The cradle of New France : a story of the city founded by Champlain

A STORY OF THE CITY FOUNDED
BY CHAMPLAIN

BY

«cf
ARTHUR Gf° DOUGHTY, C.M.G. Lrrr.D.

DOMINION ARCHIVIST

LONDON
LONGMANS, GREEN & COMPANY

NEW YORK, BOMBAY AND CALCUTTA

•**

1'

Prt:tt. 4 ... f.

V

TO HER EXCELLENCY

THE RTGHT HONOURABLE
THE COUNTESS GREY

THE CITADEL, QUEBEC
M»rch, 1908

CONTENTS

PAGE

Introduction 1

Jacques Cartier — Roberval — de la Roche 7

Samuel Champlain, Founder of Quebec — The Siege of

Quebec in 1629 19

The Missionaries — The Carignan Regiment — Wives

for Settlers 41

The Count de Frontenac — The Repulse of Phips 59

Quebec hi the Eighteenth Century — Sir Hovenden

Walker 75

Official Knavery— The Intendant Bigot 91

The Battle of the Plains — Death of Wolfe and Mont-
calm 113

The Battle of Ste. Foy— Defeat of British Troops ... 153

British Rule — Surrender of Montreal — Treaty of Paris 167
The Invasion under Arnold and Montgomery — Defeat

of the American Forces 179

Modern Quebec — The Lower Canada Rebellion 195

Notes in Quebec Chronology 219

The Monuments of Quebec 239

Hospitals and Institutions 249

The Churches of Quebec 269

Chronological List showing Contemporary Rulers in

France, England and New France 304

Introduction

A S the voyager ascends our great river
^ for the first time and rounds the
Point of Orleans, a scene opens out before
him not easily to be forgotten. The
noble Saint Lawrence suddenly widening
its channel forms here a spacious basin,
from the western side of which arises
the majestic promontory of Quebec,
crowned with monument, turret and spire ;
while higher still and dominating the
whole, looms the grim fortress of Cape
Diamond. On the southern shore stand
out in bold relief, the heights of Levis;
to the north, sloping towards the Lauren-
tians, are rich pastures and woodlands,
dotted with homesteads, and in the
midst the ancient and picturesque village
of Charlesbourg.

2 CRADLE OF NEW FRANCE.

To the student the name of Quebec
will recall some of the most attractive
pages in the story of the New World:
the achievements of great discoverers;
the devotion and self -sacrifice of Christian
missionaries ; the feats of arms of Captains
whose military genius entitles them to
rank with the heroes of antiquity.

It is not difficult to recognise in Quebec
the key to the Saint Lawrence, the natu-
ral stronghold of New France. Natura
fortiSj reads the motto of the city. From
the earliest time he who held possession
of Quebec was regarded as the master of
the country. Here therefore the defen-
sive forces of the country were concen-
trated. But Quebec was also for a long
time the centre of intellectual activity.
Under the protection of her ramparts
projects were conceived for the civiliza-
tion of the northern part of the continent.
The founders of more distant colonies and
settlements, those who followed in the
footsteps of the pioneers, lingered at
Quebec as the storehouse of the know-
ledge necessary for the success of their

•I

INTRODUCTION. 3

enterprise. Quebec is unique. There is no
rival in situation nor any in the varied
interests of her history. The civilization
of the Old World is still eloquent in
monuments, which record her triumphs
and adversities. In the New World, it
is the city founded by Champlain that
is most eloquent of the glories of the past.
The gates and ramparts, the quaint
streets and terraced slopes, the churches
and convents, the colleges and adjoining
Plains, bring vividly to the mind deeds
of bygone chivalry and devotion. The
three centuries of her existence are
thronged with detail, for from the bastion
of Cape Diamond have been unfurled to
the breeze the flags of two great countries.
The birth of letters in North America
must be traced to Quebec. It was on
the banks of the Saint Charles that
Jacques Cartier spent the dreary winter
of 1535, gathering those impressions
which were to give to Europeans their
first knowledge of our shores. And it
was in Quebec that Champlain com-
posed the wonderful narrative — wonder-

4 CRADLE OF NEW FRANCE.

ful in fulness of detail, in vividness and
simple good faith — which revealed to the
Old World the wealth and extent of the
New.

But Quebec has another claim to con-
sideration. It was here that the experi-
ment was tried of welding two powerful
nations opposed alike in political and
religious culture and habits — an experi-
ment of surpassing interest crowned with
signal success.

For one hundred and fifty years under
the flag of France, and for one hundred
and fifty years under that of England,
Quebec has played her part in the de-
velopment of the national life; and the
most momentous questions in the history
of North America have been brought to
issue under the shadow of her walls.

Rich in memorials of the past and still
retaining the impress of the old regime,
it is Quebec that will ever impart to the
historic imagination of Canadians the
most powerful impulse. Canada with
the new blood of the twentieth century
coursing in her veins, cannot more nobly

INTRODUCTION. 5

assert the largeness of her views and the
elevation of her spirit than by cherishing
the city of her birth, the rock of her
defence.

CHAPTER I.
JACQUES CARTIER.

The researches of modern times lead
one to believe that the continent of
America was known to the Old World long
before the days of Columbus. Hereafter,
perhaps, we may learn that the white
man inhabited the banks of the Saint
Lawrence before the advent of the dusky
warriors encountered by Jacques Cartier.
It is unimportant. Following in the
train of Columbus in the south and
Cartier in the north, a new civilization
sprang up which was destined to react
upon the older nations, and to change
in a comparatively short period the in-
tellectual, material and moral aspects
of the world.

8 CRADLE OF NEW FRANCE.

It was in the year 1534 that Jacques
Cartier made his first voyage of dis-
covery; passed through the Straits of
Belle Isle, landed at Gaspe, and sailed
up the river as far as Anticosti, being at
that time under the impression that he
had found a passage to Cathay. Return-
ing to France with glowing accounts of
the New World and of its all-undeveloped
sources of wealth, he made immediate
preparations for a second voyage, and
on the ninth of March, 1535, again sailed
from the Breton port of Saint Malo. On
the festival of Saint Lawrence the three
vessels of the expedition entered a small
bay opposite the island of Anticosti, and
in honour of the day the name of the
saint was given to the bay and afterwards
extended to the gulf and to the great
river beyond. Continuing their passage,
the voyagers passed the mouth of the
Saguenay, He aux Coudres, the pro-
montory of Cap Tourment, and at last
came to anchor off the Island of Orleans,
then thickly covered with grape vines,
to which Cartier gave the name He

JACQUES CARTIER. 9

Bacchus. On the fourteenth of September,
the ships entered a narrow river flowing
into the Saint Lawrence, now known to
us as the Saint Charles. Upon the banks
of this winding stream stood the village
of Stadacone, presided over by the
warrior-chief, Donnacona. At a short
distance, upon the heights, were other
villages peopled by the Iroquois. These
were the Ajoaste, Starnatam, Tailla ;
and upon the bank of the river stood the
village of Stadin, with whose inhabitants
Cartier became acquainted. Having
chosen a place for a temporary shelter
he explored the Saint Lawrence as far as
the Indian settlement of Hochelaga, and
returned to Stadacone to pass the winter.
His ships found a harbour in the
Lairet, a tributary of the Saint Charles,
and near the confluence of the two
rivers he built a rude fort, mounted it
with cannon and encircled it with a
palisade. The winter proved disastrous.
Twenty-five of his companions perished
from scurvy, and on the opening of navi-
gation he prepared to return to France.

10 CRADLE OF NEW FRANCE.

Before leaving our inhospitable shores
he planted a rough cross — symbol of the
Christian religion — on the brink of the
Lairet where he had passed the winter.
The date was Thursday, the third of
May, 1536. The cross was thirty-five
feet in height. Over the intersection of
the arms was placed a shield charged
with the lilies of France, and above the
shield was a scroll, bearing this in-
scription: Franciscus Primus Dei Gratia
Francorum Rex Regnat.

These are the circumstances attending
the first European settlement in Canada
that history has recorded. The brave
men who made it lived their lives under
perpetual menace of destruction, facing
the perils of the deep to meet still greater
dangers from pestilence or savage hordes
on land. Alone in a strange country,
cut off from every form of civilization
by a wilderness of ice, their ranks
thinned by loathsome disease, and yet
prepared with the return of spring for
fresh deeds of bold adventure. Un-
daunted, heroic, steadfast; yielding only

JACQUES CARTIER. 11

to the last grim enemy death — such
were the discoverers of old.

Three days later Cartier returned to
France, taking with him the great chief,
Donnacona.

Although his efforts to colonize New
France had proved abortive, he did not
abandon the project, and a few years
later he found a patron for it in the Sieur
de Roberval, who undertook to provide
a number of settlers. In the month of
May, 1541, buoyant with hope, Cartier
sailed for Canada on his third voyage,
expecting that Roberval and his colonists
would follow immediately. In August
he passed the site of Quebec, the grave-
yard of his first adventure, and anchored
at Cap Rouge, where he proposed to try
the experiment of colonization. Leaving
the ships he explored the river as far as
the rapids above Hochelaga, and re-
turned to join his companions at Cap
Rouge. His disappointment and dismay
can be imagined on learning that Rober-
val had not arrived. Once again he was
doomed to spend a winter in Canada

12 CRADLE OF NEW FRANCE.

under trying circumstances, and one can
sympathize with his determination to
abandon the scheme on the opening of
navigation.

Roberval arrived in the harbour of
Saint John's, NTd, on the eighth of June,
1542, with three vessels and two hundred
colonists. At that season of the year
the country presented a charming picture.
On the crests of the hills snow and Ice
still concealed every sign of verdure,
while on the slopes the sun of June had
warmed into life and beauty the luxuriant
foliage of primeval vegetation. The
scene was novel, and must have fired
the enthusiasm of the youth on board
who had come to extend the dominion
of France beyond the sea. It was a
picturesque group; men of wealth and
station, artisans and men of commerce
who, untrammeled by experience, were
fortified with hope.

As the vessels were riding at anchor,
three ships were perceived passing the
mouth of the harbour. A few weeks
earlier the sight of a sail would have

JACQUES C ARTIER. 13

been hailed with delight; but to Roberval
it was the warning of impending disaster.
They were the ships of Jacques Cartier.

Establishing communication with their
commander, Roberval begged, insisted,
commanded him to alter his course and
return. Apparently he consented to
obey, but under cover of the night he
spread every sail to the wind, and in the
morning the ships had vanished. Two
winters of pestilence and privations in
Canada had cooled the ardour of the
daring navigator. Roberval was in great
perplexity. Well might it have been for
him if he had shifted his sails and fol-
lowed in the wake of Cartier. But no,
he decided to remain and tempt fortune
at Cap Rouge. The summer was before
him; his passengers had already endured
a tedious voyage, and the love of adven-
ture overcame every other consideration.
Startling adventures were at hand for
at least three of his company.

On board the vessel were many young
women of rank, and amongst them Mar-
guerite, a niece of Roberval. On board

14 CRADLE OF NEW FRANCE.

also was a youth whom the maiden had
loved, not wisely, but too well. Roberval
who had become acquainted with her
conduct, decreed a heartless form of
punishment. As the ship approached
the Isle of Demons, he cast anchor,
landed his unfortunate relative with her
nurse upon the desolate island, and
abandoned her to her fate. Her lover,
however, who at least had courage, threw
himself overboard and succeeded in gain-
ing the shore with a weapon and a supply
of ammunition.

Here on this island of ill-omen, the
three wretched inhabitants found shelter
as best they could; and in the course of
time an infant added to their cares.

Dismay filled the soul of the youth.
He sickened and died. The child soon
followed, and then the nurse, and the
unhappy Marguerite was alone on the
desolate isle. Two years and five months
after the date of her landing, the crew of
a small vessel out at sea perceived smoke
arising from the Demon Isle. As they
approached they beheld a female form

JACQUES CARTIER. 15

waving a signal from the shore. It was
Marguerite. Taking her on board they
conveyed her to France and restored
her to her friends, to whom she told the
story of her terrible adventure.

Having confided his niece to the care
of the demons, Roberval sailed up the
river and landed his company at Cap
Rouge. The men set to work vigorously
to build a fort and cultivate the land.
Summer passed into autumn, and at its
close, comfortable quarters had been
provided. Soon followed the winter, and
the whole colony found shelter under one
roof. Then discord commenced. Pro-
visions were scarce, disease broke out,
the men swore, the women scolded, and
enthusiasm for adventure gave place to
discontent.

The winter wore away; but by the
time the snows began to melt more than
two-thirds of that promising settlement
had succumbed to disease.

Cartier undertook a fourth voyage to
rescue the survivors,but does not appear to
have attempted any further exploration.

16 CRADLE OF NEW FRANCE

With the passing of Cartier and Rober-
val, France abandoned her efforts to
obtain a foothold in Canada for more
than half a century; and silence fell over
the whole region between Stadacon6
and Hochelaga. On the banks of New-
foundland, however, the fishermen still
plied their craft. In the year 1578
there were one hundred and fifty French
vessels engaged in the trade, and pro-
bably a greater number belonging to the
English, the Spanish and the Portu-
guese.

France had tried the experiment of
colonizing Canada with men of rank;
she now undertook to repeat the experi-
ment with men of crime.

On the 12th of January, 1598, Troilus
du Mesgouez, Marquis de la Roche, with
the title of Lieutenant-General of Canada
and a monopoly of the fur trade, under-
took to colonize New France with forty
selected thieves taken from the prisons
of France. Landing upon Sable Island,
he left his motley band to their own
resources, while he explored the coast

JACQUES CARTIER. 17

in search of a suitable place for per-
manent settlement. His vessel, unfor-
tunately, was overtaken by a gale and
driven before the wind for days.
When at length the storm abated' he was
far out at sea and continued his passage
to France without troubling himself about
the men he had left behind him.

The wretched convicts, thus abandoned
to their fate, watched through days and
months for the return of their com-
mander, suffering severely from want,
exposure and disease. Five years later
the survivors, twelve in number, were
rescued and taken to France, where the
king provided them with means to em-
bark in the fishing trade between the
two countries. Thus another enterprise
had miserably failed.

The Edict of Nantes, which gave to
the Huguenots in France the same privi-
leges as to Catholics, opened up the
New World to Protestants. Pierre Chau-
vin, Sieur de Tontuit, a Calvinist, taking
advantage of the terms of the Edict,
sought and obtained a monopoly of the

18 CRADLE OF NEW FRANCE.

Canada trade. He then entered into a
partnership with one Pontgrave, who
had previously visited the Saint Lawrence.
Associated with him in this enterprise
of trade and colonization, were Pierre
Dugast, Sieur De Monts, and several
merchants. The expedition left France
in the spring of 1600, and a small settle-
ment was established at Tadoussac. The
managers, however, were more intent
upon gain than careful of the welfare of
their men, and the affair terminated in
suffering for the settlers and in financial
loss for the promoters. A permanent
foundation for settlement and French
rule had yet to be laid.

CHAPTER II.
SAMUEL CHAMPLAIN.

Sixty-eight years had passed since
Jacques Cartier related his thrilling story
to the French court, and still no perman-
ent settlement marked the scenes of his
discoveries. The Breton fisherman sel-
dom went further abroad than the Banks
or the Gulf of the Saint Lawrence, and the
fur trader who bartered with the Indian
during the summer deserted his post at
the approach of winter. Colonization
and the spread of Christianity which the
court endeavoured to enforce and the
trader invariably succeeded in evading,
had become mere adjuncts to the trading
monopoly. None had yet brought to
bear upon the New World any other mo-
tive than the cupidity of the merchant or
the roving spirit of the adventurer.

20 CRADLE OF NEW FRANCE.

In the year 1602, however, Aymar de
Chastes, governor of the town of Dieppe,
received a commission from the French
Crown to embark upon a project of coloni-
zation. A company was formed at Rouen,
but de Chastes decided "to find out what
those engaged in the task should do" be-
fore launching the scheme. For this
preliminary expedition Pontgrav6 was
chosen on account of his experience,
and with him was associated the ever
memorable Champlain. The project
itself, it will be seen, was cut off
before it reached maturity, by the death
of its chief promoter; but it served
as an apprenticeship to the future builder
of New France. This was the first visit
to our shores of the founder of Quebec.

Samuel Champlain was born at Brou-
age, a village in the province of Saintonge.
From a youth spent with his father as a
wandering mariner, he derived his love of
adventure and the knowledge of the sea
that served for incentive and resource in
the career now about to open. At the age
of twenty-six he abandoned for a time

SAMUEL CHAMPLAIN. 21

a life on the ocean, to serve under Marshal
d'Aumont, one of the chief commanders
in the Catholic army against the Hugue-
nots. When the army was disbanded in
1598, he returned to Brouage and awaited
a favourable opportunity of advancing his
fortune. The career of a soldier did not
appeal to him; he loved the life of a mar-
iner, and towards the end of the year
received a commission to proceed to
Spain on a voyage of commercial investi-
gation. Chance, however, directed his
course westward to the New World.
While at Seville, he was given the com-
mand of a vessel to the West Indies in an
expedition against the English. We read
that he visited Puerto Rico and proposed
to cut a canal through the isthmus of
Panama. On his return to France he re-
newed his acquaintance with Aymar de
Chastes under whose orders he had served
during the later years of the war of the
League. On the fifteenth of March, 1603,
Champlain and Pontgrave sailed from
France for the New World.

The little expedition arrived at Tadous-

22 CRADLE OF NEW FRANCE.

sac on the 24th of May. Here Champlain
busied himself in making sketches of the
country and exploring the Saguenay for
fifteen leagues. But there were lands
beyond, up the great Saint Lawrence; and
rounding the point of Orleans, Champlain
caught his first glimpse of the bold pro-
montory of Quebec. It was here he made
sketches and plans which were afterwards
incorporated in the published narrative of
the voyage. After continuing his explo-
rations as far as the Sault Saint Louis, and
recording the geographical features and
resources of the country, he rejoined his
companions at Tadoussac and returned to
France.

The death of Aymar de Chastes in 1603
brought the project of the settlement to
an untimely end. About this time, how-
ever, the Sieur de Monts received from
the King a patent as Lieutenant-
Governor of La Cadie and Canada, and
Champlain, Pontgrave and the Baron de
Poutrincourt were invited to accompany
him to his new domain. Champlain
embarked at Havre de Grace in the month

SAMUEL CHAMPLAIN. 23

of April, 1604, and as Tadoussac was dis-
carded as a place of settlement, the party
cruised for several weeks about the shore
of what is now the Bay of Fundy, and
at last took up their quarters for the
winter on the Island of Saint Croix in the
country of the Etchemins. In the spring
they crossed the Bay and fixed upon a
spot for their settlement named by
Champlain, Port Royal. De Monts re-
turned to France to look after the interests
of the little colony; Pontgrave was left in
command of the post, while Champlain
with his usual vigour explored the country,
made sketches of its striking features and
formed plans for the future.

In 1606 Pontgrav6 was replaced by
Poutrincourt in the governorship of Port
Royal. Among the settlers were Les-
carbot the historian, Louis Hubert an
apothecary, and several men of sterling
character who looked upon the new
country as their future home. For the
first time in the history of the colony there
appeared to be a reasonable prospect of
settlement on this elusive shore. But the

24 CRADLE OF NEW FRANCE.

hour had not yet come, and one more
failure was to be added to the long list.
In the month of May, 1607, a small vessel
commanded by one Chevalier, sailed into
port with the overwhelming news that the
monopoly of the fur-trade granted to De
Monts had been withdrawn. The hopes
of the colony were crushed. Once more
the settler had been sacrificed to the mer-
chant. Poutrincourt was advised there-
fore to abandon the settlement; and by
the end of August, Champlain and the rest
of the colony were on the bosom of the
deep bound for France. A few fishermen
only remained in La Cadie.

A brighter day was soon to dawn.
On his return to France, in 1607, Cham-
plain set about the task of colonization in
a new spirit. He had previously tried to
persuade De Monts that his exertions in
La Cadie were misdirected, and that the
real development of the country must be-
gin on the banks of the Saint Lawrence.
He was now about to test the accuracy of
his judgment.

On the 5th of April, 1608, two ships

SAMUEL CHAMPLAIN. 25

sailed from Honfleur, the Don-de-Dieu,
under command of Champlain, and the
Levrier, under command of Pontgrave.
The Levrier was the first to make the
Saint Lawrence. Here Pontgrav6 fell
into the hands of one Darache, a Basque
fisherman, who had continued to trade
with the Indians at Tadoussac, contrary
to the king's command. The vessel was
boarded, the guns and ammunition were
removed and Pontgrave was thus rendered
helpless. On the arrival of Champlain,
however, the situation was changed.
Darache was forced to sign an agreement
not to molest Pontgrave, and to refer all
differences to France. After the con-
clusion of this arrangement the carpenters
of the expedition fitted out a small barque
to convey Champlain and his little band
to Quebec.

Let us follow this lonely craft as it sails
up the Saint Lawrence amidst the solem-
nity and ethereal charm of this summer
morn. All nature is in her loveliest mood,
for from the banks of the river to the
purple mountains beyond, her creations

26 CRADLE OF NEW FRANCE.

are untouched by the hand of man. To
Champlain the scene is familiar; to most
of his followers it is mysterious and novel;
but none of them could have conceived
that the outcome of their mission
would mark an epoch in the world's
history. It is the third of July, 1608, the
real birthday of the Canadian nation; and
yet no traveller greets this heroic band on
its way to glorious achievement; no salvos
thunder forth a welcome as the frail barque
enters the basin; but yonder, as if to
check further advance, looms the silent
sentinel of the Saint Lawrence, the
majestic rock of Quebec.

Enthroned upon the heights through
centuries of silence, Cape Diamond has
beckoned in vain the tardy adventurer to
pass the golden portals. Gorgeous in the
mantle of the snow, in the verdure of the
spring, in the varying tints of autumn,
the mute appeal has passed unheeded
save by the untutored children of the
forest. A change, however, is at hand;
the solitude is broken by the plash of oars,
the grounding of boats and the sound of

SAMUEL CHAMPLAIN. 27

human voices. The founder of Quebec
appears. With the hour has arrived the
man.

Upon the narrow belt which skirts the
promontory, men of strange garb and
tongue are assembled; the pioneers of an
advancing host who from this place will
push forward through trackless forests
and by the margins of unnamed lakes to
the confines of unknown seas; pausing
not in their march until they have
conquered a glorious heritage for posterity
and founded a great empire.

The leader who has just stepped from
the boat, surrounded by a few axemen, is
Samuel Champlain, of Brouage, the foun-
der of New France. Let us see what
manner of man he was.

On the site of the old Fort Saint Louis,
where he lived and died, a noble monu-
ment has been raised to his memory.
Upon the tablets many of his services are
recorded. But a more enduring memorial
than bronze or stone is the fair Dominion
of to-day, the heritage bequeathed to us by
the immortal Saintongeois.

28 CRADLE OF NEW FRANCE.

The French regime in Canada has
passed away. The drama enacted upon
the heights of Abraham by Wolfe and
Montcalm brought about a change of rule,
and the Union Jack replaced the flag of
the Bourbons. But Canadians will never
be unmindful of the brave deeds done in
our untamed forests by the men sent
forth from France.

It is the third of July, 1608. There, on a
narrow ledge thickly covered with walnut
trees, stand the first settlers. Above them
frown the cliffs; beyond them is a vast
solitude, the extent of which they know
not. But they are not dismayed. Soon
the crash of falling trees echoes along the
heights of Levis. The work of the foun-
dation has begun.

A few weeks pass, and within a strong
wooden enclosure may be seen a modest
building, rudely fashioned into a fort — the
"Abitation de Quebec." To this dwell-
ing, which appealed to the Indian as a
marvel of architectural skill, a warehouse
was added for the merchandise of France
and the furs of Canada. Here at least

SAMUEL CHAMPLAIN. 29

was security and shelter from the blasts of
winter. But even in this little commu-
nity, sedition is already rife, and a plot is
developing to murder the commander and
deliver Quebec into the hands of the
Basques and Spaniards at Tadoussac.
Darache is seeking revenge for the inter-
ference of Champlain. Duval, a lock-
smith of the expedition, is the chief con-
spirator. By promises of reward and
freedom of trade, he has persuaded his
companions to further his designs. One
of the men, however, seems to have
repented, and disclosed the plot to the
pilot, who in turn communicates the
scheme to Champlain. Forewarned, the
Governor takes prompt action. The ring-
leader is seized; his trial is brief; the
next day he is strung up on a gibbet, while
his head is displayed on a pike, pour
encourager les autres.

On the 18th of September, Pontgrave
sailed for France with the conspirators on
board, leaving Champlain, with twenty-
eight men, to brave the dangers of the
approaching winter. How they spent

30 CRADLE OF NEW FRANCE.

the dreary months shut off from the world
beyond, we know not; but eight only
were living in the spring. Scurvy had
once more reaped a harvest in the New
World. The long looked for succor came
at last. The welcome sight of a sail is
seen rounding the point of Orleans;
communication with the mother land is
established, and men and supplies are at
hand for the distressed colony. Cham-
plain appears to have forgotten all about
the hardships of the winter, for hearing
that Pontgrav6 was at Tadoussac, he
hastened thither to arrange for a voyage
of exploration, eager to meet fresh danger.
His courage was soon put to the test.
During the previous autumn he had
pledged his word to assist the Hurons and
Algonquins in their warfare against the
Iroquois, and now the opportunity oc-
curred to redeem his promise. With two
Frenchmen and sixty Indians, he followed
the trail to the shore of what has since
been known as Lake Champlain. Here
he encountered a band of the Iroquois.
The struggle was brief. Champlain

SAMUEL CHAMPLAIN. 31

>rought down three of the chiefs with one
tot. His men wrought further des-
iction, and the Iroquois, astounded at
this novel method of dealing death,
burned and fled.

Criticism has been directed against the
founder for having become involved in
Indian warfare ; but with a knowledge of
:he condition of trade and of the critical
situation of the few Frenchmen, his action
appears to have been in the best interests
of the country.

Leaving Chauvin in command at Que-
bec, he crossed the ocean to report to his
royal master. The King was at Fontain-
bleau, and here Champlain related the tale
of his adventure. His story met with
approval, but his appeal for settlers was
not successful. The fur traders were
opposed to any extensive plan of coloniza-
tion. Canada was still to be regarded as
a trading colony, and a sufficient number
of people to facilitate the operations of
trade was all that was thought desk-able
at this time . Champlain, on the contrary,
desired above all things to extend the

32 CRADLE OF NEW FRANCE.

domain of France, to Christianize the
Indians and to see a prosperous settle-
ment on the banks of the St. Lawrence
in the full enjoyment of trade.

For many years,theref ore, his efforts were
crippled by the mistaken policy of the
French court. Instead of offering encour-
agement to vigorous men and women to
seek homes in the New World, France
bestowed her favours upon rich corpora-
tions in search of fortune. The monopo-
list looked askance at any movement that
gave freedom to the humble settler, and
Champlain received little encouragement
to make his colony self-supporting. France
was quite content that the settlement
should depend for subsistence upon the
annual supplies from the mother country.

During a visit to his native land in 1610
Champlain married Helene Boule*, a girl
then only twelve years of age. After the
marriage ceremony Madame Champlain
returned for ten years to the care of her
parents ; but from 1620 to 1624, she resided
at the Fort Saint Louis, and in this brief
period acquired a useful knowledge of the

SAMUEL CHAMPLAIN. 33

Algonquin language, sufficient to enable
her to devote her leisure to the instruction
of Indian children. Following the cus-
tom of ladies of rank at that time Madame
Champlain carried a small mirror attached
to a chain; and the Indians, happy to
bear her company, were often astonished
to behold their own features reflected on
the surface. This increased their esteem
for the wife of the Governor. For they
said that a lady so beautiful, who loved
them so much as to wear their image close
to her heart, must be a superior being.

In the year 1615, four members of the
Recollet order, Jamet, Dolbeau, le Caron
and Plessis, arrived in Quebec, and
from this time the character of the colony
was determined. "They were the first
missionaries to convert the North Ameri-
can Indian," says Dr. Douglas, "and in
those days, when the regular clergy were
few, and the cures were missionary priests,
the Recollets held each his separate 'cure
of souls' in the small isolated villages along
the Saint Lawrence, exposed to all the
dangers of Iroquois attack."

34 CRADLE OF NEW FRANCE.

A year later, the first real settlers
reached Quebec — Nicolas Pivert, Pierre
Desportes, Abraham Martin, Louis
Hebert, with their families. These may
be regarded as the pioneers of New France,
the men and women who had come to
found homes, and not merely to exploit
the country and return to their native
land. Under the encouragement of
Champlain a thriving village sprang up
about the fort and year by year the people
became more attached to the land of their
adoption. Their children were given
in marriage, and the numerous off-
spring of the habitants soon became pro-
verbial.

From this time the colony prospered,
and Champlain, who desired to see a
greater New France than that which was
included under the name of Quebec, made
frequent visits to the mother country to
promote emigration. There was still
much work for the founder to do. The
country must be explored, the Indians
must be appeased, and above all there was
the danger of foreign invasion.

SAMUEL CHAMPLAIN 35

The rude buildings at the foot of the
cliff had served the needs of the settle-
ment so far; but with the return of each
spring the governor had misgivings, for
powerful nations were already viewing
this little fortress with covetous eyes. In
1626 the fort was abandoned for the more
pretentious structure on the heights
known as Fort Saint Louis.

Evil days, however, were in store for
Quebec. The avarice of the fur trader
was demoralising the inhabitant and
matters grew worse when the privileges
of trade enjoyed by the Saint Malo Com-
pany were transferred to the Huguenot
brothers, William and £mery de Caen.
At this time only a few settlers had
cultivated the soil sufficiently to derive
subsistence therefrom; the majority were
still dependent upon France for the
necessaries of life, and pending the settle-
ment of differences between the old
traders and the new, supplies from the
mother country were cut off. Famine
threatened the inhabitants, and to add to
the woes of the governor, quarrels arose

)

36 CRADLE OF NEW FRANCE.

between the Protestants and the Catholics
touching methods of worship. Praying
and psalm-singing in too vigorous a man-
ner on the part of the Huguenots were the
grievances of the Catholics, and the
sailors were forbidden to indulge in these
exercises on the Saint Lawrence. The
seamen refused to obey, and a compromise
was effected whereby the singing was
discontinued. This arrangement did not
improve the situation, because the energy
hitherto devoted to the psalms was now
employed to give emphasis to the prayers
and Champlain adds "it was a bad bar-
gain, but we made the best of it we could."
Nothing seemed to flourish under the
monopoly of the Caens, if we except the
singing. The disputes between the old
traders and the new became serious and
Champlain despatched a representative to
France to endeavour to adjust the differ-
ences. At last Richelieu put an end to
the difficulties by organizing the powerful
Company of New France, which was to
exercise feudal proprietorship over all the
French possessions in North America.

THE SIEGE OF QUEBEC IN 1(329

SAMUEL CHAMPLAIN. 37

The first charge of the new company
was to send men and supplies for the
relief of the famishing colony, and in the
month of April, 1628, a fleet of transports
sailed from Dieppe with ample stores.
But while these vessels were on the ocean
a hostile fleet had spread sail for Canada
under the command of Sir David Kirke,
or Kertk.

Intelligence reached Quebec on the 9th
of July, that six vessels were in the har-
bour at Tadoussac, and the next day a
Basque fisherman appeared before Cham-
plain with a letter from Kirke who was
then at Tadoussac, demanding the sur-
render of the fort. The governor refused,
and although he had only sixteen men to
arm the fort and less than fifty pounds of
gunpowder, sent a courteous reply to the
effect that he would defend the garrison
to the last.

A few weeks later the hopes of the
people were revived by the news that the
provision boats had been sighted below
Tadoussac. The summer wore away and
the autumn, and still there was no sign of

38 CRADLE OF NEW FRANCE.

either friend or foe. The condition of
Quebec through the following winter was
desperate. A handful of pease or a few
roots were doled out daily to the starving
community. On the opening of naviga-
tion it became known that the transports
had fallen into the hands of the enemy,
and then the prospect of relief was aban-
doned. It was not until the 19th of July
that the fate of Quebec was determined,
when Louis Kirke with three vessels
anchored before Quebec and demanded
the surrender of the place. Resistance
would have been futile, and on the twen-
tieth terms of capitulation were signed,
under which Champlain was conveyed
to England. The British flag waved
over Fort Saint Louis and Quebec fell
under English rule.

The new regime continued until the
twenty-ninth of March, 1632, when Canada
was restored to the French by the Treaty
of Saint Germain-en-Laye. On the
fifth of July, Kirke was relieved of
his administration by Ornery de Caen.
A year later, Champlain, under a new

SAMUEL CHAMPLAIN. 39

commission from Richelieu, received the
keys of the Fort, and Quebec was once
more governed by its founder.

During the next two years the colony
was reorganized, fresh emigrants arrived
from Europe, agriculture was promoted
and an era of prosperity seemed assured.

From the heights of Fort Saint Louis
Champlain beheld with pride the evidence
of material progress. Near by could be
seen the steeple of Notre Dame de la
Recouvrance which he had built in ful-
fillment of a vow. Along the Beauport
shore was the picturesque hamlet grouped
about the seigneury of surgeon Robert
Giffard, and on the banks of the Lairet the
Jesuits had commenced a seminary and a
residence. With this pleasing prospect
before him Champlain felt that he was
about to enjoy the fruits of his labours.
Providence, however, willed it otherwise
and he was called to his rest on Christmas
Day, 1635.

It is difficult to estimate the loss of his
services to the colony. For twenty-seven
years he had been the devoted soldier and

40 CRADLE OF NEW FRANCE.

servant of New France, ever thinking
more of her welfare than of his own. Brave,
honest, steadfast in purpose and free from
the vices of the age, he stands out in the
pages of history as a noble type of a
soldier, a governor and a citizen.

CHAPTER III.

THE MISSIONARIES.

THE CARIGNAN REGIMENT.

The prospect of crossing the ocean at
this time was not inviting, nor had Canada
many inducements to offer to the emi-
grant. All the avenues to wealth and
influence thrown open to the favourites
of the court were closed to that class most
needed in New France. And so after the
stirring history compressed within twenty-
seven years, eighty souls formed the
entire population of Quebec. The colony
was to be made a source of wealth to swell
the coffers of the rich, and the fortunate
in trade who joined the great commercial
companies were given letters of noblesse.
Love of adventure, or visions of a larger
freedom beyond the sea, might tempt a
few hardy spirits to leave their native land;

42 CRADLE OF NEW FRANCE.

but their example was seldom followed.
Settlers began to realize that wealth for
them was a condition they might con-
template but never attain.

Amongst the inhabitants of Quebec,
however, were men of enterprise and self-
reliance, who had sufficient initiative to
undertake the task of colonization with
little aid from France. Within the next
three years surgeon Robert Giffard was
instrumental in bringing fifty excellent
families to settle on the banks of the
Saint Lawrence, and Quebec now began
to assume the aspect of a thriving settle-
ment. Montmagny, who had succeeded
Champlain, turned his attention to the
civic affairs of the community. New
streets were laid out and lots were set
apart for future buildings; an official
residence, henceforth to be known as the
Chateau Saint Louis, was constructed
near the fortifications; a few soldiers were
drilled to man the fort, whilst the Gover-
nor, always attended by a military escort,
reflected in the New World the pomp of
the Old.

THE MISSIONARIES. 43

The Jesuits had opened a college for
boys, and it was mainly through the
circulation of the reports, or"Relations" of
the order, that the religious communities
were attracted to Canada. The first
fruits of the movement were the founda-
tion in 1639, of the Ursuline Convent, at
Quebec, and the Hospital, under the
direction of the Hospitalieres. These two
institutions owed their establishment to
two women of noble birth, Madame de la
Peltrie and Madame d'Aiguillon, and
from the first exercised a salutary in-
fluence upon the life of the little colony.

The Jesuits in Canada were, without
exception, men of brilliant mental power.
In France they had held high and respon-
sible positions which they relinquished to
carry on their work amongst the children
of the American forest. They went
bravely into the villages of the Indians,
lived witn them in their smoky huts,
conformed as nearly as they could to
their customs, shared with them the pains
of hunger, the winter's cold and the
fatigues of the march ; built a little church,

44 CRADLE OF NEW FRANCE.

baptized young children, told the story of
the cross, and all too often, gave their
lives to seal their devotion.

The Society of Jesus and its methods in
Europe have been criticised from many
points of view; but the history of the
order in America is a wonderful record of
fearlessness and resolution, and, in the
words of Parkman, "the grandeur of their
self-devotion towers conspicuously over
all." It was by the pupils of the Jesuits
that Corneille's masterpiece, Le Cid, was
presented on the 31st of December, 1646.
This appears to be the first record of a
dramatic performance in the New World.

Life in Quebec, however, was still very
primitive, though the people, it seems,
were happy and contented. With the
rapid increase of the population by emi-
gration, and the large families which
blessed the union of the early settlers, it
became expedient to devise more effective
means for their subsistence. France was
still willing to dole out provisions; but
Montmagny was determined to satisfy the
legitimate ambition of the people to trade

THE MISSIONARIES. 45

in the products of the country. After
repeated efforts in the face of strenuous
opposition, the exclusive privileges enjoy-
ed by the Company of a Hundred Associ-
ates were curtailed, and the humble
individual was permitted to engage in
commerce.

In 1640, the church of Notre Dame de
la Recouvrance, the residence of the
Jesuits and Champlain's Chapel were
destroyed by fire. In the Chapel the
remains of the Founder of Quebec were
buried, and until this day the exact site of
his tomb is undetermined.

Montmagny was a Knight of Malta, and
a souvenir of his regime may be seen in
the Maltese cross over the entrance of the
Chateau Frontenac. This stone, found
by workmen in the walls of the Chateau
Saint Louis built during his term of office,
was placed by Haldimand over the gate of
the Chateau Haldimand in 1784.

A few years later, under the administra-
tion of Louis de Coulonge D'Ailleboust,
we find the government of Quebec en-
trusted to a Council, composed of the

46 CRADLE OF NEW FRANCE.

Governor, a Jesuit and two of the leading
inhabitants. Authority was given to
this body to enact local laws, to regulate
commerce and to arbitrate the differences
of private individuals. For a people so
long under the tutelage of a great mono-
poly, it may appear singular that one of
the ordinances passed by the council gave
the privilege of keeping a hotel to one,
Jacques Boisdon, to the exclusion of all
others. But the language of the instru-
ment is vague. He was to settle in the
square, opposite the parish church, so
that all might go there to warm them-
selves, but whether visitors were expected
to derive warmth from the stove, or from
the potions supplied by Boisdon, or from
both, is uncertain. No one, however, was
to be allowed to remain in the hotel
during the services of the church.

The population of Quebec at this period
was about five hundred souls, and the
total number of Europeans in the colony
was not more than two thousand five
hundred.

Until the year 1659, the ecclesiastical

THE MISSIONARIES. 47

jurisdiction of New France had been in
the hands of the missionary priests. The
people, however, were dissatisfied, and
representations had been made to France
for the presence of a bishop in their midst.
The Pope for various reasons declined to
create a see in Canada, and it was not till
1674, after much controversy, that the
first pallium was granted to the Bishop of
Quebec.

Anne of Austria presided over the
destinies of France at this time during the
minority of Louis XIV, and the selection
of a prospective bishop was left by her to
a Jesuit missionary, Father Le Jeune.
His choice was Laval, and it was in 1659
that he arrived as Vicar Apostolic in
Quebec.

Frangois Xavier de Montmorency-
Laval, Abbe de Montigny, was a descend-
ant of one of the most illustrious families
of Old France. From his earliest youth
he had been attracted to the Church, and
by a severe course of discipline was well
qualified to exact obedience from others.
One of his first acts in Canada was to

48 CRADLE OF NEW FRANCE.

provide a native clergy, and to further this
end he founded the Seminary of Quebec.
This institution was placed under the
direction of a superior chosen by himself.
It was charged to provide for its members
in health and in sickness, and to care for
them in old age. To meet the wants of
the foundation Laval obtained grants of
land which he sold or exchanged, and to
this day the Seminary of Quebec and the
University of Laval, its offspring, are the
most powerful institutions of the Roman
Catholic Church in Canada.

The mission of Laval was a difficult one.
The Church was in its infancy, without
form or organization. Discipline had
been almost unknown and a firm hand
was necessary in the effort to centralize
the extraordinary powers which had been
allowed under such unsettled conditions
to fall into the hands of minor clerics. In
the pursuance of his policy Monseigneur
Laval had to encounter many elements of
opposition, and there were those who did
not hesitate to censure his conduct. The
impartial historian, however, with the

THE MISSIONARIES. 49

light now thrown upon the history of the
period, is inclined to admit that he was
the one man who could successfully
establish the church in Canada, and the
perfection of the organization which he
left at his death is, for most, sufficient
justification for his numerous acts of
authority.

It was during the absence of Laval in
Europe to lay his complaints against
D'Avaugour the governor, touching the
sale of brandy, that a terrible convulsion
of the earth filled the people with alarm.
Strange signs were seen in the heavens
which were accepted as the indications of
impending doom.

On the fifth of February, 1663, writes
Father Lalemant, " everybody was in
the streets; animals ran wildly about;
children cried; men and women, seized
with fright,knew not where to take refuge,
expecting every moment to be buried
under the ruins of the houses, or swallowed
up in some abyss opening under their feet.
Some on their knees in the snow cried for
mercy, and others passed the night in

50 CRADLE OF NEW FRANCE.

prayer, for the earthquake continued
without ceasing, with a motion like that
of a ship at sea, insomuch that sun-
dry persons felt the same qualms of
stomach which they would feel on the
water. In the forests the commotion
was far greater. The trees struck one
against the other as if there was a battle
between them, and you would have said
that not only their branches, but even
their trunks started out of their places
and leaped on each other with such noise
and confusion that the Indians said the
whole forest was drunk. "

Several writers refer to the severity of
the shocks, and it was well on towards the
close of the summer before the earth
resumed her wonted calm.

In the year 1665 there was great re-
joicing in Canada for Louis XIV had
resolved that New France should be
united to the Old by stronger ties. The
letters of the Jesuits, the visit of Laval,
and the representations of the governor
D'Avaugour in 1663 as to the political
possibilities of the country, had each in

THE CARIGNAN REGIMENT. 51

turn kindled the enthusiasm of the court,
and a signal mark of royal favour was to
precede the dawn of a brighter era.

In the spring four companies of the
regiment of Carignan-Salieres, the first
regular troops sent from France to
Canada, had arrived in Quebec. The
presence of this fine body of men, bronzed
by service in the Turkish wars, had in-
spired the struggling colony with hope.
A year previously, under the monopoly of
the powerful Company of the West Indies,
commercial enterprise was threatened
with extinction; but the powers of the
company had been curtailed and the
people were confident of still greater
concessions under the new regime that
had been inaugurated.

The thirtieth of June was a day long to
be remembered. Two ships had come
to anchor in the Basin of Quebec, and
from the mast of one fluttered the royal
standard of France, a sign that the king's
representative was on board. Crowding
the decks of the other vessel were the
soldiers of another detachment of the

52 CRADLE OF NEW FRANCE.

famous Carignan regiment, which had
come to augment the forces already in
the colony.

From the bastion of Saint Louis cannon
thundered out a welcome, while the
inhabitants in holiday attire, eager and
expectant, thronged the quay to pay
homage to the Marquis de Tracy, Lieu-
tenant-General of all the King's possess-
ions in North America, as he stepped
ashore.

In the train of the Marquis were a
number of young nobles who had sailed
with him to explore the mysteries of the
New World. Soon a gorgeous pageant
headed by twenty-four men in the king's
livery wended its way through the streets
of the lower town, and climbed the moun-
tain path, where Laval and the priests of
the Seminary, in their vestments, awaited
the Lieutenant-General.

Such a spectacle had never before been
seen in New France. The enthusiasm of
the people was unbounded, for the im-
pressive scene in their midst formed a link
between them and the motherland.

THE CARIGNAN REGIMENT.

But there were fresh evidences of the
good-will of the monarch. In the autumn
Remy de Courcelles the new Governor,
with Jean Talon the Intendant, arrived
at Quebec, followed by a third detach-
ment of the Carignan regiment under
Colonel Salieres. This famous body of
troops was raised at Savoy in 1644 by
the Prince de Carignan. In 1652 it
served under Cond6 at Porte Saint
Antoine, and in 1664 fought with distinc-
tion as a part of the French army in the
Austrian war against the Turks. In
Canada, under Tracy and Courcelles,
the men did good service in the Mohawk
war, and when their presence was no
longer urgently required, four companies
were told off for garrison duty, and the
remainder had the choice of either re-
turning to France or settling in the new
country.

To each soldier who remained, a grant
of land and one hundred livres were set
apart. The officers received larger tracts
of land and the soldiers became tenants
under their former commanders. They

54 CRADLE OF NEW FRANCE.

were a fine body of men, and exercised a
permanent influence on the character of
the community. Many of the officers
settled along the path of the Iroquois on
the banks of the Richelieu, and in several
of the flourishing towns of to-day their
names are preserved.

The male element now predominated
in Canada, and the problem for the
Governorwas to find wives for the settlers.
An appeal was made to the paternal
government of France and one hundred
girls of the poorer class were sent over in
1665. Among them were ten or fifteen
demoiselles from Dieppe and Rochelle,
who soon found husbands. Some of
the officers were fastidious and required
wives of higher social rank. The king,
ever willing tooblige,ordained that a small
consignment of demoiselles bien choisies
should be despatched to New France. It
was a somewhat delicate enterprise, for the
mothers of Canada had marriageable
daughters of their own whom they were
willing to bestow upon the gallant officers.
The charms of the jolies brunettes canadi-

THE CARIGNAN REGIMENT. 55

ennes appear to have been irresistible and
the intendant wrote that it was inexpedient
to send any more of the superior class as
he still had a supply on hand. The
demand for maidens of more humble
origin, however, was still great.

Marriage in those days was a matter
not of inclination but of duty. A girl
must be wed when she was fifteen, and a
boy before he had reached the age of
twenty. For the bachelor there was no
sympathy; single blessedness was not
popular in high places.

Before the arrival of the ships with
marriageable damsels, all bachelors were
warned that their hunting privileges
would be cancelled unless they chose a
partner for life within fifteen days after
the arrival of the vessels. This somewhat
indecorous method of disposing of the
girls left scanty time for courtship, and
the most presentable youth had the best
chance of securing the most attractive
girl for his bride. The laggard, no doubt,
met with his desert. There appears, how-
ever, to have been quite a scrimmage

56 CRADLE OF NEW FRANCE.

amongst the bachelors to obtain a point
of vantage.

The king manifested a lively interest in
the increase of the population. Writing
to the Intendant upon one occasion he
predicted that there would be eleven
hundred births in Canada during the
next year. These calculations in France
may account for the discrepancies be-
tween the census of the king and the
figures supplied by the governor.

The officers charged with the administra-
tion of New France at this period were
for the most part men of sterling character
To the Intendant Talon, especially, was
due much of the material and intellectual
development in the little colony. The
king himself, " regarding his Canadian
subjects almost as his own children, " as
Colbert wrote to the governor, " wishes
them to enjoy equally with the people of
France the mildness and happiness of his
reign. " Talon was directed to " solace
them in all things and encourage them to
trade and industry." "Seeing that noth-
ing can better promote this end/' con-

THE CARIGNAN REGIMENT. 57

tinned the royal instruction, "than enter-
ing into the details of their households
and of all their little affairs, it will not be
amiss that he visit all their settlements
one after another in order to learn their
true condition, pro vide as much as possible
for their wants and performing the duty
of a good head of a family, put them in
the way of making profit. " Lands were
cleared and brought under the plough, a
tannery and a hat factory were built in
Quebec, flax was grown in the country
and the girls were taught to weave.
Talon himself was the patron of arts,
science and industry, and his hand
appeared now and again in more common-
place measures,as some thought,of doubt-
ful expediency. It was he who built the
first brewery in Quebec on the spot after-
wards occupied by the Intendant's Palace.
But these were days of fur trade and
brandy disputes. French spirits were
too strong for colonial morals, and too
expensive, no doubt the Intendant
thought, for colonial thrift. After all, the
little brewery in the lower town may have

58 CRADLE OF NEW FRANCE.

served a useful purpose.

Despite the quiet progress, however,
there was a feeling of unrest in the colony
and some were beginning to fear disaster
from without. The Iroquois were again
on the war path. Courcelles, though a
good soldier and an upright governor, had
met with reverses on the field and asked
for his recall. The need was felt of a
strong hand at the helm to restore con-
fidence. Much would depend upon the
new governor, and that the king's choice
was a wise one was amply proved by the
subsequent history of New France.

CHAPTER IV.
FRONTENAC.

Louis de Buade, comte de Frontenac,
who succeeded de Courcelles, had received
an early training on the field of battle.
At the age of fifteen he served under the
Prince of Orange, and in his twenty-first
year held the command of a Norman
regiment in the Italian wars. While still
a young man he married Anne de la
Grange Trianon, a girl of sixteen. His
matrimonial experiences were not happy.
Had they been more fortunate New
France might have been deprived of the
services of a mostefficient,though ofttimes
troublesome, governor.

The exploits of the youthful countess
during the civil war of the Fronde may be
briefly related.

60 CRADLE OF NEW FRANCE.

Mademoiselle de Montpensier, grand
daughter of Henry of Navarre, had
espoused the cause of Conde, and when
Orleans was threatened by the royal army
she set forth to hold the city for Cond6
and the Fronde. In her company were
the countess of Frontenac and two other
ladies of rank. When this feminine
expedition reached Orleans the gates
were closed and the authorities refused to
open t hem . Threats and promises proved
of no avail; but at length a crew offered
their assistance to the ladies in their
predicament. The princess eagerly ac-
cepted their aid and with fair words and
fairer deeds urged the men to force the
gates. The men renewed their efforts
and at last a breach was effected when the
princess carried by the men was thrust
through the opening, followed by her
companions in the siege. Once within
the gates they were received with enthu-
siasm and conducted in triumph through
the streets. Thus was Orleans won for
the Fronde by three spirited ladies and a
few no less gallant boatmen.

FKOXTENAC
Governor of New France

THE LVTEXDAXT TAI.ON

FRONTENAC. 61

For this daring adventure Mademoiselle
de Montpensier was banished from the
court for a time, and in her wanderings
was followed by the countess Frontenac.

The count, her husband, was a man of
uneven temper, inclined to quarrel with
any one who did not fall in with his views.
It is not surprising, therefore, that he dis-
agreed with his wife. After giving birth
to a son the countess confided the child
to the care of a nurse and followed again
the fortunes of Mademoiselle de Mont-
pensier. Frontenac in the meanwhile
had retired to his estate on the Indre
where his extravagance soon involved him
hopelessly in debt. In 1669, however, he
was chosen by Turenne to aid the Vene-
tians against the Turks in Candia. At the
close of the campaign it appears that he
had obtained some distinction in arms
but little relief for his shattered fortunes.

He was now fifty-two years of age,
ready for any emergency and fully pre-
pared to uphold in the New World the
dignity of his office. He had many lessons
to learn, however, each of which must

62 CRADLE OF NEW FRANCE.

have sorely tried his rugged temper.
One of his first acts whereby he sought to
create the three estates of clergy,
nobles and people, called forth a minister-
ial rebuke. To give a corporate form of
existence to the inhabitants was opposed
to the absolutism of Louis XIV. Fron-
tenac was therefore admonished not to
attempt to revive conditions in the New
World which the king discountenanced
in the Old.

Although the governor could not dictate
to the court of France he could exercise
his authority in Quebec, however, and he
soon became involved in quarrels with
the church and Talon's successor, the
Intendant Duchesneau.

In that staunch churchman, Laval, es-
pecially, the Governor found a strenuous
opponent to whose dominant will he was
forced to yield. The sale of brandy to
the Indians,which the Bishop condemned,
was a cause of bitter strife. The question
was attended with difficulty. If the
French refused to supply the Indians with
brandy, there was the danger that the

FRONTENAC. 63

English or the Dutch at New York would
supply them with rum: an alternative
that the Governor wished to avoid at all
costs. Again, the revenue of the colony
was increased by the sale, and this was an
important consideration. On the other
hand the traffic had too baneful an in-
fluence on the morals of the people wil-
fully to be overlooked.

It was not only in Quebec that the
governor's policy was opposed, nor was
the brandy question the sole grievance.
Frontenac disagreed with the court as to
its methods of colonization. He was
impatient to , explore the country and
throw open new lands for settlement.
The king, however, desired to consolidate
the inhabitants and to confine them to
towns and villages in order that they
might the more readily unite for purposes
of defence.

The free open life of the forest, more-
over, had many attractions for the youth
of Canada, and the example set by the
coureurs de bois rendered the situation
difficult to deal with. Frontenac had

64 CRADLE OF NEW FRANCE.

received strict instructions from France
to suppress these outlaws, but notwith-
standing the fact that the regulations
against them were very stringent and the
punishment death, the Governor found
himself quite unequal to the task of keep-
ing them under control. There were
stories indeed that the bankrupt Governor
had an interest in their trade with the
Indians, but these charges may be traced
to the Intendant with whom the Governor
had long been at loggerheads. The
quarrels had now come to an open rupture.
To maintain peace the king was compelled
to recall them both and once again the
country was in danger from the red man.
The Iroquois had just completed a
victorious expedition to the south; they
now threatened to invade the west and
take the war path against Montreal or Que-
bec. Lefebvre de la Barre, who succeeded
Frontenac, was utterly unfitted to cope
with the situation. He organized a hasty
expedition and marched at the head of
his men to meet the enemy; but his troops
were cut down by fever, the crafty

FRONTENAC. 65

Iroquois soon surmised the true state of
affairs, and the Governor had much ado to
make an honorable peace.

Two years later he was recalled to
France. Under Denonville, his succes-
sor, affairs went from bad to worse and
culminated finally in the disastrous mas-
sacre of Lachine on the sixth of August,
1689. By this time the king had decided
that a strong Governor was necessary at
any cost. On the tenth of October, 1689, the
boom of cannon and the firing of musketry
announced the return of the Count de
Frontenac, who had been re-appointed to
the government of New France. At eight
o'clock in the evening a torch-light pro-
cession was formed headed by the mem-
bers of the Sovereign Council and the
principal inhabitants, to conduct the
Governor to the Chateau Saint Louis.
The streets were illuminated and in the
square the civil and religious corporations
were assembled to give him an enthusi-
astic welcome.

Many improvements in Quebec might
have been observed at this time. The

66 CRADLE OF NEW FRANCE.

houses destroyed by fire in 1682 had been
rebuilt, and a notable addition was the
little church soon to bear the name of
Notre Dame de la Victoire. The brewery
built by Talon had been abandoned and
converted into a palace f or the Intendant,
with accommodation for the Sovereign
Council. It was situated on the brink of
the river and the ground which now
surrounds the site was reclaimed from the
bed of the river Saint Lawrence many
years later. There is little remaining to-
day to remind one of its former propor-
tions or of the splendour of Bigot's court
held within its walls.

In the year 1690 there were disquieting
rumours of the invasion of Port Royal and
a possible attack upon Quebec. Fron-
tenac although unprepared to defend his
position, was not surprised at the in-
telligence. During his previous adminis-
tration spies had frequently been sent to
Quebec from New England to report on
the condition of the country, and one
more daring than his fellows had been
captured and sent to France. He had

FRONTENAC. 67

therefore urged the king to place the
colony in a condition to withstand as-
sault. Little heed had been paid to his
request and at length the people, aroused
to a sense of their danger, proposed to
construct a palisade about the city at
their own expense. The paternal govern-
ment of France apparently weary of the
constant demands for aid, seized the
occasion to overwork the willing horse:
the minister wrote to the Intendant —
"The king having heard that the in-
habitants of Quebec propose to enclose
that place with a palisade, they must be
obliged to lose no time in proceeding
therewith." The work was pushed for-
ward during the summer, but Frontenac
does not appear to have had any idea
that a powerful fleet under Sir William
Phips had already set sail for the Saint
Lawrence.

Sir William Phips was born in New
England and spent his early years
on a frontier plantation. In 1676, he
removed to Boston where he acquired a
knowledge of ship-building and formed a

68 CRADLE OF NEW FRANCE.

project to recover the wreck of a Spanish
treasure ship. The English government
placed a vessel at his disposal and in the
course of time his efforts were successful.
For his services he received the sum of
sixteen thousand pounds and knighthood
at the hands of the king. When the
people of Massachusetts decided to make
a descent on Acadia, Phips was given the
command of the expedition. Port Royal
surrendered without resistance, and after
securing the allegiance of the people to
the Crown of England and pillaging the
town he returned to Boston. During his
absence Massachusetts had been actively
engaged in preparing for the invasion of
Quebec. Thirty vessels and over two
thousand men were now placed under the
command of Phips, and on the ninth of
August the fleet sailed from Nantasket
for the Saint Lawrence.

Frontenac was in Montreal when the
news was communicated to him of the
approach of the vessels. Giving an order
for all the men who could be spared from
the defence of Montreal to march to

FRONTENAC. 69

Quebec, he took boat and arrived in the
city on the 14th of October. On the 19th
the British fleet was seen off the Island of
Orleans. Temporary works had been
thrown up on the first intimation of dan-
ger, and the city, which readily lends itself
to defence, presented a formidable front.
The scheme of fortification was by no
means complete. Phips brought his
vessels to anchor opposite the mouth of
the Saint Charles and a few hours later a
boat put off from the Admiral under a
flag of truce with an officer charged to
demand the surrender of Quebec. A
canoe was sent to meet the boat in mid-
stream. The messenger's eyes were
bandaged and he was conducted ashore
and through the town over many obstacle
and false barriers to the governor's ch£-
teau. Here the bandage was removed and
he found himself in the presence of an
imposing group of civil and military
officials, far greater than he had expected
to meet. The officer delivered the letter
to the governor demanding the surrender
of the " forts and castles, undemolished,

70 CRADLE OF NEW FRANCE.

and the king's and other stores, unem-
bezzled, with a reasonable delivery of
captives which if you refuse forth-
with to do, I am resolved by the help of
God in whom I trust, by the force of arms
to revenge all wrongs and injuries offered
and to bring you under subjection. "

To this letter Frontenac replied verbal-
ly at some length. The messenger, how-
ever, requested a written message . l ' No, ' '
the governor replied, "the only answer I
will give will be from the mouth of my
cannon and musketry, that he may learn
that it is not in such style that a man of
my rank may be summoned. " The eyes
of the officer were again bandaged ; he was
conducted over the same false barricades
to the lower town and returned to his ship
with the governor's defiant message.
This was not the style of answer that
Phips was prepared for. He had expected
surrender; but met with contumacy.
The governor of Quebec was evidently of
sterner metal than the complaisant com-
mander of Port Royal. There was noth-
thing left but to fight. The admiral had

FRONTENAC. 71

planned to land at Beauport a body of
men who were to work their way into
Quebec across the Saint Charles. A
landing was effected, but before the men
had advanced a hundred yards they were
met with a galling fire from Frontenac's
men under cover and were forced to retire
in haste with four killed and sixty
wounded. The French lost but one
killed and one man wounded.

The land forces having been repulsed,
the Admiral changed his tactics and tried
the effect of a bombardment of the town.
Four vessels were brought to bear on the
works, but the batteries on the ramparts
were brought into play and wrought
havoc amongst the ships. During the
engagement the flag of the Admiral's ship
was shot from the mast and captured by
the French. The siege was maintained
for a few days with no advantage to the
enemy, and within a week from the
commencement of operations the ships of
the invaders had vanished,leaving Quebec
the proud possessor of the Admiral's flag
and several pieces of cannon. The total

72 CRADLE OF NEW FRANCE.

loss to Frontenachad been nine men killed
and fifty-two wounded.

With the departure of the New England
fleet Quebec resumed its normal condition
and days of weeping gave place to days of
song. The Te Deum was sung in the
cathedral, solemn processions were held
in the streets, and the little church in the
lower town was dedicated to Notre Dame
de la Victoire.

The repulse of Phips had increased the
prestige of the Governor, and his demands
for means to fortify the town now met
with a favourable response. Frontenac's
walls, the first to enclose Quebec, crowned
the water front for about three quarters
of a mile, crossing the plateau near Ste.
Ursule Street and forming a circuit of
about a mile and a half. The total area
within the walls was less than half of the
ground that is enclosed by the present
town lines. From time to time vast sums
were expended upon the fortifications by
the French government; but the works
were never of a durable character.

In 1696 Frontenac, then seventy-five

FRONTENAC. 73

years of age, led an army with all his
former vigour against the Onondagas.
In return for his services during this
expedition he received the Cross of Saint
Louis. The honour was a tardy one for
the distinction was already enjoyed by
some of his subordinates. The Iroquois
had not been wholly subdued, but they
were inspired with a salutary dread of the
old Governor when at length he passed
away in 1698.

He had served his country faithfully
according to his light. "His ambition,"
says the Abb6Verreau, "was to be in New
France the reflection of the great monarch
who ruled in Old France. "

CHAPTER V.
QUEBEC IN THE 18th CENTURY.

One hundred years had passed since
Champlain's axemen cleared the forest in
the lower town for the "Abitation de
Quebec. " Along the water front to
the river Saint Charles, might now be seen
a line of substantial buildings, the most
pretentious being the palace of the
Intendant. Upon the mountain hill lead-
ing to the upper town were clusters of
solid houses occupied by the professional
class. Crowning the heights, the Bishop's
Palace, the Jesuits College, the Hotel
Dieu, the Convent of the Ursulines, the
Cathedral and the Chateau Saint Louis,
gave the place an air of importance.
Houses were often huddled together in
somewhat incongruous proximity; but in

76 CRADLE OF NEW FRANCE.

those days the formation of the rock
presented serious difficulties to the builder,
who chose the place where the least
excavation was needed. A glimpse of
civic conditions is obtained from the
regulations in force at the time. Each
inhabitant was required to make a gutter
in the middle of the street before his
dwelling. Smoking in the streets was
prohibited. A dog was on no account
allowed to roam the streets after nine
o'clock, and at the sound of the fire bell
each man was to hasten to the scene with
a bucket of water. In the confusion
arising from this method the fire usually
took its own course. At the burning of
the Seminary in 1701, the engineer had
three hundred assistants; he reports that
he would have been better off with thirty.
The inhabitants had obtained permission
to import a Dutch pump for extinguishing
fires; but as the means to purchase this
invention did not accompany the royal
sanction, the inhabitants clung to the
leather buckets.
Towards the close of the summer, after

QUEBEC IN THE 18m CENTURY. 77

the arrival of the merchant vessels from
France, the shops in the lower town were
resplendent with novelties from the
mother country. Ribbons, laces, silks and
jewellery were spread out by the astute
merchants to captivate the ladies, while
the male portion of the population could
purchase useful articles required in their
trade. The demand for ribbons and
laces seems to have been excessive,
and we find one writer expressing the wish
that the importation of these articles
might be prohibited. He was probably
a disappointed bachelor or a jaded
hu'sband. On the approach of winter the
habitants from the scattered settlements
came to Quebec to make their annual
purchases. On their departure the prin-
cipal shops were closed and the season of
amusement began.

Charlevoix, the historian, has left a
description of the social life at Quebec
during the early years of the eighteenth
century. " There is a little select society
here, "he writes, " which wants nothing to
make it agreeable. In the salons of the

78 CRADLE OF NEW FRANCE.

wives of the Intendant and the Governor
one finds circles as brilliant as in other
countries. Everybody does his part to
make the time pass pleasantly with games
and pleasure parties. In the summer,
drives and canoe excursions; in winter,
skating and sleighing. The news of the
day amounts to very little indeed as the
country furnishes scarcely any, while that
from Europe comes all at once. Science
and the fine arts have their turn, and
conversation does not fail. The Cana-
dians breath from their birth an air of
liberty which makes them very pleasant
in the intercourse of life, and our language
is nowhere more purely spoken. "

Some years later, however, we find that
a few English words had crept into the
language, and an English traveller gives
the following amusing account of his
attempt to procure some vegetables in
Quebec.

"Our object on going on shore was not
so much to gratify our curiosity, as to
procure some vegetables; and as the
Captain of the ship could not speak a

QUEBEC IN THE ISra CENTURY. 79

word of French, as indifferent a French-
man as you know me to be, I was obliged
to be the interpreter on this occasion. I,
however, made the inhabitants under-
stand me very well, till I asked for some
potatoes, by the usual school term of
pommes de terre, and by which I under-
stand they are called in France; yet,
notwithstanding the Canadians are al-
lowed to speak as pure French as at Paris,
I could not make them comprehend what
it was I wanted, the man continually
saying, Monsieur, je suis bien fache de ne
pouvoir comprendre ce que vous souhaitez;
at the same time expressing great un-
easiness, as I repeatedly assured them,
que fetois bien sur qu'il en avoit, which
seemed to vex him still more. However,
in walking over his plantation, I happen-
ed to see a parcel in the corner of a shed;
pointing to it I said, Voila ce que je
demande, upon which, with great joy in
his countenance, he exclaimed, Oh! Mon-
sieur, ce sont des putat, putat; adding, with
great heartiness, Qu'il etoit bien aise d'etre
en etat de me satisfaire. Upon my telling

80 CRADLE OF NEW FRANCE.

him, in England we called them pommes
de terre, he added, with a remark which I
should not have expected, Que ce nom
leur convenoit mieux que tout autre. As I
paid him very liberally for the vegetables
we had of him, he said, with great expres-
sion of gratitude, Ah! Monsieur, je me
souviendrai toujours de vos bontes et des
pommes de terre."

Quebec was not permitted to enjoy any
lengthy season of repose. In the year
1711, while the inhabitants were following
their peaceful occupations, an expedition
was being fitted out in Boston for the
capture of the French stronghold. On
the 30th of July nine ships of war, sixty
transports and a number of smaller craft,
carrying in all twelve thousand men
under Admiral Sir Hovenden Walker, set
sail for the Saint Lawrence. But the
elements fought for Quebec. On the
evening of the 22nd of August the fleet
was caught in a heavy gale, and a dense
fog enveloped the river. All through the
night the vessels were driven before the
storm and neither the Admiral nor his

QUEBEC IN THE 18TH CENTURY. 81

crews knew anything of the dangers in
their path. Before the dawn, eight trans-
ports had been dashed to pieces on the
rocks off Egg Island, and nearly nine
hundred men had found a watery grave.
When the storm abated the Admiral was
less confident of taking Quebec, and after
hovering about for a few days shifted his
sails and returned crestfallen to Boston.

The Governor had been warned of the
approach of the fleet early in the month
of August, and made what preparations
he could to withstand a siege. Anxious
days followed; but it was not until
October that the news of the disaster
reached the city. Great was the rejoicing
of the people and marvellous were the
tales told of the magnitude of the ex-
pedition and of the losses of the enemy.
A mass was ordered to be sung every
month for a year, the citizens returned
thanks for the miracle wrought on their
behalf, and the name of the church of
Notre Dame de la Victoire was changed
to Notre Dame des Victoires.

In the month of September, 1712,

82 CRADLE OF NEW FRANCE.

Michel Be*gon was appointed Intendant
of New France. He took up his residence
at the Palace, which he furnished in a
manner befitting his rank. Four months
later, however, the contents of the build-
ing, valued at forty thousand crowns,
were destroyed by fire. The Intendant
and his young wife escaped from a window
in their robes de chambre] but two of
their attendants perished in the flames.
A new palace was constructed upon the
site as an administrative building with
quarters for the Intendant. Be*gon,
who appears to have been a man of
independent fortune, lived in great state,
and whilst the new palace was in the
course of erection, resided at the Maison
de la Montagne, or Beaumanoir, as it was
named in after years. Tradition has
associated this dwelling, situated on the
Charlesbourg road, with the last Intend-
ant, Francois Bigot, possibly through a
similarity of the names Begon and Bigot.
The ruins are still pointed out as those of
the Chateau Bigot.

A simple act performed in the Ursuline

QUEBEC IN THE 18ra CENTURY. 83

Convent during Begon's administration
forms an interesting link between the old
regime and the new. Before a ftatue of
the Virgin in the Chapel of the Saints,
burns a votive lamp which was first trim-
med by a young novice, Marie Madelaine
de Repentigny, in 1717, and ever since
has been kept steadfastly burning by the
sisters of the Convent. Mademoiselle de
Repentigny, one of the beautiful girls of
her time in Canadian society, was engaged
to an officer who died on the eve of her
marriage. From henceforth the young
girl decided to adopt the life of the cloister
and requested permission to give this
lamp in testimony of the joy and consola-
tion that came to her in that sanctuary.
Her brother, the father of the Chevalier
de Repentigny who fought under Mont-
calm and Levis, paid to the nuns the sum
of three hundred livres for the mainten-
ance of the lamp as a perpetual memorial
of his sister.

Mademoiselle de Repentigny died be-
fore the battle of the Plains and the pass-
ing away of French sovereignty in Canada ;

84 CRADLE OF NEW FRANCE.

but the lamp she lighted under the old
regime to which her family was devoted,
still bums as brightly as of yore, under
the new.

In the year 1903, Miss Anthon, a
descendant of the family, donated the
present silver lamp which hangs in the
chapel.

B6gon proved an able administrator
and was particularly successful in develop-
ing home industries. At the close of his
official career in 1726 it was observed that
he had not " profited at the expense of the
king."

Hocquart, Intendant of New France
from 1731 to 1748, turned his attention to
ship building and the improvement of the
harbour by constructing a breakwater at
the Saint Charles. Between the year
1732 and 1733 twenty vessels ranging
from forty to fifty tons burthen, were
built in the docks for the coasting trade.
It was during Hocquart's administration
that a proposal was made to erect an
archives building, a scheme which was not
carried out in Canada until the year 1906.

QUEBEC IN THE 18-TH CENTURY. 85

Galissonniere's administration of New
France from 1747 to 1749, forms yet
another chapter in the material and
intellectual progress of the country.
Placing himself at the head of a few
cultured men he formed an Academy of
Science. With the assistance of Canon
Gosselin, a herbarium of Canadian plants
was prepared for the museum in Paris.
Collections were made of native seeds and
minerals. The Jesuits discovered the
ginseng, the annual shipments of which
soon exceeded half a million francs.
Dr. Sarrazin, another member of the
Academy, made known to Europe the
curative properties of Saracenia in cases
of smallpox, and Dr. Gaulthier discover-
ed the plant Gaultheria procumbens, or
wintergreen.

Galissoniere was a progressive adminis-
trator, and would have extended the
dominion of France to the Ohio Valley.
In the Canadians he recognized a vigorous
race capable of expansion. "If other
colonies produce more wealth, " he wrote,
"this one produces men, a far more

86 CRADLE OF NEW FRANCE.

valuable possession for a king than sugar
or indigo or even all the gold of the
Antilles." His administration was all
too brief for France was to feel the need of
such men, in the dark days that followed.

The Marquis de la Jonquiere, his
successor, was a man of a different mould.
Peter Kalm, the Swedish scholar who was
on a visit to Canada at this time, has left us
an account of the governor's triumphal
entry into Quebec. La Jonquiere was
dressed in scarlet and gold, and before
him marched twenty-four men in the
King's livery; while every bell in the city
was set ringing and cannon and musketry
thundered forth a welcome from the
ramparts. La Jonquiere, however, was
soon suspected of enriching himself by
trade with foreign countries, and his
departure from Canada gave the habitants
little cause for regret.

In the summer of 1746, Quebec was
thrown into a state of alarm by rumours of
a threatened invasion. Eight battalions
of English troops were to rendezvous at
Louisbourg, and, joining the New England

ill

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jfr " '•'rP'i >

QUEBEC IN THE 18ra CENTURY. 87

forces, were to sail up the Saint Lawrence
and attack the fortress of Quebec. There
were at this time about fifty prisoners in
the barracks, who had been captured at
Louisbourg the year before, and these
men were repeatedly interrogated as to
the designs of the English. No satis-
factory account could be obtained from
them, however, although it was evident
that they expected speedy deliverance.
The summer wore on and throughout
Canada there was a feeling of uneasiness.
The Indians too were becoming restless.
In La Cadie they were already on the war-
path. At last, however, it became known
that danger had been averted through
the delays of the British ministry. For
a season Quebec enjoyed the blessing of
peace, while the Indians in the neighbor-
hood relapsed into their accustomed
indolence.

Indian life in the vicinity is thus
described by an observer. "If the Epi-
curean definition of happiness is just, that
it consists in indolence of body and
tranquility of mind, the Indians of both

88 CRADLE OF NEW FRAXCE.

sexes are the happiest people on earth;
free from care, they employ the present
moment, forget the past and are without
solicitude for the future. In summer,
stretched upon the verdant turf, they
sing, they laugh, they play, they relate
stories of their ancient heroes to warm
their youth for war. In winter, wrapped
in the furs which bounteous nature
provides them, they dance, they feast and
despise the rigours of the season, at which
the more effeminate Europeans tremble.
War being, however, the business of their
lives, and the first passion of their souls,
their very pleasures take their colour
from it ; everyone must have heard of the
war dance, and their songs are almost all
on the same subject. On the most
diligent enquiry I find but one love song
in the language which is short and simple,
though perhaps not inexpressive : —
I love you,
I love you dearly,
I love you all day long.
An old Indian told me that they had songs
of friendship, but I could never procure a

QUEBEC IN THE 18TH CENTURY. 89

translation of one of them. On my
pressing this Indian to translate one for
me, he told me with a haughty air, the
Indians were not used to make transla-
tions, and that if I choose to understand
their songs I must learn their language.
By the way their language is extremely
harmonious, especially as pronounced by
their women, and as well adapted to
music as Italian itself. I must not here
omit an instance of their independence of
spirit, which is, that they never would
submit to have the service of the Church,
although they prefer the Romish religion,
in any other language than their own.
The women, who have in general fine
voices, sing in the choir with a taste and
manner that would surprise you, and
with a devotion that might edify more
polished nations. "

CHAPTEK VI.
OFFICIAL KNAVERY.

Within the colony itself
there were ominous sums of wea

The administration was confronted with
a danger which threatened ultimately to
accomplish its ruin. Official corruption
was undermining every branch of the
public service, and so skilfully were the
plans laid that those who might have
checked its development were ignorant of
its extent . When the last French Governor,
the Marquis de Vaudreuil was appointed,
corruption had already vitiated the
official life of the colony, perhaps beyond
the power of any one man to remedy
even if the Governor himself had been so
inclined. The career of Vaudreuil, how-
ever, is inexplicable, and the most chant-

92 CRADLE OF NEW FRANCE.

able verdict that history can record is,
that while he acted as a knave, perhaps
after all, he was only a fool. On his
appointment he was received with open
arms. So implicit was the confidence
reposed in him, that in the change which
was slowly creeping over New France,
and sapping its energy, the people bowed
to what they believed to be inevitable,
instead of rising in revolt against a regime
of tyranny and oppression.

The outbreakof the war, regarded by the
inhabitants as a calamity, was looked
upon by Bigot as a most fortunate event.
Whether he accepted office intent upon
plunder and pillage, we know not, but it
is evident that he regarded the resources
of the colony as lawful prey, not only for
himself but for his associates. One of his
henchmen, Vergor, who was afterwards
placed by Vaudreuil, it may be remember-
ed, in command of the one weak spot in
Quebec by which Wolfe ascended to the
Plains, had already been accused of selling
a fort to the English. " Profit by your
place, my dear Vergor," Bigot wrote to

OFFICIAL KNAVERY. 93

him, "cut and slip, you are free to do as
you like, so that you can come soon to
join me in France and buy an estate near
me. " Vergor, it may be said, profited by
this advice to the best of his ability; but
he was too small a man for the Intendant.
Bigot was colossal in all things, and at
last he found a genius for peculation in
Joseph Cadet, the son of a Quebec butcher
and later, the Baron de la Touche
D'Avrigny. In the scheme which was
carried out at Quebec, Bigot and his
companions played the part of knaves
while Vaudreuil acted the part of their
protector.

Whatever the measure of Bigot's
knavery, however, legend and romance
have interwoven with his name many
stories which have little foundation in
actual fact. Most of the tales indeed are
associated with the Chateau Bigot, a
house that was never occupied by the
Intendant. In one legend Bigot is re-
presented as a mighty hunter active as a
chamois, brave as a Hon. Upon one
occasion during a hunting expedition he

94 CRADLE OF NEW FRANCE.

had lost his way in the dense forest
surrounding the Chateau. The sun had
gone down and night crept on apace.
Worn out with fatigue and hunger the
king's representative sat down upon a
fallen tree to ponder over his misfortune.
By the light of the moon he beheld a
mysterious figure approaching, clad in a
long white flowing robe. Then very
ungallantly he seized his musket and
prepared to fire. At the moment, how-
ever, the figure assumed a human form
and before him stood Caroline the Algon-
quin Maid. The Intendant was capti-
vated by her beauty and asked her, as she
was familiar with the forest, to conduct
him to the Chateau. Caroline was made
a prisoner, and henceforth the visits of the
Intendant to Charlesbourg were frequent.
But one night, a few years later, during
a ball, the household was alarmed by a
piercing shriek from the girPs appart-
ments and upon reaching the scene found
Caroline with a dagger plunged through
her heart. The mystery of her assassina-
tion was never solved. Caroline was

OFFICIAL KNAVERY. 95

buried within the walls of the Chateau,
and a stone engraved with the letter C is
said to have marked her grave.

But perhaps the most popular legend
gathers about the Chien D'Or, a house
which several years ago stood near the
site of LavaPs monument. Over the
door had been placed a stone which may
still be seen in the walls of the Post
Office, bearing this inscription : —

JE SVIS VN CHIEN QVI RONGE I/ OS
EN LE RONGEANT JE PREND MON REPOS
VN TEMS VIENDRA QVI N*EST PAS VENV
QVE JE MORDERAY QVI M*AVRA MORDV.

The occupant of the house, Nicolas
Jacquin Philibert, had become involved
in a quarrel with the Intendant Bigot and
being unable to derive any satisfaction
from him had placed the stone with its
hungry looking dog and its ominous in-
scription, over his door to annoy the
king's representative. The Intendant in
the meantime had fitted up the Hermitage
or the Chateau Bigot as a country resi-
dence. Here also dwelt in seclusion the

96 CRADLE OF NEW FRANCE.

beautiful daughter of the Baron de St.
Castin. There were frequent revels at
the Chateau, and in the course of time the
guests began to discuss the meaning of
the inscription over Philibert's house,
hinting that their host should cause
its removal. The Intendant, although
powerful, had no desire to become a party
to a quarrel with a citizen of high repute ;
but from that moment the pious mer-
chant's fate was sealed. At Bigot's
table might be seen the gilded youth of
the city, and one of them, Le Gardeur
Repentigny, became the instrument of his
vengeance. Riding furiously through the
market place one morning, considerably
under the influence of wine, Repentigny
ran down a poor cripple who was in
conversation with the merchant. Phili-
bert interfered and handled the horse-
man somewhat roughly. At this moment
one of the women of Bigot's court rode up
and taunted Repentigny with allowing a
ruffian to assault him; whereupon the
youth drew his sword and thrust it to
the hilt through the body of Philibert.

OFFICIAL KNAVERY. 97

The facts relating to the death of Phili-
bert as gathered from official documents
are these :—

On the nineteenth of January, 1748, nine
months before the appointment of Bigot
as Intendant, Pierre Le Gardeur de Repen-
tigny, who resided with Madame La
Palme, received a command to take up his
quarters at the Golden Dog, occupied by
the army contractor, Philibert. This
arrangement does not appear to have
been satisfactory to the contractor, and
he endeavoured to persuade Madame La
Palme to keep her lodger. The two
were unable, however, to come to terms
and an altercation arose. In the midst
of it Repentigny entered the apartment
and a fight ensued. Repentigny was
struck on the head and Philibert received
in return a sword thrust from which he
died the next day. Two months later
Repentigny was condemned to death;
but in consideration of his rank, justice
was satisfied by the execution of the
prisoner in effigy, "a picture to be placed
for the purpose on a pole in the public

98 CRADLE OF NEW FRANCE.

square. " The sentence was duly carried
out on the twentieth of March, 1748, and
in September the King pardoned Repen-
tigny and restored him to his former rank.

Bigot was not appointed Intendant
until the month of October, 1748, and the
inscription over Philibert's house had
been set up many years before.

After the declaration of war in 1756,
the desultory struggles between the rival
colonies gave place to the sterner contest
of two imperial powers in a war of con-
quest. Quebec as the seat of government
was the centre of activity and from it
were directed the plans for the ensuing
campaigns. A new sphere of action
affording even a wider scope for his
nefarious schemes was thus open to the
Intendant. The powers of Bigot were
great already, but now that the security
of the country was threatened, his author-
ity became absolute. Some years previ-
ous to this date he had formed a partner-
ship with a house in Bordeaux, through
which he purchased supplies for Canada.
If the provision boats were permitted to

OFFICIAL KNAVERY. 99

arrive safely the goods were declared free
of duty for the king's service. Some of
the vessels, however, had an unfortunate
habit of running on the rocks when near
their destination, and the salvage was
sold to the Intendant's friends to be
repurchased for the king's store. On the
capture of an English vessel, Bigot dis-
posed of the entire cargo for eight hun-
dred thousand francs, and repurchased
one-eighth for his majesty for the sum of
one million francs . By further manipula-
tions he cleared a profit of two million
francs from this elastic cargo.

Some time later he launched out in the
retail business under the name of a con-
federate, and his warehouse was soon
distinguished by the appropriate name of
La Friponne or "The Cheat." Even
thus the profits do not seem to have been
sufficient for the Intendant. He there-
fore devised a scheme to ensure a con-
tinuous and gradually increasing revenue.
It was his duty as Intendant in control of
finance, to provide for the maintenance
and transport of the troops, the construe-

100 CRADLE OF NEW FRANCE.

tion of works of defence and in fact for
every need of the service. In the month
of October, 1756, he entered into a
contract with Cadet, giving him a mono-
poly for nine years for the supply of pro-
visions for the army whose posts extended
from Gaspe to the Ohio. Cadet's first
achievement was to gather up all the
grain in the country in the king's name to
be shipped to confederates in Paris. In
the days of famine for which he was pre-
paring and plotting, it would be con-
venient to buy back the grain at whatever
price might be expedient. Supplies were
needed at distant posts and the cost of
transport would involve a large expendi-
ture. The question was solved in a
simple and ingenious manner. Every
man in the colony was liable for active
service without remuneration. Those
who possessed vehicles were exempted
from military duty on condition that they
signed a receipt for the conveyance of
supplies to whatever point they might be
directed. As the cost of transportation
was often greater than the price of the

OFFICIAL KNAVERY. 101

goods, a substantial revenue was derived
from this scheme.

There was nothing too small or too
great for the consideration of Bigot and
his associates. For an outbreak of small-
pox amongst a few Indians he debited the
Treasury with one million francs. Large
profits were made even out of the soil.
Earth was required for the fortifications,
especially about Quebec, where the rock
is near the surface. This was paid for by
the load. The contractor's conception of
a load was a handful of earth. Requisi-
tions and vouchers were insisted upon,
for this fraudulent business was conducted
on business principles. Requests were
sent to Cadet from distant posts for
supplies. The goods were put up,
enumerated on a list and promptly
despatched. When the courier arrived
the officer in charge of the post signed the
list, but he was given only a part of the
goods. The operation was repeated at
the next post; a share of the articles was
delivered and a receipt obtained for the
whole. At the end of the journey there

102 CRADLE OF NEW FRANCE.

were several signatures on the list and the
king was duly charged for a full supply to
each. This scheme, which was carried on
successfully throughout the war, proved
highly remunerative.

These are a few examples of the
methods by which Bigot and his com-
panions made large fortunes. And yet
while these scoundrels were enriching
themselves the condition of the people
was desperate. Bands were told off to
gather in the harvests; but a large share
of the manual labour was performed by
women whose husbands, sons or brothers
were engaged in the service of the king;
or to be more exact, in helping Bigot to
make his fortune. A little later the
Intendant on the pretence of famine
slaughtered every available horse for
food, when cattle were to be obtained in
abundance; heavy loads to supply the
army had to be dragged over rough roads
by women and children. The condition
to which these people were reduced was
little better than slavery, while in the
palace of the Intendant there was a

OFFICIAL KNAVERY. 103

carnival of corruption in the midst of
oriental luxury.

Bigot having launched his schemes with
the assistance of the loyal Cadet, " whose
faith unfaithful kept him falsely true/'
had time to devote some attention to a
more congenial form of pillage. In fact
the most of his devices were so regularly
irregular that they worked automatically.

Amongst the officers of the army there
were men of ample fortune. To the
rapacious Bigot even this was a tempta-
tion, and he resolved to have his share.
It is true that there were already rumours
that all was not well at the Palace; but
the genial manner of the host disarmed
suspicion. People merely shrugged their
shoulders and still revered the Intendant,
while the Governor looked on com-
placently.

Vaudreuil saw no harm in Bigot, both
were representatives of the king and the
king could do no wrong.

Balls were frequent, and as many as
eighty ladies from the city were present
in an evening. Amongst them were a few

104 CRADLE OF NEW FRANCE.

plastic captivating women who were not
averse to gambling, and the Intendant
set the pace. The gaiety of the Palace
was reflected in the homes of the rich.
In the year 1756 Montcalm wrote, "On
Wednesday there was an assembly at
Madame Varin's. On Friday the Che-
valier de Levis gave a ball. He invited
sixty ladies and got only thirty, and a
great crowd of men. Rooms well lighted,
excellent order, plenty of refreshments of
every sort all through the night; and the
company stayed until seven in the morn-
ing. As for me, I went to bed early. I
had that night eight ladies at a supper
given to Madame Varin. To-morrow I
shall have half a dozen at another. The
gallant chevalier is to give us sibill another
ball."

Heavy stakes were won and lost whilst
the people outside were crying for bread.
Towards the fall the rations of the troops
were reduced. More horses were slaugh-
tered, and horse flesh was prescribed from
December until spring. Twelve hundred
horses were slaughtered during the winter.

OFFICIAL KNAVERY. 105

And yet a year later after the British
army had lived on the country for nearly
four months, General Murray declared
that there was an abundance of cattle.
Horses had evidently been slaughtered as
a cloak for the knavery of the Intendant.
The inhabitants, moreover, were becoming
troublesome and by depriving them of
their horses they were kept at home.

Gambling increased in the army; Mont-
calm became alarmed and gave an order
that play in the lower town should be
stopped. It was useless; the fever had
seized the soldiers. "The Intendant",
writes Montcalm, "has received a big
company. The music was as good as
could be expected. The gambling had
been so great and so much beyond the
means of the players, that I thought I
was looking at fools, or rather at people
sick with a burning fever. I don't think I
have ever seen a bigger game except the
king's game. There were three tables
which would accommodate eighty guests,
the rooms were well lighted, and every-
thing would have been perfect if the lord

106 CRADLE OF NEW FRANCE.

of the house, munificent in all details, had
shown more tact and been more attentive
to have his splendid supper served earlier.
But the game held him so fast that in spite
of his taste for feasting and his desire to
please his guests, the supper prepared for
nine was served only at twelve. "

Madame de P6an, the wife of one of
Bigot's associates in fraud, was the presiding
spirit at the tables. The Intendant had
been captivatedby her charms, and she was
now all powerful with him. In the New
World Bigot was another Louis XV, while
Madame Pean was another Pompadour.

A little later we learn that the Intend-
ant had just left a game where six hun-
dred and fifty pounds was at stake, and
"the tone of breeding, of politeness, of
society, is banished from the house where
it should reign." Montcalm paid a visit
to the Palace only once a week after this.
The news of revelry had reached France
and the king sent an order forbidding
play. But the stakes increased. Fifteen
hundred pounds were lost in three quarters
of an hour.

OFFICIAL KNAVERY. 107

Montcalm placed one of his officers
under arrest. This had some effect
upon the army. Soon after, however,
balls and furious gambling became the
order of the day. The slaughter of horses
continued, the cattle grew fat and multi-
plied, and some of the people were re-
duced to eating grass.

With the return of spring there was a
halt, and the city regained its normal
condition. During the winter there was
little fear of attack because the ships of
an invader could not approach by the
frozen river, and attack by land was
impracticable; but on the opening of
navigation hostilities would be resumed
and the army would be beyond the reach
of the enemy within the gate. Bigot was
still in the confidence of the Governor, and
the Governor enjoyed the esteem of
the people. Complaints had indeed
been made to France; for there were
those in Quebec who deplored the
social ruin which seemed to threa-
ten the colony. None, however, seems
to have suspected that the misery of

108 CRADLE OF NEW FRANCE.

the people was largely due to the ma-
chinations of Bigot.

At last Montcalm made specific charges
against the Intendant, claiming that the
business of the country was conducted by
means of forged certificates. He appeal-
ed to the Minister to deliver New France
from the grasp of the Intendant and the
Governor, intimating that unless this
were done the colony would be lost
during the next campaign. The King
sent a copy of the charges to Bigot. On
the Intendant's behalf, the Governor
hastened to deny them in strong terms.
His reply was the death knell of New
France. "I cannot conceal from you,
Monseigneur, ' ' wrote Vaudreuil, ' ' how
much M. Bigot feels the suspicions con-
tained in your letter to him. He does not
deserve them I am sure. He is full of
zeal for the service of the king; but as he
is rich, or passes as such, and has merit,
the ill-disposed are jealous, and insinuate
that he has prospered at the expense of
his majesty. I am certain that it is not
true, and that nobody is a better citizen

OFFICIAL KNAVERY. 109

than he, or has the king's interest more
at heart."

Vaudreuil was the Governor, and in the
face of a testimonial like this, France can
scarcely be held responsible if the Intend-
ant was still permitted to extort a little
more from the wretched inhabitants and
from the Treasury of the motherland.
Even Cadet receives a word of praise : the
butcher is served by the kind offices of the
Governor in supplicating for letters of
noblesse. The colony was in the hands
of thieves; and within the colony itself
there was no prospect of emancipation.
Relief was indeed at hand; but not from
France. The infamy of the closing days
of the French regime was to be extinguish-
ed only by a hostile fleet already on its
way to the Saint Lawrence.

Bigot himself, colossal in his triumph,
was tragic in his fall. At the close of the
siege of Quebec an agent was sent over by
the French Government to investigate
the affairs of the colony, and sufficient
evidence of fraud was disclosed to cause
the arrest of Bigot and his associates upon

110 CRADLE OF NEW FRANCE.

their return to France. On the twenty-
second of August, 1763, after a lengthy trial
Bigot was found guilty and the finding of
the court was in these words :

"In reparation the said Frangois Bigot
is condemned to make the amende honor-
able before the principal gate of the
Tuileries, whither he shall be escorted by
the public executioner in a tumbrel having
a rope about his neck and bearing in his
hand a lighted torch of yellow wax, two
pounds in weight. On his chest and on
his back shall be placed a placard with
this inscription THE PUBLIC ADMINIS-
TRATOR PERFIDIOUS THIEF. And there
kneeling, bare headed and with bare feet,
clad only in his shirt, he shall declare in a
loud and intelligible voice that during his
administration of New France, in peace
and in war, he has been guilty of the
frauds, extortions and thefts set forth in
the indictment. " He was also to restore
eleven million francs to the Treasury, his
property was to be declared confiscated to
the crown, and finally he was to be con-
ducted to the Place de Greve and executed.

OFFICIAL KNAVERY. Ill

This terrible sentence was commuted
by the final judgment whereby he was
ordered to restore one million six hun-
dred thousand francs. His property was
seized and he was banished from the
realm. Cadet, who was cast into the
Bastille, restored eleven millions to the
Treasury. Three others paid six hun-
dred thousand each. P6an compounded
for six hundred thousand and others
restored smaller sums. Vaudreuil was
acquitted. Cadet was released after a
short term as his presence in Canada was
needed to unravel the skein of fraud.
Ten years later, however, after having
given large sums to aid some of his friends
in Canada, he had still sufficient wealth
to purchase the Barony de la Touche
D'Avrigny. His letters of noblesse were
granted to him upon the recommendation
of the Marquis de Vaudreuil.

Thus pass from history two notorious
characters. The dominant mind of Bigot
controlled the destiny of New France for
several years. Endowed with marked
administrative ability, wit and intellectu-

112 CRADLE OF NEW FRANCE.

al vigour he might hare become her
dictator in peace and her deliverer in the
hour of need. He chose rather to para-
lyse the colony by his knavery. Even
when the crisis came he made no effort to
avert her ruin.

CHAPTER VII.

THE BATTLE OF THE PLAINS
OF ABRAHAM.

Sunt lachrymal rerum et mentem mortalia tangunt.

The siege of Quebec, great in itself,
and greater in its consequences, is per-
haps the most important event in the
history of the eighteenth century. And
yet it is only within recent years that
students have realized its significance.
"The most momentous and far reaching
question," says Parkman, "ever brought
to issue on this continent was — shall
France remain here or shall she not?"
The answer to that question was given
on the thirteenth of September, 1759, when
Wolfe and Montcalm met upon the
heights of Abraham.

114 CRADLE OF NEW FRANCE.

We need not make more than a brief
reference to the events preceding the
final struggle for supremacy in America.
The French had possessed themselves
by right of discovery and military occu-
pation of vast stretches of territory which
under a wiser colonial policy they might
have continued to hold. Contiguous to
these lands were the settlements of the
British, inhabited by a people bent pri-
marily upon making homes for them-
selves, but determined to expand as
necessity should arise.

Collisions were inevitable, and conflicts,
at first local in their character, termin-
ated in the declaration of war in 1756.
The progress of military events from
that date until the close of the campaign
of 1758, resulting in the reduction of
Louisbourg and of Duquesne and the
destruction of Fort Frontenac, had been
encouraging to the British, and Pitt de-
termined in 1759 to follow up the advan-
tages already gained, by the capture of
the stronghold of Canada.

The army of attack was to be divided in-

BATTLE OF THE PLAINS. 115

to two bodies. The first was to approach
by the river Saint Lawrence; the second
was to come through Lake Champlain and
down the Richelieu. Sir Jeffery Amherst
was appointed commander-in-chief of the
forces in America at the head of the se-
cond body, and it was expected that his
movements would draw off the enemy to
some extent from Quebec, or that if
weakly opposed he would push on to
unite with Wolfe, who has been given
command of the land forces destined for
the expedition to the Saint Lawrence.

James Wolfe was born at Westerham
in Kent, in 1727. In 1741 he received
his first commission, as second lieutenant
in his father's regiment of marines. His
military career commenced at a time
when the prestige of the army was low.
During the period of peace which followed
the Treaty of Utrecht there was little
demand for the services of the soldier,
and when at length England found it
necessary to prepare for war, she had to
recruit her men from the plough to con-
tend with the well disciplined troops of

116 CRADLE OP NEW FRANCE.

France. In 1742 Wolfe was given a
commission as ensign in Durore's Regi-
ment of Foot ; a year later he served with
his army in Germany, and at the battle
of Dettingen his company was drawn
up in the first line. After his return
from his seventh campaign, in 1748, he
was appointed major, and within twelve
months, lieutenant-colonel of the Twen-
tieth Regiment of Foot.

Although his services entitled him to
recognition, it was only in defiance of
rank and claims of seniority that he was
chosen by Pitt to operate with the fleet
against Quebec. The expedition by way
of the Saint Lawrence had no at-
traction for the older generals, to whom
also it was some satisfaction that Wolfe's
commission as Major-General applied
only to service in America. Pitt, on the
other hand, wanted none of the older
generals. The miserable failure of Mour-
dant at Rochfort, and the exasperating
conduct of Loudon at Louisbourg, where
he " exhausted the patience of His Majes-
ty's troops in fighting sham battles and

BATTLE OF THE PLAINS. 117

planting cabbages in the face of the
enemy for a month," had been sufficient
for the British minister. Self-reliance,
activity, resource and courage were the
qualities required in a leader, and Pitt
recognized these qualities in Wolfe. He
was so unlike the average soldier of the
day that it was remarked in the presence
of the king, "That feUow Wolfe is mad."
"Mad, is he," said the monarch, "then
I wish he would bite some of my generals."

Wolfe was not given the number of
men he demanded for the attack on Que-
bec, but he was allowed to select several
of his chief officers. His selection was
excellent : Townshend, Monckton, Murray
and Carleton were men of courage, re-
source and sound judgment.

On the fifteenth of February, 1759,
sixty transports, six sail of the line and
nine frigates sailed from Portsmouth for
America, and three days later Admiral
Saunders, with General Wolfe on board,
embarked on the Neptune. It was not
until the first of June, however, that
the fleet which had assembled at Louis-

118 CRADLE OF NEW FRANCE.

bourg, spread sail for Quebec with an
army of less than nine thousand men.
Passing the Traverse in safety, the ships
cautiously approached the city and came
to anchor off the Island of Orleans on
the evening of the twenty-sixth of June.
A few months before, Vaudreuil, the
Governor, had assured the French Gov-
ernment that special precautions had
been taken to oppose any hostile landing.
One wonders if he recalled his blatant
promise when he saw a formidable fleet
almost under the ramparts, and the tents
of a well trained army on the following
morning beginning to dot the upper ex-
tremity of the Island of Orleans. The
situation probably caused little embar-
rassment to the Governor. No doubt he
had, as usual, an excuse in readiness.

For a year Montcalm had been urging
the necessity of sending more regulars
to the colony, and Bougainville had been
despatched to France by Montcalm to
explain more fully the serious and dis-
tressing condition of affairs. The Gov-
ernor, while recommending the messen-

BATTLE OF THE PLAINS. 119

ger officially, addressed a private com-
munication to the minister assuring him
that Bougainville had little grasp of the
situation and, moreover, that he was a
creature of Montcalm's.

Under the circumstances Bougainville
met with little encouragement at Court,
and when he became importunate the
minister had told him that one did not
concern oneself with the fate of the
stable when the house was on fire. This
treatment of the question was not encour-
aging to Bougainville. He may perhaps
have derived some satisfaction from his
retort, "that at any rate the Minister
did not talk like a horse."

On the first intimation of the approach
of the enemy the engineers began to
fortify the Beauport shore from the
river Saint Charles to the Falls of Mont-
morency, while Vaudreuil finding him-
self no longer able to cope with the situ-
ation hastened to summon Montcalm
from Montreal to direct the campaign.

Louis Joseph de Montcalm-Gozon was
born at the Chateau de Candiac, near

120 CRADLE OF NEW FRANCE.

Nimes, on the twenty-ninth of February,
1712. At the age of fifteen he took part in
the sieges of Kehl and Philipsbourg, and in
1745 he had risen to the rank of colonel
in the regiment d'Auxerrois. From
1744 to 1748 he fought in the Italian
campaigns. Under the walls of Piacenza,
where he twice rallied his regiment, he
received four wounds. Being taken pris-
oner, he was sent on parole to France;
shortly afterwards an exchange was effec-
ted and he rejoined the army with the
rank of brigadier. A year later we find
him once more fighting in Italy, and
dangerously wounded. Towards the
close of 1749 he was given the command
of a cavalry regiment, which does not
appear to have been called into active
service, and for a period of six years he
was able to spend most of his time with
his family.

The Baron Dieskau, who had been ap-
pointed commander of the troops in
Canada at the outbreak of the war, had
been tried and found wanting. By bad
generalship he had fallen into the hands

MARQUIS De MONTCALM

BATTLE OF THE PLAINS. 121

of the enemy and had been conveyed to
England. The choice of a successor
was in the hands of the king, who selec-
ted Montcalm. For three years his
career in Canada was attended with suc-
cess, but from the commencement he
had to contend with colonial prejudice.
He was tried even more, however, by
the absurd pretensions of the Governor,
who, devoid of military skill, still under-
took to exercise the function of an expert
in the art of war. The hour, however,
is approaching when he is to meet the
man with whom he is to be associated
in death by a common glory.

When Montcalm arrived from Mont-
real he was accompanied by five bat-
talions of regular troops, and he im-
mediately began to strengthen the
works of defence. A boom was thrown
across the mouth of the Saint Charles,
and a bridge of boats constructed higher up
the St . Lawrence . Batteries were mounted
in the Lower Town, barricades were set
up and guns were placed at every point
of vantage. The works undertaken ex-

122 CRADLE OF NEW FRANCE.

tended over ten miles, and their successful
completion within a few weeks seems to
justify the assertion that the activity
of the defenders of Canada at this time
was unexampled. And yet France failed
to realize that while she had one hundred
thousand men upon the tented field in
Europe fighting for new found friends,
her deserted colony, amidst famine, de-
feat, oppression and disaster, was bring-
ing more glory to her arms than the
troops who were marching to and fro
under her banner across the Rhine.

Wolfe had an army of less than nine
thousand men, but his troops were all
regulars. Montcalm had a force of over
fourteen thousand men, but it was made
up of regulars and the soldiers of the
colony, unaccustomed to each other's
methods. The forces may, therefore, be
regarded as about equal, although Mont-
calm had the advantage of acting on the
defensive and holding the strategic key
of the situation.

To the invader the prospect was not
inviting. Establishing his camp on the

BATTLE OF THE PLAINS. 123

Island of Orleans he saw the works of
the enemy spread out before him along
the Beauport shore. Up the river, to
bar his progress, were engines of des-
truction known as fire ships; and waving
over the rock in the distance was the flag
he must capture before his success would
be complete. Batteries in the lower
town opposed his landing; batteries on
the ramparts overlooked and anticipated
every move in the camp below. This is
what the eye of Wolfe took in from his
camp at Orleans.

The Governor, always rash in time of
peace, had proposed to attack the in-
vaders as they approached. When the
enemy was in sight he was content to
accept the advise of Montcalm, who, con-
fident in the strength of his position,
declined to run unnecessary risks.

Vaudreuil, however, had evolved a
magnificent scheme for the destruction
of the fleet at anchor. A number of old
vessels had been purchased from the
notorious Cadet at an enormous cost, and
had been filled with explosives. They

124 CRADLE OF NEW FRANCE.

were placed under the command of one
Delouche, a hare-brained creature of
little courage. "They have cost a mil-
lion and will be of little good/ 'said Mont-
calm. He was a true prophet. The fire
ships started on their mission of destruc-
tion; Delouche became excited and fired
his ship too soon, and the result was
death to several sailors, a grand display
of fireworks, amusement to the British
tars; but no damage to the fleet. There
was one hero among the French sailors,
however, Dubois de la Multiere, whose
name should be preserved from oblivion.
When the others abandoned their vessels
he stuck to the burning raft, hoping to
overtake the fleet, and at last perished
in the flames.

A few days later Wolfe opened his
batteries at Levis to demolish the town.
His shots fell short, and it was now the
turn of the French to be amused. The
sailors came to the rescue, and the guns
were replaced by sea mortars. With the
greater elevation thus obtained, shells
were thrown over the ramparts, working

BATTLE OF THE PLAINS. 125

terrible destruction. Whilst the bom-
bardment of Quebec was kept up Wolfe
crossed the river and formed a camp at
Montmorency, being separated from his
rival by the waters of the Fall. Here he
might annoy the enemy, but he could do
little harm. Montcalm was too experi-
enced a general to be drawn from his
entrenchments.

On the south shore there were frequent
encounters with the inhabitants, who
caused the British considerable annoy-
ance. On the twenty-fifth of July,
as a body of troops were marching to-
wards their camp, a Canadian and his
son, a boy of twelve years, crossed their
path. One of the soldiers fired at the
man, who, notwithstanding the fact that
he was surrounded by a hundred men,
made a stand, returned the fire and killed
a soldier of Eraser's company. He was
immediately taken prisoner, but on ac-
count of his bravery his life was spared,
and he was treated with kindness.

A month passed without any advan-
tage to the British. Wolfe was becoming

126 CRADLE OF NEW FRANCE.

i mpatient, and on the thirty-first of July he
made an assault on Montmorency. His
plan was to attack one of the redoubts on
the beach, believing that the enemy
would descend to defend it, and in this
way he might bring on a general engage-
ment. This, he thought, was the only
chance of success. The scheme was well
planned, but badly executed, through
the blunders of the navy, who miscalcu-
lated the tide. One body was to cross
the ford at Montmorency and another
was to be rowed over partly from Orleans
and partly from Levis, to unite in a
general assault. On the land there was
to be marching and countermarching to
draw the attention of the enemy from the
object of attack. Two vessels had been
run in near the shore at high tide, and
these were to protect the landing opposite
the redoubt; but they swerved around
and their fire was useless, and the Cen-
turion, anchored at some distance below
the Falls, shipped her cable and was put
out of service. More unfortunate still
were the small boats conveying the troops

BATTLE OF THE PLAINS. 127

from Levis, which stranded in the shal-
lows in mid stream, leaving the troops
exposed to a heavy fire from the land
for the space of nearly three hours.

When at last the men got off they
made a mad rush for the redoubt, which
they carried, and pushed forward to
scale the heights without waiting for
support. A storm of shot from the white
line of the French above beat them back,
and the foremost rank fell lifeless into
the arms of their companions beneath.
Darkness was creeping on, a thunder-
storm burst in all its fury over the whole
scene, rendering further operations diffi-
cult, and when Wolfe called a halt, his
forces had been reduced by nearly five
hundred men. Montcalm was victorious.
Vaudreuil, who had taken no part in the
affair, was delighted, and wrote to Bourla-
maque: "I have no more anxiety about
Quebec. M. Wolfe, I am sure, will make
no progress. " Montcalm was not so
sanguine.

On the day preceding the battle of
Montmorency,CaptainDavidOchterloney,

128 CRADLE OF NEW FRANCE.

the brilliant and popular commander of a
company in the second battalion of Royal
Americans, fought a duel with a German
officer, and although he came out vic-
torious, having succeeded in disarming
his antagonist, he had himself received
a painful wound under the right arm.
In the morning, when a portion of the
regiment was ordered to the attack, he
was urged by his friends to remain in
camp and give his wound a chance to
heal. This proposition he firmly resisted
on the ground that when his country
required his services his honour could not
suffer the results of a private quarrel to
stand in the way. This forcible argu-
ment could not be controverted in the
light of the spirit of the time, and so Cap-
tain Ochterloney marched to battle utter-
ly oblivious of the pain of his wounds.
Accompanying this dauntless captain
was his brother officer and friend Ensign
Peyton, shortly afterwards promoted to
a lieutenancy. Ochterloney, as his name
would show, was from Scotland, while
Peyton was an Irishman and a worthy

BATTLE OF THE PLAINS. 129

representative of that green isle, the
cradle of warriors. In the attack on the
French position both men had the mis-
fortune to be wounded, Ochterloney
through the lungs, while a bullet had
shattered the small bone of Peyton's left
leg. They were near together when they fell
and, although disabled, were in a position
to converse. Through the awful rain-
storm which drenched the combatants
these officers and hundreds of the soldiers
lay, while the noise of the conflict roared
in their ears as the British struggled in
vain to oust their opponents from the
masterful position they occupied. So
hot had been the French fire that there
was not even an opportunity to remove
the wounded to a place of safety, and
almost before the British began to retreat
towards their camp, the Indians were
among the fallen, killing, stabbing and
scalping with the deviltry of which they
alone were capable.

The Highlanders passed close to where
Ochterloney and Peyton lay and imme-
diately began to make preparations to

130 CRADLE OF NEW FRANCE.

carry them off the field. But, strange
to say, the Scottish captain rejected their
advances. Again his " honour " inter-
posed, and he gravely assured his would-
be rescuers that his honour would not
permit him to leave the field after such
a signal repulse. Realizing the impossi-
bility of moving the captain from his
determination, the soldiers turned to
Peyton. From him they received the
answer that Captain Ochterloney was
his friend and that while he lived he
would remain by his side. Such self-
sacrificing devotion as that of this young
Irish officer accords but ill with the selfish
spirit of the times, and in civil life would
have been scorned and ridiculed. But
in the army there still lingered the best
relics of the Crusader's chivalry, and
these memories had been preserved by
the gallant self-forgetfulness of thousands
of his lineal successors. No wonder
the traditions of the British army are
cherished. Its high ideals are fostered
by just such officers and men as Ensign
Peyton, and in modern days by the heroes

BATTLE OF THE PLAINS. 131

who wear on their breasts the bronze
cross "For valour."

The offers of aid rejected, the High-
landers marched towards the fast deep-
ening ford below the Falls of Montmor-
ency, and in the gathering shadows of
the evening these two officers found
themselves left to the horrors of solitude
or the far more fearful vengeance of the
Indians. Ochterloney, who believed his
wound fatal, had protested most strongly
against Peyton's sacrifice, but in vain.
The young ensign could not be moved,
and it can be readily imagined with what
pride and pleasure the Scottish captain
learned the strength of the attachment
that bound this young officer to him. A
man who for the sake of friendship can
look death in the face deserves im-
mortal fame; but he who can await not
only death but torture at the hands
of fiends in human form, shows a di-
vine unselfishness. No monumental
brass, no pyramid of granite could ade-
quately preserve his memory. It must
live forever in the hearts of his sue-

132 CRADLE OF NEW FRANCE.

cessors as a bright page in the annals
of the army.

Having given themselves up to die, the
two men awaited the outcome with
the calmness of despair. For a time
they were not noticed, but towards seven
o'clock two Indians and a French soldier
discovered the men and advanced to the
attack. Ochterloney, believing that so
long as the Indians were accompanied by
a French soldier there was no danger of
outrage, called out to the soldier and
offered to surrender, asking that he and
his companion be treated honorably as
prisoners of war. The soldier paid not
the slightest attention to this, but took
the captain's money, his watch and his
gold laced hat and left the two men to
the tender mercies of the Indians. The
savages attacked vigorously. One of
them clubbed his musket and struck at
the captain's head, but the blow fell upon
his shoulder. At the same time the other
Indian shot him in the breast and sprang
forward to complete his bloody work with
a knife. In the meantime Peyton

BATTLE OF THE PLAINS. 133

crawled to where a double-barrelled mus-
ket was lying and shot one of the Indians
dead. The other advanced, and Peyton
fired again but missed, when his opponent
sought to despatch him with his bayonet.
Peyton seized the weapon, pulled the
Indian towards him, and with the other
hand stabbed him with a dagger. A
terrible struggle followed, but in the end
the Indian was slain. Ochterloney had
become unconscious, and in a short time
was picked up by a soldier of the regi-
ment of Guienne and taken to the General
Hospital. At about the same hour Cap-
tain Macdonald with a party of High-
landers had returned to look after the
wounded, and perceiving Peyton on the
beach succeeded under a withering fire,
in getting him to the boats.

Two days later, on the second of August,
the French sent an officer with a flag of
truce to the British lines requesting that
Captain Ochterloney's effects be sent to
him at the hospital. At the same time
Admiral Saunders received the details of
the captain's rescue from the Indians

134 CRADLE OF NEW FRANCE.

and information as to his condition. Gen-
eral Wolfe was much moved at the story,
and sent with the French officer a gift
of twenty pounds to the soldier of Guienne
by whose humanity and kindness Octher-
loney had been saved from a fate worse
than death. On the fourth of August
another flag of truce came from the town,
the bearer of which returned the money to
General Wolfe, as the Marquis de Vau-
dreuil declined to accept money on behalf
of his soldiers, who simply carried out
the orders given to them. General Wolfe
took advantage of the opportunity to
address a letter to Madame de Ramesay,
Directress of the General Hospital, thank-
ing her for the attention paid to the
wounded officer and assuring her that if
fortune favoured his arms he would ex-
tend his protection to her and to the
community. Ochterloney died on the
twenty-third of August, much to the
regret of the good nuns. And Wolfe's
promise was faithfully carried out when,
three weeks later, the British entered
Quebec.

BATTLE OF THE PLAINS. 136

The summer was slipping away. Wolfe
was discouraged, his men were discon-
tented and the brigadiers, always loyal,
though treated with scant courtesy, be-
gan to think that the campaign would
not add lustre to British arms.

In the month of August Saunders had
passed a few ships above the town with
little damage, and anchored at Cap Rouge.
This caused a division of the French
forces, and Bougainville at the head of
two thousand five hundred men was
ordered to follow the movements of the
vessels.

A new danger threatened the invaders
at this time. The inhabitants, who had
hitherto remained neutral, now became
aggressive, and Wolfe, after repeated
warnings, burnt several villages, sparing
only the churches. This increased the
distress of the people, but it did not aid
his own cause. On the contrary, the
French, seeing the enemy reduced to this
expedient, looked calmly on, since it con-
fined the activities of the British, for a
time at least, to the opposite shore. To-

136 CRADLE OF NEW FRANCE.

wards the end of August Wolfe was
suffering from a slow fever, and feeling
himself unable to direct the campaign,
requested his brigadiers to propose a plan
for continuing the siege.

In the meantime Murray had made a
descent at Deschambault with a view
of forcing his way into Quebec by the
high road. But beyond capturing "one
hundred and fifty ladies of rank" and
securing a quantity of cattle and plunder,
which the Highlanders rushed on board,
his efforts were not crowned with success.
The ladies were taken on board the vessels
at anchor at Cap Rouge and entertained
by the General and his officers at a supper
given in their honour. A flag of truce
was sent to the town the next morning
with a message from Wolfe offering to
suspend hostilities for six hours and to
return the ladies safe and sound, provided
that a boat conveying the sick to the
hospital at Orleans were allowed to pass
the ramparts unchallenged. The French
consented, but a diarist adds, "we noticed
several other boats containing cattle and

BATTLE OF THE PLAINS. 137

plunder. " The Scot is always credited
with securing what belongs to him. It
is even said that sometimes he is not
averse to "a wee bit more." One there-
fore can imagine the glee of the High-
landers in charge of this huge cargo of
plunder as they looked into the muzzles
of the guns, following in the wake of that
innocent little boat with its white flag.

The brigadiers agreed upon a scheme
to effect a landing about twelve miles
above Quebec, and Wolfe acquiesced.
Preparations were made to carry out the
plan, but heavy rains prevented opera-
tions for several days.

On the first of September the camp at
Montmorency was broken up and Wolfe
took up his quarters at Levis, brooding
over the result of the summer's work.
On the ninth of September he was feeling
somewhat better, and without taking his
brigadiers into his confidence prepared
to carry out his own scheme for reducing
Quebec — a scheme that he considered
too hazardous to entrust to others. The
French, however, were on the alert.

138 CRADLE OF NEW FRANCE.

Montcalm, unable to understand the
object of the British above the town, had
decided to send the regiment of Guienne,
composed of picked men of the army, for
service in the vicinity of the Foulon, or
Cove, two miles above the city, where
Wolfe eventually landed. Vaudreuil,
with his superior knowledge of military
tactics, ordered the regiment back to
camp and placed in command of the post
a man who had already been tried by
court martial for trafficking with the
French fort at Beausejour.

On the morning of the twelfth the
three brigadiers, who had not been ad-
vised of any change of plan, addressed
a letter to the General asking for par-
ticulars of the place or places they
were to attack on the morrow. To
this communication Wolfe replied in
the evening that it was not the
business of inferior officers to ask ques-
tions; that it was his duty to attack
the French army ; and that he had
chosen a place where he thought he
would succeed.

I

BATTLE OF THE PLAINS. 139

A melancholy interest attaches to the
miniature, reproduced on the opposite
page, of Miss Katherine Lowther, to
whom Wolfe was to have been married.
The original was given by Wolfe on the
eve of the battle to John Jervis, by whom
it was returned to Wolfe's mother after
the fatal thirteenth. The first paragraph
of Wolfe's will, which was entrusted to
Jervis at the same time, was found to
contain these touching words: "I desire
that Miss Lowther's picture may be set
in jewels to the amount of five hundred
guineas and returned to her."

Wolfe's plan was to land at the Cove,
gain possession of the ground above, and
get in between the two divisions of the
French army. The scheme was a bold
one, but he had not left as much to chance
as is generally supposed. Above the
town, in the vicinity of Saint Nicholas,
were over a thousand men whose move-
ments had engaged the attention of
Bougainville for the past ten days. By
day the men were encamped on the south
shore; by night they passed up the river

140 CRADLE OF NEW FRANCE.

in ships. On the eve of the twelfth, after
embarking on the vessels as usual, the
men were lowered into the small boats,
while the ships, minus the troops, pro-
ceeded on their way, followed by the
vigilant Bougainville towards Pointe aux
Trembles, distant from Quebec over
twenty miles.

At midnight the troops dropped down
the river in small boats and landed on
the beach in the early hours of the morn-
ing. By this time Bougainville was far
beyond the reach of sound from musket
or cannon.

All through the night the batteries
at Levis kept up a fierce cannonade
against the town to draw the attention
of the enemy from the operations of
Wolfe, while Saunders made several move-
ments with the ships to create an impres-
sion that he intended to make a descent
on the Beauport shore.

Under cover of this demonstration a
body of men led by Carleton marched
along the south shore to a place opposite
the Cove, to be in readiness to cross the

BATTLE OF THE PLAINS. 141

river to support Wolfe if he were success-
ful in scaling the heights.

The first embarkation landed without
difficulty, and the men commenced to
climb the most inaccessible point of the
rock in order to surprise the post and
leave the winding path free for the re-
mainder of the troops; whilst the empty
boats crossed the river to bring over
Carleton's men.

The post at the Foulon was surprised,
and by the break of day Wolfe had three
thousand men upon the heights of Abra-
ham. A detachment was then told off
to capture the battery at Samos, a short
distance from the Cove, and the main
body marched straight across the plateau
to the Sainte Foy road, which commanded
a view of the Beauport shore, then wheel-
ed to the right and followed the road till
they came to the house of Borgia, near
Maple avenue. The grenadiers took pos-
session of the house, and the remainder
of the troops deployed across the plateau
as far as the site of the present gaol, thus
forming a line parallel with the walls of

142 CRADLE OF NEW FRANCE.

the city, which were less than a mile dis-
tant.

Montcalm had spent an anxious night
in the French camp. The thunder of the
batteries through the night and the
ominous movements of the fleet on the
eve before, kept him alert. Fearing sur-
prise, he had again sent the regiment of
Guienne to patrol in the vicinity of the
Cove. Once more Vaudreuil had inter-
fered, saying "we will see to-morrow
whether the regiment shall camp at the
Foulon." On the morrow Wolfe occupied
the place of the regiment.

The firing of a gun at Samos had been
heard at Beauport, but soon all was quiet
in that direction. At last one of the
defenders of the post above the Cove had
straggled into the town and informed
the commander of the fort that a detach-
ment of the British had landed. A courier
was sent in haste to Vaudreuil, who was
on the other side of the Saint Charles.
He received the intelligence about six
o'clock in the morning. Now was the
opportunity for him to distinguish him-

BATTLE OF THE PLAINS. 143

self and make good his many promises
to France. He preferred, however, a
safer course. Addressing a letter to Bou-
gainville, whom he knew to be in the
rear of the enemy, he wished him good
morning and asked for intelligence, say-
ing that in the meantime he had sent
Montcalm to the scene with one hundred
men. Alas, for the fate of Quebec. There
is no longer anything in his letters about
fighting to the last ditch, or perishing
under the ashes of the city.

Montcalm, who was in the centre of
the camp several miles further off, re-
ceived the news from Vaudreuil and at
once hastened along the Beauport road
with his little band. On the banks of
the Saint Charles, at the bridge of boats,
he met Boishebert hurrying to join the
camp. For six weeks past Boishebert
had been a patient in the general hospital
and now for the first time was venturing
forth. "What news?" asked Montcalm.
"From the windows of the hospital/' said
Boishebert, "I have seen the British
drawn up in line of battle in front of

144 CRADLE OF NEW FRANCE.

Borgia's house." "This is serious," Mont-
calm replied; and giving an order to
Johnstone, his aide-de-camp, to hasten up
more men, he galloped towards the city,
passing over the bridge of boats, along
the lower road, gaining the heights near
Saint John's Gate. Pushing forward to
the crest of the hill at Buttes a Nevue,
which screened him from the foe, he
saw spread out before him the scarlet
line of the enemy. Between the crest of the
hill and the walls of the city his own
forces were now assembling, and along
the Beauport road he could see the white
uniforms of the regulars with their bay-
onets glistening in the sun.

By nine o'clock he had four thousand
men outside the walls. There was no
time to be lost. Wolfe would be master
of the situation unless he were dislodged
immediately. The British were now in
command of the easiest approach to the
heights. The sailors below were landing
guns, and there was nothing to prevent
every available man from the fleet backing
up the land forces. Bougainville, whom

BATTLE OF THE PLAINS. 145

ontcalm believed to be only a few miles in

.e rear, had not been heard of and might
ibly be cut off, and on the Beauport
shore Saunders was making a feint to
land. It was evident that a crisis was at
hand. A council of war was held upon
the field, and the verdict was for an im-
mediate attack.

It was ten o'clock. The troops, headed
by Montcalm, advanced and halted be-
hind the crest of the hill. Here they
were formed into two bodies, the regulars
in the centre and the soldiers of the colony
on either side. Skirmishes had been
quent for some time between the ad-

anced parties, and a determined at-

mpt had been made, but without suc-
, to dislodge the British from Borgia's

use.

In front of the British lines Wolfe was
ing up and down, urging his men to
keep cool and to withhold their fire until
within forty paces of the enemy. Twice
he had been wounded within the hour, and
the new uniform he had donned that

orning made him an easy target. But

10

146 CRADLE OF NEW FRANCE.

he was not disabled. On the left, near
the Ste. Foy road, was the Fifty-eighth
Regiment. Towards the Saint Lawrence
the Thirty-fifth; and between these two
extremes were the Highlanders, the Forty-
seventh, the Forty-third and the Twenty-
eighth; with Webb's regiment in reserve.

Bougainville might now be expected
to appear on the scene, and Wolfe sent
a detachment of the Sixtieth to protect
the landing place.

Montcalm, having made his disposi-
tions, now gave the order to advance.
The regiments of La Sarre, Languedoc,
Beam, Guienne and Royal Roussillon
were in the centre, and on either side the
soldiers of the colony.

The French were eager for the fray
and pressed forward with enthusiasm;
but in a moment there was temporary
disorder in the ranks. The soldiers of
the colony had fired, and, according to
their custom, had thrown themselves
on the ground to reload, to which method
the regulars were unaccustomed. Order
was restored and the whole body ad-

BATTLE OF THE PLAINS. 147

iced, firing as they approached, until

ithin forty paces of the foe.

At this moment the order was given
>y Wolfe to fire! Along the line the

rder was passed, and a volley of musketry
was delivered which rang out like the fire
of cannon. A cloud of smoke and fear-
ful gaps in the French line followed this
order of the British general. Five or six
minutes elapsed while the British were re-
loading, ere the smoke cleared sufficiently
to allow the commander to see what havoc
had been wrought. Then in sharp, de-
cisive tones the order was given to ad-
vance. But scarcely had Wolfe uttered
this command when a ball passed through
his groin, and he was carried to the
rear to die. His men knew nothing
of his fate, and were already hot in
pursuit. Montcalm, with his face to
the foe, tried to rally his men, but
the onslaught of the Highlanders was
too fierce ; he was borne with the
tide of the retreating army towards the
gates, and a moment later received a
mortal wound.

148 CRADLE OF NEW FRANCE.

The pursuit had now become general,
the fugitives making, some for Saint Louis
Gate and others for the Saint Charles.

Near Saint John's Gate a body of Cana-
dians had rallied and made a gallant
stand under cover of a clump of trees.
The Highlanders tried in vain to force
them over the cliff. At last reinforce-
ments came up, and still, foot by foot,
the Canadians disputed the ground to the
valley beneath. This fight at close range
was maintained for an hour, when out of
that little band over two hundred had
been cut to pieces.

The brave stand made by the Canadians
saved the lives of many of the regulars,
who in the meantime had made good
their escape over the bridge of boats.

Shortly after Wolfe fell, Monckton re-
ceived a wound and was carried off the
field. The command now devolved
upon Townshend. Never did a general
act with greater prudence at a critical
moment. In the pursuit his forces
had been scattered over the field
and in the valley below, and in their

BATTLE OF THE PLAINS. 149

eagerness the men would have followed
the enemy over the river. Townshend
called them off and immediately re-
formed on the ground first chosen by
Wolfe. He was not a moment too soon,
for as he was mounting cannon to protect
his position, Bougainville appeared in
the rear with over two thousand men.
Townshend, however, was master of the
situation, and after a brief engagement
Bougainville was forced to retire.

The battle was not quite over when
Vaudreuil appeared upon the heights.
He claims to have endeavoured to rally
the troops. He had still several thousand
men in the camp at Beauport who had
not been engaged. But battles on paper
were the only ones in which he excelled.
He chose the course of those who wish to
fight — another day; and leaving the dying
Montcalm, he marched with the whole
of the army to Jacques Cartier, many
miles distant. Here from a place of se-
curity he dispatched a courier to the few
soldiers and war-stricken inhabitants in
the garrison, urging them to hold out;

150 CRADLE OF NEW FRANCE.

whilst he had withdrawn from them the
support of the army by which alone re-
sistance might have been effective.

On the British side nine officers and
forty-nine non-commissioned officers and
men were killed, while five hundred and
forty-two non-commissioned officers and
men were wounded. The officers were
General Wolfe, Captain Ross of Eraser's,
Lieutenant William Cooper of Bragg's,
Lieutenant Mason of Otway's, Lieuten-
ant Seymour of Lascelles, Lieutenant
Roderick McNeil arid Lieutenant Alex.
McDonnell of Fraser's, Lieutenant Jones
of the Louisbourg Grenadiers, and En-
sign Tottenham of Anstruther's.

The losses of the French were more
severe. Nearly every general officer was
killed, including Montcalm, Brigadier-
General Sennezergue, Brigadier St. Ours,
Brigadier de Fontbonne, Brigadier-Gen-
eral Malartic, Brigadier Beauchatel, and
between seven and eight hundred non-
commissioned officers and men. The
difference in the losses of the two armies
is accounted for by the thin red line of the

BATTLE OF THE PLAINS. 151

British, which stretched across the plateau
with spaces between ; whereas the French
came on in a solid body and became an
easy target for the enemy.

Victory was with the British, but the
general who had planned the attack and
had seen it put into operation was cold
in death. Montcalm lingered a few hours,
passing away before the dawn of another
day. Shortly before his death he penned
this letter to Townshend: — "Oblig£ de
ceder Quebec a vos armes, j'ay Fhonneur
de demander & votre Excellence ses bontes
pour nos malades et blesses et de lui de-
mander Fexecution du traite d'6change
qui a ete convenu entre Sa Majeste Trfe
Chr6tienne et Sa Majeste Britannique.
Je vous prie d'etre persuad6 de la haute
estime et de la respectueuse conside-
ration avec laquelle J'ay Phonneur
d'etre, Monsieur, votre tres humble et
tr6s obeissant serviteur, MONTCALM."

Montcalm, so often the victor, was at
length vanquished. Brave, honest and
patriotic, he had yielded up his life in
the service of his country. By the side

152 CRADLE OF NEW FRANCE.

of the corrupt Bigot and the vainglorious
Vaudreuil, he towers aloft. And the tri-
bute paid to his memory by an English
governor many years after will be ap-
proved to the end of time.

HONNEUR A MONTCALM

LE DESTIN
EN LUI DEROBANT LA VlCTOIRE

I/ A RECOMPENSE
PAR UNE MORT GLORIEUSE.

CHAPTER VIII.
THE BATTLE OF SAINTE FOY.

For all may have,
If they dare try, a glorious life or grave.

Five days after the Battle of the Plains
the city capitulated to Saunders and
Townshend; the British flag was hoisted
at the CMteau and British rule began.

The Chevalier de Levis was at Montreal
when he received the first intimation of
the loss of Quebec, and he proceeded at
once to join the fugitive army at Jacques
Cartier. When he received here a more
circumstantial account of the defeat he
did not hesitate to criticize the faint-
hearted Governor for withdrawing the
troops from the support of the garrison.
Leaving Vaudreuil to his own reflections,

154 CRADLE OF NEW FRANCE.

the gallant Chevalier pressed on to the
village of Lorette, a few miles distant
from Quebec, to consult with Bougain-
ville, who had remained in the vicinity.
He proposed an immediate attack; but
learning that the British were in posses-
sion of the city, decided to put the army
into winter quarters and renew opera-
tions in the spring.

In the meantime Montcalm had been
carried to his rest (*) and the body of Wolfe
was borne across the sea in the plaid of
of Donald McLeod. (f) The British garri-
son under the command of Murray, made

(*) Montcalm died in the house of Surgeon Arnoux
on St. Louis Street and was buried in the Chapel of the
Ursulines.

(f) Donald McLeod was born on the 20th of June,
1688. At the age of seventy he enlisted in the army
which was then about to sail for America. During the
siege of Louisbourg he did good service and was severely
wounded at the Battle of the Plains. He was assisted to
retire behind the line, and was there informed that Wolfe
was dying. The old soldier tendered his plaid to carry the
general off the field and he accompanied the remains to
Portsmouth on board the Royal William. During the
next two years he served in the colonies and retired from
the service in 1764. When he had reached the age of one
hundred and two his eldest son was eighty-three and his
youngest only nine. He sat for his portrait at the age of
one hundred and ten, and was then in good health.

BATTLE OF SAINTE FOY. 155

the best of its miserable quarters, for
scarcely a house remained intact. The
winter was severe, the clothing of the men
unsuitable, and the good nuns had done
their best to relieve distress by knitting
long woolen stockings to supplement the
short kilts of the Highlanders. The
city was alert. Sentinels paced the ram-
parts; squads of men patrolled the streets
and the roll of the drum was heard by day
and by night. The officers fared no
better than the men. Captain Knox, the
historian of the campaign, was quartered
in a stable where he made himself " toler-
ably comfortable." The sick were re-
moved to the General Hospital, "where
they were indeed rendered inexpressibly
happy."

The nuns with heroism and devotion
had remained in the city throughout the
siege to nurse the sick and wounded and
as far as possible, to protect their property.
When the British batteries opened fire at
Levis in July, one of the first shells thrown
into the upper town crashed through the
roof of the Hotel Dieu. The trace of the

156 CRADLE OF NEW FRANCE.

shot is still visible in the old woodwork.
The nuns in alarm wrote to the Bishop
who resided at Charlesbourg, but his
answer was not encouraging. He ad-
vised them not to mind a few shells ; that
the sick and wounded could not do with-
out their aid ; that he himself might be
brought to the hospital, adding the com-
forting words that he did not think there
would be more than two nuns killed
during the whole siege. It has already
been noticed with what kindness Captain
Ochterloney was treated during his ill-
ness by the sisters in the General Hospital,
where he died in the month of August,
1759. Wolfe, who was much touched
by the accounts he had received from the
officer, wrote a letter to Madame deRame-
say, the superioress, thanking her for her
attention and assuring her that if fortune
favoured his arms, the possessions of the
nuns would be held inviolate. His suc-
cessors fulfilled his promise, and their first
care on entering the city was to place a
special guard about the communities,
making it a crime punishable by death

BATTLE OF SAINTE FOY. 157

for anyone to pass the barrier. From the
date of Wolfe's letter the convents were
considered a place of safety, and many
inhabitants deposited their valuables
therein.

Although the garrison was in a constant
state of apprehension,the people made the
best of the situation and even found
means of amusement. A lieutenant of
the Highlanders who spent the first winter
hi Quebec after the siege, writes thus to a
friend: "It is surprising with what ease
the gayety of their tempers enables them
to bear misfortunes which to us would
be insupportable. Families, whom the
calamities of war have reduced from the
height of luxury to the want of common
necessaries, laugh, dance and sing, comfort-
ing themselves with this reflection, fortune
de guerre. Their young ladies take the ut-
most pains to teach our officers French,
with what view I know not, if it is not that
they may hear themselvespraised, flattered
and courted without loss of time."

Murray proved a friend to the poor dur-
ing the hard winter months. In some

158 CRADLE OF NEW FRANCE.

cases the British officers and men even
denied themselves of their scanty wages
to furnish the inhabitants with means to
purchase the necessaries of life. As the
winter wore on, however, scurvy broke out
among the soldiers themselves, and before
the spring the effective strength of the
garrison had been reduced by half.

On the twentieth of April, 1760, Levis
marched from Montreal with over six
thousand men, joined by other troops
as he advanced. On the twenty-sixth his
army reached Saint Augustin, threw a
bridge over the river Cap Rouge and
moved upon the British post at Lorette.
The English troops fell back upon Sainte
Foy, pressed closely by L6vis, while the
garrison was unaware of the serious dan-
ger by which it was threatened. The
intelligence was made known to the Brit-
ish in a singular manner. During the
night an officer on board a frigate which
had wintered in the Saint Charles, heard
a cry of distress from the river and sent a
boat amidst the floating ice to ascertain
the cause. It was too dark to perceive

BATTLE OF SAINTE FOY. 159

any object, but guided by the cries the
men were fortunate to find a man clinging
to a block of floating ice. The poor fellow
who was half frozen, proved to be a soldier
in the army which was advancing on Que-
bec. At Cap Rouge in attempting a land-
ing his boat had overturned and he had
saved himself by clambering upon the ice.
He was conveyed ashore, and after his
wants had been attended to was conducted
to the presence of the Governor to whom
he told the story of the approach of L£vis
with twelve thousand men.

Murray was now in a similar position to
that occupied by Montcalm the year be-
fore, and he adopted exactly the same
tactics as the French general in going out
to meet the foe. Three thousand men
were all that he could muster and many of
these were unfit for service. With Mur-
ray at their head the troops marched out
from Saint Louis Gate dragging with them
over the half melted snow twenty pieces
of jcannon. It was slow work but at last
they reached the crest of the hill where a
few months before Montcalm had drawn

160 CRADLE OF NEW FRANCE.

up his line. It is well to observe the im-
portance attached to this position by
Montcalm and Murray, because fifty years
later, when the methods of defence were
greatly improved in every part of the
world, the British proposed to defend the
situation with a line of block houses, con-
tending that whoever held this ground
was master of Quebec. When the scheme
was abandoned the present Martello Tow-
ers were constructed across the plateau.
Murray was undecided when he march-
ed forth that morning whether to give
battle or intrench himself behind the
ridge. As there was no enemy in sight he
advanced down the slope to the spot
where Wolfe had first formed on the
thirteenth of September. Here he called
a halt and, ascending the hill upon which
the gaol stands, made a survey of the sur-
rounding country. About two miles in
front he saw the troops of Levis marching
towards Sillery woods. Taking in the
situation he decided to give battle. His
line was composed of eight battalions,with
pieces of cannon between each. The

GENERAL THE HON. JAMES MURRAY, FIRST GOVERNOR

OF QUEBEC
From the painting by A. Ramsay, 1742

BATTLE OF SAINTE FOY. 161

whole body moved forward in a diagonal
line across the plateau and when near the
Belvedere road the cannon opened fire and
cut up the French ranks. L6vis gave the
order for his right to fall back on the Sil-
lery woods. This movement deceived
Murray who pushed forward to Du-
mont's mill on the Sainte Foy road.
The ground now became impassable for
cannon and they were only an encumber-
ance. The left wing of the French were
in the rear of the mill which was occupied
by an advance party. Here a fierce engage-
ment at close quarters took place and the
French fell back. Murray, anxious to
follow up his advantage, gave the order to
advance. But in the meantime the right
of the French suddenly reappeared from
the woods and drove the light infantry on
Murray's left, before them. The French
regained possession of the mill, only to be
driven out a short time afterwards. For
an hour the fight was maintained in this
vicinity by the British right. The left,
however, had been terribly cut up, and at
last Murray gave the order to fall back on
11

162 CRADLE OF NEW FRANCE.

the city. The French pursued, and the
British, who were forced to abandon their
cannon, made for Saint Louis Gate. This
was a difficult operation and here the
courage of Murray was put to the test.
By placing cannon on the ridge, in the
centre and on the site of the Ross Factory,
he had ensured the safety of his men if
they could gain this point ; but there was a
considerable distance to traverse before
this position could be reached, and the pur-
suit was hot. The right wing of his army
had not been as vigorous as the left, and
had it not been for the exertions of the
General the result of the battle might
have been even more disastrous. He was
ever in the thick of the fight ; his clothing
was riddled by musketry and two horses
were shot under him. In the retreat he
saved the situation by making a stand at
Wolfe's redoubt, a half finished work on
the site of the present gaol. Here he
rallied his men, and Levis being under the
impression that it was a complete work,
checked the advance for a time. This
timely stand gave the British a brief

BATTLE OF SAINTE FOY. 163

breathing spell and permitted the disabled
to reach the garrison. A stubborn fight
was made at the redoubt; but by clever
tactics Murray succeeded in gaining the
city without further loss and was himself
the last to enter the gates.

The fight had lasted for two hours and
had been creditable to both sides. Mur-
ray had lost a thousand men and the
French loss had not been less.

The British were within the walls; but
without, on the Plains, L6vis was prepar-
ing for a siege. The walls were in a feeble
state; but Murray had strengthened them
considerably by a barricade of snow barrels
which formed a wall of ice and deadened
the shots. The guns on the ramparts
kept the besiegers at a respectful distance,
but both sides realized that it was
only a question of how long the city could
hold out. It was the first week of May.
Navigation was open and at any time a
vessel might be expected in the river.
But would the first ship to arrive carry the
flag of England or the flag of France?
These were days of alternate hope and

164 CRADLE OF NEW FRANCE.

despair. Men scanned the river from
morn till night. On the ninth a ship was
observed from the ramparts rounding the
point of Orleans. The colours were run
up at the flag staff on the heights and all
eyes watched for the answer to the signal.
The fate of Quebec trembled in the bal-
ance. The fleur-de-lys would mean sur-
render; the cross of Saint George would
inspire them with hope. At last the
colours were run up to the masthead and
the British flag was unfurled to the breeze.
Great was the joy of the miserable garri-
son, for seldom had a flag been such a wel-
come sight. Levis was not alarmed. At
any moment the fleet of France might
arrive, and he continued the siege. But
when, a week later, two more British
vessels sailed up the Saint Lawrence and
joined the other ship in an attack on the
provision boats, he realized that the situa-
tion was serious. The French had two
frigates and four other vessels in the river
under the command of Vauquelin. This
gallant officer fought his ship bravely, and
when his last shot had been fired, refused

BATTLE OF SAINTE FOY. 165

to strike his flag. He was taken prisoner,
but was treated with honour by his captors.

Levis now saw that the cause was lost
and hastily raised the siege. On the
morrow when Murray marched out from
Quebec at daybreak with a hundred and
fifty pieces of cannon, the enemy had
disappeared.

Thus ended the siege of Quebec under
L&vis, which although unsuccessful, did
honour to French arms.

CHAPTER IX.
BRITISH RULE.

The result of the siege of Quebec was
disheartening to the French in their critic-
al position. The blockade of the Saint
Lawrence had shattered hopes of rein-
forcements; their provision boats and
military supplies had been captured, and
three divisions of the British army were
moving on Montreal. The forces under
Murray were to proceed from Quebec,
Haviland's division by way of Lake
Champlain, while Amherst was to conduct
his division down the Saint Lawrence
from Lake Ontario.

On the 15th of July, 1760, Murray
embarked at Quebec with over two thou-
sand men, followed shortly afterward

168 CRADLE OF NEW FRANCE.

by three thousand troops from the gar-
rison at Louisbourg. On their passage
up the river proclamations were distri-
buted in the parishes promising protec-
tion to the inhabitants who remained
neutral, and threatening the destruction
of the property of those who took up
arms. Vaudreuil followed with counter-
proclamations decreeing death to the
Canadians who joined the ranks of the
enemy, and the destruction of the houses
of those who refused to take up
arms in the cause of France. The world-
ly goods of the poor Canadians were
therefore threatened whichever cause they
espoused. Vaudreuil was still confident.
"I am taking the most just measures to
unite our forces," he wrote, "and if our
situation permits, to fight a battle or
battles. But if we succumb in the battles
we shall fight, I shall apply myself to ob-
taining a capitulation which may avert

the ruin of the people It is with this

view that I shall remain within the town,
the Chevalier de L6vis having repre-
sented to me that it would be an evil past

BRITISH RULE. 169

remedying if anything should happen to

me."

Once safely within the walls, the Gov-
ernor seems to have thought no more of
the battles. He was very industrious,
however, in preparing articles of capitu-
lation, several clauses of which refer to
his own personal comfort. Five days
before the arrival of Amherst he intim-
ated to Murray that he was prepared to
discuss terms with him; but the English
general refused to entertain them in the
absence of the commander-in-chief. At
length, on the eighth of September,
Montreal surrendered to General Am-
herst. The terms of the capitulation
caused no little vexation to the French
monarch. "His Majesty was not less
surprised than displeased," wrote the
minister, "at the conditions, so little
honourable, to which you submitted, es-
pecially after the representations made
to you by the Chevalier de L6vis." There
was scanty justice, perhaps, in such criti-
cism at such a time, for the cause of
France was already lost. But VaudremTs

170 CRADLE OF NEW FRANCE.

boastful letters of a few weeks before,
followed immediately by a copy of the
capitulation, naturally caused some
irritation and surprise at the French
court.

The French troops were now with-
drawn from Canada. Bigot and his com-
panions returned to France to meet a just
fate, and the down-trodden inhabitants
found at last a relief from oppression.

The conduct of the people during the
regime of Bigot affords a marked in-
stance of the deep-rooted loyalty of
Canadian character. Strangers to the
meaning of political liberty, reduced to
an indescribable condition of misery and
starvation not wholly the outcome of
the war, but of deliberate plotting, they
steadfastly refused the bribes of the
enemy and remained loyal to France at
a time when treachery would have been
profitable and revolt justified.

Three years of military rule followed the
capitulation of Montreal, and in 1763
Canada was ceded by treaty to Great
Britain.

BRITISH RULE. 171

The Peace of Paris marks an epoch in
the world's history. It gave to England
the French possessions in Canada, and
to the citizens of the neighbouring states
the security that formed the prelude of
independence. In Quebec there were
still those who cherished the hope that
Canada would be restored to France, but
the majority welcomed the change. The
French population in Canada in 1763
was about sixty thousand, and the ques-
tion was asked how British rule would
affect the King's "new subjects/' for such
was the name applied to the French in-
habitants. Englishmen were beginning
to arrive in the country, and amongst
them were those who considered that they
were entitled to special favours at the
hands of the Governor. But ideas of
justice and generosity prevailed with
Murray, a brave soldier, who now that
he was invested with authority was not
unmindful of the sterling character of
his former foe. From the first he im-
pressed the French with the fact that
they were now British subjects, entitled

172 CRADLE OF NEW FRANCE.

to the rights of citizens living under the
British Crown.

To carry on the administration Mur-
ray named a council; but as the regula-
tions passed by that body naturally
applied chiefly to the larger or French
portion of the populace, complaints were
carried to England by the small British
minority, of the tolerance of the Gover-
nor. The home government, if it real-
ised the situation, failed to suggest a
remedy, and it was evident that many
years must elapse before harmony would
reign.

One serious disadvantage to the British
in the early days was the language .of the
country. Murray was a fair French
scholar, but few of his officers were
equally accomplished. Petty quarrels and
delays often occurred simply through the
want of comprehension. The French at
that time, as now, were eager to learn
the English language, but the English-
man, who seldom took the trouble to
acquire a knowledge of French, frequently
found himself in some embarrassment.

BRITISH RULE. 173

A note in a dual language caused con-
siderable perplexity to two tradesmen of
Quebec. The story is told by de Gaspe
in connection with Colonel Murray, a
nephew of the General. The Colonel had
purchased a house on the banks of the
Saint Charles, to which he had given the
name "Sans Bruit." Soon after taking
possession he addressed a note to a firm
in Quebec, with a list of articles. It read
as follows:

Gentlemen,

You will send me as soon as
convenient the following goods. . .

MURRAY.
Sans Bruit, June 1st.

" 'Here is a queer order/ said one of
the merchants. 'Does he take us for
smugglers that he wishes the goods to
be delivered secretly, without noise?'
'Never mind/ said his partner, 'those
English are such eccentric characters that
I am never astonished at anything they
may do or say. In winter we wear our
woollen stockings inside our shoes; they

174 CRADLE OF NEW FRANCE.

on the outside. We wear our waistcoats
under our coats ; they over. Fortunately
the night is dark, and I will undertake
to deliver the goods unseen and un-
known/

"It might have been one o'clock in the
morning when one of the merchants en-
tered the yard of 'Sans Bruit/ where
silence reigned. Tapping gently at the
steward's door and receiving no response,
he grew bolder and knocked hard. Fi-
nally the steward, who had imbibed freely,
opened the door and demanded an ex-
planation for the intrusion. On being
told that he wished to deliver some goods
he was told to go to the devil; the door
was closed and the steward sought his
couch. The merchant was not to be
turned away, and he persisted in knock-
ing. At last the Colonel opened the
window and asked if Quebec was on fire
or an enemy at the gate, that he was thus
disturbed; adding that the merchant
needed sleep and that he had better go
to bed. 'Why should I go to bed?' re-
plied the merchant. 'I'm simply carry-

BRITISH RULE. 175

ing out your orders.' ' Carrying out my
my orders ?' said Murray; 'do you mean
to say that I have requested you to come
in this mysterious manner in the middle
of the night?7 'Here is your order/
replied the merchant. 'You shall send
the goods sans bruit, or I do not
understand my mother tongue. It would
have been difficult to have brought them
over secretly during the day, but thanks
to the darkness, I assure you that no one
has seen what has occurred/ Murray
was greatly amused, and explained that
'Sans Bruit7 was the name of his house
and that it did not mean that the goods
were to be delivered without noise. "

Quebec had now recovered from the
havoc wrought by shot and shell; build-
ings were restored, improvements were
made in the streets, and for a time the
people settled down to make the best of
their new conditions.

Under an ordinance passed by Murray
the French were confirmed in the free
exercise of their religion, which had been
secured for them by the Treaty of Paris.

176 CRADLE OF NEW FRANCE.

In November, 1764, the Governor in
Council further enacted ' That in actions
relative to the tenure of land and the
rights of inheritance the French laws and
usages should be observed as the rule of
decision/7 Three years after the capitu-
lation of Quebec there were only one
hundred and forty British and Protestant
families in the district of Quebec, so that
the minority was in a peculiar position.
The question of religion was a difficulty
which the English governors had to face.
The idea of giving privileges to Catholics
was foreign to the British mind, especially
at a time when a Catholic in England was
debarred from office; and the fourth
article of the Treaty of Paris had expressly
included the stipulation "as far as the laws
of Great Britain permit .' ' The conditions
of land tenure and the rights of the seign-
eur were also fruitful themes for dis-
cussion. Murray, however, had obtained
a clear idea of the conditions of the coun-
try, and appears to have acted impartially.
His opponents, nevertheless, referred their
complaints to England and asked for his

BRITISH RULE. 177

recall. In 1766 he was summoned to
England to explain his administrative
acts, and though he retained the nominal
governorship for two years longer, he
never returned to Quebec. In 1768 Sir
Guy Carleton, who had been quarter-
master under Wolfe, was appointed gov-
ernor.

Carleton, in taking up the threads of
government, had many of the difficulties
of his predecessor to encounter and to
overcome. The English who had op-
posed Murray realised that they had not
profited by the change. The more en-
lightened, however, were loyal in their
adherence to the new comer, while the
French had every reason to regard
him as a benefactor and to cherish
his memory. Petitions, addresses, dis-
cussions— on questions of law, on ques-
tions of religion — became the order
of the day, until at last the aspirations
of the people found expression in the
Quebec Act of 1774. The new act
provided for the use by the French of
their own civil laws and customs, the

12

178 CRADLE OF NEW FRANCE.

administration of English criminal law,
and the appointment by the Crown of a
Legislative Council. But before the
working of the act could fairly be tested,
Quebec was again in a state of siege.

CHAPTER X.

THE INVASION UNDER ARNOLD
AND MONTGOMERY.

Early in the month of May, 1775, a
band of Americans under Ethan Allen
marched from Connecticut and surprised
the fort at Ticonderoga. Following up
their success they captured the little
garrison at Crown Point, and sent a de-
tachment down Lake Champlain to St.
John's on the Richelieu. Here they
seized a British vessel, and, elated with
their achievement, prepared to penetrate
into the heart of Canada. The Continen-
tal Congress took a hand in the affair, and
General Schuyler, at the head of two
thousand men, was appointed to invade
British territory. Carleton in the mean-
time prepared to check their advance by

180 CRADLE OF NEW FRANCE.

fortifying the pass at St. John's, and
detached the Seventh and the Thirty-sixth
Regiments to support the position. To-
wards the end of September Allen occupied
a few houses at Longue Pointe, and pro-
posed to make a descent on Montreal.

Carleton assembled the citizens on the
Champs de Mars, and found about a
hundred and fifty volunteers. With these,
and a small band of regulars from the
Thirty-sixth, he marched to Longue
Pointe, dislodged the rebels and took
Allen with thirty of his men prisoners.

Schuyler's command was brief. After
a few weeks he was replaced by Richard
Montgomery, a former captain in the
British army, who had joined the Con-
tinental forces with the rank of general.
Montgomery's men were industrious in
sowing the seeds of rebellion amongst the
inhabitants of the south shore, assuring
them that the British would be forced to
surrender and promising them exemp-
tion from every form of taxation. A
short time afterwards the fort at Cham-
bly fell into the hands of the enemy.

ARNOLD AND MONTGOMERY. 181

This was followed in a few weeks by the
surrender of St. John's. The men of
the Thirty-sixth who were in St. John's
at the time of its capture were conveyed
as prisoners to Hartford. Canada at
such a time could ill afford the loss.

Meanwhile Montgomery had been
advancing upon Montreal. Carle ton
with scarcely a hundred and twenty-five
men was ill prepared to offer resistance.
After destroying the public stores he left
Montreal as the Americans were entering it.
Brigadier Prescott who accompanied him
was intercepted at Sorel; but Carleton in
an open boat with muffled oars passed
at night through the American floating
batteries and made his way to Quebec.

By the twenty-fifth of September Arnold
had commenced his famous march of three
hundred miles through the state of Maine
and down the valley of the Chaudiere to
Point Levis, where he arrived in the first
week of November with over one thou-
sand men. The situation was critical.
On the fourteenth of November Arnold's
men appeared on the heights of Abraham,

182 CRADLE OF NEW FRANCE.

less than half a mile from the walls of
the city. Montreal was in the hands of
the enemy; and Carleton himself, cut off
between the two divisions of the invading
army, was not able to make good his
escape to Quebec until the nineteenth of
November. The strength of the garrison
on the first of November was only one thou-
sand eight hundred men. In the suburbs
of Saint Roch, along the south shore and
at the villages of SainteFoy and Sillery, the
enemy held advantageous positions. Que-
bec was thus surrounded, and the Gov-
ernor was not in a position to sally forth
to give the enemy battle. The winter
had set in early. Arnold's men, however,
clad in coarse linen coats, seemed in-
sensible to cold. "Vetu en toile," said
the inhabitants; the phrase, passing
from mouth to mouth, was chang-
ed to "vetu en tole," and so the
rumour spread far and wide that the rebel
army was clad in iron. The garrison
was confined to the city, and the people
beyond began to regard the foe as the
future master of Quebec.

ARNOLD AND MONTGOMERY 183

The defences of the city were weak.
Murray, Townshend, Carleton, each in
turn had represented to the government
that the walls would not withstand a
siege. So far the authorities had pro-
vided only temporary works of defence.
Carleton had made the best of the situ-
ation by erecting barricades at weak
points, but he was forced to trust more
to the courage of his men than to the
strength of the works.

Montgomery occupied the Holland house
on the Sainte Foy road, and parties of his
men were fortified in outlying buildings.
On the sixth of December Montgomery
addressed a communication to Carleton
advising him to surrender and asserting
the folly of resistance. The Governor
disregarded the admonition and proceed-
ed to strengthen his position. There
were some desertions from the garrison
and a few also of the inhabitants were en-
ticed from the city to swell the rebel
ranks. One Jeremiah Duggan, a barber
of Quebec, was placed at the head of five
hundred men, with the rank of major;

m CRADLE OK M-:W KKAN< i

proclamations and warnings were .hut
over the walU and every provocation
WES given to draw the garrison bevond
the ^:ilcs. On the eighth <>j' the month
Montgomery h;i.d ;i n;irro\v e. rape. As
lie stepped from a cariole drawn up in
front, of a tavern l.o the west of the eily,
a shot from ;i c.-innon killed the horse
and shattered into splinters the vehicle
from which lie had alighted.

The enemy grew bolder. During the
night of the ninth a battery wan thrown
up within eight hundred yards of Saint
Louis Gate, and soon four guns were
pouring shot into the city. To add to
the terrors of the siege, smallpox broke
out and claimed many victims, both
amongst the inhabitants and in the ranks
of the enemy. December wore on.
Montgomery was despondent, and IUH
men were looking forward to the end of
the year, when their time would expire.
A rumour was circulated that the Amer-
ican general had promised his troops thai,
they would eat their Christmas dinner in
Quebec or in the nether regions. "We

ARNOLD AND MONTGOMERY. 185

are determined that they shall not dine
with us as their own masters/ ' writes a
British officer; but from the character
of the general we are inclined to believe
that the words were lent to him.

In their efforts to open a breach in
the walls the Americans were foiled
through the good service of the British
guns, which destroyed some of their
batteries. The enemy next prepared to
try the effect of scaling ladders. That
project, also, proved too hazardous and
was soon abandoned. From the twenty-
fourth to the twenty-ninth there was
little activity in the rebel camp. This
did not deceive the British. Carleton,
who had taken up his quarters at the
Recollets, slept in his clothes, while the
garrison remained under arms. On the
thirtieth an Irishman, who had deserted
from Arnold's division, entered the city
with the news that "the rebels were three
thousand strong and had a supply of
shells from Montreal." The same night
Arnold kept up a heavy fire against the
town and made a movement as if he

186 CRADLE OF NEW FRANCE.

intended to storm Saint Louis Gate.
This feint was for the purpose of favour-
ing the movements of Montgomery in the
lower town.

The story of the assault on the thirty-
first is quoted from the manuscript of a
soldier who was present.

" About four o'clock in the morning,
Captain Fraser, of the Royal Emigrants,
on his rounds saw many flashes of fire
without hearing any report; the sentries
told him that it had lightened for some
time towards the heights of Abraham;
the sentinels between Port St. Louis and
Cape Diamond had seen lights ranged in
straight lines, like lamps in a street.
These appearances being very uncom-
mon, and the weather being in favour of
an attack, Captain Fraser ordered the
guards and pickets on the ramparts to
stand to their arms. The drums beat,
the bells rang; in a very few minutes the
whole garrison was under arms, even old
men upwards of seventy were forward
to oppose the attackers. Two sky rockets
sent from about the foot of Cape Dia-

ARNOLD AND MONTGOMERY. 187

mond were immediately followed by a
heavy and hot fire from a body of men
posted behind a rising ground within
eighty yards of the guard house on Cape
Diamond. By the flashes from the mus-
kets we saw their heads; their bodies
were covered. We briskly returned their
fire. At the same time a body of men
supposed to be Canadians appeared in
the suburbs of Saint John. From Saint
Roch shells were thrown. Captain Cald-
well led a detachment of the British
militia to reinforce Cape Diamond. It
had been said by some deserters that it
was Mr. Montgomery's opinion that an
escalade might be easily effected there.
The colonel having posted his men under
proper officers, returned to the corps de
reserve on the parade to wait the gener-
al's orders.

"The rockets were the signal. On seeing
them Arnold's men immediately rushed
forward from under cover of the canotrie
and attacked our works at Sault-au-
Matelot; there were nine hundred men.
Mr. Montgomery advanced towards the

188 CRADLE OF NEW FRANCE.

works at Pres-de-ville with seven hun-
dred of his best soldiers. Arnold's party
was obliged to pass close under the pickets
behind the Hotel Dieu and Montcalm's
house, where they were exposed to a
dreadful fire which the sailors poured
down upon them as they ran along. Arnold
was here wounded in the leg and carried off.
His men proceeded, forced our guard and
took possession of the battery at Sault-
au-Matelot. They penetrated about two
hundred yards farther to a barrier where
we made a stand. A brisk fire began on
both sides. The rebels fired under cover.
We saw only those who ventured to run
from one house to another. In this way
they advanced.

"General Carleton, cool and attentive
to the most minute manceuver of the
enemy, skilled in military operations,
saw in a moment and instantaneously
improved the advantage the rebels had
given him over them. He sent Captain
Laws with sixty men by Palace Gate to
attack their rear, and Captain Macdougal
of the Royal Emigrants was sent a little

ARNOLD AND MONTGOMERY. 189

later with sixty more to support him.
Captain Laws advanced too hastily,
anxious to be at them; he got before
his men, and, all alone, commanded a
group of men to surrender. Seeing him
unattended, they surrounded him and
disarmed him. Captain MacdougaFs men
on coming up found Laws's men in pos-
session of the Sault-au-Matelot battery.
The Captain put himself at the head of
both detachments, marched forward and
released Captain Laws. As the general
had planned, the enemy was effectually
hemmed in. To advance they dare not;
to retreat they could not. They there-
fore laid down their arms and cried for
quarter. Captain Laws and Captain
Macdougal acquired much honour by
their conduct on this occasion.

"At Pres-de-Ville the sentries had seen
the flashes very early; the guard was
posted expecting an attack. Captain
Barnsfair, master of a merchant ship, had
charge of the guns that morning; he had
his men at quarters with lighted matches
in their hands. A close look out was kept.

190 CRADLE OF NEW FRANCE.

Men were at last seen approaching. A
band advanced within fifty yards of the
battery. Here they stood as if in con-
sultation. A moment later they sprang
forward. Captain Barnsfair called Fire!
Shrieks and groans followed the dis-
charge. Our musketry and guns con-
tinued to sweep the avenue leading to
the battery for some minutes. When
the smoke cleared away there was not a
soul to be seen. Much has been said
about Mr. Coffin's cool behaviour. His
example at Pres-de-Ville had a noble ef-
fect on his fellow soldiers. They behaved
with the greatest spirit. Those who were
engaged at the batteries were reinforced
by two detachments from the parade.
Major Nairns, of the Royal Emigrants,
led the first. He and Major Dambourges
of the same corps attracted the atten-
tion of everybody by their gallant
behaviour. The rebels got possession
of a house which commanded Lym-
burner's battery and one of the prin-
cipal streets. They mounted ladders
and intrepidly forced their way by

ARNOLD AND MONTGOMERY. 191

the windows and drove the rebels out
at the doors.

"The Canadian militia showed no kind
of backwardness. A few of them stood
to the last at a little breast-work near the
Sault-au-Matelot battery. When they
were in very great danger of being sur-
rounded they retreated to the barrier.

"The flower of the rebel army fell into
our hands. We have reason to think
that many of Arnold's men were killed
while advancing, and many were killed
and wounded while endeavouring to get
back. Our fire from the pickets gall-
ed them exceedingly. We made prison-
ers one lieutenant-colonel, two majors,
one adjutant, one quartermaster, four
volunteers, three hundred and fifty rank
and file.

"The prisoners say that Mr. Mont-
gomery's men had not behaved with the
same spirit as Arnold's men. They im-
agined that if they had boldly advanced,
the strength of the garrison must have
been divided; that the two bodies of the
rebels would have driven us before them

192 CRADLE OF NEW FRANCE.

to the market place where they would
have had us between two fires. The pris-
oners had slips of paper pinned to their
hats bearing these words — LIBERTY
OR DEATH. We had killed Captain
Anderson and four privates. Wounded
fourteen.

"A genteel coffin has been ordered by
the Lieutenant Governor for the inter-
ment of Mr. Montgomery. Those who
knew him formerly in this place sincerely
lament his late infatuation. They say
that he was a genteel man and an agree-
able companion."

Another battle had been fought and
won at Quebec. Carleton, who sixteen
years before had waged war upon the
heights under Wolfe, now led both French
and English against the enemy at the gate.
Shoulder to shoulder stood one time friend
and foe in the defence of the British flag.
Differences there were and would be, for
it would be unreasonable to suppose that
a change of allegiance would be unattended
with regret. At the call of duty, however,
all other considerations were waived and

ARNOLD AND MONTGOMERY. 193

men fought bravely for their common
king and their common country.

Montgomery, a bold leader in a mis-
taken cause, had died like a soldier. His
body was laid out in the little house on
Saint Louis Street, since known by his
name. On the next day his remains
were followed to the grave by the English
governor. The battle was over, although
Quebec was by no means secure. For
months the invading army hovered near,
but on the twentieth of April, 1776, the
Forty-seventh regiment, conveyed by the
Niger frigate, sailed from Halifax to the
relief of Quebec . The next day the IsiSj of
fifty guns, the Surprise and Triton frigates,
and the Martin sloop-of-war with the
Twenty-ninth Regiment arrived in the
Saint Lawrence, coming to anchor before
the city on the sixth of May. The appear-
ance of reinforcements put an end to the
hopes of the rebels, who abandoned their
guns and fled.

Thus ended the blockade of Quebec in
1775-76.

13

CHAPTER XI.
MODERN QUEBEC.

The Act of 1774 provided for the
establishment of a Legislative Council, a
form of government which did not com-
mend itself for long to a people who were
rapidly developing ideas of political free-
dom. For several years therefore there
was a movement on foot towards repre-
sentative institutions. In the meantime
Carleton, the champion of the rights of
the "new subjects," had returned to Eng-
land, and the government was entrusted
to Sir Frederick Haldimand. Being a
soldier his first care was to place the
colony in a state of defence. The British
authorities were inclined to listen to rea-
son after the events of 1775, although
they were still dangerously slow for these

196 CRADLE OF NEW FRANCE.

stirring times. The master of the Ordin-
ance in England at this period was George
Townshend, Wolfe's second Brigadier,
who being familiar with the country gave
a ready support to Haldimand's demands.
Funds were placed at the disposal of the
Governor to construct a temporary citadel
beyond the present lines. The remains
of the works undertaken by Haldimand
are still visible, but have given rise to a
curious error. For over half a century
it has been contended that the fortifica-
tions on the cove fields were of French
origin. The original plans made by the
Royal Engineers after the Battle of the
Plains show that there were no ruins what-
ever at that time; while the drawings of
Haldimand's works constructed between
1779 and 1783 are exactly upon these lines.
Haldimand had a difficult role to play.
He was a soldier above all; and being per-
haps less diplomatic than his predecessor,
was less popular. Few Governors, how-
ever, were more zealous than he for the
cause of the king, or had the real interest
of the people more at heart. His energy

MODERN QUEBEC. 197

was untiring. His correspondence cover-
ing a remarkable variety of topics must
still be drawn upon by those who would
form an accurate judgment of a most
interesting period of Canadian history.

A glimpse of the home life of the Cana-
dian of the time is given by a British officer.

"The Canadians of the higher class are
very polite and attentive to strangers; a
few days since, I was invited to dine with
one of the principal merchants, chez
Monsieur Roberdeau; the dinner was
entirely after the French fashion, and
displayed with much taste, but such was
the perverseness of my English stomach,
that it could not relish one of the made
dishes; and although I endeavoured to eat
out of compliment, the master of the house
perceived I did not do it with any gusto;
he then said, Ah! Monsieur, vous ne faites
que d'arriver 'dans ce pays; quand vous
aurez ete avec nous un certain temps, vous
aimerez beaucoup noire cuisine. Je suis
bien fache que dans ce moment il ne se trouve
rien d votre gotit, mais quand vous me ferez
Vhonneur de venir une autrefois chez moi,

198 CRADLE OF NEW FRANCE.

faurai soin d'avoir du ROAST BEEF et
du PLUMB PUDDING que les Anglois
aiment tant. When the desert came,
which was before the cloth was removed,
I made amends for my not being able to
eat at dinner, which the master of the
house observing, said, Ah! Monsieur, ce
n'est pas que vous ne vous souciez pas de
viandeSj mais cjest que vous etes un peu
comme les enfants, vous aimez les friandifes;
when, fearful lest I should be displeased
at his raillery, with a politeness truly
French, he filled his glass, and added,
AllonSj Monsieur, versez et vive le Roi
d'Angleterre."

In the year 1786 Carleton returned to
Quebec as Governor with the title of Lord
Dorchester. At this time a terrible
scourge, known as the disease of Malbay,
was ravaging the country, and one of the
first acts of the Governor was to cope with
it. Reports were made and published
and instructions were scattered broad-
cast. As there were few medical men in
the province, remedies were put up and
distributed to the cures and seigneurs.

MODERN QUEBEC. 199

One influential inhabitant in writing to the
Governor for a supply of the cure considers
himself very fortunate in having "a piece
of a doctor in his vicinity. " The outbreak
proved very difficult to overcome, and
legislation was proposed to prevent its
recurrence. The people meanwhile re-
garded Lord Dorchester rather as a friend
than as a governor,and came freely to him
in all their little troubles for encourage-
ment and advice.

The Governor who had been instru-
mental in passing the Quebec Act of 1774,
and had abolished the Test Oath, now
devoted his energy to securing a larger
measure of political freedom. The Act
of 1791, which divided Canada into two
provinces, gave to Quebec a Legislative
Council and a House of Assembly, elected
by the people. The new constitution was
put into operation and for a time satisfied
the ambition of all classes. It was with-
in the walls of the Bishop's Palace that
the king's "new subjects" received their
first lessons in popular government.
B6dard, who was the first to advocate

200 CRADLE OF NEW FRANCE.

responsible government; Papineau the
elder, and his son, who was to make the
name famous; Panet, Vallieres, de Saint
Real, might have been mistaken for sea-
soned parliamentarians, so well did they
grasp the principles of British institutions.
A great change had taken place in Quebec.
Thirty years before, under the iron heel of
Bigot and the paternal government of
France, the people were strangers to every
form of popular representation. Per-
mission was necessary for holding a friend-
ly meeting. The words of Louis XIV,
"It is God's will that whosoever is born a
subject should not reason but obey,"
were still to them an unwritten law.
Now the inhabitants were asserting their
independence and voting boldly for the
men of their own choice.

The influence of Dorchester upon the
colony was beneficial. Of strong per-
sonality and independent character, al-
ways ready to sympathize with distress
and quick to scorn the mean and dis-
honourable, he enjoyed the confidence of
the community during the sixteen years

MODERN QUEBEC. 201

of his administration. His name is cher-
ished even to this day.

In 1764 a press had been established in
Quebec, and through this medium the
colony was brought into touch with the
world beyond.

In 1806 a few of the members of the
Parliament of 1791 established the first
political newspaper in Canada, Le Cana-
dien, the policy of which was to advocate
the claims of the French population, then
assailed by the Mercury , an English paper
established at Quebec. Fierce waxed the
battle under the regime of the brave,
honest, though choleric Governor, Sir
James Craig. The talent of both sides
was brought out in the controversy until
the Governor, who had somewhat des-
potic ideas in the matter of administra-
tion, suppressed Le Canadien, and com-
mitted the unlucky printer to jail. Under
Sir George Prevost peace was restored in
Quebec, but there were soon rumours of
war without. Great Britain had become
involved in a war with the United States,
and Canada was called upon to play her

202 CRADLE OF NEW FRANCE.

part. When the invasion of Canada be-
came imminent bothhouses met in Quebec,
and voted subsidies for the repulse of the
common foe. Quebec was spared the
calamity of a siege in 1812-13, as the
principal scene of action was in Upper
Canada, and to the east and west of
Montreal. It was at the battle of Cha-
teauguay, however, that de Salaberry
won honour for his Province.

The constitution of 1791 had been tried
and found wanting. Papineau who had
been the first to proclaim its superiority
over previous forms of government, now
became its most strenuous opponent . Po-
litical agitation ran high and violent
attacks were made on the British Govern-
ment and on the Provincial Executive.
The Upper House at this time was com-
posed of nominees of the Crown, whilst
the members of the Legislative Assembly
were mainly of French origin . There were
no ministers responsible to the people and
the whole system hinged on the supreme
authority of the Governor, supported by
the Legislative Council. Papineau was

MODERN QUEBEC. 203

elected Speaker and became vigorous in
his denunciations of the system of govern-
ment. His appointment as speaker was
rejected by the Governor Lord Dalhousie,
but he was at once re-elected by the peo-
ple. To overcome the difficulty, Dal-
housie proposed to unite Upper and
Lower Canada under one parliament.
Papineau and Neilson, the editor of the
Quebec Gazette, who were sent to Eng-
land to oppose the measure, were success-
ful in their mission. The presence of
Neilson and other English members in
Papineau's camp proved that the opposi-
tion was not purely racial. It is evident
that there were wrongs to be redressed,
but at the same time it was not reasonable
to suppose that the methods adopted by
Papineau would bring about remedial
legislation. The presence of a diplomat
on the scene during these stormy days
would probably have contributed more to
the cause of reform than the efforts of
excitable politicians.

Agitation and discontent reached their
climax under Lord Aylmer who followed

204 CRADLE OF NEW FRANCE.

the policy of his predecessor. Within the
precincts of the House there were fre-
quent scenes of turbulence: when Lord
John Russell proposed to give the Gover-
nor the power to expend public money
without the vote of the Assembly, there
was open rebellion. A revolutionary
movement was on foot and gradually the
more sober minded representatives sever-
ed their allegiance to Papineau. Most
men were eager for reform, but they were
not prepared to try to accomplish it by
resorting to arms.

But while these political disputes were
embroiling various sections of the com-
munity, Quebec was as gay as ever. Dur-
ing Dalhousie's administration there was
a constant round of festivities. And it is
a fact worthy of note that during this
period of party strife, both races sub-
scribed to the granite column which was
set up in the Governor's garden to the
memory of Wolfe and Montcalm, the
victor and the vanquished.

Quebec had now become the strongest
fortress in the world. Enormous sums

MODERN QUEBEC. 205

were expended by the British Govern-
ment on the citadel and lines of defence
which still present a formidable appear-
ance and are a monument to the skill of
the engineers Durnford and Mann.

In those days the penalty of desertion
from the citadel was death, and a record
is preserved of how the punishment was
carried out. "On a beautiful morning in
June, the whole garrison of Quebec turned
out at five o'clock to witness the awful
ceremony in the ditch of the Citadel.
When the fatal moment arrived, the pris-
oner, attired in white, and supported by
two Roman Catholic clergymen, with his
coffin carried before him, moved slowly
out of the great gate of the fortress into
the fosse, and proceeded past the long line
of troops; whilst the band played a
funeral dirge, and a firing party brought
up the rear of the melancholy procession.
The sound of the mournful music was
heard by the assembled garrison long be-
fore the head of the party became visible ;
thus the doleful tones of the Dead March
had full time to produce their utmost

206 CRADLE OF NEW FRANCE.

effect, on all present, before the prisoner
came in sight ; and certainly nothing could
have been more impressive than the
whole painful scene. When the sentence
of the Court Martial had been read, and
the last religious rites were concluded, the
poor wretch knelt on his coffin two yards
from the muzzles of a dozen muskets.
The Priests retired, the awful word 'Fire '
was uttered, and the lifeless body lay
doubled across the coffin. "

Canada had now been under British
rule for three quarters of a century, and it
looked as if the French were to become
involved in a quarrel with England
through the fierce and eloquent declama-
tions of one passionate man. Quebec,
however, fought shy of its former idol, and
the scene was changed to Montreal.
After the general elections in the autumn
of 1834 each candidate was called upon to
declare whether or not he was in favour of
an elective council. Seventy-nine mem-
bers favourable to the change were elected,
while the opposition elected only nine.
The House opened in February 1835.

MODERN QUEBEC. 207

For some time previous to this date there
had been a want of harmony between the
members of the leading party, which soon
developed into a marked division in their
ranks.

The strife was maintained in the press
and upon the hustings. There were
frequent quarrels over merest trifles.
The members of the House gave only a
half-hearted support to Papineau who
never missed an opportunity of making
personal attacks upon the Governor
and his Councillors. In the heat
of argument as his influence began to
wane, he gave expression more and
more frequently to the most dangerous
sentiments.

The affairs of the Province, which were
now centered in Quebec, grew worse.
Lord Gosford, in the capacity of a Royal
Commissioner was sent out to investigate
the affairs of the colony. His efforts to
calm the turbulent spirits were fruitless.
The Legislative Council threw out meas-
ures passed by the Assembly, and the
Assembly in retaliation refused to vote

208 CRADLE OF NEW FRANCE.

supplies. Heated discussions, into which
were drawn questions of language and
questions of religion, became the order of
the day. The clergy in Quebec and in
other places did their utmost to restore
order; but the inflammatory speeches of
the agitators and the attitude of a certain
section of the press, fostered a spirit of
rebellion. The torch was lighted at the
meeting held at Saint Ours on the seventh
of May, 1835. Le Canadien, the organ
of the French, protested against the
methods of Papineau, and eight thou-
sand people assembled in Quebec to
condemn the agitation. The crisis
came, however, when it became known
that Great Britain had rejected the
resolutions which had been sent over.
The details of the stormy days in
Montreal, the issue of a warrant for
the arrest of Papineau, his escape
to the United States; the defeat of
the rebels at Saint Charles, Saint John's
and Saint Denis, and the proclama-
tion of martial law, are matters of
provincial history.

MODERN QUEBEC. 209

The rebellion, incited by a few rash
individuals, who fled at the approach of
danger, was deplored by the French
Canadians as a body.

In 1838 the Constitution of 1791 was
suspended. These were sad days for
Quebec. The rebellion had paralysed
commerce, and the future of the province
was a grave cause for anxiety. Darker
still was the outlook when the provinces
were united in 1840. John Neilson and
other patriots began an agitation which
was crystallized in a petition to the Queen.
The Act, however, was put in force, and
the patriotic intelligence of Baldwin and
Lafontaine brought out of the constitu-
tion a full measure of political liberty.
In the change Quebec lost the seat of
Government, which was transferred to
Kingston.

The struggle of the people against
provincial misrule, which was converted
by Papineau into an attack on the Home
Government, is almost forgotten ; but two
memorials of the period will not pass
away. One is the monument to Wolfe

14

210 CRADLE OF NEW FRANCE.

and Montcalm in the Governor's garden,
with its unique inscription :

MORTEM VIRTUS COMMUNEM

FAMAM HISTORIA

MONUMENTUM POSTERITAS

DEDIT

and the other a marble slab over the
tomb of Montcalm.

These monuments were erected by men
who bore the brunt of Papineau's abuse.
While feuds were in progress in Quebec
the historic Chateau Saint Louis was
destroyed by fire, and the country was no
longer governed from the spot where
Champlain lived and died.

Whatever charges Papineau may have
to answer at the hands of posterity, we
may safely acquit him on one count, the
theft of a ham, brought against him by a
facetious army surgeon. The doctor had
returned from an early constitutional,
prepared for a hearty breakfast in which
there were visions of a certain Westphalia
ham; when, horresco referenSj there was
everything else on the table, but, "in the
middle a place where the jambon was not"

: ;"•

1

MODERN QUEBEC. 211

"0, misery of miseries, the whole succu-
lent and delicious ham, manifest product
of some high caste graminivorous pig,
which had lived all its life under the shade
of oaks and chestnuts browsing upon their
nuts, had been feloniously abstracted
from the larder by some vile Philistine.

"O, Louis Joseph Papineau! To our
dying day we will hold thee responsible
for this outrage. Whilom, before thy
pestilential politics corrupted thy simple
countrymen, ironmongers and locksmiths
starved, for in our rural districts doors
were only latched. Securely reposed our
clothes drying in the garden or before the
oven, our viands in the open cupboards,
our fish in the tubs, for theft was not.
But when thy compatriots were taught—
and thou didst sedulously instil and re-
instil the lesson — that they were oppress-
ed and plundered by strangers who had
conquered them, and that re* Distance to
the " base Bretons/7 was wiseV\nd patri-
otic— when thou didst urge them to re-
taliate on their oppressors in every safe
and practicable way — is it not a palpable

212 CRADLE OF NEW FRANCE.

induction that they should have niched
our much regretted ham?"

For some years Quebec suffered from
the fanaticism of Papineau; but the des-
cendants of the old French in North
America were always loyal to the British
Crown. Two great factors, the clergy and
the seigneurs, assured the loyalty of the
French to England. It was the aim of
the clerics after the Cession to render their
flocks obedient to the new order and to
accept the accomplished fact recognized
by France and confirmed by the Treaty
of Paris. The tenets of their religion and
their traditional training led them to
exact submission to constituted authority.
The most influential class after the clergy
were the seigneurs. To them it was a
simple matter to transfer their allegiance
from one sovereign to another. With
the nobles of old France, ideas of king and
country were associated, and often the
monarch, overshadowed every other con-
sideration. Strong monarchical convic-
tions therefore inclined them towards the
English king, and Papineau had said in

MODERN QUEBEC. 213

1820 that the change of allegiance caused
no regret, considering the superiority of
the character of George III over that of
Louis XV.

After the Union of 1842, the seat of
government was moveable. Kingston,
Montreal, Toronto and Quebec each in
turn became the capital. In 1864, the
delegates of the North American Pro-
vinces met in Quebec to discuss the
federal union, and at the inauguration of
Confederation in 1867, Quebec was named
as the seat of the Provincial Government.

Although Quebec was deprived of her
prestige as a centre of national influence
she has never ceased to play an important
part in affairs of the country. Her sons
are still heard in the councils of the
nation.

The withdrawal of the Imperial troops
from Quebec in 1871 was a loss to Cana-
dian society and a severe blow to the mer-
chant classes. It was estimated that at
least half a million dollars were circulated
annually during the residence of the per-
manent forces.

214 CRADLE OF NEW FRANCE.

In 1872, the Earl of Dufferin became
Governor General of Canada. He was
much impressed with the magnificent site
of Quebec and proposed an elaborate
scheme for its restoration. Amongst the
improvements he suggested a vice-regal
residence on the Terrace in the style of a
Norman Chateau. Iron bridges were to
span the streets to form a continuous drive
about the ramparts. The gates were to
be restored without interference with
traffic, and pleasure grounds were to be
laid out. The plan was found to be too
expensive and was considerably modi-
fied . The Terrace however was extended,
and the present Saint Louis and Kent
Gates were built. In all the improve-
ments which have been made to meet the
demands of commerce Quebec has not
been robbed of its ancient form. The
modern city is indebted to the Hon. S. N.
Parent for many permanent works and
picturesque spots with which unsightly
objects have been replaced. Hon. Mr.
Parent's successor in office, the present
mayor, has already shown that he is deter-

MODERN QUEBEC. 215

mined to maintain for the city its unique
position as a model of civic administra-
tion.

During Lord Minto's term as Governor,
the ground known as the race course was
purchased by the Federal Government as
a public park, and Lord Grey has success-
fully launched a scheme for the preserva-
tion of historic sites as a national memorial
of the foundation of the city by Cham-
plain.

For one who has known and loved Que-
bec there is no farewell. Amongst the
many beautiful places in the Dominion
old Stadacone stands foremost as the city
of historic memories. Before it lies a
brilliant future. Behind it lies a glorious
past. From the arrival of Jacques Car-
tier down to the present day it is bound up
with the most significant events in our
annals. Let us look back once more, for
its walls and stones, grey and war-worn
in the strife of centuries, still tell of some-
thing great and high. There upon the
rock stands the lonely figure of Champlain,
contemplating the vast scene upon which

216 CRADLE OF NEW FRANCE.

the hand of the white man has never left its
impress. Then follow the band of mis-
sionaries who have relinquished ties of
home to carry their message to the child-
ren of the forest and to seal their devotion
with their blood. Here appear the stern
features of Montmorency de Laval the
founder of the Church in the most North-
ern parts of America. Close to Laval
stands the chivalrous Frontenac, his com-
patriot and sometime opponent, reviving
and strengthening Champlain's incipient
colony. Yonder is the battery from
which he answered Phips' summons to
surrender.

Beyond the walls the scene develops into
a vaster and more impressive theatre,
as one pictures the stirring events that
gather about Wolfe and Montcalm on the
Plains of Abraham. Beneath the city
walls we note the spot where the brave
Montgomery fell when French and Eng-
lish, lately contending for supremacy,
fought shoulder to shoulder in defence of
the British Flag. Here we leave the
reader to trace out for himself in quaint

MODERN QUEBEC.

217

streets and monuments the more ample
story of Quebec, begun three hundred
years ago.

NOTES IN
QUE5EC CHRONOLOGY.

1535. Jacques Cartier passes the winter on the
banks of the Lairet beside the Indian vil-
lage of Stadacone". The site of the village
is now included within the limits of Quebec
city.

1540. Frangois de la Roque, Sieur de Roberval,
a wealthy nobleman of Picardy is made
by Francis I ' Lieut enant-General, chief
leader and Captain' of an expedition to
New France.

1541. Cartier, commissioned by Roberval, in
command of five ships passes the winter
at a small fort he had built at Cap Rouge
a few miles above Quebec.

1542. Roberval with abundance of supplies and
a new company of adventurers reaches St.
John's, Newfoundland, where he encounters
Cartier on his homeward voyage. Rober-
val passes a disastrous winter at Cartier's
old fort.

220 CRADLE OF NEW FRANCE.

1543-1607. Breton, Norman and Basque fisher-
men frequent the Banks and the Lower St.
Lawrence. In 1578 a hundred and fifty
French vessels, and two hundred English
and Spanish, engage in Canadian trade or the
fisheries in Newfoundland waters. No perma-
nent settlement is founded during this period.
1588. January 14. La Jannaye and Nouel
receive from Henry III the grant of a
monopoly of the fur-trade in the
St. Lawrence for twelve years. They
receive permission to take out sixty
criminals a year as colonists and workmen.
This monopoly is revoked by letters
patent on July 9, 1588.

1598. La Roche is appointed by letters patent,

Lieutenant-General for Henry IV in

' Canada, Hochelaga and Newfoundland/

His settlers, composed of French criminals,

are left to their fate on Sable Island.

1603. Champlain, with three small ships, visits

Canada for the first time in the service

of de Chastes. He sails up the St. Lawrence

as far as the Sault St. Louis.

1608. Foundation of Quebec. Champlain builds

here his "Abitation."

1615. Four of the R6collet fathers, a branch
of the Franciscans and the first order of the
Church in Canada, arrive at Quebec. The
foundation of the first convent chapel was
laid in 1620.

QUEBEC CHRONOLOGY. 221

1617. Couillard and Hebert are the first habitants
in Canada. They are the first to till the
soil in the neighbourhood of Quebec.

The first marriage in Canada was that
of Hubert's eldest daughter Anne to Stephen
Jonquest in the autumn of 1617. Father
Le Caron officiated.

1625. Six Jesuits arrive at Quebec. They are
given shelter at the monastery of the Re*-
collects for two years until their own quar-
ters are completed at Notre Dame des Anges.

1627. April 29. The viceroyalty of New France
and Florida vested hi the Compagnie de
Canada — the "Cent AssocieV7 — commis-
sioned by Cardinal Richelieu to exploit the
fur-trade and encourage settlement.

1629. April. Peace declared between French
and English by the Treaty of Suze*.

Aug. 9. The British flag raised for the first
time over Quebec. Four months after the
Treaty of Suz4, but before the news of peace
had reached the New World, Sir David Kirke
and two of his brothers take the city in the
name of Charles I. It is held for three
years in security for the dowry of the Queen,
Henrietta Maria of France.

1632. March 29. Quebec restored to the crown
of France by the treaty of St. Germain-en-
Laye. The Jesuits who had left in 1629 re-
sume their work in Quebec hi 1632. The
RScollets are not allowed to return.

222 CRADLE OF NEW FRANCE.

1633. Return of Champlain as governor of New
France.

1634. January 14. M. Giffard, a surgeon,
receives from I'assemblee generate a grant
of Beauport 'en toute justice et seigneurie.'
This was the first seigniory granted in Can-

1635. Champlain dies on Christmas Day. Que-
bec has less than a hundred inhabitants and
not more than four or five public buildings.
Champlain's "Abitation," built in 1608, is
replaced by the Fort St. Louis begun in 1620
on the site of the present Chateau Frontenac;
the storehouse of the Cent Associes stood in
Ste. Anne street, and the parish church of
Notre Dame de la Recouvrance stood on
the ground now occupied by the Basilica.
From the belfry of Notre Dame Champlain
caused the Angelus to be rung three times
a day. The custom is still observed in the
churches of Quebec.

1636-1639. Wars with the Iroquois under the
governorship of Montmagny, Knight of Mal-
ta. Towards the close of Montmagny 's ad-
ministration the privileges of trade are
thrown open to the habitants.

1639. The Ursulines arrive in Quebec in August,
and Madame de la Peltrie begins the
erection of a convent. L'H6tel Dieu had
already been founded by the Duchesse
d'Aiguillon.

QUEBEC CHRONOLOGY. 223

1640. June. Church of Notre Dame de la Re-
couvrance destroyed by fire. In this chapel
had been buried the remains of Champlain,
but in the fire every trace of the exact spot
was obliterated.

1646. December 31. Corneille's Le Old the first
play performed in Canada is presented by
the Jesuit pupils in the storeroom of the
Cent Associes on Ste. Anne Street.

1648. Jacques Boisdon is appointed the first
inn-keeper in Canada on condition that he
" settles in the square in front of the Church"
and " keeps nobody in his house during High
Mass, sermons, the cathechism or Vespers."

1656-1660. The Iroquois after overrunning the
country of the Hurons and the Ottawas
continue their ravages as far as the Fort of
Quebec.

1659. June 16th. Laval, Vicar Apostolic of New
France and Bishop of Petr6e, arrives at
Quebec.

1663. January 26th. " The great earthquake" in
Canada, when " doors opened and shut of
themselves" and " bells rang without being
touched . ' ; Shocks of varying intensity were
felt over a period of seven months.

1663. Laval founds Le Petit Seminaire de Qu&-
bec. Five years later Le Grand Seminaire
is founded for the teaching of theology.
In this year also the charter granted in
1627 to the Cent Associe*s (now reduced to

224 CRADLE OF NEW FRANCE.

forty-five members) is withdrawn, and Que-
bec is declared by Louis XIV the capital of
the royal province of New France.

1665. Four companies of the regiment of Car-
ignan-Sali£res arrive at Quebec. These men
are the first regular troops hi New France.
On June 30, Marquis de Tracy, Lieutenant-
General of all the King's possessions in North
America, is received at Quebec with great
pomp and rejoicing. With him comes an-
other detachment of the Carignan Regiment.
A third detachment arrives in the autumn,
with Courcelles the new Governor.

In 1665 also, Jean Talon, the great In-
tendant, inaugurates a period of settlement
and progress. About thirty men of rank
and fortune and over six hundred other
settlers arrive from France. In 1670 there
are more than 700 births hi the colony.

1672. Frontenac enters upon his first governor-
ship of Canada.

1674. October 1st. Laval made first bishop of
Quebec.

Joliet and Father Marquette cross Lake
Michigan and sail down the Mississippi as
far as the Arkansas.

1682. End of Frontenac's first administration.
His successor, La Barre, proves quite un-
equal to the task of dealing with thelroquois.
La Salle follows the Mississippi to its
mouth.

QUEBEC CHRONOLOGY. 225

1688. Laval resigns his bishopric and is succeed-
ed by St. Valier.

1689. Raids by thelroquois and massacre of La-
chine, July 26. Frontenac returns to Que-
bec to begin his second administration.

1690. October 9. Sir Wm. Phips and his fleet
from New England appear before Quebec.
Frontenac replies "from the mouth of his
cannon" to Phips' summons to surrender.
Phips retires with loss.

1693. Frontenac encircles Quebec for the first

time with a wall or palisade.
1698. November 28. Death of Frontenac at the

age of seventy-eight.

1711. British fleet against Quebec under Sir
Hovenden Walker, wrecked off Egg Island
during the storm of August 22.

The church of Notre Dame de la Victoire,
so called after the victory of 1699, is now
called Notre Dame des Victoires.

1712. February 29. Birthday of Louis- Joseph
de Montcalm-Gozon, lord of Saint-V6ran,
Candiac, Tornemire, Saint-Julien d'Arpam,
baron de Gabriac. In 1438 Jean de Mont-
calm wedded Jeanne deGozon, grand-daugh-
ter of the famous knight Deodat de Gozon,
Grand Master of the illustrious order of
Saint John of Jerusalem. The family as-
sumed the name of Gozon in 1582.

1721. A regular postal service at fixed rates is
proposed between Quebec and Montreal.

226 CRADLE OF NEW FRANCE.

M. Lanouiller is granted by IntendantBe*gon
a monopoly of the posts for twenty years.
The scheme, however, is not carried out.

1727. January 2. Birthday of James Wolfe, son
of Lieutenant-Colonel Edward Wolfe, brig-
ade Major of the army in the Low Coun-
tries commanded by Marlborough.

1729-1739. A decade in New France of calamities
from floods, earthquakes and smallpox.
Population of New France in 1739 is 42,700.

1743. The Verendrye brothers travel westward
to the Rocky Mountains.

1756. The beginning of the Seven Years' War.

1758. Final capture of Louisbourg by the British.

1759. June 26. The British fleet under Admiral
Saunders, bearing General Wolfe with 9,000
men, anchors before Quebec.

— June 27. Landing of British troops on the
Island of Orleans.

— June 28. The fiasco of the fireships. Seven
vessels prepared by Vaudreuil at a cost of a
million livres are set adrift by the French
and are leisurely towed ashore by British
sailors.

— June 29. Point Levis occupied by Briga-
dier General Monckton.

— July 9. Batteries at Levis open fire upon
the town.

— July 16. The Upper Town is set on fire by
a shell from the British batteries. Nine
houses are destroyed.

QUEBEC CHRONOLOGY. 227

— July 26. "Another chain of fire rafts "
intended to go down the south channel
"ended as the former, all in show without
doing any damage." It was towed ashore
upon the Isle of Orleans.

— July 31. A British attack at Montmor-
ency ends hi disaster. It is foiled by
the tide, a heavy shower of rain and an
overwhelming fire from the French en-
trenchments.

— Aug. 9. The Lower Town set on fire in
two places. "By eight o'clock it was burnt
to ashes, all but four or five houses."

— Sept. 3. The British evacuate their posi-
tions at the Montmorency.

— Sept. 7. A detachment of the British fleet
moves up the river to Cap Rouge.

— Sept. 12. Bougainville with 1,200 men is
decoyed above St. Augustin, while the troops
under Wolfe drop down the river in small
boats.

— Sept. 13. Landing of Wolfe some hours
before daybreak at the Foulon (Wolfe's
Cove). Battle of the Plains and death of
Wolfe.

—Sept. 14. Death of Montcalm at four
o'clock in the morning. Shortly before his
death he wrote to Townshend: "Oblige* de
c6der Quebec a vos armes, j'ay 1'honneur
de demander a votre Excellence ses bonte*s
pour nos malades et blesses. . . Je vous prie

228 CRADLE OF NEW FRANCE.

d'etre persuade* de la haute estime et ae a
respectueuse consideration avec laquelle j'ay
Thonneur d'etre, Monsieur, votre tres humble
et tres obe"issant serviteur, MONTCALM."

— Sept. 18. Capitulation of Quebec to Ad-
miral Saunders and General Townshend.
At four o'clock hi the afternoon the British
flag was hoisted on the citadel.

— Oct. 8. General Murray issues his first

proclamation as Governor.
1760. April 17. Le*vis begins his march from
Montreal to Quebec.

—April 28. Second "Battle of the Plains " on
the Ste. Foy road, in which the French
under Levis are victorious. The British
retreat within the walls.

— May 1 . Levis has his batteries planted against
the city. Ultimate victory is to be decided
by the first arrival of reinforcements.

—May 9. The Lowestoff frigate rounds the
headland of Point Levis. In response to
the signal from the citadel the British flag
is run up to the mizzen peak.

—May 15. Two other British frigates arrive
at Quebec.

— May 16. Two French frigates and several
other vessels above the town are destroyed
or forced ashore.

— May 17. LeVis raises the siege and re-
tires to Jacques Cartier on his way to
Montreal.

QUEBEC CHRONOLOGY. 229

— Sept. 2. Vaudreuil offers to surrender
Montreal, but Murray refuses to negotiate
before the arrival of Amherst.

— Sept. 8. Surrender of Montreal to General
Amherst.

1763. Feb. 10. Canada formally ceded to
Great Britain by the Treaty of Paris. Gen-
eral Murray is left as Military Governor at
Quebec.

1764. June 21. The Quebec Gazette, the first
newspaper in "Canada," is printed with the
first printing press in Quebec, for one hun-
dred and fifty subscribers.

— Sept. 17. An ordinance is passed by the
Governor in Council directing judgment
to be given in Court of Common-Pleas
' agreeable to equity, having regard never-
theless to the Laws of England, as far as
the circumstances and present Situation
of Things will admit, until such Time as
proper Ordinances . . . can be established . . .
agreeable to the Laws of England'.

1766. General Murray returns to England on
leave, and is replaced by Sir Guy Carleton
as Lieutenant General.

1768. Sir Guy Carleton becomes Governor in
succession to Murray.

1774. The Quebec Act passes the Imperial
Parliament. Quebec retains French civil
laws and customs and the free exercise of
the Roman Catholic religion 'as far as

230 CRADLE OF NEW FRANCE.

the Laws of Great Britain permit'. English
law is administered in criminal cases and a
legislative council is appointed by the
Crown.

1775. Revolt of the American colonies.

— November 9. Arnold arrives at Point Levis
after his famous march from the Kennebec
with colonial force destined for the capture
of Quebec.

— November 19. Carleton arrives from Mont-
real.

— December 1. Montgomery and Arnold
unite their forces at Pointe-aux-Trembles.

— December 8. Narrow escape of Mont-
gomery from the bursting of a shell. His
horse was killed and the cariole from which
he had just alighted was shattered into
splinters.

— December 31. Defeat of Arnold by the
French and English at Sault-au-Matelot
Barricade. Montgomery at the Pres-de-
Ville Barricade is defeated and killed.

1776. April 20. Niger frigate with the 47th Regi-
ment sails from Halifax for Quebec.

— May 6. The his, of 50 guns, the Surprise
and Triton frigates and the Martin sloop-
of-war, bearing the 29th Regiment, anchor
before Quebec. The Americans abandon
their guns and flee.

1783. The second Treaty of Paris and Inde-
pendence of the American States. About

QUEBEC CHRONOLOGY. 231

40,000 United Empire Loyalists migrate to
Canada. In 1783 the first British works, a
temporary citadel beyond the walls towards
the Plains, were built at Quebec.

1784. His Majesty King William IV., then a
naval officer in H.M.S. Pegasus, is the first
member of the Royal Family to visit Quebec.
A sham battle is held in his honour on the
Plains of Abraham.

1791. The Constitutional Act passes the Brit-
ish Parliament. Canada is divided into
an Upper and a Lower Province, with a
Legislative Assembly (by popular election)
and a Legislative Council (by royal appoint-
ment) hi either province. The Assembly
in Quebec hi 1792, under Lord Dorchester
(Sir Guy Carleton), was the first parliament
in the Empire to sit outside Great Britain
and Ireland, under the direct authority of
a Governor General.

The debate on the Constitutional Act
was the occasion of the famous rupture
between Burke and Fox.

1791-4. H.R.H. the Duke of Kent, grandfather
of King Edward VII., spends three years
in Quebec (at Kent House) In command of
the 7th Royal Fusiliers.

1793. Foundation of the Anglican see of Quebec.

1799. Monseigneur Plessis, Vicar - General,
preaches a sermon in the Basilica (on the
site of Champlain's old parish church, Notre

232 CRADLE OF NEW FRANCE.

Dame de la Recouvrance) to celebrate
Nelson's victory at the Nile. The Bishop's
Mandement ordains a general thanksgiving
for the blessings of British rule.

1804. The Anglican Cathedral is completed
under the encouragement of H.M. King
George III. Many of the vestments and
pieces of plate are royal gifts. Dr. Ran-
dall Davidson, Archbishop of Canterbury,
preached the centenary sermon hi 1904.

1809. "The steamboat Accommodation has
arrived with ten passengers. ... No wind
or tide can stop her. The price of the pas-
sage is nine dollars up, and eight down. The
wheels are put and kept in motion by steam
operating within the vessel." — Quebec Mer-
cury, November 3.

The Accommodation was the second steam-
boat built on this continent. Fulton's boat
sailed the Hudson in 1807.

1812. War with United States. Many of the
French and English who fought at Queens-
ton Heights (October 13th) and Chateau-
guay (October 26, 1813) were quartered at
times during the war at Quebec. The street
built on the slope which separated the
English and French lines on the morning
of September 13, 1759, is called after
de Salaberry. General Brock lived for a
time in the third house from the top of
Fabrique Street.

QUEBEC CHRONOLOGY. 233

Population of Lower Canada in 1814 is
335,000.

1824. The Literary and Historical Society of
Quebec, the senior learned society in Can-
ada, is founded by a Royal Charter
granted by King William IV. The King
himself had visited Quebec thirty-seven
years before.

1832. The construction of the present citadel
and walls, begun in 1823, from plans
made by Durnford and Mann, is completed at
a cost of $35,000,000. In this work was
used one of the earliest railways hi Canada.
There was a double track from the wharves
to Cape Diamond. A stationary engine,
near what is now the Allan line wharf, drew
up one car loaded while the other came
down empty.

1833. The Royal William, of which Mr. Samuel
Cunard was one of the owners, was built
and sailed from Quebec. She was the first
ship to cross the Atlantic altogether under
steam, and the first steamship to fire a shot
hi action, May 5th, 1836.

1837-8. Canadian rebellion under Papineau,

Neilson and William Lyon MacKenzie.
1838. February 10. — The suspension of the

Constitution.
— May 29.-November 3. Lord Durham's

administration as Governor-General and

High Commissioner.

15

234 CRADLE OF NEW FRANCE.

1839. Durham makes his famous report. The
phrase " responsible government" is used
for the first time in an official docu-
ment.

1841. The Union Act, passed in the British
Parliament in 1840, goes into effect Febru-
ary 10th. Upper and Lower Canada are
united, and the government is made " re-
sponsible" to a Provincial Legislature in
which the two provinces are equally repre-
sented. The first joint parliament meets at
Kingston, June 13th.

1852. Foundation of Laval, the first French-
Canadian University, called after the first
Bishop of New France. In 1852 the seat
of government is moved to Quebec.
Population of Lower Canada is about 890,000.
The first rail is laid in the Grand Trunk
Railway.

1854. Commutation of the system of Seignior-
ial Tenure in Canada. There were at this
time about 160 seignewrs and more than
70,000 rent-payers.

1855. Seat of government transferred from
Quebec to Toronto.

1857. June 26. The Montreal, a river steam-
boat plying between Quebec and Montreal,
is destroyed by fire near Cap Rouge, with
a loss of 250 lives.

1858. Ottawa is selected as the capital of the
two Canadas.

QUEBEC CHRONOLOGY. 235

1859. Seat of government transferred from
Toronto to Quebec.

1860. August 18. Prince of Wales (now King
Edward) lands at Quebec from H.M.S. Hero.
H.R.H. the Duke of Edinburgh visits Que-
bec in the following year.

1861 . The Great Eastern steamship visits Quebec.

1864. The Charlottetown Convention is ad-
journed to Quebec, at the invitation of the
Canadian Government. October 16-28,
the "Fathers of Confederation" draw up
their first scheme for the union of British
North American Provinces.

1866. The Reciprocity Treaty, signed June 5,
1854, is repealed.

1867. July 1. The birth of the Dominion of
Canada. Under that name the Provinces of
Canada (now Ontario and Quebec), Nova
Scotia and New Brunswick are united by
the British North America Act. Viscount
Monck, Governor General of Canada, be-
comes the first Governor General of the
Dominion.

1870. Quebec, under H.R.H. Duke of Con-
naught, is under arms to repel the Fenian
raids.

1871. The Royal Canadian Artillery, the first
regular troops under the Canadian Govern-
ment, has its first parade at Quebec.

1876. Opening of the Intercolonial railway
from Quebec to Halifax.

236 CRADLE OF NEW FRANCE.

1872-8. Many improvements at Quebec pro-
moted by the Earl of Dufferin. The
Terrace was extended to Cape Diamond
Redoubt, giving it a total length of
1,400 feet.

1875. The 100th anniversary of the victory
over Arnold's troops in 1775 is celebrated
in Quebec by the Literary and Historical
Society and the Institut Oanadien.

1883. First visit to Quebec of the present
Prince of Wales, then Prince George of
Wales.

1884. 300 Canadian voyageurs for the Nile
expedition rendezvous at Quebec.

1889. The Ursulines and Hospitali&res celebrate
the 250th anniversary of the foundation of
the Ursuline Convent by Madame de la
Peltrie, and of the H6tel Dieu by the
Duchesse d'Aiguillon.

1897. Celebration of the Queen's Diamond
Jubilee hi Quebec. Lord Aberdeen un-
veils the statue of the Queen in Victoria
Park.

1898. Monument to Champlain on the terrace
unveiled by Lord Aberdeen.

1899. The first Canadian contingent for
service in South Africa embarks at
Quebec.

1901. Their Royal Highnesses the Duke and
Duchess of Cornwall and York reach Que-
bec in their tour of the Empire.

QUEBEC CHRONOLOGY. 237

1902. Fiftieth anniversary of the founding of
Laval University by Royal Charter signed
at Westminster on December 8th, 1852.

1908. Unveiling of monument to Mgr. Laval,
first bishop of Quebec.

1908. Tercentenary of the founding of Quebec
by Champlain.

APPENDIX I.

MONUMENTS OF QUEBEC.
WOLFE'S MONUMENT.

When Wolfe fell mortally wounded on the
13th of September, 1759, he was carried to the
rear of his line and died before the close of the
battle. In 1772 the British officers had an
obelisk erected in his honour hi the City of New
York; but for seventy- three years no monument
in Quebec marked the scene either of the victory
or of the General's death. In 1832 Lord Aylmer
erected at his own expense a simple monument
a short distance to the north-west of Quebec
gaol, to commemorate the spot where Wolfe
expired. Through the generosity of the British
officers in the Garrison of Quebec this was re-
placed in 1849 by a simple monument, which
is still in existence. It is a plain round column
surmounted by a sword and helmet. On one

240 CRADLE OF NEW FRANCE.

side of the pedestal appear in relief these words
on a plate attached to the base of the column :

HERE DIED

WOLFE

VICTORIOUS

SEPT. 13

1759
On the other side:

THIS PILLAR
WAS ERECTED BY THE

BRITISH ARMY

IN CANADA 1849

HIS EXCELLENCY

LIEUTENANT GENERAL

SIR BENJAMIN DURBAN,

G.C.B., K.C.H., K.C.T.S., ETC.,

COMMANDER OF THE FORCES

«

TO REPLACE THAT ERECTED BY
GOVERNOR-GENERAL LORD AYLMER, G.C.B.

IN 1832

WHICH WAS BROKEN AND DEFACED
AND IS DEPOSITED BENEATH.

THE WOLFE-MONTCALM MONUMENT.

This monument was erected under the ad-
ministration of Lord Dalhousie. It is situated

Aux BRAVES WOLFE JACQUES CARTIEK

PERE MASSE CHAMPLAIN SHORT-WALLICK

WOL FE-MONTCALM

APPENDIX I. 241

at the entrance to the Governor's Garden, facing
the river. The first meeting of citizens was
held on the 1st November, 1827, under the
presidency of the Governor. On the 15th of the
same month, Lord Dalhousie laid the corner
stone bearing this inscription :

HUJUSCE
MONUMENTI IN MEMORIAM

VIRORUM ILLUSTRIUM

WOLFE ET MONTCALM

FUNDAMENTUM

P. C.

GEORGIUS COMES DE DALHOUSIE

IN SEPTENTRIONALIS AMERICAE PARTIBUS

AD BRITANNOS PERTINENTIBUS

SUMMAM RERUM ADMINISTRANS ;

OPUS PER MULTOS ANNOS PRAETERMISSUM

(QUID DUCI EGREGIO CONVENIENTIUS)

AUCTORITATE PROMOVENS, EXEMPLO STIMULANS

MUNIFICENTIA FOVENS

DIE NOVEMBRIS XVA

A.D. MDCCCXXVII
GEORGIO IV BRITANNIARUM REGE.

242 CRADLB OF NEW FRANCE.

The ceremony concluded with the firing of a
salute from the Citadel and the singing of the
national anthem "God save the King."

A committee appointed for the erection of the
monument, opened a competition and offered a
medal for the best inscription. It was won by
J. Charlton Fisher, LL.D., and is as follows:

MORTEM VIRTUS COMMUNEM

FAMAM HISTORIA

MONUMENTUM POSTERITA8

DEBIT

(Translation)

VALOUR GAVE THEM A COMMON DEATH
HISTORY A COMMON FAME

AND POSTERITY A COMMON MONUMENT.

THE STE. FOY MONUMENT.

This monument was made after a design by the
Chevalier Charles Baillarg6 of Quebec. It con-
sists of a column of fluted bronze mounted upon
a pedestal, the four corners of which support four
mortars also of bronze. The front of the pedestal
facing Ste. Foy Road bears the following inscrip-
tion: "Aux braves de 1760 — Erig6 par la
SociSte* St. Jean Baptiste de Quebec, 1860. " On
the side towards the city, the name of MURRAY
stands out in relief above the arms of Great
Britain; on the side of Ste. Foy, the name of

APPENDIX I. 243

L£vis is placed above the emblems of OldFrance.
In the rear a bas-relief represents the famous
wind-mill of Dumont, which was held in turn by
the English and the French, and finally carried
by the Grenadiers de la Reine under M. d'Aigue-
belles, after a furious battle with the Scottish
Highlanders, commanded by Colonel Fraser.

The monument itself is sixty-five feet in
height and is surmounted by a statue of Bellona,
ten feet high, the gift of Prince J6r6me Napoleon,
cousin of Napoleon III.

In 1854 the human bones found on the site of
DumomVs mill were transported with much
pomp to the Quebec Cathedral. After Arch-
bishop Turgeon, in a solemn ceremony, had
pronounced the words of hope and faith in the
resurrection, the remains of the rival warriors
were buried on the Ste. Foy Road. It is upon
this spot that the monument now stands.

General Rowan, the administrator and acting
governor of Canada, laid the corner stone on the
18th of July, 1855, in the presence of M. de
Belveze, commander of the corvette "La Capri-
cieuse," the first French man-of-war that had
sailed up the St. Lawrence since 1759.

JACQUES CARTIER MONUMENT.

This monument to the Discoverer of Canada
and to the Jesuit Fathers de Bre*beuf, Masse* and
Lalemant was unveiled on the 24th of June, 1889.

244 CRADLE OF NEW FRANCE.

On the face of the monument is the following
inscription :

JACQUES CARTIER

ET SES HARDIS COMPAGNON8

LES MARINS

DE LA GRANDE HERMINE

DE LA PETITE HERMINE ET DE L'EMERILLON

PASSERENT ICI L'HIVER

DE 1535-36.
Translation —

JACQUES CARTIER
AND HIS BRAVE COMRADES

THE MARINES
OF LA GRANDE HERMINE

OF LA PETITE HERMINE AND L?EMERILLON
PASSED HERE THE WINTER

OF 1535-36.

On the side facing the city, it is recorded that
on the 3rd of May, 1536, Jacques Cartier erected
at the spot where he had spent the whiter a cross
35 feet high, bearing a shield with fleurs-de-lys,
and the inscription:

FRANCISCUS PRIMUS

DEI GRACIA FRANCORUM

REX REGNAT.

APPENDIX I. 245

On the east side of the monument appear the
names of Fathers Jean de Bre*beuf, Ennemond
Mass6 and Charles Lalemant, who, on the 23rd
of September, 1625, solemnly took possession of
the ground known as Fort Jacques Cartier at the
confluence of the rivers St. Charles and Lairet to
erect thereon the first residence of the Jesuit
missionaries in Quebec.

On the side facing the river Lairet, above the
cypher of the Society of Jesus, hi the centre of a
large palm, are inscribed the names of the princi-
pal martyrs of the Society of Jesus in Canada:
BrSbeuf, Lalemant, Jogues, Gamier, Buteux,
Masse", Daniel and de Noue.

CHAMPLAIN MONUMENT.

This monument was designed by the sculptor
M. Chevre* and the architect M. LeCardonnel, of
Paris. The contract was signed on the 23rd of
May, 1896.

Work on the foundation was begun about the
15th of June, 1898. All the materials were
brought from France. The monument was
unveiled by Lord Aberdeen on the 1st of August,
1898. The steps are of granite from the Vosges,
and the pedestal of stone from the Chateau
Landon. On the summit stands Champlain, hat
in hand, saluting the soil of Canada. The statue
is 14 feet 9 inches high and weighs 6,927 pounds.
On the pedestal is a superb bas-relief in bronze.
A woman representing the city records on a

246 CRADLE OF NEW FRANCE.

tablet the works of the founder; on her right, the
genius of navigation, in the form of a child,
recalls the fact that Champlain was a sailor be-
fore he was a governor; above this group, Fame,
with outspread wings and a trumpet, proclaims
the glory of the great Frenchman and beckons
the youth of Quebec to emulate the founder of
their city.

In the distance may be seen the outline of the
cathedral of Quebec, surmounted by a cross.
Several cartouches with the arms of Canada, of
Quebec,and of Brouage, Champlain's native city,
complete the monument.

The inscription is as follows:

SAMUEL DE CHAMPLAIN
NE A BROUAGE EN SAINTONGE, VERS 1567;

SERVIT A L'ARMEE sous HENRI rv

EN QUALITE DE MARECHAL DES LOGISJ
EXPLORA LES INDES OCCIDENTALES DE

1599 A 1601,
L'ACADIE DE 1604 A 1607;

FONDA QUEBEC EN 1608;

DECOUVRIT LE PAYS DES GRANDS LACS;

COMMANDA PLUSIEURS EXPEDITIONS

CONTRE LES IROQUOIS

DE 1609 A. 1615;

FUT SUCCESSIVEMENT LIEUTENANT-GOUVERNEUR

ET GOUVERNEUR DE LA NOUVELLE FRANCE,
ET MOURUT i QUEBEC, LE 25 DECEMBRE, 1635.

APPENDIX I. 247

THE MONUMENT TO FATHER MASSE.

This monument is erected at Sillery on the site
of the chapel, built by the Commandeur de Sillery,
hi memory of Father Ennemond Masse", the first
Jesuit missionary of the St. Joseph Mission. It
was inaugurated on the 26th of June, 1870.

The monument occupies a very pretty site. It
consists of a column in the shape of an obelisk of
cut stone, twenty feet high, and surmounted by
a white marble cross. The column stands on a
white brick vault containing the remains of
Father Masse*. Inside the palisade, stone posts
with chains indicate the outline of the main nave
and sanctuary of St. Michael's church.

The inscription reads :

THE INHABITANTS OF SILLERY

HAVE ERECTED THIS MONUMENT TO THE MEMORY

OF PIERRE ENNEMOND MASSfc, S. J.

FIRST MISSIONARY IN CANADA

BURIED IN 1646

IN THE CHURCH OF ST. MICHEL

ON THE DOMAIN OF SAINT JOSEPH OF SILLERY.

THE CHURCH OF SAINT MICHEL
WHICH FORMERLY STOOD ON THIS SPOT

WAS BUILT BY

THE COMMANDER OF SILLERY
FOUNDER IN 1637, OF THE SAINT JOSEPH DOMAIN.

248 CRADLE OF NEW FRANCE.

THE SHORT- WALLICK MONUMENT.
On the 16th of May, 1889, St. Sauveur sub-
urbs were devastated by fire which threatened
to destroy the whole ward. Several hundred
houses, mostly of wood, had already been burnt
when the soldiers decided to blow up some inter-
vening buildings. Barrels of gunpowder were
prepared for the purpose, and Major Short of the
Royal Canadian Artillery, with a sergeant of the
same corps, approached the building when an
explosion occurred and the bodies of both were
blown into space. Moved by their tragic death,
the citizens of Quebec contributed to the erection
of a monument to their memory.

THE MONUMENT TO QUEEN VICTORIA.

This excellent bronze, which surmounts a
stone pedestal designed by Mr. Tache", I.S.O., is
placed towards the centre of Victoria Park, on
the banks of the River St. Charles.

The statue, the work of Marshall Wood,
was offered to the Government for the sum of
$20,000. For some years, however, it lay hi
Dufferin Avenue, but finally the Hon. Mr. Parent
purchased it for the sum of $1,700, and placed it
in its present position. The monument was
unveiled by Lord Aberdeen in the year 1897.

APPENDIX II.

HOSPITALS AND INSTITUTIONS.
GENERAL HOSPITAL.

On the 13th of September, 1692, Mgr. de
Saint Valier bought the convent of the Re*collets
on the Bank of the River St. Charles and pre-
sented it to some nuns of the H6tel Dieu for a
General Hospital. By the terms of the contract
the Re*collets conveyed to the bishop one hun-
dred and six arpents of land, with their church
and convent of Notre Dame des Anges.

On the 30th of October of the same year,
those who had hitherto been cared for in the
House of Providence in the Upper Town, were
transferred to this building. The Hospital was
enlarged in 1710, 1736, 1740 and 1859, and was
set aside as the refuge of the homeless and
friendless poor.

Historically the General Hospital is one of
the most interesting convents in Quebec. Wher-
ever it became necessary to succor the unfortu-
nate, of whatever nationality, either in times of

250 CRADLE OF NEW FRANCE.

epidemic or in time of war, the Hospital opened
its doors to all in need of medical care. After
the siege of Quebec, in 1759, the wounded of the
English army were received with the same charity
as the French. The wounded soldiers of Arnold
and Montgomery were also as carefully attended
as if they had been in a Boston hospital.

The sacristy of the chapel contains an Ecce
Homo which is admitted by connoisseurs to be a
masterpiece. Unfortunately the name of the
painter is not known. The greater portion of
the treasures of the church date from the time of
Mgr. de Saint Valier and consist of a chalice,
altar-cruets, censer and candle-sticks of silver
to the value of 3,000 francs, gifts of Madame de
Maintenon to Mgr. de Saint Valier.

V HOTEL DIEU DU PK&CIEUX SANG.
The H6tel Dieu is the oldest monastry in Can-
ada. Its foundation dates from the year 1637.
Two years later, M&re Marie Guenet de Saint
Ignace, and two other hospitalises, who had
been sent by the Duchesse d'Aiguillon, niece of
Cardinal Richelieu, arrived hi Quebec. In the
early days of the country's history, the nuns had
to lodge temporarily at Sillery, and afterwards
in a house hi Quebec. The corner stone of the
present convent was laid hi 1654. The building,
which contained a chapel and a hospital, was
finished in 1658; it was consecrated by M. de
Queylus, on the 10th of August. Another building

APPENDIX II. 251

was added to it in 1672. In 1696 considerable
additions were made to the main building. Two
centuries later a large wing was built in modern
style, intended chiefly for private patients.

The Hospitalises nuns take care of the sick
of all classes. Connected with the building is a
splendid operating room fitted with every mod-
ern appliance. The medical service is performed
by a certain number of professors of Laval Uni-
versity.

The convent chapel contains several mural
tablets, and masterpieces by such artists as
Lesueur, the French Raphael, Coypel and Stella.

In the H6tel Dieu are carefully preserved
several souvenirs of a bygone age, some relics
of the first Canadian martyrs, and a number of
rare pictures. Among these are The Crucifixion,
by Van Dyke; Christmas Night, by Stella; Pre-
sentation of Mary in the Temple, by Lebrun;
Visitation, by Rubens, on copper, given by the
Duchesse d'Aiguillon; St. Francis of Assisi, by
a Zurbaran; the Martyrs of the Society of Jesus
in Canada; a fine tapestry in two pieces one of
which is the Adoration of the Shepherds, and the
other the Adoration of the Magi, given by Mr.
Dannemarche; portraits of Louis XIV, the In-
tendant Talon, Louis XV, Marie Leckzinska;
Fathers Ragueneau and Charlevoix, Mother Be*-
nigne Th6r£se de Je*sus,aCarmalite,daughter of M.
de Denonville, Governor of New France; Mother
St. Augustin; Mother St. Ignace, annalist of the

252 CRADLE OF NEW FRANCE.

H6tel Dieu, and the first Canadian Superioress of
the institution.

The Archives of the Hotel Dieu contain a num-
ber of old plans and manuscripts; among these
are letters from St. Francis de Sales, St. Vincent
de Paul, Talon, Montcalm, Mgr. de Pontbriand;
Vaudreuil, Bigot, Maisonneuve, Madame D'Aille-
boust, Father F. X. Duplessis; the registers re-
garding all the patients admitted to the H6tel
Dieu since 1689, with the place of their birth;
the registers of the patients who died in the Hos-
pital and were buried in the Cemetery of the
Poor from 1723 to 1867; and the manuscript
annals of the institution.

H6TEL-DiEu DU SACRE COEUR.

TheH6telDieu is an off-shoot of the General Hos-
pital. Its establishment, in the year 1873, was
due to the efforts of the Archbishop of Quebec and
the Chevalier Falardeau, its temporal founder.

The institution, which is wholly charitable in
character, is devoted to the care of foundlings
and of the aged and infirm.

THE JEFFREY HALE HOSPITAL.
This hospital was founded in 1865 through the
liberality of Mr. Jeffery Hale, who gave a portion
of the money required to provide ground and a
hospital for the Protestant sick. In December
of that year a property was bought, situated on
the edge of the cliff overlooking St. Roch sub-

APPENDIX II. 253

urbs, at the corner of Richelieu and Glacis streets.
The hospital was opened in 1867. In 1900 a
piece of ground was purchased between Claire
Fontaine and de Salaberry streets, on which the
present building was erected.

ASYLUM OF THE GOOD SHEPHERD.

There are several institutions under the com-
munity of the Good Shepherd — the building on
St. Amable street, the St. Louis Academy, the
St. Charles Asylum and the Lying-in Hospital.

The first building was opened in 1850, and
additions have been made at frequent intervals.

THE ASYLUM OF THE SISTERS OF CHARITY.

The Asylum of the Sisters of Charity was found-
ed in 1848, by Mgr. C. F. Turgeon, Archbishop
of Quebec, by means of collections and subscrip-
tions throughout the diocese. Poor as it has
always been, the community of the Sisters of
Charity, or Grey Nuns, has succeeded, by the
exercise of perseverance, hi carrying out and
developing its work. They have charge of the
Asylum of St. Michael the Archangel at la Canar-
di&re, on the Beauport road, the St. Antoine
Asylum of St. Roch, and St. Bridget's Asylum
on Grande Alle"e.

The archives of the convent, since its founda-
tion, are contained in two enormous volumes.
There are in addition ten volumes of annals, on
the History of the Institution.

254 CRADLE OF NEW FRANCE.

ST. ANTOINE ASYLUM.

On the 28th of October, 1897, the handsome
building on St. Francis street owned by the
Cercle Catholique of Quebec was handed over
by them to the archiepiscopal corporation.
On the 25th of March, 1898, the property was
transferred to the pastor of St. Roch. The object
of this institution is to care for the aged of the
parish. Eleven sisters of the Grey Nuns are in
charge.

ST. BRIDGET'S ASYLUM ASSOCIATION.

This Association, which perpetuates the name
of the famous Abbess of Kildafe, may be con-
sidered to date from the spring of 1856, when a
few of the non-commissioned officers of the regi-
ments of the line stationed in the garrison, col-
lected the sum of seventeen pounds, which they
transferred to the Reverend Father Nelligan, V.G.,
for the relief of the poor. This modest sum
formed the nucleus of a fund for the establish-
ment of a home for destitute children and or-
phans. In 1858 a property on the St. Louis
Road was purchased, upon which the present
building now stands.

THE LEGISLATIVE BUILDINGS.
The grounds on which the Parliament Build-
ings are erected, formed a part of the old Fief
St. Frangois, which was conceded to Jean Bour-
don by the Company of New France on the 16th
of March, 1646.

APPENDIX II. 255

The area of the ground occupied by the Legis-
lative and Departmental buildings is 251,763
square feet, and that of Fountain Avenue,
18,000 square feet, making a total of 269,763
square feet. The total cost of the building was
$1,669,249.

The structure is of quadrangular form with
an inner courtyard. The face of each building
is 300 feet in length. The tower of the campanile
is 153 feet in height, and the crest surmounted by
an iron crown is 19 feet higher, making the total
height from the ground to the summit, 172 feet.

The building facing Duff erin Avenue is occupied
by the Legislative Council and by the Legisla-
tive Assembly. The other three sides of the
building are occupied by the Public Depart-
ments.

The niches in the masonry of the front of the
campanile are to contain statues of Jacques
Cartier, the discoverer of Canada; Champlain,
the founder of Quebec; Maisonneuve, the found-
er of Montreal; Laviolette, the founder of Three
Rivers; Pierre Boucher, Governor of Three Riv-
ers; Father Bre*beuf, Jesuit; Father Viel, Re*-
collet; Mgr. de Montmorency-Laval; M. Olier,
founder of the Society of St. Sulpitius. The
niches already filled contain the statues of Wolfe,
Montcalm, Frontenac, Le"vis, Lord Elgin, and
de Salaberry, the hero of Chateauguay.

On the piers of each story, trophies, surround-
ed by oak leaves, cartouches, panoplies and

256 CRADLE OF NEW FRANCE.

floating draperies, bear, carved in relief, the
arms of the Governors and Royal Lieutenants:
Montmagny, d'Ailleboust, d'Argenson, Tracy,
Callteres, Vaudreuil, Murray, Dorchester, Pre-
vost, Bagot; of the discoverers: Marquette,
Jolliet, La Ve>endrye, La Salle; of the intendant
Talon; of the warriors: Daulac, Beaujeu, Hertel,
d'lberville.

The pediment of the fore-front dedica-
ted to Champlain is surmounted by a fine
group in bronze, by P. Herbert. Another
group in bronze by the same artist, crowns
the pediment of the fore-front dedicated to
Maisonneuve.

In front of the main entrance, at the foot of
the campanile, is a monumental fountain dedi-
cated to the aboriginal races of Canada. The
portico, of the Tuscan order, is surmounted by a
bronze group representing an Indian family.
Below, at the back of the sheet of water
formed by an elliptical basin 45 feet long
and 28 feet wide, another bronze represent-
ing an Indian spearing a fish in a cascade,
completes the ornamentation of this graceful
outwork.

THE HOTEL DE VILLE.

The present City Hall stands on the grounds of
the old Jesuit College. The college was after-
wards occupied by the troops, and known as the
Jesuit Barracks. In November, 1889, a portion
of the ground was purchased for civic buildings,

APPENDIX II. 257

the old City Hall being then on St. Louis Street.
The building was opened in 1896, at a total
cost of about $150,000.

THE PRISON.

The oldest prison of Quebec stood on the
grounds belonging to the family of BScancour,
near Fort St. Louis, on the corner of St. Louis
Street and Rue des Carrieres, nearly opposite the
main entrance to the courtyard of the Chateau
Frontenac.

During the closing years of the French regime
the public prison was situated in the rear of the
Palace of the Intendant, near the river St.
Charles, at the place commonly called " the fuel-
yard."

In 1784 vacant rooms in the Re* collet convent
served as a temporary prison. When the convent
was burnt, the prisoners were kept in buildings
adjoining the Artillery Barracks, near Palace
Hill.

In 1810 the building of a prison was begun on
a piece of ground between St. Stanislas, Dauphin
and Ste. Angdle Streets; this prison was inaugur-
ated in 1814 and was used until 1867. It now
comprises a part of Morrin College.

The present gaol was erected hi 1867.

THE INTEND ANT'S PALACE.
When Talon filled the office of Intendant he
had a brewery built at the Palais. It was finished
in 1671, but the industry, a new one in the

16

258 CRADLE OF NEW FRANCE.

country, did not prove as profitable as the
Intendant had expected. The brewery was
therefore remodelled and used as the Intendant's
Palace. In this building sat the Superior Coun-
cil. When first established, sittings of the Coun-
cil were held in a house called the Palais at
the corner of the Place d'Armes and St. Louis
Street, on the spot where the present court house
stands.

Talon's brewery was destroyed by fire on the
night of the 5th and 6th January, 1713. On its
ruins was erected the Intendant's Palace, of
which Kalm and Charlevoix speak in terms of
admiration. In this palace justice was ad-
ministered in Quebec during the last years of
French rule. It was almost entirely demolished
during the siege of 1759. At the present day
the site is again used for its original purpose : on
the ruins of the old Palace stands another
brewery.

THE SENECHAL'S COURT.

The first building hi which the Senechal's
Court sat was at the foot of Mont Carmel Street,
near the north-east end of the present Governor's
Garden. The court was afterwards transferred
to a building erected on the site of the present
court. The ground was given by Louis XIV
to the Re*collets in 1681, for the purpose of
erecting an asylum. The missionaries establish-
ed there a branch of their monastery of Notre
Dame des Anges and it was called the Oonvent

APPENDIX II. 259

of the Oastk. This convent stood a short
distance from the monastery, on the north-east
portion of the grounds now occupied by the
Anglican Cathedral.

THE COURT HOUSE.

This splendid building, on the corner of St.
Louis Street and the Place d'Armes, was opened
for the purposes of the administration of justice
in 1887.

The old Court House was destroyed by fire on
the 1st February, 1873. In the interval the
courts sat hi the old military hospital, in the rear
of St. Louis Street. The first Court House had
been built, in 1804, on the site occupied by the
dependencies of the old Re"collet convent. Pre-
vious to that date, from the cession of the coun-
try to Great Britain, the courts were^held in the
Jesuits' College.

LAVAL NORMAL SCHOOL.

Laval Normal School was inaugurated on the
12th of May, 1857, in the Old Castle, or "Haldi-
mand Castle," as it was called.

The seat of Government at that time was not
fixed : sometimes it was in Kingston or Toronto,
at others, in Montreal or Quebec. From 1860 to
1865, the Normal School was required for the use
of the Public Departments. The classes were
then held in the building now occupied by the
Jesuits on Dauphine Street. The school returned

260 CRADLE OF NEW FRANCE.

to the Old Castle in 1866 and remained there
until 1892, when it was transferred to the board-
ing house of Laval University. Here it remained
until 1900. It now occupies a property on the
Ste. Foy road, just outside the city limits.

THE GARRISON CLUB.

This building was formerly the Engineer's
Office. A story was added and the interior
altered to meet the requirements of a modern
club. In the Engineer's Office were prepared
all the old plans and maps of Canada which are
now preserved in the new Archives Building at
Ottawa.

THE CHATEAU FRONTENAC.

Many circumstances combine to give the
Chateau Frontenac a peculiar interest. Its
imposing situation appeals with fresh force to
every lover of the beautiful as the seasons come
and go. Within its precincts stood the Fort of
the Founder of la Nouvelle France, and the
residence of a long line of illustrious governors
under the old regime and under the new.

For more than two centuries this site has been
closely identified with the development of Canada.
The present structure serves admirably to mark
the progress which has been made in our midst
during the space of three hundred years. Here
stands a building unsurpassed for luxury and
refinement even in those countries which were
already old when the pioneers of New France

APPENDIX II. 261

built here their first rude fort to protect them-
selves against the attacks of the Iroquois.

THE ARCHBISHOP'S PALACE.

The corner-stone of this building, which is
situated at the top of Mountain Hill, was laid in
1844. The building contains a chapel, a sacristy
and a throne room. In the sacristy there are
vestments of cloth of gold valued at $3,600. In
the throne room there are paintings of all the
Bishops of Quebec, of Pope Pius VI, Gregory
XVI, Leo XIII, His Eminence Cardinal Tasche-
reau, and Monseigneur Marois. There are also
many treasures received from Rome.

The archives comprise the registers of the
archbishopric from the tune of Mgr. de Laval; old
title deeds concerning the abbeys of Meaubec
and Le*tre*e, the bulls appointing the Bishops of
Quebec; correspondence with Rome, with the
bishoprics of Canada, with the religious com-
munities and parish priests; the correspondence
of the vicars-general of Canada, of the mission-
aries scattered throughout the vast diocese of
Quebec previous to its dismemberment; and
several manuscripts hi the Micmac, Abenakis,
Algonquin, Montagnais, Esquimaux and Outaou-
ais languages.

THE QUEBEC SEMINARY.

The Quebec Seminary was opened in 1668 in a
house belonging to the widow of Guillaume
Couillard at the entrance to the Governor's

262 CRADLE OF NEW FRANCE.

Garden. In 1678 was laid the corner-stone of
the wing that faces the garden and the junior
pupils' playground. It was only one story high,
with attics. After the first fire, in 1701, a second
story was added. When the building was re-
stored after the conflagration of 1866 by which
nearly one half of this wing was destroyed, a
third story was added. After 1701 the Seminary
was enlarged, so that about the year 1714 the
total length of the building was 350 feet. At
present the minor Seminary proper is nearly 700
feet in length.

The greater Seminary, of recent construction,
is a splendid whig, and affords accommodation for
a hundred theological students, recruited in
many dioceses. There also the priests of the
institutions have their rooms.

A fine staircase of iron and stone, which seems
all of one piece, leads from the basement to the
top of the building, and is much admired. The
building is fire-proof, and faces the Garden and
the rampart.

In 1800 the personnel of the Seminary consisted
of scarcely 110 persons; it is now nearly 800.

LAVAL UNIVERSITY.

This institution was founded in 1852 by the
Seminary of Quebec at the request of the Bishops
of the Province. Its charter, granted by Her
Majesty Queen Victoria, was signed at West-
minster in December of that year.

APPENDIX II. 263

There are four faculties: Theology, Law,
Medicine and Arts. The university degrees are
those of Doctor, Licentiate or Master, and
Bachelor.

By a Bull of Pius IX, dated the 15th of April,
1876, Laval University received its canonical
erection from Rome , with extensive privileges.
Under this important document the University
has for its protector at Rome, the Cardinal
Prefect of the Propaganda. Supervision and
discipline, as regard faith and morals, are vested
in a superior council consisting of the Bishops of
the Province, with the Archbishop of Quebec
as President. The Archbishop is the Chancellor
of the University.

The museums of Laval University, which are
very valuable and complete especially in the
department of Physics, contain over one thou-
sand instruments, including those connected
with the most recent discoveries.

In the picture gallery there are several pro-
ductions by great masters, such as Teniers, Van
Dyck, Lanfranc, LeSueur, Salvator Rosa, Joseph
Vernet, Tintoretto, Poussin, Albane, Puget,
Lebrun. The gallery proper contains 137 pic-
tures, but there is hi the Hall of the Literary
Course another splendid collection which be-
longed to Mgr. Marois, V.G. The university and
seminary also contain many pictures and re-
markable engravings, distributed through the
rooms and corridors.

264 CRADLE OF NEW FRANCE.

The numismatic museum contains over 3,000
coins and medals.

The library has 120,000 volumes; it is open to
visitors on certain days fixed by regulation.

Seventeen under-seminaries and colleges are
affiliated to the University; one only is associated;
two senior seminaries are also affiliated to it.

THE QUEBEC ASYLUM.

The Quebec Asylum was instituted hi 1821,
in a house on the Little River Road known as
La Maison Rouge. It was found, however, to
be too far distant from the town, and hi 1826
the house was sold. The work of the institution
was taken up later by the Female Orphan and
Finlay Asylums.

THE FEMALE ORPHAN ASYLUM.

In 1828 the Ladies' Committee of the female
department of the National Schools organized
the Female Orphan Asylum, and established it
in the upper story of the National School build-
ing in 1829. This institution was incorporated
under the name of "The Church of England
Female Orphan Asylum of the City of Quebec."
On the opening of the Finlay Asylum hi 1862,
the inmates at the National School were re-
moved to that building until their present
quarters were purchased.

The officers of the Imperial troops then
garrisoning Quebec established the Military

APPENDIX II. 205

Asylum for soldiers' widows and orphans, and
erected that substantial stone building on the
south side of Grande AUe*e near the Martello
Tower. The Imperial Garrison, however, was
removed from Quebec in 1871, and in 1873 the
property was purchased by the ladies of the
Female Orphan Asylum, who incorporated with
their own the work of the military orphanage.

THE MALE OEPHAN ASYLUM.
The Quebec Male Orphan Asylum was founded
in 1832, when cholera was epidemic in the city
and provinces. The English Cathedral authori-
ties called a meeting in July of that year for
"the purpose of taking into consideration the
cases of some forty orphans and also a number
of distressed subjects actually thrown upon the
charge of the Church." A house was rented
for the purpose till, in 1834, a stone house was
purchased in Rue de PEglise, St. Roch. The
second story was fitted up for divine worship,
and the lower one for the male orphans. In
1842 the building was condemned, and the
boys were installed in the National School,
a part of which had been fitted up for
them. The institution was incorporated in
1857. In 1862 the Finlay Asylum was opened
in a commodious building on the Ste. Foy
Road. The eastern wing was leased to the
Male Orphan Asylum, and the children re-
moved thither.

266 CRADLE OF NEW FRANCE.

THE FINLAY ASYLUM.

After the sale of La Maison Rouge in 1826,
when the old men were pensioned off and scat-
tered in lodgings all over the parish, the Quebec
Asylum became extinct. Some efforts were
made to improve this condition of things, but
nothing of a permanent nature was accom-
plished till 1854, when a house in Lachevroti&re
Street was rented, and the parish pensioners of
both sexes gathered therein. This establish-
ment was removed to Sutherland Street and
subsequently the house was purchased with
money bequeathed by Miss Margaret Finlay.
The institution was incorporated by the rector
and church wardens of the Cathedral hi 1857.

The following year several large donations
enabled the corporation to purchase ground on
the north side of Ste. Foy Road just outside the
city limits, and to erect thereon a fine building,
the corner-stone of which was laid in 1860.
The Asylum is of Gothic architecture, built of
Cap Rouge stone, and is about 110 feet long by
55 feet wide, two stories high with basement and
attic.

The system adopted hi the Finlay Asylum is
that of small wards containing from three to six
persons. The chapel is in the centre of the
building with four rooms opening from it, so
that very infirm persons and those confined to
bed can, without leaving their rooms, join in the
daily service in the morning.

APPENDIX II. 267

LADIES' PROTESTANT HOME OF QUEBEC.
Amongst the many noble works undertaken
by the ladies of Quebec, the Protestant Home is
a monument. This institution has accom-
plished much, and is deserving of all the support
necessary for its efficient maintenance. The
act of incorporation was assented to in May,
1859. The building is situated on Grande
A116e.

APPENDIX III.

THE CHURCHES OF QUEBEC.
THE BASILICA OF QUEBEC.

The first parish church of Quebec was that of
Notre Dame de la Recouvrance erected by
Champlain in 1633. With the sudden increase
of the population in 1634 and 1635 it was en-
larged by one half, and rededicated. It was
totally destroyed by the fire of the 14th of June,
1640. The disaster was complete; even the bell
and chalices were melted by the heat. The
registers of the parish were burnt with all the
contents of the church. The poverty of the
inhabitants was so great that some years elapsed
before the building of another church could be
designed. It was in October, 1645, that the
resolution was reached to begin at once the new
structure upon the ashes of the old. The name
chosen for the new church was, Notre Dame
de la Paix.

270 CRADLE OF NEW FRANCE.

NOTRE DAME DE LA PAIX.

In September, 1644, peace was concluded
with the Iroquois at Three Rivers, and it was
probably with a view of perpetuating the mem-
ory of that alliance that the new dedication
took place. On the 23rd of September Father
Lallemant, superior of the mission, and M. de
Montmagny, the governor, laid the corner-stone;
though it was not till Christmas day, 1650, that
the first mass was celebrated, and not till 1657
that the new church was finally thrown open
for public worship. The building was one
hundred feet by thirty-three. In 1664 the
parish church was canonically erected by Mon-
seigneur de Laval, and united to the Seminary.

During the first hundred years of its existence
the church underwent numerous improvements
and additions. The pillars of the nave date
from 1647, the towers from 1684 and the re-
mainder of the church from 1745.

During the siege of Quebec hi 1759, all the
wooden part of the church, with the exception
of the base of the steeple, was burnt hi the fire.
The walls also were considerably damaged by
balls and shells. The cure" had to lodge at the
Ursulines and celebrate parochial offices in the
Seminary Chapel. The work of restoration,
begun in 1769, was completed in 1771. Since
then the only changes on the outside were made
when the front was altered in 1843, and the
famous tower on the north side, still incom-

APPENDIX III. 271

plete, was begun in 1849. Governor Carleton
in 1775 gave a clock with three chimes for the
steeple. In 1823 it was replaced by a wooden
clock.

The interior of the basilica is admired by the
stranger, not so much on account of its architec-
tural proportions as for its rich paintings, bal-
dachin, pulpit, and side-chapels, and the pious
souvenirs connected with it. In the sanctuary
of this cathedral lie the remains of nearly all the
bishops of Quebec; of the cure's and canons of
the French regime; of the representatives of the
Jesuits and the Re*collets, and of seven or eight
hundred laymen and women belonging to the
first families of Quebec.

THE CHUKCH OF ST. ROCH.
The first stone of this church was laid in
August, 1811, by Vicar-General Descheneaux.
The fire of 1816 destroyed the building with the
exception of the sacristy. The work of rebuild-
ing began at once, and in October, 1818, Mon-
seigneur Plessis opened this second chapel for
public worship. In 1829, St. Roch suburbs,
hitherto a dependency of the Upper Town, was
erected into a separate parish. The church of St.
Roch was again destroyed by fire in May, 1845;
but the convent and the catechism chapel (the
present mortuary chapel) were saved. The latter
however was destroyed twenty-five years later
in the fire of May, 1870, but was rebuilt the same

272 CRADLE OF NEW FRANCE.

year. For some time it was used for funeral
services, but in 1882 was finally closed as a place
of divine worship.

The first cure* of St. Roch was M. A. Mailloux,
from 1829 to 1831.

In the sanctuary of the church is the heart of
Monseigneur Plessis, which was transferred
from the General Hospital in 1847; and also the
body of Abb6 Desfosse*s, one of the chaplains of
St. Roch.

THE CHURCH OF ST. JEAN BAPTISTE.

The first church of St. Jean Baptiste suburbs
was begun in 1847. Its dimensions were 180
feet by 80. From 1849 to 1886 the church
was a branch of the cathedral and was in
charge of a chaplain. In June, 1881, it
was destroyed by the disastrous fire that
swept away one-half the suburbs. A new
and much larger church, 234 feet by 87, was
completed in 1884. The present population
of the parish is 12,000 souls.

The interior of this church is very attractive,
but the exterior is especially remarkable for its
elegant proportions and the beauty of its facade.

THE CHURCH OF NOTRE DAME DE LA GARDE.
The decree authorizing the construction of
this church is dated 9th April, 1877. Work
was begun at once. The building is of cut stone.
Its dimensions are 100 feet by 50. The style
is Roman.

APPENDIX III. 373

Notre Dame de la Garde was erected into a
parish in 1885, and detached from the cathedral
of which, until then, it had been a branch.

CHURCH OF ST. MALO.

The parish of St. Malo was founded in 1898,
the church being blessed hi February, 1899, by
Archbishop Be* gin. The dimensions are im-
posing, 175 feet by 64, with a transept of 95 feet.
The style is Roman.

The first cure" of St. Malo was Abbe* Henri
Def oy, now a religious of the order of the Fathers
of the Blessed Sacrament.

Close by the church stands the convent in
charge of the Sisters of Notre Dame. The cor-
ner-stone of this attractive building was laid in
1901; its dimensions are 80 feet by 45, and four
stories in height. The college, near by, built in
1899, is now attended by over 400 pupils.

The parish of St. Malo has a house of Provid-
ence, begun hi 1902 hi the old girls' school, com-
prising an infant school for both sexes and a
patronage for the older girls. The latter is under
the direction of the Franciscan Nuns.

MONASTERY AND CHURCH OF THE URSULINES.
On their arrival at Quebec in August 1639, the
Ursuline nuns lodged in a poor dwelling in the
Lower Town at the place now occupied by Blan-
chard's Hotel facing the church of Notre Dame
des Victoires. It was not until the spring of 1641

274 CRADLE OF NEW FRANCE.

that they were in a position to begin a building
in the Upper Town, on grounds conceded to them
by the Company of the Hundred Associates. In
the following year they took possession of their
new monastery. It was ninety-two feet long and
twenty-eight hi width. "It is the largest and
finest house hi Canada," wrote M£re Marie de
L'Incarnation.

This first building was destroyed by fire on the
30th of December, 1650. In May, 1652, how-
ever, the nuns had the consolation of opening a
new monastery even more comfortable and
spacious than the old, but this also was destroyed
by a second conflagration in October, 1686. The
nuns resolved at once to rebuild for the third
tune on the same foundation, with the addition
of a wing already begun, called after the Holy
Family. The boarders were re-admitted hi
November, 1687. From 1712 to 1715 the
monastery was again enlarged, but the nuns con-
centrated their efforts chiefly on the building of
a more suitable chapel.

The inner chapel of the Ursulines is of quite
recent construction. It is a splendid structure
of majestic proportions with a superb and richly
decorated vault. The outer chapel, which it was
at first intended to preserve as it was built in
1720, had to be demolished, as the roof and walls
were beginning to give way and it would have
been imprudent to rest the new inner chapel on
such a ruin. The plan retained the style, orna-

APPENDIX III. 275

ments. altars, pulpit, columns and carving of the
old building. The corner-stone was laid in
August, 1901, and the solemn benediction of both
chapels took place on the 21st of November, 1902,
which was the 260th anniversary of the installa-
tion of the foundresses in their first monastery in
the Upper Town in 1642.

This chapel is the third that has been built
since the foundation of the first monastery. The
first, called Madame de la Pel trie's chapel, was
begun hi 1656. In 1667 the Marquis de Tracy
caused a chapel dedicated toSte. Anne to be added
to the Ursuline church. It was destroyed hi the
fire of October, 1686.

The second church, begun in 1720, was in-
augurated in 1722 by Mgr. de Saint Valier.
During the recent work of demolition the corner-
stone laid hi 1720 was found. It is a fine arch-
like stone closed with a leaden plate bearing the
inscription : " The first stone was laid by a poor
boy representing St. Joseph to obtain the pro-
tection of that great saint, 16th May, 1720."

The Ursuline monastery possesses riches of all
kinds: paintings, engravings, books and church
ornaments. Most of the paintings in the chapel
were bought hi France about 1815, by Abbe"
Desjardins, Vicar-General of the Archbishop of
Paris. Among the number are productions from
LeBrun, Pietro da Cortona, Ant. de Dieu,
Collin de Vermont, Claude Guy Halte, P. de
Champagne, P. P. Prud'hon. There are also

276 CRADLE OF NEW FRANCE.

monuments and memorial tablets to the memory
of Montcalm and others whose bodies repose
beneath the church.

The archives contain the annals of the com-
munity, the papers, and title-deeds, bearing the
signature of several French governors; the
original of the letters patent for the erection of a
monastery of Ursulines in New France with the
signature and royal seal of Louis XV. The
religious library contains 3,000 volumes; the
scientific, literary and pedagogical library con-
tains 7,200.

Until the year 1868, there was an old ash tree
standing near the entrance to the Convent under
the shade of which the venerable foundress in-
structed the Indian children. The wood of this
tree forms the pedestal of an old French cross
formerly on the spire of the first convent, and
now set up in the garden.

The destruction of the first monastery by fire
despoiled the Ursuline nuns of the gifts offered to
the foundresses by several important personages
in France. Nevertheless they still possess a
monstrance, a censer, a reliquary with a relic of
the true Cross, a massive silver crucifix given by
Madame de la Peltrie and two altar cloths made
out of silk damask curtains which, according to
the traditions of the monastery, belonged to Louis
XVI. The church ornaments and vestments
were worked by the first nuns and are still in a
perfect state of preservation.

APPENDIX III. 277

The chapel of the Saints contains a precious
souvenir of bygone days in the form of a votive
lamp, the flame of which was first kindled by
Marie Madeleine de Repentigny in the year 1717.
During the stormy days of the siege of Quebec hi
1759, when shells wrought havoc among the
buildings of the Upper Town, the Convent did not
escape. In the corridors may still be seen the
grim remains of those destructive messengers
which were powerless to deter the good nuns
from keeping faithful vigil in the Chapel of the
Saints. Ten of the nuns remained at their post,
and thus throughout those days of alternate hope
and despair, the lamp was kept steadfastly burn-
ing. A descendant of a branch of the family
recently presented to the Convent a solid silver
lamp to replace it.

At Merici, formerly known as Marchmont,
a branch of the Ursuline convent is estab-
lished.

ST. PATRICK'S CHURCH.
For many years after the Treaty of Paris,
which gave to the Catholics of Canada " the free
exercise of the Catholic religion, as far as the laws
of Great Britain permit," the Irish Catholics, or
those speaking the English language in the city
of Quebec, had no special church set apart for
them. At a meeting of Irish citizens held hi
the year 1819, it was resolved to honour the
Feast of their Patron Saint by the celebration of

278 CRADLE OF NEW FRANCE.

High Mass in the church of the congregation in the
Upper Town. This is the first record that we
have of the observance of the day in the city.
Three years later the Irish and English-speaking
Catholics formed themselves into a congregation,
with Reverend Father McMahon in charge. The
parish church appears to have been used regular-
ly for some years, but in 1828 the services were
held in the historic church of Notre Dame des
Victoires, hi the Lower Town. The accommoda-
tion offered by this church was totally inadequate
for the requirements of the English speaking
population which now numbered 6,000 souls.
The sum of $10,000 was collected to form a fund
for the construction of an independent church,
and the land was purchased on which the church
now stands. Owing to an epidemic of cholera
the laying of the corner-stone was delayed, but
by the summer of 1833 the building was suf-
ficiently advanced to admit of services
being held. The first Mass was sung in July
of that year. In 1845 the church was length-
ened by about 50 feet.

Hitherto St. Patrick's was considered as
a branch of the Parish Church, but in
1855 it was " constituted a body corporate
under the name of the Congregation of
the Catholics of Quebec speaking the English
language."

Since 1874 the church has been under the
charge of the Redemptorist Fathers.

APPENDIX III. 279

CHURCH OF NOTRE DAME DES VICTOIRES.

Amongst the churches in Quebec there is one
of very modest appearance, situated in a some-
what retired spot, but endowed with a history
which recalls a multitude of glorious recollections
for French-Canadian arms. This is the Church
of Notre Dame des Victoires.

The corner-stone was laid on the first day of
May, 1688. The Governor was present at the
ceremony at which Mgr. de Laval officiated.
The following year the church was finished, and
dedicated to the Infant Jesus. The small chapel
seen on the left of the entrance was named
Ste. Genevieve.

When Phips besieged Quebec in 1690, the
ladies of the town promised by a solemn vow to
make a pilgrimage to the church in the Lower
Town, if the Blessed Virgin obtained their
deliverance. When the invader was compelled
to withdraw without attaining his object, the
Bishop changed the name of the church to Notre
Dame de la Victoire, and ordained that a feast
should be observed on the fourth Sunday of
October of each year.

Twenty-one years later the title was changed
after a fresh intervention of Providence. In
1711 the English fleet commanded by Admiral
Walker sailed to attack Quebec. A heavy fog
covered the waters of the St. Lawrence, defying
the skill of the pilot, and eight vessels were
wrecked off Egg Island. The news of this

280 CRADLE OF NEW FRANCE.

disaster reached the city at the beginning of
October. It was received with great joy. The
entire population proceeded to the Lower Town
church to pay their devotion to our Lady of
Victory for a second deliverance of the Colony.
A portal to the church was built, and its name
changed to Notre Dame des Victoires.

But misfortune fell at last upon the Colony.
During the siege of 1759, the little church in the
Lower Town shared the fate of many other build-
ings. With the exception of four or five houses
the whole of the Lower Town was in flames.
Wolfe's shells spared nothing, and the church
was almost completely destroyed. The walls
alone remained. An appeal to public generosity
was made to restore the church, and hi 1765
divine service was held as before in the new
building. In 1817 the citizens resolved to finish
the ulterior, and the necessary repairs were then
completed.

In May, 1888, the bi-centenary of the founda-
tion of the church of Notre Dame des Victoires
was celebrated. A few months previously
painters had decorated the interior with the
most delicate taste. At the back of the church,
on the wall, panels in various colors set forth the
most striking facts that had illustrated the
history of the church during the different stages
of its existence.

In the church are preserved several relics for
the veneration of the faithful, among them being

APPENDIX III. 281

one of the true Cross, which is publicly venerated
on Good Friday and All Souls' Day.

FRANCISCAN CONVENT.

The order of the Soeurs Franciscaines Mission-
aires de Marie was founded in 1878. The Que-
bec Convent is situated at the corner of Claire
Fontaine Street, close to the site of the property
of Abraham Martin after whom the Plains were
named. The French army was drawn up on
this ground on the 13th of September, 1759, and
it is therefore one of the most historic spots in the
city.

The inception of this institution is due to the
noble idea of the rehabilitation of infidel women
by means of the Christian woman. United to
the Order of St. Francis, from which it derives
its spiritual direction, the ordinary field of its
labours is to be found hi foreign missions. The
mother house is in Rome, and there is the
Superior Council which directs the establish-
ments belonging to this congregation (over one
hundred in number) scattered hi almost every
part of the world.

The foundation of the Quebec Convent dates
from 1893. The Church and adjoining build-
ings were erected in 1897-98. The ulterior of the
church is exceedingly attractive. One feature is
an altar of Carrara marble and Mexican onyx.

The Quebec house is chiefly a novitiate where
missionary nuns are trained for distant coun-

17

282 CRADLE OF NEW FRANCE.

tries. In all the churches and chapels of the
Franciscans, whenever it is possible, the Blessed
Sacrament is exposed throughout the day. In
Quebec, to comply with the wishes of the dioce-
san authority, the nuns adore the Blessed
Sacrament day and night.

The Rev. Abb6 Paquet is the chaplain of the
Convent.

THE MONASTERY AND CHURCH OF THE RECOLLETS.
When Mgr. de Saint-Valier founded the
General Hospital in 1693 on the banks of the
River St. Charles, the Re*collets transferred their
establishment to the nuns of the General Hos-
pital, who installed themselves there while the
friars lodged in the Convent of the Castle which
they had built in 1681. In 1693 they began
to build the church which Charlevoix says was
worthy of Versailles. This church covered a
space, the eastern and western boundaries of
which would be about the centre of the upper
portion of the Place d'Armes, and the south-
eastern extremity of the ground occupied by
the Court House. The windows were filled
with stained glass, and in the church were pic-
tures painted by Brother Luke. The lines of
the steeple were of remarkable purity. Both
the monastery and the church were destroyed
by fire in September, 1796. The remains of
four French governors and of a great many of
the most noted personages of the Colony re-

APPENDIX III. 283

posed in the church. At the cession of Canada
the British Government took possession of the
monastery and church and used the latter for
the services of the Anglican church. After the
death of Father Felix de Berey, the last repre-
sentative of the Order, in 1800, the estates of the
Re*collets escheated and the government took
possession of the convent grounds to erect
thereon the court house and offices for the dis-
trict of Quebec. This building was finished in
1804.

JACQUES CARTIER CHURCH.
The building of this church was begun in the
month of August, 1851. The new edifice was
inaugurated as a chapel for members of the con-
gregation of St. Roch in September, 1853. Its
dimensions were 160 feet by 60. In 1865 the
chapel was opened and in 1875 was enlarged
to its present size. In 1901 the Congregation
gave its chapel to the Archbishop of Quebec,
who named it as the parochial church of Notre
Dame de Jacques Cartier.

THE CHURCH OF NOTRE DAME DU CHEMIN.

This church is situated on Ste. Foye Road,
about fifty yards from the turnpike, beside
Villa Manrese which is occupied by the Jesuit
Fathers in charge of the church. Its erection
was due to the liberality of Chevalier Louis de
Gonzague Baillarge* and to the religious zeal of
many citizens of Quebec. The interior is very

284 CRADLE OF NEW FRANCE.

attractive; it contains several remarkable paint-
ings and ten stained glass windows, representing
ten saints of the Society of Jesus. The church
was inaugurated in the spring of 1895.

ST. SAUVEUR CHURCH.

The foundation of this church dates back
more than fifty years, but it was not
erected into a parish until 1867. Its
present name was given to it in memory
of the first secular priest who had ar-
rived hi Quebec in 1634, and become in-
cumbent of St. Jean's Chapel on Saint
Sauveur Hill.

The first church was 170 feet by 60. It was
destroyed by fire hi October, 1866. The con-
struction of the present church was begun the
following year. The steeple, which is 100
feet in height, contains a fine peal of bells.
Attached to the church is a presbytery in
which reside the Oblat Fathers, who have the
church in charge.

CHURCH OF NOTRE DAME DE LOURDES.

This church, or chapel, was constructed
by the Oblat Fathers hi 1870. It was
consecrated in 1880. In 1882 Cardinal Tas-
chereau recognized Notre Dame de Lourdes
as the chapel of the third order of the
Franciscaines.

APPENDIX III. 285

PROTESTANT CHURCHES.

CATHEDRAL OF THE HOLY TRINITY.

A few words must be said about those Fran-
ciscan Friars called "Recollets," who were the
former proprietors of the land on which the
Cathedral was built. At the invitation of
Samuel Champlain, then Governor, the Re*collets
arrived at Quebec from France in 1615. Land
was granted them on the banks of the River St.
Charles, where they built a convent called
"Notre Dame des Anges," sufficiently strong
to resist the attacks of the Iroquois Indians. In
1629, Quebec was captured by the brothers
Kirke, and both Jesuits and Recollets were
shipped back to France. At the restoration of
Canada to France in 1632, the Jesuits returned,
but the Re*collets were not accorded that per-
mission until 1670, when they came to Quebec
with the Intendant Talon. They at once set
about rebuilding what is now the General
Hospital. As Bishop St. Valier wished to insti-
tute this Hospital, he purchased, in 1692, the
Re"collet property on certain conditions, giving
them in exchange a tract of land in the Upper
Town of the city facing the Parade, at present
called the Place d'Armes, comprising the whole
square on which the Court House, Cathedral,
and other buildings now stand. There they
erected their church and convent which,on the
cession of Canada, became a possession of the

286 CRADLE OF NEW FRANCE.

British Crown. The few friars who remained,
however, were permitted the use of their pro-
perties until the death of Pere DeBerey, the last
superior of the order in Canada. The Friars
generously allowed the Anglicans the use of
their church, as is shewn by a notice in the
Quebec Gazette in 1767.

The convent and church were burnt in 1796,
and the ruins were razed by the order of the
government; the chancel of the Cathedral stands
on a portion of these ruins which extended under
the roadway near the Court House. The Jesuit
church was then used for divine service.

The first Lord Bishop of the Diocese of Que-
bec, Dr. Jacob Mountain, arrived from England
hi 1793. At the solicitation of the Bishop, His
Majesty George III decided to build the Cathe-
dral. He set apart a portion of the Recollet
property for that purpose, and in 1799, ap-
pointed a commission to carry out the under-
taking.

The corner-stone was laid in 1800. At the
consecration in 1804 the Bishop was presented
with letters patent of the whole property as it
now stands, surrounded by a low stone wall,
which is surmounted by an iron railing and
closed with iron gates. The organ was im-
ported from England in 1801.

The Governor General, the Duke of Richmond,
who died in 1819, lies buried beneath the chancel
of the Cathedral, a brass plate in the floor mark-

APPENDIX III. 287

ing the spot; a marble tablet erected to his
memory in the north gallery is the finest piece of
workmanship of all the monuments on the walls
of the church.

Letters patent were issued in 1821 by His
Majesty George IV, erecting the parish of Quebec,
constituting the Cathedral the parish church
till one would be built, but likewise maintaining
intact its cathedral rights; there was also
granted a piece of ground adjacent to the
Cathedral " Close/' on which are built the
Rectory, "All Saints Chapel," and the "Church
Hall."

When Her Majesty's Sixty-ninth Regiment
returned from repelling the Fenian Invasion on
the Huntingdon County frontier, His Royal
Highness Prince Arthur presented them with
a new stand of colors, in June, 1870, and the old
colors were next day deposited hi the Cathedral
with the usual ceremonies.

The exterior of the Cathedral is much the
same as it always was, a substantial, plain,
rectangular stone edifice, standing hi the centre
of a well kept "Close," surrounded by fine old
trees which add beauty to the environment, and
remind Englishmen of the sacred buildings in
Britain. The interior was somewhat altered hi
1857, when the building was repaired. The
high arched ceiling, so beautifully tesselated, is
made, not as many suppose, of plaster, but
entirely of wood, and is supported by eight

288 CRADLE OF NEW FRANCE.

massive pillars of the lonic-Palladic order of
architecture. There are twenty-seven marble
monuments and eight brass plates on the walls
of the church, with fifteen fine memorial win-
dows, all of which add to the historic interest of
the edifice. The Governor General's pew, sur-
mounted by a brass railing with the Royal Arms
at the front, is in the north gallery.

The communion plate was the special gift of
King George III in 1804, and consists of ten
massive pieces of solid silver exquisitely en-
graved and embossed with the Royal Arms and
those of the Diocese. This service, which is a
masterpiece of silversmiths' workmanship, was
made in London and attracted considerable
attention before being despatched to Quebec in
1809 in a man-o'-war.

In 1766 General James Murray, then Gov-
ernor, gave in the King's name a communion
service, consisting of a large silver paten and
chalice engraved with the King's Arms, to the
Episcopal Parish of Quebec, whenever it would
be established. The service is still in use in the
Cathedral.

A prominent event in the annals of the diocese
was the celebration of its centenary on the first
of June, 1893, in the Cathedral. Many historic
services have been celebrated in the church,
prominent among which were the church parades
of the 2nd Battalion of the Royal Canadian
Infantry on Sunday, 29th October, 1899, and

APPENDIX III. 289

that of the Mounted Rifles and Field Artillery
on the 14th January, 1900, before they severally
embarked for the war in South Africa to uphold
the honor of the British Empire and the good
name of Canada. An official memorial service
was held hi 1901 at the hour of the burial of
Her late Majesty Queen Victoria, and the corona-
tion of King Edward was celebrated in 1902.

ST. MATTHEW'S.

St. Matthew's Church in its present form is of
recent date, but its existence dates back to 1822,
when Archdeacon Mountain instituted Sunday
evening services in a large room in the house of
the sexton of the Protestant Burying Ground,
St. John Street. The congregation grew so
rapidly that the sexton's domain was invaded,
and other quarters were obtained for him. In
1827 the building was improved, and in 1830 it
was enlarged by the addition of a transept.

In June, 1845, St. John's suburbs were des-
troyed by fire, and the chapel fell a prey to the
flames; but funds were raised, and in 1848 the
corner-stone of a neat stone building was laid
by Bishop Mountain. Hitherto St. Matthew's
was a chapel of the Cathedral, but in 1855, it
became a separate chapel with the present dis-
trict attached. The building as it now stands
was commenced hi 1870, by the erection of the
chancel and transepts. In 1875 the old portion
of the church was pulled down, and the nave,

290 CRADLE OF NEW FRANCE.

south aisle and vestries erected. The church
received its chime of bells in 1888, but the old
bell of 1849 still does duty on the western gable.
In 1875 St. Matthew's Chapel was constituted a
church, and its district a parish.

The church both without and within is now
one of the handsomest buildings in the country,
and contains many beautiful memorials of de-
ceased members of the congregation.

TRINITY CHURCH.

Trinity Church in St. Stanislas street in the
Upper Town, was built as a " Chapel of Ease"
to the Cathedral, by Chief Justice Jonathan
Sewell at a cost of $16,000. The corner-stone
was privately laid hi 1824. The edifice is
built of cut stone, is of Doric architecture,
and with the galleries will seat 600 persons.
On the walls are five marble monuments, one
of which is an especially fine work of art to
the memory of the founder of the church. The
large marble font was originally imported from
England hi 1831 for the Cathedral. It was
there in use until 1902 when it was presented
to Trinity church.

At the death of the Chief Justice in 1839,
Trinity became the property of his son Rev.
E. W. Sewell, who had become its pastor on the
opening of the chapel for service in 1825. For
forty-three years he ministered faithfully to his
congregation.

APPENDIX III. 291

In 1868 the Chapel was leased for ten years to
the British Government for a " Garrison Chapel/'
and at the withdrawal of the Imperial troops in
1872, the building was virtually closed till the
expiration of the lease. The congregation, in-
corporated by the Provincial Government in
1881, as "The Congregation of Trinity Church,
Quebec/' purchased the property in the follow-
ing year.

ST. PETER'S CHURCH.

The origin of St. Peter's Church dates back
to 1833. In that year the rector and church-
wardens of the Cathedral purchased a two story
stone building on Church Street, and converted
the upper story into a temporary chapel for the
use of the members of the Church of England
residing in St. Roch; the lower story was used
as a Male Orphan Asylum. The first curate
was Rev. W. Anderson.

In 1842, the building being found no longer
serviceable, was abandoned, and a site (the present
one) on St. Valier Street, at the foot of the Ste.
Augustine Street steps, was purchased by two
members of the congregation, Messrs. William
Brown and Robert Ward. The corner-stone of
the church was laid in July of that year. The
terrible fire of May, 1845, which devastated the
whole of St. Roch, left St. Peter's Chapel a
charred ruin, and many of its members homeless.
The little congregation took immediate steps to
restore the House of God, and a new building

292 CRADLE OF NEW FRANCE.

was consecrated in September, 1846. The fol
lowing year is memorable as the year of the ship-
fever, when vast numbers of immigrants, for
the most part Irish, fell victims to the disease.
St. Peter's Parish register for that year contains
the record of 373 interments. Mr. Chaderton,
the curate, a man of marked self-abnegation,
whilst in the discharge of his sacred office con-
tracted the disease and died. A mural tablet
hi the chancel bears witness to the love in
which he was held by his congregation.

Prior to 1875 St. Peter's was a chapel in con-
nection with the Cathedral, but in that year it
was constituted a church, and its district the
Parish of St. Peter's.

ST. PAUL'S CHURCH.

Many members of the Church of England resi-
ded in Champlain Street, commonly known as
"The Coves." There were also many Protes-
tants among the seamen on the numerous vessels
arriving at the Port of Quebec. For these the
Archdeacon held services in the moulder's loft
of Mr. Black's shipyard, and later in Mr. Munn's
store. The Archdeacon and the Cathedral au-
thorities subsequently applied for and obtained
from the Government a site under Cape Diamond
where they erected the Mariner's Chapel, which
was consecrated in 1832, and named St. Paul's.
In 1888 it was constituted a church and its dis-
trict a parish.

APPENDIX III. 293

The church is a neat wooden building
with stone foundations, and can seat
200 persons. It contains several mementos
of bygone times; the font is the original one
placed in the Cathedral in 1804; the Royal
Arms over the door formerly graced the
front of the Governor General's pew, and
the pulpit was one of the old reading desks
of the Cathedral.

But the marble top of the Communion
Table is peculiarly interesting. It for-
merly belonged to the old Jesuit Church.
After the destruction of the Re"collet Church
by fire in 1796, this building was used
by the Church of England. Before its de-
molition hi 1807, the Government, it ap-
pears, gave this slab to the Bishop; but in
what capacity it was originally used is
not on record. In 1818 there was some
correspondence regarding the matter, which
established the Bishop's right to use the slab.

The Archdeacon and Cathedral clergy con-
ducted the services of St. Paul's until 1833, when
the Rev. Joseph Brown was appointed the first
incumbent.

ST. MICHAEL'S CHURCH.

The increasing number of Anglicans on the
St. Louis, Ste. Foy and Sillery Roads led to the
erection of St. Michael's Chapel.

Mrs. Mary Orkney, wife of Dr. Joseph Morrin,
M.D., who inherited a large tract of land hi the

294 CRADLE OF NEW FRANCE.

Fief St. Michael, gave a site on the St. Louis
Road on which to build a chapel; a sub-
scription was raised and building operations
were begun in 1854. The chapel was conse-
crated hi 1856 by Bishop Mountain, and named
St. Michael's.

It is a picturesque edifice of Gothic ar-
chitecture, resembling the country churches
of old England, built of Cap Rouge stone,
and situated on the north side of the road
opposite to the main gate of Mount Her-
mon Cemetery. The ulterior is very neat
and pretty with its high pitched roof, and
arches of varnished oak. The chancel was
built by Bishop Mountain, and all the ap-
purtenances of the church are memorial
gifts. A fine brass plate on the wall in the
chancel is inscribed to the memory of the
Rev. Armine Wale Mountain, who opened
the chapel for service hi 1854. A short dis-
tance from the church is St. Michael's school-
house, erected hi 1865 by the children
of Bishop Mountain in memory of their

father.

ST. ANDREW'S CHURCH.

St. Andrew's Church (Presbyterian) is one of the
oldest churches hi Canada. Services may be said
to date from the siege, having been conducted
by the Reverend Robert Macpherson, the brave
chaplain of Eraser's Highlanders, the regiment so
highly distinguished at the battle of Louisbourg

APPENDIX III. 295

and at the siege of Quebec under Wolfe in
1759. Very soon after the capture of Quebec a
Presbyterian church was organized. The Rev-
erend George Henry, an ex-military chaplain,
said to have been present at the capture of Que-
bec, was the first regular pastor, beginning his
duties in 1765. An apartment which was fitted
up as a chapel was set apart by the King's repre-
sentative in the Jesuits' College for the use of the
members of the Scottish church. This was oc-
cupied until 1807, when the building was appro-
priated for the use of the troops quartered in the
city.

In 1802, a petition was addressed to King
George III, desiring that land be granted upon
which to erect a church. This memorial was
signed by 148 persons, one of whom was Ser-
geant James Thomson, who also had served
under Wolfe at the Siege of Quebec. Sixty-eight
years later, Thomson assisted Lord Dalhousie
in laying the corner-stone of the Wolfe and Mont-
calm monument. He died in 1830, aged 98
years. The building was completed and opened
for public service in 1810, and was named St.
Andrew's. Previous to this the congregation
was called the Scottish Church.

The old church presents a very antique appear-
ance with its odd looking sky-light windows,
and stairways going up inside the building. There
are a number of handsome and very costly win-
dows erected to the memory of departed office-

296 CRADLE OF NEW FRANCE.

bearers; also several fine old tablets, one on the
east wall bearing this inscription:

LXXIX

Cameron Highlanders

To the memory of their comrades, who departed

this life whilst serving hi Canada.

A.D. 1848-1851

Cuimhue
Nan sonn nach mair eann.

THE METHODIST CHURCH.

The first Methodist preacher in Quebec was
a Mr. Tuffey, a commissary of the 44th Regiment
which was quartered in the city in 1780. He
preached to the soldiers and such of the Protes-
tant immigrants of the city as were disposed to
attend, and continued to do so until his regiment
was disbanded and he returned home.

The first Methodist itinerant to visit the city
was the famous, but somewhat eccentric, Lorenzo
Dow, who was sent in the year 1799 by Bishop
Asbury, of the Methodist Episcopal Church in
the United States, to form a circuit in Lower
Canada. Believing himself called of God to visit
Ireland, he sailed down the river to Quebec, and
while waiting for a vessel, preached as he had
opportunity. The city was not again visited by
a Methodist preacher till 1803. In the year 1806,
the Rev. Nathan Bangs, subsequently famous

APPENDIX III. 297

as a Methodist historian, came to Quebec. Up
to this time no effort had been made to establish
a permanent organization. Mr. Bangs set ear-
nestly to work to establish Methodism hi the city.

In 1814 it was found necessary to provide
larger quarters for the rapidly increasing con-
gregation. A building was begun hi 1815 and
completed hi 1816 — the first Methodist church in
Quebec. In 1831 a second church was erected
on Champlain Street and used until the threaten-
ing appearance of the overhanging cliff made it
dangerous as a place of assembly. After the fall
of the rock hi 1841 the building was abandoned
and sold. In 1839 a third church was opened in
St. Louis suburbs. It was destroyed by fire in one
of the great conflagrations with which the city
has been visited.

The steady growth of the membership of the
Society, together with the misfortunes attend-
ing the smaller churches, rendered the Church
in Anne Street too small, and led to the erection
of the present substantial and commodious edi-
fice in 1849.

CHALMERS' CHURCH.

Although the present church building was
opened for worship but little over fifty years ago,
the congregation has been hi existence for about
a hundred years, having been organized at the
beginning of last century. The congregation
assumed the name Chalmers' Church at the
time of the opening of the present building; pre-

298 CRADLE OF NEW FRANCE.

viously it was known as St. John's. For a number
of years after organization the congregation met
in a rented house. In 1816 the foundation stone
of St. John's was laid. The church was opened
the following year. The first minister was the
Rev. Clark Bentom, who was sent out to Quebec
by the London Missionary Society hi response to
a petition sent home by a number of persons who
desired a minister of evangelical sentiments.

Although some of the ministers and many of
the members were Presbyterian, the church was
not formally connected with the Presbyterian
Church until 1830, but was a Union or Congre-
gational body. In 1844 the "Disruption" took
place. The congregation severed its connection
with the established Church of Scotland, and
became connected with the Canada Presbyterian
Church.

QUEBEC BAPTIST CHURCH.

This church was organized in the year 1845.
For some years previous the congregation had
worshipped in an upper room of the old Post
Office on Buade Street. The first pastor, Rev.
David Marsh, came from England and remained
with the church for thirty-nine years.

The building on McMahon Street, in which the
congregation now worships, was erected in 1853.
About twenty-five of its members are French-
Canadians who are under the pastoral care of Rev.
L. R. Dutaud of the Grande Ligne Mission. They
meet in a chapel on St. Margaret's Street, St. Roch.

APPENDIX III. 299

FRENCH PROTESTANT CHURCH.
This building is situated on St. John Street,
near St. Matthew's church. It was built about
thirty years ago.

THE SALVATION ARMY.
In Quebec, as hi many other cities, there is a
Salvation Army. In the first years of its ex-
istence opposition was manifested and a series
of riots attended its establishment, like those,
though on a smaller scale, which attended the
establishment of the Army in certain districts
of London. The meetings were begun in
1886, addresses being delivered in French by
Mrs. Simcoe. In 1887 meetings were conducted
in the old Congregational church at the corner
of Palace and McMahon Streets. As disturbances
occurred whenever the Army paraded, they
discontinued their processions in 1888, and
confined their operations to inside meetings and
the relieving of the distressed. They also have
a refuge where the unfortunate can obtain food
and temporary shelter.

PROTESTANT BURIAL GROUND, ST. JOHN STREET.
According to the obituary notices hi the
Quebec Gazette, the mortal remains of Protes-
tants were interred in divers places in the city;
some in the St. Joseph's Cemetery situated
between the Seminary and the French Cathed-
ral; others on the south side of that edifice, as

300 CRADLE OF NEW FRANCE.

proved by the memorial on the western wall of
the Presbytery, removed to that position when
the wall on Buade Street was lowered. The
gorge on the St. Louis Bastion was also used,
where, among others, was interred the Continen-
tal General, Richard Montgomery, who was
killed when assaulting the Pre*s-de-Ville barri-
cade in December, 1775. The General's re-
mains were exhumed in 1818 by permission of
the Governor General and interred in New
York with great ceremony.

In 1771, Demoiselle Angelique Denis de St.
Denis and her family (heirs of the late M.
Simon), sold a lot of land on St. John Street,
which had been purchased from the nuns of the
Hotel Dieu, to Thomas Dunn, who in turn sold
it in 1778 to the Government. Other portions
of the original property were purchased by the
Government hi 1778 and 1780. These lots were
bounded on the north by St. John Street, on the
south by St. Gabriel, on the east by Ste. Augus-
tine, and on the west by the garden of Justice
Kerr. The whole is surrounded by a stone wall.
It appears to have been used as a cemetery.
This land was secured in perpetuity by the
Protestant community in 1833. There was a
building on it used for the burial services of
both Episcopal and Presbyterian churches.
There was also a sexton's residence, but the
former church had the paramount right in the
building and appointment of the sexton. In

APPENDIX III. 301

1844 additional ground was purchased, so that
the property extended to Ste. Genevieve Street
on the west, but did not include the corner lot
and stone house on St. John Street.

After the fire of 1845 St. John Street was
widened, and the stone wall on the line of the
street rebuilt. For sanitary reasons the Gov-
ernment, hi 1860, closed the burial ground.
The place was neglected, and became a disgrace
to the city. There were so many parties con-
cerned that it seemed nobody's business in
particular to keep the ground in order. In 1875
St. Matthew's congregation appointed a com-
mittee to undertake the matter; their appeal
did not meet with much success.

For thirteen years nothing further was done
and the place fell into delapidation till 1888,
when St. Matthew's congregation undertook to
care for the grounds provided the trustees put
them in proper order. A successful appeal was
made to the Protestant public. The burying
ground is now well kept. Many of the inscrip-
tions on the stones are quite interesting, one
being that of a brother of Sir Walter Scott, the
celebrated novelist. He was paymaster of the
70th Regiment, and died in 1823.

APPENDIX IV.

CHRONOLOGICAL LIST

SHOWING
CONTEMPORARY RULERS

IN
FRANCE, ENGLAND AND NEW FRANCE.

304

CRADLE OF NEW FRANCE.

APPENDIX IV.— CHRONOLOGICAL LIST
IN FRANCE, ENGLAND

Year.

Kings of
England.

Kings of
France.

Governors of
New France.

1497 . . .
1509 . . .
1515 . . .
1547 . . .
1553 . . .
1558 . . .
1559

Henry VII

Henry VIII

Francis I

Edward VI

Henry II

Mary

Elizabeth

Francis II.

1560 .

Charles IX

1574 .

Henry III ...

1589 .

Henry IV .

1603 . . .
1608 . . .

de

I!h amp lain, Samuel
(Lieut. General)

1610 . . .

Louis XIII. .

1612 . . .

1616

1620 .

1625 . . .
1629 . .

Charles I.

Champlain (Governor) . . .
Kirke, Sir David, (Eng.)..
Champlain, (French)
Chateaufort, Marc An-
toine Bras-de-fer de

1633 . . .

1635 . .

1636 . . .
1643

Montmagny, Charles
Huault de

Louis XIV. .

1644

APPENDIX IV.

SHOWING CONTEMPORARY RULERS
AND NEW FRANCE.

305

Intendants of New
France.

Viceroys of New
France.

f Soissons, Charles de Bourbon,
I Comte de (till Nov.)

1 Conde", Henri de Bourbon,
[ Prince de
The'mines, mar^chal, Pons de

Lausiere, deputy.
Montmorency, Henri

Due de
Ventadour, Henri de LeVis Duo

de, (till 1627).

Domville Francois C de LeVis

Due de

18

306

CRADLE OF NEW FRANCE.

Year.

Kings of
England.

Kings of
France.

Governors of
New France.

1648 . . .

D'Ailleboust de Cou-

longe, Louis.

1649 . . .

Commonwealth. . .

1651

1656

Louis XIV

de (A dm )

1657 . . .

D'Ailleboust de Cou-

1658 . . .

longe, Louis (A dm.) . .
D'Argenson, Pierre de

Voyer, Vicomte

1660

Charles II. .

1661 .

D'Avaugour Pierre Du-

bois, Baron. .

1662 . .

1663 . . .

Saffray-Me'sy, Augustin

1665

de
Courcelles Daniel da

1668 .

Re"my de

1670 .

1672 .

Frontenac, Louis de

Buade, Comte de Pal-
luau et de

1675

1682

La Barre, Le Febvre de

1685

James II. . .

Denonville, Jacques-

Rene' de Brisay, Mar-

1686 .

1687

1689 . . .

William III and
Mary

Frontenac, Comte de. . . .

1698

Callieres, Louis Hector de

(A dm )

1699 .

Callieres, Louis Hector de

1702

APPENDIX IV.

307

Intendants of New
France.

Viceroys of New
France.

Feuquieres, Isaac de Pas, Mar-

quis de

D'Estrades, le mare'chal, Godefroi,

Robert . . .

Comte.

Talon Jean . . .

Bouteroue, Claude de

Talon, Jean. . .

Vacant,

Duchesneau, Jacques . . . .

De Meulles, chevalier Jacques .

. . . ,D'Estre"es, le mare'chal, Jean,

Comte.

Beauharaois, Francois de. .

308

CRADLE OF NEW FRANCE.

Year.

Kings of
England.

Kings of
France.

Governors of
New France.

1703 .

Rigaud, Marquis de
(Adm.)

1705 . . .

Vaudreuil Marquis de

1707 . . .

1712 . . .

1714 . . .

George I

Ramesay, Claude de

1715 . . .

Louis XV . . .

1725

Moyne, Baron de
(Adm )

726 ..

Beauharnois Charles,

Marquis de.

1727 . . .

George II

1731

1747

1748 .

land Michel Barrin,
Comte de (Adm.)

1749 . . .

La Jonquiere, Jacques

Pierre de Taffanel,
Marquis de

1752

Moyne, Baron de
(Adm. till July).

Duquesne-de Menneville,
Marquis de

1755 .

Vaudreuil-Cavagnal ,

Pierre de Rigaud, Mar-

APPENDIX IV.

309

Intendanta of New
France.

Viceroys of New
France.

/ Raudot, Jacques (father)
\ Raudot Antoine Denis (ton) . .

D'Estr6es,Victor Marie, Comte (till

B£gon Michel . . .

1737).

Dupuy, Claude Thomas (till 1728)

d'Aigremont (for some months in
the interim), . .

Hocquart, Gilles ....

Bigot, Francois . . .

APPENDIX V.
GOVERNORS OF LOWER CANADA

AND OP THE

DOMINION OF CANADA.

311

Year

Kings
of
England

Name

Rank

1760
1763

George III. . .

(1)
MURRAY, General James

Governor.

1766

IRVING, P. Emilius

Administrator.

1766

CARLETON, Guy

Lit. Gov. and

1768

CARLETON, Guy

Administrator.
Governor.

1770

CRAMAHE, Hector Theophilus

Administrator.

1771

CRAMAHE, Hector Theophilus

Lt. Gov. and

1774

Administrator.
Governor.

1777

H ALDIM AND , Frederick

Governor.

1782

Lt. Governor.

1784

HAMILTON, Henry

Administrator.

1785

HOPE Henry

Administrator.

1786

DORCHESTER, Lord

Gov. General.

1790

Lt. Governor.

1791

CLARKE, Alured

Administrator

1796

PRESCOTT, Robert

(2).
Lt. Gov. and

1797

MILNES , Robert Shore

Administrator.
Lt. Governor.

1799

MILNES Robert Shore . . .

Administrator.

1805

DUNN Thomas

President and

1807

CRAIG, Sir James Henry

Administrator.
Governor.

(1) The first British Governor in Canada was Sir David Kirke, who
held Quebec, 1629-1632.

(2) The administrators and Lt. Governors in this list from 1791 to

1840 are of Lower Canada only; but the Governor of Lower
Canada was styled " Governor in Chief," and as such had
a'certain formal jurisdiction over Upper Canada.

312 CRADLE OF NEW FRANCE.

Year

Kings
of
England

Name

Rank

1808

BURTON, Sir F. N.

Lt Governor

1810
1811

The Regency

DUNN, Thomas . ...

President and

1811

PREVOST Sir George

Administrator .

1811

PREVOST Sir George

1812

BROCK Sir Isaac (3)

1813

ROTTENBURG, Francis de .

Administrator

1813

GLASGOW, George.

Administrator

1814

ROTTENBURG, Francis de .

Administrator

1814

DRUMMOND, Sir Gordon . ..

Governor.

1815

WILSON, John

Administrator.

1816

SHERBROOKE, Sir John Coape

Governor.

1818

RICHMOND Duke of

Gov General

1819

MONK James

1820
1820

George IV. . .

MAITLAND, Sir Peregrine ....
MONK, James. .

Administrator.
Administrator.
Pres. and Adm.

1820

MAITLAND, Sir Peregrine . .

Administrator.

1820

DALHOUSIE, Lord . . ...

Gov. General.

1824

BURTON, F. N

Lt. Gov. and

1828

KEMPT, Sir James

Administrator
Administrator.

1830

William IV

AYLMER, Lord

Administrator.

1830

ATLMER, Lord

Gov. General.

1835

AMHERST, Lord (4) ...

Gov. Gen'l and

1835

GOSFORD, Lord

High Comm.
Gov. Gen'l and

1837
1838

Victoria.

COLBORNE, Sir John

High Comm.
Administrator.

1838

DURHAM, Lord

Gov. General.

1838

COLBORNE Sir John

Administrator.

(3) Brock received a commission as Administrator, but did not act.

(4) Lord Amherst was appointed Governor General of Upper and

Lower Canada, but did not come to this country and never acted
in that capacity.

APPENDIX V.

313

Year

Kings
of

England

Name

Rank

1838

Victoria

1839

THOMSON, Charles Poulett .. .

Gov. General.

1839

JACKSON, Sir R. D

Administrator.

1840

JACKSON, Sir R. D

Administrator.

1840

Gov. General.

1841

CLITHEROW, John

Administrator.

1841

JACKSON, Sir R. D

Administrator.

1841

BAGOT, Sir Charles

Gov- General.

1843

METCALFE, Sir Charles T. . . .

Gov. General.

1845

CATHCART Lord

Administrator.

1846

CATHCART, Lord

Gov. General.

1846

ELGIN, Lord

Gov. General.

1849

ROWAN, W

Administrator.

1853

ROWAN, W

Administrator.

1854

HEAD, Sir Edmund W

Gov. General.

1857

EYRE, Sir William

Administrator.

1860

WILLIAMS, Sir W. F

Administrator.

1861

MONCK, Viscount . . .

A dministrat or.

1861

MONCK, Viscount

Gov. General.

1865

MICHEL, Sir John

Administrator.

1866

MICHEL, Sir John . . . .

Administrator.

1867

MONCK, Viscount ... .

Gov. Gen'l of

1868

WINDHAM, SIR CHARLES A.

Canada.
A dminipfa.tor.

1868

YOUNG, Sir John, Bart.

Administrator.

1869

Gov. General.

1872
1872

DOYLE, Sir Charles H
DUFFERIN, Lord

Administrator.
Gov. General.

1874

O'GRADY HALY, Wm. . . .

Administrator.

1875

O'GRADY HALY Wm

1878

McDouoALL Sir Patrick L

1878

LORNE Marquis of

1881

McDouGALL Sir Patrick L

1882

McDouGALL Sir Patrick L

1883

LANSDOWNE Marquis of .

1886

RUSSELL, Lord Alex Geo

1888

STANLEY OF PRESTON Lord

314

CRADLE OF iNEW FRANCE.

Year.

Kings
of
England.

Name.

Rank.

1893

(Victoria).. . .

MONTGOMERY-MOORE, Alex.

George

Administrator.

1893

ABERDEEN, Earl of

Gov. General.

1893

MoNTGOMERY-MoORE, Alex.

George

Administrator.

1894

MONTGOMERY-MOORE, Alex.

George .

Administrator.

1897

MONTGOMERY-MOORE, Alex.

George

Administrator.

1897

MONTGOMERY-MOORE, Alex.

George

Administrator.

1898

SEYMOUR, Lord Wm. F. E. . .

Administrator.

1898

MINTO, Earl of

Gov. General.

1899

SEYMOUR, Lord Wm. F. E. . .

Administrator.

1901
1902

Edward VII.

STRONG, Sir Henry

Administrator.

1904

TASCHEREAU, Sir Henry E . .

Administrator.

1904
1906

GREY, Earl
SEDGWICK, Hon. Robert, K.C.

Gov. General.
Administrator.

1907

FITZPATRICK, Sir Charles ....

Administrator.

1907

FITZPATRICK:, Sir Charles ....

Administrator.

1908

FITZPATRICK, Sir Charles ....

Administrator.

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