LIBRARY
OF THE
UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA.
RECEIVED BY EXCHANGE
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Class
A COURSE OP LECTURES
PRINCIPLES OF DOMESTIC ECONOMY
AND COOKERY,
BY MISS JULIET CORSON,
Superintendent of the New York School of Cookery.
DELIVERED IN THE FARMERS' LECTURE COURSE OF THE
COLLEGE OF AGRICULTURE OF THE
UNIVERSITY OF MINNESOTA.
APPENDIX TO SUPPLEMENT I.
FOURTH BIENNIAL REPORT OF
Board of Regents of the University of Minnesota.
1886.
ST. PAUL, MINN.:
THE PIONEER PRESS COMPANY.
1887.
A COURSE OF LECTURES
ON THE
PRINCIPLES OF DOMESTIC ECONOMY
AND COOKERY,
BY MISS JULIET CORSON,
Saperiatendent of the New York School of Cookery.
DELIVERED IN THE FARMERS' LECTURE COURSE OF THE
COLLEGE OF AGRICULTURE OF THE
UNIVERSITY OF MINNESOTA.
APPENDIX TO SUPPLEMENT I.
FOURTH BIENNIAL REPORT OF
Board of Regenfe of the University of Minnesota.
1886.
s
PREFACE.
The following lectures were delivered in the " Farmers Lecture
Course," at the College of Agriculture, Minneapolis, during the
session of 1884. The topics selected at previous sessions had
been such as to especially interest the male members of the large
classes in attendance, and it was considered no more than fair
to the women of the State that attention should be given to such
matters as would aid them in the conduct of home duties. In-
fluenced by this desire, I secured the services of Miss Juliet Cor-
son,the superintendent of the New York School of Cookery, and
so widely known wherever the English language is spoken, by
her publications and writings upon all topics relating to domes-
ti(i economy. The interest manifested in this course of lectures
by the ladies of Minnesota was shown by the crowded audiences
present at each exercise, nearly 1,200 of whom registered their
names and addresses, a list of which is appended to this re-
port.
The lectures were familiar, extemporaneous discourses upon
the topics under discussion, and the lecturer was surrounded by
all the appointments of a well-ordered kitchen. The dishes as
prepared were passed to the audience for examination and criti-
cism, and full opportunity allowed for discussion. This state-
ment is necessary to explain the colloquial character of the dis-
courses.
In placing these lectures before the public the editor does but
simple justice to Miss Corson in stating that circumstances have
prevented the preparation by her of a finished report, and have
compelled the publication of the notes taken af the "cooking
lessons.' 7 But if the form of the instruction is devoid of rhetor-
ical style, the editor guarantees its accuracy.
Although Miss Corson is a steady worker, her usefulness is
curtailed by serious illness. In this instance, therefore, indulg-
ence is claimed for the method. Whatever graces of literature
the reader seeks, may be found in the author's other published
works; here the public is entreated to accept a very plain rec-
ord of the work done at the State University by Miss Corson.
186636
4 BIENNIAL REPORT
A word of explanation is due to the members of the class, who
were promised copies of these lectures. I had full reports taken
at the time, by a stenographer. They were written out shortly
ufter, and sent to Miss Carson, as by her request, for review;
but owing to her protracted and nearly fatal illness and very
slow recovery, these notes have only recently been returned to me.
I hope this statement will relieve me from any charges of neglect,
which the ladies might otherwise be disposed to make.
EDWARD D. PORTER,
Professor in Charge.
INTRODUCTION.
This course of lectures is designed to meet the wants of two
classes of persons:
First Those who are experienced housekeepers, familiar
with the principles and practice of cookery, but who desire in-
formation concerning the preparation of the finer dishes of the
modern school.
Second The young ladies in attendance at the University and
others like them, who have had their time and attention so en-
grossed with studies and other duties that they have not had
the opportunity to qualify themselves in this most important
branch of a woman's education.
To meet the wants of the first class, the morning exercises
will be devoted to the preparation of palatable and nutritious
dishes, suitable for every day use in families of moderate means,
and some of the finer dishes will be introduced.
As the afternoons are the only times at which the young
ladies of the University can be present, these sessions will be de-
voted to practical illustrations of the elementary principles of
household management and cookery. As time permits, some of
the salient points in the chemistry of food and the physiology
of nutrition will be briefly discussed.
UNIVERSITY OF MINNESOTA.
BILL OF FARE
FOR
THE HOUSEKEEPERS' COURSE.
FIRST DAY.
Soup Stock.
Boiled Salmon, with Cream Sauce.
Potatoes, Stewed in Butter.
Quail, boned and broiled.
Omelettes.
SECOND DAY.
Clear Soup.
Caramel for coloring Soups and Sauces.
Baked Whitefish.
Beefsteak, broiled and fried. Baked Apple Dumplings..
THIRD DAY.
Cream of Salmon.
Shoulder of Lamb, boned and roasted.
Forcemeat for Meats.
Potatoes, broiled and baked.
Cheese Crusts.
FOURTH DAY.
Pea Soup with Crusts.
Salt Codfish, stewed in Cream.
Venison with Currant Jelly.
Stewed Carrots. Cabinet Pudding.
FIFTH DAY.
Tomato Soup. Fried Pickerel.
Beef, a la mode Rolls.
Puree of Spinach.
Caramel Custard.
SIXTH DAY.
Oyster Soup.
Oysters, broiled and fried.
Oysters with Bacon. Mobile Roast Oysters.
Welsh Rarebits.
BIENNIAL REPORT
THE UNIVERSITY COURSE.
AT 2 P. M. DAILY.
First Day Soup Making, and Stews.
Second Day Good Breads, Plain Pastry and Puddings.
Third Day Fish and Poultry..
Fourth Day Meats and Vegetables.
Fifth Day Cheap Dishes and Eewarmed Foods.
Sixth Day Cookery for the Sick.
Tea, Coffee, Omelettes, Sauces, and various small djshes will
be treated when the occasion offers.
The last half hour of each day will be devoted to the discus-
sion of questions referring to the subject in hand, and to the
testing of dishes cooked.
UNIVERSITY OF MINNESOTA.
FIKST LECTURE.
Our lesson this morning, ladies, will consist of the preparation
of what is called soup stock, or beef broth, which is the basis of
many kinds of soup; it is very easily made, simple in its compo-
sition, and exceedingly nutritious; the other dishes to be made
are boiled salmon with cream sauce; potatoes, stewed in butter ;
and quail, boned and broiled. I give you the boned quail to
show you what an exceedingly simple operation boning is. It
is supposed to be very difficult, and it is done sometimes in curi-
ous ways; but the best way is the simplest and easiest. If we
have time we will prepare a few omelettes.
As I shall begin with soup stock, you will take your receipt
for that. For each quart of soup stock or broth which you in-
tend to make, use one pound of meat and bone. By that I mean
meat and bone weighed together. The cut which I have here
is from the upper part of the leg, next to the round. You can
use any cut of the leg, the shank, which is the lower part of the
leg, or the neck; any of the cheaper parts of meat^will answer
for soup meat. First, cut the meat from the bone; the butcher
will always do that for you; then have the bone broken in small
pieces. The butcher, of course, will do that very much more
easily than you can do it. Do not wash the meat; wipe it all
over with a towel wet in cold water. Put the bones in the bot-
tom of the soup kettle, laying the meat on the bones; then add
cold water in the proportion of a quart to each pound of
meat and bones. Set the soup kettle over the fire, and let the
broth slowly head and boil. As it boils a scum will rise to the
surface, which is to be removed in case you are preparing stock
for clear soup. The scum is composed of the blood and the al-
bumen of the meat, and is only removed for the purpose of
clarifying the soup. It is nutritious, and for that reason it
should always be saved. In France, and in kitchens where
French cooks are employed, this scum is used either in thick
soup for instance, in vegetable soup, such as I shall make this
afternoon or put into brown sauces or gravies. Eemember, it
is nothing that is to be thrown away; it is to be saved because
it is both nutritious and savory. It adds flavor and nutriment
8 BIENNIAL REPORT
to any dish to which it is added. While the soup meat is being-
boiled for the first time, prepare the vegetables. For three or
four pounds of meat, which will make as many quarts of soup,
use one medium-size carrot, which is to be scraped, a turnip r
which is to be peeled, and an onion, which is also to be peeled,
in such a way as to prevent breaking apart; take off the outer
dry skin of the onion without trimming it closely; do not cut it
off at the top, because in that way you will cause the [layers to-
break apart. After the onion is peeled stick a dozen whole
cloves into it. The cloves are added to the soup for the purpose
of flavoring it. You very often hear the remark made that the
cookery of certain people has an indefinable taste, exceedingly
nice, but something that you do not exactly understand. It is-
always produced by a combination of seasonings and flavorings.
In this soup I shall use for seasoning not only the cloves in the
onions, but a dozen peppercorns that is, unground grains of
pepper, instead of ground pepper, because I want the soup to
be perfectly clear. I shall use also bay leaves, which may be
new to some of you; they are the dried leaves of the laurel or
bay tree, and can be bought at any drug store. You can buy
five cents' worth of them and they will last you a year or more.
The seasoning is slightly aromatic; for four quarts of soup use
only a little leaf, or a piece of a large leaf; use also a blade of
mace, and a sprig of any dried herb except sage.
The peppercorns, the bay leaf, the blade of mace, and the
sprig of sweet herb are tied in the midst of a little bunch of
parsley, the stalk with all the leaves on. and if it is ever marketed
here with the root on, use that as well; the root of the parsley has
all the flavor of the leaf intensified, and you have only to
thoroughly wish it, and then use it. All these dried herbs are
to be gathered inside of the parsley and tied in a little bunch;
tie the parsley by winding string around it, inclosing all the
dried herbs; this little bunch is called in cooking books a fagot
or bouquet of herbs; it is what gives soups and sauces that in-
definable spicy, delicate flavor so much liked.
After the soup stock boils remove whatever scum has risen,,
put in the/a<7o, the turnip, the carrot, the onion stuck with
cloves, and for the four quarts of soup a heaping tablespoonful
of salt. Keep the soup stock covered as much as possible while
it is heating; and after you have put in the vegetables keep it
covered all the time. Let it boil very slowly. ' After all the
vegetables are in set the kettle back so that the heat of the fire-
UNIVERSITY OF MINNESOTA. 9
strikes from one side; let it boil from one side and gently; in
that way you begin the clarifying. You will find if you boil the
stock from one side, and very gently, then when you strain it
after it is done it already will be as clear as most clear soup.
After it has been strained, to-morrow, we shall clarify it in or-
der to show the process, which is very simple. Then it will be
what is called on hotel bills of fare clear soup.
After the vegetables have been added let the stock boil for at
least two hours. In that length of time the flavor of the vege-
tables and the nourishment from the meat will be extracted, but
not the gelatine from the bones. It is the gelatine in the bones
which makes broth or stock jelly when it is cold; in order to
extract the gelatine it is necessary to boil the soup meat and
bones at least five hours. The soup can be strained at the end
of two hours, or boiled five or six hours, keeping it covered so
that none of it wastes or evaporates. When the soup is boiled,
strain it ; use an earthen bowl or jar; set a colander in it, and
lay a towel folded twice in the colander, having the colander
either over the bowl or jar ; pour the soup into the towel, and
let it run through without squeezing, because if you squeeze the
towel you will force small particles of scum through, and thiis
cloud the soup. After the soup has run through the towel let it
cool; do not cover it while it is cooling unless you are afraid of
flies or insects getting into it; in that case cover it with a sieve.
If you cover it with a solid earthen cover or plate the steam
arising from the soup will condense on the under part of the
cover and fall back into the soup ; if the weather is warm, or if
it is a close, rainy day, the steam condensed falling back into the
warm soup will cause it to sour. For this reason when you put
away a dish of meat or vegetables after dinner do not cover them
until they are cold.
BOILED SALMON WITH CREAM SAUCE.
In boiling a whole fish, or a large piece, use cold water. If
you put a large piece of fish into boiling water, the outside will
be cooked before it is done near the bone. Nothing is more dis-
agreeable than a piece of fish half raw at the bone; it is uneat-
able. For a small piece of fish, such as I have here, use boiling
salted water enough to cover it, and boil it until the flakes begin
to separate, or until, by testing a fin, you can easily pull it out.
That will .probably be, if you use cold water, soon after the.
2
10 BIENNIAL REPORT
water boils; if you put the fish into boiling water, it may be five
or more minutes. Boil the fish, whether it is large or small, un-
til you can pull out a fin, or until the flakes separate. Then
drain it, and serve it with any nice sauce. To-day I will make
a very simple one cream sauce. Of course you would always
make the sauce while you were boiling the fish, taking care to
have both done at the same time. For a pint of sauce, use a
heaping tablespoon ful of butter and a tablespoon ful of flour;
put them in a saucepan over the fire, and stir them together un-
til they are smoothly mixed; then begin to add hot milk, half a
cupful at a time; when the first half cupful of milk is stirred in,
put in another half cupful and again stir until it is smooth; con-
tinue to add milk until you have used a pint, or until the sauce
is about the consistency of thick cream. There will always be a
margin there 'for a little discretion, because some flour will
thicken very much more than others. Flour that is very rich in
gluten will thicken more than that which has most starch in it.
But you have there about the right proportions a tablespoon-
ful of floor, a tablespoonful of butter, a pint of milk. Add
more or less milk as is required to make the sauce the consist'
ency of thick cream, or of a thickness which will coat the spoon;
that is, if you dip a spoon in and hold it up, the sauce will not-
all run off like water; when all the milk has been used, season
the sauce with a level teaspoonful of salt and about a quarter of
a salt spoon of white pepper. I speak of white pepper particu-
larly because in making a white sauce, if you use the ordinary
black pepper, the sauce will be full of little black specks. The
white pepper is quite as cheap, quite as plentiful as the black
pepper; all the grocers keep it, and its flavor is nicer, rather
more delicate, scarcely as pungent as the black pepper; there is
a certain biting, acrid flavor in the black pepper which does not
exist in the white pepper; the latter contains all the stimulating
property and all the aromatic flavor.
After the same is finished, keep it hot by setting the sauce
pan containing it in a pan of hot water, on the back of the
stove. A perfectly plain white sauce (which can be made the
basis of an infinite variety of other sauces) is made by substitut-
ing water for milk; by leaving out the pepper and salt, and using
sugar for sweetening, you can make a nice pudding sauce. If
you add a tablespoonful of chopped parsley to a pint of white
sauce, you make parsley sauce. Putting a few capers into it,
makes caper sauce. A teaspoonful of anchovies dissolved in it
UNIVERSITY OF MINNESOTA. 11
makes anchovy sauce. It is easily made the basis of a great
many sauces, the name of which depends on preferred addition
to the white sauce. Egg sauce is made by adding chopped hard
boiled eggs to white sauce.
Question by a Lady. Would you ever substitute cornstarch
for flour ?
Miss CORSON. You can if you wish. You must use your
own discretion about the quantities. Simply get the thickness
of thick cream.
Question. Is it better to use a porcelain vessel, or will tin do?
Miss CORSON, Use any saucepan made of material thick
enough to prevent burning.
Question. Do you put the fish right into the water, or have
you a fish kettle ?
Miss CORSON. If you are using a fish kettle you will have a
little wire frame. You can lay the fish on that, or you can tie
it up in a cloth, if you wish to.
Question. Then how can you tell when it is done?
Miss CORSON. If you tie it in a cloth you must leave a little
space so that you can test it.
Question. How much pepper did you say to put in the sauce I
Miss CORSON. About a quarter of a salt spoon; that is, a
good pinch of pepper. One of the ladies asked me about using
a thick sauce pan porcelain-lined sauce pan; you will find the
advantage of thick sauce pans of all kinds is that they are less
likely to burn than thin ones. The thinner the metal the sauce
pan is made of, the more likely it is to burn. There are so many
different kinds of utensils that every lady can take her own
choice. Black sauce pans, lined with tin or with porcelain; tin
sauce pans, thin ones, and thick ones made of block tin.
You notice that I use copper sauce pans. Coppers are the most
durable; they are lined with tin, and they have to be relined
about once a year; the cost of relining is very little compar-
atively little; I think it costs me about three cents a foot to have
them relined, and the copper never wears out. If you buy a
copper sauce pan you have got something that lasts you all your
life, and you can leave it as an heirloom; if you don't want to
do that, you can sell it for old copper for nearly as much as you
paid for it. In using copper, you must never let them become
bare on the inside. If the tin wears off and the copper is ex-
posed to any acid in the food cooked, it is apt to form a poison-
ous combination. But with proper care and cleanliness, copper
sauce pans are pefectly safe.
12 BIENNIAL REPORT
Question. Do you prefer them to the galvanized iron ?
Miss CORSON. Yes, I do, on the score of cleanliness, economy
and ease in cooking.
Question: Do you use a wooden spoon from choice?
Miss CORSON. Yes; of course you can understand, ladies, that
I could very soon scrape the tin off of the inside of a sauce pan
with a metal spoon, a knife, or anything of that sort. Copper
sauce pans should be cleaned with a rag, a little Sapolio and hot
water. If they are cleaned as fast as they are used they are no
more trouble to keep clean than any other sauce pan. I use in
stirring simply a small pudding stick an old-fashioned wooden
pudding stick. It does not scrape the sauce pans, and there is.
no danger of uncooked flour accumulating on the sticks, as it
does in the bowl of a spoon. If you are stirring with a spoon r
some of the half-cooked flour might get in the bowl of the spoon,
and then your sauce would have the taste of the raw flour. I
will leave the stick in the sauce pan and pass it about so that
you can see what I mean. Anyone can whittle these little sticks-
out, using any kind of hard wood. Do not use soft wood. You
will have noticed, ladies, if you have ever put sauce of this kind,
thick sauce, to keep hot, it may have grown very much thicker
by standing; in such case add a little more milk or water, and a.
little more seasoning when you are ready to use it.
Question. How do you make perfectly clear sauce?
Miss CORSON. You can make a nearly clear thick sauce by
using arrow root. Of course, a clear thin sauce is simply sugar
dissolved in water, with butter or flavoring as you like.
POTATOES, STEWED IN BUTTER.
The potatoes are peeled and sliced in rather small slices of
even size; put them over the fire in enough salted boiling water
to cover them, boil them until they begin to grow tender; not
till they break, but just till they begin to grow tender; after the
potatoes are boiled tender drain them, and suppose you have a
pint bowl fall of potatoes, use about two heaping tablespoon-
fuls of butter; melt the butter in a scant half cupful of milk.
When the butter is melted put the potatoes into it, and with a
spoon lift them very carefully from the bottom, always without
breaking them, until they have absorbed the milk and buttery
then season them with salt and white pepper, and they will b&
ready to serve. Season them palatably; I could not give you
UNIVERSITY OF MINNESOTA. 13
the quantity of seasoning because it would depend upon the
salt that the potatoes had absorbed from the water. You should
taste them first before seasoning at all, and then if they need
any more salt add a very little at a time. If you sinaply want
the potatoes nicely stewed you don't add so much butter, a scant
tablespoonful, and milk enough to moisten them; but this re-
ceipt is an exceedingly nice one rather rich, but very nice.
(At this point the fish was done, and Miss Corson continued.)
You notice, ladies, that I take off the skin of the fish before
taking it up. That is very easy; it slips off easily, and without
it the fish is much nicer to serve at the table. In serving sauce
with fish you pour some around it, not over it; or you serve the
fish on a napkin, and the sauce in a dish, as you prefer. If you
serve the fish in a folded napkin garnish it with a few sprigs of
parsley, if you can get them, or with a lemon sliced, if you do
not live as some unfortunate people do " fifty miles from a
lemon." Lemons are very nice always with any kind of fish.
Parsley can be bought here all winter long. I have learned that
from the advertisements in the papers already; and a little of it
makes a great difference in the appearence of a dish.
Question. Can you tell us how we can tell whether a frozen
fish is stale or fresh 1
Miss CORSON. You can after you have thawed it in cold
water; you can tell by the smell. (Laughter.) The way to thaw
frozen fish is to put it into perfectly cold water and keep it in a
<?old place until all the frost is drawn out. Of course the most
of the fish in this market would be frozen in the winter. This
one has been frozen.
Question. Can you tell us how to carve a whole fish f
Miss CORSON. You would have a rather sharp knife and
spoon ; a fish knife, though it looks pretty, is not good to serve
fish with because it is apt to be dull; you want a knife that will
<3ut down through the fish without tearing it, without attempt-
ing to cut down through the bone, unless you know where the
joints are located.
Question. Would you cook a fish with the fins ?
Miss CORSON. The latest, fancy of fish lovers in New York,
the members of the Ichotyophagus Club, who are supposed to be
the leaders in the fashions of fish, is to have the fish served with
the fins, head and tail on ; and with some fish they want even
the scales ; and then they simply lift off the skin, the entire
skin, before they begin to serve it. They have the fish thor-
14 BIENNIAL REPORT
oughly washed and drawn, and then cooked with the scales and
fins on. You can judge how easy it would be to do that, be-
cause you saw how easily that skin came off this fish. The skin
comes off easily if the fish is properly cooked cooked enough.
Question. What kind of fish can be cooked with the scales on T
Miss CORSON. I think the black bass, and some kinds of sea
fish. The idea is that if the fish are not scaled they will keep
their flavor; a fish properly dressed retains enough of its flavor
even if it is scalded before it is cooked.
OMELETTES.
First, I will make a plain breakfast omelette. Use for two or
three people not more than three eggs. You can not very well
manage more than three in an ordinary pan. It is better to
make several omelettes, especially because people are not apt to
come to the table all at once, and an omelette to be nice must
be eaten directly it is cooked. Say three eggs;, break them into
a cup or bowl; add to them a saltspoonful of salt, quarter of a.
saltspoonful of pepper, and mix them just enough to thoroughly
break the whites and yolks together. Put over the fire a frying
pan with a heaping teaspoonful of butter in it. Let the butter get
hot. If you like an omelette brown let the butter begin to brown.
After pouring the eggs into the hot frying pan break the omelette
on the bottom of the pan with a fork, just a little, so that you
let the uncooked part run down on the bottom of the pan. I do
not mean to stir the omelette as you would scrambled eggs, but
just break it a little until it is cooked as much as you want it.
French breakfast omelettes are always cooked so that they are
slightly juicy in the middle; in order to accomplish that result
of course you have them still liquid [before you begin to turn
them. When the omelette is done as much as you want it run a
fork under one side of it and fold it half over, then fold it again j
loosen it from the pan; have a platter hot, and turn the omelette
out. Serve it the moment it is done.
Next I will make a light omelette. The same rule three
eggs, whites and yolks separate; beat the whites to a stiff froth;
add seasoning to the yolks in the same proportion as before; mix
the yolks slightly with the seasoning; after the white has been
beaten quite stiff and the yolk seasoned, mix them very lightly
together; have a heaping tablespoonful of butter in the frying
pan over the fire, hot, just as for the plain omelette; mix the
UNIVERSITY OF MINNESOTA. 15
whites and the yolks together, without breaking down the white.
Of course the lightness of the omelette depends on keeping all
the air in the white of the egg that you have beaten into it. Put
the eggs into the hot frying pan; run the fork under the ome-
lette and lift it from the pan as it coots; lift the cooked portions
from the pan, and let them fall back on the top of the omelette,
taking care not to pat the omelette down at all; but just lift the
cooked portions and let them fall back on the top of the ome-
lette, until it is done as much as you like. Usually this omelette
is served soft as soft as ice cream. When it is done as much
as you want it, push it to the side of the pan, gently, and then
turn it out on a hot platter. Always remember that the success
of an omelette depends upon the quickness with which it is
made and served; because, in the first place, you make it light
by beating air into it; then, of course, the heat expands the air,
and that makes the omelette still lighter; and you must get it
served before the hot air escapes.
BONING QUAIL.
After the quail have been picked, cut the wings off at the first
joint, cut the legs just above the joint of the drum-stick. Cut
off the head, take out the crop, cut the quail down the backbone;
from the inside, cut the joint where the wing joins the body;
and having cut that wing joint, begin and cut close to the car-
cass of the bird -till you get down to the leg joint, where the sec-
ond joint of the leg unites with the body; break that joint, and
keep on cutting the flesh from the carcass, taking care not to
cut through the carcass so that you strike the intestines until
you reach the ridge of the breast bone; close to the breast bone
you will find that little division in the flesh of the breast which
you have noticed in carving chickens and turkeys; it is called
the little filet, and lies close to the breast bone; separate this nat-
ural division from the outside of the breast. Then beginning
again on the other side, cut close to the carcass of the bird until
you have reached the breast, as on the other side. Now the flesh
is loose on both sides of the bird, and needs only to be taken off
without breaking the skin of the breast. You would bone
chickens and turkeys in the same way. Take the carcass out
entire. Now take out the wing and leg bones from the inside.
Do not tear the skin of the bird any more than you can help.
Now lay the flesh on the table, with the skin down, and straight-
16 BIENNIAL REPORT
en it out a little, distributing the flesh evenly over the skin, and
it is ready to stuff. If I were making boned turkey I should
have it all ready, just like this, and then put the force meat in,
draw the bird up over the force meat, and sew it down the back.
This bird is simply going to be broiled. Season with salt and
pepper. In preparing boned birds you can use any kind of
force meat a layer of sausage meat, or any kind of chopped
cold meat; season it with salt and pepper. Put the birds be-
tween the bars of the wire gridiron, and broil them with a very
hot fire. The gridiron should be well buttered, so that the birds
can not stick. By the time the bird is broiled brown on both
sides it will be done. Of course you do half a dozen or a dozen
an the same way precisely. Remember, ladies, always, that to
broil you should use the hottest fire you can get the hottest
and the clearest fire, because part of the success of broiling de-
pends upon quickly cooking the outside, while the inside of
anything you are broiling still remains juicy. If you had a
wood fire you would broil over the fire. If you broil over the
fire you must expect the blaze to rise, and you must naturally
suppose the meat will be smoked; but you can make your fire
clear that is, have it alive; do not have it smoky and full of
unburnt wood or coal; have a clear- bed of coals if you are going
to broil over the fire.
Question. Do you never wash the birds before boiling ?
Answer. No; you will find that I am very wn-neat about that.
In the first place, I would not use a piece of meat or a bird of
any kind that was really dirty enough to need washing. If it
had anything on it that I could not get off by wiping with a wet
cloth, I simply wouldn't use it. If you wash meat or poultry
you destroy a certain amount of its flavoring and take away some
of its nourishment.
Question. Sometimes a bird shot will have a great deal of the
blood settle in the breast or in the flesh.
Miss CORSON. Yes; you want the blood; you want to keep the
blood there. The blood is a part of the nourishment. The idea
of washing meat comes from the old Hebrew prohibition which
involved the removal of every particle of blood. You know that
the Hebrews believed that the blood was the life and even to this
day every particle of blood is taken away from their meat, not
only by washing after it comes into the house, \ but before
that by the treatment it receives from the butcher. The blood
is a part of the nourishment, and you want to keep as much of
UNIVERSITY OF MINNESOTA. 17
it as you can; in some cooking it forms a very important part;
for instance, in cooking a hare or rabbit, the blood which es-
capes in the dressing is saved and used.
Question. Would you treat prairie chicken, grouse or part-
ridge in this way ?
Miss OORSON. Yes, in the same way.
Question. Not if you were going to roast turkey?
Miss CORSON. One of my good friends in this far Northwest
several years ago sent me a nice recipe for making a fricassee of
chicken which I will tell you. The recipe said that after the
chicken was picked you might wash it thoroughly with nice soap,
then rinse it. (Laughter.) Now if you like you can prepare it
that way. No, you will find, ladies, that if you use a cloth well
wet in cold water you can remove all objectionable matter from
the outside of meat or poultry. Indeed, if a piece of meat or
poultry can not be cleaned with a wet cloth, it is not clean
enough to use. One lady asks me about keeping meat for a long
time. Of course that is a question of taste entirely, whether you
like meat hung a long time or whether you like it fresh. Al
meat, when it is first killed, whether it is poultry, or game, or
the ordinary domestic meat, is very tender. It is tender until
the flesh begins to grow cold, until the animal heat, etc., parts
from the flesh. Then it beomes tough, rigid and hard, and re-
mains so until the process of decomposition begins. I do not
mean until it begins to taint, but until it begins to decompose;
at that point it begins to grow tender; it is still fresh and good
enough for food. Eemember that the hanging of meat is for the
purpose of allowing it to begin to decompose.
LECTUEE SECOND.
Our lesson this afternoon will consist of some plain soups and
stews of meat. I shall begin with a soup, of yellow split peas.
For four quarts of soup use an ordinary cupful of yellow split
peas; pick them over and wash them in cold water, put them in
a saucepan or a soup kettle with two quarts of cold water. Set
the saucepan or soup kettle over the fire and let the water very
gradually heat. When it boils put in some cold water, part
of a cupful, let them boil again; keep on putting in cold water
every fifteen or twenty minutes, until you have used two quarts
3
18 BIENNIAL REPORT*
of cold water besides the first two quarts. The object of adding
cold water slowly is this: You soften the peas by the gradual
heating of the cold water. After the first boiling the addition
of a little cold water lowers the temperature, and as the water
heats again the peas are gradually softening; so that within an
hour and a half or two hours you will find them quite tender
enough. You will notice that I have used no salt ; the salt would
tend to harded the peas. You add salt after the soup is nearly
finished. The old way of soaking the peas over night is a very
good one, but this is rather better, for this reason: If you soak
the peas over night you destroy a small portion of their nutri-
tive properties; especially if you make the soup in warm water,
there will be a slight fermentation. The object of soaking them
over night is simply to soften them, and as you can soften them
in this way you accomplish the same purpose by adding cold
water gradually. You will notice that this is for perfectly plain
pea soup. You can vary it by adding bones of cold ham, or of
cold roast beef; you can boil the bones with the peas. In that
way you get the flavor of whatever meat you add. A very nice
soup is made simply with the peas without any meat, by the ad-
dition of a fried onion, for that soup you would peel and slice
an onion and put it in the bottom of the soup kettle with a table-
spoonful of butter or drippings, beef drippings or poultry
drippings, and fry it light brown; then put on the peas and cold
water and proceed just as we do to-day for a plain pea soup,
without any addition except a seasoning of salt and pepper, and
by and by a little flour and butter, which I shall put in at the
close, the object of which Iwill explain to you then.
BEEF AND VEGETABLE SOUP.
For four quarts of soup use one cupful each of the ingredients
which I shall name: lean beef cut in half-inch pieces; carrot,
which must first be scraped and then cut in half-inch bits; tur-
nip, which must be peeled and then cut in small pieces; rice r
picked over, washed in cold water; tomatoes, peeled and sliced
if they are fresh; but if you use canned tomatoes simply
cut them in small pieces; half a cupful of onion, peeled and
chopped rather fine; and four quarts of cold water. First put
the water over the fire with the beef in it, and let it gradually
heat; while it is heating get ready all the other ingredients that
I have spoken of, and add them when the water is hot. Don't
UNIVERSITY OF MINNESOTA. 19
add salt for seasoning until after the soup has been cooking for
a little while, because it would tend to harden the meat. When
the soup is boiling, put in all the other ingredients; and after
the soup has cooked for an hour, season it with salt and pepper.
Cook it slowly for about two hours, or until the vegetables are
tender. The length of time will depend somewhat on the season
of the year. You will find that carrots and turnips, like all
vegetables wfiich have woody fibre in them, will cook more
quickly early in the winter while they still have their natural
moisture in them. The later in the winter it grows the drier
they get, the harder the woody fibre is, and the longer it will
take to cook them tender. So you will cook the soup until the
vegetables are tender; and then, having seen that it is palatably
seasoned, serve it with all the vegetables in it. You notice that
this is a thick soup, made in an entirely different way from that
which I made this morning. I think some of the ladies are here
who were here this morning. Then we were making clear soup
which is to be served without any vegetables in it. This is a
good hearty soup for every-day use; in fact it is so hearty that
you can make the bulk of a meal using this and bread or pota-
toes. When all the vegetables are quite tender then the soup
simply is to be served.
Now, while I am preparing the soup, I want to say a little
about the value of soup as a food. This comes properly into our
afternoon course of instruction. Many of the ladies may not
have thought of it in precisely the connection in which I am go-
ing to speak of it. Habitually, Americans do not use soup.
Some have grown gradually accustomed to have soup as a part
of their every-day dinner, but as a rule people have it once or
twice a week. I am speaking now of average families. As a
matter of fact, it ought to be used every day, because it is not
only a very easy form in which to obtain nourishment, but you
obtain from soup that which you would not get from any other
dish; that is, you get every particle of the nourishment there is
in the ingredients which you put into the soap. You can make a
perfectly nutritious and palatable meal with soup at about one-
half the cost of a meal without soup, because the soup, if it is
savory, will be eaten with a relish; and it will satisfy the appe-
tite for two reasons; the first I have already spoken of because
you get every particle of nourishment there is in the ingredients;
and second, because directly you eat it that is, directly it
reaches the stomach, some of its nutritious liquid properties
20 BIENNIAL REPORT
will begin to be absorbed at once. They pass directly into the
system, by the process which is known in physiology as osmosis
that is, absorption by the coats of the stomach; so that the
liquid part of the food is actually absorbed and passes into the
circulation in less than five minutes after you have eaten it. A
very familiar illustration of that fact was made by Sir Henry
Thompson several years ago, in his exceedi ngly valuable article
called "Food and Feeding," where he said that a hungry man
eating clear soup for his dinner would feel a sense of refreshment
in less than three minutes; that is, he would feel the effect of
his plate of clear soup almost as soon as he would feel the stimu-
lus which he would receive from a glass of wine. He would feel
refreshed at once; his sense of hunger, which is the indication
that his system needs food, would be practically appeased within
three minutes from the time he had taken his soup.
Then there is another very important question; and that is
the effect of soups and liquid foods on the appetite for stimu-
lants. I am not a temperance advocate in the sense in which
the word is usually understood. That is, I neither believe in
nor advocate total abstinence; but I do believe in temperance
in the temperate use of everything; no matter whether it is
drink, or food, or pleasure, in a life of work, so that I speak
solely from the standpoint of an advocate of the moderate use of
everything. The system requires a certain amount of liquid
nourishment. We have to get that in the form of liquid, and
many people take it by using water to excess drinking quanti-
ties of water. On the other hand, there are some people who
never drink more than a glass of water all day long. They must
drink something some kind of liquid to make up the quantity
of water that is absolutely required by the system in the course
of twenty-four hours. Some persons take it in the form of tea
and coffee; others drink beer and wine ; but a certain amount of
liquid the system must have. Now, you can easily see that you
can supply a part of that liquid in the form of soups and stews.
It is not possible for many people to drink much cold water: it
does not seem to agree with them. The advocates of the latest
craze, for hot water, will get their quantity of liquid, but they
will get it in a, form that by and by will make serious trouble for
them; because, while under certain conditions the entire mucous
membrane or lining' of the digestive tract, warm water may be
desirable, still the excessive use of it is very apt in time to pro-
duces a serious congestion. Now, the fact once admitted that
UNIVERSITY OF MINNESOTA. 21
we must have a certain amount of liquid supplied to the system
every day, then the question conies of giving itin a form that will
be the least injurious to the system. I think I have shown you one
or two good reasons why soup supplies it well. On the score of
economy there is no food which can be as cheaply prepared as
soup that is, no palatable, enjoyable, nutritious food. It is
possible to make this soup, this thick soup which I am making
now, in New York, and here also, I suppose, for less than ten
cents a gallon, buying the materials at retail ; and I am sure a
gallon of this soup will go very far towards satisfying one's
hunger. I presume, from what I have seen of the market reports
in the papers, that it can be made here quite as cheaply as it
can in New York.
Question. Does that make very strong soup does it give a
very good rich flavor of the meat, with one cupful of meat to a
gallon of water ?
Mrss CORSON. That gives a perfectly nutritious soup. It
gives as much nutriment from the meat as is needed by the sys-
tem.
Question. Wouldn't a bone or two thrown in be a good thing?
Miss CORSON. You can put in bones if you want to. But I
am giving you a recipe for a perfectly nutritious soup, made
upon the most economical principles. The proportion of meat
which I use here is all that is required by the system in connec-
tion with the other ingredients. We Americans have, as a rule,
the idea that there is no nutritious food except meat. We think
that we get all our nourishment from meat; and the other things
the vegetables and bread, and all those other articles of food
that we eat, are what the dressmakers would call ''trimmings.' 7
We do not regard them as real nourishing food, when in reality
there are some vegetables which are nearly as nutritious as meat.
Take for instance, lentils; I do not know if you are familiar with
them. They are a variety of vetch or field pea, little flat, dried
peas, that grow very abundantly; in fact, if they are once plant-
ed in a field it is almost impossible to .root them out. They have
been for ages used in all older countries, in Egypt, in Asia, all
through Europe, especially in Germany. Within the last ten
years they have become known in this country. Lentils, with
the addition of a very little fat in the form of fat meat, suet,
drippings or butter, are quite as nutritious as meat; that is, they
sustain strength, and enable people to work just as well as meat.
So, you see, that so far as actual nourishment is concerned, veg-
22 BIENNIAL REPORT
etables approach closely to meat. Next to lentils come peas
and beans, dried peas and beans. I have not graded the dif-
ferent articles of food, but some day when we have more time I
will give you a table of nutritive values of different articles of
food so that you can form some comparison in your own mind.
Remember this, that meat is not the only nutritious article of
food in use, and we only need a certain quantity of it. For in-
stance, for the purpose of health meat once a day will answer.
It is very nice to have it two or even three times if we want it, or
if we can afford it; but if we have it once a day we answer all the
requirements of health, and in communities where it is not pos-
sible to have an abundant supply of fresh meat, a very small
proportion of salt meat used in connection with the most nutri-
tious vegetables keeps the health and strength of the really ac-
tive laborers up to the working point.
MEAT STEWS.
For a brown stew, use any kind of dark meat. To day I am
going to use some of the cooked round of beef; but you can use
fresh beef; you can use raw beef, rare roast beef, or any of the
dark meats; always use white meats for white stews. Presently
we will make a white stew of veal; but for a brown stew use
dark meats. Cut the meat in pieces about an inch and a half
square, put it over the fire with enough fat of some kind to keep
it from burning; use the fat of the meat, or drippings, or butter,
and brown it as fast as possible. If you make a stew large
enough for four or five people, use about three pounds of beef.
As soon as the meat is brown, sprinkle a heaping tablespoonfu I of
flour over it; then add enough boiling water to cover the meat,
and three teaspoons of vinegar. The vinegar is used for the
purpose of softening the fibres of the meat and making it ten-
der. You will find that by adding vinegar to meat in cooking,
you can always make it tender. When we come to treat of
steak, I shall explain that. After the vinegar has been used,
season the meat palatably with salt and pepper, cover it, and
let it cook very gently for at least an hour, or until it is tender.
To the stew add any vegetable you wish, or cook it perfectly
plain, having only the meat and the gravy. To-day I am going
to use carrots with it. For three pounds of bee,f use carrots
enough to fill a pint bowl after they are cut in little slices, or in
little quarters. Of course, if you add vegetables of any kind,
UNIVERSITY OF MINNESOTA. 23
carrots, turnips, or potatoes, you want to put them in long
enough before the meat is done to insure their being perfectly
cooked. For instance, carrots take from one to two hours to
cook; I shall put the carrots in directly I make the gravy. Tur-
nips, if they are fresh, will cook in about half an hour. Pota-
toes will cook in twenty minutes; small onions will cook in from
half to three-quarters of an hour. The meat usually needs to
cook about two hours. The meat being brown, I shall put in a
tablespoonful of flour, stirring it, and then send it down to you so
that you can see what it is like. The question naturally would
arise about the color of this stew, throwing in raw flour, the
white, uncooked flour. You can see for yourselves what the ef-
fect is.
Question. Does cold meat cook as long as raw ?
Miss COKSON. If you use cold meat brown it just in the same
way, just exactly as we browned this, first in drippings or but-
ter and then putting in the flour; only if you use meat which al-
ready has been cooked, it will not take it so long to cook as it
does this raw meat.
For a white stew, use any kind of white meat veal, pork,
poultry, or lamb. To-day I shall use veal. To go back to the
question which was debated this morning about washing meat:
first, wipe the meat all over with a wet towel. It is important
to have the towel clean. Wet the towel in cold water and wipe
the meat, then cut it in little pieces about two inches square.
The butcher will crack all the bones, and if you wish he
will cut the meat for you. At least he will crack the bones so
that the meat can be easily cut in pieces about two inches
square. Put it over the fire; suppose you have three pounds of
meat; put it in cold water enough to cover it. Let it slowly
boil; when it boils, add about a tablespoonful of salt and a dozen
grains of peppercorns, or a small red pepper, or if you have not
either of those seasonings, about half a saltspoonful of ordinary
pepper; and let the meat boil slowly until it is tender. That
will be in from an hour to two hours, according to the tender-
ness of the meat in the beginning. When the meat is tender lay
a clean towel in a colander, set over a bowl or an earthen jar,
and pour the meat and broth directly into the colander. Let
the broth run through the towel. If the meat has any particles
of scum on it, wipe the pieces with a wet towel to remove the
scum. You can, in making the stew, remove the scum as you
would from clear soup, but in that case you have not quite so
24 BIENNIAL REPORT
richly flavored a stew. The better way is to wipe off the little
particles after you have taken up the meat. Now you have the
meat cooked quite tender and the broth strained. Then you
make the sauce. Any of the ladies who were at the lesson this
morning and saw the white sauce made, will understand the
principle upon which the sauce is made for the stew. Put a
heaping tablespoonful of butter and a heaping tablespoonful of
flour into a saucepan for the quantity of broth which you would
be likely to have from about three pounds of meat; that would
be broth enough to cover it. Stir the butter and flour until they
are smoothly mixed; then begin to add the meat broth gradually
until you have used enough of the broth to make the sauce like
thick cream. If you find that you have not enough broth from
the meat, add a little hot water, to make the sauce or gravy like
thick cream; then put the meat into it. Season it palatably with
salt and pepper, remembering that you already have some sea-
soning in it. Stir the meat in the saucepan over the fire until it
is hot, and then serve it. That gives you a plain white stew of
meat. You can transform that into a dish called in French
cookery books Uanquette, or white stew of meat, by adding to it
just before you take it off the fire a tablespoonful of chopped par-
sley and the yolk of one egg. You will add the egg by separ-
ating the yolk from the white, putting the yolk in a cup with
two or three tablespoonfuls of gravy from the meat and mix it
well; then turn it all among the meat, stir it and dish it at once.
Don't let the stew go back on the fire after you put in the yolk
of egg; it may curdle the egg if the sauce or the stew boils
after the egg is added. So you see you have a plain white stew,
or a stew with the addition of chopped parsley, or chopped par-
sley and the yolk of an egg. Do not use the white of the egg.
Question. Why is not the fat meat as good as the lean f
Miss CORSON. Do you mean why is it not as nutritious?
Lean meat nourishes muscle and flesh. Fat meat affords heat to
the system. That is the reason why we naturally crave more
fat meat in cold weather. It is not so strengthening; it is heat-
ing and in that nutritious. A great deal of its substance, of
course, is wasted in the cooking. That is another reason why y
weight for weight, fat meat is not so nutritious as lean.
Question. In making this stew brown or white Jdo you use
bones'?
Miss CORSON. You can use bones. In making the soup to-
day I used cooked lean meat that was on hand over from the soup
UNIVERSITY OF MINNESOTA. 25
this morning. You can use the breast of any kind of brown
meat; you can use the ends of the ribs of roast beef; you remem-
ber the rather fat ends of the ribs of roast beef? After cooking
the beef have these cut up in small pieces; after you have cooked
them in the stew if there is any excess of fat, as there probably
will be, skim that off and put it by to add to any brown stew or
gravy; the fat replaces drippings in that case. That is a very
good way to use ends of ribs of beef. Cold beefsteak makes a
nice brown stew, treated in this same way.
Question. Do you skim the stew ?
Miss CORSON. No. Not unless you are going to make a per-
fectly clear soup need you ever skim; because, as I explained
this morning, the scum which rises on the surface in boiling
meat is not dirt, it is albumen and blood, with the same nutri-
tious properties as the meat itself, and you do not want to re-
move them. If the water boils away in cooking soups and stews
always add a little more; it will save time if you add boiling
water, unless as in the case of peas, you add cold water for the
purpose of softening them. You will find, if you are trying to
cook dried beans, that it will be 'well to add cold water, and boil
them gradually.
Question. In cooking beans isn't it a good way to let the beans
come to a boil and then pour off the water and put on more
cold?
Miss CORSON. That is simply a question of taste. It is not
necessary to do it. If you pour away the first water in which
they come to a boil, you pour away a certain amount of their
nourishment, which already has escaped in the water. Some
people say that they like to pour away that first water, because
it carries off the strong taste of the beans. That is a question
for any one to settle individually. The water would not have
the strong taste of the beans if there were not some of the nour-
ishment of the beans in it. While we are on the subject of
beans I might tell you a good way to cook beans plainly, a favor-
ite way in the south of France, the beans to be served with
roast mutton. Cook them in just water enough to cover them,
after having first washed them, adding only water enough to
keep them covered all the time. They are dried white beans.
Then at the last, when the beans are tender, leave off the cover
of the sauce pan and let the beans cook, so that nearly all the
water is evaporated, and the beans have about them simply
water enough to form a very thick sauce, just enough to moisten
4
26 BIENNIAL REPORT.
them. Then they are seasoned with salt and pepper. In that
way they are served as stewed beans, with roast mutton or roast
lamb.
In regard to the lentils that I was talking to you about, I
think you may be able to learn something more about them from
Prof. Porter. He probably would know. You long ago have
made their acquaintance in the form of the tares that the enemy
sowed among the wheat. Lentils are really a species of tare or
vetch. If you do not know about them if they are not known
in the market it really would be worth while to make some
Inquiry which would lead to the introduction of them; but very
likely if there are German people here, as I suppose there are,
there are always German people in every thriving city, they
will already have had them for sale in their special groceries:
you can get them in that way, and they make a very good win-
ter vegetable to use alternately with others. You cook them
either by soaking them over night, or boil them just as we boiled
the peas, until they are tender, and then drain them, and either
heat them, with a little salt and pepper and butter, after they
are drained, or fry them. They are exceedingly nice fried with
a little chopped onion or parsley. If you have a pint bowl full
of lentils, use a tablespoonful of chopped parsley, a tablespoon-
ful of onion, very finely chopped; put the onion in the frying
pan with a tablespoonful of butter or drippings, and let it
brown; then put in the lentils and chopped parsley, a little salt
and pepper, stir them till you have them hot, and serve them.
They are exceedingly good.
PROF. PORTER. I may say that the first cousin of the
lentils is well known among our Minnesota farmers in our wheat
fields, and they are such an intolerable pest that we prefer
paying the duties on the German article and importing them.
PEA SOUP Continued.
(The pea soup being now about ready to take up, Miss Corson continued:)
You know how the flour of the peas settles to the bottom of
the soup tureen or plate, and leaves the top clear? Prevent that
by adding to the soup, just before it is dished, a little paste made
of flour and butter. For four quarts of soup a tablespoonful of
flour and a tablespoonful of butter ; mix the flour and butter to
a smooth paste just before the soup is done. After the peas are
soft pour them into a fine sieve and rub them through the sieve
UNIVERSITY OF MINNESOTA. 27
with a potato inasher; just a stout wire sieve. After you have
rubbed them through the sieve put them back into the soup
kettle with the soup, and mix the flour and butter in with them
over the fire ; stir them until they come to a boil, then season
palatably with salt and pepper, and the soup is ready to serve.
Eemember this is a perfectly plain soup I am making to-day,
without the addition of meat of any kind; but of course you will
vary the flavor of the soup by adding the bones of ham or other
meat, or a very little fried onion. Now, you can count for your-
selves how cheap a soup that is.
Question. Can you give us your experience with regard to
pea meal for soup ?
Miss CORSON. I have used one form that has been put on the
New York market. It was made of dried green peas. I do not
know whether there is on this market a meal made of the yellow
peas. There is a German preparation which is admirable. In
New York it is for sale at the German stores ; but the meal of
which I speak, the meal made of dried green peas, was not at
all satisfactory to me. Of course the meal of the green peas has
not the flavor of the split peas. You will find in rubbing the
peas through the sieve that if you moisten them a little once in
a while they will go through more readily.
I have left the brown stew with all the fat on. It is a question
not only of taste but of economy whether you leave on the fat
in addition to the first butter in which you browned the meat, a
question of economy and nourishment. If the people you are
cooking for have good strong digestions you do not need to
remove the fat. The bread or potatoes" which are eaten with
the stew will absorb it and will render it perfectly digestible ;
and, of course, as I have already told you, the fat serves certain
purposes in nutrition. If you are cooking for people having
weak digestions then you would take the fat off the stew. The
white stew I am going to finish plain, without any parsley or
egg simply seasoned with salt and pepper.
28 ' BIENNIAL REPORT
LECTUBE THIRD.
Our lesson this morning is the clarifying of soup, or the soup
stock that we made yesterday; caramel for coloring soup, gravy
and sauces; baked whitefish, after a very nice Western fashion;
beefsteak, broiled and fried; and baked apple dumplings.
The first thing I prepare will be the whitefish, after a method
which I learned from one of my Cleveland friends, who, by the
way, is one of the nicest cooks I know of. I shall use only a little
butter, and tell you about the wine which the recipe calls for.
When the fish is prepared especially for gentlemen, wine is con-
sidered exceedingly nice, but that, as in all other cookery, is a>
matter of choice. We to day will use some butter, pepper and
salt. I will tell you the kind of wine, and the quantity that is
used, when I come to cook the fish. In the winter, of course, all
the fish is frozen. We were speaking of that yesterday, how to
prepare frozen fish. In the first place, thaw it in plenty of cold
water. Put it in a large pan of cold water and let it stay till it is
perfectly thawed. Then cut it from the bone and take off the
skin. Now, please write down the directions, and then watch
and see how I do it. The fish simply has been scaled; to cut it
from the bone, make one cut down to the bone through the mid-
dle of the side of the fish, lengthwise; having made that line, cut
round under the head, to the bone; now lay the knife against the
bone of the fish, and turn it until you have the blade cutting
against the bone, holding the knife flat; it will take that entire
piece of the fish off; 'cut two pieces from one side of the
fish. Now I am going to cut from the other side in the same
way, and then I shall take the skin off. First take the four
pieces of fish off the bone; you will not find this at all difficult
to do, ladies; after you have done it once or twice it will be very
easy, and if you have fish that has not been frozen it will be
much more easy to do than if you have frozen fish, which, of
course, will break a little. It is not possible to keep the pieces
entire, cutting from a frozen fish. One of the ladies asks if this
can be done as well if the fish has been dressed by the fish-
monger; that is, if the entrails have been taken out. Yes, quite
as well. This is not dressed simply because it had been sent from
market without being dressed. I did not take the trouble to
have it dressed here, as I am not going to use the bone of
UNIVERSITY OF MINNESOTA. 29
the fish. After I have finished giving you the direction for tak-
ing off the skin, I am going to tell you how you could use the
bone of the fish. To cut the skin off the fish, lay the pieces of
fish skin down on the board; then, holding the knife down
straight, cut through the fish until you feel the skin under the
knife; as soon as you feel the skin under the knife, flatten the
knife out so that it lies against the skin; cut away from you,
holding the knife perfectly level, leaving the skin between the
board and the knife. Hold the piece of fish in your fingers;
lay it flat on the board, skin down, keeping hold of the skin all
the time." That takes the skin off, and none of the fish; there is
no waste there, and it certainly is very much easier to eat fish
in this shape than it is if you have the skin and bone on it.
Now, I assure you, ladies, if you only hold the knife flat, you
will have no trouble whatever in taking the skin off. If you
slant it you will cut through the skin of the fish, but if you hold
it perfectly flat you will have no trouble. Of course, with cer-
tain kinds of fish there are bones that run transversely from the
spine out through the sides of the fish. You do not take these
bones out by this operation, but you take out the large back
bone. It comes out every time, and I assure you it is a very easy
operation.
After you have taken all the skin and bones from the fish,
then, for this special dish, cut it^in small slices three inches long
and a couple of inches wide. Use two soup plates, or two dish-
es of the same size, deep dishes that you can send to the table.
Butter them very thickly, both of them. Lay the fish in one of
the dishes, season the layers with salt and pepper, and put a
very little butter between each layer, and plenty of butter on
the top. Turn the second plate over the first one, upside down
on it. Put the dishes with the fish between them into the oven
to bake for about twenty minutes, or until the fish flakes. You
can tell about that by opening the oven at the end of twenty
minutes, and lifting off the top plate; then you can see whether
the fish is done or not. Now, in the recipe of which I spoke to
you first, the addition of Sauterne wine is made. After the fish
is put into the dish, being seasoned as I have told you, using
less butter than you would without the wine, with half as much
butter on the layers, pour on Sauterne wine, that is a light,
rather acid wine, just enough to moisten the fish. In placing
the fish into the dish it does not make any difference which side
you put down. You simply want to put the pieces f nicely to-
30 BIENNIAL REPORT
gether so that when you come to help them you can lift each
piece out with a spoon. There is no acid that will take the
place of the wine and give the same taste. The fish is very nice
cooked simply with the butter, pepper and salt. You do not
need the wine to make a nice dish, only wine is used by the lady
of whom I speak. That is her special preparation of the dish.
The wine is put in after the fish is in the dish, j ust enough wine
to moisten it. You will notice that often I will make dishes that
have no wine in them; if I make dishes that require wine, I of
course put it in, saying that you may use the wine or not, as you
please. In this instance I use butter, pepper and salt -because
it makes a very nice dish, a very nice plain dish, but it is a dis-
tinct dish, entirely different to the dish cooked with wine;
simply two ways of cooking fish, making two different dishes.
For a fish of this size which probably weighed nearly three
pounds you may use about a heaping tablespoonful of butter
in all; that is, besides what you put on the plates. You will
butter the plates, and distribute butter throughout the dish.
The oven should be moderately hot, not hot enough to brown it
hot enough to heat the plates, which are very thick, and to
cook the fish within twenty or twenty-five minutes.
If you wash the board on which the fish is cut, at once, in plen-
ty of hot water, with soap and a little soda or borax all the odor
of the fish will be removed. Don't let any of the utensils stand
with the fish drying on them, because if you do it will be very
much harder to destroy the odor. And, by the way, ladies, the
odor of onions is another thing that troubles some persons. The
odor of onions on boards, knives and dishes you can do away
with entirely by using parsley. If you take a knife with which
you have cut onions, and chop a little parsley with it, or draw
the knife through the root of parsley two or three times, it en-
tirely destroys the odor of the onion. So that you see you never
need have any trouble in that way in the kitchen.
One of the ladies asks me how to prevent the odor of onions
going through the house when you are cooking them. What
makes onions, cabbage and turnips smell when you are cooking
them is the escape of an exceedingly volatile oil which they all
contain; in all of them it has the same characteristics; it does
not begin to escape until they are tender. The oil does not begin
to escape until the vegetables are tender; if you continue to boil
them after that, it will escape. If you take up cabbage or tur-
nips as soon as they are tender, that is, as soon as their sub-
UNIVERSITY OF MINNESOTA. 31
stance begins to grow tender, you will notice there will be com-
paratively little odor; but if you keep on boiling them, accord
ing to the old-fashioned rules, for an hour, two hours, or three
hours. you know you sometimes boil cabbage all day long,
you will be sure to have a nice odor through the house. In cut-
ting the onions, of course, if you bend over them, that same oil
rising from them escapes as you cut into their substance, and
will be sure to make you cry; but if you hold them a little away
from you in peeling them, or under water, or if you stand where
there is a draught blowing over your hands, it will blow that
oil away. In eating onions at the table, if you will subsequently
eat parsley dipped in vinegar, you will find that there will be
very little odor of the onion remaining in the breath.
Now to return to our fish. After you have taken the flesh of
the fish off the bone, you still would see a little of the fish re-
maining, even if you cut closely. Then draw the fish, and trim
the bone; that is, cut off the head, and the fins, and the tail,
and take out the entrails of the fish; then make a paste of dry
mustard, salt, and a dust of Cayenne pepper. For a bone the
size we have here, a long bone like that, use two heaping table-
spoonfuls of mustard, a dust of Cayenne pepper and enough vin-
egar, or Worcestershire sauce, to moisten the mustard to make
a paste, which is to be spread over the fishbone. Have the
double wire gridiron very thickly buttered, put the bone into
the gridiron, brown it quickly at a hot fire, and serve it simply
as a relish. A sort of Barmecide ftast, but I assure you it is
very nice with bread or crackers and butter. It makes a very
nice little relish. I might say, ladies, that you can treat any
kind of bones in this way. Cold roast beef bones are exceed-
ingly nice. Of course there will be more flesh on the beef bones
than on the fish bones.
PLAIN PASTRY.
Use butter, or lard, or very finely chopped suet. If you can
get good lard it makes nice pastry; by that I mean lard which
has a very little water in it. A good deal of the lard that you
buy in the stores has a large proportion of water in it, and I
believe in these days it is apt to be sophisticated with several
articles which are not exactly lard, so that home-made lard is de-
cidedly the best; that which you try out yourself. First take
the butter, or whatever shortening you use, butter, lard, or
.32 BIENNIAL REPORT
.suet, and mix it with twice the quantity of flour. For instance,
if you are going to use a pound of flour allow half a pound of
/shortening. Take half the shortening and mix it with the flour,
using a knife. Then wet the mixed flour and butter with just
enough cold water to form a paste which you can roll out. If
you mix with a knife or spoon you avoid heating the pastry.
After the flour and the first half of the shortening have been mixed
to a paste roll it out, about half an inch thick, and put the rest
of the shortening in flakes on it. One of the ladies asks about
putting flour on the pastry board: Extra flour, of course, be-
sides the quantity that you put in the pastry. The only object in
washing the butter is to get out any buttermilk that there may be
in it. After putting^ the butter the second half of the butter
over the pastry in rather large pieces, put just a little flour over it,
fold the pastry in such a way that the edge is turned up all round
to inclose the butter; that is about an inch and a half all round.
Fold the pastry together thin, and roll it out, and fold it several
times. Eemember that the offcener you fold it and roll it the
more flakes you will have in the cooked pastry. Take care to
use flour enough to keep it from sticking to the board or the
roller. You will remember the pastry is not salted and unless
the shortening has enough salt in it to salt the flour, you must
add it. Good lard makes a more tender pastry than butter.
Question. Do you ever mix them ?
Miss CORSON. Yes, you can mix them if you like, using part
lard and part butter. To roll out the pastry, roll it in a rather
long strip, that is, a strip about three times as long as it is wide.
That enables you then to fold it and keep it in a nice shape. It
does not make any difference whether you roll it from you or
towards you. As many times as you roll and fold it you give it
three additional layers. Now I might keep on rolling and fold-
ing indefinitely, and I simply should make the pastry have more
layers than this has, but I think you thoroughly understand
that, so that I will roll it out, and make our dumplings now.
Only remember that the more times you roll it the more folds
you make, the more layers you have in the pastry. Keep it as
cool as possible all the time. If you roll and fold it three times
remember that you have nine layers of butter and pastry. You
can roll it out more than that if you want to. Puff paste, which
is rolled and folded in this way, has what is called nine turns.
Rolling and folding it three times makes a turn. The object of
using marble or stone pastry slabs is to keep the pastry cool.
UNIVERSITY OF MINNESOTA. 33
If yon make more pastry than you want to use, wap it in a
floured towel and put it in a very cool place ; then when you
are ready to use it roll and fold it two or three times, and it will
be very much better than when first made. I am going to roll
up a strip of the pastry that I cut off the edge in such a way
that you will see how the layers are formed, and you can pass it
about. One of the ladies has asked me about heating the flour.
It is not necessary to heat the flour for pastry, on the contrary,
it would rather tend to spoil it. You want to keep it as cool as
possible. But in the winter when you are going to make bread,
if you heat the flour it facilitates the rising of the bread; there
you need the heat.
BAKED APPLE DUMPLINGS.
For apple dumplings, after the pastry is made, cut it in pieces
about four inches square and about a quarter of an inch thick.
One of the ladies asks about sifting the flour. That is neces-
sary, always. For. apple dumplings, peel the apples and take
out the cores, leaving the apples as whole as possible. The corer
that I have here is nothing but a round tin cylinder. Use any
apple corer that will take the core out without breaking the
apple. For this purpose Greening apples are the nicest. These
are table apples. Put an apple on each piece of pastry. In the
core of the apple put as much sugar as it will hold, and a very
small pinch of powdered cinnamon about a quarter of a salt-
spoonful of powdered cinnamon, or any powdered spice you
prefer. Then fold the corners of the square pieces of pastry up
over the apple so that they will lap over on the top of the apple.
Fasten the corners by moistening them a little with cold water.
After the dumplings are all made, brush them over the top with
water, or with melted butter, or with egg, beaten; the entire
egg, or if you have the white or the yolk, you can beat that up;
of course if you use just the yolk you make them a little yel-
lower. If you use the yolk of an egg, beat it with a little water.
Ladies are asking me about that little rolling pin. It is like that
little knife, it is bewitched, but the magic consists simply in
keeping the rolling pin perfectly smooth, and the knife sharp.
That is made of hard wood, and is polished so that it is perfectly
smooth, and of course I keep it so by not having it soaked in
water. Instead of putting water and soap on to clean it, it sim-
ply will be wiped with a wet cloth, and then with a dry one.
The thousand dents it has in it it has got by travel; it has been
5
34 BIENNIAL REPORT
knocked around in my traveling trunk for the last five years.
The dents did not get in it by using it.. It may be made of any
hard wood. One of the ladies asks me why I leave the corners
of the dumpling open. I could pat the crust around and bring
it right up close to the apple, but it would not be so light in the
first place. . The crust will hold together, it will not break apart
in baking, and you leave the ends nice and light; and it makes
a nicer-looking dumpling. The idea seems to be that if I should
close up the corners the juice of the apples would stay in. It
won't boil* out much, anyway.
Now, ladies, I am going to take a little of the soup stock that
we made yesterday out in a cup and pass it, so you can see what
it looks like before it is clarified. That is the soup stock or
broth that we made yesterday. You will remember where your
recipe ended yesterday, about the soup stock being poured into
a bowl and allowed to cool. That is the condition in which the
stock is now. After a little, I am going to tell you about the
clarifying of it, but now I want to finish telling you about dump-
lings, so you will have all your dumpling re'cipes in one place.
The question was asked, I believe, about the temperature of
the oven. About the same as for the fish a moderate oven, so
you can put your hand in and count, say fifteen, quickly. It
takes from half an hour to three-quarters to bake the dumplings.
Be careful not to brown them. If the pastry seems to be brown-
ing before the apples get done, and something will depend upon
the kind of apples you use, cover the pastry with a buttered
paper. The object of the egg on the dumplings is to make them
a little glossy. Use either butter, or egg, or water for brushing
over the tops.
STEAMED APPLE DUMPLINGS.
For steamed dumplings usually a suet crust is used. You
could use this crust if you wanted to, but it would not be sure
to be light. It might possibly absorb a little of the steam. For
suet crust you would use half a pound of suet chopped very fine,
a teaspoonful of salt and a pound of flour. Mix carefully the
flour and suet and salt with enough cold water to make a pastry
just soft enough to roll out. Eoll it out about a quarter of an
inch thick, and then cut it in little squares; prepare the apples
just as I prepare them for the baked dumpling; instead of fold-
ing the crust up and leaving the corners open, pat it with your
hands so that you entirely inclose the apple. Just roll the
UNIVERSITY OF MINNESOTA. 35
pastry out once and then inclose the apples in it, and put the
dumpling into the steamer; that is, an ordinary tin steamer; set
over a pot of boiling water and steam the dumplings until they
are done. You must decide that by running a trussing needle
or knitting needle through the pastry into the apple. It may
take an hour and a half to steam the dumplings; be sure they
are done.
For another kind of pastry that has been described to me by
enthusiastic gentlemen who used to have mothers, a kind of
pastry " that melted in your mouth;" it is very easy to make
that; not a flaky pastry, but a soft, exceedingly tender pastry
that really crumbles. To do that you simply rub all of the
shortening into the flour. Half a pound of shortening and a
pound of flour; put the shortening into the flour with the salt;
rub them with your hands till you have the shortening thor-
oughly mixed with the flour. It looks like meal; the ingredi-
ents must be thoroughly mixed, but not melted together; then
use just enough cold water to make the pastry, and roll it out
just once, and use it; be sure to keep it cool.
Question. Did you say an hour and a half for steamed dump-
ling?
Miss CORSON. It will take nearly that, but you must try
them; try them at the end of an hour. For the dumpling you
can use one of the sauces I told you of yesterday morning, white
cream sauce, or. you can use simply powdered sugar, or pow-
dered sugar mixed with a little cinnamon. You can use a hard
sauce, which is butter and sugar mixed together in equal quan-
tities, with any flavoring you like.
FRIED BEEFSTEAK.
That is supposed to be the great abomination of American
cooking, so that we are going now to see whether it can not be
nearly as nicely fried as broiled- It seems a heresy, but it is
true, and there are very many occasions where it is not possible
to broil in an ordinary kitchen; the fire may not be good, or
uncovering it may cool the oven. There is a very important
secret in frying beefsteak, or chops, and that is to have the pan
hot before you put the meat into it. It doesn't make any dif-
ference what kind of a pan you use. Use the ordinary iron fry-
ing pan, the old-fashioned spider, or dripping pan, if you wish
to; but have the pan hot; Jiave the pan hot enough to sear the
36 BIENNIAL REPORT.
outside of the meat directly it touches it; after the pan is hot
put the beefsteak, or chops because they are both cooked in
the same way into the hot pan. If the meat is entirely lean r
if there is not a particle of fat on it, you may put not more than
half a teaspoonful of butter in the pan; run it quickly over the
bottom of the pan. But I never saw meat yet so lean, unless the
fat was all trimmed off, that there was not fat enough to cook
any chop or steak. The portion of fat you will usually find on
meat is about one-third, unless you take the meat from the short
loin; that is called the porterhouse, or tenderloin steak. In that
case you have an excess of fat; there is more than one-third,
reckoning in the kidney fat, or suet. You may cut away some
of the fat, unless the butchers have cut it away. The butcher
has already cut it away from this pieee, and, by the way, I no-
tice that Minneapolis butchers cut a very long and thin steak.
Now I would not advise the cooking, broiling or frying of that
thin end. I would rather buy two steaks of that kind and cut
off that and use it for stewing, because it would stew very
nicely; broiled it will be rather tough.
As my frying pan is small I am going to cut the steak short.
These steaks are cut too thin. A beefsteak to be nice should be over
an inch thick an inch and a half thick. You can easily econo-
mise on a thick steak by simply cutting it in halves, and
using only as much of it as you want at once, because in almost
any weather steak will keep at least over night. Have it too thick
rather than too thin. Have it just the thickness you want and
then cut it in two, using part only if you only need part of it.
Trim off the outside skin, the tough skin; scrape the steak to
make sure that there are no particles of bone on it. That bone,
of course, comes in sawing the steak. Out off the cartilage at
the top of the steak, otherwise the steak may curl up. Have
your pan hot enough to make it sear. Put the steak in and
brown it quickly, first on one side and then on the other. In
turning the steak run a knife or fork under it and lift it. Don't
stick a fork into it, because by doing that you make little holes
in the fibre of the steak and so let the juice escape.
Question. Will you pound your steak ? ,
Miss CARSON. No, decidedly not; that lets out the juice. You
make little holes in the steak if you stick a fork into it, and by
pounding you let the juice out. Now, you want to keep all
the juice in the steak, all the juice that you can; so that, in turn-
ing the steak simply lift it with a fork or knife and turn it over;
UNIVERSITY OF MINNESOTA. 37
when it is brown on both sides push the frying pan back toward
the back part of the fire, and finish cooking it until it is done to
your taste. After it is brown on one side, turn it over; and
then, after that, you can turn it once or twice; the frequent
turning does not make any difference after you have got it
browneji on both sides and you can keep all the juice in. Turn
it as soon as it is brown at first; have the hottest kind of a fire;
get it brown on the under side as fast as you can; don't be afraid
of burning it; then turn it over and brown it on the other
side; after that you can turn it as often as you please. Some
people like their steak rare, some medium rare, and some well
done. To test steak, do not cut into it to see if it is done, but
press your finger on it, on the substance of the steak. If you do
that quickly you won't burn your finger. As long as the steak
is very rare the fibre of the meat will be elastic, and directly you
take your finger up the fibre will press up again; there will be
no dent there. When it is medium rare just a little dent will re-
main from the pressure, because the fibre is less elastic. When
it is well done you can press on it and make a little hollow that
will stay there. Do not season the meat until after it is done;
don't put salt on any meat before cooking; you draw out the
juice by salting it.
Now for the seasoning of the steak. I have already said that
to apply s^lt to the cut fibre of meat will be sure to draw out the
juice, so that you do not want to season a steak until it is done.
When it is done season it with salt, pepper and butter. The
quantities you use depend upon the taste. That rule applies
whether steak is broiled or fried. On that plate you will see the
drippings, all that was in the frying pan. There is .no juice of
the meat there; it is simply browned fat. Whatever juice there
was in the meat is still there. Broiled steak is cooked on pre-
cisely the same principle. It is to be put just as near the fire as
you can get it. After the broiled steak is browned on one side
and then on the other, just as fast as you can brown it; don't be
afraid of burning it; you need to watch it; then move it away
from the fire, and let it cook as much as you like. Test it in the
same way I told you to test fried steak. When it is done put it
on a hot dish; put butter, pepper and salt on it, and serve it
hot.-
Question. What do you do when the fat drops in the fire and
blazes'?
Miss CARSON. Of course it will do that, but that will help
38 BIENNIAL REPORT
brown the steak. If it is possible to broil under the fire it is
very much nicer. Sometimes the front of the stove is so ar-
ranged that you can let it down and run the gridiron under it ;
before you begin to broil over the fire you can get the top of the
fire very red and clear by throwing a little salt upon it; that
will help to destroy the odor. If the meat is frozen you. should
put it in cold water to thaw before cooking it; you can not avoid
in that case washing the meat. To return to the matter of
pounding steak: If you pound or break the fibre of meat in any
way you let the juice escape; that makes the meat dry.
Question. What do you say to the notion that so many have,
that pounding the meat makes it tender 1 ?
Miss OORSON. You do nothing but break the fibre and save
yourself the trouble of chewing the steak. To encourage laziness
it is a very good idea. But remember, if you drive the juice out
of the steak by pounding you destroy its nutriment. You need
the juice in the steak. Now, there is a remedy for the tough-
ness of steak, which I can give you, depending upon whether
you like^salad oil. If you do not, you ought to learn to, because
it is one of the most nutritious and purest of the fats when it is
perfectly good. Good sweet salad oil is preferable to any animal
or vegetable fat for purposes of nutriment. There is no reason
why you should not use salad oil on the score of health. A great
many people object to it; they do not like the idea; they think
it is rather foreign, and to some people it is distasteful, but they
have very strong memories of childhood and another kind of oil.
You know even that kind of oil in these days does not taste badly.
Olive oil, the peanut oil, or lard oil, when they are fresh and
sweet, are very desirable. To soften the fibre of the meat with
vinegar and salad oil put on the platter about three tablespoon-
fuls of salad oil, and half a teacupful of vinegar and a pinch of
pepper; no salt. Put these on the platter; then lay the raw
steak on the platter, and let it stand at least an hour; then turn
it over and let it stand another hour. The longer you can let it
stand, if it is in the daytime, turning it over every hour, the
tenderer you will make it. The vinegar makes the fibre of the
meat tender, and the oil keeps it so. That is, the vinegar soft-
ens the fibre of the meat and the oil keeps it soft. If you want
to prepare it for over night put it in the oil and vinegar a43out
6 o'clock, about supper time, and let it stand till bed time,
then turn it over, and let it stand till morning. When you come
to cook the steak do not wipe the oil and vinegar off ; simply let
UNIVERSITY OF MINNESOTA. 39
what will run off, and then lay the meat on the gridiron and
broil it, or fry it; there will be no taste perceptible if the oil is.
good.
CARAMEL FOR COLORING SOUP.
A heaping tablespoonful of common brown sugar if you have
it; if not, use any kind of sugar; put it in the frying pan and
stir it until it is dark brown; that is, until it is on the point of
burning; see that it browns evenly. Then put in a tablespoon-
ful of water, either hot or cold it does not make any differ-
ence; stir that until it is mixed with the sugar; then another
tablespooeful, until you have used about half a cupful of water.
If you should pour the water all in at once the sugar would
simply boil over and burn you. Use about half a cupfull of
water, adding it gradually, and stirring until the burnt sugar is
dissolved. That gives you the caramel. Now, while I am mak-
ing the caramel, I will describe to you the clarifying of the
soup.
CLARIFYING Sof P.
To clarify soup stock: For each quart use the white and shell
of one egg and one tablespoonful of cold water. Put the white
and shell of the egg and the cold water into the bottom of the
saucepan, and mix them together. Then put in the soup stock.
Set the saucepan over the fire and let it boil gradually, stirring
it every minute to mix the egg thoroughly so that it will not
cake on the bottom of the pan before it begins to boil. When
you have the stock made quite hot, when it begins to boil, then
you do not need to stir it; but let it boil until the egg rises to
the surface in the form of a thick,; white scum, and the soup un-
derneath looks perfectly clear, like sherry wine. Then strain it.
When the egg is thick and white, as you see this, and the soup
is clear underneath, set a colander in an earthen bowl, put a
folded towel, doubled, in it, pour the soup into the bowl, and let
it run through the colander without squeezing the towel. You
see that is a repetition of the direction I gave you for straining
the soup in the first place. The egg is in the towel. Now, I am
going to put some of the soup into a goblet before coloring it, so
that you can see the natural color. A light straw-color is the
proper color for clear soup. You will very often find clear soup
40 BIENNIAL REPORT
served to you, even at nice hotels, much darker than that 5 as dark
as what I am going to make now, which is the proper color for
the luncheon soups called bouillon. The coloring is a matter of
taste. The clear soup, or consomme, is to be served plain like
that, or with the addition of any macaroni paste, or poached
eggs, and then it takes its name from the additional ingredient
which goes into the clear soup. Julienne soup is served with
strips of vegetables in it, as I may tell you in some subsequent
lesson.
LECTURE FOURTH.
SLICED APPLE PIE.
Half a pound of shortening to a pound of flour, the shortening
to be rubbed into the flour with the hands until it is so
thoroughly mixed that it seems like meal, but not at all melted
or softened; then just enough cold water to make a pastry which
will roll out. Roll out the pastry and use it at once to line the
pie plates. Fill the plates with sliced apples, or with any fruit
or mince meat. To-day I shall use sliced apples. Sprinkle flour
over the pastry, and then roll it out and line the plates; wet the
lower crust to make the upper crust stick to it. Cut two or
three little slits in the upper crust. Take care not to press the
outer edges of the crust together. After the upper crust has
been put on the pie brush it with beaten egg, if you wish it to
be glossy when it is done. Then put it in a moderate oven and
bake it for three-quarters of an hour, until you are very sure
that the apple is done. You can tell that by trying the apple
through the little cuts that you make in the pastry. This morn-
ing, in making pastry, you remember that we rolled and folded
it a number of times. I simply roll this out once, just enough
to get it thin enough to use for my pie. First roll out the
pastry, and cut off the cover for the top of the pie. Lay it one
side, and then roll out the rest and use it for the pie, as I have
already directed. Use Greening apples if you can get them.
These are table apples. They are not so good for pies for two or
three reasons. They will not keep their form when they are
baked in the pie, and they may not be perfectly tender. These
will break and grow very soft as soon as they begin to cook.
UNIVERSITY OF MINNESOTA. 41
I might, while I ain making our pie, say a little about flour
: .., _ra use in the family. As a rule I use what is called
pastry flour, best for pie crusts. Pastry flour has more starch
in it than ordinary family flour, or bread flour. The starch
is the interior of the grain. The family flour is the grain
ground entire, only the husk being removed. From grain
ground in that way none of the nutritious elements are removed.
You get a greater proportion of gluten, and some of the
mineral elements of the grain that lie close to the husk; the
flour that has an excess^ of gluten in it will absorb more water
than pastry flour, or flour composed chiefly of starch, and it
will make a tougher dough, either in the form of pie crust or
bread than a flour which has the most starch in it. It is
more nutritious than starchy flour, so that if you want tender,
rather white pastry and bread, you must make up your minds
to sacrifice some of the nutritious elements of the flour. All
through the West the flour which is marketed is made, I think,
from the entire wheat, and that is more thoroughly good, and
more nutritious, than the so-called choice pastry flour. In the
West you have a better flour than we at the East do, if we de-
pend upon the Eastern mills. There are some very good brands
of flour made in New York State, but as a rule they are not so
full of gluten and not so nutritious as the Western flours. Where
flour is made from winter wheat, which lies in the ground all
winter long and gathers more of the mineral elements of the
soil than spring wheat does, the flour is superior.
The pie is now heaped full of sliced apples by using about half
a, dozen rather small apples. I suppose you think this is a rather
extravagant way to make a pie, but you do not need to put so
many apples in unless you want to; we want a nice thick pie.
This is cinnamon that I am using for flavoring. Put two heap-
ing tablespoonfuls of sugar on top of the apples in the pie. Fi-
nally brush the top of the pie, either with beaten egg or with a
little sugar and water dissolved, and put it into the oven to bake.
BREAD MAKING.
Now take your recipe for bread making. Use the compressed
yeast which you buy at the grocery store. For two small loaves
of bread or a large pan of biscuit use a whole cake of yeast. Dis-
solve the yeast in lukewarm water, a cupful of lukewarm water.
Then add enough flour to form a thick batter; that will be about
a cupful of flour; a thick batter which will cling to the mixing
6
42 BIENNIAL REPORT
spoon when you lift the spoon and let a drop fall on the surface.
Cover the bowl with a towel folded several times, or a thick
cloth, so that afl the heat can be retained. Then set the bowl
somewhere near the fire, in a place not too hot to bear your hand,
and let it stand for about half an hour, or until the batter is light
and foamy. Keep the bowl covered all the time, and take care
that you do not have it in too hot a place. Don't have it in a
place where you can not bear your hand. After the sponge
as the batter is called is light and foaming, mix in another
cupful of lukewarm water in which a teaspoonful of salt is dis-
solved. After the second cupful of lukewarm water with the
teaspoonful of salt dissolved in it, add enough flour to form a
dough stiff enough to knead with the hands. Knead the dough
on the board for just five minutes. Some good housekeepers
would declare that just five minutes' kneading is flying in the
face of Providence in the way of bread making, but I assure
you it is enough. That is, it is enough to give you bread of a
firm, fine grain, perfectly even in its consistency. It won't be
full of large, uneven holes; it will be firm, fine bread. After
you have kneaded the bread five minutes make it up in a
little loaf, or two loaves, as you like; put them in small iron
pans, buttered black iron bread pans and set them again
by the fire, where you can bear your hand, and let the little
loaves of dough rise until they are just twice as large as when,
you put them down. That generally will take about half an
hour if the yeast is good. Brush the loaves over the top with
a little melted butter, or with a teaspoonful of sugar dissolved
in water. Put them in the oven and bake them. The bread
is to be baked until you can run a sharp knife or trussing
needle in through the thickest part of the loaf without the bread
sticking in any way. If the needle or knife comes out clean and
bright the bread is done. It may take from half an hour to an,
hour to bake the bread. In the stove that I used the first morn-
ing over in the other building I have baked a loaf of bread, the
size of those I am going to show you, in eleven minutes. I had
not realized that bread could be baked thoroughly in so short a
time, but one day in Northampton, Mass., one of my class timed
the baking of the bread. A loaf of bread of that size was baked
in eleven minutes. This same bread dough you an make up in
the form of little rolls. I will make part of it up in rolls. Of
course you will understand that the smaller the piece of dough
the more rapidly it will rise the second time, and the quicker
UNIVERSITY OF MINNESOTA. 43
you will be enabled to bake it. So if you are in a hurry, and
want bread baked quickly, you will make it in the form of little
rolls; when I make the rolls I will describe the process.
Question. Should bread be baked a long or a short time ?
Miss CORSON. The sooner it can be baked the better. There
is no special object to be gained in the baking of bread except
to thoroughly cook the dough. It can not affect the nutriment
of the flour very much whether it takes a longer or a shorter
time. The nutriment of the flour might be slightly wasted if it
took a very long time. There is no objection to baking bread as
quickly as it can be done.
Now before I begin to make the pudding I will answer a ques-
tion that has been asked about the best yeast and the quick
rising of bread. The object of raising bread is srmply to make
it digestible by separating the mass of the dough. If it is firm
and solid, that is, if the bread is heavy, it can not be easily
penetrated by the gastric juice, and consequently is indigesti-
ble. So that the most healthy bread is that which is sufficiently
light and porous to allow the gastric juice to penetrate it easily.
Only a mechanical operation is required to make the bread light.
Now that process which will most quickly make the bread dough
light is the most desirable. The longer you take to raise bread,
the more slowly you raise, the more of the nutriment of the flour
you destroy by the process of fermentation that lightens the
bread. The yeast combining with water at a certain tempera-
ture causes fermentation, and from that fermentation carbolic
acid gas is evolved, which forces its way up through the dough
and. fills it with tittle bubbles, in other words, makes it light.
Now the more quickly you can accomplish that fermentation, or
rather lightening of the dough by the formation of little air
cells, the more you will pre'serve the nutriment of the flour.
The idea prevails to some extent that if ladies use as much
yeast as I have to-day the bread will taste of the yeast. It will
not if the yeast is fresh. If the yeast is old or sour it will taste.
But you can use as much as I have shown you and not have the
bread taste after it is done. You see my object in using a great
deal of yeast, proportionately, is to accomplish the lightening of
the dough in a Tery short time. The best bread that ever was
made or that ever was put on the market was raised mechani-
cally, without the action of yeast; it was called aerated bread.
It was bread dough lightened by a mechanical process. Car-
bonic acid gas was driven into the dough by machinery after the
44 BIENNIAL REPORT
flour was mixed with salt water; and the bread made was very
light and every particle of the nourishment preserved in that
way.
Question. Do you ever put sugar in bread*?
Miss CORSON. You can put in anything you like. You can
put sugar, or milk, or anything you like in the bread to vary it.
I will use nothing to-day but yeast, flour, water, and salt. This
is perfectly plain, wholesome bread. You put milk in bread
and it makes it dry quicker. Vienna bread, which is made
partly of milk, dries more quickly than any other bread that is
made. You can make any variation you like from the recipe I
have given you. I have given you a perfectly plain home-made
bread.
Question. Do you ever scald the flour for bread ?
Miss CORSON. You can scald the flour if you wish, but you
do not accomplish any special purpose by it. In the winter
time, if you heat the flour before you mix it with yeast and
warm water, you increase the rapidity with which the bread
dough rises.
Question. How would you make brown bread ordinary gra-
ham bread f
Miss CORSON. Use graham flour ; mix your white flour with it, if
it is for graham bread proper; if it is for graham gems use simply
graham flour, water and salt, beaten together. Graham flour,
salt and water beaten together into a -form and baked in little
buttered tins is the graham bread pure and simple of the Gra-
hamites. It is not necessary to knead bread more than once to
secure lightness. I have already said that the longer you pro-
long the process of bread making the more of the nourishment
of the flour you destroy. You will see when the bread is baked
to-day, if we are fortunate in our baking, that the bread is per-
fectly light and of even grain.
BREAD AND APPLE PUDDING.
Stale bread cut in slices or small pieces, fill a pudding dish of
medium size, only three eggs, or if eggs are very dear, four
tablespoonfuls of sugar, and a pint of milk, or enough more milk
to saturate the bread. If the bread is very stale and dry you
will have to use a pint and a half of milk. Three eggs, a pint
of milk, four tablespoons of sugar, will make about a quart of
liquid. The custard you pour over the bread; let the custard
UNIVERSITY OF MINNESOTA. 45
soak into the bread; then on the top of the pudding put a layer
of fruit about an inch thick. You may vary the fruit, using
sliced apples, or dried apples which have been soaked over night,
and then stewed tender, dried peaches treated in the same way,
or canned peaches, -canned pears any fruit you like. In the
summer, in berry season, use berries. If the fruit is sour
sprinkle it with sugar; then put the pudding in the oven and
bake it. You can use dried fruit with this pudding, such as
raisins or currants, but you put the fruit in through the pudding
instead of on top. If you want to make the pudding particularly
good you will separate the white and yolks of the eggs, mix the
yolks of the eggs with the milk and sugar; save the whites until
the pudding is done; in that case you have to use a little more
milk proportionately. Save the whites until the pudding is
done, then beat them to a stiff froth and add to it three heaping
tablespoons of powdered sugar, very gently mixing them y
just as I mixed that light omelette yesterday. That makes what
is called a meringue. Put the meringue over the top of the pud-
ding after it is done; run it through the oven for about a minute,,
just long enough to color it slightly, and then serve the pudding.
If you want the pudding entirely smooth when it is done, you
must break the bread up in the custard before you bake it. My
way is simply to saturate the bread with the custard. You can
beat it if you wish. The pudding will be slightly liquid, like
bread pudding, and then the fruit, if it is juicy, makes it still
more liquid, and if you add the meringue, that of itself is a
sauce. You will notice, as a rule, that I make everything as
plain as possible, because I wish to demonstrate that plain
dishes cooked with simple and few materials, can be very good.
Perforated tin pie plates bake very nicely. Of course you want
to take care to have the bottom crust thick enough, so that none
of the juice from fruit pies will run through. If the oven is
very hot on the bottom, it will not do to set a pie on the very
bottom; a grating must be used. You will have to use your
judgment about baking, watching the pie, and taking care that
it does not get burnt.
(Returning to the bread making, Miss Corson continued:)
Now I am going to put the second cup of water and flour into-
the dough. You want to remember, in raising bread, to keep
it always at the same temperature until you get it light. It
should be set where you can put your hand without burning.
Keep the bowl, containing the sponge, just warm. You don't
46 BIENNIAL REPORT
want it anywhere where it will get so hot as to scald the sponge.
You can set the bowl in winter over boiling water to keep the
temperature equal.
(A question was asked in regard to rhubarb pie.)
Miss CORSON. Some ladies put the rhubarb raw into the pies
when they make rhubarb pies, trusting to its cooking while the
crust is baking; others stew it with sugar before they put it in the
pies. When it comes in from the market it should be cut in
little pieces about half an inch long, and the outside, or thin
skin, stripped off. It requires a great deal of sugar, whether
you put it into the pie uncooked, or you first cook it. It makes
an exceedingly nice acid pie. Usually the best way is to stew
it first before you put it in the pie. That gives it to you in the
form of a pulp. If you put it raw into the pie, to a certain ex-
tent the form is perfect, that is, it retains its little block-like
shape after it is cooked.
(The bread now being ready to knead, Miss Corson recurred
to that subject.)
I will take for the dough three cups of flour, about three heap-
ing cupfuls besides the first one. There was an old adage to the
effect that some imaginary substance called " elbow grease' 7
was necessary in kneading bread. I presume that is another
name for force. But there is no special strength necessary. The
bread is kneaded for the purpose of entangling a little more air
in it, and you accomplish that by folding and refolding it, as I
am doing; just using enough flour to keep it from sticking to
your hands. In five minutes you will find that you have a rath-
er smooth, soft dough, that does not stick to your hands. That
is all you want. You will always find perfectly good yeast in
any town, or you can make the yeast yourself.
Question. If you use twice as much flour would you use twice
as much yeast f
Miss CORSON. If you want to raise the bread quickly you
can increase the quantity of yeast in the same proportion that I
have given it you here to-day, until you reach as much as six or
seven pounds of flour, and then you would not need to use pro-
portionately as much yeast. You could diminish the quantity a
little. You see, the object of using plenty of yeast is to get the
bread raised quickly.
Question. Doesn't home-made yeast make heartier bread than
the other ?
Miss CORSON. It makes bread less digestible it may be
UNIVERSITY OF MINNESOTA. 47
heartier in that sense; the Irishman does not like his potatoes
quite done 5 he thinks them heartier when they are somewhat
indigestible. There could not be more nutritious or wholesome
bread than this quickly raised bread. I have given you several
very good reasons for raising bread as quickly as possible.
Bread raised more slowly is not so nutritious, because some of
the nutritive elements are destroyed in the fermentation which
goes on in the slow process.
To make rolls, take small pieces of dough and make them
round, and cut them nearly through the centre. Put the rolls
in a buttered pan; cover them up with a cloth and let them rise
double their original size, where you can bear your hand.
Then bake them. Let the dough always rise until it is twice its
size before baking. I think I have already explained to you
that if you want the bre"ad or roll glossy you can brush it with
sugar and water, or melted butter. These rolls will be set on the
top of the stove to rise, just like bread. As soon as they are
twice their size they go into the oven to bake.
Question. Do you ever use any shortening in the rolls ?
Miss CORSON. You can use it if you want to. Knead butter in
the part of the dough that is designed for rolls say a table-
spoonful of butter; put it in when you are doing the five minutes'
kneading. There is no reason why you should not knead in
anything that your fancy calls for, providing it is edible.
Now I. will show you how you can prevent the juice running
out of fruit pies. For fruit pies pies made in the summer
time, of juicy fruits better use no under crust. Take a deep
dish; put the fruit into the dish, heaping it a little, just as I
heaped the apples; wet the edges of the dish with cold water;
lay the pastry on the dish and press it very slightly, not on the
edge itself, because that makes the pastry heavy, but just inside
of the edge. As I press it I leave the edge intact; press the
pastry against the dish all the way round; then with your finger
make a little groove all the way round your pie, inside the edge
of the crust; then, with a little knife, cut holes in the groove. Now,
when the juice of the fruit boils out, as it will, instead of forcing
its way out of the edges, the crust will be held upon the wet
dish, and the fruit juice will boil out in the little groove and
stay there. To serve the pie, you cut the upper crust with a
sharp knife, and serve with a spoon, taking a piece of crust and
plenty of fruit out on each plate. No under crust is there. If
you have an under crust with very juicy pie it will be pretty
48 BIENNIAL REPORT
sure to be soggy and heavy. The English way of serving these
pies is a very nice one, and is, as I have described, with whipped
cream. Serve whipped cream with a fruit pie. Among other
nice things that we can not get in this country is Devonshire
cream, which is a cream almost as thick as the hard sauce you
make by mixing powdered sugar and egg together; it is thick
enough almost to cut. We can not get that cream here, but use
thick, nice cream, sweetened or not, as you like. One of my
English friends, who first taught me this way of serving pie, said
that at her home they never sweetened the cream; they simply
whipped it to a froth and served it piled up on a dish by the side
of the pie. The pie was taken out on a plate, and then two or
three spoonfuls of this whipped cream laid on the plate by the
side of the pie. You can sweeten it if you like.
MERINGUE,
I will next make a meringue. I have already told you to use
the whites of three eggs, three tablespoonfuls of powdered sugar
and that really must be pulverized very fine and sifted. In beat-
ing the eggs you can always get them light very quickly, if they
are reasonably cold in the beginning, by beating with a change
of movement. Beat until your hand grows tired, and then simply
change the way you hold the beater. Don't stop beating. Of
course you can use any kind of an egg-whip you like. This
which I use is made of twisted wire. Only take care to have the
egg beaten entirely stiff. Do not have any liquid egg in th*e
bottom of the bowl. In the summer time you can cool the egg
by putting in a little pinch of salt if it does not beat stiff at once.
I would not advise using an egg that had the least odor about it.
As soon as the custard in the pudding is done we are going to
take the pudding out of the oven, and put the meringue on the
top, whether the apples are done or not. It does not do any harm
to stop beating for awhile. Mix this, using a cutting motion,
not a stirring motion. Mix until the sugar and egg are smoothly
blended, and the meringue is ready to use.
UNIVERSITY OF MINNESOTA. 49
LECTURE FIFTH.
Our lesson this morning is cream of salmon; shoulder of
lamb, boned and roasted; force meat or stuffing for roast meats;
potatoes, boiled and baked; and cheese crusts. I shall begin
with the lamb or mutton.
Remove the bone first, then stuff and bake the meat, as I have
no facilities for roasting with this stove; but I will have some-
thing to say about the process of roasting in the course of the
lesson. A great many of the ladies think that the shoulder or fore
quarters of meat is not so desirable a piece for use as the loin
or hind quarter, but that is a mistake. In the first place the
proportion of bone in the fore quarter is very much less than in
the hind quarter. In one lesson that I gave, about a week ago,
at Cleveland, I had a butcher remove all the bones from a fore
quarter weighing between five and six pounds, and then weighed
the bones: They weighed a pound and a quarter. I also had
him remove the bones from the hind quarters and weighed them,
and they weighed more. The meat of the fore quarter is sweeter,
and quite as nutritious as the meat of the hind quarter, and the
fore quarter is always cheaper. So that, you see, on the score of
flavor and economy, the fore quarter is more desirable for use
than the hind quarter. In England, where mutton is always in
perfection, it is the. fore quarter or shoulder of mutton that is
served to guests, and the hind quarter is the one that is used for
the family dinner.
To make the dish which I am going to prepare this morning,
I have had the whole quarter brought in so that I can show you
how the shoulder should be cut off. Simply with a large piece of
the outside skin attached. Usually the butcher might cut the
shoulder square off close, but I want this large piece of skin for
stuffing. There is a natural division between the shoulder and
the ribs, so that the shoulder comes off with perfect ease. If you
buy an entire fore quarter like that you will have the butcher
ut off the shoulder for roasting or baking, then let him cut the
neck in rather small pieces for stews or mutton broth. What is
called the rack or ribs would be cut into chops for broiling or
frying, and the breast would be cut off entire to be stewed or
roasted or baked. A very nice way to prepare the breast is to
have the bones all taken out, spread a layer of nice force
, ?$ 7
50 BIENNIAL REPORT
meat or stuffing over it, roll it up, and tie it. Then it can be
baked, or roasted, or stewed. Another nice way to cook the
breast is to boil it until it is tender enough to enable you to pull
the bones out without any difficulty; then take out all the bones,
put it on a platter, set another platter on top of it with a heavy
weight on the top platter, and press it until it is cold. Then,
cut it in rather small pieces, about two or three inches square,
and bread and fry it. The process of breading and frying is
accomplished in this way. You have cracker crumbs cracker
crumbs rolled and sifted or bread crumbs, stale bread, dried
in the oven 'and rolled and sifted, in a large dish. In another
dish beat a couple of eggs until they are liquid. It does not
need to be frothy, but simply to have the substance of the egg
well broken; then dip the little pieces of boiled lamb, first in the
cracker dust, then in the beaten egg, then again in the cracker
dust. That is called breading. To fry properly, so that you
have no grease, you want the frying kettle half full of fat. You
don't want a little fat in a frying pan, but a frying kettle like
that which you use in frying doughnuts. Put the kettle over
the fire and let the fat get hot, that is, let it get so hot that it
begins to smoke. When the fat begins to smoke you plunge
whatever article you wish to fry into it. If you take the pre-
caution to do that, have plenty of fat and let it get smoking hot
and then fry in it, you will never have anything greasy. The
action of the hot fat at once so carbonizes the surface of what
you wish to fry, and prevents the soaking of the fat. Fry what-
ever article you are treating until it is a light brown, then take it
out of the fat with a skimmer, and lay it on brown paper for a
moment coarse brown paper and that will absorb the very
little fat on the surface. It will be perfectly free from grease.
You can season before you bread an article, or you can season
the bread crumbs or cracker dust which you use in breading,
just as you like. Or, after the article is fried you can season it
with salt and pepper. Some things are seasoned after the fry-
ing for instance, Saratoga potatoes they are always salted
after frying. You can make bread crumbs very fine by using
a fine sieve and sifting. If you have cracker meal already pre-
pared you will see that it isasfine as Indian meal; it is sold in the
grocery stores and at the cracker factories, and it is cheaper to
buy cracker dust or cracker meal than it is to make it at home,
if you buy the whole crackers, because, of course the manufac-
turers can afford to use their broken crackers they are all per-
UNIVERSITY OF MINNESOTA. 51
fectly good in making cracker meal and sell that very much
cheaper than they can sell the whole crackers. The question of
the digestibility of fried articles of food is very often raised.
You understand that the hard fried surface is less digestible
than any soft surface, and many fried articles are indigestible
because of the quantity of grease they contain. If you fry in
the way I have told you, you will not have that excess of grease.
To take the bone from the shoulder, first cut from the inside
and take out the shoulder blade, cutting from the inside, avoid-
ing as far as possible cutting through the skin on the outside.
The butcher will always^do this for you probably, if you tell him
about what you want doue. First, the shoulder blade is taken
out, then the bone which follows down "along the leg. After the
shoulder blade is taken out put it into a kettle of water, over
the fire, and boil it for awhile until you can scrape all the meat
off of it. You will have to use it in finishing the dish. After
taking out the shoulder blade the cutting must all be done from
the inside. There will be two or three places where you may
possibly cut through the skin, where it is drawn very close over
the bone, but cut as little as possible. When the meat is freshly
killed before the skin is dried, you may not always cut through
there, but where the skin is dried fast to the bone you will have
to. This may seem a slight waste of time, but this dish is desir-
able for several reasons. In the first place, the bone being en-
tirely taken out you can carve it without any waste whatever and
with a great deal of erase. In the next place it gives you a very
ornamental dish. In fact, I am going to show you how to make
a duck out of it. And as I say, if you get the butcher to do it, it
^will not make any difference to you if it does take time.
Always in sewing meat or poultry, ladies, take very large
stitches, not with fine thread. Use cord, so that you can see where
the threads are when the meat is done. Any kind of a large
needle will answer for sewing, large enough to carry your cord.
Always leave long ends too.
To stuff the meat, season it nicely with pepper and salt and
any herb that you are going to use in making stuffing. Sage, of
course, would be very good with fat meat; put onion in the
stuffing to make it imitate duck. For a force meat of bread, a
teaspoonful of chopped onion; fry it in a tablespoonful of butter
until it is light brown. While the onion is frying soak a cupful
of stale bread in cold water until it is soft, then squeeze out the
water. Put the soaked bread with the fried onion, add a tea-
52 BIENNIAL REPOKT
spoonful of salt, a teaspoonful of any herb that you decide for
seasoning, any dried sweet herb, half a saltspoonful of pepper?
and stir all these ingredients over the fire until they are scald-
ing hot. Use that force meat for stuffing any kind of meat or
poultry. Of course there are a great many ways of making
force meats; this is only one, and a very simple one. Another
good stuffing for duck or for this dish, if you wish it more closely
to imitate duck, would be to increase the quantity of onion
use much more onion, half a cupful of onion, or even more when
you want to make onion stuffing. Another way is to use dry
bread without cooking, a chopped oniop, herbs, butter; some
ladies like to put an egg in stuffing. There are a great many
different methods of making it. Cold, chopped meat is very
nice added to stuffing or dressing.
After the shoulder is stuffed thus, run a needle entirely round
the edge in a large, over-hand stitch, so that you can draw it up
like a purse; stitches at least an inch and a half long. That
draws the edge up. Then take two or three stitches in such a
way as to hold the stuffing in. Remember always to leave long
ends in tying the cord used in sewing. Then curl the leg up
like the neck of a duck and fasten with a cord. After it is pre-
pared like that it is to be put into a pan in the oven, or before a
hot fire, and browned quickly on the outside. It may be sea-
soned after it is browned. There will be a little drippings in
the pan; baste it with the drippings; bake it or roast it, allow-
ing, if you want it well done, about twenty minutes to the pound.
A shoulder like that will weigh about two pounds and a half or
three pounds. It will do man hour's time in a pretty quick oven;
in an hour and a half in a moderate one. Use no water in the*
baking pan, because water never can get as hot as the fat out-
side of the meat. The temperature of the hot fat is higher than
the temperature of hot water, and the result of putting water
around meat in a baking pan is to draw out the juice. The ob-
ject is to keep all the juice in the meat. You will always find
that there will be drippings enough from any ordinary cut of
meat for the purpose of basting. If you have an absolutely
lean piece of meat pour about a couple of tablespoonfuls of
drippings, or butter, in the baking pan, but no water, and use
the drippings for basting. A nice gravy is very easily made
from the drippings in the pan. I will tell you about that later.
If the meat appears to be baking too quickly, if there is any
danger of its burning, put a sheet of buttered paper over it.
UNIVERSITY OF MINNESOTA. 53
Baste the meat every fifteen or twenty minutes. You can drench,
it with flour, just before basting, if you want to. That gives it a
rough surface. The flour browns with the fat. If you are
basting with water of course the flour would not brown so
quickly. I think I have given you good reasons for not basting
it with water.
CREAM OF SALMON.
A cupful of boiled salmon separated from the skin and bone
and rubbed through a sieve with a potato masher, mixed with a
quart of cream soup, gives you cream of salmon. Any of the
ladies who have seen cream sauce made will understand the
making of the cream soup. Put a slice of salmon that will make
a cupful, over the fire in enough boiling water to cover it, with
a heaping tablespoonful of salt, and boil it until the flakes
separate. That will be perhaps ten minutes. Watch it a little.
When the flakes separate drain it, take away the skin and bones
and put it into a fine colander or stout wire sieve, and rub it
through with a potato masher.
Question. Do you use canned salmon ?
Miss CORSON. Yes, you can use canned salmon. That is al-
ready cooked, and you simply would rub it through the sieve.
The fresh salmon is to be boiled in salted water. If you use
canned salmon you do not need to boil it. After the salmon is
rubbed through the sieve it is called puree or pulp of salmon.
Now to make a quart of cream soup: For each quart of soup
put in the sauce pan a heaping tablespoonful of butter, a heaping
tablespoonful of flour; put them over the fire and stir them until
they are quite smooth. Then begin to add hot milk, half a cup-
ful at a time, stirring each half cupful smoothly with the butter
and flour before you add any more, till you have added a quart,
or if milk is scarce a pint of milk- and a pint of water. If you
haven't any milk at all, a quart of water. That gives you a
white soup, if you add simply water; if you add milk it is called
cream soup. If you are very fortunate and have lots of cream,
in place of some of the milk, use cream, and then you will have
genuine cream soup. After the milk or water is all added, then
season the soup palatably with salt and pepper white pepper-
I have told you about white pepper. It is to be had at all the
grocery stores; it costs no more than black pepper and is very
much nicer for any white soup or white sauce. Salt and pepper
54 BIENNIAL REPORT
to taste, and a very little grated nutmeg; a quarter of a salt-
spoonful, a little pinch of grated nutmeg. After the soup is
seasoned stir in the salmon. I have cold you already how to pre-
pare the salmon. Stir the soup constantly until it boils for a
couple of minutes. By that time you will find that the salmon
is stirred smoothly all through it. Then it will be ready to serve?
and it is very good. You can use any other kind of fish in the
same way, and your soup will take its name from the fish that
you use. Halibut or codfish, trout or any fish. Only remember
if you want the soup to be white you must use the white part of
the fish. For instance, if you had a large dark fish you would
want to take off the brown parts and .use only the white parts.
Otherwise the brown parts of the fish will color the soup. You
can use cream soup as the basis for vegetable soups that are very
nice. Prepare the vegetables in the same way; boil them, and
rub them through a sieve with a potato masher. Then stir them
into the cream soup. Use asparagus, celery, cucumbers, green
peas, string beans, Jerusalem artichokes, those little root arti-
chokes, any vegetable, i a fact, vary ing the quantity of vegetable
in this way. You will find that some vegetables will give a
much more decided flavor than others. For instance, celery has
a very strong flavor, and cucumbers have rather a decided flavor-
You want to use enough vegetables to flavor the soup, if it is a
white vegetable. If it is a vegetable that has a decided color
like carrots, for instance, or beets, by the way, beets make a de-
licious soup, and a very pretty one is made with spinach, yon
want to use enough to color the soup. The beets, boiled so that
all the color is preserved, and then rubbed through a sieve, make
a very pretty soup. One of our New York pupils calls it a
"pink velvet soup. 77 Spinach makes a very nice green soup if
it is properly boiled. We shall try to get some spinach for one
of the lessons. We have puree of spinach on our list, and if we
can get any spinach I will show you how to boil it so as to keep
its color.
BOILED POTATOES.
The boiling of potatoes is a very simple operation, but there
is a good deal of talking to be done in connection with it. It
does not make any difference whether you use hot water or cold
in boiling potatoes. What you want to watch is the stage at
which you take the potatoes out of the water. That is what
determines whether they are to be mealy or not. The cause of
UNIVERSITY OF MINNESOTA. 55
the potatoes being mealy is the rupture of the starch cells and
the escape of the steam just at the right moment, just when the -
potatoes are tender; and if ^ou leave them in the water after
they are tender, then the membrane of the starch cells being
broken permits the water to penetrate; even if the skins are not
cut or broken, the moisture in the starch cells themselves will
condense and make the potato heavy, so that you want to give
the steam a chance to escape as soon as the potatoes are tender.
If you will do that you are sure of mealy potatoes, provided the
potatoes are ripe. Unripe potatoes, or new potatoes, or sprout-
ed or frosted potatoes, you cannot well make mealy, because the
starch cells in the new potatoes are not fully matured, in the old
sprouted potatoes they are disorganized, especially as the little
sprouts take up the nutritive properties which enable them to
grow. But if you use ripe potatoes, before they are beginning
to sprout, and pour the water off of them when they are tender
and allow the steam to escape, you will be sure to have the pota *
toes mealy, unless they are watery potatoes; the ordinary mar-
ket potatoes will be sure to be mealy. Now you can insure the
escape of the steam by draining the potatoes and covering them
with a towel folded several times; that is, draining off all the
water as soon as the potatoes are tender enough to enable you to
run a fork through them. Do not wait until they begin to break
apart, because by that time the starch cells are being broken up,
and the water will have begun to penetrate to the interior of the
potato.
After boiling the potatoes, either in cold or hot water, until
they are tender, drain them and put a folded towel over them in
the sauce pan. Set the sauce pan on the back part of the stove
where the potatoes can not burn, or put it up on a brick on the
back part of the stove. The potatoes may be peeled or not, as
you choose; if you peel the potatoes in the most careful way,
that is, cutting the thinnest possible skin off, you will waste at
least an ounce in every pound. A very good way to peel pota-
toes is to take off just a little rim of the skin all around them
and boil them; then if you want to peel them before they go to
the table, it will be easy to strip off the two pieces of skin re-
maining. In order to save time I shall put the potatoes into
boiling water enough to cover them, with a tablespoonful of
salt. Take about a quart of water and a tablespoonful of salt.
I have already said that as soon as the potatoes are tender
enough to pierce with a fork, not when they are beginning to
56 BIENNIAL REPORT
break, and they are drained, cover them with a cloth and keep
them hot as long as you like. In about three or four minutes
after they have been covered with the cloth they will begin to
grow mealy, as the steam escapes; and you can keep them hot
and mealy for three or four hours. It makes very little differ-
ence with potatoes, although with some kinds of vegetables it
makes a decided difference, whether you boil them in hard or
soft water. But as a rule soft water is best for boiling vegeta-
bles. You can always soften the water by putting a very little
carbonate of soda in it, to counteract the extreme hardness of
the water, which is caused by lime or mineral elements. The
hardness of water slightly hardens the surface of vegetables, but
it has an entirely different action on meats. It slightly hardens
the surface not enough to make the vegetable tough, by any
means, but enough to retain all the juices and all the flavors.
Do not have the potatoes tightly covered after they are cooked,
-because the steam will condense on tne inside of the cover and
fall back on the potatoes, thus making them watery. In serving
potatoes on the table after they are cooked, do not put a cover
on the dish; put a folded napkin over the potatoes. Do not put
the dish cover on it will have the same effect that it would
have if you put the cover on the pot. The steam arising would
condense, and fall back on the potatoes in the form of moisture^
and make the potatoes watery.
In baking potatoes, the same general principles apply. That
is, at the moment when the potatoes are tender and that of
course depends upon the oven in which you bake them the
starch cells are ruptured and the moisture is at the point of es-
caping if you give it vent by slightly breaking the potato, then
the potatoes will keep mealy for a little while. But baked pota-
toes deteriorate every moment they stand after they are tender.
You should serve baked potatoes just the moment they are done,
if you want them to be perfect. If you wrap them up in a nap-
kin it keeps in the steam. The longer they stand, the more of
the hard skin forms on them, and if you let them stand for half
an hour or more you find the skin sometimes a sixteenth of an
inch thick. You can take a little slice off the end without
breaking them, to permit the escape of the steam. But serve
them just as quick as you can. In sending them to the table do-
not put the dish cover on them. Throw a napkin over them to
keep the heat in. I have found that in baking potatoes that the
hotter the oven the better the potatoes would be; that is, the
UNIVERSITY OF MINNESOTA. 57
more quickly they would be baked. I have* been able to bake
them sometimes in twenty minutes.
To soak potatoes in cold water restores a little of their moist-
ure that may have been lost by the natural evaporation. For
instance, late in the winter you will find potatoes slightly shriv-
eled. That is caused by the escape of the moisture. If you
had weighed them in the fall, and weighed them again at that
time you would find they weighed less. To soak them for an
hour or more before you cook them is to restore that wasted
water and to increase the substance of the potato. There is
very little nutriment lost in the waste of the moisture; it is only
the bulk of the potato. You do not need to salt the water in
which the potatoes are soaked. The only effect of salting water
would be to make it colder. In soaking green vegetables it is
well to salt the water, because if there are any insects in the
vegetables they are killed by the action of the salt. In lettuce,
or cabbage, or cauliflower* there are insects that hide away
among the leaves, and salt kills them. In regard to the soaking
of the green vegetables, of course, directly the insects- are dead
they naturally fall of their own weight from among the leaves.
But if the leaves are closely packed, as sometimes they are in
cabbage or lettuce; you want to hold the vegetable by the root
and turn it up and with your hands separate the leaves without
tearing; if lettuce is used, take care not to tear them; if cauli-
flower is being washed, take hold of the root and shake it well
through the water, so that the motion will dislodge the little
creatures.
CHEESE CRUSTS.
For cheese crusts use bread that is a day or two old, baker's
bread or home-made bread; baker's bread is the best for toast of
all kinds, and this is a sort of toast. Cut the bread in even slices,
rather small, cutting off the crusts. There is no waste in doing
that, for I have already told you how to use up pieces of stale
bread by making them into crumbs. Grate some cheese so that
you have a tablespoonful of cheese for each little slice of bread.
On each of the little pieces of bread put a tablespoonful of the
grated cheese, a very little dust of pepper and salt and a small
piece of butter not larger than a white dried bean. Put the pieces
of bread in a pan, set the pan in a rather quick oven, and just
brown the cheese crusts. If the oven is in a good condition it will
toast the bread and brown the cheese in about ten -minutes, or
8
58 BIENNIAL REPORT
even less; they are #ery good, those little chese crusts. You can
use them either hot or cold. They are a very nice supper dish.
They are very good with salad at dinner, with any green salad.
Of course, if you serve them hot the cheese is a little more tender.
Any kind of cheese will answer for making the crusts. I think
that the ordinary American factory cheese is about as good as
any other cheese. You do not want a rich expensive cheese for
cheese crusts.
(At this point the stuffed shoulder of mutton was brought
forth, done, the fan-shaped shoulder blade being stuck in to rep-
resent the tail of the duck, which the whole dish strongly re-
sembled. )
GRAVY FOR MEAT.
There are about two tablespoonfuls of drippings in the pan.
I am going to put a heaping tablespoonful of flour with it and
stir until it is brown; then I am going to stir in gradually about
a pint of boiling water, and season it with s$lt and pepper, and
then I will send it down and show it to you. Make gravy in
this way for any baked meat.
LECTUBE SIXTH.
Our first dish this afternoon, ladies, vrill ba roast chicken.
The lesson will include fish and poultry. First, to choose a ten-
der chicken, examine the tip end of the breastbone the lower
end of the breast bone, to see if it is soft; if it bends without
breaking under pressure; in other words, if the cartilage has not
hardened into bone, you may be sure that the chicken is young,
and consequently probably tender. The market people have a
favorite way of showing you that the chicken is tender by tak-
ing hold of the wing and giving the .joint a twist. They say,
" You see how tender it is !" But that is no test except of
strength. But there is no ingenuity which can simulate that
soft cartilage on the end of the breast bone. That is always a
sure test. After choosing the chicken of course now I am
speaking of dressed chicken, or chickens that are killed after
choosing the chicken, have it carefully picked and singed; then,
if it is undrawn, wipe it with a wet towel, and proceed to draw
it carefully without breaking the intestines. If it is drawn al-
UNIVERSITY OF MINNESOTA. 59
ready the chances are that it will be imperfectly drawn and you
will have to wash it. There is the disadvantage of having poul-
try drawn before it goes to the market, because where peo-
ple draw poultry in large quantities they are very apt to do
it carelessly. In that case it is necessary to wash it, but if you
draw it carefully yourself you will not have to do that. By
washing, you of course take away the flavor, as I told you the
other day, because you lose more or less of the blood.
Cut the skin of the back of the neck and take out the crop, then
cut off the neck close to the body, that leaves the skin so that
you can draw it up and fasten it back. If this chicken was not
already cut for drawing I should cut it at one side under one o^
the legs, so that when I came to sew it up and dress it I could
hide the cut. This chicken has been drawn carefully and does
not seem to need washing. The liver and gizzard have been laid
back inside. The entrails are all taken away. You can always
tell by looking at the chicken whether the entrails are broken
and whether it needs washing. After you have drawn the chick-
en very carefully separate the gall from the liver. The gall is
that little greenish bag that lies on one side of the liver; and you
want to cut it off without breaking, because if you break it it will
make bitter everything that it touches. Save whatever fat there
is about the entrails, and put it in the baking pan with the chick-
en. The gizzard has been cut open from one side and the in-
side bag which contains gravel and straw taken out. But a very
much easier way to dress the gizzard instead of opening it, is to
cut away the bluish skin which lies on the outside, on both sides,
without opening the gizzard at all, and cut out that piece of
flesh. That is the only valuable portion of the gizzard; if you
-dress the gizzard in this way when it is not already opened you
save yourself a great deal of trouble, for it ;s a very hard matter
to open a gizzard like that and take away the bag which con-
tains the gravel, especially if the poultry has been frozen, as the
bag is apt to break and let out the gravel. Use the gizzard and
liver for making gravy, and the neck also. Cat out the oil sac
or bag which lies at the back of the tail. Then the chicken is
ready for stuffing. In cutting off the feet cut them below the
joint, not just at the joint. If you cut them just at the joint the
skin and flesh will draw up in cooking. But if you cut them
just below the joint you will find that they do not draw up.
After cutting off the feet scrape the skin all round to make sure
that there are no bits of feather or anything of that sort, and
60 BIENNIAL REPORT
wipe it with a wet towel and you have the chicken in readiness
to stuff.
Stuff it with any force meat that you like. You remember this
morning that we made force meat by chopping a teaspoonful of
onion and frying it in a tablespoonful of butter, then putting in
with the fried onion a cupful of stale bread soaked in cold water,
seasoning with salt and pepper and sweet herbs. I said also
that you could add chopped meat, cold meat or eggs, or to make
any desired addition to the force meat in the way of seasoning.
A little grated cheese in stuffing is very nice. You scarcely
will realize what the seasoning is. I will use a little grated
cheese this afternoon to make a force meat very like what I
made this morning, except in addition to the chopped onion
fried in a tablespoonful of butter, seasoned with salt and pepper,
I shall put in half a cupful of grated cheese. You may like ta
know my way of choping onion. In the first place, I make a lot
of little cuts in one direction as far down as I think I shall need
in order to get my teaspoonful; then I make little cuts in the
other direction, and then by slicing it across you get your
chopped onion. A very nice addition to force meat is chestnuts,
either our ordinary American chestnut, or French or Italian
chestnuts. These are quite large. I presume they are for sale
at the fruit stores here. Our ordinary American chestnut is
very good. Choose rather large chestnuts and either roast or
boil them; take off the husks and skins and thus use them to
stuff the chicken with, either simply using the chestnuts sea-
soned with salt, pepper and butter, or if you have boiled or
roasted and skinned them, mix them with bread and seasoning.
Then, after having prepared the force meat, you put it into the
chicken, sew it up and truss it into shape. I will show you di-
rectly how to do that so as to keep the chicken plump, and so
that it does not, in roasting, spread apart. I shall sew it with
a trussing needle and a cord, or you might accomplish the same
purpose, by using skewers, putting the skewers just where I put
the cords. In sewing up a chicken after it is stuffed, remember
what I said this morning; take large stitches with coarse cord so
that you can easily see where to take the threads out when the
chicken is done. After the chicken is trussed, if you are going
to bake it, put it into a pan without any water, for the same rea-
son that I gave you this morning. The water will soak it, half
simmer it; you do not need water to keep it from burning, be-
causea little drippings will soon come from the chicken; brown
UNIVERSITY OF MINNESOTA. 61
it and then dredge it with flour, and baste it every fifteen min-
utes or so. Bake it until it is tender and nicely brown; the time
of course depends upon the heat of the oven. Truss the chicken
first, pushing the legs as far up as you can towards the breast,,
and run the trussing needle, which is simply a long needle,
through so as to hold the legs fast. Then either bend the wings
back in turning them, or simply fold them together and secure
them with the same string. By drawing the string tight, you
keep the bird plump; keep it drawn together, and when the
bird is done all you have to do is to take these two ends of string
in one hand, make one cut and pull the string out.
The liver, the gizzard, the heart, the neck and the feet, use in
making gravy. Of course the gizzard, liver and heart are all
right as they are now prepared. If you wish to add the feet,
you will scald them and scrape off the skin. Then cut off the
ends of the claws, and you have the feet perfectly clean; put
them with the gizzard, liver and heart to boil as the basis of
your gravy. The French people always save all the feet of all
kinds of poultry. They prepare them in this way and put them
into soups; sometimes they cook them till the bones grow gelat-
inous, till they are very soft and tender; they dress them with
sauce and serve them as what they call an entree or side dish.
They make a dish which is more delicate than pigs 7 feet. Of
course in a large kitchen where a great deal of poultry is used
it is possible to make a very good-sized dish of them.
FRICASSEED CHICKEN.
I shall use this chicken for fricassee; it has been singed,
picked and wiped with a wet towel.
First, cut the skin down back of the neck, and cut off the
neck. I shall talk about this chicken as if it was not drawn at
all. Showing^you how to cut it up and draw it at the same time.
Cut off the neck and take out the crop, as I showed you with
the other chicken. Then cut off the wings, taking a little of the
breast with the wings. Find the joint where the wings join the
body, cut at that joint; then, instead of cutting the wing right
off short, take a little piece of the breast with it. That gives
you a nice piece. Then cut the wing in two, and cut off the tip,
which is dry; that you can cook in the fricassee, or not, as you
please. It fl ivors, but there is very little meat on it. The other
part of the wing you want, of course, to use. Put the pieces of
62 BIENNIAL REPORT
chicken on two plates, putting the good pieces on one plate and
the inferior pieces on the other. Having taken off the wing,
take off what is called the wing side bone. Then cut forward
and break off the shoulder bone. The idea is to cut the breast
into several good -sized pieces. Cutting in this way you sacrifice
what is called the merry-thought or wishbone. You either can
cut off the side bone or not. Cut off the other wing in the same
way. Then cut off the leg and second joint together. Instead
of cutting the leg in two pieces at both joints, cut it in three
pieces, that gives you two pieces of the second joint. In cook-
ing chicken for fricassee you want to have the pieces about one
size, so that they will cook easily. Then if they are one size
they are much easier to help.
Next, to separate the breast from the back bone, cut down
through the ribs on each side. If the chicken has not been
drawn be careful with your knife, not to cut into the entrails.
Then you can take the breast off, and if the chicken is not
drawn, all the entrails will be exposed, and you can draw it with
perfect ease. The lungs of the chicken, which are those light
red organs on the side of the back bone, are always used by the
French in cookery, not only those organs in chicken but in the
larger carcasses of meat. They are quite as much food as the
heart or liver. I am not in the habit of using them, but they
are quite as available. After the breast has been taken off, cut
it up in several pieces. First, cut off the entire tip, leaving
that in one piece. Then cut the remainder in two or four pieces,
according to its size. Next cut the back bone. There is a natur-
al division in the upper part of the back bone that breaks therej
cut that off and trim off the ribs. In cutting the lower part of
the back bone, instead of cutting it just in two, making rather
queer pieces to help, cut off the upper part of it leaving it en-
tire, not splitting that part of it. In that way, cut off the por-
tion called the " oysters, " two little pieces of flesh in the upper
part of the back bone, that are considered very nice. On one
plate we have the inferior parts, on the other the nice parts of
the chicken, being all cut in pieces of one size. It is easy to
help, it cooks more evenly, and is rather nicer than if you had
it in two or three sizes. Part of the chicken I am going to make
into a brown fricassee, and part of it I am going to fry. There
would be thirteen pieces if we counted the two pieces of the
back bone. There are half a dozen of the poor pieces, not count-
ing the wing pieces or neck. The question is asked whether
UNIVERSITY OF MINNESOTA. 63
the cords or sinews should be drawn from the legs. You can do
that with old poultry if you want to, because those cords never
get very tender. It is not necessary to do it with [medium ten-
der poultry.
First brown the chicken, using either some of the chicken fat r
or butter, or salad oil for browning it. Now, since the question
of using salad oil in cooking has come up, suppose I cook this
chicken with salad oil so that you can taste it. After all, that
is the best test you possibly can have as to whether you like
salad oil in cooking. I shall put in just salajd oil enough to
cover the bottom of the sauce pan. That is enough to prevent
sticking. For a chicken of three pounds take about three or
four tablespoonfuls of salad oil; just enough to cover the bottom
of the sauce pan. First put the sauce pan containing the salad
oil over the fire and let it get hot; then put in the chicken and
brown it. Now, can you notice'the slightly aromatic odor* That
is the oil, and directly you notice that odor, and the oil begins-
to smoke, it is hot enough. As soon as the chicken is brown,
and you can brown it just as fast as you want to, then put a
heaping tablespoonful of flour over it some of the ladies will
have seen the same process in making the brown stew of meat
the other day and stir the chicken until the flour is brown.
When the flour is brown on the chicken, and that will be by
the time you get it well stirred up, then add boiling water
enough to cover it. When the flour is brown among the
chicken, put in boiling water enough to cover it, season it with
pepper and salt, palatably, and let it cook until it is tender.
That will take from half an hour to two hours, according % to the
toughness of the chicken. Remember the more slowly you cook
it after it once begins to cook, the nicer it will be. Cover up
the sauce pan after the fricassee is seasoned, and cook it until it
is tender. In the cooking of chicken the gravy that you make
by putting boiling water on seems to boil away, and you may
want to add a little more; just keep enough gravy over it to
cover it, and when it is tender it is ready to serve. The odor
you notice now is the aromatic odor of that salad oil, and is all
that you will get in cooking with olive oil.
FRIED CHICKENS.
Next the fried chicken, Maryland style, will be prepared. We
will fry the chicken, and then I will tell you about hominy.
The Southern cooks use lard for frying, either lard entirely or
64 BIENNIAL REPORT
half lard and half butter; enough to cover the bottom of the
frying pan about half an inch. Let the fat get hot, put some
flour on a plate, season it with salt and pepper, and roll the
pieces of chicken in it. When the fat is hot in the pan and the
chicken has been rolled in the flour, put it into the hot fat
and fry it brown, first on one side and then on the other. Of
course tender chicken is generally used for this dish so that by
the time it is fried brown it is done. Fry the chicken until it is
tender and brown. Take up the chicken when it is brown, put
it on a hot dish; ifl the frying pan where it was fried, put enough
cream to make a good gravy, stirring it constantly. You see
there will be flour on the pan off the fried chicken that will
thicken the gravy. Season the gravy with salt and pepper,
pour it over the chicken and serve it. Some of the colored
cooks whom I have seen prepare this dish first dip their chicken
in water before rolling it in the butter and flour. That is for
the purpose of making more flour stick to it; but there is always
this disadvantage, if you do that there will be some particles of
water remaining, and when you put it in the hot fat it will sput-
ter very nruch. You can do that or not as you like. While the
chicken is being browned I will tell you how to prepare the
hominy. Of course the chicken is to be seasoned with more
pepper and salt if you wish, in addition to what you put on in
the first place with the flour.
HOMINY.
First pick the hominy over and wash it. Fine hominy is gen-
erally used for this dish. Put it over the fire in cold water, a
cupful of hominy to about four cupfuls of water. Boil it and
stir it often enough to prevent sticking, until it begins to be
tender. Boil it for an hour, until it begins to grow tender. Then
place it where there is no danger of burning, pour off the water,
or leave off the cover of the sauce pan so that the water will evap-
orate. The hominy will need to cook pretty nearly an hour, and
when it is done or nearly done it should be as thick as hasty
pudding. If you have a double boileryou can put in very much
less water, for there is no danger of burning. I think you would
need only about half or a little more than half as much water.
Only take care to leave the cover off the kettle if you find that
the hominy is going to be thinner tjian hasty pudding when it is
nearly done. If the hominy is used rather coarse, about five
minutes before it is done mix a tablespoonful of flour with just
UNIVERSITY OF MINNESOTA. 65
enough water or milk to make it a thin liquid, and stir it into
the hominy. That will hold it together when it is cold, so that
it can be cut into slices. In making hasty pudding you can put
that tablespoonful of flour in to hold it together when it is cold.
You want to allow long enough for the flour to boil thoroughly;
before dishin g the hominy when it is tender pour it into an
earthen dish or shallow tin pan wet with cold water, and let it get
cold and hard. Always make this in advance of your fried chick-
en. You want the hominy cold and solid so that you can cut it. Cut
it in little cakes about an inch thick and two inches square. These
little cakes of hominy are to be fried either in the pan with the
chicken or in another pan by the side of the chicken, and served
on a dish with the chicken.
FRIED FISH.
"I have here some fish which I shall fry. We will not try
broiled fish, because this has been frozen; we will do that some
other day. In frying fish use either Indian meal or flour, sea-
soned with salt and pepper, to roll the fish in. Fry the fish in
lard or the drippings from salt pork. In case you use salt pork,
fry it brown. Olive oil is one of the nicest fats for frying fish.
You may have your choice whether I fry with lard or oil. We
will fry in oil. If you use lard at all you want it to be very
nice. In the frying pan I shall put about half an inch of oil;
that is less than half a cupful. Put it over the fire and let it
get hot, just as I did for the chicken. This is frozen fish that
has been thawed. Cat the fish in pieces about two inches square
and roll them either in flour seasoned with pepper and salt, or
Indian meal, as I told you; put them into the oil when the oil is
hot. As soon as the fish is browned nicely it will be done. You
can add more seasoning than there is in the flour. Use Indian
meal with pork; it is particularly nice.
9
66 BIENNIAL REPORT
LECTUEE SEVENTH.
Our lesson this morning, ladies, will begin with pea soup with
crusts. This soup I shall make with the addition of a little
onion. You remember the other day we made pea soup per-
fectly plain. We shall cook salt codfish stewed in cream, veni-
son with currant jelly, stewed carrots, and cabinet pudding.
First the peas will be put on the fire to boil, and I shall begin
to make the pudding.
CABINET PUDDING.
The cabi.net pudding as I shall make it to-day will be rather
elaborate. You can make it more plainly. It is made of cake,
sponge cake is the best, French candied fruit, eggs and milk.
So that, first,'! shall give you the recipe for the pudding as I
make it to-day, and then I will give you the recipe for the plainer
form. For the pudding use a pudding mould of the size I have in
my hand (holding about a quart), about half a pound of French
candied fruit, which you can get at the confectionaries here; I
have to-day candied cherries, a little candied pear, a green lime
candied, a small orange, and an apricot. I shall also use a very
'little citron, about an ounce of citron. That I want simply for
the effect of the green part of the citron. Put the citron in the
form of small leaves. The large fruits cut in slices, which you
may leave round or cut in the form of stars or to imitate a flower
bud. After you have cut the fruit, butter a perfectly plain tin
pudding mould thickly with cold butter, quite thickly. Have
the butter cold; lay the fruit against the mould in the form of a
wreath, or a star, or any fanciful form you like, some on the
bottom of the mould and some on the sides. The cold butter will
hold the fruit in place. After part of the fruit is laid against
the sides and bottom of the mould, then cut the sponge cake in
large slices about half an inch thick, one slice the size and shape
of the bottom of the mould, and either one long slice that will go
round the sides of the mould inside-, or two or three pieces, ac-
cording to the size of your cake. Generally, in cities where
there are confectionaries, you can buy sponge cake baked in large
thin sheets. You know the form in which it is used for the
bakers' charlotte russe. This is baked in large sheets; cut it in
UNIVERSITY OF MINNESOTA. 67
small sheets and fit it into the moulds. Because it is very thin
you can work with it very much better than you can with that
which is thicker. This will be very apt to break, because it is
very stiff. If you are to shape the cake to your mould the cake
should be perfectly soft and flexible.
After the first layer of cake is put against the mould, then use
the rest of the cake cut in small pieces, or broken, and put int o
the mould in layers with the rest of the fruit. You see, first you
use some of the fruit to ornament the inside of the mould, then
some of the cake to line the inside of the mould. That gives you
what will be the outside of your pudding when it is done. Then
when the mould is decorated with fruit and lined with cake, put
the rest of the cake and fruit into the mould in layers. Make a
custard of a pint of milk and six eggs, because for this pudding
the custard must be firm enough to hold the pudding in shape
so that it can be turned out of the mould; also a quarter of a
pound of sugar; that is about four heaping tablespoonfuls of
sugar.
After the custard is made, pour it into the mould which you
have filled with cake and fruit, and let it stand so that all the
custard may be absorbed by the cake. When the custard has
been entirely absorbed by the cake, set the mould in the steamer
or in the sauce pan with water to reach two thirds up the side
of the mould. Put the cover on the steamer, or sauce pan, and
steam it until the custard is firm. That will generally take
about an hour and a half. It may take a little longer, but be
quite sure that the custard is firm. Do not cook the custard
first, just mix it up. In order to be sure that the custard is firm
before you attempt to turn the pudding out, you want to run a
fork or a small knife down through the thickest part in the mid-
dle of the pudding; move it backward and forward; look into
the pudding to make sure that the custard is done. As long as the
custard looks liquid at all, you must keep on cooking. When the
pudding is done take the mould out of the steamer, using a towel,
because the mould will be hot. Take a dish or platter that fits
just over the top of the mould; have the inside of the platter the
size of the top of the mould; put the platter over the mould and
.turn it upside down; then you will find that you can lift the
mould from the pudding without any trouble, and the pudding
will remain there on the platter. This pudding I shall serve
with powdered sugar. It is exceedingly rich. It is not necessary
to have a sauce with it because it is so rich. But you can use, if
68 BIENNIAL REPORT
you wish, any of the nice pudding sauces that I have told you of.
This is a pudding which in Europe is served as the greatest lux-
ury. It takes its name "cabinet" pudding from the fact that it is
served in the little rooms, or cabinets, that is, the private rooms
where. special dinners or suppers are given in the European restau-
rants. What is called cabinet pudding in the restaurants and hotels
in this country is usually a nice bread pudding made with fruit, and
it is not decorated in this way. Trouble is not taken to decorate
the mould. It is simply a nice bread pudding made with custard,
with some raisins or currants in it. That is what is called cab-
inet pudding in this country in the restaurants and hotels. So
you can make the memorandum that you can use instead of the
cake, bread; and instead of the Prench'fruit, simply raisins, cur-
rants and citron. You can spend as much time and ingenuity
decorating the pudding as you like, but I have done this very
quickly and very simply. The pudding can be served hot, or it
can be cooled and then put on the ice and made very cold.
You noticed that in filling the mould I pressed the cake down
on the inside, because, as it is saturated with the custard, of
course it would sink down. You want to press the cake well
down in the mould, and have a layer of cake on top, the last layer
of cake.
Question. If you made it of bread wouldn't you have to use
more sugar in it?
Miss CORSON. Yes, if you use bread you would have to use
more sugar.
Question. Do you have any salt in it !
Miss CORSON. You don't need to put any salt in it. You
can if you want to. There is no necessity for it, because there
will be salt both in your bread and in your cake.
Question. Do you flavor the custard?
Miss CORSON. No, just the plainest custard. You will find
that the French fruit will give the custard all the flavor you re-
quire. You will find that if you put the custard into a pitcher
after it is made you can pour it into the pudding very much
more readily than if you try to pour it from the bowl. Either
put it into a pitcher or use a cup, because you will have to pour
it slowly in order to let it thoroughly absorb.
PEA SOUP WITH CRUSTS.
ISText take the recipe for pea soup. Some of the ladies who
were at the Monday afternoon lesson will need only to make one
UNIVERSITY OF MINNESOTA, 69
or two notes, and the others will take the full recipe. For pea
soup, four quarts, use a cupful of dried peas, yellow split peas.
Pick them over, wash them in cold water, put them over the
fire in two quarts of cold water and let them heat slowly. As
the water heats it softens the peas. When it is boiling add half
a cupful more of cold water and let that heat; then add more
cold water; continue to add cold water, half a cupful at a time,
until you have used two quarts more of cold water in addition
to the first two quarts. The object of adding cold water slowly
is to soften the peas, by reducing the heat of the water and then
gradually increasing it again you soften the peas so that you can
cook them in from an hour and a half to two hours. Boil them
very slowly without the addition of salt until they are soft
enough to rub through a sieve with a potato* masher. After
they are rubbed through the sieve put them again into the soup
kettle with a tablespoonful of butter and a tablespoonful of flour
rubbed to a smooth paste. Stir the soup over the fire until the
butter and flour are entirely dissolved; then season the soup
palatably with salt and pepper and let it boil for two or three
minutes. While it is boiling cut two slices of stale bread
bakers' bread is the best, or very light home-made bread in
little dice about half an inch square. Put a couple of table-
spoonfuls of butter in a frying pan over the fire and let the but-
ter begin to brown, then throw the dice of stale bread into the
butter and stir the bread until it is brown. Take it out of the
butter with a skimmer, if it has not absorbed all the butter, and
lay it for a moment on brown paper, and then put it on a hot
dish to send to the table with the soup. Do not put the bread
into the soup unless you are going to serve at once, because it
will soften a little; but you will find that fried bread will soften
less quickly than toasted bread. A great many people put
small squares of toast in the pea soup, but that softens at once,
If you have a frying kettle which you use for doughnuts or frit-
ters, or anything of that sort, partly full of frying fat, you can
heat it and fry the bread in that instead of frying it with the
butter in a frying pan. Have the fat smoking hot; the bread
browns very quickly; take it out on a skimmer and lay it on a
brown paper for a moment; then it is ready for the soup. These
little fried crusts of bread are called croutons or crusts in the
cookery books. I am going to add an onion fried in butter to
the soup to day. Put that in, if you use it, when you first begin
to cook the soup. One onion, peeled, sliced, and fried light
70 BIENNIAL REPORT
brown in a tablespoonful of butter. You could also use the
bones from ham, cold roast ham, cold boiled ham, or the bones
of beef either raw or cooked, in the place of the onion, or in ad-
dition to the onion, as you like. Remember all those things
give distinct flavors t^ the pea soup. If you put any kind of
bones in, put them in with the peas at the beginning and boil
them with the peas.
SALT CODFISH, STEWED IN CREAM.
Next take the recipe for salt codfish, stewed in cream. First r
to freshen salt codfish; that, of course, is always the first thing
you do with salt codfish, no matter how you finish. You can
do that by soaking it over night in cold water; if it has
any skin on it be sure to have the skin side up. If you put it
in the water with the skin side down, the salt which soaks out
of the fibre of the fish simply falls against the skin and stays
there. The fish does not get any fresher. A great deal of cod-
fish in these days is sent to the market without either skin or
bone. Supposing we have the regulation dried codfish, we skin
and bone it, then soak it over night in cold water, and
next morning put it over the fire in more cold water, plenty of
it, and put the kettle or pan containing the fish and the cold
water on the back part of the stove, whe,re it will heat very
gradually. Do not let it boil at all, but keep it at a scalding
heat. Do not more than let it simmer. The effect of the boil-
ing on any salted fibre, whether it is fish or meat, is simply to
harden it. Keep it at a scalding heat until the fish is tender.
Of course that will depend upon the dryness of the fish. It may
take a half hour, it may take an hour. That is one way to
freshen fish. Another way the way I am doing now is ac-
complished more quickly by putting the fish over the fire in
plenty of cold water, enough to cover it; set it on the stove
where it will heat gradually. When the water is nearly hot on
the fish pour it off and put more cold water on. Let that get
scalding hot; do not let it boil at all; simply let it get scalding
hot that is, let the steam begin to rise from it. Change the
water as often as it gets scalding hot, until the fish is tender. If
you are careful to change the water often enough, that is, if you
do not let it begin to boil, probably the fish will be tender in half
an hour from half to three-quarters of an hour. The time will
depend upon the dryness of the fibre of the fish. Generally in
about half an hour it will be tender. As soon as the fish is ten-
UNIVERSITY OF MINNESOTA. 71
der drain it, and then it is ready to dress in anyway you wish to
use it. To-day I shall make a little cream sauce, and heat the
fish in it. That will be codfish stewed in cream sauce. Boiled
codfish you would serve with boiled potatoes, and the white sauce
is made either with water or milk and hard-boiled eggs. That is
the old New England salt fish dinner. Usually, with a salt cod-
fish dinner there were boiled parsnips and sometimes boiled
beets; and it is very nice if you like codfish. For codfish hash,
the old-fashioned codfish hash, use simply boiled codfish torn
apart, forked in little fine flakes or chopped in fine flakes; of
course all the skin and bone is taken off, mixed with an equal
quantity of boiled potatoes, either mashed or chopped fine, pal-
atably seasoned with pepper; of course the fish would be salt
enough, usually; for a pint bowl full of fish and potatoes, use a
tablespoonful of butter. The fish and potatoes are thoroughly
mixed, then put into a frying pan, with just enough butter or
drippings to keep it from burning. You may put, for the quan-
tity I have given you, a heaping tablespoonful of butter in the
frying pan, and let it melt; then put in the fish, and continue
stirring it. Bernember there is some butter in the hash already,
and that will melt with the heat and probably be enough; but
if you need any more to prevent its burning, add a tablespoonful.
Stir the hash until it is scalding hot; then push it to one side of
the frying pan with the knife you are stirring it with, and form
it into a little oval cake at one side of the frying pan. When the
hash is thoroughly hot, the butter in it will begin to fry out of it,
and there probably will be butter enough to prevent its burning.
Let it stand in the little cake at the side of the pan until it is
browned on the bottom. You want to watch it a little, and now
and then run a knife under it and loosen it from the pan, to make
sure that it is not burning. Then, when the bottom is browned,
hold a plate in one hand and the frying pan in the other, and
turn the fish out in a little cake on the plate or dish.
CODFISH CAKES.
To make codfish cakes, first make the fish fine; after freshening it
and taking off the skin and bone, chop it or tear it in fine flakes;
mix it with an equal quantity of potato either mashed or chopped
mashed potato is rather better for codfish cakes because you
can pack it a little more closely in the form of cakes. To a pint
bowlfull of codfish hash add a tablespoonful of butter, a palatable
seasoning of pepper and the yolk of one raw egg. That is, half
72 [BIENNIAL REPORT.
codfish, half potato, a tablespoonful of butter and the yolk of one
raw egg, and a palatable seasoning of pepper. Then dust your
hands, with dry flour; take a tablespoonful of this mixture up in
your hand and either form it in the shape of a round ball or flat
cake, as you like. Have ready a frying kettle or deep frying
pan with enough fat or drippings, or lard, in it to cover three or
four of the codfish cakes or balls, when you drop them into it.
So that if you use a frying pan you must have a deep frying pan.
You may make in that case codfish cakes, not balls. If you have
a frying kettle you can make little round balls. When the fat is
smoking hot drop the codfish cakes or balls into it and fry them
just a golden brown, light brown. Take them out of the fat with
a skimmer and lay them on brown paper for a moment to free
them from greese, then serve them hot.
You will notice that I always tell you in frying everything to
take it out of the fat and lay it for a moment on brown paper,
because then you are sure to free it from greese. Not necessarily
very coarse paper; just ordinary brown wrapping paper. I do
not mean manilla paper, but the common brown wrapping paper
that comes around groceries and meat, that tradesmen generally
use. The paper must be porous so that the greese will be easily
absorbed. That is the only point you have to remember. The
usual way of frying codfish cakes is simply to put fat enough
in the pan to keep them from sticking, and in that way they are
not browned all over, that is, they are not browned on the sides.
They are simply browned on the top and on the bottom, and the
fat has, of course, generally soaked into them so that you get them
thoroughly greasy unless you have fat enough to cover them and
have the fat smoking hot when you put them in. Infrying itis very
easy to use the fat repeatedly, if you only remember one thing.
The fat you fry fish in you want to keep always for fish; then you
can fry anything else, meat, chicken, fritters or doughnuts, in
the other fat. Generally keep two jars or crocks of fat, and take
care only to let the fat get smoking hot in frying, and as soon
as you have done frying set the kettle off the stove so that the
fat does not burn; let it cool a very little, then strain it through
a cloth into an earthen bowl and let it get cold. Wash the fry-
ing kettle out and clean it thoroughly, and then you can put the fat
back in it, and it will be ready for the next time, if you use a
porcelain-lined kettle; if you use a metal kettle for frying, tin
or anything of that sort, do not put the fab in it till you are
ready to use it again, because it might rust it a little. If you
UNIVERSITY OF MINNESOTA. 73
strain it through an ordinarily thick towel there will be no sedi-
ment. If you strain it through a sieve there will be a little sediment
that will settle to the bottom of the fat, and you can turn the cake
of fat out of the bowl when it is cold and scrape that off. The
best way is to strain through a cloth in the first place. If you
are careful with the fat you can use it repeatedly, use it a dozen
times or more, until it really is nearly used up. But if you are
careless and let it burn, of course you very soon get it so dark
in color that it colors- anything directly you put it in, before it
is cooked, and it has a burnt taste. But if you use it at the heat
I tell you, just smoking hot-r and do not let it burn, you can use
it repeatedly. Sometimes you can lift it out in one solid cake
when it is cold; sometimes you will have to break it and take it
off in more than one piece. On the bottom of the cake you will
find a little brownish sediment which you must scrape off. Then
you have the fat clarified and ready for use. For ordinary frying
purposes the straining through the towel will answer. An earthen
bowl is the best for keeping the fat in the kitchen, very much
better than metal of any kind.
STEWED CARROTS.
*
Next take the recipe for stewed carrots. Carrots, peeled, as
many as you wish to make a dishful; cut them in rather small
slices, a quarter of an inch thick, put them over the fire in salted
boiling water enough to cover them; boil them steadily until
they are tender. That will be in perhaps half or three-quarters
of an hour; if the carrots are young and fresh they will boil in
half an hour; longer as the season advances and the carrots grow
denser in their fibre. Late in the winter it may take an hour or
even an hour and a half if they are very large and woody. Boil
them until they are tender. Then drain them and throw them
into plenty of cold water, and let them get thoroughly cold.
While they are cooling make a sauce of water or of milk, as you
like. If you have an ordinary vegetable dish full of carrots you
want about a pint of sauce. In that case you will make the
sauce as I have told you several times: a tablespoonful of butter,
and a tablespoonful of flour for a pint of sauce; melt the butter
and flour together over the fire, stirring them constantly until
they bubble and are smoothly mixed; then begin to add half a
cupful at a time the milk or water that you are going to use
in making the sauce; stir each half cupful in smooth before you
10
74 BIENNIAL REPORT
add any more water. If the milk or water is hot, of course the
sauce will be cooked all the more quickly. Let the sauce boil
for a minute, stirring all the time, then season with a level tea-
spoonful of salt for a pint of sauce, a quarter of a saltspoonful of
pepper, remembering what I have said about using white pepper.
Drain the carrots from the cold water and put them into the sauce
to heat. While they are heating and that will only take three
or four minutes chop a tablespoonful of parsley fine, and stir
it among the carrots ; then serve them as soon as they are hot.
You may make the addition of parsley or not, as you like, but it
is very nice. In some seasons of the year you can not have the
parsley. If you have not parsley, and have made the sauce of
water, you will improve the dish very much if you stir the yolk
of a raw egg into the sauce and carrots when you take them off
the fire, just before you dish them. I will do that to-day. I
will make a sauce of water and add the yolk of an egg. You
had better put two or three tablespoons of sauce into a cup with
the egg and mix it, and then pour that into the sauce and stir it
well. In chopping parsley use just the leaves, not the stalks - r
put them in the chopping bowl and chop them fine. If you chop
on a board steady the point of a knife with one hand and use an
up-and-down motion with the other hand. Of course you can
understand that using a long knife in chopping you can chop
very much more quickly than you could in a chopping bowl y
where you only get a circular cut. One of the ladies asks me
the object of putting the carrots in cold water. They are put
first in boiling salted water-to set their color. The action of the
salt in the boiling water slightly hardens the surface so that the
color does not boil out. Then if you take them at the point
when they are tender you check the boiling at once by the cold
water and secure the color entirely. Of course you will under-
stand that by draining them and throwing them into cold water
you check the heat at once. If you simply let them stand in the
water and gradually soften and soak, letting the water keep
warm, you would soak the color out. That follows with all
boiled vegetables. Where we want to preserve the color this is
the simplest and easiest way to do it.
Question. Can the color of beets be preserved in the way you
speak of?
Miss CORSON. No, beats have to be boiled differently from
any other vegetable. If you break the skin of beats, or cut
them in any way, the color escapes in the water. So that to
UNIVERSITY OF MINNESOTA. 75
.prepare the beets for boiling, wash them very carefully without
breaking the skin. Do not cut off the roots or the tops of the
beets close; leave some of the roots and three or four inches
of the stalk. Do not trim them off close, because if you cut the
roots or stalks close to the beet you make a cut whence the color
can escape; wash them very carefully without breaking the skin.
Put them over the fire in boiling water. You do not need to
salt it, in fact, it is better not to salt it. Boil them until they
grow, tender to the touch. If you puncture the beet with a fork
or knife, to try it, you let the color out, but you can take one of
the beets up on a skimmer and use a thick towel and hold it in
your hand and squeeze it to see if it is growing soft. Do not
break the skin, always remember that. When the beet is ten-
der you will find that it will yield a little, between your fingers,
and the length of time required for cooking them will be from
half an hour to two hours and a half, perhaps even longer than
that. Young, tender, juicy beets may be cooked in half an hour.
The older they are, the later it is in the season, the harder the
woody fibre will be, and the longer it will take to cook them. After
they are cooked really tender, then throw them into a bowl of
cold water and rub off the skin with a wet towel. Do not leave
them soaking in cold water.
VENISON WITH CURRANT JELLY.
Take the recipe for venison now, ladies. Enough butter to
cover the bottom of the pan about a quarter of an inch. Let it
get smoking hot, then put in the veiftson. You must have the
pan large enough to hold the venison. As soon as the venison
is brown on" one side turn it and brown it on the other. Brown
it very fast. As soon as the venison is browned put with it the
currant jelly. For every pound of venison use two tablespoonfuls
of currant jelly not heaping spoonfuls; or you might put one
heaping tablespoonful for every pound of venison. As soon as the
venison is brown put the currant jelly in with it. Put the pan
back where it will not be too hot. and finish cooking the venison
until it is done to suit your taste. It will cook, if it is an inch
thick, pretty well done in about twenty minutes. Season it with
salt and pepper, and when it is done put it on the platter and
pour the currant jelly and butter over it. The cooking of the
jelly with the venison makes it a nice sauce or gravy.
Question. Wouldn't this be a nice way to cook buffalo or any
other kind of game?
Miss CORSON. Yes, it is a very good way.
(i :~t~H-^*t p 5 ^
OF THE
UNIVERSITY
OF /
r*. . _ .,\k ,X
76 BIENNIAL REPORT
LECTUEE EIGHTH.
MEATS AND VEGETABLES.
We will begin to-day with so-called roast beef, it is really
baked. This is what is called a shoulder cut of beef, and is just
as the butcher has sent it home, that is, without any of theljones
being taken out. This thin part bf the beef can be either roast-
ed with the rest or cut off and used as a stew. It is not very
available at the table. It almost always is tough, and there is a
great deal of fat proportionately. The lean that is there is very
apt to dry and harden in the baking. So that the best way to
use the part is to cut it off and cook it separately. Have the
beef cut large enough to give a roast from the thickest part.
The white line of cartilage will be sure to bother in carving, and
the best way is to cut it out before you cook the meat. You can
cut it out without any difficulty. You can also cut off the bone en-
tirely. You will not find that doing this will make the meat
waste if you bake it or roast it properly, and you can carve it
more easily and more economically. Carving when the bone is
in the meat you are sure to leave more meat on than you really
want to, and it is quite a difficult matter to carve even slices
when the bone is in the meat. It is a very easy matter to take
the bone out, and then either use the bone for soup meat or put
it in the pan with the meat and let it bake as the basis for gravy.
You will notice both in cutting the cartilage and the bone, I do
not take off any meat. I simply cut close, and take away the
parts I wish to remove without wasting any of the meat. That
leaves a solid piece of meat which offers no difficulty in carv-
ing; you can either fasten it in shape by tying a string . around
it or by running a few skewers through it. The better way is to
tie it with a string, because the skewers will make holes and
permit the juice to escape. You can either take off the thin,
outside skin of the beef or wipe it as I have already said, with
a wet towel. With good beef the skin is so exceedingly thin
that it is not objectionable in carving or to the taste. With poor
beef, the skin is decidedly leathery, and then it is advisable to
take it off.
Question. How many pounds were there in your piece altogeth-
er, before you began to cut it ?
UNIVERSITY OF MINNESOTA. 77
Miss CORSON. Oh, I fancy it weighed five or six pounds. Of
course you use the number of pounds that your family requires.
I am speaking of dividing the meat so as to cook it in the most
economical manner. You would buy a sufficiently large piece
in weight to give you the thick part large enough for your
family for the roast, and the other part you use for the stew sub-
sequently. We made a beef stew one day, here, I think. Boast-
ing is cooking meat before the direct blaze of the open fire. Bak-
ing is cooking it in the oven. Nearly all the so-called roast beef
that we get is baked beef. It & not quite so delicate as real roast
beef. You can accomplish the roasting of beef with any range
or kitchen stove that has a large grate, that is, a grate where you
can have a clear surface of coals against the grate, by using what
is called a Dutch oven. This is a tin box, with one side open
and a little hook in the top of the box, from which you can hang
the meat. Then in the bottom part of the tin case there is a pan
that catches the drippings. After you have got the meat all
ready, you put the Dutch oven in front of the grate, standing it
so that the open side of the Dutch oven is directly in front of the
grate of your stove or range. You will find that the bright tin
of the oven will reflect heat enough to cook the meat nicely.
There you get a genuine roast. You do not get an old-fashioned
roast on a spit before the open fire, but you get a nice roast.
Generally those little hooks are so arranged that the meat swings
a little swings and turns, and if the hooks are not so arranged,
once in a while, say once in half an hour, you want to turn it.
Now, suppose you have not that oven, but still have an open
fire, you can roast. I have roasted a chicken before a grate fire
in the sitting room. You can roast small birds of any kind in
that way, by putting something on the mantel piece heavy
enough to support the weight of the bird. Tie a string around
the bird or around the piece of beef and lefc it hang down in
front of the fire. Put a platter under it or a dripping pan, and
put the blower up in front of it. You might be amused at the
idea of doing that as an experiment. I have made coffee in an
old tomato can as an experiment, to see whether it can be done,
and it is just as nice as any you could possibly make in the finest
French coffee pot. After all there are many expedients that
you can resort to in cooking with good results.
After the meat is browned on the outside, whether you are
roasting or baking, season it. Get it browned first on the out-
side very quickly, then season it with salt and pepper, and after
78 BIENNIAL REPORT
that moderate the heat of the oven, or draw the Dutch oven a
little away from the fire, and finish cooking till the meat is done,
allowing fifteen minutes to the pound if you want it medium
rare, about twenty minutes to the pound if you want it very well
done. If you are baking the meat put it in the hottest oven,
without any seasoning at all, without any water in the pan.
You will find that the meat will yield drippings enough for
basting. Our chicken that we basted yesterday, do you remem-
ber .how nice and brown that was! Pretty well basted, wasn't
it? That had nothing in the pan for basting except the drip-
pings which flowed from the chicken itself. Put the meat in
the hottest oven until it is browned, and then moderate the heat
and cook the meat fifteen minutes to the pound. "We might do
what the French call braise the end of the roast, if you like to
see the effect of slow cooking. One difficulty that we labor un-
der here is that we have to use a very intense heat, otherwise
the flame of this vapor stove goes out. In order to braise suc-
cessfully you want a very gentle and continuous heat, such as
you would get on the back part of a cooking stove, just heat
enough to keep the meat simmering. We will do as well as we
can by keeping the sauce pan at one side of the fire, and then I
will describe the braising process, so that you can do it perfectly
at home. If we have any cabbage we will braise the meat with
it. That makes a dish that is used very much in the north of
Europe, in Poland and Sweden. I think I will give you the re-
cipe, whether we have our cabbage or not.
Use a large pot or sauce pan, large enough to allow you to lay
the piece of meat on the bottom; or, you can use a thick, deep,
iron pan. I remember, several days ago, seeing in the hard-
ware stores pans about ten inches high, pans made of Eussia
iron, oval. You can use that for quite a large piece of meat if
you have not a sauce pan. You want a pan deep enough to
allow the water to come just over the beef. Put water in the
pan, enough to cover the beef, and let it get boiling hot. I will
give you two methods of braising. When the water is boiling
hot, put the beef in it; watch it carefully until it just begins to
boil again. The moment it boils, push back the pot or pan in
which it is far enough away from the hot part of the stove to keep
the water only simmering, only bubbling, not boiling. Put in
whatever seasoning you like. If you use spice, cloves for in-
stance, or mace, use it whole. If you use simply salt and pep-
per, of course use them in the powder. Keep the cover very
UNIVERSITY OF MINNESOTA. 79
tightly over the pot or sauce pan, and cook the meat in that
slow, gentle way, for at least two hours. A piece weighing not
more than four or five pounds you want to cook at least two
hours, or until it is tender. Eemember to cook very, very slow-
ly. That is a very simple and easy way of braising, which any
one can accomplish.
Now I am going to give you the French method of braising.
Cut part of the fat off the meat, about half the fat off the meat.
Put the part that you cut off in the bottom of the pot. Lay the
meat on the fat. That is the way we will cook our meat to-day,
because I have decided to cook the cabbage in another way.
After you have put the fat in the bottom of the sauce pan, lay
the meat on it, with the fat part up, so that, you see, you have
fat under and over the meat. On top or by the side of the meat
put an onion of medium size, peeled and stuck with about a
dozen cloves. Put parsley, if you have it, about a tablespoon-
ful of leaves, or some stalks, or parsley root; but remember that
the flavor of parsley root is very much stronger than the leaf, so
that you will use proportionately less root. One bay leaf, a
tablespoouful of carrot, sliced, about a tablespoonful of turnip,
sliced, and a level teaspoonful of peppercorns unground pep-
per or a small red pepper. Then boiling water enough just
to cover the meat. Then put on the cover of the sauce pan, and
put the meat where it will simmer very gently until it is quite
tender. The French always braise in what is called a braising
pan; that is, two oval pans made in such a way that one sets into
the other, and goes about a third of the way down. They put
the article that is to be braised in the bottom pan, and then in
the top pan they put hot ashes, or coals of wood or charcoal,
mixed with ashes; so that there is heat top and bottom; then
they put their braising pan by the side of the fire or at the back
of the stove, where it will have a gentle heat, and cook it for a
very long time. They braise it four or five hours, and it makes
the toughest meat tender. After you once bring the meat to the
boiling point you must not boil it fast; if you boil it fost you will
make it very much tougher. After you get it to the boiling
point keep it there, and cook it slowly, and long enough so that
it will be sure to be tender. If you are sure the meat is tough
in the beginning, put half a cupful of vinegar into the water
with it. You won't notice the vinegar when you come to eat the
meat, and it will help to make the meat tender. The French, of
course, use the ordinary wine]of the country, a sour wine, it
80 BIENNIAL REPORT
has the same effect; it is about as sour as vinegar, and has about
the same effect. I think, indeed, that is the reason why the
French use so much wine in cooking meat. They use a very acid
wine always, and probably use it for the purpose of making the
meat tender in many instances. Put in salt, but not too much,
for the effect of salt, while the meat is boiling, would be to
narden it. Just a little salt, and then in seasoning your gravy
you can add more salt. After the meat is braised French fashion,
it is taken out of the broth, and the broth is strained and then
used as a broth or soup, or made into a gravy.
To make the gravy, for each pint of gravy that you wish to
make, use a tablespoonful of butter or beef drippings and a
tablespoonful of flour. Stir the drippings and flour over the
fire in a sauce pan until they are brown. Then begin to add the
seasoned broth in which the meat was cooked, half a cupful at a
time, stirring it until it is smooth each time, until it boils; then
season it with salt and pepper, remembering that the broth is
already seasoned, so that you have to taste it. That makes a
very nice gravy or sauce. Of course, you have plenty of broth,
so you can make as much of it as you like.
Take now a recipe for cooking cabbage to serve with braised
meat. For a cabbage of medium size, that is, a cabbage about
as large as a breakfast plate, first wash the cabbage thoroughly,
cutting away any part of the stock that seems woody. Then cut
the cabbage in rather thin slices. That is very easy. Lay it on
the board and cut* it down through. You would need a large
sauce pan to cook a cabbage as large as a breakfast plate, because
remember when it is cut up it takes up more space. Put in the
bottom of the sauce pan a tablespoonful of butter or drippings.
If you are braising your meat you can open the pot and dip some
of the drippings out of it. A tablespoonful of butter or drip-
pings, half a cupful of vinegar, a tablespoonful of cloves, a
teaspoonful of peppercorns and a tablespoonful of brown
sugar. Then put in the cabbage on top of these things. Put
the cover on the sauce pan, set it over the fire where it will steam.
Be very careful not to let it burn. Keep it on the back part of
the fire where it will simmer. Keep it covered. Every fifteen
minutes take off the cover, and with a large fork or spoon lift
the cabbage from the bottom so that the top uncooked part goes
down to the bottom. In about an hour the cabbage will be ten-
der. You do not need to begin to cook that until within, say an
hour and a quarter of the time the beef is likely to be done. To
UNIVERSITY OF MINNESOTA. 81
serve it, turn it on a dish, leaving the spice, cloves and pepper
in with it, and lay the beef on it. Just moisten the cabbage
with a little gravy or broth from the beef, and serve the rest of
the gravy in a bowl; remember that the broth from the meat is
salted, and that in moistening the cabbage it seasons it, or if
you like very much salt you can put a little with the cabbage in
cooking.
Now, to boil cabbage quickly, and without odor: After thor-
oughly washing it take off the decayed leaves, cut it in rather
small pieces, but do not use the stalk of the cabbage avoid
that. Put over the fire a sauce pan large enough to hold the
cabbage twice over. Have plenty of space in your sauce pan or
kettle, fill it half full of water, put plenty of salt in the water,
that is, a level tablespoonful of salt to about a quart of water. let
the water boil; be sure that it is boiling fast. Then put in the
cabbage; get it boiling again just as fast as you can, and con-
tinue to boil it just as fast as you can until it is tender. That
will be in from ten to twenty-five minutes, according to the age
of the cabbage. Young cabbage, early in the season, will boil
tender in ten minutes; or it may take 15, 20 or 25. It never
takes over a half hour unless the cabbage is very old or dry.
The cabbage is done the moment the stalk is tender. A great
many people have the idea that they must boil the cabbage un-
til the leaf is almost dissolved. It needs only to be boiled a
tender as you boil the stalks of cauliflower, and you would try, of
course, the thickest part, which would be near the stalk. Ee-
member, in the first place you would cut out any tough, woody
stalk, but the tender stalk you would leave in, and that is the
part you would try. If you boil it fast it will not take over
thirty or thirty-five minutes at the outside, probably not more
than twenty. Just as soon as the cabbage is tender drain it and
put with it whatever sauce or dressing you are going to serve
with it. That sometimes is vinegar, butter, pepper, and salt.
Sometimes a little milk, butter, pepper, and salt. In that case
it is called cabbage stewed with cream. Sometimes you would
simply serve it without any further seasoning, only remember
that the moment it is tender, drain it and serve. As I told you
the other day, the odor of the cabbage comes from letting it boil
until after the substance of the cabbage is so soft that the oil
begins to escape from it, the volatile oil. That makes a strong
odor in the room. As soon as the cabbage is tender it is ready
to eat, and should be taken from the fire.
11
82 BIENNIAL REPORT
TURNIPS.
To bake turnips, peel the turnips, either white or yellow ones,
cut them in rather small slices, a quarter of an inch thick; put
them over the fire in salted boiling water enough to cover them,
and boil them fast until they are tender. It may take ten or fif-
teen minutes, possibly twenty minutes, according to the age of
the turnips. Of course you will understand that if the turnips
are old and corky they will not be as nice when they are done as
if they are in good condition. But as soon as the turnips are
tender, drain them, put them in an earthen pudding dish, make
a little white sauce, either with milk or water, for a pint, a
tablespoonful of butter, tablespoonful of flour; stir over the fire;
then milk added gradually and stirred smooth; seasoned with
salt and pepper, make enough of the white sauce just to moist-
en the turnips; pour it over the turnips; dust over the top some
cracker dust or bread crumbs, just enough to cover the top of the
turnips; put a little salt and pepper over the crumbs, and a scant
tablespoonful of butter over the top of the crumbs. Then put
the dish into the hot oven, and just brown the crumbs on the top
of the dish. Serve it as soon as the bread crumbs are brown.
That is a very nice and easy dish. If you have cold boiled tur-
nips, slice them, cover them with white sauce and bread crumbs,
and cook them just in the same way.
(At this point Miss Corson announced that the cabbags was
done, after being in between nine and ten minutes, and no smell
was perceptible in the room.)
I am going to moisten the cabbage with cream sauce, that
is white sauce made with milk, and heat it for a moment and
then it will be done.
I will now answer a question that has been asked about cook-
ing corned beef. The same principle applies to the cooking of
corned beef that applies to the cooking of salted fish. You re-
member this morning in talking about codfish I said, if you boil
the salted fibre hard and fast, you make it hard and toughen it.
That holds good in relation to salted meat or corned meat. You
want to boil it very gently. There is comparatively little juice
left in corned beef, so that the action of cold water is not so dis-
astrous to it as it would be to fresh meat. Sometimes the beef
is so very salt that it is desirable to change the water upon it.
Put it over the fire in cold water. Let it slowly reach the boil-
UNIVERSITY OF MINNESOTA. 83
ing point, and then try and see if it is too salt. If the water it-
self seems very salt, change it. Put fresh water in, let it grad-
ually heat, and boil very gently always. As soon as the meat
reaches the boiling point, push it to the back part of the stove and
boil it very gently until it is tender. It usually takes about twenty
minutes to a pound, but boil it very gently and slowly. Then
it will be tender. If you boil it fast it will be hard and tough.
If you put a whole dried red pepper in with the beef in boiling,
you will find that it will improve the flavor very much. If you
intend to use the beef cold, leave it in the water in which it is
boiled; take the pot off the stove and let it cool in the water in
which it was boiled. Those same directions apply to boiling
smoked or salted tongue.
The turnips were just fifteen minutes in boiling.
Mce points about boiled dinners are asked for. I think I have
given you the nicest point in cooking beef, so that you will be
sure to get it tender, and to cook cabbage so that it is tender
and does not smell. Cabbage always goes with a New England
boiled dinner, potatoes, onions, parsnips and squash. I told you
about cooking beets this morning. All the other vegetables you
may cook in boiling water, and salt to suit the taste. The old-
fashioned way was to boil all the vegetables in the pot with the
beef, adding the vegetables in succession, so that each one was
put in just long enough before the beef was done to have it done
at the time the beef was done; each one except the squash. The
squash is best peeled and cut in small pieces and steamed. If
you boil it you want to put it in boiling salted water until it is
tender, and then put it into a towel and squeeze it, so as to get
out the water; then season it with butter, salt and pepper, and
serve it.
I made gravy yesterday; I think if I give you the recipe to-
day it will answer. Pour the drippings out of the pan, all ex-
cept about a tablespoon ful; put a tablespoonful of flower in with
the brown drippings; set the pan over the fire; stir the drippings
and flour together until they are quite brown; then begin to put
in boiling water, a little at a time, not more than half a cupful,
and stir until the gravy is smooth; then season it palatably with
salt and pepper. Onions are very nice cooked precisely as I
have cooked cabbage to-day; that is, cooked until they are ten-
der, and dressed with the white sauce that I used in dressing the
carrot.
For pressed corn beef the nicest cut is the brisket. Have the
84 BIENNIAL REPORT
cut rather long and narrow, and not a short chunk or piece.
Take a long piece of meat, a foot long, or more; have all the
bones cut out and roll it up tight. Tie it compactly, in the same
way that I tied this meat. Tie it so that you have it in a tight
bundle. Then boil it according to the directions I have already
given you. After it is done let it partly cool in the liquor; then
take it out and lay it on the platter; lay another platter on top
of it, and put a heavy weight on the platter, and press it with
the string still on until it is cold; then cut off the string and
you have it in nice shape. If you want to use part of it hot for
dinner, and then have it cold, you would have to boil it, and
when it is done cut off enough for your dinner; then press the
rest of it between two platters. You could double it over, but you
could not press it so very well in shape. Cut it in slices; put it
into a tin mould or tin pan and boil down the broth in which you
have cooked it until it begins to look thick. Or, you could dis-
solve a little gelatine in the broth to thicken it, and pour it over
the slices of corned beef in the mould. In that case you would
depend upon the gelatine to thicken the broth, without boiling
it down.
LECTUEE NINTH.
BEEF A LA MODE ROLLS.
Our lesson this morning will begin with beef a la mode rolls,
Use the round of the beef or the end of sirloin steak. I have
here a piece of round of beef. Cut the beef in pieces about two
inches wide and five long; lay these strips of meat on the cutting
board and season them with salt and pepper. In the middle of
each one put a little piece of salt pork about a quarter of an inch
thick. Eoll the meat up in such a way that the pork is inclosed
in the middle of the little roll. Tie the roll to keep it in shape.
You can use instead of salt pork pieces of fat from the meat.
After all the little rolls are tied up put a very small quantity of
beef drippings or butter in the bottom of the sauce pan or kettle.
Put the saucepan over the fire with the drippings or butter in it
and let the fat get hot. As soon as it is hot put the little rolls
of meat in it and let them brown. As soon as the little rolls of
meat are brown sprinkle flour over them, a tablespoonful of dry
flour to half a dozen little rolls of meat. Let the flour brown.
i
i
UNIVERSITY OF MINNESOTA. 85
As soon as the flour is brown pour in boiling water enough to
cover the rolls; add salt. Then put the cover on the sauce pan
and set the meat where it will cook very gently. Eemember
what I have told you about cooking meat slowly if you want it
to be tender. When the meat is quite tender and that will be
in from half an hour to an hour and a harf the time will
depend, of course, upon the fibre of the meat, then take off
the strings and serve the rolls in the gravy in which they
have been cooking. You see the brown flour and water and
butter will have make a nice gravy for the rolls. Now if the
meat is very tough remember what I have told you about the
action of the vinegar on the meat fibre. For a pound of meat
add about two tablespoonfuls of vinegar, when you begin to
stew the meat, and let it cook with the meat; that will make
it tender. You can vary the dish by cooking with it vegetables
of any kind that you like to use. Add potatoes when it is
within half an hour of being done, turnips peeled, cut in small
pieces; carrots peeled and sliced.
CARAMEL CUSTARD.
I will make a caramel custard next. For caramel custard use
a plain tin mould, oval or square in shape, that will hold about
three pints. Pat a teaspoonful of sugar in the bottom of the mould
and set the mould on the top of the stove where the sugar will
brown. You may want to shake the mould a little to scatter the
sugar evenly over the bottom. When the sugar is brown set the
mould off the fire on the table where the burnt sugar will get
cold; that forms what is called a caramel or coat of burnt sugar
on the bottom of the mould. Make a custard by beating together
six eggs, a quarter of a pound of sugar and a pint of milk. After
the custard is made pour it into the mould and set the mould in a
saucepan with boiling water that will come half way up the sides
of the mould, and steam the custard until it is firm. When the
custard is firm you can turn it out of the mold and use it hot or
leave it until it is quite cold and use it cold. I have used granu-
lated sugar this time. You can make the same custard, prepar-
ing it just exactly as for steaming, but bake 'it, if you like, only
you would set the mould in the dripping pan with water in it,
baking it just until it is firm, in a moderate oven. You could
make it in teacups; in that case you would burn the sugar in an
iron spoon or in the frying pan and while it still is liquid put
t
86 BIENNIAL REPOBT
just a little in the bottom of each cup, because you remember it
hardens directly. Then bake the cups of custard in a pan of
water. Use the custard in the cups either hot or cold. If the
custard is to be used cold leave it in the mould; it will stand better
than if it is turned out hot. But it is stiff enough to retain its
form even when it is hot. And the sugar that is in the mould
forms a little sauce around it on thedish.
TOMATO SOUP.
Next take a recipe for tomato soup. A can of tomatoes; put
them over the fire. In the summer use about two quarts of
fresh tomatoes. You will find that about two quarts will be
sufficient. After the fresh tomatoes are peeled and sliced (you
will remember canned tomatoes are already peeled), put them
over the fire and stew them gently for about half an hour, or
until they are tender. If the canned tomatoes are entirely solid
you may need to add a little liquid, but I find there is generally
more liquid in the can than you need. When the tomatoes are
tender enough to rub through a sieve, put them through the
sieve with a potato masher. That gives you pulp, or puree, of
tomatoes. And you will add to the tomatoes, after they have
been passed through the sieve, half a salt spoon of baking soda,
and then milk enough to thin them to the proper consistency of
soup. Season with salt and pepper, and let them boil, and serve
the soup. If you want a thick soup, add to the tomatoes a quart
of milk, and thicken the soup with cracker dust, -very finely
powdered and sifted. Thicken as much as you like, beginning
with two heaping tablespoonfuls; add more if you want it. Of
course you can put butter in either of these soups, but it is not
necessary. The way I shall make the soup to-day will be to
thicken it with butter and flour after the tomatoes have been
passed through the sieve. Do not confnse these two recipes.
You have got one of thin soup; you have got another with milk,
salt and pepper, thickened with cracker dust. Now a third:
Put a tablespoonful of butter and a tablespoonful of flour in a
saucepan. Stir them orer the fire until they are melted together,
then put in a pint of water gradually a pint of hot water
stirring it smooth; and the tomato pulp. If that does not make
the soup as thin as you desire and it should be about the co^
sistency of good cream add a little more boiling water. ' Sea-
son with salt and pepper, and stir it until it boils, and then it is
ready to use.
UNIVERSITY OF MINNESOTA. 87
Next take directions for boiling vegetables, so that the color
is perfectly kept. I told you yesterday that we should have
spinach if we could get it, if not, that we would use lettuce. I
think that next week, in the course of the lessons, I shall succeed
in having some spinach from Cleveland. However, I shall use
lettuce to-day. First, thoroughly wash it in salted water. For
a quart of water use a tablespoon ful of salt. As I told you the
other day, the salt in the water is for the purpose of killing any
little insects that are in the leaves, especially of the lettuce, You
know that it is very troublesome to dislodge them, but the salt
kills them, and of course you can wash them out. As long as
they are alive they cling there. If you sprinkle salt on the
leaves it will wither them, but if you put it in the water it will
not. Salted water is intenselyjcold, you know, and it would restore
the freshness of the leaves of lettuce, even if they were wilted,
unless they were really on the verge of decay. If you will
remind me, after I have finished giving the recipe for cooking
the vegetables, I will tell you how to keep lettuce fresh. After
your vegetables, whatever they may be, whether lettuce, or
spinach, or asparagus, or string beans, are washed perfectly
clean I do not say wash peas, and I will tell you after a little
the reason why after they are thoroughly washed put them over
the fire in enough boiling salted water to more than cover them
plenty of water, so that they can float about the water to be
salted with a tablespoonful of salt in a quart of water, and to be
actually boiling when you put in the vegetables. This same rule
applies to the cooking of peas, only that the peas are treated a
little differently in the cleaning, but they are cooked in the same
way. Boil the vegetable (whatever it is) in salted water, fast,
just till they are tender. Remember what I said about boiling
carrots yesterday. As soon as the vegetables are tender, drain
them and throw them into plenty of cold water. Leave them in
the cold water until you want to use them. Then, if peas or
beans, drain them, heat them quickly, with a little salt and
pepper and butter, very quickly, or any sauce or gravy you wish
to serve them in, and serve them hot. If lettuce or spinach, to
make -a, puree, after having boiled in boiling salted water and
then put in cold water, rub them through a sieve with a potato
masher. After they are rubbed through the sieve they are ready
to be used in different ways. In Europe the puree of lettuce is
served as a vegetable, just as the puree of spinach is. We do
not often cook it in that way, but it is very nice; it is such an
88 BIENNIAL PEPORT
exceedingly tender vegetable that it takes proportionately more
than of spinach. After the lettuce or spinach is rubbed through
the colander or sieve with a potato niasher it is ready to be sea-
soned with salt, pepper and vinegar, or any sauce you like, and
used as a vegetable, or used in soup. You remember what I
told you about spinach soup yesterday puree of spinach with
cream soup, colored green with spinach. Put in just enough
spinach to cover it. If I succeed in getting spinach next week I
shall make, at one of the lessons, spinach soup, and also boil and
serve some as a vegetable.
Now about peas. I spoke about washing string beans but not
washing peas. If the shells of the peas are at all dirty, and
sometimes they are so that they blacken your fingers in shelling,
wash the shells of the peas before you begin to shell them, but
do not wash the peas after they are shelled. Of course the in-
side of the pod is perfectly clean, and if your hands are clean
and the shells are clean, you do not need to wash them. In
using green peas in summer time it is well to have a quantity of
them, perhaps twice as many as you are likely to use for one
meal, and shell them, because you know they are of different
sizes always. Shell them and separate them into two different
sizes, the smallest and the largest, and then cook one size for one
day, putting the others in a very cool place, or refrigerator, and
cook them the next day, because if you have the large and small
ones mixed they do not cook evenly. You will find them very
much nicer; if you keep them in a cool place it will not hurt
to keep them.
The length of time that it takes to boil lettuce or spinach
depends somewhat on the time of the year. The tenderer the
spinach is. of course, the quicker it will boil; when it is very
young and tender it will boil in two or thre minutes; when it is
older it may take as long as ten minutes.* Ladies very often
make the mistake in boiling spinach that they do in boiling
cabbage. They boil it sometimes until the leaves are destroyed,
in order to soften the stalk. The better way is to tear away the
stalk and use only the leaf. Of course, that gives you a smaller
quantity of spinach than if you use the stalk, but when you use
the tough, woody stalk you waste the leaf in boiling. Lettuce
usually boils in a couple of minutes. One of the ladies speaks
about cooking spinach without any water. You can do that if
you wish. Just put in a sauce pan, after having carefully picked
it over and washed it; stir it a little once in a while to be sure
UNIVERSITY OF MINNESOTA. 89
that the uncooked top goes down to the bottom. There is no
special advantage in it, because if you boil it as I tell you, only
until it is tender, the water has no effect upon it except to cook
it more quickly. It is the English way to cook it without water.
If you use boiling salted water, as I told you, it cannot possibly
affect the nutriment of the vegetable. It is when you boil vege-
tables a long time, and boil them away before you take up the
dish, that you waste the nutriment. These rules apply to every
vegetable that has color in it except beets. Beets have to be
cooked without cutting the skin or trimming them in any way,
in order to keep the color.
Now to keep lettuce fresh. I have kept it fresh, even in the
summer time, for two or three days in this way: When it first
comes in from the market wash it thoroughly in plenty of cold
salted water. You do not need to tear it apart. You know I
told you the other day about separating the leaves slightly from,
the head of the lettuce and shaking it in cold salted water.
Trim off the outside wilted leaves. Wash it thoroughly in cold
salted water, then wet ^ towel and lay the lettuce in it, fold
it loosely up over the roots and if you have ice lay the towel on
the cake of ice in the refrigerator or by the side of the cake of
ice. If you haven't any ice and have a cold cellar, after you have
washed the lettuce and wrapped it in the wet towel, put it in a
box; a tight wooden box is the best, or a thick pasteboard box
if it is not broken; and put it in the cellar in the coldest place
you can find. If you wrap it in a wet towel and put it on the ice
you do not want to look at it. It will keep fresh at least two
days, and sometimes longer; but if you put it in the cellar you
will have to wet the towel thoroughly twice a day, morning and
night; and you will find that you will have to take away some of
the leaves that have wilted, but if you have it upon the ice the
chances are that you will not lose any leaves. And it is very
much nicer than it is to let it wilt and then try to restore it by
soaking it in water.
FRIED PICKEREL.
Next take a recipe for fried pickerel. Some of the ladies will
remember that a few days ago we were talking about frying fish
in this way with salt pork. If any of the ladies have the recipe,
of course they do not need to take it again. For fried fish of any
kind, enough salt pork to cover the bottom of the frying pan that
you are going to use for the fish. You find you have three or four
1 12
90 BIENNIAL REPORT
pounds offish; you will need at least half a pound of salt pork. Cut
the pork in very thin slices ; fat salt pork is the best. Put it in the
frying pan and fry it until it is light brown. While the pork is
being fried get ready the fish, having it thoroughly cleaned by
washing it in cold water. If the fish is small you do not need
to cut it; if it is large, cut it in pieces about three or four inches
square. After the fish has been cleaned dry it in a towel; sea-
son some Indian meal with salt and pepper, roll the fish in the
Indian meal. When the pork is brown take it out of the fat and
put the fish into the drippings and fry the fish brown, first on
one side and then on the other. When the fish is browned
nicely serve it in a dish with the pork fried pork and fish in
one dish. This fish will not get very brown to-day, because it is
still frozen. It did not come in long enough ago for us to get it
thawed out, so, of course, there will be a little water in the fat,
and it will not get quite so brown.
LECTUKE TENTH.
CHEAP DISHES AND REWARMED FOODS.
We begin our lesson this afternoon with a dish of rice, piloff
of rice, any cold meat cut in small squares, an onion peeled
and chopped fine, and if you have tomatoes, either canned, fresh,
or cold stewed tomatoes, a cupful. Sometimes the dish is made
with tomatoes, sometimes without. Put the onion in the sauce
pan with a tablespoonful of drippings; set it over the fire and
let it get light brown. When it is light brown put with it a
cupful of rice, picked over and washed and dried by the fire.
After the onion begins to brown put the rice with it and stir
until the rice is light brown; then put in a quart of hot water,
the meat and tomatoes and a palatable seasoning of salt and
pepper. Of course, the quantity of salt and pepper that you
use will depend on the seasoning of the meat, and this may be
any kind of meat. Then cover the sauce pan in which you
have all these things and let the rice, meat, tomatoes and water all
cook together gently. Every ten minutes you must look to see
whether the rice has absorbed all the water. If it has you must
add a little more water, not more than half a cupful at a time,
keeping the rice just moist until it is tender. You will find
that probably in about half an hour the rice will be tender, and
UNIVERSITY OF MINNESOTA. 91
when the dish is done it should not have the gravy about it; it
simply needs to be moist, so you will have to add w^ater
cautiously after the first quart.
If the meat that you use is very fat, and sometimes beef like
this is very fat, you may cook the meat, fat and lean together
in with the onion in the first place instead of the tablespoonful
of butter or drippings. If you have no meat you can make the
dish in the same way using tomato, onion and rice; and if you
have cold gravy of any kind put that in it.
FRENCH HASH.
Next take the recipe for a dish called French hash. There
is no potato in it, it is simply meat and gravy, so that you
must' not let the name mislead you. Little slices of cold meat,
fat and lean together. For a pint bowl ful of meat use about a table-
spoonful of chopped onion. First slightly brown the onion with
a tablespoonful of butter or drippings or fat from the meat; then
when the onion begins to brown put in the meat and let that
brown. -Next a tablespoonful of dried flour; stir the flour with
the brown meat and onion until the flour is quite brown; then
cover the meat with pork gravy or boiling water. After you
have covered the meat with water or cold gravy just let the
water or gravy boil, then season it palatably with salt and pepper;
of course, the seasoning will depend upon whether you have us*ed
gravy or broth or water. If you have used gravy or broth that
already will liave been seasoned, so that you want to taste for
the seasoning. After the gravy is both boiled and seasoned
take the sauce pan off the fire and stir in the yolk of one raw
egg with it and dish at once. You must not put the hash back
on the fire after putting the egg in. If you do you will curdle
it. Do not stir the egg in till you are ready to serve it, on
toast or plain.
BAKED TENDERLOINS.
The next recipe will be for baked tenderloins. Split the pork
tenderloins in such a way as to make rather thick slices. Ten-
derloins are so thick that by cutting you spread them out. In-
side the slice of tenderloin put any stuffing that you like. I have
given two or three recipes for different kinds of stuffing. For
this to-day I shall use a little stale bread, crumbed, seasoned
with salt and pepper, and moistened with butter; a tablespoon-
92 BIENNIAL REPORT
ful of butter to a scant cupful of bread, or in place of butter you
could use an egg. After you put a little stuffing in the tenderlonis
fold them together and either tie or sew them so as to keep the
stuffing inside. Put the tenderloins in the dripping pan in the oven
and bake them until they are thoroughly browned. Then take
off the strings and serve them. They are very nice if you bake
potatoes in the pan with them. If the oven is hot the potatoes
and tenderloins will bake in about the same time. The potatoes
should be peeled. Remember what I told you about always tak-
ing large stitches in sewing up meat, so that you can see to pull
them out when the meat is done. Of course, pork tenderloins
will be pretty sure to yield drippings enough to baste with. I
have spoken about that in the baking of meats two or three
times. No water is needed in preparing them. The tenderloins,
when sewed up, will resume their origiaal shape.
FRIED LIVER.
First, wash the liver in cold water, then pour scalding water
on it and let it stand for about ten minutes to draw out the
blood; slice it about half an inch thick. After the liver is
scalded and sliced, roll it in flour, season it with salt and pep-
per and put it into the frying pan containing about a quarter of
an^inch of hot fat, which may be drippings or fat from bacon or
salt pork. In that case you first would fry the salt pork or
bacon to get the fat or drippings, and put the slices of pork or
bacon to keep warm when they are done. After the pork or
bacon is fried put it on a dish to keep warm, and then fry the
liver in the drippings. As soon as the liver is browned on both
sides serve it on a dish with the fried pork or bacon. Fried liver
needs to be cooked as quickly as possible, making sure that it is
done. The more quickly you can cook it the tenderer it will
always be. You can take that as a rule in regard to liver, heart
and tongue, that the fatter they can be cooked the tenderer they
will be. To-day I simply have fried this with drippings. I
have not fried the bacon with it, but I have told you how to
fry it.
BAKED HASH.
Next take a recipe for baked hash. Equal quantities of
chopped meat and stale bread, meat of any kind. Suppose
you have a pint bowl of each. Mix with the meat and the
UNIVERSITY OF MINNESOTA. 93
bread a heaping tablespoonful of butter, a palatable seasoning
of salt and pepper, and that, of course, will depend upon the
seasoning of the meat. You may use corned beef or highly
seasoned meat, and then you will not need so much sea-
soning as you would if you used fresh meat. A heaping
teaspoonful of chopped parsley, enough cold gravy, if you have
it, or broth to moisten the hash, just to moisten it, not
make it sloppy, or if you have not gravy or broth you must
use water and butter. Mix the hash very thoroughly. Have
ready an earthen dish, buttered. See that the oven is hot, then
very quickly dissolve a teaspoonful of baking powder in a tea-
spoonful of water or broth and stir it into the hash just as fast
as you can and put it into the oven to bake. As soon as the
hash is brown on top it will be done.
CORNED BEEF HASH.
Now I will give you a recipe for corned beef hash. Yesterday
we spoke about boiling corned beef. You will take cold corned
beef and boiled potatoes, either hot or cold, about equal quan-
tities. Sometimes people like a little more potato than meat.
Mix the meat and potato together; add just enough water or
broth to moisten the meat and potato. Season palatably with
salt and pepper and butter; have the hash nicely mixed together;
put into the frying pan; suppose you have a quart of hash, about
two tablespoonfuls of butter and let it get hot, then put in the
hash. Stir the hash in the butter until it is nearly hot. Then,
using a knife, form it into a cake on one side of the frying pan
and let the bottom brown. Loosen the hash once in a while
from the bottom of the pan to make sure it is not burning and
when it is brown on the bottom turn it out on a dish with the
brown side up'. Another form of hash is the moist hash. That
is simply prepared and warmed without browning it, using
broth or butter and hot water for moistening it.
94 BIENNIAL REPORT
LECTURE ELEVENTH.
OYSTERS.
We begin our lecture this morning with roast oysters, Mobile
style. All oysters, when cooked in any way, should be first put
in a colander and the juice allowed to drain off, then strain the
juice. Always take each oyster in the hand and carefully re-
move all fragments of shell from the gills. The shells of oysters
are dangerous to swallow, and serious illness is often the result.
Hold the oyster by the hard part, removing pieces of shell with
the finger. Then wipe the oyster with a wet towl. Keep the
most perfect specimens for broiling, as the more imperfect ones
will do sufficiently well for soups or stews. For roasting oysters
in the Mobile style, have as many deep oyster shells as you in-
tend to have oysters, scrubbed very clean; put the shells in a
dripping pan and place them in the oven, until they become so
hot as to melt butter when put into them. When quite hot take
the shells out of the oven and put a small piece of butter and a
very little pepper in each shell. If the oysters are large lay one
in each shell, if they are small put two or three in each shell and
put them back in the oven directly. By the time the edges of
the oysters curl they will be done. Oysters when heated through
are done. Do not put any salt on them. Serve them on the
shells. As they are served in Mobile, a large shell is used, laid
on a small charcoal furnace, putting the shell on top of the fur-
nace to get very hot; the furnace is brought to the table and the
oysters opened and dropped into the hot shell and turned once.
The regulation way of roasting oysters is to thoroughly wash
the outside of the shell and lay them on the fire with the large
end down. As soon as the oysters open serve them.
To use the liquor, take a pint of the oyster liquor after it has
been strained; sift a heaping cupful of flour; mix with it a level
teaspoonftil of salt and a heaping teaspoonful of baking powder.
Have the griddle as hot as you would for pancakes. Very
quickly stir into the flour enough of the oyster liquor to make a
batter, and fry just as any pancake; serve hot with butter.
Next take a recipe for oyster fritters. Have the frying ket-
tle half full of fat, as you would for doughnuts. Strain the
oysters and remove all bits of shell. In the meantime the lard
UNIVEKSITY OF MINNESOTA. 95
should be heating on the back of the stove. Cut the oysters
slightly. For a pint of oysters use a pint of flour, sifted, and
mixed with a level teaspoonful of salt. Put the flour in a mix-
ing bowl with the yolk of one egg, a tablespoonful of salad oil,
and a, pinch of peper. Use enough of the oyster liquor to make
a batter thick enough to drop from the spoon. Beat the white
of an egg to a stiff froth. Mix the oysters and the white of egg
lightly with the batter, and as soon as it is mixed drop by the
large spoonful into the hot lard. As soon as brown take
the fritters out and lay them for a moment on brown paper to
drain the grease off. In order to keep them hot while you are
frying the rest lay the paper on a dripping pan and set it in the
oven.
Take next a recipe for oyster soup, thickened with cracker
dust. For a quart of oysters, remove all bits of shell, as usual,
and mix the oyster liquor with enough to make a quart. Take
one tablespoonful of butter, a very little white pepper, if you
have it, two tablespoonfuls of cracker dust finely powdered, As
I told you the other day, the cracker dust which you buy at the
cracker factories is the nicest. Stir all together over the fire,
and when it comes to a boil put in the oysters, with a level tea-
spoonful of salt. Stir till the edges of the oysters curl; then
serve. To thicken with flour,, stir one tablespoonful of flour and
one of butter together over the fire. Season with pepper, and
put in one quart of liquor and milk.
For plain broiled oysters, prepare ftie oysters as above direct-
ed and lay them on a towel. Take a double- wire broiler and
butter it thickly, taking care to have the fire hot. Season the
oysters lightly with pepper and but very little, if any, salt. Put
the oysters between the broiler, and broil them; serve them on
toast.
For breaded oysters, prepare as before, and dip the oysters in
melted butter seasoned with pepper and salt, and roll them in
cracker crumbs. Put them on the gridiron and broil them until
they are light brown.
For oysters broiled with bacon, cut very thin slices of Break-
fast bacon, as many slices as oysters, and stick them on little
skewers, half a dozen oysters on each skewer, first a slice of
bacon and then an oyster, until you have half a dozen on each
skewer. Flatten them so that they will lie a little apart. Put
the skewer between the buttered bars of the gridiron, dust
them a little with pepper and brown them. The bacon should
96 BIENNIAL REPORT
be cut very thin and about the size of the oyster. Serve them
on the skewers.
For oysters in the Philadelphia style, prepare the oysters by
draining the juice from them and removing the small pieces of
shells. Use for one dozen large oysters one tablespoonful of lard,
two tablespoonfuls of salad oil. As soon as the fat is hot put
the oysters in and fry them till the edges curl. Season them with
pepper and salt. Fry them plain or rolled in flour.
WELSH RAREBIT.
For a rarebit large enough for three or four persons, put in a
sauce pan a quarter of a pound of grated cheese, two table-
spoonfuls of butter, a saltspoonful of salt, two tablespoonfuls of
ale, one teaspoonful of mustard, a little dust of c jyenne pepper,
stir all these together over the fire and serve on toast.
LECTUEE TWELFTH.
Cookery for the Sick.
BROILED CHICKEN.
For broiled chicken choose always a tender chicken. Ee-
move all the feathers, singe it over the fire, and wipe the
chicken with a wet towel. Split the chicken down the back.
In doing that one can remove the entrails without breaking.
Take out the entrails and crop; lay the chicken open on
the gridiron. It is better to use a double gridiron, well buttered.
If the chicken is not tender, break the joints so the chicken will
lie flat on the gridiron. Put the inside of the chicken to the
fire first and brown it. Do not put it too close to the fire. Broil
it fifteen or twenty minutes, for it will require about that time
fo get well done. When the inside is brown, turn it and broil
the oiitside, allowing about ten minutes. Take time enough to
brown it nicely without burning. If you have a very young
spring chicken less time will be required. Do not broil a chicken
that weighs over three pounds. If the chicken is very large it
is better to put it in a very hot oven in a pan, with no butter
unless the chicken is very lean. Season with salt, pepper and
butter, if desired, when it is removed from the oven.
UNIVERSITY OF MINNESOTA. 97
BARBECUED CHICKEN.
Split down the back, and after breaking the joints dress and
lay it open. Use two tablespoonfuls of butter and one cup of
water. Season with salt and pepper. Brown the chicken well,,
dredge it wi thflour and baste it every fifteen minutes with drip-
pings from the pan until tender. Pour over it the gravy that
you find in the pan, and serve. The Southerners, with whom
this dish is a grtat favorite, usually put in this gravy some nice
table sauce.
JELLIED OATMEAL.
Take one-half cup of very finely ground oatmeal and put it
over the fire with a pint of boiling water and a level teaspoon-
ful of salt. Boil it very slowly until it becomes transparent..
This will require two hours or longer. Do not add any more
water unless it is positively necessary. When it is done it,
should be stiff and hold its form when it is turned out. It
makes a dish which is very nice and nutritious for sick people,
when it is quite gelatinous. Add sugar, if it is desired, and put
it in a mould. Serve when cold and solid with cream and
powdered sugar.
BOILED TROUT.
Boiled trout makes an excellent dish for convalescents and ifc
is very nutritious. Have the fish cleaned and the scales re-
moved. The entrails should be drawn from the gills. After
the fish has been thoroughly washed boil it in salted boiling
water till you can easily pull a fin out, then serve it with a white
sauce either made plain or with milk. French canned green
peas are nice with trout. If the peas are served with the trout
put the peas on the dish and lay the trout on them.
Clam soup may be given to invalids with beef tea, alternating.
Clam soup may be given when beef tea can not be digested.
It is very nutritious. Drain off the juice and remove all bits of
shell as with oysters. If the clams are whole put the shells
over the fire until they are heated; remove the clams and
simply season the juice very lightly with salt and pepper and
use the broth in that shape. If you are using canned clams heat
the clams in the juice, then remove the juice and season slightly,
using the juice. Strain the juice. Take the clams and cut away
13
98 BIENNIAL REPORT
the hard part from the soft part. Boil the juice, with the hard
part, long enough to extract the flavor. Use the juice to make
the soup, adding water or milk. When the soup is made season
it, putting the soft part of the clam in it. Boil it a couple of
minutes and serve it. Use butter and flour in the same manner
as for thickening oyster soup.
Make orange salad to serve with broiled chicken in the fol-
lowing manner: For a small chicken use two small sour oranges,
sliced very thin. Arrange them nicely on a dish. Place over
the slices of orange a very little salt, a little cayenne pepper, and
three tablespoonfuls of salad oil. If the oranges are sweet a few
drops of vinegar or lemon juice must be added. Serve the
chicken on top of the orange salad.
RENNET CUSTARD.
Heat a half pint of milk until it is lukewarm. While the milk
is heating beat one egg with a teaspoonful of powdered sugar and
stir the egg and sugar in with it. When the milk is lukewarm
add one teaspoonful of liquid rennet and one teaspoonful of wine
or one tablespoonful of rennet wine. Mix all together and let it
become cold. Bennet custard may be given safely when the in
valid is not able to take more than broth.
*BEAF TEA.
For a pint of beef tea take one pound of beef chopped very fine.
All the fat is to be cut away. Put it in a bowl with a pint of
cold water. Let it stand in an earthern bowl at least an hour,
and longer if possible. Put the water and beef in the saucepan
over the fire, and heat them very slowly indeed. When the
beef tea arrives at the boiling point pour it into a wire sieve
to allow the juice and the little particles of meat not the
fibres to pass through. Season it very lightly, and if any par-
ticles of fat are visible lay little pieces of white porous paper
on top of the tea to absorb the fat; serve it hot or cold.
NAMES AND ADDRESSES OF PERSONS IN ATTENDANCE UPON
THIS COURSE.
Alexander, Jane A 30 Prince Street, Minneapolis, E. D.
Asire, Mrs. Dr. L 258 First Avenue South, Minneapolis.
Aasland, G. P 1315 Seventh Street, S. E., City.
Abbott, Mrs. A. L ........ 1115 Fifth Street, E. D.
Adams, Mrs. S. E Care of Carrier 3, West Side.
Ainsworth, Mrs. C. F 404 Nicollet Avenue, Minneapolis.
Amy, Jennie M 1809 Portland Avenue, "
Anderson, Hannah 2215 Park Avenue, "
Adair. Mrs. Mary 206 Tenth Street South, "
Arnold, Mrs. E. L 513 Eighth Avenue South, "
Adams, Miss Alice University of Minnesota,
Allen, Mrs. M. L 312 Fourth Avenue Southeast, "
Angbe, Mary Box 1829,
Adams, Mrs. August.... Care of Carriers,
Abraham, Miss M. P 1025 Hennepin Avenue,
Anderson, Henrietta .....525 University Avenue Southeast,
Alden, Jennie M Box 143, "
Athens, Mrs 801 Fifth Street Southeast,
Anderson, Mrs. R 1025 Eighth Street Southeast, "
Anderson, Anna E 618 Fourth Avenue Southeast,
Adams, Mrs. Charles 107 Island Avenue,
Allen, Miss Kitty St. Cloud, Minn.
Anderson, Miss Mary 701 Union Avenue, Minneapolis.
Ames, Mrs. C. W 233 Western Avenue, St. Paul.
A very, Mrs. G. W 725 Fourteenth Avenue Southeast, Minneapolis.
Alden, Bertha 1227 Fifth Street Southeast, "
Alexander, Mrs. Jane 52 Prince Street E. D.,
Allen, Mrs. E. S Jacksonville, Vermont.
Alger, Mrs. Q. D 1227 University Avenue, Minneapolis.
Asire, Mollie 258 First Avenue South,
Andrews, Mrs. F. P 527 Fifth Street Southeast,
Austin, Mrs. M. P 1212 Eighth Street South,
Anderson, Martha Eden Prairie, Minn.
Billings, Miss Ida P 70 North Twelfth Street, Minneapolis.
Bicknell, Mrs. Cbas. A 416 Nineteenth Avenue Southeast,
Bicknell, Miss F. E 1805 Fourth Street Southeast,
Beach, Mrs. W. H 1509 Park Avenue,
Berry, Flora 300 Fourth Street Southeast,
100 BIENNIAL REPORT
Barrows, Miss Nellie 227 Fourth Street Southeast, Minneapolis,
Beach, Miss M. P 1509 Park Avenue,
Brown, Mrs. E. J 61 Highland Avenue, "
Barrett, Nellie 611 Second Avenue North, "
Buhtolph, Mrs. F. G 1829 Fifth Street Southeast, ' '
Butler, H. E . 1829 Fifth Street Southeast, "
Berry, Miss Olive 1906 Fourth Street Southeast,
Bradley, Miss Anna 1901 Fourth Street Southeast, ' *
Brown, Mrs. El wood 425 University Avenue,
Bartlett, C. J Care Tribune,
Beveridge, Miss Nellie 43 Royalston Avenue, "
Bolton, Lettie E 1529 University Avenue Southeast, u
Benton, Mary L 419 Eighth Avenue Southeast, "
Bausman, Miss Bertha ..320 South Tenth Street, "
Budington, Miss Anna 1209 Hawthorne Avenue, "
Barry, Mrs. J. L 218 Twelfth Street South, "
Bolton, Mrs. N. H 1529 University Avenue, "
Bell, Mrs. J. F Long Prairie, Minn,
Bradford, Belle 1313 Fifth Street Southeast, Minneapolis,
Bardwell, Mrs. Wm Excelsior, Minn.
Bradley, Mrs. R 1910 Fourth Street Southeast, Minneapolis,
Bettman, Mrs. P. H 35 Sixteenth Street North, "
Bernard, Mrs. M. M..... 517 Ninth Avenue Southeast, "
Billings, Mrs. A. L 70 North Twelfth Street, "
Butler, Mrs. L 808 Third Avenue South, "
Brown, Miss Nellie 625 Fifteenth Avenue Southeast, "
Butler, Mrs. H. E 1829 Western Avenue, u
Blake, Miss S. C 324 Hennepin Avenue, "
Bardwell, Mrs. C. T 1800 Park Avenue, "
Bolton, Miss L. F 1801 Fourth Street Southeast, "
Bacon, Mrs. W. H 401 Sixth Avenue Northeast, "
Bentliff, Mrs
Bevan, Mrs 801 Fifth Street Southeast, "
Bosworth, Inez 502 Fifth Street Southeast, "
Berry, Mrs. R. W 502 Fifth Street Southeast,
Bemis, E. W 502 Fifth Street Southeast, "
Butler, Mrs. G. S Room 3 Lindley Block, corner Seventh Street
and Nicollet Avenue x .
Burtliff, Mrs. G 1806 Sixth Avenue South, "
Bredyman, Mrs. C.. St. Cloud, Minn,
Bridgeman, Anna J 837 Fifteenth Avenue South, Minneapolis,
Burce, I. M College Hospital, "
Brown, Paul 625 Fifteenth Avenue Southeast, "
Bell, Annie D 616 Fourth Avenue Southeast, "
Brooks, Mrs. D. T Minneiska, Minn.
Brown, Clara 1129 Hennepin Avenue, Minneapolis-
Beveridge, Miss Kate 43 Royalston Avenue,
Bonfoy, Anna H 823 Twenty -second Avenue Southwest, Minneapolis,
Burch, Mrs. Lottie J Excelsior, Minn,
UNIVERSITY OF MINNESOTA. 101
Elaisdell, Ada Box 178, Minneapolis.
Bragg, Mrs. W. F "
Brooks, Mrs. Jabez 1708 Laurel Avenue, "
Boeland, Mrs. Geo... Iowa City, Iowa.
Baldwin, Mrs. E. J 423 Seventh Street South, Minneapolis.
Blaisdell, Miss Sadie , Box 178, "
Ball, Mrs. Sarah Excelsior, Minn.
Beebe, Mrs. R. P 614 Franklin Avenue, Minneapolis.
Bolton, Mrs. A. C... 1801 Fourth Street and Eighteenth Ave. SE., "
Brown, Estelle 625 Fifteenth Avenue Southeast,
Baker, Sibyl B 1611 Sixth Street Southeast, "
Blanchard, Carrie W University of Minnesota, "
Cheney, Mrs. Isaac 238 Fourth Street Southeast, "
Carriel, Mrs. D. S 1808 Fourth Avenue, "
Connor, Miss A. A 1415 University Avenue, "
heney, Miss Nellie A..Corner Franklin Avenue and Minnehaha, "
Cheney, Mrs. E Corner Franklin Avenue and Minnehaha, "
Cantwell, Miss M. J 1215 Chestnut Avenue, Minneapolis, "
Cummings, Mrs. R 325 Sixth Avenue Southeast, "
ooley, Mrs. E 121 Cess. Avenue Southeast, "'
oe, C. E Room 59, 315 Hennepin Avenue, "
Coe, Helen 619 Thirteenth Avenue Southeast, "
Oooper, Mrs. Preston Fourth Street and Third Avenue South, "
Castner, Mrs. F. H 725 Fourteenth Avenue Southeast, "
Covey, Hattie D 508 Eighth Avenue South, "
Cuzner, Mrs. A. B.. Twelfth Ave. Southeast, bet. Com. and Palm, "
Cooke, Mrs. J 1521 Fifth Street Southeast, "
Cole, Miss Carrie A 113 Pleasant Street Southeast, *
Cole, Mrs. Alida 113 Pleasant Street Southeast, "
amp, Mrs. A. R... 1405 Fifth Street Southeast, "
Curtis, Mrs. E. F... 527 Second Avenue Southeast, "
Clark, Prudy Eden Prairie, Minn.
Crane, Tremont 1113 Fourth Street Southeast, Minneapolis
Conklin, Miss Margaret 2215 Park Avenue, "
Chapman, Mrs. Dr. O. S 1123 Fourth Avenue South, "
Carpenter, Mrs. G. W 117 University Avenue, '*
Carver, Miss Linda
Carver, Mr. R. 1 1226 Sixth Street Southeast, "
Cunningham, Miss Portland Avenue, between Eighteenth and
Nineteenth streets
Cantwell, Mrs. P. P 1215 Chestnut Avenue, "
Chunt, Miss B. A 1133 Ninth Street North, "
Chapman, Miss 204 Fifth Avenue Southeast,
Caswell, Mrs. Vesta Litchfield, Minn.
Caswell, Mrs. Martha Coon Creek, Minn.
Clark, Mrs. Frank 616 Sixth Avenue North, Minneapolis.
Cone, Mrs. J. W 701 Sixth Street Southeast,
Crafts, Lettie 610 Fifth Street Southeast,
Croswell, Mrs. H. J. G 1301 Fifth Street Southeast, "
102 BIENNIAL REPORT
Gary, Mrs. N. H 2216 Portland Place, Minneapolis.
Cook, Mrs. Nordy
Cole, Mrs. E Seventeenth and Vine Streets,
Cone, Mrs. M. D Stearns Avenue and Twenty-eighth Street,
Chamberlain, Mrs. W. E Anoka, Minn.
Crafts, Mrs. A 610 Fifth Street Southeast, Minneapolis.
Crocker, Mrs. E. B 2222 Portland Place,
Coe, Mrs. C. A 619 Thirteenth Avenue Southeast,
Conner, Mrs. J. L 252 Second Avenue South,
Chute, Mrs. S. H 15 University Avenue,
Cady, Louise University of Minnesota,
Cummings, Miss L 325 Sixth Avenue Southeast,
Crippen, Miss ..34 Seventh Street,
Cuzner, Mrs. E. A ...
Cummings, Miss M 325 Sixth Avenue Southeast,
Coplin, Mrs. Chas 318 Fourth Street Southeast,
Creslman, Mrs. M. J 5 Eastman Avenue,
Coverdale, Mrs. J. W 336 South Eighteenth Street,
Caskin, Miss E. C 428 Eighth Street and Fifth Avenue South,
Christian, Mrs. Geo. H... Corner Eighth Street and Fourth Avenue
South
Coverdale, Daniel 336 Eighteenth Street South,
Gumming, Mrs. Gussie Taylors Falls, Minn.
Calderwood, Mrs. J. T 415 Grant Street, Minneapolis.
Cummings, Mrs. Henry 726 First Avenue North,
Connell, Miss Kate B 70 North Twelfth Street, *'
Coe, Mrs 1906 Hawthorn Avenue,
Christian, Mrs. L Eighth Street and Fifth Avenue South,
Clark, Mrs. G. A 809 Seventh Street South,
Calhoun, Mrs. J. F 60 South Tenth Street, "
Coffin, Mrs. W. F lOltfSixteenth Avenue Southeast,
Coykendall, Mrs. J. R 715 Sixteenth Street South,
Chapin, Mrs. N. C 319 University Avenue Southeast,
Cordell, D. W 904 University Avenue, j"^"'
Crosby, Mrs. Judge Hastings, Minn*
Cook, Mrs. Alma Anoka, Minn.
Campbell, Mrs. L. W, 1100 Fifth Street Southeast, Minneapolis.
Carey, Mrs. Maggie 926 Second Avenue South,
Connor, Mrs. E. H 1105 Sixth Street Southeast, "
Carswell, Mrs. J. F 43 Eastman Avenue,
Canfield, Miss Maggie... Corner Cedar Avenue and Twenty-sixth
Street
Cheney, Jennie L 325 Fourth Street Southeast,
Christie, Mrs. J. 714 University Avenue Southeast,
Cone, Mrs. E. C 714 University Avenue Southeast,
Dean, O. A Bloomington, Minn.
Dexter, Mrs. Chas 63 Island Avenue, Minneapolis.
Davidson, Mrs. E. B , 1021 Hennepin Avenue, "
UNIVERSITY OF MINNESOTA. 103
Donnell, Mrs Nineteenth Street between Sixth and Seventh Av-
enaesSouth Minneapolis.
Dorsett, Mrs. C. W
Dix, Mrs. S. A 27 South Twelfth Street, "
Dyer, Mrs. C. E 624 University Avenue Southeast, "
Durkee, Mrs. H. O Eoch ester, Minn.
Dodson, Mrs. E. F 1509 Portland Avenue, Minneapolis.
Donovan, Mrs. M Street Railway Office, "
Derickson, Mrs. G. P 24 Highland Avenue, "
Davenport, Mrs. E. J 63 Oak Grove, "
Dudley, Mrs. D. W 2030 Place, "
Dennison, Mrs. J. E 1413 Seventh Street Southeast, "
Dodge, Mrs. J. A 417 Eighth Avenue Southeast, "
Dowers, Mrs. E 110 Washington Avenue South, "
Dennett, Miss S. E 716 University Avenue, "
Doolittle, Mrs. L. A 727 Sixth Street Southeast, "
Deveau, Miss Gertrude 804 Sixth Avenue South, "
Dickinson, Mrs. G. L 1301 First Avenue South, "
Donthwaite, Mrs. M. A Bloomington, Minn.
Donald, Mrs. M.... 903 Main Street Southeast, Minneapolis.
Downey, Mrs. Stella 801 Seventh Street Southeast, "
Davenport, Mrs. Jason 57 South Tenth Street, "
Doerr, Mrs. Henry 25 Washington Avenue, "
Davenport, Mrs. G. C ..619 Mississippi Street, St. Paul.
Daniel, Mrs 319 University Avenue, Minneapolis.
De Mott, Mrs. H. V..Seventeenth St., bet. Nicollet and Hennepin, "
Davison, Mrs. R. A Box 440, "
De Laittre, Mrs. Jno :.24 Grove Place, Nicollet Island.
Dailey, Mrs. C. W Box 717 Brainerd, Minn.
Dalley, Miss A. E 714 University Avenue Southeast, Minneapolis.
D.iiley, Mrs. M. A 714 University Avenue Southeast, "
Elliot, Mrs. J. R Cor. Tenth Street and Tenth Ave. South, "
Elliott, Mrs. A. F 429 Nicollet Avenue,
Emery, Mrs. Fanny 2030 Portland Place, "
Emery, Mrs. H. F 724 Fourth Street South,
Elliot, Mrs. D 1415 Sixth Avenue South,
Eustis, Miss Emma University Avenue,
Eustis, Miss Nellie University Avenue,
Eustis, Mrs. E. S University Avenue,
Eastman, Mrs. Geo. H 18 Grove Place, Nicollet Island,
Einstein, Mrs. Kate 620 Nicollet Avenue,
Eastman, Mrs. John W 716 University Avenue,
Eastman, Mrs. H. D 20 Grove Place, Nicollet Island,
Elliot, Mrs. M. E 814 Third Avenue South,
Edgerly, Mrs. Frank 609 Thirteenth Avenue Southeast,
Erickson, Mrs. O. P 609 Thirteenth Avenue Southeast,
Elwell, Mrs. Jas. P
Ermentrouh, Mrs. C. H 1820 Nicollet Avenue,
Edwards, Mrs. John 617 Seventh Avenue,
104 BIENNIAL REPORT
Edwards, Miss Flora Box 888, Brainerd, Minn.
Eaton, Mrs. Chas. A First Avenue North, Minneapolis.
Emery, Mrs. J. C 2030 Portland Place, "
Emery, Dr. Mary 433 Dayton Avenue, St. Paul.
Elwell, Mary W 1002 Elwell's Addition, Minneapolis.
Elwell, Mrs. G<x>rge 1002 Elwell's Addition,
Edwards, Miss Fanny 617 Seventh Avenue South, "
Eastman, Mrs. C. C 24 Grove Place, Nicollet Island, "
Eastman, Mrs. C. H Dedham, Audubon County, Iowa.
Emery, Mrs. H. F 1721 Fourth Street South, E. D., Minneapolis.
Eastman, Mrs. A. M 716 University Avenue,
Fowle, Anna R 33 Sixteenth Street North, "
Foster, Mrs. C. E 1401 University Avenue, "
Fuller, Jennie, M. D 433 Dayton Avenue, St. Paul
Foset, Mrs. C. E 521 Ninth Avenue Southeast, Minneapolis.
Farrier, Mrs. G. W Room 59, Hennepin Block, "
Fish, Mrs. A. M 49 Third Street South, "
Fosberg, Lottie 228 Fifth Street Southeast, "
Fosberg, Kate 520 Fourth Street Southeast, "
Fules, Ida 2118 Portland Avenue South, "
Folwell, Mrs. M. H 1020 Fifth Street Southeast, "
Fobwle, Mrs. E. B 409 Sixth Street Southeast, "
Foster, Mrs. F. P 1323 Fourth Street Southeast, "
Firkins, Ina University of Minnesota,
Fairly, Mrs. William 613 Cedar Avenue, "
Foster, Miss L 2216 Portland Place, "
Foster, Mrs. Robert 1327 Fifth Street Southeast, "
Francis, Miss Emma Care A. B. Barton,
Foster, Mrs. S. E 518 Eighth Street Southeast, "
Foster, Flora Between Fourth and Fifth Avenues Southeast,
Fullerton, Mrs. C. F ^....203 Eleventh Street South, *
Furber, Mrs. Geo Corner Sixteenth Avenue, Elwell's Add., "
Flemming, Annie R 312 Nineteenth Avenue Southeast,
Felt, Mrs. E. S 34 Seventh Street South,
Field, Mrs. Ellen M Twenty -first Avenue and Twelfth Street
North
Folds, Mrs. William B 607 Second Avenue South, *'
Foster, Mrs. A. F 916 Seventh Street South, "
Fairchild, Mrs. E. K 409 Fifth Street Southeast, "
Forbes, Carrie E 21 Eastman Avenue,
Fratzke, Ida 602 South Tenth Street, "
Francisca, Mrs. G. E 409 Eighth Street Southeast, "
Gould, Mrs. Lucy 527 Ninth Street South, "
Guild, S. A 1214 Harmon Place,
Graham, Mrs. D. M ....1527 Sixth Street North, "
Garfield, Mrs. J. M Corner Nicollet and Hennepin Avenues, "
Gould, Helen M Excelsior, Minn!
Grimes, Mrs. J. T 609 Thirteenth Avenue Southeast, Minneapolis.
Goodale, Mrs. P. H 1019 Fifth Street Southeast,
UNIVERSITY OF MINNESOTA. 105
Goss, Mrs. S. M Olympia, Washington Territory.
Gage, Mrs. H. C 21 South Twelfth Street, Minneapolis.
Gallow, Mrs. J. E University of Mi nnnesota,
Grindale, Mrs. C. J 515 Fourth Avenue Southeast, "
Gardner, Mrs. E 631 Fifteenth Street South, "
Greenleaf, Mrs. L. L Beloit, Wis.
Gray, Mrs. W. R 57 North Twelfth Street, Minneapolis.
Gray, Miss Mamie Care J. R. Hoflin, "
Gillette, Mrs. L. S 1301 Fourth Street Southeast, "
Gallinge.r, Mrs. H. E 1103 South Seventh Street, "
Grimes, Emma... Fergus Falls, Minn.
Gukell, Mrs; Joseph 38 North Twelfth Street, Minneapolis.
Gudley, Mrs. J. C Victor, Iowa.
Graham, Miss R 1224 Nicollet Avenue, Minneapolis.
Gilpatrick, Mrs. Thos 1018 Fifth Street South,
Gilpatrick, Mrs. Eva 411 Eighth Street Southeast, "
Gordon, Mrs. E. P 409 Madison Street, East Division, "
Gorham, Mrs. J. E Corner Fourteenth Street and Vine Place, "
Griffith, Mrs. O. J '. 1307 Fourth Avenue South, "
Graves, Mrs. A. R 513 Seventh Avenue South, "
Godfrey, Mrs. A. C Minnehaha, Minn.
Gray, Mrs. T. J St. Cloud, Minn-
Gilmore, Mrs. D. M 1600 Laurel Avenue, Minneapolis.
Gale, Mrs. S. C Care Gale & Co.,
Graham, Mrs. J 1112 Fourth Street Southeast,
Griffith, Mrs. O. J .1307 Fourth Avenue South,
Grimes, Mrs E. E
Goodrich, Mrs. F. B 713 Eighth Street South,
Gilfillan, Mrs. J. B Corner Fourth Street and Tenth
Avenue Southeast
Galpin, Mrs.. ..1328 Cor. Sixth St. and Fourteenth Ave. Southeast,
Gould, Mrs. M. S Excelsior, Minn
Gould, Lucy M 1214 Harmon Place, Minneapolis.
Goodfellow, Mrs. R. S 33 South Ninth Street, "
Grimes, Mary 509 Thirteenth Avenue Southeast,
Holbrook, Mattie 210 Central Avenue,
Hawes, Mrs. W. W 419 Sixth Street Southeast,
Hawes, Mrs. J Eighth Street and Tenth Avenue Southeast,
Hughes, Helen G 1104 Eighth Street Southeast, "
Holbrook, Mrs. E. R 29 Eastman Avenue,
Hughes, Mrs. T. E 38 Oak Grove Street,
Hayes, Mrs. M. P 525 University Avenue,
Holmes, Mrs. J. V Beloit, Wis.
Hinshaw, Mrs. A 414 Sixth Avenue Northeast, Minneapolis.
Hatch, Mrs. A. P 907 First Avenue North,
Huntington, Florence.. 121 Fourth Street North,
Hall, C. W 904 University Avenue,
Hudson, Mrs. James Corner Ninth and Broadway, St. Paul.
Huntley. Mrs J. S 1025 Eighth Street Southeast, Minneapolis.
14
106 BIENNIAL BEPORT
Hoyt, Mrs. C. J 628 Sixteenth Street, Minneapolis.
How, Lizzie 425 Fourth Street Southeast,
Hicks, Mrs. H. G 120 Third Avenue South,
Harmon, Miss Irene 421 First Avenue South,
Harmon, Mrs. E. A 421 First Avenue South,
Hoit, Mrs. J. R Pillsbury "A" Mill,
Henderson, Laura E 217 Fifth Street South east,
Hutchins, Mrs. Dr 30 Thirteenth Street South,
Hendrickson, Mrs. E. H Room 20, F. & M. Block, St. Paul.
Hayes, Miss Carrie 525 University Avenue Southeast, Minneapolis.
Ham, Minnie 640 Sixth Avenue North, "
Hayes, Amy N 1226 Fifth Street Southeast, "
Heath, Mrs. S. F 1323 FourthStreet Southeast,
Hurkinson, Zenobia Fourth Street aud Tenth Avenue,
Hagan, Mrs. A. R 1013 Sixth Street Southeast,
Hall, Mrs. C. W 904 University Avenue Southeast, "
Hush, Mrs. V. J Corner Tenth Street and Second Ave. South, "
Holman, Miss M. B 1423 Fifth Street Southeast, "
Hoflin, Mrs. J. R 1521 Nicollet Avenue, "
Hermes, Miss S trah 1219 Fourth Street Southeast, "
Henshaw, I. M 414 Sixth Avenue Northeast,
Halnosson, Mrs. Emma.... 30 South Tenth Street, "
Hammond, Mrs. Mary , Lake City, Minn.
Harrison, Mrs. John 700 Hennepin Avenue, Minneapolis.
Haight, Miss Mamie :... Bismarck, Dakota Territory.
Hurlburt, Mrs. Wm. H Winona, Minn.
Hoag, Mrs. W. R 1113 Fourth Street South, E. D., Minneapolis.
Henderson, Mrs. A. C 217 Fifth Street Southeast,
Hance, Mrs. S. F 720 Sixth Avenue South, "
Howey, Mrs. J. F 316 Eighth Street South,
Howell, Miss 307 Tenth Street South, "
Heath, Mrs. L. M ...'. 1324 Fourth Street, Southeast, "
Haskell, Mrs. Frank * Box 586, "
Hughs, Mrs. T. E ; 38 Oak Grove Street, "
Hall, Mrs. E. 1 714 University Avenue, "
Hastings, Mrs. W. H 1816 Fifth Avenue South, "
Hubba-rd, Mrs. R. M 804 Sixth Avenue South,
Hendrickson, Minnie M Room 20, F. & M. Block, St. Paul.
Havens, Mrs. H. R 413 Grant Street, Minneapolis.
Hall, Mrs. John..... Bet. Eighteenth and Nineteenth Aves. South,
Houghton, Mrs. A. C 1604 Park Avenue, "
Harper, Mrs. J. L .., 34 South Seventh Street West, "
Hurd, Mrs. B. C 714 First Avenue North, "
Holmes, Mrs. H. A 113 Pleasant Street, E. D., "
Hall, Mrs. P. D 1305 Hawthorne Avenue, "
Holden, Mrs. W. H Hastings, Minn.
Harrington, Mrs. L. G Maukato, Minn.
Hyde, Mrs. E. R Chelsea, Orange County, Vt.
Hudson, Mrs. H. H Bridgewater Corner, Vt.
I
UNIVERSITY OF MINNESOTA. 107
Haglin, Mrs. C. F 321 Soutlj Eighth Street, Minneapolis.
Hemiup, Mrs. D. D 604 Fifth Street Southeast, "
Hayes, Mrs. Geo 1018 Nicollet Avenue, "
Hagan, Fannie 1013 Sixth Street Southeast, "
Hawes, Mrs. W. W 419 Sixth Street Southeast, "
Holmes, Mrs. H. W 820 Uuniversity Avenue Southeast, "
Hastings, Mrs. A. W 427 Eighth Avenue Southeast, "
Hager, Mrs. P. F 1010 Fourteenth Avenue Southeast, "
Irving, Mary E University of Minnesota,
Irwin, Mrs. E. F...... Richfield, Minn.
Jones, Mrs. C. C 1529 Fourth Street Southeast, Minneapolis.
Jefferson, Annie H 1021 Fourth Street Southeast, "
Jones, A. W University of Minnesota,
Jones, Mrs. Dr....: Red Wing, Minn.
Jamison, Mrs. Robt 1409 Fifth Street Southeast, Minneapolis.
Johnson, Miss Bessie 227 Fourth Street Southeast,
Jones, Mrs. Bertha 88 South Fourteenth Street,
Jones, Mrs. Howard 88 South Fourteenth Street,
Jones, Jennie L 1529 Fourth Street Southeast,
Johnson, Mrs. R. H 30 Seventh Street South,
Joy, Miss Inez E Corner Tenth Street and Tenth Ave. South,
Joslin, Mrs. E. 404 Nicollet Avenue, "
Jones, Mrs. Jos Oskaloosa, Iowa.
Jefferson, Mrs. C. A 1021 Fourth Street Southeast, Minneapolis.
Jones, Mrs. J. J 1221 First Avenue North,-
James, Mrs. W. A 1910 Hawthorne Avenue,
Johnson, Hannah , 2500 Stevens Avenue,
Jones, Mira C 502 Fifth Street Southeast,
Johnson, Miss F. M 927 Fifth Avenue South,
Jones, Miss Annie 122 First Avenue North,
Johnson, Lena 720 Third Avenue South,
Joslin, Mrs. J. C 1203 Hennepin Avenue, .
Jackson, Mrs. Geo 1914 Hawthorne Avenue,
Jackson, Mrs. A. B Care of Jackson & Pond,
Jerome, Mrs. Chas. P .' 620 Second Avenue South,
Johnson, Mrs. L. G 329 University Avenue,
Jackson, Mrs. A. B 715 Sixteenth Avenue South, "
Jenkins, Mrs. J. H Oshkosh, Wis.
Jones, Mrs. Chas Bradford, Orange County, Vt.
Johnson, Anna Sixth Street and Eighth Avenue, Minneapolis.
Johnson, A. L 622 Fourteenth Avenue Southeast,
Jackson, Mrs. H. N 89 Franklin Avenue,
Jones, Mrs. M. H Excelsior, Minn.
Jackson, Mrs. J. G Minneapolis.
Johnson, Miss Margaret 714 University Avenue Southeast,
Kingsley, Miss Mary 212 Grant Street Southeast,
Kennedy, Julia ..21 Eastman Avenue,
Kennedy, Miss Mary 428 University Avenue,
Kiehle, Louisa 1719 Fifth Avenue South,
108 BIENNIAL REPORT
Kiehle, Ada M 1719 Fifth Avenue South, Minneapolis.
Kirkwood, Mrs. H 614 Hennepin Avenue, "
Knotson, Miss Martha 30 Tenth Street South,
Kittridge, Mrs. C. L 710 University Avenue,
Kennedy, Mrs. P. A 4-28 University Avenue,
Kennedy, Miss Kate 428 University Avenue.
Kitteridge, Mary R 1021 Fourth Street Southeast, "
Kitteridge, Mrs. T 1021 Fourth Street Southeast,
Knieff, Emma 1513 Fifteenth Avenue Southeast,
Knox, Miss Florence 1005 Seventh Street Southeast,
Kennedy, Ernest 428 University Avenue,
Kelly, Miss Kate 1529 Fourth Street Southeast,
Kuderer, Miss Frances 419 Sixth Street Southeast,
Kelley, Mrs. L. E 1203 First Avenue North, "
Koon, Mrs. M. B Ninth Street and Fourth Avenue,
Kitchel, Mrs. Spanley R 128 Highland Avenue,
Kent, Mrs. Chas 2030 Portland Place,
Kiehle, Mrs. D. L 1719 Fifth Avenue South, "
Knight, Mrs. S. H 2018 Eighth Avenue South, "
Klopp, Mrs. M. J 63 Island Avenue,
Kelley, Mrs. H. H 803 University Avenue Southeast, "
Kelson, Mrs. W. H 714 University Avenue Southeast,
Little, Jennie E 24 Fourteenth Street South, "
Lewis, Ruth C 1310 First Avenue South,
Lyte, Mrs. F. A 1222 Fifth Street Southeast,
Love, Mrs. Wm 613 Cedar Avenue South,
Larson, Miss Martha
Long, Miss Alva 420 First Avenue South, "
LeDac, Miss M. C 1600 Fourth Street Southeast,
Lackor, Miss Ida F 224 Grant Street, "
Lackor, Mrs. H. L 224 Grant Street, "
Lloyd, Mrs. Helen M Toledo, Ohio.
Lawley, Mrs. Frank 229 First Street North, Minneapolis.
Lunt, Mrs. J. H 1800 Fourth Street Southeast, "
Lewis, Mrs. D. J 1600 Fifth Street Southeast, "
Lingrin, Pina Care of S. C. Gale, "
Lee, Miss 1227 Hennepin Avenue,
Larson, Miss Emma 1025 Fifth Street Southeast, "
Lyle, Mrs. Robert 1123 University Avenue Southeast, "
Lawrence, Lucy C 1219 Fourth Street Southeast, "
Lovejoy, Mrs. Loren K 715 Fourth Street Southeast,
Lewis, Mrs. L. M 30 Seventh Street South, "
Laythe, Miss Bessie 803 Fourth Street Southeast, "
Laraway, Mrs. L. D 2215 Thirteenth Avenue South, "
Lyall, Maude J University of Minnesota, "
Lovell, C. P 131 Highland Avenue,
Leathers, Mrs. Oliver Princeton, Minn.
Laurence Mrs. A. W 622 Fifth Street Southeast, Minneapolis.
UNIVERSITY OF MINNESOTA. 109
Lyman, Mrs. J. P Grinnell, Iowa.
Lyall, MissM. E 326 Fifth Street Northeast, Minneapolis.
Lisk, Miss ^ 504 Fourth Street, E. D., "
Lee, Mrs. J. W Box 51, "
Latz, Mrs. F. W 1401 Washington Avenue South, "
Lyons, Wm..... Box 685, "
Lumley, Mrs. Chas... Corner Seventh Ave. and Sixth Street South, '*
Linton, Mrs. Abner 'Grand Forks, Dakota Territory.
Latz, Mrs. Dr 1816 Two-and-a-Half Street South, Minneapolis.
Longee, Mrs. C. D 1103 Fifth Street Southeast, "
Leonard, Mrs. L. D 812 Third Avenue South, "
Long, Mrs. M. C 443 Carroll Street, St. Paul
Linton, Mrs. A. H Box 240, Minneapolis.
Lumbert, Mrs. E. R 469 Bluff Street, Dubuque, Iowa.
Leavitt, Mrs. Elizabeth 31 Royalston Avenue, Minneapolis.
Leighton, Mrs. H 803 Fourth Street, "
Lochren, Mrs. Wm 422 Tenth Avenue Southeast, "
Lundeen, Mrs. John A Fort Snelling, Minn,
Lund, Mrs 315 University Avenue Southeast, Minneapolis.
Lobdell, Mrs. Leila 2706 Twenty-eighth Street South, "
Lobdell, Mrs. C 2910 Thirty-first Avenue South, "
Longbrake, Mrs. L. L University Avenue,
Lovejoy, Mrs. J. A. 1013 University Avenue Southeast,
Long, Mrs. E. H Ill University Avenue Southeast,
Linton, Mrs. A. H 79 Sixth Street South,
Lamborn, Mrs. E. F 724 First Avenue North, "
Lee, Mrs. J. B 1228 Fourth Street Southeast, ."
Libby, Minnie 2617 Nicollet Avenue, "
Lyon, Mrs. R. C 1010 Fourteenth Avenue Southeast,
Lockwood, Mrs. Phillip 202 Thirteenth Street South, "
McDougall, Mrs. J. E 1515 Seventh Street Southeast,
Montgomery, Mrs. M. W 720 Eleventh Avenue South,
Markus, Emma 1910 Hawthorne Avenue,
Morrisson, Miss J. E 328 Fourth Street Southeast,
Mann, Ida V 1512 Sixth Avenue South,
McMahon, Miss Kate Care A. B. Barton,
Myers, Evelyn H . 1214 Fifth Street Southeast,
McNair, Will ...814 Fifth Street Southeast, "
Mclntyre, M. Eva 1833 Portland Avenue,
Murray, Margaret A 2720 Third Avenue Sonth,
McLaughlin, Miss M 229 First Street North,
Marsh, Mrs. C. A. J 324 Franklin Avenue,
Marshall, Mrs. J 500 Eighth Avenue South,
McSorley, Miss Florence 421 Thirteenth Avenue Southeast,
Mann, Mrs. G. T 1512 Sixth Avenue South,
Morris, M. L 700 Hennepin Avenue,
Marrs, Josephine 2211 Park Avenue,
Milliken, Mrs. W. P Lake City, Minn.
110 BIENNIAL REPORT
Martin, Mrs. John 425 University Avenue, Minneapolis.
Miner, V. F Flat 5, Hale Block,
Mitchell, Luella 1414 Sixth Street Southeast, "
Marston, Mrs. M 2211 Park Avenue,
McKenney, Mrs. A. E 311 University Avenue Southeast,
Merrick, L. L N'collet Avenue between Eighteenth and
Nineteenth Streets , "
Moore, Mrs. J. P 30 South Seventh Street, "
Moore, Mrs. Kate 30 South Seventh Street, "
Matthews, B. E 727 Sixth Street Southeast,
McNair, Mrs. Isaac
McCleary, Mrs. T 820 Fourth Street Southeast, "
McNair, Miss A. W , North Sparta, Lee County, N. Y.
McNair, Muss Louise North Sparta, Lee County, N. Y.
Marsh, Helen B ; 417 Second Avenue North, Minneapolis.
Mayor, Mrs. Belle 928 Hennepin Avenue,
Morse, Mrs. Susie K .Care Gale & Co., "
McMillan, Mrs. P. D... Fifth Street and Tenth Avenue Southeast,
Morse, Mrs. W. A 1231 Chestnut Avenue, "
Major, Mrs. Mollie S 917 Hennepin Avenue,
Morrison, Mrs. H. G. O Cor. Nicollet Ave. and Fourteenth St.,
McNair, Marie L 1200 Second Avenue South,
Morse, Mrs. F. L Cor. Nineteenth St. and Hawthorne Ave.,
Merrick, M<s. A. N Room 4, Hurlburt Block, "
McNiece, Mrs. Ettie 622 Fifteenth Avenue Southeast,
McCord, Mrs. J , La Crosse, Wis.
Moffett, Mrs. Chas. W 3105 Sixth Avenue South, Minneapolis.
Mclntyre, Miss 324 Hennepin Avenue,
Moore, Mrs. Geo. C 1608 Fourth Street Southeast,
McCann, Mrs. M. A 2745 Fifteenth. .Avenue South,
Moore, Mrs. H. L 301 Fourth Street Southeast,
Moore, Mrs. A. G 301 Fourth Street Southeast,
Moulton, Miss Maddie 902 Seventh Street Southeast,
McClellan, Eva 2512 Sixteenth Avenue South,
McCulloch, Mrs. A. S ..1400 Stevens Avenue,
McDonald, Mrs. F. S 1212 Eighth Street South,
May, Mrs. C
May, Miss Mary 1202 Fourth Street Southeast,
Mills, Mrs. A. W
McCulloch, Mrs. F. B 1400 Stevens Avenue,
Monthei, Mrs. H 1206 Washington Avenue South,
Moore, Miss Mabel 140 Highland Avenue,
Manchester, Mrs. M. S 1412 Sixth Street Southeast,
Mason, Mrs. M. T 1103 S^ven'h Street South, "
Morrison, Mr*. L. L 1512 Nicollet Avenue,
Milligan, Mrs. J. G 1202 Fourth Street Southeast,
Mitchell, Mrs. Nancy Excelsior, Minn.
Martin, Miss Ellen 93 Sixth Street South, Minneapolis.
Morse, Mrs. Frank 1819 Hawthorne Avenue,
UNIVERSITY OF MINNESOTA. Ill
McClary, Maggie A 316 Sixth Street Southesst, Minneaplis.
Molynew, Mrs. B. S 702 Seventh Street, "
Martin, MM. C. J 602 Tenth Street South,
Marshall, Mrs. Jas * 500 Eighth Avenue South, "
Miller, Nellie M 21 Eastman Avenue, "
Miller, Miss Mattie 17 Eastman Avenue, "
Miller, Mrs. G. W ? 21 Eastman Avenue,
Miller, Mrs. P. A Cascade, Dubuque County, Iowa.
Mills, Mrs. S Minneapolis.
Morse, Mrs. Chas 317 Eighth Street, South, "
MeNair, Minnie Care I. McNair,
McLeod, Mrs. Jennie 725 Fourteenth Avenue Southeast, "
Mansfield, Miss A 709 Fourth Street Southeast, "
Moody, Mrs. F. F 39 North Nineteenth Street, "
Merriam, Mrs. G. N 828 Second Av.enue South, "
Miller, Mrs. W. A 916 Mary Place, "
Moore, Mrs. G. A 1119 Sixth Street Southeast, "
Meader, Mrs. S. B 601 Second Avenue South, "
Nelson, Emma C 113 First Street Strath, "
Nettleton, Miss Carrie M 927 Fifth Avenue South, "
Nind, J. Newton "
Nelson, Miss Annie 1020 First Street Southeast, "
Noblit, Mis. J. H 30 Seventh Street Southeast, "
Naylor, Mrs. Geo. M 1418 Spruce Place,
Norton, Mrs. L. B Northwestern Hospital, Three-and-a-half
Avenue South , '.
Newcomb, Mrs. S .'.
Niool, Miss Ida 914 Seventh Street Southeast,
Newman, Mrs Sixth Street and Ninth Avenue Southeast,
Nettleton, Mrs. A. B 927 Fifth Avenue South, "
Nah, Miss Mary 421 First Avenue South,
Notervan, Mrs. R. E 617 Seventh Avenue South,
Nelson, Ellt-n M 1401 Sixth Street Southeast,
Nickell, Mrs. J. H 619 First Avenue South,
Norton, Miss Carrie 715 Fourth Street Southeast,
Norton, Mrs. H. A 715 Fourth Street Southeast,
Newten, Miss H Corner Fourteenth Avenue and Eighth
Street Southeast .
Nichols, MissLillie 1206 Eighth Street South,
Outcalr, M.ss F. B 1827 Third Street Southeast,
Ontcalt, Miss Cora 1827 Third Street Southeast,
Overmire, Kate 2022 Seventh Avenue South,
Overmire, Mrs. S 2022 Park Avenue South,
Olson, Miss Olive 88 South Fourteenth Street,
Oxnard, Mrs. M. A 829 Second Avenue South,
O'Brien. Mrs. W 411 Eighth Street Southeast,
Owen, Miss Jnnie St. Cloud, Minn
Orborongh, W. A Bloomington, Minn.
Otto, Tilly 63 Tenth Street South, Minneapolis.
112 BIENNIAL REPORT
Osgood, Mrs. C. N 720 Sixth Avenue South, Minneapolis.
Peterson, Carrie "
Preston, Jennie ,...38 Prince Street, "
Pike, Mrs. W. A University of Minnesota, "
Payne, Mrs. D. W 1415 University Avenue, "
Powell, Mrs. C. F 1025 Fifth Street Southeast, "
Pratt, Mrs. E. A 27 Twelfth Street South, "
Perkins, Mrs. G. D 701 University Avenue,
Plant, Mrs 408 Nicollet Avenue, "
Peck, Mrs. D. G .' 13 North Ninth Street, "
Pearson, Miss S. P 1101 Harmon Place, "
Pickard, Mrs. F. W 1300 Sixth Street Southeast, "
Penney, Mrs. Robert L 16 South Twelfth Street, "
Peterson, Miss Minnie.,1211 Second Street and Twelfth Ave. South, *"
Pardee, Mrs. W. S . . . Eleventh Street and Twenty-second Ave. North, ' '
Porter, M. Estella Box 30, "
Porter, Katie P Box 30, "
Porter, Lillie C Box 30, "
Parker, Mrs. H. M 57 North Twelfth Street,
Plant, Mrs. James C 210 Ninth Street South, "
Plummer, Mrs. G. A 1915 Nicollet Avenue,
Patten, Mrs 168 Seventh Street Southeast,
Payne, Mrs. D. C 17 North Eleventh Street, "
Parker, Mrs. Dr. J. A 17 North Eleventh Street, "
Parker, Mrs. Ed 908 Seventh Street Southeast, '"
Potter, Miss Elma 623 Fifteenth Avenue Southeast, "
Pillsbury, Addie Fifth Street and Tenth Ave. Southeast,
Pratt, Mrs. C. H 727 Sixth Street Southeast,
Parker, Mrs. Geo. A 516 Fourth Street Southeast, "
Paine, Mrs. J. M 2200 Nicollet Avenue,
Pabody, Mrs. E. F 808 Third Avenue South,
Paine, Miss Alice 73 Fourteenth Street South,
Potter, Mrs. A. R 24 Thirteenth Street South, "
Pearson, Clara E 1101 Harman Place,
Page, Mrs. R. C 1236 First Avenue North, "
Parsons, Annie 107 Island Avenue,
Fatten, Dr. E. A ... 1228 Second Avenue South, "
Plummer, Mrs. L. P 1117 Second Avenue South, "
Page, Mrs. Dr Sandusky, Ohio.
Pratt, Mrs. C. H .- 727 Sixth Street Southeast, Minneapolis.
Phelps, Mrs. Chas 60 Highland Avenue,
Pond, Mrs. C. M 56 Highland Avenue, "
Phillips, Mrs. C. M 60 Highland Avenue,
Palsepp, Anna D 2803 Third Avenue South,
Palmer, Mrs. Chas. R 2205 Three-and-a-Half Ave. South, "
Packer, Mrs. Mary 413 Hennepin Avenue,
Pillsbury, Mrs. J. S Fifth St. and Tenth Ave. Southeast,
Pound, Jessie M 1402 Second Avenue South,
Pratt, Mrs. Frank 2747 First Avenue South, <fc
UNIVERSITY OF MINNESOTA. 113
Phillips, Mrs. B., Jr Care C. A. Pillsbury & Co., Minneapolis.
Quigley, Mrs". James 316 Sixth Street Southeast, "
Rieley, Mrs. A 1513 Seventh Street Southeast, "
Rutz, Augusta 529 Eighth Avenue Southeast, "
Rahmon, Laura, 822 Fourth Street Southeast, "
Rockwood, Mrs. C. J 33 Nineteenth Street North, "
Ryan, Mary A , La Crosse, Wis.
Ryan, Julia 418 Second Avenue South, Minneapolis.
Russell, Mrs. O. M 608 Nicollet Avenue,
Rich, Mrs. W. W 529 Eighth Avenue Southeast, "
Russell, Mrs. Geo. V 614 Hennepin Avenue, "
Reynolds, Clara E 21 Thirteenth Street gouth, "
Richardson, Mrs. L. H 73 Fourteenth Street South, ' *
Rourke, Miss Nellie ..702 Second Avenue Southeast, "
Ripley, Dr. Martha G 48 Eighth Street South,
Remington, Mrs Box 51, "
Rose, Virginia Monticello, Minn.
Rose, Mrs. A. H 321 Fourth Street Southeast, Minneapolis.
Rinker, Mrs. Andrew 1015 Harmon Place, "
Raymond, Miss M. A 727 Sixth Street Southeast, "
Richardson, Mrs. A. F Ill Sixth Street South, "
Rickard, Mrs. C. F 701 Seventh Street Southeast, "
Rolfe, Mrs. J. H 1910 Hawthorne Avenue, "
Rand, Miss Kate Cor. Seventh Street and Sixth Avenue, "
Reynolds, Mrs. A. S 422 South Seventh Street, "
Rickey, Mrs. Jas Tenth St. bet. Nicollet and Hennepin Aves. , "
Robinson, Mrs. S. C 1812 Park Avenue, "
Read, Mrs. J. H 615 Fourth Avenue Southeast, "
Reeves, Mrs. T. H 727 University Avenue Southeast, "
Rich, Mrs. W. W 529 Eighth Avenue Southeast, "
Rich, Mrs. J. 529 Eighth Avenue Southeast, "
Robedeau, Mrs. C. T 508 Fifth Avenue South, "
Rust, Mrs Geo. H 1114 Hennepin Avenue, "
Rolph, Mrs. W. T 416 Third Avenue Southeast, "
Rockwood, Mrs. C. J Nineteenth Street between Laurel and
Hawthorne Avenues
Ricker, Mrs. H. M 716 University Avenue, "
Shepard, Miss F 1409 Stevens Avenue, "
Springate, Mrs. J. L 917 Hennepin Avenue.
Sou tar, Mrs Sixteenth Avenue and Seventh Street Southeast,
Shaw, Mrs. J. M 527 Ninth Street South, "
Simmons, Laura 328 Thirteenth Avenue and Fourth Street
Southeast "
Starr, C. M Box 499,
Shockey, Mrs. C. C 1320 Fourth Avenue South,
Simpson, Mrs. M. E 3, corner Central Avenue and Fifth Street,
Stacy, Miss Frances 1113 Fourth Street Southeast,
Smith, Mabel L 622 Fourteenth Avenue Southeast,
Starr, Mrs. C. M Box 499,
15
114 BIENNIAL REPORT
5, Nettie 255 Hen nepin Avenue, Minneapolis.
Shenehon, Frances S 1113 Fourth Street Southeast,' "
Siebert, Mrs. A C Eighteenth Avenue Southeast, "
Stillman, Miss Nellie 2120 Third Avenue South, "
Sillowey, Mrs. R. A 1914 Fourth Street Southeast, "
Sure, Mrs. E. M 1320 Fifth Street Southeast, "
Sheffer, Miss Ada 1811 Fourth Street North, "
Sprague, L. E. P 6 Highland Avenue, "
Secombe, Mrs. D. A 927 Fourth Street Southeast, "
Smith, Mrs. Thomas Corner Fifteenth Street and Spruce Place, "
Spear, Mrs. S. C 713 Fifteenth Avenue Southeast, "
Stillman, Mrs. W. F Oshkosh, Wis.
Sewall, E. Q 481 Carroll Street, St. Paul.
Shillock, Anna 1811 Fourth Avenue South, Minneapolis.
Smith, Mrs. C. F 457 Fourth Street Southeast, "
Swanson, Miss Hannah ......201 Eleventh Street South, "
Spear, Minnie E 1614 Fourth Street Southeast, "
Say, G. 1 727 Fifteenth Avenue Southeast, "
Strothinham, Mrs. J. H 629 Fifteenth Street South, "
Salisbury, Mrs. M. F 719 Eleventh Avenue South, "
Shuman, Mrs. Geo. W 1001 Eighth Avenue, "
Shaw, Mrs. F. H 1509 Sixth Avenue South,
Sheldon, Miss EmmaF 717 Eleventh Avenue South, "
Shaw, Mrs. Geo. K 1205 Hennepin Avenue,
Shoemaker, Mrs. H. J 1903 Western Avenue, "
Selene, Miss Maggie 417 Eighth Avenue Southeast, "
Shillock, Miss University of Minnesota, *'
Stillman, Mrs. R. L 2720 Third Avenue South, "
Selden, Emma R 14 Tenth Street South, "
Stark, Mrs. Theo. F 134 Highland Avenue, "
Sweet, Mrs. O. T 702 Fourth Street Southeast, <r
Smith, Mrs. Dr. C 1102 South Seventh Street Southeast, "
Seaton,Miss Rose 902 Seventh Street Southeast, "
Slosson, Mrs. Theo 419 Sixth Street Southeast, "
Scudder, Mrs. M. C 521 Eighth Avenue Southeast, "
Smith, Mrs. D. L 516 Fourth Street Southeast, "
Stacy, Alice M 1401 Six.th Street Southeast. "
Strever, Mrs 101 University Avenue Southeast, ' '
Sisson, Mary College Hospital,
Siddall, Mrs. W. A 73 Fourteenth Street South, "
Smith, CarrieE 1800 Park Avenue South, "
Seaton, Mrs. J. K 902 7th Street Southeast, "
Sheldon, Mrs. S Care Dr. A. F. Elliott, "
Shepley, Mrs. L. C Cedar Avenue and Twenty-sixth Street,
Shepley, Mrs. O. H "
Swift, Grace H 1204 Chestnut Avenue, "
Swift, Mrs. L 1204 Chestnut Avenue, "
Spaulding, Mrs. W. A 1424 Vine Place,
Smith, Mrs. D. C Cor. Fifth and Hennepin Avenues, "
UNIVERSITY OF MINNESOTA. 115
Stark, Miss J. Mary 134 Highland Avenue, Minneapolis.
Sewall, A. R 481 Carroll Street, St. Paul.
Sewall, Miss Ida 481 Carroll Street j St. Paul.
Shuey, Mrs. A. M 65 Highland Avenue, Minneapolis.
Scribner, Mrs. D. M 1512 Nicollet Avenue, "
Sawyer, Mrs. T. J 1512 Nicollet Avenue, "
Sauter, Hiss Laura Eighteenth Avenue, bet. Fourth and Fifth
Streets, E. D
Scharpf, Mrs. Geo 84 South Thirteenth Street, "
Scribner, Mrs. D. M 1512 Nicollet Avenue, "
Soutar, Mrs. Geo Luverne, Minn.
Sheldon, Mrs. H. G Richfield, Minn.
Smith, Mrs. E. T 66 Highland Avenue, Minneapolis.
Smith, Mrs. Frank Ft. Snelling, Minn.
Spaulding, Mrs. G. S 319 University Avenue South, Minneapolis.
Sprague, Mrs. J. J Oshkosh, Wis.
Shepherd, Mrs. Geo. B...Cor. First Ave. and Sixteenth St. South, Minneapolis.
Sheldon, Miss Mary . Excelsior, Minn.
Steele, Mrs. J. A 103 Ninth Street South, Minneapolis.
Secombe, Kittie E 927 Fourth Street Southeast, "
Spear, Mrs Edward 502 Eighth Avenue South, "
Scudder, M. C 521 Eighth Avenue Southeast, "
Scudder, Mrs. J. L 425 Eighth Avenue Southeast, "
Stone, Mrs. J. W 1015 First Avenue North, "
Smith, Mrs. W. K 100 Royalston Avenue, "
Swett, Ella A 702 Fourth Street, "
Shatto, Mrs. C. W
Tweedie, Mrs. Wm 1815 Seventh Street South, "
Tucker, Mrs. Henry 826 First Avenue South, "
Taylor, Mrs. Benjamin 2200 Chicago Avenue, "
Taylor, Mrs. B. L 620 Fifth StreetSouth, "
Talbert, Mrs. M. J 1423 Fifth Street Southeast, "
Trogner, Miss 1315 Second Street North, "
Tapper, Mrs. D. W 1113 Fourth Street Southeast, "
Thompson, Clara A 701 Fifteenth Avenue Southeast, "
Thompson, Mrs. P. M 701 Fifteenth Avenue Southeast, "
Twichell, Mary 400 Ninth Street Southeast, "
Teall, Mrs. B. F 1510 Sixth Avenue South, "
Taylor, Miss Virgi Seventeenth Street, near Nicollet Avenue, "
Truesdell, Mrs. J. A 246 Farrington Avenue, St. Paul.
Trail, Jane Sixteenth Avenue and Seventh Street Southeast, Minneapolis.
Turner, L. H 2910 Thirty-first Avenue South, "
Townsend, Mrs. L. R 19 Thirteenth StreetSouth, u
Twichell, Miss M. H 1604 Park Avenue, "
Todd, Mary W 504 Fourth Street Southeast, "
Taylor, Miss E 720 Sixth Avenue South, "
Thompson, Mrs. Anna Northern Pacific Junction,
Tuller, Mrs. C. S Seventh Street, Lyons, Iowa
Truman, Mrs. B. H 39 Fifteenth Street South, Minneapolis.
116 BIENNIAL REPOKT
Todd, Mrs. S. D 504 Fourth Street, E. D., Minneapolis.
Trevellyan, Mrs. Am 508 First Avenue Northeast, "
Tenney, Mrs. Wm Cor. Third Ave. South and Twelfth Street, "
Thomberg, Mrs. John . 86 Twelfth Street South, "
Turner, Mrs. Rev. W Poynette, Wis.
Thomberg, Miss Kate 86 Twelfth Street South, Minneapolis.
Tice, Mrs. W. H 26 Eastman Avenue, "
Thompson, Miss Mettie 613 Hennepin Avenue,
Turner, Mrs. Murtz Fifield, Wis.
Tully, Miss Maggie 2527 Three-and-a-Half Avenue South, Minneapolis.
Thompson, Mrs. H. E 161 Pleasant Avenue, St. Paul.
Taylor, Mrs. K. M Anoka, Minn.
Townsend, Mrs. L. R 19 South Thirteenth Street, Minneapolis.
Twickham, Mrs. Willis Richfield, Minn.
Turner, Miss Minnie E 2706 Thirty-first Avenue South, Minneapolis.
Turner, Mrs. Alvira 2910 Thirty-first Avenue South,
Thomas, Mrs. W ! ... 409 Eighth Street Southeast, "
Ullmer, Mrs. M 207 University Avenue Northeast, "
Vind, Mrs. C. L 710 University Avenue Southeast,
Vrooman, Mrs. W 8 Holden Street, "
Varney, Mrs. J. M 1700 Three-and-a-Half Avenue South, "
Vosburg, Mrs. A 1103 Seventh Street South, "
Van Norman, J. D Box 123, "
Van Cleve, Mrs. E. M 520 Fourth Street Southeast,
Van Cleve, Mrs. H. S ...604 Fifth Street Southeast, u
Wilcox, Mrs. A. G 105 Highland Avenue, "
White, Mrs. C. A 1512 Vine Place, "
White, Miss Elburta 1804 Fourth Avenue South, ' '
Welles, Mrs. M. H 1315 Seventh Street Southeast, "
Wornenninde, Miss 353 Franklin Street, "
Webster, W. W Clearwater, Minn.
Wahlstrom, Albert 210 Third Street, Minneapolis.
Wilder, Mrs. J. A 1021 Fourth Street Southeast, "
Warnock, A.May 1408 Nicollet Avenue, "
Wheaton, Mrs. Geo 119 Fourth Street Southeast, "
White, Mrs. M. C 1319 Fifth Street Southeast, "
Waltemath, Miss 120 Fourteenth Avenue North, "
Williams, Mrs. A. P 255 Hennepin Avenue, "
Whitcomb, Mrs. M. B 70 North Twelfth Street, "
Willenaw, Mrs. F 2014 Third Avenue North, "
Winterer, Edward 1113 Fourth Street Southeast, "
Worley, Mrs. Charlotte 88 South Fourteenth Street, "
Whipple, Mrs. Wm Winona, Minn.
Winterer, Miss Ellen 1113 Fourth Street Southeast, Minneapolis.
Weller, Miss Marian 16 South Twelfth Street, "
Woodward, Frances G 189 Island Avenue, "
Wyman, Mrs. William 415 Fourth Street Southeast, "
Winston, Mrs. Fred R 1013 University Avenue South, "
Wetherald, A. E 235 Fourteenth Street, St. Paul.
UNIVERSITY OF MINNESOTA. 117
Woodburn, Miss Ida 30 South Seventh Street, Minneapolis.
Woodburn, Mrs. J. A 30 South Seventh Street, "
Walcott, Mrs. Reynolds.. 61 Oak Grove Street, "
Williams, Mrs. E. S 1729 Eleventh Avenue South, "
Winchell, Mrs. C. S
Wilson, Helen E 505 Eighth Avenue Southeast, "
Webber, Mrs. Minnie General Delivery, "
Wilson, Mrs. J. P 505 Eighth Avenue Southeast, "
Wells, Mrs. Genevive 903 First Avenue North, "
Whitney, Mrs. F. W Beloit, Wis.
Wells, Mrs. S. R Buffalo, Wright County, Minn.
Woods, Mrs. Chas 33 South Tenth Street, Minneapolis.
Weller, Mrs. J. H 1824 Nicollet Avenue, "
Williams, Mrs. A. C Ninth Street, near Mary Place, "
White, Miss Ida E 1015 Nicollet Avenue, "
White, Miss M. E 1015 Nicollet Avenue, "
Wadleigh, H. L 1417 Sixth Street Southeast,
Wells, Mrs. C. W 2500 Stevens Avenue, "
Wadleigh, E. H 1417 Sixth Street Southeast,
Wade, Mrs. . H 262 Central Avenue, "
Wilcox, Mrs. J .P Richfield, Minn.
Wullweber, Mrs. M. R Iowa City, Iowa.
Woodmansee, Mrs. D. W 1214 Fifth Street Southeast, Minneapolis.
Warner, A. A St. Cloud, Minn.
Whiting, Mrs. A. V St. Cloud, Minn.
Weber, Mary L 1401 Sixth Street Southeast, Minneapolis.
Williams, Mrs. H. R 837 Fifteenth Avenue South, ' '
Ware, Mrs. J. L 312 Nineteenth Avenue Southeast, "
Wolfrum, Miss 312 Fifth Street Northeast, "
White, Mrs. S. B Watervliet, Mich.
Walke, Mrs. Chas 1129 Hennepin Avenue, Minneapolis.
Watson, Mrs. B. K 39 Seventeenth Street South, '
Westcott, Mrs. Dr 1909 Hawthorne Avenue, "
Williams, Mrs. S. B 12 Eighth Street North, ^ "
Walker, Miss May 726 First Avenue North, '"
White, Ida E 1015 Nicollet Avenue, "
Wheeler, Mrs. Wm Sixth Street North, "
Williams, Mrs. B. H 34 South Seventh Street, "
Wilson, Mrs. E. M ..,1300 Hawthorne Avenue, "
Watts, Miss Martha 425 University Avenue Southeast, ' *
Wakefield, Annie L 1812 Nicollet Avenue, "
White, Miss Flora 529 Eighth Avenue Southeast, "
White, Mrs. E 616 Franklin Avenue, "
Whitney, Mrs. A 413 Grant Street, "
Wilson, Mrs. N. G 424 Third Avenue Northeast, "
Willmas, Mrs. J. R 510 First Avenue Northeast, "
West, Mrs. H. G 200 Fourth Street Northeast, "
Wells, Mrs. T. B
Wilson, Mrs. M. G 1 115 *Fifth Street Southeast, "
118 BIENNIAL REPORT
Wood, Mrs. Emma Excelsior, Minn.
Walker, Mrs. P. B 726 First Avenue North, Minneapolis.
Walker, Mrs. James 716 University Avenue, "
White, Mrs. S. B 1228 Fourth Street Southeast,
Wilcox, Mrs. M. L 716 University Avenue Southeast, "
Watson, Mrs. Geo. C 2618 First Avenue South, "
Wolverton, Mrs. I. A 802 Sixth Avenue South, "
Wolford, Mrs. W. L 59 Tenth Street South, "
Whitney, Mrs. C. L Box 178, "
Young, Mrs. S. J 1721 Fourth Street Southeast, "
Yenney, P. F. P St. Cloud, Minn.
Ziegler, Mrs. C. C 2123 Lyndale Avenue North, Minneapolis.
INDEX
TO
MISS COBSOISPS LECTURES.
Page.
Apple dumplings, baked 33
Apple dumplings, steamed 34
Apple merringue 48
Apple pie 40
Beans, How to cook 25
Beef a la mode rolls 84
Beef, Baked tenderloin of. 91
Beef, Corned 82
Beef, Fried steak 35
Beef, To season and test when done. 37
Beef, To make tender 38
Beef, Pounding 37
Beef, Gravy for 80
Beef, Pressed 83
Beef, Roast 76
Braising, French method.: 79
Beets, To boil 74
Bread, Graham 44
Bread, Making 41, 45, 46
Bread, Rolls 47
Breading meats 50
Caramel for coloring soups 39
Caramel custard 85
Cabbage, To boil quickly, without
odor 81
Cabbage, To cook to serve with
braised meat 80
Carrots, Stewed 73
Cheese crusts 57
Cheese, Welsh rarebit 96
Chicken, Fricasseed 61
Chicken, Fried 63
Chicken, Roast 58
Cookery for the sick 96
Beef tea 98
' Chicken, Broiled 96
Chicken, Barbecued 97
Jelly, Oatmeal 97
Rennet 98
Salad, Orange 98
Trout, Broiled 97
Page.
Dumplings,Apple 33, 34
Fat, To absorb after frying 72
Fish, Cod, stewed in cream 70
Fise, Cod cakes 71
Fish, Fried 65
Fish, Pickerel, fried 89
Fish, White, to prepare 28, 31
Fish, To remove odor of 30
Gravy, for meat 58
Hash, French! 91
Hash, Baked 92
Hash, Corned beef 93
Hominy 64
Lamb, Baked 49
Lentils, How used 26
Lettuce, To keep fresh 89
Liver, Fried..* 92
Meats, Breading 50
Omelettes, Plain breakfast 14
Omelettes, Light 14
Onions, To remove odor of. 30
Oysters, breaded 95
Oysters, Broiled with bacon 95
Oysters, Broiled, plain 95
Oyster fritters 94
Oyster liquor, How to use 94
Oysters, Philadelphia 96
Oysters, Roast 94
Oyster soup 95
Pastry, Light 35
Pastry, Plain 31
Peas, To wash 88
Pie, Sliced apple 40
Pie, Rhubarb 46
Pie, To prevent juice from running
out of. 47
INDEX.
Page.
Potatoes, Baked i 56
Potatoes, Boiled 54
Potatoes, Stewed in butter 12
Potatoes, To soak 57
Poultry, To sew for roasting 51
Pudding, Bread and apple <.... 44
Pudding, Cabinet 66
Quail, Boned 15
Bice, Piloff of. 90
Saucepans, To clean 11
Salmon, Boiled, with cream
sauce 9, 13
Soup, Beef and vegetable 18, 21
Soup, Cream 53
Soup, Caramel for coloring' 39
Soup, Clarify .~ 39
Page.
Soup, Pea, with crusts 17, 26, 68
Soup, Tomato 86
Soup as a stimulant 20
Soup, Value of. 19
Soup, Stock for 7
Spinach, To boil 88
Stews, Brown 27
Stews, Meat 22
Stews, White 23
Turnips, To bake 82
Venison, with currant jelly 75
Vegetables, To preserve color of in
cooking 87
Welsh rarebit 96
Yeast, Use of 43
(
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