchase. The first
was by Mr. Stiltes, the original projector of the whole plan, who, with a
colony of Redstone people, had located at the mouth of the Miami,
whither Svmmes went with his IVfaysville colony. Here a clearing had

THE NORTHWEST TERRITORY.

been made by the Indians owing to the great fertility of the soil. Mr.
Stiltes with his colony came to this place on the 18th of November, 1788,
with twenty-six persons, and, building a block-house, prepared to remain
through the Winter. They named the settlement Columbia. Here they
were kindly treated by the Indians, but suffered greatly from the flood
of 1789,

On the 4th of March, 1789, the Constitution of the United States
went into operation, and on April 30, George Washington was inaug-
urated President of the American people, and during the next Summer,
an Indian war was commenced by the tribes north of the Ohio. The
President at first used pacific means ; but these failing, he sent General
Harmer against the hostile tribes. He destroyed several villages, but

LAIvE BLUTF
The frontage of Lake Bluff Grounds on Lake Michigan, with one hundred and seventy feet of gradual ascent.

was defeated in two battles, near the present City of Fort Wayne,
Indiana. From this time till the close of 1795, the principal events were
the wars with the various Indian tribes. In 1796, General St. Clair
was appointed in command, and marched against the Indians ; but while
he was encamped on a stream, the St. Mary, a branch of the Mauraee,
he was attacked and defeated with the loss of six hundred n\en.

General Wayne was now sent against the savages. In August, 1794,
he met them near the rapids of the Maumee, and gained a complete
victory. This success, followed by vigorous measures, compelled the
Indians to sue for peace, and on the 30th of July, the following year, the
treaty of Greenville was signed by the principal chiefs, by which a large
tract of country was ceded to the United States.

Before proceeding in our narrative, we will pause to notice Fort
Washington, erected in the early part of this war on the site of Cincinnati.
Nearly all of the great cities of the Northwest, and indeed of the

THE NORTHWEST TERRITORY. 63

whole country, have had their nuclei in those rude pioneer structures,
known as forts or stockades. Thus Forts Dearborn, Washington, Pon-
chartrain, mark the original sites of the now proud Cities of Chicago,
Cincinnati and Detroit. So of most of the flourishing cities east and west
of the Mississippi. Fort Washington, erected by Doughty in 1790, was a
rude but highly interesting structure. It was composed o^ a number of
strongly-built hewed log cabins. Those designed for soldiers' barracks
were a story and a half high, while those composing the officers quarters
were more imposing and more conveniently arranged and furnished.
The whole were so placed as to form a hollow square, enclosing about an
acre of ground, with a block house at each of the four angles.

The logs for the construction of this fort were cut from the ground
upon which it was erected. It stood between Third and Fourth Streets
of the present city (Cincinnati) extending east of Eastern Row, now
Broadway, which was then a narrow alley, and the eastern boundary of
of the town as it was originally laid out. On the bank of the river,
immediately in front of the fort, was an appendage of the fort, called the
Artificer's Yard. It contained about two acres of ground, enclosed by
small contiguous buildings, occupied by workshops and quarters of
laborers. Within this enclosure there was a large two-story frame house,
familiarly called the " Yellow House," built for the accommodation of
the Quartermaster General. For many years this was the best finished
and most commodious edifice in the Queen City. Fort Washington was
for some time the headquarters of both the civil and military governments
of the Northwestern Territory.

Following the consummation of the treaty various gigantic land spec-
ulations were entered into by different persons, who hoped to obtain
from the Indians in Michigan and northern Indiana, large tracts of lands.
These were generally discovered in time to prevent the outrageous
schemes from being carried out, and from involving the settlers in war.
On October 27, 1795, the treaty between the United States and Spain
was signed, whereby the free navigation of the Mississippi was secured.

No sooner had the treaty of 1795 been ratified than settlements began
to pour rapidly into the West. The great event of the year 1796 was the
occupation of that part of the Northwest including Michigan, which was
this year, under the provisions of the treaty, evacuated by the British
forces. The United States, owing to certain conditions, did not feel
justified in addressing the authorities in Canada in relation to Detroit
and other frontier posts. When at last the British authorities were
called to give them up, they at once complied, and General Wayne, who
had done so much to preserve the frontier settlements, and who, before
the year's close, sickened and died near Erie, transferred his head-

THE NORTHWEST TERRITORY.

quarters to the neighborhood of the lakes, where a county named after
him was formed, which included the northwest of Ohio, all of Michigan,
and the northeast of Indiana. During this same year settlements were
formed at the present City of Chillicothe, along the Miami from Middle-
town to Piqua, while in the more distant West, settlers and speculators
began to appear in great numbers. In September, the City of Cleveland
was laid out, and during the Summer and Autumn, Samuel Jackson and
Jonathan Sharpless erected the first manufactory of paper — the " Red-
stone Paper Mill" — in the West. St. Louis contained some seventy
houses, and Detroit over three hundred, and along the river, contiguous
to it, were more than three thousand inhabitants, mostly French Canadians,
Indians and half-breeds, scarcely any Americans venturing yet into that
part of the Northwest.

The election of representatives for the territory had taken place,
and on the 4th of February, 1799, they convened at Losantiville — now
known as Cincinnati, having been named so by Gov. St. Clair, and
considered the capital of the Territory — to nominate persons from whom
the members of the Legislature were to be chosen in accordance with
a previous ordinance. This nomination being made, the Assembly
adjourned until the 16th of the following September. From those named
the President selected as members of the council, Henry Vandenburg,
of Vincennes, Robert Oliver, of Marietta, James Findlay and Jacob
Burnett, of Cincinnati, and David Vance, of Vanceville. On the 16th
of September the Territorial Legislature met, and on the 24th the two
houses were duly organized, Henry Vandenburg being elected President
of the Council.

The message of Gov. St. Clair was addressed to the Legislature
September 20th, and on October 13th that body elected as a delegate to
Congress Gen. Wm. Henry Harrison, who received eleven of the votes
cast, being a majority of one over his opponent, Arthur St. Clair, son of
Gen. St. Clair.

The whole number of acts passed at this session, and approved by
the Governor, were thirty-seven — eleven others were passed, but received
his veto. The most important of those passed related to the militia, to
the administration, and to taxation. On the 19th of December this pro-
tracted session of the first Legislature in the West was closed, and on the
30th of December the President nominated Charles Willing Bryd to the
office of Secretary of the Territory vice Wm. Henry Harrison, elected to
Congress. The Senate confirmed his nomination the next day.

THE NORTHWEST TERRITORY. 66

DIVISION OF THE NORTHWEST TERRITORY.

The increased emicrration to the Northwest, the extent of the domain,
and the inconvenient modes of travel, made it very difficult to conduct
the ordinary operations of government, and rendered the efficient action
of courts almost impossible. To remedy this, it was deemed advisable to
divide the territory for civil purposes. Congress, in 1800, appointed a
committee to examine the question and report some means for its solution.
This committee, on the 3d of March, reported that :

" In the three western countries there has been but one court having
cognizance of crimes, in five years, and the immunity which offenders
experience attracts, as to an asylum, the most vile and abandoned crim-
inals, and at the same time deters useful citizens from making settlements
in such societ3% The extreme necessity of judiciary attention and assist-
ance is experienced in civil as well as in criminal cases. * * * * Xo
minister a remedy to these and other evils, it occurs to this committee
that it is expedient that a division of said territory into two distinct and
separate governments should be made ; and that such division be made
by a line beginning at the mouth of the Great Miami River, running
directly north until it intersects the boundary between the United States
and Canada."

The report was accepted by Congress, and, in accordance with its
suggestions, that body passed an Act extinguishing the Northwest Terri-
tory, which Act was approved May 7. Among its provisions were these :

" That from and after July 4 next, all that part of the Territory of
the United States northwest of the Ohio River, which lies to the westward
of a line beginning at a point on the Ohio, opposite to the mouth of the
Kentucky River, and running thence to Fort Recovery, and thence north
until it shall intersect the territorial line between the United States and
Canada, shall, for the purpose of temporary government, constitute a
separate territory, and be called the Indiana Territory."

After providing for the exercise of the civil and criminal powers of
the territories, and other provisions, the Act further provides :

" That until it sliall otherwise be ordered by the Legislatures of the
said Territories, respectively, Chillicothe on the Scioto River shall be the
seat of government of tliu Territory of the United States northwest of the
Ohio River ; and that St. Vincennes on the Wabash River shall be the
seat of government for the Indiana Territory."

Gen. Wm. Henry Harrison was appointed Governor of the Indiana
Territory, and entered upon his duties about a j-ear later. Connecticut
also about this time released her claims to the reserve, and in March a law

60 THE NORTHWEST TERRITORY.

was passed accepting this cession. Settlements had been made upon
thirty-five of the townships in the reserve, mills had been built, and seven
hundred miles of road cut in various directions. On the 3d of November
the General Assembly met at Chillicothe. Near the close of the year,
the first missionary of the Connecticut Reserve came, who found no
township containing more than eleven families. It was upon the first of
October that the secret treaty had been made between Napoleon and the
King of Spain, whereby the latter agreed to cede to France the province
of Louisiana,

In January, 1802, the Assembly of the Northwestern Territory char-
tered the college at Athens. . From the earliest dawn of the western
colonies, education was promptly provided for, and as early as 1787,
newspapers were issued from Pittsburgh and Kentucky, and largely read
throughout the frontier settlements. Before the close of this year, the
Congress of the United States granted to the citizens of the Northwestern
territory the formation of a State government. One of the provisions of
the "compact of 1787" provided that whenever the number of inhabit-
ants within prescribed limits exceeded 45,000, they should be entitled to
a separate government. The prescribed limits of Ohio contained, from a
census taken to ascertain the legality of the act, more than that number,
and on the 30th of April, 1802, Congress passed the act defining its limits,
and on the 29th of November the Constitution of the new State of Ohio,
so named from the beautiful river forming its southern boundary, came
into existence. The exact limits of Lake Michigan were not then known,
but the territory now included within the State of Michigan was wholly
within the territory of Indiana.

Gen. Harrison, while residing at Vincennes, made several treaties
witli the Indians, thereby gaining large tracts of lands. The next year is
memorable in the history of the West for the purchase of Louisiana from
France by the United States for $15,000,000. Thus by a peaceful mode,
the domain of the United States was extended over a large tract of
country west of the Mississippi, and was for a time under the jurisdiction
of the Northwest government, and, as has been mentioned in the earl}-
part of this narrative, was called the "New Northwest.'' The limits
of this history will not allow a description of its territory. The same year
large grants of land were obtained from the Indians, and the House of
Representatives of the new State of Ohio signed a bill respecting the
College Township in tlie district of Cincinnati.

Before the close of the year. Gen. Harrison obtained additional
grants of lands from the various Lidian nations in Indiana and the present
limits of Illinois, and on the 18th of August, 1804, completed a treaty at
St. Louis, whereby over 51,000,000 acres of lands were obtained from the

THE NORTHWEST TERRITORY.

aborigines. Measures were also taken to learn the condition of affairs in
and about Detroit.

C. Jouett, the Indian agent in Michigan, still a part of Indiana Terri-
tory, reported as follows upon the condition of matters at that post :

" The Town of Detroit. — The charter, which is for fifteen miles
square, was granted in the time of Louis XIV. of France, and is now,
from the best information I have been able to get, at Quebec. Of those
two hundred and twenty-five acres, only four are occupied by the town
and Fort Lenault. The remainder is a common, except twenty-four
acres, which were added twenty years ago to a farm belonging to Wm.
Macomb. * * * A stockade incloses the town, fort and citadel. The
pickets, as well as the public houses, are in a state of gradual decay. The
streets are narrow, straight and regular, and intersect each other at right
angles. The houses are, for the most part, low and inelegant."

During this year, Congress granted a township of land for the sup-
port of a college, and began to offer inducements for settlers in these
wilds, and the country now comprising the State of Michigan began to
fill rapidly with settlers along its southern borders. This same year, also,
a law was passed organizing the Southwest Territory, dividing it into two
portions, the Territory of New Orleans, which city was made the seat of
government, and the District of Louisiana, which was annexed to the
domain of Gen. Harrison.

On the 11th of January, 1805, the Territory of Michigan was formed,
Wm. Hull was appointed governor, with headquarters at Detroit, the
change to take effect on June 30. On the 11th of that month, a fire
occurred at Detroit, which destro3^ed almost every building in the place.
When the officers of the new territory reached the post, they found it in
ruins, and the inhabitants scattered throughout the country. Rebuild-
ing, however, soon commenced, and ere long the town contained more
houses than before the fire, and many of them much better built.

While this was being done, Indiana had passed to the second grade
of government, and through her General Assembly had obtained large
tracts of land from the Indian tribes. To all this the celebrated Indian,
Tecumthe or Tecumseh, vigorously protested, and it was the main cause
of his attempts to unite the various Indian tribes in a conflict with the
settlers. To obtain a full account of these attempts, the workings of the
British, and the signal failure, culminating in the death of Tecumseh at
the battle of the Thames, and the close of the war of 1812 in the Northwest,
we will step aside in our story, and relate the principal events of his life,
and his connection with this conflict.

THE NOKTHWEST TERRITORY.

TECUMSEII, TUE SHAWAIfOE CHIEFTAIN.

THE NORTHWEST TERRITORY. 69

TECUMSEH, AND THE WAR OF 1812.

This famous Indian chief was born about the year 1768, not far from
the site of the present city of Springfield, Ohio. His father, Puckeshinwa,
was a member of the Kisopok tribe of the Swanoese nation, and his
mother, Methontaske, was a member of the Turtle tribe of the same
people. They removed from Florida about the middle of the last century
to the birthplace of Tecumseh. In 1774, his father, who had risen to be
chief, was slain at the battle of Point Pleasant, and not long after Tecum-
seh, by his bravery, became the leader of his tribe. In 1795 he was
declared chief, and then lived at Deer Creek, near the site of the
present City of Urbana. He remained here about one year, when he
returned to Piqua, and in 1798, he went to White River, Indiana. In
1805, he and his brother, Laulewasikan (Open Door), who had announced
himself as a prophet, went to a tract of land on the Wabasli River, given
them by the Pottawatomies and Kickapoos. From this date the chief
comes into prominence. He was now about thirty-seven years of age,
was five feet and ten inches in height, was stoutly built, and possessed of
enormous powers of endurance. His countenance was naturally pleas-
ing, and he was^, in general, devoid of those savage attributes possessed
by most Indians. It is stated he could read and write, and had a confi-
dential secretary and adviser, named Billy Caldwell, a half-breed, who
afterward became chief of the Pottawatomies. He occupied the first
house built on the site of Chicago. At this time, Tecumseh entered
upon the great work of his life. He had long objected to the grants of
land made by the Indians to the whites, and determined to unite all the
Indian tribes into a league, in order that no treaties or grants of land
could be made save by the consent of this confederation.

He traveled constantly, going from north to south ; from the south
to the north, everywhere urging the Indians to this step. He was a
matchless orator, and his burning words had their effect.

Gen. Harrison, then Governor of Indiana, by watching the move-
ments of the Indians, became convinced that a grand conspiracy was
forming, and made preparations to defend the settlements. Tecumseh's
plan was similar to Pontiac's, elsewhere described, and to the cunning
artifice of that chieftain was added his own sagacity.

During the year 1809, Tecumseh and the prophet were actively pre-
paring for the work. In that year. Gen. Harrison entered into a treaty
with the Delawares, Kickapoos, Pottawatomies, Miamis, Eel River Indians
and Weas, in which these tribes ceded to the whites certain lands upon
the Wabash, to all of which Tecumseh entered a bitter protest, averriing

*J0 THE NORTHWEST TERRITORY.

as one principal reason that he did not want the Indians to give up any
lands north and west of the Ohio River.

Tecuraseh, in August, 1810, visited the General at Vincennes and
held a council relating to the grievances of the Indians. Becoming unduly
ann-rv at this conference he was dismissed from the village, and soon after
departed to incite the southern Indian tribes to the conflict.

Gen. Harrison determined to move upon the chief's headquarters at
Tippecanoe, and for this purpose went about sixty-five miles up the
Wabash, where he built Fort Harrison. From this place he went to the
prophet's town, where he informed the Indians he had no hostile inten-
tions, provided they were true to the existing treaties. He encamped
near the village early in October, and on the morning of November 7, he
was attacked by a large force of the Indians, and the famous battle of
Tippecanoe occurred. The Indians were routed and their town broken
up. Tecumseh returning not long after, was greatly exasperated at his
brother, the prophet, even threatening to kill him for rashly precipitating
the war, and foiling his (Tecumseh's) plans.

Tecumseh sent word to Gen. Harrison that he was now returned
from the South, and was ready to visit the President as had at one time
previously been proposed. Gen. Harrison informed him he could not go
as a chief, which method Tecumseh desired, and the visit was never

made.

In June of the following year, he visited the Indian agent at
Fort Wayne. Here he disavowed any intention to make a war against
the United States, and reproached Gen. Harrison for marching against his
people. The agent replied to this ; Tecumseh listened with a cold indif-
ference, and after making a few general remarks, with a haughty air drew
his blanket about him, left the council house, and departed for Fort Mai-
den, in Upper Canada, where he joined the British standard.

He remained under this Government, doing effective work for the
Crown while engaged in the war of 1812 which now opened. He was,
however, always humane in his treatment of the prisoners, never allow-
ing his Avarriors to ruthlessly mutilate the bodies of those slain, or wan-
tonly murder the captive.

In the Summer of 1813, Perry's victory on Lake Erie occurred, and
shortly after active preparations were made to capture Maiden. On the
27th of September, the American army, under Gen. Harrison, set sail for
the shores of Canada, and in a few hours stood around the ruins of Mai-
den, from which the British army, under Proctor, had retreated to Sand-
wich, intending to make its way to the heart of Canada by the Valley of
the Thames. On the 20th Gen. Harrison was at Sandwich, and Gen„
Mc Arthur took possession of Detroit and the territory of Michigan.

THE NORTriWEST TERRITORY.

On the 2d of October, the Americans began their pursuit of Proctor,
whom they overtook on the 5th, and the battle of the Thames followed.
Early in the engagement, Tecumseh who was at the liead of the column
of Indians was slain, and they, no longer hearing the voice of their chief-
tain, fled. The victory was decisive, and practically closed the war in
the Northwest.

INDIANS ATTACKING A STOCKADE.

Just who killed the great chief has been a matter of much dispute ;
but the weight of opinion awards the act to Col. Richard M. Johnson,
who fired at him with a pistol, the shot proving fatal.

In 1805 occurred Burr's Insurrection. He took possession of a
beautiful island in the Ohio, after the killing of Hamilton, and is charged
by many with attempting to set up an independent government. His
plans were frustrated by the general government, his property confiscated
and he was compelled to flee the country for safety.

tj2 THE NORTHWEST TERRITORY.

In January, 1807. Governor Hull, of Michigan Territory, made a
treaty with the Indians, whereby all that peninsula was ceded to the
United States. Before the close of the year, a stockade was built about
Detroit. It was also during this year that Indiana and Illinois endeavored
to obtain the repeal of that section of the compact of 1787, whereby
slavery was excluded from the Northwest Territory. These attempts,
however, all signally failed.

In 1809 it was deemed advisable to divide the Indiana Territory.
This was done, and the Territory of Illinois was formed from the western
part, the seat of government being fixed at Kaskaskia. The next year,
the intentions of Tecumseh manifested themselves in open hostilities, and
then beuan the events already narrated.

While this war was in progress, emigration to the West went on with
surprising rapidity. In 1811, under Mr. Roosevelt of New York, the
first steamboat trip was made on the Ohio, much to the astonishment of
the natives, many of whom fled in terror at the appearance of the
" monster." It arrived at Louisville on the 10th day of October. At the
close of the first week of January, 1812, it arrived at Natchez, after being
nearly overwhelmed in the great earthquake which occurred while on its
downward trip.

The battle of the Thames was fought on October 6, 1813. It
effectually closed hostilities in the Northwest, although peace was not
fully restored until July 22, 1814, when a treaty was formed at Green-
ville, under the direction of General Harrison, between the United States
and the Indian tribes, in which it was stipulated that the Indians should
cease hostilities agfainst the Americans if the war were continued. Such,
happily, was not the case, and on the 24th of December the treaty
of Ghent was signed by the representatives of England and the United
States. This treaty was followed the next year by treaties with various
Indian tribes throughout the West and Northwest, and quiet was again
restored in this part of the new world.

On the 18th of March, 1816, Pittsburgh was incorporated as a city.
It then had a population of 8,000 people, and was already noted for its
manufacturing interests. On April 19, Indiana Territory was allowed
to form a state government. At that time there were thirteen counties
organized, containing about sixty-three thousand inhabitants. Tlie first
election of state officers was held in August, when Jonathan Jennings
was chosen Governor. The officers were sworn in on November 7, and
on December 11, the State was formally admitted into the Union. For
some time the seat of government was at Corydon, but a more central
location being desiral)le, the present capital, Indianapolis (^City of Indiana),
was laid out January 1, 1825.

THE NORTHWEST TERRITORY. 78

On tlie 28th of December the Bank of Illinois, at Shawneetown, was
chartered, with a capital of $oOO,000. At this period all banks were
under the control of the States, and were allowed to establish branches
at different convenient points.

Until this time Chillicothe and Cincinnati had in turn enjoyed the
privileges of being the capital of Ohio. But the rapid settlement of the
northern and eastern portions of the State demanded, as in Indiana, a
more central location, and before the close of the year, the site of Col-
umbus was selected and surveyed as the future capital of the State.
Banking had begun in Ohio as early as 1808, when the first bank was
chartered at Marietta, but here as elsewhere it did not bring to the state
the hoped-for assistance. It and other banks were subsequently unable
to redeem their currency, and were obliged to suspend.

In 1818, Illinois was made a state, and all the territory north of her
northern limits was erected into a separate territory and joined to Mich-
igan for judicial purposes. By the following year, navigation of the lakes
was increasing with great rapidity and affording an immense source of
revenue to the dwellers in the Northwest, but it was not until 1826 that
the trade was extended to Lake Michigan, or that steamships began to
navigate the bosom of that inland sea.

Until the year 1832, the commencement of the Black Hawk War,
but few hostilities were experienced with the Indians. Roads were
opened, canals were dug, cities were built, common schools were estab-
lished, universities were founded, many of which, especially the Michigan
University, have achieved a world wide-reputation. The people were
becoming wealthy. The domains of the United States had been extended,
and had the sons of the forest been treated with honesty and justice, the
record of many years would have been that of peace and continuous pros-
perity.

BLACK HAWK AND THE BLACK HAWK WAR.

This conflict, though confined to Illinois, is an important epoch in
the Northwestern history, being the last war with the Indians in this part
of the United States.

Ma-ka-tai-me-she-kia-kiah, or Black Hawk, was born in the principal
Sac village, about three miles from the junction of Rock River with the
Mississippi, in the year 1767. His father's name was Py-e-sa or Pahaes ;
his grandfather's, Na-na-ma-kee, or the Thunderer. Black Hawk early
distinguished himself as a warrior, and at the age of fifteen was permitted
to paint and was ranked among the braves. About the year 1783, he
went on an expedition against the enemies of his nation, the Osages, one

THE ^;ORTHWEST TERRITORY.

BLACK ILVWK, THE SAC CIIIEFTAIJST.

THE NORTHWEST TERRITORY. 75

of whom he killed and scalped, and for this deed of Indian bravery he was
permitted to join in the scalp dance. Three or four years after he, at the
head of two hundred braves, went on another expedition against the
Osages, to avenge the murder of some women and children belonging to
his own tribe. Meeting an equal number of Osage warriors, a fierce
battle ensued, in which the latter tribe lost one-half their number. The
Sacs lost only about nineteen warriors. He next attacked the Cherokees
for a similar cause. In a severe battle with them, near the present City
of St. Louis, his father was slain, and Black Hawk, taking possession of
the " Medicine Bag," at once announced himself chief of the Sac nation.
He had now conquered the Cherokees, and about the year 1800, at the
head of five hundred Sacs and Foxes, and a hundred lowas, he waged
war against the Osage nation and subdued it. For two years he battled
successfully with other Indian tribes, all of whom he conquered.

Black Hawk does not at any time seem to have been friendly to
the Americans. When on a visit to St. Louis to see his " Spanish
Father," he declined to see any of the Americans, alleging, as a reason,
he did not want two fathers.

The treaty at St. Louis was consummated in 1804. The next year the
United States Government erected a fort near the head of the Des Moines
Rapids, called Fort Edwards. This seemed to enrage Black Hawk, who
at once determined to capture Fort Madison, standing on the west side of
the Mississippi above the mouth of the Des Moines River. The fort was
garrisoned by about fifty men. Here he was defeated. The difficulties
with the British Government arose about this time, and the War of 1812
followed. That government, extending aid to the Western Indians, by
giving them arms and ammunition, induced them to remain hostile to the
Americans. In August, 1812, Black Hawk, at the head of about five
hundred braves, started to join the British forces at Detroit, passing on
his way the site of Chicago, where the famous Fort Dearborn Massacre
had a few days before occurred. Of his connection with the British
Gcvernment but little is known. In 1813 he with his little band descended
the Mississippi, and attacking some United States troops at Fort Howard
was defeated.

In the early part of 1815, the Indian tribes west of the Mississippi
were notified that peace had been declared between the United States
and England, and nearly all hostilities had ceased. Black Hawk did not
sign any treaty, however, until May of the following year. He then recog-
nized the validity of the treaty at St. Louis in 1804. From the time of
signing this treaty in 1816, until the breaking out of the war in 1832, he
and his band passed their time in the common pursuits of Indian life.

Ten years before the commencement of this war, the Sac and Fox

76 THE NORTHWEST TERRITORY.

Indians were urged to join the lowas on the west bank of the Father of
Waters. All were agreed, save the band known as the British Band, of
which Black Hawk was leader. He strenuously objected to the removal,
and was induced to comply only after being threatened with the power of
the Government. This and various actions on the part of the white set-
tlers provoked Black Hawk and his band to attempt the capture of his
native village now occupied by the whites. The war followed. He and
his actions were undoubtedly misunderstood, and had his wishes been
acquiesced in at the beginning of the struggle, much bloodshed would
have been prevented.

Black Hawk was chief now of the Sac and Fox nations, and a noted
warrior. He and his tribe inhabited a village on Rock River, nearly three
miles above its confluence with the Mississippi, where the tribe had lived
many generations. When that portion of Illinois was reserved to them,
they remained in peaceable possession of their reservation, spending their
time in the enjoyment of Indian life. The fine situation of their village
and the quality of their lands incited the more lawless white settlers, who
from time to time began to encroach upon the red men's domain. From
one pretext to another, and from one step to another, the crafty white
men gained a foothold, until through whisky and artifice they obtained
deeds from many of the Indians for their possessions. The Indians were
finally induced to cross over the Father of Waters and locate among the
lowas. Black Hawk was strenuously opposed to all this, but as the
authorities of Illinois and the United States thought this the best move, he
was forced to comply. Moreover other tribes joined the whites and urged
the removal. Black Hawk would not agree to the terms of the treaty
made with his nation for their lands, and as soon as the military, called to
enforce his removal, had retired, he returned to the Illinois side of the
river. A large force was at once raised and marched against him. On
the evening of May 14, 1832, the first engagement occurred between a
band from this army and Black Hawk's band, in which the former were
defeated.

This attack and its result aroused the whites. A large force of men
was raised, and Gen. Scott hastened from the seaboard, by way of the
lakes, with United States troops and artillery to aid in the subjugation of
the Indians. On the 24th of June, Black Hawk, with 200 warriors, was
repulsed l)y Major Demont between Rock River and Galena. The Ameri-
can army continued to move up Rock Rivei- toward the main body of
the Indians, and on the 21st of July came upon Black Hawk and his band,
and defeated them near the Blue Mounds.

Before this action, Gen. Henry, in command, sent word to the main
army by whom he was immediately rejoined, and the whole crossed the

THE NORTHWEST TERETTORY. 77

Wisconsin in pursuit of Black Hawk and his band who were fleeing to the
Mississippi. They were overtaken on the 2d of August, and in the battle
which followed the power of the Indian chief was completel.y broken. He
fled, but was seized l)y the Winnebagoes and delivered to the whites.

On the 21st of September, 18.S2, Gen. Scott and Gov. Reynolds con-
cluded a treaty with the Winnebagoes, Sacs and Foxes by which they
ceded to the United States a vast tract of country, and agreed to remain
peaceable with the whites. For the faithful performance of the provi-
sions of this treaty on the part of the Indians, it was stipulated that
Black Hawk, his two sons, the prophet Wabokieshiek, and six other chiefs
of the hostile bands should be retained as hostages during the pleasure
of the President. They were confined at Fort Barracks and put in irons.

The next Spring, by order of the Secretary of War, they were taken
to Washington. From there they were removed to Fortress Monroe,
"there to remain until the conduct of their nation was such as to justify
their being set at liberty." They were retained here until the 4th of
June, when the authorities directed them to be taken to the principal
cities so that they might see the folly of contending against the white
people. Everywhere they were observed by thousands, the name of the
old chief being extensively known. By the middle of August they
reached Fort Armstrong on Rock Island, where Black Hawk was soon
after released to go to his countrymen. As he passed the site of his birth-
place, now the home of the white man, he was deeply moved. His village
where he was born, where he had so happily lived, and where he had
hoped to die, was now another's dwelling place, and he was a wanderer.

On the next day after his release, he went at once to his tribe and
his lodge. His wife was yet living, and with her he passed the remainder
of his days. To his credit it may be said that Black Hawk always re-
mained true to his wife, and served her with a devotion uncommon among
the Indians, living with her upward of forty years.

Black Hawk now passed his time hunting and fishing. A deep mel-
ancholy had settled over him from which he could not be freed. At all
times when he visited the whites he was received with marked atten-
tion. He was an honored guest at the old settlers' reunion in Lee County,
Illinois, at some of their meetings, and received many tokens of esteem.
In September, 1838, while on his way to Rock Island to receive his
annuity from the Government, he contracted a severe cold which resulted
in- a fatal attack of bilious fever which terminated his life on October 3.
His faithful wife, who was devotedly attached to him, mourned deeply
during his sickness. After his death he was dressed in the uniform pre-
sented to him by the President while in Washington. He was buried in
a grave six feet in depth, situated upon a beautiful eminence. " The

78 THE NORTHWEST TERRITORY.

body was placed in the middle of the grave, in a sitting posture, upon a
seat constructed for the purpose. On his left side, the cane, given him
by Henry Clay, was placed upright, with his right hand resting upon it.
Many of the old warrior's trophies were placed in the grave, and some
Indian garments, together with his favorite weapons."

No sooner was the Black Hawk war concluded than settlers began
rapidly to pour into the northern parts of Illinois, and into Wisconsin,
now free from Indian depredations. Chicago, from a trading post, had
grown to a commercial center, and was rapidly coming into prominence.
In 1835, the formation of a State Government in Michigan was discussed,
but did not take active form until two years later, when the State became
a part of the Federal Union.

Tlie main attraction to that portion of the Northwest lying west of
Lake Michigan, now included in the State of Wisconsin, was its alluvial
wealth. Copper ore was found about Lake Superior. For some time this
region was attached to Michigan for judiciary purposes, but in 1830 was
made a territory, then including Minnesota and Iowa. The latter State
was detached two years later. In 1848, Wisconsin was admitted as a
State, Madison being made the capital. We have now traced the various
divisions of the Northwest Territory (save a little in Minnesota) from
the time it was a unit comprising this vast territory, until circumstances
compelled its present division.

CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES 79

CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA

AND ITS AMENDMENTS.

We, the people of the United States, in order to form a more perfect union,
establish justice, insure domestic tranquillity, provide for the common
defense, promote the general welfare, and secure the hlessiufjs of liberty
to ourselves and our posterity, do ordain and establish this Constitution
for the United States of America.

Article I.

Section 1. All legislative x^owers herein granted shall be vested in
a Conofross of the United States, which shall consist of a Senate and
House of Representatives.

Sec. 2. The House of Representatives shall be composed of mem-
bers chosen every second 3^ear by the people of the several states, and the
electors in each state shall have the qualifications requisite for electors of
the most numerous branch of the State Legislature.

No person shall be a representative who shall not have attained to the
age of twenty-five 5^ears, and been seven years a citizen of the United
States, and who shall not, when elected, be an inhabitant of that state in
which he shall be chosen.

Representatives and direct taxes shall be apportioned among the sev-
eral states which may be included within this Union, according to their
respective numbers, which shall be determined by adding to the whole
number of free persons, including those bound to service for a term of
years, and excluding Indians not taxed, three-fifths of all other persons.
The actual enumeration shall be made within three years after the first
meeting of the Congress of the United States, and within every subse-
quent term of ten years, in such manner as they shall by law direct. The
number of Representatives shall not exceed one for every thirty thousand,
but each state shall have at least one Representative ; and until such
enumeration shall be made the State of New Hampshire shall be entitled
to choose three, Massachusetts eight, Rhode Island and Providence Plan-
tations one, Connecticut five. New York six, New Jersey four, Pennsylva-
nia eight, Delaware one, Maryland six, Virginia ten. North Carolina five,
and Georgia three.

When vacancies happen in the representation from any state, the
Executive authority thereof shall issue writs of election to fill such
vacancies.

The House of Representatives shall choose their Speaker and other
officers, and shall have the sole power of impeachment.

Sec. 3. The Senate of the United States shall be composed of two
Senators from each state, chosen by the Legislature thereof for six years ;
and each Senator shall have one vote.

Immediately after they shall be assembled in consequence of the first
election, they shall be divided as equally as may be into three classes.
The seats of the Senators of the first class shall be vacated at the expira-

80 AND ITS AMENDAIENTS.

tion of the second year, of the second class at the expiration of the fourth
year, and of the third class at the expiration of the sixth year, so that
one-third may be chosen every second year; and if vacancies happen by
resignation or otherwise, during the recess of the Legislature of any state,
the Executive thereof may make temporary appointments until the next
meeting of the Legislature, which shall then fill such vacancies.

No person shall be a Senator who shall not have attained to the age
of thirty years and been nine years a citizen of the United States, and
who shall not, when elected, be an inhabitant of that state for which he
shall be chosen.

The Vice-President of the United States shall be President of the
Senate, but shall have no vote unless they be equally divided.

The Senate shall choose their other officers, and also a President pro
tempore, ia the absence of the Vice-President, or when he shall exercise
the office of President of the United States.

The Senate shall have the sole power to try all impeachments. When
sitting for that purpose they shall be on oath or affirmation. When the
President of the United States is tried the Chief Justice shall preside.
And no person shall be convicted without the concurrence of two-thirds
of the members present.

Judgment, in cases of impeachment, shall not extend further than to
removal from office, and disqualification to hold and enjoy any office of
honor, trust, or profit under the United States; but the party convicted
shall nevertheless be liable and subject to indictment, trial, judgment,
and punishment according to law.

Sec. 4. The times, places and manner of holding elections for Sen-
ators and Representatives shall be prescribed in each state by the Legis-
lature thereof ; but the Congress may at any time by law make or alter
such regulations, except as to the places of choosing Senators.

The Congress shall assemble at least once in every year, and such
meeting shall be on the first Monday in December, unless they shall by
law appoint a different day.

Sec. 5. Each house shall be the judge of the election, returns, and
qualifications of its own members, and a majority of each shall constitute
a quorum to do business ; but a smaller number may adjourn from day to
day, and may be authorized to compel the attendance of absent members
in such manner and under such penalties as each house may provide.

Each house may determine the rules of its proceedings, punish its
members for disorderly behavior, and, with the concurrence of two-thirds,
expel a member.

Each house shall keep a journal of its proceedings, and from time to
time publish the same, excepting such parts as may, in their judgment,
require secrecy ; and the yeas and nays of the members of either house
on any question shall, at the desire of one-fifth of those present, be entered
on the journal.

Neither house, during the session of Congress, shall, without the
consent of the other, adjourn for more than three days, nor to any other
place than that in which the two houses shall be sitting.

Sec. 6. The Senators and Representatives shall receive a compen-
sation for their services, to be ascertained by law, and paid out of the
treasury of the United States. They shall in all cases, except treason,

CONSTITUTION OP THE UNITED STATES

felony, and breach of the peace, be privileged from arrest during their
attendance at the session of their respective houses, and in going to and
returning from the same ; and for any speech or debate in either house
they shall not be questioned in any other place.

No Senator or Representative shall, during the time for which he was
elected, be appointed to any civil office under the authority of the United
States, which shall have been created, or the emoluments whereof shall
have been increased during such time ; and no person holding any office
under the United States, shall be a member of either house during his
continuance in office.

Sec. 7. All bills for raising revenue shall originate in the House of
Representatives ; but the Senate may propose or concur with amendments
as on other bills.

Every bill which shall have passed the House of Representatives and
the Senate, shall, before it becomes a law, be presented to the President
of the United States ; if he approve he shall sign it ; but if not he shall
return it, with his objections, to that house in which it shall have origi-
nated, who shall enter the objections at large on their journal, and
proceed to reconsider it. If, after such reconsideration two-thirds of that
house shall agree to pass the bill, it shall be sent, together with the objec-
tions, to the other house, by which it shall likewise be reconsidered, and if
approved by two-thirds of that house, it shall become a law. But in all
such cases the votes of both houses shall be determined by yeas and nays,
and the names of the persons voting for and against the bill shall be entered
on the journal of each house respectively. If any bill shall not be returned
by the President within ten days (Sundays excepted), after it shall have
been presented to him, the same shall be a law, in like manner as if he
had signed it, unless the Congress, by their adjournment, prevent its
return, in which case it shall not be a law.

Every order, resolution, or vote to which the concurrence of the
Senate and House of Representatives may be necessary (except on a
question of adjournment), shall be presented to the President of the
United States, and before the same shall take effect shall be approved by
him, or, being disapproved by him, shall be re-passed by two-thirds of
the Senate and House of Representatives, according to the rules and lim-
itations prescribed in the case of a bill.

Sec. 8. The Congress shall have power —

To lay and collect taxes, r uties, imposts and excises, to pay the debts,
and provide for the comu.:,L. aefense and general welfare of the United
States ; but all duties, imposts, and excises shall be uniform throughout
the United States ;

To borrow money on the credit of the United States ;

To regulate commerce with foreign nations, and among the several
States, and with the Indian tribes ;

To establish a uniform rule of naturalization, and uniform laws on
the subject of bankruptcies throughout the United States ;

To coin money, regulate the value thereof, and of foreign coin, and
fix the standard of weights and measures ;

To provide for the punishment of counterfeiting the securities and
current coin of the United States ;

To establish post offices and post roads ;

82 AND ITS AMENDMENTS.

To promote the progress of sciences and useful arts, by securing,
for limited times, to authors and inventors, the exclusive right to their
respective writings and discoveries ;

To constitute tribunals inferior to the Supreme Court ;

To define and punish piracies and felonies committed on the high
seas, and offenses against the law of nations ;

To declare war, grant letters of marque and reprisal, and make rules
concerning captures on land and water ;

To raise and support armies, but no appropriation of money to that
use shall be for a longer term than two years ;

To provide and maintain a navy ;

To make rules for the government and regulation of the land and
naval forces ;

To provide for calling forth the militia to execute the laws of the
Union, suppress insurrections, and repel invasions ;

To provide for organizing, arming and disciplining the militia, and
for governing such part of them as may be employed in the service of the
United States, reserving to the states respectively the appointment of the
officers, and the authority of training the militia according to the disci-
pline prescribed by Congress ;

To exercise legislation in all cases whatsoever over such district (not
exceeding ten miles square) as may, by cession of particular states, and the
acceptance of Congress, become the seat of the government of the United
States, and to exercise like authority over all places purchased by the
consent of the Legislature of the state in which the same shall be, for
the erection of forts, magazines, arsenals, dock yards, and other needful
buildings ; and

To make all laws which shall be necessary and proper for carrying
into execution the foregoing powers, and all other powers vested by this
Constitution in the government of the United States, or in any depart-
ment or officer thereof.

Sec. 9. The migration or importation of such persons as any of the
states now existing shall think proper to admit, shall not be prohibited
by the Congress prior to the year one thousand eight hundred and eight,
but a tax or duty may be imposed on such importation, not exceeding ten
dollars for each person.

The privilege of the writ of habeas corpus shall not be suspended,
unless when in cases of rebellion or invasion the public safety may
require it.

No bill of attainder or ex post facto law shall be passed.

No capitation or other direct tax shall be laid, unless in proportion
to the census or enumeration hereinbefore directed to be taken.

No tax or duty shall be laid on articles exported from any state.

No preference shall be given by any regulation of commerce or rev-
enue to tlie ports of one state over those of another; nor shall vessels
bound to or from one state be obliged to enter, clear, or pay duties in
another.

No money shall be drawn from the Treasury, but in consequence of
appropriations made by law ; and a regular statement and account of
the receipts and expcditures of all public money shall be published from
time to time.

CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES 83

No title of noliility shall be granted l)y the United States : and no
person holding any office of profit or trust under them, shall, without the
consent of the Congress, accept of any present, emolument, office, or title
of any kind whatever, from any king, prince, or foreign state.

Sec. 10. No state shall enter into any treaty, alliance, or confeder-
ation ; grant letters of marque and reprisal; coin money; emit bills of
credit ; make anything but gold and silver coin a tender in payment of
debts ; pass any bill of attainder, ex post facto law, or law impairing the
obligation of contracts, or grant any title of nobility.

No state shall, without the consent of the Congress, lay any imposts
or duties on imports or exports, except what may be absolutely necessary
for executing its inspection laws, and the net produce of all duties and
imposts laid by any state on imports or exports, shall be for the use of the
Treasury of the United States ; and all such laws shall be subject to the
revision and control of the Congress.

No state shall, without the consent of Congress, lay any duty on
tonnage, keej) troops or ships of war in time of peace, enter into any
agreement or compact with another state, or with a foreign power, or
engage in war, unless actually invaded, or in such imminent danger as will
not admit of delay.

Article II.

Section 1. The Executive power shall be vested in a President of
the United States of America. He shall hold his office during the term
of four years, and, together with the Vice-President chosen for the same
term, be elected as follows :

Each state shall appoint, in such manner as the Legislature thereof
may direct, a number of Electors, equal to the whole number of Senators
and Representatives to which the state may be entitled in the Congress ;
but no Senator or Representative, or person holding an office of trust or
profit under the United States, shall be appointed an Elector.

[ * The Electors shall meet in their respective states, and vote by
ballot for two persons, of whom one at least shall not be an inhabitant of
the same state with themselves. And they shall make a list of all the
persons voted for, and of the number of votes for each ; which list they
shall sign and certify, and transmit, sealed, to the seat of the government
of the United States, directed to the President of the Senate. The Pres-
ident of the Senate shall, in the presence of the Senate and House of Rep-
resentatives, open all the certificates, and the votes shall then be counted.
The person having the greatest number of votes shall be the President,
if such number be a majority of the whole number of Electors appointed ;
and if there be more than one who have such majority, and have an equal
number of votes, then the House of Representatives shall immediately
choose by ballot one of them for President ; and if no person have a ma-
jority, then from the five highest on the list the said House shall in like
manner choose the President. But in choosing the President, the vote
shall be taken by states, the representation from each state having one
vote ; a quorum for this purpose shall consist of a member or members
from two-thirds of the states, and a majority of all the states shall be
necessary to a choice. In every case, after the choice of the President,

*Thls clause between .brackets bas been superseded and annulled by tbe Twelfth amendment.

84 AND ITS AMENDMENTS.

the person having the greatest number of votes of the Electors shall be
the Vice-President. But if there should remain two or more who have
equal votes, the Senate shall choose from them by ballot the Vice-Presi-
dent.]

The Congress may determine the time of choosing the Electors, and
the day on which they shall give their votes ; which day shall be the same
throughout the United States.

No person except a natural born citizen, or a citizen of the United
States at the time of the adoption of this Constitution, shall be eligible
to the office of President ; neither shall any person be eligible to that
office who shall not have attained the age of thirty-five years, and been
fourteen years a resident within the United States.

In case of the removal of the President from office, or of his death,
resignation, or inability to discharge the powers and duties of the said
office, the same shall devolve on the Vice-President, and the Congress
may by law provide for the case of removal, death, resignation, or inabil-
ity, both of the President and Vice-President, declaring what officer shall
then act as President, and such officer shall act accordingly, until the dis-
ability be removed, or a President shall be elected.

The President shall, at stated times, receive for his services a com-
pensation which shall neither be increased nor diminished during the
period for which he shall have been elected, and he shall not receive
within that period any other emolument from the United States or any of
them.

Before he enters on the execution of his office, he shall take the fol-
lowing oath or affirmation :

" I do solemnly swear (or affirm) that I will faithfully execute the
office of President of the United States, and will, to the best of my ability,
preserve, protect, and defend the Constitution of the United States."

Sec. 2. The President shall be commander in chief of the army and
navy of the United States, and of the militia of the several states, when
called into the actual service of the United States; he may require the
opinion, in writing, of the principal officer in each of the executive
departments, upon any subject relating to the duties of their respective
offices, and he shall have power to grant reprieves and pardon for offenses
against the United States, except in cases of impeachment.

He shall have power, by and with the advice and consent of the
Senate, to make treaties, provided two-thirds of the Senators present con-
cur; ai)d he shall nominate, and by and with the advice of the Senate,
shall appoint ambassadors, other public ministers and consuls, judges of
the Supreme Court, and all other officers of the United States whose
appointments are not herein otherwise provided for, and which shall be
established by law ; but the Congress may by law vest the appointment
of such inferior officers as they think proper in the President alone, in
the courts of law, or in the heads of departments.

The President shall have power to fill up all vacancies that may
happen during the recess of the Senate, by granting commissions which
shall expire at the end of their next session.

Sec. 8. lie shall from time to time give to the Congress information
of the state of the Union, and recommend to their consideration such mea-
sures as he shall judge necessary and expedient; he may on extraordinary

CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES 86

occasions convene both houses, or either of them, and in case of disagree-
ment between them, with respect to the time of adjournment, he may
adjourn them to such time as he shall think proper ; he shall receive
ambassadors and other public ministere ; he shall take care that the laws be
faithfully executed, and shall commission all the officers of the United
States.

Sec. 4. The President, Vice-President, and all civil officers of the
United States, shall be removed from office on impeachment for, and con-
viction of, treason, bribery, or other high crimes and misdemeanors.

Article III. »

Section I. The judicial power of the United States shall be vested
in one Supreme Court, and such inferior courts as the Congress may from
time to time ordain and establish. The Judges, both of the Supreme and
inferior courts, shall hold their offices during good behavior, and shall, at
stated times, receive for their services a compensation, which shall not be
diminished during their continuance in office.

Sec. 2. The judicial power shall extend to all cases, in law and
equity, arising under this Constitution, the laws of the United States, and
treaties made, or which shall be made, under their authority ; to all cases
affecting ambassadors, other public ministers, and consuls ; to all cases of
admiralty and maritime jurisdiction ; to controversies to which the United
States shall be a party ; to controversies between two or more states ;
between a state and citizens of another state ; between citizens of differ-
ent states ; between citizens of the same state claiming lands under grants
of different states, and between a state or the citizens thereof, and foreign
states, citizens, or subjects.

In all cases affecting ambassadors, other public ministers, and consuls,
and those in which a state shall be a party, the Supreme Court shall have
original jurisdiction.

In ail the other cases before mentioned, the Supreme Court shall
have appellate jurisdiction, both as to law and fact, with such exceptions
and under such regulations as the Congress shall make.

The trial of all crimes, except in cases of impeachment, shall be by
jury ; and such trial shall be held in the state where the said crimes shall
have been committed ; but when not committed within any state, the
trial shall be at such place or places as the Congress may by law have
directed.

Sec. 3. Treason against the United States shall consist only in levy-
ing war against them, or in adhering to their enemies, giving them aid
and comfort. No person shall be convicted of treason unless on the tes-
timony of two witnesses to the same overt act, or on confession in open
court.

The Congress shall have power to declare the punishment of treason,
but no attainder of treason shall work corruption of blood, or forfeiture,
except during the life of the person attainted.

Article IV.

Section 1. Full faith and credit shall be given in each state to the
public acts, records, and judicial proceedings of every other state. And

86 AND ITS AJSIENDMENTS.

the Congress may, by general laws, prescribe the manner in which such
acts, records, and proceedings shall be proved, and the effect thereof.

Sec. 2. Tlie citizens of each state shall be entitled to all privileges
and immunities of citizens in the several states.

A person charged in any state witli treason, felony, or other crime,
who shall flee from justice and be found in another state, shall, on demand
of the executive authority of the state from which he fled, be delivered
up, to be removed to the state having jurisdicl'.on of the crime.

No person lield to service or labor in one state, under the laws thereof
escaping into another, shall, in consequence of any law or regulation
therein, be discharged from such service or labor, but shall be delivered
up on the claim of the party to whom such service or labor may be due.

Sec. 3. New states may be admitted by the Congress into this Union ;
but no new state shall be formed or erected within the jurisdiction of any
other state ; nor any state be formed by the junction of two or more states,
or parts of states, without the consent of the Legislatures of the states
concerned, as well as of the Congress.

The Congress shall have power to dispose of and make all needful
rules and regulations respecting the territor}'- or other property belonging
to the United States ; and nothing in this Constitution shall be so construed
as to prejudice any claims of the United States or of any particular state.

Sec. 4. The United States shall guarantee to every state in this
Union a republican form of government, and shall protect each of them
against invasion, and on application of the Legislature, or of the Execu-
tive (when the Legislature can not be convened), against domestic vio-
lence.

Article V.

The Congress, whenever two-thirds of both houses shall deem it
necessary, shall propose amendments to this Constitution, or, on the ap-
plication of the Legislatures of two-thirds of the several states, shall call
a convention for proposing amendments, which, in either case, shall be
valid to all intents and purposes as part of this Constitution, when rati-
fied by the Legislatures of tliree fourths of the several states, or by con-
ventions in three-fourths thereof, as the one or the other mode of ratifi-
cation may be proposed by the Congress. Provided that no amendment
which may be made prior to the year one thousand eight hundred and
eight shall in any manner affect the first and fourth clauses in the ninth
section of the first article ; and that no state, without its consent, shall
be deprived of its equal suffrage in the Senate.

Article VI.

All debts contracted and engagements entered into before the adop-
tion of this Constitution shall be as valid against the United States under
this Constitution as under the Confederation.

This Constitution, and the laws of the United States which shall be
made in pursuance thereof, and all treaties made, or which shall be made,
under the authority of the United States, shall be the supreme law of the
land ; and the Judges in every state shall be bound thereby, anything in
the Constitution or laws of any state to the contrary notwithstanding.

The Senators and Representatives before mentioned, and the mem-

CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES

bers of the several state Legislatures, and all executive and judicial offi-
cers, both of the United States and of the several states, shall be bound
by oath or afifirmation to support this Constitution ; but no religious test
shall ever be required as a qualification to any office or public trust under
the United States.

Article VII.

The ratification of the Conventions of nine states shall be sufficient
for the establishment of this Constitution between the states so ratifying
the same.

Done in convention by the unanimous consent of the states present, the
seventeenth day of September, in the year of our Lord one thousand
seven hundred and eighty-seven, and of the independence of the
United States of America the twelfth. In witness whereof we have
hereunto subscribed our names.

GEO. WASHINGTON,

President and Deputy from Virginia.

New Hampshire.
John Langdon,
Nicholas Gillian.

Massachusetts.
Nathaniel Gokham,
RuFus King.

Connecticut.
Wm. Sam'l Johnson,
Roger Sherman.

Delaware.
Geo. Read,
John Dickinson,
Jaco. Broom,
Gunning Bedford, Jr.,
Richard Bassett.

Maryland.
James M'Henry,
Danl. Carroll,
Dan. of St. Thos. Jenifer.

Neiv York.
Alexander Hamilton.

New Jersey.
WiL. Livingston,
Wm. Paterson,
David Brearley,
Jona. Dayton.

Virginia.
John Blair,
James Madison, Jr.

North Carolina.
Wm. Blount,
Hu. Williamson,
Rich'd Dobbs Spaiget.

Pennsylvania.
B. Franklin,
RoBT. Morris,
Thos. Fitzsimons,
James Wilson,
Thos. Mifflin,
Geo. Clymer,
Jared Ingersoll,
Gouv. Morris.

South Carolina.
j. rutledge,
Charles Pinckney,
Chas. Cotesworth Pinckney,
Pierce Butler.

Georgia.
William Few,
A BR. Baldwin.

WILLLVM JACKSON, Secretary.

88 AND ITS AMENDMENTS.

Articles in Addition to and Amendatory of the Constitution
OF THE United States of America.

Proposed ly Congress and ratified hy the Legislatures of the several states,
pursuant to the fifth article of the original Constitution.

Article I.

Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion,
or prohibiting the free exercise thereof; or abridging the freedom of
speech, or of ''the press; or the right of the people peaceably to assemble,
and to petition the Government for a redress of grievances.

Article II.

A well regulated militia being necessary to the security of a free
state, the right of the people to keep and bear arms shall not be infringed.

Article III.

No soldier shall, in time of peace, be quartered in any house without
the consent of the owner, nor in time of war but in a manner to be pre-
scribed by law.

Article IV.

The right of the people to be secure in their persons, houses, papers,
and effects against unreasonable searches and seizures, shall not be vio-
lated ; and no warrants shall issue but upon probable cause, supported by
oath or affirmation, and particularly describing the place to be uearched
and the persons or things to be seized.

Article V.

No person shall be held to answer for a capital or otherwise infamous
crime, unless on a presentment or indictment of a Grand Jury, except in
cases arising in the land or naval forces, or in the militia when in actual
service in time of war or public danger ; nor shall any person be subject
for the same offense to be twice put in jeopardy of life or limb ; nor shall
l)e compelled in any criminal case to be a witness against himself, nor be
deprived of life, liberty, or property, without due process of law ; nor
ehall private property be taken for public use, without just compensation.

Article VI.

In all criminal prosecutions, the accused shall enjoy the right to a
epeedy and public trial, by an impartial jury of the state and district
wherein the crime shall have been committed, which district shall have
been previously ascertained by law, and to be informed of the nature and
cause of the accusation ; to be confronted with the witnesses against him;
to have compulsory process for obtaining witnesses in his favor ; and to
have the assistance of counsel for his defense.

Article VII.

In suits at common law, where the value in controversy shall exceed
twenty dollars, the right of trial by jury shall be preserved, and no fact

CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES 89

tried by a jury shall be otherwise re-examined in any court of the United
States than according to the rules of the common law.

Article VIII.

Excessive bail shall not be required, nor excessive fines imposed,
nor cruel and unusual punishments inflicted.

Article IX.

The enumeration, in the Constitution, of certain rights, shall not be
construed to deny or disparage others retained by the people.

Article X.

The powers not delegated to the United States by the Constitution,
nor prohibited by it to the states, are reserved to the states respectively,

or to the people.

Article XI.

The judicial power of the United States shall not be construed to
extend to any suit in law or equity commenced or prosecuted against one
of the United States by citizens of another state, or by citizens or sub-
jects of any foreign state.

Article XII.

The Electors shall meet in their respective states and vote by ballot
for President and Vice-President, one of whom, at least, shall not be an
inhabitant of the same state with themselves ; they shall name in their
ballots the person to be voted for as president, and in distinct ballots the
person voted for as Vice-President, and they shall make distinct lists of
all persons voted for as President, and of all persons voted for as Vice-
President, and of the number of votes for each, which list they shall sign
and certify, and transmit sealed to the seat of the government of the United
States, directed to the President of the Senate. The President of the
Senate shall, in presence of the Senate and House of Representatives,
open all the certificates, and the votes shall then be counted. The person
having the greatest number of votes for President shall be the President,
if such number be a majority of the whole number of Electors appointed -,
and if no person have such majority, then from the persons having the
highest number not exceeding three on the list of those voted for as
President, the House of Representatives shall choose immediately, by
ballot, the President. But in choosing the President, the votes shall be
taken by States, the representation from each state having one vote; a
quorum for this purpose shall consist of a member or members from two-
thirds of the states, and a majority of all the states shall be necessary to
a choice. And if the House of Representatives shall not choose a Presi-
dent whenever the right of choice shall devolve upon them, before the
fourth day of March next following, then the Vice-President shall act as
President, as in the case of the death or other constitutional disability of
the President. The person having the greatest number of votes as Vice-
President, shall be the Vice-President, if such number be the majority
of the whole number of electors appointed, and if no person have a major-

90 AND ITS AMENDMENTS.

ity then from the two highest numbers on the list, the Senate shall choose
the Vice-President ; a quorum for the purpose shall consist of two-thirds
of the whole number of Senators, and a majority of the whole number
shall .be necessary to a choice. But no person constitutionally ineligilile
to (ire office of President shall be eligible to that of Vice-President of the

United States.

Aeticle XIII.

Section 1. Neither slavery nor involuntary servitude, except as a
punishment for crime, whereof the party shall have been duly convicted,
shall exist within the United States, or any place subject to their juris-
diction.

Sec. 2. Congress shall have power to enforce this article by appro-
priate legislation.

Article XIV.

Section 1. All persons born or naturalized in the United States and
subject to the jurisdiction thereof, are citizens of the United States, and
of the state wherein they reside. No state shall make or enforce any law
which shall abridge the privileges or immunities of citizens of the United
States; nor shall any state deprive any person of life, liberty, or property,
without due process of law, nor deny to any person within its jurisdiction
the equal protection of the laws.

Sec. 2. Representatives shall be appointed among the several states
according to their respective numbers, counting the whole number of per-
Bons in each state, excluding Indians not taxed ; but when the right to
vote at any election for the choice of Electors for President and Vice-
President of the United States, Representatives in Congress, the execu-
tive and judicial officers of a state, or the members of the Legislature
thereof, is denied to any of the male inhabitants of such state, being
twenty-one years of age and citizens of the United States, or in any way
abridged except for participation in rebellion or other crimes, the basis of
representation therein shall be reduced in the proportion which the num-
ber of such male citizens shall bear to the whole number of male citizens
twenty-one years of age in such state.

Sec. 3. No person "shall be a Senator or Representative in Congress,
or Elector of President and Vice-President, or hold any office, civil or
military, under the United States, or under any state, who, having previ-
ously taken an oath as a Member of Congress, or as an officer of the
United States, or as a member of any state Legislature, or as an execu-
tive or judicial officer of any state to support the Constitution of the
United States, shall have engaged in insurrection or rebellion against the
Bame, or given aid or comfort to the enemies thereof. But Congress may
by a vote of two-thirds of each house, remove such disalulity.

Sec. 4. The validity of the public debt of the United States author-
ized by law, including debts incurred for payment of pensions and boun-
ties for services in suppressing insurrection or rebellion, shall not be ques-
tioned. But neither the United States nor any state shall pay any debt
or ol)ligation incurred in the aid of insurrection or rebellion against the
United States, or any loss or emancipation of any slave, but such debts,
obligations, and claims shall be held illegal and void.

CONSTITUTION OP THE UNITED STATES.

Article XV.

Section 1. The right of citizens of the United States to vote shall not
be denied or abridged by the United States, or by any State, on account of jace,
color, or previous condion of servitude.

PERRY'S MONUMENT, CLEVELAND, OHIO.

On Lake Shore & Michigan Southern Railway.

PART II.

HISTORY OF GUMBERLMD COUNTY.

BY J, n. BATTLE.

ORGANIZATION AND DEVELOPMENT.

. OKIGIX OF THE COUNTY.

nr^HE region of country now contained within the limits of Cum-
-^ berland County, III., was subject to the legal jurisdiction of
various seats of justice before it became the home of citizens. Its
earlier allegiance was paid to Darwin, the early county-seat of Clark
County. Crawford County was organized in 181H, and originally
comprised the territory included between the Wabash and Kaskas-
kia rivers, and from its present southern line to the northern limits
of the United States. In the following year, Clark County was
formed, including all the territory of Crawford north of its present
northern boundary, between the two rivers. The fircvt white settlers
in this region found it tributtiry to D.irwin and a part of Clark
Comity. In 1821, Fayette County curtailed the original extent of
Clark on the west, and in 1823 by the formation of Edgar, in 1827
by Shelby, and in 1831 by Coles. The inhalntants of this region
at this time were too few and scattered to exercise much influence
upon the formation of its parent county, Coles, and it seems to have
been formed in accordance with the natural law of development of
the State. Darwin, the center of trade, as well as governmental
influence, proved so inconveniently distant for so many that the
growing population demanded better facilities, and the new county
was formed. The records of Cumborhmd County show, of course,
no account of this early separation from Clark County, nor, in fact,
ot the separation from Coles. Although some movement was early
made to transcribe the records pertaining to the original history of
Cumberland, nothing of this was eftected. With the increase of
population and the construction of the great National road, the peo-
ple here became dis,satir>fli'(l with th;' remoteness of the county-seat,
and anxious to build \\\^ i)rivate interests which early clustered along

6 91

92 HISTORY OF CUMBEIiLAND COUNTY.

the great thorouglit'are, the leading men moved for the erection of
a new county. It was generally agreed that Coles County, which
included Douglas and Cumberland as well, was too large and would
necessarily be divided sooner or later, and a contest, mainly supported
by various towns ambitious to serve as the seat of justice, early
spranor up over the method of division. The people of Charleston
desired the territory to be divided into three counties so as to leave
that point the central place in the county, and hence the inevitable
county-seat of the new county of Coles. Other localities desired an
equal division of the territory into two counties, and the two propo-
sitions were known respectively as the " crop " and " split " plans.
This topic was the great overshadowing issue in at least three cam-
paiofns, the candidates for the legislature announcing themselves on
the stump as favoring the one plan or the other. Twice were can-
didates elected to favor the division of the county, but in each case
the opposition mustered so strong an influence that no division was
made. In 1842, Starkweather announced his position as first for a
" split," second for a " crop," but in any event for a new county,
and on this platform he was elected. The efibrt culminated in an
act of the legislature, which was approved March 2, 1843. This act
provided: " That, from and after the first day of May next, all that
part of Coles County lying south of a line beginning at the north-
west corner of Section 30, in Township 11 north of Range 7 east ot
the third principal mericUan line, running thence east along the sev-
eral section-lines to the western boundary line of Clark County,
shall form a new county to be called Cumberland County.

" Sec. 2. An election shall be held on the first Monday of April
next, at the town of Greenup, and at the town of Woodbury, at the
house of James Gill, at Bcni White's, Berry's Mill, at Rufl"ner's, at
Long Point, for the election of a Sheriff, Coroner, County Recorder,
County Surveyor, Probate Justice of the Peace, Clerk of the County
Commissioners' Court, County Treasurer, School Commissioner, and
three County Conunissioners for the said county of Cumberland, at
which said election anv number of leofal voters not less than fifteen,
who shall be present, may choose from among themselves a suflicient
number of persons to act as judges of said election, who, after being
sworn, as also the clerks, shall proceed to open and hold said elec-
tion according to the rules and regulations prescribed by law for
conducting general elections in this State, at which said election all
persons, entitled by law, residing in the boundaries prescribed for
Cumberland County, to vote for members of the General Assembly,
shall I»e entitled to vote at said election.

HI8TOKY OF CUMBERLAND COUNTY. 93

" Sec. 3. Alter the said election shall be closed, it shall be the
duty of the judges and clerks holdini^ the same to affix to each of the
poll-books a statement of the names of each person voted for and the
otfice he was intended to fill, and the number of votes such person
received, and certify the same; one of which said i)oll-books they
shall seal up under an envelope, directed to John Wolf, Judson
HoUey, and Alexander ]\Iagre\v, and it shall be the duty of one ot
the said judges or clerks to deliver the same to the said persons on
or before the third day after the close of the said election; and it
shall be the duty of said Wolf, HoUey and Magrew, or any two of
them, to meet at the town of Greenup on the third day after the
close of said election, and if the polls of said election shall be deliv-
ered to them, or either of them, to proceed to open the said election
returns, and after comparing the returns of said election, they shall
make out a written statement thereof, and shall transmit a copy
thereof, certified by them, to the Secretary of State, and it shall be
the duty of the Secretary of State to make out commissions to such
of the persons as shall appear to be elected, who are entitled by law
to be commissioned by the Governor, and transmit the same to the
persons so commissioned; provided, however, that contested elections
for any of the above named officers shall be determined according to
the principles contained in the laws of this State concerning con-
tested elections.

" Sec. 4. The seat of justice for Cumberland County shall, for
the present, be at the town of Greenup, and shall, hereafter, be per-
manently located in the following manner, to-wit: At the general
election, to be held on the first Monday in August next, a poll-book
shall be opened for the dift'erent points to be run for the county-seat;
provided, hoioever, that no place shall be voted for unless its propri-
etors or friends shall, at least twenty days previous to said election,
execute a bond with sufficient security, designating the quantity of
land patented by General Government and free from legal incum-
brances, setting forth the metes and bounds of said land, or the
number and location of town lots, or the amount of money, work, or
labor, or materials to be used in erecting the county buildings which
the proprietors or friends of any point may propose to give, which
said bond shall be subject to the approval of the County Commis-
sioners' Court, and be filed in their office; and at said election a col-
umn shall be opened for each point whose friends shall have executed
bond as aforesaid, and all persons qualified at the time for holding
.said election to vote for a member of the General Assembly shall be
entitled to vote for the location of said seat of justice, and the point.

1)4 HISTORY OF CUMBERLAND COUNTY.

if any, receiving the majority of the legal votes cast at said election,
shall be the permanent seat of justice for said Cumberland County.
"When the votes of said election are compared by the proper officers,
if it shall appear that neither one of the points voted for shall have
received a majority of the whole votes cast, then it shall be the duty
of the County Conmiissioners' Court to appoint a day within three
months thereafter for holding another election, and shall publish
written notices thereof in at least six of the most public places in
the county, for one month, and a column shall be opened at each
election precinct, for the two points having received the highest
number of votes at the preceding election, and the point receiving
the highest number of votes at said second election shall be the per-
manent seat of justice; and if changed from the town of Greenup
the offices shall be removed to said new seat of justice so soon as
public Iniildings can be prepared therefor. If any shall desire to
contest the election in regard to the seat of justice, they shall,
ivithin thirty days, thereafter, give notice that they will proceed
before a Justice of the Peace of the county to take depositions that
certain persons (naming them) who voted at said election were not
qualified voters, or that fraud or unftiirness (stating in what such
fraud or unfairness consisted) was practiced in said election; at which
time and place all the testimony on both sides shall be written down,
and the matter in controversy shall be decided by the County Com-
missioners' Court, subject to an appeal to the Circuit Court at any
time within twenty days after the decision of the County Commis-
sioners' Court; provided, that the notice in regard to the contested
election as to the seat of justice shall be posted up in six of the
most public places in the county. It shall be the duty of the Com-
missioners' Court of Cumberland County to cause public buildings
to be erected at the ])ermanent seat of justice when located in the
manner provided in this act, and for that purpose they are hereby
authorized to lay ofl* any land that may be donated to, or acquired
for the county, into town lots, and may sell and convey all or any
part of such land or town lots, so donated or acquired, and appro-
l)riate any money, work or labor, or materials owned by or due to
said county in the construction of county buildings as aforesaid.

"Sec. 5. All Justices of the Peace and Constables residing in
Coles County, and in oifice on the first jSlonday of May next, shall
continue in office and exercise all the duties required of them by law
in Cumberland County until their successors shall be elected and
(pialificd according to law, and shall be liable to the same penalties
for omission of duty as if no change or division of Coles County had

HISTORY OF CUMBERL^iiND COUNTi'. 95

taken j)liK'e uiuler this act, and be entitled to the same emolnments
for their services.

" Sec. 6. That at the next biennial election for Representatives
to the General Assembly, and nntil another apportionment of Rep-
resentatives shall l)e made, the Connty of Cnmberland shall be enti-
tled to elect one Representative separate from Coles County, and
Coles County shall sei)arately be entitled to elect two Representa-
tives, and no more, and, nntil a new apportionment of Senators shall
be made, the county of Cinnl)erland shall vote with the counties of
Coles and Clark for the election of a Senator, and the Clerk of the
County Commissioners' Court of Cumberland shall attend at the
Clerk's olfice of Coles County to compare polls, at the same time
now pro\ided by law for the Clerk of the County Commissioners'
Court of Clark County to attend, and compare the votes for Sena-
tor, and to join in making a certificate thereof to the person elected.

" Sec. 7. At the election to be held on the first Monday in
August next, for county ofiicers for Cumberland County, the person
receiving the highest vote for County Commissioner shall be entitled
to hold his office three years; the person having the next highest,
two years; and the next highest, one year, according to the provis-
ions of the law concerning the election of County Commissioners.

" Sec. 8. The county of Cuml:>erland when organized according
to the provisions of this act, shall be deemed and considered, from
and after the first day of May next, one of the counties of this State,
and entitled to all the rights and powers generally conferred upon
and allowed by the constitution and laws to other counties in this
State, and to the officers thereof.

" Sec. 9. It shall be the duty of the Auditor of Public Accounts
to make out and transmit to the County Commissioners' Court of
Cumberland County, on or before the first day of June next, a list
of all lands within the boundaries of Cumberland County subject
to taxation, for State and county purposes, and annually thereafter,
as re(|uired by law; and the County Commissioners' Court of said
county shall direct the assessment and collection of taxes in said
county for the year one thousand eight hundred and forty-three,
according to the provisions of the revenue laws of this State, and
direct the collection and appropriation thereof, as required by law
in other counties.

" Sec. 10. All taxes assessed and uncollected in Coles County
for the year one thousand eight hundred and forty-two, and previous
thereto, of persons residing in Cumberland County, after the first
of May next, and all judgments, executions and fees due to officers

96 HISTORY OF CUMBERLAND COUNTY.

in Coles County, iij^ainst any person or persons residing in Cumber-
land County, may be collected and accounted for in the same man-
ner as if no division of the county had taken place by virtue of

this act.

"Sec. 11. It shall be the duty of the County Commissioners'
Court of Cumberland County, after the organization thereof, accord-
inir to the provisions of this act, to certify the same to the judge or
justice required to hold Grcuit Courts in Coles County, and it shall
be the duty of the said judge or justice to fix the time of holding
Circuit Courts in Cumberland County, until otherwise provided by
law, and it shall be his duty to hold the said courts accordingly.

" Sec. 12. It shall be the duty of the County Commissioners'
Court of Coles County to ascertain from the State census taken in the
year one thousand eight hundred and forty, as near as they can, the
amount of school, college and seminary funds which the inhabitants
residing within the limits of Cumberland County were entitled to
receive as a part of Coles County, for the year one thousiind eight
hundred and forty-two, and how much, if any, is due and unpaid to
the township treasurers or to teachers, and also what would be the
proportionable part of the school, seminary and college funds for
the year eighteen hundred and forty-three, and certify the same to
the County Commissioners' Court of Cumberland County, and direct
the School Counnissioner of Coles County to pay the same over to
the School Commissioner of Cumberland County, and also to deliver
over all notes, money, bonds, mortgages and papers, properly apper-
taining): to school lands in the boundaries of Cumberland County,
and it shall be the duty of the School Conunissioner of Cumberland
County to receive, keep, collect, pay out, and account for the same
according to law.

"Sec. 13. That Cumberland County is hereby attached to and
shall form part of the same congressional district in which Coles
may be placed."

Under the provisions of this act an election was held
on the first Monday in April, 1843, which resulted in the choice
of Thomas Sconce, for Shcritf; Hiram Buell, for Coroner; Judson F.
Holly, for County Clerk; E. 11. Starkweather, for Probate Justice
of the Peaces Otis Perry, for County Kecorder; Abrani Trease, for
Treasurer; Daniel C. Dccius, for School Conunissioner; and James
Gill, Charles P. Chowning and David T. Wisner.

ORIGIN OF THE COUNTY's NAME.

The origin of the county's name seems to have been derived

HISTORY OF CUMBERLAND COUNTY. 97

from the original name of the great National thoroughfare that passes
through the southeastern part of the county. Before the time of
railroads the construction of this road was a work of wide-spread
importance, and to the early settlers, whose experience aftbrded no
criterion to judge of the mighty revolutions to be cftected in the
future by railroads, it seemed destined to develop this section far y
more ra[)idly than less favored sections. To their view there was no
inappropriateness in associating the name of this highway with that
of the new county. In the first year of Monroe's administration the
question of internal improvements began to be the prominent ques-
tion of the hour. The vast extent of territory opening up in the
West made it necessary to devise and provide more suitable means
of communication between the distiint parts of the country. With-
out railroads or canals or even good wagon-ways, the people in the
West suflered greatly from their inability to reach a profitable mar-
ket, while the more thickly settled portions of the East were entirely
deprived of the advantages growing out of the rapid settlement
of the West. The people of the West felt the burden of the situ-
ation most, and their demand for relief was soon taken up by the
statesmen of the country. The necessity for some relief was admit-
ted by all, but the method by which it should be accomplished was
not so clearly seen. The leading statesmen held that congress was
powerless in the matter, but the pressure became so great that in
1817 congress appropriated money and ordered the construction of
a National highway, from Cumberland, Maryland, to Wheeling, Vir-
ginia. Subsequent administrations, with less legal qualms, com-
pleted its construction through Columbus, Ohio, Indianapolis, Ind.,
and Vandalia, III., to Saint Louis. This road was constructed through
this county about 1835, and became a famous stage route. The coun-
try along its line rapidly developed, and until the railroad robbed
it of its early prestige, the " Cumberland road " was the great com-
mercial artery which carried " the calm health of nations " east and
west through the land. —

TOPOGRAPHY.

The County of Cumberland, thus organized and named, lies in
the southern tier of what is arbitrarily called Central Illinois; on
the border of that illy-defined section popularly known as Egypt.
It contains eight full and four fractional townshi[)s, making a total
area of 336 square miles, and is bounded on the north by Coles County,
on the east by Clark, on the south by Jasper and Effingham, and
on the west by Eflingham and Shelby counties. The central portion

98 HISTOKY OF CUMBERLAND COUNTY.

of the county, iiloiiir the Embarrass River and its tributaries, is
well timbered, while the eastern and western portions are mainly
prairie. The bottom lands along the river are usually from half a
mile to a mile or more in width, and heavily timbered with the
usual varieties found growing upon the bottom lands in Central
Illinois. The prairie lands are from 71 to 100 feet above the level of
the river,: and are generall}' rolling, though occasional tracts of level
prairie arb found. The general trend of the water courses is south-
ward. The Embarrass, the French pronunciation of which has de-
generated into the local name of "Ambrau," traverses the county
from north to south, and with its affluents is the only stream within
the count3^ This stream rises three or four miles northeast of
Tolona, in Champaign County, and enters Cumberland County about
nine miles from the eastern line. From this point it flows, save one
or two abrupt and somewhat extensive bends, directly south to
Greenup, and then bearing to the southwest, it passes over the
southern boundary about twelve miles from the eastern line. Its
branches in this county, beginning on the eastern side of the county,
are: Crooked Creek, which rises in the southeast corner of the county,
and flowing directly south, becomes a stream of some importance
in Jasper County, and finds its way to the Embarrass, east of Newton;
Range Creek, w^hich rises in the northwestern corner of Clark, and,
passing diagonally across Cumberland, joins the Embarrass in
the northern part of Jasper; Lost Creek and Hurricane Creek
are smaller tributaries that flow diagonall}^ southwesterly across
Union Township and find their rise and outlet M^ithin its borders;
Muddy River, which is the principal tributary on the west side of
the Embarrass, takes its rise in the southern part of Coles County,
and the northern part of Cumberland County, and flowing much the
same course as the larger stream, takes its course southAvard about
five miles distant, until it nears the central part of the county, when
with a bold sweep to the southwest it suddenly comes to the east
and joins the "brimming river" about a mile from the southern
boundary of the county. The Cottonwood is properly a branch ot
the Muddy, and flows a regular course between the ]\Iuddy and the
Embarrass, uniting with the former some five miles from its mouth.
Mule Creek heads in the northAvest corner of the county, and joins
the Muddy from the west some four or five miles above the Cotton-
wood. 8i)ring Point Creek rises in the southwest corner of the
county, and flows a generally easterly course to the Embarrass
between the points of contact of the other two.

IIISTOIIY OF CUMBEHLAM) ('OUNTV. 99

GEOLOGY.

The supcvfioial deposits of this county C()m])rise the alluvial bot-
toms of the Embarrass and its tributaries, and a considerable thickness
of gravolly clays and hanl pan which increases in depth to the north-
ward. In the southern portion of the county the drift deposits range
from twenty to forty feet in thickness, consistins: mainly of brown or
butf gravelly clays with numerous bowlders; but to the northward
this thickuess is increased to tifty or seventy-five feet, the lower portion
being a bluish-gray hard pan simi 1 iar to that seen in Clark. Bowlders
of considerable size are not uncommon and native copper and also
specimens of the sulphuret of that metal are said to have been found in
the dri ft gravel in this county. A bed of potter's clay of fair quj|lity is
found in the drift -clays in the vicinity of Greenup, from four to six
feet in thickness, from which a fair article of stoneware is made.

All the rock formations of this county below the drift belong to
the upper coal measures, and include the beds intervening between
the Quarry Creek limestone of Clark County and the Shelbyville coal
of Shelby County, making an aggregate thickness of 200 to 250 feet.
Not more than one-half of these beds are exposed in the county, and
reliance is had mainly upon borings made at Greenup, and a general
acquaintance with out-crops in adjoining counties, for a full descrip-
tion of the strata.

The following is a record of the bore made just north of the
town of Greenup by Messrs. Dunlap & Co., in 186G, for oil :

1. Shale 51 feet 5. Very hard rock (limestone shale) 5 feet

2. Sandstone 11 " 6 Gray shale and sandstone 69 "

3. Shale 102 " 7. White sandstone and shale 45 "

4. Blk. bituminous & gray shale, 17 " 8. Sandstone - 35 "

Total .335 feet.

The very hard rock. No. 5, which was found here at the depth of
181 feet is probably the Quarry Creek limestone. Another boring was
subsequently made by Mr. Talbot near his mill at the railroad depot,
for coal, and the following is his report given from memory:

1. Soft sandstone ...15 feet. 11. Shale 17 feet. inch.

2. Grayshale ...65 " 12. Blackshale 5 "

3. Black shale 2 " 13. Coal " 3 "

4. Hard sandstone .8 " 14. Clay shale. 20 " "

5. Shale, dark colored toward 15. Black rock 1 " 8 "

bottom 20 " 16. Darkshale 8 "

6. Hard sandstone 5 " 17. Black slate 8 "

7. Shale 8 " 18. Coal " 3"

8. Dark hard rock 4 '* 19. Fireclay 4

9. Shale 13 " 20. Shale with pebbles.. .16

10. Hard rock, probably limestone 3 " —

Total. 223 ft. 2 in.

100 HISTORY OF CUMBERLAND COUNTY.

As this boriuo- was made especially iu search of coal, it is probable
that closer attention was given to the character of the beds passed
through than at the other, and the section reported corresponds much
better with the out-crops in Clark County. The hard rock, which
probably represents the Quarry Creek limestone, was found in the
Tall)ot boring at a depth of 140, while at the Dunlap well it was
reported at 181 feet, although the latter well was commenced at a
level at least ten to fifteen feet below the former ; hence it may be
inferred that the reported depth of the boring was no more reliable
than the character of the strata that were penetrated. Both these
borings connnence below the Fusulina limestone w^hich out-crops in
the l)lutFs of the Embarrass from the bridge west of Greenup to the
north line of the county.

In the blufi's of the Embarrass, one mile west of Greenup the fol-
lowing section at the bridge on the old National road is found:

1. Gravelly drift clay, buff, yel- 4. Impure ferruginous lime-
low, ash-gray 32 feet stone 1 foot, 6 inch

2. Thin bedded micaceous sand- 5. Thin bedded sandstone
stone 6 ',' and sandy shale 15 "

3. Argillaceous shales, with a 6. Slope covering shales
streak of coaly matter 16 " to river bed 12 "

A mile north of the bridge the limestone thickens to three feet
or more, and is a nodular gray argillaceous rock, rather more calca-
reous than at the bridge below, nodular and thin bedded, but con-
taining a few fossils. This is the only limestone found in the county,
and varies in thickness from eighteen inches to eight or ten feet, or
more, at the difi'ereut out-crops examined. It is usually too argilla-
ceous to slack freely when burned, and too nodular and irregularly
bedded along the Embarrass to furnish a good quality qi building
stone.

The sandstone underlaying the limestone in the above section
affords layers from six to eighteen inches in thickness and was used
in the abutments for the bridge at this point ; but not being
carefully selected, the sbily layers soon gave way, endjmgering the
whole structure, so that it had to be abandoned.

On the branch north of the town of Grocniip where the oil-well
was located, the following beds outcrop in the bluff on the south
side of the stream :

1. Yellow drift clays 10 to 12 feet

2. Nodular, brown impure limestone to the crook bed 1^ to 2 "

3. Sandy and argillaceous shales, with thin layers of sandstone 30 to 40 "

A short distiince above Ryan's ford, and about two miles below the
north line of the county, this limestone is well exposed, showing a

HISTORY OF CUMBEIiLAND COUNTY. 101

bench of rou<2rh, irregular bedded, brownish-gi'ay, nodular, argilla-
ceous limestone, from 8 to 10 feet in thickness, outcropping just
above the bed of the river. The upper part of the bed is of brownish-
gray, and the lower part a greenish-gray color. Numerous small
fossils are found here. Tlic limestone is underlaid here l)y a green-
ish clay shale, of which not more than two feet in thickness were
visible above the bed of the river. Descending the river from the
ford towards Greenup the limestone gradually rises in the river bluft",
and four miles below Ryan's it is found about twenty feet above the
river level associated with sandstone and shale.

On Mr. Cullum's land southwest of Jewett, the southeast quar-
ter of the southwest quarter of Section 26, Township 9, Rmge 8, a
quarry was opened in a hard bluish-gray micaceous sandstone, of
which some eight to ten feet are exposed. The rock is very hard, and
aflbrds a durable building stone. A quarter of a mile below this quarry
on the main creek, sandy shales form the main portion of the bluff,
overlaid by a hard, brittle argillaceous limestone, which was seen
only in tumbling blocks, indicating a thickness of about eighteen
inches. Following down the creek these lower shales appeiir at inter-
vals in the blufls of the stream nearly to the bridge south of Jewett.
North of the bridge towards the town several quarries have been
opened in the same bed of sandstone that appears on Mr. Cullum's
place.

On Long Point, a tributary of the Embarrass, which enters the
main river from the eastward six miles south of Greenup, no out-
crops of rock were found, the blufis of the streams being composed,
so far as could be seen, of drift clays from 30 to 40 feet or more in
thickness.

On Webster Creek, Section 33, Township 9, Eange 8, a thin coal is
found from 4 to 6 inches thick, associated with the following beds:

ft. in. 't.

1. Blue and brown argillaceous 6. Clay shale, partially exposed. 10 to 15
shales 3 7. Concretionary sandstone and

2. Band of brown argillaceous sand shale 12 to 15

iron ore, with fossils 6 to 8 8. Gray and brown impure lime

3. Shalyclay 4 stone 2

4. Coal 6 9. Dark gray sandy shales 20 to 25

5. Bituminous shale 2

The band of argillaceous iron stone, or more properly speaking an
argillo-ferruginous limestone, contains numeroas fossil shells in a fine
state of preservation. The impure limestone. No. 8, of the fore-
going section, is probably identical with the Fasuliua bed, although
the characteristic fossils could not be found in it at this locality.

102 HISTORY OF CUMBERLAND COUNTY.

This limestone thins out in the sonth part of the county, and the
most southerly out-crops o])served contain few or no fossils, l)ut the
out-crops are so continuous on the Embarrass and its western aliiuents
that there seems to be no doubt that they all belong to the same
formation.

In Coles county this limestone continues alonof the valley of the
Embarrass at least as far north as the mouth of Brush Creek, where it
overlays a seam of coal, No. IG of the Illinois section, while the six-
inch coal in the foregoing section most probably represents the thin
coal, or highest seam of the general section.

Professor Cox reports a coal seam about a quarter of a mile west
of the county line in Shelby County, which from its thickness and
general character agrees ver}^ well with the Shel])yville coal, or No.
15 of the general section. About 200 yards west of the point where
the coal was opened, on a branch of the Little Wabash Eiver, there
were ten feet of blue argillaceous shale above the coal, Avhich further
down the stream gives place to a thick bedded sandstone. He also
reports the Fusulina limestone or Bear Creek, Section 22, Township
10, l^mge 8, where the bed is four feet thick, overlayed b}' twentj^ feet
of sandstone. At Prairie City the limestone was passed through in
sinking the well at the mill, and found to be four feet thick, with
shales above and below it.

The trend of the strata in this county is evidently very nearly
north and south, as the course of the Embarrass is on nearly the same
geological level through this county and Coles for a distance of
twenty-live to thirty miles or more, and the dip, if any, is apparently
to the westward.

There are no streams in either county that intersect the sreneral
out-crop in an east and west direction, and no connected section of
the out-cropping formations could therefore be made. The small
streams do not cut through the heavy drift deposits, and hence ex-
posures of the coal measures are onl}^ to be met with on the Em-
barrass and the loMer courses of its main atHuents.

MATERIAL RESOURCES.

No workal)le coal out-crops in this county, unless the seam men-
tioned above as occurring on the waters of the Little Wabash just
over the line in Shelby County may be found in the northwest corner
of Cumberland. The coal l)elow the Fusulina limestone in Coles
County seems nol to have been develoi)ed in Cumberland, and the
seam above the limestone is too thin to be of any practical value.
For deep iniuiug in this county a shaft would have to be carried down

HISTORY OF CUMBERLAND COUNTY. 103

from 600 to 1,000 feet to reiich the main coals of the lower measures.
This would require an expenditure of capital that the present demand
for coal in this county would scarcely justify, and hence it will prob-
ably be some years before any serious effort to reach the lower coals
will be made. In the counties lying west of this, including Bond,
Fayette, Montgomery and Shelby, it is about GOO feet from the
Sholl)yville coal (No. 15) down to the Danville seam (No. 7?), which
would be the first one of the main coals that would be reached here,
and if that failed to be well developed, about 100 feet more
would have to l3e penetrated to reach the next workable seam below.

The best building stone met with in this county is the sandstone
south and southwest of Jewett Station, and that quarried in the vicin-
ity of Greenup, in the bluffs of the Embarrass. The former is a
hard, gray, micaceous sandstone, that stands exposure well, and
may be relied ui)on for bridge abutments and culverts, as it will
probably resist successfully the influence of frost and moisture. The
other is rather soft, brow^n sandstone that will answer well for dry
walls, but liable to crumble on long exposure to the elements. The
Fusulina limestone, where sufficiently thick bedded, will also furnish
a fair quality of stone for rough walls, and several quarries have
been opened in it in the northern and western portions of the county.

The limestone just mentioned, which is the only rock of the
kind found in the county, is too impure to make good lime ; yet
attempts have been made to burn it, though with indifferent success.

At some points it looks as though it might possess hydrau-
lic properties, and it is quite probable that by burning and grinding
a very good water lime might be made from it.

Bands of kidney ore or carbonate of iron of a fair quality were
found, at several points in the shales over the Fusulina limestone, but
in too limited quantities to be of any practical value for smelting
purposes.

Clays suitable for making brick may be found almost anywhere
in the sub-soil of the uplands, and sand for mortar or cement occurs
abundantly in the valleys of the streams.

But this is destined always to be an agricultural county, and its
chief resource is its soil. In the southern part this is rather thin,
with a sub-soil of light drab colored clay, but in the northern portion
it is darker colored and more productive, and has a sub-soil of yellow
clay. ]Much of the prairie and a portion of the timbered land is
rather' flat, and requires thorough drainage to make it productive.
The bottom lands on the Embarrass are from half a mile to a mile or
more in breadth, and were originally covered with a heavy growth

104 HISTORY OF CUMBEKJL.AJSD COUNTY.

of timber, but portions of it have been cleared and brought under
cultivation, and are very productive, though subject to occasional
overflow. The varieties of timber embrace white, red, black, pin
and water oak, hickory, beech, poplar, black and white walnut,
maple, elm, linden, cherry, locust, red birch, etc., etc. Water may
usually be obtained from the gravelly drift clays above the hard pan,
but at some localities it can only be had by boring or digging
through the hard pan to the quick sands below.

SWAMP LANDS.

Originally, a large part of the territory of the county came
under this classification. By a general act, dated September 2S,
1850, congress ceded to the several States of the Union all wet and
overflowed lands within their borders, not otherwise disposed of,
for drainage purposes. The legislature of Illinois accepted and rati-
fied this act of congress, by complying with the special requirements,
and subsequently, in furtherance of the objects, as aforesaid, granted
to the counties the lands lying within their boundaries. Between
the years 18.50 and 1856, much of this laud was entered of the gen-
eral government through the United States land oflice at Palestine,
at $1.25 per acre, with " swamp land scrips," " land wan-ants " and
cash, the commissioner of the general land office issuing patents
therefor. Under the act of congress, where land was selected and
paid for with " scrip " or " warrants," the State was entitled to receive
an equal quantity of United States land, subject, however, to the
approval of the Department of the Interior. The Secretary of the
Interior in construing this act of congress has decided that the lands
intended to be given in lieu of those which were entered with "scrip"
or " warrants " must be United States land unoccupied, and lying
within the State claiming the same and cannot be located elsewhere.
The United States lands in Illinois has long since been entered, hence
the county in its claims for reimbursement for such lands, can re-
receive indemnity for such as has been entered since 1850, only in
cash at $1.25 per acre. The county has made several eflbrts to secure
its rights in this matter, and has recently entered into contract with
an attorney to collect the indemnity due from the general govern-
ment under the provisions of this act. Some revenue has been re-
ceived from these lands, and claims are ])eing prepared which will
probably bring several thousands of dollars to the county treasury.

AGRICULTURE, HORTICULTURE, STOCK-RyMSING, ETC

Cumberland County is strictly an agricultural county. Though
possessed of good water power and timber, and situated within the

HISTORY OF CUMBERLAND COUNTY. 105

region of the coal measures, manufacturing interests have not yet
assumed any particular importance here, and beyond the few mills
that local necessity demands,manufacturing enterprises have received
little encouragement. The chief resource of the county is its soil.
The bottom lands of the principal streams have a rich alluvial soil,
and when cleared and brought under cultivation, produce large crops
of corn, to which they seem best adapted. The soil of the prairie
region is principally a chocolate colored clay loam similar to that of
the adjoining counties, and produces fair crops of corn, wheat, oats
and grass. On the timbered uplands the soil is somewhat variable.
When the surface is broken the soil is thin, but on the more level
portions, where the growth is composed in part of black walnut,
sugar tree, hackberry etc., the soil is very productive and yields
large crops of all the cereals grown in this latitude.

The prevailing system of agriculture practiced here may prop-
erly be termed mixed husbandry. Specialties find little ftivor with
the farmers. The custom is to cultivate the various kinds of o-rain
and grasses, and to raise, keep and fatten stock. Though organized
into a county in 1843, and settled considerably as early as 1830,
the development of the county has been slow. Until about 1860,
the larger part of the county was not in the hands of actual settlers,
and the farming community has not felt able to indulge in any scien-
tific theories of cultivation. So far, the main object has been to
gain a subsistence and make sufiicient returns to pay for the land,
and make some of the most urgently demanded improvements. In
many sections of the county the appearance of thrift and advanced
improvement is marked, and the farmers may be said to have passed
the experimental point. The need of studying the principles of such
branches of learning as relate to agriculture, however, has not yet
been felt and it will probably be some years before the "scientific
former" will be found here.

Wheat has been considered a reasonably sure and remunerative
crop, and is cultivated to a large extent. Some failures in this crop,
however, have admonished the farmers that this is not to be depended
upon solely, and other grains are dividing the attention of the farm-
ing community. Oats and corn are prominent products, and the fail-
ure of any one crop is not counted a fatal calamity. Corn perhaps,
rather than any other grain, is the leading product of the county,
and large amounts of it are annually shii)ped. A large part of the
county is still uncultivated, and a considerable area is practically
waste land. There is a great demand for intelli^fent underdraininff
which has scarcely yet attracted sufficient attention. Much of the

lOlj HISTOKY OF CUMBERLAND COUNTY.

land is low and wet, and yet seriously aftected by continued dry
weather. This subject is beginning to assume considerable impor-
tance, and with good tile accessible, a good deal of draining will be

done.

Fruit culture may safely be said to be in its infancy in Cumljer-
land County. The first settlers deprived for a time of its use, and
realizino- the great demand in every family for this important article
of food, early set about planting fruit trees. There was little oppor-
tunity for judicious selection of varieties, and but little care was
bestowed upon orchards when once well set. Up to within the last
ten years the cultivation of fruit has but little improved over the
primitive methods, and taking into consideration the value of good
fruit as a substantial element of food, as a valuable agent in preserv-
ino- and promoting health, and as a luxury which all classes may
enjoy, this subject has not received the attention which its impor-
tance merits at the hands of the agriculturist. The orchard culture
of apples has only of late years begun to command the serious atten-
tion of some of the leading farniei^. The product is barely enough
to supply home demands, but each year now marks an increase in
this fruit. The southern part of the county seems to be more favor-
a])le to fruit-growing than other sections, and here more care is
being used in its culture. Peaches rank next to apples, and are found
quite extensively planted in this favored locality. The peach is a
short-lived tree here, however, both the winters and hot summers
proving destructive. Care is used to replant orchards, and of late
years the trees have been planted closer together that the foliage may
afford protection to the bark from the scorching heats of the summer
sun. Pears succeed here but are not cultivated in orchards yet; the
same is true of cherries. Grapes are a prominent feature of the
fruit interests of the county, almost every farmer having vines
enough for his own supply.

Stock-raising has always been an important part of husbandry
in this county, but of late years is attmcting a larger share of at-
tention. Grass never fails save in exceptional years, the moist nat-
ure of the ground rendering the crop a sure and luxuriant growth.
Until some ten or twelve years ago but little wheat was grown, and
now it recjuires so large an expenditure of time and labor, that it is
being seriously de})ated whether a larger proi)ortion of stock-raising
would; not yield greater returns. Cattle and hogs are already an
important source of income to the farmer, the latter animal showing
rather the most care in l)reeding. A few Shorthorn Durhams and
Jerseys are found in the county for domestic purposes only, but there

cmn^yC^

HISTOllY OF CrMBERLAXD COUNTY. 109

is eonsi(loni])l(> talk by several of stock inu" u\) with reiiistered cattle*
for hreediiic: purj^oses. In hogs the lierkshire and Jersey Reds seem
to be the favorite varieties. Sheep, thoui>h not so generally kept by
farmers, are still found in considerable numbers, in the aggregate.
There are no large flocks, but most farmers keep a few head, some-
times reaching a hundred or more. Dogs prove a great hindrance
to this class of stock. On the subject of horses there is considerable
interest manifested. Oxen have been superseded here for some years,
but the average farm horse has not been greatly improved over the
original stock. The taste of the farmers inclines to the "all-
purpose" class of horses, and the principal improvement in breeding
is toward the heavier class of animals. One or two horse fanciers
pay consideral)lc attention to speed horses and roadsters, but the
farmers are rather inclined to the Nornuin and Clydesdale horses.
Mules are bred and used to some extent, and the practice is be-
coming more general. These animals command a readier sale, and
at higher prices than horses, Avhich qualiflcation added to their har-
dier constitution and easy cost of maintenance makes them more
profita])le than horses.

FAIR ASSOCIATION.

The first attempt for a Fair Association was made in 1858. On
the second of January in that year the Cumberland County Agricult-
ural Society was formed with, Michael Ruftner, as President; C. W.
Pickering, C. C Jones and Daniel B. Green, as Vice Presidents;
James iSI. Ward, as Treasurer; A. G. Caldwell, Recording Secretary;
and James L:iDow, Corresponding Secretary. This Association held
two Fairs in the month of Octo])er 1858 and 1859 at Greenup. The
ground selected was an elevated spot in the north part of the village,
which Avas partially surrounded by a brush fence. No regular })re-
miums were ofl'ered, but cups and s])ccial prizes were oflered and
competed for in a s])irited manner. The people took an active i)art
in making these exhibitions successful, and in the event were instru-
mental in awakening a widespread interest in the improvement of
agricultural subjects. In 18(j0, the exhibitions were removed to the
<ounty-seat, then called Prairie City, and weri' held on a ten-acre
tract west of town, until the fall of 18(j5. The association had ado})ted
a })lan too lil)eral for tjic tiiiaucial success of the enterprise, and
at that time the association, finding itself unsuccessful, disl)andedand
gave place to a new organization. Undei' the new regime the site
of the exhibitions was transferred to a })lat often acres north of the
village. This organizition, though adopting stricter rules of

no HISTORY OF CUMBERLAND COUNTY.

membership, proved a failure so far as finances were concerned. Ten
acres were barefained for and Fairs held continuonsly from 1866
until about 1874, when the mortgage held on the land was foreclosed.
Another reorganization followed, and the land redeemed, but the as-
sociation held it but a short time when this property was sold and
forty acres purchased alK)ut one-half a mile southeast of the county
seat. Here Fairs were regularly maintained until 1880, when another
reorsranization was effected. The Fairs had degenerated somewhat
and were not financially successful. At this juncture certain of the
wealthy stockmen and farmers conceived the design of forming a
stock company. This w^as done under the name of the Cumberland
County District Agricultural Society. The former association's
grounds w^ere purchased and ten more acres added ; large improve-
ments were added, such as box stalls, a large covered amphitheater,
new fencing outside and safety railing on each side of the track, the
additional land cleaned of underbrush, etc., etc. The organization
held its first exhibition in 0:*tober, 1883,with the following officers :
C. G. Jones, President; L. L. Logan, Vice President; AVilliam L.
Bruster, Secretary; W. S. Everhart, Treasurer; A. A. Neal, W.
H. Caty, S- M. Pennington, C. Gr. Jones, and Velcy Perry, Direc-
tors. The stockholders are: L. N. Brewer, A. R. Huston, W. L.
Bruster, C. G. Jones, W. H. Caty, J. A. McCandlish, R. D. Ash-
will, W. C. Prather, Charles Hanker, L. L. Logan, L. B. Ross,
Guy M. Lemen, Leon Sumerlin, Silas White, F. J. Held, S. C.
Miller, A. A. Neal, S. B. Pennington, F. M. Pennington, Xeley
Perry, Wesley Perry, George Stargor, Harlow Park, S. C. Hol-
sappie, T. P. Prather, V. E. Clark, W. S. Everhart.

EARLY SETTLERS THEIR EXPERIENCES AND INDUSTRIES.

The early immigration into Illinois was principally from Ken-
tucky, and across its territory from the States farther to the south
and east. About 1812 the inflow of population, which had been
gaining force and numbers from the beginning of the century, was
rapidly spreading over Southern Illinois along the main water courses.
But the hostilities which broke out in that y«ir and continued durinsf
the succeeding three years, gave a sudden check to. and subsecjuently
diverted the conrse of, this tide of innnigration. The "• Wal)asli coun-
try " was famed far and near, and many adventurous pioneers came into
what is now C'rawford County as early as 1811, and even during the
Indian hostilities, these })ioneers received accessions. After coming
to this land tlu; dangcu' of attack seemed so innninent that a consid-
erable ntnnber were forced to remain cooped up in a palisade fort at

HISTORY OF CUMBEKLAND COUNTY. 1 1 1

Palostinc until the ocssatioiiof the Indian ti'()nI)U's in 1814-15. In the
nioantinu'thcnioiv wostcrn })ortions()ftlic State were considered safer,
from tlu^ denser eharaeter of its settlements and its remoteness from the
Indiana country where Indian hostilities seemed more vigorously car-
ried on. The consequence was that this region of the State was aban-
doned by settlers and suffered a considerable delay in its development.
When this cause Avas no longer operative, the large navigable streams
attracted the earlier settlements, and it was nearly 1.S30 before the re-
gion now eml)raced in ( 'Umberland County received its tirst settlement.
It will be observed, from a foregoing part of this work, that the
Indian title to the larger part of the State Avas extinguished as early as
181G. The savages did not at once abandon the t(n'ritory ceded, but
under a provision of these treaties lived and hunted here for years,
while numerous reservations in favor of individuals and families,
made these relics of a peculiar race, like dying embers of a great fire,
a familiar sight for years to many of the present generation. Until
about 1825, the natives were in full possession of the territory of
Cumberland County, though their num])ers gradually grew less,
until the Black Hawk war, in 1882, took them all away. The Kicka-
l)()() tribes furnished the larger pavt of those who found a home in
this reo'ion. These received annuities at Yincennes, and had villajres
on the old Perry place and further up the Emljarrass River. This tribe,
in 17()o, <)ccu[)ied the countr}' southwest of the southern extremity
of Lake Michigan, but on the removal of the lUini followed south-
ward, making their villages on the Mackinaw and later on the San-
iTJunon River. The settlers of Southern Illinois found them all alonff
the Emljarrass. They were more civilized, industrious, energetic and
cleanly than the neighboring tribes, and it Avas also true that they
were more implacable in their opposition to the whites. They were
prominent among the tribes that for a century carried on the exter-
minating Avar against the friendly Illinois confederation. They Avere
prominent in all the Indian struggles against Generals Harmer, St.
Clair and Wayne; and maintained their hostility to the Avhites and
friendly tri])es to the last. During the years 1810 and 1811, in con-
junction with the Ciii[)i)ewas, PottaAvatomies and OttaAA^as, they
connnitted so many tlu^fts and murders on the frontier settlements,
that Governor Evhvards Avas compelled to em[)loy force to suppress
them. When removed from Illinois they still retained their old ani-
mosities against the Americans and Avent to Texas, then a province
of Mexico, to get beyond the jurisdiction of the United States. They
claimel relationship Avith the PottaAvatomies, and perhaps the Sacs
and Foxes, and Shawnees.

112 HISTOKV OF CUMBERLAND COUXTi'.

The white settlement of Cunibprlaiid County came close upon
the retreat of the savages. Indeed, the squatter and hunter who
constitute the advance line of the permanent settlement was here
before, and from 1820 to 1830 this region was a connnon hunting
o-round for both the white and red man. It is difficult at this time to
ascertain who first made his permanent settlement here. It is prob-
able, however, that John Tully was the original i)ioneer in the ter-
ritory now^ embraced within the limits of Cuml^erland County. He
was a native of East Tennessee, and came early to Marion County,
111. From this section he moved in 1828 to the site of Johnstown,
in Cottonwood Township, for the purpose of establi>hi ng a still and
ijrist-mill. The two enterprises were naturally and frcipiently asso-
ciated at that time, and the settlements which had been formed fur-
ther north gave abundant })romise of a good patronage. He fii*st
built a still-house in the edge of the timl)er, and in 1829 built a
small lo<»- water-mill, and afterw^ards another cabin for a residence.

Early in this year, Hunt, with his two sons-in-law, Henry Lance

and Purcell, settled in the ^dcinity of Tully. This family came from
Indiana, but w^ere orio-inallv from Tennessee. A little later, in 1829,
the families of L?vi and David Beals were added to the settlement
on Muddy Point, and in 1830, the family of Joseph Berry, from
Maur}^ County, Tenn. In the fall of 1829, a settlement was fonued
on the Embirrass near Sconce' Bond. James Gill, a native of Ken-
tuckv, :ind one of the occupants of old Fort La Motte, at Palestine,
in Crawford County, came here. After the pacification of the Indi-
ans at the close of the war in 1812, he settled on the sand prairie,
and married there. Soon afterward, with his family and household
effects, he came on horseback to tlie site of the old homestead
which he now^ occupies, and has lived there ever since. This
was in December, 1829, and without other assistance than his horses
and w^ife, he erected a pole cabin in which he passed the winter, near
the Rvan Ford. He subse(|nen(ly moved to the site of his present
dwelling. In the same fall, A. Y. l);)bbs, a native of Alabama,
came to the vicinity of S -once' B:.Mid. In the following year came
to this settliMuent Alexander Baker, three families of the Ashbys,

all Kentuckians l)y birth; Piner, who stayed but a short time

before he h'fl the region, and Thomas S -once, who came from Ken-
liickviii 1830. Th'.'re was at this time a strong settlement on the
uppiT part of the Embarrass, and nota<"il)in along the route of the
])rojected National road, lii \SM), ;i strong settlement was begun
on Bear Creek, most of the families forming it coming from
Indiana, but originally <(>iniiig from ih' border States of the Sonth.

HISTORY OF CUMBERLAND COUNTY. 113

Of these were John Inii^hriiiu, ()rii>iii;illy tVoiii Tennessee; John Ful-
fer, from the same State; George L-.ike and several other families,
ori«rinallv from Kentucky via Indiana.

In 1832, the work began on the Xational road through this
county, and attracted settlements along its line. The road had l)een
surveyed before this, but no work was performed on it here until
al)out this time. Wni. C. Greenu[) had boen connected with the
engineer corps th;it laid out the road, and subsequently, in company
with Joseph Barbour, took a contract to construct the bridge at or
near the village which b?ars his name. Ira B. Rose, then a resident
of INIartinsvillc, in Clark County, found employment with him, and
seeking to enter into a speculation at the same time, secured forty
acres just wcstof the present village and built his cabin, subsequently
platting a town. Barbour came from L'juisville, and brought a
stock of goods, but never was considered a permanent resident.
Greenup had his residence in Vandalia, and the settlement at "Rose-
dale," while of some size, was chiefly made up of temporary sojourn-
ers, workers on the road. But among these were a few whose names
are still familiar sounds in the county. Of these were the families
of L'lthrop, Ewart, Hazlewood and Vandike. About 1833, George
Henson and David lIenson,with Jack Houtchins, cutout/the National
road through this county, and settled at Woodbury./ As early as
1831, Geor<*-e Woodbury had l)uilt his cabin here, but he made no
im[)rovements and did not own the land, though he gave his name
to the village platted here. Thomas B. Ross, a native of Kentucky,
came to this locality also about 1833, but two years later moved to
.the more thriving village of Greenuj), but soon afterward returned.
Levi Beal came down from Muddy Point in this yc^ar and kept a
tavern. West of Ayoodl)ury was (piite a strong settlement. Chip-
man Webster came in 1832, and settled on the National road about
a mile and a quarter Avest of Woodbury, where he kept tavern, and
about one and three-quarters miles further west was Abi'am Marble.
John and William Owens, natives of Kentucky, were in this region
as early as 1830, and James Mullen, a native of Ohio, in 1832; in
1834, the tamily of James Green, a native of Richmond, Va., about
a mile vvest of Woodbury. D. B. Green was a lad of some live years
when his father came first to the county in 1832. The fan ily Avas
then in Ohio, and his father brought some fine horses and a jack from
MaysviUe, Ky., to Charleston, to sell. Young Green rode the jack
while his father rode one and led three more. Selling these ani-
mals in this vicinity of the State, Mr. Green selected land iu this
county, and entered it, moving his family two years later. D. T.

114 HISTORY OF CUMBERLAND COUNTY-

Wisnor canio here in 1833 or 1834, to work on the X:itioual road. He
was Imt a hoy. and apprenticed to John Brnster, a tanner, of .Shelhy-
viUe. 111. The trade does not seem to have pleased ]iim,,and he sought
the ijublic work for employment. He remained here and was for a
/jpnir time closely identified with this county. Samuel Kinirery and
son were early settlers of Cumberland. Thev came in 1834, fix)m
Ohio, and made their home in this vicinity. Henson Bright was an
earh' settler on the Embarrass River, between the settlement at
Sconce' Bend and Greenup. He was a native of Kentucky, and one
of the families in the fort at Palestine; he c^ime to Cunil)erland
County aljout 1830. Henry Nees, a native of Tennessee, was another
of the occupants of the fort, and came here about the same time,
settling near the Ford which still bears his name. Fewel Hampton
was among the settlers of 1830, and was noted as a great "fiddler."
It is said that he would carry his violin about with him as most of
the pioneers did their guns, and it was no unusual thing to find him
playing on his favorite instrument when he ought to have been
hoeing his corn. Aaron Mahaffey was another eccentric settler of
1830. He was noted as a great hunter, and supported himself en-
tire h^ by his rifle. Among those who came in to reinforce these
various settlements, from 1835 to 184.5, were Daniel Decius, from
Ohio, in 1835 or 1836; Dr. Samuel Qninn, about 1838, from Ohio; Dr.
James Ewart, from the same State, aljout 1838; Silas Huftcut, a
local Methodist preacher, from Xew York, in 1840; Wade, about
1842; Edward Talbott, from Ohio, in 1844; James Ward, from Ohio,
about 1840; Charles and James McKnight, about 1843; Isaac Sayers;
Shiplors, two families; House, Dow, Drummond, Petersons, Jacob
Green, Armours, Beni White, Watson, etc.

In 1843, when the county of Cumberland was formed, there
were about 2,000 inhal)itants, but from this time to 1850, innnigra-
tion almost ceased, and emigration was sutficient to keep the
growth of the population at about a standstill. In 1845, the cholera
proved fatal to many here, and m 1848 and 184i>, a considerable num-
ber joined the current setting toward California. Al)out 1<S5(),
however, the land warrants issued to the soldiers of the ^Mexican
war began to l)rin<i: about a chan<re. These warrants got into the
hands of persons about to seek new homes, and from 1850 to 1853
almost every acre of public land was entered, and largely by actual
settlers. The early settlements were all made in some point of tim-
ber, at Muddy Point, Sconce' Bend, Nees' Ford, Greenup, Woodbury
and Bear ('reek, thus encircling the central part of the county, which
tor yeais \vms almost a marsh, water standing all over the prairie

HISTORY OF CUMBERLAND COUNTY. 115

portion up to a horse's belly until August. Daniel Kinirery lost
faith in tlie country and returned East, but after a year or two came
back to this county. In his ])u])lis]ied reminiscences he says Greenup
was a hamlet tiien of a half dozen cabins; from that point to
Towertown there was but one house, and from thence to AVisner's
the families of Wel)ster, Siracool, and John Gardner were the only
residents. Between where he now lives and Dulchtown, or Teutop-
olis, there was l)ut one cabin, and the latter village consisted only
of a double log house, which was used as store and dwelling by Jno.
Trackfort. From the residence of Wisner to Newton, in Jasper
County, there was but one caliin, and that was occupied by Albert—
Caldwell. A traveler from Ohio, on his way to the West to pur-
chase land, came along the National road and leaves an account of
his impressions of the lower part of the county, written in a diary.
On the 16th of November, 1838, he reached Mirshall, in Clark
County, "and from tlience rode thirty miles into the prairie to
Greenup, making thirty-three miles of poor country and thinly set-
tled. Oil Saturday, left Greenup ; the weather cold and prairie large. J
Noticed several large hewed log houses; look like our double barns.
They were mostly deserted and vacant, the people appearing to be
all in the streets standing about a fire thit had been kindled in the
streets. They seemed in fine spirits, or fine spirits in them; the lat-
ter is supposed to be the case." The other villages do not seem to
have attracted his attention.

The earlier sites chosen for the frontier cabin were along the
hiirh points of timber that skirted the streams. The prairie at that
time was covered with joint grass, which at times reached the enor-
mous height of ten or twelve feet. There was little natural drain-
age, and the rain fall lay upon the ground, after saturating the soil,
until the whole prairie area was one great swale. A'-customsd to a
timbered auvl rolling couiitr}^, th? first settlers could not believe
that the open land could ever be tilled; and it was practically^ im-
possible for the pioneers, few in number and limited in resources, to
cultivate it. The site chosen for a farm, therefore, was in the tim-
ber. The cabin was a simple log pen with a door, a window, and a
puncheon floor. At first glass was not to be had, and greased paper,
which was proof against the rain, and at the same time admitted a
faint light, was used as a substitute. It was no unusual thing for
cabins to be erected without a nail, wooden pegs supplying their
place, and most of these first structures were erected with but a
limited supply. Th > work on the farm was carried on by the men
and boys under similar disadvantages. A space cleared of its timber

116 HISTORY OF CUMBERLAND COUNTY.

was ploLiirlu'd with the rude implement of the time and planted to
corn. What the crows, black-birds and squirrels left was ample for
the needs of the family. There was no accessiljle market for the
produce, and few farmers but had plenty of " hog and hominy.'*
There were very few large farms. The range of wild grass, the
moss and roots Avere so abundant in the woods that hogs, cattle and
horses required but little other food, and that was in general corn
alone. It is })rol)ablc that a single corn-field of five acres consti-
tuted the majority of the early farms. Wheat was not sown for
some years, as there were no mills to grind it if a crop had been
secured. Mills Avere a prime necessity of the early days, but even
when secured, the demands of the farm or the difficulties of early
traveling prevented the settler from " going to mill." Resort was
then had, so long as the corn was soft, to the " grater" made of per-
forated tin, or sheet iron. Upon the rough side of this crude instru-
ment the corn was reduced to a condition which made it adapted to
the use of the pioneer housewife. Later, when the corn became
hard, it had to be reduced in a mortar or liandmill. Almost every
family had its " hominy block." Tiiis was formed from a large block
or stunq). A large hole, " kettle sha})ed," was made in it by burning
and scraping. Over this, suspended to a huge " sweep," often l)y a
wild grape \ine, was a heavy stick of wood, the lower end of which
was provided with an iron wedge. The "sweep" was converted
into a s})ring-pole by fastening the lower end by stakes driven into
the ground. By such machinery hundreds of bushels of corn were
reduced to hominy and a coarse meal, whicli furnished the corn-pone.
An improvement upT)n this was the liandmill, which some of the
well-to-do farmers sometimes possessed. This consisted of one stone
running ui)on another in a frame, the upper one Ix'ing provided with
an " eye" and a handle, and with this the boys were accustomed to
grind the family's supply of meal.

It was not long before power-mills were built. The streams
afl'orded good sites and power for water-mills, for a part of the year,
but tiie lack of good mechanics often forced the jiioneers to depend
upon the horse-mill. This consisted of a small run of stone, manu-
factured by the miller out of " nigger-heads." The power was con-
veyed to this by a large cog-wheel of ten or fifteen feet diameter,
placed upon a perpendicular axle, Avhich was caused to revolve by
levers placed in it at liglit angles near the ground, to which horses
were attiiched. The (>arliest mills in the county were erected at
Johnstown. Here in l.S2!l,rJohnTullv iiad a little water-mill, but as
the ri\ cr did not always all'ord power to run it, he er(M'ted a horse-mill.

HISTOKY OF CUMBERLAND COUNTY. 117

and in low stages of water he was accustomed to transfer the
home-made buhrs from the mill to the horse-i)ower. Another horse-
mill was early built at Woodbury, bv L;'vi Beals, and in 1832 a <)food
mill was established at Greenup. These mills drew patronafje from
miles around, and were iifenerally run to their fullest capacity. The
abundance of corn, and the small demand for it gave rise to another
industry, which was of doubtful advantage to the connnunity. Dis-
tilleries were generally built as a part of the miller's establishment^
or near at hand. Holly had one which was patronized fully as much
as the mill, and was probably more influential in making the place
one of importance. H. B. Russell operated the still in later years,
using a steam still. The product was sold to farmers in exchange
for corn, and to the stores and groceries in the neighborhood where
it was often the i)rincipal commodity for sale. Whisky was a reg-
ular beverage, and very few of the pioneers were without it. At
the " still" whisky was kept in a large vessel, and a cup near by,
and every one was Avelcome to so much as he cared to drink. After
tansy came up in the spring, this was added, and " tansy bitters "
was then kept for the public entertainment.

Some reminiscences, by Daniel Kingery, and published in a re-
cent issue of the Democrat, give an interestinof account of the re-
sources of the southwestern part of the county at an early date:

" His place of marketing and trading was at Woodbury and
Dutchtown, generally at Woodbury. Wisner kept a stock of goods
such as was needed by the i)eople at that time, and in addition to
this he kei)t a supply of "tire water," and it was here they used to
congregate and indulge their appetites and practice their pugilistic
skill. At those times as well as now there were some who " went
considerable," and even prided themselves upon their muscular pow-
ers. He says he has seen as much as ten gallons of whisky drank
here in one day. Of course that much whisk}'' in men would natur-
ally produce considerable tight. For milling he depended on the
horse-mill at Towertown, ()wn(;d and operated by a Mr. Beals.
For meat he depended to a great extent upon the woods. There
was plenty of deer here then. But Uncle Daniel says he had never
been trained to the chase and was not much of a Ximrod. But he
had brought with him an excellent gun Avith the intention,of course,
of shooting deer, for amusement, if nothing else. He relates his first
experience in deer hunting which was taken with his brother Ste-
phen, who was an experienced hunter. Early in tlu^ morning they
were in the woods. Just north of what is now known as the ' Good '
tarm they separated, and in a short time up jumi)ed a deer and he

118 HISTORY OF CUMBERLAND COUNTY.

thoufrlit he had a dead shot sure, and tired, and away went the deer.
His shot brouirlit his lirother to him. After carefully examining
the ground they found some blood which was evidence he had hit
the deer— so they took the track expecting every moment to come
upon the dead deer. Around and around they followed the deer
track (there was snow on the ground), supposing the deer was 'gut'
shot. This they kept up until evening when the deer passed upon
the prairie close home. He then called his dog which run it up near
to Gardner's, who put on a fresh dog and caught it. After putting
in a whole day of continued travel, he came up to find another reap-
ing the reward of his hard day's chase. It Avas found that instead
of a gut w^ound he had only cut the deer a little on the inner side
of one hind leg. His next and last experience in deer hunting he
took sometime after this. The next time he concluded he w^ould
ride. Starting out one morning he had gone but a short distance
when a large buck presented a Ijroadside view; this time certain of
his game he up and fired and away went the buck. He rode back
home, laid his gun up, and he says that settled his deer hunting. "

Game of all kinds was abundant, and most of the men were good
marksmen. Fur-bearing animals were the most remunerative, as
their skins found a ready sale at their cabin doors. A branch of the
American Fur Company was esta1)lished at St. Louis, and its agents
tound their way throughout this country. One gentleman rehites
that he caught 184 coons one season, and disposed of tliem all at a
good price, some of them as high as seventy-five cents. Wolves
were found here in great numbers, and were hunted as a means of
protection from their depredations. Three kinds infested the coun-
try, the timl:>er wolf, a large, fierce animal ; the gray wolf, a large but
not so poAvcrful as the former, and the coyote, or prairie wolf.
None of these animals were ])()ld enough to attack persons, but
small pigs, calves and sheep fell an easy prey to them. Their howl-
ing at night was calcidated to unnerve those who were fresh in the
country, or to those who knew soin(>thing of the fiercer timber wolf
of Kentucky and Ohio. A bounty subsequently ottered by the
State and county stimulated the hunters, and these animals were
earlv driNcn from this reijion.

The work of the women was of that arduous kind found every-
where on the frontier or in a new settlement. The hatchel and
V)rake, the si)inning wheel and loom were in almost every cabin. A
few sheej) were maintained in spite of the depredations of wolves
and dogs, and the wool once shorn from the animal was turned over
to the housewife to be converted into clothinir, for men and women.

IIIiSTOKV OF CLMliEKLAND COUNTY. 119

Hoiisekoopino' was crowdotl into the .smallest possible space, to give
room to the more exacting tlnties ot" [)rci)aring cloth and clothing.
The principal amusements ot" the women were the outgrowth of
these latter duties. Wool picking, spinning parties and quiltings
were the harmless dissipations of the women, and besides these there
were the husking bees, loggings and an occasional camj) meeting for
diversion.

The dress of the people of Cumberland was of the most prim-
itive kind. Coon-skins furnished caps for the men, while buckskin
furnished durable if not so pleasant i)ants for the men. This, with
the linsey-woolsey blouse com])leted the usual attire of the men.
Linsey-woolsey was the material with which the women clothed
themselves, and Avas their only wear, save, perhaps, a calico dress
for special occasions. But this was not considered a great privation,
where all fared alike, and with wholesome food the work of pioneer
times could be and was accomplished with less repining than are the
duties of more favored times. A very sore trial, and one keenly
felt, was the rei>ular attack of the ai>-ue or miasmatic fevers which
haunted this country until recent 3'ears. This infliction visited the
whole country impartially, and some entire communities were pros-
trated at the same time. Mr. Vandike relates that at Greenup he
was the only well person in the village, and as he then had no
tamily of his own to care for, he was pressed into the service of the
beleaouered town, and found it difficult to answer the demands made
upon him for assistance. Physicians w^ere few, and located at distant
points, but if this had not been the case, the settlers did not have
the means to employ them for every recurrence of this familiar
malady. Each family had a store of receipts and a stock of herbs,
and these were made into decoctions which generally weakened the
force of the recurrini>: " shakes."

Of the social status, an exhaustive series of articles, contributed
by an " Old Settler" to one of the papers of the county, may com-
plete this branch of the subject. lie writes as follows:

" It is a notable fact that in the early settlement of Cumberland
County, her i)ioneer settlers, generally speaking, were rude and
eccentric in manners, and their education in the important art of
reading and writing sadly neglected. The educational status of the
people in those palm}^ days of perilous adventures, was the result of
unavoidable and adverse circumstances, over Avhich the most ambi-
tious as))irant for scholastic honors had no control, however ardent
the disposition in that direction. This want of ' book larnin',' as
the natives were })leased to term it, was not exclusively confined to

120 HISTORY OF CUMBERLAND COUNTi'.

the borders of Cuniberlaiid County, but tlie uneiiviuljle legacy had
beeu distributed with a lavish and prodigal hand throughout the
wide expanse of tiie whole State. In reverting to this marked feat-
ure of the ' old settlers ' there is nothing censurable to that noble
class, as a difl'erent conclusion could not have been reasonably ex-
pected with a fair and just knowledge of their progenitors. They
were the sons and daughters of those illustrious characters, who,
while yet basking in the sunlight of joyous manhood and woman-
hood beyond the eastern slopes of the AUeghanies, had listened with
wonder and astonishment to the marvelous stories of the pilgrim
travelers, who pictured in 'rhapsody of words' the rich and the
beautiful domain that stretched out in its native and original grand-
eur toward the setting sun. They were the descendants of those
who, casting aside the endearments of their native heath, first erected
the home of civilization upon the productive soil of Ohio and Ken-
tucky. Here they were compelled to assist their parents in the toil-
some task of clearing their newly-made settlement. Schools and
institutions of learning which now dot the area of those once west-
ern wilds, were then slumberino- in embrvo. Without the advan-
tages and facilities of acquiring an ordinary education, and w^ith
energies, incessantly engaged in the important oT)ject of averting
dangers that environed them, and procuring raiment and subsistence
for their families, it could not be supposed that they could progress
very rapidly in educational matters. Under such disadvantages they
arrived at the age of maturity, and having inherited the adven-
urous spirits of their progenitors began to glance significantly
towards the vast prairies of the West. Collecting the scanty and
available means at their disposal they journeyed hither, where they
settled down and invested in Uncle Sam's ' celebrated s'il.' With
the advantage of long experience, and the additional advantage of
natural cleared fanns, they soon began to prosi)er and rapidly accu-
mulated in worldly possessions.

" In the midst of their thriftiness and })rosperity they began to
realize the importance of cultivating and develo})ing the uni)olislied
minds of their children, and placing them under the tutelage of
some learned prodigy, that had performed the remarkable feat of
' going through' Wel)ster's Elementary Spelling Book, and accom-
plished the llicii looked upon ' double-sunnnersault-act' of advanc-
ing mathematically as far as 'vulgar fracti(mal figures.' By
consultation and discussion among each other, an interest was
awakiMH'd in cadi iiciyfhborhood, and soon schoolhouses, though
ludc and unprepossessing in api)carance, began to loom up

HISTOKV OF CUMBERLAND COUNTY. 121

nil over tlu> countrv. The schoolinastcr with liis din^ul rod
and terrible facial eoiitour was not \on<r in fortheomiiii:-. He soon
introduced himself in the various communities ov neiiihhorhoods to
the deliirht of parents and dismay of unruly urchins. He was
viewed as a natural prodii^y and sat n[)on his throne like a petty
monarch of a limited princii)ality. He was consulted upon matters
that happened to arise either pul)lic or private, and his decision was
then repirded witli the same deference as those of the Supreme
Court arc now.

"^Morally si)caUinirj we would not oiler the 'old settler'
as an example and model, worthy of imitation if we cher-
ished the least inclination to advance and improve the moral
standard of the youth of the country. They were extremely per-
tinacious in manifesting marked disrespect for the author of the first
commandment, and persistently adhered to the execrable tashion in
those days of introducing ' d — n ' in peaceful conversation. This des-
picable custom and hal)it arose not from any intended sacrilege, but
was the result of want of acquaintance with the English descriptive
adjectives. If profanity Avas a marked feature in the social and friendh'
tete-a-fete of the 'original inhabitants,' how uninviting to the sensi-
tive and fastidious ear of morality must have been the immediate vicin-
ity Af warm and angry political discussions, over which the conscience
exercises no restraint. Very freciuenth' have we witnessed a meet-
inff of two friends in days gone bv, and listened to their exchange
of words, and noted the observation 'that d — dest,' sometimes
accompanied with its superlative addition, was a substitute for all
and every adjective knowni to the English idiom. ' He can beat any
man swearing I ever heard,' Avas the expression nsed in giving a
graphic description of some celebrity of more than ordinary capacity
and prominence. He was always adjudged by the hearer to be a
' devil of a fellow.'

" Horse-raciuii", sh(>oting-mut(dics and amusements of similar
( haracter Avere indulged in to a considerable extent. These horse-
races, in which the most speedy material Avas brought into requi-
sition, approximated to Avhat avc noAvwi-days term a contest between
' scrul)s.' These races Avere usually largely attended and seldom
failed to ccmvoke all lh(> -old settlers.' Those Averc the periodical
fetes and gala days that amused the 'old settlers ' and gave unlim-
ited license and excuse for them to run riot and confusion. The
termination or close of these entertainments, generally concluded
Avith a series of engagements for pugilistic honors, in Avliich the
contestants figured and Averc ilisfiiiured. Morally sjieaking, the 'old

122 HISTORY OF CUMBEKLAND COUXTi'.

settlers ' had ;i failing- that has been handed down unimpaired to
the present ireneration. Ho eouhln't tbrea-o the ecstatic pleasure to
be derived from a stitt' ghiss of old Iwurbon. It was his tii-st love,
and how consolinjr it must b3 to look l);ick through a dark vista of
veal's with the proud consciousness that he never ' went l)ack ' on his
fii"st love. Almost every individual had an acquired fondness for
whisky? and was inconsolal:)le when some unforeseen accident sep-
arated him from his liquid idol, and he was prevented from his regu-
lar devotions at the shrine of Bacchus.

" The most connnendable feature that clustei*s around the mem-
ories of early days was the manifest social)ility of the people. Al-
thouirh they possessed some inherent attril)utes that were obnoxious
to refined ideas and culture, yet in their social intercourse with each
other they displayed those exemi>lary traits of character Avhicli can
only emanate from a Avarm and generous heart. If they deviated
from the strict rules ot morality and indulged themselves in
habits and excesses that have been discarded by progressive civiliza-
tion as enervating and ruinoiLs, they still retained those estimable
virtues which are inseparably allied with a generous and hospitable
people. Unpretentious and unostentatious, they tendered whatexer
hospitality their houses afforded, and were assiduous in their effort*;
to provide for the comfort of those Avho, by chance, were cast within
the purview of their domestic circles. There was not any affec-
tation in their liberal entertainment of their visitors and guests, and
selfishness and motives of interest cannot l)o rightfully adjudged as
the prompting and incentive by which they Averc influonced in the be-
stowal of their l>enignity upon the hungry and shelterless. History
may ascribe to the ' old settlers ' of days gone by, ignorance, inuno-
rality, eccentricity and rudeness of manners, but it never can, without
a manifest spirit of injustice, but speak in i)raise and commendation of
their excellence as a hospitable [)eo})le. No footsore traveler, seek-
ing rest and shelter from his wearisome j)l()ddings, was ever refused
admittance to their homes. They manifested no distinction or })ar-
tiality in opening their doors to the weary and hungiy. The iienniless
wanderer, covered with the dust of his journey and clothed in the gar-
ments of destitution and jioverty, was as kindly welcomed to their
thresholds, as the; arrogant nal)ol), drawn by his richly caparisoned
steeds, and integumentcd in the gaudy trappings of Avealth. It was
sufficient for them to know that their hospitality was solicited, and the
'sissing hog' and • steaming hominy' bespoke the stranger's welcome-

" In the way of rei)ast, for the entertainment of their guest, the
' old settlers ' supplied their festal board with porkling, hominy^

HISTORY OF CUMIJKKLAM) COUNTY. 123

' sas.sa track tjiy,' and 'gobs' of lioc-oako, which in the absence of
modern luxuries were disposed of with remarkable relish. The
adornments and convenience of the table were notable only by their
absence. Ordinary table furniture was had only in a limited supply,
but the fare wavS none the less enjoyed, nor the welcome less real."

POLITICAL ORGANIZATION.

Cumberland County had its origin in the enterprise of the lead-
ing men of Greenup, rather than in the necessities of the situation,
or in the general voice of the people. The National road, then the
great thoroughfare of the West, seemed to open up to the ambitious
village unlimited iiossibilities of growth. It was a thrivinsr village
in 1840, with mills patronized from far and ne;ir, and business attrac-
tions superior to any place within thirty miles about it. It was
natural that the leading si)irits of such a place should aspire to the
additional prestige which the location of a county-seat located here
would give it. E. H. StarkAveather was then in the legislature, and was
allied with the interests of this section of the original Coles County.
It was easy therefore to enlist him in the project of the formation of
a new county, and the preceding act was the result. To the most of
the people the act came unsought, and it may be doubted whether, if
submitted to a general vote in the light of the next year's expe-
rience, the county would have been so early formed. However, there
was no hesitancy on the part of the people in carr}dng out the act of
formation. The preliminary election was held, and on the 8th of
May, 1843, the Commissioners met at Grreenup to complete the organ-
ization and put the new machinery of government in motion. It
may be interesting to note the record of these early proceedings,
and the first year's proceedings are here substantially copied: " Com-
missioners' Court, Special Term, May 8, 1843. — At the organization
of the County Commissioners' Court of Cuml)erland County and
State of Illinois, begun and licld in Greenup, in said county, com-
mencing on Monday, the 8th day of May, 1843; whereupon James Gill,
Charles G. Chowning and David T. Wisner, Escpiires, ajjpejired, pre-
sented their certificates of election, and were severally sworn into
ortice as the law directs; and also J. F. Ilollcy, Clerk of said
Court, came and i)rescnted his certificate of election, and also his
otKcial bond, which said bond is approved by the court, and ordered
to 1)3 spread upon the records of the court, which said bond is in the
following words and figures, to-wit, etc.

"The said J. F. Ilolley also took and subscribed to the following
oath, to wit : etc.

124 HISTORY OF CUMBERLAND COUNTY.

"Onlorod, — That tho county be laid off i ito road districts, with
tho folloAviiiir motes and bounds, to wit: [The description would
prove too tedious and is omitted, but the Supervisors appointed are
as follows: No. 1, Thoda GaiTott; No. '1, M. B. Ross; No. 3, J. N.
Hays; No. 4, AVm. Jones; No. ;'), Wm. House; No. G, Enos Stewart;
No. 7, Andrew S. Freeman; No. <s, S:ini"l jSIontoomery; No. 9, Thos.
C. Tutewiler; No. 10, Milton Crainer; No. 11, Jno. Carpenter, No. 12,
Abert B. Stull.]

" Ordered. — That the Supervisor in each district call upon each
able-bodied male person between the ages of twenty-one and fifty
ye;\rs, to perfonn three days' labor on all roads in their respective
districts.

" Ordered, — That the county be laid off into election and justice's
precincts, Avith the following metes and bounds, to-wit: [These are
omitted in this place.]

"May 9, 1848, — On petition of a number of citizens, Natlian S-
Aleshire and Thomas Brewer were appointed Constables. Over-
seers of the Poor were appointed for the different precincts as fol-
lows: AVood])ury, Levi Beals; Clear Creek, H. Williams; Cottonwood,
Hyde Pen-in; Greenup, A. S- Freeman; Hurricane, Ambrose Carner;
Long Point, Tlios. C. Tutewiler. Lewis H. Goodwin was appointed
Assessor for the county, and Thos. Sconce, Collector, with a fee of 4
per cent, for his services."

" Trustees of School Lands were appointed as follows: For
ToAvnship 9 north. Range 8 east, Levi Beals, Jno. Gardner and Ellis
McKay; Township 9 north, Range 7 east, Jno. W. Jones, Stephen
Kingery and Thoda Garrett; ToAvnship 10 north, R;inge 10 east,
Albert Cutright, Hugh Reed and William Davis. Court adjourned
sine die.

"June .^, 1843, — A petition was presented praying the court to
irnmt the viewins: aiul locatinsf of a road from tlie National road, al
the half-mile stake, of Sections 34 and 27, Township 10 north. Range
10 east, thence north on the half-section-line, one mile; thence west
one-half mile to the line dividing Sections 21 and ^I'l, Township and
Range aforesaid; theiu'c north until it intersects the road running
east and west, north of Cntright's.

" Ordereil, — That the Treasurer jiay Wm. Price the sum of $40,
with interest from dale, l)earing at the rate of 12 per cent, per an-
num, for money loaned to })nrchase books and stationery for the
dilferent county otlicei*s of Cnmberland County, out of the first
money that comes into his hands.

"Ordered, — That a tax be levied at the rate of 15 per centum.

t^y^K^

HISTOia OF CrMBEKLAM) COUNTY. 127

to every lUO dollars, for the year of our Lord l^i43, for a revenue
for county purposes. [Then follows the names of Grand and Petit
Jurors, omitted here.] Adjourned sine die.

"Special term. July 4, 1S48. Petition was presented for the
viewing and locatiuii" a road boirinninir on county-line at half mile
<'(n-ner of Section 'is. Township 11 north, llanofo 10 east, thence south
throufrh middle of Section 2.S and 38, Township and Range as aforesaid
to the township-line, when it intersects a county road running on
said township-line.

" Another, for a road connnencing on Stiite road lending from
Shelbyville to Palestine, Illinois, at the line dividing Sections 11 and
12, in Township 1) north, Ringe east, thence south on or near said
line to the connty-linc. Adjourned.

" July r)th. Time employed by the court in examining and ap-
proving bonds for donations for the county-seat of Cumberland
County. Adjourned sine, die.

*' Special term, August iSth, 1<S4."}. Ordered, — that an election
be held on the 2Hd day of Sei)tember, A. I). 1843, at the different
precincts of Cumberland County, 111., for the puri)ose of voting for
a county-seat for said county, at which said election a poll to be
opened in each precinct for two points,viz ; Sconce' Bend and Greenup.
Ilolley was allowed $(5 for otfieial services, and the court adjoiftned
mne die.

" Regular term. September 4th, 1843. [Newly elected Commis-
sioners and Clerk took oath. Favorable re[)ort was made on the two
roads petitioned for at June meeting.] D. T. Wisner, J. P., reported
fines against Johnson Bright for assault and battery, — $3; against
Jesse B(\'ils for same offence, — $3. Daniel Xeedham, J. P., reported
fines against D. T. Wisner, for tssanlt and battery, — $3; against
John D. Smith and Chipman Webster, each for the same offense, —
$3. The latter gave notice of appeal. Against John D. Gardner,
for failing to comply with law regarding estrays, — $10. Execution
in hands of Constable. Payment of sundry election expenses were
ordered, and a bounty of $1 for the scalp of wolves over six months
old. and the court adjourned.

" October 25, 1843. James Ilousley, Ji.. John Dow, and Lem-
uel Peterson, appointed trustees of school lands in/rownship 10 north,
Riinge 8 east. Silas Anderson, apiiointed Constable for Cottonwood
precinct on petition. Appropriations were made of niney-four cents
for paper and inks and $3 to Wisner for services. Adjourned.

" December, 1843. Ordered, that the Treasurer pay James Ewart
for candles and labor done, $2.12. Formed Wabash precinct,

128 IIISTOUV i)V CIMHEHLANI) COUNTY.

appropriated $1;^. 43 to James Ewart for labor performed, and sundry
election expenses, and adjourned."

Thus ends tl)e record of the first years cx^n'rienee as an independ-
ent county. The record is but an inijierfect echo, liowever, of the
agitations that absorbed the citizens of the new county. By the act
which formed the county the settlement of the county-seat was left
to the people for de-ision, and a contast was at once begun which
has not ceased even now. In the course of settlement the northern
part of the county had developed nearly as rapidly as the more fa-
vored region along the National road, and it was doubtless something
of a disa])pointment to the Greenup people to find the location of
the county-seat so ably contested by this section. A high point on
the Embarrass Iliver within the present limits of Cottonwood Town-
ship, known as Sconce' Bend, but platted as DeKalb for tli(> pnrjioscs
of this contest, was ottered in comiietition with Greenup. The ri\al
points were canvassed and the two sections brought out their
supporters to the hist voter, and in the issue proved very evenly bal-
anced. On the ^od of Scptend)C'r the vote was had, and out of 431
votes polled, Sconce'|Bend received 219, a bare majority oi seven votes.
The vote shows the nature of the settlement at that time ; the pre-
cincts of Hurricane and Clear creeks gave 72 and 23 votes respectively
for Sconce' Bend; Long Point, .51 for Greenu}) and 4 for the Bend;
Cottonwood, I for Greenup and 74 for the Bend; WoodlMiry, 4() for
Greenup and 17 for the Bend, and Greenup 114 for its own location,
and 29 for 'its adversary. Although DeKalb was thus successful in
the contest before the people, the seat of justice was never located
there. James Gill and Thomas Sronce gave bond for the donation
at DeKalb, but it was subscipuiiiyy found that the title was encum-
l)ered,an(l the friends of the rival village made all the capital possible
out of this circumstance. However, logs were drawn and prepara-
tions made for the erection of countv buildings at DeKalb, until
October]."), 1,S4I, wluiu the Commissioners ordered the work sus-
pended. The (piestion was by no means so easily decided. The
proprietors of DeKalb insisted upon the sufficiency of their bond
and plead the jjrevious oificial sanctioM, but the Connnissioners still
hesitated. Tlic 1) )nd w;is sMbsc(|uently submitted to Judge Ihu'lan.
who decided that tlic'bond was le<»-allv sutHcient, and in Ai)ril. 1.S48.
t lie Connnissioners reluctantly decided to t:il<e a deed of the property,
and the same was recoi'ded. In the following June, the court decided
to advertise for bids for the construction of the i)ublic l)uildiugs, and
on the 20th of July the contract was let. There was still a lifood deal
of doubt whether the coui\ty had a good title, and it was decided to

>■

HISTOUV or CUMBERLAND COUNTV. 129

oiico more submit the vvhoUi m:ittcr to the })(!Oi)U'. The site of De-
Kalb was recoiiveyed to James (xill, and in Ftibruary, 1849, an act
was passed by the k'oishitiire authorizing another election and (ron-
firmino- the action of the Commissioners. At tliis election there were
several contestants — Greenup, Pleasantville, Jerome, Buck's Knoll,
and even •• Bill Dad," at the mouth of Muddy, bosides the site of forty
acres ort'ered by Nelson Berry. The result of the election was in
favor of the latter place.

The act under which this election was held,provided that the fact
of the election and its result shoidd be " certified to by the Speaker of
the House of Representatives at the next session of the legislature,
describing said point so agreed upon by the inhabitants of said
count}> by the Clerk of the County Court of said count}' ; which cer-
titicate shall be full evidence of the fact, and which certificate shall be
laid before the said House of Re[)resentatives, and the point so selected
shall be established and be and remain the permanent county-seat
for Cumb3rland County, in such manner as may be provided for by
a law to be passed by the legislature at their next session, and not
otherwise." It is difficult to understand the object of this provision
from the context of the act, and it was shrewdly suspected by the
opponents of Greenup that it was framed in favor of the latter town.
At all events it resulted in this way. The certificate of the facts
was, it is said, to be sent to the member of the house representing
this county, but from design or accident it did not reach him, and so
Greenup enjoyed its ill-gotten gains until 18-35, when the issue was
joined between Prairie City and Greenup, which resulted in favor
of the former by 608 to 518 votes. In all this protracted struggle,
covering the period from 1843 ^o 1855, Greenuj) was forced to
take the defensive attitude, and while continually defeated still en-
joyed the advantages of success. The principal opposition to Greenup
was its location on the east side of the P^mb.irrass River, which, in
those days of no bridges or very poor ones, was a great disadvantage
to the larger portion of the county. This fact proved sufficient to
defeat the hopes of the village. It had, however, thi; advantage of
possession, and by the fiist act was constituted a sort of residuary
legatee, a position which its friends seemed to know well how use to
its advantage. It was believcid that the scruples against the site of
DeKalb were founded more in a desire to aid Greenup than to secure
the county against loss, and the failure to forward the certificate of
the election of 1849, was freely charged to the desire of certain
officials thwart the will of the people. However that may bo, it was
1857 before the official records were removed to Pr.iirie (yit\', and

130 IIISTOUV OF CUMBERLAND COUNTY.

then the clerk of the county used every means to resist their removal,
save force, and for a time, even force was threatened. The names
most prominent in this feature of the county history were those
of Thomas Sconce, James Gill. Ewart, Docius, Smith, John and
Nelson Berry, Lewis Harvey, A. K. Bosw(n-th, Bciils,. Rush, Ross
Brothers, Redfen, et ah

MINOR DIVISIONS.

The records of Cumberland County do not furnish any data by
which to determine the division of this region when joined to Coles
County. The act of 1843,mentions live voting places, and then doubt-
less indicates the five precincts which then existed. At any rate,
amono' the first acts of tlie new Commissioners' Court was to estab-
lish precincts as follows : " Commencing at the southwest corner ot
the county, thence easton the county-line, to the line dividing Ranges
numbers 8 and 9 east; thence north with said line to the northeast cor-
ner of Section 86, Township 10 north, Ruige <S east ; thence west on
said section-line to the county-line ; thence south on said county-line
to the place of beginning : said precinct to be known under the name
and style of Woodbury. The phice of holding election to be in the
town of Woodbury ; Elias Needham, Charles Bolm and Chipman
Webster are hereby appointed judges of election in said precinct.

" Commencing at the northwest corner of the county.thence with
the county-line to the southwest corner of Section 30, Township 10
north, Ringe 7 east ; thence with said section-line to the southc;ist
corner of S?ction 27, Township 10 north, Ringe]8 east ; thence north
with said section-line to the county-line ; thence west on the county-
line to the place of l)eginning ; said [)rccinct to be known miilcr the
name and style of CJmr Creek. The i)lace of holding elections to be
at the house of William Shores, in said precinct. William Shores.
Seelyc Hays, Sr., and Jourdtm Brown are hereby api>ointed judges of
election in said precinct.

" Commencing at the northwest corner of Section 2(),Townshi[) 1 1
north, Ringe 8 eist, thence south with said section-line to the south-
west corner of Section 2f), Township 10 north. Range 8 east; thence
east with said section-line to the Embarrass River ; thence north with
said river to the county-line ; thence we-t with said line to the place
of begimnng ; said precinct to be known under the name and style
of Cottonwoofl. The place of holding elections to be at the house of
Ricliard W. Easton, in said procinct. William Ryan, Beni White
and Thomas True arc hereby appointed jiidges of election in said
])re(inct.

HI8TOKV OF CUMBEULAND COUNTV. 131

" Coiniiiencin.iv at the southwest corner of Section 31, Township

9 north, Rani^e 9 east, thence on the countv-line to the southeast
cornerof Section 32, Township i) north, Range 10 east ; thence north
with said section-line to th(Miortheast corner of Section 22, Township

10 north, Ruige 10 east; thence west with said section-line to the line
dividing Ringes S and i) cast ; thence south with said line to place of
begiiniing ; said precinct to be known under the name and style of
Greenup. The place of holding elections to be at the school house in
Greenup, in said precinct. A. S. Freeman, Abner Rees and James
M. Ward are hereby appointed judges of election in said precinct.

" Commencing at the southwest corner of Section 33, Township 9
north. Range 10 east, thence north with said section-line to the
northwest corner of Section 9, Township 10 north. Range 10 east ;
thence east with said section-line to the county-line ; thence south
with the county-line to the southeast corner of the county ; thence
west with the county line to the place of beginning ; said precinct
to be known under the name and style of Long Point. The place of
holding elections to be at the schoolhouse near M. Rufther in said
precinct. John Welker, Lewis Hill and Elijah Russell are hereby
appointed judges of election.

" Commencing at the northeast corner of the county, thence west
with the county-line to the Embarrass River ; thence south down said
river to the line dividing Sections 14 and 23, Township 10 north.
Range 9 east; thence east on said line to the southeast corner of Sec-
tion 17, Township 10 north, Range 10 east ; thence north on said
section-line to the northeast corner of Section 8, Township 10 north,
Range 10 east ; thence east with said section-line to the county-line ;
thence north with said county-line" to the place of beginning ; the
place of holding elections to be at the house of James Gill, Esq., in said
precinct, which said precinct is to be known under the name and
style of Harricane. Lawrence Stull, Jose[)]i Wade and Gideon
McMillen are hereby appointed judges of election in said precinct."

In the following December, Wabash precinct wtvs formed out of
Clear Creek as follows : "Commencing at the northwest corner of
the county, thence east four miles ; thence seven miles ; thence west
four miles ; thence nortli to the place of beginning." Elections were
held at the house of Tliomas B. Ross, and xV<lriau Iliggins, Jo!m
McCartney anl James Sawyers were first ai)poin ted judges. In the
latter part of I-St'J, the boundaries of Wabash and Clear Creek were
again readjusted, Wabash being made only two miles wide, and
Clear Creek al)S(>rbing the two-mile strip thus regained. In March,
1852, Spring Point precinct was forme 1 from Woodbury, its limiU

132 HISTORY OF CUMBERLAND COUNTi'.

'• ooniuioiK'inir at the southwest corner of the eoimt}', thence running
east on the county-line to the southeast corner of Section 3G, on the
ranire-line between Ranges 7 ami 8 east, thence north on said line to
the northeast corner of Section 86, Township 10 north, Range 7 east;
thence Avest on said section-line to the west county-line, thence south
on the county-line to the place of beginning." The place of holding
elections was fixed at the house of A. Walker; and Thoda Garrett,
Edward Brown and Reul)eu Schooley were appointed Judges of

election.

In March, 1856, there was a general relocation of precinct lines,
each of the eight older ones being shorn of their territory to form two
new ones. Wabash, situated in the northwest corner of the county,
was made five miles wide east and west, and seven mik;s long from
north to south ; Spring Point, next on the south, occupied the
southwest corner of the county, was seven miles north and south, and
six miles east and west ; Clear Creek, joining Wabash on the east,
was five miles from west to east and seven miles in the other dimen-
sion : Woodbury joine 1 Spring Point on the west and reached to the
Emljarrass River on the southern county-line. Following up the river
to where its line reaches the present southern boundary of Sumpter,
its northern limit followed the present boundary of Sumpter to
within two miles of its western limit, then turned north and west
takinif six sections from the present outline of Sumpter ; Cotton-
wood extends east from Clear Creek to the Embarrass River, its
eastern boundary l)eing formed by the river to the section-line be-
tween Sections 14 and 23, Township 10 north, Ringe 9 east, where
its line ran west to the southwest. corner of Section L5 ; thence north
to the northwest corner of said Section 1."), thence west aloii^ the
present northern line of Sumpter to the line of Clear Creek. H-airie
City precinct was formed out of the territory thus provided with the
following boundaries: " Commencing at the northwest corner of Sec-
tion 14, Township \(S north. Range 8 east, thence south to the south-
west corner of Section 11, Township It north. Range 8 east; thence
east to the southeast corner of Section 9, Township 9 north. Range

9 east; thence north to the northeast corner of Section 1(?, Township

10 north. Range !l east; thence west to the place of beginning." On
the east side of the river the territory was divided into four precincts.
Greenup was composed of the territory contained in the three or
four fractional sections Avest of the river, and that between the river
and a line drawn from the southeast rorner of Section 32, Township
9 north, Rmge 10 east, to the northeast corner of Section 20, Town-
shij) 10 nortli, Ruige 10 east. Its northern boundary ran from the

lIIS>T()ia ur Cl MHKKi.ANU tOl NTV. 133

last nanioil point duo wost to the river. Hurricane occupied the
northeast corner of the county, with the End)arrass River as its west-
•ern boundary. Its southern limit was rather irregular, and began on
the i-iver at the section-line between .Section.s 14 and 23, Townshi})
10 north. Range i) east, thence cjust to Lost Creek, thence due north two
miles, and thence east through Avhat is now called Union Center, to
the county-line. South of Hurricane was Long Point precinct, and
in the southeast cornerof the county, just five miles square, was Crooked
Creek, the other precinct formed anew at this time. At the June
^session of this year the Connnissioners, moved by petitions of sundry
inlial)itants, enlarged Prairie City precinct by a few sections at the
expense of the precincts of Woodbury and Clear Creek. In 1858,
the precinct of Wabash was changed to Neoga, the name adopted by
the railroad village then springing into existence. In 185[l, a new
precinct called Jolinstoum, was formed from Clear Creek and Cotton-
wood precincts, with the following boundaries: " Commencing at
the northeast corner of Section 25, Township II north, Range 8 east,
thence Avest on county-line to the northwest corner of Section 29,
in said township), thence south on the section-line to the southwest
corner of Section 5, ToAvnship 10 north, Rtinge 8 east, thence east on
the section-line to the southeast corner of Section 3, said township
and range, thence south on the section-line to the southwest corner
of Section 11, thence east on the section-line to the southeast corner
of Section 12, said townshi}) and range, thence north on range-
line to the place of beginning." In September following, Woodbury
precinct was divided into two, called Turkey Creek and Pleasant-
ville precincts.

In November, 1857, a vote was had whether the county should
be organized upon the township plan, and decided in the negative.
Two years later, however, the same question was decided affirmatively,
imd in December, the Connnissioners' Court appointed Thos. Brewer,
E. Miller and Hugh Reed to divide the comity into townships. The
committee met on January '22, 18(51, and divided the county into
eight townships, as follows: Union, Crooked Creek, Greenup,
Sumpter, Cottonwood, Woodbury, Spring Point and Neoga. The
divisions thus made are very irregular, and varying from an area of
thirty-tive scjuare miles to one of fifty-six scpiare miles.

Neoga, in the northwest corner of the comity, was formed from
the precinct of the same name and Clear Creek, and is the largest in
area in the county. It is also about the wealthiest township in the
bounty, is well adapted to growing wheat, corn, grass and flax, and
<3an boast of some of the best tilled farms and largest stock-dealers ill

134 HISTOHY OF CUMBEULANl) COU.NTV.

the county. Its .settlement was not early, but among its leadiii*^
citizens may be mentioned Tracy Kiniinian, Thos. Appersou, AVm.
and John Miller, David Neal, W. B. Phillips, Jas. Clark, Lemuel
Peterson, J. G. liuchannan, Geo. Swauirh'. jmd others.

Cottonwood Township, east of Neoija and north of Sunipter, is
nearly a reirular i)arall('l()<>ram, four by ei<jfht miles in extent. Its^
eastern end abuts u\Hni the Eud)arrass River, and a few sfpiare miles^
by the eastward curves, and con)prises an area of about thirty-four
square miles. It is provided with an excellent soil and a varied sur-
face. It contains one of the oldest settlements of the county, and
on its eastern extremity is the site of DeKalb, which Avas successful
in the tirst vote for the county-seat. Johnstown, a little northwest
of the center, was an imi)ortant \illai>(' in 1.S37, l)ut has since deteri-
orated, and is more remarkable for the si<>:ns of its past than for pres-
ent i)ros})erity. Amono; its citizens should be mentioned Richard
Easton, \\'ni. Ryan, Thos. True, Wm. Morris, Joseph Berry, Mc-
Candlish, Reed, Brown, Tate, S:-ott, Flake, Bloomtield, Russell, and
other families.

Union Township is a laroe, irregular division, occupying tho'
northeast corner of the county. It lias an area of about tifty-three
square miles, and is a tine body of land, beautifully diversitied with
timber and prairie, and is a section of the county noted fen* its well
improved farms. Among its earliest settlers were James Gill, Thos.
Sconce, Lawrence Stull, Joseph Wade, Gideon McMillen, (^utright,
Neal, Lawyer, Franklin, Mc Morris, Waddle, and other families.

Crooked Creek Townshij) forms the southeast corner of the
county, is bounded on the north In' Union, the cast and south by the
county-line, and on the west by Greenup. Its outline is regular,,
being about six miles east and west, and scncu miles north and
south. It contains about forty-one square miles of good farm-
ing lands. It is especially noted for its large yield of wheat. It orig-
inally formed a part of Greenuj) i)reein(t, and is one of the more re-
cently settled i)ortions of the county. Amoni>- the leadinii- familiiis
are the Kellys, Baumgardners, Bakely, LiMuan, Hamilton, etc.

Gi'eenup Township lies just west of the preceding townshij). and
is (juit<' irrcgulai- in its outline. Its longest dimensions are nine and
a half miles from north to south, and six miles from east to west.
It li<!s principally upon the east side of the Kmbarrass River, 1)ut, in
the laying out of the county, some ten sections were added to it from-
the west side of tlu^ river, makiiiL;- an area of some forty-six sipian^
miles. It claims Greenup, a village with the largest plat in the
county, and the larger part of Jewett, a village on its western

HISTOIiY OF CUMBEULAND COUNTY. 135

boundary. In this township is found some ot" the tinest timber in the
county. There is a lariife urea of cultivated land, also, in this town-
ship, upon which some of the best wheat and stock is grown. Its set-
tlement was one of the earli(!st in this region, l)()th Greenup and
Jewett being smart vilhiges as early as 1S37. Among the older citizens
and farmers, not elsewhere mentioned, are David Carson, Sr., O. K.
l^osworth, Jas. Prentice, Thos. Tutewiler, Jno. Weatherholt, T. C>
Smitli,Chas. Conzet, Sr., Jas. Paul,, Joseph Gilbert, Evelands, Camj)-
bell, Glenn, McClain, Forrester, Troxtd, Shii)lor, Talbott, Ward,
Cook, Ewarts, Urights, and Monohon.

Woodbury Township is regular in outline, in the form of an L,
and contains thirty-seven sections. Neoga and Sunn)ter townships
bound it on the north, Greenup on the east, on the south by the J
county-line, and Spring Point on the west. Although numbering
among its citizens some of the earliest settlers of the county, its de-
velopment has been rather slow, and for some time has been jocosely
called the l)ackwoods township of the county. It has a larger area '
of timber than any other se(^ti()n of Cumberland, and is more noted
for its timber [)roducts than for grain. It is ra[)idly outgrowing its^ ~^
early reputation, however, and now has some of the best cultivated
farms in this region. Fruit, grain and stock are successfully grown, '1
and this connnunity bids lair to excel in this as in its timber indus-
tries. The latter are a prominent feature in the activities of its peo-
ple. Thousands of ties for the railroad are gotten out annually, and
a considerable number are constantly engaged in supplying these and
timbers for the Vandalia road. Among the older families are those [
of the Harrises, Kingerys, Cidlum, Wells, Berry, Russell, Niccum,
Cheezam, Evans, ShaH'er, etc.

Spring Point Township forms the southwest corner of the county.
It is five by seven miles in area, and contains thirty-five sections. Its
outline is regular, bcMug bounded by section-lines, and is generally
cultivated in go(»d-sized farms. Stock-raising and trading is quite
a feature among the business interests of the farmers. Among the
leading farmei's are mcnitioned, E. Smith, McElhaney, Faunce,
Mather, Pugh, Smith, Westly, Sehi, and others.

Sumi)ter Townshij) lies in the center of the county, and contains
about forty-five square miles. Its surface is crossed by the Cotton-
wood and Muddy creeks, which furnish water the larger part of the
ye^r, and by their timl)ered banks sup})ly the farm with that diversity
so necessary for the best success. Some of the best farms of the
county are found here. Among the older citizens of the township
should be mentioned Lewis Harvey, John Vandike, John Berry, Sr.,

13H IIISTOKY OF CUMBERLAND COl'NTi'.

William Richardson, .loini Bolp, Hoiivv Bador, Aaron Morton, Boni
White, J. A. Polder, 8r., Charles Bolin, Charles Seott, Arniers, Jud-
vson, Ashwill, Perry, Henry Green, Ezra Stitt, Ray, John Tabott,
Holesap[)les, Hubbard, Seeley, etc.

PUBLIC BUILDINGS.

For fourteen years Cumberland County had no public buildincrs.
The location of the countj-seat was delayed so long that no action
•could be taken in this matter. In the meanwhile temporary quarters
were secured of James Ewart, who furnished room for the County
€ourt and the Clerk of the Circuit t'ourt, which office he first held.
Liiter a house was secured of Daniel Porter, and this served as court-
house for some ten years. The Circuit Court was domiciled in an
old log schoolhouse, which continued to serve as a temple of justice
until a hall was secured, and then the courthouse at the county-seat.
In 1855 the County Commissioners, reciting the fact of the election
by which Prairie City was made the coimty-seat, ordered the build-
ing of a courthouse as folloAvs: " Whereas, at said election Prairie
City received 60<S votes and Greenup 518 votes, making a majority of
I»0 votes in tavor of Prairie City; and, Avhereas, it is made the duty
of the County Court of Cumberland County, by the terms of said act
in the event of a majority of the votes cast at said election beiuir in
favor of the removal of the seat of justice to Prairie City, to procure
suitable public Iniildings for the public officers of said offices of said
county, and also to provide a suitable place for holding court in said
Prairie City. It is therefore ordered by the court here, in pursuance
of the provisions of said act, that a brick courthouse be erected upon
the public square in the said toAvn of Prairie City, of the following
<limensions, to-wit: — feet long, and — feet wide, and the side walls
of the house to be twenty-eight feet high from the ground, and made
of good merchantable sand-moulded brick, and to stand ui)on a foun-
<lation of limestone rock, to be two feet below and two feet above the
.surface of the earth, the toj) foot to be of cut rock, hammer-dressed,
iind be well bedded and laid in lime mortar; andsaid building is to be
covered with sound joint shingles, and finished in a neat and substan-
tial manner; and it is further ordered that the Clerk of this
county receive sealed proposals until the iSst day of this month for
furnishing the materials for the construction of said building, and
also for the mcclianical work in erecting the same according to such
plans and specifications as may he furnished by the court previous to
the time of letting said contract, and that James Redfern, Esq., be
and he is hereby appointed a committee to superintend the erection of

HISTORY OF CUMBERLAND COUNTY. 137

the courthouse luul other public I)uihliugs at Pniirie City." This
Avas doue iu Juuo, 1<S5.'). In the uieauwhile Charles Hubbard was
appointed agent of the county to make contracts and supervise the
I'onstruction, because of the hostility of the County Clerk to the
removal of the seat of justice. In the following December a contract
was made with Bennett Beals and AViley Ross for the erection of a
courthouse at a cost of $U),.^00, the building to be enclosed bj-
Noveinber, IcSnlJ, and the lower room to be coni[)leted for the April
term of the Circuit Court in 1856. So determined was the opposi-
tion to all this action by the Clerk that he refused to record the con-
tract, and it did not appear on the Commissioners' journal until his
successor wrote it in 18.57. The contract provided that the building
.should be forty feet scjuare, that the foundation should be of good
thick heavy limestone, three and a half feet high, twenty inches below
the ground and twenty-tAvo inches above; to be three feet thick below
the ground and twenty-eight inches thick above. The walls were to
be twenty-seven feet high; the lirst story walls fifteen feet high and
twenty-one inches thick, the second twelve feet high and seventeen
inches thick. Other specitications called for three outside doors,
nineteen twenty-four light windows, a cupola and " a bell that can
be heard live miles;" the entire building to be painted and penciled
outside, the blinds painted green and trimmings Avhite. The plan
and inside arrangement were common in that day, but appears quite
primitive beside the structures of to-day. Double doors provide for
admittance to the Circuit Court rooms from both the east and west
sides, while a single door on the south side, with an inclosed entrance
and stairway, leads to the offices above. One-half the com-troom is
reserved, by a substantial railing, to the court, bar, jury and wit-
nesses, while the other half is provided with pews for the accommo-
dation of interested spectators. In its prime the outside presented
an attractive appearance. The bright red of the brick, with regular
and clear penciling, its green blinds and white trimmings, made it
an ornament to the village, and even now, though shorn of its early
freshness and beauty, it possesses a quaintness and air of decayed
luxury that hidi's, to a great extent, its lack of repair. This first
and onl}^ courthouse still serves the county in its original capacity.
There is a wide-s[)read feeling that a new building is imi)eratively
demanded for the safety of the records, which are now protected only
by wooden closets, but the old competition in regard to the county-
seat has so far intervened to prevent a new building. Greenup still
affects to believe that the seat of justice may be moved, although this
would require a three-fifths vote in its tavor, and hence uses its

138 HISTORY OF CUMBERLAND COUNTY.

eftbrts against a new courthouse at Toledo. Considerable repairs
have been made upon the structure, of kite, and as it is will probably
serve the county for several years to come. The site of the public
square was originally very unpromising. A large pond of water
covered a part of it, and one of the first improvements attempted
was the Hllinir of this slough. In 1858 a neat wooden fence
enclosing the square was built by Reuben Beals and W. H. Laugh-
ter, at a cost of $488. This fence is now sadly broken down, but the
Boird of Sui)ervisors have contracted for a fine fence with the Cham-
pion Iron Fence Company of Kenton, Ohio. This is to be a park
railing of iron spears, very ornamental in its style, and to cost $1.8'>
per foot. Aljout one thousand feet are required.

A jail building did not seem so vital a necessity to the county,
and under the circumstances in which the Commissioners found them-
selves, they made no attempt toward erecting one until 1859. In
the meanwhile when a prisoner was had that required secure keep-
ing, the jails of Coles or Clark counties were brought into requisi-
tion. Petty offenders were kept in a large " gum " which the Sheriff
had near his house on the bank of the Embarrass River. This it is^
said was quite as secure for the time as the modern iron contrivances
of the present. It is related of one prisoner, that he succeeded in
reaching the top, and after knocking off the boiird covering was at-
tempting to make good his escape, when the whole institution toppled
over, shooting the prisoner down the bank into the river, from which
he finally emerged none the worse for his involuntary bath. This
was probably the cheaper way of releasing him, and nothing further
was done for his recapture. In March, 1859, however, a contract
was entered into with William Jones and Reuben Bloomfield, to
construct a jail and jailor's quarters. The buihling was a single
story brick, twenty by thirty-two feet in outside; dimensions. This
was divided into two parts, the west side bsing adapted for living
apartments. An ofiicial report upon this building, in 1874, gives
the facts in the case: "■ It will offend nobody in Cumberland County.
to say that the jail at Prairie City is a miserable alfair. The jail and
jailor's house, one block north of the courthouse, are a cue story
brick building, twenty feet by thirty-two, erected in 1859, at a cost
of $2,500, and now in very bad repair. The jail proper consists of
four cells, two on each side of a dark and narrow corridor, three and
a half feet wide, the corridor entered by a double door from the
jailor's room, the cells about seven feet square and seven feet high,
two of them of boiler iron, and two of oak timber. The iron cells
are secure but uncomfortable, being destitute of sufiicient lioht or

HISTOR"\ nF CUMBERLANI) COUNTY. 139

ventilation. The jail is insufficiently heated in winter by a stove in
the corridor. There is no privy in the jail, but buckets are used
instead; no water, except as it is carried in by the jailor; no sepa-
rate provision for female prisoners (there never was but one, how-
ever, in the jail); and the corridor is perfectly unsafe. The floor and
the ceilinof are of plank, and both have been broken through. The
jail was very dirty when visited (June 30), and entirely destitute of
furniture, with the exception of straw ticks and blankets. There
was but one prisoner in confinement." The building was poorly
planned for the purpose for which it was intended, and has never
properly satisfied the needs of the county. But few prisoners have
occupied it a great length of time,though on one occasion some thirteen
or fourteen were crowded into those contracted cells. In the latter
part of 18()3 the building was foinid greatly out of repair, the sleepers
rotting, and greatly in need of renovating throughout. Considerable
money was expended at this time, and other expenditures have been
made from time to time to add to the comfort of the jailor's family.
It has since been condemned by the grand jury, but it still remains
to vex the public eye and disappoint the [)ublic service, and will do
so until public sentiment will rise above the jealousies engendered
in the county-seat contest, and consent to the building of a new one.
The care of the pauper poor in Cumberland County has long
been a vexed question. During the early experience of the comity
the poor were cared for by some family in the neighborhood, and the
cost of their maintenance paid by the County Commissioners. A
tract of land was early secured with the design of fitting it for a pub-
lic alms-house, but for some reason the design was never carried out
and in 1862 the Board of Supervisors bought 160 acres of George
Morcland, at a cost of $1,900, $.500 of Avhich were paid by the
transfer of the land .bought early. The more recent purchase is
])lcasantly situated in the northeastern part of Sumpter Township,
about four miles from Toledo. The pro})erty was provided with a
log barn, and an old residence part log and part frame. AVith slight
repairs this was made to serve as the abode of tenant and paupei*s.
The log part of the house was subsequently abandoned, as it was
not worth repairing, and in 1(S73 a new building was erected at a
cost of about $1 ,.500}for the tenant and his family. This building was
withoiTt halls 'or other passage-way; partitions of inch boards, and
ceiled with lumber. It contains seven rooms. Later in this year
the report on the Poor Farm showed that the old house was in bad
condition; that it was not worth rcjiairing, and that a new house
ought to be built at once. The Board of Supervisors, with commend-

«
140 HISTOUV OF CUMBERLAND COUNTY.

able promptness, ordered a new one to be ereeted at the same meet-
ing of the report, and in March of the foHowing year the building
was ready for occui)an("y. This is a neat frame, two stories high^
andal)out forty by eighteen feet, witii a wing sixteen by twenty feet.
In 1.S75 the old log stal)le, which had literally rotted down, was
replaced by a fram(i structure, thirty-four by thirty-six feet, at a cost
of $375. In 1882 a neat cottage was erected for the tenant of the
farm, and the building formerly occupied by the tenant given up to
the inmates of the institution. The farm is let to the highest bidder,
who pays an annual rental, and receives a weekly allowance for each
pauper boarder maintained. The tenant keeps, clothes, and boards
the pauper, stocks the farm at his own expense, and gives a bond in
the sum of some $2,000. The rental at first was $2 per acre for culti-
vated land, and the allowance $2 i)er Aveek for each inmate. Since then ,
as the farm has improved, the rent lias increased and the allowance,
at times, decreased, so that the annual rental reaches $200, and the
weekly allowance is something less than $2 per week- The county
employs a medical attendant by the year, the services of the lowest
responsible being retained. The farm is provided with a good ajjple
orchard and good fences, and presents an attractive appearance to
the visitor.

FIRST COURTS AND JURORS.

The first Circuit Court was held in the village of Greenup, and
presided over by Hon. AVilliam Wilson, a man of eminent judicial
a])ility, with Alfred Kitchell as State's Attorn(>y, and James Ewart
as Clerk. The Grand Jurors that served on this court were as fol-
lows: M. lluffner, foreman, Matthias Roberts, William Hutton,
James Carpenter, Elcana Bright, James Phipps, Samuel Owings,
Samuel B. Fairbanks, Jorden Brown, Benj. Drummond, Stephen
Wait, Chipman Webster, John D. Gardner, R. K. Boyd, Jas. Cissna,
William E. Smith, John Feltner, David F. Smith, and David B. Friz-
zell . It is reported that this jury when convened in council presented a
very grotesque and novel appearance. During the time they Avere trans-
acting l)usincss they were as sanctimonious as a Presbyterian deacon,
but as soon asan interval of leisure interposed they would straddle their
oaken benches in pairs, vis-a-vis, and engage in the harmless but
scientific game of '' mumble i)eg," or make a practical demonstration
of each other's capacity as a " high low jack in the game." To be
skilled in this latter acc()mi)lishment was as fashionable ami indis-
pensable in those days as it was requisite for a swallow-tail coat
of home-made jeans to be "covered all over with shining but-
tons." " Old Davy Wisner" seems to have been among the first

insToKv ov rr.MiJKKLAM) rorvTV. 141

untbrtuiiates that was introduced to this auiriist hodv of iurviiicii as
a malefactor and fla«>:rant violator of law and order, and altiiouoh
indicted was dischar«»ed and acquitted on tinal trial, with the excej)-
tion of one charo-e of nonfeasance of his office as Justice of the Peace,
for which oft'ence he was mulcted to the tune of five dollars.

At this time Cuml)erland was struck off from Coles County. The
la-st assessment of taxes had not been collected, hut, under a provision
of the act formino- tlie new county, Coles was authorized to collect
it. The new county people looked upon this transaction as legal
robbery, and felt that it should properly have been turned over to
iielp the new organization bear some of the new burdens of inde-
pendent government. However, the courts could not wait for the
people to pay taxes again, nor indeed for a courthouse to be built,
so an old log schoolhouse was converted into a temple of Justice,
and, in justice and respect to the officials and attorneys of that day,
it must be said that suits were as hotly contested, law and equity as
impartially dealt out, and the cause of the client as ably and earnestly
advocated in the old schoolhouse, as though it had been a costly
stone structure, erected at a cost of a million and a half of dollars.
Some of the attorneys who attended court in this l)uilding have since
attjiined great celebrity. Among others was Abraham Lincoln.
One case in particular in which Mr. Lincoln participated was the
notorious "Lustre Case," which was brought hereon change of venue
from Coles County. The charge against Lustre was an assault with
a deadly weapon, Avith intent to murder. Lustre was ably and
earnestly defended by Lincoln and O. B. Ficklin, and prosecuted by
State's Attorney Kitcliell. Lustre was convicted, but throuif-h the
efforts of his counsel was afterward jjardoned by the Governor on
petition.

Judge Wilson held the first circuit court in this county. He
was an abb' jurist, firm and unwavering in the discharge of the duties
of his position, and yet full of sp(n-t, and enjoycid an iiour of pastime
or a good joke as wcdl as anyone. H(^ was a lover of <>-ood horses,
and was frequently a witness of the horse rac(\s which w(a-e so com-
mon here in the early day, but while enjoyinj>- the excitement witii
the keenest zest he was never betrayed into l)acking his opinions
with a ])et.

The old log strm^ture which served so excellent a purpose as
schoolhouse and courtroom, stood for several years, serving in this
double capacity. It subsequently served as a warehouse, but has
long since passed away, and its site is almost forgotten.

142 HISTOKV OF CTMBKHLAND COUNTY

COUNTY OFFICIALS.

The fronor:iT .•idministnition of oountv :iffairs, in 1843, was in
the hands of three Commissioners. In accordance with a provision
of the oroanizii\ir act the Commissioner|rcceivinirthe highest number
of votes Avas to serve for the full tenn of three years, the one receiv-
ino- the next hioliest vote was to serve two years, and the remaininir
one to serve one year. The first, a special, election was held Ai)ril
3, 1843, and in the following August tiie regular election occurred,
in both of whii-h the same choice was made for this office. The Com-
mifisioners of the county have been, therefore, in 1843 — James Gill,
for three years ; David T. Wisner, for two years ; Charles Chown-
inir, for one year. In November, 1843, Amos G. Lacey was elected
in place of ChoAvning, resigned; 1844 — Isaac Hedges; 1845 —
David T. A\'isner, re-elected; 1.S4G — James A^' right. In the same
vear Meredith Hazelwood was elected to fill the vacancy caused by
the resignation of Hedges. In April, 1847, Jas. D. AMiite was
<'lected to fill the vacancy caused by the death of Wright; 1847 —
Meredith Hazelwood, elected his own successor for full term; 184S
— John Vandike for full term, and Wm. Helm in place of Hazel-
wood, deceased.

On April 13, 1(S4!), the act of the legislature establishing a
County Court in each county, went into effect. By this act the
regular election, which had been in August, was deferred to the
Tuesday after the first ]\Ionday in November. The court organized
by this act consisted of a County Judge and two Associate Justices,
whose term of office was four years. The Judge alone had jurisdic-
tion in matters pertaining to the probate practice and law, and the
three together had charge of all county business hitherto devolving
iipon tlie Commissioners. The first court was elected November,
IS-I'J, and resulted as folloAvs: James M. Ward, Judge; Thomas
Brewer, and J. H. \\'illiams, Associates. November, 18o2 — John
S. Smith was elected to fill the vacancy caused by the resignation of
Brewer. 18.53— W. E. Smith, Judge; Jas. Kedfern and Jas. Gill,
Associates. lsr)7— W. E. Smith, Judge: Jas. Gill and M. B. Ross,
Associates.

In 1859 the coimty voted to adopt the townshii) organization
provided by law, and in April, 18(51, elected a Boardof Siqicrvixom.
Tlie following is a list of those wlio have re})resented the various
townsliips in this capacily: Suiujjter Townsliip — W. M. P. Rush,
ISOI to l.s()5; W. L. Morton, 18(11); Tliomas Brewer, 18()7 to 1868;
D. I). J»idson,J 8(511; C. Woods. 1870; 1\I. D. Ross. 1871: D. B. Green,

^^.

HISTORY OF cr:Miu:i;LAM) COUNTY. 14r)

1872; M. Ray, 1,S7;5 to KS74; James A. Elder, Sr., 1«75; A. D. Mor-
ton, l.S7()*, Montraville R:iy, 1877; Benjamin Cooter, 1878; D. D.
Jndson. I871I; J. K. Richardson, 1880; E/,ra Stitt, 1881; Henry
Green, 1882; A. A. Lovins, 1883. Ncoca Township — John G. Mor-
rison, 18()1; Aaron Peterson, 18G2; William Neal, 18(53; J. M. Rey-
nolds, 18(J4 to 18G5; John LaDow, 18G6 to 18G7; Thomas A. Apper-
son, 18(18 to 1874; D. W. Rti.irsdale, 1875; Samnel F. Wilson, 1878;
C. P. R. Rodo-ers, 1877; James M. Ewing, 1878 to 1880; David ^cmiI,
1881; J. D. Morrison, 1882 and 1883. Cottonwood Township-
Joseph King, 18()1 to 18(53; Renben Bloomtield, 18(54; Nathan G.
James, 18G5; M. G. Ryan, 18GG; Joseph Kinii-, 18(57; Samnel Brown,
18G8; H. B. Rnssell, 1869 to 1870; William Berry, 1871 to 1872;
F. Dunsino-, 1873; W. L. Ryan, 1874 to 1875; H. B. Rnssell, 1876 to
1879; William Berry, 1880; Garrison Tate, 1881; C P. R. Rod-
gers, 1882; James A. Carrell, 1883. Union Township — Matthias
Roberts, 1861; D. B. Green, 1862; John G. Morrison, 1863; James
E. Stanford, 1864; X. L. Scranton. 1865; James E. Stanford, 186(5;
A. J. Snarly, 1867; John Redman, 1868 to 1869; S. S. Yanaway,
1870; John Redman, 1871 to 1872; J. Bum_o-artner, 1873; J. C Mil-
ler, 1874 [J. S- R<^ed, elected December, 1874, vice Miller, removed
from township]; John Redman, 1875; William Classon, 1876; John
Redman, 1877 to 1879; A. J. Carr, 1880; John Redman, 1881 to
1882; A. A. Neal, 1883. Crooked Creek Township— W. J. R. Leigh,
1861 to 1865; Walter A. Rulfner, 1866; AV. J. R. Leigh, 1867 to
1868; Thomas F. Kelley, 1869 to 1874; W. H. DcBord, 1875; Henry
Wclker, 187(5; W. H.' DeBord, 1877 to 1878; George W. Sartcr,
1879; W. H. DeBord, 1880 to 1882; G. W. Sarter, 1883. Greenup
Township — James Ewart, 1861; John J. Kellum, 1862; William
Neal, 1863; Warren Covill, 1864; John Feltner, 1865; John J. Kel-
lum, 1866; G. Mouohon, 1867 to 1876; Edward Talbott, 1877 to
1878; John Weatherholt, 1879; E. Talbott, 1880 to 1883. Wood-
bury Township— John AV. Aleshire, 1861 to 1862; David T. AVisner,
1863 to 1864; Daniel Kingery, 1865; Levi Farmer, 1866; J. W. Ale-
shire, 1867; AV. R. Patterson," 1868; John W. Aleshire, 1869 to 1870;
William Culluni, 1871; James Russell, 1872; AVilliam Cullum, 1873;
Henry A. Good, 1874; John L. Ivens, 1875; AVilliam McElhaney,
1876; H. A. Good, 1877; Joseph Berry, 1878; James McElhinney,
1879; A. M. Farmer, 1880 to 1881; AVilliam McKinney, 1882 to 1883.
Spring Point Township — James AVisely, 1861 to 1863; Thoda Gar-
rett, 1864; James AVisely, 1865; James B. Smith, 18(5(5; James
Wisely, 1867; James B. Smith. 1868 to 18(59; Stephen Smith. 1870:
o

146 HISTORY OF CUMBERL.VND COUNTY.

Clement Uptmore, 1871 to 1872; James B. Smith, 1873 to 1874;
Frank Sehumaker, 1875; Louis Sehi, 1876 to 1877; Charles McEl-
hinney, 1878; Louis Sehi, 1871); Louis Schooley, 1880; Louis Sehi,
1881 to 1883. The followmg are the other officers from 1843 to the

present, 1883.

Sheriffs. — The Hon. E. H. Starkweather was the first represent-
ative to the Legislature the county ever had, and took his seat in
that body in the year 1844, and faithfully and ably represented the
county and its interests. And during his legislative term he suc-
ceeded in having an act passed for the relief of Thomas Sconce,
Sheriff, who had failed to make a settlement with the State Auditor,
and pay over the State revenue due from the county. At that time the
Sheriff was also ex-officio Collector, and was eligible to office as often
as the people saw fit to elect him, and was only legally disqualified
by failing to make proper settlement with the State and county, and
o-et a clearance, or as it was in legal parlance called a " quietus."
Mr. Sconce failing to receive his " quietus " from the State Auditor,
upon his second election, was refused by the Auditor his commission
as Sheriff, but being a man of great popularity, and full of that mag-
netic power that drew and bound the people to him, went before the
people for their endorsement and re-election, saying, "well, boys, it
is true, I did not pay the money o\qv to the State, and get my
' quietus,' simply from the fact that I never collected it — you have
the money, and if anybody is defaulter, it is the people themselves."
And the people believed him, and such was their confidence in hin^
that they re-elected him by an increased majority over his former
vote. After this popular demonstration in his behalf the Auditor
commissioned him, and he served as Sheriff from 1843 till 1848, about
which time he died. Mr. Sconce never did pay the deficit, and lion.
E. II. Starkweather, as above stated, had an act passed relieving his
securities from the burden. Thomas Sconce, from 1843 till 1848; Ed-
ward Talbott, from 1848 till 1850; B. F. Aleshire, from 1850 till 1852;
Tliomas Brewer, from 1852 till 1854; C C Jones, from 1854 till 1856;
B. F. Aleshire, from 185() till 1858; Edward Talbott, from 1858 till
1860; Henry Rhodes, from 1860 till 1862; E. S. Meeker, from 1862
till 1864; John Prather, from 1864 till 1866; Henry Rhodes, from
I86(i till 18i;s; John Prather, from 1868 till 1870; Edward Bum-
gartner, from 1870 till 1872; Henry W. Green, from 1872 till 1876;
James A. Candlish, from 1876, and is the present incumbent. The
term of office is now four years.

Circnil (7/(^rA\s'.— Under the constitution of 1848 the Recorder's

HISTORY OF CUMBERLAND COUNTY. 147

oiKco wii« an iiidopcMulcnt one, and Otis Perry was the firsthand A.
K. Bosworth tlie second to fill this office. Under the new constitu-
tion the Circuit Clerk was made ex-o^cio Recorder, and the inde-
pendent office abolished. The Clerks have been James P^wart,
from 1848 till 1852; Edward Talbott, from 1852 till 1850; S. D.
Tossey, from 185(5 till 18(14; Edwin S. Norfolk, from 18(j4 till 1872;
Andrew Carson, from 1872 till 187(5; W. L. Bruster, from 187(5, and
is the present incumbent. The term of office is four years.

County Clerks. — In 1855, when the coimty-seat was removed
from (jrreenu]:) to Prairie City, A. K. Bosworth, who was then County
Clerk, refused to move to the new county-seat as the law required,
and was iSnall}', upon an order of the court, removed from office, and
A. G. Caldwell appointed in his place. The recalcitrant Clerk made
an excellent officer, and was highly esteemed for his many good
qualities as a man, l)ut ]>eing determined to make his own villao-e
the county-seat, he could not endure defeat with equanimity. In this
he had the sympathies of the community of Greenup, and in 1857
was re-elected, over Mr. Caldwell, to his old i)osition. Legallv, he
was clearly in the wrong in his opposition to the removal of the
records, and yielding to the inevitable, he went to the new county-
seat, where he filknl the office of Clerk for the ensuing four years.
The County Clerks have been John F. Holley, from 1843 till 1847;
A. K. Bosworth, from 1847 to 185(5; A. G. Caldwell, appointed, from
185(5 till 1857; A. K. Bosworth, from 1857 till 18(51; M. B. Ross,
from 18(11 till 18(35; M. R. Lee from 18(55 till 18(59; A. A. Lovins,
from 18(59 till 1873; W. R. Humphrey, from 1873 till 1877; L. B.
Ross, from 1877 till 1882; G. M. Lemen, from 1882, and is the pres-
ent incumbent. The term of office is four years.

County Judges. — This office was created under the Townshij)
Organization Act, but in 1843 an officer possessing similar powers
was elected, and termed the Probate Justice of the Peace. E. H.
Starkweather was first elected to this i)osition in 1843. In the
August election he was elected to the legislature, and J. M. Ward
was elected to the Justice's position, which he continued to fill until
the constitution of 1848 transferred the duties of this office to the
County Court. lie was then elected Judge, as before noted. As at
present understood, the first County Judge was H. B. Decius, from
18(51 till 18(55; Reuben Bloomtield iVom l.S(55 till 18(59; Wiley Ross,
from 18(59 till 1873; John W. Miller, from 1873 till 1882; L. L:
Logan, from 1882, and is the present incumbent.

Tvemurers. — Abram Trease, from 1843 till 1845; S. AV. Iluffcutt.

X48 HISTORY OF CUMBERLAND COUNTY.

from 1845 till l'S.')0; W. L. Morton, from 1850 till 1861 ; John
Vandike, from 18(51 till 18G3; Andrew Carson, from 18()3 till ISTI;
A. J. Edwards, from 1S71 till 1875; T. L. Norman, from 1875 till
1877; John W. Goodwin, from 1877, and is the present incumbent.

Surveyors. — There is no record of any election to this position
in Cumberland County before 1847. At this date record is made of
the employment of Thomas Sconce. In 1848 the records note the
employment of John W. Aleshire. In 1849 William E. Smith was
elected, and served until 1853; William Jones, from 1853 till 1857;
George Moreland, from 1857 till l.SCl; William Jones, from 1861
till r869; W. H. Rissler, from l.S()9 till 1<S72; AVilliam Wyldes,
from 1872 till 1879; George Moreland, from 1879, and is the present
incumbent.

County School Suj)erint€ndents.—Th\^ otficial originally had
principally to do with the school lands in the county, and the distri-
bution of the school funds. Under the school law of 1855, and sub-
sequent enactments, the duties of the office were enlarged, and the
County Superintendent of Schools established. The gentlemen who
have filled this position in Cumberland County are D. C Decius,
from 1843 to 1845; J. F. IloUey, from 1845— February, 1847, Will-
iam Freenum was appointed to till vacancy caused by death of llol-
ley; L. H. Goodwin, from 1847 till 1851; A .K. Bosworth, from 1851
till 1853; H. C Woodworth, from 1853 till 1855; Reuben Boals,
from 1855 till 1857; H. B. Decius, from 1857 till l.SGl; L. H. Good-
win, from 1861 till 1<S65; William E. Lake, from 1865 till 1873; T.
C. Kille, from 1873 till 1877; Henry J. Crosscup, from 1877 till 1881;
W. E. Lake, appointed f(n' 1881; Sanniel C Miller, from 1.S82, and
is the present incumbent. The term of office is now four years.

SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT.

The pioneers of Cumberland County, with limited exception,
came from Kentucky. The larger number reached this point of the
State after some temporary stay elsewhere, in Indiana or in Illinois.
A few years later a large accession to the settlenu'nt was received
from Morgan ( 'ounty, Indiana. In I .S5() the gold excitement at tractcd
a consideral)h' numlu'r of men from this county to California, but
the smaller i)art of this number fcmnd their way l)ack to Cumberland,
and to this extent the " old stock " was depleted. On the Avhole,
however, the community found here are the descendants of original
pioneers, while enough of the fathers are h^ft to trace back the tics
which bind the present to the past. With the people came the

HISTORY OF CUMHP]RLAND COUNTY. 149

€ii.stoiiis and prejiidiccs of the section t'loni which they came. Whisky
was a prominent factor in all social matters. Distilleries were found
in every part of the county, and their product was seen and used in
every cabin and at every gathering. A citizen of the county describ-
ing the ditlcrence between the product of that day and this, said that
the present licpior was stupifying, and had not more than one fight
in a gallon. That of forty years ago had at least ten lights to the
gallon, and was of that exhilarating sort that leads a man to think
he might move mountains. A natural result of the general use of
this beverage was the frecpuMicy of })ugilistic encounters. At every
ordinary gathering there was a tendency to (piarrel, and few passed
where many were brouijht toofether that a ti<2:ht did not occur. Sat-
urday afternoons were regular holidays, in which the male portion
of the comnnmity came together at the various villages, and indulged
in pitching (pioits, wrestling, shooting at the mark, or running their
horses on a wager. In most of these contests gambling in one way
or another was a prominent feature. To one accustomed to different
customs, such amusements seemed to betray a vicious character and
a ruinous tendency, and it would be generally conceded that, con-
tinued to this day, such })ractices would greatly retard the prosperity
of the comnnmity. But these practices had their origin in the cus-
toms of an okUu* society, lirought here in contact Avith other cus-
toms, transferred from other sections, new forms of amusement and
new customs were developed, and with the change of circumstances
and surroundings society invented new modes of amusement. The
early law allowed the voter in general elections to vote at the county-
seat or elsewhere in the county, and such occasions and the opening
of court brought a large })roportion of the male i)o})ulation together.
Subsequent changes liroke the larger community into smaller ones,
where the more thoughtful ones had greater influence, and tliis
boisterous conviviality has gradually been done away with. Another
powerful influence toward the social develo])ment of a community, Ls
its contact with others. A profltable emulation s])rings up, business
interests become involved, and orderly habits become a necessity.
In this early stage of develo})mcnt, therefore, the flrst highways
played an important part. They were the great arteries that
touched the lines of the various minor comnumities, and linked their
prosperity together.

The Cumberland or National road was laid out about the time,
or before, of the earliest settlement here. It was subsequently com-
pleted suflicient for general travel as early as 1832. This was of

150 HISTORY OF CUMBERLAND COUNTl'.

great influence upon the community, brinirinsfj iis it did, persons
from all ])arts of the older settled portions of the east in contact
with the community settled in the southern part of the county.
From this road, at different points, the early roads led back on either
side to the remoter settlements. Of the earliest wasfon-ways in Cum-
berland County, scarcely more than trails, one led from Greenup
to the Johnstown settlement; another led from AVoodbury to Johns-
town, and a third led from Greenup to the Glenn settlement, iu
Coles Coiuity, by way of " CutM^ood Gap." These Avere at first
the only reo-ular routes of travel. These led along the edge of the
timber, as the green-head flies made it impossible for animals to pass
through the i)rairie during the larger part of the day. These roads
were not officially established, nor regularly laid out, nor worked.
They were simply the routes from one point to another, which the
people generally agreed, under all the circumstances, were the most
direct. Streams were forded, sloughs were a\oided by circuitous
routes, or plunged into and through by the dint of horse power and
endm-ance. Often the teamster was forced to relieve his team by
unloading a part of the burden in the midst of the slough, if his pru-
dence had not led him to do so before entering, and then this portion
of the load had to be transferred to the Avagon again ujjon the shoul-
der of the man. Thus it frequently occurred that the day was spent
in making a comparatively short distance, and tlic teamster would
find himself worn out with his exertions and covered with the mud in
which he had been obliged to work. Tn 1835, the road from Greenup
to Charleston was established, connecting with a road that ])assed
southward through Jasper County. In bSo!), a road from Charles-
ton, via JohnstoAvn, was laid out to Louisville, Clay Comity, in tliis
State; in l(S4(j, a road from Greenui) to York, in Clark County, and a
little later, the State road, which runs northward through the center
of the county. These Avere the ])rincipal inter-<'ounty roads. In the
meauAvhile, scarcely a session of th(^ County Court ])assed without
action was taken on some of the neighborhood roads, 'riicsc at first
were constructed upon the most available direct route from one
neighl)orh()()d to another. As lands were entered, and these routea
were found to interfere Avith private interests, they Avere changed to
run on section-lines.

But Avith all this inultii)lication of roads it Avas found difficult
to reach a profitable market by means of Avagons. St. Louis Avas the
princi[)al market for jjroduce in this section, and the National road
was a great advantage to this county, but even by this Avay the cost

HISTORY OF CUMBERLAND COUNT!'. 151

of transportation nearly consumed the value of the load. Along
the larger waterways large flat boats were constructed, laden with
grain and pork, and then floated to New Orleans. The Embarrass
River was available for this purpose along its lower length, and
under the supposition that it could be used in Jasper, Cumberland
and Coles counties, the legislature passed an act, in 1847, author-
izing these counties to levy a tax for clearing out the drift-wood and
otlier obstructions from the channel and banks. This county did
levy one tax, and in 1848 Wiley Ross was appointed to superintend
this work. Debris was removed, overhanging trees cut away at
considerable expense, but the river was never found available here.
Two flat-boats started down from Coles County, only one of which
got into the Wabash River. The numerous streams in the county
added a serious difliculty to the early travel, and gave no little
trouble to the County Court, which was embarrassed by a very lim-
ited treasiuy. The only important bridge in the county, until about
IS'60, was the bridge on the National road, built across the Emban-ass
by the government. This was built about 1832, and was a good
specimen of workmanlike skill and patience. It served the public
well, but the constant wear of travel and weather reduced it to a
wreck in about thirty years. Warped out of shape and in a dan-
gerous condition, it was still used until its final destruction, /
about 18G5.

The destruction of this old bridge seems to have worked up a
new era in the history of the Embarrass River, particularly in the
locality of Greenup, for it seems the river had not been discovered
to be navigable for boats, especially from bank to bank, until
then. This is an epoch in the history of the Embarrass well remem-
bered by some of the old Boards of Supervisors, who were so i)ersist-
ently assailed for ferry-boat licenses and cliarters, and price lists,
along in 186(_)-G7. After the destruction of the old bridge, Reuben
Mattox establishel a ferry in 18 Id, at the point where the Cumber-
land road crosses the river. The charter of this ferrv was o-runted
by the County Board to Mr. Mtittox, who run the boat until it
passed into the hands of Abe Parker. This boat was first built with
the intention of being kept up and sustained by the town of Greenup,
but for some reason the enterprise failed and Mr. Mattox took it
up. Mr. Parker was succeeded by Samuel Cisna, and he by Henson
Briglit. Ill Juno, 18(15, Chas. Conzet, Jr. and Wm. E. Workman
established a ferry at the point where the Charleston and Greenup
road crosses the river. Thev run this boat for some time and

152 HISTORY OF CUMBERLAND COUNTY.

assio-ned it to Sam Cisiia and Clias. Allen. The l)oat afterwards
passed into the hands of Cisna alone, and afterwards back to Work-
man, who owned the boat when he died, in 1871. R. M. G. Cleghorn
run the boat for some time after the death of Workman. It then
passed into the hands of John Hallett, whose almost superhuman
appeals to the Great Boatman, who ferries people across the river
Jordan, could almost make the boat glide without any other exer-
cise or propellant power. It then came back into the hands of Sam
Cisna, who succeeded Hallet. During the time Workman ran it, a
small saloon was attached to the boat, the result of which was to
make the head swim as well as the body, making a kind of double
ferry and adding to the financial part of the arrangement. Although
this saloon was a small affair, its liquors spoke as loudly in their
workino-s as thouirh drank in one of the dashing saloons of London,
or New York. During Workman's last term (under a twenty years
charter), he constructed a " pontoon bridge," which rendered cross-
ing more safe and convenient. But Workman has crossed the big
ferry, and the pontoon bridge is gone.

The business of conducting a ferry, even at that date, had its
discouraofements. This route was considerablv traveled, and while
the Board had granted a very liberal list of charges, especially in the
case of foreign travel, it did not prove highly remunerative. People
did not seem to appreciate the private character of the enterprise,
and it is said the irritated proprietor rushed bt^fore the Board, at one
of its sessions, threw his hat upon the table liefore them, exclaim-
ing, " Gentlemen, I want you to do something to compel people
to pay, when they cross on the ferry ; for, by G — d ! I have to keep a
hired hand to run the boat for me, while I stand on the bank with
my coat oft* and sleeves rolled up, ready to flog them if they don't
pay, d— d if I don't, and I am getting tired of it, and want you to
do something to make them pay, without my having to flog it out of
them." It is not recorded how the Board satisfied the irate ferry-
man, but as a memorial of AVorkman, and of the skill of James
Eaton in the use of a broad axe, the boat remained for years, serv-
ing a temporary sul)stitute for the old bridge. A ferry is still used,
about two months in the year, on the road leading from Toledo to
Greenup.

In 18i!2, the Board of Supervisors contracted for a bridge across
the Embai-rass River at Nees' Ford, where the section-line crosses
the river due east of the courthouse, and for the repair of the old
bridire on the Cumberland road. The first was built at a cost of some

HISTORY OF CUMBERLAND COUNTl'. 153

$650, paid by the county, and a snbsoription of $380 by those inter-
ested. The repairs on the old bridge were carried forward very
slowly, and the strnctnre was carried away before it was finished.
In this year, also, l)ridges were constructed over Muddy Creek, on
the road from Toledo to Neoga, and over the Cottonwood Creek, on
the road from Toledo to Greenup. These are unimportant struct-
ures, and were built at a cost of al)out §300 each. Under the town-
ship orijanization, the county central authority has l)ut a limited con-
trol of the subject of bridije liuilding, and in this county, the unusual
fact was presented, of the Board of Supervisors willins: to construct,
and the township backward in l)uildin<,'-. The Board had made sev-
eral attempts to secure a durable bridge over the Enil^arrass on the
National road, but no practical result had followed when, in Decem-
ber, 1(S75, the following " whereas " was passed: " Whereas, the
county of Cumberland is greatly deficient in bridges, and that a
bridge is needed across the Embarrass River, at the National road
crossing in Greenup; also, one across ]\Iuddy Creek, at the crossing
west of Prairie City, in Sumpter Township; also one across ]\luddy
Creek, at the Xational road crossing in Woodliury Township; and
also, one across the Embarrass River, at the Ryan Ford, in Union
Township; and, whereas, our county is out of debt and amply able
to build good and dural>le bridges on easy terms; now, therefore, we,
the said Board, Avould respectfully recommend to the Commissioners
of Highways, that they take the necessary legal steps to build bridges
at the respective places above mentioned; that we recommend the
building of good iron bridges at the said crossings, and that they be
placed on good iron a])utments," etc. The Board further recom-
mended that contracts be made Avith tlic ^NIcKay & Nelson Iron
Bridge Company, of Fort Wayne, Ind. This action on the part of
the Board developed some activity among the township authorities,
and contracts were let for three of these bridges, which were erected
in the following year. The bridge at the Woodl)ury Ford was cajr-
ried out by high water in 1<S82. The repair of this bridge, including
the cost of raising the grade, it is estimated will cost upwards of $4,000,
and is now imder consideration. The bridge at Rj-an's Ford was
contracted for in August, 1883, for $(),700. The three bridges con-
structed in 1876, cost about $20,000, of which fell to the county some-
thing over $17,000. There was some ditfiindty in settlement with the
contractors, and the Board finally compromised on $16,087.95 as its
share.

154 HISTORY OF CUMBERLAND COUNTY.

RAILROADS.

lUinois Central liailroacl — A^'ith the application of steam to
locomotion a new era dawned, and all systems of internal improvement
founded \\\Km wairon-ways, or m constant streams,were revolutionized.
"With the buildinir of the railroads the crreat advanta<<e of the National
road was lost, and the public clamored for this new power that w^as to
revolutionize the age. Situated, as it is, remote from navigable streams,
and from large centers of trade, Cumberland County for years seriously
felt the need of railroad facilities, and as one part after another of
the State felt the invigorating influence of this new agent of civil-
ization, it receded by contrast until what was a leading, enterprising
section, became an isolated, non-progressive community. In iN'^o,
the Illinois Central Riilroad crossed the northwestern corner. The
projection of this great enterprise is a part of the history of the
State. Constituting a part of the State internal improvement sys-
tem of 1837, it was abandoned in the general collapse of the project
after some Avork on the line had actually been done. A part of the
line was subsequently revived by legislation, but the enterprise lacked
vitiility, until couirress in 1850 i^ranted to the State a tract of some
three millions of acres, through the central part of the State, in aid
of its construction. This act granted the right of way for the rail-
road through the public lands, of the width of 200 feet, from the
southern tenninus of the Illinois and ]Michigan Canal, to a point at
or near the junction of the Ohio and Mississippi rivers, and for
branches from the main line to Galena and Chicago. Privilege to
take from them earth, stone and timber for its construction, was also
tifranted, but the main orant consisted of alternate sections of land,
designated by even nimibers, for six sections deep on each side of its
main line and branches. Land sold or pre-empted within this twelve-
mile area, miaht be made o-ood by selections of even sections of pub-
lie land anywhere within fifteen miles of the line of road. The lands
in this si)ace were innnediatel}' taken out of the market, and Avhen
placed on the market two years later, the price of public lands
was advanced to $2.50 per acre. The complete plan of the projectors
of this bill in conirress, was the continuance of this line of railroad
direct to Mobile. In 1852 the road was begun and carried through
without any great dehiy. The line through Cumberland was built
in \K)'u and a station made, called Neoga, which has given its name
to the village and township. The ellect of this road upon the devel-
opment of the county was marked ])rincipally in the (juickening of
innnigration to this point. A large proportion of the lands in

HISTORY OF CUMBERLAND COUNTY. 155

Cumberland County belonged to the o-eneral govemnient in 1850.
Some lands within the railroad grant had been purchased by settlers,
and lands in lieu of these were selected by the railroad fully fifteen
miles from its line in this county. B^' the time the railroad was
actually built, there was scarcely a piece of public land in the county.
The railroad lands were unsold imtil some years later.

/Saifit Louis, Vandalia ^ic Terre Haute Railroad. — The location
of the "Central" road made it of little adyantage to the Sfeneral
business of the county. It deyeloped a thrivinii- yillaire about its
depot in this county, but its long distance from the main business
points rendered the desire for another railroad none the less keen.
The region of the State between lines running east and west through
Terre Haute and Vincennes, found its best market at Saint Louis and the
East. For these markets the Central furnished no facilities for trans-
portation, but on the contrary its friends were bitterly hostile to the
construction of any road from either of the points mentioned to Saint
Louis. The agitation for the building of the Ohio and Mississippi
began in 1JS41), and it was not until 1851 that the legislature reluc-
tantly granted it a charter. The Atlantic & Mississippi Kailroad
was projected at the same time. This proposed to reach Saint Louis
via Vandalia, from Terre Haute, and Avas popularly knoAvn as the
" Brough road. " This line was considered to be in direct conflict with
the interests of Alton, Avliich then posed as a rival of Saint Louis,
and in ruinous competition with the Terre Haute & Alton Koad,
which was then being l)uilt. Col. John Brough, a leading public
citizen of Indiana, was at the head of the enterprise. Refused a
charter in 1851, he proceeded to oruanize a company under the gen-
eral law of 18411, iMit after some $5()0,()(K) was subscribed it was
found impracticable to proceed under that law, and in 1858 a})plica-
tion was again made for a charter and promptly denied. The deter-
mination of Col. Brough had brought out the full force of the oppo-
sition, and every attempt to charter, by individual links, a line from
Terre Haute to Saint Louis was met with defeat. The survey of this
line of road passed throui^h Cumberland County considerably north
of the National road, and in 1854 the people yoted to take $80,000
of stock. The Brough road, however, was rclincjuished, and a new
organization took up the project. On November 2?), 1858, the lead-
ing men of Cumberland, Clark, Crawford, Jasper and other counties
to be traversed by the i)roi)osed road, met at Salem. A vigorous
address Avas adojjted, and a conuuittee of twenty men appointed to
present it to the Governor. An extra session of the legislature was

156 HISTORY OF CUMBERLAND COUNTY-

called, ami the "Mississippi & Atlantic" road was chartered. Its
construction was greatly delayed. One line after another was run,
and it was tVeelv charired in many quarters that the enofineers were
advertisiuir* bv their actions, for bids to influence their final location
of the line. In 18(j(), the people of Cumberland Count}- voted to
take $r)0,00() in stock of this company, upon the condition that the
company should '* locate, construct and equip a railroad" through
the county in an east and west direction, and not south •' of the line
surveyed and adopted by the Mississippi & Atlantic Kailroad Com-
pany." A proposition was made in ISiiS, by the company, that the
county should vote $100,000 in aid of the enterprise, provided that
the road should be built within one and a half miles of Prairie City,
otherwise to pay only SaOjOOO. This seemed to be an effort to evade
the conditions upon which the former sul)scription had been made,
and when sul)mitted to the people was defeated by an overwhelming
majority. The road was finally constructed upon a line south of the
one stipulated in the conditions upon Avhich the subscription was
based, and the count}'^ has not paid, nor in fact issued any bonds to
this company.

This road, in 1869, secured an amendment to the original charter
giving the company the usual privileges, immimities and benefits for
branch lines from the main track to ^Marshall, Prairie City, and
one or two other points in the State. Some agitation was set on
foot to secure a branch to the count v-seat. The auofreo^ate cost
of the proposed branch was placed at $9,000, and on April 5, 1873, a
meeting of the citizens interested in the project was held, but the
branch never made much progress in a practical way, and the other
railroad projects drove it out of the public mind.

Peoria, Decatur <& EvansviUe Railroad — The brilliant success
of the " Central " gave rise to a general desire among certain capi-
talists to try this sort of speculation, and, in IS').'), a road was pro-
jected from Mattoon to Grayville, on the Wabash River. A charter
was finally secured Feliruarv 6, 18.57, but up to 1^7(5 nothing had
been accomplished in the way of grading. A part of the original
plan was to find an outlet through Indiana, and the Mount Vernon &
Grayville Railroad Company Avas the name of the Indiana division
To the construction of this road the terminal county had voted a large
subscription, which was subsequently diverted to the building of a
new coui't house. The first s])ike had been driven on this division in
the early i).irt of ISJI, and sonic fi\c miles of tlu> road graded and
laid with rail, but the treacherous action of the people at the terminal

III.STOKY OF CUMBEKLAM) COUNTi'. 157

point discouraired further work in that direction, hi ^March, 1x72,
the two companies were consolidated under the name of tlie Cliica<jo
ct Illinois Southern Kailroad Company, and about the same time, this
new or^^ranization was consolidated with the Decatur, Sullivan & Mat-
toon Company, which had been foniied under a charter irranted in
1871. "With all this activity in the transfer of franchises, and the
utter absence of any ajiparent i)ro;jn"ess in the work, the i)eople beijan
to believe that the bonds voted at various i)oints would be scpian-
dered and no railroad secured. In resi)onse to some of these com-
plaints, the contractors of the time wrote to an influential friend of
the enterprise, at Olney, 111., as follows:

J. W. Beck, Esq., Olney, HI. ^'^w York, July 24, 1871.

Dear Siu:— In answer to your favor of the 21st inst, asking
information in reference to the construction of the Chicao-o & Illinoit
Southern Railroad, we would state that since we undertook the con-
tract to build that road, our efforts have been applied to the work in
Posey County, Ind., in order to save the charter of the ^Mount Vernon
& Grap-ille Railroad Company, now consolidated with, and fonnino-
a part of the C. & I. S. Railroad, and also to the Avork on the Deca-
tur, Sullivan & Mattoon Railroad, from ]Mattoon north to Decatur
and Sprino-field, in order to save some valuable subscriptions neces-
saiy to build that road, Avliich, when completed, will be consolidated
with and forai a part of the C & I. S- R. R., and trive it two impor-
tant outlets, one to Decatur, another to Sprinirfi(>ld.

For the certainty of success in all <rreat enterprises, it is best

until everything is put ujion a sure footing, to make haste slowly

and we do not doul^t but our friends along the middle of the line of
the C. & I. S. Railroad begin to think our proirress very slow
indeed. But they nnist be patient, and in good time they will see
the road running through their country to their satisfaction. Thev
must realize that to build a railroad, other and sometimes more labo-
rious work has to be done besides shoveling dirt, building bridires and
laying track. The work of negotiating the securities, getting the
iron, fastenings, and rolling stock has to be done, and to that end all
our energies, time and ability are now directed, with excellent pros-
pects, we are happy to say, of early success. When this shall have
been accomplished, your good people shall have no cause to complain
of longer delay. We shall commence work from ]Mattoon south to
Prairie City, and from Olney both north and south. We expect to
have the D., S. & M. road finished to Decatur— 40 miles by the 1st

158 HISTORY OF CUMBERLAND COUXTi'.

ot October. It is now nearly comploted to Sullivan — 13 miles — with
iron laid, and the iron has hcen purchased tor the whole road and is
MOW being rapidly delivered.

Your people should luiderstand that it is as important to them to
have the D., S. & M. road Ijuilt, as any portion of the C. & I. S. road,
it being really a part of the latter road, extending it to Decatur and
Springfield, where it will connect with other roads extendnig west
and to the north. We are now in treaty with those connecting roads,
so as to make the C & I. S. Railroad a grand trunk line, connecting
Chicago and the Northwest with the South by an almost air line.

Our engineers are now surveying the road from Mattoon to
Prairie City, and as soon as it is finished we shall put it under con-
tract for early completion.

At Olney we shall commence the work as soon as we have
the line definitely located by Col. Andrews, the Chief Engineer of the
road. At Mount Vernon we have five miles of iron laid and about
five more gi'aded. AVe propose to contract the balance of the work
out to the Wabash River, and are now in treaty with a responsible
contractor to do the work and finish it in a rapid manner.

We have purchased four locomotives. Two we have now in use,
one at ]\Iattoon and one at Mount Vernon, and two ready for work
upon the road as soon as needed. Indeed, everything on the whole
line is progressing as well as we could expect, considering the diffi-
culties we have had to encounter, and if we are sIoav in reachinir vour
place, we are none the less sure — and surety is what is most desirable
in the success of any enterprise.

We have kept this enterprise intact through one of the most ^
disastrous financial storms abroad we have ever known — occasioned
by the French and German war, and which swept many other more
promising railroad enterprises out of sight. From the eft'ects of that
storm, confidence in railway securities is just recovering, and we
hope now to place the success of this undertaking on a permanent
foundation.

As for the McCabe claims we would add — we have assumed their
paymcMit and they will lie paid. In a short time one of our firm will
visit your city and arrange the matter satisfactorily to all parties
concerned. Very trulv vours, J. Edwix Coxant.

Notwithstanding this brave talk, the word of promise was spoken
to the ear only to be broken to the heart. The consolidation was
effected as noted above; one set of contractors after another failed

HISTORY OF CUMBERLAND COUNTY. 159

and the people of Cuinherland County began to despair, and, in
August, 1874, the Democrat, at Prairie City, declared that "several
contractors have been awarded the contract to build the road, only
to hold it as a matter of speculation, and allow it to expire by limi-
tation. Such has been the history of the road until it was virtually
killed, or tiiought to be killed, and buried under the act of tlie direct-
oi-s consolidating the road with the Mattoon & Decatur road under
the incorporate name of the Chicago & Illinois Southern Railroad
Company. This act, so far as it was capable of doing so, assisted by
the Cleveland Iron Company, gave the enterprise its quietus, and its
enemies contidently congratulated themselves that this time, for a
certainty, the road slept quietly, in the Tomb of Capulets, that sleep
that knows no waking, and at once commenced administering upon
its etfects."

At this juncture, Messrs. Mclntires & Chapin, of Mattoon,
began proceedings to have the consolidation set aside or dissolved.
A suit was brought in the Jasper County Court, and was finally
adjudicated by the United States Court for the Southern District ot
Illinois, on May 5, 1876, which entered a decree dissolving the com-
bination. Work was at once pushed upon the middle sections, and
thirty of the ninety-three miles proposed were graded.

Cumberland County took by far the greater interest in this road
than any other that has touched its limits. All others but touch the
outer edges of its territory, and are really a detriment to the growth
of the business here; drawing trade out of the county business houses
elsewhere. The Board of Supervisors took stock to the amount of
$250 for the purpose of making preliminary surveys in 1857. In
1866, a proposition to vote a subscription of $50,000 to the stock of
the company was submitted to th(> i)cople, and aflinned by the elec-
tion of July 2S, of that year. The condition of this subscription to
the " Grayville & Mattoon Railroad Company " was, " that said
company shall locate, construct and equip a railroad through said
county, running on a line as nearly as practicable from Mattoon, in
Coles County, to Prairie City, in Cumberland County, and thence to
Grayville, in White County." For this subscription, on this condi-
tion, there was a majority of 384 votes, and in September, 18()6, the
Board ordered " that as soon as either or l)oth of said roads (Van-
dalia and P., D. & E.,) shall in all tilings comply with their part of
the obligations or contracts accepted by said Board at the May
special term, 1M66, then by these presents, the Clerk of this Board
is hereby authorized to issue said bonds in strict compliance ivith the

UiO HISTORY OF CUMBERLAND COUNTY.

contract entered into ])y said Board with the railroads aforesaid, as is
entered of record in this office." The county, throuirh its represent-
ative, assented to all the consolidations, but stoutly resisted the su£r-
gestion that the bonds should be deposited in Terre Haute, in trust
with some person, to be turned over to the railroad authorities when
the contract was satisfied. There was, however, a diti'erence in judg-
ment upon the subject among the membei-s of the Board, and it is
due to the stout resistance of H. B. Russell that the county did not
commit this fallacy. In Februaiy, 1877, the Clerk was instructed to
issue the bonds, but, inasmuch as tliev needed the signature of the
President of the Board, who -was at this time H. B. Russell, the
whole matter w^as delayed by his refusal to siiifu them. He was
finally deposed from his position, but the dilemma was only
increased. There were just eight men, and they were CAcnly divided
upon the subject; the candidate for the vacancy, too modest to vote
for himself, Avas easily defeated by the deposed faction. Day after
day the fight raged, until the Board gave up the strugirle, restored
Ml'. Russell, and left the bonds unsigned. In July, the Board unam-
mousJy rescinded the order directing the issue of the bonds.

In the meanwdiile the " railroad came," and was noticed by the
Democrat as follows: " On Saturday, the 23d day of June, 1877, the
track-layers on the Grayville & Mattoon Railroad laid the track
across the street leading east from the courthouse in our city, and
engine Xo. 8 run up into the street, and blew a long blast from her
whistle, which brought a large number of our citizens to the road,
accompanied by the band and a wagon-load of refreshments, for the
purpose of expressing their thanks to the contractors and laborei-s
of the road for the faithful and diligent manner they have pursued
in constructino- the road to this })lace. After the band played a
piece, Clinton Woods, from the top of the engine cab, introduced
Judge Decius to the crowd, who, in a very ap[)ro[)riate speech, ex-
tended the thanks of the citizens of Prairie City to the contractors
and laborers of the road, and then invited them to partake of the
i-efreshments i)reparod for them. Mr. Wyith, the contractor for lay-
ing iron, mounted thecal), and in behalf of the laborers expressed
thanks for the kindly manner in which our ])eople had received
thcni. jNIr. Sinnnons was then called for, and nuide his appearance
on the cab, and commenced his remarks by saying that speech-
making was his weakest forte, but that he felt like thanking our
people for the numner in which they had been received by them, and
stated that it was the fii-st demonstration of any kind they had met

^.uudS.^

XJUL^X/l)

HISTORY OF CUMBERLAND COUNTY. 163

with, on the whole line. lie then tendered the tniin to the erowd
for an excursion to Greenup and back, which was accepted, and a
jollier or hapi)ier coinpany never boarded a train of cars than the one
tliat went to Greenup on the lirst train that ever ran into Prairie City."

The present name of the conii)any arose from another consoli-
dation, or rather purchase. The Tekin, Lincoln & Decatur Railway
Company was organized under a charter granted in 1870, and the
road opened from Pekin to Decatur, G7.1) miles, in November, 1871,
by its original owners. In the following year it was leased to the
Toledo, Wabash & \\^estern, by which it was operated until August,
187G, when it Avassold under foreclosure sale. The road was subse-
quently extended from Pekin to Peoria, a distance of 9.2 miles, and
opened for traffic March 1, 1878. This company then purchased the
Decatur, 8ulli\'an & Mattoon, and the Grayville &, Mattoon roads,
and in 1880 reorganized with an Indiana organization, under its
present name. The southern terminus was changed to Evansville,
Ind., and that division pushed to completion in June of the follow-
ing year. The road from Mattoon to Grayville was in a very bad
condition when sold, and so much poor work was found in its con-
struction that it needed, and gradually received, rebuilding. The
road has been of great advantage to the county, and as it cost no
money to the county at large, there is but little room for grund)lino-.
Sumpter Township sul)scribed an additional $25,000, and paid the
amount though the result of the suit against the county demon-
strates that the railroad company could not have compelled the pay-
ment on the contract.

Danville, 01 net/ cH Ohio River Railroad. — This was a narrow-
gauge railroad, the projectoi-s of which were organized into a com-
pany, under a charter granted ]\Iarch 10, 1.SG9. The route i)roposed
for the road started from the north bank of the Ohio Kiver in Mas-
sac County, Illinois, '> thence northwardly to the city of Chicago, or
such place from which an entrance may be effected by construction
or connection, and the line of railway to be located on such survey
as may come within the range and purview of the charter of the
company, about 340 miles." Work was begun on the northern end
of the road and pushed southward from Kansas, in Edgar County.
The work met with a good deal of delay. In 187(!, there wjis but
eight miles of road, from Westtield to Kansas, and in 1878 this sec-
tion of the road Wius put in operation. The further construction of
the road made slow progress, reaching only some thirteen miles in
the following year. In 1881, there was a revival of the work and

1(;4 HISTORY OF CUMBERLAND COUNTY.

some fifty-seven miles completed. In the tblloAving year the gauge
was chano-ed to standard width and the road completed to Olney,
thiLs forming a link between the Ohio & Mississippi road on the
south and the Indianai)olis & Saint Louis on the north. This line of
road passes through the eastern portion of Crooked Creek Township,
in Cumberland County, and has a station at Hazel Dell. The town-
ship voted a subscription of $18,000 to the road, but has never issued
the bonds. The railroad company has instituted legal proceedings
to secure an order from the com-t compelling the township to issue
the necessary bonds, but the question is yet at issue. The township
resists upon sev^eral technical grounds, as |well as a failure on the
part of the company to perform its obligations under the contract.
The result is likely to be in favor of the township, as some of the
points have been adjudicated in other courts in the case of other
counties against this company.

Toledo, Cincinnati S Saint Louis Bailroad.—Thi^ is a link in
the system of narrow-gauge railroads, which is destined to reach
across the country from the Rio Grande to the Ohio. The starting
point of this road was at Dayton, Ohio, to reach the southeastern
coal fields of that State. It subsequently was extended to Toledo,
Ohio, and then from Delphos, Ohio, extended toward Saint Louis.
Subsequently, a road known as the Cincinnati Northern Avas built
northward from Cincinnati to Lebanon, and united with the Dayton
road; hence the name. The line from^Paris to Saint Louis was known
as the Paris, Neoga & Saint Louis, and was surveyed in October, 1872.
Neoga and vicinity raised by subscription some $(J0,000 to aid its
construction, but it was not until 1883 that the road was in running
order to East S:iint Louis. This road, it is thought, will prove a
boon to Neoga, as it has been powerless in the grasping administra-
tion of the Central Riilroad.

With five railroads crossing the territory of Cumberland County,
it would seem that its citizens ought to be reasonably satisfied with
its achievement in this direction, but while they have cost the county
but little, thoy help the county but little. About 1871 and 1872, the
Danville & (Miarleston Railroad was projected, to run to Flora, in
Clay County, and the citizens of Cumberland were more interested
in its success than in all the other projects. The Democrat voices
the public finding, in 1871, as follows : " From present indications
it looks very much like the Charleston & Danville Railroad will be
built, the City of Charleston itself having subscribed $200,000
towar Is the enterprise, which is two-thirds of the estimated amount

HlSTOliV OF CUMBERLAND COUNTy. . 165

necessary to comi)lcte the road ready for the iron. The proposed
terminus of the road is Fh)ra, in Chiy County, at which phice the
road will connect with the Paducah & Cairo road. If you will
take a map and examine it, you will perceive that Charleston, Prai-
rie City and Flora are on an air line, and if this road is built, and
runs straight, it cannot miss us. P^ncourasfinof as this may seem, we
cannot expect this road to be built through our county without lay-
inix (>iii' hands to the work, and usinsf our means to brinij about its
completion. It is estimated that $l),UOO per mile will prepare the
road for the iron, and as it is about sixteen miles across the county
north and south, it would cost the Townships of Cottonwood, Sump-
ter and Woodbury, in the airoregate, $1)0,000. This amount may
appear formidable and look like a difficult sum to raise, yet it can
be done; where there is a will there is always a way, and thousands
of dollars could be obtained in the way of labor, ties, teams, etc., in
the construction of the road where people were not able to pay a
cash subscription, and which would answer every purpose. And
when we look at the importance of this road and the great benefit
it would be to our farmers, and, in fact, to the entire county, the
amount is insignificant in comparison. By this road we at once
secure a direct and shorter route b}'^ seven miles ])y the way of Dan-
ville to Chicago than we have over the Central by the wa}-^ of Mat-
toon, and at the same time force the Illinois Central into competi-
tion with this new road*

" AVliile we do not wish to disparage the importance of the
Moimt Vernon and jNIattoon road, and acknowledge the benefits it
will confer, and ho[)e to see its early completion, — we regard the
Chicago, Danville & Flora road much the more im[)ortant road of
the two to Cumberland County. From this fact, that it makes com-
peting lines east and west, of the T. II. & V. & Saint Louis, the
TeiTC Haute & Alton, and the Great AVestern roads, and north and
south of the Illinois Central, giving us a direct connnunication with
all the great markets of the country, and will enable us to reach Chi-
cago without being robl)ed and plundered by the Illinois Central
monopoly. This cannot be said of the Mount Vernon & Mattoon
road, from the fact that every car-load of grain shipped over that
line will be subject to the control and tarill" rates of that grasping
corporation, and they will virtually control our road and dictate its
policy, as Vanderbilt and Fisk dictate the policy of the Eastern
roads, and so far as its benefits in a connnercial point of view are
concerned, they will never amount to anything, ^^'hat our farmers

166 HISTORY OF CU3IBEULAND COUNTY.

antl business men want is a eliea}) and direct communication Avith
Cliicai^o and the Eastern markets, and this we secure by the construc-
tion of the Danville & Charleston road, and without it we are at
the mercy of the Illinois Central monopoly. Some persons may
argue that the Fuller liill, passed by the present legislature, regu-
lates the tarift" rates of the various roads of the State. It is, how-
ever, the opinion of some of our ablest lawyere that the 2)rovisious
of this bill can never be enforced against the Central road, from
the fact that it is a violation of vested rights, and an infringement
of the provisions of the charter luider which the Central Com-
pany Avas incorporated, and not a matter within the reach of a
State legislature. If this vdew of the matter should be entertained
by the Supreme Coiu't, then even with the Mount Vernon & Mattoon
road completed, our fanuers will be but very little better otf than
at present, from the fact that in its completion we gain access to no
important commercial points. No merchant wishes to buy his stock
of goods at Mattoon, Decatiu", or Pekin, the points made by the
Mount Vernon road, neither do these places furnish a market for
grain or stock. Then we ask, aside from the matter of convenience,
what do we gain ? Commercially, we gain nothing. AVe are still
in the iron grasp of the blood suckers of the Illinois CVntral, who,
every farmer too well knows, have for years levied their unholy
tribute upon every bushel of grain, and every hoof of stock raised in
this coimtry and shipped over their road. And that they have set
like an incubus upon the industries of oin* people, and weighed down
their energies with their unjust and outrageous exactions. AVe must
by some means rid the people of Cumberland County of this oppress-
ive burthen, and the only way to do so. since this Company is
beyond legislative reach, is to build competing lines, and by the
force of competition com})el llieni to reduce their rates to a fair
standard. This oi)portunity is ottered us in the Chicago, Danville
& Charleston road, and it only reipiires a propei- etlbrt ni)on the i)art
of the peoi)le in the townships through which this road will pass to
immediately secure its construction, and when completed it will be
one of the most pr<)tital)l(^ and im|)()rtant roads in the State, and will
be the means of cU^vcloping the country to a greater extent than any
of the roads that have yet been built. AVe hope our citi/ens will
give this subject due consideration and act with energy and })rompt-
ness in the matter."

This is the feelinii: iu re<>ard to the necessities of the county to-
day, and the Grand C'ontinental Railroad projected fnmi Cincinnati

HISTORY OF CUMBERLAND COUNTY. 167

and Louisville to Omaha has attracted a great interest throughout
the county, and $H0() has been raised })y private subscription to
survey the line tlirough this section. The line, as projected, runs
directly from its western terminus to Quincy, 111.; from thence via
Winchester, Taylorville, and Toledo, 111., to Sullivan, Ind. At this
point, the projected line has two branches, the one direct to Cincin-
nati and the other to Louisville. The prospects of this road, with
reference to Cumberland County are yet very indefinite, but are the
topic of considerable discussion and newspaper sensation.

THE PRESS AND POLITICS.

The newspaper is a marked outgrowth of the social develop-
ment of society. When once grown to that point where it feels the
necessity of controlling public sentiment and uniting it upon the
various common interests, the community calls in the newspaper,
and through its agency solidifies its ])ower. It was in response to some
such necessity that Daniel ]Marks established the Greenup Tribune, at
the village of Greemip, in 1 855. The press was brought overland with
an ox-team and set down in this imfiedged town, long before the
count}' alone could give it a leading support. The proprietor
•eno-aofcd ]\Iatchett, a noted '• knioht of the stick," and gave his
attention to working up a list. He made his excursions on foot, and
wandered through the; counties of Jasper, Etfingham, Clark and
Cumberland, soliciting subscribers to this pioneer journal of civili-
zation. He seems to have been admirably adapted to his business,
securing a considerable list, and taking as payment a large number
of coon-skins and anything that could be "swapped" into money.
It was no unusual thing, it is said, to find the larger space devoted
to his office occupied with these peltries. A year later, Templeton
<& Bloomfield succeeded to the ownership of the paper, and con-
ducted it under the same title for about a year, when they removed
it to Prairie City, from whence it was subseijuently removed, and the
eounty was without a " voic(? of the people " for a short time. In
1859, James E. Mumford came to Greemii) from Ohio, and deter-
mined to found a paper, and on December 2, 185!), the first number
of the Greenup Expositor was published to the peo[)le. The paper
was published by d. E. & II. P. Mumford, and th(^ first issue was
gotten out by the junior member of the firm. In the first number he
says: " It will ever be our aim, with the aid of a sulficient number
of passengers aboard of our bark, in the way of subscril)ers, to not l)e
vainglorious or presumptuous — nor to dive into the more scientific

168 HISTORY OF CUMBERLAND COUNTY.

researches of the hidden mysteries of luiture, but skim alouij upon the
surface of time, noticinir intermediate events, and makino; ourselves
as acceptable as possible, and as annisinir and interesting as the case
will permit. We wish to please all that are pleasable, and those
who have a moral nature can always tind in some portion of our
paper enough to soothe the savage and make merry and interesting
the scientific feelings. * * * Our paper will be devoted, princi-
pally, to news, politics, agriculture, education, and mechanical inter-
ests, with humorous matter enough to give life and spice to all.
* * * As to the political character of the Expositor, we would
state, in order that everyone may rightly knoAV our iiosition, that it
will be Democratic of the Douglas stamp, though only when duty
calls will it be ours to obey, in supporting that gentleman for the
Presidency in 1860. * * * As to the local ditiiculty existing in
the countv^ in regard to the county-seat, it will be ours to be mum,
and to print a paper for the benefit of the whole county— for one
place as well as another— and shall court the improvement of all."
Under another caption, the editor renuirks : " We intend, upon the
return of our l)rother, J. E., to make a thorough canvass throughout
the county, and see every head of a family, and all the pretty girls,
and make them all subscribers to the Expositorr With such good-
natured frankness, it would have been remarkable if the iniper had
not made friends. The paper Avas successful from the first, but in
1800, the ofiice followed the star of empire to the county-seat. Here
J. E. :Mumford continued the paper until 1807, when he sold out and
removed to Dan^■ille. The Expositor was continued by Flavins Tos-
sey, and the name changed to the Cnmherland Democrat. Fraidc
Bowen succeeded Tossey as proprietor, and pul)lished it until Octo-
ber 1, 1870, when the establishment was sold to George E. Mason.
The paper at this time was a six-cohnnn tVdio; a year later it was
enlarged to seven columns, and 8ei)tend)er 2il, lH7;i. W. D. ^Mumford
was associated with the paper as junior partner. An ofiice, twenty by
fifty feet, was erected, a No. AVashington Hoc, and Nonpareil ,Iol)l)er
]H-ess added, besides some 100 fontN of type. January 20. 1-^7'),
Mason retired from the pap(>r. dis|)osing of his interest to. E. (lor-
rell, and tiie firm l)eeame Mumford tSc Gorrell. The latter disi)osed

of his share to Mnndord, in , who continued the business alone

until January, 1.S.S2, when Adolf c^ Leon Summerlin became pur-
chasers, the latter now being sole proprietor.

In 1871 the (ircciiiii) .lA/Z/was estal)lished as a representative of
the Rei)ublican eb'inent in ixilitics. Mr. Pyle founded the pai)er and

H18TOUY OF CUMBERLAND COUNTY.

1(J9

conducted it alone for some three nionths.wlion he took a Mr. Davis
as partner, under the tirni name of Pyle & Davis. Pyle was suc-
ceeded by Edward Hitchcock, Davis was succeeded by Cookerly,
and hiter Mr. Hitchcock became sole proprietor. The paper
was subsequently sold to Ozier & Cooper, but it came into
possession of a stock company, and in 1874 followed the inevi-
table current of things to the county-seat. Here the paper was
issued as the BejmbI icon- Mail, with Hitchcock as editor. The plan
of the company was to lease the paper by the year. A Mr. Over-
man succeeded Hitchcock about a year later, and he was followed
by Henry Woolen, and J. & A. Caldwell, of whom the last named
continued its publication until February 18, 1881. At this time J.
T. Connor liecanu^ a partner with the Caldwell Brothers, who had
purchased most of the stock. This firm continued only some six
months. Connor withdrew, as the other partners desired to give the
paper a reli<>ious rather than a political character. The name of the
paper had meanwhile been changed to the Toledo liqmbliccm, and
in 1882 sold to Henry Woolen. The Caldwell Brothers went to
Indianapolis to conduct a paper, as an organ of that sect of relig-
ionists who " profess Holiness." The venture did not turn out satis-
factorily, and in a month or two they returned and assumed control
of the RepuhJican, and proceeded at once to change its name and
character. Its successor is a weekly pamphlet of some dozen or
twenty pages, called the Happy Pilgrim, Avhich is devoted to the
sect mentioned.

In 1881, the Cumberland Times was established at Greenup.
Its editor and proprietor, W. L. Tobey, was on his way seeking a
location for a Repul)lican paper, when h(5 was referred to certain of
the leading citizens of this village. On approaching the gentle-
men referred to, the newspaper man received but little encourage-
ment, but finally meeting a gentleman who took some interest in the
project, some $.5U0 worth of advertising was secured and the first
issue sent out October 20, 1881. The paper has been regularly issued
since then, and is well established. It is a five-column quarto,
one-half of which is supplied with "auxiliary print." The office has
a good patronage, and enjoys the otHcial favor this year. TheNeoga
News is the third paper in the county. This was founded in 1874 at
Neoga, by S. Z. Bland, an cnteri)ri.sing merchant of that village. It
was fii-st issued as an advertising medium of the proprietors business,
and was a single sheet under the name of the Neoga Advertiser.
In the early part of the following year the [)aper was sold to

170 HISTORY or CUMBERLAND COUNTY.

Allison Brothers, of Mattoon, who transformed it into a six-column
folio, and changed the name. In 1876, the paper was sold to Messrs.
Hancock & Kelly, the latter retiring about. a year later, leaving jVIi*.
Hancock the sole proprietor. Deceml)er 25, 1882, the paper was
changed to a six-column quarto, the largest paper in the count}', but
with only two pages printed at home. The rest of the matter is
supplied by the auxiliary print. The paper is Republican in politics,
and has a very liberal support in the county.

The political complexion of the county has always been Demo-
cratic. The Whigs were represented here earl}^, but not in sufficient
numbers to make a serious struggle for the election of candidates
from their party. There was a constant growth in the relative
strength of the opposition, until 1872, when taking advantage
of the partial disaftection in the ranks of the ruling party here,
A. eT. Lee was elected prosecuting attorney by seven votes, over
James L. Ryan. In 1873, the Granger movement reached its climax,
and a mixed ticket was elected over the regular Democratic ticket;
A. N. Rosecrans and J. W. Miller, Democrats, and T. C Kille and W.
Humphrey, Republicans, being elected. The offices of Sherift^ County
Clerk, Treasurer and County Superintendent are now filled by Repub-
lican incumbents; those of Circuit Clerk, County Judge and State's
Attorney, by Democratic. The Republican element in politics has
gradually grown in the county, so that on purely local questions the
two parties are about evenly made up of the voters of the county.
On National questions the Democratic majority is about 200 votes-
There is a larije floating vote, which is mainlv diverted to the '' best
man, " though it also allbrds material upon which the unprincipled
demagogue plies his unholy trade.

CHURCHES.

The character of early society in Cumberland County was not
such as to encourage the rapid growth of church influences. Many
of these people were members of church organizations, but there
were so many difficulties in the way of maintaining regular services
that it was a good many years before it Avas attempted. Camp-
meetings were held as early as 1830, and scarcely a year passed with-
out them. These were princii)ally under the auspices of the Method-
ist Church, though all denominations attended and gave their supi)ort.
Among the early settlers there was (piite a strong rresbytoriau
element, who early secured the services of Rev. Hull Towar, a
jNb'. luxlist, and fomider of Jewett. Among the other early preachers

HISTORY OF CUMBERLAND COUNTY. 171

in Cumberland County, were George Honson, Halfticre, W. E.

Smith and William Owens. There were occasional itinerants of the
pioneer order, whose manners were marked more by force than ele-
gance. It was probably of one of these that the following incident
is related as happening within the limits of this county : In the
early settlement of the county the sacred desk of the minister was
often supplied from the humblest walks of life. And it was not
mifrequently the case, that these impromptu speakers, made telling
points, and in their rude, quaint manner, impressed upon the minds
of sinners the great danger in which they stood, and revealed to
their startled minds the frowning face of offended Deity. But one
case we have a recollection of, in which the minister attempted to
draw a practical illustration of the various Christian Churches, and
as the sequel will show, was himself disappointed in the result.
The minister in question resided at our neighboring town of
Greenup (and does so yet), and while riding to the place of wor-
ship was busily conning over in his own mind the subject he would
select to speak from on his arrival at the house of God, and Avhile
passing through the forest, inadvertently plucked from a convenient
twig a hazel l>urr, and at once his mind was made up as to the sub-
ject of his discourse. Arriving at the church, he ascended the pul-
pit in all the conscious pride of one inspired to speak words of
truth and salvation to a sinful world. Being of that faith known
as Christians, or Campbell ites, he was over eager to make a point
in behalf of the doctrines of his faith, and after the usual prelimi-
naries had been gone through with, the speaker arose and opened
his discourse in a self-possessed, confident manner, by stating that
there were a great many creeds and doctrines extant in the world,
and that theologians were as far apart in many of their church
forms and their religious beliefs as earth was from heaven, and that
all could not be right; that some of the churches, it was true,
approximated to the true faith, but there Avas liut one church that
emln-aced the true theory and practice of the doctrines inculcated
by the Savior of mankind, and that was the church he had the
honor to unworthily represent. " For instance," said the speaker (at
the same time producing his hazel burr), " this hazel burr I hold in
my hand represents the church. " This," says he ( tearing off the burr
from the nut) " represents the ' soft shell ' Baptist, a mere outer gar-
ment, fallilde, easily destroyed, and not capal)l(> of resistance or
self-preservation — a mere nothing, without merit, and insignificant
within itself The next substance vou discover." said the speaker,

172 HISTORY OF CUMBERLAND COUNTY.

"is the hull, which represents the 'old hard shell' Baptist, and is ot
a more durable and lastin<; nature, formed by nature to resist to a
greater extent the warrinof of the elements, and the corruption of
time, yet with all of its apparent strength and beautiful formation,
it is onlv another g-arment which hides from your view the true and
only church of the living God. Beneath its solid walls is the ker-
nel, the spirit and life of the Christian religion, the Christian
Church itself ; and to further demonstrate the illustration, and lay
bare to your understanding the truth of mv theorv, I will remove
the shell and reveal the kernel, which is the Christian Church, to
your carnal eyes." And the speaker proceeded to crack the nut,
when, to his consternation, and to the surprise of the audience, out
rolled a hideous black-headed worm, that had eaten through the outer
covering of the "soft shell " Baptist, pierced the solid walls of the
" hard shellf and entered the citadel of the true church, devouring
it as it went. The speaker was nonplussed, and amid the surprise
and merriment of the audience the meetino- was siumnarilv closed,
and it was not a great while before the minister also closed his
ministerial career, and devoted himself to more congenial pursuits.

The first church buildino- was a hewed log structure in the
southeast corner of Sumpter Township. This was long known as
the Salem Methodist Episcopal Church, and was remarkal)le for its
powerful revivals. It was built about 1840, and ten years later was
the only church in the county. It rotted down, and was only removed
in 1881 or 1882. This denomination has good frame churches at
Toledo, Neoga, Greenup, Jewett, Christian Run, 8hiloh and Bethel.
The organization at Greenup probably dates back further than any
other in the county. It was a regular station iu I83i), and Avas
probably organized as early as 183.5. An old log schoolhouse Avas
used as a i)lace of worship for years, until, in 1851, the ])resent
frame structure was erected. The Protestant Methodists have a
fine brick church in the west part of AVoodl)ury Township, known
as Zion Chapel.

Among the earlier churches built was the Presbyterian jilace
of worsiiip at Neoga village, in 1854. This was organized by llev.
Joseph \\'ilson, who was the first person to preach in the village.
This organization has had a thrifty growth, and numbers some 130
members. This denomination had a consideral)le membership at
Toledo, and, in bSGd, two lots Avere donated by the Board of Super-
visors to this organization for a building site, but it failed to use
it. The Presbyterians have a church, also, at Greenup, where a

HISTORY OF CUMBERLAND COUNTY. 173

neat frame church buiklinc: was erected about 1876. The Baptists
have an org-anization at Xeoi^a, where they built a ])hice of worship
in 1872, in Xcoaa Township, in connection with the Christian
denomination, and elsewhere in the county.

The Christian denomination has a lar£:e foUowing in the
county. Some of the early ministers of this denomination were
Revs. Thos. Goodman, Battye, Wliite. and Bcnj. Daree. D. S. Conner
was also an early itinerant of this denomination. This denomina-
tion has only been noticeably present in the county since 1860, but
it has organizations now at Hazel Dell, which has a frame building
ofitsoAvn; at Washington schoolhouse, in Crooked Creek Town-
ship; in Union Township; in the eastern part of Neoga Township,
where a frame church is owned jointly with the Baptist; Corinth
Church, frame l)nilding in edge of Woodbury Township; at Janes-
ville, which worships in a frame church of its own ; at Webster
schoolhouse, in Cottonwood Township; and at Plum Grove school-
house, in Greenup Township.

The Free Methodists, a sect better known as the "Perfection-
ists," have a frame church at Toledo, erected in 1888. This sect
has a considerable representation in the county, and maintains an
energetic crusade in behalf of their doctrine. A large tent, known
as the tabernacle, is moved about from place to place in the county,
in which services are held.

SCHOOLS.

Schools were no more popular than churches at first. Much ot
the delay must be accounted for on the ground of difiieulties almost
impossible to overcome, but early schools, above all other consid-
erations, recpiires that " there be first a willing mind." There was
a school opened as early as 1828, just north of the county-line, and
children attended it from miles around. It was probably 1.S40
before one was built in Cumberland County territory. This was
known as the Owen schoolhouse, from the fact that Jephtha Owen
tauirht singing-s'diool here several seasons. Among the early
tea<-hers in the county was Benjamin Aleshire, who commenced
about this time and taught more or less for fifteen years. A. J.
Busick was an early teacher, also E. H. Starkweather. The latter
was a native of Vermont, and was generally known as a "blue-
bellied Yankee." He taught school in his own cabin for years.
Greenup had a very early schoolhouse, perhaps earlier than 1.S40.
It also had the first brick schoolhouse. From time to time, the

174 HISTORY OF CUMBERLAND COUNTY.

various ueiofhborhoods erected buildings for thoir schools, and in
ItSoO there were seventeen in the county. From the reports are
gathered the following statistics, which indicate the growth of this
factor in the county's development: In 1H67, there were 12 school
houses, and 4 ncAV ones built; 4,192 pupils enrolled, and $22,475.19
expended for school purposes. In 1871, the statistics were, 7(5
schoolhouses, and 8 new ones; 5,293 pupils, and $21,406.65 expended.

1872, 76 old and 3 new houses; 5,610 pupils, and $24,289.09 expended.

1873, 77 old and 3 new houses; 4,234 pupils, and $25,331.10 expended.

1874, S2 old and 2 new houses; 3,827 pupils, and $21,330.03 expended.
1877, 85 old and 5 new houses; 4,198 pupils, and $21,800.91 expended;
estimated value of school property, $39,881. 1878, 87 old and 5 new
houses; 5,060, pupils, and $24,501.14 expended; property valued at
$38,923. 1879, 76 old and no new buildings; 3,849 pupils, and $23,-
882.76 expended; value, $31,879.50.

1880, 86 old and 2 new houses; 4,406 pupils and $23,059.62: value of property, §31,844
1881,87 " " 3 " " 5,525 " " 20,732.24; " " 37,955

1882,86 " " 5 " " 3,906 " " 28,650.90; " " 40,944

1883,73 " " 3 " " 3,931 " " 28,722.92; " " 47,567

In the matter of improvement of Iniildings, the reports show
that in 1873, there were 3 brick, 59 frame and 16 log schoolhouses
in the county. In 1874, 2 brick, GG frame and 14 log; 1877, 3 brick,
67 frame, 13 log; 1878, 5 brick, 66 frame, 14 log ; 1879, 5 brick,
65 frame, 16 log; 1880, 6 brick, 66 frame. 14 log; 1881, 5 brick, 70
frame, 12 log; 1882, 7 brick, 70 frame, 9 log; 1883, 7 brick, 60 frame,
6 log. In regard to these statistics it should be said that they are
compiled from the Township Treasurer's reports, by the County
Superintendent of Schools. There are some inconsistencies, Avhich
will be readily discovered, l)ut they will serve to show a})proxi-
matcly how the school interest has progressed. There are graded
schools in Toledo, Greenup, Jewett and Neoga. The school at the
county-seat occupied for nearly twenty years a two-story frame
building, which is now doing service as a dwelling. In 1881, the
present l)rick structure was erected. It has four rooms, but the
school now has but three departments. At Neoga, a two-story
frame l)iiiI(liMg was erected in 1867, and two years later a wing was
addcil. furnisliiiig four schoolrooms. In is?;), a two-story brick
l)nil(ling was erected at (Ireenup, which siippru'd two schoolrooms
below, and one above. The latter is so arranged that a partition
may be nuuk' up stairs, and so provide an additional room when
neccssar\ . At Jewett, a two-storv brick house was built in 1882,

HISTORY OF CUMBERLAND COUNTY. 175

and has two schoolrooms. A two-story brick building is also in
process of building at Janosvillc, within the limits of the county.
A greater liberality is being shown l>y the Board of Supervisors, in
this puldic (question of education, and sixty days for office work and
sixty for school visiting have been allowed to the County Superin-
tendent. This is sixty days more than has ever been allowed here-
tofore, and hence the schools sufiered very seriously. Since the
present incumbent has held the office of Superintendent, there has
been a marked im[)rovement in the grade of scholarship, and the
movement seems to be toward a still higher grade.

SECRET ORGANIZATIONS.

The great benevolent societies have representative lodges in
all of the principal villages of the county. At Neoga, the Masonic
Order is represented Ijy Xcoga Lodge, No. 279, with seventy mem-
bers. This lodge meets in a pleasant hall once a mouth, and is in a
flourishing financial condition. The Independent Order of Odd-Fel-
lows has a representative in Xeoga Lodge, No. 347, of about forty
members. The insurance organizations, Knights of Honor and
American Legion of Honor, have each a flourishing lodge here. At
Toledo, the Order of Free and Accepted jNIasons has a lodge, organ-
ized October, 18(38. It is known as Prairie City Lodge, No. 578,
and has some forty or fifty members. There is also a Chapter of
the Eastern Star, Prairie City Lodge, Xo. 179. The Toledo Lodge,
No. 35.5, Independent Order of Odd-Fellows, also finds a home here.
It was organized in 18(58, and now has forty members. This Order
is in a flourishing condition, and owns the hall it meets in, valued
at some $500. At Greeiuip are lodges of both the great fraternities.
Greenup Lodge, No. 125, of Free and Accepted Masons, was char-
tered October 3, 1853, with Thomas Coulson, Charles Nisewanger
and S. W. Hufl'cut. The lodge has increased to twenty-two mem-
bers. The lodgeroom is in the old building on the west end of
Main Street, where the first meetings were held thirty years ago.
Some twelve years ago, the lodge occupied a more modern building,
but being burned out, it returned to the old building. A lodge of
the Eastern Star was chartered here November 13, 1873, with Lucy
P. Nisewanger, Ann M. Quinn, Elizabeth Jones, Sarah Ewart, Esther
B. Tutewiler, Isabella H. Monohon, Sarah J. Shull, Martha J. Mark-
well, Martha E. Starbuck, X^ancy Jones, Mary J. Lee and others, as
charter members. Atalanta Lodge, No. 116, of the Independent
Order of Odd-Fellows, was chartered here October 14, 1853. The

176 HISTORY OF CUMBERLAND COUNTY.

charter members were James Ewart, Philip A^''()lcheimer, Warren
Covell, S. M. Smith. B. C Talbott and A. X. Ward. The lodge
meets in the same buikling with the Masonic Lodge, and own it in
company with that fraternity. The lodge is in a flourishing condi-
tion, and has forty-four members.

CUMBERLAND COUNTY's WAR RECORD.

The people of Cumberland County were noted for their fighting
qualities, from a very early day up to a date subsequent to the war
of the rebellion, and had that great contest been decided by a resort
to fists, this re<riou of the country would have contributed some of
the most noted champions in the field. It was not until the era of
the war that weapons began to be freely used here, in personal
encounters, and hence, while Cumberland County contributed her
quota to the armies of the North during the years 1860-(35, there was
nothing to distinguish this section from the great mass of the loyal
North. The people here were largely " Douglas Democrats," and
intimately acquainted Avith Lincoln. He had practiced law in the
County Courts, a large number of his relatives were residents here
and in the adjoining County of Coles, and he numbered among the
leading men of Cumberland some ot his most intimate friends. The
political events, therefore, that led to the fatal issue of the war,
were full of interest to the people of Cumberland, and, while their
sympathies Avere principally with the " Little Giant," their belief in
" State sovereignty " and the constitution as the supreme law of the
land, made them supporters of the result of the election of 18G0.
The menacing attitude taken by the South up to the commission of
overt acts of rebellion was not generally condemned, as there was
a strong opposition to anything like abolition or coercion; but
when the echoes of the attack on Sumter reached here, the rallying
to the support of the Union was practically unanimous. Prejudices
in regard to negroes, in regard to candidates, or any of the agitating
questions of the hour, were forgotten, and every man and party was
for the Union. Political lines, however, were strictly maintained,
and Seymour and MeClellan received the full party vote, notwith-
st^mding the significance of their election. As the war progressed,
other elements entered into the situation here, and embittered the
feeling between the political parties. Hot-headed men of both polit-
ical elements came together at public meetings, with fin-loughed or
returned soldiers on one side, and desertei*s on the other, and a num-
ber of fatal encounters occurred. There is no evidence that

HISTORY OF CUMBERLAND COUNTY. 177

desertions were encouraged by the people here, but there was no effort
made to o-ive them up, when once here, to the authorities. A natu-
ral suijirestion of the reason would be, that these persons were not
likely to submit quietly to arrest, and the people had not the cour-
age of their convictions sufficiently to feel prepared to shoot old
acquaintances, or be shot l)y them. The county gained a somewhat
unenviable reputation on this account, and rumors of a premeditated
attack on the county-seat by returned soldiers were common. After
the unfortunate riot at Charleston, in Coles County, the citizens
here were in a fever of expectation, and several times the people
came rushing in from the country around to defend the county-seat
from an imagined assault.

On the call of the Governor for the organization of six regi-
ments, there was not the spontaneous enthusiasm evinced here as in
many sections. While generally in favor of the maintenance of the
Union, the prevailing sentiment was opposed to the war as a specific
means to that end, and many who were moved otherwise went to
other places to offer their services to the General Government, and
some 250 men enlisted in various organizations and were credited
elsewhere than Cumberland County. In 18l)2, Hon. Thos. Brewer
became (as his Democratic colleagues express it) " rather shaky in
his Democracy under this strain," and took an active part in encour-
aging the enlistments, making speeches in all parts of the county.
It was about this time that the larger number of volunteers began
to be enrolled, the One Hundred and Twenty-Third Infantry being
raised at this time. The Twenty-First Infantry, raised in 18()1, how-
ever, received a full company from Cumberland.

In June, 1861, the Board of Supervisors appointed a committee
of one from each toAvnship " to see to the wants and procure such
necessaries as, in their judgment, shall conduce to the sustenance and
support of the families of the absent volunteers." This provision,
generous in its terms and boundless in its limits, suggests an appre-
ciative regard for the soldier and his sacrifices, but the records of
the county and State nowhere show that this provision went fur-
ther than the records of the county, and, as a matter of fact, in the
juilgment of the larger part of this committee, nothing was neces-
sary ''to conduce to the sustenance and supi)ort of the families of
absent volunteers." In February, 1865, the Board offered a bounty
of $400 for each person " that may volunteer in the United States
service to fill the quota of Cumberland County in the draft now
ordered by the President of the United States, and that for that

178 HISTORY OF CUMBERLAND COUNTY.

purpose the Boiird issue county orders sufficient for the purpose of
procuring volunteers to fill the quota of the several towns in said
county, and that this Board levy a tax of $1 upon each $100
of valuation of taxable property in said county, and $1 cap-
itiition tax on all males between the ages of twenty-one and sixty."
It was further provided that bonds should be specially issued to meet
the orders issued for this purpose. But all this elaborate machinery
was destined to be brought to naught. The public sentiment
rebelled, and it is said that threats of hanging the members were
made with sufficient earnestness to secure the rescinding of the order
at the next meeting. Xo bounty was paid by the county, but under
this call Union Townshij) sent sixteen substitutes to the field at a
cost of Slj,500, and Sumpter Township sent two at a cost of $800.
The Adjutant General's report gives the total expenditure of the
county for the procurement of volunteers at $8,151.25. The same
report gives the summary of the quotas and credits of the county as
follows: Population in 1860, 8,30!>. First and second class enroll-
ment in 1863, 903; in 1864, 985; in 1865, 906. Quotas in 1861, 233;
in 1862, 159; under call of February 1 and March 14, 1864, 203;
under the call of July 18, 1864, 154; a total of 749. The total credits,
prior to December 31, 1864, were 880 men, which made an excess of
credit of 131 men. In December, 1865, the quota of the county was
169, but diminished by the excess of credit, the actual assigned quota
was only 38. The credit under this last report was 40, leaving an
excess of 2 of credit, in a total quota during the war, of 918, and credit
of 920; so that it appears that Cumbsrland County contril)uted
somethinof more than a full reainient to the Union armies during
the years 1861-65.

These men cannot all be traced through the records, but in num-
bers of from 5 to 20, they are found in Company E, Twenty-Fifth
Infantry; Com])any E, Thirtj^-Eighth Infantry; Company G, Fifty-
Fourth Infantry; Companies Fand II, Sixty-First Infantry; Company
C, Sixty-Second Infantry; in the Sixty-Third Infantry, in several
com})anies; C'ompany E, Sixty-Sixth Infantry; Company C, Sixty-
Eighth Infantry; Company E, Seventy-First Infantry: C-ompany B,
Eighty-Eighth Infantry; Companies I and E, Ninety-Eighth Infantry;
Comjjany K, One Hundred and Forty-Third Infantry, and Company
G, One Hundred and Fifty-Second Infantry; beside in larger mnu-
bers in the Twenty-First, Fifty-Ninth, Ninety-Seventh, One Hundred
and Twenty-Third, One Hundred and Thirty-Fifth Illinois Infantry
Kegiments, and the Fifth and Tenth Illinois Cavalry Kegiments.

vT >o%0^c.<v^^-t/'?^—

HISTORY OF CUMBERLAND COUNTY. 181

Twentij- First Ulimis Infan(nj.—Com\Miuy B, of this rogiinent,
WHS principally made up from Cmnbt'ilaud County voluntcei-s, a few
momher.s only t'omin<>- from Coles County. The officers of the Com-
pany were: Captain, J. P. H. Stevenson, till 18G3; P. AVolsheimer,
till Mareh, 18()."); Austin Blake, till mustered out. First Lieutenant,
P. Wolsheimer, till promoted; C L. Smcidell, till I^IJH; Austin
Blake, from April to August, 18G3; II. A. Ashmore, till mustered
out. Second Lieutenant, C. L. Smeidell,^Iay, IHlil, till March, 18G3;
Austin Blake, from .Mtirch 19 till April 27, 18153; A. Y. Hart, April,
1863, to Ssptember, 18(j4; O. Goodin, till mustered out. The regi-
ment was oraanized in the Seventh Congressional District, and ren-
dezvoused at iSIattoon. On the loth of ^lay it was mustered into
the State service, for thirty days, ])ut on the 28th of June it was
mustered into the United States service for three years, with U. S.
Grant as Colonel. August G, 18151, Col. Grant was commissioned
Brigadier-General, and was succeeded in command of the regiment
by Lieut. -Col. J. AV. S. Alexander, who Avas killed at Cliickamauga.

On the 4th of July, 18i51, the regiment marched for Missouri,
an innovation in the usual plan of moving troops out of the State.
Arriving at ^Mexico, ]\Io., after various experiences which savored of
war, but without meeting an enemy, the regiment rested for two
weeks, when it proceeded by rail to Ironton, Mo. Here the Twenty-
First remained until Octobsr 20, Avhen it marched out and partici-
pated in the fight at Fredericktown, returning after the engagement
to Ironton, where the regiment remained until the latter part of
January, 18l52. At this time it formed a part of Gen. Steele's force,
which marched on Jacksonport, Ark., but here it was ordered to
Corinth, via Cape Girardeau, and reached Hamburg L'.inding May
24, 18112. On the evacuation of Corinth, the Twenty-First was placed
in pursuit of the retreating enemy, whom it followed as tar as
Booneville, Miss., when it returned and formed a part of the expe-
dition to Holly Springs. On the 14th of August, 18(52, the regi-
ment was ordered to join Gen. Buell's army in Tennessee, and, march-
ing via Eastport, Miss., Columbia, Tenn., Florence, Ala., Franklin,
Murfreesboro and Nashville, Tenn., it arrived at Louisville, Ky.,
September 27, 18G2. In the ensuing campaign against' Bragg, the
Twenty-First bore an honorable part, engaging in the battles of Per-
ryville and Champlin Hill, Company F being the first to enter Per-
ry vi lie. From thence the regiment marched to Crab Tree Orchard,
and Bowling Green, in Kentucky, and thence to Nashville, Tenn.

On the movement of the army from Nashville, in D^^ceniber,

182 HISTORY OF CUMBEKLAXD COUNTY.

1862, this "reofimeiit formed a part of the Second Brisrado, First
Division, Twentieth Army Corps, and Avas in the skirmish at Knob
Graj). On the oOth of the month, the Twenty-Sixth, in company with
the Fifteentli Wisconsin, Thirty-Eisfhth Illinois, and One Hundred
and First Ohio, had a severe engao-ement with the enemy near Mur-
freesboro, where it charo^ed the famous rebel " Washinofton Lisfht
Artillery," twelve Parrott guns, and succeeded in driving every man
from the battery, when it was compelled to fall back by the advance
of a division of infantry. During this battle this rciriment had
a fierce struggle and did gallant duty, losing more men than any
other rco-iment engasred. From ]Murfreesboro to Chattanoosfa, the
Twenty-First was with Rosecrans' army, and took part in the skir-
mish at Liberty Gap, and subsequently in the great battle of Chicka-
mauga, where it lost 238 officers and men. After the latter fight,
the regiment was attached to the First Brigade, Fourth Division,
Fourth Army Corps, and remained at Bridgeport, Ala., till the lat-
ter part of 1803. The regiment was subsequently ordered to Texas,
where it was mustered out of the service, and finally discharged at
Camp Butler, January 18, 1866.

From .the publication of the society of the regiment, in 1881,
the casualties of Company B are given, as follows: Allison, Lewis
F., died at Andersonville Prison, June 24, 18(U; Ashmore, Thos. J.,
killed at Stone River, December 30, 18(32; Ashmore, elohn H., killed at
Stone River, December 31, 18l)2; Ashmore, Ilezckiah A., died at Oak-
land, 111., date unknown ; Akers, Albertis, died at , III., date

unknown; Buchanan, Wni. W., died at Neoga, III., 18155; Benge, Linvis
F., died, place and date unknown ;Brannon, Thos. II.,diedatXeoga, 111.,
1<S78; Compton, \Vm. IL, died at Andersonville Prison, November IH,
18()4; Collins, John G., died in Wisconsin, date unknown; Dodds,
Thos. IL, diedat Ironton, Mo., October 1(), 18l31; Devers, Geo.W., died
at Andersonville Prison, April 18, 18l)4; Furguson, Wm. E., killed at
8tone River, December 31, 18l>2; Gordon, Allen, died at Charleston,
III.; (filliard, Leander, died in Coles County, III.; He lge,AV'esley, died
of wounds, at Stone River, January 11, 18l)3;TIoward, Samuel, died in
Cumberland ('ounty. III., 1877; Kensell, Wm., killed at Stone River,
Decembc^r 31, 18(52; Kensell, Ephraim, died at Ironton, Mo., 'November
.'),1H(;1 ; Kisc. E Iward, diedat Watseka, 111., dale unknown; Lake, John,
dii^d at Louisville, Ky., date unknown; Lake, An Irew ,!., died since
discharge; Lewis, d oh nW., die 1 of wounds, at Stone River, February 8,
1S:;3; Miller, Hiram C, died at Columbus, Ky., 18 52; Maynard, Jno.,
die 1 of wounds, at Nashville, Teiin., February 2^, 18<53; McCormack,

HISTOKY OF CUMBERLAND COUNTY. 183

Huy-li, died in Rebel Prison, Danville, Va.; ^lottat, James M., killed
at Chiekaniaiiira, September 20, 18(18; Potter, Francis M., died at Iron-
ton, Mo., date nnknown; Rnssell, Sanmel D., died at Niles, Cal., date
unknown; Rodfern, John II., killed at Stone River, December 31, 18()2;
Robinson, Thomas, died of wounds at Stone River, February 13, 18()3;
Rawsey, John C., died at Andersonville Prison, May 10, 18(54; Ross,
Henry, dicil in Illinois, place anddate unknown; Rhodes, Jacol) E., died
at Corinth, Mi.ss., September 27, 18152; Rhodes, Franklin, died in Coles
County, 111., date unknown; Sell, James, died at Bntlalo, Kan., Decem-
ber 27, 1878; Tefft, Jerome, died at Ironton, Mo., October 17, 18(51;
Williams, Daniel, died May 4, 18(54; Wharton, Henry, died in Illinois,
place and date unknown; West, David, died at Chattanooga, Tenn.,
December 23, 18(53; Willson, Thomas J., died since discharge. The
surviving members were reported at the same time, as follows: Cap-
tixm P. Wolsheimor, Xeoga, 111., Postmaster ; Captain Austin Blake,
Thayer, Kas., farmer; Second Lieutenant A. Y. Hart, Paradise, 111.,
carpenter; Allil)ack, Joseph R., Xew York City, commercial agent;
Berry, W. N., ^NLijority Point, 111., farmer; Bemer, Chris., Brushy
Fork, 111.; Curtis, Thos. H.,' Lovington, 111., shoe-maker ; Cnrtis,
Edward, Tuscola, 111., painter; Condit, Jacob IL, Xeoga, III., farmer;
Clark, AVilliam, Grreat Bend, Kas., farmer ; Clark, Fred. L., Great
Bend, Kas., farmer; Cain, John G., Xashville, Tenn., R. R. postal
clerk; Eggers, George, M;ijority Point, III., farmer; Elliott, Aaron,
Ironton, Mo.; Ewing, M. A., Xeoga, III., mechanic; Forcum, John E.,
Xeoga, 111., farmer; Filson, James, Mattoon, III., laborer; Gordon,
Robert S., Mount Carmel, 111., druggist ; Goodwin, Orville S., Bell
Air, III., farmer; Hendrix, Samuel, Paradise, 111., tarmer; Hoover,
Samuel X., Xenia, III., farmer; Hacket,, Charles R,, Great Bend,
Kas., farmer; Hart, Chesterfield, White's Mill, Ky., farmer; Ililder-
brandt, Francis, southeast corner Twenty- Fi ftli Street and Cass Ave-
nue, Saint Louis, tailor; Jones, Wiley, Jolmstown, III., farmer; Kim-
ery, Alfred W., Xeoga, III., farmer; Kiger, George W., Whitley's
Point, III., farmer; Landsdown, Marion, Oakland, III., artist; Lands-
down, James E., Oakland, 111., farmer; Martin, James, Carlton,

Neb., farmer; ^Mnndell, Rol)ert, , Kas., farmer; Xewbanks, Henry

M., Effingham, 111., laborer; Poorman, Xoah, Earned, Kas., farmer;
Pcml)erton, James B., Xewman, 111., hotel keeper; Pliipps, Thomas
J., Xewton, III., miller; Pliipps. William, Shell City, Mo.; Pitt,
William, Blue Earth, Minn., farmer; Rice, William; Rhodes, Edwin,
Ottumwa, Iowa, farmer; Stone, John, Xewman, III., merchant; Sayre,
Thomas P., Florence, Kas., farmer; Wilson, Samuel F., Xeoga, HI.,

184 HISTORY OF CUMBERLAND COUNTY.

druofirist; Wooley, Horace F., Riittle Snake, Kas., farmer; Wriirlit,
Richard, Jonesville, Iiid., former ; "Waller, John T., Mattoon, 111.,
locomotive engineer ; "Waller, Franklin, Keoknk, Iowa, carpenter;
"Winkler, John, Oakland, 111.; Bigelow, "William H.; Davis, Eli, Jones-
ville, Ind.; Fergnson, James ; Ilolbrooks, Colnnibus, Castle Hock,
Colo.; Kinney, Oliver C. AY.; McComas, Arniond S. ; Ziegler, AVill-
iam. Spring Rjinch, Xeb., farmer.

Fifty- Ninili Illinois Infantry. — Of this regiment. Company F
was enlisted from Cumberland County. Its first officers were Mis-
sourians, and the regiment, as first organized, was known as the
Ninth Missouri. The company officers were: Captains — S. W. Kel-
ley, till April, 1802; G. E. Currie, till Deceml)er, 18(32; H. W.ILill,
till September, 1864; H. C. Baughmau, till mustered out. First
Lieutenants — John Kelley, till September, 18(J2 ; Reuben jNIaddox,
till February, 18(55; Philip Stump, till mustered out. Second Lieu-
tenants — J. H. Maynard, till March, 18(52 ; H. C. Baughmau, till
October, 18(52 ; George P. Ayres, rank to date, from December 8,
18(55. The regiment was organized at Saint Louis, ]Mo., September 18,
18(51. The companies composing the regiment had been raised in
the State of Illinois, and mustered in at sundry times, in July, August
and September. Three days after their organization as a regiment,
they were ordered to Jefferson City, ]Mo. From thence the regiment
moved to Booneville, via Syracuse to Otterville; via Warsaw and
Humans ville, to Springfield, where it arrived on the ,3d of Xovem-
ber. The brisfade of which this regiment formed a part marched and
countermarched about Si^ringfield, first towards Syracuse, then
Lamine Bridge, thence to Tipton, Lebanon, Cassville. Sugar Creek,
Osaije Sprina's, and thence to Cross Hollows on the 22d of Februarv-
On the 12th of this month, the title of the regiment, Avhich had hith-
erto })cen known as the Ninth Missouri, Avaschnnii-ed bv order of the
"War Department to the Fifty-Ninth Illinois Infantry.

On March (5, the Fifty-Ninth moved to Pea Ridg<\, and on the
following day was engaged with the enemy in that fierce fight, which
lasted all day. On the 8th, the regiment wa,s a part of the force tliat
moved to )-einforce Carr and Ashboth, who had been forced to fall
l)a<k, and were again soon eng-awd. Tlie rcirinient lost severelv in
officers and men. From tliis time to the last of April, the Fifty-
Ninth retraced much of its ])revious steps, marching to Sugar Creek,
Cross Tim])ers, and Cassville; tlience to Forsvthe, Bull Creek and
West Plains on April 28. Capt. Ellett, three lieutenants and fifty
men were ordered to report to the Rim Fleet. The regiment, forming

IlISTOKV OF CUMBERLAND COUNTY. 185

n part of Jeff. C. Davis' division, was then onlcred to Tennessee,
where it arrived, and was plaecd in reserve, on the left of Gen. Pope's
army, at Corinth. After the evacuation, the regiment toolv part in
the pursuit as far as Booneville, when it returned to Clear Creek,
near Corinth. On June 27, 18li2, the Fifty-Ninth started on a long
tramp, marching and countermarching through portions of Missis-
sippi, Tennessee and Kentuck}'. It visited Holly Springs, Ripley,
Jacinto, Bay Springs, Avhere it had a skirmish with some rebel cav-
alry, and luka, in Mississippi; thence to Eastport, Waterloo and
Florence, Alab:inia ; thence via Lawrenceburg, Mount Pleasant,
Cohnnbia, Franklin, ^Nlurfreesboro, and thence northward with Buell's
army, to Louisville, Ky., where it arrived September 2^, 18G2. Octo-
ber 1, the Fifty-Ninth was brioaded with the Seventv-Foui-th and
Seventy-Fifth Illinois Infantry, and the Twenty-Second Indiana, form-
in<>' the Thirtieth Brioade of the Army of the Ohio. In the advance,
in pursuit of Bragg, the Fifty-Ninth moved by way of Bardstown,
and met the enemy near Perrvville, at Chanii)lin Hills, and in the
battle of Octobsr 8, was heavily engaged, losing 113 killed and
wounded, out of 31)1 going into the action. The regiment followed
in the pursuit, and on the 14th had a severe skirmish at Lancaster,
Ky. Thence the regiment moved forward, via Crab Orchard, to
E'lgcfiidd, near Nashville, Tenn.

While here, the briirJide received the addition of the Fifth Wis-
consin Battery, and, subse(piently, the Twenty-First Illinois. On
Christmas, of 18G2, the l)rigade made a reconnoisance toward Frank-
lin, and skirmished with the enemy all day. The Fifty-Ninth pressed
down the road from Brentwood towards Nolensville. On the 2()th,
the Army of the Cum])erland was put in motion for the Stone River
campaign, this brigade, under conmiand of Col. Post, taking the
advance towards Nolensville. The Fifty-Ninth was deployed as skir-
mishers, and drove the eneni}' nine miles, until found in force at
Nolensville. The regiment took part in the attack upon Nolens-
ville, from which the enemy was driven in confusion. The regiment
was engaged in the actions at Knob Gap, and i)ressed the enemy
closely from Triiuie to Murfreesboro, where he was found strongly
intrenched. An unsuccessful attempt was made during the night of
the 30th to drive him from his jjosition, and the regiment lay during
the niiflit witliin a few hundred yards of the enemy's works. Early
on the morning of the .3 1st, the enem}' turned the right Hank of the
Twentieth Corps. The Fifty-Ninth changed front to the rear, and,
supporting the Fifth Wisconsin Battery, for a long time held the

186 HISTORY OF CUMBERLAND COUNTY.

enemy in check, and when "withdrawn ])r()ii2:ht with it the ijuns of
the battery, from Avliich the hoi-ses had all been killed. It Avas then
put in position on the Murfreesboro pike, which it held until Janu-
ary 2, when the brigade crossed Stone River, the Fiftj'-Xinth fording-
the river, swollen by recent rains, and took position on the extreme
left of th(? army, where it assisted in driving back the triumphant
enemy. On January 4, the enemy evacuated Murfreesboro, and the
campaign ended.

June 23, 18tJ3, the Tullahoma campaign was begun. Col. Post's
brigade moved to Liberty Gap, and engaged the enemy, from the
24th to the 27th, and thence pressed the enemy to Winchester.
Here it remained till the 17th of August, Avhen it Avas engaged in
hauling 200 wagons up the Cumberland Mountains. The brigade
then made a march to Stevenson, Sand Mountain, Lookout Valley,
Stevens' Gap, Crawfish'Springs, and thence to Chattanooga, a dis-
tance of 122 miles from Stevenson, where it arrived on the 22d of
November. During the siege of Chattanooga, the Fifty-Ninth was
constantly under the fire of the enemy's batteries. November 23,
the regiment started on the Lookout campaign. On the 2.5th, the
regiment led its brigade in the assault on ]Mission Ridge, from which
the enemy was driven'in confu->ion, the regiment taking part in the
pursuit so far as Ringgold, where it again attacked him and drove
him from his position. On the 30th, the regiment was sent on to
the battle-field of Chickamauga to bury the dead of the battle of
September 19 and 20. In the latter part of Daceml^er, the regi-
ment went to Whitesides, where, on January 12, 1864, the regiment
re-enlisted and was mustered as a veteran organization. The latter
])art of January, it marched to Chattanooga, and on the (ith of Feb-
ruary, started for Springfijld on veteran furlough, arriving on
the 10th.

March IJIth, the Fifty-Ninth re-organized and left Springfiold,
via Nashville and Chattanooga, for Cleveland, Tenn. May 3, the
Atlanta ( ainpaigu began, the regiment taking part in the attiick on
Tunnel Hill and on Rock Faced Ridge, which the enemy aliandoned
on the 13th; on the 14tli ami loth, the regiment was warmly engaged
at Resaca, and thence to July 12 was engaged in the various actions
and skirmishes at Kingston, Dallas, Ackworth, Pine Tt)p, Kenesaw
Mountain, Smyrna, Camp-Meeting Ground, etc. On the 12th, the
Fifty-Ninth crossed the Chattahoochie and took })osition before
Atlanta, and from tliat time until the 25th of Auofustwas under fire
night and day. With the army, the regiment inarched around

HI8TOHY OF CUMBERLAND COUNTY. 187

Atlanta in the direction of Jonesboro, and did its share in the fiirht-
ing which followed this movement. The reaiment, Avith its bri.L^-
ade, took part in the movement to head oil' Hood from Nashville,
coming' into the presence of the enemy at Pine To[). Thence, with
the army, it retraced its ronte to Chattanooira, and on the 30th of
October left for Athens, Tenn., thence to Pulaski, where it remained
nntil November 23. Evacnatinii" the entrenchments here, it retired
to Columbia ; crossed Duck River and attacked the rebel army in
the Hank as it was marching towards Spring Hill. The tight con-
tinued all day, and at night the Fifty-Ninth nnmdied twenty miles
to Spring Hill. Resting here only an hour, the regiment proceeded
to Franklin, and, during the afternoon, took part in the battle fought
here. On December 1, the regiment reached Nashville, and com-
menced throwing up earthworks in its front. December 15, the
bittle of Nashville began, ('ol. Post's brigade assaulted Montgom-
ery Hill, and in the language of Gen. Thomas, " took the initiative
in the l>rilliant deeds of the day." The Fifty-Ninth was in the first
line of the assaulting column, and planted the first colors on the
captured works. In the afternoon, it assaulted and carried the ene-
my's "vvorks, near the Hills])oro pike. December Hi. Col. Post's
brigade made the menumible assault on Overton's Hill. In this bat-
tle, the regiment lost, in killed and wounded, one-third of its num-
ber en"-ao-ed. On the 17th, the reo-iment started in pursuit of the
retreatiuir enemy, and continued to the Tennessee River. From Jan-
nary, iSGa, until the middle part of June, the regiment made Nash-
ville its bas3 of operations, participating in various expeditions. On
the l(;tli of this month, the Fifty-Nintii left for New Orleans, and
thence to Indianola, Texas. From thence it marched to San Anto-
nio, and was stationed at New Braunfels, Tex., until December 8,
18G5, when it Avas mustered out of the service and ordered home.

Ninety-Seventh III i7ioi\<i Infantri/.— Oi this regiment Company B
was almost wholly drawn from Cumberland County, a few men
only being drawn from the adjoining counties of Coles and Jasper.
The officers of this Company were : Captains— J. G. Buchanan,
till O-'tober, 18G4; G. D. Armstrong, till mustered out; First Lieuten-
ants— J. A. Goodell, till June, 18(;3; Alfred :\Iiller, till October, 18i;3;
G. D. Armstrong, till October, lS(i4; James Rollins, till mustered out;
Second Lieutenants— Alfred Miller, till June, l.s()3; G. D. Armstrong,
till 0;-tob^r, 18()3; Christopher Bradman, rank dated from August,
1«G5. The regiment was organized at Camp Butler in September, 18G2,
and mustered on the Kith of that month. On the 3d of October the

188 HISTORY OF CUMBERLAND COUNTY.

reo-imeiit moved for Cincinnati, and on the 17th marched to Kichohis-
ville, where it remained until the 10th of Xovember. It was then
assio-ned to Gen. A. J. Smith's division and moved to Louisville,
where it arrived on the loth of the month. Two days later the
regiment embarked for Memphis, where it went into camp until the
middle of Dscember. On the 20th of this month the Xinety-Seventh
left Memphis to take part in the campaign against Vicksburg, and
taking transports down the river landed near Walnut Hill on the
Yazoo River, occupying a position on the extreme right of the lines
operating against Vicksburg. On the 1st of January, 1863, it was
moved towards Arkansas Post and participated in the battle which
took place there on the 11th of that month. On the 15th the regi-
ment was moved down the river to Young's Point, where it
remained till March, moving then on the (3th to Milliken's Bend.
Thence on the 15th of April, the regiment marched to Grand Gulf;
took part in the engagement at Port Gibson on May 1, and at
Champion Hills on the IGth, arriving in the rear of Vicksburg on
the 19th of Mav. From this time forward to the surrender of Vicks-
burg, July 4, 18G3, the Ninety-Seventh was actively engaged in the
work and danger of the siege. The regiment subsequently took part
in G3n. Sherman's expedition to Jackson, and then returned to' Vicks-
burg where it remained until tho 15th of August. At this date the
regiment embarked, for Xew Orleans and Avent into camp at
Carrolton on the 27th. This closed the active part of the regiment's
service. It transferred from one point to another and found its way
to Galveston, Texas, where it was mustered out of the service July
29, 1865.

One Hundred and Twenty-Tldrd Illinois Infantry. — To this regi-
ment Cumberland County contributed more men than to any other
one in the servIce,save,perhaps,tlio Fifth C:ivalry. Company B was the
one formed entirely in this county, and was enlisted by Capt. Talbott
in the latter part of June, 1862. :\Ir. Talbott, while a democrat and
sympathizer to some extent with the general sentiment opposed to
the war, still felt th'it the cause of republican form of government
was at stake in the issue, and deemed this the paramount interest.
He was deeply engaged in business which connnanded his whole
time and attention and Ir.id no thought of going to the Avar. Enlist-
ments were languid; recruiting officers were drumming up a man
here an-l th^re, but there was no general disposition to join the
army. But during this time, men frcquiintly said to Mr. Talbott,
" P" you would t:»ke out a company I wou%l enlist." So frequently

HISTORY OF CUMBERLAND COUNTY. 189

was this said that the Oiptain one Sunday ^-ave out that if a com-
pany could bo organized ju-oniptly he woukl undertake it and go to
the field, On the Sunday following he reached camp at Mattoon
with 101 men, and all were mustered. This became Company B of
the One Hundred and Twenty-Third Infantry. The officers of the
company were: Captains — Edward Talbott, till April, 1864; Mahlon
Votaw, till mustered out; First Lieutenants — Lemuel Leggett, till
August, 1863; Mahlon Votaw, till April, 1864; B. C Talbott, till
mustered out; Second Lieutenants — Charles Conzet, till September,
1864. This regiment was enlisted principally in Coles, Cumberland
and Clark counties, and was mustered into service September 6, 1862.
At this time Brao-o" was makino^ his famous raid throuodi Kentucky
to reach Indiana, and the Illinois regiments were hurried to Louis-
ville as fast as practicable. The One Hundred and Twenty-Third
was ordered to this point as soon as mustered in, and was assigned to
the Thirty-Third Brigade, Tenth Division, Army of the Ohio, Gen.
Terrell commanding the brigade, Jackson the division, and McCook
the corps. Here the regiment remained until Gen. Buell, on the
1st of October, began the pursuit of Bragg, who began to retire after
baing foiled of his main object. In the operations thus begun the
regiment marchad through Taylorvillc, Bloomfi?ld and Mackville,
and enofao-ed in the b ittle of Perryville- The One Hundred and
Twenty-Third virtually opened the fight. M?Cook, supposing from
certain movements of the rebel cavalry that the enemy was re-
treating and did not mean to fight, instructed Gen. Terrell to move
his brigade cautiously toward the creek, and if no enemy was found
to allow the men to stack arms and supply themselves with water,
for the want of which they were sutt'ering greatly. The One
Hundred and Twenty-Third was then in the lead, but, deploying in
line of battle with bavonets fixed, the brigade cautiouslv advanced,
only to discover that the cavahy movement Avas only a ruse on the
part of the enemy, and to be met by a terrible destructive fire from
the heavy line of the enemy's infantry. Gan. Terrell w^as ridino; near
the left of this regiment, and near b}' a new battery advancing with
the "fcneral line. The first fire demoralized the battery, slausfhter-
ing the horses and stampeding the men. Terrell feeling the emer-
gency, but forgetting the duties of his position, dismounted from his
horse, and with the aid of one or two batterymen and six men
detailed from Company B, seized one of the abandoned guns and
brought it into position, the G3neral sighting and firing the gun
some four rounds over the prostrate Company B. At this point the

190 HISTORY OF CUMBERLAND COUNTi'.

General orclereJ a charge, and Companies B and D sprang forward to
obey the command. The right of the regiment failed to get the
word, and Com;)any D noticing the failure halted before reaching
the enemy and retired. Company B, however, rushed right on over the
intervening space of some 200 yards, cleared the fence of the enemy
and pushed some thirty yards beyond b3fore it delivered its first fire.
Here, finding itself enfiladed by the enemy's fire and unsupported,
the company rapidly retired, preserving its order, however. Arriv-
ing at its original position it found the brigade broken and gone.
Continuing its retreat the company form3d behind some other troops
and thd not see much further eno-aiifement in that fixht, but losing
in this short fight twenty-one men in killed, wounded and missing.
Here Gens. Terrell and Jackson were both killed. From this point
the regiment moved with the army, passing through Danville, Leb-
anon and New ]\Iarket to ]\Iumfordsville, where it remained several
weeks sruardinir the construction of a bridire which had been
destroyed. The regiment then proceeded to the Cumberland River,
going into camp at Ludlow Creek, al)out eight miles above Nash-
ville. In December, imder command of Gen. Reynolds, the One
Hundred and Twenty-Third took part in the expedition after Gen.
Morgan, returning to Avitliin a short distance of Mumfordsville when
the pursuit was abandoned, and a return was made by forced marches
to Nashville, arriving in the early part of January, 1863. The
reofiment was at once moved to the front, a little south and east of
]\lurfrcesboro, where it remained imtil the general advance in June.
In the meauAvhile the One Hundred and Twenty-Third was mounted
and armed^with Spencer rifles, and scarcely an interval of ten days
elapsed between the various expeditions in which the regiment was
engaged. These lead to the towns of Lel)anon, McMiuuville,
Liberty, Alexandria, etc., and involved heavy skirmishes. The One
Hundred and Twenty-Third was here assigned to Gen. AVilder's
Brigade of Thomas' Corps, and in the general advance of the army
in the latter part of June, led the advance of its brigade. A light
force of the enemy was driven ra})idly back to Hoover's Gap, where
followed a l)risk skirmish, and ]iressing on, the regiment captured a
company of the rear guard of the enemy at Manchester. From June
24 to 2S, the l)rigade moved on the flank of the Fourth Division,
cutting the railroad at Dechard, and driving the enemy from the
stockade. In this vicinity the brigade remained until August
1(J, engaged in collecting hors.'s and mules. Comj)any B was
detached on oiie^ occasion, and found one hundred mules gathered.

HISTOUY OF CUMBERLAND COUNTY. 191

which they captured and brought in with safety. On another raid
towards Coluinl)ia the Seventeenth Indiana and the One Hundred
and Twenty-Third captured 1 KX) head of horses.

On the l(jth of Auiiust the reo-inient witli its brigade crossed
the Cuniberhmd ^Mountains and AVakh-on's Kidge to Poe's tavern,
forded the Tennessee Kiver, and moved in advance of Crittenden's
Corps towards Ringgold ; on the 1 1th struck the enemy at Tunnel Hill
and on the following day moved back towards Gordon's Mills. Two
days of light skirmishing were followed by two days of quiet, and
and on the 17th the enemy began to feel the line of the Union forces.
On the 18th the One Hundred and Twenty-Third was engaged at
times pretty heavily. By a flank movement of the army the regi-
ment was placed on the extreme right and was pretty severely
handled. On the 19th and i^Oth though placed in reserve it Avas
brought into the flo'ht several times and heavil v en£rai»-ed. On the re-
treat of the army toward Chattanooga, the One Hundred and Twenty-
Third made a halt in the gorge of the mountain commanding the val-
ley and Company B picketed the point that night. After this tight the
Ojie Hundred and Twenty-Third with Wilder's Brio-ade proceeded to
Friar's Ford. On October 1, in comi)any with the First and
Second Bris^ades of Cavalry, the One Hundred andTwentv-Tliirdand
its brigade, under command of Gen. Crook, started in pursuit of
Wheeler. Crossing Walden's Bridge the regiment moved through
Sequatchie to the summit of the Cumberland Mountains on to Mc-
Minnville and Farmington. Here the One Hundred and Twenty-
Third came upon the enemy strongly posted and had a determined
fio-ht, drivino- the enomv from the tieldat last. From this point the
ex[)editi()n pursued Wheeler until he crossed the Tennessee River,
when the pursuit was abandoned. The regiment then went into
camp at Maysville, and remained several weeks. From this point,
the regiment moved to Pulaski, Tenn., and thence to Moresville,
where it served the army in c(dlecting stores for the army at Chat-
tanooga. In the last of March, 1864, the regiment was ordered to
Coknnbia, Tenn., to Sfet the advantaoe of the tine grazing in that
country for their horses, Captain Tall)()tt commanding the regiment
while there.

In April, the regiment rejoined the army at the front and took
part in the Atlanta campaign. The regiment proceeded to Lafay-
ette, Ga., thence through a series of movements and skirmishes to
Dallas; thence to Marietta, on July 3, to Cross Keys on the 17th,
to Decatur, and Atlanta. In Soptembcr, it took part in the cavalry

192 HISTORY OF CUMBERLAND COUNTY.

movements about Atlanta, and in October, was engaged in watching
the movements of llood. In the spring of 18(55, the regiment was
assigned to Gen. Wilson's command, and, on the 2d of April, took
part in the capture of Selma, Ala.; on the 9th, crossed the Ala])ama
Kiver and marched through Montgomery, Columbus, and entered
Macon, Ga. In the latter part of May, it was ordered to Chatta-
nooo-a, and thence to Nashville, and on June 2S, 1865, was mustered
out of the service.

One Hundred and Thirty-Fifth lUinois Infantry.— Com\YA\\y I
of this regiment was composed principally of men from Cumb.'rland
County. Its officers wore: M. A. Ewing, Captain; J. T. Ewing, Fii-st
Lieutenant; T. J. Matthews, Sscond Lieutenant. This regiment was
mustered into the service for one hundred days on June G, 1864, and
was mustered out September 28, 1864. This regiment was ordered
to Little Kock, Ark., and served its term on duty there.

Fifth lUinois Cavalry.— Oi this regiment, Companies A and I
were enlisted in Cumberland County. The officers of Company A
were: Captains— E. W. Pierson, till January, 1863; J. M. Cullers, till
January, 1865; Gordon Webster, till March, 1865*; Joshua Tuthill,
rank dated from October, 1865. First Lieutenants— Chas. Nice-
wanger, till July, 1862; Gordon Webster, till January, 1865; John
D. Rawlins, till mustei-ed out. Second L'eutenants— Gordon AVeb-
ster, till July, 1862; J. M. Cullers, till January 1863; Lyman Clark,
till May 1864; Warren Harper, rank to date from October, 1865. Of
Company I the officers were: Ciptains — B.irtholomew Junkins, till
April, 1862 ;B. G.Glenn, till December, 1862; E. S- Norfolk, till Mirch,
1863; J. A. Balch, till March, 1865; J. K. Brown, till mustered out.
First Lieutenants— E. S. Norfolk, till December, 1862; J. K. Brown,
till April, 1865. Second Lieutenants— J. F. Smith, till Sei)teniber,
1862; J. K. Brown, till :\Iiy, 1862; AV. F. Snowdon, till December,
1863; Leandcr Cotfman, till June, 1865; R. II. Osborne, from AugiLst,
1865, ])ut not mustered. The Fifth C.ivalry regiment was organized
at Camp Butler, Illinois, in November, 1861, and Hall Wilson
appointed Colonel. On February 20, 1862, the regiment moved to
Benton Barracks, Saint Louis, and early in the spring to Pilot Knob.
On the 27th, the Fiftli marched to Doniphan, where it had its first
skirmish Avith the enemy, capturing his camp and seven prisoners.
The regiment, a tew days later, nuirched to Pocahontas, where it
remained until the latter i)art of June. On the 27th of this month,
the regiment marched for the ^Mississippi River, joining Curtis' army
at Helena, July 13. Here the regiment did forage and escort duty

HISTORY OF CUMBERLAND COUNTY-

193

the balance of the year, losing seventy-eight men and an officer, by
an attack of the enemy on one of the forage trains. In Jannary,
18(53, the regiment made an expedition to Duval's Blutf, and, in Aprd,
went in pn^^snit of Marmaduko, who was retreating from ^Missouri.
In the latter part of :May. under orders for Vicksburg, the regiment
cm])arked for Snyder's Blutf, and, two days after landing, made a recon-
noissance to ]Mcchanicsburg, skirmisliing heavily on the way, and driv-
ino- the enemy ten miles. Forming a junction with the forces under
General Kimball, the combined commaml, consisting of three regi-
ments and eio-ht pieces of artillery, made an attack upon the enemy,
who was strongly posted, and defeated him, the Fifth losing eight
men, killed and wounded. On the 6th of July, the regiment moved
with Sherman's command to Jackson, and thence, with a strong
detachment, made a march to Canton, where they destroyed the pul>
lie workshops, after some fighting, and returned to the main army
imder General Sherman.

In Ano-ust, the regiment took part in an expedition to Grenada,
capturing wagon-trains and destroying bridges along the iSIississippi
Central Railroad, and reached their destination on the 17th, driving
the rebels under Chalmers from the place and effecting a junction
with the command under Lieutenant-Colonel Phelps. The bridge
over the Yallabnsha being destroyed, the rolling-stock of the road
captured could not be saved, and forty engines and 320 cars were
burned. Continuing their march, the force turned toward :Memphis,
encountering Blytlie's rebel cavalry at Coldwater, in which engage-
ment the Union forces were victorious, the Fifth losing some six
men. Arriving at Memphis, the regiment embarked for Vicksburg
and encamped at Black River on the 29th of August. Here the i-egi-
ment remained until January, 18G5, in the meantime being in a
number of expeditions through Mississippi and Louisiana. In Octo-
ber, the reg-iment moved with General McPherson's Corps to Jack-
son, took part in the cavalry charge at Brownisville, losing three
men. In February, moved with General Sherman's connnand on the
Meriden raid.

In January, 1864, many of the regiments re-enlisted, and on
March 17th the veterans were furloughed, returning May 10th. At
this time eight companies were dismounted, companies A, B, C and
D, being fully equipped and mounted. On July 1st this battalion,
with detachments of the Eleventh Illinois Cavalry, Second Wis-
consin Cavalry, and Third United States Colored Cavalry, nnder the
command of Major H. P. Mumford, with a brigade of infantry, Gen.

194 HISTORY OF CUMBERLAND COUNTY.

Dennis commanding the expedition, moved to Jackson with con-
tinual skirmishing. On the return march this force was attacked
by a hn-^e force of the enemy, who was repulsed after severe fight-
in o-. The Ixittalion lost several men wounded and killed. On
Septem1)er 27 the same force of cavalry moved down the river,
landing at Port Gibson, and drove the enemy from the place, the
Fifth losing one man killed. From thence the expedition moved to
Natchez, where it was joined by the Fourth Illinois Cavalry and a
battery, and moved on to Tonica Bend. Here the expedition landed
and moved to Woodville, where it captured a rebel camp. During
the nio-ht a force of GOO of the enemy, with one gun, advanced, but
were driven in confusion by a charge of the cavalry. From this
point the expedition returned to Vicksburg. November 20 the
Fifth took part in an expedition sent out to destroy the Mississippi
Central Railroad, over which the supplies of Gen. Hood's army were
being transported. The expedition was successful, the command
destroying many miles of the road.

On January 24, 1865, the Fifth moved to ^Memphis, where it
was assigned to the First Brigade of the Cavalry Division. From
this point the regiment took part in an expedition to southern
Arkansas and northern Louisiana, returning about the middle ot
February. In March the regiment took part in an expedition to
Ripley, Mississippi, and on its return was assigned to the duty of
guarding the Memphis and Charleston Railroad. Here the regi-
ment remained until July, when it was moved via Red River to
Texas. From Alexandria, La., the regiment marched to Hempstead,
Texas, where it remained until October G, when it was ordered
home. The regiment arrived at Springfield on the IGth of October,
1865; was mustered out on. the 27th, and received final payment
and discharge October 30, 1865.

Of the fourteen or more regiments that drew a part of their
numbers from ('umborland County, though no organizations were
formed here, the Fifty-Fourth, Sixty-First, and Sixty-Second are cer-
tainly entitled, from the number of citizens they contained, to a
place among Cumberland County's interests. The Fifty-Fom-th
Illinois Infantry was organized in Coles, Clark and Jasper counties,
and in Company G were some fifteen or twenty of Cumberland
('ounty's young men. The Fifty-Fourth was organized at Camp
Dubois, Anna, 111., as a part of the Kentucky Brigade. It was
mustered into the United States service for three years, February
18, 1862. A week later the regiment proceeded to Cairo, and a few

IIISTOUV OF CUMBERLAND COUNTY. 195

days after reaching this point proceeded to Columbus, Ky. During
the tall throe companies were stationed at Humboldt, Tenn., until
the middle of December, when the regiment was ordered to Jack-
son, Tenn. From the latter point the regiment at once proceeded
to make short expeditions to various towns about, in the meanwhile
guarding' the line of railroad from Columbus to Jackson until the
latter part of ]May. Two companies were stationed at ]Medon and
two at Toon's Station during the winter, Gen. Forrest in the mean-
time capturing the detachments of the railroad and tearing it up
some distance. May 30, 1863, the regiment proceeded to Vicksburg
and took position on Haines' Blutf on the Yazoo River on the 2d of
June. The Fifty-Fourth was in the Third Brigade, Second Division,
Sixteenth Army Corps, under command of Gen. Kindmll, and oc-
cupied the extreme left of Sherman's army on the Big Black when
confronting Johnson. In the latter part of July the regiment took
part in Gen. Steele's expedition against Little Rock, and proceeded
to Helena; from thence to Little Rock and returned to Vicksburg in

October.

In January, 18(54, three-fourths of the regiment re-enlisted, and

\Yere mustered February 9, 1864. In March the veterans left for

Mattoon on furlough. Re-assembling at the expiration of their

furlough, in April, at Mattoon, the regiment was thrown into a

fever of excitement by the report of certain outrages committed on

members of the regiment at Charleston, in Coles County. The

county, and especially the county-seat, was strongly democratic

and opposed to the prosecution of the war. The Sherift', with a

number of hot-headed home politicians and sympathizers, got into

an altercation with several members of the regiment about to join

their command, and in the melee several were killed on both sides. Of

the regiment Major York, the surgeon, and four privates were killed,

and Col. :\litchell wounded. An hour later the regiment arrived

from Mattoon and occupied the town, capturing the most prominent

instigators of the riot. The regiment left for Cairoon the 12th of

April, and thence proceeded to Columbus, Paducah, and Little Rock.

In May it left for Brownsville in pursuit of Gen. Shelby, teaching

Little Rock on the 30th, where it remained for about a month.

From thence the Fifty-Fourth proceeded to Duval's Blul'', and thence

to Clarendon, where it came in contact with Shelby. Returning to

Duvul's Bluff, the Fifty-Fourth was assigned to guarding sixteen

miles of the :Memphis and Little Rock Railroad, having five stations

with two companies at each station. In the latter part of August

196 HISTORY OF CUMBERLAND COUNTY.

Shelb}' attiiokecl an overwhelminij: force and captured one station.
Six of the companies were concentrated at one stiition, and for five
honrs resisted tlie attack with great bravery. The breastworks,
hastily constructed of hay, having been fired and destroyed by the
enemj^'s artillery, the regiment was driven out of their defences and
captured in detail. The regiment lost some fifty men in killed and
wounded at this fight. Companies F and H at a distant station
were not molested. The part of the regiment captured was paroled,
and reached Benton Barracks, Missouri, in September. December
5, 1864, it was exchanged and returned to Hickory Station on the
same'railroad, where it remained on this duty until June. On the
iltli of this month the regiment proceeded to Pine Blutf, thence to
Fort Smith, Ark., and thence to Little Eock, where it was mustered
out October 16, 1865, and proceeded to Camp Butler, Illinois,
October 26, where it was discharged.

Sixty-First Illinois Infantry. — Company H of this regiment
was made up principally from enlistments in Coles County, with
many from Lawrence and Cuml^erland counties. Company F sul>
sequently contained quite a number of men from Cumberland
Count}^ by transfer from the One Hundred and Twenty-Third Regi-
ment. This regiment was organized at CarroUton, III., by Coh
Jacob Fry. Three full companies Avere mustered February ,5, 1862.
On the 21st the regiment was still incomplete, and was moved to
Benton Barracks, where recruits were secured to complete the
organization. In March the regiment embarked for Pittsburgh
Landing, where it was assigned to the Eighteenth ^Missouri Brigade
and Prentiss' Division. On April 6, 400 men of the regiment were
formed into line to receive the first assault of the enemy in that
memorable fight. For an hour and a quarter the regiment stood
firm and then fell back under orders, only when every regiment in
the division had given way. Upon retiring the regiment was com-
])limented by Gen. Prentiss for its gallant stand. The Sixty-First
was then placed in supi)ort of the First Missouri Artillery, and at 1
P. M. was ordered to the support of Gen. llurlbut, arriving at a
very critical moment and maintaining the line until relieved by a
fresh reofiment, when its anuuunition was exhausted. When the
second line was broken, the regiment retired in good order and took
up a position supporting the siege guns. On the second day the
Sixty-First was placed in reserve, but its loss in the battle reached
eighty men killed, wounded and missing. Early in June the regi-
ment moved to Bethel, thence to Jackson and to Bolivar, in Tennessee.

HISTORY OF cl-.mhi:i:lam) Cor.NTV. ISJil

111 Sopt('inl)or the regiment moved by way of Jackson and Corintit
to Brownsville, Miss., bnt returned after tlie battle of Inka. In
December a detachment of the refjiment w'ith some other detach-
ments took a position at Salem Cemetery and n^jjulsed the enemy
nnder Forrest. May IM, I6(i3, t\w Sixty-First moved from Bolivar by-
rail to Memphis and there embarked for Vieksbnro-. On the 3d of
Jnne it reached Chickasaw Bayou, and on the followinir day accom-
panied an expedition up the Yazoo River, landino- at Satartia :
moved thence to Media nicsbnro-, Haines' Blutf, and Snyder's liluti'.
July 17th, the Sixty-First moved to Black lliver Bridije and re-
turned. In August it took part in Gen. Steele's expedition to Little
Rock. The regiment remained here in occupation. The reu-imeut
np to ]\Iarcli 20, 18G4, consisted of nine C(mipanies. but at tliis date
it was joined by Company K from Camp Butler, 111. The Sixtv-
First was subsequently ordered to Nashville, and was mustered out
of the service there on Septem])er 8, 186").

Si.di/- Second Illinois Infanfry. — This reginKMit was chiefly- en-
listed in Clark, Crayvford, and Coles counties. In Company Cwere
a consideral)le numl^er of Cumberland County men, and few in each
of several other companies of the regiment. The Sixty-Second was
organized at Camp Dubois, Anna, III., April 10, l.S(;2. On the '>2d
it moved to Cairo, thence to l^adncah and Columbus, and in Col.
Ditzler's Brigade to Tennessee, where it was stationed on the MobiU^
and Ohio K-.iilroad, near Crockett Station, with lieadcpiarters at
Kenton. In December the regiment was moved to Jackson, Tenn.
leaving about 200 men sick and on duty at Holly Sprino-s; aljout
two miles from Jackson found the railroad bridge on tire, and leav-
ing the train inarched to Jackson and four miles beyond, skirmish-
ing with the enemy. On the 2od the regiment marched along the
railroad as far as Toon's Station and returned to Jackson. In the
meanwhile Van Dorn descended on Holly Springs and captured
about 170 men of the regiment, and destroyed all the reo-imental
records and baggage. On December olst the regiment went with
Lawler's Brigade in i)ursnit of Forrest and found him strongly
[losted on the opposite bank of tli(> river. Returning to Jackson the
regiment remained here until April, ISC'}. wJkmi it moved to
LaGrange. In August the regiment was ordered to Memphis, where
it embarked for Helena, overtaking the army of Gen. Steele at
Brownsville ; took part in the action near Little Rock and re-
mained there until April, 18(;4, when it moved to Pine Blulf and
remained till August 12, JSiU. The regiment in Januaiy had

200 niSTOIJY OF CUMHEHLANI) COUXTl'.

reK'ulisted, and at this date returned to Illinois on veteran furlou2fh.
After the expiration of their t'urlouiili the recimcnt returned to Tine
Blurt', reaehinf>- there November 2'), 18G4. The non-veterans of the
reiriiiient were ordered to Illinois for muster out. Under date of
April 24, l.SG."), the remainin£>- veterans and recruits were ordered
consolidated into seven companies, and remained on duty at Pine
Blutf until July 28, IHG"), when it moved by river to Fort Gibson,
in the Cherokee nation. It was subsequently ordered to Little
Kock, where it was mustered out of service March 6, LSlK), and
ordered to Sprinatieid for tinal payment and discharge.

This sketch of the activities of reo-iments in which this county
is principally interested was compiled laroely from the Adjutant-
General's report. In case of several reainients no report save the
bare roster, is found in the State Avork, and dependence has been placed
upon the menory of those who served in the ditt'erent organiza-
tions. However imperfect the attempt, and however tar short it
may tall of the merits of the case, it will serve to show that Cumber-
land Countv found those who ably represented her in the tield, and
that many, while politically at variance with the administration
then in power in the general government, put loj'alty to the
nation above partisan fealty to a (juestionable policy. In the Black
Hawk disturbance of 1S32 the community here was too tar removed
from the actual operations to notice them, and was too few in num-
bers to spare any men save under the dir(;st necessity. In 1847,
while SMn})athizing with the object of the war, the county was too
thinlv settled even then to contribute to the ranks of the six regi-
ments enlisted in the State. There are, however, some half do/XMi
residents of the county now who Avere in the Mexican war', but Avho
were enrolled, elsewhere.

inSTOHY OF CUMHRULAM) COUNTY. 201

VILLAGES OF THE COUNTY.

■T^IIEKE was little at an early clay to mark any particular site as
-*- especial ly advantageous for a village. There was a great rage in
platting villages throughout the West during a few years preceding
1837. The system of internal improvements projected by the State
gave rise to the most extravagant estimate of the immediate devel-
opment of the country to follow, and villages were platted in the
most isolated situations on the banks of streams that now have
scarcely an existence, and wherever one of these enthusiasts hap-
pened to have a plat of land large enough to hold the possible vil-
lage. At this time there seems to have been but little conception of
what changes the ordinary development of the country would bring,
and none at all of the wonderful influence of railroads. It was
therefore natural that the first bcofinnins; should be alono- the
National road.

Greenup* — Ira B. Rose was a resident of ]\Iartinsville, and im-
pressed with the advantages likely to accrue from the National road
secured land just west of the village of to-day, and in November,
1833, laid out the village of Embarrass. This little town consisted
of thirty-eight lots, spread out on either side of the road. Rose was
not calculated to be successful in such an enterprise, and while tem-
porarily promising future growth it was eclipsed by its stronger _J
neighbor laid out in the folloAving year. It continued for some
years, however, jocosely called Roseville, or Natchez under the hill,
and :it one time boasted of a store by Bragg & Solenburg, a saloon
by W. Stal lings, and the first tavern, which was conducted by the
mother of the celebrated lawyer. Usher F. Linder. The Linders be-
came citizens of Greenup in 1833, coming from Hardin county, Ken-
tucky, in a one-horse wagon.

In 1834, Joseph Barbour caused the village of Greenup to be
platted. It is located on the National road near the point where it
crosses the Embarrass River, forty-five miles west of Terre Haute.

It assumed the title of Greenup from a man of that name, who

owned a large part of the land, ui)on which Greenup now stands,

^ind Avho donated quite a number of lots to the original town, in

* The editor is indebted for the principal mutter for this sketch from a contribution to the columns
of the Cumberland Democrat.

202 HISTORY OF CUMIJEHLAXl) COUXTV.

order that a town might be established here. And he it was, it seems^
'e^ho hud off the first lots in Greenup. But Thomas Sconce was the
first Surveyor who laid ofi'and reported a plat of this town, which
he did on the 5th day of March, A. D. 1834. Greenup and Barbour,
Ewart and Austin, also Austin and Cook respectively, made addi-
tions to this town, b}^ way of granting lots. The first lot that Avas
laid off in Greenup is in Block one, now known as the " New Public
Square," on the northeast corner of said block. From the original
town plat, as made out by ]Mr. Sconce, who was then County Sur-
veyor of Coles Countj^ we obtain the following description of the
original toAvn of Greenup, viz: — beginning at the east side of the
new public square, the lots number respectively 1, 2, 3, 4, etc., west-
ward, reaching lot Xo. 25, av hen they change to the north side of
Cumberland Street (it being that part of the " National road " which
runs through Greenup), commencing in the west at lot No. 2(), num-
ber eastward to lot No. 50. There is but one tier of lots south
of Cumberland Street, on the original plat. Just north of the
tier mentioned w^iich lies north of Cumberland Street, and running
east and west, is an alio}- fourteen feet Avide. North of this alley is
another tier of lots, bei>inninir on the cast at lot No. 51, running west-
ward to lot No. 70. Then north of these is Pleasant Street, north of
Pleasant Street are four more lots, through Avliich running east and
west is another alley, except the block farthest Avest, knoAvn as the
" Old Public Square;" the last mentioned alley does not run through
this block. Still north of the last mentioned tier of blocks, running
east and west, is Elizabeth Street. North of p]lizabetli Street is one
more block. The whole number of lots in the original plat is 102.
Then commencing on the west side of the " New Public Scpiare,"
and running nortliAvard, is Mill Street. One block west of Mill
Street and running nortliAA'ard is Franklin Street. One block Avcst
of Franklin Street and running nortliAvard is Jefferson Street. One
})lock Avest of Jefferson Street and running nortliAvard is Washing-
ton Street. This constitutes the original Greenup. But as has been
stated, since this Avas made out several additions have been made to
the toAvn, some of which have been mentioned.

The following references appear on the original plat, as made out
by iSIr. Sconce, viz:

1st. The town is situated on the soutliAvest (piarter of Section
No. 2, Townshij) No. 9 north, of K;inge No. i) east, of the third jn-in-
cipal meridian, as designated on the plat.

2d. The surA'Cv of the lots Avas made according- to the ninirnetic

IIISTOUV OF CUMBERLAND COUNTY. 203

noodle, the variation at the time being considered at seventy degrees
ancl thirty minutes east.

ad. The length and breadth of the public scpiare and the sev-
eral lots are given in feet, on some one of the lines in figures.

4th. The corners of the blocks or sciuares have stones tirmly
set in and visible above the surface.

5th. The Avidth of all the streets and alleys are expressed in
feet on the jilat.

(ith. The lots, streets and alleys are laid down on the plat on a
scale of half an inch in a chain of 100 links, or 132 feet to an inch.

7th. The number of each lot is expressed on the plat, near the
centre thereof, and each is made reo:ularlv neumatical, amounting to
102 lots.

This plat was recorded by J. P. Jones, on the 7th day of May,
1834, he being at that time Recorder of Coles County, and on it ap-
pears a certificate of Nathan Ellington, dated May 21, 1852, who
was at that time Circuit Clerk and ex-officio Recorder of Coles
County.

For many years Greenup slumbered in the bosom of its wood-
land home, among the hills, in apparent solitude and oblivion, mak-
ing but few and small improvements. Considering the distance to
general markets, and the foct that Greenup merchants were com-
pelled to haul their goods in wagons from those far distant points;
and the further fact that this country Avas so thinly settled, the prog-
ress of Greenup, from a village to a city must of necessity be slow
and tedious. Away back in that early day, when Cumberland and
Douglas counties formed part of Coles County, all that vast region
of country was so thinly settled that there were but five voting
points in the entire county of Coles. Somewhere near Areola on
Okaw River was the northwestern point of holding elections; Ash-
more was the northeastern, C'harleston the center; Woodbury the
southwestern and Greenup the southeastern. On the day of a
countj^ election the voters would assemble at these respective places
for the purpose of casting their votes. On the erection of Cumber-
land County, this village was the most important point in the new di-
vision and for a numlwr of years was the de facto county-scat. A
store was established here and many a ponnd of coffee, sugar and the
like were carried away from Greenup by the early settlers, who pur-
chased these articles with the pelts of the various wild animals that
infested the forests of southwestern Illinois, owing to the scarcity
of monev, and the market value of these peltries.

204 HISTORY or CU^rBEIILAND COUNTY.

As countv-seat, the villaiife drew liiri»-e numbers from the vari-
oils parts of the county, and as Greenup could boast of no " Town
Ordinances " then, or police force with which to control the fury of
those who saw fit to enter into pugilistic combat, it often witnessed
bloody noses and black eyes, on those election days, occasioned by
supernumerary decoctions of home-made M'hisky. Greenup knew
Jim Eaton in the prime of his manhood, and in Greenup many of
his notable feats were performed, which, to an ordinary man, would
seem an impossibility. Greenup was a favorite point with Eaton,
and often while there he has held up a barrel of whisky in his hands
and drank from its bunijhole. Eaton had many a combat there in
early days, and was never but once unsuccessful. He disposed of
some of Georire Wall's finsfers with his teeth. But he met his fate
one day in the person of a showman who struck him in the forehead
with a two-pound weight. He did not live long afterwards.

But the elections were not all that drew j^eople to Greenup, for
it will be remembered that people had to eat in those days as well
as do they at this time. And owing to the scarcity of mills then,^
and to the fact that Greenup afforded one, man}' a man made visits
to Greenup for the i)urposc of having corn converted into meal. The
mill to which we allude was built by Messrs. Greenup & Barl^our in
1832, and was run In' Avater power. It was a grist and a sash saw
mill, and was located on the river bank, near where the Charleston
and Greenuj) road crosses the river northwest of town. This remark-
able old mill was run res]icctively and successively by Messrs.
Greenup & Barbour, Mr. Williams, Mr. Hellems, Mr. R. Stinson,
Mr. John Snearly and lastly, by Traders. It ran on and did work
until 1856. It fell down sometime afterward, and some of the old
mill stones are yet to be seen about the site. In those days it was a
very common thing for a man to throw a sack of corn upon the back
of an ox, and hie to the Greenup mill. Big boys, who were com-
pelled to wait a day or tAvo for their grinding, were frequently seen
sitting around a little tire with their bare feet in the ashes, eating
parched corn, the while. It was in the fore-bay of this old water
mill that James B. Freeman fell, during the time that John Snear-
ley Avas running it.

]Mr. Greenup, it seems, was an engineer on the Cumberland road
about the time it was laid out, and after the road was duly located,
he took a job of furnishing the government with bridge timbers, and
])articularly for the bridges across the slough and river, west of
Greenui). Mr. Barbour put up this mill, the primary object of

HISTORY OF ClMnElIL.VND COINTY. 205

Avhioli was to saw out these tiinbGrs. But the mill and its biiihlers,
as well as those In-idsres, are now known only in the past.

The iireater i)art of the history of Greenup, up to the time it be-
came the county-seat of Cumberland, is pretty much the same old oft
repeated story, of rouiih western pioneer villaues, such as is so well
known to many of the peoi)le of the AVest. From this time forward
the villa<>:e prospered. The National road brouirht new life with j
its increasing' tra\-el. and it grcAv to be a noted point to travelers far
and near. There is no doul)! but Greenup is well remembered by
hundreds of persons who were on their way to the _<>(>lden hills of
California, in search of their hidden treasures, whos(\£i-ood fortune it
Avas to i)artake of the hospitalities of Greenup, on their wearisome
journey. Charles Conzct, Sr. is undoul)tedly remembered as the
landlord of the Greenup House. Doulitlcss meals obtained from his
well loaded table, by the hungry traveler, thirty years ai^o, have
helped to establish that reputation as a landlord Avhich uncle Char-
ley so justly deserves.

He came to this couutrv from Pliiladeli^hia, in 1848, and located
three miles east of Greenup, where he pursued the occupation of a
farmer for about five years. He then l)ought the Greenup House
from John Shiplor, and entertained the public here for years. The
buildino- was erected by Captain Ed. Talbott, who sold it to John
Shiplor. It is located on the southwest corner of Cumberland and
Franklin streets.

Closely connected with this house is a rather laughable anec-
dote, for an account of which we are under many many obligations
to its hero, Mr. J. AY. Latta. The incident to Avhich we allude oc-
curred a short time before ^Ir. Conzet l)ecame proprietor of the
house, and during the time that Simon Lyons was running it. Air.
Lyons, it seems, was entertaining a temporary boarder, Avho was at
the time a citizen of Missouri. This boarder was projecting a porta-
ble photograi)hic office, which was to be carried on wheels. Some
short words i)assed in a little unpleasantness in the bar-room, be-
tween the boarder and Air. Harvey Green, who was then driving
stage. AVhereupon Air. Lutta said " no gentl(>man or Christian will
insult me, and a ])lackguard shall not." At this, Air. Green informed
him that he could not step out upon the porch and say that. Out
they went, lint when Air. Harvey saw hands placed upon pistols,
in casing pockets, performed a series of back steps, the other the
while advancing, until Air. Lyons cried out, " Harvey! Harveyl"
Whereupon the latter threw up the sponge and said, " now you quit

20() TII.^TOin- OF CU3IBEKLAXD COUNTY.

and I will." Of course, his piudoncc at this juncture was com-
mended. And while joked for his bravery, in apology he said: -I
didn't know but the d— d old flint lock might go off." Hence the
origin of •• Hint lock "" in this locality.

Among the early prominent men of Greenup, should be men-
tioned A. k. Bosworth. He came to this village in 1<S41, with a
small stock of saddlery and harness, and began business here. He
made the first set of harness that was ever made in Greenup, and
sold them to ]\Irs. Eobinson wdio took them with her to Kentucky.
He w^as married to Miss Sarah L. Cox, a cousin of Usher F. Liuder, in
1842, and for several years taught school in Greenup for eight and
nine dollars a month, to wdiich we have already alluded, in another
chapter. He removed to Alton in this State in 1847, but did not re-
main there long, and came back about the time this county was or-
ganized. After he went out of the office, to which w^e have alluded,
he went into the mercantile business in a house on lot Xo. lo, in the
old town of Greenup, and frequently sold goods for coon skins, and
bought '• buck horns " for 25 cents per pair. And, says he, " I
lostnioney like blixen on them, too, at one time." He afterward
bought a iot just south of the Ewart House, lot Xo. 10, where he put
up a shed and sold goods in it; afterward went in with Clark
8 kweathcr, and sold goods in the house now occupied as a Loclge-
room by the Masons, Avho afterward built the old frame house on
lot Xo. 2, which soon fell into the hands of A. K. himself. In 1860
he took sides with Mr. Lincoln, and was beaten for County Clerk by
M. B. Ross. He then turned his attention to the dry goods business,
and continued in the same until about four years ago, when he took
in his son Ross. They run the business under the firm name of A.
K. Bosworth & Son, until recently when they sold out to Harrison
Jones and eTohn J. Kellum. Mr. Bosworth visited the armies during
the war. He relates many interesting anecdotes of earlier times,
and particularly of things that occurred in an early day in Greenup.
And when the county-seat was removed to Prairie City, the records,
of course, being in (ireenup, Mr. Bosworth, at that time being Clerk,
ontcrtained an idea that the records could not legally be removed,
and he disi)uted the right of removal in some hotly contested
law suits. But they availed nothing, and when they came over from
the City with wagons after the records, it was indeed a fearfully ex-
citing time, which very nearly resulted in a l)attle. ^Nlr. Bosworth
refused to go over to the City to act as Clerk, but was willing to act
if the records were left in (ireenup. Consecpiently, A. G. Caldwell

IIISTOIIV OF CUMBEULAXD COUNTY. 207

was appointed to fill the vacancy, Avhicli hoclid. But Mr. liosworth's
passions subsided, and ho was elected to the same office afterward.

In 1852, a railroad line was surveyed throuiih from Terre Haute
to Saint Louis, nearly coincident with the \'andalia line, which was
called the BruH' road. This road slept on for seventeen years,
duriiiii" which time the citizens of Greenup and of the various points
alouir the route were often highly elated at their prospect for a
railroad, and (piite as often disconraiifed. This line passed through
Greenup, on what is known as Railroad Street, in Addison's addition
to the town of Greenup, and is about four blocks north of where the
railroad now is. This railroad prospect failed and the hopes of a rail-
road died outimtil the present road was surveyed, and other and bet-
ter men assumed the contract for its construction. It Avill be remem-
bered that the Saint Louis, Vandalia &Terre Haute Railroad was built
in 1(S()S-;), and that the first train of cars that ever visited Greenup,
"svas during tlu^ holiday of that winter. It was a proud era in the
history of Greenup, and the anticipations of mau}'^ of Greenup's citi-
zens knew no ])ounds. New additions were made to the town, new
lots laid oft", large increases of population, buildings went np daily,
and Greenup for once was aroused from her long, deep slumber, and to
a newness of life and activity. And as the number of trains increased
and their screams echoed np and down the valleys of Cumberland
and Jasper, a new disi)osition seemed to settle over the people, and
to assume the i)lace of the dull monotonous despondency that had so
long low^ered over them. Now farms were cleared up, and a spirit
of indiLstry, energy and enterprise shown that had never before been
manifested in this locality.

Greenup has always been a good milling point, and its later busi-
ness has taken this direction and pioneered the way to steam mills.
In 18o4, J. & W. Madison established a saw mill in Madison's addi-
tion to the town. This was the first steam saw mill ever estal)lislied in
this part of the country. The Madisous run this mill until the latter
part of 1857, when they sold it to ]\Ir. Henry Stum[). Stump ran it
until 18(U, when it was sold to other parties and removed to other
I)arts. During the time Mr. Stump ran the mill. Puny Phelps at-
tached to it a carding machine, which (with great credit to Mr.
Pli(dps) performed aduiirably, and called to Greenuj) considerable
wool trade. This carding machine, it will lx> remembered, was no
small enterprise, for the reason that flax hackles and spinning wheels
were the principal means of obtaining clothing, and no very great
attention was devoted to the raising and improvement of sheep.

208 HISTORY OF CUMBERLAND COUNTY.

Hence, Mr. Piielps iiiioht Ncrv justly be denominated the hero of the
new era of the ck^thing department in this county. But the mill
and Phelps" carding nuichine have passed aAvay and others have taken
their places.

Some time in the latter part of 1.S.53, Captain Edward Talbott
))uilt what is now caUcd the " Cumberland Mills." They are situa-
ted on the St. L.. Y- Sz T. H. R. 11., at the point where the Greenup
and Palestine road crosses the railroad, in the south part of toAvn.
Mr. Talbott ran them himself until 1S55, at which time he took in
Warren Covill as a partner. This partnership continued about tAvo
years, when Mr. Covill sold his interest back to Mr. Talbott. In l<s,)i>
Mr. Talbott took in ]Mr. Benjamin Talbott as a partner, which part-
nership continued until the latter part of 1<S64. Mr. Edward Tal-
bott Avent into the One Hundred and Twenty-Third Regiment of Illi-
nois Volunteers, as Captain, in 1S62. During the time the Captain
Avas in the army, the mills were leased to William Leslie, of ]M;ir-
shall, Avho managed them for about two yeai-s, theremainder of Avhich
time they were managed by a ]Mr. Stump, who ran them nearly a year.
Sometime in the fore part of the year 1865, Messi"s. HuH'cuttand Mil-
ler rented the mills and managed tliem for nearly two years. Mr. Tal-
bott noAv runs the mills himself. For some consideraljle time after
their construction, a carding machine AA'as attached to the mills and
did excellent Avork.

In 1854 a saw mill was built in the northeastern part of toAvn.
This mill was built by Philip Wolchimer and ]\Iahlon VotaAv. These
men ran this mill until some time in 1858, Avhen it was purchased by
Mr. Arthur. Tnnnediately upon the purchase by Mr. Arthur, he at-
tjiched to it a carding machine, and h:is since then continued to run
it, doing excellent Avork, and much of it.

A famous fishing resort in an earh' day was near Greenup, and
so Avonderful a place could hardly be omitted in a sketch of this vil-
lage. JustAvest of the village and east of the old bridge near the
Cumberland road, is the •' slough" or the '" Greenup fishing rink,"
in Avhich thousands of pounds of fish are sometimes left, after the
abatement of high waters. An incident is mentioned of a fishing-party
to this slough, organized by Dr. Rliodabough, during the time he
Avas a citizen of Greenu[). The Doctor is very fond of fish and as
fond of the sport of catching them; and is never Avithout a seine.
So the Doctor, in company with Mrs. Khodal)ougli, William AVyldc
and ladv, A. Carson's lady, Georsfe Dav and others started for the
slough. The Doctor beiuii" a fleeted with rheumatism concluded he

IIISTOUV OF CUMBEHLAM) COUNTY. 20t>

would not iro into tlio water (tlio o-roatcr part of which Avas niiid of
the worst character), and that he wonhl h)()k after the unlucky fish
when caufjfht. So it wa-s arranu^cd that Mr. Wylde and George Day
do the seining- (the seine being- small and easily managed), so in they
went and made a draij takini": over a hundred very fine butfalo fish
and other kinds, some of which weighed thirty pounds, l^ut before
they reached the bank (the Avater being shallow), the Doctor beheld
the fish and forgetting his ailments, plunged into the mud and water
over his knees, and began slinging the fish on the bank, with an eager-
ness incompreliensible to any but those who have had experience in
such business. And it is said that the eager Doctor slung them
(juite often against the excited ladies who stood upon the ])ank. After
taking nearly a thousand pounds of fish from the slough, they re-
paired to their homes Avith high anticipation of the morrow's break-
fast. This fish story would not perhaps compare Avith those of the
New Testament, but it is nevertheless affirmed to be true, and such
is the oft repeated history of the " slough," by various parties, from
year to year.

Owing to the great increase of population in Greenup, occasioned
by the establishment of Greenup as a railroad toAvn, and to tl^e in-
dependent dispositions of the sons of Erin, Avho worked upon the
road in 18(i8-()y, it became necessary to esta])lish a guardian of the
public peace in Grecnu}).

Accordingly on the 28d day of Januar}-, 1870, a meeting- Avas
called in Greenup, for the purpose of taking steps toAvard the incor-
poration of Greenup, as a toAvn, and to take the vote of the people
for or against incorporating. On motion of John J. Kellum, S. W.
Quinn Avas elected President of the meeting, and upon motion of
David Carson, Jr., Peter Shade was elected clerk of the same. Officers
Avere then sworn Avho proceeded to take the yeas and nays on incor-
poration, Avhich vote resulted in forty-seven yeas and four nays, gi\'-
ing yeas a majority of forty-three. It was determined at this meet-
ing to hold an election on the 8()th of January, 18()1), tor the purpose
of electing a Board of Trustees. On that day the following persons
Avere elected Trustees for the town of GrecMuip. constituting Green-
up's first ToAvn Board, viz.: A. J. Ewart, P. Shade, Charles Conzet,
Jr., T. L. Norman, and G. Monohon. This Board held its first meet-
ing on the 4tli day of February, 18(39, and elected G. Monohon,as its
President, and P. Shade as its Clerk. On the following day, viz.:
February 5, l.SIJil, the first code of ordinances (seven in number)
Avere draAvn up and passed. On the last mentioned day it Avas

210 HISTORY OF CUMBERLAND COUNTY.

detcrniinod to hold an election on the 18th day of February, l'SG9,
for the purpose of electing a police magistrate, on which day A.
Cook -was elected to that office, and shortly afterward Z. Davee was
appointed police constable.

The village is now greatly disturbed over the question of the re-
location of the county-seat. The constitutional re(piirement of a
three-fifths vote seems to put it beyond the power of Greenup ever
regaining the distinction of being the seat of justice, and yet its enter-
prise seems to bo waiting for this improlwble event. A large public
square is left unfenced and unimproved; business is generally satis-
fied with rather inferior frame buildings, and the spirit of Micawber
seems to have possessed the larger part of the community.

Woodbury. — This village lives now only in the memory of the
older citizens and in the name of the township. It was platted on
land belonging to AVilliam C. Greenup and George Hanson, in 183.5.
It was named for George \Yoodbury, who built a cabin here as early
as 1831. In 1833, Levi Beals came here, built a cabin and was soon
^afterappointeLl postmaster. The mail carrier stopped at his place,
and occasionally travelers. Subsequently, D. T. AVisner settled here
and l^ept a small store and postoffice for years, but the place is no
more recognized as a village. Originally, it consisted of fifty-two
lots, twenty-six on each side of the National road, and divided into
five blocks by three cross streets, thirty-three feet wide, denominated
First, Second and Third streets. There is some prospect now that
certain railroad shops may be located at this place and the al)andoned
site, or the near vicinity, once more assume the importance of a
village.

Johnstoion* — This is one of the oldest settlements in the coun-
try. As far back as 1827-28 John Tally had a little water-mill and
distillery above Johnstown on the jNIuddy. To this mill the few
settlers of the country repaired to get their grists ground and their
jugs filled with whisky. About the year 183.') Tully started a horse-
mill, which he ran when the water was too low to run his water-mill,
and he had to go out among the settlers in search of corn to grind,
and David Bruster says that when he was quite a small l>oy he re-
members Tnlly coming to his father's (Mr. Davis Bruster's) house on
the old Thraldkill place in Kickapoo Point for corn. Tully staid
at Johnstown iinlil about the year l-s;')? or 1838, when he sold out
liis mill and distillery to Bol) Dixon and Walter Patterson, who
laid out a town and named it " Sheffield." Th(\v also opened a small

* Many of the facta for this sketch arc derived from a publication l)y George E. Mason.

HISTOUY OF CUJLBEllLAND COUNTY. 211

store, biiyinir their goods to stoek it from Bill Todd, of Charleston.
Dixon and Patterson remained in Shethchl imtil about the year
1S4(), when they were elosed out by Morton *& Dei-ker, of Charles-
ton, into whose hands the land ui)on which the town is located, the
mill, distillery, etc., fell. The town then went down, and the peo-
ple moved away to other localities. About the year 1846 Alfred
Alexander purcha.sed the town site, and shortly after his son, John
W. Alexander, revived the town, changing its name to "Johnstown,"
after himself. About the year 1851 or 1852 Deal & Johnson brought
a stock of goods to Johnstown and connnenced business, and from
this small beginning our friend " Zay" has risen to be president of
the Fii-st National Bank of Charleston, and a wealthy and influential
man. Here Abe Highland also formerly cut quite a figure. At the
time Deal & Johnson opened their store a postoffice was established
at the place. The early days of Johnstown is replete with historic
interest. It was at Tully's mill that the early settlers met to decide
their difterences and hear the news from the outside world. And
later, it has been the scene of many fiercely contested political
battles between contending candidates, and Ed Norfolk relates that
in 1860 when Uncle Jimmy Cunningham and Jim Kobison were
candidates for congress, and Henry Rhoads and riiil AVolchimer
were candidates for sheriff, he went to Johnstown on election day
and found all the "groceries" chartered by the Whigs; so, seeing that
the day was lost unless something was done to check the current
against the democracy, at once purchased several gallons of whisky
and some cups, and, placing a table in the middle of the street,
opened a " free grocery," and triumphantly carried the day for his
party.

Originally the village was platted on the northeast corner of
the east half of the southeast cpiarter of Section 27, Township 11
north, Kangc 8 east. It consisted of twelve blocks of eight lots
each, and a public scpiare the size of one 1)l()ck. The streets were
sixty feet wide, and in its beginning was planned for a thriving
village. The character of modern development, however, has left
the village stranded in the intcnior. It has a store, a few shops, and
two or three members of the professions to keep up the character of
a village. \

Jeweft.*— This village dates from the old town of Pleasantville,
which originally was situated on the east half of the southeast
(luarter of Section 24, and the east half of the northeast quarter of

♦Many of the facta for this sketch are derived from a publication by George E. Mason.

212 HISTORY OF CUMBEIILAND COUNTY.

the same section in Township 9 north, Eauirc 8 east. It consisted
of IK) lots, three rows deep on the north side and four on the
south side of the National road. Pleasantville was platted in 1844;
Thomas Sconce, surveyor; plat recorded June 12, 1844; Otis Perrin,
recorder. Jewett is on the Cumberland, or National road, is live
miles south of Prairie City, and tive miles southwest from Greenup.
Hull Tower, the projn-ietor, an old-time Methodist preacher, lives
jit Oakland, Oregon, having emigrated about 18.50. The town was
once noted as a great stage station, stopping place, etc., when Owen
Tuller had the line from Terre Haute to Saint Louis. Until recently
the widow Beals occujiied the old homestead a short distance from
town, which was once an "ancient hostelry."

After the " Brough Survey" collapsed and the T. H. A. & St.
L. R. R. was built, the stage and telegraph line was discontinued,
property became almost worthless, and many of the old settlers
al)andoned the town for more prosperous localities. Dr. L. C.
Churchill, Levi Beals, Joseph Russell and John Laughter, the
Lawsons, old John Gillham, Dan Marks, B. R. Russell, now in Cali-
fornia, ^Meredith and Wiley Ross, of Prairie City, were old settlers
in or near Pleasantville. The Ilamiltons, John Ivens, 'Squire
CuUum, the Russels, Jim Morrison, AY. L. Trostle, " Old Jack
Pickering," John Ilollinhan, Russell, ^Morrison and Luughter, and
others are among those remembered as early citizens who abided by
the old place.

In the early days the sin-rounding country was heavily timl)ered,
and many a buck fell beneath the unerring aim of Uncle Jo Russell,
Jolni Talbott, "old Jack Pick," and others. Pioneer sports were
freely indulged in, consisting of shooting matches, horse and foot
races, pitching cpioils, etc., interlarded with practice in the "manly
art of self-defence." The junction of the National and now Prairie
City roads, on the east bank of ]Mu(ldy, one and one-half miles from
town, was a great stamping ground foi- the pioneers from all parts
of the country in the olden time. Amonof the names of the
champions in pugilistic encounters were John Kingery, Joseph
lierry, Sr. (both dead), and old Dan Needham, who yet lives to re-
count the liistory of their exi)loits. Duid T. AVisner, at Wood-
bury, two miles southwest of Pleasantville, occupies a prominent
plac<' in the history of those times, 1I(> removed to Missouri and
died therein 1^72. Old Jo Kirkpat rick, who dropped dead in the
streets of Charleston about l.s;)i)-'(;(), formerly resided about one and
oncMpiarter miles west of town, and was burned out by his (>nemies

IIISTOKY OF CUMBKKLAXD COUNTY. 218

who were too cowarclly to seek reveiiire by other means. The old
landmarks have many of tliem disappeared. The Churchill build-
iniis liave hiteh'- become a wreck. The Lannhter Mill, which was so
prolific of litigation in l)S.3iJ-'G(), has long since disappeared, as has
also the old log church and schoolhouse.

Among the early business men were I)ani(d ]Mark, Colonel and
Morgan Rush, Benjamin Russell, Meredith Ross, and some others,
but the change of the county-seat and the development of railroads
elsewhere sapped the prosperity of the place, and it was almost
deserted. Up to the advent of the Vandalia Railroad ever;)'thing
had al)out flattened out and dihipidated, until its building revived
things in 18()il-70. In LSTO Jewett was platted; W. H. Rissler,
surveyor; E. S. Norfolk, recorder. Addition (connecting the towni
to Pleasantville) platted 1873; recorder, Andrew Carsen. Millions
of feet of limiber have been manufactured and shipped at this point,
walnut and white oak bcini>- the principal kinds shipped. Until the
building of the P. D. & E. R. R. this was the shipping point for
Toledo and the western jjortion of Jasper County, and the town
rapidly took on an appearance of business thrift. This road, how-
ever, made some change, but Jewett is a pleasant village, with several
good stores, churches, schoolhouse, and the nsual complement of shops.

Toledo. — The count3'-seat was platted in 18.54 by Nelson and
John Berry, Lewis Harvey and Wm. P. Rush. Its site covers the
geographical center of the county, and was originated for the pur-
pose of accommodating the seat of justice. The site was not espe-
cially adapted for a village, but its location made it more desirable
than other locations which were competitors for the distinction.
The early growth of the village was ra})id. The courthouse was
erected in 18.37 and the county records removed in that year. This
necessitated the presence of the County oflicers at least, and the town
rapidly l)uilt up. Wm. P. Rush was the first storekee[)er, and Lee
and Norfolk the second. Business graduall}^ increased, but not with
large strides until after the building of the Peoria, Decatur and
Evansville Railroad in 1877. Three years before this the village
business and inhabitants are given in the Democrat as follows:
"The village contains twenty business houses, namely, Bruster &
Sons, two stores, dry goods, clothing, etc., and provisions and
groceries; Rono Logan, groceries, etc.; Miles Moore, li(juors and
confectionai'ies; ]Mike Barrett, dr}^ goods, groceries, etc.; Israel
Yanaway, drugs, medicines, groceries, boots and shoes, etc.; Mrs.
Mary Bradshaw, milliner and dress maker; Charles Hanker, furniture

214 HISTORY OF CUMBERLAND COUNTY.

dealer; Mat Hurst, saddler; E. B. Jones, druo^s, medicines and
orooeries; D. H. AVohlcr, lioots and shoes and boot-maker; Levi
Ross, irroeeries, provisions, eonfectionaries and ice-cream saloon;
R. Bloonitield, dry .fifoods, elotliin<r, notions, groceries, etc.; Sam
Harvey, oroceries, provisions, restaurant, etc.; Logan & Eskridge,
drv goods, clothing, notions and groceries; R. M. & C. O. Ray,
liquors, eonfectionaries, tobacco and cigars, etc.; Dr. J. H. Yanaway,
druo-s, medicines, paints, oil and groceries; A. A. Lovins, hardware,
tinware, tanning utensils, stoves, etc; ]Mrs. ^leCartney, milliner.
We have one No. 1 hotel, the ' Brown House,' two printing oifices,
the Cumberland Democrat and the 3IaiI, six physicians, ten lawyers,
and four preachers. We have one excellent grist mill, with as good
a miller as there is in the State. There are eighty-two families
inside the incorporate limits of the village, namely, those of William
Shaw, H. B. Decius, L. L. Logan, J. H. Yanaway, Thomas White,
Rev. J. ]M. Baker, Charles Selby, Wiley RosSj Harris Orr, Josiah
AVhite, Lewis Brookhart, Alfred PaAiie, Andrew Carson, W. H.
]\lc Donald, R. Bloomfield, Joseph ^Morgan, C. Woods, H. T. Woolen,
Henry Rhoads, J. L. B. Ellis, :\I. Hurst, G. E. Mason, W. D. Mum-
ford, A. J. Lee, A. G. Caldwell, Amos Stead, It Long, Wm. Brown,
Wm. Peters, ]M. Barrett, ]Mary liradshaw, Chas. Hanker, E. B. Jones,
D. H. Wolei-s, Levi Ross, D. Bruster, Polly White, X. L. Scranton,
John Prather, A. A. Lovins, Mary Bright, John Lee, D. B. Green,
J. AV. jNlcCartney, Betty McCartney, Samuel Harvey, Al Rosen-
crans, Henry Green, D. Corderman, Joel Smith, AV. Humphrey,
Simony Lee, AVm. Logan, Fiavius Tossey, Ed. Miles, \o\ Clark.
Chas. Akins, John Berry, F. Baichley, W. H. Shull, Anna Hannah.
Bob Ray, ^Nlary Croy, ]\1. B. Ross, AY. L. Bruster, Sam MeAlahon,
R. E. & ]\I. L. ]Mumford, Elias Armor, AYiley Shaw, Rev. Schlosser,
Tom Brewer, Tom Shiplor, Coleman Ray, LcaWs Harvey, 1). li.
Green, AVm. Richardson, Geo. Starger, — — Hays, Perry Cox, A\'m.
Cottenhara, Levi Brewer.

On the 10th day of June, 1866, a public meeting was held al
the courthouse to determine whether the town should be incorpo-
rated or not, and a vira roce vote taken, which resulted in the atKrma-
tive. \Vhereupon, R. Bloomfield was chosen president of the meet-
ing aud James E. Alumford, clerk, who were duly (pialitied to poll
the legal vote of the town, which resulted in the untinimous voice
• for incorporation.'

The Clerk then posted up notices of election for the election
of five trustees of said town, and upon the 23d day of July, 1863, an

Illsrnin ol" Cl .MliKK'I.WK ('orNT^. 217

•

olcctioM was held, and llic f'()ll()\vini>- persons clioscn tnistoos. vi/.:
l^ IJIooniiicld. M. !>. Koss. .hxd Smith. ,1. II. Vaiiawuv, and L. L.
L()i;an. Tpoii the first nu'ctiiii!- of tlic lioai'd. wliicli look place on
the 2Stli day of .July. LSlli;, it was found that L. L. Loaan was in-
eliiiihle to serve as trustee on ac(.'onnt of not having- resided in the
town loiiii- enouiili. and that \\. liloonitiidd was also inelii>i'>U' on ac-
count of l)v'in_<i- Probate .ludi^-e of thi' ("oinity: whereupou anew
election was orchn'ed to take ))lace on the <sth (hiy of August. ISdii.
for a new lioard. which resulted in the election of doel Smith, ]M. V>.
Koss, 1). r>. (ireen, Jauu's K. Mumford and A. (J. ('aldwell, as trus-
toe.s of said tow n. who were duly swoi'u in as such, and on the iMst
day of Auiiu^t the lioiu'd met, oi-_£>aiiiz('d aud electetl D. IV (Jrecn.
President. A. (i. Ctildwcdl. Clerk, and M. B. Ross. Treasurer, and ap-
pointed ('. S. Mumford. street connuissioner. and Tlionias \\'hite.
town cousta1)le.

'idle village has been considerably end)arrasseil to secure a name
that would harnioui/e all interests. Theori<>-inal nanu' of the town.
Prairie City, was found to coidlict at thepost-afliee depai'tment with
another village in the State, and in establishina- an olHcc here hit
upon t he name of Mtijority Point as its desio-nation. This, of course,
)Jecam(> to the outside world the name of the \ illaiic l)ut to the
citizens tlu-re was a distiuetion which leoal forms reipiired to bi-
maintained. In the early i)ai't of 1S74. a mei'tinii- of the citizens was
had to remedy this defect. 'I'here was a wide diHerence in the choice
of names, but the issue was tiually narrowed down to a ( hoice l>e-
tween Toledo and Ahijority Point, the final vote bcino- thirty-nine in
favor of the former and seventeen in favor of the latter. A feu
weeks later the postoHice of the villai^-e was named in harun>ny with
the lU'W name adopted. Subs(>(iuenlly when the railroad was put
in operation. I)\- some ijravc carelessness the material for this
station was printed ^lajority Point, and now the three names of
I*rairie City. Toledo, and Majoi'ity Point vex the citizen and confuse
the sti*ani;-er.

In I'cportini;- thi- (dian<>'e of name, the Dprnorrat takes pains to
i;i\(' the sionitirance of the new name as follows: "The word "Toledo"
is of Hebrew orii^iu, and in the oriiiinal lanunaijc. is proiu)unced
' 7o-/rw/o///.' the interpretation or meaniui:' of which is • o'enera-
tions," ■ tiimilies." • race>." The Latin pi'onunciation of the woid
is ' 7o-/e-^^/>//.' the ."*^[)anish pronmiciatiou of the word is •'r<)-h(-tli>'
the Kniilisji pronunciati(ni of the word is 'I'o-lk-do, and means thai
the n-eueration of men now inhabitini: this town and \ icinity ha\e

21,S mSTOin ol' Cl'^rHEKLANI) coixtV.

fhaiiiTPfl tlio uncouth and inapi)ro|>viat(' nnnic of our town and
post-office, to Olio of historical note. Ihal i> easily spolh-d. easily i)ro-
iK.iinccd. and will l»i' easily adopted.

•• The Spanish City of Tolkdo is noted for its superior swords,
;ind its famous 'Toledo Bladks ' have a world-Avidc re])utation.
The Spanish Republic recently presented President Grant with one
of these elegant swords, through its former patriotic President, Senor
Castelar. So we have a name for our town not only of ancient and
siiiuiticant origin, but one of historical interest." The editor seems
to have overlooked the special ai)[)ropriateness of the name, it
another legend which is asserted with a good deal of assurance be
true. It is said that when the -' oldest inhabitant " arrived tit this
spot, he said to himself, as he gazed upon the heaving mass of green,
emerald-genuned. as it were, with frogs: "^Now lettest Thou Thy
servant depart in i)eace, since I have seen this great country, tlowing
with mud and frogs." Suddenly addressing himself to the little
troo-s, who had been sitting on their hunkers, gazing at him in unaf-
fected astonishment, unable to speak a word, he said : " ]My children,
what do you call this land :^ " And as he turned, each little frog
Hipped its hinder-parts into the air and chippered gleefully.
" T " leedo '. " T " leedo !" And ever afterward the name of that place
was called Toledo. ^

The villaire is now showing evidences of rai)id imi)rovement.
The business houses are disposed about the co\n-thouse square. Thus
far, frame buildings have satisfied the merchants, some of which are
of a somewhat antiquated ])attern. but the coming year will see con-
siderable improvement in this direction. One or two tine brick
blocks are projected, and material now being placed prei)aratoiT to
building. The grist-mill is to be replaced by a fine bri<'k one. near
the railroad, witli all the modern imi)rovements. A tine iron fence
about the i)ublic square will soon add to its attraction, and with the
impetus given by a new courthouse and jail, urgently neediMl and
certainly soon to be built, the county-seat will not only be the capi-
tal, but clearly the metropolis of the county. In the matter of inter-
* nal improvements, but little has been attempted. Sidewalks have
been built, and are in fair rt'pair; the streets have been '• piked "" and
<lraiiied by oi)en ditches; slock is allowed the liberty of the city,
and hogs are especially numerous and annoying. There is now a
movemeiil to al)ate the latter nuisance, and when effected there will
be at lea>t moi<' inducement to ornament enclosures and keep the
marufin of the walks in neat ajipearanee.

uisTonv OF fr^ri'.F.ni.AND rorxr^'. 219

Ne.ofjn. — This villago is pleasantly situatctl on tlio Illinois Cen-
tral Railroad, npon the western conHnes of the county, and boasts of
heini! thr lari>-est lowii in po[)Mlatioii in tlio county, as avcH as one of
its principal connnereial centers. Situated, as it is, in the midst ot
one of the finest ai>Tieultural reuions in the State, with an energetic,
go ahead, intelligent farming po])ulation to hack it. it has all the
materia] advantages abundantly supplied to contribute to its com-
mercial and social prosi)eritv. The village was platted in 1<S')(), on
land owned by the Illinois Central Railroad, and Bacon & Jennings,
speculators, who had purchased the land. The name is of Indian
(nMgin,and signities -a deer."' The station bore this name before the
town was thought of, but is quite appropriate to the region where
deer were once so numerous. The first train of car> ran through the
place August 1. I8r)4, and killed a bull belonging to S. Parks. It
appears that the bidl was of a belligerent disposition, and had
learned to lock horns with everything that crossed its ])athAvay. But
this was an untried experiment, and he found himself worsted and
sent to the pastures of his fathei's to graze iu piece.s. The tirst
dwelling-house erected in the viihige Avas built by Dr. G. W. Albin.
The tirst business house was 1)uilt by AVm. House, who also opened
the lirst store; the tirst hotel was ])uilt and kept by C. D. Green, Sr.;
the first postmaster was (t. W. Albin; the tirst Justiee of the ]*eace
was Philii) AA'elcheimer, the first sermon ever preached in the plaee
was delivered by Rev. Joseph AVilson, of the Presbyterian Church;
the tirst station agent was Cajit. Ileutig; the first church Avas Iniilt
by the Presbyterians in 1S."')4 ; and the fii*st saloon ever kept in the
village was owned by T. Patterson. In lS(j8, the Methodist denomi-
nation erected a fine place of worshi]), and the Baptist in 1872. The
following interesting sketch of the Presbyterian (-hurch is written
by* Rev. Mr. Wilson, and is given i)lace, as follows: '* The Presby-
terian Church of Xeoga originated in two p»arts. The first part was
organized .\pril ."). 18r)l, by the Rev. John JI. Russ, of Alton Pres-
bytery, at the house of John G. Morrison, at Long Point, about four
miles southeast of Neoga, The spot was central to the population,
and Imd begun to ))e a center of business. The original ten members
of the ehundi were. Jno. (i. Morrison and I"iliza N. Morrison, his
wife; James II. Morrison and Sarah C. Morrison, his wife; Nathan
Goidd and Martha R. Gould, his wife; Sarah Moi-rison, Mtirgaret
Morrison, Tirzah ^Morrison and Marv Ann Parkerson. Xalhan Goidd
and Jolm G. Morrison were chosen elders. The church voted to I)e
called ' 'i'he Presbyterian ('Inn'cii of Long Point.* .ind to apply to

220 HISTORY OF Cl'.MBElil.AM) COL X'H .

tho "\Va])ash Pivs])ytovv to Ik- taken inidor its care. ]\v\ . Joliii H.
Riiss siij)])lio(l the church for two years, one-fourth of tlie tin)(>; Ke\ .
Joseph NN'ilson was supply for one-half of the time, from the Spi-ino-
of 18o4 till Oetoher, IHi'A), with the exception of a few months
between 8epteml)er, 1857, and A})ril, lsr)<S, (hn-inii- whieh Rev. Sam-
uel Ward was su})|)ly for the whole time. l)nrin<r the ministry of
Mr. AVilson, a church l)nildin<»- was erected at Xeoi;a. in si/e liftv-tive
feet hy thirty-six, at a cost of nearly S.'J.OOO. It was dedicated April
29, 1S(>0, dnrino- a session of \\'abash Presl)vter\' with thai < hurch.
The sermon on the occasion was preached by Kcn . W . R. Palmer, ol
Danville. The Presbytery chani>ed the name of the church to ' The
First Presbyterian Church of Xeooa.' The chani;-e was made because
Neojia had been established as a station of the Central Railroad, and
was the more promisinij- church center, as well as business center.
October 1, 1<S(;,'), Kev. , lames P>. lirandt became supply pastor.

•' The other i)art of the Neo<>-a church was or^-anized Se])tend)i'r
oU, 1857, by Rev. James jNlcDonald and Ehlers I. d. Monfort and
David Dryden, connnittee of Palestine Presbytery, with tlies(> thir-
teen members, viz: dames ^^'ilson, Ann AVilson, Jonathan l\. Dry-
den, Nancy F. Dryden, Ihinnah M. Dryden, Andrew H. (iray, ]\Iary
Gray, Jose[)h (iribson, Maria d. (iibson, fb>hn H. Mc(^uo\\n. Robert
M. Hunter, Sarah Hunter, Sarah C. (xrciMie. dames Wilson. John
H. McQuown and Jose])h (iibson were chosen elders. Rev. R. K.
Lilly, of Champaign, sup[)li(Ml the church one-half the lime durini:-
the tirst year; Uev. John Elliott, of Pleasant Prairie, one-half the
time for about three years. Rev. Nathaniel \\'iHiams. of Mattoon.
was sup])ly when this chundi unit(Ml with tlie First Church.

"Up to fluue II, 18ill), Ht'tcen years, the First Church of XeoLia,
N. S., had received 110 mend>ers, and the ('hurch of Ncoira. O. S.,
had received tVn'ty-eia'ht members. At that date the two churHies
became one. anticipatino- the re-union of the two hi-anches ol' llie
Presbyterian Church hy about four years. Accordiui;- lo ])re\ ions
arran«»"ements, the elders of both churches resiji'neil; the uni((Ml church
voted to connect with ^^'abash Presbytery. Si-Ncn eldei's Avere
chosen, four from the X. S. part of the church and three iVoni the
(). S, part. They wcri': dohn (i. Morrison, Ivlie Slewai-t, .Vlexan-
der W. Kwini;-. William Clark, Joseph (iibson, John R. Mitidu'lland
James Kwini:-. Re\ . John P>. IJrandt was (diosen minister, lie
remained initil OiMober. l<Sii7. Re\ . W ]\\. l\. Paris succeeded him in
Di'cendn'r, 1<S(>)S, and remained until his death, XoNcndxM' I. 1<S71.
December 28. 1871, Rev. X. S. Dickev was enii'aiicd for one \ear.

HISTOKV OV f rMIJKKLAM) ( Ol'NTV. 221

Dcfciulx'r ;)I. ISTi?. \v-\ . .1. M. .loliMstm Ix-camc piistor, and ^^till
n'inains. Tli<' roturv svslciii of cldci-shi)) was adopttM] I)v thcchuivh.
The prcsi'iit iiiiinl);'!' ot" mciubcr-' is 1 12."

TIio Methodist Ki)is<()pal ('liuivh of Noou-a is conti-ilmtcd as fol-
lows: '* The first class was fonucd in the villau-c sidioolliousc, about
the year ls,")i;, l>v doscpli Uislio]), a "local prcaclior from the Loni^-
Point nciuhhorhood. four miles southeast of the villa iic. and who
died in iSil^, and d. Wesley Turner, an exhortcr IVoin the same
neiuhhorhood, who is now a physieian in Fainnount, III. The (das.s
was (piite small at the beuinninir. but soon inereasod in numbers.
Anu)n.<i- the iirst members were: d. T. Waller, now an eniiineer on
the Louisvill(> c^ Xashville Kiilwa\ : Fletcher Clem, Miss :\Iaria
Waller, Mrs. ^^'ln. Ik'H, Miss Sarah K. liell. Miss Hannah liell, Mr.s.
Lucretia Davis ami Wni. Hiiii^ins. S. T. Allinof, a physician, came
to Neoii-a about this time, and became station a_n(Mit lor the Illinois
(Vntral Ktiilroad, which position he continued to hold for abo\il
twenty years. Mr. and Mrs. Allini:- were mend)ers of the Methodist
Church, and may truly be said to have been the nrainstay of the
Church in Xeoiia for many years.

•' Key. (VXeil was the first preaeher in chariie, and [)rea«died in
the villao-e schoolhouse every two weeks. .Vftei' the Presbyterian
brethren erected their house of worshii), it was allowed to be used
by the Methodists for some years, but afterw^ards, for some reji.son,
its use was denied them. They then used the seho<dhouse, the hall
and the Illinois Central Uailway depot until the buildinii- of their
present house of worship in 18iiS. The following- ministers, amon^-
others, have served the Xeoi>a Methodist Church: l\ey. Wm. Mit<di-
ell, two years; Amos Weeden, one year; d. Mnirliead, one year; d. T.
Orr, oiH' year; Charles Vantreese, one year; Is:iiah V'illars, two \-ears;
Key. MoriiJin, one year ; d. F. McCann,, one year; R. C. St. Clair,
one year; Salem lled<res. two years; Peter Slavic, one year;
d. W. Anderson, two years; Uriah Warrin«iton. one year;
Frank Pooiman, one year; ,1. ( ). Collins, two years. 11. C. Tm-ner
i.> the present pastor, who is just elosini:- up his seeond year. The
Methodist Sabbath-school was bei>un in isiis. with Dr. S. T. Allini;-.
now of Champaiiiii. 111., as su[)erintendent. which [)()sition he contin-
ued to till very etliciently for about ten years, C. 1). (ireene was his
successor, and he in tm-n Avas succeeded by Ilandine dones, the jires-
cnt superintendent. The school is in a tlourishini>- condition.

•' Duriuir the pastorate of the Rev. Tsaiah Villars, 18(J7-l<S(ill.
the present house of worshii) was begun and completed. It is a

222 HISTORY OF CUMBERLAND COUNTY.

substantial brick struotiiro, situated on the avcsI ^idc ol" tlir villasrp;
dimensions, thirty-six feet l)y sixty foi't, and cost So,()()0.

"The society nunibcrs at the ju-esent time about seventy-tive
members, and is in a prosperous condition. It is only just to record
the taet that in Ihe erection of the church building, Dr. Ailing,
Henry Reynolds, uncle 'Jacky' "^'oung and others bore a leading-
part in biMring the tinancial burdens incurred in the enterprise. The
present lioard of Trustees consists of the following ii-entlemcn :
Jose])h M. Young, C. D. Greene, AVni. H. Singer, Ilaniline .lones and
Wesley Hickernell."

Xeoo-a takes the lead amonii' the \ illaiics of tin- eountx' in neal-
ness, in the moral tone of its community, and in business thrift. The
men who tirst pitched their tents here, and were principally instru-
nienlal in forming the early character of the connnunity, were men
(»f culture, and the popular taste leads to the su[)port of schools and
churches, of puldic inn)rovements, and to oi)pose those institutions
that lead to a contrary result. Stock is closed out of the streets, the
sidewalks are in good re[)air, and the village has a thrifty appear-
ance. Among the earliest citizens of the village are named: P.
Welchimer, G. W. Albin, S. D. Parks. Wni. Bell, John Young, C.
1). Green. H. G. M. Reynolds. Thomas Templeton, James Hart,
Simson Kingery, James Ewing, J. G. Morrison, Wm. Higgins, S. T.
Ailing, J. K. Rogers, N. C Greene, S. D. Taylor, Samuel Dryden,
Thomas Lacv, etc.

Situated upon the earliest line of lailroad constructed through
the territory of the county, the village had unrivaled advantages to
grow, and considering- that its origin was more of a speculation than
a demand of the situation, it has made the most of its advantages.
In 187."). the business of the village was Munmed up as follows: •' 2
druiif stores, o drv goods stores. 1 hardware store, '2 confectionerv
stores. 2 millinery stores, 1 furniture store. I banking house. 2 grain
esta])lishments, 1 tailor shop, 2 shoe shoi)s, 4 blacksmith shops. 1
silversmith. 1 mantuamaker, 2 wagon sho[)s. 2 steam floui- mills. 2
hotels. 1 livery stable, 1 printing ottice, o sewing machine ofhces. 1
jail house, (not very often used), 'A lawyers, ! ministers.

" Xeoga can boast of two as good grist-mills as there are in the
country. The Neoga mill, owned by Singer, A\'aller tVc Co., is a tine
establishment, and has a capacity of tifty barrels of Hour, and 100
barrels of meal, ])er day of twebc hom-s run. It is sup])lie(l with a
ste^un dryer for corn meal, a Horn* packei', and other modern iniproxc-
ments. The \eoi>a (Jitv Mills, owned )n D. ^^' . IJaiisdale, is also, a

HISTORY OF riMBEHLAM) COUNTY. 223

vorv fine mill, and is noted for its •r,,,),! work." Tlicr.' aro now twelve
hnsiness hons(>s, .uid a <rrisl-niill willi a capacity of sixty barrels of
Hour, and 120 bushels of meal per day. It is provided with the
roller jjrocess. The village was incorporated A[)ril 17, 1S()1), by an
aot of the legislature.

Jin in.'^hnrf/.— Th\s was located near Shiloh ('hurch, in Sumpter
Township, in l.s.")tJ)y Henry Williams. II consisted of eighty lots,
and was projected as a competitor for the county-seat in the election
(.f ISA."), but it failed of this notoriety and lapsed into its original
i-ural simplicity.

(fciifcrrillc was another of the competitors lor the sulVrage ol
the people in the county-seat contest of IS.V), and was phitted on the
northeast (piarter of Section 2(;, in Townshii) 10 north. Range .s
east, in IS.')!. The ambitious village had its site in Sumpter
Township, near the '• Muddy Bridge," and is often referred to as
•• Hildad," though Ichabod is written over its history.

I[a::d i>e//.- -Following the chronological order mixes the living
with the dead ; those whose existenoe Avas (mly in the records, and
others that remain to this day. Of the latter (dass is the village
mentioned. It was platted in ISliii, on the D., O. & ()• R- Railroad,
in Crooked Creek Township. It consisted of some sixty lots origi-
nally, and has in the meanwhile grown beyond the original limits
somewhat, and is a thriving village with its comi)lenient of stores,
shops, (duirehes and grist-mill.

JdiiesviUe is a village on the county-line, in Cottonwood Town-
ship. It was laid out in 1H7!I. by John Furray. on the line of the
railroad— P., 1). eSc E.,— on land belonging to him, in (!oles County.
At the same time, S. P. Reed laid out an addition in Cmnberland

County.

iJiotia is another \illage grown up on the county-line m I nion
Township. It has never been platted, but it is one of those sponta-
neous growths that arise in response to the demand of an agricultu-
r.il connnmiity for a rallying point. A post-othce and store, with a
cluster of houses, mark the spot.

Br(i<lhiir;i is the name of a [)ost-ortice in the central part of Cot-
tonwood Townshi)). A store, two dwellings and a blacksmith shop,
mark the s])ot.

BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES.

CITY OF TOLEDO AND SUMPTER TOWNSHIP.

.lOllX F. ASin\'ILL. fai-mcr .-iikI (l<'i)iitv .sluTill" of ("iinihcr-
lainl County. w:is honi in Delaware ( ounty. Ohio, Jiinuary 11. Is.").'):
son of Ixoherl and .Mai-y ,]. (A\'liite) .Vsliwill, is the ehlest in a fam-
ily ol" nine rhihjren, and is ol' KniiJish-Gernian origin. 'I'iie|)arenl>
of Mr. Asliwill came to ('und)erland County from Ohio in iMili.
remained one year, and then removed to AN'ilson County. Kansas.
They still I'eside there, ^^'hen the suhjeet of this notice was ele\cn
vears of ;i<j;v he came to ( 'ninl>erland Conntv Avith his parents: he
went to Kansas with them and remained until is?.!, when he re-
turned to ('uml)erland ( "onnty. Illinois, and here he has since resided.
The lite of Mr. Asliwill in Kanstis was that of a farmer. lie was
married Se[)teml)er i^"). l-SS^. to ^Nliss Viola Docius, daniihter of .Indite
II. B. Decius and Harriet Deeius. Mrs. Ashwill was born in Toh'do,
Illinois. Iler i)arents were anion i;- the most ]irominent citizens of
Cumberland County. To this union has been born one child, viz.:
Orreii. The same is deceased; died July oO, ISS^. Politically. ]Mr.
.\shwill is [a Ke[)ublican: east his first Presidential vote for Hayes.
Ill danuary, IST-S, Mr. Aslnvill wasappointed deputy sheriti" of-Cuni-
l)erland County. This position he still retains: is a member of the
I. O. O. F.. Toledo Lod<>-e, No. ;>."),"). Mr. Ashwill owns :VM) acres of
ifood land in close ])ro\imit3' to Toledo: he is of an industrious,
enterprisini;- spirit, in o-ood eireumstanees, and one of the most in-
lluential yoiiui;- men of Cumberland County.

J. H. .\T('IIIS()\, attoi'iiey-at-law. isa natixcof Irtdand. From
the most reliable information that <-an be obtained is drawn the con-
(dusion, that the subject of our notice was born in ls,");5. His earlv
life is not w(dl known and seems to him as leo-endary. When very
yoiinii' he left his iiativ<' counti'y in company with his parents for
America. 1 )iiriiii;- t he voyao-e his fat her died, and was followed in
death by hi- mot licr soon after reacliiiia' New \'ork City. After the
death of his mother he was ])lace(l in t he Childreirs Home in tlie.Mc-
tro|»olis. In the fall of ls,")!i, he w ms sent as one of a lari^c numl)er

CITV or TOLEDO AM) NUMPTKH lOWNSHIP. 22^

of frifiulloss cliildroii from New York Citv to Daiivillr. Illinois, and
was ii"iv(Mi a Icniporarv homo in the lamily of lv(>v. Kin«^sbi'iTy.
a IVosbytcrian divine. This clcrufynian was then i)rcaehini> at Xeo^a,
Ciimherland County, 111., and soon succeeded in sccnrinj^ a home
for the suhjeit of this mention in tiie family of a man wlio lived
al>ont five miles from Neoaa by the name of ,I()hnson, and with
whom he lived only a short time when he went to live with Mr. and
Mrs. Nathan Cfould, andin whose family he stayed until he was eight-
een years of aiic wIkmi he boaan the scenes of life for himscdf;
worked on a farm in the sunnnerand attended school in the lo^r school-
house duriuii- the cold months. Durinii' the winter of IS72-78, he
tauiiht his first school. The same was at HrowiTs schoolhoux' in
Coltonwood Township. For a number of years he t a uiiht school,
in bs?.'), he beiian the sl\idvof the law at Toleclo, Cumberland Count v,
in the office of Loiian tSc Scranton: was admitted to the Bar in
September, I.s7(5. lie is now a i)artner in the law business with
.lndii(> L. L. Loiran. and is enjoyin<»- an extensive [)ractici'. He was
nrirried July 2, IS?."), to Miss Mimiie M. >ryler. To the marria,a-e has
been born four children, viz.: Dora B., Arthm" .V., Lulu C.aud fJen-
nie I. The subject of our sketch is a thorouiih Rci)ublican and one
of the most prominent youni>- lawyers of his judicial district.

HON. THOMAS BREWER^ is a native of Wayne County,
Indiana, was the fourth in a family of nine children, and was born
Novend)er I."). ISll), son of William and Jane (Nhlvniuht) Brewer,
and is of Scotch- Hnulish extraction. The parents of Mr. lirewer
were of North Cai-olina birth. In l.s.'lS. they cmiiirated to Coles
(now Cund)erlan(l) County, Illinois, and settled five miles north of
Oreenup. In this county the i)arents of ]Mr. Brewer died, mother in
l'S4.">, and father in l'S74. The father of the subject of our notice was
one of the i)r()miuent men and pioneers of (^nnberland County.
When the nineteenth birthday of Mr. Brewer canu' around it found
him hard at work, and earnini>- his own way through life aiul work-
\\\rr for himself. The first year he worked by the mouth on a farm.
The marriaire of Mr. Brewer was solenmizod September H, 1.S14, to
Miss Mary Ilutton. To this union was born nine children, vi/,.:
G(M)r«>:e, William, Li'vi N., Sarah K., John W., Mary L.. Ihinid J..
Melvin and Thomas. Mrs. Brewer cVuhI in November, IMiJ. Two
years later Mr. Brewer was married to Mrs. Sarah K. Kirklina', who
was a sister of his first wife. Four years from this time Mrs. Brewer
died. In January, 1S7.'?, he was niarried to his ))resent wife, a .Mrs.
Mar\ Smith, whose maiden name was Bloxom. Thev have had four

22fi BIOGRAPHKAr. SKKTfHKS — CTMBEnLAND rOlNTV:

cliildrcn. vi/,.: ;iii iiilaiil. that dicil iiiuiaiiH'tl. lifll. Luorotia B. and
Walter. 'I'Im' ^^iibjci't of our notice is a tliorouLili Dnuocrat. In
1 Shi. he was elected Justice of the IVaee. In lsls.hr was County
(\)roner.aud(decteil Associate Judiiciu isHl. In is.");;, he was elected
Sherilf of the county. In IS.').'), he bciian practicino- law at Grceuu]).
in partnership with K. II. Starkweather. In IsiiT he came to
Toledo, and has l>e(Mi in acti\<' practice since, save t wo years. In 1S.")7.
he represented the counlies of ( "nnd) 'rland and Sludby i]i the Lower
House of the State (Jeneral Assembly. In 1.S72, he was elected to
the State S;'uate from ('uud)erlan(l. Sludhy and Kftinuham counties.
For thirtv years he has heen inaetive politics, and was nominated for
couiiress in ISdS. .Mr. Urewer has loui^- heen kuowii as one of the
prominent men of eastern Illinois: was a warm personal friend ol
Steplien A. Douglas. I le is one of the pioneers of this county, lias
heen a mend)er of the Methodist Ki)iscopalChurch for thirty-five years.
History is iniomplete without a notice of this noble and charitable
man. His works do follow him.

LEVI \. BKLWKH. attorney -at-iaw. wa> born in ('nnd)erhind
County. Illinois, danuaiw l^.\. ls.")(). is the son of Hon. Thomas and
Maiy (Tlutton) Brewer, i^- the third in a family of nine children, and
of Scotch-Kiiiili^h descent. Mr. Brewer beuan the labors of life for
himself when he was twenty years of aii'e, carryiuii' on farming- for a
number of years. In 1 ST-i. he beuan the study of the law in the olHce
of .hulii-e II. I). Decius: wasadmitted to practice at the Cumberland
Connty Bar in 1S7(>. and at once formed a partnershij) with Jnd,i:t>
Decius. Tile partnership lasted imtil 1S7S, when he formed a part-
nership with his father, \\hich existed until ISSI. since whi<di time
Mr. Brewer has ))een alone in the practice. He was married in
March, 1S7(). to Miss Kli/.a A. \'andyke, daughter of John and Mar-
•i-aret Vandyke. Mrs. Brewer is also a nati\ c of Cund)erlau(l C-ounty.
Illinois. They have six children, three boys and three irirls. vi/.:
N(dlie, Mollie. Carrie. John. Thomas, and (lolden. Mr. lirewcr is a
Democrat. He has moi-e tiian an ordinary education; is of an cutcM-
prisin«i- spirit, one of the first lawyers in Cmnberland County,
and on<' of Toledo's most prominent citizens. The pros[)ects of
Ml', lirewer as a lawyer and a ])olitician are most brilliant.

WILLIAM L. iilU'STLK, Circuit Clerk, is a native of Coles
(ounty. Illinois. l)()rn Decemlx'r 10, isl'.l. son of David and Lli/a-
beth (Glenn) Bruster. the eldest in a family of two children, and
is of Germiin-Irish lineajjc After the death of the mother of the
subject of our notice, in ls,")(;. he came to (Annberland County, Illinois,

CITY OF TOLEDO AM) Sl'MPTER TOWNSHIP. 227

and tor :i (iiuc he lived witli and worl^i'il lor an uikIi'. In l-Soli,
Mr. Hnistcr came to Praiiic ( 'ity ( now ToU-do), and t'or t wo vcars his
time was dixidcd botwccn attciidini:- (he cominon district m-IiooI and
clcrkiiii;' in his tuthcrs store. In 1-S71, he hpcamc a |)artncr in ^cn-
cral iiu'rcliaM(hsin«i- withliis father. The nKirriauc ot" Mr. lirustcr oc-
curred June IS, lS(;s, to ^Nliss Sarah K. Brewer, (huifrhter of Hon.
Thomas and Ahuy Hrewer. Mrs. Uruster is a native of Cundx-riand
County, Illinois. To this uidon has l)een horn four <'hil(lrcn, vi/.:
Mollie E., llattie M., Xetti(> G. and Georiria. Of these chiUlren tlie
Iwo eldest are deceased. ^h)llie Iv died in 1.S72, and llattie M. two
years later. Mr. liruster is a thorouah Democrat and is one oi' the
most pronn'neni of his party in Cumberland ( "ounty. In JNTii. lie
was (>leeted C^ircnit CUerk. and foni' years later he was re-elected to
the same othce. He is a niend)er of the Masonic Frati'rnity; Avas
made sucli in isyo. and has been AVorshi|)ful .^hlster of Prairie CWy
Fjodiic for foni' years. In l-ST."), Mr. Bruster erecte(l his preseid resi-
dence in Toledo, and the same does much credit to the town. Mrs.
Bruster is a mend)er of the Methodist Ei)iscoj)al Church. In point
of public s[)irit and enterprise there are none in the county that sur-
))ass Mr. Bruster. For t>venty years he has been an active politician,
and each year he i;rows stroni>-er in his ])arty. .\s a county othcial
his ability and trust arc un(|uestioned. lie is an honorable man and
a citi/.en of sterlini:- merit.

JOHX E. CHAMBERS, M. I)., was born in Owen Clounty, In-
diana, Octobers, 1S")(), son of Isaac and Martha A. (Dunn) C'ham-
bers, is the second in a family of three children, and is of Scoteh-
Eiiiilish linea_<>-e. Dr. Chambers worked at home on tlu' farm until
Ik! was twenty-two years of aije. His literary education was con-
fined to the common district schools of Owen County, and the Stati"
I'niversity at Bloominiiton, Indiana. In IS74. Dr. Cliand)ers be*>an
studyinir meilicine in the office of Dr. J. .M. Stuckey, at (iosport, In-
diana. In the fall of 1S74, he entered the flefferson ^ledical Colleiic
at Phila(lel])hia. and attended that Institution from ls7f until March.
1S77, when he liradnatetl with honors. .Vfter his liraduation
he 1)e<ian the practice of his profession in Owen County, Indiana;
|)racticetl for eiiihteen months and then entered the Missoin'i Med-
i<'al College at Saint Louis, receiving- from that Institution March,
1S7II, the aif eimdeijt do}xv('v of liraduation. Durini;- the next year
he was in Philadelphia preparini:- for an examination before the Ma-
rine Hospital Board, but was taken ill, and deprived of the examina-
tion. In the fall of is.so, he began practicinu- at Spencer, Indiana,

22S BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES — Cl.MBEKLAM) COUXTV:

there reiiiaiiu'il until .Mnrcli. 1SS2. w lion he <:iiiic to Toledo. Ilore
ho has since resided and has succeeded in llie practice. lie is a Demo-
crat : is a niendu'r of" the Masonic Fraternity and Knights of Pyth-
ias. He is one of the best read pjiysieians in southern Illinois, and
a most thorough licntleman. The medical outlook of Mr. Cliam-
hers is far beyond the average, and much prominence aAvaits him.

DAMKL F. ('II.VP.MAX. M. I)., is a native of Cook C'oimty.
Illinois, born on L:dce Erie, March 1."). ls44,son of C C and Xancy
(Lucas) Chapman, is third in a family of seven (diildren, and is of
Enirlish descent. His parents were l)orn in .Massachusetts. They
came to Chicaifo in ls44. and there resided until their death. His
mother died in ISC"), and his father in 1^74. His father Avas a Cap-
tain in the Avar of 1S12. The literary education of the subject of
this mention was contined to the public schools of Chicauo in an
earlv dav, and the Wheaton Academy. at Wheaton, Illinois, uraduat-
ini>- from the latter in iSiJd. In iSlJo, he bcijan rea(hn_i:- medicine in
Sprin<rtield. Illinois, in the ofhcc of Dr. Henry AVohlirarmoth. In
May. lX()Jt, he iiraduated from the Fclectie Medical Collciic at Cin-
cinnati. Previous to his <j;raduation he i)racticed his profession at
Sprini^tield. Illinois, about two years. In 1.SH7 he came to Toledo
and continued his ])ractice (save the time he spent at Cincinnati)
until IHSl, Avhen he retired from the practice. As a physician h«>
was very successful. He was married June 1.5, 1S71, to Miss Kittie
Miles. Mrs. Chapman was l)orn in Terre Haute, Indiana. They
have had three children, viz.: Charles C., Nettie and Ura. The tirst
is deceased. He is a Democrat. Owns 1,!)70 acres of o-ood land.
Dr. Chapman now eni^'-aiics himself in suj)erintendiuii- his farm, and
dealinir in stock. He is one of the most enter[)risiuii- men in Cum-
berland County, and one of its h^adinii' citizens. Mrs. Cha|)nian is
a most amial)le woman. In l'SS2 she was a candidate before the l\c-
publican Convention for ( ounty .Superintendent of the Schools of
( 'und)erland Cotmty.

LEWIS DFCirS, altorney-at-law. and cousin of the Hon. II.
1'). Decius, was boi'u February 17. 1'S.')(k in ("oshocton ('oinity. ()lii().
and is the son of Cornelius and Catharine ( Davis) Decius. His grand-
father, Frederic Decius. was born in HanoNcr. (Jermany. He served
as a physician and sin\i;-eon in the Hessian army. The father ol'thc
>ubieet of this mention was born in the Iy<n:iy \'alhy. \'iri;inia, and
his mother is a native of Morgan ( 'ounty, ( )hio. The parents of ^Nlr.
Decius left Ohio in Issi, and eniiiirated to Nebraska, where they
still reside. The education of Mr. Decius, as far as schooling is

CUV oi' rojLKix) AM) sr.MPiKi; townshii'. 229

conccrnod, was coiitincMl to tlio advaiilaocs <riv(Mi at the acadomios of
Uoscoo and Coshocton, Ohio. He taught his tirst school in the win-
ter of 1JS77-7.S. at \VMlhondin<>-, Ohio. In 1X><\ Ik- came to ('nniber-
hmd Connty. Illinois, and has since continued his profession of teach-
inii'. lie has been princijjal of the Toledo and Jewctt public schools,
and is at present principal of the (ireenuj) schools. In l.S.Sl, he
beiian the study ol" law in the oHice of DeciustSi. Kverharl.at Toledo:
was admitted to the Bai' in iss,;. Politically he is a Republican.
lie i.s a nieinl)or of the Masonic Fraternity, made such in iHH'ii. He
i.s the third in a family ot tivc boys. As a teacher, he has been suc-
cessful, nont' standiui!' hinher iu the county. As a student, he is
])ersistent and untirinu'. That which Mr. Decius po.s.se8.ses, in all
particulars, he lias gained throuiih his own cnersfy and efforts. The
j)rofessional outlook of Mr. Decius is most promisinii-. He is the
senior member of the law tirm known as Decius iSc Miller.

WILLIAM T. DKITKN, farmer and stock-dealer, was born in
Millville, Ohio, duly 30. LS'ni, sou of Hiram and Ellen d. ( Evans)
Deppeu, and is of Dutch-Welsh lineauc. The father of Mr. Dep])en
was l)orn in I'ennsyhania and his mother in Ohio, ^^'hen the sub-
ject of this notice Avas iiincteen yeais of a2"0, he bei«-an the trials of
life for himself. In l-Stl.") he c:ime to Ound)crland Oounty. Illinois,
and settled one and a half miles southwest of Toledo. Here he still
resides. He now owns !()") acres of ijood land. I()4 acres of which
are moderately well improNcd. Since he was uineteen years of aiic
he has been en<>ai>ed in tradiui;- iu hous, cattle, sheep, etc., and was
one of the members of the tirm of McCandlish *Sc Company iu the
pork-packino- business in Toledo. This tirm did the first pork-pack-
iuii" in Cumberland Count V. Politicallv he is a Democrat, and has
served two terms as Township (\)llcctor: has tak(Mi an active part
in politics. Mr. Deppen is blessed with a fair connuon school educa-
tion. He is one of the most euterprisini>- youuii' men in (Jund)erlan(l
County, ^^'hat Mr. Deppen has. he has o-ained throui>h his own ef-
forts; comnu'uced life ^vith nothinii-. and has I)een successful thus
far. He is a prominent citizen, and a i)leasant uentleman. Life
prosj)ects for Mr. I)e})pen arc (piite tlatterini>-, and he already cujoys
an enviable reputation. Tis uncommon for one, so youui;- in years,
to possess .such a charitable spirit.

\V. S. E\'ERIIART. attorney-at-law, is a native of the Buckeye
State, born Novend)er IS, l<S.">().at Leesburi;', HiiihlandCounty, isason
of Captain l*hilli]) and Susanmi (Slaley) ENcrhart, is the«'l(ler in a
famih of two ejiiidfeii and comes of (jcrman l)lood. The father of

•2'M) BIOGRAPHTCAI. SKETCHES — CIMBEKLAXD COrXTY:

Mr. Evorhart "vvas born in Jefferson County. Ohio. ^Inrdi is. 1824,
and his mother was ))orn in Franklin County. Pennsylvania. May «!.
ls-21. The Kverhart family has always been loyal to the eause ot
American Indejx'ndenee and perfect tVeedom to o-eneral humanity.
His paternal i>Tandfather was a soldier in the Revolutionary and
1812 Avars, and his orrandfather Staler was also a soldier in the latter.
The father of the subjeet of this notice eidisted in the United States
army in the fall of 18(51, in Company C, Fifty -First Ohio A'olun-
teers, as a private. Soon after his enlistment he was commissioned
Second-Lieutenant, then First, and afterwards Captain of Company
C, which position he retained until his discharofe in the si)rin_<>- of
1805. He withstood tlie hardships and }n-ivations of army life for
more than four years; Avas severelv Avounded at the battle of
Stone River. Ca])tain Kverhart uoav resi<les at Xeoija. (Jumber-
land County, Illinois, and is one of the leading citizens of the
county. He still ])ossesses his patriotic spirit, and is in every sense
a nol)le man. The subject of our notice emigrated Avith his ])arents
in 186(5. from Ohio to Shelby County, Illinois. Avhere the faniilv re-
mained for a short time, or until 18(58, when it came to Cumberland
County. Mr. Evcrliart remained at home until September. 1871.
when he entered the Illinois University at Urbana. Illinois, Avhere be
remained until ,Iune. INT."). when he graduated Avith honors from llu-
Institution, and then came to Xeoga where his parents lived. In
September, 187."), he c<mnnenced the study of laAV in the office of Hon.
H. B. Decius, at what Avas then knoAvn as Prairie City, uoav known
as Toledo. In January, 1878, he was admitted to the Bar, and in
March following he formed a partnership with II. B. Decius. Avhich
continued until his death, which occurred Sei)lember S, 1882. Shice
the death of Judge Decius, Mr. Everhart has been alone in the laAV
business, l)ut in the spring of 188;> he formed a partnership with Will-
iam r. Bruster, in real estate and loan business. In January, 188,5,
he Avas admitted to practice in the United States District Court of
southern Illinois. Politically, the subject of this notice is a stanch
Rei)ublican. always advocating the principles of that party. He is an
eminent man. and already stands at the head of his profession.

DR. J. W. ( JOOl ) WIN. (\)uuty Treasurer, is a native of Put nam
County, Indiana. l)orn August -JI. isll.son of J. C. and Evalina
(Johnson) Goodwin, is next to the yomigcst in a I'amily of si-A'-en
children, and is of (ierman extraction. The j)arents of Dr. (loodwin
were natives of Kentucky, and left that State in childhood. They
left "OhI Kaintuck" with their parents and went to Clark County,

( nv (»K lOLKDo A.\r) >r\ri'Ti;i; iomnshii'. 231

Iii(li;m:i. whoro tlicy were inMlrimonially hound, .iiul nt'torward ro-
movcd to Piitnain CoiinlN . Indiana. In IN.'>.'> they canic to Jaspor
County. Illinois. The niotlicr of Dr. (Joodwin died in Putnam
County. Indiana, in l'S.')i^ and liis father in Jasjx'r ( 'onnty. Illinois,
in lf^l'2- riic subject of our sUctcJi w.-is oivcu the privileges of the
eonnnon district schools of Illinois. At eiu"hteen yeai's of ai^e he
hcuan tcachini:' school, and al)ont the sanu' time heii'an readini;'
nu'dicine. Durinii' the winter of IsiiS-Cl) he attended the Kcl(>ctic
Medical Institute at Cincinnati, and in the sprini>' of 1S()1> hei^an the
practice of his ])rofcsi<ion at (Irecnni). Cmnherland County, Illinois.
He continued in active and succes.sful [)ractice foi- 1 weUc years. The
marriai>e of Dr. (xoodwin took i)lace March -Jl. l.S(!!>, to Miss Martha
.1. Davee, daughter of Z. ^^'. and Kli/aheth Davee. They have had
six children, viz.: Elizabeth E., Willard L.. Charles ().. Lulu M..
Lena P. and Ixayniond 1). ^Irs. ( Joodwin dii'd February <i, l.S8o.
She was a member of the Methodist Episcopal Church and a most
amiable wonian. Dr. (roodwin is a stanch Kepublican. In 1S77 he
was elected Treasurer of Cumberland ('onnty, was re-elected in 1S7H,
and elected again in ISSI to serve four years. Xotwithstandinir the
fact that Cumberland County is about two hundred Democratic, the
majority of Dr. (xoodwin. in 1S77. was 144, in l<S7t>, 240, and in 1881.
137. Dr. Goodwin is one of the most encri>'etic men of Cumber-
land County, and one of its most valued citizens. He is a meinlier
of the I. O. O. F.. and now resides in Toledo.

DAVID B. GKEEN, attorney-at-law. is a native of Fairlield
County, Ohio, born October 8, 182H, son of James ami Mary A.
(Babb) Green, is the second in a family of ten children, and is of
Euiilish-Irish extraction. The father of Mr. (ircen was born in
Richmond, \'a.. and his mother in Ohio. 'The iii'eat-orandfather of
Mr. (xreen was old Nathaniel Green of Revolutionary fam(\ The
iiraudfather of Mi-, (irecn was a Ca])tain in the war of 1.S12. In
1834 the] subject of this notice came from Ohio ria Maysville, Ky..
with his father to Coles County. Illinois. His father raised blooded
horses in Ohio, and brouijhl three horses and a jack to Illinois with
him. F"rom Maysville, Ky., to Charleston, Coles County, Illinois, the
subject of this notice rode the jack. The father of Mr. ( ircen dicil
in Cumberland County in 181."), and his mother in 1 ss^. in Toledo.
In 18.34 Mr. Green came to this county and has i-esidcd here c\(T
since. Ill 18GG he came to Toledo, and here now lives. He was mai-
ried January 2i;, 18')4, to Miss Lucy E. Starkweather. Mrs. Green
was born in Vermont. Thev have had eiiiht children, viz.: Amni

232 ino(}i{APin('AL skeithes — (tmheim.am) (oimv:

M., Alice A. (cloooasoil), Floronco N., Elisha J., Lucy \'.. Jaiiics ("..
Isidore N. and Harriet E. In l.S.')S ho heaan the study of the law.
under the instruction of ,Iudof<' Hiram B. Deeius and Hon. Thomas
Hj-e\ver, and was achnitted to the liar in 1)S()2; has ))een in active
piacliee ever since. For numy years Mr. Green was the moj<t ex-
tensive hmd owner iuCumlu'rhind County, and now owns about seven
iuni(hi'd acres, tive Innulred acresof Avhich are improved. Mr. Green
has made his own way in life. As an advocate he has been very suc-
cessful, and is yet one of the prominent lawyers in eastern Illinois.
He is a Kepublican. is a man of mueh force of charaeter. and an
influential citizen.

lIKMiV ^^^ GKEEX.ex-sheritfand farmer, was born in Wash-
ington County, Kentucky, fluly (S, 1«27, son of flames and Nancy
( \\'arren) (rreen. is the fifth in a family of eleven children, and is of
Scotch (h'scent. His father was a native of Alarvland and his mother
of Kentucky. His father died in Kentueky in l<S,");i. His mother
still resides in that State. His father was a soldier in the war of
1(^12. In 1S47 the subject of this notice enlisted in Company 1,
Fourth Kentucky Volunteers, of tlu^ war between the United States
and Mexico: was discharged at Louisville, Ky., in 1848. He was
married to Miss Mar«»-aret McAllister. Auo-ust 1.'). 1841». Thev had
one child. \ i/..: Francis A. Mrs. Green died in May, 18.J1. Mr.
Green was next married iji October, 18.")2, to America J. AVhite.
They had threes children, viz.: Adaline, Joseph B., and Lewis. Mi*s.
(Jreen di(Ml in October. 18')7. His third marriage occurred in 18')!i
to Mrs. Hulda Moore. Mrs. (rreen was deceased in October, 1870.
His last mairiage took place July, 1871, to Mrs. Hattie E. Munford.
In 18r)2 Mr. (ireen emigrated from Kentucky to Morgan County.
Indiaiui, and there remaiiu'd six years and then came to Cumberland
County. Illinois, and settled in Greenup Township, and there he lived
some time. In 1S70 he came to Toledo; now resides heri'. He is a
l)enH)erat. In lS72 he was elected SheriH" of Cumberland (\)unly:
was re-elected in 1877. Was (U'puty sheritf in 1870 and 1871. Ib-
is a ni<'nil)cr of the Masonic Fraternity. Mr. (Jreen is a self-made
nnin in every particular; now owns four hundred acres of well im-
])roved land: has made his own way in life. Sinct^ the exj)iration of
his term of ofiice he has given his attention to farming. He is a
le;iding citi/en and an intluential num. Success has attended him.

CHAlvLFS HAMvEK. furniture dealer, is a native of Witten-
berg, (i.M'many. born May 4, 1843, the son of Charles W.and (Christina
(Thiemc) IlanUer. is the vounjrest in a familv »)f lour children, and

CITY OF TOLEDO AND SUMPTEK TOWNSHIP. 235

of Gorman doscoiit. Tlu; tat her of Mi". Hanker was horn in Saxony,
Oermany, and his mother in Prussia. In 1«G3 his parents started
to America. His mother died whihi erossini^ the Athmtie. His
father settled in Saint Clair ( !onnty, Illinois. There he died in 18(i5.
In I8G7 the subject of this mention came to Toledo, Cumberland
County, and here has since liv(Ml. While he was in Saint Clair
County he served an apprenticeshii) "^ three years at cabinet making.
Upon the arrival of Mr. Hinker in Toledo he began the furniture
business. Has been successful in business. Is the pioneer furniture
dealer of Toledo. Ho was married eFuly 10, 18(5S», to Miss M:Uonia
Struz. Mrs. Haidvcr is also a native of Germany. Came to America
wh(Mi two years of age. They have four children, viz. : Lsna, Bertha,
William and Frederick. Mr. Hanker is a Republican; has been a
mend)er of the Town Council; is President of the Loan and Build-
ing Association; is a membor of the I. O. O. F.; joined in 1868,
Toledo Lodge No. 855. Mr. Hanker is one of the most enterprising
men of Toledo. He came to the town in very limited circumstances,
but is now worth about $10,000. He is a thorough gentleman and
a most honorable citizen. Mr. Hanker is building a brick block
110x80 feet, three stories high, which will cost at least $8,030. It
will be the finest bloc^k in the town. Mr. Hanker is one of the most
energetic men in Cumberland County, and is thoroughly known for
his honesty and uprightness.

F. J. IlEID, railway agent at Toledo, was born in Pekin, 111.,
June 8, 18oo, is theson of Conradand Magdalena (Herring) Ileid, the
eldest in a family of four children, and is of German descent. The
tathor of Mr. ILiid was born at Heidelberg, Germany, and his mother
at Worms, on tiie river Rhino, in the same comitry. In 1849 his
parents came to "America and settled at Pekin, III., and here his
tather died Dacembor, 1880. His mother still resides at Pekin.
The sid)ject of this mention opened the scenes of life for himself by
first clerking in a hardware store in Pekin, in May, 1877. There
he remained more than three years. In Soptembor, 1880, he began
learning telegraphy in the P., D. E. Railway otfice at Pekin. In
April, 1881, he came to Toledo and has sincre been railway agent
and telegraph operator for the Peoria, D.M'atur & Evansville Rail-
way (yompany; also represents the Pacific Express Company.
Politically ho is a Democrat. Il(> is one of the enterin-ising young
business men of Toledo; has a good business education and is an
honorable genth^man; has an interest in the Cknnberland County
Agricultural Association, and the Cund)erland County Building and

286 BK^aUAPIIICAL SKETCHES — CUMBERLAND COUNTY:

Loan Association. Il'^ possesses an ciitci-prisini;" s])ivit and many
noble qnalities.

8. C II()LSA1*PLE. Snixn-intcndcnt of the County Poor Farm,
was born in Morgan County, Ind., February 21, 184(j, son of elolni and
Rebecca (Rinker) Holsapple. He is of German oriij-in. His pater-
nal grandfather Avas a Revolutionary soldier. In the s})ring of 18(50,
the subject of this sketch came to 8um])ter Township, Cumberland
County, 111. H':!re he has since resided. In February, l.S(i4, he
enlisted in the late war, in Coinpany F. One Hundred and Forty-
Eighth Indiana Volunteers, for one year, and was discharged at Nash-
ville, Tenn., September 1.3, 18i)5. He was married, February 7, 18«)<j,
to Miss Harriet Carrel. Mrs. Holsapple is also a native of Morgan
County, Ind. To this union has been born six children, viz.: Flora
B., Rebecca A., John W., L-^vi F., Mary A., and Julia A. Two are
deceased. H-^ is a Republican. In 1872, he was appointed Superin-
tendent of the County Poor Farm; served one j'^ear. In 1877, he
again took possession of the County Farm, and in this position he
has since been retained. Under his administration the farm has been
successfully managed. He is a member of the Independent Order of
Odd-F'ellows, Toledo Lodge, No. 3)'). Mr. and Mrs. Holsapple are
members of the Methodist F})iscopal Church. He now owns a good
farm; has a good common school education, is an honorable citizen
and a highly respected gentleman. The management of the County
Farm could not l)e jdaced in more competent hands.

ALEX. HUGHES, manufacturer of tinware and wholesale dealer
in notions, was born in Highland ( -ounty, Ohio, December 18, 1842;
son of Richard T. and C. E. (Keys) Hughes, and is of Irish descent.
The father of Mr. IlughciS was born in Kentucky, and his mother in
Pennsylvania. In 1852, they cam? to Clinton County, 111., and there
his father entered land, and in that county his mother died in 18,")'),
and his father died in Effingham C'ounty, 111., in 1S77. ^^'hen the
subject of this notice was thirteen years of age, he began t h(» scenes
of life for himself. For two years he was engaged in herding (^attlc
in central Illinois and northern Indiana. In 18')7, he began learn-
ing the tinn(;rs' trade at Terre Haute, Ind., in the store of G. Y. and
C. C. Smith. Here he served an ap})renticeship of four years. In
April, 1801, hv enlisted in Company C. Eleventh Indiana N'olunteer
Infantry, for three months. He then re-enlisted in C-ompany F.
Thirty-Fifth Illinois Volunteer Infantry, at Saint Louis, Mo.; served
three years; dischirg.'d in September, 1S()4. He enlisted again in
Company K, One Ilundrcl and Fiftieth Illinois Volunteer ^Infantry :

CITV OF TOLEDO AM) SL'Ml'TKH TOWNSIIII'. 237

dLschaiii-eil, in ISIJT, at Atlanta, Ga. He has held three coniini.s-
sioued and three non-commissioned ottioes. He was first wounded at
the bitlle of Chiokamaiii>a: received four other wounds. In 1875.
Mr. Hiiirhes came to Toledo. He was married May il, 18GS, to Maiy
E. Keys. Mrs. Hui^fhes was born at Columbus, Ohio. Tiiey have two
children, viz.: Maud S. and Flora. He is a thoroujjfh Republican;
east his Hi-st Presidential vote for Abraham Lincoln. Mr. Hu<^hes is
engaged in the wholesale tinware and notion business, and nianutac-
tures his own tinware; has employed five men. When he C4ime to
Toledo he was in very limited circumstances, but is now worth about
$(3,000. He has made his own way in life. He was a good and brave
soldier, is of an enterprising spirit, and one of the leading citizens of
Cumberland County.

WESTERN R.*^ HUMPHREY, druggist, was born at Westport.
Ky., March 80. 1828, is the son of Jolni M. and Fi'ances (Nay) Humph-
rey, the eldest in a family of six cJiildren, and is of Scotch-German
descent. His parents were born in Kentucky, and his grandparents
on both sides were natives of Virginia. Tlu^ Humphreys originally
Ciime from Scotland. In 182i), the parents of the subject of this
notice removed from Kentucky to Washington County, 111. Here
they remained until 1832, when they emigrated to Edgar County,
111., there remained four years, removing then to Clark County, 111.
In 18.58, they came to Cumborland County, and settleil northwest of
Toledo. Here his father still resides. In 18.57, Mr. Humphrey came
to Cumberland County from Livingston County, Mo., where he had
resided four years. The early life of Mr. Hum})hrey was that of a
farmer principally; taught school a nundjci- of winters. He is a
Republican; cast his first Presidential vote for Lincoln. In 1873, he
was elected Clerk of Cumberland Couuty. The county was at that
time 400 Democratic, but he received 124 majority. He enlisted in
his country's cause, August 7, i8ij2, in Company H, One Hundreil
and Twenty-Third Illinois Volunteers, and served until the close of the
war; was. promoted to the position of Quartermaster-Sergeant in
18(J3. Tiiis position he held until the war ended. He was married
September 23, 18)2. to P. Ami Daughty, of Casey, 111. Mi-s.
Humphrey was born in Morgan County, Ind. They have had these
i'hildren, viz.: Fannie J., Floretta A., John M., Rosji M., Laura A.
and Charles A.W. He is a member of the Masonic Fraternity. He is
now engaged in the drug l)usiness, in partnership with J. A. Conner.
He is of an enterprising spirit; has 24.5 acres of improved land. He
is a citizen of sterling* worth, and an influential man. Mr. and Mrs.

238 BIOGKAl'inCAL SKETCHES — CUMBEULAXD COUNTY:

Humphrey are inerabers of the Christian Church. He is oue of the
moj?t accurate accountants and best penmen that the County has
ever had.

1). D. JUDSON, farmer, was born in Delaware County, N. Y.,
February 5, 1832, is the son of William and Margaret ( Bouk) Ju<lsou,
the eldest in a family of seven children, and is of Yankee-German
ori<''in. His father was born in Connecticut, and his mother in the
Empire State. His mother died in 1844, and his father died in New
York, in 1881. He was married, March 24, 1858, to Miss Sarah
Hickle. Mrs. Judson was also born in Delaware County, Oliio. They
have two children, viz.: Mary A. and Willit'.m. In 18")3, he came to
Sumpter Township, Cumberland County, 111., and settled five miles
northeast of the countj^-seat, where he has since resided. He first
bouo"ht forty acres; now owns about 300 acres of Sfood land; has a
o-ood residence, built in 1883. He is a Demo?rat, and served two terms
as Township Supervisor. Mr. and Mrs. Judson are members of the
Methodist Episcopal Church. He is one of the leading farmers of
Sumpter Township, and a most honorable citizen. He Avas thrown
upon his own resources at thirteen years of age, and since that time
he has striven for himself. Through energy and perseverance he
has been successful.

CAPTAIN ANDREW J. LEE, postmaster, was born in Mon-
roe County, Indiana, June 11, 1829, is the son of John W. and Etiie K.
(Hester) Lee, the third in a family of nine children, and is of German-
Irish origin. The Lee family has long been known in America. Mr.
Lee's paternal grandfather was a soldier in the Revolutionary war.
The father of Mr. Lee was CqI. John AY. Lee, Avho was born in South
Carolina. His mother was born in Indiana. In 18i34, Mr. Lee came
to Cumberland County, III., and settled in Toledo, and here he has since
resided. The education of Mr. Lee is far beyond the average. It was
confined, however, to the conmion district schools of Indiana, the Indi-
ana State University at Bloomington, and Asbury University at
Giecncastle, Indiana. He graduated from the law de[)artment of the
State Univei-sity in 1858. In August, 1852, the subject of our notice
enlisted in his country's cause, in Company E, Fifty-Fourth Indiana
Volunteers. In 18112 he was commissioned Captain of his Com-
l)any; was honcn'ably discharged. Mr. Lee was married Ortobcr 25,
18(5.'<, to Miss Mary J. Rader, daughter of Lewis and Emily Rider.
Tliey had two children, viz.: Thomas J., and John L. (deceased). Mr.
Lee is a radical Republican. He was commissioned postmaster at
Tohido, in 1877. The position he still retains. He is a member of

CITY OF TOLEDO AND SUMPTER TOWNSIIII'. 2,-i9

the Masonic Fniternity. He is a thorough gentloman and an honor-
able citizen.

GUY M. LEMEN, Comity CUerk, was born in Madison County,
Illinois, June 21, lS48,is the son of Joseph E. and Caroline 8. (Mar-
ney ) Lonien, the tifth in a tamily of eight children, and is of Scot^-h-
Irish origin. The parents of ^Ir. Lemen were born in Saint Clair
Comity, Illinois. His ancestors were among the first pioneers of Illi-
nois, ihe father of Mr. Lemen died in Madison County, Illinois, in 1878.
His mother now resides in CoUinsville, Illinois. The life of Mr. Le-
men was that of a farmer previous to his coming to Cumberland
County, in 1870. He was railway agent and telegraph operator at
Greenup, this county, for almost twelve years. In November, 1882,
he was elected County Clerk of Cumbarland County. He came
to Toledo in January, 1883. He was married November 12, 1871, to
Miss ]Mary E. Peters. Mrs. Lemen was born in Terre Haute, Indiana.
They have had two children, viz.: an infant that died unnamed, and
Piatt O. He is a Republican and a Mason, and also a member of the
1. O. O. F. He is .a prominent citizen and an influential man. The
people of Cumberland County could not have imposed their tiiist in
a more honorable or noble man. Mrs. Lomen is a most amiable woman,
and is among the most prominent ladies of Toledo.

WILLI A:\I LOGAN, general merchant, is a native of Hendricks
County, Indiana, born February :>, 1843, and is the son of Benjamin
and ^largaret (Butler) Logan. He is the eighth child in a family of
thirteen children, and of Gorman blood. The parents of Mr. Logan
were natives and pioneers of Indiana, and were deceased in that State.
When the sixteenth anniversary of the birth of the subject of this
mention came round, it found him engaged in learning the blacksmith
trade at Clermont, Lidiana. He served an apprenticeship of one year's
duration, and after working for a time at Clermont, he went to
Brownsburg, Indiana, and there he continued his trade until August
15, 18(52, when he enlisted in Company K, Saventy-Ninth Indiana
Volunteers. He was at the battles of Stone River, Ciiickamauga and
Missionary Ridge, and a score of less important engagements. He
was honorably discharged from the service June 15, 186'i. After
return! no- from the war, he bogan general merchandising at Fayette,
Indiana, where he only remained a brief period, and in the fall of 18()5
he removed his stock of goods to Toledo, Cumberland County, Illi-
nois. He is still ensrasrod in the same business, and now is general
manager for the firm known as Logan & Brother. This firm has one
of the most complete lines of general merchandise ever carried in

240 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES — CUMBERLAND COUNTY:

Cumberland Coullt3^ The subject of this sketch was married, Saptem-
bor 22, 1869, to Miss Elmyra Eskridgc, a native of Cumberland County.
Mrs. Loo-an was deceased, August, 1870, and three years later he was
married to Miss Alice M. McCon. They had one child, viz.: Warren
E., who is deceased. Mrs. Logan died in August. 1875. Mr. Logan was
next married Septcrabin- 11, 1882, to Miss Sarah E. Prather. Politi-
cally, he is independent, alwa3's voting for the men who in his judg-
ment are the best He is a member of the I. O- 0. F., Toledo Lodge^
No. 35.^). He is one of the enterprising men of Cumbr-rland County,
and one of the leading merchants.

A. A. fjOVINS, Townshi[i Supervisor, was born in Shelby
County, Illinois, November 27, 1833, the son of J. W. and ISIariam
(Siler ) Lovins,and is of English-German descent. The parents of Mr.
Lovins were born in Tennessee. His father came to Illinois in 1829,
and settled in Shelby County, and there he still resides, and is eighty-
three years of age. The mother of Mr. Lovins, died in Shelby
County, in 1 843. When the subject of this notice Avas tAventy years
of age, he bc^gan life for himself. He went to Missouri and settled in
Grundy County, and there was married, December 27, 1854, to Miss
Nancy George. ISIrs. Lovins is a native of Clay County, Illinois;
they have had nine children, viz.: Minnie E., Mary V., Samuel H.,
Ricliard V., Mattie D., Sarah O., Ora, William M. and Maud. Of
these children three are deceased. In 1868, Mr. Lovins came to Cum-
berland County, and the next year he came to Toledo, where he still
re-sides. He is a Democrat. In 1869, he was elected County Clerk;
served four years. lie was nominated for a second term, receiving
four hundred and eighty majority in the convention, but was defeated
at the election. In 1883, he Avas elected Township Supervisor. He
has been in the hardAvare business for seven years in Toledo, but is
noAv cnsraired in the ofrocery business. Ho is one of the most enter-
jirising men in Cumberland County.

JAMES A. McCANDLISH, Sherifl' of Cumberland County, is
a native of Perry County, Ohio, born December 8, 1810, son of Will-
iam and Rebecca (Ross) McCandlish, the second son in a family
of five children, and is of Scotch-Irish linkage. The parents of Mr.
McCandlish were both nativ^es of Ohio, and lived in their native
State until then- death. His father died in Perry County, in 1847,
and his mother in the same county, in 1874. In 1866, the subject of
this sketch came West and lived in Jasjier County, Illinois, one year,
and then <anie to Cu)nberlan(lj County and settled in CottouAVOod
Township. In Auijust, 1862, he eidistol in Company G, One

CITV OK TOLKIX) AM) SlMI'Ti:!; TOWNSHIP. 241

Hundred and Fourteenth Ohio Volunteers, at MaxviUe, Perry County,
Ohio, served three years, and was honorably diseharged at Columbus,
Ohio, August 17, 1<S(;."). and mustered out of the service at Houston,
Texas. The marriage of Mr. McCandlish took ])lace Septend)er 4,
18()9, to Miss Melcenia Johnston, daughter of William and Maria E.
Johnston. Mrs. MeCandlish was born in lOttingham County, Til. To
this marriage has been l)orn four childrcMi, viz.: Izetta M-, Lulu B.,
William E., and James C He is a Republican ; first l*residential vote
was cast for Lincoln. Tn l'S78, he was elected Sheriff of Cund)erland
County. He was re-elected in 1880, and elected again in 1 8,S2. He is a
mend)er of the Masonic Fraternity, and Mrs. McCandlish is a member
of the Methodist Ei)isc()pal Church. As an officer, he has fulfilled his
whole trust. As a citizen, he is enterprising and greatly respected.
SAMUEL C. M I LLFR, County Superintendent and Principal
of the Toledo Public S(diools, and also a junior member of the law firm
of Decius & Miller, is a native of Jamestown, New York, born
March 14, 18B0, the son of Rev. John (J. and Margaret (Trousdal)
Miller, the fourth in a family of seven children, and is of Scotch-
Irish extraction. The p:iternal grandfather of Mr. Miller was
born in Scotland. His father was born in \ew York; so was his
mother. The parents of Mr. ^Miller came to Illinois in 1862, and
settled in Chicago, where they resided until 1865, when they removed
to Ncoga, Cumi);'rland County, Illinois. Here they have since re-
sided, the mother dying here, however, in September, 1881. The
education of l\Ir. Miller, as far as schooling is concerned, has been
confined to the public schools of Neoga, and the Xorthern Indiana ;
Normal S diool at Vali)araiso. In 1878, he entered the school at ;2(^ /
Valparaiso, and graduated in the scientitic courses in 1880. Cen-
Uuinial Year, Mr. Miller taught his first school in ( ^nnberland
County, five miles south of Xeoga, at the White Hall schoolhouse-
The year 1882-83, he w^as principal of the public s(diool at Greenup. v

In April, 1881, he began the study of the law in the ofiice of Decius
& Kverhart, and was admitted to practice in May, 18S8. In June, the
same year, he fornuMl a partnership with L. Decius. In November,
1882, he was elected (bounty Superintendent of the [)u])lic schools
of (jumberl and County, for a term of four years. He has charge of the
Toledo schools. He is a Republican, having cast his first Presidential
vote for (l:ufield. Mr. Miller is a thorough, practical man. He
made his own way in life. He has more than an ordinary education,
and is one of the mo^t energetic young m mi in Cumberland County,
having already gained an enviable prominence and reputation.

242 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES — CUMIJEIJLAM) COUNTY.

W. !)■ .Ml.MFOKI), oc'ucral nicrcluint. was l)()rn in Knox County,
Ohio, S('ptf'nil)Oi- IH, 1844, is the .son of James E. and Mariii^aret A.
(McGinnis) Munit'onl, the youngest in a family of seven ehiltlren,
five boys and two girls, and is of Irish-8t'otoh descent. His father
was born in New York and his mother in Pennsylvania. The mater-
nal orandfather of Mr. Mumford was a soldier in the war of 1.S12.
The father of Mr. Mumford left New York when a young man and
settled in Ohio. He died in Hardin County, Ohio, in 18')(). His
mother died in Cumberland County, 111., in 1872. The subject
of this mention came to Illinois in 18(30, and lived a short time in
Crawford Countv. In ISOl, he came to Cuml)erland County and set-
tied at Toledo, where he has since resided, save one year. For four
years he worked in the printing othce of his brother, who was then
publishing the CumleAand Expoaitov. \\\ 18G5, he located at Olney,
Illinois, and i)ublislied the Olney Tme.s. Ho remained one year, then
returned to Toledo and engaged in the hardware business. In this
he continued seven jears, then engaged again in the newspaper busi-
ness, in partnership with George E. Mason, publishing the Cumber-
land Democrat, and in 1878 bought the interest of his partner. Mr.
Mumford continue! the newspaper business until February 10, 1877,
but is now engaged in general merchandising. He is the senior mem-
ber of the firm known as Mmnford t*c Tossey, He was married May
16, 18()(), to Miss Ella Fletcher, of Hen Iricks County. Indiana. To
this union has been born three children, viz.: Fletcher, fb'nnie, and
Scott. The last two arc deceased. Mrs. ]\Iumford died February 10,
1877. He was next married to Miss Almyra Tossey, of Jewett, Illi-
nois, February 4, lS7i). To this union has been born one child,
viz.: Dorr (). He is a Democrat, and a member of the Masonic Fra-
ternity. He is one of the enterprising men in Tolc^do, and one of its
most prominent citizens.

A\'. W . l*AlvK, physician and surgeon, was l)orn at Carlinsville,
Illinois, February 17, 1831), and is the son of Dr. E. E. and Susan M.
(Wilkins) Park. He is third in a large family, and is of i^nglish
descent. His [)arents emigrated from Indiana to Illinois about 18.')8,
and were anionir the early-comers of the townshii) in which th(»v
lived. \\\> parents both died of cholera in ISMI — father while on his
way to California, and mother at (ireenvillc, 111. In 1S(>1, the
subject of this inciition b 'gin studying m 'dicine at Greenville, III.,
in the ollicc of Dr. T. S. lirooks. lie enlisted in the canst' ot
his country in (J'tober, lS(;i>. in Compiny (J, First Ohio \'olunteers,
served imtil the close of the war. and was hoiioiablv discharged in

CITY OF TOLKDO AM) SL.Ml'TKK TOWNSllll'. 243

October, 1865. In 1 SiJG, he was iniirrieJ to Miss Hannah Pony. Mm.
Parks Avas born in Posey County, In 1. I'hey have had four chil-
dren, viz.: Ollio M., Elmund E., Eva M., an 1 William C Eva M.
is deceased. In 18(57, he began practicing medicine at Loogootce,
Illinois. In 1881, Dr. Park came to Toledo, Illinois, from Mount
Rose, Effingham County, where ho had 1)oen for three years. He
is a Democrat, and cast his tirst Presidential vote for Douglas. He is
a member of the Masonic Fraternity. As a practitioner of medi-
cjpic he has been successful, and is an honorable citizen and a pleas-
ant ijentleman. He and his wife are members of the Methodist
Episco])al Church.

T. P. PKATHEK, hardware dealer, is a native of Cumberland
County, III., l)orn May 20, 18")7, and is the son of elohn and Mary
(Kibble) Prather. He is the youngest in a family of four children,
and is of Scotch-German origin. AVhen the subject of this mention
was thirteen years of age, he began the trials of life for himself, work-
ing for some time by the month, then farming two years. In 187(j,
he went to Carpentersville, In<l., and for two years he clerked in a
drug store. In December, 1882, he came again to Toledo. In May,
he bogau the hardware business, having about $4,00) invested in the
business, and in which he has been successful. He is a Democrat, and
cast his tirst Presidential vote for Hancock. He is of an enterpris-
ing spirit, advocating all movements that are for the best interests
of the town and countv. He has a good business e lucation, and is
a prominent young business man.

I. J. PUGH, grain and sto:'k-dealer, was born in lacking County,
Ollio, October la, 18:M), is the son of AVilliam an I Lydia (Adams)
i^igh, the fourth in a family of fi/e chil Iren, and is o-" Scotch-Irish
extraction. The parents of Mr. Pugh were born in Virginia. When
the subject of this mention was about fourteen years of age he came
with his parents to Cumberland County, 111., and settled in Sumpter
Townsliip. Here his lather died in ISG;}. Mr. Pugh remained at
home, and worked for his father on the farm until he was twenty-one
years of age. He was married, January •22, 18(51, to Miss Margaret
A. Bloxom. Mrs. Pugh was born in Clark County, Ind. They have
had five children, viz.; Mary J., All)ert, Oscar, Serena, and Aledora.
Of these children, Albert and Oscar are deceased. Mr. Pugh enlisted
in his coimtry's cause in August, 1S()2, in Comi)any P, One Hundred
and Twenty-Third Illinois \'olunteer (Mounted) Infantry, and was
honorably discharge, 1 in duly, 18(55. Ho was woun-led October 8,
18(52, at the battle of Perrvville, Kentuckv. Mr. Pugh has been a

244 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES — CUMUEIJLAM) COUXTV.

resident of Cuinberljuul County ever since 18:)3. He is a Repnblictm.
He came to Toledo in 1881, and here he now resides. Mr. and Mrs.
Pu.ijh are members of the United Brethren Church. He is engaged
in dealing in stock and grain; has a well imi)roved farm, two and a
half miles west of Toledo. Ho is one of the old settlers of (Jumber-
land County, and is a man of just principles and fair dealing. His
success in life indicates as much.

A. J. REEVES, physician and surgeon, is a native of Hancock
County, Ind., born June 22, 1851, is the son of B. F. and Caroline
(Harlan) Reeves, the oldest in a family of ten children, and comes
of English extraction. The paternal parent of Dr. Reeves was born
in Ohio, and emigrated to Indiana at a very early day, and is one of
the first settlers of Hancock County, Ind. He is one of the promi-
nent men in the township in which he lives. He has been Justice of
the Peace for seventeen years. He still resides in that count v- Dr.
Reeves worked at home for his father until he had reached his major-
ity, attending school in the winter and lal)oring on the farm in the
summer. In 1872, Dr. Reeves began reading medicine, under the
instrnction of Dr. R. A. Smith, at Grant City, Ind. Here he
remained two years. The winters of 187;5-4 and 1874-5, he attended
lectures at the Physic Medical College, at Indianapolis, graduating
from that institution February 18, 1874, and in March following, he
began the practice of his profession, at Grant City, Ind. Here he
remained about two years, then went to Maple Valley, Ind., and there
remained until May, 1882, when he came to Toledo, 111. He has
been successful in the practice. He was married February C. Cen-
tennial year, to Adella Farmer, of Cumberland County, 111- They
have had three children, viz.: Ann F., Maggie ]M., and Benjamin F.
The eldest is deceased. He is a Democrat; is a member of the Inde-
pendent Order of Odd-Fellows. He is one of the prominent physi-
cians of Cuml)erland County, and is an honorable and pleasant gen-
tleman.

HENRY RHOADS, farmer :ind hardware dealer, is a native of
Muskingum Countv, Ohio, l)orn danuary 81, 1824, the son of Abra-
ham and Elizabeth (Slater) Rhoads. the eldest in a family of
four children, and is of German, English and Irish descent; German
on his father's side, and a mixture of th(> English :ind Irish on his
mother's side. The father of Mr. Rhoads was born in Pennsylvania,
and his mother in Virgini:). His father Avas a soldier in the war of
1H12, and was at Hull's s>n-render. When the subject of this notice
was five vears of aire, his parents left Ohio ;ind came to Vermillion

( rT> OK roF.KDO AM) >rAIPTKi; TOAVNsmi*. 245

County, liul.. and then removed to Coles County. 111., and there the
parents died, father in May, 18r)8. and mother in April, 18()4. In
1850, the snbjeet of this sketch came to Cumberland County, aad
settled at Greenup, and began olerkinu' in the store of Brewer &
Fieklin. In 1853, he began the mercantile business in Greenup, and
there remained six years, and then came to Toledo; came to this
town November 20, 1800, and here has lived ever since. He was
married DecemlH>r !), 1855, to Miss Marnaret E. Shull, daughter of
Michael Shull. Mrs. Rhoa-ls was also born in Ohio. To this mar-
riaee was born tive children, viz.: Laura, William, John B., Robert
S., and Brother, of whom all are deceased cxce]:)t John B. Mr.
Rhoads is a Democrat, and in 18G0, was elected Sheritf of Cumber-
land County. In 18(i8. he was elected Treasurer, and in 1S()(;, he
was elected Sheritl" for a second term. lie has taken an active part
in politics. He is a member of the Masonic Fraternity; mad(^ a Mason
about 1871. In 1881, Mr. Rhoads began the hardAvare business in
Toledo, and this he still continues. Mr. Rhoads is one of the pio-
neei-s of Cumberland County, and one of its most respected citizens.
He has many friends, but no known enemies. He is one of those
plain, common, every day kind of men in whom the honest will
always tind a benefactor.

LEVI B. ROSS, ex-County Clerk, was boi-n in Cund)erland
County, III., Xoveml)er 4, 1843, is the son of Meredith B. and Chris-
tina ( Beals) Ross, the tliird in a family of twelve children, and is of
German-English descent. The father of Mr. Ross was born in Ken-
tucky, and his mother in Pennsylvania. The maternal grandfather
of Mr. Ross was a Major-Genera 1 in the Black Hawk war. The
parents of Mr. Ross came to Cumberland County in a very early day,
and settled in Woodbury Township, near the old town of Wood-
burj-. In the spring of 18')2, the subject of this mention came to
Toledo, and here has since remained. The marriage of Mr. Ross
took place May 20, 18(j(), to Miss Eliza J. Rhoads. daughter of Abra-
ham Rhoads. Mrs. Ross was born in Coles County, 111. They have
had five children born to them, viz.: Nevada, Lewis B., Lula, ^linnie,
and an infant that died unnamed. Politically, Mr. Ross is a Demo-
crat; cast his tirst Presidential vote for McClellan. In 1S77, he was
elected County Clerk; served five years. He has been deputy county
clerk, and deputy circuit clerk, and deputy sherift'. He is a mem-
ber of the Masonic Fraternity. In 1881, Mr. Ross engaged in the
hay business. In 1882, he shipped about 800 tons. He has a farm
of 1(?0 acres, two miles northwest of Toledo, ^li'. Ross is one of the

24tl BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES — CUMBERLAND COUNTT:

pioneers of Cumberland County, having lived in the county contin-
ually for forty years. He is one of the prominent men of Cumber-
land County.

GEORGE STARGER, proprietor of the Toledo City Mills, is a
native of Hesse-Darmstadt, Germany, bom February 23, ISM], the sou
of George W. and Dorothea Starger, the third in a family of nine chil-
dren, and of German descent. The parents of Mr. Starger were born
in Germany. They died there, mother in 1870, and father in 1880.
His father was enterprising in his nature, and one of the prominent
and highly respected men in the community in which he lived. His
business was that of a general merchant and trader. In 18(15 the sub-
ject of this mention came to America. After Mr. Stai'ger came to the
United States, he worked one year at his trade (that of a miller) in
Syracuse, New York, then came to Ripley County, Indiana, remained
one year, then went to Cincinnati and worked three and a half yeai's
for one of the greatest millers of Ohio. He then came to Effing-
ham County, Illinois, remaining three years and six months. In De-
cember, 1872, Mr. Starger came to Toledo and rented a half interest
in the City Mills for tln-ee years, and at the expiration of that time he
purchased the latter hal f. He is now sole proprietor of the Mills. Mr.
Starrer has beofun the erection of a new brick mill, 35x40 feet, with
an engine room 30x40 feet. The same will cost about $1,400. The
mill will contain all the modern improvements. Mr. Starger was
married September 23, 18(59, to Rachel Marher. Mrs. Starger was
born in Jackson County, Indiana. They have three children, viz.:
William, Charles, and Mary. Politically he is a Democrat. Mr. and
Mrs. Starger are members of the Lutheran Church. In addition to
the milling business, he is engaged in stock dealing. He is one of the
best millers of eastern Illinois, and the Starger Hour is noted far and
near for its excellent quality. He is one of the most enterprising men
in Cumberland County, and advocates all enterprises that are for the
good of the county, and general humanity. He is an honorable citi-
zen, and one of the leadins: business men of the countv- In business
he has been successful, and has made liis own way through life.

JOHN B. TOSSEY, dealer in general merchtindising, was born
in Toledo, 111., June K], 181)1, is the son of Stephen D. and Sarah
(Graham) Tossey, the fifth in a familj'^ of eight children, and is of
Enirlish-French lineaiie. The parents of Mr. Tossev were born in the
Buckeye State. They came to Cumberland County, Sumpter Town-
ship, 111., in Is.")!. They were among the first settlers of the
Township. The parents died in this county, father in 1873, and

CITY OF TOLEDO ANO SU3IPTER TOWNSHIP- 247

mother in 1878. In 1881, Mr. Tosspy begun business in Toledo in
the drug line, continued the druc" business a short time, and then
beofun the business of general merchandising. He is thejunior member
of the tirm known as Mumford & Tossey- They keep a complete line
of dry goods, h:its, caps, boots, shoes, groceries, etc Mr. Tossey
has a good business education. He is a Democrat and a member of the
Town Board of Toledo. He has been succcessful in business, and is
one of the principal business men of Toledo. Tlirough energy and
prudence he has succeeded. He is also one of the old settlers of Toledo.
The father of Mr. Tossey served two terms as Circuit Clerk of Cum-
berland County.

J. H. YANAWAY, :M. D., was born in Fairfield County, Ohio,
August 24, 182(i, is the son of Henry and Regina (Ilarter) Yanawa}^ is
the ninth in a family of eleven children, and is of Dutch descent. The
father of Dr. Yanaway was born in Pennsylvania, and his mother in
Maryland. His father died in Ohio, and his mother in Cumberland
County, 111. In 1854 Dr. Yanaway came to Cumberland County,
and settled in Toledo. Here he still resides. In 1850 he began
studying medicine in the office of Dr. J. F. Dolison, at West Rushville,
Ohio. He attended lectures at Starling Medical College, at Colum-
bus, Ohio, began practicing his profession in 1853, and has been
in active practice ever since. He was married July 12.. 1855, to Miss
Rebecca Haines, of Morgan County, Ohio. They have five children,
viz.: Albert H., Mary V., Flora R., William J., and Winnie. He is
a Democrat, and has been a member of the Town Council. In 18135, he
established a drug store in Toledo. Tliis was the first regular drug
store in Cumberland County. He is a member of the Masonic Fra-
ternity. As a practitioner of medicine, he has been successful. He
is an honorable citizen and a prominent physician. In addition to his
drug store and comfortable residence in the town of Toledo, he has
209 acres of good land, in close proximity to the town. Mr. Yar.a-
way is a man quite pronounced in his views, an I unyielding in argu-
ment until he is thoroughly convinced of his error.

248 BIOGKAPHICAL 8KKTCHES — (IMUKKLAM) COrNTV:

GREENUP TOWNSHIP.

MRS. KOBEKT AKTHUK, Gr-enup. was born Maivli 4, 1816,
in Baltimore, Md. She Aveiit with her parents to Jetierson County,
Ohio, where she was raised in the ordinary routine work of a poor
farmer's daughter, and received a good education, principtilly by
home study. In 1841 she married Robert Arthur. Mr. A. soon
after marriage rented a woolen factory in Jefferson County, but
later bought a woolen factory in another part of the same county,
which factory he ran until 1858, when he moved to Cumberhmd
County, Illinois, having made several trips to the county prior to
that time, and in 1853 bought land wdiich he settled on in 1858.
Here he interested himself in milling and farming, in which he was
eminently successful. He occupied a leading position in society, and
was known as a man of s^reat determination and decision of charac-
ter and highly respected. At his death (when sixty-four years old)
he left a large property, the result of industry and economy. Mrs
Arthur is living on the home place adjoining Greenup, and conducts
the business alfairs of the farm. She stands high socially; noted
for her generosity and her benevolent disposition. They had nine
children, viz.: Eliza A. (deceased), Joshua W., Rebecca J.. Margaret
S., JohnF., Mary E., Hannah 1)., Robert G., Etlic B. (deceased).
Mrs. Arthur is a member of the Methodist Church.

JAMES W. ARTHUR, merchant, Greenup, was born February
10, 1843, near Steubenville, Ohio. His early life was spent in work-
ino- in his father's woolen factory and attending: school until
eighteen years of age, wdien he left school and took a position in
the woolen factory, remaining there until 1872, when he opened a
clothin<j and cents' furnishiui'- "oods store in Greenuit. He started
with but little capital, which was borrow^ed. He, however, success-
fully conducted the business, and later, with the assistance of friends,
who endorsed for him to the full amount, he bought ;i $2,500 stork
of general merchamlise, and has since carried on a mercantile busi-
ness. He soon established a good bnsiness reputation, being con-
sidered reliable and promi)t in business matters and energetic and
enterprising. He now does an annnal business of $40,000, and car-
ries a stock of about $l5,()()n. II*' is assisted in the store bv his

IJKKKM'I' TOWNSlIll'.

249

brothers, George and John. John is l)()ok-k('opov. havin<^- g-nulimtcd
at the Terre Haute C'oniineieial College. George oversees the
advertising. He has a (juantity of type and a press, from which he
issues a monthly paper, advertising the store. Mr. A. is a stock-
holder in the Greenu[) Bank. In I8()(i he joined the I. C O- F. and
passed all the chairs, and has been a representative to the Grand
Lodge of the State. He has contributed largely to all religious and
public enterprises, and is an uncompromising temperance man, being
a member of the various temperance organizations. Mr. Arthur has
met with nninv losses in l)usiness, but the personal contidence re-
posed in him enabled him to continue. He carries, at present, the
laro-est and best-selected stock of general merchandise at Greeuup,
and is doing the most extensive business. On June 80, 18G7, he
married Mrs. Minerva Houghton, of Greenup, widow of R. W.
Houghton, at one time a prominent citizen and editor of a paper at
Greenup.

JOSEPH B ATT YE, tarmer (post-office, Greenup), was born in
Yorkshire. England, October 31, 1819. He was given a good educa-
tion in England, but his occupation was raising market vegetables.
When of ao-e he emigrated to the United States, soon after his ar-
rival settling in Hancock County, Indiana, and engaging in farming.
Then he went to Indianapolis and opened a meat market, and con-
ducted it for three years; then returned to Hancock County and
resumed farming. He came to Cumberland County in 1850, bought
forty acres, and now has eighty acres of well improved land, a good
residence, a fine on-hard of choice fruit— all the result of industry
and economy. In 18()8 he came to Greenup and embarked in the
mercantile business. He continued in this seven years, and then re-
turned to his fann. He has held various offices in the towniship;
has baen school director and Township Treasurer. He is a member
of the Christian Church; also his wife.

JOSEPH D. BORDEN, poultry dealer, Greenup, w^as born
Mirch 17, 1843, in Ronton County, Alabama. His father was a
minister in the Christian Church, and died a short time before the
birth of our subject. His mother died wdien he was but nine years
old. He remained in Alabama until he was sixteen yeai*s old, and
obtaincl a fair education entirely by home study, at night, by the
light of burning pine knotti. At fifteen years old he taught school;
when a])out seventeen he went to Louisiana, where he farmed;
thence to Jackson County, Tennessee; thence to Cumberland County,
Kentucky. At eighteen years of age he enlisted in Company I,

250 BIOCrRArillCAL SKETCHES — CUMBEULAXD COUNTY :

First Kentucky Cavaliy, ami served in that regiment two years.
He was then coniniissioned Sscond Lieutenant of Company G,
Thirty-83venth Kentucky (Mounted) Infantiy, for gallant service at
" Datton Mill." At the battle of Lebanon, Tenn., he was taken
prisoner, and while under guard made his escape. He was several
days without food, and had many narrow escapes from recapture
before he succeeded in rejoining his company. Some time after the
war he went to Coles Count}', 111., and run a brickyard. Then he
went to Effingham, 111., managed a brickyard one year, and in 1872
came to Greenup. He first made brick, then farmed, and finally
established himself in his present business of poultry and produce
and commission merchant, in wdiich he is now doing a thriving
business. He also owns some valuable land near the mineral well.
He is a radical Prohibitionist on the temperance question, and has
several times bsen elected to the Town Board on the Anti-License
ticket. He has always taken a very active, leading part in all tem-
perance movements and organizations, and was a member of the
Town Board when the saloons were abolishel, and to his efforts it
is mainly attributable. On July 4, 18j5, he married Fannie R.
Wheat, of Adair County, Kentucky. She has borne her husband
two childreii — Joseph D. and Robert.

H. BOWiSIAN, farmer (post-office Greenup), w^as born in Guil-
ford County, North Carolina, March 15, 1815. At seventeen years
of age, he began life for himself. Going to JNIorgau County, Ind., he
first leased, then bought a farm. In 1851, he sold out and came to
Cumberland County., 111., and entered land. He now owns 160 acres
of well imp:oved land, on which he now resides; also, a large farm,
which has just been awarded him by the Court after a protracted
lawsuit, growing out of a trade made upon fraudulent representa-
tions. He has been married twice. His first marriage was to Lucinda
Robinson, in 1888. They had ten children, only two of whom are
living — ]\Ialina and James E. She died in 18 VJ. His second mar-
riage was to Miss Lucinda Dabnor, of Virginia. They have five
children, viz.: Peter, William T., Matilda, Samuel and Thomas.
Mr. B. is a man of fixed, honorable principles, just in business deal-
ings, social and genial in his personal relations, and thus has the
high regard and esteem of all his neighbors and acquaintances.

Dli. RICHARD T. COLLIVER, Greenup, was born August 24,
1848, in Montgomery County, Ky., and went with his father, Sam-
uel, to Indiana, in 1852, and settled iii Putnam County. His father
was a member of the legislature of that State, in 18132, and also tauirht

GREENUP TOAVNSHIP. 251

school for leii years. He is now Justice of the Peace, a position he
has hehl for twelve yeai's. Our subject remained at home until he
was twentv-four years of aiifc. attendine- school and working- on the
farm, when he went to Kansas, and there engaged in the stock busi-
ness; then returned to Indiana, and went into saw-mill and lumber
business, in Putnam County. He then studied medicine in C'incin-
nati, graduating from the Eclectic Medical College in that city. He
came to Greenup on October 17, IH&2, and now has a flourishing
medical practice. He is a young man of good ability and fine
address, and it is fair to predict for him a brilliant future. The Doc-
tor secured a thorough literary education at Asbury University,
Greencastle, Ind.

WILLIAM CAMPBELL, retired tanner, Greenup, was born in
Fairfield County, Ohio, April 7, 18()o. He remained at home until
he was fourteen yeai-s old, then went to his Uncle Robert Campbell's,
with whom he made his home until 1824. Prior to this time, he
had worked clearing and opening a farm, and attending common
school. On November 7, 1824, he married Lucinda Reed, of Frank-
lin CountJ^ She was born April 21, 1807. Soon after his marriage,
he rented a farm for two years; then bought fifty acres, on which he
lived eio-ht years. Sellino- this, he bought 129 acres near Central
Colleire, Franklin County, and lived on this farm eiirhteen years.
He then sold this, and bought 320 acres in Paulding County, also
still owning 112 acres in Franklin County. Then he traded a part of
the Paulding County land tor property close to Central College;
then left farming, and kept hotel in Central College, remaining
there ten years. He also was for a long time postmaster. Then he
sold out and came to Cumberland County, III., and bought 23-') acres
of land on the Parker prairie, six miles from Greenup. This land
he placed in cultivation, taking it when it was an unbroken i)rairie.
He built a residence and barn, and set out a large orchard of all
kinds of fruit. He now lives in town, and is worth $12,000, owning
four town residences, after giving one to a married daughter — all
made and saved by energy and industry. His wife is a member of
the Baptist Church. His tirst vote for President was for Andrew
Jackson. Mr. and Mrs. C are parents of eight children, viz.: Nor-
man, Almira, Philetus, Susan, George, Sarah, Orlena J., Mary, all
married and living, and all exceptionally prosperous in life. Mr.
and Mrs. C. are now living in a neat cottiige residence, in Greenup,
in good health and very active. They are good for another decade
of happy life.

252 BIOGIIAPHICAL SKETCHES— CUMBERLAND COUNTY:

WILLIAM II. C'ATEY, farmer, post-office Greenup, was bom
in Randolj)!! County, Ind., Janu:iry 28, 1847- His grandfather was
kidnapped, when a boy, in Germany, and brought to New Jersey, in
this oountry, and sold out three years to a hatter to pay his ship
passage. He learned the trade with him, and remained in New
Jersey until 1822, when he went to Wayne County, Ind.. where he
died in 18.^1. William, the third in a family of nine children, and
fiither of our sul)je("t, remained on the farm until of age, then went
to Kosciusko County, Ind., and farmed one year. He then mar-
ried Sarah Davidson, of Randolph County, Ind. They were parents
of six children. Our subject was the third child. He remained at
home on the farm until he was twenty-two years old, and was given
a common school education. At the early age of seventeen j^ears,
he enlisted in the army, and served out his term. He then enlisted
in Company D, One Hundred and Forty-Seventh Indiana Infantry,
and remained in the service until the close of the war. His older
brothers were all killed in the war. On his return home, he assimiecl
the management of the home farm, and the sup])ort of the parents
and the family until 1870. In 1872, he came to Cumberland County.
111., buying a farm, where he now lives. On September 18, 1873, he
married Sarah J. AVilliams. To them have been born five children,
viz.: Infant, Eva, Cora A., Carrie Z., Jessie E. His farm consists of
1()0 acres of fertile bottom land. His residence, with surrounding
conveniences, is located on a high knoll overlooking the farm and
the river that runs by it, presenting a picturesque appearance. He
has the finest barn in the township, and equal to any in the coimty.
It cost $l,(iOO, and has a capacity of one hundred tons of hay and
2,000 bushels of ormin. It was built in accordance with reijular
architectural plans, and is perfect in its convenience and arrangement.
SAMUEL W. CLARK, dealer in grain and agricultural im-
l)lements, Greenup, was born under the American colors on board
the '' Black Star," an old sailing vessel, coming into the harbor of
New York on July 19, 1848. His parents were of Scotch-Irish
lineage, and settled in New York City, the father being a contractor
and builder. When fifteen years old our subject ran away from
home, went to Ohio, and hired out by the month at farm work to
Z. llamma, with whom he remained until the breaking out of the
Avar of the Rebellion, when he enlisted in Company F, One Hundred
and Tenth Ohio \ olunteci- Infantry. He remained in the service one
year, when he was dischari^c'd for disability. At the end of a year he
airain enlisted in the Army of the Potomac, and served until the close

OKEENUP TOWNSHIP. 25o

(A the war. He particii)ato<l in most of the battles of the Kasterii
army, and at the battle of Clii(ka)nau.<»-a was severely wounded. After
his diseharire he returned to Ohio and to liis former employer, with
whom he remained until marriage. Mr. (". attributes his success in
life to the thorough l)usiness traininij' received at the hands of Mr.
II., who always took an interest in him ;ind his futmc in-os])ects.
Kneriretip, self-reliant, and naturally a shrewd, keen trader, Mr.
Clark lias rapidly accmuulated a lari>e property, now ownino- 400
acres of well improved farm land, several pieces of valuable town
property, an elei»ant residence in Greenup, l)esides havin,i>- a laro-e
capital invested in the ag-ricultural implement business and in
building a patent hay press, for which he owns the exclusive right to
the State of Illinois. On December 17. l-STS, he married Rosanna
Harner, of Ohio. They are the parents of two bright little girls —
Mary E. and .\da M.

CHARLES COXZET, Sr., proprietor Conzet House, Greemip,
is the only child of Peter Conzet, Avho was an officer in the Austrian
army. He was born in Hanover, Germany, October ."). MUU, was
given a very thorough literary education, completed a coui-se of
study in Materia Medica. and at the age of eighteen went to the
Crimea, remaining two ^ears in an apothecary establishment; thence
to Odessa, in Beserabia, and engaged in the same business for two
years; then returned to Hanover. Then with his father he went to
Friesland. in the Hanovarian Kingdom, and assisted his father in
the management of a theatre. Then he went alone to Amsterdam,
Holland, and volunteered in the naval service for two years, doing
duty along the coast of Africa, hunting down pirates. In 1825 he
came to the United States, first landing in New York. He was
there first employed as a barber; then as silversmith; then he taught
school. He then went to Philadcli)hia, remaining there until 1S2S,
when he went with a colony of seven young men to Holmes County,
Ohio, and purchased 100 acres of land. He farmed there until 1.S48,
when he came to Cumberland C/Ounty, 111. Here he bought two
farms, which he tended four years; then bought the in*esent loca-
tion of the Conzet House, Greenu[), and built the hotcd which he
has conducted, in connection with other business, ever since. He
luis also given attention to contracting and 1)uilding, having con-
structed thirteen of the best buildings in this town. In 18')4 he
went to Minnesota and entered land, but did not live on the claim
long enough to hold it, owing to Indian troubles. He came home,
l>ut in I8tl8 returned and entered and improved a farm tVom the

254 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES — CUMBERLAND COUNTY:

timber. He sold out in ISTO and returned to his family in Greenup,
where he has since resided. On October ."), 1825, he married Mar}'^
Snearrv, of Pennsylvania. They have eight children, all living
save one (William).

JOHN COXZET, jeweler, Greenup, was born October 2;^, 1845,
in Holmes County, Ohio. He remained at home until he was
seventeen, when, July 10, 18(>2, he enlisted in Comptmy 13, One Him-
dred and Twenty-Third Illinois Infantry, and was discharged July
10, 18(55. He participated in the battles of Pcrryville, Chickamauga,
Hoover's Gap, etc. At the close of the war he went to Minnesota
and farmed, and in that State learned the jewelers" trade. Then he
came to Greenup, and with some associates hired a teacher and
gave some time to study and self-instruction. Then he assisted
his parents in keeping a hotel, then farmed, and finally opened his
present jewelry store. He now has a large stock and a neat place
of business, and a flourishing trade. It is the only store of the
kind in Greenup. His store at one time was entered and $1,500
worth of goods stolen, and never recovered. As a Republican he
has been elected three times as Township Collector. Mr. Conzet is
a member of the I. O. O. F. and the G. A. K. On Fc))ruary S, 1872,
he married Miss Hannah II. Houghton, of Greenup. They have
three children — Leonora B., Bertha (deceased), Jessie P.

JULIUS C CONZET, confectioner, Greenup, was born April
2G, 1849, in Greemip, Cumberland (V)unty, and is the youngest J
child of Charles Conzet, whose sketch is elsewhere given. In early
life he was given a good education, and graduated from the Terre
Haute, Ind.. Commercial College. He began life for himself at
sixteen years of age as a clerk in a grocery store: tluMi with a
partner established a dry goods store; then a grocery and li(|uor
store, after which he retired from active l)usiness for a time. He
then started his present business of confectionery, groceries, and
lunch-room. He carries a large stock, and his store is neat and
tastily arranged, and presents an appearance creditable to any large
commercial center. He was married in February, 1874, to Hannah
D. Arthur, of Greenui). They have had Iwo children. \ i/... Duke
and Freddie (deceased).

JOSEPH M. COOK, hardware store, Greenup, was born March
5, 1848, in Hocking County, Ohio. His father, .James Cook, Mas a
blacksmith by trade, coming to (.umberland (/ounty in 18r)7. He
was a prominent citizen and tempei-ance man. and took a deep
interest in and <lc\()te(l much of his time to the cause. Our subject

OREENUr TOWNSHIP. 255

was irivoii a good education and learned tlie tinners' trade, at which
he worked in various parts of Illinois and Missouri. While in
the latter State he married Alniira Smith on January 10, 1M*J9,
and the following year came to Greenup and started a hardware
and tin store. He now has the only store exclusively given to that
line of iioods. The store is well stocked and has a ofood trade. Mr.
Cook is a leading business man and has a high social standing. The
pjircnts have two children, viz.: Benjamin F. and (iladdv. They
are ])right children and well advanced in their studies, being regular
attendants of the public school.

flOIlN C DEES, grocer, Greenup, Avas born in Randolph County,
III., October 20, 1-^4.3, was reared on a farm, but went south, and at
sixteen 3''ears of age enlisted in the Confederate amiy at the com-
mencement of the war, and served until its close. He was in seven-
teen general battles, and on two hundred and sixty-tive days' skirmish
duty, having been wounded three times. While in the ser\'ice he
took prisoner his present father-in-law, who was in the Federal army
at the time, and for years after the serWce each was a stranger to
the other. At the close of the war he worked on various railroads in
Missouri and Illinois: then he went to Saint Louis, Mo., where he
was a street car conductor for five years. He then came to Greenup
and ojK'ned a grocery store, his present Inisiness, having a large
stock and a good trade in that line. In 1872, Mr. Dees married
Sarah E. Williams, of Greemup. To them have })een born three
children, viz.: Charles C- (deceased), Cora and Oma.

JOHN DUNN, farmer, was born August 17, 1X22, in Carroll
County, K}'., was reared on a farm, and had poor educational advan-
tages. He left home to do for himself at eighteen years of age, earn-
ing $10 per month. Then he went to Shelby County, Ind., where
he was married, May 4, 1S47, to Miss Susan Yclton,Avho has borne him
six children, viz.: Cornelia, Robert, Louis J., Franklin, Jeremiah
and William. All are married Init Robert and William. Mr. D. is
an old settler, and made his entire property here. He has a farm
of 1»>2 acres, wellJ^iini)roved: he has also dealt largely in cattle. He
has been a school director and supervisor; is ;i deacon in the Bap-
tist (1nn-ch.

WILLIAM EWART, retired farmer, (xreennp. was born in
Butler County, Ohio, June 21>, 1814. He is the fourth in a family of
eight children, seven of whom are still living^ — in very old age.
James Ewart, grandfather of our subject, came to the United States
from Ireland, and'settled in Pennsylvania. I lis son, and father of our

2r)»; HKKJKAl'HIC'AL SKETCHES — CU.MBEKLAM) COUNTY:

«;ul>iort. Diivid. was horn in Ireland, and was hut six weeks old when
brouo-ht to tliis country. The maternal i^randfather of our subject
came to America as a British soldier durint>- the Ivevolutionarv war,
but deserted and served four years under General Washington. Our
sul)ject had i)oor educational advantages in early life, attending
school a few months to an '•■ old Revolutionary soldier. Avhose prin-
cipal (|ualifieation was in applying the rod. and who required all reci-
tations to be made in the loudest possible voice of the scholar."
^Ir. Ewart has always been a great reader, and is well versed in
ancient history. \Vhen he was ten years old he moved with his
l)areuts to Franklin County, Ind. His father there leased a farm
for ei<>-ht years, and there died in \X?A). ]\Ir. E. assisted his l)rothei-s
in working out the lease. In l.So2 he learned the trade of black-
smith at Fairfield, Ind.. with one John Allen, and with him went to
the Tippecanoe battle ground, near La Fayette. Ind. He worked
for Alien awhile there, and then started for himself, at Newtown.
Fountain Co., Ind., where he remained until 18.^8, when he came
to Ciunberland County, 111., and bought a farm. In farming he
has l>een princii)ally engaged ever since, now owning a fine farm,
and in good circumstances — the result of his own energy and
industr}'. On March ."), 1887, he married Elizabeth Titus, who died
in ls'){). They had seven children, viz.: James A., Judson, David
A., John F., Mary X., Catherine, and an infant, all now deceased
but James. Judson and John P. March lo, 1851, he married, for his
second wife, Sarah Kirkpatrick. who has borne him four children,
viz.: Eudora. Laura, William A. and Thomas K.. all living-. This
Avife died January 12, 1877. On August 2, IS.si. he next married
Elmira Conner, wdio is still living. His children are all prosperous,
financiall}^, some having good farms, others in mercantile business,
and one owning a livery stable in Greenup. ]Mr. E. in politics is a
Republican, having been formerly a Whig. He is a strong advocate
of Prohibition; Avas a member of the Sons of Temiierancc, held the
position ol' Deputy Grand Patriarch, and has since been identified
with all temperance work.

XPJIEMIAII FANCIIER. farmer (post-office Greenup), was
born in Delawai'c County. Ohio, August 2.S. 18^).). and when sixteen
years old. came with his parents to (Jumberland County. 111. He was
given a good eilucation. and wIkmi he had attained his majority his
father ga\ c him eighty acre-; of unimpro\ cd land, which he placed
under cultivation and improve 1 anil attended until ISlil. when he en-
listed as a pii\:ite in ( 'ompany (i. Tentli Illinois \'olunteer Infantry,

GREENUP TOWNSHIP. 257

and served t'orly months, and tor merit was promoted to Cor^joral,
and then to Ser«^eant. lie [)artieipated in many of the hard-fought
battles of the war. In November, 1864, he married Ellen LaDow,
of Greenup, daughter of (now) Mrs. Chas. Nisewanger. At the
close of the war he returned to Cumberland C'ountv, and re-eng-aijed
in farming, lie now owns 250 acres of land in one farm, half a mile
from Greenup, and all undin* eultivation. His im))rovements con;
sist of a large, lino brick residence, with yard decorated with shade
and evergreen trees; two large barns; a grainery; a large cow and
hog stable; tool and farm implement shed; foui- wells, a large
orchard of three acres of select fruit, etc. He has shade trees set
out along the lines of fences all over his fann. The farm is well
stocked with the best breeds of cattle, horses, etc. He owns a steam
hay press, which he operates on the farm, buying and pressing hay
for the market. In general he has perhaps the finest improved farm
in the county, and is himself enterprising and prosperous. He was a
member of the Good Tem[)lars organization, and is a strong temper-
ance man. He is a member of the Presbyterian Church, and of the G.
A. R. In all public improvements he takes an active part, and is a
liberal contributor to all charitable and benevolent movements, and
is highly respected by the community.

JOHN GREEN, farmer, post-office Toledo, was born in Fairfield
County, Ohio, January 15, 1882, and Avhen eight years old came with
his parents to (Annljcrland County, Illinois, his father having entered
200 acres of land neai- Toledo, wdiicli is still owned b}' his heirs.
Our subject was raised to hard work on the home farm, shared the
hardships of pioneer life, and had poor school advantages, but by home
study din-ing his leisure hours, he acquired a very fair education.
On December 5, 1858, he married Ann M. Gardner, who has borne
her husband four children, viz. : William, Alice F., John D., and Lewis
F. (deceased). After his marriage, he first rented a faiTu, then bought
forty acres of land. He has always been a farmer, and been very suc-
cessful, now owning -400 acres of land. His jirospin'ous condition
is the result of his industry and strict economy. He is engaged
in stock-raising, having every convenience for that ])urpose. His
farms are well stocked with sheep, etc. Mr. Green has held vari-
ous i)olitical positions, among which are Constable, Deputy Sheriff,
Commissioner of Highways and School Trustee. He is public spir-
ited, and contributes liberally to all religious matters and benevolent
institutions.

JOHN GRIM, farmer (post-office Hazel Dell), was born in Stark

258 BIOGKAIMIKAL SKETCHES — CUMBERLAND COUNT\':

County, Ohio, on November 26, 1<S21. His parents, Joseph and
Mary (Bush) Grim, were natives of Maryland, and among the Hi-st
settlers of Steubenville, Ohio. They were parents of twelve chil-
dren, only three of whom survive, viz.: John, our subject, Sarah (De
Witt), of De Kalb County, Illinois, and Sophia (Robb), of Roanoke,
Ind. Mr. G. left home when twenty years old, married Catherine
Goldsmith, of Pennsylvania, and engaged in farming, Avhich he has
always followed. He came to Cumberland County soon after his mar-
riajre. in an earh' day. He inherited $300 from his father, and with
this start in life he now owns a farm of 120 acres, well improved. Mr.
Grim has iriven some time to the study of theology, and is licensed as a
minister of the Christian Church. His wife is also a member of the
same church. He is always charitable to the poor, has a high social
standing, and is highly respected by the community in which he
resides.

SILAS W. HUFFCUT was born in Geauga County, Ohio, Octo-
ber 10, 1831. His lather, Sylvester W., was a soldier in the war
of 1812, at the age of lifteen. His father having died in the war, he
supported the family until he was twenty-two years of age, when he
married Elizabeth A. Clark, who bore him seven children, only two
of whom, Sylvester and Silas, are still living. After his marriage he
went to Orleans County, N. Y. and thence to Ohio, where he remained
until 1839, when he came to Cumberland County, III., and settled in
Greenup. At the end of two years he moved on a tarm adjoining the
town. He was a local preacher. For four ycnirs he was Assessor, also
a charter mem1)er of the Masonic Fraternity. He died on December
3, 185(>, but his widow is still livins; at theajre of eighty-three years.
Our subject remained at home, working on the farm and attending the
common school, until 1849, when he went to Indiana, and run a ferry-
boat on the Wabash River two years, at Clinton, then returned and
learned the cari)enters' trade, which has been his principal business
since. On Decend^er 2, 18.')."), he married liiichel Shull, of Greenup. To
them have been born six children, viz.: Lillie,\\'ilson, Eddie (deceased),
Grant (deceased), Caroline and I lenry. During the Avar he was a dele-
gate to the State Conv,entiou at Springtield. as a representative of
the Union League. He is a Republicnn in politics, and a member of
the Univei-salist Church. He is also a m('nd)i'r of the I. O. O. F., hav-
ing been a representative to the Grand I^odge twice.

DR. NATHANIEL G. JAMES, <lruggist, Greenup, was born in
Montgomery County, Ind.. October 31, 1830. He ac(piired a good
education by home study, and in improving all the) opportunities

GREENUP TOWNSHIP. 2o9

which the tinios and that locality afforded. Then he bci^an the study
of medicine in Indiana. In ISo^ he went to Jas[)er County, 111., and
remained there two years; then in 1 S,')') he went to Johnstown, Cumber-
hind County, and he«-nn the practice of his profession; also conducted
a mercantiU' business. In IS? 1 lie came to Greenup, and the year fol-
lowino- opened a drug store, which he has since carried on in connec-
tion with his practice. As a physician he has the confidence not only
of the community and kxal jirofession, but an extended favorable rep-
utation and hioh standing as a gentleman and a physician throughout
southern Illinois. For the successful and skillful [lerformance of a very
difficult surgical operation, he was elected an honorary member of
the "■ Esculapian Society of the Wabash Valley."' As a business man,
he has been eminently successful. He now owns a finely improved
farm of IGO acres in Cottonwood Township, Cumberland County, a
fine residence in Greenup, and a large drug store, all the result of
industry, economy, and good manaoement. He has taken an active
part in building up and improving the town, contributing largely in
money from his own private resources. To his efforts is greatly due the
securing of the P., D. & E. R. R. at Greenup. On November 9, 1861,
he married Margaret L. Vandewort. They have six children, viz.:
Jessie B., now Mrs. Peters, of Greenup, William II., Leonard, Bertha
N., Edwin B. and one unnamed. William II. is now eighteen years
old, and is away attending school.

JACOB JENUIXE, miller, Greenup, was born in Columbus,
Ohio, on November 30, 1^45. His early life was spent mostly in
workinir i'l 2Tist-mills and learniii2r the milliufi- business, which he
has followed all his life. He commenced life for himself when
twenty-three years old. He rented his father's mill, at Bell Air,
Crawford County, 111., and ran it for two years ; then went into the
stock business; then came to Greenup, and has since been rinming the
*' Cumberland ^Nlills,'' and dealing, Avith his brother-in-law, in stock.
They are doing a thriving business. The mill runs day and night.
On January 4, I .S70, he married Miss Mary L. Matheny. of Bell Air,
111. She W{i,s born in New Albany, Ind., July 2;"), 1^(42, and came with
her i)arents to C!rawford County, 111., when ten years old, but later
returned to New Albany. At eighteen, she learned dressmaking,
and for ten years, or until the time of marriage, carried on the busi-
ness, having an establishment at Bell Air, III. Mr. and Mrs. J. have
tour children, viz.: Fred M., Frank, Merylin R., and Homer.

CHARLES G. JONES, miller, Greenup, was born in Greenup
TowiLship, Cumberland County, 111., November 3, 1852. His father.

260 HIOGKAPHICAL SKETCHES — CUMBERLAND COUNTY:

Harrison Jones., was born in lf<28, in Tennessee. He never had but
fifteen days in school, but by home study, while t'armino-. secured a
fair education, and studied law, which he i)racticed in Greenup. In
1.S8<), he came to Cumberland County, farmed and practiced law.
His first Avife was Rebecca Wall. They were parents of seven chil-
dren, Charlas beino- the youngest. This wife died in l.s")8. He was
next married to Elizabeth Wrioht. They were parents of five chil-
dren. At the age of eighteen, our subject was called upon to main-
tain the famil3% a responsibilit}' he promj^tlv and cheerfulh" accepted,
and has continued to discharge this duty up to the present in a cred-
itable manner. Mr. ,). had limited advantages for an education, but
was always a natural mathematician audAcry quick in mental arith-
metic. He early displayed remarkable business talent, and has
always l)een a very successful trader. His first venture was with
$50 borrowed money, and good credit. AVitli this he bought two
car-loads of sheep, on which he realized a good ])rofit. He has con
tinned successful in stock-trading, in connection with other business
ever since. He iiow owns several large farms, a fine country resi-
dence, the largest saw-mill in the county, keeping ten teams of fine,
large horses busy in hauling luml)er. He has capital invested in several
corporate and other general business enterprises, and has just com-
pleted a $10,01)0 grist-mill in Greenni). This is all the result of his i
l)ers()nal industry, good management and strict econoni}'. In all his I
business dealing's, he never had a lawsuit, and in his personal con-
duct is gentlemanly, coiu'teous, generous and ])ul)lic s])irited. On
May 23, 1S,S0, he married Miss .Vmerica E. f]ol)e.

MAHLON R. LEE was l)orn April <S, IHo,"), in Greene County,
Ohio. His grandfather emio-rated to the United States from Ire-
land, and settled in Clermont County, Ohio. His oldest son, John,
married Elizabeth Husono- of Ohio. They had six children. Our
subject was l)oun(l out at seven years of age. When his mother died,
he ran awav, and went to live with a farmer, with whom he remained
until he was twelve years old. Then he carried the United States
mail iK'tween Centerville and Jeflersonville, Ohio. At fifteen yeai*s
of age, he walked from Jeftersonville to AVestficld, Ind. Here he
did chores for a farmer and attended school, then the first he had
evci- altendeil. At the a<>e of nineteen, he learned the gunsmith
trade, and at twenty he started in business in Jetterson, Clinton
County, Ind., for himself, continuing until IS57, when he went to
Sangamon ('ounty, 111., remained a year, returned to Indiana, cleared
limber laiiil. and by oreat industry and economy he saved a small

GKEEXl P TOWNSHIl'. 261

capital, iiiul in ISlil, canic to ( 'mnboiland County. 111., bought 1(>0
acres of land on credit, succcssfullvmeetino' tlie iiavnients. In IH")*),
he was elected County (Uerk for two years. At the time of taking
the office, lie found the records in a very unsatisfactory, incomplete
condition, and at his own expense, employed a thoroughly compe-
tent assistant, and revised the old and kept the new records under a
[)erfect system. At the end of his term, he engaged in stock-raising
and farming. He moved on his farm m '[Xl'A, remaining there three
years. Then he Avas a contractor in l)uilding the P., D. & E. R. K.
Ill 1M7.S. he bought an interest in the Greenup Mill, and his present
tine, large brick residence, and moved to town soon after. In 1880,
he sold his interest in the mill. He now owns a farm of 260 acres
of well improved land, besides the elegant brick residence in
Greenup, all acquired by his own industry and economy. On June
10, 18.")6, he married Miss Sarah Jessup, of Indiana, who ran away
from home to marrv him. Their children are: W'illard, Ethan A.,
Cora. Boxley, John, Mary .). Cora, Ethan A. and John are the only
children livinir- Mr. Li'C had three brothers: David, (Tark and
Ethan A. David is now practicing medicine in Missouri; Ethan A.
practicing medicine in Colorado. Clark was a .])hysician very early
in life. He went to Texas, then to the southwest part of Mexico,
on the Pacitic coast, and there practiced his profession. He adopted
the Spanish language and Mexican customs, and was not heard from
for thirty years. He became very Avealthy, returned to Missouri,
"where he met his 1)rothers by appointment. There he died of con-
sumption.

LEMUEL LE(JGETT, farmer, Greenup, was born in Washing-
ton County. Ohio. December 17, 1.S27. His grandfather was a
native of Ireland, emigrated to America and settled in Pennsylvania,
where was born Alexander Leggett, the father of our subject, Avho
was by trade a shoemaker, but mostly engaged in farming. He
removed to AVashington County, Ohio, where he lived until his death.
He was married to Isabella Cami)bell, in 180(1. To them were born
eleven children, all of wlnmi lived to well advanced years. Our sub-
ject remained at home imtil of age. Avhen he started in life by keej)-
ing a grocery store at Sterling, Ohio. In 18r)0, he came to Illinois,
landing in Marshall: he went to Terre Haute, Ind., from there, and
entered the emplo}- of a suiNcyiiig party, who were surveying the
l)resent route of the Vandalia Railroad, with whom he remained
three years. In l-S.);;. June 2.}. he walked from Terre Haute to
Greenup, with but a tfew ^dollars in his jK)cket, arriving there an

262 BIOGRAPHICAL SKKTCHES — CUMBEHLAM) ( ( U N H :

entire straii<:er. Ho soon opened a harness store, and made the tii-st
saddle ever made in the county. In Anirnst, 1<S(>2, he gave up his
business to enlist in Company B. One Hundred and Twenty-Third
Illinois (Mounted) Infantry,, as First Lieutenant. Owino- to i)oor
health he resigned after a year's service, returned to Greenup, and
went to farminii' on a 200 acre tract, which he bought prior to the
war. In farmings as in all his business undertakinii's. Mr. Leagett
has been quite successful, constantly adding to his farm until he
owned a section of valual)le land, most of which he still retains.
He has built a neat cottage residence, a good barn and other out-
buildings, and set out an orchard of several acres of choice fruit.
His farm adjoins Greenup. On February ."), 18.54, he was married to
Miss Loretta A. Williams, of Greenup, rhey are the parents of
eight children, — an infant (unnamed), Laura E. (deceased), Clark
C., Florence, Anna B. (deceased), Sarah E., Joe, and Gaylitte. He is
a Republican in politics. He has contributed in time and money to
all public enterprises, and especially in the digging of the Mineral
Well.

CHAPMAN A. LEWIS, harness store, Greenup, was born in
Rush County, Ind., January 10, 1824. He was raised on a farm, attend-
ing school in the winter season. Being apt in learning, he generally
stood at the head of his class. His father was poor, and only atforded
his children each on(,' pair of shoes a year, and r(>quired all their
time in hard work on the farm, except a fcAV months, each winter,
at school. In 1845, he married Miss Cynthia A. Earl, of .Jennings
County, Ind. At first he farmed for three years, then went into the gro-
cery business one year at West Paris, Jennings County, then bought a
saddle and harness store in the same place. He carried on a large
business and learned the trade of harness-making. After three
years he Avent to farming, continuing \mtil 1864, when he came to
Cundjerland County, III., and farmed ten years; then came to Greenup
and estiiblished his present l)usiness. He n(nv has the largest estab-
lishment and the best trade in the i)lace. He was reared in the
Methodist faith, and is highly respected by the Vonnnunity. Eight
children have l)oen born to them, vi/.: Oliver, David D., Elizabeth,
Charity, Leroy. Mai-tJia A. (deceased). George (d(H'eased). Jephtlia
(deceased).

WILLIAM ;McCAiSX, shoennikt-r, Gret'nu[), was horn in Fh'm-
ington, \. J., August 18, 18134, was given a good education, and was
taught his trade by his father. He remained at home until of age,
when he went to (xlen Gardner, New Jei-sev, and euirafi-ed in business

fiHKKM I' TOWNSHIP. -'^'^

for himself for five years. There he married Miss Su>an Frilts;
then he went into the stock business. huyinL'- and sellin«>- and ship-
pino- cattle, for eighteen yeais, after whieii he came to Cumberland
( 'ounty. 111., on a visit. Seeing it was a good location for his trade, he
opened a shoe shop; is a fine woikman, and has a large jjatronage.
His is the leading shop in lown. Mr. McCann lias a fine property.
He is a pul)li<- spirited citizen, and much respected by his associates.
Wn.LIAM II. McDonald, attorney, Greenup, was born
March 1. 1^41. in Ross County, Ohio, and is of Scotch descent. His
oreat-orandtather was from the Highlands of Scotland. He came
to the United States in 1777, settlecl in Pennsylvania, then went to
Kentucky, and thence to Ross County, Ohio. John C. his oldest son,
and irrandtather of our subject, was born in Pennsylvania. He was a
civircniiineer by profession. Wrote a history of the Scioto Valley,
and Intiian wars in Ohio, and was a Colonel and Paymaster in the
war of 1812. His youngest son, John, and father of :\Ir. McD., has
always been principally a farmer, but has held the offices of Sherifi"
and State Senator from the counties of Ross and Highland, Ohio.
Our subject is the sixth child in a fimiily often children; he remained
at home until he w;is nineteen years old, and received a very thor-
ough education. In l-SliO, he left home and conunenced to study law
with Judge Sartbrd. and on October 2, l.S()2, was admitted to the
Bar, in Ohio, where he practiced for two years. He then came to
Illinois, located in Charleston, thence to Cumberland County, locating
at Toledo, and thence to East Saint Louis, where he remained a short
time. He then returned to Ohio, and remained there three years.
In 1880 became to Greenup, and now has a large and growing prac-
tice. In 1878 he was elected to the Stutc Legislature of Illinois,
as a Democrat, trom Cumberland County, and took an active part in
the revision of the laws of the State. He introduced the bill, which
became a law, non-exempting property from execution where the debt
was due the laborer or servant. He has also been Master in (Miancery.
On May 1(), 18()7, he married Miss Sarah (^impbell. of Greenup.

Thev have one child — John.

REUBEN N. MATHENV, miller and stock-deak'r. Greenup,
was born in Dubois County. Ind.. on May 22. 18H4;came with his par-
ents to Crawford County, 111., and remained at home on the farm until
fifteen years old. He was given fair advantages for an education.
When he left home he went to Hutsonville, III., and clerked in a
store for three years; then went to Robeson, 111., and kept a saloon;
then sold out and went to farming. In l.Sill. he enlisted in

264 BKKJKAI'HK AI, SKETCIIE.s — CU.MHEKLANl) COLNTV:

Compiiuy E, Scventoeth Illinois Volimteer Intaiitiy. At the buttle
of Shiloh he was wounded and returned home, remainin«- sixty days.
Upon joininii: the regiment again, being still unable for active duty^
he was assigned to an ambuhiuce corps, and was ordered to Holly
Springs, Miss., where he was taken prisoner and paroled. He then
reported to Saint Louis, and at the end of thirty days was exchanged.
Then he was detailed for duty as assistant in the Ladies' Union Aid
Association, in Saint Louis, for eighteen months. He was married
in Saint Louis, March lo, 1864, to Miss Ann M. Shattuck. In May,
I8t)4, he was mustered out of service, returned to Crawford County, 111.,
and farmed until l^Tt), when he moved to Greenup, and went in the
licjuor business. Then he returned to Crawford County, remained
on a farm one year, returning then to Greenup and engaging in mill-
ing and stock-trading and dealing — his i)resent business. He has a
large capital invested in the business, and is very successful. Mr. M.
IS a member of the Masonic Order, and of the G. A. R. His wife was
born July 14, 1829, in New York. When six years old, upon the
death of her mother, she Avent to Addison Comity, Vt.; at the age of
twenty-two she went to Massachusetts. She first worked in a cot-
ton factory, then began nursing, which she followed for thirty-five
years. She was Matron in the L.idies' Union Aid Association in
Saint Louis, Mo., for several years during the war, and won the
esteem and respect of all. While there she met and married her
husband.

ED WIN MATTOON, retired farmer (post-ofiice Greenup), was
born in Worthington, Franklin Count}', Ohio, September (I, 1808.
His fiither was a native of Vermont, but earlv moved to Franklin
County, Ohio, where he lived on a farm until his death, at eighty
years of age. His wife was Miss Thankful Stebbins, who was highly
educated and accomplished, as were all her family. She had several
brothers, who occupied eminent positions in various professions,
es})eeially the ministry. A history of the Stebbins family has been
published. (Jur subject received a first-class education, attending
school until he was twenty years old. Then he learned the black-
smith trade. He owned a sho}) for a number of years, at Dlcndon,
Ohio. In 18,')0, he went via the overland route to California, remain-
ing there several years, engaging in mining and blacksniithing. In
the meantime, he made one visit home by Avater. In 1862, he
returned to Central Collesre. Ohio, and eniiaired in farming- and
blacksniithing for three years. In 1865, he went to Charleston, then
came to Cumberland ('ounty, III., and first rented, then bousfht the

gr?:knup TOWNsHir. 265

taiin of oiirhty juros on which \\v now resides. His is one of the best
enltiv:itecl and improved farms in the connty. lie has a neat cot-
tage residence, sm-rounded by shade and ornamental trees, Howersin
their season, and everything- that makes a home attractive. He was
a strong anti-slavery man, and local worker in the cause, and for th(^
Liberia colonization scheme, collecting money in its interests. He
stood alone on that ([uestion for several years in his community and
church. He was also a very active worker in the early temperance
reform movement. Mr. M. is well read, and a thorough scholar.
He has taken an active part in favor of i)ublic reform movements
during all his life. In 1834, he married Nancy B. Langdon. of Ham-
ilton County, Ohio. They are the parents of eight children, all liv-
ing, viz.: Joseph S., now fifty years old, in the custom-house in Cal~
ifornia; ^lixry E., Esteline M., Martha L., Delia M., Caroline, Anna
M. and J. Leavitt. The youngest is thirty-five years old. Mrs.
Mattoon died in August, 1876.

G. MOXOHON, merchant, Greenup, was born in Montgomery
County, Ind., February 10, 1830. His great-grandfather came to
the United States from Ireland in the early part of the eighteenth
century, and settled in New Jei-sey. The grandfather of our subject
was a pioneer of Fayetle County, Ohio. John Monohon, father of
our subject, was reared on a farm in that State, and, in 1824, moved
to Montgomery County, Ind., Avlierc he farmed for several years,
then returned to Ohio, and resided in Madison County until 1844,
when he came to Cumberland County, 111., and here farmed until his
death, June 18, 1856. His first marriage was to Miss Nancy Stypes,
of Fayette County, Ohio, who became the mother of Gershom Mono-
hon. Mrs. Monohon died in 18;)7, and subsequently the widower
married Malinda llalloway. Gershom Monohon was fourteen years
of age when brought by his parents to Cumberlan<l County. His
early life was spent in arduous farm work, and his school advantages
were limited, but by application to study at home and ])y attending
school after attaining his majority, he acquired a thorough ])usiness
and a very fair literary education. In 18,"')2, h(^ entercnl the store of
A. K. Bosworth, as clerk, remained as such until 1858, and then
fonned a partnershi}) with Mr. Kelum, continuing the same until
1864, when Mr. K. sold his interest to D. C. Robertson. Since 1872,
Mr. Monohon has been by himself. In 1874, he built his tine brick
business house in Greenup, adjoining which is his handsome resi-
dence. He has been eminently successful in business, has accumu-
lated a competence, and gained a high social standing. He is a

266 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETf'HES — CUMBERLAND COUNTY:

leadinti' Kepubliciin, and almost contiiiuousl}' since the or<raiiizatioii of
the Town Board, in 186l», he has been a member thereof, and is now
its President. In 1876. he was elected to the State LGirislatnre, as a
minority candidate, from Effingham, Shelljy and Cumberhmd coun-
ties, bj' a vote of 12,442, and served two years. He is quite public
spirited, and contributed $1,000 towards securing the building of the
Yandalia Railroad. To his efforts, also, is mainly due the credit of
causino- the erection, in 1855, of the first brick schoollunise in town,
and later, against strong opposition, he was chief in the movement
for the erection of the present fine brick structure. He is also an
active temperance man, and to his influence is largely due the non-
license policy of Greenup. He stands high in the Masonic Frater-
nit3% and is a member of the Universalist Church. November 25,
1857, he married Isabella H. Robertson, of Greenup, Init formerly
of Ohio, and bj' her he became the father of six children, viz.: Hat-
tie C- (deceased), Douglas C (deceased), John. Jennie, George C,
and Mark T.

CHARLES NISEW ANGER, retired farmer, Greenup, was born
in Gallia County, Ohio, February 15, 1805. His grandfather came to
the United States from Germany, early in the eighteenth century, and
was one of the first settlers of Marietta, Ohio, but later settled in Gal-
lia County. He had two sons, Jacob and John. The former settled
in North Carolina, and but very little was ever known of him after-
wards. John remained at home, working on the farm. In 1800 he mar-
ried Miss Winnefred Buck. Their only child was Charles Nisewanger,
our subject. The grandfather died February 12, 1 ^il Mr. Nisewan-
ger's early life was spent mostly in farm work and attending school.
With his step-father he ran a ferry boat on the Ohio River, at Galli])*)-
lis, Ohio, several years. In 1828 he went to Fairfield County, Ohio,
and contracted for excavating a part of the Cleveland and Portsmouth
Canal. After the completion of this contract in 18ol, he was canal
superintendent with headquarters at Newark, for ten years; then ran
a hotel for thirteen months, at Luray, Ohio; then came to Cumber-
land County, in 1846, settled in the timber, and cleared part of a farm,
remaining but a year. He then moved to Greemip, and went into the
mercantile business tor two years. During the ensuing six years he
was Assessor, Collector and Deputy Sheriff. On August 9, 1861, he
organized Company A. Fifth Illinois Cavalry. He was offered the
captaincy, but declined, and was commissioned First Lieutenant. He
remained in the service eighteen months, l)nt from injuries received
from his horse falling on him he was eomi)elled to resign. Upon his

GUEENIIP TOAVNSlIir. 267

return homo he clerked ii year tor A. K. Boswortli. Then, in 18G3, he
enijfaged in mercantile business in Gr('enu[), continuing ten years. He
then went to farmin<*-, which he follows, with the assistance of his son-
in-law. Mr. X. has aiways been, from boyhood, a tetotelarand temper-
ance worker. Me ori»anizcd the first lodije of Sons of Temperance
in Cuml)erland County, and later the Good Tem plains' Order, and with
his wife was among the first to start the Blue Ribbon movement in
Greenup, the result of which has been to make Greenup a prohibition
town, with 1,(300 signatures to the pledge. He is a Mason in good
standing, and charter member of the order in Greenu[); also charter
meml)er of the Eastern Star; also his wife. He has been married
seven times. His first wife, Susan Gilbert, lived but a year; his sec-
ond, Mary Laney, lived three years; his third, Martha Smith, died
soon after marriage; his fourth, Sarah Smith, sister of his third, also
deceased; his fifth, Sarah Warden, lived five years; his sixth was Eliz-
abeth Pickering. He then married Mrs. Lucy LaDow. Mrs. Lucy
(LaDow) Nisewangcr, was born August 21, 1824, near Granville,
Ohio. Her maiden name was Miss Lucy Philbrook. In early life she
given a thorough education at the Presbyterian Academy at Granville,
Ohio, then taught school until her marriage, July 11, 184.5, to Jameg
LaDow, who was a prominent lawyer, and highly respected. In 1853
she came with her husband to Effingham County, 111., remained three
years, and then came to Cumberland County, where, November 28,
1860, he died. After the death of her husband she taught school for
a while, was then appointed Postmistress at Greenui), and served until
October, 1863. On August 9, 1863, she married her present husband,
and soon after resigned the aflTairs of the post-office, her husband,
Mr. N., being appointed in her stead. With all business, social, and
political acts of Mr. N., his wife has been closely identified and asso-
ciated. Mrs. N. occupies a high social and literary position, and has
always been accorded the lead in movements and organizations among
her lady associates. At one time she made the presentation speech,
in the presence of Governor Yates and Owen Lovejoy, consequent
upon presenting a flag to the '• Wide Awakes." On another occa-
sion she made the presentation address upon the ladies giving a flag
to Company B, Ninety-Seventh Illinois Volunteer Infantry. She is
a cliartcr member of the Eastern Star, and an active teni})erance
worker. Mr. and Mrs. ( LaDow) Nisewangcr, arc parents of one
child, Charles P. (deceased).

WILLIAM H. OZIER was born in Washington County, Penn.,
Nov(m])er 8.|Ulsll. His father, Stephen Ozier, who was born in

268 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES — CUMIJEULAND COUNTY:

Baltimore, Md., was by trade a shoemaUer. When of acre, he com-
meiKcd li fe for hini.sclf,jSrst settlinsr in PennsYlvania,then in Manstield,
Ohio, where he conducted a large boot and shoe business. He married
Margaret Nichols, of Washington, Penn. He died in 1884. They were
parents of eight children, four of whom are living. Our subject was
the oldest child, and was eight years of age when his father came to
Mansfield, Ohio. He Avas given a good education in preparation for
West Point, by request of Gov. Bartly, but prevented from entering
by the earnest protest of his mother. His father then taught him the
shoemakers' trade, which he has followed in connection with the l)Oot
and shoe business for a great part of his life. AVhen of age he engaged
in the bakery and confectionery business, in Manstield, Ohio. While
there he married, in 1832, Dorcas T. Goe. They had one child,
Richard. His wife died in 1834. In that year he w^ent to Cincin-
nati, where he conducted a boot and shoe business several years. Then
he embarked in a general mercantile, produce and provision trade
between Cincinnati and points along the Ohio River. In 1837 he
married, for his second wife, Elizabeth Close, of Dearborn County,
Ind. They had two children, viz. : Rachel and John. His wife died
in 1841. In 1841 he went to CleiTnont County, Ohio, and there mar-
ried his present and third wife, Mary A. Hartshorn. He oi)ened a
boot and shoe store at Moscow, that county, continuing in the busi-
ness five years. Thence he Avent to Cincinnati, where for tAvo years
he engaged in the same business; thence to Williams County. folloAA""-
ing the same business. In 1871 he came to Cumberland County,
111., and engaged for one year in the boot and shoe business in
Greenup. He then traveled as salesman for a leather house, since
when he has been selling nursery stock. His present Avife has borne
him nine children. Mr. Ozier's first vote for President Avas in 1831).
He was a strong Abolitionist, made public speeches in favor of,
and has suffered many indignities for advocating that doctrine. He
was an organizer of the Republican party, and a delegate to the State
Convention that first nominated Salmon P. Chase for Governor of
Ohio. In 1840 Mr. O. assisted in organizing the Sons of Temj^erance,
and held various honorable positions in that order. He has l)een a
member gf both the I. (). (). F. and Masonic orders.

HARLOW 1*AKK, cashier Greenui) Bank, was l)orn in Frank-
lin County, Ohio, July 3, 1^30. His great-grandfather came to the
United States in 1730, from Germany, settled in Ncav York, and
there raised a family of seven children. Amos, the fourth child, and
grandfather of our subject, Avas reared in New York, but Avent early

(JUKEM r TOWNSIIII'. 2G9

to Lickiii2: County, Ohio, and settled in Granville in I8O0; thence to
Delaware County, and thence to Franklin County, where lie died.
His principal 1)usiness was that of farniinir- in which he was emi-
nently successful. He won distinction in the war of 1812, throuirh
wliich he served. His ohlcst child, James, Mr. Park's father, was
born in Lockport, N. Y.. and was j^iven fair advanta^^es for an edu-
cation, attending school, winters, and assisting on his father's farm
in vacation. He was married to Margaret Agler, of Ohio. They
were parents of five children, viz.: Horace, Harlow, Horton, Helena
and Helen. They also raised four or[)han chihh'en, who are now
well to do and prosperous, and who live in grateful remembrance of
their generous and kind benefactors. Mr. Park's early life w^as spent
at home on the farm, where he was discii)lined in habits of industry
and economy, and received a thorough business and literary educa-
tion, attending Central College, Ohio, five years. He thus laid the
foundation for a useful, active life. Leaving college at eighteen, and
having chosen the vocation of farming for his business in life, for
three years he applied himself to accpiiringa knowledge of theoret-
ical farming, by study and practical application. During this time,
he made several trips to the West with a view of selecting a permanent
location. When of age, he began for himself, in Franklin County,
Ohio, farming and stock-raising, continuing for five years, when, in
181)2, he enlisted in Company A, Eighty-Eighth Ohio Volunteer
Infantry, as a private, and served until the close of the war. He par-
ticii)ated in the tw^o active campaigns — one in the defense of Gettys-
burg, and the other in defense of Cincinnati when threatened by Kirby
Smith. He was for two years Provost-Marshal at Camp Chase, Ohio,
and for some time Adjutant at Lital Barracks, Cincinnati. His pro-
motions and responsible positions of trust were the rewards of merit.
Social in his relations, punctual in the discharge of duty, and valiant
in conduct, he had the respect and esteem of oflScei-s and men. At
the close of the war, he returned to Ohio and resumed farminjr there
until 18(;s, when he came to (yumbcrland County, and bought a farm
of 2(J0 acres, within three miles of Greenup. Ho has given great care
to its improvement, and skill in its management; has made many
fine permanent imi)rovcments, and placed it among the best farms of
the county. Mr. Park is a charter mcml)er and cashier of the Bank
of Greenup, organized June 1, 188;;, and to his efi'orts is greatly due
the credit of its establishment. Tiie bank, at first an experiment, is
now in a prosperous condition and doing a business beyond expecta-
tion, largely the result of his executive ability and financiering.

270 BIOGU.VIMIICAL SKETCHES — CUMHEllLANI) ( Ol NTY:

Politically, Mr. P. is a R"[)ublican and party loader. In local poli-
tics, he has taken a srreat interest, beinof the chief or<ranizer and
leader of the Farmers' Club, instituted, irrespective of party, for the
object of keeping honorable, competent men in charoe of county
aflfairs. The effect of this has been to r.ii.se the financial standinsf of
the county from a low, depreciated state, to a sound tinaucial basi.-;.
A prominent leadinij citizen, he has contributed in time, influence
and money, to all public enterprises, and accomplished nuicli for the
improvement and bnildini;;- up of the comnuuiity. In 18()3, he mar-
ried Martha L. Mattoon, an estimable ladv, of Franklin County, Ohio,
where she was born. They are the parents of five children, viz.:
James, Eva, Bertha, Oliver and Maraaret.

JAMES M. RICE, farmer (post-office Greenup), was born in
Shelby County, Ind., August 27, 184(). His father was a native of
Kentucky, but settled in Shelby County in an early day as a farmer.
He was thr()u<i-h the entire war of the Rebellion, beins: totally dis-
abled for work from a severe wound. Our subject sup[)orted his
father's family until he besfan life for himself, at the ao-e of nine-
teen, when he worked by the month. In 18()*J, he came to Cumber-
land County, and first rented, then bouijht the farm of eicfhtv acres
where he now lives. He has built a fine residence and outbnildiniifs,
and set out an orchard of choice fruit. On September s. 1S70, he
married Miss A. E. King, of Cumberland Comity. Mr. R. has made
his property by his energy, economy and industry.

DeWITT C ROBER rSON, Postmaster, Greenup, was born in
Hardin County, Ohio, in February, 183!). His grandfather was by
trade a miller, but at an early day went to Kentucky, and was a
companion of Daniel Boone. His oldest son, Simon, and fTither of
our subject, went to Ohio in 1830, and engagcnl in milling at West
Liberty; thence to Hardin County, and farmcKl until 183!), when he
came to Cumb^^rland County, 111., and entered two sections of land:
but before his death, which occurred in August, 1841, he owned 1,500
acres of land. At the time of his father's death, our subject was two
years old; when four years old, he was taken to Kentucky, where he
remained with relatives for nine years, attending school. He then
returned to Greenup, and lived with sister Abigail Lyons until 18/)(i;
then went to Ohio for a year; returned to Greenup, and worked for
Simon Lyons imtil 1858; then carried mail between Greenup ami
Charleston. In 18()0, he went to Douglas County, but returned in
18(!1, and assisted in oriranizinLT, and enlisted as First Sercfcant in
Company A, Fifth Illinois Volunteer Cavalry, and served in the

GUEENUr TOWNSHIP. 271

urniv tliivo vcar.s. AfU'r rctiiniin<2: from the war, ho oiiirairotl with
G. Moiiohon in the niorcaiitih* business, for four years, in Greenup.
Tiien he conducted a mercantile business by himself. During the
financial crisis of 1873-74, he Avas compelled to suspend, l)ut he has
since settled Avith all his creditors to their entire satisfa{;tion. He
then farmed for two ycai"s; then he was a salesman in the store of
A. J. Kwart for eiofhteen months. lie was then commissioned Post-
master of Greenup, which position he still holds, and conducts in
connection with a notion and confectionery store. He has always
been public spirited, contributing largely to the securing of railroads
and other enterprises that Avould benefit the public in general. Mr.
Robertson is a social, honora])le gentleman, and has the high regard,
esteem and confidence of all, who have known him through life, or
who have had social or business relations with him. lie was mar-
ried, May 7, 1865, to Miss Susan Talbott, of Greenup. They are the
parents of P^dward T., Simon, Ida M., Isabella, Araminta D., George
G., Susan D., and Dewitt C. Susan and Araminta are now deceased.

ISAAC ROTHKOCK, farmer (post-oflace, H:izcl Dell ), was born
January 31, 18313, in Stark County, Ohio; has always lived on a farm,
but received a good education. In 1851, he came to Cumberland
Countv, worked bv the month a number of years, saved his earnings
and bought the farm where he now lives. The farm consists of eighty
acres, and is well imi)r()ved. He has a large frame residence and com-
modious out-buildings. He is a radical temperance man and worker.
In politics he is a Kopublican, and has held the office of school director
for several terais. On November 6, 1864, he married Sarah Grim,
of Crooked Creek Township. Two children have been born to them,
Olive A., Mary A. (deceased). Mr. and Mrs. R., are both members
in good standing of the United Brethren Church.

FRANK M. SAPP, blacksmith and wagon-maker, was born in
Fayette County, 111., in 1844. At the breaking out of the war, he
<'nlisted in Company lI,Eiglith Illinois Volunteer Infantry, and served
four years and eight months. He was in many of the severe battles,
and was several times wounded. At the close of the war he went to
V'tmdalia, III., and learned his trade; thence to Kane County, III.,
there worked at his trade, and in 18G9 came to Greenup, opened a
shop whi(di he has since conducted, except a short time when he was
with his father-in-law in a grist mill. On July 3, 1870, he married
Arabella Talbott. Four children have been the result of this marriage.

JOHN J. SEVERNS, farmer (post-office, Greenup), was born in
Coshocton Countv, Ohio, December 14, 1814, and remained at home

272 BIOGRAPHICAL .SKETCHKS CUMBKHLANI) COUNTY:

OH the fiinn and attondod school until tlio njro of sovontoen, whon he
Icariu'd the cabinet-maker's trade. He went with his parents to
Knox County, Ohio, where he remained until the year IHo."), when he
returned to Coshocton County, where he livcnl twent}' years. He
then went to Fulton County, 111., then worked at the carpenter's trade
four years. He then came to Cumberland County, 111., where he has
since resided on his farm. He now owns ei«-htv acres of land in
Cumberland County, Avell improved, and KID acres of timber in Jas-
per ('Ounty. Altliou«'h nearly sevent}' years old, Mr. S. is able to
carry on the farm in person. He is a member of the Masonic Order,
and is an ardent temperance man. He is public-spirited and benev-
olent, and has a hii>h social standins" in the community. He has
been married twice; his first marriage was to Josei)hine McDonell,.
by whom he had three children, viz.: Albina (deceased), Caroline, and
George (deceased); his second to Elizabeth Lane, by whom he had
four children, viz.: Emma (deceased), Josephine, Eva L., John D^
(deceased).

HAliLOW O. 8HEKWOOI), tanner (post-office Greenup), wa.s
born in Perry County, Ohio, March 14, 1827. His early life waa
spent at home on the farm. He has a good education. On January
27, 1853, he married Miss Mary J. Duer, of ]*erry County, Oliio. He
built a house on his father's farm, conducted his father's business^
and supported him and his father-in-law until 18()(), when he came
to Cumberland County, 111., leased 100 acres of new timber land in
Union Township for nine years, putting it under cultivation and mak-
ing other improvements. Then he bought eighty acres of new land
where he now lives, cleared and put it under cultivation; then added
to it thirty, then thirteen, then sixty acres, all of which he bouirht
new, and nearly all of which he now has under cultivation. His
farm of 188 acres, his spacious residence, his fine young bearing"
orchard, a ])arn, etc., are the r(\sults of economy, energy and good
management. On the temj)erance (juestion he is a strong Prohibi-
tionist, and was an active leader in the ^Iuri)hy movement. He and
his wife are members of the Methodist Church, in which he is a class
leader. Mr. S. has contributed laro-ely to the buildinii- of several
churches in the neighborhood, and is a strong leader in and supporter
of all religious movenicnts. In all of his undertakings, whet her social,
business or religious, his wife has shared all, and her frugality and
consistent Christian life have done much toward establishing his
high, social and financial standing. 'I'licy have nine chihlren, seven
of whom arc still iivinii-.

GKKENl I' TOWNSHIP. 273

MARK SPERRY, farmer (post-office, Greenup), was born in
New Ilanipsliiro, on June 26, LSl.^. His groat-unuulfuther, Israel,
was a ttiilor by trade, went to the Indian-French wars and never
returned. His o-randfather was through the Revolutionaiy war, in
General Washington's division, and was at the battle of Bunker
Hill. At the close of the Avar he went on horseback to New Hamp-
shire; made the iirst settlement in the county, opened a farm from
timber, and made improvements. He remained on the farm until
his death, in February, IS-tO. His father was raised on this same
form in New Hampshire, and w^as a Captain in the war of 1(S12, but
his entire business in life was farming; having lived on the farm first
owned and improved by his father. In 18l]"), he came on a visit to
Mark Sperry, in Cumberland County, where, in September of that
year, he died. Our subject was raised on his father's farm in New
Hampshire, and was given a thorough e:lucation. He taught school
and farmed until 1824, when he went to Licking County, Ohio. Here
he taught school, and was elected principal of an incorporated Acad-
emy, which position he held for nine years. He then purchased the
stock and continued the school for several years more. For some
time he taught a large select school, teaching a class in vocal music at
night. At one time he was in the cheese and dairy business in Ohio, and
had the largest establishment at that time in the State. While in
this business he made a cheese weighing 1,000 pounds, which he sold
in Cincinnati for twenty-five cents per pound. In November, 1861,
he enlisted as a private in Comi)any K, Seventy-Sixth Ohio Infantry.
He Avas appointed a Sergeant, and subsequently commissioned as
Lieutenant of his Company. He participated in the battles of Fort
Donelson, Shiloh, etc., and was discharged from the service for dis-
abilities. He was then appointed to a position in the Provost-Mar-
shal's office at Columbus, Ohio, where he remained until 18()4, when
he came to Cumberland County, 111., and bought the farm where he
now resides. Sin(!e coming to Illinois he has taught school, been
euiraofed in farniiufr, Jmd taken a leading and active part in all edu-
cational matters in the county. He has a fine residence, and one of
the best improved farms in the county, all the result of his own en-
ergy and industry. In October, 1S43, he was married to Lucy A.
Durant, who was born in Springfi.^hl, Vt., on Dacember 4, 1821, and
who was the eldest of a family of eleven children, ten of whom are
now living. Her mother being for many years in feeble health, the
care and labor of the household very early fell upon her, and under
the eyes of a judicious mother and kind father she became an adept

274 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES — CUMBERLAND COUNTY:

in all that pertains to the management of the househokl. The com-
mon school orave her the usual facilities for mental culture till about
eighteen years of age. Then a few terms at Chest(?r Academy fitted
her for teaching, which occui)ation she followed for some time in
Vermont, and also in Ohio. In the autumn of 1842, this whole
family went to Oliio in wagons. At the time of her marriage, in
1842, a large expenditure of money for house-keeping was not as
imperative as at present, and with very scanty means, Mrs. Sperry
was enabled, by her early training, and indomitable industry and
energy, to make the inconveniences of a small house and little fur-
niture seem but trifles, and it was not long before her little domi-
cile put on the appearance of home-like simplicity and cheerful-
ness. The duties of home were first with her in all things, save in
sickness or distress, when her sympathies were all awake, and no toil
or care seemed too great. No child of want ever appealed to her in
vain. In early life jVIrs. Sperry became a membv'^r of the Baptist
Church in North Springfield, Vt., but on her arrival in Ohio she be-
came a member of the Cono-reijational Church, at Hartford, Licking
County. When she removed to this county she became a member
of the Presbyterian Church, of which she is a member at the pres-
ent time.

HUBBARD F. SPERRY, farmer (post-office Greenup), was born
in Licking County, Ohio, November 7, 1 847. In early life he attended
the school taught by his father, Mark Sperry (whose sketch is else-
where given), until the war, when he was placed under the tutelage
of others until he was seventeen years old, when his father moved to
Illinois. Thus he secured a good education. After coming to Cum-
berland County, 111., he worked on his father's farm imtil he was of
age. He then farmed for a short time, then taught school, then en-
gaged for four years in mercantile business in Greenup, during this
time being deputy postmaster. He then married Miss Alice Snearly,
and after his marriage engaged in farming, his present business. Mr.
and Mrs. S. are parents of four children, viz.: Artie B., Gratia M.,
Beatrice M., Lula E. Mr. S.'s farm consists of eighty acres of land,
well improved, and well stocked. He has a fine two-story residence,
a large barn and commodious outbuildings. Politically, he is a Repub-
lican, and has been Justice of the Peace. He administered the estate
of Jacob Snearly; was guardian of minor heirs. He is a member of
the I. O. (). F. '

MARSHALL STEWART, farmer (jiost-office Greenup), was
born in Morgan County, Ind., April 15, 1881, and is a twin brother

GREENUP TOWNSHIP. 2^75

of William Stewart, whose sketch is elsewhere "fiveii. When our sub-
ject was thirteen years old, his father died, since which event he has
supported himself. H.^ first worked at $4 per month on a farm, then,
while yet a boy, rented a farm; was very successful, and continued
rentiuii- for sixt^cen years. Finally became to Cumberland County,
and bouijht 240 acres of land where he now lives. There were but ten
acres of this cleared, and no imi)rovements or fences, but he now has
a finely im[)roved farm, a s^ood residence, barn and outbuildings.
The farm is mostly bottom land, which is the most productive soil in
the county, lie has an orchard of 200 trees, farm all fenced, all
und(n- cultivation, and well stocked. He married Matilda Lauiirhlin,
of Morgan County, Ind. To them have been Ijorn nine children,
viz.: Mary J. (deceased), Anderson, Linlan, William B., Calvin (de-
ceased), Harriet, Stella, Dora, and an infant. His financial standing
is the result of personal energy and skillful mantigement. He is a
member of the Methodist Church, and of the I. O. O. F. He was
school director six years.

WILLIAM STEWART, farmer (post-office Greenup), was born
April 15, 1831, in Morgan County, Ind. His father died when he
was thirteen years old, since when he has supported himself. When
twenty-three years old he married Miry C Stockwcll, of Morgan
County-, Ind. They have had eleven children, three dying when in-
fants. The living are Eb., Marshall, Sarah J., Emelino, Anderson,
Viola, Calvin, Minnie. He first rented a farm in Indiana, and gave
his attention mainly to stock-raising, in which he was very success-
ful, and thereby obtained a good start in life. He came to Cumber-
land County, tanned, and then went to Missouri, bought 160 acres
of land, remaining there seven years, after which he returned to Cum-
berland County. He has now 288i acres in Cumberland County, 130
of which is rich bottom land, also still owns the farm in Missouri;
has a good $1,0.);) residence, and a fine, large orchard. Mr. Stewart
in politics is a I):Mnocrat. He is a member in good standing of the
Methodist Church. While in Missouri he was three years in the State
Militia, on the Federal side. He is now school director, which office
he has held several years.

MICHAEL STOCKB AUGER, farmer (post-olTice G)-eenui)),was
born in Licking County, Ohio, December 7, 1832. He was reared on
the home farm, fairly educated, and supported his parents in their old
age. He went witli them to Knox County, Ohio, farmed there, and
then, in 18'>8, came with them to Cumberland County and settled on
a farm bought two years before. He has since been engaged in farm-

27»! HIOGKAPIIICAL SKETCHES CUMBERLAND COUNTY:

in<if, and now owns 140 acres of well improved land, a rine residence
which cost $L.SOO, and other improvements in accordance. His wife
was Philena Osborn, of Wisconsin. They have three children. He
fl is a member of the I. O. O. F., having passed all the chairs. On the

temperance question he is a Prohibitionist. He is public-spirited and
charitable, and highly esteemed by his associates. Mr. S. gives much
attention to stock-raising, having a taste for line breeds of horses and
cattle.

EDWARD TALBOTT, farmer, Greenup, was born in Fairtield
County, Ohio, Auijust 3, 1.S20. He was reared on his father's farm
until nineteen years old, and had but a few months schooling, during
the coldest winter weather. At the tin e of leaving home he could
only read and write, but after he beo^an life for himself he irf^ve all
his extra time to study, attended school for a few months, and (jual-
ified himself for teaching. When he left home, he first came to Cum-
berland County, 111., and contracted for clearing forty acres of tim-
ber land. He remained nine months, and then returned to Ohio and
rented his father's farm,which he attended summers,and taught school
during winters. In 1844 he married Mrs. Jane Wolf, and came soon
after to Cumberland County, and engaged in uK^rcantile business,
and then farmed. In 1848 he was elected Sheriff of the county. At
the expiration of his term of officer he kept hotel and store, until 1851,
when he was electe:! Circuit Clerk for a term of four years. In 1852
he began tlie building of the Cumberland Mills. He bouglit the
machinery in Warren, Ohio, and shipped it to Torre Haute, Ind., by
canal, thence by wagon to Greenu[). At the time of building the
mill there was but little wheat raised in the county, it being thought
that the ground was not adtipted to its culture, but largely through
the efforts of Mr. T., and the influence of the mill, it is one of the
best wheat producing sections in the State. The mill is still in opera-
tion, and doing a large business, though in other hands since 1872.
In \X')H he was again elected Sheriff, and served one term. In 1859,
in addition to his milling and stock-dealing, he again engaged in
mercantile business until 18()2, when, July 1 of that year, lie organ-
ized ( ■()nii)any B, One Hundred and Twenty-Third Illinois Infantry.
Within one week 101 men enlisted under him. He was commissioned
Ca[)tain, and with the C(mii)any entered at once into active service.
He was first engaged in the battle of Perryville. Here the Conii)any
met their first real experience in fighting. The Regiment opened
the engagement, and Company B, under command of Captain T., be-
came involved in an unsui)ported conflict with greatly superior iium-

HKKENII* TOWNSHII'. 277

bers, jMid it is due to all cnirairod, to say that the wiiolccoiuiMaiid dis-
playod a pcrtectioii of disfipiiiu' and soldierly <^allantry worthy of the
oldest veterans. The Company took an active part in the battle of
Chiekaniau«>a, and other severe battles. As an officer and soldier.
Captain T. was l)ravo, intrepid and daring, and won distinction for
irallant conduct. March U, 1864, he resigned his coniniission, owing
to disabilities, returned home, and gave his attention to milling and
stock-dealing. Tn IHlii) he lost $:),()()() by fire. He sold the mill in 1872,
since when he has princii)ally farmed. He contracted foi* and built
several miles of the P., D. ct K. R. R., being defrauded out of consider-
able money. This, with his loss by fire, and other adverse hajipenings,
caused a partial failin-e, but he has regained rapidly, and now owns
a fine farm, and is again in prosperous circumstances. He has always
been i)ublic-spiritcd. He gave $1,000 towards securing the Vandalia
R. R. at Greenup, also to securing the P., D. & E. R. R. He now
holds the office of Supervisor, this being his seventh year. His wife
died in 1857. His second and present wife is Esther Ann Reese.

WILL 8. TOBEY, editor of The Cumberland Times, son of
Allen G. and Lovina M. Tobcy, was born at Vincennes, Knox
Co., Ind., November 27, 185(5. He received a ;fair education in
the various common school grades of his native city, and when sev-
enteen years of age entered the freshman class of Vincennes Univer-
sity. Compelled by feeble health, he withdrew from College after
one year's study. Having at intervals, since he was fourteen years
old, been connected with various printing establishments in Vin-
cennes, and having a deep-seated love for the work, he soon turned
his attention to developing his natural aptitude in this direction,
and educating himself in the great typographical and editorial school
of this country. There is scarcely a city of any imporfcince in the
Mi.ssissippi Valley, where he did not engage in the hibor of his chosen
profession; confines his practice, however, exclusively to the details
of job-printing, in which he attained an enviable reputation for skill.
His career in newspaper management i)roper commenced in the
spring of 1<S7(;, when he located at Bemcnt, Piatt County, 111., and
took a controlling interest in the \V^\\\(n\t In'lejyeu'lent, a weekly i)ub-
lication. Finding Bement and its adjacent territory not likely to
yield the snpi)ort essential to the existence of a live paper, he sold
his interest in the Independent and removed to Danville, Vermillion
Co., 111., whore ho accepted a partnership in the Erie, one of the
six newspaper i)ul)lications, at that lime, in Danville. His next
venture was the editorial management of the Enterprise, ])rinted at

278 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES — CUMBERLAND COUNTY:

Lovinuftou. Moultrie Co., 111., w iiicli he assumed in the full of
1879, aud (ontiuued until the spring of 1881. At this time being
broken down in health, he withdrew, temporarily, from professional
work, and repaired to his mother's home near Russellville, Lawrence
Co., III. On April 15, 1881, he married Miss Elenora M. Gould,
an estimable aud highly respected lady of Palestine, Crawford
Co., 111., and in the following October, moved to Greenup, Cum-
berland County and established The Cumherland Times, a weekly
newspaper, devoted to the general good of the county, and, in a polit-
ical .sense, guarding the interests of the Republican clement of the
section. In the work of phunng his paper upon a firm aud lucrative
basis, Mr. Tobey unexpectedly encountered the most bitter and unre-
lenting opposition, not only from his competitors but from many
individuals, long residents of the county, who seemed to consider
him as an interloper, and stigmatised his journalistic enterprise as an
unnecessary factor in the business of the conmiunity, and its intro-
duction a matter of youthful, and therefore inexcusable presumption.
In addition to this he met with repeated assaults upon his private
character which, however, having no foundation in fact, recoiled upon
his assailants with redoubled force. The Cumherland Times, at tirst,
experienced a severe struggle for life, but by scru[)ulously observing
every principle of honor and good faith, and conducting its publica-
tion with a fearless regard for the genuine good of the community
it represents, irresp(!ctive of personal preju dices or party demands,
its owner has broken down and utterly destroyed its early opposi-
tion and won for himself and his paper the respect of the entire popu-
lation in and aliout Greenup. 2 he Times is one of the few coun-
try papers in southern Illinois which affords its owner a comforta-
ble and sure living, and, at the same time, maintains a high commer-
cial credit. It is not only the official organ of Cumberland County,
but may justly be placed among the leading journals of the Sixteenth
Congressional District.

NICIKJLAS F. TROXEL, farmer (post-otlice Grcenuii),was l)orn
in Morgan County, Iiid., October 1.5, l.SHl. His father, Daniel, and
mother, Elizabeth (Hnkman) Troxel, moved in an early day from
Virginia to Kentucky, thence to Tennessee, and thence to Indiana.
They were parents of ten childi-cn. Our subject came to Cumber-
land County, 111., with his parents in 1840, when he was nine years
old. Pearly in life he worked on a farm, and attended school, secur-
ing a good business education. He has always followed agricultural
pursuits, and now owns a finely improved farm of eighty acres near

GKEEM I' TOWNSlIir.

279

Groi'iiup. II.' has :i tine residence, suhstaiitiul out-buikliuirs, and a
goo 1 orcliai-d of choiee fruits. He lias been a meml)er of the I. O.
O. F.. and is now a member of the Masonic Frateruity; has been a
school director for several years. Mr. T.'s wife was Harriet M.
McQuiston. To them have been born four children, viz.: William
D., Charles E., Mirgaret E. (deceased), Mary (deceased).

THOMAS C TUTEWH.Ell was born October 13, 1818, in
Fairtield County, Ohio. His tather was a native of Rockin<rham
County, Va.; settled in Franklin County, Ohio, in 1801, and entered
there a tarm, on which he lived until his death. Our subject re-
mained at home workinir on the farm and assistiuir his tather in
maintaininij the large family of younger children until of age. On
July 2, l.s;i:), he married Esther B. Aleshire, after which he tarmed
for three j-ears, then came to Cumberland County, 111., by wagon, in
the sprin^^ of the year. Here he entered 320 acres of timber land
and prairie. He is a pioneer of the county and had to endure all the
inconveniences of the early settlers. He lived the first year in a log
cabin with a blanket for a door. He owned GOO acres of land, which
he put in fine cultivation, and built a residence and out-buildings.
He lost heavily by prairie fires and by wolves killing sheep, hogs,
and other small stock. He did his trading mostly in Terre Haute,
Ind.; having no wheat-flour, he had to go to a horse-mill, a distance
of ten miles, to get corn ground. He sold l,r)0;) pounds of pork in
an early day, at $1.25 p3r hundred, and bought salt at $8 per bar-
rel at ferre Haute. His entire life has been given to farming, in
which he has l>een very successful. He has divided a large property
among his ehildren, but still retains a large tarm; also owns a neat
cottiige residence in Greenup, where they reside. Mr. and Mrs. T.
have been nrarried nearly fifty years, and are parents of four chil-
dren, viz.: Jacob H., Lydia A., Julia A., and R'bacca J., all living,
and in prosperous circumstances. They are mcmbn-s of the Method-
ist Church. Mrs. T. is charitable and generous, and is ever a friend
to the poor and the afflicted.

D. C UNDERWOOD, druggist, Greenup, was l)orn in Knox
County, Oliio, November V.), 1812. His great-grandtather was from
S-otland, and settled in Pennsylvania. Jesse, his son, and grand-
father of our subje;'t, was born in that State, where he lived and en-
gaged in farming until he was fifty years old, when he went to Knox
County, Ohio. His wife was a Gsrm in laly named Julia Myers;
their oldest son, H3nry, and father of Mr. U., was born in Pennsylva-
nia, December 24, 180li. He married Eliza IluH'ort, of Pennsylvania,

280 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES CUMBERLAND COUNTY:

and when twonty-ciirl't years old he cunie to Ohio with his father's
family, where he still lives, and is seventy-seven years of age. Our sub-
ject remained at home until eighteen years old. He had but fair advaii-
tao'es for an education, but by home study and close application
acquired a very thorough education, and fitted himself for teaching.
When eighteen years old he enlisted in the ninety days' service — in"
the late war — in Company F, Third Ohio Infantry. At the expira-
tion of his time he re-enlisted in Company C, Thirt3'-Second Ohio
Volunteer Infantry, and served three years. lie first saw active
service in Western Virginia, and participated in the battles of Cheat
Mountain, Crab Orchard, AVinchester, Mooreland Heights, etc. At
the battle of Harper's Ferry he was taken prisoner, after being
twice wounded, was paroled and sent to Camp Douglas, Chicago, was
later exchanged, and was in Grant's army in the Mississippi Valley.
He was appointed Fii*st Sergeant, and at Vicksburg was Provost-
Marshal for two months. He won several promotions, and was
assiirned to many responsible positions requiring good judgment.
At the close of the war he returned to Ohio, gave some time to
study, and soon after came to Cumberland County, 111. Here he
taught school in various parts of the county for eleven years, until
1879, when he embarked in the drug business in Greenup, his pres-
ent occupation. He has a large stock and a good trade. On August
v3, 1867, he married Miss LydiaS. Gifiin, of Coshocton County, Ohio.
They are parents of five children, viz.: James, Henry W. H. (de-
ceased). Jolm C, Eliza M., and Stella J. He is an acceptable mem-
ber of the I. O. O. F.

SAMUEL WALDEN, fiirmer (post-office Hazel Dell), is a native
of Oldham County Ky., born July 18, 1821. When a boy he was
apprenticed to the tanners' trade, which he folloAved five years.
Owing to the father's poverty and large family he had meagre advan-
taires for an education, but by his own efforts, with little instruction,
he acquired sufficient knowdedge of the common branches to enable
him to properly transact business during his sid)se(|uent active life.
In 1H44 he went to Johnson County, Ind., bought and improved
cightyacresof land, for which he gave his notes, but met the payments.
In 18")8 he sold out and came to Cumberland County, III., and bought
120 of the 240 acres he now owns and lives on. He has a fine, large
residence, and other improvements in ke(!ping with it, and all
ac(iuired through his industry. On December li), 1850, he married
Cordelia E. Guyton, of Oldham County, Ky. They have six children
living, four of whom are married, and three residins: in the neighbor-

<4KEEM r TOWN8TIIP. ^^1

hood. lie was in the iMcxican war nine months, and diseharired tbrdis-
abilit V. In earlier days Mr. Walden was an old line Wlii<jr and Aboli-
tionist, buc later beeanie, and is now a Republiean. He is a strong
temperance worker and Prohibitionist. He is an elder in, and mem-
ber of the Christian Church, to which his ^vifc also belongs.

THORNTON A. AVARD, retired farmer (post-office Greenup).
was born November 25, 1816, in Virginia. When four years old he
went with his parents to Ross County, Ohio, where he was reared on
a farm. His education was obtained principally by working away
from homo doing chores for his board, and attending school; during
winter and summer he either worked on the home farm, or out by
the month, giving his earnings to his father. When seventeen
years old he went to work for an uncle, and remained with him a
few years. He then rented a farm, which he continued on eleven
years. In 1852 he came to Cumberland County and bought 120 of
the 840 acres he now owns and resides on, 160 acres of which are in
Jasper County. On June 27, 1848, he married Elizabeth E. Cro-
zier, of Chillicothc, Ohio. They are parents of eight children, viz.:
James, John, Allison, Lorenzo, Robert, Franklin, Eva A. and
Arminna E., (deceased). His sons are all successful business men,
or prosperous farmers, and in good financial circumstances. Eva A-
is highly educated, and an accomplished musician; lives in Centra-
lia, Mo., and is teaching music. She is unmarried. Mr. Ward
resides in a fine large brick house which cost $6,000. The brick used
were burned from clay on his own farm. The house has ten rooms,
with all the conveniences and* modern improvements. His large
property is the result of industry, economy and skillful manage-
ment, he having had no assistance from others. He is a strong tem-
perance man and worker, and occupies a high social standing in the
community.

JOHN WETHERHOLT, farmer (post-office Greenup), was born
in Essex County, N. J., September 12, 1828. When three years old
he went with his parents to Franklin County, (^hio, was raised
on a tarm, now in the city limits of Columbus, Ohio, until he was
fifteen years old, when he left home and learned the trade of brick
moulder, and made it his principal business for seventeen years.
In 1846 he enlisted in Company F, Second Ohio Regiment, and
served one year in the Mexican war. His first successful invest-
ment was during the late war of the Rebellion, when he bought 200
acres of timber land near Cincinnati, on credit, sold the timber off
at high prices, and with the proceeds soon after came to C'umbcr-

282 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES— CUMBERLAXl) COUNTl':

land County, 111., ant! invested them in land here. He now owns
ilHo acres of land, mostly in Cniliberland County, 49') of which are
in one farm, on which he resides, within one mile of Greenup.
His large accumulations are the result of good financiering, great
industry and strict economy. In politics he has always been a strong
Democrat, and held various positions within the gift of that party,
heino- the first Democratic supervisor elected from his toMuship.
In February, 18.")7, he was married to Miss Mary Petlers. They are
the i^irents of eleven children, all of whom are living, save one.
Mr. AV. is a generous, public spirited man, a liberal giver to chari-
table institutions, and much respected by his acquaintances and asso-
ciates.

WILLIAM C WILLSON was born in Hampshire County, Va.,
March 81, 1807, and is of English descent. His grandfather was one
of the English nobility. His father was born in London, and came
with his parents to the United States when he was eight years old.
He was a merchant, principally, but late in life came to Carroll
County, Ohio, and farmed, and there died. He was married
to Nancy Heritedgo. They have had nine children. Our subject, who
was the third child, remained at home until of age, when he went
to New York State, and there farmed and drove stage for ei^rhteen
month-. Then he returned to Ohio and drove stage for five years,
from Columbus, on the National road. In 1837 he came to Illinois
and entered 160 acres of land. He then returned to Ohio, remained
five years driving stage, then came again to Illinois, sold his land
for $300 and went back to Ohio. In 1842 he came to Cumberland
County and bought eighty acres of land, which he owned until 1860,
when he bought his present home residence in Greenup, where he
has since resided. He has always been a strong tcmi^erance man,
and an advocate of temperance principles. Mr. W- has always Ix^en
industrious, economical and saved his earnings. For the last num-
ber of years his business has been that of loaning money. He was
never married.

HENRY WINSLOAV, lumber and grain dealer, Greenup, was
born in Guilford County, N. C, January 24, 1826. All his ancestors
on the paternal side were from the same county, as far back as can
be traced. AVlien three yearsjold, he came with his parents to Indi-
ana; they settled in Rush County. His father cleared and put under
<'tdtivation the first farm of ei'ditv acres in that county. When our
subject was f(,urteen years old, his father died. With the help of a
brother, lie maintained the family, and paid off a large debt owed by

GREENUP TOWNSHIP. 283

his father at tho time of his death. After leavinir home, he learned
the carpenters' trade, and engajj^ed in contracting and buihling. He
was thus employed until September 4, 1852, when he married Mary
E. Brooks, of Rush County, Ind., and then went to farminir, leasing
for three years. He then went in debt for $3,300, for a farm and
threshing machine, but paid it up in full within six years. He gave
twenty-six years to farming in Indiana, both before and after mar-
riage, and, in 1872, came to Cumberland County, 111., with a saw-
mill, locating four miles north of Greenup, and went to cutting
walnut lumber. In 1873, during the general financial reverses,
owing to dishonest practic(\s of his partners in business, he failed;
but he paid every cent of his indebtedness, paying one debt of $G,.500
in cash. Since that event, he has been engaged in his present l)usi-
ne^s of buying grain, lumber, hoop-poles, staves, etc. Although he
has not regained a large property, yet such is his reputation for hon-
esty and fair dealing, that he has a good credit. He is a strict tem-
perance man, and a member of the Friends' Church. Mr. and Mrs.
W. have six children, viz.: Mary E., Jessie B., Sarah A., PIel)erM.,
John, and Anna J.; all deceased but Hebar and Anna J. The latter
is now away attending school and learning music.

WILLIAM WYLDE, real estate and insurance agent, Greenup,
was born December 31, 1840, in Leicestershire, England. His father,
Samuel, was a"farmer, emigrated to the United States in 1844, and
settled near Columbus, Ohio. He then worked for Sullivan, the
great Illinois farmer, until 18.52, then moved to Madison County,
Ohio. In 1858, he came to Cumberland County, 111., and bought a farm
near Toledo, where he died the following year. Onr subject received
a thorough education in early life, and graduated from the Indianap-
olis Commercial College in 18 )1>. In 18;>3, he attended a Normal
School, and fitted himself for te.iching. Th;ni, for three years, he
bought and sold cattle during summer, and taught school winter
seasons. Upon his return from Indianapolis, he married Laurinda
Vandyke, of Toledo, 111. They have had two children, viz.: Nettie
and Dais}' (now deceased.) In 18157, he engaged in farming, near
Greenup, for one year; then returned to Toledo, remaining there a
year; thence to Greenup, where he has resided ever since. He has
been engaged in teaching school, in civil engineering, and is now in
the real estate, loan and insurance business. He is a member of the
I. (). O. F.

284 BfOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES Cl'MBERLAND COUNTY :

CROOKED CREEK TOWNSHIP.

CHARLES J. ALLEN, farmer (post-office Greenup), was born
in Cumberland (then Coles) County, III., September '2^, 1<S36. His
early lite was spent in arduous farm labor, and until he was thirty
years old he supported his parents, brothers and sisters. In 1862,
he enlisted in Company B, Ninety-Seventh Illinois Infantry, and
served until the close of the late war, he participatini>' in the siege of
Vicksburg' and many hard-fought battles, winning an enviable repu-
tation as a soldier, and being several times promoted for heroic serv-
ices. At the close of the late war he engaged in his present vocation of
farming. He is now one of the " solid " men of the county, and his
high financial standing he has attained through his own exertions.
He was married to Rachel Whorton. October 3, 186."). To them have
been born nine children — Eva M., Miry S., Thomas W., Nanc}" J.,
Laura C., Charles L., Nora M., Minnie (deceased), and Grertie O.

SAMUP]L ALLENB AUGH, son of Peter and Mary E. (Houpt)
Allenbaugh, was born in Cheat River Valley, Maryland, March 2,
1807. His father dying when he was five years old he went to live
with an uncle; a few years later, while yet a boy, he started in life
for himself, first Avorkino- on a farm by the month, then learniu"-
the shoemaker's trade. He early saw the advantage of self-culture,
and, while working at his trade, saved sufficient means to pay tuition
and othei" expenses necessarily incurred in his efforts to obtain an
eilucation, and by close application and home study, with a few terms
at school, he accpiired a fair literary education, which qualified him
to teach school, and pursue a course of study in Theology. He was
ordained a minister in the United Brethren Church, but later united
with the Evangelical Lutheran ('hurch, and was pastor for three
years over a church in Madison County. Va., where his devout Chris-
tian life, and ability were instrumental in doing much good, and won
for him thc^ respect and esteem of all. . In 1849, he came to Cum-
berland County, HI., and settled where he now resides. He now
owns 251) acu'cs of land, and his farm is among the finest and best im-
proved in the county. This fine [)rop(n-ty is the result of industry, econ-
omy, and skillful management. His wife was Miss Ann M. Gossard.
of Franklin County, Penu., to whom he was married August 4, 1829.
To the influence of her Christian example, and frugal assistance, he
largely attril)utes his present social and financial standing. They

CROOKED CREEK TOWNSHir. 285

are the parents of thirteen ehihh-en, only six of whom are living,
viz.: John W., Victoria P. (noAV Mrs. Sedawiek, of Greenup), Will-
iam, Samuel S.. James M., and Francis M. Mr. and Mrs. Allenbaugh
are living- in their ripe old age to see the prosperity and usefidness of
their children.

SAMUEL F. ARNOLD (deceased), was born and reared in
Ohio. His principal business in life was farming, in which he was
always very successful. When of age he married Sarah Hocker, of
Pennsylvania. In 18()4, he came to Illinois and first settled in Crawford
County; farmed two years, then located in Cumberhmd County, 111.,
and soon after died. Since his death, Mrs. Arnold has managed the
farm, transacting all the business, with the assistance of her two
sons — her only surviving children — Harvey A., and Francis C. In
life Mr. A. was a member of the German Baptist Church, and contribu-
ted largely to the building up and maintaining of all religious insti-
tutions, and was a strong su})porter of the i)ublic schools. His well-
improved farm, large fine residence, and other improvements, are the
result of his own industry and skillful management. Mrs. A. is a
member of the German Baptist Church, and is highly respected for
her many amiable qualities.

MARTIN BARKLEY, farmer, was born in Decatur County, Ind.,
March 28, 1840, came to Cumberland County, III., Avhen young,
with his parents, was raised on a farm, and had but poor advan-
tages for an education. He, however, improved his opportunities,
and acquired a good business education. At the age of twenty-one
years he enlisted in Company E, One Hundred and Twenty-Third
Illinois Volunteer Infantry, and served until the close of the war.
He never missed a battle in which the regiment participated, or a
day's service, from sickness or other cause. Pie was always at his
post of duty. At the close of the war he leased land for several
years, but by saving and economizing has made himself the owner of
a farm of 100 acres of well improved land, with a good house, bam
and out-buildings, and an orchard of select fruit. Mr. B. never
was married. He early espoused the cause of equal rights to all
men, and united with the Republican party at its organization. The
family are all Democrats.

EDWARD BAUMGARDNER, retired farmer, Hazel Dell, was

iborn October 2, 1814, in Lawrence County, Ohio. His ancestors

were all natives of Virginia — served in the Revolutionary war — and

were pensioned by special act of congress for meritorious service.

When our subject was sixteen yeai-s old he came with his parents to

286 BIOGRAPHICAL SIvETCHES CUMBERLAND COUNTY:

Shelbv County, Iiid-' :iiul there eno-aged in farming. He made sev-
eral trips into Missouri and Louisiana with cattle. lie was the old-
est child in a large family, and his father being in straitened circum-
stances, he remained at home assisting in the management of affairs
until he was twenty-two years of age. In 1836 he contracted for
buildino'a portion of the Cincinnati & Indianapolis Railroad, and drove
the first spike in its construction. He then successively bought and
improved several farms in Indiana, until 1853, when he came to Cum-
berland County, m., and bought a part of his present farm, then unim-
proved. He has now 375 acres of land, good farm residence, a large
barn and out-buildings, and an orchard of choice fruit. He also
owns a fine new residence in Hazel Dell, where he is now living a
retired life. Politically, Mr. B. is a strong Democrat and a party
leader, and was elected Sherifi" one term, discharging the duties of
the office with credit. He is a man of strong convictions and fixed
principles, and highly respected by his neighbors.

PETER BURNETT, farmer, is a nativ^e of Durhamshire, Eng-
land, born February 14, 1841. In the same year his parents, Thomas
and Isabella ("Watson) Burnett, emigrated to America, settled in Jef-
ferson County, Ohio, where they remained twelve years, and then
located in Cumberland County, 111. The early life of our subject was
spent in farm work and attending country schools, thus laying the
foundation for a life of usefulness. He enlisted in the late war of the
Rebellion, at the age of twenty years, in Company F, Fifty-Ninth Illi-
nois Volunteer Infantry and served thirty-six months, participating in
the foUowinsr severe battles and skirmishes, viz.: Pea Ridge, Perrv-
ville, Nolansville, Stone River, Lookout Mountain, Missionar}^ Ridge,
Buzzard's Roost, in Sherman's campaign in Georgia, in the summer of
1864, and Liberty Gap. He was complimented for bravery at Pea
Ridge, Ark., by Col. Jeff C. Davis. At the close of the war he went to
Kansas, but soon returned to Cumberland County, bought and im-
proved a farm of 140 acres, and built a fine residence valued at $2,000.
His life has been mainly devoted to farming, in Avhich he has been
(uninently successful. He has always been a generous supporter of
charitable and educational measures. In agricultural, intellectual and
religious matters, his actions have always been characterized by
energy and integrity. On August 28, 1866, he was married to Miss
Jane Trees, f)f Hazel Dell. They have had four children born to them,
viz.: Celia, William, Anna (deceased), and an infant.

CRAVEN COPELAND, farmer, was born in Virginia, Decem-
ber 13, 1824. Wiiile (juite young, his parents removed to Indiana,.

CROOKED CREEK TOWNSHIP. 287

and while residing there, he attended sehool for eleven years. When
of age he commenced life for himself. He engaged in farming in
Indiana, where he remained nntil IS")«;, when he came to Cumberland
County and bought a part of the farm when^ he now lives. He now
owns a farm of 810 acres of well improved prairie land, which is
entirely the result of his own tinanciering and industry. He is also
heir to sixty-seven acres of land in Indiana, valued at $100 per acre. On
April 7, 1847, he married Fanny Kibble, of Brown County, Ind. She
died June 21, 1873, leaving a family of nine children, all of whom,

-through the influence of h(>rpure, consistent Christian life and teach-
ings, have united with the Christian Church.

WILLIAM H. DkBORD, farmer, was born in Decatur County,
Ind., October 1, 1834. His ancestors were all from Viririnia. His
great-grandfiither came to America with La Fa\-ette, and served under
him as a Colonel in the Kevolutionay war. Our subject came with his
parents to Jasper County, 111., in 18,52, and assisted in the imjirove-
mentof a new farm of 240 acres. He remained principally at home

^until of age. He was afforded fair advantaoes for an education,
and by close application to study, and by improving his opportunities,
he prepared himself for teaching, and for ably conducting the respon-
sible positions he occupied in aftcsr life. When he commenced life for
himself, he first tauirht school one year, then eno-ao-ed in mercantile
l)iLsiness for two years. At the death of his father in August, 1858,
he returned home and supported the family. On August G, 1861, he
unlisted as private in Company H, Thirty-Eighth Illinois Infantry,
served three years and twenty-seven days in the war, and participated
in the ])attles of Pcrrvville, Stone River, Chickamauija, and other
severe engagements, having been twice wounded. He was success-
ively promoted to Corporal, Sergeant and Lieutenant, and was chosen
one of the " Legion of Honor," a select company organized for special,
hazardous service. While in command of Company G, at Chicka-
mauga, he was taken prisoner, and endured the liardships of Scott's,
Libby and Danville prisons. He made several attempts to escape,
•one of which was successful, but after many adventures and much suf-
fering, was re-taken, thrown into Ji dungeon, and there confined until
he was exchanged, when he returned to his reirimeut. After the
close of tiie war, he cam(> to Hazel Dell, and eniraged in nuM-cantile
biLsiness with M. Sanford, then moved on his fine farm in Crooked
Creek Townshii), and has since followed farmiuir and stock-raisinof.
Bemg a strong advocate of Republican principles, he was elected from

-a Democratic district to the Thirty-Third General Assembly, where

28^ HKKJi; U'llKAL SKETCHES — CUMBEKLAM) COUXTi':

by his vote he gjivo the organization ofthe House to the Republieans.
He was appointed on several committees, among which were Militia,
Drainage, Fish and Game, and the more important Committee on
Executive; I)c})artment, of which lie was a leading member. A>s a
legislator he was punctual, ciuick-sighted, and eti'ective, for which he
was comi)limented by Gov. Hamilton and United States Senator Cul-
lom. To his ellbrts is greatly due the present Compulsory Education
and Higii-license Li(pior hiAvs. He has always been })iiblic-si)irited,
and a generous supporter of all matters pertaining to the general
good. On June 4, ISG.'), he married Miss Eliza Sanford, of Hiizel Dell.
She died Mav 1>, 1878, leaving: two children. Marv and Nellie. He
was next married, October 2(i, 1882, to Miss Elizalx-th Yelton. To
them have been born one child, Thomas.

ALBERT G. DORSET, a young and prosperous farmei-, came
to Cumberland County, 111., from Ohio, in 18(>(i. A year later he
bought the fann on which he now lives. It was then unimproved, but
hard and constant labor and good management have placed it nearly
all under good cultivation. He has built a comfortable residence, a
fine ])arn, and added other conveniences and improvements. When
seventeen years old he enlisted in Company D, Twelfth Ohio Cav-
alry, as a [irivate, but for ellective service was promoted from the
ranks. He w^mained in the service two years, or until discharired for
disability received during a charge. On December 2G, r869, he mar-
ried Mary E. Cole, of (]um])erland Coimtv, formcrlv from Ohio.
Having no family of their own, they have ado[)ted an infant to raise.

JONATHAX S. FINNEY, farmer, born in Butler County, Ohio,
Februar}^ 2(>, 1819, conunenced life on his own account at ten years
of age, l)y working on a farm, \vhere he remained two years, then
worked as a day laborer until he was twenty-three years of age, when
he married Rachel E. White, of Union Comity, Ind., and the same
year came to Cumberland County, 111., settled, and farmed on the
site where the town of Hazel Dell now stands. II(! has owned and
worked several tarnis in various parts of Crooked Creek Township^
but in I'Si;,") moved on the farm where he now resides. In 18<)2 he
enlisted in Com[)any F, Fifty-Ninth Illinois Volunteer Infautiy, as
private, but won the promotions of Corporal and Sergeant. ]Mr. Fin-
ney has held various public offices, among which were S<'hool Direc-
tor, Sui)ervisor and Justice of the Peace. He has been a member of
the Missionary Baj)tist Church for thirty years. His wife is also a
member. In early days he was a strong anti-slavery man, and is
now a Prohihitiouist and temperance worker. To Mi", and Mi"s. F-

C'KOOKFJ) CKKKK TOWNSHIl'. 2^9

have hvoii born ei,<»lit cliildicn, viz.: -losiah (dcrcascil j, Alexander,
Mary E., Frances J., Milton 1)., Snsan E., Anna and Emily.

JOHN FKEELAXI), farmer, was born in Hardin Covmty, Ohio,
Ai)ril IS. 1S42. lleeame with his parents to Crawford County. III., and
remained on his father's farm until tifteen years of age, when he h>ft
home and ;issi.sted in driving cattle through to Kansas. Pleased with
the West, he remained there ten yejirs, employed in teaming, herding
cattle, and for some time was in charge of a large wagon-train on the
plains, lie endured many hardslii^js in his frontier life, among which
were .several sanguine coutests with the Indians. In 1<S()7 he returned
on a visit to Crawford County, 111., when he renewed a former acquain-
tance with Mary 13. .lenuine, to whom he was married November 17,
1868. They are the [)arents of live children, viz.: Kate, Ora, Etta,
Blanche and Frankie. After his marriage he moved to Cuml)erland
(,'ounty. 111., and gave his attention to farming, tirst renting then
l>uying th(! splendid farm of 1()0 acres he now owns. He is a man of
nmch physical as well as mental power; social, free-hearted andener-
iretic; has manv friends, and is eminently successful in all his under-
takings.

HENRY X. P. FRITTS (deceased), of German descent, was
born in New Jersey, July (5, 1S24, and remained at home working
on the farm and attending .school until of age, when he went to Cler-
mont County, Ohio, and there married Hannah Kellogg. After
his marriage he engaged in farming, tirst renting, then buying a
farm which he cultiv^ated until IS,"),"), when he sold out and came to
Cumberland County, 111., and l)ought 108 acres of new i)rairie
land. He improved this, then sold out and bought 2(iU acres. This
he improved, i)laced in a high state of cultivation, and built a
large, tine residence. He again sold out and bought 180 acres, the
present homestead. He built a s[)l(Miditl residence, and otherwise
improved his farm; gave his attention to raising tine l)reeds of
horses and cattle. His large estate was the result of energy and
economy. He was a strong, active temperance man, a consistent
member of the Christian Church, charitable and benevolent, and
esteemed l)y all who knew liini. He i)asseil away leaving a Avidow
and (iight children.

TIMOTHY KELLY, farmer, was born in County Carey, Ire-
land, March 1;'), 1880, where his early life was spent in farming.
In 1S52 he emigrated to the United States, landing in New^ Orleans,
IjA. There were thirty-two deaths from cholera on board the vessel
in which he came, and owing to isevere storms and quarantine, he

2H(> BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES — CUMBERLAND COUNTY:

was over two months en route. He was first employed in railroad
constrnction work, in Louisiana, but, unable to collect his wages,
he returned to New Orleans and loaded ships. In March, 1851, he
went to L)a^'ton. Ohio, and there worked on the railroad one vear,
then went to Decatur County, Ind., and hired out at farminofor $180
per year. He worked eighteen months, saved all his earnings and
then went to Putnam Comity, 111., remained six montlis and then
returned to Decatur County, Ind. He came to Cumberland County
in about 18G2. Mr. Kelly has been married twice, his first wife
beinof Marv Griffith, his second, Nancy Lawson, both of Decatur
County, Ind., the first wife being deceased. He is the father of nine
children, all living but two. He now owns 220 acres of land, well
improved, one half mile from Hazel Dell. He also deals largely in
stock.

JOHN A. KELLY, tarmer, was born November 28, 1842. in
Decatur County, Ind. He came with his parents in an early day to
Cumberland Countv, 111. He was given poor advantages for educa-
tion, but when a young man, and even after returning from the war,
he attended school one year, thus securing a gOod l)usiness education.
When nineteen years old he enlisted in Company F, Fifty-Ninth Illi-
nois Volunteer Infantry, being oftered several promotions, but always
declining. He participated in eighteen general l)attles, and was
wounded in the battle of Stone lliver. On April 27. 1865, he mar-
ried Marv B. McCash, of Cumberland Countv. Thev have fourchil-
dren,viz.: Charlie, Clark M., Milton D., Nettie I. They have also
raised one child, Sarah M. Harris. At the close of the war he
eng-ao-cd in farmins" until 1870, when he run a o-rist-mill for two
years, in Ha/el Dell, then returned to farming, which he has since
followed. His deceased father left him a good farm, ])ut he has since
improved and added to until he now owns 430 acres of land. His
system of farming is based upon scientific principles, and he has all
the latest improved farm implements. His land is divided into
farms, each having all necessary improvements, a good house, out-
buildings, etc. In i)olitics he is a Re})ul)lican, also a member of the
G. A. R. He and his wife are both members of the Christian
Church. His high social standing in the community is the result of
his kind and generons disposition, strict integrity and sterling worth.

MICHAEL KKLLY, of the Hrm of Mitchell & Kelly, mer-
chants and general stock, Hazel Dell, is a native of County Carey,
Ireland, where he was reared and educated. In October, 1849, he
emigrated to the United States on the '-Judy Tower." having been

CKOOKKD CHEEK TOWNSHIP. 291

forty-threo days on the wator, and lancUnl at New Orleans, La. He
was first employed two years on railroad eonstruction work, in Ala-
bama, then went to Indiana and worked on farms by the month, in
Rush and Deeatur Counties, for about five years. He then, on De-
cember 31, IS.")!), married Xancy J. MePherson, of Deeatur County.
A year after his marriage he rented his mother-in-law's farm of forty
acres, which he conducted nntil 1861, Avhen became to Cumberland
County, III., and bouoht and opened eighty acres. He now owns a
farm of 200 acres, all fine i)rairie land, one-half mile from Hazel
Dell; he has a large l)arn. three acres of orchard and a j^l.OOO house.
His farm is mostly hedged. In ISSl he bought five acres of land in
Hazel Dell, and built a fine, spacious residence, at a cost of $2,000,
and moved into town. Two years prior to this, he, with his son-in-
law, Mitchell, built a store, their present business location, a
buildino- l<Sx().") feet. Thev carry a stock of $8,000, and do a flour-
ishing business. Mr. Mitchell, his partner, is Postmaster. Mr.
Kelly is out of debt, and worth about $2"),000. He is a Catholic in*
religion, and contrilnited largely to the building of a Catholic Chureh
in Irelauil. He has always been public spirite<l and charitable. Mr.
Kelly landed in the United States wath only an English shilling in
money, in his pocket, no friends, or even acquaintances. He has had
no financial assistance from any one, and accunnilated his present
wealth by his own skillful mauagcnicntand his industry and economy.
To Mr. and Mrs. Kelly have been born eight children, viz.: John,
Lizzie (now Mrs. G. M. ^Mitchell, business partner of Mr. Kelly):
Mary, William, Frank (deceased), Eddie (deceased), Maggie
(deceased), Olive (deceased). John andj William now manage the
tarm and live at home.

JAMES :McBKI1)E was born in Lancaster (Jounty, Penu.,
December 17,1824. His father, James, Sr.. was of Scotch-Irish
descent, and came to the United States when a boy. When our sub-
ject was but ten years old he was hired out to a tanner, by his fathei-,
who took his earnings. Upon the death of his tather, Mr. Me.
returned home and assumed the support of the family and managc^-
ment of his father's business, until he was twenty-eight years of
ai!('. On Septeinlx-r 12, ls.')0, he married Elizabeth Zimmerman,
who has borne her husband nine children, viz.: John (deceased),
William I., James IL, Barbara A., Samuel V., Andrew R., Samh
J., Enuna E., and Mary E. In 1853, with a few d(.llai-s earned as a
day laborer, he came; to Cumberland County. 111., and l)ought 110
acres of new i)rairie laiul, going for the most part in debt for it.

292 UKxjiiAriiKM, sKKT(-iii:s — (r.Mi{Ki;i,AM) corxTY:

He now lia> 141 acres of land. 11(1 of which arc riiuhi'i-. His tarni is
well iinpi-ovcd, with a uood, substantial cottaiic residence, witii a
fine barn, a peach and tln-ee acres ot'apph- orchard, cntiicly iiis own
«'iirnin<is. lie was one of the first to raise wiieat when it was thonirlit
the prairie soil would not produce it. and durinir one year raised
thirty bushels to the acre. He has also obtained fifty bushels of
timothy seed from nine acres — the best yiidd ever known in the
township. He lias always been a stroni;- su])])orter of religious and
educational institutions. He is a deacon in the Dunkard Bret hern
Church; his wife is also a member of that demmiination. He is a.
Republican in politics, and was ahvays opi)osed to slavery.

ANDKEW ,}. McCXSH is a native of Hamilton County, Ohio,
was born Xovember ;>(). IS4/}, and came in an early day to Cuml)er-
laud County, 111. He served in the late war in Company B, Second
Illinois Artilkny for three years and eleven months, being twice pro-
moted for meritorious conduct. Savin_<>all his earnings, at the close
■of the war he bouirht forty acres of land, has since added to it, and
now owns a iiood farm with nnmy valuable improvements. On
April o(K lS(i8, he married Miss Frances J. Finney, of Hazel Dell.
To them have been Ixmi these children, viz.: Leota. Mylon O.,
Estella (deceased), Donald F., Eleanor, and Saniucd J. Mr. McCash
has always taken a deep interest in reli<>ious matters, havin<>- been
ior thi-(H- years a minister of the Christian Church, and now havin<>-
charge of four congregations. He"is able and consistent in his teach-
ings and conduct, and is a jjower for good in the conmiunity in
Avhich he lives. By his many friends and ac(|naintances he is much
respected.

ADAM KADEK (deceased) was born January s. 1)S2{J; came
to Cumberland County, 111., in iS.M.and engaged in farming, but, in
1874, retired, moved to Hazel Dcdl, and lived mostly a quiet life up
to the time of his death, which occurred May o, l.SS;]. He left a well-
cultivat(Hl and imi)rov(Ml farm, and a large estate, valued at |1S,()0().
all of whi<di was acipiired by indefatigable labor and rigid econcmiy.
He was a member of the Christian Church, and contributed liberally to
its sup[)()il, and wascharitableand public spirited. February 19, 1 .So2,
he married Nancy Sarter, of Cumberland County, who still survives,
living in Hazel Dell, with no family, and uses lil)erally licr ami)le
means in contributing to ail charitable and benevolent movements.
She is a consistent member of the Christian Church. Mr. Uader was
a meml)er in good standing of the Masonic Fraternity, and on May (j,
18S3, Hazel Dell Lodge, \o. :,sO. A. F. cSi A. M., passed resolutions

CROOKKI) CKKKK r()\VNSHIP. 2Mo

of rc!<p('('t tor the nuMiioi'v ol" the (Icccascd, ami of sympat liy tor tho
bereaved widow.

MARTIN ,]. RUFFNEK, fanner, was horn in Fairfield (onntv,
Ohio. November 27, 1.S42, and is of German deseent. His irreat-
iifrandfatlier was a very early settler of Fairfield County. Ohio, and
was there killed by the Indians during the Indian troubles of 1.S12.
His father, Walter N., was born in Fairfield County. Ohio. Auaust :^,
1810, and during his growth to numhood endured all the hardshii)s
of pioneer life. He lived in various parts of Ohio, and married Alvira
Kelley. on April 24, 188(j, in Fairfield C'ounty. They had seven chil-
dren, five of Avhoni are living. In 1848, he eame to Cumberland
County. 111., and bought (!()() acres of land, where he now resides.
He still owns ISO acres, after niviui'- to each of his children sixtv-six
acres. Our subject was reared a farmer, which has always be(Mi
his business in life, ^^'hen of age, he enlisted in Company B, One
Hundred and Twenty-Third Illinois Volunteer Infantry, and was
with his regiment in all the battles in which it was engaged. He
was married, in 18l)0, to Lutecia Fox, of (bles County. She died in
18»)(>. His second marriage was to Helen V. Waters, of Cumberland
(/ounty. They have had six children, viz.: Charles X. (deceased),
Hugh K., Hiram B., Maggie M., Maud N., and Effic A. Mr. R. now
owns a farm of 14G acres, eighty of which he purchased after liis
return from the army, with money he had saved from his pay Avhile
in the service. He has his farm under a high state of cultivation,
with all the necessary improvements. Mr. K. and wife are both
members of the Methodist Church, and contributed liberally in
money towards erecting the church edifice on their farm, besides
donating the land which it occupies. Mr. R. is an active temperance
man, and a faithful laborer for the cause. At one time he was Wor-
thy Chief and Past Grand Master of the Good Temi)lars.

DAVID II. SAXFORD, merchant, was born March 2, 1838, in
Decatur County, Ind. His father, Joseph, and mother, Levinah
(Barlow), were both natives of New York, the father being a farmer
and stock dealer. Our subject was given a fair literary and good
business education, and remained at home until of age, when he came
to Crooked Creek Township, ( 'umberlaiul County, 111., and began
the improvement of 120 acres of new prairie land. He first erected
a small frame house, but he has since built a good residence and
otherwise improved the tarm. He is now a grain dealer, and has
dealt largely in stock. On May 2, l.S(31, he nuirried Hulda Bark ley,
of Decatur Countv, Ind. Thev have had one child, Joseph E., a verv

294 BIOGIIAPHICAL SKETCHES — CUMBERLAND COUNTY:

intelligent younij gentleman, noAv telegraph operator and station
agent "for the D.^ O. & O. R. R. R., at Hazel Dell. Mrs. 8. died April
9, 1M69. His next marriage was October 2. 1871, to Frances B.
Bamnganlner, of Crooked Creek Townshi]). To them have been born
fonr children, viz.: Winnie, ]Maud, Lulu (deceased), and Frank II.
On December 1(3, 18G9, Mr. S. moved to Hazel Dell, and engaged in
the mercantile business, carrying a general stock, valued at $8,000,
and is express agent. The combination of telegraph office, express
office, with his large trade, gives to his place of business an air of
life and thrift seldom seen in larger mercantile houses. He is now
Treasurer of the Masonic Order. He is an active, working Republi-
can leader in politics, and a strong Prohibitionist; has been Justice
of the Peace and held various townshij) offices, and was an organizer
in the Grange movement; is a member of the Methodist Church.

GEORGE A\'. 8ARTER, farmer and stock-dealer, was born
October 1, 1824, in Knox County, Ind., and was reared on a farm
and given a tair education. At twenty-one years of age he left home
iind rented a farm, but two years later, upon the death of his father,
and he being the oldest child, he returned home and managed his
father's business, and sui)ported the family. In 1852, he moved to
Crooked Creek Towiiship, Cumberland County, 111., and settled on a
farm of l(jO acres, and now owns 253 acres, forty of which are tim-
ber, all the result of his oAvn lalK)r and economy. In March, 1853,
he married Xamy J. Rader, of Cumberland County. She died June
19, 1855, leaving two children, viz.: Clara B. and an infant (deceased).
For his second wife, on March 12, 1857. he married Sarah A. Reeds.
She died August 29, 1881. To them were born tAvelve children, six
of whom are deceased. ]\Ir. S. resides in Hazel Dell, in a fine house,
with tastefully decorated j^ard and seventeen acres of land. He is
actively engaged, with F. M. Masey, of Jasper County, in grain, and
stock dealing. He has always been ])ublic spirited and generous,
and during the war contributed hirgcly to the general fund for the
maintenance of widows and orphans. Though an active business
man, he never had a lawsuit.

JONATHAN J. SMITH, farmer, was born November 1, 1837,
in Licking County, Ohio. In early life he worked on his father's
farm, and was given a good education. When of age he left home,
worked out by the month until he was twenty-four years old. when
he married Harriet Sjjri ng, of Licking County, Ohio. They have
but one child— Charles II., now a promising young man, attending
school at Carbondale, 111. After his marriage, he engaged in teach-

CKOOKKI) CUEKK TOWNSIUl*. 2H")

ing school in which he contiiuiod for three yeai-s, in Ohio; then went
to Tennessee two years, where he farmed and tauglit school; then
retnrned to Ohio, where lie remained one year, coming then to
Cumbcrhmd County, 111., and locating on the t;irm where he now
resides. Since coming to Illinois, both he and his wife have taught
school in the neighborhood for many years — he farming in the sum-
mer, and teaching school in the winter seasons. lie owns a fine farm,
which is well improved. He is public spirited, a liberal giver to all
charitable and benevok'nt institutions, and is highly esteemed by the
community in which he resides.

SOLOMON SMITH, farmer, came with his parents, when thir-
teen yeai-s old, from Ohio to Clark County, 111., in 1840, where the
family remained five years, and then settled in Cumberland County,
111. His early life was spent in hard routine farm labor until of age,
when he enlisted in the One Hundred and Twenty-Third Illinois
Volunteer Infantry, and was Avith his regiment in all its battles.
He was esteemed by officers and comrades for his courage and dar-
ing, being frequently detailed to perform special, responsible duty,
which required great risk and good judgment. At the close of the
war he returned home and gave his attention to farming, in which
he has been very successful. He first rented for six yeai-s, but now
owns 150 acres of finely improved land, and a beautiful residence,
the result of his own energy and financiering. Mr. Smith is social
and generous, and in consequence has many friends, an<l commands
the respect of all who know him. On January 12, 1871, he married
Miss Eliza Carson. They arc the parents of two bright, promising
little girls — Bertha and Ethel.

JONATHAN O. SPOHN, farmer, was born in Perry County,
Ohio, May 16, 1827. In 1840 his father came to Cumberland County
an 1 entered 160 acres of land. Our subject, the oldest of nine chil-
dren, was the main dependence of his father in the toils and hard-
ships incident to pioneer life, and when eighteen years of age, upon
his father becoming blpid, the burden of supporting the fiunily, car-
ing for an afflicted parent, and the management of the farm devolved
upon him, which duties he faithfully performed until the death of
his father, and consequent separation of the family. He served three
years in the late war of the Rebellion, was twice wounded, and twice
promoted for valiant service. On September 11, 18;")l,he was mar-
ried to Catharine [Shivler, of Ohio. To them have been born six
children, viz.: Franklin, Bianca (now Mrs. George Bartee), Samuel
(deceased), Amanda (deceased), Alcina (deceased), and an infant
(deceased).

29() HIOftRAPHICAL SKETCHES — CUMBERLAXD COUNTY:

CAIT. JAMES W. ri{A\'IS. fanner, was born in Decatur
County, Intl.. Januarv i'2. IMl. He came with his parents to Cum-
l)erhind County. 111., where he was reared on a farm. In 1861, he
enlisted m Company H, Thirty-Eighth Illinois Infantry, and served
in the war four years and eiofht months. At the battle of Liberty
Gap, Tenn., after many inetleetual attempts had been made, and sev-
eral lives lost, in tryinij to supply an eui^aii-ed regiment with ammu-
nition, he with one comrade successfully carried it throusfh an open
field, under a oalling fire directed at them, and distributed it among
the soldiers; thus saving the day. He was a inember of the " Legion
of Honor," and elected bv his company to the successive ranks of
Sergeant, Lieutenant and Captain. As an officer, soldier and com-
panion, he was lirave, intrepid, social, and was highly esteemed by
both officers and men. and still enjoys the confidence and respect of
his few surviving comrades, who are now his neighbors and associates.
After the war he engaged in farming, which business he is still fol-
lowing. He has a fine farm of 120 acres of prairie land, and a large,
fine residence. His possessions are entirely the result of his own
industry and good management. On April 26, 1866, he married
Miss Frances A. Rue, of Jasper County. They have five children,
viz.: Albert A., William C, James C, Bertha M. and an infant.

JOHN WADE was born May 2, 1827. His first independent
undertaking in life was at eighteen years of age, when he attended
eiofht acres of land for one year. Then he bouirht on credit sixtv of
the 200 aci'es of land he now owns, and resides on. This well tilled
farm, his fine residence, and the many improvements, have all been
accumuhited from active, arduous labor, and the frugal, judicious use
of money. Mr. W. has acquired a fair literary education, entirely by
home study. He devoted several years to the study of Theology,
and was ordained a minister in the Christian Church, in which call-
ing he has been actively engaged up to a year since, when he retired
owing to illness in his family. Such have been the benefits of his
teaching and example, that their infiuence for good will live after
him. On May 20, 1847, he married Martha Featheringill, of Cumber-
land County. They are parents of ten children, only five of whom
are living, viz.: John II., Levina (now Mrs. D(>Vall ). Delitta II.,
Mary PI, amlHattie.

SAMUEL WELKEli. farmer, was born in Stark C^ounty, Ohio,
Miv 14, l.s;},'). When nine years old he came with his parents to
Cum))erland County, 111., in 1844. His father opened a farm of 160
acres. At the time of his settlement there were no neiirhbors within

CROOK Ko ckkp:k townsuii'. 297

two miles, and our siibjoct walked four luiles to school for throe win-
tei*s. Church services wore held a1 rc'sidences; assisted in huildino-
the first church erected in the townshij), at Plazel Dell, in l.S()2. The
Hi-st school he attended in the county was in a rude lo_£>-structure
Avithout a nail in it. with orcjised ])aper for windows and slabs for
scats. With these nieaiire advanta<>-es and home study, and close
ai)[)licatiou. he a^iuinul a i>-()od business education, as well as ((uali-
tyiughimself as a teacher. lie taught .school when eiirhteen years
old, one term; then farmed until he was of age, when he went to
carpentering which he followed for twelve years. He had no such
oonveniinices for fine work as are now possessed by the trade; used
wooden pins in lieu of nails; went forty-five miles for building mate-
rial, tools, etc. In domestic needs they also endured the hardshii)s and
privations incident to i)ionecr life— having wheat bread but once a
year, and until horse-mills were introduced, had to grate corn for meal
to make the hiwul lie first broke prairie with five yoke of oxen and
a wood plow faced with steel. His tath(!r introduced the first steel
l)low in the township, and owned the first saw-mill. In 1«()1, our
.subject ga\'e his attention to farming, located on and improved the
farm on which he now resides. He was an early Abolitionist and
Old-line Whig, and now a Republican in politics. He is now Tax-
Collector, and has been School Trustee and Overseer f)f the Poor; is au
anh'nt temixsrance worker, and a member of the Christian Church.
On Janu.iry 1. l,s<n, he married Matilda DeVall. To them have
been born three chihlren. viz.: Mary (deceased), Willie (decejised),
and Emma, now seventeen years old, well educated and highly accom-
plished in music. They are also raising a bright little girl— Rose
Hosier.

WILLIAM WLLKER was born in Stark County, Ohio, Mjiy
10. 1840. He came with his parents to (^unberland C^ounty, 111., in
1«44; secured a good business education by (lose a[)plication in home
study. He lived on a farm until he was sixteen yeai-s of age, when
he conuneiiced life for himself. He first worked two years as a day
laborer; then learned the carpenters' trade with his brother Samuel
(whose sketch is elsewhere given), and followed that trade for sev-
eral years, until isdi. when he went to McLean County, 111., but
returned the same year, and enlisted in Company F, Fifty-Ninth Illi-
nois Volunteer Infantry. For valiant conduct at Pea Ridge, Ark.,
he won pi-omotion to First Sergeant, at which battle he was wounded.
He participated in the battles of Stone River. Liberty Gap, Perry-
vdh', Pea Ridge, Chickamauga, and many others. He wasa member

298

BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES — Cl'MBEKLAND COUNTi'

of and with the brigade that fought '' above the clouds " at Look-
out Mountain. He was mustered out December 8, 1865; returned
to Cumberhind County, 111., and bought his present farm of eighty
:icres, which is well improved, with a good house, a fine orchard, etc-r
his accumulations by personal etlbrt. On April -s, 1868, he married
Annie Yates, of Crooked Creek Township, a very intelligent and
amiable young lady. Three children, Leslie L., Zadie (deceased), and
Laura E., have been born to them. Mr. and Mi's. ^Y . are members
of the Universalist Church, are generous and charitable, and held in
high esteem by their neighbors and associates.

EGBERT YELTON, farmer, was born in Covington, Ky.,
March 28, 1827. He began life for himself at the age of twenty-one
years, and on March 21, 1850, was married to Jeannette Jerhard, of
Shelby County, Ind. She has borne her husband eight children, viz.:
Elias (deceased), Maliala, Jeannette, Jacob (deceased), Alexander
(deceased), Susan (now Mrs. Toney), John (dece:ised), Hannah
(now Mrs. Stevens). In 1S51, they moved to Jasper County, 111.,
where he engaged in farming for thirteen years, when they came to
Cumberland County, and bought the farm where they now reside.
His entire property— his farm of 220 acres of productive prairie
land: his brick residence, and the many surroimding improvements-
have been accumulated and built up by a life of indefatigable energy
and frugality, both of himself and w^ife. In all his business relations,
active and industrious, yet honorable, he has won the esteem of all
who know him.

i^C^-_5^

COTTONWOOD TOWNSHIP. 299

COTTONWOOD TOWNSHIP.

DAVID BEAL8, thrmcr, Avas born October (>, 184(i, in Cum-
berland County, 111. He enlisted August 1, 18(52, in One Hundred
in and Twenty-Third Illinois Volunteer Infantry. He took j)art
the battle of l*eny\ille, and received a shot which took oil' the first
joint of the great finger of the left hand. He contin-
ued with his command notwithstanding his Avound. He was
under Gen. Buell, and conseciuently traversed the entire Sta,tc of Ken
tucky. From Perryville they went to ISIunfordville, thence to
Glasco, thence to Castalian S})rings, Tenn. The regiment proved
itself very serviceable at all these i)oints. At the latter place, on
Christmas day, 1862, the regiment took the noted "rabbit hunt."
The regiment would surround forty acres and then close in, some-
times encircling several hundred of the little animals. They
returned in the evening with more than 1,700 rabbits, and it was not
a very good day for rabbits either. From there to Horse Shoe Cave,.
Ky., thence to Murfreesboro, Tenn., where the}' were mounted, and
then they scouted the State of Tennessee. In June, 1863, while mak-
ing his horse jump a ditch, his gun was discharged into his foot. He
never returned to the regiment. For fifteen months he never touched
that foot to the ground. He now draws a pension, owing to that
wound. His discharge dates June 30, 1865. He was married, Decem-
ber 14, 1865, to ]Mary E. Coleman, of Coles Comity. These par-
ents have nine children, viz.: Sarah C, Minnie L., Lorin E., Phi-
l}nicy, Ida B., William A., Eddie A., Simon N., and Viola. Sarah C
died July 13, 1«7(), in her fifth year; Minnie L. died December 13,
1870, in her second year; Eddie A. died August 23, 18()U, in infancy.
Mr. and Mrs. B. have both been members of the C. P. Church for
more than eighteen years. Mr. B. is a member of the I. O. O. F.,
and in politics he is a Republican. He is numbered among the first-
class men of the county.

SiJiON O. Beals, farmer and broom-maker, was born Janu-
ary 1(), 1844, in Coles (now Cumberland) County, 111. He
was born and raised in the same house. His parents are Levi
and Catharine A. Beals, the former from Ohio, the latter from
Kentucky. The father was minist<'r, farmer, teacher and shoe-
maker. He was a regularly ordained minister of the C. P.
Church, and preached in the Beals neighboriiood at the followine

300 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES — CUMBERLAND COUNTY:

places: Goose Nest, Pleasautville, Cottonwood, AToo(ll)uiy, Para-
dise and Dionia. He owned 200 acres of laud when he died, and wa8
a well-to-do farmer. He taught subscription schools in a number of
places in different neiijhborhoods. He was very successful as a
teacher. He was considered an expert in those days in making a
o-ood, neat fitting boot or shoe. His death occurred September 10,
1854, in the thirty-ninth year of his age. His wife is still living on
the same farm to which they came after their marriage, forty-seven
years ago. These parents had eight cliildren, six of whom are now
livinir- Susan, the oldest, died a few days before the father, at the
ao-e of seventeen. Matilda J. died in ].s4(j, at the age of four years.
His widow married Rev. Samuel Landers, by whom she had two
children. He has been a minister of the Methodist Episcopal
Church South, and was a missionary preaching to the slaves in Ken-
tucky. Later, he joined the C. P. Church, and preached about
twenty-six years. He died in 1880. He was a private in the war of
1812. His widow now draws a pension for services he rendered in that
war. Simon O., the fourth of the children, and our subject, attended
school with a good degree of punctuality until his father's death. At
the age of eight years he made two pairs of shoes from scraps. They
were neat and nice. One pair exactly fitted the lady who is now his
wife, and the other pair a younger brother. The remuneration for
the two pair of shoes was four and one half pounds of sugar, which
was exactly the price asked. From his twelfth to his eighteenth
year he worked at carpentering and farming. He enlisted August 6,
1862, in the One Hundred and Twenty-Third Illinois Volunteer
Infantry. He took part in the battle of Perryville, was charging
on the Kebs when a flinder of shell struck him on the head, knocking
him senseless. He fell and lay, he does not know liow long. When
he was restored to consciousness he was confronted by a Texan Ran-
ger, demanding that he "march." This was a physical impossibility,
and so thought the T. R. The latter dismounted, threw him on his
horse behind the saddle, then mounting himself, they were soon mov-
ing to the rear at full speed. After reaching the rear, for three
days and nights they gave him no food. He was then at the court
house at Harrodsburg, Ky.; at the end of that time they comi)elled
him to inarch thirty miles, which he did before receiving any food
He was then transferred to Benton Barracks Parole Camp, at Saint
Louis. He was absent from the command about five months, and at
home about four months of this time. He then returned to his com-
mand. The next engagement in which he took part was at Milton,

COTTOXWOOD TOWNSHIP. 301

Tenn. Ho returned home on a furlough in February, 1864, and was
married February 29, to Sarah M. Bresee. She is the daughter of
E. D. and F. (lla\s) Bresee, of this county. Mr. Beals returned to
the army soon after marriage, ])ut was not able for field duty after
May, 1863. His discharge dates March 27, 1865. During his sick-
ness he was in Armor}- S(|uarc Hospital. Dr. D. W. Bliss, one of
President GarrickVs physicians, was the surgeon in charge. His
siir»!iture is on Mr. Beals' discharge. Later, ho returned home and
engaged in farming and broom-making, in both of which occupations
he has been reasonably successful. He is honored and respected as
one of the responsible citizens of the county. To Mr. and Mrs. B.
were born five children, viz.: Stella B., Perry, Arthur N., Leonard
C., and Erva E. Perry died in infancy.. Both parents are members
of the G P. Church. The former has been an elder in the church
for several years. He is a member of the Masonic Order, also of the
I. O. O. F. In politics he is a Republican.

REUBEN BLOOMFIELD, farmer and merchant, was born
July 11, A. D. 1819, in Wayne County, Ind., where his father and
mother, Robert Bloomficld and Mary Lewis, were married in 1818.
In the spring of 1821 they moved to Crawford County, 111., which
was but sparsely settled with the whites. Living there some six
years, they moved to Edgar County. They had two children — Reu-
ben and Mahala. It was here where Reuben got his education,
attendinfr school in the log schoolhouse. Heorained a fair education
and tauiiht school in the neiijliborliood whore he was raised some
five years. Rouben was married to Eliza Jane McBride, daughter of
Charles McBride, who moved with his family some year or two pre-
vious, from Mercer County, Ky., and settled on Big Creek, in Edgar
County, 111. Reuben, after he was married some three or four years,
moved to Clark County, 111., living in ^Marshall, the county-seat of
Clark, whore his wife, Eliza Jane, died, October 1, 1852. By her
he had six children, only one of whom is living. Martha P. and
George D. lived till they grew to be men and women. Reuben, after
the death of his wife, went to live with his father and mother, who
were then living in Auburn, Clark Co., 111., where he remained until
the October following, when he moved to Greenup, the then county-
seat of Cumberland County, where he engaged in the mercantile bus-
iness, and in the meantime was appointed Postmaster of said place.
He then married, for his second Avife, Mrs. Charlotte Beck, the
widow of William Beck, late of Owen County, Ind., and daughter of
Abner Goodwin, who resided and died in Mill Grove, Owen Co.,

302 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES CUMBERLAND COUNTY:

Ind. Having a brother, Dr. T. H. Goodwin, who was well and
favorably known in this connty, living in Greenup, 111., she was
induced, after the death of her husband, to move to this county, and
bought land and settled in Cottonwood Township, where Reuben
and Charlotte were married, on the 11th of October, 1858. He, with
his two children, Martha and George D., and her two, William and
Melissa, commenced life anew, with but a small share of this world's
STOods, but with a determination to succeed. Thev have had four
children, two daughters and a son, viz.: Odessa, their first
born, dying in intancy; Nevada, Sonora and Robert G., still liv-
ing. Nevada is the wife of Thomas A^';lrne, an attorney of
Toledo, 111. Sonora is the wife of AVillis R. Clark, all of
Cumberland County. Robert G., his youngest child and son, is
now twentv-three years of n^e, and a vounir man of considerable
promise. He is now attending Rush Medical College, Chicago,
with a prospect of graduating at the close of the session for 1883-84.
William and Melissa Beck are still livino^, AVilliam is living in
Washington Territory, single, and in easy circumstances. Robert
Scott, and his wife Melissa, are living in this township, and are in
good circumstances. Martha, his daughter, married Joseph Scott,
and died shortly after she was married. George D., his only child liv-
ing by his first wife, lives in Toledo, having married ]\Iartlia A. Ross,
of that place. Reuben lived here some three years and a half. Dur-
ing his residence in Greenup, the coimty-seat agitation took place,
which resulted in its removal from Greenup to Prairie City. In this
contest Reuben took the stand that the county-seat should remain at
Greenup; but after a bitter contest Avas beaten. Soon after he moved
to his farm in Cottonwood Township, where he Avorked and opened
an extensive farm with his own hands. Durinsf this time he
filled various offices of trust, such as Justice of the Peace and
Supervisor of his township. In 18G5 he was elected County
Judge to fill a vacancy, and at the next electiou, which took
place in November, 186(3, was nominated for the same office by
the Democratic party and was elected by something over 100
votes. At the close of this term he was re-nominated and
re-elected, holding the office for four years, at the close of
which he chose to retire to ])rivate life. Buying an interest
in the drug store of I. & J. II. Yanaway, he engaged in the
drug trade, in which l)usiness he remained for some three veal's,
being (juite successful iu business. He dissolved partnership with
his partner, Israel Yanaway, and bought out J. II. ^Morgan, who

COTTONWOOD TOWNSIIII'. 303

was cairvinfr on a ijouoral mercantile business in Prairie City, now
Toledo, where he remained si'llinir Gfoofls some nine or ten years,
durinir which time he did an extensive l)nsiness. In the fall of 1874
he was nominated by the Independent party for Stiite Senator, with-
out anv solicitation on his part, receivinii- a larire and creditable vote.
Selling out his store, he asfain returned to private life. But being
of an energetic and industrious nature, he could not remain long
idle, so the next spring he again went into business with II. Rhoads,
of Toledo, engaging in the hardware trade, in which business he
continued for some two years. Not liking the hardware business, he
dissolved with his partner and moved back to his farm, in Cotton-
wood Township, where he has built an extensive store-room, and
filled it with such goods as are suitable to the farm, and such as the
firmer needs, where he has had a post-office established called Brad-
bury, of which he is Postmaster. He has built one of the neatest
residences for himself that is in the county, where he expects to
remain and end his days, now being past sixty-four years of age.

JA]\IES A. CARRELL, farmer and stock-raiser, was born
November 9, 1841 (forty-two years ago this day), in Morgan County,
Ind. His parents are John H. and Catherine E. (Laughlin) Carrell,
the former a native of Kentucky, the latter of Indiana. The father
was a farmer, a member with his wife of the Society of Friends, and
in politics a Democrat. He is living at present with his son James;
is in a helpless condition; liis age, sixty-five. The mother is still
living at the age of sixty. These parents had fifteen children, five
of whom are now living-. James A. made his father's house his home
until he was twenty-one. The following five years he spent in trav-
eling; was in Missouri, Nebraska, Iowa, Colorado, Arkansas, etc.
He was married in Septem])er, 18()(i, to Sarah A. Heddins, of this
county. At this time he owned no land, but farmed near where he
now lives. He bought a small farm of twenty acres in 18()9, and
has been adding since, until he now owns 100 acres of good land.
He has been quite successful, all things considered, in his business
relations. .In 1874 he was elected Collector of this township. He
served as Conmiissioner of Highways the three years following. He
is at present Supervisor of his township. All the above offices he
filled to the satisfaction of his constituency. He is classed among
the res])onsible, well-to-do farmers of the county. By his first wife
he had five children — Thomas C., Luther F., Eleazer O-, Parmelia J.
and Edwin I. Thomas C. died at the age of nine months, in 1868.
Eleazer died in is 7.'), at the age of four years. Mrs. C. died July 29,

304 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES — CUMBERLAND COUNTY:

1876, at the asa of thirty-four years. Mr. C. married, for his second
wife, Hepsy J. Starbuck, of this county. Their children are
Letha, wlio died in infancy; Ross and Horra M. Mr. C. is a member
of the K. of H., and in politics a Democrat.

WILLIAM A. DOYAL, retired farmer, was born June 13,
1824, in Crawford County, 111. His parents are Iluirh and Rachel
(Eaton) Doyal, the father a native of Kentucky, the mother of South
Carolina. The father was a farmer and* plasterer, having done the
first ])lasterino: that was done in Charleston, Coles County, 111.; also
cut the tirst timber that was cut otF the site where that town now
stands. He died about the year 1852. The mother is still livinir, at
the advanced age of eighty years. These parents had eighteen chil-
dren, only seven of whom are now living. Our subject came with
his parents from Crawford County to Clark County, where they
remained but a short time, and then came to Coles County. The
county was very new then, as this was in 1828. The nearest neighbor
was three miles, and the next nearest three and one-half miles away.
At that time, our subject states, they had no house. They lived in
the woods until a cabin was built. The Indians had wigwams
within a mile of their cabin. They made frequent visits to
Mr. Doyal's cabin, but would leave their weapons on the outside.
Our subject's maternal grandfather was killed by the Indians
in Crawford County, 111. After a few years, the father bought
an old blind mare, and with her they jjlanted and attended a
crop. From her they raised a colt, and then another. The first team
he owned came from those colts. In this fast age that would seem
a very slow way, but it is a very sure way, as our subject can testify .^
They made a sled, put on a box, and our subject rode that old mare,
she pulling the sled, the box tilled with eggs, poultry, butter, and
such other commodities as they had to spare, to the nearest market.
In this way the family was sui)ported. The mill was so far away
that it took three days to go and return with the grist. In winter,
many times they would boil the corn and grate it through a grater,
improvised by their own hands with tin and an awl punch. It was
many years before they had a mill within a few miles. From this
mode of procedure, we can learn of the hardshi[)s and deprivations
endured by the pioneers in the western wilds of the great State of
Illinois. Mr. Doyal bought 120 acres, where he now lives, in the
fall of 1852. He went to California via the overland route, in 1850.
The trip lasted from the istli of March to the 27th of August.
There were 103 men started on that trip from Saint Joseph, Mo^

COTTONWOOD TOWNSHIP. 305

Several died on the way. Mr. D. teamed tor several months, and
then went to minincr, with tolerable success; made enoufjh to l)uy
the above farm on his return. He returned in the fall of l^o\, by
wat€r. They encountered a storm, which was the most impressive
siofht he ever saw. Some were praying, some drinking, others i)hiy-
ing cards and making light of what, to many, was a very serious mat-
ter. They tore out the inside of the vessel to make steiim, that they
might land at Savannah. He "batched" for one 3'ear, and raised his
first cro[). He was married Fe])riiary 20, 1.S58, to Rebecca McCord,
of Coles County. Ezra L., Cordelia, Richard E., an infant, Riichel
E., and James H. are their children. Ezra L. married Sallie Clem,
of this county; Cordelia was the wife of R. R. Wood, of ^loultrie
County. Their children are: William C, and an infant, unnamed^
Her death occurred at the age of twenty-four. Rachel was the wife
of George W- Light, of this county. Her deatli occurred April 7,
1888, in her twenty-fourth year. James H. died at the age of fifteen,
September 7, 1881. Mrs. (McCord) Doyal died August 25, 1.S74, at
the age of about forty-five years. ]\[r. Doyal was next married
on June 23, 187'), to Jane McCord, of this county. He has been
quite successful in business. He is nicely located, in Section 28 ;
has a pleasant, happy home, and owns 25(j acres of well
improved land. He is numbered among the responsible, honest pio-
neer settlers of this county. He is a member of the Seventh Advent
Church, as is also his wife. In politics, he is a Republican.

ALOXZO GRAFTOX, farmer and teacher, was born October 5,
1839, in Champaign County, Ohio. His parents are Thomas and
Mary (Weaver) Grafton, both natives of Ohio. The father is a,
farmer and carpenter, and is still living, near Olney, 111. The mother
died May 2, 1877, at the age of fifty-two. Both parents were mem-
bers of the Methodist Episcopal Church. They had seven children,
three of whom are now living. Our sul)ject had good school advan-
tages. Going to school, farming and working at the carpenter's trade
were his youthful employments. He was married February 14, 18(51,
to Sallie Heath, of Lo^-an Countv, Ohio. She is the dausrhter of
Henry and Corinda Heath, now of Charleston, Coles County, 111.
He enlisted August 8, 1«()2, in the Forty-Fifth Ohio Volunteer
Infantry. They were for about one year mounted infantiy. Mr. G.
was on detached duty for about eight months after enlisting. He
took part in many battles, first in the siege of Knoxville, at Resaca,
Kenesaw Mountain, and all the engagements of the Atlanta cam-
paign. He never missed any; then came with Thomas to Fi-anklin,

306 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES CUMBERLAND COUNTT:

which was as hard a fought battle as he ever was in; thence in a two
days battle at Nashville, which drove Hood across the Tennessee
River; went into winter quarters at Huntsville, thence through
East Tennessee, where they w(n"e when the war closed- His dis-
charge dates June, 1865. He served three years lacking two months.
He never had any sickness, never had a woinid Avorth mentioning.
He went in as private, served two years as orderly, and returned
Second-Lieutenant. He was with the command all the time except
while on detached duty; never was a prisoner; never had a furlough;
in short, he was remarkably fortunate. On returning, in IbO,"), he
•came to where he now lives, in Section 32, and has been here
ever since. He has been engaged in teaching every winter since, save
one. Has tauo^ht seven terms in his home district. No one in the
county, perhaps, has a better record as teacher. He does a good
share of other business, such as farming, teaching music, carpenter-
ing-, etc. To Mr. and Mrs. G. were born six children: Carrie B..
Mary C., James T., John K., Musa M., and Harry B. James T. died
April 3, 1867, at the age of nine months. Carrie B. is the wife of
William Judson, of tliis county, mamed December 22, 1881. ]\Irs.
G. is a member of the Methodist Episcopal Church. In politics, Mr.
O. is Kepublican.

JOHN IIEDDINS, farmer, was born April 11, ls21, in Dela-
ware County, Ohio. His parents are Isaiah and Siloma Ileddins.
The father was a farmer, a volunteer in the Avar of 1812, and the son
of a Revolutionarv soldier. Isaiah died about the year 1865. He
and wife were both members of the Methodist Episcopal Church.
The mother Avas born and raised in the edge of New York State,
married in Ohio, and is noAV living, at the age of eighty, in Coles
County, 111. These parents had eleven boys and two girls, four ot
whom are yet liA'ing. John, our subject, AA'as raised on the farm.
He had fair schooling for those days. He worked for his father until
he Avas twenty-one, being the oldest of the family; obedient and
industrious, he av as very serviceable to his father, AvhoAvas an invalid.
He Avas married April 18, 1842, to Catherine Carpenter, of Delaware
County, Ohio. He stayed in DelaAvare County, and rented for tAvo
years, Avhen he bought a good team and Avagon, and started for the
West. He landed in Cuml)erland County, September 29, 1844, and
has been here ever since. On arriving, $45, one team and Avagon,
wife and baby, Avere all his earthl}'' possessions. The team and
Avagon, valued at $130, he traded for eighty acres of land. He has
been adding to that until he noAV oAvns 250 acres. He has been very

COTTONWOOD TOWNSHIP. 307

successful iu business, and is counted among the best farmers in the
county. He is a pioneer resident, and few i)ersons in the county are
deserving of more raspect than he is. Terre Haute, in those days,
was the place of market. In 184.5, Mr. H. took five dozen of nice
young chickens to market. The tirst dozen he sohl for seventy-five
cents. He worki'd all day selling the other four dozen, dribl)ing the
Jast twenty-four out at the rate of thirty-seven and one-half cents
per dozen. On coming home, he told his wife he was disgusted with
the chicken peddling business. He has never been there with a
chicken since. His children are: Sarah A., Isaiah, Mary J. and Eme-
line. The rest died under three years of age. Sarah A. was the wife
of James A. Carrell, elsewhere mentioned. Isaiah married Mary A.
Fletcher, of this comity, Decenil)er 24, 1876. Their children are:
Charles M. and George E. Isaiah, the father, is the only one of his
father's children living. He lives with his father on the home place,
Section 11, Township 10, Range 9. Mary J. was the wife of Paris G.
Carrell, of this county. Her death occurred ^Nlarch 17, 1878, aged
twenty-nine years. Her children are: Ida C- and John W. Emeline
died at the ago of eight years. Thus we see that of a large fimiily,
the father and son are all that are left. Mrs. Heddins, the mother,
died November 1, 1878, aged fifty-four years. In politics, Mr. H. is
a Democrat.

WILLIAM E. LAKE, farmer and teacher, was born in Ben-
nington County, Vt., September 27, 1834. His parents are Elisha
and Prudence (Holmes) Lake, the father a native of Rhode Island,
the mother of Connecticut. The father was a farmer and teacher,
having taught twenty-one years. He died in 18.57, aged fifty-three.
He was a member of the legislature of his State for two t(n'ms, and
took an active part in the affairs of the State. In politics, he w^as a
Democrat. The mother is still living, in Lake County, this State,
at the advanced age of seventy-seven. She is a member of the liap-
tist Church. William E. had good school advantages. He landed,
with his parents, at Waukegan, 111., the day he was twelve years of
age. He attended school and worked on the farm with his father
until he was twelve years of age. He then entered and attended
an academy at Wauconda, III. He remained in Lake County until
18.57, when he packed his trunk and came to this county, in
search of a school. His first school was taught near the town
of Xeoga. He attended school the summer of 18,58, and taught
again in tiie winter of l.S.58-:)l». He was married June 3, 18(iO, to
Henrietta Kemper, of this county. Teaching was his occupation the

308 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES — CUMBERLAND COUNTY:

folIoAvinor three years. In 1863, he was elected County Superintend-
ent of Schools of Cumberland County, on the Democratic ticket.
He was re-elected in 18(55, and asrain in 1869, his term expirino^ in
1873, makinir ten years of continued service as County Superintend-
ent. His m:iJority at each election was very large, one township,
Cottonwood, casting its entire vote for him, irrespective of party, at
the first election. In this township he had formerly served as Clerk*
and was well known to all who favored him with their votes. He
continued teaching and farming until 1881, when he was appointed
by the Board of Supervisors to fill the vacancy (caused by a change in
the State Constitution) of County Superintendent of Schools. This
term expired December 1, 18<s2. It will be seen that he has filled
the ofiice of Coimty Superintendent for eleven years, and has had
much to do with shaping the educational affairs of his county, which
speaks -well for the appreciation in which he was held by his con-
stituenc}'. He owns eighty acres of land, well improved, and, as a
farmer, is classed among the respectable and responsible. To Mr.
and Mrs. Lake have been born eight children, viz.: George M., Ida A.,
Charles H, Lula, Albert, AVarren, Hattie, and William ]M. Warren
died at the as^e of eisrht months. Ida A. is ensrao-ed in teaching her
third term, and o-ives orood satisfaction. The rest of the children are
living with their parents. Both parents are members of the Uni-
versalist Church. Mr. L. is a member of the Masonic Order, being
one of the charter members of Prairie City Lodge, No. .578. In pol-
itics, he is a Democrat. Mr. L. is still engaged in teachinof. He is
now teachinir in the same district where he taught twentv-three
years ago. He has a very pleasant school, and in all his experience
as a teacher he never applied for a school, since his first school in 1857.
WILLIAM R. McCANDLISH, farmer and tile manufacturer,
was born April 8, 1847, in Perry County, Ohio. His parents are Will-
iam B. and Rebecca (Ross) McCandlish, both natives of Ohio. The
father was farmer and the cabinet-nuiker of the county. His denth
occurred in 1849. He and wife were meml)ei-s of the Presbyterian
Church. In politics he was a Democrat. The mother died in 1875,
at the age of fifty-five. These parents had five children: Jane, James
A., Nancy, George and William. They are all living. James A. was
the first Republican Sheriff ever elected in this county. He served
three terms. William R. Avas engaged in his youthful days attending
school in the winter and working on the farm in the sununer. He
came West in bSiiii. II<' followed shipping poultry at first. Later,
shipping stock East engaged his attention. He began farming twelve

COTTONWOOD TOWNSHIP. 30^

years aofo, and it has been attended with very fair success. He now
owns 130 acres, 120 of which is improved hind. He is classed among
the res[)onsible, well-to-do farmers of the county- April, 1883, he
engai^od in the tile business. He now owns one of the three tile factories
in the county- He has a lot of irood, first-class tile ready for sale. His
business outlook is very flattering. He was married Ajjril 8, 1873,
to Emma Holsapple, of this county, a native of Indiana. Their
children are, Le Roy, Minnie B., Owen R., Luke A. and Edna C.
Le Roy died December 1, 187G, aged two years. Mrs. McCandlish i»
a memlx'r of the Methodist Episcopal ('hurch. Mr. McCandlish is a
member of the Masonic Order, and politically a Republican.

BAXTER W. Mcpherson was bom' in Allegheny County,
Penn., June 21, 1851- His parents are Wright and Catherine McPher-
son, the former a native of Pennsylvania, the latter of Delaware. These
parents had eight children, all of whom are now living and married*
They celebrated their golden wedding, October 2S, 18S3. These
parents are now living in Neoga Township, this county, and are hav-
ing as good health as could be expected in those of their age. The
father is a farmer. His sons Isaac and George served in the late war.
The mother is a member of the Methodist Episcopal Church. Baxter
W. came with his parents to this county in 18()5, and helped his father
improve a farm of L5(j acres. He met with an accident at the age of
eiirhteen, by which he lost his le"-. He was cuttino- corn in Montfrom-
ery County, and cut his knee with the corn-knife. It began bleeding
about eight hours after, and great })ain was caused therefrom. He
came on the train the next day with his brother-in-law, J. F. Smith,
to Mattoon, and remained there a week under care of Dr. ^Morris. He
then came home and was suffering terribly. He was attended then
by Dr. Richardson and brother; later, Drs. Mason and Byers were
called in. Twenty days after the accident, November 10, 18(59, his
right leg was amputated six inches below the body. They began at
six o'clock in the evening to give him chloroform, and it was near
eleven o'clock the next day before the work was completed. He was
so reduced in flesh, and so weak, they had to use the greatest care.
He began going about, the middle of the following January. He sat
up in bed on New Year's day, at the infair of his brother Isaac. In the
spring he bought a team, hired a hand, and farmed thirty acres of corn
and twenty of oats. He has farmed several seasons since that, by him-
self, using the sulky ])low. He was very successful in farming. He
attended school, and later the Normal School, and has taught every
winter and three summers, from 1871 until 1881. He attended the

310 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES — CUMBERLAND COUNTY.

Normal School and academy several terms during that time. He had
o-ood success as a teacher, as hundreds who are his pupils and patrons
can testify. His services as teacher are in jrood demand even yet. He
has been enirao-ed in the insurance business the past five years, and
has had very ffood success at that also. Mr. ;McPherson, notwith-
standino- his crippled condition, is a man of wonderful activity, and
has the eternal grit and gimp to make a success of any business he
undertakes. He is reckoned among the good, responsible, and well-
to-do citizens of the county. He represents the following first-class
insurance companies, viz.: The Phoenix, of Brooklyn, The Rockford,
of Rockford, The American, of Chicago, The Boston Underwriters',
and the Fire Association of London. He does a good business, and is
worthy of the patronage of his community, being in every way respon-
sible. He was married February 20, lcS7(), to Annette Jones, of this
county. Two children,Clara and ]\Iercy, have blessed this union. Clara
died October 1, 1882, aged six years. She was a most promising child,
beinsT able to read intelligently in the advance readers. Both parents
are members of the Methodist Episcopal Church. ^Mr. ;McPherson is a
member of the I. O. O. F., and in politics a Democrat.

DAVID ^IICHAEL, farmer, was born Januaiy 8, 1818, in Davie
County, N. C His parents are David and Eva B. (Shut) Michael,
both natives of Korth Carolina, and of German descent. The father
was a farmer and died in 18()2, at the age of seventy-two. He was
a private in the war of 1812. Both parents were members of the
Baptist Church. The mother died in 18(j(;, at the age of seventy-six.
They came from North Carolina to Tennessee; there they remained
several years, thence to Indiana, later to Illinois, where they arrived
nearly sixty years ago. They landed in Coles, and later moved to
Cumberland County. They were among the early settlers of Coles
County. In politics he was a AVhig, later a Republican Avho favored a
vigorous prosecution of the war. They had eleven children, only seven
of whom are now living. David, the fifth of the children, came with
his parents to Illinois at the age of ten years. Schools were of the
sul)scription kind in those days, and his father being a poor man, it
is easy to see that his school advantages were what would be called
very poor in these days of free schools. On arriving, his father had
one dollar in money, one cart, a yoke of small cattle, and bed cloth
ing as mucli as coidd ])e carried under a man's arm. His father on
arriving, worked for one half bushel of corn a day, and his son received
a peck. David has cradled grain all day for thirty-seven and a half
cents, and at other times has bound after a cradle an entire day for

COTTONWOOD TOWNISHIP. 311

the samo amount. Tho father Iwiiijlit forty acres of hind and paid for
it largely in making rails at twenty cents per hundred. He entered
forty acres in Cumberland after selling his forty aci-Gs in Coles County.
David, our subject, was married in 1842, to Lucy Alexander, of Ken-
tucky. Tliey had twenty children, only six of whom are now living,
viz.: David A., Bar])ara E., Charles W., Martha J., Isaac A. and
Mary L. The mother died Xo\ end)er 9, 187(5, at the age of fifty. She
was a member of the Baptist Church. Mr. ]M.'s second marriage
was to Mary Oakley, of Kentucky. She had five children by
a former husband. Pleasant Oakley. She died April 27, 1879. His
third marriage occurred December 27, 1879, to Jane Hays, of this
county, but a native of Ohio. She had two children by a former hus-
band, William Hays. James M. :ind Catharine F. are their names.
Mr. i\I. has been reasonably successful in business, having raised a large
family, and now owning 820 acres of land, the most of which is well-
improved. He is classed among the wealthy, sul)stantial and respon-
sible farmers of the county. Politically he is a Re[)ublican.

FRANCIS MILLER, farmer, was born December 12, 1827, in
Greene County, Ind. His parents are Wyatt and Mary (Bland)
Miller, the father a native of Kentucky, the mother of North Carolina.
The father died in 187(5, aged aboutsixty. He was a farmer, a member
of the Baptist Church, and politically a Whig, later a Republican. The
mother died in 184G, aged forty-six. They had seven children, six now
living. Our subject attended school some in the log cabin of other
days, by going several miles. He was married in 18.')1 to Nancy Mock,
of Greene County, Ind. Her parents are David and Elizabeth Mock,
natives of North Carolina. David's tather was Captain in the Revolu-
tionary war. Mr. M. and wife remained in Indiana until 1853, when
they came to the farm on which they now live in Section 9, Township
10, Range 8. He bought eighty acres on coming, and has been adding
until he now owns 260 acres, all of which is improved bind except what
is in timber. He has been very successful in business; has a nice home
and surroundings which indicate taste, prosperity and ha[)piness. He
is classed anion": the best farmers of his countv- To ]Mr. and Mrs. Mil-
ler are born five children; AVilliam D., John L., Calvin C., Cedorah
and Owen C. William D. died in 18.57, aged about six years. John
L. died in 1881, aged 2.j years. He was married January, 1878, to
Casandra Gillman, of this county. He left two children, Ada and
Lewis. Calvin C. died about the year 18,")9, aged two years. Mrs.
M. is a member of the Baptist, ]Mr. M. of the Universalist Church.
He is a member of the Masonic order, also of the Republican party.

312 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES — CUMBERLAND COUNTY:

DAVID F. RANDOLPH, farmer, was born January 30, 1830,
in Shelby County, Intl. His ijarents are Samuel and Nancy (Hill)
Randolph, both na^ves of Virginia. The father was farnier, doctor
and minister. Both parents were members of the Baptist Church.
In [medicine he was a regular practitioner of the Botanic School. He
died in 1865, at the age of sev»3nty years. In politics he was a Dem-
ocrat. The mother died in 1852, at the age of a])out fifty-seven.
These parents had twelve children, only four of whom are now liv-
ino-. David F., our subject, had moderately good school advantages.
He averaged about a month at school during the winter, and worked
on the farm during the summer. At the age of twenty-two he went
with his parents from Shelby to Owen County, Ind., and settled on a
farm. He worked for his father until.his marriage, which occurred
September 22, 1853, to Martha A. Vaughn, of Owen County, Indj
These parents have had eleven children — Isabel, Rebecca A., Mary A.,
John, Thomas, Samuel, Uriah, Elizabeth M., Nancy, Louisa and
Lucinda. Samuel died June 25, 1870, at the age of seven. Mary
A. died in April, 1878, at the age of twenty-two. She was the wife of
John Pritchett, of this county. Her child's name is Martha A. Isa-
bel is the wife of Abraham Icenogle, of this county. Their children
are Joseph D., John C, James T., and William AV. Rebecca A. is
the wife of John Sparks. Martha J., their child, died in infancy.
Mr. R. came to this county in 1856, and settled on the farm where
he now resides. When he came he brought $1,000, which was
largely invested in land. He now owns more than 300 acres, after
havinir iriven more than 100 to the children. It will be seen that
Mr. R. has raised a large ftimily, and has been very successful in
business. He is beautifully situated in a large brick house, two miles
southwest from Johnstown. His surroundings indicate prosperity
and a comfortable, happy home. In politics Mr. R. is a Greenbacker.

SAMUEL P. REED, farmer, was born March 18, 1824, in Fay-
ette County, Ind. His parents are Samuel and Hannah (Long)
Reed, both natives of Virginia. The father died August 11, 1872, at
the age of al)out seventy-eight. The mother died in 1855. She was
a member of the Baptist Church. These parents had nine children,
four of whom are now living. Samuel P., our subject, was raised on
the farm, had poor school advantiiges, came with his parents to Illi-
nois in 1836, and has been living on the farm where he now resides
ever since; is consequently one of the old, respected and responsible
early settlers of the county. Few men are better known for honesty
and fair dealing than is Mr. Reed. He has been very successful in bus-

COTTONWOOD TOWNSHIP. 313

mess, now owninir nearly SOO acres of land. He was married October
30, 18.")3, to Eniil}' Gill, of this State. Their children are James M.,
elsewhere mentioned. Commodore -P., Thomas J., Ada D., William F.,
Varina 1)., liosa C, Sterling- P., Minnie Z. and Rono R. Rosa C.
died inl879, aged eleven years. Minnie Z. died in 1878, aged three
months. The other members of the family live with their parents
on the home farm.

JAMES M. REED, farmer, was born April 6, 1855, in Cumber-
land County, m. His parents were Samuel P. and Emily Reed,
elsewhere mentioned. His minor years were spent at home on his
father's farm. He attended school in winter and worked on the
farm in summer, and later attended Stockton Academy, in Coles
County. He thus procured an education which fitted him for teach-
ing. He attended school under the instruction of Supt. W. E. Lake,
elsewhere mentioned. Owing to an immense amount of work at
home he never taught. He is very handy with carpenter tools, and
makes a good hand at rough carpentering. He began working for
himself on arriving at his majority. His residence is a nice one,
which he put up himself, in the suburbs of Janesville. He has been
engaged at spare times during the past five years in studying veter-
inary surgery, and has attained a foir proficiency in that science,
and has calls quite frequently which bring his acquired knowledge
and skill into useful and profitable practice. He has the nucleus of
a fine library, treating largely on the diseases and handling of stock,
and other importjint topics. He farms extensively, and at present
has some forty acres of wheat which bids fair to give a [)lentiful
yield. He has been elected one of the three directors in district No.
6, the public school of which is located in Janesville, and the new
building now in the process of erection speaks well for the good
taste, intelligence and public spirit of the Board, the people of Janes-
ville and all concerned. Mr. R. was elected Commissioner of Iliirh-
ways more than three years ago. He is one of six who is negotiatino-
for a bridge across the Embarrass Ri\'er, between Cottonwood and
Union townships. This enterprise will be a great convenience to
both townships. In the latter as in the former enterprise he is
acknowledged to be the right man in the right place. No man of his
years in either township, perhaps, has a better record for filling his
positions of trust and responsibility than has Mr. R. He was married
in March, 1880, to Rosa L. Johnston, of this county. Her father
was from Scotland, and died about the year 18(>0. Her mother is
still living in Ettingham, the wife of Lorenzo Gloyd. To Mr. and

314 BIOGR.\PHICAL SKETCHES — CUMBERLAND COUNTY:

Mrs. R. has been born one child — Harry Earl. The mother is a mem-
ber of the Methodist Episcoi)al Church. The father, like his grand-
father, belongs to the "do rights." In politics he is a Democrat.

CARSOX p. R. RODGERS, merchant, farmer and postmaster,
was born November 1, 1840, in Coles County, 111. His parents are
Isaac W. and ^Susannah (Porter) Rodgers, the former a native of
Tennessee, the latter of North Carolina. Both parents were members
of the C P. Church. The father was a farmer. He died in 1870, at
the age of sixty. In i)olitics he was an Abolitionist, belonging to
that party when it only numbered three or four in the county. He
was a Republican, after the organization of that party. The mother
died in 184G, at the age of thirty-three. These parents had four
children. Carson and Anna E. (now the wife of J. W. Carr, of
Nepga Township), are the only children living. Cai-son had such
school advantages as were to be found in the public schools of the coun-
try districts. Farming has been his occui^ation almost all his life. He
taught four schools with fair success and satisfaction to his employ-
ers. He was married, October 30, 186G, to Catharine W. Richie, of
Cqles County, 111., though a native of Kentucky. Her fiither was
Alexander Richie, a merchant of Charleston, 111., well and favorably
known in that community. To j\lr. and Mrs. Rodgers were born
two children, Henry jM. and Violet, both of whom died in infancy.
The moth(n- died April 14, 18()il. She was a member of the Presby-
terian Church. Mr. Rodgers was next married to jSlartha J.
Veatch, of Cumberland County, 111. Their man'iage occurred
iMarch 8, 1874. Their children are Isaac W., Kate AV., Florence L.,
who was the first child born in the town of Janesville, 111. Her
birth dates February 22, 1880. Her death occurred April 18, 1882.
Mr. R. began for himself in 18G(), when he was first married. Until
his marriage he had worked in the interests of his father. He con-
tinued in the tarming business as a specialty until 1877, Avlien he
began merchandising in a general store at Farmington, 111. The
stock was removed to Janesville in 1879. the firm being C. P. Rod-
gers & Co., and W. ]M. and R. II. Osborn made [);irtners. Later the
firm name was changed to W. M. & C P. Rodgers, th.e latter being
Postmaster of Janesville as well. This Mas the tii-st store in the
town. Tluy now carry the largest stock of dry gootls and groceries,
perhaps, of any firm in this part of the two counties. The indica-
tions are they are doing a safe and increasing business, which is
gained largely by strict attention to l)usiness and fair dealing. Mr.
R. is numl)ered among the responsil)le, well-to-do citizens of the

COTTOXWOOl) TOWNSHIl'. 315

county. He is a niember of the Presbyterian Church, and in poli-
tics, a Republican. His wife, Mrs. M. J. Kodgers, is a nioujln'r of the
Methodist Episcopal Church.

WALLACE M. RODGEKS, merchant, Jancsville, 111., was
born March 1, 1847, in Coles County, 111. His parentis are John W.
and Lovisa (Balch) Rodgers. His tiither was a native of Kentucky,
was a good, honast, well-to-do farmer; in politics a Whig, later a
Rei)ul)li(an. His death occurred May 8, 18(J4, aged sixty-six years.
The mother died December I'j, 187!l, aged seventy-two. 15oth par-
ents Mere members of the C P. Church. They had nine cjjildren,
five of whom are now living. Wallace M. worked on the tanu'
clerked and taught school until he was about the age of twenly-five.
As a teacher he was quite successful, having an incn^ase of wao-es
every new term, which may be considered substantial evidence^of
good success. He clerked with several different parties, and entered
as partner with the last,— R. H. Osbora, of Campbell, 111. The
store was at Johnstown, III., Mr. O. leaving the entin; business with
his partner, Mr. R., which speaks well for the confi<lence ])ljiced in
the honesty and integrity of the latter. This partnership Ijisted
more than ten years, the firm name being W. M. Rod«rors & Co.
Mr. R. built the house and engaged in the store in which he is now
partner, styled W. M. & G P. Rodgers, elsewhere mentioned.
Mr. R. has been very successful in business and is chi.ssed among the
responsible and respected citizens of the county. Mr. Rodirei-Tsold
the first goods in this town. He was married August 80, 187.3, to
Mary E. D. Bovell, born June 18, 18.31; daughter of James G. and
Eliza (Dryden) Bovell, of Coles County, both being natives of Ten-
nessee. The father of the latter was one of the fii-st settlers i)i this
country. Three children are born to Mr. and Mrs. W. M. Rodo-ers:
Gertrude L., Laurence B., and Edith C'. Gertrude L. died August
7, 1882, at the age of five years. Liurence B. died August 29, 1881,
at the age of fourteen months. Edith C is living, ni the age of
eight months. Politically, Mr. R. is a Republican.

JONATHAN WILSON 8HULL, pliysician. farmer and po.st-
master, Johnstown, 111., was born in Muskingum County, Ohio, July
12, 1833. His parents are Michael and Margaret (Wilson) Shull,
both natives of Virginia. His father formerly owned slaves, jis did'
also the mother, and on their marriage they freed them. One owned
by the father was valued at $2,00(). Another owned by the mother
was valued at $1,000. They were opposed to slavery— would not
take any money for the slaves, but gave them all their freedom.

31ti BIOGKArHICAL SKETCHES — CUMBEKLAND COINTV:

Their inarriaiT^o occurred in 1826, when they moved to Ohio. They
had ten children, all of whom are now liviiiir; are married and have
fjimilies. Two of the- boys served in the same command, and re-
turned at the close of the late war. They raised two other children,
after raising their own. They are now married and have families,
The father was a member of the Universal ist Church, was a Mason
and I. O. O. F., and in politics a Republican of the Lovejoy tj'pe.
He is still living in this county at the advanced age of seventy-eight
years. The mother died March, 1871, at the age of seventy years.
Jonathan \^^ had good school advantages for those days. He came
with his parents to Illinois in 1851, and settled on a farm in the
south part of this county. He worked on the farm in summer and
taught school in the winter. He taught four winters in this county,
and attended Normal School at Paris, three months. He studied
medicine under U. N. Mallett, of Effingham, one year, then under
Dr. Ewart, of this county, for one year, then began practice with
him at Greenup in 18G0. He was married, December 27, 18(50, to
Mary A. Cook, of this county. He then settled in Greenup, bought
property and began housekeeping. He taught two terms of school
near Greenup during the winters of 18(iO-lU, still attending to his
practice. He enlisted in Company B, Ninety-Seventh Illinois Infantry,
July 19,1862, went into camp in September, when he was detailed as
hospital steward, in which he served until October 19, when he was
ordered to join his command in Kentucky. He went to Memphis,
thence to Chickasaw Bluff, where the regiment was engaged in a
battle, and "terribly bluffed;" thence to Arkansas Post, where the
Union troops were victorious; thence to Vicksburg, where he
was on detached service, in Young's Point General Hospital. Hero
he nursed a Captain of the Chicago Mercantile Battery, through a
case of the small-pox, but did [not take the disease himself This hos-
pitjil was transferred to Van Buren, seven miles up the river. Pre-
scribing steward was his position here. He did good service there,
as many who are now living can testify. Chronic diarrhea was the
prevailing disease. They were dying in that hosjiital from six to
eight a day. The treatment formerly given was calomel, opium,
camphor and (piinine. Dr. S. being opposed to that treatment,
changed it, using but little medicine, but attending to the diet. The
result of that change was most salutary. In three weeks, his ward
returned to duty. From Van Buren hospital he was transferred to
Island 102, among the contrabands. While at the Van Buren hos-
pital he was put in charge of the pest hospital, at Milligan's Bend,

COTTONWOOD TOWNSIIIl'. 317

two miles up tlu" river, whore he took tlie eonfiuont smuU-pox,
was (li.sal)UHl about a month, but rccovcrel and remained at the hos-
pit;il until all recovered. While amon*^ the contrabands he went
to Vicksburg to draw rations for them every ten days. Recruit-
ing otficei*s were there, after negroes to till State quotas. They
oti'ercd the Doctor as high as $50 for eveiy negro he would induce
to enlist for them and In-ing to Vicksburg. This he promptly
refused to do. Ilis father's example was scru[)ulously observed, not
to traffic in human tlesh. The Doctor ranked a,s hospital steward. He
remained here about six months; thence to the contraband hospital
at Young's Point. While there he was ordered back into the coun-
try about ten miles, to ti cotton-gin, to get a cupboard and lumber
to enlarge the liosj)ital; and while there he was attacked by a
Company of twenty-five independent scouts, who were luider com-
mand of Captain Dishroom, of INIississippi. He would have been
shot dead, as was a comrade by his side, had he not given the hail-
ing sign of distress, which was respected — Captain D. being a Mason.
He was taken to Falmouth, La., and there incarcerated in the county-
jail, with promise of exchange in a few days. He stayed thereabout
a week, then went to Shreveport, as a prisoner of Avar, where he stayed
about four months; thence to Rebel prison at Camp Ford, near Tyler,
Texas. Here the Rebs put him in charge of the Union sick sol-
diers. He was treated with tlie utmost deference. They gave him
entire care of the sick and allowed him to go a radius of five miles
in the country. Here he lemained two months, at the end of which
time the war closed. He joined his command at Mobile, Ala., and
at Galveston, Texas, he was mustered out. He then returned to
Greenup, being the first time he was home since he enlisted. He
found the pill-bags in the identical spot where he had left them
three years before. Not a bottle was moved, and everything had
been scrupulously cared for by his faithful wife. He resumed prac-
tice then, in which he has been engaged ever since, with good suc-
cess. He moved to Johnstown, April 5, 1872- He has a good home
of twenty acres where he lives. Ho has an increasing practice, and
is classed among the best physicians and responsible citizens of
the county. His children are Kate ]M.. James W., Margaret A.,
Ulysses G., Edna M., Dora, and Ethel E. Ulysses G. died in infancy.
Kate M. is the wife of Allison Fleming, of this county, married
September 18, 1881. Carrie M. is their child. Dr. and Mrs. S. are
both memb:>rs of the Universalist Chii: ( li. In politics, he is a Repub-
lican, with Greenback tendencies.

318

BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES — CUMBERLAND COUNTY:

JOHN W. SXODGRASS, farmer and lumber-dealer, was born
December 17, 1837, in Hendricks County, Ind. His parents are John
and Minerva (Douglass) Snodgrass, both natives of Kentucky. The
father was a farmer, and a Democrat politically^ Both parents died in
1878, the former at about the age of fifty-four, the latter at about the
age of fifty; she was a member of the Missionary Baptist Church. They
had six children, five of whom are now living. John W. came with
his parents to Cumberland County in 1857, arriving October 17,
and settling within a mile of where he now resides. His father
bought a part of the farm on which J. W. now resides, and began
opening out a farm. Mr. S- has been working for himself since he
was about twenty years of age. He was married in December, 1859,
to Sarah J. Fairbanks, a native of this comity. vShe is the daughter
of Samuel and Fannv Fairbanks, natives of Ohio. The mother is
still living in this county, being seventy-four years of age.. Her
father died in September, 1876, at the age of seventy-one years. To
Mr. and Mrs. Snodo-rass were born three children. The oldest died
in infancy; Mary Frances and Nettie Ann, the other two, are living
at home. Mr. S- had for a start $5 in money and two colts. He
now owns 114 acres of land, all of which is under fair cidtivation.
He also owns a steam grist-mill, saw-mill and thresher, all of which
are run by the same engine. Mr. S. is doing a good l)usiness in
his various occupations, and is numbered among the prosperous,
responsible and worthy farmers of the count}'. Mr. S. is a member of
Toledo Lodge, No. 355, I. O. O. F. Politically he is a Democrat.
Mr. S- is a good neighbor, as kind to the poor perhaps as any person
in the county, and is regarded by all as a first-class man.

GARRISON TATE, farmer, was born January 20, 1831, in
Monroe County, Ind. His parents are John and Susannah (Carey)
Tate, both nati.es of Tennessee. The father heli)ed cut the timber
from the ground where Bloomington now stands. He was a well-
to-do farmer, and died September 7, 18()4, in his seventj'-first year,
on his farm southeast of Bloomington. The mother died February,
1876, at the age of eighty -three. She was a member of the Old
School Baptist Church. The parents had eight childi-en, two boys
and two girls still living. Garrison came to Illinois, March, 1854^
and settled on a farm in Cottonwood Township, Section 35, and has
remained here ever since. He is one of the old settlers of the
county, and has been quite successful in business, now owning 247 acres
of well improved land. He is well-known and highly respected as
one of the good citizens of the county. He was married May 26^

COTTONWOOD TOWNSHIP. 319

l.S")2, to Jeuiietto Adams, of Monroe County, Ind.. by whom ho had
SIX children, viz.: John A., Mary J., Susan, David J., Joseph R., q,nd
Francis M. Mrs. Jcnnette Tate died March 2(), 1875. She was a
memher of the Missionary Baptist Church. She was a thorough
bible-student, seldom reading- any other book, and ahvays reading her
Testament through three times yearl}'. John A. and Susan died in
infancy. -Joseph R. died Scptend)er 17, 1873, in his fourteenth
year. Mary J. died October 10, 187!<, aged twenty-five years. Mr.
Tate was married a sec^ond time, September 29,1875, to Mrs. Eliz-
abeth McCartney, a native of Kentucky. Her children by her former
husband are Ida ]\r., Henrietta and Alice. To Mr. and Mrs. (Mc-
Cartney) Tate are born Ilattie E., Martha E., and a third which died
in infancy. iSIary J., is the wife of Perry Thompson and the mother
of four children — Viola, Cora, Nora and Joseph G. The latter died
in infancy. Nora died at two years of age. David was married
July 18, 18S3, to Minnie IVishop, of this county. Francis M. was
married March, 1879, to Mary White, of this county. This union is
blessed Avith two children. Mr. Tate and wife are both members of
the Missionary Baptist (Miurch. The former has held the office of
County Supervisor, and has been Assessor for several terms. He is
now serving his second term as Township Commissioner. In politics
he is a Democrat of the Jacksonian type.

IZATUS WHITACRE, merchant, was born December 11, 1845,
in Frederick County, Va. liis parents are Asbury and Emeline
(McKee) Whitacre, both natives of Virginia. The father died De-
cember, 1881, at the age of fifty-eight years. He was a farmer and
carpenter; in politics a Doraocrat, taking an active ])art in the affairs
of the county. The mother died in ^Nlarch, 187(5, at the age of fifty
years. Both were members of the Baptist Chinrh. They had ten
children, seven of whom are now liviiig. Tzatus came with his par-
ents to Coles County in 1857. His school advantage^ were good for
those days. He prepared himself and taught in the public schools
of Illinois fourteen winters, with an interval of two years. As a
teacher he was eminently successful, giving good satisfaction to par-
ents, employers, pupils and all concerned. Aside from teaching, he
has worked on the farm, and in business he has been quite successful.'
Since March, 1883, he has been in the mercantile business in Janes-
ville, under the fiim name of Brashares & Whitacre. The firm
carry the heaviest stock of dry-goods and groceries, perhaps, of any
firm of the kind in this ))ortion of the two counties. The firm man-
iigc-; the grain I)U-;iness of the town, also— an enterprise which bids

320 niOOKAl'MICAL SKETCHES CUMliEKI. AM) COUNTY:

fair to increase in importance. jNIr. Whitacre was married April 2,
1871, to Harriet A. Phipps, of Coles County, 111. Six children have
blessed this union, viz: Finnis A., John R, ]\Ielva C, the next a
daui^diter unnamed who died in infancy, Duley J. and James O. Alelva
O., died September 2S, 187G,aged oneyear. The rest are living with
their parents. Mr. and ^Nlrs. W. are both members of the C. P.
Church. Mr. W. is a member of the Masonic Order, ]\Iuddy Point,
No. '69(). In politics he is a Democrat. Mr. and Mrs. >\'hit;icre
spent one year on a farm in Miami County, Kan. They returned to
Coles County in February, 1880.

HENRY WILLIAMS, retired farmer, was born November 5,
1811, in Bradford County, Penn. At the age of four j'ears he went
with his parents to Hardin County, Ky. His parents are Zabiu and
Lucy (Needham) Williams, the fiither a nephew to the Williams,
founder of AVilliams' College. He was a mechanic and the father of six
children, only one of whom is now living. The mother died at La-
Porte, Ind., in 1837. Henry had no school advantages. He worked
on the farm, in the still-house, in the saw and grist-mill, and at the
carpenter's trade. At the age of seventeen he came to Harrison
County, Ind. He worked on the farm and on the canal near Louis-
ville, and later in a brick-yard, and on the jail at Corydon, Ind., just
after the removal of the capital to Indianapolis. He then engaged
in whipsawing timber for boats for some time. He was married,
March 1, 1830, to Lucretia Beals, of Crawford County, Ind., but a
native of Bradford County, Pennsylvania. Her grandfather, Oliver
Hays, served the entire time in the Revolutionary war, coming home
only one week to get married. iTi 1830, Mr. and jNIrs. W. came to
Cumberland County, Ind. There were no county borders then.
They settled one-half mile due east from Trilla, and have been liv-
ing within two miles of that point ever since, over lifty-three years.
That neighborhood to this day is called Beals' neighborhood. Beals'
church, and Beals' graveyard are still there. That family and their
connections occupy that territory, the most of them owning their
own homes. There was no honse in the township when they came.
Mr. W. is the oldest settler in the township. Mrs. W. has not been
farther from home than fourteen miles in titty-three years. She
is a good wife and mother, and her hnsband's success in life is largely
due her nntiring zeal and earnestness. They have had eleven
children, eight of whom lived to matnre years, viz.: Mary J.,
Henry W., David C, David B., Lncy E., Mahala R., Jesse M.,
rxjrinda C., Wm. F., Zabiu M., :uuf Oliver 11. David C. and

COTTONWOOD TOWNSHIP. 321

Mahahi died in infancy ; Zabin died at four years of a<^e, and
Oliver at twelve years. Lucy E. died October, 186,5. Shcwastlie
wife of Wm. Vincent. Marv J. is the wife of Josiah Goodwin;
Henry W. married Nancy J. Stone. After her death he marrictl
Amanda Kelley. David B. married Phebe Landers; Jesse M. mar-
ried Eliza H:i2ey; Lorinda 0. married John T. Jones; William F.
was married March 8, 1868, to Minerva J. Landers, of this county,
a native of Crawford County, Ind. These parents have children-
John E., Essie B., and Mary A. Wm. F. lives in Section 33, and
is a well-to-do farmer. Mr. W. is a member of the Baptist and Mrs.
W. of the C. P. Church. He has been very successful in business. He
now owns 17.5 acres of land. When they started from Indiana, they
supplied themselves Avith a bed and bedding and clothes enough to
last them a year. Their money consisted of $1.50. On the way
seventy-five cents was expended for ammunition. So they landed at
their new home with '• nary a dollar." His fcixes were six and one-
fourth cents the first year; since that they have been as high as $80
a year. At that time deer and tiu'key could be killed almost from
the door of his cabin. Coons — eighteen, full-grown — have been
"taken in" in one-third as many hours. Since that time things
have chanofed. The keen edge of the hard times has been turned,
and the desert has been made to blossom as the rose. The old sickle
now lays rusting in the smoky loft, and the automatic binder, drawn
by horses, has taken its place. His sons rent his farm. Their corn,
sorghum and wheat prospects are good for this year. Mother Will-
iams is a member of the C. P. Church. She is one of the original
membei-s of the C. P. Church, of "the good prospect congregation,"
organized forty-four years ago. She is one of the only two still liv-
insr- Mr. W. had three sons and two sons-in-law in the armv. In
politics, the entire Williams family are Republicans.

o22 liKKiKAlMlICAL SKKTCHES — CIMBEKLANI) COUNTS :

NEOGA TOWNSHIP.

G. ^^'• ALIUX. M. D., was born in Lawrence County, Intl.,
Decenibor 17, 1S22, the son of Joseph and Eliza (Mai*^h) Albin, daugh-
ter of William Marsh, an otKcer in the war of the Kevolution, and is
of English-Irish extraction. His father was a native of Kentucky,
and his mother was born near Pliiladelphia, Penn. His father Emi-
grated to Indiana in 18Ui, and settled in Harrison County. He died
in Putnam County, Ind., in 18t>3, and his mother in Lawrence
County, in 1823. His father was a soldier in the war of 1812. in
1843 the subject of this mention began reading medicine at Clover-
dale, Ind. In the winter of 184(i-7 he attended lectures at the Indian-
apolis State Medical College, which was then located at I^Porto.
He practiced his profession for a time at Delphi, Ind., then went to
North Arm, Edgar Co., 111.; here practiced one year; then went to
Coles County, 111.; there remained four years. In the winter of
1851-52, he attended Rush Medical College, at Chicago; graduated
Febnuuy 1{», 1852. In March, 1853, became to Cumberland County,
and settled four miles east of Xeoga. In 1856 he removed to Xeoga,
and here has since lived and been in active practice. Dr. Albin
erected the tirst dwelling house in Neoga. He was married Janu-
ary 10, 1854, to Miss C^Tithia C Dryden. Mrs. Albin was born in
Bedford County, Tenn. They have had live children, viz.: an infant
that died unnamed; Mary C, Oscar W. C, May and William C W.
He is a Republican. He enlisted in the One Hundred and Forty-Third
Regiment Illinois Infantry, in 1864, and was discharged Septem-
ber 26, 1864; was commissioned First Assistant Surgeon. He is a
member of the Masonic Fraternity, I. O. O- F.; A. L- of IL, and G.
A. R. Dr. and Mrs. Albin are members of the Presbyterian Church.
He is the second graduate of medicine that ever j^racticed in Cum-
berhmd County. He is now the oldest practicing physician in the
county. As a physician he has been very successful. He is one of
the pioneers of Cumberland County, and a most influential citizen.
A man is known by the work of his life.

JAMES M. ALBIN, a leading agriculturist and brother of Dr. (Jr.
W. Albin, of Neoga, was born in Putnam County, Ind., July 26,
1841, son of Joseph and Rosana (Sheeks) Albin, and is the twelfth
in a family of fifteen children. He was married September 4, 1862,
to Miss Mary J. Goddard. Mrs. Albin is a native of Virginia. They

NEOGA TOWNSHIP. 323

have four childion, viz.: Joseph L., Charles M., Florence R. and
Eugene C. Mr. Alhin came to Cumberland County in March, 1871,
and settled tour miles cast of Neoofa. Here he lias since lived, and
has a well improved farm of Ul8 acres. He is one of the best farm-
ers in Neoo-a Township. He is a thorouirh Republican. Mr. and
Mrs. Albin are meml)ers of the Methodist Episcopal Church. He is
a prominent and an honorable man, and one of the most successful
farmers in Xeoofa Township.

JA]\IES CLARK, farmer and stock-dealer, is a native of West
Virofinia, born September 20, 1840, the son of Cornelius and Abigail
(Wright) Clark, and is of English descent. The parents of Mr.
Clark were natives of Massachusetts, and born near Boston. In
18.i(i they emigrated to Illinois and settled in Coles County, and
here his father died the following year. In 1880 his mother was
deceased in Decatur, 111. On the 28th of November, 186(), occurred
the marriage of ^Ir. Clark to Miss Lucinda Buchanan. Mrs. Clark
is a native of Indiana. To this union have been born seven children,
viz.: Mary, Rose, Carrie A., John .!., George. Charles and Robert.
Mr. Clark came to Cumberland Count}' in 1851», and three years
later he removed to where he now resides, and where he owns 430
acres of well improved land. The farm has many tine advantages
as a stock farm, and is well improved. As a farmer and trader Mr*
Clark has been successful. For a numljer of jears he has been
interested in Shorthorn cattle, and he has the finest herd of that
•stock in the county. Mr. Clark has a partner in the stock business.
He is a Republican, Mason, and an upright citizen. Mr. and Mrs.
Clark are members ot tlie Presl)yterian Church. He lias been an
elder in that church for many years.

DAVID A. CALDWELL, farmer, was born in eastern Tennessee,
May 1(3, 1831, is the son of Robert W. and Sibby (Russell) Caldwell,
the second in a family of eight children, and is of Irish lineage.
His parents were also natives of Tennessee. In 1837 they emigrated
to Boone County, Ind. They died in that county. The subject of
our mention was married April 2.'), 18(j0, to Miss Ann E. Mount,
daughter of Atwell and Lucinda Mount. Mi's. Caldwell was born
in Montiromerv (buntv. Ind. Thev have nine children, viz.: Will-
iani A., Frederick A., Robert W., Mary C, James C-, Carrie R.,
Sibba E., Frank R. and Horace M. In the fall of ISGI, Mr. Cald-
well came to Neoga Township, Cumberland County, III., and made
settlement four and one half miles northeast of Neoga, and there
has since resided, and has 200 acres of well improved land. lie is a

324 BIOOUAl'HICAL SKETniE8 — CL.MHKKLAND COUNTY:

Repiil)lican, and iidvocates the continued success of the Kepublitau
party. Mr. and Mrs. Caldwell are members of the Presbyterian
Church. They are taking great interest in the education of their
children. He is a prominent citizen and a most pleasant gentle-
man. The family is praised by all who know it. Frederick A.
Caldwell, a son of the subject of this sketch, is one of the leading
school teachers of the county, and an affable young man. He has
commenced a course in AVabash College, at Crawfordsville, Ind.
Mr. Cahhvell comprehends the necessity of a finished education.

L. M. CASSTEVEXS, farmer, was born in Lincoln County,
Tenn., January 21, lb31, and is the soil of Thomas and Hester (Massey)
Casstevens. He is of Welsh extraction and the second in a family ot
nine children. Mr. Casstevens is one of the early settlers of Cum-
berland County, coming here and making settlement in 1844, in
Neoga Tow^nship, and here he has since resided. The plat on which
he settled is situated four and one-half miles northeast of Neoga.
He was one of the first in all that region of country to begin im-
provements. The marriage of Mr. Casstevens took place in October,
1854, to Miss Amanda McCartney, a native of Indiana. To this
marriage has been born seven children, of wdiich only two are liv-
ing, viz.: Andrew T. and Joseph W. In 1860 he moved to the site
of the present residence. His farm consists of 280 acres of good
land, and which Mr. Casstevens has splendidly improved. The suc-
cess that attends him has come up through the avenues of industry
and economy. Mr. and Mrs. Casstevens are members of the Baptist
Church. He is a Avell-to-do farmer and a Democrat.

MRS. MARY E. COLE, wife of William J. Cole, deceased, was
born in Ohio County, Ind., May 20, 1847, is the daughter of John B.
and Rebecca Baker, is the fourth in a family of six children, and is of
German descent. Mrs. Cole was married February 20, 18G6, to
William J. Cole, a native of Indiana. In October, 1866, they came
to Coles County, 111., and there remained two years, and then came
to Cumberland County. To this union were born two children, viz.:
Fannie R. and Wilburn A. Mr. Cole died July 9, 1872. He was a
soldier in the late war ; a member of Company C, Thirty-Seventh
Indiana Volunteers; served three and one-h;ilf years. He was a
Republican and an honorable citizen. Since the death of Mr. Cole
she has spent seven years at her native home in the Iloosier State.
She now resides in Mattoon, 111. She owmis 110 acres of well im-
proved land in Neoga Township, Cumberland County, 111. Mrs. Cole
is a most amiable woman, and one of the leading ladies in Mattoon.

NEOGA TOWXSJIIl'. 325

1'. L. DeVORE, turmer, was bom in Brown County, Ohio,
Septenil)ei' 8, 18413, is the son of Peter M. and Sarah (Day) DeVore,
the fifth in a family of eight children, and is of Scotch-German
descent. His parents were also natives of Brown County, Ohio. His
father died in that county in 187(5, and his mother in 1878. The
subject of our notice enlisted in the United States Army, September
20, 18(31, in Company B, First Ohio Zouaves, Thirty-Fourth Regi-
ment, as a private, but was discharged as a sergeant, jSIarch 30,
18G."). He was wounded at the battle of Bunker Hill, Virginia, and
was taken prisoner October, 18G4. He saw the scenes and withstood
the hardships of Libby Prison for five months. Mr. DeVore was
married December, 18(37, to Miss Sallie E. Parks. Mrs. DeVore is
a native of Cumberland County, 111. To this union have been born
six children, viz.: Alfred L., Flora, John AV., Emma, Tliomas W.,
and Frank. In September, 1880, Mr. DeVore removed from Brown
County, Ohio, to Cumberland County, 111., and has since resided one
mile southwest of Neoga, on a farm that he purchased of his brother
in 1878. The farm contains 137 acres, and is one of the best stock
farms in Cum]>erland County; also one of the best improved farms
in the county. He is a thorough Republican; cast his fii-st Presi-
dential vote for '• Old Abe." Mr. DeVore was a splendid soldier,
is one of the most prominent men in Neoga Township, and an hon-
orable citizen. Mrs. DaVore is a member of the Christian Church.
He is a member of the G. A. R.

MORTOX D0\\', tile manufacturor, was born in Switzerland
County, lud., March 20, 1839, is .the son of Joseph and Augustine
(Ichib:ui(l) Dow, the second in a family, of five children, and is of
Scotch-French e.xtraction. His father was born in Scotland, and his
mother in France. Thev came to America about 183G, and settled in
Switzerland County, Ind., and there they were both deceased, father
in 18(32, and mother in 1881. The early life of Mr. Dow was spent
on the farm. He was married, December 25, 18(32, to Miss A. M.
Gale, daughter of A. E. Gale, formerly of Jefferson County, Ind.,
but who now resides in Cumberland County, Illinois. They have
three chihlren, viz.: Cora C, Charles M., and Edmond E. The sub-
ject of our notice came to Cumberland County, 111., in April, 18G5.
He has lived in Neoga since 18(37, save one year. Mr. Dow first
engaged in the lumber business, then changed to general merchan-
dising, in partnership with C. D. Green. For a number of years he
was in the employ of Tracy Kingman. In January, 1882, he bought a
one-fourth interest in the Neoga Mill, and sold the same in January,

826 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES — CUMBEHLANT) COUNTY:

1883. Ill Fol)i'u;iiy, ISHi-J, he formed a partncrshi[), in the niamit'act-
ure of drainage tile, with AV. B. Phillips. He is the junior member
of the firm known as Phillips & Dow. He is a Ropubliean. He has
long been identified with the business interests of Xcoga, and is loyal
to all causes that are for the bettering of general humanity and the
country.

g' F. DOUGHERTY, U. D., w^as born in LaA\Tence County,
Ind., September 24, 1855; son of Isaiah and Sarah (Harsey) Dough-
erty. His parents were born in Indiana. He is the second in a fam-
ily of three children, and is of Irish-English descent. His paternal
grandfather was a soldier in the war of 1812. His parents came to
.Cumberland County, 111., in 1877, and settled in Neoga; came in
March, and his father died here the September following. His mother
now resides in Neoga. The literary education of Mr. Dougherty wa.s
confined to the common schools of Indiana and the Shoals Academ}'',
at Shoals, Ind. In 1876, he began reading medicine, at Shoals, Iiid.,
in the office of Dr. D. Gaddis; remained there only a short time, and
then came to Neoofa, and continued the work under the instruction
of Dr. L. H. Mason. In the winter of 1878-79, he attended lectures
at the American Medical College, at Saint Louis; also, the winter of
1871»-80, and graduated, June 1, 1880, from that institution. Since
that time, he has been practicing his profession in Neoga. In 1882,
he formed a partnership with Dr. F. M. Ricliardson, which still con-
tinues. He was married, October 15, 1878, to Gilla Sawyer. They
have had three children, viz.: Edina, Kittie, and Clyde. Kittie is
deceased. He is a Democrat ; is a member of the I. O. O. F. As a
physician, he has been successful. He is one of the prominent young
physicians of eastern Illinois, and his future as a practitioner indi-
cates much.

JAMES EWING, pioneer, was born in Tennessee, Novem-
ber 3, 1804, the son of James and Mary (Thompson) Ewing, is the
fourth in a family of six children, and is of Scotch-Irish extraction.
The father of Mr. Ewing was a native of Virginia, and his mother
of North Carolina. His parents w^ere deceased in Tennessee. His
father had attained to the advanced age of more than ninety years.
The year 1827 dates the coming of the subject of this sketch to Edgar
County, 111. There he resided until 1854, when he came to Cumber-
land County. He is one of the few men yet living that served as a
soldier in the Black Hawk War. In 1.S33, he was united in marriage
to Miss Rachel Ewing, an own cousin of his. ]Mrs. Ewing died in
November of the vcar foUowina:, '^'n' he was next married, three

NEOGA TOWNiSllIl'. 327

yc'tu-s later, to Miss Mary Alexaiidor. aiul to them were born four
Hoiis and four (lauolitors, viz.: Milton A., Sirus K., George F., Josiah
A., Martha V., Flora E., Linda J., and Fnima C. Mrs. Ewing died
in May, l.S()4, since which time Mr. Ewing has remained a widower.
In 1<S74, he (juit the I'arni and became a resident of Neoga, but still
owns a farm, which is moderately well improved, and is locattnl two
miles ea><t of Neoga. Mr. Ewins: has lonii" been a thorough advocate
of the princii)les of Rei)ublicanism. He is one of the men who cast
their ])allots in what was known as the AVabash Precinct. The
Ewing family has a long line of ancestors, and was known in Amer-
ica many years before the w'ar between the United States and Great
Britain. Mr. Ewing is one of the first settlers of Illinois, and is one
of its representative men.

JAMES M. EWING, farmer, was born in N'igo County, Ind.,
July 31, 182.5; son of Alexander and Margaret L. ( McColloch) Ewing,
and is of Scotch-Irish extraction. The parents of Mr. Ewing were
natives of East Tennessee. In 1824, they emigrated to Vigo County,
Ind., and there remained two years; then removed to Edgar County,
III., and here his father died in 1851. His mother died in Cumber-
liind County, in 18GG. In 18.")4, the subject of our notice came to
(Jumberland County, 111., and settled three miles east of Neoga, in
Neog-.i Township, and here he has since resided. His marriage took
place February 12, 1861, to Miss Prudentia T. Stone. Mrs. Ewing
was born in Livingston County, N. Y. They have three children,
viz.: Whitney L., Norton E., and James T. He is a thorough Repul)-
lican. In 1877, Mr. Ewing was elected Supervisor of Neoga Town-
ship, and served three terms. He is a Royal Arch Mason ; made a
Mason in 18(50. He is one of the best and most successful farmers in
Neoga Township; owns 239 acres of good land. He is a prominent
citizen and a most honorable man. Mr. and Mrs. Ewing are mem-
bers of the Presbyterian Church. He is one of the early settlers of
the county.

C D. GREENE, general merchant, is a native of Gallia County,
Ohio; l)orn March 13, 1838, is the son of C- D. and Sarah E. (Porter)
Greene, the third in a family of ten children, and is of Scotch-
English extraction. His father was born in Vermont, and his mother
in Ohio. In 18.')7, his parents emigrated to Cumberland County, 111.
Here his father died in 18(58. His mother now resides in Indianap-
olis. Mr. Greene's paternal grandfather was a soldier in the war of
the Revolution. The schooling of the subject of this mention was
confined to the conmion schools of the Buckeye Strife. He enlisted

328 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES — CUMBERLAND COUNTi":

first ill the three months service at the beginning ot the -^^-ar; was in
the first regiment that went to the service from Illinois. He re-en-
listed in Company B, Seventh Illinois Volunteer Infantry, January
2, 1862, for three years, and was honorably discharged January (5,
18(35, at Savannah, Ga. He was at the battles of Shiloh, Corinth,
Atlanta, Fort Donelsoii, etc. He was married October 22, 1865,
to Sarah E. Bell. Mrs. Greene is a native of Indiana. To this
union have been born four children, viz.: Conie B., James B., C W.,
and Charles A. The first two are dead. After his marriage, he began
farming. In May, 1866, he engaged in the mercantile business in
Neoga, and in this has since continued. In 1882, he built the brick
block he now occupies. The same is 40x80 feet, and is the
b&st constructed and most conveniently arranged business house in
Cumberland County. He is a thorough Republican. Mr. and Mrs.
Greene are members of the Methodist Episcopal Church. He is one
of the principal merchants in eastern Illinois; his stock excels any-
thing in Cumberland Couut3\ He is a man of many fine qualities,
and a most amiable citizen.

THOMAS R. HANCOCK, editor and proprietor of the Neoga
Weekly JSfews, was born near Greenup, Cumberland County, 111.,
December 30, 1843, and when about one year of age he removed
with his parents to Licking County, Ohio, where he and they
remained until Thomas was about sixteen years old, when all returned
to Cumberland County, and where he has since resided. The early
life of Mr. Hancock was divided between attending school and work-
ino- on the farm. Three years of his life were given to the service for
the protection of the xVmcrican flag, enlisting July :li^, 1862, as a
private in Company B, Ninety-Seventh Illinois Infantry. He wjis
soon promoted to the oflice of Corporal, and then to Sergeant. He
was in thirteen hard-fought battles. After returning from the serv-
ice, he taujjht school for a time. His time for a number of years
was divided by various occupations, viz.: farming, clerking in a
store, and school teaching, until he purchased the Neoga printing
office of J. L. & W. H. Allison. For five years, he has had coini)lete
control of the paper, and has been instrumental in elevating the
standard of the Neivs and greatly increasing its circulation and influ-
ence, until it now stands second to none as a local paper in southern
Illinois. The marriage of Mr. Hancock took place November 1,
1869, to Miss Vinia E. Graham, of Vigo County, Indiana. Mrs.
Hancock is an intelligent and most amiable woman. He is a thorough
Republican, and an influential newspaper man.

NEOGA T<)\\N>mP. 829

WILLIAM 11. IIAN'COL'K, salesman for C D. Greene and
brother of Thomas R. Hancock, editor of the Xeoga News, was born
at Hebron, Ohio, December 3, 1847, is the son of Thomas and Leah
(Wiseloy) Hancock, and comes of P^ng-lish-Irish blood. When the
subject of our notice was eleven years of a^re he emigrated from
Ohio to Cumberland County, 111., and made settlement near the
town of Neoga, in Xeoga Township. The early life of Mr. Hancock
was spent on the farm. When eighteen years of age he beffan the
painting business, which he carried on during the summer and clerked
in a store in the winter. In this way his time was divided for about
four years. Since 1872 he has been a dry goods salesman, and has
been clerking in the store of C. D. Greene for seven years. Decem-
ber '22, 18()8, he was united by the marriage vows to Miss Huldah J.
vShore, daughter of John N. Shore, of Clay County, Ind. To this
union have been born six children, viz.: Cora E., Gertrude L.,
Ora B., Mary A., Charles B. and William R. Ora B. and William
R. are deceased. The principles of the Repuljlican party are closely
adhered to and supported by Mr. Hancock. He and his wife are
members of the Methodist Episcopal Church. Mr. Hancock is one
of the sdf-made and self-informed men of Cumberland County, and
one of its most thorough and enterprising representatives. On the
general topics of the day he is always well informed. Mr. Hancock
is taking much interest in the education of his children. As a sales-
man he is unexcelled by any man in Cumberland County. He is a
true and highly respected gentleman.

WESLEY HICKERNELL, boot and shoe dealer, was born in
Lisburn, Cumberland Co., Penn., June 10, 1832, is the son of Jacob and
Sarah (Myers) Hickernell, the second in a family of three children,
and is of German descent. While the subject of this notice was yet
in his infancy his father was deceased, and at nine yeavs of ao-e he
began supi)orting himself and making his own way in life. He
worked on a farm until sixteen years of age, and then began a three
years' apprenticeship at the shoemakers' trade, after which time he
and an older brother opened a shoe shop at Andersonstown, Penn.
In 18,52 our subject came to Ohio and settled in Madison County,
and here he was married ]March 17, 1853, to Miss J. E. Woods.
Mrs. Hickernell was born in Madison County, Ohio. They hav^e had
six children, viz.: Hettia, Ora, L. W., Frank M., Dollie and Delia.
In 18.54 he removed to Wisconsin, and there remained two years,
and then came to Cumberland County, III., and settled on a farm
east of Xeoga anl there lived until 1873, when ho came to Xeosra and

.'i3U BIOGHAPIIICAL SKKTCIIES — CU]MBEKLAND COUNTY.

enoragetl in his jjresent occupation. He now has a o^ood stock of
boots and .shoe.-. He has Democratic proclivities; cast his first Pres-
idential vote for James Buchanan. He has taken an active i)art in
politics. He is a ^Nlason. ^Ir. H. owns 130 acres of well improved
land, and one of the best boot and shoe stores in Cumberland County.
He has made his own way through life, and has much pioneer experi-
ence that he loves to rehite. He struggled against poverty for
several years, but is now in comfortable circumstances. They are
prominent mem])ers of the Methodi.st Epi.scopal Church. He is one
of the prominent men of Neoga.

ROBEKT M. HUNTER, old settler and farmer, was born in what
was Morgan, but now Noble County, Ohio, January 21, 1830, son of
James and Martha (Marshall) Hunter, is the third in a family of
.seven children, and is of Irish descent. His parents were born ia
Pennsylvania, and came to Ohio at a very early day. They died in
tliat State. The marriage of the subject of our notice occurred May
13, 1857, to Miss Sarah C. Bailey. Mrs. Hunter was born in Wash-
ington County, Ohio. They have six children, viz.: Carrie K.,
Lucy L., Nellie, Howard B., Sarah E. and Anna S. Mr. Hunter
came to Illinois in 1858, and settled in Neoga Township, where he
still lives, and owns 200 acres of well improved land, located three
and one half miles northeast of Neoga. He is a Democrat; cast
his first Presidential vote for Buchanan. Mr. Hunter has been Road
Commissioner in Neoga Township six years. They are members of
the Presbyterian Church. He is a leading farmer and an influential
citizen. When he came to Cumberland County he made settlement
on the wild prairie, and has improved the same.

JOHN K. KELLY, farmer, was born in Clark County, Ind.,
October 19, 1817, the .son of William and Margaret (Kelly) Kelly,
the youngest in a family of thirteen children, and is of Irish lineage.
His father was born in " Old Kaintuck," and his mother in Tennes-
see. About the year 1805, his parents emigrated from Kentucky
aiid settled in Clark County, Ind. His father was an 1812 soldier,
and one of the first settlers of Indiana. The marriage of the subject
of this notice took place in May, 1850, to Miss Mary A. Manaugh. To
this union were born four children, viz.: Margaret J., Otis M.,
John H. and Mary C Mrs. Kelly died September 12, 1856. Mr.
Kelly was next married, January, 1800, to iSIrs. ]\hiry Neal (formerly
McLiin). They have three children, viz.: jVIartha E., William J.,
an<l Lena. Mr. Kelly came to Cumberland County, 111., in the fall
of 18()4, and settled in Neoga Township, three miles northeast ot

neo(;a t<)\v.\>iiii'. 33I

Neo«r.'i. IIoiv he h;i8 since lived. lie owns 21i» acres of well
irai)r()ved land, and is one of the successful and leadino- farmers of
Neoiia TowMsliip. lie is a Republican, and one of the j)rominent
men of Cunilu'rliind County.

THOMAS LACV, farmer, was born in Oldham County, Ky.,
October 10, KS2o,, is the son of Jesse and Lucy (Willhite) Lacy, the
second in a family of six children, and is of Enorlish-Gcrman extrac-
tion. His parents were natives of Viroinia, but in youth were
removed to Kentucky, from which State they emigrated to Owen
County. Ind., when the sul)ject of this mention was about nine years
of age. The paternal grandtather of Mr. Lacy came to America
prior to the Revolutionary War, and was a soldier in that conflict.
Until Mr. Lacy had gained his majority, he remained at home and
worked for his father on the farm; after this time, the realities of
life dawned upon him for himself. His marriage took place August
20, 1837, to Miss Evaline E. Long. They had eleven children. Mrs.
Lacy died February 17, 1877. He was next married, August 20,
1879, to Mrs. Mary A. Elder. To this union have been born three
children. Mr. Lacy came to Cumberland County in 1S5(), and set-
tled in Neoga Township, and here he now resides. He owns 300
acres of good land. He is one of the many who came up through
the old ^Vhig line, and is now a Republican. Mr. Lacy has been
trustee of Neoga Township for six years, and has been a member of
the Methodist Episcopal Church for thirty-eight years. Mr. Lacy's
first wife was a member of the same church, but his present Avife is
a member of the Christian Church. He is one of the prominent
farmers and citizens of Neoga Township, and an honorable Christian
gentleman.

B. H. J^AWSON, farmer and stock dealer, was born in Coles
County, 111., April 2(>, 18.51, is the son of Thomas F. and America A.
( Worthani) Liwson, and is of English-French lineage. His parents
were born in Kentucky. Iii 1840, they emigrated to Illinois, and
settled in Coles County, and were among the first settlers in that
pai-t of (Joles County. In 18:)2, they removed to Cuni])erland
County, and here his father died in \s:u. The subject of our notice
worked on the farm until he was seventeen years of age, and then
he began trading in stock for Col. T. A. Ai)person, his'step-father.
In 1872, he took a business course in the Terre Haute Commercial
College, and graduated from that school in December, the same year.
He was married October '2S, 1875, to Miss Mary Kelly. Mrs. Law-
son is a native of Clark County. Ind. '|-hny hav had three children.

332 BFOGRAFMIICAL SKKTCHES — CUMBERLAND COUNTV.

vi/.: Lucv A., Foiiroso. and Tracy (dec-cased). After his mar-
riao-e. he bciran ftirmiuir on that i)art of the okl Lawson homestead
that he came into [)ossession of by the ileath of his father. He now
owns 28o acres of well improved land, which is one of the best
stock fanns in Cumberland County. He is a KepnlAican: has been
Townshij) Collector for three years — 1878, 18711 and 1880. In 1880,
he was nominated for County Clerk in the Republican convention,
but w^as defeated by L. W. Brewster. He has always taken an active
part in i)olitics. He is one of the most prominent younii- men and
farmers in Cumberhmd County. Eneriry and industry form largely
his composition.

J. W. MILLKH, ex-C(mnty dudire and farmer, is a native of
(jhirk County, Ind.,theson of Martin and Susan C. (Mitchell) Miller,
born December 8, 1828, is next to the younsfest in a family of ten
children, and comes of German blood. His parents were natives of
Pennsylvania, and were born near the City of Brotherly Love.
They emigrated from Indianfi to Cumberland C(nmty, HI., in a very
early day. In this county they were deceased, father in 1870 and
mother six years hiter. When the subject of this mention had gained
his majority, he began life's battle for himself He was awarded
the advantages and privileges of much more than an (U'dinary edu-
cation, and Mr. Miller made good us-^ of these blessings. For a
number of years he taught school, and was considered a most suc-
cessful teacher. In 1 8r)2, Mr. Miller came to Cumberland County,
and settled in Neoga Township, where he began improving a
tarin. On the 1st of January, 18.32, he was united in marriage to
Miss Louisa E. K(^tcliam, who was also a native of the Hoosier Stute.
To this union have been born twelve children, viz.: Amanda ,h .].,
Meltidas. Margaret B., America A. M.. Ella, dames M., Mary E.,
Sai-ah L., Cora A.. Lora, Cliarlcs L.. and Ira O- Politically. Mr.
.Vliller is known as an Independent, but of late years he has been
casting his vote with the Rei)ublicans. In 1873. he was elected
County Judo-e of Cumberland County, on the Independent ticket,
and was re-elected to the same office in 1877. Mr. Miller is one of
the leading husl)an(lmen in the county, and a most prominent citizen.
Th ' family is extensively known and greatly resjiected.

D.VN'II) XEAL. farmer and stock-dealer, is a native of North
Carolina, l)orn dune 27. 182(i. son of Daniel and Letitia (l*erdue)
Neal, is the second eldest in a family of twelve children, and is of
Frem^h-Irish blood. The parents of Mr. Neal were also natives of
North Oaroliua and earlv settlers of Indiana, having in 1831 end-

NEOGA TOWNSIIII'. 833

gratod to Wayne County, that State. His father \va> one of the
most enterprisino- and prominent of Indiana's <'arly men. The Dem-
oeratie i)arty always had in him a true representative and earnest
advoeate. I lis death oeenrred in Wavne County, Indiana, in 1845.
Tlie mother of Mr. Neal now resides in Randolph County, of that
State. When the twenty-seeond anniversary of the birth of the sub-
Jeet of this mention eame round, it found him out in the sea of life
for himself. Feluuary 12. l.s.')0, he Mas l)y the holy bonds of matri-
mony united in marriaire to ^Nliss Martha Kainier, a native of New
Jersey. To this union have been l)orn five ehildren. viz.: Sarah E.,
William K., John C, Benjamin F. and Mary A. Of these, three are
livino-. In 18(;5 Mr. Neal came to Cumberland County, and settled
in Neoga Township, Avhere he has si nee resided. Mr. Neal now owns
200 acres of good land. His farm is one of the best improved in
Cuml)erland County, and one of the most productive. He is one of
those men that believes in the advancement of science in agriculture
a.s much as anything else, and the condition of his farm warrants
such fact. Politically, Mr. Neal has Democratic convictions, and is
one of the leaders of his ])arty in the county. In 1 880 he was elected
Supervisor of Neoga I'ownship, and served one term. Mr. Neal is a
man of more than ordinary (|ualifications, and is well-informed on
all the leadino- issues of the day. He is worthy of the extensive

* • «

res])ect that he commands.

JOHN PETERS, farmer and liveryman, was born in vSwitzerland
County, Indiana, July 4, 1S22. is the son of Henry and Margaret
(Dunn) Peters, the second eldest in a family of eight children, and
is of German descent. The father of Mr. Petei-s was a native of Vir-
ginia, and his mother of Kentucky. His parents were among- the
early comers of Cumlierland County, Illinois. His father died in this
<ounty, in 187,'). and his mother was deceased in Coles County, in
1.S80. The early i)art of the life of the subject of this mention was
spent on a farm in his native State, and then he was united in
marriage April 10, 1.S4-'), to Miss Louvisia Hugle. Mrs. Peters is a
native of Hamilton ( bounty. Ohio. To this marriage have been born
eight children, viz.: William IL, Margaret, Napoleon B., Julia Ann,
John W., James B., Ellen and Charb^s N. In 18()5 Mr. Peters came
to Neoga Township, Cumberland County, and i)urchased 160 acres of
raw prairie, and this farm he began imi)roving the next year. Mr.
Petei-s now owns 224 acres of well improved land just south ot Neo<ra.
He cast his first Presidential vote for James K. Polk, and has been a
life-long Democrat. In July, 1 ns3. he engaged in the livery business

334 BIOGRAPHICAL SItETCHES — CUMBERLAND COUNTY:

ill Neooa.. and the same has been successful beyond his expectation.
His fother Avas a sohlier in the 1812 and Black Hawk wars. Mr.
Peters enjoys an extensive acquaintance and commands much respect.
W. Vy. PHILLIPS, tanner and tile manufacturer, was born in
Madison County, New York, Fe])ruary 17, 1824, the son of Bruzilla
and Betsey (Heminway) Philli])s, and is of Scotch extraction. The
parents of Mr. Phillips were born in Massachusetts. His father was
a soldier in the war of 1812, and his paternal grandfather a soldier
in the Revolutionary war. His father died in New York, in 1851.
In 1837 the subject of our notice came to Allen County, Indiana, and
settled northeast of Fort Wayne. In 1854 he came to Illinois and
settled in the northeastern part of the State. In 1857 he came to
Cumberland County, Illinois, and settled in Neoga Township, and
here he has since lived. He was married October 19, 1843, to Miss
Nancy McCourtney, of Allen County, Indiana. Tliey have four chil-
dren. In August, 1861, he enlisted in Company A, Fifth Illinois Cav-
aliy; was discharged on account of ill-health, March, 18G3. For a
number of years Mr. Phillips was interested in the Neoga Mill. In
the fall of 1882 he be<j:an the manufacture of drainaafe tile. Thefac-
tory has a capacity of making ()0,000 tile (ditierent sizes) per month;
has a splendid shed 40x170 feet. There is in connection two exten-
sive kilns. Mr. Phillips is the senior member of the firm known as
Phillips & Dow. He is a Republican and a Mason. He has been
Treasurer of Neoga Lodge, No. 279, for sixteen years. He is one of
the extensive farmers of Neoga Township. The tile factory is one,
of the best in Cumberland County. He is one of the leading men in
Neoga, and one of its principal citizens.

HENRY H. REX, dry goods clerk, was born in ]\Iifflin County,

Peiin., December 26, 1835, is the son of Henry and (Barn hart)

Rex, the youngest in a family of three children, and is of German lin-i
cage. The Rex family came originally from Reading, Penn. In
183G, it removed from Lancaster to Mifflin Countv, Penn., and there
his father was murdered, in 1836, for money that he was supposed
to have had on his person. The body was never foinid. His mother
died when he was six weeks old, and his father was murdered when
he was about seven weeks old. In his infancy, he was in the care of
a Avidovv lady by the name of Margaret Ilaller, and was supjiorted
by Dcrry Townshij), in Mifflin County, Penn. The detormity of
Mr. Rex is (lu(! to (^rucd treatment in infancy, previous to his ]>eiiig
placed in the hands of Mrs. Haller. The township supported him
until he was nine years of age. In 1854, he began clerking in a drug

NEOGA TOWNSHir. 335

:and hardware store in Lowistown, Ponn. In 1860, ho left that posi-
tion and came to Logan County, Ohio, and there remained until
1861, Avhen he emigrated to Edgar County, 111. In 1866. he came
to Neoga Township, Cumberland County, III., and one year hiter
came to Neoga, and here he still resides. He was married Septem-
ber :^0, 1S65, to Miss Harriet M. Evving. Mrs. Rex is a native of
Edgar County, 111. They have had two children, viz.: Oliver S- and
Minnie B. He is a Kepulilican. Mr. Rex has served as Township
Clerk and Town Clerk for six years; he is at present a member of
the Town Council. He has been a salesman for twenty-one years,
and is the second oldest salesman in Neoga. Mr. Rex has more than
an ordinary education, which he obtained under the most trying
circumstances, paying liis own way through college. He is a most
aftable and pleasant gentleman.

T. J. SHORT, general merchant, was born in Randol[)h County,
III., March 11, 1856: son of Thomas E. and Sarah (Harmon) Short,
and is of Irish-English extraction. His parents are natives of Ran-
dolph County, III. The Short family was first known in Kentucky,
and emigrated to Illinois in 1819. The subject of our notice remained
at home and worked on the farm for his father until he had attained
his majority. In the fall of 1879, he came to Neoga and engaged in
general merchandising, and in that he has since continued. He has
been successful beyond his own expectations. Mr. Short has $5,000
invested in his business, which is steadily increasing. He is a
thorough Republican; cast his first Presidential vote for Hayes. He
is one of the promising young ])usiness men of Neoga, and a thorough
gentleman. By energy and industry he has succeeded, and his pros-
pects for a prosperous life each year become more extensive. Mr.
Short already has a trade that has l^ecome extensive, and his cus-
toniei*s are known for miles around. In his store vou can always
find choice goods at prices within the means of all.

W. H. SINGER, miller, was born in AA'ayne Count}', Ohio, Jul}'
24, 1841, is the son of Christian and Mar}' A. (Lowe) Singer, and is of
German-English extraction. His parents were born in P(?nnsyl-
vania. In 1820 the}' emigrated to Wayne County, Ohio, and there
remained until the fall of 1882 when tl^py came to Neoga, where they
now reside. The grandfathers were soldiers in the Avar of 1812.
During the boyhood days of the subject of this mention he Avorked
on his father's tarm. In 1858 he began learning the millers" trade
at Wooster, in the mill of A. Jolllft', serving an apprenticeshi[) of
three years. He enlisted in the cause of his country in April. 18(n,

33fi HKxnMi'inrM, skkt(hk> (tmrkklani) (ointy:

in Conipanv E, P'ourth Ohio Voluiitt'cr Infaiiti-v. In June tbUowiua:
here-enlisted in the sum.' compjiiiv :iu<l n-giment for three years;
was in many hanl-foui^ht battles. He was wountlcd at the battle
of the Wilderness, on the (5th of .May. I8»j3, and discharirod Jnne o,
18»)3. After r('tnrninf>- from the service he attended school six
months. Ill 1S()-1: he came to Charleston. 111., and for two years was
foreman in Tinkey's mill. In 18158 he went to Tipton. .Mo., and for
fonr years was foreman in the Tipton Mills. Mr. Singer came to
Neoii-a in I.S74. and leased a one-half interest in the Xeoofa mill for
one year. He pnichascd a one-third interest in the mill in 187'), and
one year later he owned a one-half interest. In 18S2 he became the
sole pr()[)rietor and owner of the Neoira mill. The mill (one of the
best in Cumberland County) was built in 1N(5;), re-built in 1881.
The " roller ' system was put in in duly, 18So. The mill has a capacity
of fifty barrels of tiour per day, and meal one hundred barrels per day.
The machinery throuiihout is of modern im])rovement. T'hcHonris
equal in quality to any manufactured in eastern Illinois. Mr. Singer
was married Oetober24,l.S(57, to Miss Mary A. Lewis, of Charleston, III.
Mrs. Singer was born in Delaware County, Ohio. They have two chil-
dren, viz.: ]\Iinnie \. and Dollie K. He is a He[)ul)liean, cast his first
Presidential vote for Lincoln, and has always been loyal to the Iiepul>
lican cause. He is one of tluMuost enterprising, and one of the snb-
stantial business men of Cund)erland Comity. lie was a good soldier,
and is a most amiable citizen and gentleman.

B. R. SPENCEK, miller, was born in Carroll County, Ky., Sep-
tember 5, 1834, is the .son of David and Rachael (Long) Spencer, and
is of Scotch-German lineage. When the subject of this notice wjis
eighteen years of age he began learning the trade of an engineer. In
1853 he began serving an apprenticeship at the millers' trade. His
life, for the most part, has been that of a miller and engineer. In 1 Hiu)
he emigrated to Cumberland County, III., and .settled in Neoga, and
has since resided here. For six yeai-s after coming to Xeoga he was
engineer in the .Veoga Mills. In 1<S71 he began discharging similar
duties in the Xeoga City Mill. Since l.s7i> he has been the miller in
the Xeoga City mill, and also general manager of the mill. His
marriage took iilace February !l, 1S(50, to Miss Emaline Davis. Mrs.
Spencer was also born in Kentucky, rhey have five chihlren. John
W., James B., Ora V., William M. and Leslie AV. He is a Democrat,
and cast his first Presidential vote for Fillmore. He is a member of the
Masonic Fraternity, and is one of the charter members of the I. O- O- F.
Xeoga Lodge, No. Ml. They are membei-s of the Methodist Episcopal

\EOQA TOWNSHIP. 837

(. Church. As a iiiillcr his ro]mtatif)n stands second to none in C'nnihor-
hind County, lie is an lionoral)l(' citizen and a pleasant ijenlleman.

MRS. A. K. STONE, dealer in millinery, fancy ^o(jds and notions,
was born in (Hncinnati, Ohio, Jainiary 12, 1844, daughter of John
an<l Maria Bradinan, who were natives of the Old English Empire.
Mrs. Stone comes of pure English blood. Her father came to Amer-
ica in 1810, and her mother some years later. Her parents were
among the pioneei-s of the Queen City, where they lived for a num-
ber of years, and moved to Kentucky where they resided until the
breaking out of the late war, when they emigrated to Cmnberland
County, III., and settled in Xeoga, but sul)se(iuently removed to
Beardstown, III. The subject of our sketch remained in Neoga, and
for a series of years taught school, at which she was most successful.
The marriage of Mrs. Stone occurred November 2H, 18(j5, to Mr. J.
M. Stone, a native of tlu^ Empire State. Since 1<S70 Mrs. Stone has
been eng-aged in the millinery and notion business. With a cash
capital of $L")() the business was commenced, but the same has
increased to at least §3,000. Her stock of goods is unequaled in
Cumberland County, an<l thirteen years of active, energetic business
and practical experience places her in the front ranks of the millinery
trade. Mr. Bradman is a man of much prominence and has always
been a strong anti-slavery advocate, and removed north in 18G1 lest
his sons should bi* made to do service in the rebel army. After
«'omin''' to Illinois two of his sons became soldiers in the Union
Army. Mrs. Stone is one of the most enterprising citizens of Cum-
berland County, and is one of the principal business representatives
of Neoga. She is one of the leading workers in the Presbyterian
Church and Sabbath school, a thorough temperance advocate, and
one of the most eminent women in southern Illinois. Mr. Stone
has been in ill health lor twelve years, and has spent much money and
traveled extensively to regain his h«ilth, ))ut all to no avail. He is
a Republican in [)olitics.

LUKE VAUGHN, farmer, was born in Owen County, Indiana,
.January !•, 1841, is the son of Thomas and Isabella (Hooley) Vaughn,
the youngest in a family of five children, and is of German-English
extraction. His father was born in Kentucky and his mother in Indi-
ana. His parents came to Cumberland County, Illinois, in 18/)6, and
settled in Neoga Township, and hen; his fath(!r dwd in 187<). His
mother still resides in Neoga Township. The subject of this notice
was married December 23, 18»Jo, to Miss Mary Groscup. Mi's. Vaughn
was born in New Orleans, Louisiana, riiey have had these chil-

338 BIOGKAPHICAL SKETCHES — CUMBERLAND COUNTY:

(Iron, viz.: Thomas, Isabelle, Louisa, Nancy, Lucetta, John \V., Maiy
E. and Fh)rence. Mr. Vaii£rhn now owns 140 acres of oood hind, the
same being a })art ot'theohl \'aughn homestead. He is a Democrat
in politics., and a leadinof citizen. Mrs, Vauirhn died October 24.
1882. She was a most amiable woman and beloved by all who
i^new her.

FKAXKLIX D. A'ORIS, dealer in strain, hav, ofeneral farm ma-
chineiy and livestock, was born in Bath, Summit County, Ohio, April
7, 1846, is the son of Peter and Julia (Coe) Voris, and is of Dutch-
English lineage. His father was born in Pennsylvania, in 1799, and
his mother in Connecticut, in 1808. They emigrated to Summit
County, Ohio, at a very early day, and were among the pioneers of
that county. His father represented Sunnnit County in the Lower
House of the General Assembly, of Ohio, from 1844 to 1840. In
1857 the Voris family came to Coles County, 111., and here the mother
of Mr. Voris was deceased the year following, and his father died in
1880. The paternal grandi^arcnt of the subject of this brief, was a
soldier in the war of 1812. At seventeen v:ears of aoe Mr. \'oris
began learning the jewelers' trade in ^lattoon. At this he contin-
ued to work for five years. In 18(58 he came to Xeoga. Cumberland
County, m.. and immediately engaged in the grain and live stock
business, in partnership^with a man by the name of Mc Andrew. The
firm was then styled McAndrcAv & Voris, and of which Mr. A'oris
was the junior member of the firm and general manager. In 187(5.
Mr. Voris assumed sole control and OAvnership of the l)usiness, and
has been doing a very extensive business since; has for the past
five years done an average business of $100,000 annually; business
increasing each year, he employing from twenty-five to thirty men.
He came to Neoga in limited circumstances, but now has good
credit. He was married at Mattoon, 111., January 19, 1870, to Miss
Lockie McMum. Mrs. Voris is also a native of the Buckeye State,
born in 184G. They have had born to them five children, viz.: an
infant that died unnamed, Rtiy, Alvin M., Henry C., and Lovis ]M. He
is a thorough Kepublicau; is also a member of the Masonic Fraternity
and I. O. O. F. He is a man of much force of character, and is
greatly respected. Mr. and Mrs. Voris are members of the Presby-
terian Church. Mr. A'oris had five brothers in th(^ late war. viz.:
Col. A. C. Henr}', Capt. Sanmel, Willis and Hoswell U.,Avliodicd in
Andersonville prison. Two othei-s died of injuries received in the
sei-vice, and the tAvothat are yet living were severely woimded. The
Voris family has always been noted for its patriotic principles and
dtwotion to countrv and Hai»-.

^ ,>f~ jV neoga TowNsinr. 339

CAPTAIN MAHLON V()TA^^^ fuinituro dealer and imder-
Uiker, was born in Columbiana County. Ohio. November S, 182fi, the
son of Isaac and Susanna ( Woohnan ) Votaw, and is of French-Scotch
descent. His father was born in Loudoun ( 'ountv, Va.. and his mother
in the State of New Jersey. In l.so;) his falhei- came to the territory
that now composes Cohnnbiana County, Ohio. In that county he died
in 18")!, and his mother in the same county in 1H81. The subject ot
this mention at the aae of twenty years l)e^an millwrightini>-;
worked at the trade four veai-s in Ohio. In IS'jo lie came to Cum-
berland (/Ountv, 111., and assisted in erectinsr tho-Greenup Mills.
He was married January 2."). 185;"), to Miss Josei)hine Baker. They
had two children, viz.: Otis and Francis M. The first is deceased.
Mi-s. VotaAv died in December, 18r)8. He was next married October
25, 1859, to Miss Delilah Reece, To this nnion were born seven chil-
dren, viz.: LMnan T., Mar^■ K., Oran M., Susan, Alice, Alvin E. and , ,.^
Willie. Mrs. Yotaw died April G, 1873, and for his third \vife he
man-ied, September 2, 1883, Mrs. Marcella Comstock, who is a nati\e
of Rii)ley Connty, Ind. In August, 1862. Mr. Yotaw enlisted in ^ -x.
the war of the Rebellion, in Company B, (Jne Hundred and Twenty- ' ^»/i|<W-t?i
Third Illinois Volunteer Infantry, as a private, and as such served
one month, and then promoted to th(^ position of Orderly Sergeant.
He was made First Lieutenant, August 12, 181)3, Captain, April
25, 18()4, and was discharged, July, 1^^(55, at Springfield, 111. He was
at the V)attles of Perryville, Hoover's Gap, Chickamauga. the siege
of Atlanta, etc. The war over, and Mr. \^otaw is found at Neoga,
engaged in the furnitm-e business. For nniny years he has taken
an active part in i)()litics, and been one of the party leaders in Cum-
berland County. He has always been one of the most public-spirited,
wide-awake men in the county, and has always advocated and
aided all public improvements that have been for the good of the
county. He was one of the leaders in the movement of Neoga's sec-
ond railroad, in 1872 — a i-omi^any known as the Paris, Neoga &
Saint Louis Railway Company, of which company Mr. Votaw was
president. In 1881, a new company, styled the Charleston, Neoga
& Saint Louis Railroad Company was formed, and of this he was
also president. Mr. Votaw was a brave and true soldier, and is a
citizen of honorable worth and distinction.

J. T. WALLACE, meat-dealer and fruit merchant, was born
in Dearborn County, Ind.. March (i, 1845, son of Thomas and Sarah
(Lanca.ster) Wallace, is the youngest in a family of four children,
and is of Scotch-German lineaije. In 18(53, Mr. Wallace came to

340 BIOGHAPHICAL SKETCHES — CLMHKH1.\M> (OINTV:

CunilK'rland Counly, ill, and t'or live v«-ars lived and tanned in
Xeoga Townsliip, and then romovod toCentralia. Marion County, and
enora_ire<l in i»Towin«- all kinds oftVnit. In 1M7N, he returned to Cum-
berland County, and has here sinee resided. The marriage of Mr.
Walhuo to Miss Laura Stevens took plaee September H, 18<)l>. They
have three ehildren, viz.: Minnie E., Edgar, and Clarence. In Sep-
tember, l.Ss;j, Mr. Wallace engaged in the meat-market business in
Neosra. The business of fruit-2-rowini»- he is still interested in, and
in which he is having much success. His orchards and vineyards at
Xeoga are very extensive, and each year he continues to make addi-
tions. Mr. \\'allace is one of the most extensive small-fruit dealers
and shippers in Cumberland County. In l<S<s3, he became the pat-
entee of •• The ( 'ommon Sense Tree Protector,*' which has i)roved to
be a most valuable invention. Mr. Wallace is a stanch Rej)ublican
in politics.

CAPTAIN A. T. WELMAN, tanner and stock -dealer, was Ixmi
in OMham County, Ky., December 7, 182N, the son of Andrew A. and
Elizabeth (Williams) Welman. and is of English-German extraction.
His father was born in Virginia and his mother in Kentucky, and hi
1845, they emigrated to ^Morgan County, Ind. Captain Wehnan re-
mained at home until he was nineteen years of age, when he enlisted in
Company B, Fourth Indiana Kegiment of the^NIexican service; served
about two years, then returned to Indiana. He was married Decem-
ber 18, 1849, to Miss Sarah J. Pruett. They had three children.
Mrs. Welman died in 18"),"). He was next married in 18.')!>. to Miss
Mary Greenlee, of Morgan County, Ind. This union has had four
children born to it, Ca|)tain Welman enlisted in the late Rebellion
.June 23, bSlil. in Company A, Twenty-Third Indiana Volunteer
Infantry, as a private. August <!, 18()1. he was connnissioned (Cap-
tain of his Company. He resigned his command .January 12. 1<S()3,
on the account of ill-health. On the lath of June 18(53, he re-en-
listed in Comi)anyD, One Hundred and Seventeenth Indiana Volun-
teers; was Ca|)tain of that Company. He received his final dis-
charge in October, 18(14. In 1.S7S, he removed with his family t()
Shelby County, III., and there renniined until 1«S82. when he removed
to Cumberland County, 111., now residijig two and a hall' miles east
of Neoga. He has 224 acres of good land, lie is a ^Mason; made
such in iSCtl. lie is one of the prominent farmers and citizens of
Cumberland County. They are members of the Christian Church.

CAPTAIxN Phillip" WELSHIMER is a native of Fairfield
County. Ohio, born November!. 1M2(>, the son of Frederick and Cathe-

NEOG A ToWNSini'. 341

riiio ( l*(^1tM-s) \N dsliimci'. and is of (ici'maii lincair*'- Hi> tathcr was
born ill l\'imsylvani:i and hi.s inotlicr in Marvluiul. The Gazette
and Express publishes as t'oUows. in its issue of April 12, 1844, at
Laneaster, Ohio, conceruinii tiie death of the i:raiidparents of the.
Captain on his mother's side: ••Died, on Mareh Hh last, at his
rcsi<lence in Clear Creek Tow iiship. Abraham Peters, at the advauecd
ago of eiiihtv-four yoai"H, seven months aiul eiijht days. On the 4th
Inst., his a<»-ed widow followed him to the world of spirits. She had
attained the age of eii»ht3'-four years, one month and seven days. This
departed pair were amonii' the tirst settlers of (.'lear Creek Township,
and had lon^- endured together the privations and liardshij)s of a pio-
neer life. They had been united in Avedloek sixty-four years, an<l lt;ft
twelve children, ninety-six o-rand-ehildren, and one hundred and
sixtv-four ii-reat-iirandehildren, and one of the fourth generation.
Amonii' all their descendants, onlv owv had died in the liist forty
years." The early life of Captain \\''cdshimer wsis spent in working
on a farm and clerking in a store. The spring of IS4S, dates the
coming of this man to Cumberland Count}', and his settlement in
Cottonwood Township, where he remained two years and then
removed to Greenup and engaged in general merchandising, and
remained until the spring of 1?^.") 7, when he came to Neoga. In 18(50
he engagcMl in the merchandise business, and in this he continued
until his enlistment in the United States Army. lie assisted in
raising the tirst t(Mi regiments sent out by tin? State of Illinois. He
enlisted in ('ompany i>, Twentv-First Illinois Infantrv, and soon
after his enlistment he was elect(^d First-Lieutenant of the Company.
Immediatidy after the battle of Stone Kiver, he was commis.sioned
Captain of his Company on the account of meritorious conduct at
that battle, lie was taken prisoner at the battle of Chiekamauga,
and was held as a [)risoner of Avar for seventeen months. For seven
months he withstood the miseries and illsof the famed Libby Prison.
He was discharged at Saint Louis, May, 181)."). In 18()8, Captjiin
WelshiiiKU" was connnissioned [)ostmaster at Neoga. This position
he still retains. The Neoga ijostoftice is one of the most comi)letely
arranged and systematically managed othces in the State. He is
assistc(l in the otHce by Miss Eva Henderson. In 185(), ^Captain
Welshimer was commissioned Justice of the Peace, and has held the
office for more than a (juarter of a century. He was married, in 1847,
to Miss Julia Pickering. They had six children, vi/.: KUen R.,
Alice W., Theodore M., who was accidently killiMl April, 18»)0, by
the burstinir of an an\ il that was used in celebratinii- Lee's surren-

342 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES — CUMBERLAND COUNTi':

der; Lucv A.. Cliarlcs. and P'redt'rick G. Mrs. Welshimn- diet!
March 12. 1871. Ho was next niarried, in 1S72. to Miss Malinda
MeXntt. Two children have boon born to them, viz.: Frank M..
and Philli]). ('a])tain Welshinier is a trne Repnidican and a man of
sterlino- merit.

WILLIAM RICHAKI) WHITE, natnral mechanic and patentee
ot many inventions, Avas born in 1844, and is the son of B.W. and Eliz-
abeth White. The early life of Mr. White was one of depression, sor-
row poverty and sore affliction, and was mainly spent in Cumberland
Countv. 111. For two vears. however, he lived with his i)arents in
Coles County. At one year of age, he was depri\ed of the use of
his eyes, and in this condition he remained for eight years. At
eleven years of age, he had recovered his sight to such an extent
that he bei^an attendino- school. At eisfhteen vears of aire, he besfan
teaching school, at which occupation he continued about fourteen
.years, and was one of the most noted pedagogues of his day. In
addition to his school-teachinof, he tauaht sinofina-school and deliA -
ered lectures on astronomy. In 1867, he was united in the holy
bonds of matrimon}- to Miss H. E. Keller, daughter of Riley Keller.
To this union have been born five children, four daughters and one
son. In 187(5, he lost his property and home. After this, he traded
lor a time, but. in 1878. he received the right to a ])atent fence, and
sold about $40,0(X) worth of the patent. 'IMie greatest work of the
life of Mr. White was the invention of the '•• Drive Gate.'' a few years
later. This is. without ((uestion, one of the best and most useful
l)atents of the kind e\er placed before the public. He has in one
vear alone sold $r)(>.0()0 worth. B\' energy and economv, Mr. White
has amassed (piite a large amount of property. Besides his property
in Neoga, which is among the best and most conveniently arranged
that tlie town allbrds, he has 2,000 acres of valuable land. Mr.
\\'hite of to-day is (piite diHerent from the White of fifteen years
ago, as far as financial responsibility is concerned, for he is now worth
tit least $40,000, and at that time he was almost penniless. In addi-
tion to making himself and family comfortal)le and surrounded by
luxuries, he has done nnich for his kinsmen. He is one of the lead-
ing and most public spirited men in southern Illinois, and one of the
most charitable and generous. He is with his fortune the same
common personage that he was in his ])overty. He has many friends,
and is familiarly called " Hapi)y IVdl White, the generous man."
He has a sound education, and is well read oenerallv. But for lack
•of space, we would gladly pid)lisli some choice stanzas of poetry on his

XEOGA TO\VN>llII'. 343^

pjitont ir:ito. which wvo wholly orininal and ot' hi.> own coiupositiiMi.

S. F. WILSON, druiioist, Avas born in Washiuirtoii County, Ind.,
February 10. 1840. is the son of James and Ann (Hutchison) Wilson,
and of Knalish-Irish lineage. His father was born in North Carolina,
and his mother in Kentucky, and emigrated to Indiana at an early
day, and were anumg the pioneers of the Hoosier State. In 1S,52
they removed to Cumberland County. 111., and settled two and a
half miles southeast of Xeoga. There his father died in iSt??, and
his mother died, in Xeoga, in l>>&2. ITis paternal grandfather \vas a
noted suriieon in the Revolutionary war. The subject of our notice
worked at home for his father until \\e had attained his majority. He
enlisted in the cause of his country in ]May, 1<S(U. in Company 15,
T^venty-First Illinois Infantry, and particijjated in the battles of
Fredricktown, Miss.; Perrysville, Ky., and Stone River, Tenn,.
At the latter battle he was wounded. He was diseharged April
1, 18(52. and re-enlisted Deeember l(j, 18()3, in Company G, Sixty-
Second Illinois V^olunteer Infantry ; finally discharged March
21, 18(j(>. During his second service he was commissioned F'irst-
Lieutenant. He was married November 14, 1807, to Miss M. J. Reed-
Mrs. A\'ilson was born in Ohio County, W. Va. They have three
children, viz.: Ambler F., Frank R. and Lena P. He is a Republi-
can; is a member of the ^Masonic Fraternity. Mr. and Mrs. Wilson
are leading members of the Presbyterian Church. Since 1S71 he has
been enofa<>e<l in the druo- business in Neog-a, and has the most exten-
sive line found in Cumberland County. Mr. Wilson is one of the
men of true merit of Cumberland County, and one of the most patri-
otic men in the State.

IRA M.WRIGHT, dealer in grain and produce,wasborn in Switz-
erland County, Ind., June 9, 18o(), is the son of Alfred and Lucinda
(Buchanan) Wright, and comes of English-Irish origin. His father
was born in Maryland and his mother in Indiana, and they were
among the tirst settlers of the old Hoosier Stat<', having come there
in 1821. It was not until the subject of this sketch had reached the
twenty-tifth mile stone in life that he began working for himself,
having worked for his father until that time. In August, 18(;i, ho
enlisted in the United States Army, in the Third Indiana Cavalry.
He served three years, and was honorably discharged in October,
18(54. He was at the liattles of Gettysburg, Antietam, Fredericks-
burg, Second Bull Run, >\'ilderness and Petersburg. In January,
18154, Mr. Wri^fht went to Arkansas and enofaged in cotton irrowing
for two years, at which he was successful. In 1867 he came to

o44 BIOGKAPHICAK >KKT('1IKS — (;IMB?:RL.\M) ('OUNTV.

Ncoga. jind has l)i>eii a resident of th<' town over since. He first
eng-airetl in the aniin l)nsiness, and then added prodnee deal ini>-, and
in this connection he ha.s l)een since ('n<>a<:rcd. The bnsiness. which
was meagre at tirst. has l)econie (|uite extensive, and he now does at
least $3U,()0U worth of business annually. He was united in mar-
riage to Miss Sarah E. Shaw, of Vevay, Ind.. ^Nlay 15. 1)^()^. To this
union have been boi'n three children, viz.: Ada M.. Kdward ('. and
Walter H. He is aa earnest Republican; a member of the Knights
of Honor and the G- A. K., and one of the })i-inci])al business men of
Neoga. There is not a more enterprising man in Cumberland
County than he, nor a nu)re useful citizen.

JOSEPH ]M. YOUXG, livervman, Avas born in A'iiro C'ountv,
Ind., September 'll, 1821, is the son of S:imuel M. and ^largaret (Mc-
Kasliev) Youno-, the fifth in a family of fourteen children, and is
of Irish origin. His father was born in >s'orth C'arolina and hi>
mother in Kentucky. They emigrated to A'igo County, Ind., in a
very early day and Avere amon<i the pioneers of that county,. His
father was a soldier in the warof 1S12, and his })aternal grandfather
was a soldier in the war of the Revolution. His parents both died
in Vigo Comity, Ind., on the old Young homestead, where they had
lived for half a century. Mr. Youu": was married December 4, 184o,
to Miss Matilda Van (Ucve. To this union have been born four chil-
dren, viz.: Mary E., Samuel T., William H. and Margaret ,].
Samuel T. died of injuries received in the late war. He enlisted in
Com})any B, One Hundred and Thirty-Fifth Illinois Volunteer
Infantry, May UJ. 1S()4, and was discharged S'.^j)tember 28, 1,S()4, at
Mattoon, 111. Mrs. Young dieil February 7, 18i)l, and Mr. Young
was next married, Dotrember 24, 1S()1, to Miss Mary E. Keller.
Mrs. Young was born in Jackson County, Ind. Mr. Young came to
Cumberland County, III., in Sej)tember, 1S.')4, and settled ten miles
southeast of Neoga. He rented a farm for two years, then bought
eighty acres of prairie, and afterward bought forty acres more.
In l<SSl he sold it and l)ou<i:ht 100 acres one mile east of iS'eoo'a. In
1S78 Mr. Young came to Neoga, and here he has since resided. In
1878 he «Migage;d in the livery business, and in this he still continues.
In addition to his farm he has (piite a number of town lots. He has
been successful in life. He is a Republican in politics, and .-ilso a
Mason. He is on<' of the pioneers of ('uml)erland County.

VV. H. YOUXG, farmer and i>feneral airent for the Howe Sewing
Machine, was born in Edgar County, 111., January 7, 1829, is the
sonof Claybourn and Mary (Russell) Young, and is of English-Irish

NEOGA TOWNSHIl'.

;^45

ex tract ion. His parents were horn in Tonncvssoc and oniiiiratcd
from that Stato to K(li>ar ("ounty, III., in 1N27. where thev resided
tor two years, th(Mi removed to lioone ('oimty. Jnd.. and there lived
initil their death. th(> father dyinir in isiiS. and motlier in 1S72. Mr.
"I'onni^- was married ()(tol)er 1."). I.s4i(. to iMis> Ahiriiaret A. MeCol-
loeh. Mrs. Youna is :i nati\<' ol" Tennessee, 'i'o them liave l)een
born foiu' eliihiren. vi/.: ,)ohn A. M.. Alice, Lillie M. and ('laybourn
H- In 1S')() Mr. Yoimij came to Illinoisand scuttled in Kdiifar (/ountv,
there remained three years, then ivmoved to Cundierland (younty and
.settled in Neoiifa Townshij). three jniles noi'theast of Neoi>a, where
he has sin<'<' resided and has a farm of 120 acres, .md well imj)roved.
Since l<S(!il Mr. ^'onni^- has been eniia<jfed in the sewinir machine bns-
iness. lie has sold 2,000 ifiachines. He is ;i Kepnblican, ajid they
are niendx'rs oi' the I'resbyterian Church. They have a danirhter in
the Indian Territory, teachino- the C'hoctaw Indians. Mr. Youne: is
a leading- citizen, and one of the (dd settlers of Cumberland (/Ounty.
His otKce is ill .Mrs. .\. K. Stone's milliner\' store, in Neo<ra.

346 BlOGRAPHirVL SKETCHES — CUMBERLAND COUNTi-:

UNION TOWNSHIP.

DENNIS BELL, farmer, was born March oO, 1821, in Randolph
Oounty, N. C-, Jmd is the son of William and Mary E. Bell, also born
in North Carolina. Dennis was raised on his fathers farm, and
there remained till the age of twenty-fonr. Avhen he married Rachel
Mass, who was born in Clark County, 111., in 1824, and died on this
farm in 1854. They had four children, one living — Irena, wife of
William E. Adams. His second marriage, in 185G, was toj Mary
Tucker, who was born in 1834, in Indiana, and died in 18.t7. I'hev
have one son, John, now in Kansas. Ilis third marriage, August.
1858, was to Barbara Boswell, of Ohio. They have four children,
viz.: David O-, Vernon, Andrew M., and Josephine. At about the
aije of eleven years, his parents came to Rush County, Intl., where
thev lived four vears, then removed to Coles, now Cumberland
County, where his father died in 185(). at eighty years of age. This
land was entered by Ambrose Carney. He now owns 154 acres, all
improved, Avith one of the best houses in the township, built in 1875.
at a cost of about $2,200. His barn was destroyed by fire in Octo-
ber, 1882; cost about 1500. His brother, William, was Lieutenant
in the One Hundred and Twenty-Third Illinois Infantry. He served
throughout the Avar.

SA:MUEL a. BLA( !K, of the firm of Moore & Black, grist and
saw-mill, Diona, was born July 19, 1847, and is the son of Samuel
and Mary Black, wdio were born in Virginia, and followed farming
there. In 1835, he went to Missouri, Avhere soon after he was mar-
ried. His parents still live there, engaged in farming. The sul)iect
of this sketch left home at about the age of twenty-two, and carried on
farming in Missouri till June, 1875, when he moved to Cumberland
Countv, and carried on farminir four vears. In 1S7!K he bouirht Mr.
Hackett's interest in this mill, and has since been a member of this
firm. This mill Avas built in 1875 ; cost about $7,000. Its capacity
is about 4,000 feet of lumber, about seventy-tiv(> bushels of corn, and
one hundred bushels of Avheat per day. Mr. Black Avas married Jan-
uary <). 1S7(!, to Lizzie Gill, who Avas born in Missouri. One daugh-
ter. (Jarrie, blesses this union.

NATHANIEL (^VUPKX4T^:R, farmer, was born December JO,
1831, in DelaAvare County, Ohio, and is the son of James and ]\Iari:i
('arpenter, who emigrated from New York Avlicn young. He Avas

iNioN ToWNsiiir. 847

brouirlit up on his tathor's fann. Wliou about eisrlitecn years of
ajTO, his i)arenls cainc to tliis locality, where he has since lived. His
father entered the land where his house now stands. He died June
3, 1876, ao-ed seventy-six. llis mother died in 1.S42, aufcd forty. The
subject of this sketch connnenced working at $8 a month. This money
he used in paying for the first bind he owned — first buying forty
acres; he has added as liis means would allow, and now owns 300
acres. This farm is improved, with a good brick house, built in
1874; costal)out $1,600; the barn cost $800. He was married April
i|, 1846, to Julia A. Mann. She was born in Indiana, Septend)er 10,
1822. They had nine (diildren, six living, viz.: Sarah J., Ilezekiab,
William, Doloss, Christina, and .Vnn.

WILLIAM CLOSSON, farmer, born March li>, 1833, in Dela-
ware County.Ohio, is the son of Daniel and ^hirtlia Closson, natives of
Pennsylvania. His parents came to Cumberland Comity in 1851, and
located in Union Township. His father died December 2C), 18;)!), aged
sixty-five years. The subject of this sketch Avas married February 12,
1860, to Lucy McMillan, who was born in DehiAvare County, Ohio.
They had six children, three living, viz.: John D., Alma E., and Mary
O.; three children died when young. After his father's death he
secured the homestead by ])uying out the other heirs. He after^vards
sold this property and bought where he now lives. He now owns
three farms of one hundred acres each, all under cultivation. Mr.
Closson became a member of the Cumberland Presbyterian Church
in 1864. Since this time, he has l)een ruling elder of this church.

LEWIS COLLIXS, farmer, born May 7, 1831, in Fairfield
Countv. Ohio, is the son of James and Maroaret (Driver) Collins,
who emigrated at an early day from ^Maryland. His grandparents
were natives of Pennsylvania. His father died in Ohio when Lewis
was about thirteen years old. He continued to live with his mother
till the ao-e of eisfhteen, when he commenced to learn the blacksmith
trade, following this business about twenty years. He then carried
on farming about two years. In 1866, he came to Cumberland
County, located on the Davison farm, and remained there one year;
then moved to his i)resent farm. He first bought sixty acres, and
trom time to time added other land, now owning 260 acres. This
farm is located on the direct road to Casey, conseijuently the most
traveled of any others. He married, March 23, 18r)l), ]\Irs. Collins,
who is also a native of Fairfield County, Ohio. They have six chil-
dren, viz.: Amy F., wife of Andrew V'ankey; S?th Benson, Carrie,
Magdalena, wife of Arthur Jennings; Semantha M., and Rebecca E.

34:^ BIOGIJAPIIICAL SKETCHES — CUMBERLAND COUNTY:

S. W. CUTKIGHT, faniKT, was l)()ni O tober 2i), Isir,. in Ross
Countv, Ohio, and is the son of William and Hannah Cutriirht. who
were natives of Viririnia. Thov eniiofnited to Ohio in ahont 1790.
His father served in the K'volutionarv war. The sul)joct of this
sketch lived with his parents until about the age of twenty-two,
Avhen he worked out b}' the month about two years. Hv was mar-
ried, September 3, 1840, to Elizalicth Brown, who was b^)rn in
Wheeling, W. Va., July 4, l'S2t. They have nine children, viz.: Aus-
tin, Angeline, now ]Mrs. Bcgger; Robert, now keeping the National
Hotel at Casey; Elniira, wife of Josej)]! M-rcer: William, Emaline,
wife of Simuel Sheeks; GrL'orge, Harriet, wife of Frank Licey, and
Winfield. After his marriage he rented a farm and continued farming
there about ten years. In 1819 he came to Cumberland County and
leased a farm at Lost Point, where he remained five years on Section
18. He then moved to Section 9, and there remained five years.
On Januar}' 1, 18()0, he l)OUght forty acres where his house now
stands, and the following February moved to this land, where he has
since resided. ' He noAv owns eighty acres. Soon after coming here
he met with the misfortune of losing three horses, which he then
could illv afford, l)ut havin"- enero-v, industrv and perseverance he
has succeeded in clearing anl improving tiiis farm, and has placed
himself in comfortable circumstances.

LEV^I DEVINNEY, retired farmer, was l)()rn June 24, 181S, in
Berkeley County, W. Va.,and is a son of David C. and Mary Devinney,
who were natives of Oranire Countv, Va. There he learned the tan-
ners' trade, which he followed till the age of forty; then he moved
to Licking County, Ohio, and engaged in farmimg: later removed
to Miami County, where he died on February 23, 1878. The subject
of this sketch lived with his father in Licking County till 18.')1, then
came to Cumberland Countv and bought the Fox farm, consisting of
15l5 acres. Two years later he sold that farm and moved to this one,
buying Vti^l acres where their house now stands, and later other
lands. They now own over 300 acres; and it is one of the best farms
in the townshii). They are the only farmers in the township who
deal exclusively in fine stock, their cattle being Shorthorns, their
hogs Poland China, and their horses of the Norman and Clydes-
dale stock. This farm is improved with buildings which cost over
$2,000; all well fenced. They also have a scale and scale Jiou<e
which cost about $20;). He was married in January, ISjI, to Mar-
tha J. Ryan, of Crawford County. Ill- She died January 22,1879,
aijed fortv-niiii' vears. He has owe son, David Iv. who was jjorii

UNION TOWN.silIP. 341)

March 24, 1853, in Cumberland County, and was married iSIarcli 2,
187G, to Sarah L. Gill. She was born in Wm^iic County, Mo. They
have two chihhvn — Harry G. and Eunice P. David R. Devinuey
now owns and manaires this farm. Mr. Dcvinney's two brothers,
Martin L. and David W., served in the hite war. David enlisted as
Fii"st Sergeant, was afterwards promoted to Captain, and later com-
missioned Lieutenant-Colonel. He was killed at the battle of Cedar
Creek, in the Shenandoah Valley.

ELIJAH EDWARDS, farmer, born January 31, 1821), in Dela-
ware County, Ohio, is the son of Elijah and Ruth Edwards. His
father was l)orn in New York, his mother in New Jersey. In 1839
his parents emigrated to Coles ( now Cumberland) County, and settled
on Section 3, and were among the earliest settlers of this locality.
His father first entered eighty acres of land, but later bought eighty
acres of John Cutright, Sr. His father died in l.SIJl, aged seventy-
eight years. The subject of this sketch was married July 1, 1849, to
Jane Baumgartner. She was born in 1835, in Franklin County, Ohio.
They have ten children, viz. : Henry, Angcline, wife of Charles Carlin;
Sarah, wife of W. H. Docker; Andrew, Theodore, George, Jacob,
Elijah, Jr., Harrison and Hannah J. H ' owns 1(50 acres, part of
whi(di is the land entered and bought by his father. He was the
first Townshij) Commissioner after the organization of the township;
held the office three years.

p. W. EDWARDS, merchant, Union Center, was born Augusts,
1852, in LTnion Township, and is the son of Eli and Elizabeth Edwards,
who were born in Ohio. They were among the earliest settlers of
Union Township. His father died DL'cem1)er 4, 1879. The subject
of this sketch was brought up on a farm, where he lived till the age
of twenty-two, when he, with a capital of twenty dollars, started
peddling and huckstering; continued at this business about eighteen
months, and not meeting with any success he engaged in the show busi-
ness and continued this about four months. Meeting with no better
success he then, September, 187(3, traded his team with a spring wagon
and a])out ten acres corn, valued at $240, for this store, going in debt
at the time $90. From this small ])eginning he has worked into a large
ami flourishing trade. H(> has sold as high as $230 j^er day. He now
carries a stock of al)out $(j,0UO, and to accommodate his increasing trade
he is about erecting a connnodious store, 24x80 feet. This store he
€X[)ects to occupy in 1SS4. He was ajipointed Postmaster in 18(Sl. He
was married in Septem1)er, 1879, to Miss Flora Chancellor, of Coles
County. Two children bless this union — Harvey C. and Elizabeth E.

350 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES CUMBERLAND COUNTY:

T. and S. EMRICH are the sons of Phillip and Xancy (Red-
man) P^nirich. They emiiirated from Ross County, Ohio, to Cum-
berland County, 111., in the fall of 1848, where thoy lived about
eiiifhteen months, when they moved to Jasper County, remaining
there about two years; then returned to Cumberland County, and
settled on their present farm, where their father died in March, 1875,
aged fifty-nine years. This farm consisted of 300 acres; l)ut since
the death of their father it has been divided, and, with other lands
added, the family now own 514 acres. Scott retains the homestead.
Mrs. Emrich still resides at the homestead. They were married,
April 2, 1840. She was born, December 24, 1815, in Ross County,
Ohio. This union was blessed with six children, three of whom still
survive, viz.: Taylor, AVinfield Scott, and Benjamin F. John was
drowned, June 17, 1858, aged seventeen years; Mary died in Feb-
ruary, 1871, aged twenty-eight years; Sarah J. died in November,
1849, aged four years. Taylor is a member of the Universalist
Church and one of the Trustees. Scott is engaged in the Agricult-
ural business in Casey, as well as managing this farm.

C. C FANCHER was born November 27, 183(3, in Delaware
County, Ohio, and is the son of David and ^Martha Fancher. In
1849, the family removed to Illinois and settled in this locality; they
enterecTand bouo-ht various tracts of land. He has owned as high
as 1,000 acres, a large part of which he has deeded to his children.
They first settled on what was known as the old Smith farm, and
resided there till 1853. In order to educate his children, they moved
to Marshall, where they remained two 3'ears, then returned to their
farm. For the purpose of further educating his children, his father,
in 1857, removed to Paris, 111. After remaining Iavo years, he moved
to Clark County, near Casey, where he bought a tarni of 150 acres.
There he resided till 1870. On account of ill-health he Avent to
Denver, Col., there remained five years, and during this time was
engaged in the real estate business. He then returned to his farm
near Casey. He died August "l^, 187(5, aged sixty-eight yeai*s. The
subject of this sketch at the age of twenty-one married Lydia Tute-
wiler. She was born in Fairricdd County. Ohio. Seven children
have blessed this union, four of whom are liviu"- — Royal, Orla, Bertie,
and Pearly. After marriage he settled on his present farm. He now
owns 260 acres; this is one of the oldest improved farms in this loi-al-
ity. Mr. Fancher enlisted, in 18()1, in ^Company E, One Hundred
and Twenty-Tliird Illinois (Mounted) Infantry, '' Wilder's Brigade,""
and served to the end of the war. He participated in the battles of

UNION' TOWXSIIll». 351

Porrvvillc nnd Clii(lvaniau£>-a, aiul Avas witli Slun-nian's command dur-
inir thoir march to Atlanta and hai'k to XashvilU'. lie was also in
tlic raid under General Tliomas at tlic battle of Nashville, and the
battle of S;dnia, Ala. This was one of the enemy's strongest forti-
fications, and after several lioui-s of hard fighting, the enemy^iinally
gave way. He also participated in many others.

JA^IES GILL, retired tanner, was born February 26, 1798, in
Montgomery County, Ky. In 1814, he crossed the territory, came
to Illinois, and located near Palestine, on the Wabash, making tem-
porary (juarters in the Fort. After a short stay he returned to Ken-
tucky, and assisted his father to move. They at once came to Fort
La]Motte, afterward Palestine. His father bought half a Section of
land, being then the tirst public sale, the land office being located
there. The family removed to this land and lived there about
twentv years. He was en2raged in tiat^boating from Vincenncs to
New Orleans, making one trip a season. This he continued seven
seasons, he making the second trip that ever was made on a flat-boat.
He came to where he now lives in 1830. He first entered a quarter
Section, afterward bought and entered other lands, and has owned as
high as 1,S00 acres at one time. He is one of the most enterpris-
ing men of this county. He built his present house in about 1850,
setting an exam[)lc to his neighbors by building the best one then in
this neighborhood. II' hauled the lumber from York, a distance of
forty miles. Mr. Gill has held many important offices, viz.: Justice
of the Peace, County Commissioner of Coles County, and Avas the
first County Commissioner of Cumberland County. His father
served in the Revolutionary war, enlisting as a private, and for mer-
itorious conduct was promoted to Captain, which Commission he
held until his death, he drawing a Captain's pension. He Avasborn
August 27, 1757, in New Jersey, and died near Palestine in 1837.
Our subject Avas married, December 27, 182!i, to Diadama Neal, of
Kentucky, who died September IG, 1850. They had six children
living, viz.: Emily, Avife of Samuel P. Reed; Angeline, now
Mrs. Conrad; Lucinda, uoav Mrs. Fulkerson; Nancy, now Mrs.
Brooks; Martha, now Mrs. McMorris; John N., noAV managing
this farm. Hannah died May 11, 18r)G. Martin C. served in the
Confederate army and died April 13, 1<S()5. George AV. died
September 27, 1847. .James T. served in the Union army, and
died July 3, 18(14.

JAMES GOSSETT, farmer, was born May :>, 1.S33, in Tuscar-
awas County, Ohio, and was the son of Luke and Jane Gossctt,

352 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES CUMBERLAND COUNTY:

who were born in Pennsylvania. In 1837 the family lame to Coles
County, and there engaired in fanniuL''- In 18")7, he moved to Cum-
berland County, and settled on Section 30, Union Township, and
there remained till 18G3, when he removed to his present farm. He
now owns ISO acres, mostly improved. He has a very comfortable
house, which he built in 1868; cost about §2,000; also other build-
insrs, which cost over S3,000. He was married in 1857, to Ann E.
Roberts, of Delaware County, Ohio. She was born, June 23, 1839;
died in 187lj. They had eight children, five living, viz.: Clinton
M., Luke Lincoln, James C, Augusta J., and Sarah M. They lost
one child in intanc}-. Julia A. died August 20, 1883, aged twenty-
two; John died in 187(3, aged eight months. Mr. G. is a member of
the United Brethren Church in Christ.

NICHOLAS HAUGHX, farmer, was born February 7, 1845, on
his present farm. His father, Nicholas Haughn, was a native of Vir-
ginia; his mother of ^Maryland. His parents were among the earliest
settlers of Union Township. His father entered this land soon after
coming here, it consisting of 140 acres, mostly improved. He died
at the advanced age of 104 years. His mother still lives here and
enjoys good health, being now in her seventy-eighth year. Nicholas
was married, in 1860, to Margaret Conner, of Pennsylvania. They
have six children, viz.: ]Maiy C, Calvin V., Adaline, Daisy, Claude,
and Arthur.

G. S. HENDERSON, farmer, born :May 4, 1820, in Perry
Count}', Ohio; reared on his father's farm until the age of twenty-one.
Up to this time, he had received but nineteen and one-half days'
schooling, and eleven nights at school ciphering. He then married
Rebecca Yanawa}-, of Fairfield County, Ohio. She died in 1879,
aged sixty-one years. They had four childnMi; three living — Mary
J., wife of George Winekoop; James and Andrew. They are all
living in Kansas. His second marriasre was to Mrs. Elizabeth
Matliena, a native of England, August 1, 1879. AVhen he first mar-
ried, he rented a farm for eight years, and followed teaming several
years. In 1855, he came to Union Township, and settled on this
farm, at that time eighty-six acres, and has owned as high as 787
acres. He now owns 445 acres, over 300 of which are under culti-
vation. On November 13, 1882, G. S. Henderson and family started
on a tour to relatives in East Albany, N.Y. They arrived on Wi'dncs-
day morning, the 15th, much worn out after so long a journey,

it being some M50 miles. On Thursday, the day following, ]Mr. .

his brother-in-law, started out to visit Albany. Mr. Henderson, in

UNION TOWNSHIP. 353

his published Jicoount of the trip, coutinuos the narrative, as follows:
We tirst visited Archteoloirical Hall. Here may be seen everything
imaginable that is generally found in a museum. The greatest sight
which eame under our special observation was, tirst a link of the
chain that was stretched across the Hudson River, during the lievo-
lutiou in 177."), to prevent the British from sailing up the river, their
intention being to blow up West Point. Second, we saw a skeleton
of one of the largest elephants known. This was found in Cohoes,
a small town in the State, during the excavation for the famous
Harmony Knitting Mills, fifty feet below the surface. Third, was a
piece of stone about the size of a large cocoanut, which has been
dripping oil for the past twenty years.

I would like to give a more detailed account of this hall, but
time would not permit. From here we crossed over to the new Cap-
ittil, and I must not forget to note here that it tar exceeded our
expectations; from the ground floor we were carried up b}^ a mag-
nificent elevator to the Governor's room, which is magnificent. Next
we visited the Assembly Chamber. Words are impossible to tell
how beautiful it is. We examined the difl:erent corridors, and in one
of them may be seen the flags of all nations and those that were
prized during the Revolution; in fact, I could not begin to give a
description of this famous building. A person, to comprehend such
a building, and what it is like, has only to see it for himself.
From here we walked about two miles to the Albany Penitentiary,
which is considered the hardest prison in the State. There we Avere
told to register our names, and after the payment ot twenty-five
cents each, we were accompanie;! by a guide, who showed us all over
the institution; the principal manufactory being shoes, of which they
turn out about 3,000 pairs daily. AVe never saw, during our travels,
such regularity as we found here. Much court asy was shown us by the
guide and guards. There are confined at the present time 830 pris-
oners. It being near evening, we made our way home, much pleased
with our day's sport.

Sunday evening, 19th, we took the boat of the Citizens' Line,
called " City of Ti"oy," for our journey to New York City, which
left Albany at seven o'clock. But before going further, I must not
forflret to mention that the boats of this line are classed as some of
the best jifloat. They are fitted up for the comfort of passengers,
and also for the transportation of freight. We reached New York
the next morning at six o'clock, and, after partaking of breakfast,
proceeded to visit all the places of interest, our first place of note

54 IJIOGKAnilCAL SKETCHES CUMBEKLAXD COUN'TY

bciii'i- Mr. A'andoibilt's stables, -which are situated on Fifth Avenue,
directly in tlie neighborhood of his elegant mansion. The horses
which Ave saw were Early Rose, Bay Dick, Small Hope, Light ILindy
Bov, Leander Bov and Earlv Puck, whicli were some of the finest
horses we ever saw. The stables seemed a paradise beyond descrip-
tion. From here we started for Central Park. We took a stroll
through the museum, then to the wild animals, camels, ostriches,
sea lions, bears, buffaloes, eagles and monkeys; then saw the monu-
ments of Scott, Burns, Shakespeare, Fitz Green llalleck and Moore,
and then the Egyptian obelisk, which is eighty-two feet high,
100,000 tons in weight, and its age is some fifty years bsfore Christ,
which to our astonishment exceeded what we expected. The lake in
this park is boautiful, and, from our personal observation, it is the
largest, prettiest and best laid out park in the country. From here
we made our way through the upper part of the city, saw the Grand
Central Depot of the New York Central and Hudson River Railroads,
Grand Central Hotel, Wallack's, Niblo's, Gormania, Bowery and
Globe theatres; one of the greatest attractions being the ^Nletropoli-
tan Elevated Railroad, which runs in every direction of the city over
head. We rode on one section of the road, and I will not say it is a
very comfortable way of traveling.

We then Avent aboard an ocean steamship of the Innian Line,
and examined it all over, and were much pleased Avith the elegant
and costly way in Avhich the vessel Avas fitted up. From here Ave
strolled across toAvn to the bowery, our object being to visit the
Atlantic Garden. From here Ave Avent still further doAvn toAvn until
we reached Printing House Srpiare, Avhere the buildings of the New
York Tribune, Times, Sun, and a large monument of Benjamin
Franklin attracted our attention. Looking to our right, we saw
City Hall Park and City Hall, Avhich is, as the rest of the liuildings,
a very interesting sight. We there saAv the famous Astor Library,
and the massive building of the New York Post-oflice. From here,
we made our Avay toAvard Jersey City, Avhich is reaclu^d by way of boat
across the North River. Having visited friends— it being Wednes-
day— avc again resumed our travels in New York. We crossed
by way of ferry-boat to the city of Brooklyn, our object b^Mug to get
a good view of the new suspension bridge Avhich spans the East
River, a sight Avhich Ave would not have missed for anything. On
our return. Ave started for th^ Eirth G irdens and the Battery. This
is where all emigrants have to go through upon arriving in this
country. There Avere a great many lying around, principally Dutch.

UNION TOWNSHir. 355

Again wc started up town in anotlior direction, and examined some
of the prominent buildiniis throuuh Broadway — A. T. Stewart's store,
etx?.; in fact, every buildins: in the city that was worth seeing. They
averasfcd from ten to twelve stories hi^fh, and are built of the best
material. 1 would like here to ijive a more full account of the citv
nnd everything we saw, but time will not i)ermit; in fact, a person
could Avrite a whole volume, and then not think of everything. To
say the least. New York City itself is one of the grciitesf sights I
ever saw or expect to see.

It now being evening we started on our journe\- back to East
Albany by way of a boat called the "Saratoga" of the same line by
which we c.ime, and as I gave mention of the Hudson River, it is
one of the tinest and most picturesque rivers in the country. We
arrived at East Albany about 7.80 on Wednesday morning, and on
the foUowinir morning started bv earlv train for Indianapolis.

My trip from Indianai)olis to New York, a distance of about one
thousand and ten miles and return, was a journey which Avill never be
forgotten.

I left New York for home November 28, and took in the Canada
side of the famous Niao-ara Falls and extension brido^e. The view
was beautiful — the hillsides covered Avith moss interspersed with
spruce, j)ine and hemlock. It was snowing quite briskly when I
arrived here — put up for the night, and in the morning as I looked
out from the Cliff House I think I never saw a finer sight. A large
mass of falliuG: nature of over a half mile in length bent in a cres-
cent slope, with the sun boing retl^ected from it, making all the dif-
ferent shades of the rainbow, impressed me with its great beauty and
grandeur. At 7.20 we left for Butlalo, and the snow storm still rag-
ing but increased in intensity as we crossed the Mohawk River. A
large dam Avas thrown across the river here, but the Avater Avas
** going up stream" OAving to a very high Avind Avliich Avas blowing*
We learn that it was one of the most severe storms of this kind ever
witnessed there, and houses of every description Avcre almost swept
away Ijy the floods. As Ave neared Buffalo Ave Avere struck by the
gale, under AvJiich the train sAvayed to and fro, and at times nearly
capsizing us. This continued until Ave arrived at Buffalo. From
Buffalo home, the vieAV of the towns and country along the lino of
the railroads AA'as fine, and I arriAanl at home on Novenil)cr 2'y, and
found all Avell, an I realized tint I hid traveled in the round trip
2,2«v*) miles.

AMOS JEXMXGS, farmer, Avas born December Ki, \'<'.V-\. in

356 BIOGRAPHICAL .SKETCIIES— CUMBERLAND COUNTY:

Tuscarawas County, Ohio, is tho son of Solomon and Catherine
Jennino-s, Avho emiirnitecl to Illinois in 1^40. Thov settled in what
is now Crooked Creek Township, Cimiberland County. The fol-
loAvino- year his father died, aged thirty years. His mother again
married and moved to Section 11, Union Township, in 1842, where
the sul)iect of this sketch lived till the aire of twenty-five, when he
married Martha Stultz. She was born in Ohio, in li<S\). Five chil-
dren bless this union, viz.: Frank L., John A., Amy C, W. T. and
Amos W. After marriage he managed his mother-in-law's farm
about six years. He then moved to his present farm, having first
bouo-ht forty acres; and from time to time, as his means would allow,
added other land. He now ownsloG acres, largely improved. They
are members of the United Brethern Church.

JOHX C. JNIILLER, farmer, born November 27, 1831, in Fair-
field Coimty, Ohio, son of William and Dianah Miller. His father
was born in Maryland, liis mother in Ohio. The subject of this
sketch was brought up on his father's farm. At the age of nine
years his parents came to Union Township. On May 12, 1840, his
father entered 160 acres, in what is now Crooked Creek Township,
and lived on that land about eight years. He then removed to this
farm, known as the Smith farm, which is the oldest settled form in
this neighborhood. Part of this land was entered by Xewel Bnrch,
of whom AndrcAV Smith l)ought his claim, and entered other lands
adjoining. His father lived on this farm till his death, which occur-
red May 23, 1880, aged seventy-five years. The tarm now consists
of 350 acres, mostly improved, and stocked with six horses, sixty
head of cattle, eighty hogs, fifty sheep, etc. He was married Janu-
ary 1, 1856, to Miss Mahala Fancher, who was born in Delaware
County, Ohio, January 16, 1835; they had eight children, six living,
viz.: William II., David B., Martha L., Almanette, DoUie J. and
Flora E. Eva V. died in 1867, aged five years; Amy O. died Novem-
ber 3, 1875, in her twentieth year. She had attended the Westfield
College six years, had finished a classical course, and one year later
would have graduated. In order to educate his children Mr. Miller
removed to Westfield in 1874; remained there three years, thou
returned to his farm. When in Westfield he held the ofiice of Police
Magistrate; here he has held the ofiice of Justice of the Peace two
terms and Township Superintendent one term. They are members
of the United Brethren Chur<'h.

WILLIAM M. MILLER, farmer, was born Nbveml)er 30. 1.S35,
in Fairfield County, Ohio. At the age of four years he came with

UMON Tow.Nsiiir. 357

his parents to Ciiml)eilaiid County, settled in Union Township, and
has since lived in this locality. He was married August 14, 18G2,
to Mrs. ]\Liry A. Clauson, who was born in 1837. They had two
children, Ida I., and Reason R. This farm consists of ninety-eight
acres, located on the National road, and improved with a good
house, which cost about $G00; barn rost about $400. The farm is
stocked with four horses, seventeen iicad of cattle, and about thirty
hogs.

CHARLES McMlLLEX, farmer (post-othce Union Center)>
was born February 27, 1825, in Delaware County, Ohio, and is the
son of Gideon and Elizabeth McMillen; the former born in Luzerne
County, Penn., and moved when young to Delaware County, Ohio.
He carried on the milling business. He came with his family to
Coles County, 111., now Cumberland County, settled about two miles
north of where he died, March 3, 18(34, aged seventy-seven years.
The subject of this sketch was married in 18.")0, to Harriet Bennett,
of tlie same county. After marriage he worked his father's farm two
years, and then bought forty acres, where he lived a short time. April
13, 18")i>, he left for Pike's Peak with a party of five and three yoke
of oxen, and landed where is now Denver, July 4, 1859. They then
went into the Gregory Diggings and prospected there about six
weeks ; then to Fair Play Diggings and Avorked there until driven out
by cold ; thence to the pinery and furnished hewed logs for houses in
Denver. The first house they built there was for a colored man named
" Uncle " Reuben. They built a shoe shop for $100, receiving for the
same four pairs of boots in payment. They continued in getting out.
wood and shingles till spring, and then went to Colorado City and put
up two buildings,Avhich they sold when completed; went mining in the
California Gulch; worked there about four months; was taken sick,
and returned to Denver. Finding no work there, he drove one yoke
of oxen from Denver to his home in Illinois, arriving there Xovem-
ber 2, 1860, occupying al)out three months in tiiis journey. He then
took charge of his father's farm, and raised one crop. August 31,
1861, he traded his yoke of oxen for a horse, went to Camp Butler
and enlisted in (jompany A, Fifth Illinois Cavalry, and served three
years. He enlisted as a private and was promoted, in about fourteen
months, to Quartermaster Sergeant, and was mustered out August
25, 1864, at Vicksburg, Miss. Theirs being an independent regiment,
they were constantly engaged in skirmishes and scouting through
the country. The first regular battle was at Cotton Plant, Ark.,
where he was wounded l)y his horse falling on him while crossing a

358 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES — CUMBERLAND COUNTY:

bridge near Trenton, Ark., December <s, 1S;;2. He has never recov-
ered from this injnry. About the last of May, their command was
ordered to Vieksburg. They took boats and proceeded there, laud-
in«r June 1, l'S()3. He was also hurt there by a horse ruuninir over
him, iniurinij- his rio-ht breast. This he has not recovered from.
June 3, they were ordered to watch the enemy, and encountered
him in tlie rear of Vieksburg, having there a skirmish, taking
twenty-four prisonei-s; remained in the rear of Vieksburg doing skir-
mishing duty, and so continued till the surrender of Vieksburg, July 1,
1SG3. July 5, they crossed the Black River, on their way to Jack-
son, Miss., where they captured the enemy's entire picket-post,
at about 9 A. M.; soon after encountering Johnson's rear-guard,
skirmished with them till nisfht. There they sat in their sad-
dies all night. As soon as it was light they moved on, driv-
ing them throuo'h Clinton. Thev contested every inch of the
ground till they were driven to their fortifications at Jackson.
There they fought about eight days, when Johnson's command
evacuated their fortifications. They captured their rear-guard, con-
sisting of 800 to 1,000 prisonei-s, and their pontoon bridge, with
their wagons. Their regiment, with the Fourth Illinois and Third
and Fourth Iowa Cavalry Brigade, started for Canton, ^liss., ]iro-
ceeding as far as Pearl River, where they were repulsed and driven
back. ReeeiviniT reinforcements of infantrv and artillerv, thev pro-
ceeded to, and captured Canton, taking 300 to 400 priso lers. They
destroyed a train laden with stores and ammunition, the railroad
machine shop, and tore up the railroad track; also destroyed five
locomotives. They returned to O.ik Ridge and Avent into camp,
where thev laid durinsT the month of August. On Auiiust 4 he
got a furlough to come home, where he remained till August 2').
when he returned to his command. On. account of the boat running
aground he was delayed in reaching Vieksburg till about the Gth of
September. The following day the regiment Avas ordered out on a
scout, met with the enemy early in the day; drove them till about 2
o'clock when they made a stanl on a hill, and there made a charge on
them, driving thcma'^ross an open fijld into the woods. There they
made another stand — the enemy firing on them, wounding a number
of their men and taking one prisoner. After receiving reinforcement^i
they drove the enemy till night, when they fell back a couple of miles
and went into camp. The following morning they moved on the
enemy and skirmished Avith them all day; that night a negro gave
them information where tiiey could gain an entrance between the

UNION TOWNSHIP. 359

main army and the pickot-post, and thov (jqjtured the entire post,
oonsistinij of tweutv-four men and the commandin"- officer. The
next morninuf they went into camp near Vicksl)nro-, Avhcre they
remained some time. Tliev were then ordered to Natchez, where
they skirmislied several days, Avhen tlieir company was detaclied as
sconts, reporting the movements of the enemy. With their com-
mand they remained until the enemy fell back from Natchez. They
then returned to Vieksburg, where they remained durino- the win-
ter. The followina" spring and summer they were skirmishing with the
enemy in Mississii)pi, Louisiana, Arkansas and Tennessee, with head-
(juarters at Vieksburg, Avhere he was mustered out August 25, 1804,
and returned to Cumberland County, where he has since lived. In
October, 18(54, he moved to his farm, consisting of 100 acres, about
seventy-rive acres improved. He built his house in 1875; cost about
$500. He is a member of the G. A. R., Post Monroe, No. 100.
In closing this sketch we will further add that, in selecting a
wife, Mr. McMillen has made an admirable choice, she being of a
cheerful and hospitable disposition, and having won the esteem of
her large circle of acquaintances.

WILLLA.M NEAL, farmer and dealer in live stock, was born
November 1, 1817, in Bourbon County, K3^, and is the son of James
M. and Matilda Neal, also natives of Kentucky. His father carried
on the shoe-making trade, afterward blacksmitliing and farmino-.
The family emigrated to Crawford County, 111., in 1827. In the
summcL' of 1830, his father, in company with James Gill, came to
this locality and entered eighty acres of land. He then returned to
Palestine, Avliere the land office was then located. He died in
August, 1830, aged forty-six years. William, the subject of this
sketch, in company with his mother, came to the land his father had
entered. They at once commenced improving it, and soon after he
entered IGO acres where Diona is now situated. He also bought
sixty acres where Toledo now is. This he afterward sold. He now
owns 317 acres in Sections 1 and 2. Their house Avas built in 1853,
and rebuilt in 18()7. It cost in all about $2,000. His barn is 44x64
feet, is the finest in the toAvnship, and was built in 18lJ7. It cost about
$3,000. He, with his son. Dr. J. W. Neal, is now carrying on the
drug business in Charleston. He Avas married, November, 1840, to
Rebecca C. Ryan, of CraAvford County. She av.'is born November
2.5, 1822; died in 1847. They had four children, one living- — John
F.; lost one in infancy; Mary M.,died in 1880, aged thirty-nine
years; George W., died December 14, 1882, aged thirty-nine years.

3(30 BIOGIIAPHICAL SKETCHES — CUMBERLAND COUNTY:

His secoml inarria!j:o was to Sarah Delap, in l<si<S. She was born in
Crawford County, and died in 185(). They have four chikh-en, viz.:
Albert A., James W., Nancy J., wife of James T. Conrad, and
Matihla E., Avife of John ^V. Conrad. His third niarriasfe was hi
1858, to Jane Hul>bard, of Indiana. She died ]\Liy 10, 1879, aged
fiftv-nine years. His mother died in Davis County, Iowa, at the
advanced age of eighty-three years.

JOHN F. XEAL, w^agon-maker, Union Center, was born May
29, 1845, in Union Township, and is the son of William and Rebecca
Neal, of Kentucky. In 1827, they emigrated to Crawford County,
111, and in the summer of 1830 they came to this locality. The sub-
ject of this sketch was reared on his father's fann. At the age of
seventeen he enlisted in Company K, One Hundred and Twenty-Third
Illinois Infantry, and served till February 28, 1865. He participated
in the battles of Prairieville, Ky., Mission Ridge, Hoover's Gap, Fann-
inaton, Noonday, and others. In the spring of 1866 he went to Col-
orado, and there followed teaming on the plains, prospecting and
mininii" at Georgetown, Col., seven years. He traveled through Cal-
ifornia, Nevada, Montana, and w^as absent about ten ye^irs. On return-
ino- home he remained on his father's farm about two years, then
rented a farm, and there remained three years. He engaged in the
wagon business in 1882. He was married September 26, 1879, to
Lettie A. Roberts. She was born in Cumberland County.

JOHN E. STALLINGS, farmer, born March 18, 1813, in Bullitt
County, Ky., is the son of William and Nancy StiiUings. His father
was also a native of this State, his mother of Virginia. At the age
of two years his parents removed to Harrison County, Ind. There
they lived on a farm, Avliere they died at an advanced age. In 1844
he moved to Coles County and raised one crop. In January, 1845,
became to Union Township and bought 160 acres of land, there be-
inir but five acres cleared. This land is now Avell improved; also other
lands w^hich he has since bought and improved, now owning in all
380 acres. He first located on Section 26, and has recently moved
to Section 35. His sou, William IL, occupies the old homestead.
He married Mary E. Grosshart in October, 1840. She Avas born in
Indiana in 1820, and died in 1853. They have five children, viz.:
Mary J., wife of E. Closson; Nancy A., wife of L. Cooper; Sarah E.,
wife of James Jenkins; Tabitha E., wife of Madison Jones, and Mi-
nerva A. His second marriage was to Rtichel J. Grosshart, in 1854.
She was born in Harrison County, Ind., in 1830. They have four
children, viz.: William H., Elizabeth, wife of F. Pennington; John

UNION TOWNSIIII'. 3()1

^y. and Lmiuji A. Since coniinii- horo, Mr. Stallin^jf.s liii,s been
t'ligairod ill the wagon, wheelwright and carpenters' trade, althoiio-h
principally fanning, and he has succeeded in placing himself in com-
fortable circumstances.

JOSKPIIW. STROCKBIXE, farmer, was born February 2(1
1821>, in Perry County, Ohio, is the son of Joseph and Frances Strock-
bine, who were natives of Virginia. His father died in 1<S4(;, ao-ed
sixty-four 3'ears. The subject of this sketch was brought up on their
tarm, living with his mother till her death, which occurred in 1849
aged sixty-one years. H(> then emigrated to Illinois and settled on
this land. He entered 120 acres, now owns lOO acres improved. He
was married March 2;>, I.Sal, to Harriet Nigh. She was born July
21», 1.S8;), in Fairfield County, Ohio. They have six children, viz.:
Mary F., Avife of John Luke; Christian C., Emelia C., wifcof EUrid'^e
McMackin; Harriet A., wife of M. Rliue; Lewis F., Mattie E. Lewis
F. has been a student at the Westfield College two years, and contem-
plates finishing his studies at this college. He is now in his eio-ht-
eenth year. Peter Nigh, lather of Mrs. Strockbine, died February
17, 1844. Her mother died October 30, 1874, aged eighty-seven years.
The family are members of the United Brethren Church. This church
is located on his farm, having been built in 1881. It cost $1,200.

W. G. WALLING, farmer, was born April J>, 1815, in Boss
County, Ohio, and is the son of James 8. and Margaret Walliu"-, he
V)eing a native of Virginia, and one of the earliest settlers of Koss
County. The subject of this sketch assisted his father on their farm
till his death, which occurred in 1837, in September of that year.
He married Eliza A. Pennington, who was born July 29, 1820, in
Pennsylvania. They had nine children, three living, ifour of whom
died in infancy, viz. : William, died May 10, 1877, aged seventeen years;
Uriah died October, 1878, aged twenty-two yeai-s. The survivinf*-
chiklren arc, James, David and Mary, wife of William Stanberry. His
son James has been Township Clerk. He managed his father's farm
two yejirs. In 1840 Mr. Walling came to Union Township and
entered 1(50 acres, then bought eighty acres. He afterward traded 1()0
acres, and bought 120 acres in Section 9, about 100 acres of which he
has improved. He has just completed a very comfortiible home which
cost about $400.

ISR.VEL YANAWAY, farmer and live-stock, was born Janu-
ary 1, isll, in Washington, Washington Co., Penn., and is the son
of Henry and Kegina Yanaway. His father carried on the trade of
shoemaking, in Pennsylvania, and in Kushville, Fairfield Co., Ohio,

3G2 lilOGliAl'HK'AL SKKTC'IIKS — ( l.M I'.KKF.AM) rOlNTV:

and was Po.stmaster at tlie lattor place, where he died, ao-ed sixty-
three years. The subject of this sketch worked out by the mouth
till the aofo of twcutv-two, when he luarried Eftie Sturijeou,, ^Nlarch
20, 1h;W. She was boru |in Fairtield County. Ohio, Auii'ust, 1812.
Thev have had uiue children, four livin<>-. viz.: Mary E., wife of
John Strockl)ine ; Reii-ina, wife of Lafayette Stultz : Jane, wife of
PUunl)er vSidwell, and Samuel S. Three died in infancy; Henry died
in 1 81)7, aged twenty-three, from injury sustained l)y a horse falliuir
on him; Lucinda, wife of Jacol) Rliinel)olt. died October IG, 1872.
ao-ed thirty-two years. In l.s42, he came to Cumbi'rland County,
bouo-ht 160 acres of land where he now lives, and from time to time
has bouirht other land, now owning alwut 1,000 acres, mostly imdei-
cidtivation. When he first came here, the courts were held in
Greenup, in a \ofc schoolhouse. lie opened the tirst drug store in
the county, this l)eing at Prairie City; coutinued the business about
iifteen years. lie then traded this store for land, and returned to
his flirm, Avhere he has since remained. Tliis farm is stocked with
six horses, fifty head of cattle, he having had as high as ninety-seven
head; also, about fifty hogs and seveuty-five sheep, etc.

S. S. YAXAWAY, farmer and live stock; born March :J, 1840,
in Fairfield County, Ohio, is the son of Israel and Eftie Yanaway.
At the age of four years, his parents came to Cuniberland County,
and settled in Union Township; he was brought up on his fathers farm.
He was married April 14, 18(;;'). to ]Mary E. Decker. Her parents
emiofi'ated to Cumberland Countv at an earlv dav. Thev had seven
children, five liviug, viz.: Israel W.. Tiiomas R., Samuel B., William
J., and Mary R. Harry A. and Charles W. died when two years
old. After mai'riage, he settled on his present farm, at that time
but forty acres. He has been adding to this as his means would
allow, and now owns over 500 acres, mostly improvc^l. 11(> also had
charge of his father's fiirm during his absence of about fift'cen years
in Prairie City, where he was engaged in the drug business. He
attended to hiring and paying oft' hands, disposing of stock and pro-
duce, and had general supervision of the entire business. They are
members of the United Brethren Church in Christ.

\V(»()i)iui;v TowNsiiu'. 3()3

WOODBURY TOWNSHIP.

BAZIL P)1\0^\'N was born in Licking County, Ohio, on Novom-
bor 2C). 1(S85. His father, B. Brown, was born in Pennsylvania,
April 28, 1793, and moved to Kentucky, with his parents, and later,
in 1.S12, to Ohio, and in 1848, to Illinois, settling in Cumberland
County, where he engaged iu farming. He died on May 20, 1854;
his widow on ^Nlareh i>, 1878. Tliey were both prominent members
ot tfle Baptist Chureh, he having been a minister of that denomina-
tion for several years. Bazil received a good common school educa-
tion, and taught school for ten years. He served as Justice of the
Peace for sixteen years, and as ToAvnship Treasurer for six yeai's.
On October G, 1859, he married Laura A., daughter of Lsvi and
Mary Farmer, of Guilford County, N. C. She was born on February
22, 1843. They have had seven children born to them, viz.: Almii-.i,
Lafayette, Alva N., Sonora B., Otis L., Orrin L. and Joseph W.
(twins). ]Mr. Brown is a member of the I. O. O. F., also of the
Methodist p4)iscopal Church. He is a [)rosperous farmer and lumber
dealer, and is highly esteemed in the community in which he resides^

]\IABT1N MOUDY, physician and surgeon, was born in Wash-
ington County, Md., on October 16, 1812. He remained in his native
State until the age of twenty years, working on a farm and attending
a common school. In 1833, he came to Greene County, Ohio, where
he be«-Mn the studv of medicine. In 183(5 and 1837, he attended the
Fairtield ^ledical College, of New York, from which institution he
graduated iu 1S88. Returning to Ohio, he began practicing medi-
cine with Dr. Martin, of Xenia. In 1841, he came to Terre Haute,
Ind., and followed his profession for three years. Removing then to
Diuiville, III., he eniraired for some time in millino-and farming, then
returned to Terre Haute, and resumed his old practice, which he
contimied for eleven years. He tlien removed to his present home,
in Cumberland County, III., in 1870, where he is one of the promi-
nent physicians of the county. In 1834, the Doctor married Marga-
ret McClnrc, of Augusta County, Va. They have had ten children
born to tiieni, viz.: John (deceased), Joseph, Martin, Hiram S.,
FJlcn J., All)ert (deceased), George (deceased), Robert B., Daniel
W., and Samuel II.

J. W. BOOTH was born in Orange County, Ind., in 181fl. His
lather, \\'a(le Booth, was born near Richmond, Va., and came to

'Mi BIO(}RAPHICAL SKETCHES — CUMBERLAND COUNTY:

Indiana as one of the first settlers, livini;- first in Oraiijre County, and
tlicn niovinir to Viiifo Couiitv, at whicli place he lived tor thirtv-five
vears. From there he moved to Oarle Countv, 111., where he died in
l<So6, his wife dying in Saint Mary's, Ind., in 1 8()2. Our subject spent
his earlv davs on a farm, reeeivinof only a oommon school education.
At the ag-e of sixteen, he was apprenticed to the carpenter and join-
ers' trade, and followed it until the breaking- out of the war, when
he enlisted in a detachment under McClellaii, commanded by Major
Barker, and afterwards became attached to the Twelfth Illinois Cav-
alrv, in which he served his time. an<l was honorablv discharired in
August,. 18()4. at New Orleans, L:i. In 18ij7, he purchased an unim-
proved farm, six miles south of Vandalia, 111., which, after improv-
ing, he disposed of, and engaged in the mercantile trade, at Aul)urn,
111., for two years. During the past nine years, he has been engaged
in the same business at Jewett, 111., and is rated as one of the most
successful and enterprising business men in this section. On Octo-
ber 14, 1844, he married Emma Hcubest, a native of England.
Seven children have been born to them, three of whom are living,
viz.: Lyman W., Lavina, and Frances.

JOSEPH KING was born in Washington County, Ind., on Octo-
ber HI, 1S23, and is the son of Jacob and Frances (Shelton) King,
who were natives of KentuckA' but came to Washinirton Countv,
Ind., among the first settlers, where Mrs. King died. Soon after this
event Mr. King moved to Morgan County, Ind., where he followed
farming until his death. Our subject's grandfather was a soldier of
the llevolution. In I.S41> our subject came to Cumberland County, 111.,
and located on a farm three miles from Avhat is now called Toledo.
In 1875 he eno-a^ed in the mercantile trade, at Toledo, which busi-
ness he followed until ISSO, since which time lie has resided at Jew-
ett. In 184() he married Macv A., dausfhter of William and Tabitha
(Edwards) Russell. She was born in Harrison County, Ind., on
November 27, ls2I. There were three children, now living, born to
thenj, vi/..: Jam«s T., Joseph S., and John W. For thirty-seven
3'ears Mr. King and wife have been members of the Christian Church.
He has been a life-long Democi-at in politics, Mr. King has a beau-
lifnl home, and is highly est(^cnied in the cx»niniunity in which he
resides.

si'iMN(i I'oiNi rowNsiiii'. 3G5

SPRING POINT TOWNSHIP.

JOHN B. ADAMS i« a native of Germany, was born July 1.
\S2H, and was married, in iiis native land, in 18')4, to Annie Cramer,
who was l)orn Ai)ril i), 1827. The year of their marriacfe the young
oou[)le came to America and located in Dane County, Wis.; in 186.")
they Ciime to Cumberland County, and here Mr. Adams purchased,
at first, forty acres of land, which, by industry and good manage-
ment, he has increased to 2,").') acres, the greater portion well
improved. Mr. Adams has had born to him ten children — Maggie
(deceased), Katie, John, Joseph, Peter, Vinceniies, Mathias, Henry,
Annie and Clement (the last named deceased). Mr. Adams and
family are members of the Catholic Church, and in politics he is a
Democrat.

LEMAX FAUNCE, farmer, was born in Wayne County, N. Y.,
July 80, 1822. He is the son of Noah M. and Lydia R. (Barton)
Faunce. The former was born November 20, 1797, and spent his
eiirly life as a carpenter and millwright, and later as a farmer. He
moved to Geauga County, Ohio, at an earl}^ day, and lived there
some eight years. Dis[)osing of his property there, he came to Cum-
berland Coimty. 111., in 1837, where he entered 300 acres of land,
improving 1(50 acres of it. He also built the first mill in that part
of the countr}', near Charleston, on the Amboy River. He was a
strong believer in Mormonism, and a preacher of that denomination.
He was with the Mormons at the time of their disl)andment at Nau-
voo, and then returned to Cumberland County. His wife, mother ot
our sul)ject, was a native of Massachusetts, was born November 21,
179it, and died May 23, 1849. Our subject received a common edu-
CJition, and follows farmin<):. About 1847 he married Julia D. Garrett
who was born September 11, 1829, and died November 24, 1874. To
them were born six children, Noah M., Sarah E., Mary E. (deceased),
Maria P., Mav C- and Mao-o-ie R. Mr. Faunce is a cfood farmer and
highly respected. He has been a lifMong Democrat, but liberal in
his views. In 1880 he lost his eye-sight from illness. He — as was
his father — is a strong advocate of the principles of Mormonism.

LEWIS SCHOOL EY was born in Columbiana County, Ohio,
December 22, 1.S22. He is one of the seven children born to Henry
and Rachel (lleston) Schooley. The former was a native of Virginia,
but came to Ohio when a young man. He there engaged in farming

366

BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES CUMBERLAND COUNTY.

for a few years, antl afterwanl moved to New Albany, at whioli
place he died. The mother of om* subject died when he was seven
years of age. Our subject is a farmer by occupation, a calling which
he followed in Ohio until 1838, at which time he moved to Martin
County, Ind. On April 1, 1849, he came to Cumberhmd County 111., and
bought forty acres of land, on which he now resides, for which he paid
$1.2.5 per acre. He had the small sum of $3 left after paying for his
farm; this he paid out for provisions for his family. lie then went
to work for fifty cents per day. By hard labor and economy he has
accumulated a fine farm consistins: of 30.5 acres, with good buildinofs,
and all well improved. Mr. Schoolej'^ has been twice married; tiie
first wi^e was Elizabeth Walker, a native of Martin County, Ind.. who
died about 1847. His second wife was Jennette Watson, she also
being a native of Martin County, Ind. To them were born Calel:),
Rjichel (deceased), Cynthiana, Sarah A. (deceased), John T., Emma,
Mary E., Xora (deceased).

,. „, m$

PART III.

HISTORY OF JASPER COUiNTY.

BY J. H. BATTLE.

ORGANIZATION AND CONDITION.

ACT OF CHKATIOX.

KAWFORD COUNTY, one ofthcsix coiinticjs organized In 181fi,
oriiiinally comprised the territory inolnded between the AVa-

\JL l^ I im I I y V\/llll/llO*_Vl L'H\_/ IV,*1II\/1> 1HV11.H.I\..\^1 PJ^l-»»\-y^l* lllV^ ITt4— ^»V

bash and Kaskaskia rivers, and from the line of its present Kout hern /
boundaries to the northern limit of the United States. In isl'J, Clark '
County was formed, its limits extendinu- alonij- the whole line of the
northern l)Ounds of Crawford, enrtailino- its northern limit to its pres-
ent line. Until 1821, the people of the vast territory thus described,
transacted legal business at Palestine. In this year, Fayette County
Avas formed, taking the territory west of the present boundary of
J^ffingliam, and in 1881, Effingham and Jasper counties were formed.
There seems to have been no special effort put forth on the part of
the residents of this section of Crawford County for an independent
organization, but this followed naturally in the evolution of the Leg-
islative phui. Palestine, then the count^'-seat of Crawford County,
was tht' center of trade as well as of legal l)usiness, and the inconven-
ien-e of the distant lo/ation of the county-seat was not so seriously
felt as when a community haye a nearer trading point than the seat
of justice. So tar as the records of the parent county show, there was
no agitation cither pro or con in relation to a new county, though
the act of the Legislature forming the county was undoubtedly
received with satisfaction as furnishing the citizens greater opportu-
nity of political distinction and a new impulse to the development of*
this section.

It was in the session of 1830-31, that the Legislature passed the
following a^t, which was approve 1 February 1.'), l.s;U:

" Sec. 1 . JJf it enacU'd hy (Jk^ People of tlic State of I/h'nois rej)-
resenied in the General AsmnUy : That all that tract of country Wnig

3C7

368 HisToin OF .iasi'?:k coimv.

within the t'()lh)\viiiir boiiiKlaries, to wit: Boginnino: at the southeast
corner of Seetion No. 22, of Township 5 north, in Kanire No. 14 west,
of the second principal meridian, thence north with the sectional line
to the northeast corner of Section No. 8, of Township No. s north,
in Kanire Xo. 4 west; thence west with the line dividing Townships
Sand !• nortli, to the northwest corner of Section Xo. 0, in Range
No. 8 east; thence south with the line dividing Ranges Xos. 7 and 8
east, to the southwest corner of Section No. IK, in Townshii) No. ;')
north; thence east with the section line to the phice of beginning,
shall constitute a county hereiifter to be organize;l on petition of a
majority of the legal voters therein, which shall b- railed the county
of Jasper; and the county-seat thereof, wlien srlected and located,
shall be called Newton.

"Sec. 2. (This relates to the Ijoundaries and comity-seat of

Effingham County).

"Sec o. Nathan Moss, William Magill and Asahel Heath, are
hereby appointed Commissioners to locate the seat of justice for the
county of Jasper, and John Haley, James (jalloway and John Hall,
are hereby ajipointed Commissioners to locate the seat of justice for
the county of Etfinghani. The said Commissioners, or a majoiity of
them, are hereby required to proceed to examine the said cinmties
respectively, at any time they may agree ui)on, previous to the first
day of November next, and with an eye to the best interest of said
counties, shall select a suitable place for the seat of justice for each
of said counties. The Commissioners respectively are hereby em-
powered to receive from the owner of such lands as they may select
for the purpose aforesaid, a donation of not less than twenty acres,
or they may receive donations in money, which shall be applied to
the purchase of lands for such [)urpose: and in either case they shall
tiik(^ good and sufficient deeds therefor, granting the land in fee sim-
ple for the use and benefit of said counties, as the case may be. The
Commissioners if they shall select lands belonging to government,
shall i)iirchase a half (piarter section in each of said counties, for the
use and benefit of such county, i)rovided tliey shall receive donations
in money sufficient to make such purchase or purchases. When
the Commissioners shall have made the selection of land for the per-
manent seat of justice for the respective counties, those for the county
of Jasper shall report their procee;lings to the Recorder of Crawford
('o\mty, and those for tii(> county of Effingham shall report their pro-
ceedings to the R'conler of Fayette County, who shall receive and
keep the same in their respe -five offices until the said counties shall

HISTORY OF JASl'EH COUNTY. 369

be organized, when tliey shall transmit the same to the elerUs ot'the
aforesaid new counties respectively." Tlu^ balance of the act pro-
vides that those locating- shall receive for their services $.'5 per day,
to l)e paid out of the first monies arising from the sale of lots.

The Commissioners appointed for Jasper County made their
re})ort, it is pr()l)able, in due form, but it failed to find a record, or
is so lost in the mass of early business as not now to be traced in the
Crawford County ai"chives. However, the Legislature became cog-
nizant of their action, and in December, 1.S34, passed " An act to
Org-anize the County of Jasper," as follows:

" Sec 1 . Be it enacted by the People of the State of llUnois repre-
sented in the General Assembly, That on the fourth Monday in January
next, between the hours of eight o'clock in the morning and seven
o'clock in the evening, an election shall be held in the town of New-
ton, in the county of Jasper, for three County Commissioners, one
Sherifi' and one Coroner for said County, who shall continue in office
until their successors shall be duly elected and ((ualified.

'* Sec 2. David Phillips, W. ^I. Richards and William Price, or any
two of them, shall be judges of election, and shall be authorized to
appoint two clerks, and shall be qualified in the same manner as
judges and clerks of elections are now required by law, and said elec-
tion shall, in every respect, be conducted in conformity with the elec-
tion laws of this State.

" Sec 3. The location of the seat of justice made by Commission-
ers appointed by the act creating said county of Jasper, and all their
acts properly appertaining to their duties as such, are hereby rati-
fied and confirmed.

'*Sec. 4. Said county of Jasper shall be attached to the Fourth
Judicial Circuity, and shall vote with the county of Crawford in the
election of Reprcsentiitives to the State Legislature, and with the
counties of Crawford and Lawrence in Senatorial elections." This
act was approved December 19, 1834, and in accordance with its pro-
visions an election was held at Newton, in the following month,
which resulted in the election of W. M. Richards, George Matting-
ley and F. \V. H. Claycomb, as Commissioners; Lnvis W. Jourdan,
Sheritl*, and Richard Watson, Coroner.

ORIGIN OF NAME.

In the origin of the name of the county and seat of justice, the
preference of the peoi)le does not seem to have been consulted. The
whole nation seems to have been absorbed in the contemplation of

370 HISTOIIY OJ' JASPER COUNTY.

the history and inenioirs of the Revolution heroes, and the publica-
tion which imniortjilized the fame of Marion's men, then being new,
natui-dlly furnished the names of Jasper and Newton. Weem's book
was the early text book in the schools and the classic of its day.
The name of Jasper is a tril)ute to that heroic devotion which Ameri-
cans are glad to honor in the subordinate as well as in the chieftiiin.
Among the garrison of Fort Moultrie, in Charleston, S. C, harbor,
on the 28th of June, 1776, was a Sergeant l)y the name of Jasper.
It was on this day that the British fleet, which had occupied the liar-
bor, opened the attack upon the fort with such a heavy and well-
directed fire, as to cause the observing patriots on the shore to trem-
ble for the outcome of the conflict. Once during the day, as the smoke
from a terrific cannonading cleared away, the flag of the fort was
nowhere to be seen. The shot of the fleet had carried it away, and
the anxious spectators, with sinking hearts, feared the fort had struck
its flag to the foe. But the ensign had not fallen willingly nor unno-
ticed. In face of the storm of shot and shell that fell upon the gar-
rison, Sergeant Jasper rescued the flag, and in a perfect hail storm
of bullets, nailed it to the broken stafi". At night the fleet quietly
left the harltor with the fort unsubdued. Jasper was made the hero of
the occasion, the delighted citizens of Charleston uniting to do him
honor. The ladies presented him with a beautiful flag, which he
pledged himself to defend with his life, and true to his word he was
found later in the war dead upon the field of battle, clinging to his
and his country's flag. Such is the hero which this county honors.
The countyrseat is evidently indebted to the same source for its
name. Sergeant Newton was a compatriot of Jasper, and the two
were often united in deeds of daring. One of these occasions is rep-
resented as follows:

"Like many families of that time, Jasper's was divided on the
great (piestion. His older brother took the side of the English, and
served in their army. Out of aflcftion to his l)r()th('r, and a wish to
examine into the strength and condition of the enemy, he resolved,
with another patriot soldiei-, Sergeant Newton, to pay the British a
visit. His brother's position pnabled him to receive his two friends
without any suspicion of their being spies, and they were entertained
for two or three days with great hospitality. While they were thus
engaged, a small party of Americans were brought in prisoners, and.
as they had deserted from the British, and enlisted in the American
ranks, their doom would have been dcitli. This, the brother of Jas-
per assured him w:is to be their fate. ^Vitll them were the wife and

HISTORY OF JASl'EK COLXTV. 371

child ot'oiic of the prisoners. Ilor distress ut her husband's approaeh-
ini,-- fate touehed the heart of Jasi)er. Confi linij his purpose to his
frii-n 1 Newton, they bide adieu to Jasper's brother, and took their
leave. They had no sooner iifot out of sight of the eanip, than they
made a detour, and stretched acros-; the coinitrv so as to elude all
suspicion should they meet with any British soldiers. It was the
custom of the English then to send all the prisoners taken in that
quarter to Savannah for trial. At a little spring, two miles from
Savannah, Jasper and Newton secretel themselves, awaiting the arri-
val of the British escort an 1 their prisoners. It had occurred to Jas-
per that, as they must pass this spot, it was very probable they might
rest here for a short time to refresh themselves, and the woody nature
of the spot would favor a rescue. After some hours' anxious sus-
pense, they saw the escort, with their prisonei-s, approach. The
guard was ten in number, and armed. The (•or[)oral. with four men,
conducted their captives to the water, and told them to rest them-
selves for an hour, at the same time giving them provisions. The
guards then stacke.l their arms and seated themselves. The prison-
ers threw themselves upon the earth in hopeless despair. Near to
the wretched man sat his wife and child. Two of the i>uards alone
kept their arms as sentries. As the rest of the men were fillincr their
■canteens with water, Jasper and Newton came stealthily from their
aml)ush, seized two of the muskets that were stacked, shot the two
sentries, and, rushing upon the others, stunned them with the butt
of their weapons. Deprived of their weapons, the others abandoned
the contlict and tied."

It was such deeds as those that made each man in Marion's band
a hero, and the names of Sergeants Jasper and Newton ma}' be
given a perpetual place in history as the names of the town and county
that form the subject of these pages.

TOrOGHAl'lIY.

The county of Jasper, thus organize 1, lies in the northeast cor-
ner of what is arbitrarilv called southern Illinois, and is bounded on
the east by Crawford, on the north by Cumberland, on the west by
Effingham and Clay, and on the south by Clay and Richlan 1 coun-
ties. It is almost s(|uare in shape, being twenty-two miles long from
north to south, and twenty-one and three-fourths from east to w&st,
and contains al)out 481 square miles. Aimut one-third of the county
was originally timlK'red land, and the remain;ler prairie, the latter
occupying the broad areas of upland between the valleys of the

372 HISTORY OF JASPER COUNTY.

streiinis, and elevated from sixty to eighty feet above the water
courses. From Robinson to Liberty, the country is rather low and
comi)aratively level, seldom risin"- more than twenty or thirty feet
above the beds of the small streams. The chang-es wrouoht bv the
habits and cultivation of the whites have somewhat altered the pro-
portion of timbered land, so that timb3r land and prairie are about
equal in extent, a strip of each in var3dng widths alternating through
the county. The general trend of the water courses is southward.
The Embarrass, the French pronunciation having degenerated into
the local name of Anibrau, traverses the whole extent of the county
from northwest to southeast. This stream rises three or four miles
jiortheast of Tolono, in Champaign Coimty, and enters Jasper about
two and a half miles west of the center of the northern line. From
this point, it bears a little east, until it reaches Newton, where with
a short turn nearly due east, it again follows its general course and
passes into Richland County, about two and a half miles west of the
southeast corner of the county. The Embarrass drains nearly the
whole surface of the county, except the southwest corner, Avliich is
drained by Muddy Creek, a tributary of the Little Wabash. The
vallc}' through which this river courses is a low, flat bottom, from
three to five miles in width, with some swampy areas, though gener-
ally dry enough to admit of cultivation, but subject to overflow from
the high water of the river. Other streams of some importance are:
East Fork, heading in the southw^est corner of Edgar County, enter-
ing Jasper near the northeast corner, extending south parallel with
the east line of the county, varying only a mile or two from the east
count}^ line at any point, and emptying into the Embarrass River in
Section 32, in Saint Marie ToAvnship ; Crooked Creek, taking its
source in Cumberland and Clark counties, near the northern line of
.Jasper, meandering southward near the line of Wade and Willow
Hill townships, until it reaches a point nearly due east of Newton,
where, bearing east, it finds the Embarrass River, in Section 2 of
Willow Hill Township ; Liw's Creek, which heads in the [)rairie,
about five miles northwest of Newton, and runs southward and a
little west, and runs into Clay County, where it joins the iSIuddy
Creek; Sandy Creek, a mile or two west of Law's, follows a i)arallel
course with the last named, and finds the same destination: and Big
Muddy, which heads in the edge of Etfingham County, near the
northwest corner of Jasper, and follows along the west line of the
county, until it i)asses into Clay County and finds an outlet into the
Little Wabash. Small prairie runs are noted on the map of the

HISTORY OF .lASPEIJ COrXTY. 873

county, such as the Wot Weather, a name that indicates its orioin,
in Small wood Township; Fox Crook, which gave rise to the name of
the township in which it is found; Grove Creek, Turkey, Slate and
Mint crooks, are also named, but arc of no siiiiiifir-ance, save the lat-
ter, in the origin of its name, which it acquired from the haunts of
early countorfoiters along its hanks.

GE()L<)(;V.*

Hock exposures are but rarely to be mot with in the county,
owini>-, in |)art, to the soft and violding character of the sandstones
and shales that form the bed rock over the greater portion of the
county, and in part to the wide valleys in which the streams have
their com'ses, seldom impinging upon the blutls sufficiently to expose
the stratified rocks. The su})erficial deposits of this county consist
mostly of brown, gmvoUy clays, and a bluish-gray hard-pan, the
whole aofo-reofatinof from twentv to forty feet in thickness. These
beds thicken to the westward, and are considerably heavier in the
western part of the county than in the eastern. Small boulders of
metamorphic rock are frecjuontly mot with in the crook bods or on
the hill-sides, weathered out of these deposits, associated with those
derived from the sandstones and limestones of the coal measures.
From the limited exposures, and the widely separated i)oints where
the bed rock can be seen in this county, it has been found impossible
to construct a general section of the strata, but enough can be seen
to indicate their general character, and to determine very nearly
their relative position in the coal measures.

The lowest be.ls in the county are probal)ly the shales and shaly
sandstones outcropping on the lower courses of the North Fork and
on the Embarrass, in the vicinity of Saint Marie, which probably
belong to the heavy shale deposit passed in the boring at Greenup,
and iKdonsr between coals Nos. 14 and 1(5 of the gonenil section.
The highest outcrops will ho found in the northwest corner of the
county, Avhero the Fusulina limestone that outcrops at Churchill's
place, near the county lino in Cumberland County, may be soon.

At the crossing of North Fork, on the old Palestine and Van-
dalia road, a 1)1 uo, sandy shale has been penetrated by a shaft to the
depth of about thirty feet, in search of coal, but without success.
The upi)or [lart of this shale bed outcrops in the bank of the stream
at an old mill just below the bridge. About a mile further down the
crock, ;i bod of brown, calcMroous sandstone is found tVom eighteen

♦Compiled from State Keport.

374 HISTORY OF JASPER COUNTY.

to twenty inclicr? thick. In tlic bank of the Emlxirniss, at Saint
Marie, a tliin l)('dcled micaceous sandstone is quarried at low water,
but it splits into thin layers on exposure, and is of little value as a
buildinof stone. .V well was sunk here at the steam-mill, to the
<le])tli of ninety feet, throuiih sandy shales and sandstones, without
findino- either coal or limestone.

Newton, the county-seat, is located on the bluft* of the Embar-
rass, and the outcroppino" beds that form the lower portion of the
bluff consists of twenty-five to thirty feet of soft micaceous shales
and sandstones, extendino: below the river bed. About two miles
southeast of town, on Brush Creek, a sandstone is found that fur-
nishes most of the buildins: stone used in this vicinity. The quarry
rock is from eight to ten feet thick, in layers varyinir from six to
twelve or more in thickness. The stone is rather soft when first
quarried, but becomes harder on exposure, and makes a very durable
rock for ordinarv use. Locally it has a coarsely, concretionary struct-
ure, the concretions b.'ino- harder than the surroundinof rock, a char-
acter frecjuently observed in the heayy bedded sandstones of the coal
measures. Below the sandstone there is a variable thickness of
shale that becomes bituminous toward the bottom, and forms the roof
of a coal seam that has b?en opened, and Avorked to some extent at
this locality. Tiie seam was covered up by the falling in of the roof
at the time of the State survey, so that neither the (juality of the
coal, nor its exact thickness could b? ascertained, l)nt it is said to be
from two and a half to three feet thick, and has a shale parting like
the seam at tlio old Eaton Mines northwest of Robinson. Tiiis is
probably coal Xo. 14 or L") of the general section. This coal prob-
ably underlays the town of Xewton, at a depth of eight to ten feet
below the bed of the Embirrass River, and niiaht be easily mined
anywhere along the bluff, by drivino- an inclined tunnel into the
base of the hill above hii>"h water mark, down to the level of the
coal.

Three miles east of Newton, on the road to New L'lin'ty, the
same sandstone is met with on the east side of the E'ubari-ass Valley,
outcropping in the base of tlr^ low hills bordering the valley, and
continuing in occasional outcrops to the coal bank, one mile Avest of
New Liberty, 'fhis coal is probi1)ly the same as that on Brinh Creek,
a mile and a half southeast of Xewton. The seam is divided by a
bituminous shale, varying from six to eighteen in-hes in thickness,
and only the lower division of tiie seam is minel here, the upper
part being too soft and shaly to bo of much value. A section of

HISTOKV OF JASPER COUNTY. 375

the beds above this coal, as seen between Xewton and this i)oint,

would be as follows:

Feet. Inches.
Micaceous sandstone, thin bedded at the top and more

massive below 20 to 30

Sandy shale, with local layers of thin sandstone 5 to 10

Bituminous shale : 1 to 3

Coal, rat her soft and poor Ito 1 G

Shale, parting 4 to I 6

Coal, good 1 6

No fossils wore found in the shale ovorlayinof this coal on Brush
Creek, but west of New Lil)erty imperfect examples of one or two
carbonarius plants were found.

South of Xewton, a prairie ridge extends for several miles in a
southerly direction, along which sandstone is said to be found, and
this ridge probably marks the trend of the sandstone formatioil in
this county. On Limestone Creek, in the southwest corner of the
county, there is an outcrop of light-gray limestone, that is quarried
for building stone and for the manufactiu'e of Hme. In the north-
west corner of the comity, on Island Creek, an outcrop of heavy
bedded sandstone and flagstone commences on Section IG, Township
8, Rano-e 8, and may be traced northward to the county line. The
sandstone is of brownish color and makes a fair building stone. On
Mint Creek, Section 1, ToAvnship 7, Kange 8, the following section

was found:

Feet. Inches.
Silicious shale 30

Gray pyritiferous shale, passing into limestone 2

Jet black bituminous shale, with fish scales and spines 6

Coal, breaking into small cakes 6

Fireclay 3

Gray silicious shale and flagstone 3 8

This thin coal was sometimes found split by hard bituminous
shale, leavino- only about an inch of coal in each diyision.

The section of the Embarrass River, southwest quarter of Section
.'■)1, Township 7, Range 10, is as follows:

Feet. Inches.

1. Covered slope 10

2. Bluish-brown argillaceous shale 10

3. Brown and black bituminous shale 3

4. Fire clay 3

5. Gray fossiliferous limestone 10

6. Blue argillaceous shale. 4

7. Brownish-black impure limestone 3

8. Blue shale 2

9. Bluish shaly sandstones 10

37H HISTOHV OF .TA^iPEK COINTY.

Two inilct; north of Saint Marie, on the west half of Section
7, Township (), Ring-e 11, a shaft was sunk twenty feet to the river level
and some fragments of impure limestone were thrown out. About
a hundred yards up the river this limestone is just at the water's
edffe. It is eight or ten inches thick, and is probably the equivalent
of the linK^stone near Newton.

The second bluff or terrace is about forty feet above low water.
About thirty feet above low water, in the face of the bluff, there are
remains of an old furnace. It is about three feet in diameter, of a
circular form and walled with rock. Around it are pieces of burnt
limestone, charcoal and cinders. On the top of the bluff there are
a number of Indian mounds, arranged in the form of an oblong
square, inclosing a court. The peculiar arrangement of the mounds,
and the presence of mica in the sandstoue, aud also in the drift bowl-
ders found here, led to the b?lief that silver existed in the rocks and
could be extracted from them, and the existeuce of the mounds and
the furnace led to the sinking of the shaft in pursuit of the same
preciovis metal.

On Crooked Creek, a half mile west of Brockville, the follow-
ing section was found:

Feet. Inches.

Buff-colored limestone without fossils - 4

Blue argillaceous shale - 3

Rotten limestone with fossils --- 6

Black bituminous shale 4

Blue argillaceous shale 2

One mile aud a half southwest of Harrisburg, on Lick Creek,

the following beds were found:

Feet. Inches.

Bluish argillaceous shale 10

Black bituminous shale 4

Impure limestone with fragmentary fossils 6

Bluish argillaceous shale 3

The water of the creek is slightly saline, and some prospecting

for brine has been done in this vicinit3^

All these outcrops belong to the Upper Coal Measures, and range

about the horizon of coals No. 14 and 15 of the general section.

From the general trend of the stratii it may be inferred that the

lowest beds that outcrop in the county are those along its eastern

border, and the highest, those upon the western.

MATERIAL RESOURCES-

A limited snpply of coal may be obtained from the beds out-
cropping near Newton and New Liberty, but neither the average

HISTORY OF .lASI'KR COUNTi'. 377

thickness of the seams, nor the quality of coal they niford, would
justify an attempt to work them save in n limited way. The main
coals are here from tive to six hundred feet, or more, below the sur-
face, and to reach the bottom of the coal measures, would require a
shaft more than a thousand feet in depth. It will probably be many
years before the demand for coal in this county will be such as to
warraut the openinir of mines at this depth.

Building .stone, of good quality, is not abundant; the main sup-
ply beiug from the sandstone overlaying the coal at Newton and in
this AHcinity. At some points this bed affords a brown sandstone of
fair quality; and at others it passes into silicious shales or shaly
sandstones too soft and thin bedded to be used for building purposes.
On Limestone Creek, in the southwestern portion of tlie county,
there is a bed of compact, gray limestone, in layers of a foot to eio-ht-
een inches in thickness, that is quarried for foundation walls, etc.,
for the supply of the adjacent region. The only limestone found in
the county, that seemed to be at all adapted for use in the lime kiln,
Avas that on Limestone Creek, in the southw^est corner of the county,
and a fair quality of lime may be made there for the supply of such
portions of the adjacent region as are remote from railroad transpor-
tation.

Sand and clay are abundant, and good brick and tile may be
made at almost any point on the uplands, where they may be required.
Sand for mortar and cement, occurs at many places along the blufis
of the Embarrass, and may be found in beds of most of the small
streams, and in nearly every portion of the county.

The chief resource, however, of the county is its soil. The bot-
tom lands of the Embarrass have a rich alluvial soil, and when cleared
and brought under cultivation, produce large crops of coni, to
which they seem best adapted. The soil of the prairie reo-ion is a
chocolate-colored, clay loam, similar to that of the adjoining coun-
ties, and produces fair crops of corn, wheat, oats and grass. On the
timbered uplands, the soil is somewhat variable. When the surface
is broken the soil is thin^ but on the more level portions, where the
growth is composed. in part of black walnut, sugar tree, hackberry,
etc., the soil is veiy productive and yields large crops of all the
cereals grown in this latitude. The varieties of timber found here
are the common species of oak and hickory, black and white walnut,
white and sugar maple, slippery and red elm, honey locust, hack-
ben- v, ash, etc.

378 HISTORY OF JASPER COUNTV.

SAVA3IP LANDS.

Orifinallv, a lar2"e part of tlio territory of this count v came
niuler tlii^ classitiratioii. By a Sfeiieral act, dated Scptomljer 26, 18')0,
conirross coded to the several States of the Union, all the wet and
ovorilowed lands within their borders, not otherwise disposed of, for
drainag-e purposes. The legislature of this State accepted and rati-
fied this act of congress, by complying with tlie special requirements
and subsequently, in furtherance of the objects as aforesaid, granted
to the counties the lands lying within their boundaries. Between
the years 1850 and 18.")(), much of this land was entered of the general
o-overnment, throusfh the United States Land Office at Palestine, at
$1.25 per acre, with ''swamp land scrip/' ''land warrants," and cash,
the commissioner of the general land office issuing patents therefor.
Under the act of congress, where land was selected and paid for
with "scrip" or "warrants," the State was entitled to receive an
equal quantity of United States land, subject, however, to the
approval of the department of the interior. The secretary of the
interior in construins: this act of congress has decided that the land
intended to be o-iven in lieu of which was entered with " scrip"
or " warrants," must be United States land, unoccupied, and lying
within the State claiming the same, and cannot be located elsewhere.
The United States lands in Illinois have long since been entered,
hence the county will only receive indemnity for such swamp land
as has been entered since 1850 with casli.

The county has made several etforts to se<nire its rights under
this provision, and of late has entered into contract with an attor-
ney to collect the indemnity due from the general government
Some 10,000 acres have been claimed and the requisite proof filed.
The county has sold a considerable amount of these lands originally
selected, at such prices as they would bring, much of which has
been reclaimed and is now under cultivation.

AGRICITLTURE.

Jasper County is strictly an agricultural county, though pos-
sessed of good water-power and timber, and situated within the
region of the coal measures, manufacturing interests, beyond such
mills as the local necessity demanded, have found scanty encourage-
ment. It is probably too early to Judge of the future of manufac-
turing interests here, as the lack of railroad tacilities. before 187t),
prevented any successful attempts at manufacturing. Since the build-
ing of the Mattoon & Grayville Railroad, and tlie construction of

HISTOKV OF JASPER COUNTY. 37i>

Other lines, several rigorous manufacturing cstahlishnKMits have
found place here, and with the construction of otlier roads whicli are
promised at this date, the character of Jasper County's inchistries
may be entirely revolutionized in the coming decades.

The prc\ailing system of agriculture practiced here may prop-
erly be termed mixed husbandry. Specialties Hud little favor with
the farmers. The practice is to cultivate the various kinds of grain
and grasses, and to raise, keep and fatten stock; the latt<-r business
rapidly growing in favor with a majority of the wealthier farmers.
Though organized in 1834, the development of the county was slow,
and until 1860 the larger part of the county was not entirely in the
hands of actual settlers. The farmer, therefore, has not yet felt able
to indulge in any scientific theories of cultivation. So far, the main
object has been to gain a subsistence and make sufficient returns to
pay for the land, and but little more than this has been accomplished.
Of late, there is more improvement noted, and, while the farmino-
connnunity may be said to be in limited financial circumstfinces, the
character of later improvements are of the best kind. Houses and
barns of improved architecture and the higher order of comfort and
ornament, are going up everywhere, and a new era of prosperity is
marked. The need of studying the principles of such branches of
learning as relate to agriculture, will be felt, and a consequent
improvement in the system of fanning will naturally follow.

>Vheat has been considered a reasonably sure and remunerative
crop, and is cultivated to a large extent. ' Some failures in this
crop, however, have admonished the farmers that this is not to be
depended upon solely, and other grains are dividing the attention of
the farming community. Oats and corn are prominent products
and the failure of any one crop is not counted a fatal calamity. In'
1881, a drouth occurred, no rain falling between the latter partof June
and the last of August, a period of sixty-eight days. The wheat and
corn crops were almost entirely destroyed, and business was almost
at a stand-still. Such experiences are, however, very rare, the gen-
eral complaint being too much rain. Most of the land in the count}-
«s low, and very much in need of drainage. This subject is now
attractmg considerable attention, and two extensive tile ftu^tories
luive this year been put in operation, with the prospect of ample
patronage.

^ Fruit culture may safely be said to be in its inflmcy in Jsisper
County. The first settlers, deprixed for a time of its use, and real-
izmg the great demand in every family for this important arli<h^ of

380 HISTORY OF JASPER COUNTY.

food, early set about planting oicliards. But little care was exer-
cised, in a majority of oases, in the selection of varieties, or in the
care of orchards after once well set, and, taking into consideration
the value of good fruit as a substantial olemont of food, -as a valuable
agent in preserving and promoting health, and as a luxury which all
classes may enjoy, this subject has not received the attention which
its importance merits at the hands of the agriculturist. The orchard
culture of apples has only of late years begun to command the seri-
ous attention of farmers. The product is barely enough to supply
home demands, but each year marks an increase in the acreage devoted
to this fruit. Peaches rank next to ajiples in the number of acres
devoted to their culture. The region is ordinarily favorable to their
culture, and a Cfood yield is ireuerallv had here. Pears, plums and
cherries are found occasionally about the house enclosure, but are
not cultivated to any great extent. There are one or two pear
orchards recently set out. Small fruits are not yet grown to any
great extent, save for private use. There is a growing market for
all these products, right at home, and there will be an improvement
in this direction as soon as this demand is recognized. There are no
nurseries in the county, and dependence is had chiefly upon traveling
agents, who find this a profitable field.

In the matter of stock, the interest of farmers is beino- gener-
ally attracted toward the profit of stock-raising. Grass never fails,
save in such an exceptional j'^ear as 1881. The moist nature of the
ground renders the crop a sure and luxuriant growth. For the cul-
tivation of grain, it requires a large expenditure of time and labor,
and the (piestion is being seriously discussed whether a larger pro-
portion of stock-raising would not yield greater returns. Cattle and
hogs are already an important source of iiTcome to the farmers, and
a considerable number are improving the grade of their stock by
the use of thorough-bred animals. Short-horns, Jersey and Devon
cattle arc made a specialty by some half a dozen stockmen in the
county, and their influence "on the grade of stock to be found here is
quitch marked. In hogs, the Poland-China and Berkshire are repre-
sented by several stock-breeders. Sheep, though not so generally
kept by farmers as the other mentioned stock, are still found in con-
siderable aggregate numbers, though most of the flocks are small.
Among the breeders, the Cotswold is the favorite, though the South-
down and Merino breeds are represented. On the subject of horsa^,
there is considerable interest manifested. Oxen have been super-
seded here for some years, but the average farm-horse has not boon

HISTORY OF JASPEK COUNTY. 381

greatly inii)rove(l ovor the oriiriiiiil stock. Just now, this < hiss of
farm property has felt the impulse manifested in every county inter-
est, and a number of tine liorses are in use for brecdiufif pur[)ose8.
These are principally of the Norman and Clydesdale blood. Some
interest is manifested in roadsters and speed animals, but the finan-
cial status of the farmers, the demands of the farm, and the condition
of the roads, inclines the general favor towards such a cross with the
heavy draft horses as will produce a substantial animal for all pur-
poses. Mules are bred and used to a large extent, and they seem to
be growing into greater tavor rapidly. Besides the argument used
in favor of their economical keeping and hardy characteristics, they
are found to be more salable at good prices than horses. Horses are
found to be subject, also, to some fatal disorder which causes serious
losses. This subject has not been fully investigated, but the sudden
unexplained death of a good horse is frequently reported. It is
believed by many that the latitude is not favorable, and such losses
are generally supplied by mules. Another reason for the increased
attention to stock-raising is the fact that the average farm is quite
large, perhaps 200 acres. This, it is found, is too large for success-
ful cultivation in grains, and some stock is found necessary to utilize
all the acreage. Then the question arises, whether it is not more
profitable to feed the grain grown, and thus retain the offal to enrich
the soil. The question is- more and more being decided in the affirm-
ative, and tliere are those who confidently predict that the future
will find this a stock-growing rather than a grain-producing county.
Dairying has not been attempted here, though there is some discus-
sion as to the subject. With increased shipping facilities and a rea-
8onal)ly close market, there seems to be no reason why it should not
be as profitiible a source of revenue here as elsewhere in the State.

FAIR ASSOCIATIONS.

An effort to organize a Fair association was made about 1855.
Improvement in stock had reached an advanced stage, and some of
the more prominent stockmen and others, among whom were John
Brooks, James Wagle, A. G. Colwell, Sr., and T. J. Martin, formed
an association. Only two or three exhibitions were held, the O'Kean
grounds bsing leased and enclosed for the purpose. After this, the
interest faileil and nothing more was done in the way of fairs until
1870. In this year, the County Agricultural Board formed an Asso-
ciation and held annual exhibitions until 1880. The plan of oro-an-
ization was not such as to give the highest financial results. The

3ii2 HISTORY OF JASPEK COUNTY.

State report Tor 1877, the only one to be obtained, speak.^ of the
exhibition of that year as in every way a success. " Our premiums
were larire and hotly contested for in every department. The show
of stock in the dilfercnt departments was larii-er and finer than ever
before, while Floral Hall was filled to overflowing Avitli the choicest
productions of necdlc-work, fine arts and sta})le productions of the
soil. * * * The display of agricultural implements was com-
plete, and was within itself an exhibition which could be pointed to
with pride by the exhibitors. Our system of financial retin'us in
proportion to individual tickets, but under the depressed financial
condition of affairs, gives better satisfaction.

"By economy in expenditures, we were enabled to pay twenty-
five cents on the dollar awarded in premiums (which is twenty-five
per cent, more than the society has ever paid). Our current
expenses for the year also discharged^a large part of our mortgaged
indebtedness." The value of the grounds and improvements was
put at $2,000. It was found, notwithstanding the favorable charac-
ter of the above report, that the association could not make a finan-
cial success, and on Ai)ril 5, 1880, the " Jasper County Agricultural
Joint Stock Company " was incorporated. The leading men in this
movement were: Wm. E. Barrett, Jas. C. Ireland, Daniel O'Donnell
and Wni. L. Heath. A large number of the citizens of the county
took stock, which aggregated $3,000, in shares of $10 each. This
organization has made a complete success of the fairs, and now own
a finely improved ground west of Newton, valued at s(mie $6,000.
In 1881, owing to the severe drouth, no exhibition was held. In
1882, the "Twelfth Annual Fair of the Jasper County Agricultural
Board " was held under the auspices of this company, at which pre-
miums were offered to the extent of some $1,^)01), which were all
paid in full.

THE *:aiily settlement.

The immigration to which this part of the State is indebted for
its early settlement came principally from the Southern States by
way of Palestine. The " Wabash country " began to attract settlers
as early as 1811, a few families finding their way to the west side of
the Wabash Kiver, in the territory now covered b}^ Crawford, Clark
and Edgar counties. The war with Great Britain and the couse-
(pient unfriendly disposition of the Indians retarded the further
increase of the st^lth'uients until the close of the \\ar in 181;'). A
number of fan»ilies, however, who had started for this region gath-

HISTOUY OF JASPEIi COUNTY. 38S

ercd about Palostino, wlioro the genenil ffovernmcnt stationed a
comi)any of troops aiil built a palisade fort. On the pacification of
the savages, the cooped-up whites rapidly spread over the country
contiiruous with the river, where many had made claims and built
cabins before it was thought safe to remove their families from the
fort. The country in this region offered every desired characteristic
for pionc^er settlements, and for some years absorbed the tide of
incoming population, so that the outlying portions of Crawford,
which are now Jasp:?r, were little known save to the hunter and that
class of pei-sons who preferred a ten-a incognita. The result was that
the first inhabitants of Jasper County territory were principally
45quatt('rs; men Avho found it safer to leave the more settled parts of
the older States and seek a refuge where the arm of the law could
not reach. The "Dark Bend," a copse-like bottom of the Embar-
ni.ss, in the southeast corner of Jasper County extending into Craw-
ford County, was the principal spot occupied by these characters,
though at an early date it was popularly sui)posed that " the woods
was full of them." In the nature of the case, but little can be learned of
these people. The earliest permanent settlers occasionally came in con-
tact with them, and, in one way or another, learned something of their
history. Soon after the settlement was formed at Saint Marie the fam-
ilies of that community were visited by half a dozen or so of the ladies
of the "Dark Bend," whose attire and general appearance con-
firmed the colonists in all the worst opinions they had formed
of the people in that benighted region. Mr. Joseph Picquet relates
that soon after his settlement at Saint Marie, he learned of a desti-
tute family living in this region, and, moved by his sympathy, three
or four of them made a visit to the place. The man had murdered
his brother and fled to this region to escape the just penalty of his
deed. Here he was found, surrounded by several dirty, ill-kempt
women and a dozen or more squalid, scrofulous looking children,
living in a long, low shanty, like so many hogs. The man was well
advanced in years, and all so ignorant and degraded as to exhibit no
distaste for their surroundings, nor desire for any change to some-
thing better. The party from Saint Marie went armed, as they did
not like the character of the neighborhood, and at first created con-
siderable commotion in the conscience stricken household. This was
the end of the association, however, and the family moved away some-
time later unheeded. Counterfeiters and horse-thieves made this
section their abode for many ywirs later, and were a constant source
ot amioyance to this whole region. Counterfeit money was one of

384 HISTORY OF JASPER COUNTY.

the early trials of the pioneers of Jasper and vicinity. At home
much of this coin passed undetected, but it often occurred that when
a farmer went to purchase a season's supplies he wouhl find his
available funds greatly reduced by the counterfeit money he held.
Martin Grove relates an incident, the memory of which is perpet-
uated by the name given to one of the streams of the county — Mint
Creek.

Cornelius Tayk)r kept a ferry in Lawrence Count}', and was, or had
been considered an honest man. He had for sometime been in the
habit of loading his wagon Avith meat and otlu^r provisions, and start-
ing olf with the ostensible purpose of going to Saint Louis to markets
After a time Mr. Taylor was suspected of being a little crooked, and
after watching a little, his neighbors became convinced of the fact.
It was observed that Taylor made some trips in a remarkably short
time, and at other times he would be gone for several months, and
that on his return from these trips a quantity of counterfeit silver
and paper money would get into circulation in the county. These
indications, with other circumstances, led to his being suspected of
com[)licity with some gang of counterfeiters, and some of the best
citizens secretly agreed to watch him. On his next trip to Saint
Louis, his neighbors found that Taylor suspected their intentions,
and so loaded up his wao-on after night-fall. In that wavhis absence
was not noticed until he had been gone several days; but they being
determined not to be cheated in that manner, gathered up a crowd
and followed the wagon tracks (it will be rememb:n'ed that wagons
were very scarce in those days), which soon left the Saint Louis
road and struck out northwest. They followed the track then, with
more zeal than ever, knowing there must be something wrong, until
they came to a thicket or thick, woods, almost impenetrable, about
seven miles north, and a little west of where Newton now stands,
near the mouth of a little creek that empties into the Embarrass
River, known since that day by the name of " Mint " Creek, where
they found, not the wagon, but a little cabin under the brush, in
which they found a man by the name of Acre Williams, who, after
being hung up by the neck two or three times imtil nearly dead,
agreed to tell all he knew. IIi^ after a few more threats from his
tormenters, delivered up a lot of mohls, dies and other mati^rials for
making counterfeit silver and paper money. The dies, etc., were
taken to Lawrenceville and destroyed in the court house. He
(Williams) i'laimed that he was only hired by the counterfeiters to
keep house, hunt and cook for them. He said the ju-incipal man of

HISTORY OF JASPER COUNTY. 385

the counUM-t'eiters was luiiuod Horn back. He giive other names also,
but the principals all i>:ot away; but the men o-otting their tools and
implements, it broke up their busini'ss at that place, l)ut we have
yet the creek (that took the name from the Mint that had been run
there) to remember the circumstance by. This was about 1822 to 1824-
The earliest permanent settler in Jasper County, probably was
Benjamin Shooks. But little is known of him. It is said that he
was among- those who occui)ied the fort at Palestine, and came imme-
diately after the cessation of hostilities to this region. He built his
cabin in 181G, on the North Fork, where Samuel Atkinson now has
his farm. The exact location is not pointed out, but it was in the
" bottoms " northeast of Yale and west of Bellaire, and here he lived
and died a few years later. From Mr. Johnson's historical sketch,
which is found to bo unusually accurate, it is learned that,

"About the year 1820 or 1822, a doctor by the name of Sultzer, a
son, and son-in-law by the name of Jack McCann, settled near where
the county line now divides this county and Lawrence County, but they
were suspected of belonging to the mint business, and they left the
country very suddenly on that account/.

"James Jordan (the father of Andrew, Joseph and William
Jordan, who all live near Newton) settled on the farm now known
as the Boos farm, early in the spring of 182(5, started a farm, sold
out there, moved up and commenced the farm now owned by Joseph
Cardot, and a few years after sold it, entered the land and made the
farm now owned by his son Joseph, and Joseph tells us that his
father and mother have told him, that when they raised their house it
took all the men in the county to raise it, and Joseph is living in
the same house yet, with "additions that he has built thereto. Mr.
Jordan raised a large family, and he and his wife lived and died
on the same farm. William Price settled about the same time, where
Saint Marie now stands. He lived there for several years, and sold
out to Mr. Joseph Picquet; Price Precinct was named for Mr.
Price.

" William L3wis settled on the Evermond Mound, in Willow
Hill Township, in the same year (18211), made some improvements,
and sold it to William Evermond, who entered the land, since which
time the mound has b-en known by his name.

"Job Catt (the father ot Uncle John, Charles and Michael Catt,
and Mrs. Fithian, the mother of our present State's Attorney, who
•11 live yet, in Willow Hill Township) settled about two miles
north of Saint Marie in 1827, and the family have lived in the county

.'^88 HISTORY OF JASPER COUNTi'.

ever since, ex<ept :is th<\v die at a ijood old ace. About the same time,
L?wis W. Jordan and Benjamin Reynolds (with their families) settled
where Newton now stands. Mr. Jordan (who was no connection of
Jam 's eTordan) huilt ti cabin on the site known as the O'Kean
property. Lewis W. Jordan left lona- since with his family;
he was the tirst and only Sherirt" of the comity for some time after
its organization, but had to run oH' for violations of the law. Of
Mr. Reynolds' family, but two or three yet remain. Old Aunt
pjlizabeth Burford (damrhter of Mr. Reynolds) lived in the county
until th(^ death of her last husband, a few years asfo, Avhen she
moved to Coles County, to live with her daaghtor. Richard Elton
settled on the East Fork, in A^^illow Hill Township, in 1.S37, and
two years after, built a mill on the creek to saw, and grind corn ;
the mill passed through many hands, but has gone down at last
Mr. Eaton went to Texas on horse-back, a few years after, and never
c-ame back. B}'^ this time, other settlers began to come in, notwith-
standing there were at least three different tribes of Indians camp-
ing or living within the limits of the county. Uncle John Catt tells
us of a little circumstance that occurred about this time, that he
remembers w^ell, and is worth repeating. A report came that a lot
of Indians that were camping out on Big Muddy, near the county
line, were dancing around their camp-fires with their war-paint on
(which meant destruction to the pale faces). The settlers called a
council of their wise and brave men, and appointed Lewis W. Jor-
dan, Job Catt and two or three others, to slip out to the Indian camp
and see if the reports w^ere true ; but before starting out, Mr. Catt
liad his family ])urv all their cooking utensils, kettles and all heavy
valuables, and be prepared to flee the coimtry on their return. But
only think of their sur})rise, Avhen they arrived in sight of the Indian
camping ground, and peeping through the brush, to find that the
Indians had pulled up stakes and " moved out West." After this
scare was over, the county b3gan to settle up very fast, and in ten
years there \vas a little town in the brush, called Newton, where
Newton now stands, and it was noted far and near as boinij a terrible
hard place."

Among the earliest settlers of Jasper County was Michael
(jrovc, who has left some life-like pictures of the early times that
are well worth a place here. He writes to the editor of the Press,
\u 187(1, as follows: " My father settled, January 14, 1817, in the
north edge of Edwards County, two miles and a half southwest of
where Lawrencevill<> now stands. There were but three families

HISTORY OF JASPEK COUNTY. 387

liviiiir wost of th(> Einbarniss River in that section of the country at
that time. Well, there we were in the woods in mid-winter, with-
out any roads to any place, more than In(han traces; no mills nearer
than fonrtoon miles, and a horse-mill at that. Our nearest tradin<]^
place was Vinoonnos. but we did not visit that place often, as there
was no such thiuu- as iroin"- to the stores then to buy clothinof. You
could sea a spinninfj-wheel in every cabin in the community, and a
pair of cotton-cards. As soon as th? farms were sufficiently ahead,
jou would see a flax-pack and a cotton-pack. Common domestic
goods and prints were worth from thirty-seven and one-half to forty
cents per yard. Coffee was seventy-tive cents per pound, and other
thiuofs in proportion. There was no such thing as young ladies
wearing calico dresses to meeting in those days; they went dressed
in spun cotton. Ba3'^s were not dressed in woolen drawers in winter,
but were dressed in buckskin — got out of warm beds in a cold morn-
ing, and went to work in their cold breeches; and that is what made
the boys of those days of such good constitution. But enough of
this.

" In 1818, Illinois became a State, and was admitted to the Union,
and, in 1820. there was a call for a new county, and Lawrence was
formed out of a part of E Iwards and a part of Crawford. The couiity-
iseat was donated by the heirs of Dubois, and called Lawrenceville.
Land at that time was entered under the old two-dollar law, in 160
acre lots. The land-office was at Vincennes. If a man paid $80, it
would hold his land for five years; if no more was paid, it then went
back to the government, and if one payment of $80 was made, in
four years from the tirst payment, a purchaser then obtained a patent.
There were some who entered several quarter-sections, with a view
to speculation, but times were so hard they were unable to pay for
what they had entered, and a great many were about to lose all they
bad, but congress about this time passed a law called the Relinquish-
ing Act, which gave them a chance to withdraAv a part or all if they
wished, and get a certificate for the amount. Those certificates
would go in payment on other land. Those who entered only one
lot, and could not pay out, relinquished and sold the certificates to
others who were trying to pay out. About the same time, congress
reduced the price of public lands to §1.25 per acre, and subdivided
the quarters into fort}^ acre lots. Then if a man could raise $50, he
could have a home, but that was very hard to get. After Jackson
vetoed the United States Bank in 1832, nothing but silver and gold
would be received at the Land-Office, and that was not to bj had

388 HISTORY OF JASPEK COUNTY.

here. A number one cow, with a young calf by her side, would
bring but $10; common cows brought from $6 to $7; a good pair of
work cattle was worth from $30 to $40; a number one hoi*se would
sometimes bring $50. I have seen pork sell in Lawrenceville, after
the head and feet were cut off, at $1.37 per hundred pounds, to pay
a store bill. Those were times to try men's souls. Then, to make
matters worse, there were scattered throughout the country counter-
feiters and horse thieves, who were so well posted that the civil law
could not reach them. If two or three good men came as evidence
against them, they would have ten or a dozen persons to prove an
alibi. They carried this on to such an extent that the citizens of
Lawrenceville held a meeting and formed a company of regulutoi-s
of eighty men, elected their officers, and then went with Lynch law,
and notified them to leave the place in so many days or they would
have to abide the consequences. Some left, and some took the black
hickory before starting.

"We will now turn our attention to the fii-st settling of Jasper
County. At that time, it was called Crawford County, and there
was a man by the name of Lewis, who settled on what is now known
as the Evermond Mound. The next settler was a man by the name
of Sulzer, who settled on what is now called Mattingly Point, below
Saint Marie. Soon after, others, some in Dark Bend — the Eulows,
Crabtrees, Wilkenses, Bayards, Jobs, Jordans, Garwoods, Lambs,
Richards, and the Wades, were among the first settlers.

" In February of 1836, 1 came to Jasper County, and settled six
miles north of Newton, on the Embarrass River. At that time, the
county was very thinly settled; I don't think there were ten pieces
of deeded land in the county. On the east side of the river, there
were but three families living between Newton and Greenup. We'
had no roads, and for our oroceries we had to jjo to Lawrenceville.
There was a mill at Greenup, and another on North Fork, but no
road to either. In the spring, it was so muddy that it was a hard
task to get to either of the mills; in the summer, if we went, the
trip had to be made in the night, on accoiuit of the horse-Hies, and
in the fall a good per cent, of us were shaking with the ague. So
you may conclude that hand-mills, hominy-mortars and tin graters
were very common. The first settlers of the county were mostly
horse-meu, and there was no place in the county where a man could
work for a few dollars to buy groceries. His groceries had to come
from the woods. Beeswax, venison hams, deer, coon and other hides
would supply the wants, so the most skillful and industrious hunter

HISTORY OF JASPER COUNTY- 389

farotl the best in that respect. When the Greenup road was first
laid off in the direction of Greenup, to the county line, I was
appointed supervisor to open tiie road. My district was the county
line north to what is called the Narrows, two miles east of Newton,
and I had seven hands in my district — so you will perceive the place
was thinly settled.

" Of the Hrst two or three courts which were held in Jasper, it
took every man in the county to form the court. There were not
men enough to change jurors, so they had to be reversed. Those
who were grand jurors one term had to serve as traverse jurors tho
next term; thus it was the same men trying the same case each term.
Although we were few and live! far apart, yet we were willing to
help each other a great deal more than we do now. Men thought it
no hardship to ffo seven or ei^-ht miles to a house-raisinof or log-
rolling. All met friendly and parted the same way. On public
days, some would drink too much whisky; then we would have two
or three whiskv tights, l)ut soon all would be rio^ht aorain.

" When tirst I came to this county, game was quite plentiful.
Bear, deer, wild turkey and wild bses were easily obtained, while
the river and ponds were well filled with beavers and otters. Pan-
thers, wolves and wild-cats roamed at laro^e. The hosfs we raised for
sale were driven to the Wabash, and they were not worth much
when we got them there. I drove thirty-seven head to Vincennes,
and the best 1 could do then was to sell on ninet}^ days time, at
$1.50 per hunlred pounds, and did not get land-office money at that.
Those who think they could have gotten rich if they had been here
m the beginning, could not have supported a small family. Those,
who were not good hunters did leave. If a man brought gold and
silver with him, he could get all the land he wanted, but if he
thought to make it here, he missed the nuirk, for it was not to be
had here.

"A little anecdote will illustrate th3 feelino;s of hunters in o-eu-
eral, and the good-natured pranks that were played by all in the
early times. Old Hiram Wale, two of his brothers and one brother-
in-law, were out on a coon hunt, and by hunting the scratched trees
they caught a good-sized coon. Old Hiram having grown somewhat
tired, and getting olf one side, thought of a plan to get some rest.
He found a large water-oak tree with a large hole in the top. He
took his knife and sharpened a hard stick so as to answer his purpose,
and went c(^ work making baar scratches on each side of the tree as
high up as he could reach. He then got a forked pole, set it up against

35»0 HISTORY or JASPER COUNTY.

the tree, got upon it and continued scratching the tree as high upas
he couUl rea'di. He then got down, cleared away all signs, and then
raised a yell for the boys. They came with a rush. "I have found
a coon tree; worse than a coon — a bear tree," said the old man. " Is
it possible?" inquired the party almost out of breath. "Yes, he is
up there, sure, and a large one at that," replied Hiram, hardly iible
to refrain from laughter. The boys were highly elated, and went to
work with a will on the big tree. Hiram told them to look well to
their guns and sec that they were all right; that he would take the
dogs out of harm's way until the tree fell, and then he Avould set them
on. This he did. When the tree fell, all hands rushed up with cocked
rifles ready for slaus"hter, but behold there was no coon there, and
what had bocome of the bear? He must have climbed the tree and
then jumped oft", as there were no downward scratches on the tree.
Old Hiram had to keep the secret for some time, but finally told the
boys all about it.

"This will do well to illustrate the good spirits of the people.
They were generally frank, free-hearted, whole-souled fellows, and
had a hard time of it generally. The early settlers would hunt all
day hard, and when night came on would find a place where there
was water, build a fire by a log, roast meat, eat it, take mother earth
for a bed, go to sleep with the heavens above them as a covering, and
wild wolves howling around them and about them."

Another old settler of Jasper County gives his experience with
wolves as follows: ''In the first settling of Jasper County, wolves
and wild cats were very plentiful, and there were new comers from
old-settled places, that had a great dread of them. For my part I
had always been used to them, and often wished that they would
attack me in the woods so that I might have some fun. In my hunt-
ing days I had a comrade that hunted and camped out a great deal
with me. At those times, all the old hunters had ' nicknames.'
They call me 'Uncle Mike ' now, then it was 'Lidyer.' My com-
rade's name was ' Sock.' One day * Sock ' had been in the woods
riding his Indian pony. I think it was in the month of September,
1&20, when he came to my cabin with his bristles uj). He told me
that he had seen more wolf signs that day than he had ever seen
before in his life, and that his pony had got scared at the scent of
them so that he could hardly be controlled. The next morning I
girded on my weapons, which included a rifle, butcher-knife and tom-
ahawk, and struck out for ' Sock's ' wolf signs. I got in range of
them, and saw one playing with a bush. 1 fired at it and knocked

HISTORY OF JASPER COUNTY'. 391

it over, and instantly another one came up. Everything being ready
and in order, I soon knocked the second one over. Shooting in such
a hurry I only hurt it. By the time I was ready for the thii'd shot,
it was on in its feet, and I shot it again. All of the throe shots were
supposed to be within one minute by those that heard them. The
fii-st wolf I shot got up and walked a short distance. So I went home,
got my dog, followed it up, and got it. The scalps were $2 apiece,
in the payment of State tax, and while I was skinning them the old
ones attacked my dog, and I shot and killed one of them.

" In the late tall of the same year, I started out one evening for
a deer hunt. There was some snow on the ground, and I had not
got more than a mile from home, when I saw two wolves coming
towards me. When near enough for a shot, I raised my gun to my
shoulder, but it missed fire and they ran off. I had not walked ten
steps, however, when I saw two more, and I took a snap at them,
and they too ran off, having a bad flint in my gun-lock that day. I
had not walked more than a quarter of a mile, when I saw the last
two, as I supposed, coming down the i)rairie some 200 yards
from me. I concluded I would shoot at them anyhow, not expecting
to hit one at that distance. So I drew high and cut away. At the
crack of the gun I saw one of the wolves fall. I broke to run, and
as I was coming up to it, I drew my tomahawk and struck it two or
three licks. I thought 1 would not mash the heiid too bad as I wanted
the scalp. Its mate had halted on the prairie, so I sat down, re-loaded
my gnu, laid my knife and tomahawk on the body of the one I had shot,
and proceeded to ' howl ' the other nearer. I failed, and the other left
when I turned to scalp the one at hand. I observed at once that the
animal was still alive, and so seizing my tomahawk gave the wolf a
blow to finish it. This did not seem to accomplish the purpose, and
taking my ax I proposed to sink the blade in a vitiil part. The wolf
dodged the blade and Avas on its feet, and in an instant was run-
ning off. My gun failed me again, and I followed that 'dead'
W/olf from ten o'clock in the morning until fom-in the afternoon, and
I never did get his scalp.

"Hunting was largely a matter of necessity with the early set-
tlers, some of the men making it a special business during the season.
One man has been known to kill and market as many as a hundred
deer in one season. But there were a few who had time to indulge
in hunting purely as a sport. A hunting club was organized by
Joseph Picquet, Benjamin Harris and others, and wolves were hunted
very much as the English follow tlio fox. Each hunter was mounted,

392 HISTORY OF JASPEK COUNTY.

some of them on horses of good Kentucky blood, and the company
drawn out in sinijle line would advance throusrh the prairie. The
fleetest horses were placed on either winsr, and on the discovery of
a Avolf, it was the duty of the huntsman leadinir the nearest wing, to
lead off and attempt to enclose the wolf, driving him toward the cen-
tre where the dogs were held in leash. The members of the club
owned several greyhounds, among which was an Irish thoroughbred.
When the wolf was near enough the dogs were set oil", and tiio whole
field rushed after the game No firearms were allowed, and the stir-
rup only was used to finish the victim. This sport was indulged in
to a considerable extent, and as many as thirty were killed in one
year. Wolf scalps were quite a source of income, but the fur-bear-
insr animals afforded a surer and larger revenue. Asfents of the Amer-
ican Fur Company came to the settlers throughout this region, and
paid good prices for all the settlers had to sell. Coon skins brought
as much as seventy-five cents at times, and the successful trapper
was able in this way, not only to pay his taxes, but also to provide
his home with the limited supply of store goods needed. Without
this adjunct of backwoods life, it is difficult to understand hjow the
new country could have been so early settled. As it was, most of
the pioneers brought to this country a love for, and skill in the sport,
and thus united business and pleasure, and found au easy way to les-
sen the rigor of frontier privations."

HISTORY OF .lASPEK OOUNTV. 393

POLITICAL ORGANIZATION.

l^rO trace of the early organization is to he found in the county rec-
■'- ^ ords. The hivge tract of country comprised in the area between
the western bounds of the present county of Crawford and the Kas-
kaskia River, originally, did all county business at Palestine. Grad-
ually the line of settlements following up the river, reached this
territory, and Fayette County was formed. Subsequently, Effing-
ham and Jasper were organized. Until about 1820, the territory
between the line of Fayette and Crawford seems to have had no set-
tled population, the tide of emigration flowing into this region
along the lines of the two rivers, and gradually extending inland
from these points, east and west. There was probably some sort of
precinct organization, which included all this unorganized territory,
but it is not until 1834, that any hint of the modern organization
is found. In June of this year, the Commissioners of Crawford
County, on the petition of " sundry inhabitants," established the pre-
cinct of Newton, with the voting place at Newton. This was done
in June, 1834, and W. M. Richards, David Phillips, and Benjamin
Lamb, appointed judges of election. The first vote at this point
was t;iken in January, 1834. This was under the administration of
Crawford County. In January, 1835, the election was held here to
elect the first officers for the new comity, in pursuance of the organ-
izing act of the legislature, as noted before.

County-seat. — In tlie absence of the report of the Legislative
Commissioners, tradition must be relied upon for the facts concern-
ing the location of the county-seat. There was no competition. L.
W. Jordan, either from shrewd foresight, or because of the natural
attractions of the locality, entered, in 1831, the west half of the
northeast quarter of Section 1, Township 6 north. Range 9 east,
and the northwest quarter of the same section. This entry covered
the geographical center of the new county, or the only available
spot for a town, near that center. On the formation of the county,
Jordan offered the twenty acres rec^uired b}^ law, as a site for the
new county-seat. This was accepted without delay, as the Commis-
sioners were only two days in settling the question. But two of
them were present, and each one was paid some months later six

394 HISTORY OF JASPER COUNTY.

dollars for his services. At this time there were but one or two
houses near the site of the village, Benjamin Lamb havino- entered
land on the same section in 1832.

ACTS OF THE COUNTY COMjNIISSIONERS.

The County Commissioners having been duly elected, proceeded
at once to set the machinery of government in motion, holding a
special session in February, 1835. The following copy of their rec-
ords will give some idea of the routine and character of the business
first transacted:

"February 2, 1835.

"At a special term of the County Commissioners' Court of the
County of Jasper, and State of Illinois, begtm and held at the house
of Lewis W. Jordan, was present W. M. Richards, Geo. Mattingly
and Frederick W. H. Clnycomb, Esqs., County Commissioners, after
taking an oath according to law, the court being regularly opened
by the Sheriff, according to law, the court hereby appointed John
Barnes, Clerk of said court; he filed his bond with approved security
in the words and figures following (then comes the bond with pen-
alty of $1,000). The bond was approved, Barnes took the oath and
court adjourned till court in course.

" March term Commissioners' Court, first day, 1835. Commis-
sionei's all present as above, and Lewis W. Jordan, Sheritf, and Jamas
Barnes, Clerk. The Board proceeded to lay otf the county into vot-
ing precincts, as follows:

" Newton Precinct — Beginning at tlie north line of the county^
at the head of Crooked Creek, where the county line crosses said
creek, thence down said creek to the mouth, thence due west, to the
west line of said county, thence north along the Jasper county line,
to the northwest corner of the county, thence east to the place of
beginning, and to be known by the name of Newton Precinct.

" Ordered, Tliat the following boundaries shall compose Clay-
comb Precinct — Beginning at the Jasper county line, where it crosses
Crooked Creek, thence east to the northeast corner of said county^
thence south on the county line to where the county line last leaves
the Nortli Fork of the Embarrass River, thence down the North Fork
to the Embarrass River, thence up said river to the mouth of Crooked
Creek, thence up the same to the place of beginning, and shall be
known by the name of Clnycomb Precinct.

" Ordered, That the following boundaries shall compose Price
Precinct — Beginning at the southeast corner of the county, thence

HISTORY OF JASPER COUNTY- 395

north to the North Fork, thoncc down said stream to the Embarrass
River, thenee up the same to the mouth of Crooked Creek, thence
west to the county line, tlience south to the southwest corner of the
county, thence east to the phice of beginning, and shall bo known
by the name of Price Precinct.

" Ordered, That court adjourn until to-morrow morning, at 10

o'clock.

William M. Richards, )

Geokgk Mattingly, -Commissioners.

F. W. H. Claycomb, (

" March term Commissioners' Court, second day, 1835.

" Court met pursuant to adjournment. Present as yesterday.

"Ordered, That the place of holding the election for Newton
Precinct shall be at the house of Lewis W. Jordan, and flohn
Garwood, Benjamin Lamb, and Lovi Lee, be, and they are hereby
appointed judges of election for Newton Precinct.

" Ordered, That Absalom Eaton, Jas. Miller and Benjamin
Eaton, be, and they are hereby appointed judges of election for Clay-
comb Precinct, and that the place of holding said election, shall be
at the house of F. W. IL Claycomb. i

" Ordered, That William Browntield, James Jordan and Will-
iam Price, be, and they are hereby appointed judges to hold the elec-
tion for Price Precinct, and that the place of holding the election
shall be at the house of George Mattingly.

" Ordered, That Thomas M. Loy, be, and he is hereby appointed
Surveyor, to survey twenty acres of land for the town of Newton
(for the sum of $2~), and the Commissioners furnish chain-carriers
and stake-drivers), according to the plan laid down by the court,
filed in the Clerk's oflice for Jasper County.

" Ordered, That Timothy Garwood, be, and he is hereby ap-
pointed Treasurer for Jasper County, he having filed his bond and
approved security. The Commissioners then laid off the county
into three road districts and appointed Supervisoi*s for the same.

" Ordered, That the following named persons be summoned by
the SherilF, as grand jurors at the first term of Circuit Court, to-wit:
Absalom Eaton, James Miller, Henry Walls, Benjamin Eaton, Will-
iam Owens, William Chastain, John Robbins, Joseph Snider, Ben-
jamin Lamm, John Garwood, Luke Courtright, Andrew Douglas,
Samuel Henry, David Henry, James Jordan, Wm. Price, Job Catt,
Wm. Brownficld, James ,Jenkins, Province Rowlings, Wm. Davis,
Jr., Benjamin Yates and L. 1). AVade — total, 23.

39f> HISTORY OF JASPER COUNTY.

" And the tbllowins: mimed persons be summoned to serve as
petit jurors at the same time, to-wit: Wni. Davis, Jr., Isaac Allison,
Andrew Everman, Samuel Miller, Abbott Lee, Jas. Wheeler, Harri-
son Wheeler, Thomas Maiinin.£r> John Harman, Abraham Snider, Wm,
Peterson, Thos, Garwood, Samuel Garwood, Jesse M. Heard, Simon
Cate, Moses Preston, Howard Yates, Robert Yates, Asa Hamilton,
Lewis Mattingly, John Yates, Nathan Powell, William Lee, and
Nathan Garwood. Court then ad journed until 10 o'clock to-morrow.

" Third day — Full Board present.

"Ordered, — That the following: named property be subject to tax-
ation, to-wit: Horses of all ages, cattle of all ages, hogs, sheep, goats,
watches, clocks, wagons, pleasure carriages, bureaus, desks, cup-
boards, town lots, stock in trade and mechanics' tools. Ordered, — That
there shall be one-half ])er centum to the dollar on the aforesaid
property.

" Ordered, — That there be an election held at the diifcrent voting
places in Jasper County, PL, on the fourth Monday of March next,
for the purpose of electing two Justices of the Peace and two Con-
stables for each precinct. Court adjourned."

Special term Commissioners' Court, March 2.5, 1835. The fol-
lowing claims were presented and allowed:

Thomas M. Loy, for surveying and platting of Newton $35 00

Jesse Barnes, for carrying chain for above.. 1 87ii

Benj. Vannetta, for carrying chain, etc — 1 87^

Sam'l Garwood, ''' " " 112+

N.Garwood, " " " --- - 1 13i

T. Garwood, for stake driving 3 00

Total. $34 00

This day, Thomas M. Loy presented a plat of Newton, which
was received by the Commissioners. The Commissioners appointed
Lewis W. Jordan, James Jordan and Province Rowlings, viewers, to
locate a road from the Lawrence county line, where the Shelbyville
State road strikes said line, to Newton, by way of James .Jordan's,
on Fox, thence to Coles county line, at or near the old crossing of
Muddy Creek, on a direction to Charleston. (This was the first
road laid out by our county authorities). Board adjourned.

Special meeting of Commissioners' Court, May 2, 183r). John
Barnes was appointed agent for the county, to sell and convey all
the town lots in the town of Newton, and to transact all other l)usi-
ness for the county. Adjourned.

HISTORY OF JASPER COUNTY. 397

June term ( ■oiiiinissioners' Court, 183"). First day. — Lewis Jor-
dan appointee] (Jonnnisdonor to take census of Jasper County.

OnlercLl, — Tliat a jury be sumnioncLl to examine a mill seat on the
Embarrass River, at Garwood's shoals, and to make report at next
term of Commissioners' Court, of the amount of damages sustained.
Court adjourned.

Second day. — Viewers that had been appointed to view the road
spoken of above, reported, tellinjj;- how it should run, etc. Board
made new road district (No. 4). and appointed James Jenkins Super-
visor for the same.

Special term, June 12, 188.'). John liarnes allowed $1,"), to be
paid out for record books. Lewis W. Jordan and James Jordan
allowed $470, for building jail for Jasper County. Also, Lewis W.
Jordan, James Jordan and Province Rowlings, $3 each for services
as road viewers.

August 5, 1835. Timothy Garwood, Treasurer, returned to >
Clerk (John Barnes) the amount of tax assessed by him (Garwood)
in the county. Amount of property tax, $52.25f, and $11.83^ land
tax — total, $04.09^, which amount was charged to the Sheriff
(Lewis AV. Jordan).

September term of Commissiojiers" C-ourt. Tlic f()lb)\ving
accounts were allowed:

'rimolhy Garwood, allowed for taking list of taxable property in

the county ...'. |9 00

Same man, services as clerk of election, for three days 1 50

Thos. B. Loy, for clerk one day at sale of town lots 1 00

Others allowed fifty cents per day for acting as judges and
clerks of election. Adjourned.

Second day. Report of jury to see what damage the mill-dam
at Garwood's shoals would be, reported that there would be no
damage there])y, and the Board gave Mr. Thomas Garwood the
privilege of building said dam to the height of five feet, and he is
compelled to make a lock to said dam when the Commissioners re-
quire it. Another Grand and Petit Jury were ordered summoned.
Adjourned.

December term (First Monday). 183."). Benjamin lA'amon
granted license to vend and sell merchandise, at his house in Jasper
County, for one year from October HI, 183"); license fee, $5, Clerk's
fee, $1. Fiscal concerns of the county of Jasper stand as follows:

Dr.
Orders issued to different parties to the amount of !};4!)3 25

398 HISTORY OF JASPP]U COUNTY.

Cr.

Notes on different parties to the amount of $163 00

Luke Courtrigiit, paid a fine of 3 00

JobCatt, •• " 3 00

Amount paid to John Barnes 7 00

" taxes charged to Sheriff 53 25

'* sale of estray horse 75 75

" sale of estray ox - 8 00

* received of B. Harman for license 5 00 — 316 00

Total receipts |316 00

Balance indebtedness of county $177 25

Adjourned.

Sscond day. — Geor<^c Mattingly allowed $15, for ten days' ser-
vices as County Commissioner.

Ordered, — That court aJjourn until court in course.

Wm. M. Richards, )

George Mattixgly, > Commissioners.

L. D. W.VDE, )

March term Commissioners' Court of Jasper County, held in
the court-house on the first Monday of March, 183(3. (This is the first
time a court-house has been mentioned. The com't-house was a
small house that stood in the brush, on the lot known as the Dr.
Walker Corner, and is now owned by Judge Gibson. The house was
used for court-house, schoolhouse and church house, but the county
authorities controlled it, aud allowed it to be used for the above
purposes). Full Board present. New Supervisors were appointed
for the Fourth Road District, and the Supervisors requested to call
on every able-bodied man subject to road labor, to work five days
on the highways of their district. Viewers were appointed to view
and locate a road from the public square in Newton, 111., by Gar-
wood's Ferry on the Endiari-ass River, on the nearest and best route
to the Coles County line, in the direction of Greenup, in Coles
County. Viewers were appointed to view and locate a road from
our public square to the EHingham County line, in the direction of
Ewiuglon, in said county.

Ordered, — 'J'hat two sets of jurymen be summoned, etc.

John Barnes was granted license to kee}) a tavern at his house
in Newton. License, "sii'I-^^); and to pay Clerk's foe, license to date
February 3, 1.S3G.

Ordered, — That the following shall be the rates to be charged by
tavern-keepers in Jasper County:

HISTORY OF JASPER COUNl'Y. 399

For keeping horse all niglit |0 25

" single feed for horse. I2k

" meals of victuals 25

" bed for man 6^

" board by the week 1 50

" French brandy by the pint 50

" " ■ " half-pint 25

gill.. 6i-

dram or drink 6i

" Rum, same as above.
" Holland gin, same as rum.
" Cordial, tame price.
" Wine, same price.

" American brandy by the pint .* 25

half-pint 12*

gill ei

" " " " dramordrink • Gi

" Whisky, same price as American brandy.

John Barnes was granted license to sell and vend merchandise
at his honse, to commence February 3, 1836; fee, $5 and Clerk's fee.
Adjourned.

Second day. — eTohn Barnes allowed for one year as Clerk, $15;
Lewis W. Jordan, for one year ex-offi/'io Sheriff, $15; Timothy Gar-
wood re-appointed County Treasurer. Bond filed, with approved
security; bond approved.

The Treasurer reported having received during the year $115 92|

The Sheriff pays over this day the amount of taxes due 47 80

Also, the amount received on sale of estray horses 58 37^

Total in the Treasury $222 10

June term, 183(5 — June 25, 183(5. Timothy Garwood, Treas-
urer, returned amount of assessment, which was $1)1.81^ ; amount
charged to Sheriff.

September term, 1836. Timothy Garwood allowed $9 for list-
ing the tax of the county. Thomas Addison granted license to keep
a tavern at his house in Newton; fee, $2.50 and Clerk's fee.

Ordered, — That two sets jurors be summoned for next term of
court.

Second day — Rates set again for tavern charges, same as before,
except board by the week left out, and cherry bounce added, at same
price as rum.

December term, 1836 — First day. Benj. Lamm granted license
to keep a tavern at his house, in Jasi)er Count v. 111., by his Davinsr
$1 and Clerk's fee; also, license to sell and vend merchandise for one
year, for $5 and Clerk's fee.

400 HISTORY OF JASPER COUNTi'.

Second day — A lot of claims for acting as judges and clerks of
elections, allowed at fifty cents per day, and other accounts.

TOWNSHIPS AM) VOTINO PHECINCTS.

At the June session of 1839, the county was again districted.
Heretofore the three election precincts had served for all the official
purposes, but in this year the Commissioners divided the county into
Justices' districts, with a "whereas" as follows: " That whereas,
the county of Jasper not having been divided into Magistrates' dis-
tricts, and it becoming necessary for it to be done, it is therefore

" Ordered, — By the court that the following boundary compose a
Justice's district, to be called New^km District: Commencina: on the
Embarrass River, at the mouth of James Jordan's branch, running
up said branch to the section two miles south of the township line
dividing Townships 6 and 7; thence a due west course to the county
line; thence north alons: said line to the northeast corner of the
county; thence east along the county line to the Embarrass River;
thence down said river to the place of beginning; — and the place of
holding elections in said district shall be the town of NcAvton.

" Ordered, — That the following boundary compose a Magistrates'
district, to be called Saint Marie District: Commencing at the mouth
of James Jordan's branch, on the south side of the Embarrass River,
thence up said branch to section line two miles south of the town-
ship line dividing Townships 6 and 7; thence running a due west
course to the county line; thence south along said line to the south-
west corner of the county; thence east along the county line to the
Embarrass River; thence up said river to the place of beginning; —
and the place of holding election in said district shall be at the house
of Joseph Picquet, Esq.

" Ordered, — That the following boundary compose a Justice's dis-
trict, to be called Crooked Creek District: Connnencing on the
Embarrass River, (»ne mile north of the township line dividing Town-
ships 6 and 7; thence up said river to the county line; thence along
said line to the northeast corner of the county; thence south along
said line to a section line within one mile of the township line, divid-
ing Townships G and 7; thence west along said line to the place of
beginning; — and that the place of holding elections in said district
shall be at the house of Aaron Vannatta."

The whole county was thus divided into three districts for the
election of Justices of the Peace, somewhat differing in their bound-
aries from the precincts. But at this time the name of Price Pre-

HISTORY OF JASPEU COUNTY. 401

cinct was cliangccl to Saint Mario, and the place of hokling elections
transferred from Mattingly's house to that of Picquet. Crooked
Creek District was also made at this time a general election precinct.
By this division of the county, however, there was a portion of the
county east of the E^nbarrass River left unprovided for, and in the
following September it was ordered by the Commissioners that a
district be erected to be called Eaton's District, with the following
boundaries: "Commencing at the Embarrass River, one mile north
of the township line dividing Townships G and 7; running thence
east to the center of the prairie lying between Crooked Creek and
the North Fork; thence north to the county line; thence east to the
northeast corner of the county; thence south along the county line
to the southeast corner of the county; thence west alons: the line of
the county to the Embarrass River; thence up said riA'^er to the place
of beginning; — and that the place of holding elections in said district
shall be at the house of W. G. Ryan." At the same time the name
of the Claycomb Precinct was changed to Eaton. This legislation suf-
ficed until the June session of 1841, when George DoAvthet presented
a petition in behalf of himself and others, asking for the erection of
a new precinct. This petition represented " that the people of the
southwest corner of the county, which includes the neighborhood
called Muddy, live at a great distance from the polling place, and
are frequently prevented from attending elections," etc. It was
therefore ordered by the Commissioners that an election precinct be
erected and called Dowthet Precinct. What its exact limits were,
are not recorded. In the following June an additional Justice's dis-
trict was formed, commencing at the county line which divides the
counties of Crawford and Jasper at a point due east of William
Everman's, in said county, running from thence west to the west
line of Range 11 east; thence north with said line to the county line^
which line shall be the eastern line of Crooked Creek Precinct;
thence east to the northeast corner of the county; thence south alono-
the* county line to the place of beginning; which shall be called
Clements Precinct, and the place of holding elections in said precinct
shall be at O. Clements'.

At the same time. Island Grove Precinct, with the voting place
at the house of Courtland Vandibee, and the North Fork Precinct,
with the voting place at the house of O. Clements, Avere erected. The
seven precincts thus erected sufficed for live yeai-s, when the county
was entirely re-districted, June 1<S47, as follows: Saint Marie: —
" Commencing at the southeast corner of the county, running thence

402 HISTORY OF JASPER COUNTY.

north with the county line to the Township line between Townships 6
and 7 ; thence west with the township line to the northwest corner of
Section 4, in Township 6 north, Kiinire 10 cast; thence south with the
section line to the county line; thence east to the place of beginning."

Newton: — "Commencing on the count}'^ line at the southeast
corner of Section 20, in Township 5 north, Riinge 10 east; thence
north with the section line to the southeiist corner of Section 17,
in Township 7 north, Range 10 east; thence west to the range line
between Ranges 9 and 10; thence north with said line to the town-
ship line between Townships 7 and 8; thence west M'ith the town-
ship line to the range line between Ranges 8 and 9; thence south
with the range line to the county line; thence east to the place of
beginning."

Muddy:—" Commencing on the county line at the southeast cor-
ner of Section 24, in Township 5 north, Range 8 east, running
thence west with the county line to the southwest corner of the
county, thence north with the county line to the northwest corner
of Section 19, in Township 7 north, Range 8 east; thence east to
the range line between Riinges 8 and 9; thence south to the place of
beginninof."

Island Grove: — " Commencing at the northwest corner of the
county, thence east to the Embarrass River; thence down said river
to the township line between Townships 7 and 8; thence west with
the township line to the range line between Ranges 8 and 9; thence
south to the southeast corner of Sectioi\ 13, in Township 7 north,
Range 8 east; thence west to the county line; thence north to the
place of beginning."

Crooked Creek: — " Commencing on the township line between
Townships 6 and 7, at the southeast corner of Section 3(3, in Town-
ship 7 north. Range 10 east, running thence west to the southeast
corner of Section 32, in Township 7 north. Range 10 east; thence
north with the section line to the northeast corner of Section 20, in
Township 7 north, Range 10 east; thence west with the section line
to the range line between Ranges 9 and 10; thence north to the
township line between Townships 7 and 8: thence west to the Em-
barrass River; thence up said river to the county line; thence to the
range line bt>twcen Ranges 10 and 11; thence south to the place of.
beginning."

North Fork: — "Commencing on the county line at the range
line between Rauijes 10 and 11, runniuGr thence with the count v line
to the northeast corner of the county; thence south with the county

HISTOUY OF JASPER COUNTY. 403

line to the townslii}) liiu^ between Townships (j and 7; thence west
with the township line to the ninjife line between Ranges 10 and 11;
thence north to the place of beginning."

Five years later the popnlation of Newton Precinct became so
nnmerous and widely scattered, that Woodford, Gambriel and snn-
dry citizens, })etitionod for a new election ])recinct. This petition
was granted and the following boundaries fixed for the new precinct:
"Commencing at the southwest corner of Section 22, Township 5
north. Range 8 east, on the county line, running thence east along
the county line to the range line between Ranges 9 and 10; thence
north with said range line to the township line between Townships
5 and G; thence west w^ith the township line to the northwest cor-
ner of Section 3, in Township f) north, Ruige 8 east; thence south
w-ith the section line to the place of beginning." This w^as called
Small wood Precinct, and the place of holding elections established
at the house of Samuel Small wood. In September of the same year
(18.32), on petition of John Roberts and others, Jackson Precinct
was formed as foUow^s: " Beginning at the county line at the north-
east corner of the southeast quarter of Section 1.5, Township 7
north, Range 14 west; thence west to the ransre line dividing
Ranges 10 and 11; thence south along said range line to the south-
west corner of Section 7, Township (5 north, Range 11 east; thence
east along the section line to the southeast corner of Section 10,
Township G north. Range 14 west, at the county line; thence north
along the county line to the place of beginning." The place of
holding elections was established at the house of VVm. Ping. At
the same time Hill Creek Precinct was erected, its boundary "begin-
ning on the county line on range line between Ranges 8 and 9, at
the northeast corner of Section 1, Township 8 north, Rmge 8
east, thence east on the county line to the Embarrass River,
thence down the meanderings of the river to the township line
between Townships 7 and 8; thence west with the township line to
the southwest corner of Section 34, Township 8 north, Range 8
east; thence in a noi-theastwardly direction to the southeast corner of
Section 1, Township 8 north. Range 8 east; thence north to the
place ot beginning." This divided Island Grove into two (|ueerly-
shaped precincts, which Avere suggested by the course of streams.
These, though insignificant now, often prevented voters in an early
day from reaching the polls, wdien the whole territory formed one
precinct. Muddy Precinct was also reconstructed so as to form a
long parallelogram on the west side of the county, extendina- from

404 III.STOKY OF JASPER COINTV.

Island Grove to the .southern bountlary of the county, and three sec-
tions wide. Grandville Precinct was formed at this time and com-
prised the same territory as at present, save that its east and west
dimension was one mile shorter.

In March of 1854, Mr. Bolinger and others, petitioned for a
new precinct to be called Kickapoo. This petition was granted, and
a small precinct of twenty-one sections, in center of which was
located the village of " Brockville," was erected. In 18.')S, Muddy
Precinct was divided and reconstructed, so that Township 7 north,
in Range 8 east, and the northern half of Township G, in the same
range, formed North Muddy, and the balance of the range to the
southern county line, formed the South Muddy.

There seem to have been other considerations that the neces-
sity of the situation brought to bear upon many of these precinct
changes. A feeling had arisen as early as 1848, that the county-
seat exercised an undue amount of influence upon the affiiirs of the
various outlying precincts, and the people of Saint Marie, especially,
felt that the county-seat was thriving at the expense of its more
commercial rival. Under the old regime, of Commissioners and
County Court, with the Clerk and Sheriff strongly identific^d with
Xewton interests, it was not difficult for the countv-seat influences to
secure a majority of the board favorable to their plans. In this
way Saint Marie found it difficult to secure such appropriations
which she felt was due to the part she bore in the finances of the
county. The result of this dissatisfaction was the agitation for
" township organization," and in November, 1849, the question was
submitted to a vote of the people. There was, of course, a decided
opposition to this dei)arture from the old customs, on the part of the
ruling faction, and the question was carried by the meagre majority
of 142 to 132. Anderson Arnold, George Mitchell and Joseph
Schiffcrstein, were appointed Commissioners to divide the county
into townships, preparatory to the election of Supervisors, etc. This
Board reported the boundaries of six townships. North Fork, Marion,
Island Grove, Polk, Muddy and S:iint Mirie, but here the matter
ended. The Clerk at that time was noted for his reckless assumj)-
tion of authority, and was, of course, opposed to the change. Some
irregular technicality was discovered, the opinion of the Attorney
General was had, and the whole matter quietly placed upon the
shelf "among the rul)l)ish of forgotten things." Thus the matter
stood until September of 18.39, when a petition, signed by one hun-
dred and twenty-seven citizens, praying that the question of" town-

IIISTOKV OF JASPEK COUMT. 4U5

ship oriranization " l)o airain submitted to the people. In the fol-
lowiiii: Xovcinber the matter was brou^-ht to vote, and athrnied by
a consich'niblc majority, and in December, A. S. Harris, J. li. Den-
man and Josepli Sehillerstein, were appointed to divide the county
into townships. This committee rei)ortcd the boundaries of nine
townships: Grove, Crooked Creek, Grandvillc, Willow Hill, Wade,
North and South Muddy, Sniallwood and Saint Marie.

The boimdaries of these townships were reportedsubstantially
as they are found at present, save in the case of Saint Marie. This
orig-inally comprised the territory of Fox as well as its own. It was
a larofe and unwieldy oro-anization, and it was not long before the
citizens of the western part found the size a matter of considerable
inconvenience. In December, 1867, a little more than five sections
of its territory M^as struck off to Willow Hill to equalize the burden
of grading the "bottom road." In 1871, a petition was presented
to the Board of Supervisors by the citizens of the west side of Saint
Marie Township, through their attorney, asking for a division of the
township. This was met by a vigorous remonstrance, and the peti-
tion was eventually rejected. On January 15, 1875, the effort to
secure a division was renewed, and a petition praying for the erec-
tion of a township to be called Union, or such other name as the
Board might think appropriate, was granted. This was not done,
however, Avithout vigorous opposition. The case was finally adjudi-
cated in the State Supremo Court, and as the history of the whole
matter is given in the court's decision, it is given here in full:

" The Board of Supervisors of Jasper County, on the 15th of
Januar}^ 1875, made an order establishing a new townshij) from ter-
ritory tidvcn from Saint Marie Township, in that county. The Board
appointed plaintiffs in error judges of election of the township thus
created, for the choice of town ofiicers. To prevent plaintift's in
error from performing their duty, and holding the election, this bill
was filed, and a temporary injunction granted, restraining them from
acting as such judges, until the consent of the people to such division
should be obtained from the majority of the electors, at an annual
election in the original township. At the spring term, 1875, of the
Circuit Court, a hearing was had, and the injunction rendered per-
petual. To reverse that decree, the record is brought to this court,
and various erroi-s have been assigned.

" It is urged that the whole question in the case turns upon the
construction of the twenty -sixth section of the Township Organiza-
tion Law. (R. S., 1874, p. lOGD. ) The section confers ample power

403 HISTORY OF JASPER COUNTY.

and jurisdiction upon the County Board to alter the boundaries ot
towns, to chanije town lines, and to divide, cnlarae and create new
towns in their respective counties, to suit the convenience of the
inhabitants residing- therein. The section also provides for the
amount of territory which the new town shall embrace, the number
of voters it shall contain, for a petition to be presented, etc. To
this section is added this proviso: ' Provided, that no incorporated
II town shall be divided, except consent thereto is given by a majority

of all the electors votinsr at a fircneral election in said town — notice
that the question of dividiuir said town will be submitted to the
lesral voters thereof bavins: l)een ijiven by the County Clerk, at the
same time and in the same manner as the notice of said general
annual election.'

" The question presented is, where and b}^ whom is the election
to be had ? Is it by the incorporated town or village, by the town-
ship as it was before the division, or by the electors in the territory
proposed to be erected into a new township ? This proviso is not
free from obscurity and doubt, as to the true meaning of the lan-
guage employed. It seems to be obvious thtit the division of an
incorporated toAvn or village cannot be had by changing township
lines, by enlarging or dividing the township, or the creation of a
new township, without the vote provided for by the proviso. The
language seems to embrace each and every one of these contingencies.

" Where the County Board proposes to enlarge a townshii), two
of these bodies are directly interested in the division, and yet, if the
proviso was intended to embrace such a case, but one township would
be embraced by the language of the proviso, and it would be un-
known which, nor could we conjecture Avhich was intended. And if
the townships were intended to vote, it would have sjiccified whether
both or which one, shoidd consent to the enhirgement. So of the
change of the township lines.

" Again, the townships are designated as towns, but the village
is designated as an incorporated town by this section. The fact that
this difference in the terms employed was used, would manifest a
design to make a broad distinction of the subjects embraced by each.
Whilst the word ' town ' is sometimes employed to designate a town-
ship, the term * incorporate! town ' is seldom, if ever, employed to
embrace such a body. According to the canons of construction,
ordinary terms must be held to have been used in their general and
popular sense. AVe must, therefore, conclude that the proviso only
requires an election held in case an incorporated town or village is

HISTOUY OF JASl'EU COUNTY. 407

to be divided by the alteration of the township line, the alteration,
the division, or the formation of a new township, and the words
' said town ' employed in reference to the election and notice, as used
in the proviso, must be held to ai)ply to an in('or[)orated town or
village. It then follows, that in such case the election can only be
held in the incorporated town or village. It was the design of sub-
mitting the question, whether the incoq)()rate I town or village
should b;5 divided, to the voters of that municipality, before the order
of the County Board could become operative. No such incorporated
town having l)een divided by the order of the County Board in this
case, no election was recjuired to be held, and the order of the Board
became operative by its own force.

" We are fortifiad in this construction from the fact that, in
organizing townships, in the first place the inhabitants have no right
to vote, although fractional townships may be added to others. It
would, therefore, seem that the General Assembly have only pro-
vided that a vote shall be had when it is proposed to divide an incor-
porated town or village, and that the voters therein shall alone vote
on the question of the division.

" But according to the repeated decisions of this court, the power
to hold an election is political and not judicial; hence, a court of equity
has no power to restrain otficers from the exercise of su^-h powers.
(Citjitions.) These cases fully csttiblish this doctrine and further
discussion of the rule is deemed wholly unnecessary, as we perceive
no reason to overrule, modify, or change the rule. We regard it
firmly settled.

" From what has been said, it will be seen that the court ha I no
jurisdiction to decree an injunction, and, had the power existed, the
decree rend(H*ed would have been erroneous, and it must be reversed
and the bill dismissed. Decree reversed-'^ This decision was ren-
dered in the June term, 187(5, and in the following December, Fox
Township completed its organization and became one of the politi-
cal divisions of the county. Tlie present status of the townships
taken from Johnson's historical sketch is as follows:

" Grandville Township, in the northeastern corner of the county,
is eight miles north and south by about five and three-fourths miles east
and west, and contains about forty-five square miles, about half of
which is beautifid prairie and is nearly all in cultivation, with some
very fin(> farms in the timber and some very large and fine farms on
the prairie. Mr. G. W. Jetfers, who lives in the southeast part of
the township, in the cdcrc of the timber, has a fine, larsre farm with

408 IIISTOUY OF JASPEU COUNTi'.

^ood buildings thereon, and there are several large and beautiful
farms west of him, on the prairie. The township is well furnished with
school and church houses. The first settlers that can at present be
given, were J. Shook and Adam Owry, about the year 1832, then
the Leamonses, about 1837, and many others, until 1880 they had in
the township l,4(j2 souls, with personal property valued at $47,462,
real estate, $150,474, totjil, $197,936; their votes stood. Democratic,
138, Republican, 146, Greenback, 15— total, 299. Dr. J. M. Barlow
is suppsed to be the heaviest man— his weight is 240 pounds; G.
Leamon the tallest, height six feet one inch; Granny Shacklee the
oldest person, aged eighty-two years; Samuel Simpson is seventy-
eight years.

" Going w^est, adjoining Grandville, comes Crooked Creek Town-
ship, which is seven and one-half miles north and south, and aver-
ages about seven and three-(piarter miles east and west (the west
line runs partly with the Eml)arrass Hiver, which makes it crooked),
and contains about fifty-seven square miles and has a fine prairie
running north and south through the center of the township. It is all
under fence except part of the timber land or some of the river bottom
lands. There areas many, if not more, nice fiirms and good farmers in
this, than any other township in the county. They have four church
houses, thirteen schoolhouses, and in 1880 they h:ul a population of
2,015, which voted, Democratic, 283, Republican, 151, Green1)ack, 24
—total, 458; had personal property valued at $79,779, real estate,
$261,328— total, $341,107. Some of tlu> first settlers were Jesse M.
Herd, who settled in the township in 1834, lived there about ten
years and then moved west. He was a hunter, and the county was
settling up too fast. Next came the Vannettas, :McCleaves and John
Swick, in the years 1835-36. Mr. Swick is the only one of the above
yet living in- the township, the others having moved off or died.
Mr. S. is now eighty years old, and has lived in the township all the
time since 1836. Mr. Swick and Miss Rachel Barnes were the first
couple inarried in the township. The first person known to die in
the township was a Miss Mawk. Mr. Swick made the coifin by hew-
in"- it out of a big log, there being no such thing as saAved lumber
then. In 1837-38, the Kiblers, Hammers, Cunnnins, and othci-s
moved in. In 1837, Mr. F. J. Hammer commenced and built a little
mill (he l»eing a millwright) on Crooked Creek to grind corn; after-
ward he attached a saw to it. There are now in the township nine
persons each over seventy years old, and all have been in the town-
ship over forty years; thirty-five persons who are over sixty years

HISTOliV OF JASPKli tOLNTV. 409

old, and each has been in the township over thirty years; forty-two
persons who are over sixty years, and each has been in the township
twenty-five years. There arc now fifty-four persons in the town-
ship that are each over sixty years old. The united a<res of the fifty-
four are 3G<S() yeai-s. The united time the above persons have lived
in the township is, 1,(),S0 years. There is a family of five persons
Viv'mg in the township, whose united weight is 1,131 pounds; the
father weighs 191, the mother 22,3, the son 230, one daughter 210
and a little girl 275 pounds. Daniel Perrine's daughter is eleven
years old and weighs 133 pounds; John Kibler s daughter (llosilla)^
who is but ten years old, weighs 141 pounds. James Poor is
supposed to be the tallest person; he is six feet five inches; William
Haynes is forty-two years old, six feet four inches high; has twelve
children, one pair triplets. Mr. H. can stand flat-footed and kick
seven feet high; he is supposed to be the highest AzcAw in the town-
ship. Mr. James Cummins is the father of twelve children, all liv-
ing, including three pairs of twins in succession, and yet Mr. Solo-
mon Cooi)er was the father of four children, all born at one birth;
but the children only lived a short time. There are other things
about Crooked Creek that we would like to give, but haven't rooru
here. All the above are facts, and we put Crooked Creek against
the world.

" Grove Township, in the northwest corner of the county, is six
miles north and south by eight and one-quarter miles east and west,
and has the finest body of prairie of any township in the county,
with a fine strip of timber alo)ig the Embarrass, on the east side of
the townshi[); also, a fint; body of timber on the west side, called the
Island Grove. It is an elevated piece of land of about 040 acres
entirely surrounded by prairie, and can be seen for eight or ten miles
around. There are two or three very large farmers in the township,
namely: James L. Crews and A. G. Caldwell, Jr. ]\Ir. Crews is
probiibly the largest farmer and wealthiest man in the township, if
not the wealthiest man in the county. There are no towns or post-
offices in the township at present, and but one store, that kept by Mr.
Myei-s, who keeps a very good country store. They once had a post-
office at Mr. A. G. Caldwell's, but the route being changed, the ofiico
was discontinued, since which time they have had no post-office. In
1«7(), ]Mrs. Margaret Walton died at the good old age of 103 years.
vShe had been living in the township for thirty years, and had 13(;
children, grand children and grciit-grand' children. In 1880 Grove
liad a jmpulation of 1,21;') whites, and one colored; voted Demo-

410 HISTORY OF JASPER COUNTY.

ci-atic, 14!», Kepiiblican, 87, Grcenbiifk, 9 — total, 245; value of per-
sonal property, $80,780, real estate, §191,221— total, $272,001. It U
hard to tell now, just who was the first settler iu the township}.
The Garwoods, LeeS and others settled along the river, prior to
1835. In 1836, John|Priee settled a little above the Grarwood mill
seat; then came the Wheelers and others, some beginning to settle
near the Grove, one man by the name of Shy (a half-breed) built a
hut of prairie sod (where Mr. Crews' garden now stands), but the
first prairie fire burned his mansion, and he pulled up stakes and
moved out west.

" North ]\Iuddy Township, just south of Grove, is nine miles
north and south by five and one-quarter miles east and west, and is
about three-fourths beautiful prairie, which is almost all in cultiva^
tion. The timber along Big ]Muddy Creek (from which the town-
ship was named), is mostly white oak, and in places almost as fine as
can l)e found in the county. There are four saw and two grist-mills
on the creek. There are some extensive farmers in the town-
ship. John jSIason and W. C. Gillson are probably the largest farm-
ers in it. The townsliip is improving very fast in real improve-
ments, since the S., E. & S- E. R. R. was built through it. There are
four ofood frame church houses in the township, and it is well sui>
plied with good school houses in every school district. The oldest
person in the township is Mrs. Winters (AVilliam C Gillson's
mother-in-law), who is eighty-three years old. John Fillinger is
seventy-four. Grandison Clark is the heaviest person in the town-
ship; his weight is 265 pounds. Asbury Johnson is six feet six inches
in heisht, and vet claims his residence in the township. The vote at
the last Presidential election stood Democnitic, 143, Republican, 112,
Greenback, 5. The census of June, 1880, gave the township 1,255
inhabitants; value of personal property, $55,613; real estate, $173,-
588— totiil, $229,201.

" Wade Township, named for Hiram Wade, who Avas so loni,'
Clerk of the county, is just east of North Muddy Township, and iii
the center of the county, and is about eight and one quarter miles
north and south by eight and thrce-([uarter miles east and west, and
is the largest township in the county. It is a little over half prairie,
about all of which is in cultivation. The timber along the Embar-
rass River, which runs through the township, has been very tine,
but is being sawed up very fast. The river bottom land is the most
productive that we have, yet most of it overflows, which makes it
hard to keep u[) the fencing. The prairie is good, and generally

iv^

ff- \

;.»r^-

(jfj^ -6Qj^^<^^^-eJ(o

• lIISTOia or .lA.si'EK COUNTY. 411

moiv r()lliiii»- than somo land tiirther trcMii the river. 'I'lioro are no
\ crv extensive farmers in tlie townsliip, James E. Freeman beniiif prob-
ably the hirgest. Juili,»-e IlaUey, or John D. Harris (one or the
other, some days one, some days the other), is the heaviest person in
the township: they weigh eaeh, from 24.") to 2Gi) pounds gross. The
oldest person in the township is probably ^Nlrs. Banta (Capt. Law-
renec^ Banta's mother), aged, July, 1882, eighty-five years; next is
Unele George Foltz, who is eighty-four. The vote of 18S() was,
Democratie, 34"), Republiean, 27.i, Greenbaek, 14 — total, 6l\2, and a
population at the time (ineluding NeAvton) of 4,115); value of per-
sonal property, $115,818; real estate, $;U 7,80.")— total, $4;i;},123.
The township was first settled in or near where Xewton now stands,
and. with a few exeeptions, by as bad a set of roughs as any new
<'()unty ought to boast of ever having.

•• Willow Hill Township lies due east of Wade and south of
Grandville, and if stpiare would be about six and one-quarter miles
north and south, and eight miles east and west, and is very evenly
divided between prairie and timber. The prairie is about all im-
proved, and but little timber land that is not fenced u[). Some of
the land is a little flat, but can all be easily drained. There are
some very nice farms in the townshi}). John A. Merrick is sup])osed
to bo the largest farmer. The township has improved very fast
since they got their second railroad, and with one or tAVo good crops,
Willow Hill will l)e booming. The township has ten good school-
houses, five church houses, and religious services held in three school-
houses; also, two Lodges I. O. 0. P., one A. F. & A. M., one Knights
of Honor, and one Good Templars. The census of 1880 gives them
l,s{)'> whites, and six colored; total, 1,811 souls. The same year
their vote stood. Democratic, 22il, Republican, 11(5, Greenback, 9 —
total, ;>.")! votes, while they have 371) registered voters. The same
year their ])r()[)erty was assessed: personal, $50,174, real estate,
I $183,04!)— total, $233,223. Their tallest man is Beeler Keeler, who
\ (when straightened out) is six feet, seven inches long. Their oldest
j person is Jolm Ryan, aged eighty-two years. Abraham Cox is
' eighty, and Harriet his wife, is seventy-eight, and they have been
married over sixty years.

"Saint Marie Townsliip is due south of Wilh)W Hill Township,

! and is in the southeast corner of the county, is about seven miles

I north and south, by six east and west, and is mostly timber land, as

I the Embarrass River runs through the township. There are some

very good farms in the township, and it is mostly in cultivation,

412 IIISTOK^ or lASl'EK COl N I"^ .

except most of the river bottom hinds. The to\vii.shi[) is improvino-
very fast. It had a popuhitioii in 1880. of ill 2, and voted. Demo-
cratic, 157. Repulilican, 4!)— total, 200; value of property the same
year. $17(),727 real estate: ^38,427, personal; total. $215,ir)4. The
township was first settled principally by the French, and afterward
by Germans, l)ut now has many Americans therein.

"Fox Township, due west of Saint Marie Township, was cut
oti' from Saint Marie Township, December, 187(). It is about seven and
three-cpiarters miles north and south, by tivc miles east and west, and
is mostly beautiful prairie, except a stri[) of timber on Fox Creek,
that runs nearly through the township. The prairie is almost all
under cultivation, and also part of the timber. The township Is
improviu<>- very fast, espec-ially in sood farms. The land, oenerally
lays well, and is rich. In 1880, they had a i)opulation of 782: voted
Democratic, 91), Republican 65 — totiil, 1(54; had personal property to
the amount of $43,010, real estate, $208,821— total, S251,881. They
have some very good farmers who are noted for never failing to raise a
o-ood crop. The first settlers were James Jordan. George Mattingly,
T. S. Clark, Boos, Kaufman, etc Joseph Tade, of West Liberty, is
the oldest person in the township, age ninety-one; has never used
tobacco or whisk}^ and is quite lively, and has not an enemy in the
world. The future prospects for Fox are very promising.

" Smallwood Township lies due west of Fox. and is seven miles
north and south and six miles east and west; is over half prairie,
which is about all in cultivation and the timber is mostly fenced. The
land lies well and is being better improved every year. There area
few very nice farms in the township, but no railroad, and no jiost-
otiice in the township at present. They had a population, in 1880,
of 1,114; voted 124 Democratic and 113 Republican: had personal
property amounting to $3'.>,G07; real estate, $1(17,778— total $207,385.
The Woods and Small woods were principally the first settlers of
the township, and from them it got its name. William Tate, who is
eio-hty-six years old, is the oldest person in the township: Martin
Grouse is almost eighty-five. They are well sui)plied with school
and church houses, and arc c.\|)ectings()()u to get one or two railroads
through the township.

"South Muddy Towusliip is west of Smallwood and in (he
southwest corner of the county, is seven miles north and south by
fi\^e miles east and west, and is mostly timber, and i> al)out Iwo-
thirds in cultivation, with a few very large and nice farms. 'I ho
larirest farmer is probably George Obert. 'IMiey ha\ c not at \n-QS-

HIsToin or lASPKIi COINTV. 413

<'Mt any stores, towns, [xist-otKccs or railroads in the township, 1)iit will
l)rol)ably luivo one, if not two railroads tliroug-li it. Thoy had in 1880.
a i)o[)ulation of 1,003; voted Democratio, i>7, Republican 82, and
Greenback, 12: had personal i)roperty valued at $2(!,0()0; real estate,
$118,5.")!! — total, $144,{)1!>. The first sottlci-s, as near as can now bo
told, were as follows: Jacob Wit/ernian and Ira Adamson, in 18311.
The foil owini;' parties settled in the township from 1840 to 1844:
John Fields, Georije Dowthet, Archil)al(l Kerl, Joshua Evans, J. Bates,
John and Howard Chestnut, W. H. Lewis; and two of ]Mr. Lewis'
broth(>rs. who were afterward accused ofdoalinir too much in hoi-ses
by moon-shine, and they left their country for their country's good."

I'l J?I,I(' lU ILDINGS.

Court House- — The position of the first Board of County Commis-
sioners was not an enviable one. The whole machinery of county
"•ovornment was to be orij-anized and set in motion, and there w^as but
very little money with which to accomplish it. The Court and Com-
missioners found their first accommodations at the house of L. W.
Jordan, while the various officials kept their records at their homes,
riiis was not for a great time, however. By the latter jKirt of the
year, a log buihhng erected at a small cost stood on the southwest
corner of Washington and Jackson streets, and was called by com-
mon consent the court house. The first mention of this ])uilding is
found in the records imderthe date of ]\ larch, 1835, and besides this
record no mention is made of it. In December, 183!>, the proji-ct of
building a new court house was broached, and at this session the
board decided upon the plan of the new edifice. It Avas to be of brick
forty feet scpiare and two stories high; the- walls of the first story to
be ten feet high and thirteen inches thick, and of the second story
eight feet high and nine inches thick. It was to contjiinfive rooms,
two below fifteen feet square, '"a hall between at the entrance of the
door," and "two rooms above, and the hall before mentioned."
, Above this was the attic, making the five rooms. The specification
also recpiired twenty-three windows of tw' enty-foiu' lights each; win-
dow, door frames and shingles to be made of black walnut. A ''bal-
cony" was also to bo constructed on the top of the building, seven
feet high and five feet S(|uare. and covered b}" a square roof The con-
tract for this structure was, in the following March, given to Benjamin
Harris, for $2,875. In the following September, a disagreement arose
between the contractor and board, and the plan was modified. The
size was changed to thirty-two by forty feet; the dimensions of the
"Walls of the first story were changed to thirteen feet high and eight-

414 IIISTOIIV OF .1 ASl'KK COUNTY.

eon inchos thit-k, and the second story thirteen inches thick. The
attic was to be liirhte;] by a Uirirc half circle window and the struct-
ure to front to tlie north. Under this chansfe the buildinir was
pushed forward and accepted i)i a partially completed condition, in
November, 1H41. It ajipears that there was a lack of funds, and for
nearly a year it was without windows or furniture. In the follow-
ini2: ^larch, the records o^ive evidence that the buildini>: was suti'erinir
from the stress of the w^eatlier and in a decayed condition. An etibrt
was made to have it painted I)ut there was no money. Recourse was
had to the school fund, and an attempt was made to realize S2()0 by
the sale of school lands, but this proved abortive. In June, 1843,
the records recite the same condition of alfairs, and it was not until
a year later that the buildiniif was completely enclosed. At this time
it was decided to cover twenty-seven feet of the lower room Moors
Avith stone. Durinc: 1844, shutters were added, and vet the buildino;
was far from complete. In the records of June, 1847, sundry citi-
zens petition the board to allow them to contri1)ute money enough
and bring the bonds of the county sufficient to complete the court
house up to par. The cost of this work was computed at $300, and
the value of the l)onds at fifty per cent. This left $150 to be raised
by contributions, but this was not raised, as the Legislature in Feb-
ruary, of this year, authorized the count}' to raise the money by l)or-
rowing, and a contract was let for $590 to put the l)uilding in com-
plete repair. A fence was added at a cost of $(50. Even then, the build-
ing seems to have been in a chronic state of decav, and scarcely a ses-
sion passed without some appropriation for its repair. At the ]\Iarch
session of 18l)6, $400 were appropriated for this purpose. With con-
siderable expenditure for minor repairs, the building lasted until
187(5, when the old building was decided to be unsafe for further use,
and a committee appointed to insi)ect the new court house at Olney,
and similar l)uildings elsewhere, and ascertain the cost of erecting a
new one at Newton. The one at Olney became the model, and bids
were invited for the construction of a similar one here.

In September, 187(), bids w^ere examined, presented by John liar-
low, of Olney, for $32,000, to which wt>re to be added for four fur-
naces, $8r)0; for fin-nituro and seats, as Olney, $2,800, and for gi-:id-
ing and paving, $800, making a total of $37,1)50. W. E. Gray, of
Alton, 111., bid $32,0(1 1; Casper Xolte, $3(),7I)(;.2II; G. Gaddis, $211,500;
J. 1. Lagrange and Charles Eppinghowser, $32,000. The latter sul)-
mitted drawings of the present superstructure, and called atten-
tion to their bid by some explanatory notes, "stating distinctly that

HISTORY OF JASI'KK COUNTY. 415

the buiMin2:, as proposed, contains the tbUowino- advantages over and
above the Olney eonrt house, to wit: I. A solid stone foundation.
II. Stone jiunbs and extra stone strino- corners aroimd the entire
buihlinij-. 111. Firephices in chief apartments, heav}^ corner piers
whicli contain vcntihitinij- flues. IV. Four hiriic windows in second
story hall. A\ The tower is framed clear down to ceiling joists
of roof \'I. The dome is covered with tin and galvanized iron
Avork, such as cornice brackets, columns, panels, etc. VII. The dome
is crowned with a life-size statue of Liberty cast in spelter metal,
which never rusts nor corrodes. Vlll. The cornice on gable is orna-
mented with galvanized iron panels. IX. The gable is provided with
such scroll work to ventilate under the roof and ornament the irables.
X. The slate roof is of the ornamental French slate in different col-
ored slates and patterns. XI. 'fhe front porch is provided with a
floor of stone along the entire front of building." Without these
"extras " the bid was reduced to $28,000.

After some minor changes, the contract was awarded to the
firm of Lagrange & Eppinghowser, for $;}4,1()5, which was to be paid
iu county bonds, the county authorities to attbrd them every facility
to a successful negotiation of them. In the following April, how-
ever, the board agreed to pay the contractors cash, the latter dis-
counting their price $1,0U0. The county thereupon issued some
$1(),000 in bonds, which they sold to James Mason, the highest bid-
der. In jNIay, 187<S, the building was finished and accepted, and is a
structure of Avhicli the county may well be proud. There are six
large, conunodious offices on the first, with a good sized court
room and six large rooms on the second floor. The whole structure,
while ornamental as well as substantial, is conveniently arranged
and excellently adapted for the purposes for which it was designed.
In repairing the dome to stop certain leakages, the anchorage was
weakened, and in 1880, the dome was considered in dauirer of blow-
iug down in the event of a high wind. This damage was repaired
by some rather crude bracing, which detracts from the ornamental
character of the dome, and gives it the appearance of a partially
com[)leted work. With this exception, the building is in good
repair, and apparently but at the beginning of a long period of use-
fulness.

Tilt' Jail. — The community first gathered in the county was such
as to need the salutory restraint of a place of confinement, and one of
the first i)ul)lic buildings was a jail. Like the court Iiouse,thc first struct-
ure erected for the detention of criminals was a rude affair constructed

41() HISTOItY or JASI'KII COUNTY.

of logs by L, W. and fhimes Jordan, for which the county paid $370.
This buikling .stood on the west side of the pul)lic S([uare, and con-
sisted of a stout log pen, with uo openings in the side^ save such as
were needed for air. Access was gained by means of a trap-door on
the to[), which was reached by means of a ladder. At a later date,
it is said, this door was held closed by sundry logs piled upon it to
resist the attempts of those confined in the cell to gain their free-
dom. The prisoner was tiiken to the top and lowered by a roi)e, or
otherwise, to the cell, and for some years this contrivance answered
the ])uri)oses of a jail very satisfactorily. The building was finished
in the early summer of l.s;>r),and served without considerable rc^pairs
until 1839, when itw^as weather boarded and banked about with dirt
to the width of eight feet. In 1851, this building was reported by
the grand jury as insecure. The floor timbers were found to be rot-
ten, and the wdiole structure sadly out of repair. It was, therefore,
decided to repair it with heavy two-inch planks and otherwise, at a
cost of $22.

In 1856, this topic again became prominent, and the Board, ris-
ing to the demand of the occasion, record the foUowino- hioli sound-
ing promavjiamien/o: " Whereas, it appears that the present jail, in
the town of Xewton, is in a very dilapidated state, and unfit for the
indwelling or abode of prisoners who may be arrested for the perpe-
tration of crimes, etc.; and in order that a sufiicient dcjjository be
provided," etc., the Board "thought proper to build a superstructure
of the following description, to-wit: To be built of stone, two stories
high, the first story to be eight feet between floors, the second
story to be seven feet between floors; the first story to be ofj
large hewed stones, well fitted together with good lime mor-
tar; to be set into the ofround accordino- to the direction of the com-
mittee hereinafter appointed for that purpose; the wall to be two!
feet thick, with sufficient iron grates for light and ventilation; the
wall of the second story to be one foot and six inches thick, also
built of good dressed stone and mortar as before stated; the under
floor to be made of stone, one foot thick, solid stone; the second
floor of hewed timber, ten inches thick, and not to be less than ten
nor more than fifteen inches in width; to be of good sound white or
burr oak or walnut; the roof to be raftered with good durable tim-
ber, and covered witii black walnut shingles, of sufiicient thickness
to make a light strong roof; the third floor to be laid of two inch
oak boards, W(dl dres.sed, not to exceed seven inches in width; the
door to be made of good durable timber, sufficiently strapped with

iiisTonY OF .1 \si>i:i; county. 417

iron, with a surtioioiit lock and key to Ik' niadi' by a skillful work-
man; a trap door to be madi' in the center of the second floor, to be
made in like manner."

This structure, which embodied the [)rinciples of the first jail,
was 1(5x20 feet in size, and was located on Jackson Street, north of
the public scjuare. There was frecpient use for it, and the lock,
which it was stipulated should be made "■ l)y a skillful workman,"
proved recreant to its trust on its first trial. A stave had been care-
lessly left in the ui)i)er room,|and with this the prisoner shot ])ack the
bolt and dcdiberately walked up town. From this time until l.S")8,
the •vStone Jail" was used as a '^depository for prisoners who were
arrested for the i)erpetration of crimes," etc., with varyinii" assurance
of findinii: them when retiuired. In June of this vear, however, the
grand jury found the upper room unfit for the purpose, and filthy;
the lower room, it was reported, would keep prisoners if W(dl ouarded
by officers, })rovided the occupants had no friends outside; otherwise
the stron<>liold and otHcers were of no avail. Upon the return of
this rei)ort, the County Court forthwith ordered the buildin"- sold so
as* to bring" the lars^est possible returns to the county. O'Kcan was
appointed to consummate this sale, but he reported at the next ses-
sion of the court that it could not be [)rofitably disposed of, when
the court ordered the structure patched up with planks. So, until
January, 1.S72, the stone jail represented the retribution power of the
count3\ At this date a new jail was projected, a plan agreed upon,
and the contract let to John J. Rider and Charles Guthrick. The
present brick structure on the southeast corner of the pul)lic
square is the result of this action. It is 45x28 feet, with
jailor's ai)artments below and four iron cells above. The orig-
inal cells were constructed with a (piarter inch boiler iron top and
bottom. These and the building, with eight iron bed-steads, a furnace
in the cellar, etc., were contracted for at a cost of $9,500, and the
whole structure accepted in May, 1873. The cells were subsequently
found defective, and in 1882 two iron cells and a corridor were; con-
structed by r. J. Pauley & Bro., of S;iint Louis, at a cost of $3,000.
The work was accepted December 22, 1 8rS2.

The i)re>-,ent jail cannot be said to bi' wi'll plactul or to be in
keeping with the enterprise and taste displayed in the construction
of the court house. The jailor's quarters are hardly less confined
than those of the prisoners, and are so i)laced in front of the whole
town as to afford no retirement to its inmates whatever. The
prison part is up to the latest improvements in its furniture and

418 HISTORY OF JASPKi; (orM'k.

arraiiirement, l)iit lacks in capacity, one would think, "svhcn it is
considered that the municipal authorities have the use of the cells.

County Cliarities. — The care of the pauper population is a sub-
ject that taxes the best stiitesmanship to the utmost, and the achnin-
istration of county l)oards is not always shown in a favorable light
by the treatment of this subject. To relieve the worthy poor in such
a way as to add no disgrace therewith, and to avoid giving encour-
agement to indolent indigence, is not an easy matter to put in
practice by means of ])ubHc charities even when su])porte(l by large
endowments and guided \)\ wealthy philanthropists. In Jasper
County the poor have been farmed out from the beginning. \\'hile
this system is open to many serious objections, it does not seem to
have resulted poorly here. At first, persons supported at public
expense were contracted to the lowest bidder,. and the advertised
"sale of paupers*' was calculated at first glance to startle the uniniti-
ated. The care of the poor in this way fell to various persons more
or less interested in their welfare, but as the pauper class increased
in num])ers, and manj'^who had no relatives in this part of the world
were added, their sup])ort l»ecame more entirely a'matter oi profit and
loss. Thus it occurred later, that someone with extra facilities for
the purpose, contracted to care for the whole pau])er charge of the
county. The conditions of the contract requinnl the contractor '-to
receive all paupers of the county, as well as all insane or idiotic pau-
pers not otherwise provided for by the county," and " to provide
a secure and separate room-for such idiots and insane i)aupers as he
may at any time have on hand; also all foreign or transient paupeis,
idiots and insane persons that may require assistance from the county
when notified by any one or more of the supervisoi"s of said county,
and said contractor shall be responsible to the ])oar(l of said county
for all charges that may accrue after he shall ha\e been notified.
until he takes them under his care; also for the burial expenses of
all ])aupers, idiots and insane persons who may die in the county,
when notified, provided he may be so notified before said pauper or
insane person or persons die.'" The contractor was further obliged
to provide "comfortable and decent clothing," "good and proper
medical attendance," and to bury such as died in a "resi)ectable
man