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Number 13
RED CROSS INSTITUTE FOR CRIPPLED AND DISABLED MEN
Provision for War Cripples in Germany
I. INTRODUCTION
- There are two outstanding features about the
German system of care for war cripples. In the
first place, it is not a system in the sense in which
Italy, Canada, France, and England have sys-
tems. In all these countries, the work is more
or less unified under one authority; they make,
in varying degrees, an attempt at even distribu-
tion of schools and hospitals. In Germany, there
is no real central authority, the schools are of
varying types and most unevenly distributed.
'The second feature is the volunteer character
of the work. The matter of re-education is
wholly in private hands and is not even super-
vised by the Imperial Government. In this
respect, the German Government takes less part
in the work than the government of any other
nation. These two features, lack of system and
lack of government control, have been the subject
of wholesale condemnation from writers of other
nations. As far as can be seen, however, the
volume of work done and the efficiency of indi-
vidual institutions rank extremely high.
As a matter of fact, the lack of centralization
in the German system need not indicate essential
insufficiency. There are two obvious causes for
it. In the first place, Germany was the country
which, of all others, had, when the war broke
out, the most foundation for caring for cripples.
Some of the other countries which had no such
arrangements, had to create their systems from
the bottom up, notably Italy and Canada, which
are now the most uniform. It is the work which
has grown by experiment from stage to stage
which usually shows the least consistent plan
on paper, and the German re-education system
appears to fall under this head,
^.'-'^hen the war broke out, Germany had, under
different auspices, all the elements with which
to begin immediate work. There were fifty-eight
cripple homes under private auspices ; there were
sanitaria and re-education workshops for indus-
trial cripples under the employers' accident
insurance companies; there were orthopedic
hospitals under the municipalities, and there
were trade schools and employment bureaus
under various government auspices. It was diffi-
cult to knock these elements together under one
management and yet each was efficient of its
kind and ready to be turned over at full working
strength to the purpose of war. Under such cir-
cumstances, the natural development was that
each should remain more or less autonomous,
simply co-operating with the others on whatever
system appeared practical in each locality.
Further than this, the work is thoroughly
planned. It is not what is done for the cripples
which is unsystematized, but the way in which
it is done. Germany has a complete definite
scheme as to what constitutes the reconstruction
of war cripples. It is accepted by all the insti-
tutions working to this end, it is put in practice,
and the statement is that in ninety per cent, of
the cases the desired results are obtained. The
scheme, as expressed by Dr. Biesalski, Germany's
leading orthopedic surgeon, is as follows:
1. No charity, but work for the war cripple.
2. Cripples must be returned to their homes and
their old conditions; as far as possible, to their
old work.
3. Cripples must be distributed among the mass of
the people as though nothing had happened.
4. There is no such thing as being crippled, while
there exists the iron will to overcome the
handicap.
5. There must be the fullest publicity on this sub-
ject, first of all among the cripples themselves.''
These words express not only an ideal, but an
outline of the work as actually put through.
^ Zeitschrift fiir KruppelfUrsorge, Leipzig, 1915, viii, 15.
RED CROSS INSTITUTE FOR CRIPPLED AND DISABLED MEN
Series i
There appears to be no discussion in Germany
as to the results obtainable. The principle that
no one need be a cripple unless he himself wishes
it, and that 'the wounded man must sink back
into the mass of the people as though nothing
had happened', is accepted as a creed. As far
as this goes, there is entire uniformity and sys-
tem, with less discussion of possibilities and
results than is to be found in any other nation.
The volunteer character of the work is also
explainable on historical grounds. Volunteer
work in Germany does not mean unskilled work.
Germany was used to relying on private organ-
izations for efficient work in the field of social
welfare and to granting them a semi-official
status. Her whole system of social insurance,
for instance, was managed in this way. More-
over, her volunteer social workers were often
men who held government positions and who did
this work in their unofficial capacity or who were
closely allied with the governing class. To speak
of volunteer work in Germany does not, there-
fore, mean irresponsible or untrained work, but
work in the spirit and of the quality of govern-
ment work done under different auspices. To
illustrate the German attitude, there may be
quoted the speech of the president of the Imperial
Committee for the Care of War Cripples, made
at a conference called by the committee at
Cologne, August 22 to 25, 1916:
To me the most inspiring thing about this organiza-
tion of ours for the care of war cripples, which embraces
all Germany, has always been its voluntary character.
We needed no laws and no decrees, no impulse from our
rulers. Spontaneously, in one day, the great edifice
sprang from the earth created by the mighty force of
brotherly, cherishing love.*
The enthusiasm of this speech is typical, but
the man who makes it cannot be counted merely
an inspired private citizen; he is the Captain
General of the Prussian Province of Brandenburg
and, though speaking in a private capacity, must
be presumed to work in full accord with the
government and in the government spirit.
It is gathered that the work for cripples, being
managed usually by people of this stamp, is
2 Verhandlungsbericht uber die Tagung fur Kriegsbeschadig-
ten-fiirsorge in Koln. Berlin, 191 7, p. 27. (Reichsausschuss
der Kriegsbeschadigtenfiirsorge. Sonderschriften, Heft i.)
largely a matter of class. There have been re-
quests in the Reichstag, mostly from the socialist
side, that the government take over the whole
work. The government's obvious reason for not
doing so is, of course, a matter of money coupled
with the fact that to leave such a matter to
private initiative is not such a shiftless act in
Germany as it would be in a country with a less
developed system of private charity. A list of
contributions made by some of the principal
German cities to June, 1916, may show the extent
to which thework is dependent on private charity:
Marks per 1,000
City
Marks
inhabitants
Cologne
707,000
1,367
Beriin
570,000
275
Dusseldorf
430,000
1,170
Wiesbaden
142,000
1,299
Leipzig
140,000
237
Potsdam
66,000
1,064
ACTUAL PROGRAM OF WORK
There have been various estimates made of the
number of German cripples. The latest available
is that up to August, 1916, published by the
Kolnische Volkszeitung, which gives ' the arm
amputation cases as 6,000 and leg amputations
as 10,000.
For these men there are four necessary stages
of treatment: (i) medical treatment, (2) provi-
sion of artificial limbs and functional re-educa-
tion, (3) vocational re-education and vocational
advice, (4) placement. These activities are cut
sharply in half, the first two being the function
of the Imperial Government and the last two of
private and state agencies.
The general course of a wounded German sol-
dier from the battlefield to civil life is as follows :
He receives his first treatment at the field dress-
ing station and goes from there by ambulance to
the field hospital, where surgical treatment takes
place. He is then removed by train to the rear,
possibly to a hospital along the lines of communi-
cation, possibly to a reserve hospital in the in-
terior or even to the orthopedic hospital, where
he is to have final intensive treatment. This is
decided by military convenience and by his need
for more or jess immediate treatment.
• Zeiischrift fUr Kriippelfiirsorge, Leipzig, 1916, ix, 382.
Number 13
RED CROSS INSTITUTE FOR CRIPPLED AND DISABLED MEN
He is kept at the reserve or the orthopedic
hospital under military discipline until his physi-
cal condition is brought back to normal, during
which time there are various arrangements for
his re-education. These will be taken up later.
On discharge from the hospital, he goes back to
his reserve battalion, the unit at the rear which
supplies new reserves for the corresponding bat-
talion at the front, to await his pension and dis-
missal. As a rule, there is an effort to send men
for treatment to the home town where their re-
serve battalion is quartered, so that this will not
mean another change of place. While he is with
the reserve battalion, his pension is decided on
by the local military board and he is finally dis-
missed as dienstunfdhig, or unfit for service.
Most of the civilian activities, both in re-edu-
cation and in placement, take place while the
man is under the authority of hospital or reserve
battalion. This makes necessary the closest
co-operation between military and civilian
authorities. The effect is that of two interlock-
ing systems functioning side by side, occasionally
overlapping, occasionally failing to make perfect
connections, but, as a rule because they are not
really different in spirit, managing very effect-
ively.
II. ORGANIZATION
The organization of the volunteer work for the
care of war cripples began a few days after the
declaration of war, through the activity of the
Deutsche Vereinigung fiir Krilppelfursorge (Ger-
man Federation for the Care of Cripples). This
society, as has been mentioned, is an institution
of long standing, having as members fifty-eight
cripple homes, some of them founded almost a
century ago. The chief mover in the organiza-
tion was Dr. Konrad Biesalski, director of the
Oscar-Helene Heim fiir Heilung und Erziehung
Gehrechlicher Kinder (Oscar Helen Home for
Treatment and Education of Crippled Children)
in Berlin-Zehlendorf. Immediately after the
outbreak of the war, the Kaiserin, at Dr. Beisal-
ski's suggestion, sent a telegram to the Vereini-
gung fiir Krtippelfilrsorge, asking that the Ger-
man cripple homes throw open their doors to
war cripples. To this, all the homes immediately
consented. Further than this. Dr. Biesalski
undertook a tour of Germany under the auspices
of the Red Cross, in which he visited all the prin-
cipal cities, urging the formation of voluntary
committees for the care of war cripples. The
gospel he preached was one which had been the
creed of leading German orthopedists for many
years, namely, that almost any cripple could be
made fit to work again and that education for
work should be the regular treatment. The im-
mediate result was the .formation of volunteer
committees in many cities and of larger ones in
some states and provinces and the starting of
work in all parts of the empire under various
auspices and with various plans. By February,
1915, this local organization had proceeded so far
that the Vereinigung fiir Krilppelfursorge, under
the auspices of the Kaiserin, called a special meet-
ing in Berlin to compare notes and lay down the
guiding principles.
At this meeting, there were present officials of
the various states and provinces, representatives
of the medical profession, the teachers, the em-
ployers, the workmen, the military authorities
and, of the large social welfare organizations,
the Red Cross, the sick benefit societies, the
state accident insurance associations, etc. The
general principle was laid down as above, that
the Imperial Government, through the War
Department, should be responsible for the
wounded soldier in so far as he required physical
care, but that all responsibility for re-education
and return to industrial life should belong to
private charity or to the different states of the
empire, if they cared to take it up. Dr. Schwien-
ing, staff surgeon of the Gardekorps, in laying
down the position of the military authorities,
said: "The aim of the military authorities is to
restore to the wounded man, as fully as possible,
the use of his injured or weakened limbs. . .
Our purpose is not only that men should have
the requisite practice in the use of their prostheses
and should then be discharged. The military
authorities are prepared to keep them even longer
under care and give them opportunities in spe-
cial hospitals for further practice and in prepara-
tion for a trade. . . Naturally, for various
reasons, it is not possible to keep all wounded
and crippled men in hospitals until they have
fully learned a new trade or are able to resume
RED CROSS INSTITUTE FOR CRIPPLED AND DISABLED MEN
Series i
their old one. But to give them the preliminary
practice for this, and thus to smoothe the transi-
tion into civil life, to this the military authorities
consider themselves indubitably bound." '
This left the division of labor clear. Dr.
Schwiening's allusions to 'opportunities for fur-
ther practice' turned out to mean nothing more
than cordial intentions and a little manual train-
ing in the way of functional re-education. The
private agencies represented at the meeting,
therefore, prepared to leave to the War Depart-
ment all questions of physical care and to con-
centrate on vocational advice, re-education, and
placement. The question of financial responsi-
bility was touched on, but not settled. There
was no authority from the Imperial Government
for assuming that any expenses would be de-
frayed, except those for physical care. The
private societies and the individual states were
left to finance their part of the work with any
support they could get. There was obvious,
even at this early meeting, the split of opinion
as to this division of responsibility. Several
speakers stated definitely that the Imperial Gov-
ernment ought to control and plan the work or,
at least, to finance it. No government repre-
sentative, however, had been authorized to make
any promises on this subject and the aloof atti-
tude then assumed has continued, under growing
criticism. The general understanding, however,
was a thoroughly cordial one. The military
authorities expressed themselves as deeply
grateful for the volunteer work and in full co-
operation with it. They promised to consult
with the private agencies as to the assignment of
men to different hospitals and not to remove or
discharge men suddenly without regard to the
interests of their training. They also promised
that private agencies should have facilities for
visiting the hospitals for teaching and vocational
advice and that army doctors should be in-
structed to cooperate with them in every way.
As a matter of fact, the actual working out of
this cooperation depends on the Bezirkscom-
mando (the local military authority) in any given
place. For military purposes, Germany is
divided into thirty-two districts, all the hospitals
in any district being under the authority of the
' Zeitschrift fiir Kriippelfiirsorge, Leipzig, 1915, viii, 146.
commander of the local army corps. It is in
this man's power to facilitate private work or
to make it difficult, and, since most of the
younger and more progressive men are at the
front, the army commander is sometimes a man
with little appreciation of the cripples' wider
needs.
There has, at times, been friction between in-
dividual military commanders and the volunteer
agencies in their districts. The War Department
is fully awake to the harmful effects of this state
of affairs and, on December 27, 1916, issued the
following decree ^ looking to more complete co-
operation :
The problems of vocational advice, re-education and
placement can be solved by the military authorities
only by constant and systematic cooperation with the
civilian agencies for the care of war cripples. It should,
therefore, not be left to the discretion of the local mili-
tary hospital authorities, whether vocational advisers
should be permitted in the hospitals or not; there
should be a regular understanding on this point with
the central care committee. . . The military author-
ity must accord every possible support to the upbuild-
ing and the intensive growth of the civilian cripple
work because, after demobilization, the further social
care of our war cripples will fall entirely on these civilian
agencies. In preparation for that time, these agencies
must be placed in a position to discharge their heavy
task with the greatest possible success.
The organization of the volunteer work, as
reported at the Berlin meeting, varied greatly
with the different parts of the empire. Germany
is divided into twenty-six states, the largest of
which, Prussia, has twelve provinces, each larger
than many of the other states. Roughly, it may
be said that the eastern part of the empire is the
more sparsely settled agricultural section and the
western the populous industrial section. The
degree of development of schools, hospitals and
institutions for social welfare differs according
to the character of the individual states and
according to their location.
Though the Imperial Government had taken
no part whatever in the organization of re-edu-
cation work, the governments of the various Ger-
man states and of the Prussian provinces had
' Leilsalze uber Berufsberatung und Berufsausbildung.
Berlin, 1917, p. 20. (Reichsausschuss der Kriegsbeschadigten-
(ilrsorge. Sonderschriften, Heft 2.)
Number ij
RED CROSS INSTITUTE FOR CRIPPLED AND DISABLED MEN
sometimes assumed responsibility. The work
thus organized falls under three classifications:
1. Work financed and directed entirely by the
state government.
Bavaria stands alone under this head. The
whole work is financed and managed by the
state under the Ministry of the Interior, assisted
by an advisory committee of representative citi-
zens. The various government officers through-
out the state are the officers of the cripple welfare
work and each one has an advisory committee
of local people to help with the actual case work.
2. Work initiated and directed by the govern-
ment but with private cooperation and support.
Under this head fall all but one of the Prussian
provinces, including more than half of Germany.
The head of a Prussian province is called the
Landeshauptmann. In almost every case, the
Landeshauptmann formed a special care commit-
tee with himself at the head, and the local com-
mittees all over the province were subordinated
to this central authority. The plan was to use, to
the full, all existing provincial institutions, such
as schools, almshouses, and hospitals. The funds
were furnished by the province, but with the
understanding that the State of Prussia and,
ultimately, the Imperial Government, must take
over the burden.' The City of Berlin assumed
the responsibility for its own cripples on the
same understanding.^ In August, 1917, there
was formed a central organization for all Prussia.
3. Work initiated and financed by private agen-
cies but with government cooperation.
This is the plan in Saxony, Baden, Wiirtem-
berg, the Thuringian states, Hesse, Waldeck, and
the Prussian province of Hesse Nassau which has
joined forces with the last two.^ In Wiirtem-
berg, the Minister of State issued the call for
organization but left the actual work to private
societies; in Hesse, Hesse Nassau, and Waldeck,
the whole organization was volunteer, the state
governments taking only the most passive cog-
nizance of it.
In all these divisions of the empire, no matter
what the chief authority was, there were local
' Korrespondenzfiir Kriegswohlfahrlspflege, Berlin, 191S, i. 69.
* Zeitsckrift filr Kriippelfiirsorge, Leipzig, 1915, viii, 290.
' Zeitschrift fiir Kriippelfiirsorge, Leipzig, 1915, viii, 67;
1916, ix, 24. Korrespondenz fiir Kriegswohlfahrlspflege, Berlin,
191S, i, 69.
organizations in almost every town. In these
local committees, whether they were the real
directors of the work as in Hesse, or only advisory
bodies as in Bavaria, the agencies represented
were usually the same. They comprised repre-
sentatives of the municipality, the local Bezirks-
commando (military district command), the acci-
dent insurance associations, the Red Cross, the
women's clubs, the employers, and, with varying
frequency, the Chamber of Commerce, the
Chamber of Trades, the Chamber of Handwork,
and the unions. The arrangement was a Haupt-
fiirsorge organization (general committee) com-
posed in this way and representing the whole
state or province, and under it Filrsorgestellen
(local offices) in the various towns. In the very
small places, individual men would represent
the cripple work. By August, 1916, it could be
reported that Germany was thoroughly covered
with a network of such organizations.' They
were, of course, not all of equal efficiency, since
the social conditions and the facilities differed
greatly in the different states. In Westphalia
and the Rhine, which are thickly settled indus-
trial provinces, the arrangements are excellent;
in Mecklenburg, which is agricultural and con-
servative, reports showed very scant progress.
The efficiency of the whole organization depends
on the enthusiasm and ability of the different
individuals concerned in the work. There have
been complaints in the papers that the Fiirsorge-
stelle in some localities exists only in name or
that the local representative is an uneducated
person unable to discharge his responsibilities.
PRESENT ORGANIZATION
The unsystematized character of the whole
work soon began to present difficulties. The
Prussian provinces, having organized their work
with a good deal of formality, felt the need of
common standards for the whole country and, as
early as September, 1915, called a meeting of
representatives of the cripple work to discuss a
common organization. At this meeting, the
Reichsausschuss (National Committee) was
formed. The committee consists of one repre-
• Verhandlungsbericht iiber die Tagung fiir Kriegsbeschddig-
tenfiirsorge in Koln, Berlin, 1917, p. i, 20. (Reichsausschuss
der Kriegsbeschadigtenfursorge. Sonderschriften, Heft i.)
8
RED CROSS INSTITUTE FOR CRIPPLED AND DISABLED MEN
Series i
sentative each from all the states of the empire.
The twelve Prussian provinces have only one
representative, but they meet beforehand to
select him and to agree on their policy. Coop-
eration of the Reichsausschuss with the Imperial
Government is secured by the presence of a
commissioner appointed by the Ministry of the
Interior. . . The Ministers of the Interior of
each of the separate states may also send repre-
sentatives if they are not otherwise in touch with
the work. This makes the Reichsausschuss an
extremely large body. Its actual work, however,
is done by an executive committee consisting of
thirteen representatives chosen equally from the
north, the middle, and the southern states, and
from the City of Berlin. Its president is Dr.
von Winterfeldt, Landeshauptmann of Branden-
burg.
The duty of the Reichsausschuss is to co-ordi-
nate the work of the various organizations and
to make investigations and plans for future work.
It has published sets of guiding principles for
vocational advice, re-education and land settle-
ment and for the general work of the local com-
mittees. All doubtful matters and questions of
policy are referred to it. It has sub-committees
to investigate and report plans in the following
fields : Legal action, cooperation of local commit-
tees, finance, publicity, statistics, medical treat-
ment, vocational advice and re-education, place-
ment, land settlement and housing, families of
war cripples.' It also is the medium through
which any funds contributed by the Imperial
Government are distributed. So far, these have
consisted only in one grant of five million marks
which is almost negligible compared with what
the private organizations are spending.*
III. MEDICAL TREATMENT
The responsibility for medical treatment, as
stated above, is exclusively the province of the
Imperial Government, as represented by the
War Department. All hospitals where wounded
soldiers are treated, whether for first surgical
care or later convalescent care, are under mili-
' Verhandlungsbericht iiber die Tagung fur Kriegsbeschddig-
tenfiirsorge in Koln, Berlin, 1917, p. 21-26. (Reichsausschuss
der KriegsbeschadigtenfUrsorge. Sonderschriften, Heft !.)■
' Zeitschrift fiir Kriippelfiirsorge, Leipzig, 1916, ix, 139.
tary authority and discipline. These hospitals
fall into two divisions, not according to function,
but according to management.
The first type is that called Reservelazarett,
Festungslazarett or Garnisonlazarett (reserve hos-
pital). In these the staff are all regular army men
or civilians recently elevated to army rank, and
the hospital is financed by the war office and
devoted entirely to the care of wounded soldiers.'
The second is called Vereinslazarett (affiliated
hospital). These are private hospitals which
have put at the disposal of the War Department
sometimes their whole plant and sometimes
merely a certain number of beds. In such cases,
the hospital continues to manage its own finances
and is under the direction of its regular staff,
but the War Department puts in a representa-
tive who is responsible for the discipline of the
soldiers received. The Department may also
assign army men to act as teachers at their
regular army pay, and a good many crippled
officers and non-commissioned officers are em-
ployed in this way.
There is an informal understanding between
the military authorities and the Vereinslazaretten,
which are often specialized orthopedic hospitals
and cripple homes, that the department will try
to send men to hospitals which are in their home
district or which specialize in the treatment of
their particular injuries. If the disposition can-
not be made at first, the department arranges to
transfer men ultimately, so that they will get
the benefit of specialized care. The department
pays the Vereinslazaretten 3.50 marks a day for
each wounded soldier received.
There are no reports of the total number of
orthopedic hospitals in Germany. Dr. Schwien-
ing, chief medical officer of the Gardekorps,
Berlin, in February, 1915, made the following
statement: "On the tenth day of mobilization,
there were about 100,000 beds in the Reserve
and Vereinslazaretten at the disposal of the mili-
tary authorities and this number doubled in a
short time. . . In countless hospitals, we had,
at our disposal, medico-mechanic and other
apparatus for physical and hydrotherapeutic
cure. We had also military convalescent hos-
pitals and sanitaria for mechano- and hydro-
' Zeitschrift fiir Kriippelfiirsorge, Leipzig, 191 5. viii, 53.
Number ij
RED CROSS INSTITUTE FOR CRIPPLED AND DISABLED MEN
therapy. . . The greatest specialists, if they
were not already at the front, were appointed
consulting experts at the military hospitals."
He gave the following figures as to the number of
medico-mechanical institutions at the disposal
of the War Department, according to military
districts. Each district is designated not geo-
graphically, but by the number of the army corps
under whose authority it falls.
Gardekorps
Army Corps No. II
Army Corps No. X
Army Corps No. VI
Army Corps No. XI
Army Corps No. VII
Army Corps No. XIV
Berlin
Rhein
Westfalen
24
7
15
21 plus 7 hydro-
therapeutic
8
80
134
There are places in 107 sanitaria reserved for
soldiers.^ These figures would seem to apply
both to Reserve and Vereinslazaretten but are
obviously not complete, since there are thirty-
two army corps districts in the empire.
These Vereinslazaretten, temporarily united
under government service, are of the most vari-
ous kinds. Germany had paid a great deal of
attention to the care of cripples, even before the
war. There had been developed, during fifty
years' experience, fifty-four cripple homes, rang-
ing in size from six beds to three hundred. Some
of them were already taking adults as well as
children; they had among them 221 workshops,
teaching fifty-one trades. Dr. Biesalski, secre-
tary of the Vereinigung Jtir Kruppelftirsorge gives
a list of 138 establishments belonging to the
Vereinigung and caring for war cripples. Some
of these, however, are only out-patient clinics.
Another agency which had promoted the study
of the care and training of cripples was the Ger-
man system of social insurance. Under the in-
surance laws, there are two agencies responsible
for the care of industrial cripples. The Kranken-
kassen (sick-benefit societies) to which employers
contribute one-third and employees two-thirds,
take charge of a workman for the first twenty-
six weeks of illness. After that, the Berufsgenos-
' Zeitschrift fur Kruppelftirsorge, Leipzig, 191S, viii, 142.
senschaften (employers' accident insurance asso-
ciations) support him for the rest of the time, or
in case of permanent invalidity. This support
means both medical care and sick payments.
The medical care may be given either in the
patient's home or in a hospital, and the injured
man is obliged to accept the kind of treatment
offered or forego his privileges.
As a consequence, both Krankenkassen and
Berufsgenossenschaften have excellent hospitals.
Particularly the Berufsgenossenschaften, which
have charge of the men for longer periods and
are more concerned with cripples than with mere
cases of sickness, have made a special study of
the physical and mental training of industrial
cripples. Preparing a man to resume his trade
was to their advantage, since it relieved them of
the necessity of paying him a permanent pension.
At the outbreak of the war, cripple homes,
Krankenkassen, and Berufsgenossenschaften all
offered their hospitals to the War Department,
as Vereinslazaretten and the municipalities offered
their hospitals and almshouses. Beside this, the
Red Cross established some orthopedic hospitals
in localities where there seemed a lack, and pri-
vate individuals and charitable institutions did
the same. The result was a fairly complete net-
work of orthopedic homes distributed all over
the empire, to which men could be sent for final
intensive treatment. Dr. Leo Mayer, recently
of the Orthopedic Hospital Am Urban, Berlin,
states that there must be at present about 200
such institutions and that it may confidently be
said that Germany's facilities for giving ortho-
pedic treatment to crippled soldiers are quite
adequate.
PROCESS OF TREATMENT
The principle upon which the orthopedic treat-
ment proceeds is that practically every cripple
can be made fit to work again. This attitude is
assumed by all the German writers, in contrast
to the French, who make much more conserva-
tive estimates. It appears to be a definite public
policy to assume as an article of faith that
rehabilitation is an absolute success and that dis-
cussion is superfluous. Dr. Biesalski states that
from ninety per cent, to ninety-five per cent, of
all war cripples treated are returned to industrial
10
RED CROSS INSTITUTE FOR CRIPPLED AND DISABLED MEN
Series I
life. Dr. Leo Mayer says that of 400 treated at
the hospital Am Urban, only two were unable to
go back to work.
The time of treatment for a man in the ortho-
pedic hospital is from two to six months. Men
are kept here until they are ready to go back
to the army or are pronounced definitely dienst-
unfdhig, unfit for service. Even if they are so
unfit, the War Department does not discharge
them until they are pronounced by the physician
physically fit to go back to civil life. It some-
times happens that a man has a relapse after
discharge or that a further, expensive treatment
might improve his condition. In this case, the
military authorities take no responsibility and
private charity must attend to him as a civilian.
FACILITIES
There is great enthusiasm in Germany over
the advances made in orthopedic treatment, and
it is certain that the best hospitals are excel-
lently equipped. The arrangements at Niirn-
berg, for instance, include an operating room, a
room for making plaster casts, an X-ray machine,
hot and cold baths, massage, electric and medico-
mechanical treatments of all sorts. To what ex-
tent all the hospitals are supplied with modern
orthopedic devices cannot be ascertained. There
has been some complaint in the papers that the
remoter hospitals have very incomplete arrange-
ments and that the great demand for orthope-
dists leaves some places unsupplied. New short
courses for orthopedists have been put in at some
of the medical schools and there is an enthusi-
astic effort to meet the lack; also there is wide
publicity on the subject which tends to bring the
poorer hospitals up to the standard.
More and more emphasis is being placed on
physical exercise as a means of strengthening the
stump and also the remaining limbs and of
bringing the physical condition back to the
standard. The plan is that a man shall begin
very simple but systematic physical exercises
even before he is out of bed. These are gradually
increased until finally he has two or three hours
a day under a regular gymnasium instructor.
In many places, physical directors from the
public schools and universities have volunteered
their services and act as part of the regular hos-
pital staff. Turnvereine, or athletic clubs for
adults, are very common in German towns and
these often have a gymnasium or an athletic
field which they turn over to the cripples. Most
of the larger towns have public parks and swim-
ming pools which they place at the disposal of
the hospitals. Games and outdoor sports are
found to have an immense therapeutic value,
both psychological and physical as compared
with medico-mechanical treatment.
At Munich, at the Konigliche Universitats-
Poliklinik and the Medico-mechanische Ambu-
latorium, 2,000 wounded men receive regular
physical training. The Oscar-Helene Heim, Ber-
lin-Zehlendorf, reports as part of its regular
training for one-armed and one-legged men, ball
playing, spear throwing, bowling, shooting, and
quoits.' The sports at Ettlingen include work on
parallel bars for one-armed men, and hand ball
and jumping for one-legged men, besides regular
calisthenic exercises pursued in the open. At the
one-armed school at Heidelberg, Dr. Risson
reports club swinging for one-legged men, a con-
test with the horse between the one-armed and
one-legged, standing high jump for the one-
legged, putting the shot by the one-armed, also
ball throwing and hand ball for the latter, the
stump being used as well as the good arm. The
third army district (Niirnberg) has a similar
program. The reserve hospital at Gorden,
Brandenburg, emphasizes long distance running
and takes its men for long hikes in the open in
regular running costume. An exhibition contest
was recently held at this hospital for the purpose
- of convincing doctors and social workers all over
the country of the possibilities for the cripple in
outdoor sports.* Swimming is also being empha-
sized. In Berlin, cripples have been given free
entrance tickets to the public swimming pools.
Their swimming is supervised and no one
allowed to go into deep water until the instructor
is sure of his ability. On a day when forty cripples,
mostly with arm and leg injuries, made their first
attempt, all of them were able to swim without
help. In a swimming gymkhana organized later,
two legless men competed among the others.*
' Zeitschrift far Kriippelfiirsorge, Leipzig, 1915, viii, 19-22.
* Vom Krieg zur Friedensarbeit, Berlin. 191 7, iii, 26-27.
' Vom Krieg zur Friedensarbeit, Berlin, 1917, iii, 28.
Number ij
RED CROSS INSTITUTE FOR CRIPPLED AND DISABLED MEN
II
There is a movement to arouse popular inter-
est in this branch of cripple welfare. The
Deutsche Reichsausschuss fur Leibesubungen has
supplied medals at hospital contests.* Local care
committees encourage the formation in their
districts of permanent athletic clubs for cripples,
which tend to keep up their physical condition.
Such clubs have been formed in Berlin, Leipzig,
Hamburg, Essen, Mannheim, and Kiel.'
Trade training, even when given in the hos-
pital, is under civilian auspices and will be dis-
cussed later. Many hospitals, however, even
when they do not attempt to train a man to a
trade, have a workshop or two attached for pur-
poses of functional re-education. In such a case,
manual training is counted as part of the medical
treatment and is managed by the hospital under
military authority, though occasionally, as at
Diisseldorf, the care committee of the district
sends visiting teachers to help the men with
some simple manual occupation before they are
able to be out of bed. There is great emphasis,
in all reports on the subject, on the fact that
even this occupational therapy should be really
useful and should lead the patient direct to some
practical occupation. There is also some em-
phasis on the fact that a man should be visited
and his mind turned toward work at the earliest
possible moment before mental lethargy has
any chance to set in.
IV. ARTIFICIAL LIMBS
All artificial limbs are furnished and kept in
repair by the government, which also furnishes
new ones when necessary.
In distinction from the practice of other
countries, the government prescribes no standard
pattern. It would appear that each orthopedist
selects the limbs for his own patients. The
War Department has prescribed certain maxi-
mum prices for prostheses of different types,
e. g., for amputation of lower arm, of upper arm,
lower leg, and upper leg. The Department will
not be responsible for prostheses costing more
than these standard prices. Otherwise, there is
no ofificial supervision exercised, and the matter
is left to the doctors and engineers of the country.
• Vom Krieg zur Friedensarbeit, Berlin, 1917, iii, 27.
^ Zeilschrift fiir Kriippelfursorge, Leipzig, 1917, x, 220-225.
The result is an immense stimulation of ac-
tivity. The magazines are full of descriptions of
new prostheses recommended by doctors and
manual training teachers from all parts of the
country. At an exhibition of artificial limbs,
held at Charlottenburg, there were shown thirty
kinds of artificial arms and fifty legs in actual
use.^ The Orthopddische Gesellschaft (Ortho-
pedic Society) has devoted much discussion to
the matter and there has been wide education
and publicity.
The principle now thoroughly accepted is that
the prosthesis should reproduce not the lost
limb, but the lost function. It should not be an
imitation arm or leg, but a tool. The standard
of merit is the number of activities it makes pos-
sible. The prostheses usually supplied to crip-
ples answer this definition. The legs are very
like the old-fashioned peg leg; the arms are
some variation of jointed rod with an arrange-
ment by which different appliances may be
fastened to it. With the arm is supplied a wooden
hand covered with a glove which may be attached
for street wear. The so-called Sonntagsarm
(Sunday arm) is never supplied except on request
to clerical workers.
The limbs are made by private firms, many of
whom sell them at cost price as a patriotic
measure. Some of the hospitals have an ortho-
pedic workshop as part of their vocational train-
ing equipment, and these make their own limbs
or at least prostheses for temporary wear. But
there are certain well-known makes of limb which
have come into very general use.
LIMBS USED
The Jagenberg Arm. This is the invention of a
factory owner at Diisseldorf, where there is a
very large school for the wounded. It consists
of two metal rods joined by a ball and socket
joint which can be turned in any direction, a
grip of the well hand sufficing to fix or loosen it.
It is fastened to the stump by a tight-fitting
leather cuff. With the arm is furnished a set of
twenty attachments suitable for all the ordinary
operations of life, such as eating, dressing, etc.,
and a wooden hand for street wear. The number
of attachments can be added to at will to suit
' Die Versorgung der Kriegsbeschadigten. Wien, 1917, p. 10.
12
RED CROSS INSTITUTE FOR CRIPPLED AND DISABLED MEN
Series I
any trade. The arm is easily made and its
parts can be had at any factory.^
Rota Arm. Made at the Rota Works, Aachen,
after designs by the engineer FeHx Meyer. Very
similar to the Jagenberg arm, it differs in the
manner of attaching tools. A set of attachments
and an artificial hand is also furnished with this
arm.'
Siemens- Schuckert Arm. Made by the Sie-
mens-Schuckert Works, Niirnberg, after designs
by Dr. Silberstein, of the Royal Reserve Hos-
pital, Niirnberg. The firm manufactures the
arms at cost. This differs from the Jagenberg
and Rota arms in having the weight of the arm
borne by a strap over the shoulder, while in the
two former the weight comes on the stump.
The arm has been tried out particularly in the
Niirnberg carpentry shops with great success.
It has a carefully worked-out set of attachments
fitted especially for carpentering.*
Riedinger Arm. The invention of Professor
Riedinger, Wiirzburg. It consists of a long
leather upper arm and short metal lower arm,
with a tube into which attachments can be
screwed. It is fastened on by a complicated
harness over the shoulder and is particularly
good for heavy lifting.*
Brandt Arm. The invention of Wilhelm Brandt,
Brunswick. This is a celluloid arm with sliding
joint, meant for lighter work.
Hanover Arm. Made by the firm of Nicolai,
Hanover. Here the ball joint is replaced by a
hinge, fastened at any angle by wing screws.
This arm has also a set of attachments. It is
light and particularly suited to clerical workers.'
The two Schonheits or Sonntags arms (decora-
tive arms) made are the Schiisse arm, Leipzig,
and Carnes arm, an American patent purchased
by a German firm. The Schiisse arm is a perfect
imitation of the human arm, entirely useless and
purchased only by wealthy cripples as an extra
2 Ulbrich, Martin. Die evangelische Kirche und die
Kriegsbeschadigten. Giltersloh, 1917, p. 16.
' Ulbrich, Martin. Die evangelische Kirche und die
Kriegsbeschadigten. Giitersloh, 1917, p. 16.
* Ulbrich, Martin. Die evangelische Kirche und die
Kriegsbeschadigten. Giitersloh, 1917, p. 16.
' Ulbrich, Martin. Die evangelische Kirche und die
Kriegsbeschadigten. Giitersloh, 1917, p. 16.
' Ulbrich, Martin. Die evangelische Kirche und die
Kriegsbeschadigten. Giitersloh, 1917, p. 17.
prosthesis. The Carnes arm is also an imitation,
but with a very complicated mechanism, by
which most of the operations of daily life can
be managed. The Carnes arm is too expensive
and fragile for wide use. A cheap imitation of
the Carnes arm has been invented by Professor
Bade, Hanover, but is not durable. Even this
has not met with wide approval, because the
arms made on the tool plan far surpass it in
working usefulness.
Two hand prostheses are in wide use, both of
them invented by cripples and both on the
principle of the claw. The hand best suited to
factory workers is that invented by the lock-
smith Matthias Natius. It consists of an iron
claw fastened with straps to the stump. It
grasps a tool like a hand and can then be clamped
in that position.
The Keller claw was invented by a farmer,
August Keller, and consists of three wires the
thickness of a lead pencil wound together claw-
shape and fastened to the stump by a strap. It
grasps tools as does the Natius hand, and its
owner has found it entirely successful for all
farm operations. It has now been patented and
is being widely copied.*
The makes of artificial leg have not been so
standardized. The general principle on which
they are made is that of simple construction
and swift repair. Orthopedists have given up
the effort to get much foot movement and the
usual plan is an unjointed foot with a convex
sole. The most noteworthy improvement is that
adopted at Freiburg of reducing the weight by
making the upper leg of a thin metal rod. The
shape of the leg is retained by covering the rod
with a wire form covered with elastic. Dr.
Alfred Jaks, of Chemnitz, has invented a leg
consisting of parallel levers which are set in
motion by raising and lowering the stump.'
INVESTIGATION AND PUBLICITY
All these prostheses are in use, each one being
popular in its own neighborhood or in some
' Ulbrich, Martin. Die evangelische Kirche und die
Kriegsbeschadigten. Giitersloh, 1917, p. 18.
» Ulbrich, Martin. Die evangelische Kirche und die
Kriegsbeschadigten. Giitersloh, 1917, p. I7-
• Ulbrich, Martin. Die evangelische Kirche und die
Kriegsbeschadigten. Giitersloh, 1917, p. 18.
Number ij
RED CROSS INSTITUTE FOR CRIPPLED AND DISABLED MEN
13
particular trade. In February, 1916, the Ver-
band Deutscher Ingenieure (Society of German
Engineers) made an attempt to standardize the
various efforts. It offered three prizes for the
best artificial arm suited to mechanical workers
and combining the qualities of lightness, cheap-
ness, and working usefulness. There were eighty-
two entries for this contest, sixty of which ful-
filled the entrance requirements. The ideal arm
was not found and the first prize remained unre-
warded, but the second and third prizes went
to the Jagenberg and Rota arms described above
and small sums were awarded to the various
other entries.^"
The prize entries were on view for three months
with very good educational results. The Society
then decided to establish a permanent Priifungs-
stelle (test station) for artificial limbs, which was
opened at Charlottenburg in February, 1916.
The station is a small workshop where about ten
cripples who are skilled mechanics can be em-
ployed at once and give a thorough working
trial to any prosthesis. Up to August, 1916,
the station had tried out sixteen arms, three
hands and four legs and had had under investiga-
tion nineteen arms and five legs. The station
has been empowered by the medical department
of the Gardekorps, the local military authority
in the Berlin district, to advise all cripples under
its supervision as to prostheses. To August,
1916, 345 cripples Jiad been so advised." The
Kaiser, from sums placed at his disposal for war
relief, has recently turned over 50,000 marks to
be used for the purchase and testing of artificial
limbs. Twenty thousand of this goes direct to
the Priifungsstelle at Charlottenburg.
V. RE-EDUCATION
In the German system, the functions of voca-
tional advice and re-education are closely allied
and can hardly be treated separately. They
constitute the first half of civilian duties toward
war cripples and are managed in combination or
separately, according to the locality.
Although vocational advice in fact precedes
re-education, it is more convenient, in this study,
to take it up second, since its discussion necessi-
'" Zeilschrift fur Kruppelfilrsorge, Leipzig, 1916, ix, 190.
" Zeitschrift fiir Kruppelfiirsorge, Leipzig, 1917, x, 41-42.
tates a knowledge of the re-educational possi-
bilities.
The chief thing to be noted about re-education
in Germany is that it goes on at the same time
as the medical treatment, the two processes are
simultaneous, not consecutive as is largely the J
case in England. This has two causes: First,
there is the strong conviction among all cripple
welfare workers that results can be obtained only
by getting hold of a patient at the earliest possi-
ble moment of convalescence, and second, the
fact that, since the Imperial Government does
not pay anything toward re-education, it is
more economical for the care committees to
attend to it while the men are in the hospitals
and thus save themselves the expense of main-
tenance. The usual plan of the care committees,
as has been said, is to give men their trade train-
ing while they are still in the military hospital,
beginning it, in fact, as soon as they are able
to be out of bed. Given this plan for the housing
of the men, there are two possible arrangements
for the workshops. Either the care committee
can maintain workshops in the hospitals, or it
can use a separate building to which the men are
transported every day.
Both these plans are in use, the one adopted
depending on the funds and the buildings
available to the local care committee. We may
allude to them for convenience as the indoor
plan, that where the instruction is given in the
hospital, and the outdoor plan, where the men
are taken out to school.
INDOOR PLAN
There are a certain number of hospitals, like
the larger cripple schools, which are already
equipped with shops or where it has been possi-
ble to build them. In these, a very complete
system of trade training is carried out under the
hospital roof by civilian instructors. The plan
must, of course, have the cooperation of the
local Bezirkskommando (district commandant)
and of the hospital director. In view of the pro-
fessions made by the War Department, it is the
understanding that this will always be forthcom-
ing. Different hospitals have complained of a
certain amount of friction, but this is only in
details and in individual cases. As a rule, the
14
RED CROSS INSTITUTE FOR CRIPPLED AND DISABLED MEN
Series i
military authorities are exceedingly glad to turn
over this part of the work, which they are unable
to carry.
Since the discipline of the hospital is military,
the rrien can be assigned by the director to dif-
ferent shops to spend a certain number of hours
every day. The civilian instructor does not
actually force them to work, but the example of
other pupils is usually enough for an apathetic
man. In a very few hospitals, such as the agri-
cultural school at Kortau, it has been possible to
assign crippled officers as instructors and the
discipline is entirely military.
NURNBERG
The Nurnberg hospital is the most complete
example of this plan to hand, though even this
hospital, which was fortunate enough to obtain
space and equipment for workshops, does not
manage the re-education problem exclusively
within its own walls, but works in close connec-
tion with the city schools.
The Nurnberg hospital has 900 beds. It
occupies three new hospital buildings, turned
over to the military authorities by the City of
Nurnberg and furnished with all the modern
orthopedic equipment. The school facilities
include a large-sized piece of land and twelve
workshops, the latter fitted up with machinery
and tools, which are the gift of private manu-
facturing firms. The teaching is by professional
teachers who have volunteered their services,
and foremen from manufacturing shops, whose
services are donated by their employers.
The instruction at this hospital resolves itself
into two divisions : general and theoretic instruc-
tion in the schools of Nurnberg, and practical
shop work in the hospital workshops. The cur-
riculum is as follows:
A. Theoretic work (special classes held by volunteer
teachers in Nurnberg schools, with occasional
class at hospital).
1. Left-handed writing.
2. Improved writing with right hand.
3. Typewriting.
4. Stenography.
5. Commercial course.
6. General course for industrial workers.
7. Farm bookkeeping.
8. Theoretic course for the building trades (car-
penters, locksmiths, etc.).
9. Theoretic course for building trades (masons,
plasterers, etc.).
10. Decoration and design.
11. Theoretic course for machinists.
12. Left-handed drawing.
13. Office management.
B. Practical work (in workshops with volunteer fore-
men or teachers).
1. Tailoring.
2. Painting.
3. Bookbinding.
4. Printing.
5. Locksmithing.
6. Shoemaking.
7. Saddlery.
8. Weaving (by hand and machine).
9. Orthopedic mechanics.
10. Machine tool work.
11. Carpentry.
12. Farming.
13. Paper hanging.
14. Toymaking.
15. Blacksmithing.
16. Brushmaking.
These courses all have regular hours and insist
on the men turning out work which is up to
commercial standard.'
As far as can be gathered, the indoor plan is
the one least often followed. A few of the larger
cripple homes, with the big hospitals at Nurn-
berg, Munich, Marfeld, and Gorden, are the
chief examples. The cripple homes, of course,
already had their equipment, and Nurnberg and
Munich are in Bavaria where the state govern-
ment finances the cripple work and a larger
outlay is possible. Gorden may possibly be an
exception but reports of its work are not at hand.
Other hospitals managed in this way are in
remote places where there are no educational
advantages and the hospital is obliged to furnish
what it can.
OUTDOOR PLAN
The plan more often followed is the outdoor
plan, where the instruction takes place in the
local trade schools. There are excellent facili-
ties for this, since every town has at least one
» Kriegsinvalidenfursorge. Darstellung der in Nurnberg
getroffenen Massnahmen. Wurzburg, IQIS. P- 1-45-
Number ij
RED CROSS INSTITUTE FOR CRIPPLED AND DISABLED MEN
15
trade school. Some representative of the educa-
tion authorities generally serves on the local
care committee and the schools are eager, in
any case, to offer free instruction. German
magazines are full of advertisements of free
courses for war cripples, offered by schools of
the most varying kind, public and private, from
agricultural and commercial schools to profes-
sional schools and universities.
The plan of any local care committee can,
therefore, be elastic. In a small town it may
simply arrange that its cripples be given free
instruction at the local trade school, in the
regular classes or a special class. In a large
town, like Dusseldorf, where there are fifty hos-
pitals, the committee has taken entire possession
of a school building equipped with shops and
tools and gives twenty courses open to men
from all the hospitals. Other institutions of the
outdoor type fall between the two extremes,
but some reciprocal arrangement between school
and hospital may be considered the typical Ger-
man institution.
The instruction in institutions of the outdoor
type is not under military discipline; the ar-
rangement of the school with the hospital authori-
ties is a purely informal one. The hospital
director gives the men permission to be absent
during certain hours to attend school; the
school reports to the director whether or not
they attend. Attendance is not compulsory and
men cannot be punished for misbehavior, but
the school reserves the right to refuse such
pupils as seem idle or subversive of order. This
generally is discipline enough.
The War Department has a right to dismiss
a man from the hospital as soon as his physical
treatment is over, without regard to the status
of his trade training. This matter has to be
arranged by informal cooperation between the
civilian school directors and the military hos-
pital authorities. As a rule, the hospitals are
willing to keep a man until his trade training is
complete, even though they would otherwise
dismiss him sooner. It is planned that none of
the school courses shall take more than six
months, the maximum time for hospital care.
These short courses are intended for men of ex-
perience who need further practice in their old
trade or in an allied one. Six months is, of
course, not long enough to give a man complete
training in a new trade, since some require an
apprenticeship of one or more years. If a man
needs further training after the short school
course, he becomes the charge of the local care
committee, which supports him while he attends
a technical school or pays the premium for
apprenticing him to a master workman.
The courses given in this way attain a high
standard of efficiency, both because of the good
school facilities and because a large number of
the men dealt with are already trained workmen
with a good foundation to build on. It is the
plan of the schools that, when a man is dis-
missed, he shall be qualified to go back to work
or to a higher school. Arrangements are made
with the handicraft guilds that men in their
line of work shall be able to take their master
test at the school and be graduated master
workmen. It is also seen to that every man has
a fair common school education before he begins
on a special trade.
DUSSELDORF
The Dusseldorf school, which has issued the
fullest report obtainable, offers the following
curriculum.^
A. General Education.
1 . Preliminary course.
o. Civics.
b. German — writing, grammar, etc.
2. Manual training (as preparation for trade train-
ing).
3. Education of one-armed and left-handed men.
B. Theoretic Trade Courses.
4. Building trades.
5. Metal-working trades.
a. Course for machinists.
b. Course for draughtsmen.
6. Commercial course.
7. Course for railway and postal employees and
lower positions in civil service.
a. Office work.
b. Telegraphy.
8. Course for store clerks.
9. Agricultural course.
10. Course in handicraft as preparation for journey-
man's and master tests.
' Gotten, Karl, und Herold. Dtlsseldorfer Verwundeten-
schule. DUsseldorf, 1916, p. 7-8.
i6
RED CROSS INSTITUTE FOR CRIPPLED AND DISABLED MEN
Series I
C. Practical Trade Courses with Shop Work.
1 1 . Electrical work.
12. Metal work.
13. Carpentry and cabinet work.
14. Locksmithing.
15. Stone masonry and carving.
16. Graphic trades (printing, lithography, etc.).
17. Bookbinding, cardboard, and leather work.
18. Painting and plastering.
19. Upholstery and decorating.
20. Dental laboratory work.
Another form of the outdoor plan is to send
the cripples out from the hospital to shops in the
neighborhood. Sometimes they are regularly
apprenticed to a master workman, the care
committee paying the premium, sometimes they
are sent for shorter periods on payment of a
small tuition fee. This system is followed for
individuals at Dusseldorf and much more at
Cochum. Otherwise, it is an expedient for the
smaller places where the school facilities are not
good and the cripples are fewer.
It is not possible to find out how many schools
there are in Germany of the standard of Nurn-
berg and Dusseldorf. Others noted in the
appendix are referred to, but full reports of them
are not available. The two described appear to
maintain a very high standard of efficiency. In
both, the instruction is regular and thorough
and with one end : to fit the cripple to pass the
only real test, that of actually making his living
in the world without help. The emphasis in all
the German writing on the subject is to the same
point. The necessity for turning out really
skilled workmen is thoroughly realized and it
is insisted that whatever work the cripple
does, even during his earliest attempts, should
be calculated to give him a correct working
standard.
SCHOOLS FOR ONE-ARMED
It is recognized in Germany that the one-
armed man has the greatest handicap, and spe-
cial arrangements are made for his training.
Besides exercises and instruction in the hospitals,
there are schools for the one-armed at Stras-
burg,= Baden Baden, Heidelberg, Munich, Wurz-
burg, Kaiserslautern, Ludwigshafen, Nurnberg,
* Korrespondenz jur Kriegswohlfahrtspflege, Berlin, igib-
ii- 35-
Erlangen, Frankfurt a. M., Hanover, Dresden,
Chemnitz, Dusseldorf.
A school for the one-armed means, as a rule,
special courses for one-armed men given in the
regular city schools where the men will after-
ward be taught a trade. The purpose of these
courses is to exercise the stump and the remain-
ing members of the one-armed man until he is
in a position to take up trade-training beside
others less seriously crippled. The course in-
cludes instruction in the ordinary acts of life
which are made difficult by the loss of a hand,
such as eating, washing, dressing, tying knots,
using simple tools. Six weeks is said to be
enough to put a one-armed man in condition to
go on with regular training. A great part of the
teacher's duty is to convince the men that these
things are all possible and need only a little
practice. For this purpose one-armed teachers,
preferably industrial cripples who have worked
out their methods by long practice are the most
useful, though crippled officers have already
found employment in this way at Nurnberg,
Dusseldorf, and Berlin-Zehlendorf.
An essential part of the course is left-handed
writing for those who have lost the right arm.
This is necessary, whether or not they are to
have a clerical occupation, both for removing
the feeling of helplessness and for giving the
hand greater flexibility and skill. German
teachers have made a scientific study of this
question and state that left-handed writing can
be made as legible and characteristic as right-
handed. Samples of left-handed writing from
Nurnberg show excellent script after from twelve
to twenty lessons.
Left-handed drawing, designing, and modelling
are often added as a matter of functional re-edu-
cation. Men with clerical experience are taught
to use the typewriter, sometimes using the
stump, sometimes a special prosthesis, and
sometimes with a shift key worked with the knee.
All the schools put great emphasis on physical
training. In the school at Heidelberg, under a
regular gymnasium instructor, the men do
almost all the athletic feats possible to two-
armed men.
Dr. Kunssberg, of the Heidelberg school,
states that he has made a list of one hundred
Number ij
RED CROSS INSTITUTE FOR CRIPPLED AND DISABLED MEN
17
occupations suitable for the one-armed man.
He gives the following conclusions drawn from
his own experience:
1. One-armed men are, as a rule, able to continue
with their old trade. Of those at Heidelberg, only five
per cent, were obliged to take up another.
2. The best opportunity for the one-armed man is
in narrower specialization within his own trade. For
example, the carpenter can take up polishing and wood
inlay, the tailor can become a cutter, etc.
3. The most important point is for employers to re-
arrange their work so as to reserve for one-armed men
the places they are able to fill.
There have been several textbooks written
on the subject of the one-armed man and left-
handed writing. The best known are: Von
Kiinssberg, Einarmfibel (Braun, Karlsruhe);
Dahlmann, Ube deine linke Hand (Essen); Graf
Gaza Zichy, Das Buck des Einarmigen (Deutsche
Verlagsanstalt, Stuttgart and Berlin, 1915).
AGRICULTURAL SCHOOLS
A special efTort is being made to return to the
land all who have any connection with it, such
as farmers, farm laborers, and even handworkers
of country birth. In districts like East Prussia,
almost all the wounded come from country dis-
tricts, and fifty per cent, from agricultural occu-
pations.^ It is felt that to allow these men to be
diverted from their original work by the war,
would be a serious loss to the country. There-
fore, there is wide publicity on the advantages of
agricultural life, and it is part of the duty of the
care committees to encourage interest in it
among the wounded. The suggestion has even
been made in Bavaria, that cripples from the
country districts should be separated while in
hospital from the city men, so that they will run
no danger of being estranged from their old
interests.*
All the hospitals which have any land give
courses in farming and gardening for their in-
mates.* It is estimated that there are several
hundred such hospital farms, small or large, run
by the wounded. In addition to this, there are
* Der Kriegsbeschadigte in der Landwirtschaft. KOnigs-
berg i. Pr., 1916, p. 27.
» Zeitschrift fiir Kruppelfursorge, Leipzig, 1916, ix, 157-164.
' Zeilschrift fiir Kruppelfursorge, Leipzig, 1917, x, 235.
definite summer farm courses at agricultural
schools and universities, which are free to crip-
ples. East Prussia, alone, has eight such special-
ized courses in different branches of farming,
such as dairying, bee-keeping, forestry, a course
for farm overseers, etc' There are in the empire
ten regular agricultural schools for war cripples,
which are listed in the appendix. The largest
appears to be the farm at Struveshof, Berlin,
which accommodates 200 and trains cripples as
farm teachers. The one of which the fullest
description is obtainable is that at Kortau in
East Prussia, which accommodates at present
only fifteen pupils.
The farm at Kortau is under military disci-
pline and serves as part of the reserve hospital
at Allenstein, two kilometers away. All patients
at Allenstein who come from agricultural occu-
pations are immediately transferred to Kortau,
that they may be in surroundings which will
encourage them to go back to farm work, and
that they may have orthopedic exercises and
prostheses specially suited to them. The in-
struction consists of two courses — a preliminary
course of four weeks, and an advanced course,
the duration of which is determined by the man's
physical condition and the time of his discharge
from the army. Work is divided into three
classes :
1. Work done primarily with the hands and arms:
digging, shovelling, wood-chopping, sowing, planting,
mowing, hoeing, raking, threshing, and the care of the
necessary tools for these occupations.
2. Work where horses are used : plowing, harrowing,
driving, and the operation necessary for the care of
horses — harnessing, foddering, etc.
3. Exercises over rough ground and obstacles for
men with leg injuries.'
It would appear that the instruction is of the
simple type useful for small farms, and that the
matter of farm machinery and its adaptation
to the war cripple had not been gone into. The
chief need is to fit the small peasant farmer to
go back to his own holding, where he may, with
the help of his wife and children, manage truck-
' Der Kriegsbeschadigte in der Landwirtschaft. KOnigs-
berg i. Pr., 1916, p. 12.
» Der Kriegsbeschadigte in der Landwirtschaft. KOnigs-
berg i. Pr., 1916, p. 27-41.
i8
RED CROSS INSTITUTE FOR CRIPPLED AND DISABLED MEN
Series i
gardening or poultry-raising. Most of the
courses serve this sort of purpose. There seem
to be few large scale farms in Germany, and
though Maier-Bode, in his article, 'Einrichtungen
der Kriegskriippelfiirsorge fiir die Landwirt-
schaft',' mentions a dozen or more occupations
possible for cripples on large estates, very few
of these have anything to do with machinery.
A publication issued by the provincial govern-
ment of East Prussia '" calls attention to the
possibility of the use of electric motors by peas-
ant farmers, but limits its suggestions to small
scale operations. Apparently, the schools aim
to give only a background of farming theory
and a certain amount of efficiency in the opera-
tions performed by hand.
To this smaller field, however, a great deal of
inventive thought has been applied. Teachers
in the various schools have been very ingenious
in contriving tools with modified handles which
can be gripped with a prosthesis or a stump,
and extra straps and hooks to be attached to the
clothing for aid in balancing tools. Friederich
Maier-Bode in his book gives examples of ways
in which cripples of every kind can manage all
the ordinary operations of a farm." The same
author strangely urges that crippled farm work-
ers shall learn, in addition to farming theory, a
handicraft which they can practise at home, thus
doubly assuring themselves against helplessness.^^
VI. ATTITUDE OF THOSE CONCERNED
TOWARD RE-EDUCATION
TEACHERS
The teaching in all schools is very largely vol-
unteer. That does not mean that it is unskilled,
for there are a large number of trade and other
school teachers, craftsmen, and invalided officers,
who are willing to give their services. The
National Teachers' Association has passed resolu-
tions to this effect. Where the committee has
funds enough, as at Diisseldorf, a staff of tech-
nical teachers is paid. At other places only one
' Zeitschrift fiir Kriippelf&rsorge, Leipzig, 1916, ix, 157-164.
'■" Der Kriegsbeschadigte in der Landwirtschaft. Konigs-
berg, 1916.
" Der Arm- und BeinbeschSdigte in der Landwirtschaft.
Leipzig, 1917.
'2 Zeitschrift fiir KriippelfUrsorge, Leipzig, 1916, ix, 157-164.
or two are paid and the others donate their
services for half time. Employers often donate
the services of a foreman for half the day. The
War Department helps by assigning invalided
officers and non-commissioned officers who hap-
pen to have experience in some particular line,
to act as instructors of farming, architecture,
etc. The make-up of each school staff is, in this
way, a matter of chance depending on the funds
of the committee, the suitable volunteers in the
locality and the personnel at the command of
the local military commander.
This does not seem to make for as much lack
of system and training as is usual where an insti-
tution relies on volunteers. The fact that the
care committees and the volunteers are almost
all people who hold public positions, and the
military spirit which pervades the empire, seem
to make for a rigid system and a high standard
of efficiency in the schools. The esprit de corps,
the unanimity of the workers as shown in every
report, is striking.
ATTITUDE OF MEN
Reports point to very little difficulty met with
among the men. This is due to the fact that
they are partly under military discipline and also
to the very early beginning of schooling before
'pension psychosis' has time to get a foothold.
The appeal made to them is a patriotic one, to
the effect that no man is a worthy citizen of the
Fatherland who has not the will to overcome his
handicap. Much literature has been published
on the subject, the motto being 'Der Deutsche
Wille Siegt!' (The German Will Conquers!)
One gathers also, from the reports, that the semi-
official position of the volunteer teachers and
care committee members, who are mostly from
the official and the educated classes, makes the
whole system more or less a class matter and
causes the wounded soldier to accept the plans
of his superiors without question.
ATTITUDE OF EMPLOYERS
The attitude of German employers has always
been a very paternal one. The large firms appear
to have had, for some time, a benevolent policy
toward their employees and have furnished them
with a great many material conveniences, such
Number ij
RED CROSS INSTITUTE FOR CRIPPLED AND DISABLED MEN
19
as baths, rest rooms, model dwellings, etc.
These same large firms have been among the
leaders in the war movement and have made
many spectacular donations to war relief, to the
widows and dependents of soldiers, etc. In the
matter of trade training, the large employers
have also taken a prominent place. As a matter
of fact, the duty of helping the war cripple back
to civil life has become a patriotic issue and any
employer who did not publicly show his coopera-
tion would suffer considerably. Therefore, most
of the large firms can be counted on not only for
donations to re-education of money, apparatus,
and trade teachers, but for an actual share in
the work on a large scale.
Many firms have made experiments toward
re-training their own crippled employees. The
firm of Friedrich Krupp, at Essen, has a hospital
on its own grounds to which its former employees
are transferred from the military reserve hospital
for final orthopedic treatment. While at this
hospital, they work as many hours a day as they
are able, under medical supervision, in a special
shop built for re-education purposes. They re-
ceive, while working, a minimum payment of
ten marks a month, and anything they make
which can be used is paid for at regular piece-
work rates. When their training is complete,
a place is made for them in the shop. Cripples
who were not former employees are also trained
whenever there is room for them.^ The Electric
Accumulator Works, at Oberschonweide, Berlin,
has a similar hospital and shop.^ Most others
do not have hospitals, but receive men while at
the orthopedic hospitals for training in their
works, which thus constitutes a re-education
school. These firms are: Phoenix Works, Dus-
seldorf; Northwest Group of the Association of
German Iron and Steel Industries, Diisseldorf;
Siemens-Schiickert, Siemenstadt, Berlin;' Emil
Jagenberg, Diisseldorf; Rochlingen Bros., Volk-
ingen a. d. Saar.* In all these cases, the men
• Zeitschrift fur Kriippelfiirsorge, Leipzig, 1917, x, 56-60.
' Verhandlungsbericht iiber die Tagung fur Kriegsbeschddig-
tenfiirsorge in Koln. Berlin, 1917, p. 113. (Reichsausschuss
der Kriegsbeschadigtenfursorge. Sonderschriften, Heft i.)
' Zeitschrift fur Kriippelfiirsorge, Leipzig, 1917, x, 291-299.
• Verhandlungsbericht iiber die Tagung fiir Kriegsbeschadig-
tenfursorge in Koln. Berlin, 1917, p. 113. (Reischsausschuss
der Kriegsbeschadigtenfursorge. Sonderschriften, Heft i.)
live at the hospital and go daily to the shop,
working under the supervision of a doctor fur-
nished by the employer. In the case of Siemens-
Schiickert, the military authorities place an
officer in the factory to take charge of discipline,
though this is not always done.
Smaller employers help in different places by
taking men as apprentices by arrangement with
the local care committee.
INSURANCE ASSOCIATIONS —
The help given to training by state and im-
perial insurance offices must be counted as help
given by employers since, under the law, it is
they who furnish most of the funds for these
institutions. By the German social insurance
laws, employers in any branch of industry all
over the empire are required to form Berufsge-
nossenschaften (accident insurance associations),
which attend to the payments and the medical
care for the men injured in that industry after
the first thirteen weeks of invalidity. These
Berufsgenossenschaften have large funds obtained
by taxation of members, for the care of industrial
cripples and the prevention of invalidity. They
are supervised in each state by the Landesver-
sicherungsanstalt (State insurance office) and in
the nation as a whole by the Reichsversicherungs-
amt (Imperial insurance office). The insurance
officers are allowed, by the law, to spend their
funds not only for the care of individual cases,
but for any general measures which are for the
health of the community. In accordance with
this, they have, in different states, voted large
sums for orthopedic hospitals, for re-education
and even for loans to cripples and for land settle-
ment. Money thus contributed by the state
insurance office may actually be considered as
money contributed by employers.
ATTITUDE OF WORKMEN
The attitude of the workmen toward the re-
education of cripples is not so unanimous as that
of the employers. This will be taken up more
fully under the head of placement. It may be
generally stated that the attitude of the handi-
craft workers, whose standards are protected by
law and who, therefore, have nothing to fear
from the inroads of unskilled labor, is cordial;
20
RED CROSS INSTITUTE FOR CRIPPLED AND DISABLED MEN
Series i
that of the unions, consisting of mostly machine
workers, is less so.
The representatives of labor who have given
the most cooperation to the re-education of
cripples have been the Chambers of Handwork.
These are a distinctly German institution, in
force only since the revision of the Gewerbeord-
nung (the industrial code) in 1897. By former
provisions of the industrial code, there existed
Chambers of Commerce and of Industry {Han-
dels- und Gewerbekammern) . They were elected
bodies from among the merchants and the indus-
trial workers of a locality which were recognized
by the state government and acted to it in an
advisory capacity wherever the interests of com-
merce and industry were concerned. In some
districts, the Chambers of Commerce and Indus-
try were represented by a single body, in others,
where conditions seemed to call for it, by two.
This left the smaller industries, where a man
conducted the manufacture and sale of his own
goods, unrepresented- Most of these small in-
dustries fall under the head of handwork and the
men engaged in them are members of hand-
workers' guilds.
There still persist in Germany Innungen (handi-
craft guilds) which are lineal descendants of the
guilds of the middle ages. They are possible in
any trade, such as brace making, butchery, bak-
ing, which uses only simple tools worked by
hand power and where the worker sells his prod-
uct straight to the consumer. There is no set line
as to which trades have guilds and which have
unions; it is a matter of chance development,
though the guilds are comparatively few in num-
ber and unimportant compared to the unions.
The guilds have set rules for membership; they
establish a standard length of apprenticeship and
tests for the successive stages of journeyman and
master workman. A man who passes the master
workman's test sets up for himself, is recognized
by the guild and has a definite standing before
the public.
With the spread of large scale industry, these
guild regulations were suffering and it was feared
that some useful handicrafts would lapse.
Therefore, when the industrial code was revised
in 1897, there was included in it the Handwerker-
gesetz (Handwork Law), which established the
Handwerkskammern (Chambers of Handwork).
Their members are chosen from among the handi-
craft workers, both guild members and union
members, and their function is principally to
regulate apprenticeship and the journeyman's
and master's tests. There is now one or more of
these chambers in every state and Prussia has
thirty-three. The Handwerkskammern, in all
parts of Germany, have- been of great help to
the re-education schools, and, more than that,
they have undertaken an active propaganda to
urge cripples to learn a handicraft and to become
master workmen. This they do without injury
to themselves, since the amount of training nec-
essary for the master's test is fixed and there is
no danger of a cripple becoming eligible for the
guild unless he is perfectly competent to main-
tain its standard. Also, handwork is dying out
and it would be of advantage to the guilds to
recruit their numbers. Beside this, although
some master workmen take work as foremen in
large establishments, most of them set up for
themselves and there is very little danger of
wage reduction. However, the Chambers of
Handwork have made real concessions. At Diis-
seldorf, Bochum, Niirnberg, Liibeck, Hanover,
and in Lower Saxony, they have modified the
master test so that its requirements will not
mean the usual expense and physical labor. At
Diisseldorf, the Chamber has ruled that time
spent in the cripple school shall count in the
necessary time of apprenticeship. The Chamber
of Handwork in Prussian Saxony, in cooperation
with the provincial care committee, has estab-
lished special bureaus of vocational advice for
handworkers. Their purpose is to advise a man
as to his chances for becoming a master work-
man and to see that he gets to the proper re-edu-
cational school. Spokesmen for the handicraft
workers urge that the crippled worker shall be
encouraged to settle on the land where he can
combine a handicraft with raising his own food.
ATTITUDE OF UNIONS
The unions have not come out so strongly in
favor of re-education. In really well-planned
schools, like that at Diisseldorf, there is a union
representative on the care committee but the
complaint is often that the care is a class affair
Number ij
RED CROSS INSTITUTE FOR CRIPPLED AND DISABLED MEN
21
and that labor is not represented nor consulted
in the re-education plans. This comes out more
strongly when it is actual placement rather than
training which is being considered.
VII. VOCATIONAL ADVICE
COOPERATING MILITARY AND VOLUNTEER
AGENCIES
Vocational advice is the first of the civilian
functions in the care of the war cripple. There
has been such wide publicity that every care
committee understands that its duty in urging
the cripple to a trade begins as soon as the man
is well enough to be visited in hospital. This
demands a certain amount of cooperation with
the local military authorities who censor the
visits made to the men. The usual arrangement
is that certain men should be appointed by the
care committee to serve in a volunteer capacity
as advisers and that their appointment should
be sanctioned by the local military command.
These men make regular visits to the hospitals
and take the names and the necessary informa-
tion about each new cripple in preparation for
advising him as to re-education. Some com-
mittees have blanks worked out on which these
facts are recorded. (See appendix.) In some
places, there is no regular visitor but the hospital
doctors and nurses are asked to fill out these
blanks. In others, the committees have a large
sub-committee consisting of experts in various
trades which deal with the whole question of
vocational advice.
At the beginning, with such a large body of
voluntary workers there was some complaint
that many of the advisers did not possess the
necessary experience. At present, there has been
a good deal written on the subject and the
adviser's work has been well defined, so that
there seems an improvement. Also schools have
been opened in two cities to furnish them with a
brief course of training.
As a matter of fact, the principle is fast held
to that a man must, if humanly possible, go back
to his old trade, or, failing that, to an allied one.
This narrows the scope of vocational advice and
makes it rather vocational urging. The real
requirement would seem to be that the adviser
shall be an enthusiastic and reliable person who
would act as a sort of publicity agent for the
school and convince the cripple that he will find
through it the means of getting back to his old
work. Vocational advice, though in point of time
it comes before re-education, is so dependent on
the re-education possibilities in the different
localities, that the description of it here can best
follow that of re-education. Vocational advice
is almost always the function of the local care
committee. The general rule of the military
authorities is to send a man for his final, long,
orthopedic treatment back to his home district
and the committee in this district is, therefore,
better acquainted with labor conditions and with
the background of the men.
The practice of the committees is to send repre-
sentatives to the men in hospital as soon as they
are well enough to be visited to get full facts on
their experience and their physical condition
and then advise them as to re-education or
immediate work. The military hospital authori-
ties demand that anyone allowed to visit the men
be approved by the local military commander.
This approval is sometimes given in writing and
the visitor receives a regular appointment, at
other times it is more informal. The war ofiice
has, however, given instructions that district
commanders shall cooperate as much as possible.
(Kriegserlass.)
Vocational advice is managed with more or
less efficiency according to the locality. In some
localities, such as those of the eighth and eigh-
teenth army corps, the committee requests the
doctors to consult with the men in hospital, to
fill out blanks and furnish them with the nec-
essary advice.'
In others there is a special sub-committee of
the care committee, consisting of educators and
trade experts, which visits the hospitals in a
body or holds sittings there. This is the plan
in Freiberg, Breslau, Strasburg, and in Grand
Duchy of Hesse. ^ The plan most often followed
is that of having, as vocational advisers, indi-
vidual men with knowledge of trade conditions
' Zeitsckrift fUr Krilppelfilrsorge, Leipzig, 1916, ix, 98.
Korrespondenz fiir Kriegswoldfakrtspflege, Berlin, 1916, ii, 141.
» Zeitschrift fur Krilppelfilrsorge, Leipzig, 191S, viii, 45,
267, 290.
I
22
RED CROSS INSTITUTE FOR CRIPPLED AND DISABLED MEN
Series i
and an ability to win the cripples' confidence.
These men are, as a rule, volunteers and from
the upper classes, but the realization is growing
that they must have special qualifications in
order to be efficient. Short courses have been
opened in two cities for men who wish to take
up this service. There were, in January, 191 7,
four hundred vocational advisers serving in
Berlin. Individual men are appointed also in
the whole province of Brandenburg,^ in West-
phalia,* in Bavaria,* and in Baden,* and many
places in Saxony. Instructions issued to the
vocational advisers in Leipzig (Saxony) by the
local committee read as follows:
1. It is the task of the vocational advisers to seek out
such soldiers as are likely, as a result of their
wounds, to be hindered in the use of their limbs
and to advise them.
2. The vocational advisers will be informed by the
committee in what hospitals, military or associate,
such visits are desired. It is desirable, when visit-
ing, to get in touch with the physician in charge
or the head nurse.
3. The aim which the vocational advisers should hold
before them is:
a. To combat the discouragement of the wounded
men by showing them what cripples have
already been able to do.
h. To inform themselves as to the cripple's personal
circumstances and his trade experience.
c. To obtain employment for the soldier with his
former employer or at least in his former trade.
d. To arrange for the cure of hindrances to move-
ment of the limbs resulting from wounds by
orthopedic or mecano-therapeutic treatment.
e. To arrange, if necessary, for the education of the
wounded man in another trade which is suited
to him.
/. To place the man in the new trade.
4. As a preparation for this task, the vocational ad-
visers are recomended
a. To read the publications issued by the committee
for their instruction.
h. To visit the Home for Crippled Children in Leip-
zig.
c. To visit the Zander Institute of the Leipzig Local
Sick Benefit Society.
> Zeitschrift fiir Krilppelfiirsorge, Leipzig, 1915, viii, 263.
* Zeitschrift fiir KriippelfUrsorge, Leipzig, 191S, viii, 103.
' Zeitschrift fiir KriippelfUrsorge, Leipzig, 1916, ix, 173.
' Zeitschrift fiir Kriippelfiirsorge, Leipzig, 1916, ix, 24.
d. To keep in constant touch with the members and
the officers of the Leipzig Committee for the
Care of War Cripples.'
VOCATIONAL ADVICE BY MILITARY DEPARTMENT
The war department has recently made some
efforts to deal with this question, which was, at
first, left entirely to civilian initiative. Each
reserve battalion has now a Fiirsorgeabteilung
(welfare division) whose primary duty is to
assist men about to be dismissed in the settlement
of their pensions. In some commands, this de-
partment is very active and takes up the matter
of vocational advice or even placement with the
men under its authority. Where there is an
active care committee, the welfare department
generally turns most of the actual case work over
to it, but in small places, such as a few of those
in East Prussia, the welfare department is very
active. The war department, in its decree of
December 27, 1916, says, in relation to these
departments :
In order to avoid confusion, it may be stated that the
military bureaus for vocational advice established in
certain mihtary districts are expected to work toward the
same goal as the civilian agencies and in complete coop-
eration with them. It is recognized that, owing to their
recent growth, these bureaus are still very faulty; they
can best be promoted by a constant exchange of opinion
between the military authority and the central care
committee.*
VIII. PLACEMENT
PLACEMENT AGENCIES
The problem of placement is much simplified
by the German creed that a "man must go back
to his former trade and, if possible, to his former
position." This makes placement more a matter
of re-sorting and fitting a man into the niche
reserved for him than of studying possible new
combinations. Although the creed is uniform,
there is no uniform machinery for putting it into
practice. The agencies to which a cripple may
turn are five:
1. The care committee.
2. The public employment bureau.
' Zeitschrift fiir KriippelfUrsorge, Leipzig, 1916, ix, 97.
■ Leitsatze iiber Berufsberatung und Berufsausbildung.
Berlin, 1917, p. 20. (Reichsausschuss der Kriegsbeschadigten-
fUrsorge. Sonderschriften, Heft 2.)
Number 13
RED CROSS INSTITUTE FOR CRIPPLED AND DISABLED MEN
23
3. Government service.
4. Employers' and workmen's associations.
5. Miscellaneous charitable and private initiative.
CARE COMMITTEES
The care committee, though the least definitely
organized for placement purposes, is generally
the agency which comes first in question. To
the care committee belongs the routine duty of
making connections with the former employer.
Many cases are settled in this way without
further difficulty. The agent for the care com-
mittee is the vocational adviser who interviews
the man in hospital. Often he has communicated
with the employer before the cripple begins his
training and has found exactly what further
education is advisable for that particular posi-
tion. All committees go as far as this in the
matter of placement. If the old employer is
unable to make a place for the man, some of the
committees immediately turn him over to an-
other agency, generally the public employment
bureau. Other committees, with more funds
and a wider scope, run employment bureaus of
their own. The care committee of the Rhine
province, an industrial and mining locality, has
a system of employment bureaus all over the
province, affiliated with the local care commit-
tees. The committee of the Province of Silesia
has one employment bureau which serves the
whole province. In other cases, the care com-
mittees do not have separate offices for employ-
ment, but attend to it from the regular care
committee office for the district, along with
vocational advice, pension information, relief,
etc. As an example of a care committee employ-
ment bureau, that of Heilbronn in Wurtemberg
may be cited. This committee, from November,
1915, to March, 1917, had 656 applications, out
of which 246 men were placed.' The Dortmund
committee, in Westphalia, had 592 applications
and placed 165, while seventeen got places for
themselves after training provided by the com-
mittee.^ Even when the care committees do not
place men, a good many duties devolve on them
in connection with employment, because many
^ Zeilschrift fur Kruppelfursorge. Leipzig, 1917, x, 126.
» Korrespondenz fiir Kriegswohlfahrtspflege, Berlin, 1916, ii,
35.').
public works or government offices will not take
on a new man until his local care committee has
certified that he is unfit for his old work. This
means giving a great deal of responsibility to the
care committee. In places which have a repre-
sentative and efficient committee, it is a good
plan, but in small places where the committee is
represented only by one man, there is room for
favoritism and unfairness. Complaints in the
papers have stated that the decisions are influ-
enced by class prejudice and have made this a
reason for asking that the whole cripple care
system be put under government control.
PUBLIC BUREAUS
Germany has a regular system of public em-
ployment bureaus supported by the municipali-
ties. The bureaus in each state or province are
united under a state or provincial directorate,
and the directorates in an imperial federation.
Some of these bureaus had, before the war, spe-
cial divisions for the handicapped and others are
now forming them. It is advised by the Imperial
Committee for the Care of War Cripples that the
whole matter of placement should be left to
these public bureaus and that no new agencies
should be established.' This has not yet been
done, however, and there is still argument as to
whether cripples are best placed by the public
bureau or a private one and whether their place-
ment should be handled separately from that
of the able-bodied.
In a numer of the states, the public bureaus
are handling the placement of war cripples,
handed over to them by the care committees
after placement with the old employer has been
found impossible. These states are: Bavaria,
Brandenburg, Grand Duchy of Hesse, Hesse
Nassau, Baden, Saxony and Anhalt. In Bavaria,
where the whole work for cripples is under the
state government, each district has a special
bureau for cripples, affiliated with the public
employment bureau. The other states and
provinces handle the work through the regular
employment bureau, which keeps a special de-
partment, or at least a list of positions, for war
cripples.
' Verhandlungsbericht ilber die Tagung filr Kriegsbeschddig-
lenfilrsorge in Koln. Berlin, 1917. (Reichsauschuss der
KriegsbeschadigtenfUrsorge. Sonderschriften, Heft I.)
24
RED CROSS INSTITUTE FOR CRIPPLED AND DISABLED MEN
Series i
PUBLIC BUREAU REPORT
The report of the public employment bureau
of Berlin, Province of Brandenburg, which has
a special division for cripples, is as follows:
August I, igis, to December i, jqi6
Applications received . . 2,700
Positions available . . . 2,000
Positions filled 1,400
Of these 1,400, 730 were followed up after
they went to work, and the report is not so en-
couraging. One hundred and forty-five changed
their position eight times before the time came
for discharge or renewal of contract; forty-five
stayed one week; twenty-nine stayed two weeks;
twenty-seven, three weeks; twenty- two, four
weeks; forty- two, over a month; twenty- two,
two months; and thirty-five, three months.
{Norddeutsche Allegemeine Zeitung, February 3,
19170
Work is done here and there by individual
bureaus in states and provinces which have not
taken over the work as a whole. In East Prussia,
an agricultural district, the provincial govern-
ment has established a farm employment bureau
at Konigsberg. In Strasburg, Alsace, the mu-
nicipal bureau takes care of cripples and has an
arrangement with the Fifteenth Army Corps
commandant by which they can be employed in
the military clothing workshops.
GOVERNMENT SERVICE
The Imperial Government has, of course, an
enormous number of positions at its disposal,
since the railways, as well as all the post office
and civil service positions are included. The gov-
ernment has already promised that all former
employees in any of these lines will be re-em-
ployed, if not in their old capacity, in a kindred
one. These men, according to instructions from
the Imperial Chancellor, are to be paid without
consideration of their pensions. This is a new
departure, since government pay, in civil service
positions, was always subtracted from the
amount of the pension.^ The promise, however,
decidedly reduces the number of possibilities for
the ordinary cripple.
* Korrespondenz fur Kriegswohlfahrtspflege, Berlin, 1916, ii,
157-
The post office department has decided to
give all future agencies and sub-agencies in the
rural districts to war cripples, provided they are
fit for the positions and want to settle on the
land.
Germany has the difficulty found in other
countries with untrained men who feel them-
selves entitled to government positions, and she
has taken measures to guard against it. The
Imperial Post Office has directed the postal
officials in all the states to follow the example
set in the Rhine Province and refuse employ-
ment to war cripples unless it is certified by their
local care committee that they are unfit to go
back to their old occupation. In minor civil
service posts, no new man is accepted without a
certificate, either a Zivilversorgungsschein (civil-
ian care certificate) or an Anstellungsschein (place-
ment certificate). The Zivilversorgungsschein
guarantees a man employment or support in
case no position is vacant. It is issued only to
men who have had twelve years' honorable ser-
vice.^ The Anstellungsschein is given to other
non-commissioned officers or privates who are
certified by their local care committee as being
unable to take other work but it does not guar-
antee that they will be accepted and, if not, they
have no indemnity payment.'
CITY GOVERNMENTS
The city and other local governments also
make every effort to take in cripples, but their
possibilities are small. In many places, such as
Freiberg, they exercise an indirect influence by
refusing to give city contracts to firms which do
not re-employ their own injured workmen, or
even new crippled men for whom they have
room.' In Niirnberg, a foreman is not allowed
to discharge a war cripple without bringing the
case before a committee of the city, appointed
to see that justice is done in such cases.' In
general, the city governments also are obliged
^ Korrespondenz fiir Kriegsitiohlfahrtspflege, Berlin, 1916, ii,
89.
89.
' Korrespondenz fUr Kriegswohlfahrtspflege, Berlin, 1916, ii,
' Korrespondenz far Kriegswohlfahrtspflege, Berlin, 1916, ii,
124.
» Verhandlungsbericht ilber die Tagung filr Kriegsbeschddig-
tenfiirsorge in Koln. Berlin, 1917. p. 178. (Reichsausschuss der
Kriegsbeschadigtenfiirsorge. ISonderschriften, Heft i.)
Number ij
RED CROSS INSTITUTE FOR CRIPPLED AND DISABLED MEN
25
to protect themselves. Most of them will not
consider an application for work from a war
cripple unless the care committee certifies that
he cannot resume his old trade.
mittees and government officials all over the
country. The Prussian War Ministry publishes
a similar bulletin, Anstellungsnachrichten (Em-
ployment News).
WAR DEPARTMENT
Aside from these regular government employ-
ments, there are special employments due to the
war and under the war department. The army
workshops at Coblenz' and Kassel '" employ dis-
charged crippled soldiers to work on shoes,
clothing and saddlery. At Danzig, unskilled
men are taken and given regular training as at a
re-education school. It has been recommended
that the other army corps commanders adopt
this plan and employ only war cripples in the
workshops under their command.
A military announcement of March 17, 1917,
asks that all crippled soldiers should be turned,
as much as possible, to civilian work at the rear,
such as that of airplane mechanics, blacksmiths,
etc. The men formerly employed in these capac-
ities were retained under army discipline and
given army pay, which is much less than civilian
pay. The war office now promises that they will
be retained in a civilian capacity and will retain
their pensions. '^ It also promises that, after the
war, every effort will be made to get these men
back to permanent civilian positions.
The war department has recently established
a Versorgungsabteilung (welfare department) in
every reserve troop where invalided men are sent
while awaiting discharge. This department is
supposed to facilitate their return to civil life
through advice about re-education or employ-
ment. In cases where there is no very active
local care committee, this department communi-
cates with the former employer and even at-
tempts some placement activity, but the plan
is so new that not much is reported of it so far.
The war office publishes twice a week a jour-
nal, Amtliche Milleilungen (official information),
which gives the positions open for war cripples.
All advertisements from employers are accepted
free and the paper is distributed to care com-
* Zeilschrift fur KrUppelfUrsorge, Leipzig, 1916, ix, 332.
" Korrespondenz fiir Kriegswoklfahrlpflege, Berlin, 1915, i,
170.
" Zeitschrift fUr KrUppelfUrsorge, Leipzig, 1917, x, 125.
IX. ATTITUDE OF THOSE CONCERNED
TOWARD PLACEMENT
ATTITUDE OF EMPLOYER
One of the most active agencies in placement
is the employing class. As has already been men-
tioned, the re-employing of crippled workmen
has been made such a patriotic issue and Cham-
bers of Commerce, city governments and news-
papers espouse it so violently, that no employer
who could possibly make a place for his crippled
workmen would dare refuse to do so. Many of
the largest firms, such as Krupp and Siemens-
Schuckert not only re-employ their former work-
men, but retrain them. Krupp guarantees them
the full amount of their pension for five years,
even though the government should reduce it
on account of increased earning capacity.
The large employers' organizations have also
put themselves on record in favor of re-employ-
ing cripples. Such are the Nordwestliche Gruppe
des Vereins deutscher Eisen- und Stahl-Industri-
eller; the Verein fur berghauliche Interessen; the
Gesamtverband deutscher Metallindustrieller; the
Verband deutscher Steindruckereibesitzer; the
Deutscher Arbeitgeberverband ftir das Baugewerbe;
and the Bayerischer Industriellerverband}
There has recently been formed a national
association, the Vereinigung deutscher Arbeit-
gebeverbdnde (Union of German Employers'
Associations), whose aim is to promote the em-
ployment of cripples. This is a federation of
seventy-five different trade associations, employ-
ing between them two and a half million work-
men. This association puts placards in all the
hospitals, stating its willingness to employ war
cripples and directing them to apply for work to
the associations belonging to it.^ The names of
these associations representing principally the
metal-working trades are listed in the appendix.
The federation states, as its belief, that the
reinstatement of crippled workmen is a matter
' Zeitschrift fur KrUppelfUrsorge, Leipzig, 1916, ix, 243.
'KorrespondenzfUr Kriegswohlfahrtspjlege, Berlin, I9i5,i,is.
26
RED CROSS INSTITUTE FOR CRIPPLED AND DISABLED MEN
Series i
which concerns the employer alone and it does
not consult the unions in any of its measures.'
These are general measures, but there are
smaller associations which take much more
definite ones. Many trades have employment
bureaus of their own where any workman for-
merly employed in that trade may apply and
be reinstated if not with his old employer, with
another in the same line. Such bureaus are run
by the Verband deutscher Diplom-Ingenieure,
Deutsche Kraftfahrerdank, Offenbacher Leder-
warenindustrie* and the very large steel combin-
ation, Rhein-Westfalische Industrie and Nord-
westUche Gruppe des Vereins deutscher Eisen-
und Stahl-Induslrieller. The former of these
last two placed to June, 1916, 5,002 war cripples;
the latter, to the same date, 2,200.^
The merchants have not taken such a promi-
nent stand as the manufacturers but their rep-
resentatives have also expressed themselves pub-
licly in favor of reinstating all crippled employ-
ees. The problem here is not so much the
objection to crippled former employees as to
the inrush of new, uneducated employees. Mer-
chants are very definite in warning against this
and insisting that war cripples must have a
thorough commercial course before they can
apply for any sort of clerkship.* To this end,
the Prussian Chamber of Commerce has directed
the commercial schools to work closely with
the care committees, so that their courses can
be made of real use.
ATTITUDE OF WORKMEN
The attitude of the workmen toward the re-
employment of cripples has not been cordial.
Here again, we may distinguish between the
handworkers proper and the industrial workers.
The master guilds among the handworkers have
held out every encouragement to cripples to set
up for themselves as independent master work-
ers. An association has been formed to lend
» Zeitschrifl fiir Kruppelfilrsorge, Leipzig, 1916, ix, 244.
* Zeiischrift fiir Kriippelfiirsorge, Leipzig, 1916, ix, 46.
^ Korrespondenz fur Kriegswohlfahrlspfiege, Berlin, 191 7, iii,
33.
Verhandlungsbericht iiber die Tagung fiir Kriegsbeschadiglenfiir-
sorge in Koln. Berlin, 1917, p. 114. (Reichsausschuss der
KriegsbeschadigtenfUrsorge. Sonderschriften, Heft i.)
• Zeitschrifl fiir Kriippelfiirsorge, Leipzig, 1916, ix, 595.
money to returned handworkers and to their
wives while they are away, so that the small
business may be kept up. There is a committee
in Wilmersdorf, Berlin, for the care of returning
handworkers and small shopkeepers and there
are other such committees in the Rhine Province.
The Handwerkskammern in Prussian Saxony and
Hanover have agreed to try to find work for
crippled handworkers. All this is for the advan-
tage of the handworkers, since their craft is in
danger of dying out and they are glad to
strengthen it by new recruits and public interest.
They combine their friendly efforts with propa-
ganda for keeping up the standard of the master
test.
The unions find themselves in a different posi-
tion. There are three different types of union in
Germany and they will have to be distinguished,
since they do not all take the same attitude:
(i) The Hirsch Duncker unions are the old con-
servative organizations composed of skilled
workmen. They have no poHtical affiliations
and seldom strike. (2) The Christian unions are
Catholic organizations in the nature of benevo-
lent societies, who also have very little political
interest. They are very systematically organized
and maintain advice offices for members all over
the country. (3) The socialist unions are of
two sorts, the free local unions and the free cen-
tral unions. These latter are the newest and
are more akin to syndicalist organizations (known
popularly as the 'yellow' unions).
The attitude of the Hirsch Duncker union is
friendly, if not over cordial. The Christian
unions are active in favor of placement of crip-
ples. Their union advice offices combine help
for war cripples with the regular work ; they have
erected schools for the re-education of their own
men and others; they accord their wounded
members full sick pay and they have subscribed
largely to all war relief work.^ The federation of
Christian unions has established an employment
bureau in Berlin for reinstating their own mem-
bers in industry.*
The socialist unions are the ones which have
shown the least sympathy. The situation is such
' Korrespondenz fUr Kriegswohlfahrispfiege, Berlin, 1916, ii,
22.
' Zeitschrifl far Kriippelfiirsorge, Leipzig, 1916, ix, 351.
Number 13
RED CROSS INSTITUTE FOR CRIPPLED AND DISABLED MEN
27
that any open expression of hostility would lay
the objector open to charges of lack of patriot-
ism. The socialist unions, therefore, protest
their interest in their fellow workmen, but they
object to the volunteer organization of the work
which, in their opinion, makes it a class matter.
Their representatives have demanded in the
Reichstag that it be handed over to the Imperial
Government, but without result. At a meeting
at Cologne, held August, 1916, at which all types
of union, except the yellow, were represented,
the following resolution was passed:
The workers and employees of Germany take the
liveliest interest in sick and crippled soldiers and have
always taken part in war cripple welfare work, especially
that of the National Committee.
The work for war cripples, which will be of the
greatest economic importance, especially after the close
of the war, must, first of all, have the confidence of its
beneficiaries if it is to be effective. This confidence can
only be won if the proper conduct of the work is guar-
anteed by an organization established by law. Since
the cripple welfare work is still without such an organi-
zation, the representatives of the workmen's and em-
ployees' organizations of Germany, assembled in
Cologne, August 23 to 25, demand its regulation by
national law.'
A meeting of the workmen's and employees'
unions of Brandenburg came to the same con-
clusions. {Vorwdrts, April 12, 1917.)
There is also complaint that the workmen's
representatives are not asked to serve on local
care committees, or when they are asked that
they have no active part in the work. The
'yellow unions' have been loudest in these objec-
tions, and it is obvious that there is a distinct
attitude of hostility between them and the em-
ployers in the whole matter. At the meeting of
the National Committee in Cologne, Herr
Mijnchrath, factory superintendent, stated:
If employers and workmen are to be active in such
care committees, they must be inspired by mutual con-
fidence. But confidence between employers and the
members of the aggressive type of unions has so far
vanished that there can be no further talk of it.'"
' Verhandlungsbericht Uber die Tagung fiir Kriegsbeschddig-
tenfursorge in Kbln. Berlin, 191 7, p. 122. (Reichsausschuss
der KriegsbeschadigtenfUrsorge. Sonderschriften, Heft 1.)
" Verhandlungsbericht iiber die Tagung fiir Kriegsbeschadig-
tenfUrsorge in Kbln. Berlin, 1917, p. 129. (Reichsausschuss
der KriegsbeschadigtenfUrsorge. Sonderschriften, Heft I.)
ARBITRATION BOARDS
There has been no open discussion of the possi-
bility that wage standards will be reduced by
the entry of cripples into industry. The assump-
tion has been that this will not occur and the
contrary has not been proved. In this matter,
however, the unions have made a very sage
move. Instead of protesting about the employ-
ment of cripples, they have championed the
establishment of Arbeitsgemeinschaften arbitra-
tion boards in each trade which shall decide on
the wages of each cripple on his individual merits.
These boards are to be composed of equal
numbers of employers and workmen, sometimes
with a neutral president. The unions have been
striving to get such arrangement as this for other
purposes for a long time. At present, it would
seem from their attitude that they consider it
the best policy to push the formation of arbitra-
tion boards and to strive to make them perma-
nent after the war. It would seem likely that
their campaign to be represented on local care
committees may be in part a political move
toward this end.
The arbitration board idea has been very suc-
cessful in Berlin, where there are boards in the
following industries: woodworking, breweries,
stone masonry, building trades, saddlery and
leather work, transporting, coal dealing, express
companies, textile work.'' The woodworkers
and printers ^^ have organized arbitration boards
on a national scale.'^ Also the war office has
constituted such boards in war industries such
as metal work. This is a trade where there was
formerly no cooperation at all between employ-
ers and employees.
The arbitration board idea has a certain
amount of public approval. In a few towns,
public contracts are not given to firms which do
not abide by their decisions.
ATTITUDE OF CRIPPLES TO EMPLOYMENT
There are no statistics to show to what extent
the ideal of the volunteer workers is realized
" Zeitschrift fiir Kriippelfiirsorge, Leipzig, 1916, ix, 244,
191 5, viii, 289. Korrespondenz fiir Kriegswohlfahrtspjlege,
Berlin, 1916, ii, 54.
" Liibecker Lazaretl Zeitung, 1916, ii, 5.
" Korrespondenz fiir Kriegswohlfahrtspjlege, Berlin, 1916, ii,
III.
28
RED CROSS INSTITUTE FOR CRIPPLED AND DISABLED MEN
Series i
and the cripple is reabsorbed into the mass of
the people. Dr. Biesalski states that from
ninety per cent, to ninety-five per cent, are thus
reabsorbed. The general statement is made by
most writers, that the difficulty of getting crip-
ples settled in work is lessening very much, owing
to the wide publicity employed and the syste-
matic way in which the care committees get hold
of the men. Figures from the provincial care
committee of the Rhine Province, for June,
191 7i give the proportion of cripples who go
back to work as follows: "The total number of
unemployed cripples dealt with by the 43 local
care committees under the provincial committee
was 927. Of these, there were: willing to work,
209; work shy, 92; temporarily unfit to work,
395; permanently unfit, 231 {Pensions Gazette,
8)." (Quoted from Soziale Praxis.)
The report of the Rhine committee further
gives the reasons for unemployment: "nervous
disability, 20.5 per cent. ; tubercular, two-thirds
per cent.; blind, 1.8 per cent.; arm amputa-
tions, 3 per cent." The majority of unemployed
who are willing to work are disabled in arm or
leg.
As to the proportion of cripples going back to
their old trade, an indication may be had from
the statistics published by the committees of
Coblenz and the agricultural advice office at
Baden. Of the 454 applicants for work at
Coblenz in two months, the percentage going
back to their old trade was 89 per cent., although
only 42 per cent, had so intended. At Baden,
out of 204 applicants, 188 went back to their
former trade, although only 95 had so intended.
MACHINES FOR CRIPPLES
A subject which may be taken up under place-
ment is that of the alteration of machines to
suit the use of cripples.
This appears not to have been gone into very
widely. Some of the schools use an Underwood
typewriter with shift key worked with the knee,
and these are installed in some business offices
which employ cripples. In Strasburg, the
ticket chopping machines are altered so as to be
worked with the foot and permit their use by
one-armed ticket choppers. There are descrip-
tions of a bicycle for cripples and a special
draughting board but it is not stated that these
have ever been used.
The field where the most work has been done
is that of farm tools. Friederich Maier-Bode,
in his book, Der Arm- und Beinbeschddigte in der
Landwirtschaft, and the East Prussian Care'
Committee, in its publication, Der Kriegsbe-
schddigte in der Landwirtschaft, give long lists
of simple farm tools which can be altered as to
length of handle or general shape so as to be
used for cripples. The idea of using electric
power for some of these simple operations is
only beginning to gain place. Since the war has
made fuel and kerosene so scarce, the small
towns and country districts are beginning to
install electricity. The Province of East Prussia
is installing power plants in several places from
which all the small farms in the district can be
supplied. The committee recommends to peas-
ant farmers the use of small electric motors for
milking, milk separating, threshing, beet crush-
ing, lifting heavy weights, etc. It states that
on a few very large estates it is possible to use
electric plows and harvesters and recommends
that cripples try to get employment in connec-
tion with these. It also recommends the electric
motor to handicraft workers, such as butchers,
locksmiths, wheelwrights, etc."
In order to avoid exploitation of cripples, a
proclamation has been issued addressed to them
and signed by most of the large workmen's
organizations. It directs the cripples, if they
find unjust conditions in the labor field, to apply
to the signers for redress or placement.
ACCIDENT INSURANCE
Another question which comes up in connec-
tion with employment is that of accident insur-
ance. The matter of increased number of indus-
trial accidents likely to occur where cripples are
employed came up for discussion at the meeting
of the Vereinigung filr Kriippelfiirsorge, Berlin,
February, 1915. At this meeting, Herr Witowski,
director of the Reichsversicherungsamt (Imperial
insurance office), admitted the difficulty, but the
remedy he proposed was simply further watch-
fulness on the part of the accident insurance
" Der Kriegsbeschadigte in der Landwirtschaft. Konigs-
berg, i. Pr., 1916, p. 108-114.
Number 13
RED CROSS INSTITUTE FOR CRIPPLED AND DISABLED MEN
29
associations. These associations, as has been
mentioned, already have hospitals and re-educa-
tion schools of their own and exert themselves to
prevent the occurence of invalidity as far as
possible so as to avoid paying the pension re-
quired by the insurance law.
The attitude of employers toward war crip-
ples, as has been said, must necessarily be a very
liberal one and employers have not pressed this
question. In a few cases, there have been dif-
ficulties. Section 178 of the Reichsversicherungs-
ordnung (Imperial Insurance Law) provides that
where a man's working capacity is permanently
lessened he may work uninsured, if the poor law
authorities are caring for him. Some trades have
been enforcing this provision with war cripples, but
the Prussian Minister of Commerce and Industry
has warned against too wide an application.'^
The Prussian War Ministry has decided that
where men are discharged from the army and
go to work at a trade where insurance is compul-
sory, they must be insured under the provisions
of the law.'' This apparently applies to all cases
except those just mentioned, which are proved
to be permanently injured and under the care
of the poor law authorities.
There has been a good deal of discussion about
the status of men still in hospital and, therefore,
under military authority who go out to work in
factories, whether for pay or not. The Prussian
Ministry of War has decided that such work
must be considered part of their medical treat-
ment and that they do not come under the
provisions of the insurance law, but under
the Mannschaftsversorgungsgesetz (provision for
troops)," and any injury to them must be the
responsibility of the war department. In West-
phalia, however, the care committee had so much
difficulty with employers, that it arranged with
an insurance company to pay the accident com-
pensation in these cases.^*
INVESTIGATION OF EMPLOYMENT FOR CRIPPLES
Systematic work is only just beginning in the
field of investigation as to possible trades for
'' Korrespondenz fiir Kriegswohlfahrtspjlege, Berlin, 1916, ii,
34-
" Zeilschrift fUr Krilppelfursorge. Leipzig, 1916, ix, 187-188.
" Zeitsckrift fiir Kruppelfursorge, Leipzig, 1916, ix, 188.
" Zeilschrift fiir KriippelfUrsorge, Leipzig, 1916, ix, 348.
cripples. The Bochum School for the wounded
divides the trades taught into: sitting occupa-
tions, for men with thigh amputations; half-
sitting occupations, for those with amputations
just above or below the knee and occupations
for the one-armed. The school teaches twelve
sitting occupations, nine half-sitting, four for
the one-armed and twenty miscellaneous. Fur-
ther details are not given.'*
The Deutscher Industrieschutzverband (Ger-
man Union for the Protection of Industry),
Dresden, has made a report of seventy-nine
trades compatible with different injuries. The
trade operations, which are not given in great
detail, are such general ones as cabinet-maker,
locksmith, tailor, etc.^"
The most complete piece of work which has
been done in this line, is the report entitled,
Lohnende Beschaftigung fiir Kriegsbeschddigte aus
dem Metallgewerbe (Gainful Occupation for War
Cripples in the Metal Trades), by Franz Alm-
stedt (Publisher, Max Janecke, Leipzig, 1916).
The author has been a teacher in the city con-
tinuation school at Hanover and, since the war,
teacher and vocational adviser in the hospital
school. He gives a careful description of ninety-
two operations in the metal trades, with an
exact statement of their compatibility with in-
juries from the loss of a finger to loss of both
arms or legs.
X. PUBLICITY
HISTORY
Public education on the subject of proper
treatment of war cripples has been very effi-
ciently managed. There was, at the beginning
of the war, the usual outbreak of misguided
charity. The newspapers were loud in their
demands for Heldenheime (old soldiers' homes),
where all cripples could be maintained in idleness
for the rest of their lives. Uninformed volunteer
societies sprang up everywhere. But the leaders
in orthopedic work immediately took up the
definite task of educating public opinion.
Dr. Biesalski, the secretary of the federation
for the care of cripples, made a tour of the whole
•' Zeilschrift fiir KriippelfUrsorge, Leipzig, 1916, ix, 406.
^'' Zeilschrift fiir KriippelfUrsorge, Leipzig, 1916, ix, 326.
7^
30
RED CROSS INSTITUTE FOR CRIPPLED AND DISABLED MEN
Series I
country under the auspices of the Red Cross,
speaking in all the important towns before the
social workers and officials, and instructing them
in the most modern principles of cripple work.
The result was that the new committees, when
first formed, were prepared to conduct their work
in the most intelligent way, and that there was
very little volunteering and subscription of
money for undesirable forms of charity.
This tendency was diverted very early to an
interest in re-education schools.
PUBLICATIONS
There are several regular publications which
keep the social workers informed of the progress
and plans of cripple work. The Zeitschrift fiir
Kriippelfursorge, the official magazine of the
Vereinigung fiir Kriippelfiirsorge has devoted its
pages almost entirely since the war to reports
on the work for war cripples. There are besides
this the regular magazine of the Reichsausschuss
and its special reports and pamphlets, the maga-
zine of the Brandenburg care committee, Vom
Krieg zur Friedensarbeit (From War to Industry)
and the reports on general war work in the
Korrespondenz fiir Kriegswohlfahrtspflege (Cor-
respondence on War Welfare Work). These
serve for the technical information of the workers
but the various societies have also been at great
pains to issue publications for the thorough infor-
mation of the public. The Vereinigung fiir
Kriippelfiirsorge has published three illustrated
pamphlets by its secretary, Dr. Biesalski, in-
tended to convince both the cripples and the
general public of the truth of his maxim, "There
is no such thing as being crippled." The books
are full of illustrations and examples of the fact
that cripples can and do return to industrial life.
They are: Kriegskriippelfiirsorge, Ein Aufkla-
rungswort zur Trost und zur Mahnung, (Work for
War Cripples, a Word of Comfort and Warning),
Die ethische und wirtschaftliche Bedeutung der
Kriegskriippelfiirsorge und ihre Organisation in
Zusammenhang mil der Gesamte Kriegshilfe,
(The Ethical and Economic Significance of the
Work for War Cripples and its Organization in
Connection with General War Work), 'Die Fiir-
sorgefiir unsere heimkehrenden Krieger, insbeson-
dere die KriegskrUppel (The Work for Our Home-
coming Soldiers, especially the War Cripples).
All three are published by Leopold Voss, Leipzig,
1915-
There are also several pamphlets published in
the interests of agriculture, proving the ease and
profit with which cripples may return to the land.
Such are Der Arm- und Beinbeschddigte in der
Landwirtschaft (Agriculture for Men with Arm
and Leg Injuries) by Friederich Maier-Bode, vo-
cational adviser at Niiremberg-Schafhof, and Der
Kriegsbeschddigte in der Landwirtschaft (The
War Cripple in Agriculture), published by the
East Prussian care committee.^
These books are all as much to provide argu-
ments and material for the care committees as
for the cripples themselves. One particularly
popular appeal aimed directly at the cripple is
the pamphlet by Dr. Wiirz of the Oscar-Helene
Heim called Der Wille Siegt (Will Conquers).
This is meant for distribution in all the hospitals.
It is a collection of the histories of succesful crip-
ples from Tamburlaine and Frederic of Homburg
down to the veterans of the present war. Re-
habilitated cripples suffering from all types of
injuries tell their own stories and urge their com-
rades to similar courage. Its purpose is frankly
to provide the stimulus of patriotism, pride and
ambition, which will overcome hospital lethargy
and pension psychosis. The conclusion may
serve as an example of the high dramatic key in
which it is couched:
A Rousing Call to War Cripples
You war cripples! Receive these stories and these living
examples of the conquering power of the will as good friends
into your soulsl When trouble and faintheartedness
paint sinister pictures before you, do not believe the terrible
spectres. Look upward, toward the victories which cor-
ageous war cripples Jmve won. Listen to the message con-
tained in these life battles of crippled men. Life is earnest
and you have learned how hard it can be for each one of us.
But do not let your working power grow rusty. Be good
warriors, even on the battlefield of industry. Think not
of what you have lost, look not behind you, but stride for-
ward, certain of victory. If you believe in yourselves, you
are planting many a victorious banner for the future. Let
all that you learn become a weapon in your proud fight
for independence from the help of others. Be patient as
' Der Arm- und Beinbeschadigte in der Landwirtschaft.
Leipzig, 19 1 7. Der Kriegsbeschadigte in der Landwirtsciiaft,
Konigsberg i. Pr., 1917.
Number 13
RED CROSS INSTITUTE FOR CRIPPLED AND DISABLED MEN
31
you practise your new knowledge. You have stUl, as you
have ever had, the joy which lies in every piece of work.
With every tiny success, you are building up the strength
of the Fatherland. The German people needs you as much
as it needs the unwounded.
Dare to Will! Will conquersP
There are other pubHcations of this same
nature, meant to influence the war cripple while
he is in hospital and prepare his mind for the
future. One such is the Liibecker Lazarett Zeitung
(Liibeck Hospital Journal) published by the
Liibeck care committee and distributed free to
all cripples in the city. Among short bits of
news about trades and pensions, it has inspiring
verses and talks on the joy of suffering for the
Fatherland, and each month an article on the
German nature, featuring such qualities as in-
dustry, courage, patience, and patriotism.
EXHIBITIONS
Exhibitions on the subject of cripple care have
been held in all parts of the empire. A large ex-
hibition on the care of the sick and wounded in
war was arranged in December, 1914, stayed a
month in the Reichstag building in Berlin and
then travelled to Vienna and Buda-Pest and to
all the large cities of Germany. In this exhibi-
tion, a section arranged by the Vereinigung fiir
KrUppelfUrsorge exhibited all the phases of re-
education, model workshops, photographs of
cripples at work, and samples of the product.
The newspapers reported this exhibition as being
crowded during the whole course of its progress.
The Vereinigung fiir KrUppelfUrsorge plans to
establish a permanent museum for cripple wel-
fare work which shall be concerned with the care
of industrial as well as war cripples.' Smaller
exhibitions have been arranged by the care com-
mittees in different localities with samples of the
work done there, i. e., at Altona, Charlottenburg,
Stuttgart, Dusseldorf, Leipzig, Potsdam, Co-
logne, and Munich.
The workers in the cripple field are urging that
more use be made, even than has yet been made,
of slides and moving pictures illustrating the
possibilities of work for cripples. These are in
use for the lectures given as entertainment at the
« WOrtz, Hans. Der Wille Siegt. Berlin, 1916.
> Zeitschriftfiir KrUppelfUrsorge, Leipzig, 1915, viii, Monats-
blatt, 25-27.
larger re-education schools and it is urged that
more of them be shown before the general public,
so that the wives and dependents of cripples will
realize the possibilities for them.
Through these publications, the host of volun-
teer workers in Germany is kept continually in-
formed as to the measures for returning cripples
to civil life and is also reminded that one of the
first duties of the worker himself is publicity in
the instruction of the cripple and his dependents
as to the possibility of his returning to industry.
XI. PENSIONS
The source of the pension provisions for non-
commissioned officers and privates is the Mann-
schaftsversorgungsgeselz (law of provision for
troops), passed May 31, 1916. According to this,
a pension is granted if a man's working capacity
is reduced in any measurable degree, i. e., ten
per cent, or more. Injuries which amount to
less than ten per cent, are not considered; for
injuries which impair the working capacity from
ten per cent, to one hundred per cent., the pen-
sion is correspondingly increased. Pensions are
graded according to military rank. The full
pension for complete disablement is, per year:
Private 540 marks
Corporal 600 marks
Sergeant 720 marks
Sergeant Major . . 900 marks
If the degree of disablement is lessened, pen-
sions can be accordingly diminished. When the
degree of disablement reaches less than ten per
cent., pensions can be entirely withdrawn. ^
To the pension proper, there are various addi-
tions :
I. Kriegszulage (war allowance), fifteen marks
a month. This is paid wherever the pension is
paid. If the pension is diminished, the war allow-
ance remains the same. If the pension is with-
drawn on account of regained working capacity,
the war allowance is withdrawn.''
> Verhandlungsbericht iiber die Tagung fur KriegsbeschSdig-
tenfUrsorge in Koln. Berlin, 1917, p. 29. (Reichsausschuss
der Kriegsbeschadigtenfiirsorge. Sonderschriften, Heft i.)
Zeilschrifl fiir KrUppelfUrsorge, Leipzig, 1916, ix, 58.
' Verhandlungsbericht uber die Tagung fur Kriegsbeschadig-
tenfUrsorge in Koln. Berlin, 1917, p. 29. (Reichsausschuss
der Kriegsbeschadigtenfiirsorge. Sonderschriften, Heft I.)
Zeilschrifl fur KrUppelfUrsorge, Leipzig, 1916, ix, 58.
32
RED CROSS INSTITUTE FOR CRIPPLED AND DISABLED MEN
Series i
2. Verstuntmelungszulage (mutilation allow-
ance), twenty-seven marks per month. This is
paid in case of serious mutilation, such as the
loss of an arm, a leg, an eye, etc., or in case these
members are rendered useless as by paralysis.
For double mutilation, such as the loss of both
legs, total blindness, etc., there is double allow-
ance. The mutilation allowance cannot be with-
drawn so long as mutilation exists, even though
working capacity be completely regained (e. g.,
through the use of prostheses). It can only be
withdrawn if mutilation no longer exists, e. g.,
if the use of a paralyzed limb is regained.'
3. AUerszulage (old age allowance). Paid to
men over fifty-five years old whose yearly income
does not reach 600 marks. The amount paid is
the difference between the man's actual income
and 600 marks.*
4. Zusatzrente (supplementary allowance) . This
is a later provision not included in the Mann-
schaflsversorgungsgesetz; it is paid from a special
fund recently set apart by the Imperial Govern-
ment for this purpose. According to a report
made by the intelligence department of the Eng-
Jish local government board, the German gov-
ernment has promised to revise the pension sys-
tem so as to take into consideration a man's for-
mer earnings and not merely his military rank.
This cannot be done until after the war, when
more funds will be available and the supple-
mentary allowance is granted as a temporary
measure. The conditions under which it is
granted were explained by the Prussian War
Ministry, in a decree of June 15, 1917, as follows:
The allowance is granted to those who had a definite
income from work before the war and who have lost it
as a result of war injuries, or who had such an income
in prospect and have lost it in this way. The impair-
ment to working capacity must be thirty-three and one-
third per cent, or more, and the applicant must show
that he has made all possible efforts to get work which
will make him self-supporting, and that the local care
committee has also been unable to place him. The
• Verhandlungsbericht Uber die Tagung fUr Kriegsbeschadig-
tenfiirsorge in Kbln. Berlin, 1917, p. 29. (Reischsausschuss
der Kriegsbeschadigtenfiirsorge. Sonderschriften, Heft i.)
Zeitschrifl fur Kriippelfiirsorge, Leipzig, 191S. ix. S8.
* Verhandlungsbericht Uber die Tagung fiir Kriegsbeschadig-
tenfiirsorge in Koln. Berlin, 1917, p. 29. (Reichsausschuss
der Kriegsbeschadigtenfursorge. Sonderschriften, Heft i.)
applicant's total income must be less than 5,000 marks
per year, and must be diminished by at least one-fourth
as a result of his injuries. In reckoning income, all
pension allowances, except mutilation allowance, are
counted. The supplementary allowance is granted for
only six months at a time and is not renewed if condi-
tions improve and put the man outside its provisions.
The allowance is graded according to conditions. It
may reach forty to forty-five marks a month.'
The authority for the granting and readjust-
ment of pensions is the Ministry of War, which
can delegate its authority to specially appointed
boards. The amount of impairment of working
capacity is determined by a military board
appointed for this purpose. Its decisions may be
appealed from to a higher board and finally to
the war office itself. This board meets once a
year to consider changes and withdrawals of
pensions. No change is made except after regu-
lar proceedings where impairment or regaining
of working capacity must be proved.
There is great dissatisfaction with the whole
pension system, which even the late concession
of the supplementary allowance has not reme-
died. An investigation conducted in the Rhine
Province by cripples themselves revealed, ac-
cording to Vorwdrts, great misery and injustice.
Pensions were proved in every case to be decid-
edly too small. (Vorwdrts, September 24, 1917.)
The director of the Bureau for Information and
Vocational Advice maintained by war cripples
in Berlin makes the same statement. This
bureau has complained to the Ministry of War
particularly about the way in which the mutila-
tion allowance is determined. (Vorwdrts, Octo-
ber 26, 191 7.) It has been decided to address
to the Reichstag a petition signed by as many
cripples as possible and asking an increase in
pensions. (Vorwdrts, September 24, 191 7.)
The newspaper Volkswille, Hanover, October
24, 1917, states that the number of cripples dis-
charged without pension is so enormous that
there is absolute need of some authority to settle
disputes between the war department and the
pension claimants. Vorwdrts, October 30, 1917,
states that there are many thousand pensioned
cripples in bitter need. These statements are
' Vom Krieg zur Friedensarbeit, Berlin, 1917, iii, 35. Korre-
spondenz fiir Kriegswohlfahrtsflege, Berlin, 1916, 2, 156.
Number ij
RED CROSS INSTITUTE FOR CRIPPLED AND DISABLED MEN
33
not easily reconciled with those made by the
social workers to the effect that ninety per cent,
of war cripples are able to return to industrial
life. There is evidently a considerable difference
of attitude between the volunteer worker class
and the socialist element which these papers
represent.
The matter of pension revision has come up
for discussion before the Hauptausschuss (head
committee) of the Reichstag. It was stated at
this discussion that the administration of pen-
sions is much too bureaucratic and that it is
absolutely imperative that the condition of
veterans shall be improved. {Frankfurter Zei-
tung, October 2, 1917.) It was resolved that the
Chancellor shall bring before the Reichstag a
proposal for changes in the Mannschaftsversorg-
ungsgesetz as soon as possible, at the latest by
the beginning of the year 1918. {Frankfurter
Zeitung, October 2, 1917.) No report of such a
proposal has been received.
The principal changes desired are, as has been
intimated, the adjudication of pensions on
grounds of a man's age, occupation, and family
circumstances instead of military rank, and the
granting of permanent pensions irrespective of
changed earning capacity. A suggestion made
by Dr. Siegfried Kraus, of Frankfurt, is that
pensions should not be fixed until a definite time
after discharge when a man has had a chance to
try out his earning capacity and that, once fixed,
they should be inalterable.
The capital settlement law is also criticized
on grounds of its discrimination against age. As
it now stands, the boy of eighteen has the best
chance at a farm, while it is the man of forty
who would be best able to conduct a farm, who
has sacrificed most in war, and who has the least
chance of finding other employment.
SOCIAL INSURANCE FOR WAR CRIPPLES
War cripples, under certain conditions, have
a right to payments under the social insurance
laws, in addition to their pension payments. The
social insurance organization has been briefly
sketched under hospital facilities. According
to the Reichsversicherungsordnung (Imperial In-
surance Law) of June 19, 191 1, there are three
kinds of social insurance: sickness, accident, and
invalidity (including old age). The law stipu-
lates that accident insurance is paid only in
case of injuries occurring while the claimant was
at work in one of the insured industries. Acci-
dent insurance, therefore, does not come into
question for crippled soldiers, but sickness and
invalidity do.
SICK BENEFITS
The costs of medical care and sick payments
for the first twenty-six weeks of illness are
borne by Krankenkassen (sick benefit societies)
authorized by the state. To these, the workmen
contribute two-thirds and the employers one-
third. It is not stipulated that the illness shall
be caused by work; therefore, men wounded in
war, if still members of sick benefit societies,
would have a right to these payments. Since the
war department takes charge of all medical
treatment for such men, their rights would be
limited to the sick payments. Membership in
these sick benefit societies is compulsory for
workmen engaged in most of the ordinary trades.
It is usually allowed to lapse when the man is
called to military service unless his family or
some charitable society makes the payments for
him. However, men injured in war have a right
to the payments, if illness set in within three
weeks of their leaving the sick benefit society
or if they became voluntary members of the
society beginning within three weeks of leaving
the compulsorily insured trade.*
INVALID INSURANCE
Medical treatment and pension, in case of
invalidity and old age, are paid one-half by em-
ployers and one-half by employees. A man is
entitled to them if he has made two hundred
weekly payments. He must accept whatever
medical treatment is offered, whether at home or
in a sanitarium and must consent to re-education,
prostheses, etc., or he loses his rights to a pension.
A war cripple who has made the two hundred
weekly payments is, therefore, entitled to the
invalidity pension in addition to his pension from
the war department.' As a rule, medical treat-
ment does not come in question because it is
' Zeitschrifl fiir Kriippelfiirsorge, Leipzig, 1916, ix, 169.
^ Zeitschrift fiir Kriippelfiirsorge, Leipzig, 1916, ix, 171.
34
RED CROSS INSTITUTE FOR CRIPPLED AND DISABLED MEN
Series i
attended to by the war department, but, in case
of a relapse after discharge or of further expensive
treatment, the sanatoria of the insurance socie-
ties are very useful.
Even this double possibility does not relieve
the poverty among pensioned cripples. At a
session of the Hauptausschuss of the Reichstag,
October, 1917, it was resolved that all invalidity
pensions should be increased fifty per cent, dur-
ing the years 191 7 and 191 8. The weekly premi-
ums were also to be increased fifty per cent.
{Frankfurter Zdtung, October 2, 1917.)
CAPITAL SETTLEMENT LAW
The only important change in the pension laws
resulting from the present war, was the Kapital-
abfindungsgesetz (capital settlement law), of June
3, 1916. This law was the result of the combined
demand for greater generosity in pensions and for
some means of keeping the agricultural popula-
tion on the land. It provides for commutation of
part of the pension into capital payment under
certain conditions. The provisions are briefly as
follows :
a. Purpose for which settlement may be used: Pur-
chase or improvement of real estate property, or build-
ing of dwelling houses. This is interpreted to include
purchase of farms, market gardens, suburban dwellings,
city dwellings, improvement of houses by addition of
workshops or stores, purchase of city workingmen's
tenements by a number of veterans together. (The
only thing definitely excluded is the purchase of build-
ing of factories.) The law is intended to benefit prac-
tically all the members of the working class. A large
number will be induced to buy farms and gardens or to
add to those they already own ; handworkers and small
shopkeepers can have their own houses in the suburbs or
small towns and even city factory workers can combine
for improved city dwellings such as already exist in
Berlin.'
h. Persons eligible : Veterans and widows of veterans
between the ages of twenty-one and fifty-five, who have
a right to war payments under the provisions of the
law of provision for troops and of the law providing for
the widows and orphans of soldiers. Payments which
may be commuted, Kriegszulage (war allowance) fifteen
marks per month and VerstUmmelungszulage (mutilation
allowance), twenty-seven marks per month. For wid-
ows, half of total allowance. Those not crippled are, of
course, entitled only to war allowance.
• Vom Krieg zur Friedensarbeit, Berlin, 1917, 3, 24.
c. The pension proper may not be commuted but
remains as a steady income although it may be reduced
or withdrawn with increased earning capacity. The
capital payment is supposed to represent the total
amount which would accrue to any veteran from pay-
ment for life of the two allowances in question. His
probable length of life is calculated on the basis of the
experience of the Imperial Insurance Office. As a result
of this, a man twenty-one years old receives eighteen
and one-half times the yearly total of the allowances
due him; a man of thirty, sixteen times; of forty,
thirteen and three-quarter times; at fifty-five, eight
and one-quarter times, etc. The result is that a man
of twenty-one, who was entitled to both war and muti-
lation allowances would receive 9,324 marks; a man of
thirty, with the two allowances, 8,190 marks; one of
forty, 6,930, etc. With double mutilation, these would
be correspondingly increased.
d. Conditions safeguarding settlement: Each indi-
vidual applicant must prove his ability to manage the
enterprise for which he proposes to use the money and
its practicability. If he purchases land, he must do it
through one of the real estate associations authorized
by the government. If the applicant is proved later to
be unable to manage his enterprise, the total payment
must be refunded and he receives his monthly allow-
ances instead. Sometimes the government takes a
mortgage on his property to insure this.
e. Managing authority: No veteran has an absolute
right to capital payment. Each application is decided
on its merits by a board appointed by the Ministry of
War before which the proper proofs must be brought.
GENERAL CONCLUSIONS
Social workers are extremely hopeful about
the results of this law, which was passed after
much discussion. Its need was greatly felt but
the difficulties were the calculation of a lump sum
for men of different ages (dealt with by provisions
under 'c') and safeguarding against the total
loss of the payment through inefficiency of the
recipient (dealt with by provisions under 'c',
'd', and 'e'). The chief difficulty now will be in
slowness and formality of administration, since
the military boards are notorious for these quali-
ties in the matter of deciding pensions.
Great activity has been stimulated among real
estate associations. There existed before the war
a great many land development associations of
a semi-charitable character and, since the pas-
sage of the law, many others have been formed
with the definite object of assisting veterans
Number 13
RED CROSS INSTITUTE FOR CRIPPLED AND DISABLED MEN
35
under its provisions. Many of the states and
provinces, particularly the agricultural ones like
Silesia, have formed semi-official associations.
There are now thirty or more authorized associa-
tions listed in the appendix.
XII. ATTITUDE OF CRIPPLES
One of the most important things to be noted
in connection with the re-education of the war
cripple is the attitude of the men themselves.
The nature of the patriotic appeal made to them
and their own published testimony leads one to
believe that there is great unanimity and docility
among them. The whole spirit of the country
would appear to be at such a high patriotic ten-
sion that a measure like re-education which is
urged on patriotic grounds can be certain of sup-
port from every individual.
Since, however, most of the cripples to be re-
educated come from the working classes, which
are the least in accord with the general spirit,
there is evident among them a certain amount of
unrest and dissent. Pastor Ulbrich, an experi-
enced worker and head of one of the oldest crip-
ples homes, stands out against the claim that the
injured man will go back to work as though noth-
ing had happened. He feels that the idea of
recompense for what they have gone through is
becoming firmly rooted in the returned cripples,
fostered by popular sympathy and that after
the war the country must beware of a Helden-
partei (hero party) composed of returned soldiers
who will insist on concessions from the govern-
ment.
Slight indications of something of the sort are
already evident. In June, 1916, there was
founded at Hamburg the Bund Deutscher Kriegs-
beschddigten (German War Cripples' Union). Its
object was announced to be merely mutual
assistance and fellowship.' Other smaller organi-
zations sprang up in different parts of the coun-
try and the papers began to accuse them of
socialist sympathies. It was these unions which
conducted an investigation in the Rhine Province
to prove the inadequacy of pensions and
which maintain an office in Berlin from which a
petition for higher pensions was circulated.
* Zeilschrift fur KrUppdfiirsorge, Leipzig, 1917, x, 238-239.
The interests of these unions have been grow-
ing more and more political. In November,
1917, the Berlin union came to an open breach
with the Pan-German party over the matter of
a negotiated peace. The Pan-German party,
in its propaganda for peace by conquest only, had
been citing the sufferings of the war cripples and
urging the country to fight to the end in order to
avenge them and to carry on their work. The
Berlin Verband der Kriegsbeschddigten und ehe-
mahlige Kriegsteilnehmer (Union of War Crip-
ples and War Veterans) called a meeting to pro-
test against this action of the Pan-German party.
"The speaker," says Vorwdrts, "stood emphati-
cally against the attempt of the Pan-Germans to
entrap the veterans and war cripples by promis-
ing them a share of the booty. Instead of that,
he demanded that the social program of the
union of war cripples be adopted and that all
veterans should have full voting privileges."
At the close of the meeting, the following reso-
lution was adopted :
We, over a thousand war cripples and veterans, in
meeting assembled, men who have risked in support of
Germany our health and our lives, deny to members of
the German 'Fatherland Party' the right to arrogate
to themselves a special measure of love for our coun-
try. We protest against their quoting the veterans in
support of their aims of conquest. We demand an early
negotiated peace as soon as this may be done without
injury to the nation. We demand that all class privi-
leges be laid aside. We demand special provision for
those who have sacrificed themselves at the front.
(Berlin, Vonvdrts, November 12, 1917.)
APPENDIX
I
Guiding Principles for Vocational Advice and
Re-education, Summary of Pamphlet No. 2 of
Imperial Committee for Care of War Cripples.
Carl Heymans, Berlin, 1917.
VOCATIONAL ADVICE
/. General Principles
1. Vocational advice is the duty of civilian
agencies for care of war cripples.
2. These agencies should undertake vocational
advice for each cripple as a regular part
of their duties, whether requested or not
36
RED CROSS INSTITUTE FOR CRIPPLED AND DISABLED MEN
Series i
3. Vocational advice must begin as early as
possible. If it has to be delayed until a
man is discharged from hospital or from
the army, its usefulness is much dimin-
ished.
II. Preparatory Measures
4. The hospital staff can assist by preparing the
patient's mind.
5. Vocational advice is best undertaken in a
man's home district. Men should be
transferred as soon as possible to the hos-
pital of their home district and the local
care committee should take up the matter
of advice.
6. Within the territory covered by any care
committee, there should be a central
office for vocational advice.
7. Trade and agricultural schools for cripples
should be organized in every district and
the bureau for vocational advice should
work in close cooperation with these.
///. Organization of Bureaus for Vocational
Advice
8. The bureau should cover not one trade, but
the whole field.
9. It should have an experienced director with
wide industrial knowledge.
10. Experts in different trades should be called
in for all special cases.
11. Cripples should be directed immediately to
the local care committee but should be
advised as to work by the vocational
adviser.
12. Vocational advice must always be consid-
ered in its relation to the whole cripple
problem, even in consultation with spe-
cialists.
13. In large districts, the committee may ap-
point individual men as representatives in
different parts of the district.
IV. Aim of Vocational Advice
14. Every cripple must be put back, if possible
in his old position, and, if this is not pos-
sible, in his old trade.
15. If a cripple's physical condition is such that
he cannot follow his old trade, he must be
placed in some more specialized depart-
ment of that trade or educated for such
a department.
16. If the cripple cannot follow his old trade or
an allied one,
a. A new trade should be found in which
labor conditions are good or for which
the man is specially fitted, or
b. A trade in which a normal man would not
require all his strength or which a
cripple can master with the aid of spe-
cial apparatus.
17. In advising as to a trade, the effects it will
have on the man's health must be con-
sidered.
18. Temporary and unskilled occupations are
to be avoided.
19. The tendency toward civil service positions
is to be opposed, because
a. The state, the municipalities and the
public service corporations must keep
open the places of their former employ-
ees and, like the industries, cannot
overload their free places with cripples.
h. Workmen and clerks accustomed to ac-
tive competition in wages will not long
be content with a position in which a
rise in wages is impossible.
20. The hospitals and other agencies must be
prevented from educating war cripples
from other trades for commercial pursuits.
21. War cripples from agricultural occupations
or handicraft workers of country birth
must be encouraged to return to their old
residence and discouraged from settling
in the cities.
V. Vocational Advice a Continuous Function
22. Vocational advice should not be confined to
a single act. The adviser, through con-
tinued friendly intercourse with the crip-
ple, must win his confidence and learn to
know him on the human side as well as
on the economic side, must take all the
factors of the situation into consideration
and only then give his advice.
Number 13
RED CROSS INSTITUTE FOR CRIPPLED AND DISABLED MEN
37
23. The war cripples must be encouraged, but
their hopes must not be extravagantly
raised.
24. Fears and prejudices by which the cripple is
hindered must be investigated and de-
stroyed.
25. Vocational advice is advice, not command.
It is, therefore, necessary to consider the
cripple's tastes and desires; he should feel
that it is he who is responsible for the
handling of his own situation.
26. The adviser must enter into friendly rela-
tions with the cripple's dependents or
other connections.
27. Vocational advice and the measures conse-
quent upon it must be so planned that,
whenever possible, the cripple's entrance
into a position follows immediately on his
discharge or indefinite leave of absence
from the army.
28. Wherever vocational advice and placement
are not under the same management, the
adviser must stand in close relation to the
placement agency.
29. The scope of vocational advice must extend
beyond the war and beyond the immedi-
ate activities of the care committees.
Plans must be made so that cripples who
need advice again later on may find it to
hand.
30. With special types of injury and with spe-
cial trades, there must be special facilities
for vocational advice. In any case, the
work must not be done according to for-
mula but must be adapted in each case to
individual needs.
APPLICATION BLANK
FOR WAR CRIPPLES USED BY GERMAN LOCAL
CARE COMMITTEES OF FREIBURG IN BADEN
1. Injury and prognosis.
2. Economic prospects of patient.
3. How long probably in hospital.
4. Bed-ridden or not.
(This blank is filled out immediately by the doctor
and handed to local care committee which gets other
facts later.)
APPLICATION BLANK
FOR WAR CRIPPLES USED BY GERMAN LOCAL
CARE COMMITTEES OF HESSE, HESSE-NASSAU
AND WALDECK
Place date
Office to which application is made
Name (first and surnames)
Born date place
County
Single, married, widower
Of what state a citizen
Place of present residence
Home address
Number of invalid card
Last employment
Name of employer
Address of employer
Length of time employed
Former employment (addresses of employers and length
of time employed)
Trade learned
Certificate from re-education school or from former em-
ployers
Special training or experience.
Special preferences
Diagnosis
Treatment begun or in prospect.
Probable duration of treatment . . . .
DECISION
Patient is unfitted for following occupations .
Patient is specially fitted for following occupations.
Will patient need special investigation, care or treatment
(e. g. prostheses) and how soon will this be completed?
Doctor's remarks
Remarks on convalescent care due under military provi-
sions
Remarks on convalescent care due under provisions of
insurance law
Remarks on placement .
38
RED CROSS INSTITUTE FOR CRIPPLED AND DISABLED MEN
Series I
GUIDING PRINCIPLES FOR LOCAL CARE
COMMITTEES
Laid down by the Reichsausschuss der Kriegs'
heschddigtenfilrsorge (Imperial Committee on
Work for War Cripples).
A. Persons to be cared for:
Includes all men connected or formerly connected
with German fighting forces who have suffered,
because of the war, any physical or mental injury
which interferes with earning capacity.
B. Purpose of care committee :
To increase the ability and opportunity of the war
cripple for gainful occupation. Means used may
include general information, vocational advice,
vocational training, placement, temporary or sup-
plementary medical treatment, help in settlement
on land and, if necessary, to establishing man at work,
also financial aid for him and his family. In any
other case, such aid is to be asked from public poor
funds or charity.
C. Responsibility of care committees:
That committee is responsible for a cripple in
whose district he resided before his call to arms;
it remains responsible until he is definitely estab-
lished in some other district.
II
CLASSIFICATION OF TEACHING FACILITIES
A. Special courses for cripples in city schools,
drawing on group of hospitals.
B. Hospitals outfitted with workshops.
C. Hospitals sending men out for instruction,
but to regular schools without special
courses.
D. Hospitals with rudimentary shop outfit.
Alsace-Lorraine
A. Strasburg
B. Saarbriiken
C.
D.
Baden
A. Freiburg
Heidelberg
Konstanz
B. Mannheim
C. Pforzheim
Karlsruhe
Baden-Baden
D.
Bremen
A.
Bremen
B.
C.
D.
Bavaria
A.
Munich
Augsburg
B.
Munich
Nurnberg
Wiirzburg
C.
D.
Passau
Brandenburg
A.
Charlottenburg
Berlin
■B.
Berlin (3)
Gorden
C.
D.
Brunswick
A.
B.
Brunswick
C.
D.
East Prussia
A.
B.
Allenstein
Hindenburghaus
C.
D.
West Prussia
A.
B.
Danzig
C.
D.
Hesse (Grossherzogtum)
A.
Offenbach
B.
C.
D.
Hesse-Nassau
A.
Frankfurt
B.
C.
D.
Hamburg
A.
B.
Hamburg
C.
D.
Number 13
RED CROSS INSTITUTE FOR CRIPPLED AND DISABLED MEN
39
Hanoveb
A.
B.
Hanover
C.
D.
Rheinland
A.
Dusseldorf
Cologne
B.
C
* Cologne-Deutz
D.
Saxony (
kingdom)
A.
Leipzig
Dresden
B.
C.
Zwickau
D.
Dresden
Province Saxony
A.
Halle
B.
C.
D.
SCHLESWIG-HOLSTEIN
A.
B.
C.
D.
Altona
Flensburg
Silesia
A.
Breslau
B.
C.
D.
Glatz
Neisse
GSrlitz
Landshut
Schweidnitz
Liegnitz
Gleiwitz
Westfalia
A.
Bochum
Dortmund
B.
Bielefeld
C.
D.
WURTTEMBERG
A.
Stuttgart
Heilbronn
B.
C.
D.
Mecklenburg
A.
B.
C.
D.
Reservelazarett
Totals:
A 15
B 15
C 3
D II
Not classified because of insufficient data 3
Regular cripple homes which have announced readi-
ness to take war cripples but are not reported
as doing so 43
Grand total • ^o
III
re-education schools mentioned in
german reports
Alsace
Strashurg. Courses for cripples in six dif-
ferent city schools under care committee.
Saarbrucken. Instruction in hospitals under
care committee.
Baden
Freiburg. All hospitals in city in agreement
with city schools where workshops and
instruction • provided for inmates for all.
Instruction under direction local care
committee.
Mannheim. Hospital school of Orthopedic
Neurological Hospital with eight work-
shops mainly for occupational therapy.
Instruction directed by local care com-
mittee.
Konstanz. 'Technikum', a private technical
school with city subsidy conducts cripple
school using its own workshops.
Heidelberg. Locksmiths' and carpenters'
workshops in city thrown open for use of
cripples.
Baden-Baden. Instruction in city trade
schools for hospital inmates under care
committee.
. Karlsruhe. Under care committee.
Pforzheim. Under care committee.
Ettlingen. Trade school run by Baden state
care committee using workshops of re-
serve hospital.
Bavaria
All work under state government instead of
care committee.
40
RED CROSS INSTITUTE FOR CRIPPLED AND DISABLED MEN
Series I
Munich. Reserve hospital Marfeld, in-
struction in hospital, twenty-five work-
shops, five hundred beds. Theoretic in-
struction at city schools.
Munich. School instruction in building
trades for inmates of all hospitals at
Royal School of Building, followed by
master test. Cripples, if discharged from
army, receive subsidy for maintenance
from state government.
Niirnberg. Reserve hospital with workshops
for fifteen trades, theoretic instruction at
city schools.
Augsburg. Hospital with courses in city
trade schools.
Wurzhurg. Courses arranged for cripples by
the Unterfrankische Ausschuss des baye-
rischen Landeshilfvereins and held at dis-
trict deaf and dumb institution.
Wiirzburg. Konig Ludwig Haus. Home for
crippled children now a Vereinslazarett
treating and instructing crippled soldiers.
Shops and school in building.
Passau. Small school for crippled soldiers-
Few trades.
Ludwigshafen. Instruction in city schools
for crippled soldiers in metal and chemical
work.
Brunsjvick
Brunswick. Hospital school with eleven
shops. Hospital under military authority,
instruction under local care committee
carried on in hospital shops and in city
schools.
Grand Duchy of Hesse
Offenbach. City technical school gives in-
struction for surrounding hospitals which
accommodate i,6oo. Two hundred and
forty severely crippled lodged in technical
school itself. Work under care committee.
Mecklenburg-Schwerin
Schwerin. Reservelazarett, basket- weaving
and farming as occupational therapy
under military discipline.
Hamburg
Hamburg. Marine lazarett, military reserve
hospital, has workshops donated by care
committee.
Prussia (Province Brandenburg)
Berlin. Brackenlazarett auf dem Tempel-
hofer Felde, Workshops in hospital.
Berlin-Zehlendorf. Oscar Helene Heim.
Home for crippled children, now a Ve-
reinslazarett treating and instructing war
cripples.
Berlin. City trade schools give instruction
to inmates of all hospitals. Work directed
by city.
Berlin. Kriegsbekleidigungsamt des Garde-
korps. Clothing factory of Gardekorps
gives instruction to discharged war crip-
ples in shoemaking, tailoring, and saddlery.
Berlin. Kaiser Wilhelm Haus. Instruction
for war cripples in munition work under
orthopedic supervision. Private donor,
military discipline.
Berlin. Frieda Hempel Heim. Small
houses and gardens at cheap rent for war
cripples, with instruction in gardening
and handicraft.
Prussia (Province Brandenburg)
Charlottenburg. Municipal trade schools give
courses either at schools or hospitals.
Direction, care committee.
Charlottenburg. Test station for artificial
limbs with small workshop where ten
cripples can be employed at once. Only
expert mechanics taken. Direction, So-
ciety Engineers.
Nowawes. Oberlinhaus. Cripple home now
acting as Vereinslazarett and taking war
cripples. School and workshops on prem-
ises.
Garden. Military reserve hospital with
special orthopedic department. Twenty-
five workshops, eight hundred men. Di-
rection, military authorities.
Neukolln. Hospital school.
Prussia (Province East Prussia)
Augeburg. Bethesda, cripple home with
eight shops and farming facilities now
Number ij
RED CROSS INSTITUTE FOR CRIPPLED AND DISABLED MEN
41'
acting as Vereinslazarett and taking war
cripples for treatment and instruction.
Hindenburghaus. Cripple home with one
hundred and twenty beds and five work-
shops now reserve hospital taking war
cripples. Direction, military authorities.
Allenstein. Military reserve hospital taking
war cripples for treatment and instruc-
tion. Direction, military authorities.
Konigsherg. Courses for cripples in all city
schools. Direction, local care committee.
Prussia (Province Hanover)
Hanover. Annastift and Wilhelm-Augusta-
Viktoriastift. Regular cripple homes with
shops and school now acting as Vereins-
lazarette and taking war cripples.
Prussia (Province Hesse-Nassau)
Fulda. Herz-Jesu-Heim. Cripple home
with nine workshops acting as Vereins-
lazarett and taking war cripples.
Frankfurt am Main. Friderichsheim. Cripple
home now used as reserve hospital and
entirely given over to war cripples. Four
shops.
Frankfurt am Main. City technical schools
give courses for cripples, either in schools
or hospitals. Direction, care committee.
Kassel. Local care committee manages in-
struction, partly in hospitals and partly
in city schools.
Frankfurt. Institut fiir Gemeinwohl, hos-
pital turned over to military authorities
by local care committee. Instruction in
city schools; direction, care committee.
Prussia (Province Pomerania)
Prussia (Province Posen)
Prussia (Province Rhenish Prussia)
Cologne. Courses in city schools for inmates
of all hospitals. Direction, care com-
mittee.
Cologne. Stiftung Dr. Dormagen. Cripple
home acting as Vereinslazarett and taking
war cripples.
Cologne-Deutz. Festungslazarett under mil-
ilitary discipline, maintains cripples dur-
ing convalescence while they go out to
work in the city. Direction, military
authorities.
Diisseldorf. Large school for wounded in
school buildings, specially donated by
city, taking cripples from fifty hospitals.
Direction, care committee.
Coblenz. Orthopedic Hospital School in
Barmherziger Briider Hospital. Shops
for occupational therapy. Direction, mil-
itary authorities.
Prussia (Province Saxony)
Halle. Instruction in City School for Hand-
icraft. Direction, care committee.
Prussia (Province Schleswig-Holstein)
Stellingen-Altona. Cripple home with twelve
workshops acting as Vereinslazarett and
taking war cripples.
Flensburg. School for cripples, not de-
scribed.
Prussia (Province Silesia)
Breslau. Pestalozzi School, fourteen work-
shops and twenty-six business courses.
Gives instruction for cripples from all
surrounding hospitals; direction, care
committee.
Glatz. Hospital school.
Neisse. Hospital school.
Gorlitz. Hospital school.
Prussia (Province Silesia)
Landshut. Hospital school.
Schweidnitz. Hospital school.
Liegnitz. Hospital school.
Gleiwitz. Hospital school.
Prussia (Province Westphalia)
Bochum. Three hospitals with shops built
specially for war cripples by local com-
mittee. Seven hundred and twenty pa-
tients. Instruction at hospital workshops,
factories in the town and trade schools.
Direction, care committee.
Bigge. Josephs-Kriippelheim. Cripple home
with school and shops acting as Vereins-
lazarett and taking war cripples.
42
RED CROSS INSTITUTE FOR CRIPPLED AND DISABLED MEN
Series j
Dortmund. Courses in city schools for in-
mates all hospitals. Direction, care com-
mittee.
Bielefeld. BodelschwinghscheAnstalt. Crip-
ple home with twenty-four workshops
now acting as Vereinslazarett.
Prussia (Province West Prussia)
Danzig. Kaiser-Wilhelm-Haus fiir Kriegs-
beschadigte. Reserve hospital with shops
and school. Direction, military authori-
ties.
Hakelwerk. Hospital with shops and
school.
Saxony
Dresden. Courses for inmates all hospitals
in City Business School, Royal School of
Handicraft, Royal School of Building,
Technical High School. Direction, care
committee.
Dresden. Kriippelhilfe, Home for crippled
children without shops. Mentioned as
taking war cripples.
Leipzig. Courses in city school for manual
training. Direction, care committee.
Leipzig. 'Technikum' for printers gives spe-
cial courses for war cripples. Direction,
care committee.
Zwickau. Courses in city schools for war
cripples. Direction, care committee.
Rosswein. School of Locksmiths gives spe-
cial courses for cripples. Direction, care
committee.
IV. agricultural schools
Baden (2)
Villingen. Course, theoretical and practical,
fifty-four men. Instruction and mainte-
nance free to needy ones, to others only
instruction.'
Bavaria (4)
Instruction for farmers and gardeners at
Landsberg am Lech, Weihenstephan,
Weitshochheim, Neustadt.^
' Zeitschrift fiir Kriippelfiirsorge, Leipzig, 1916, ix, 380.
' Zeitschrift fiir Kriippelfiirsorge, Leipzig, 1916, ix, 173.
Plankstetten.^ Thirty leg amputations, fif-
teen arm.
Brandenburg (2)
Berlin-Dahlem Farm for two hundred pupils
run by city at Struveshof Gorden, Re-
serve Hospital. All farming authorities
and officials interested. Large farm, ten
pupils.
West Prussia (i)
Grosstarpen, near Graudenz. Farm gives
instruction to men under treatment at
Graudenz military hospital.
East Prussia
Hindenburgkaus. Courses in bee-keeping
and gardening; military discipline.
Allenstein. Farm school at Kortau under
military discipline.
Hesse (i)
Offenbach . Gardens of city hospital and poor-
house used for instruction.
Hanover (i)
Schullazarett, Schwanenburg, under mili-
tary authority.
Posen (2)
Gartnerlehranstalt, Koschmin.
Kameradenheim free,^ non military.
Prussian Saxony (3)
Bad Lauchstedt. Care station specially
established to teach farming by states of
Saxony and Anhalt. Has farmland and
machinery.
Saxony (Kingdom)
Leipzig. Regular agricultural institute
open for cripples.*
Dresden. Four weeks' course started by
Landwirtschaftskammer and supported
by local care committee.
* Zeitschrift fiir Kriippelfiirsorge, Leipzig, 1917. x, 324.
* Zeitschrift fiir Kriippelfiirsorge, Leipzig, 1916, ix, 41-42.
' Zeitschrift fiir Kriippelfiirsorge, Leipzig, 1915, viii, Monats-
blatter, p. 40.
Number ij
RED CROSS INSTITUTE FOR CRIPPLED AND DISABLED MEN
43
Westfalia (i)
Bielefeld. Bodelschwinghsche Anstalt, with
farm and one hundred and sixteen acres
of land.
SCHLESWIG-HOLSTEIN
Flensburg, Segeburg, farm schools.
Brandenburg
Konigsberg — Neumark, one year course for
farmers. Institute of Chamber of Agri-
culture, Brandenburg. Examinations be-
fore Royal Examination Board — high
school education required.
schools for the one-armed
Alsace (6)
Strasburg.
Baden
Baden-Baden. Soldatenheim. Special shoe
machinery for one-armed.
Heidelberg. School under Baden state com-
mittee. Workshops mentioned for lock-
smiths and carpenters.'
Bavaria
Munich. (No further particulars.) (8)
Wurzburg. State Deaf and Dumb Institute,
courses and exercises.
Kaiserslauiern.
Ludwigshafen.
Niirnberg.
Erlangen.
Hesse-Nassau
Frankfurt-am- Main. (No further particu-
lars.)
Hanover
Five masonic lodges have started one-armed
school in new institution for blind; it is
part of military organization; soldiers
sent directly from army corps. Instruc-
tion, clerical and commercial.'
35.
« Korrespondenz fur Kriegswohlfahrlspjlege, Berlin, 1916, ii,
' Zeitschrift ftir Kruppelfiirsorge, Leipzig, 1916, ix, 2S, S7S.
' Zeitschrift fiir Kruppelfiirsorge, Leipzig, 1916, ix, 173.
• Zeitschrift fur Kruppelfiirsorge, Leipzig, 1916. ix, 44.
Saxony
Dresden.^" Vereinslazarett with forty beds;
farm instruction at hospital; trade in-
struction in city schools.
Chemnitz ((dist. xix army corps). Free
courses arranged by committee in city
technical and continuation schools and
grammar school, also orthopedic work-
shop."
Westphalia. Course at Bochum School for
Wounded.^*
EMPLOYERS AND WORKMEN S ASSOCIATIONS
ASSISTING IN THE PLACEMENT OF WAR CRIPPLES
I. Employers' Associations, members of the
Vereinigung Deutscher Arbeitgeberverbande
(Federation of German Employers' Associations) :
Federation of German Metal Manufacturers, Berlin,
with twenty-four local associations.
Arbeitgeberverband fur den Bezirk der Nordwest-
lichen Gruppe des Vereins Deutscher Eisen und Stahl-
industrieller (Employers' Association for the District
of the Northwest Group of the Union of German Iron
and Steel Manufacturers) ; Headquarters, Diisseldorf,
with twelve branch associations. Industrieller Arbeit-
geberverband (Industrial Employers' Association),
Hanover.
Arbeitgeberschutzverband Deutscher Schlossereien
und Verwandter Gewerbe (Employers' Protective Asso-
ciation of the German Locksmiths and Allied Trades) ;
Headquarters, Berlin, with sixteen branches.
Arbeitgeberverband fiir Handel, Industrie und Ge-
werbe (Employers' Association for Commerce, Industry
and Trade), Konigsberg.
Ortsgruppe Stettin des Vereins der Industriellen
Pommerns und der benachbarten Gebiete (Stettin
Local Group of the Manufacturers' Union for Pome-
rania and Environs), Stettin.
Arbeitgeberverband der Nadelindustrie von Aachen
und Umgegend (Employers' Association of Needle
Manufacturers for Aachen and Environs), Aachen.
Arbeitgeberverband der Zentralheizungsindustrie fiir
Rheinland and Westfalen (Employers' Association for
the Steam Fitters' Trade in Rhineland and Westphalia),
Diisseldorf.
" Zeitschrift fUr Kruppelfiirsorge, Leipzig, 191S. Monats-
blatter, p. 40.
" ibid.
" Zeitschrift fUr Kruppelfiirsorge, Leipzig, 1917, x, 77.
44
RED CROSS INSTITUTE FOR CRIPPLED AND DISABLED MEN
Series i
Genossenschaft selbstandiger Gold, Silber und
Metallschlager fiir Dresden und Umgegend (Association
of Independent Gold, Silver and Metal Workers for
Dresden and Environs), Dresden.
Verband Deutscher Zentralheizungsindustrieller
(Union of German Steam Fitting Industries), Berlin.
2. Workmen's Associations:
Arbeitsgemeinschaft fiir das einheitliche Angestell-
tenrecht.
Soziale Arbeitsgemeinschaft der kaufmannischen
Angestellten (Arbitration Board for Mercantile Em-
ployees).
Deutscher Werkmeister-Verband (Union of Master
Workmen).
Generalkommission der Gewerkschaften Deutsch"
lands (General Commission of the German Unions).
Socialist.
Gesamtverband der christlichen Gewerkschaften
Deutschlands. (Federation of German Christian
Unions.)
Verband der deutschen Gewerkvereine Hirsch-
Duncker. (Federation of German Unions.)
VI
authorized land settlement societies
Alsace-Lorraine
Anhalt
Baden
Bavaria
Landessiedlungsstelle in Ministry of Interior
to supervise whole matter.
Brandenburg
Berliner Baugenossenschaft. Furnishes land.
Eigene Scholle. Frankfurt a. Oder.
Berliner Siedlungsgenossenschaft.
Gross Berlin. Ausschuss fiir Ansiedlung
Kriegsbeschadigter. Supplies no land of
its own, merely acts as go-between in
making arrangements. Organized by
burgomaster, secretary of state andlandes-
direktor.
Brunswick
Free Cities
Hesse (Darmstadt)
Zentralwohnungsverein. . Supplies land and
houses.
Hesse-Nassau
Hessische Siedlungsgesellschaft, Kassel. For
information.
Hanover
Hannoversche Siedlungsgesellschaft (official
for whole province).
Lippe
Mecklenburg
Mecklenburgsche Ansiedlungsgesellschaft. For
information.
Oldenburg
Oldenburg. Grossherzogliche Verwaltung des
Landeskulturfonds.
Pomerania
Pommersche Landgesellschaft (official for
whole province).
Posen
Konigliche Ansiedlungs Kommission fiir Po-
sen und West-Preussen. Gutsbetrieb mit
Kriegsbeschadigten on estate near Brom-
berg. Men trained to agriculture and
paid. Supported by care committee, war
and agriculture ministries and farm
machine industries.
Prussia
Konigsberg. Ostpreussische Landgesellschaft
(information).
Gerdau. Gerdauer Siedlungsgesellschaft.
Land and houses near Gerdau.
Prussia (West)
Konigliche Ansi^dlungskommission fur Po-
sen und West-Preussen.
Rhineland
Siedlungsgesellschaft for whole province to
be founded by Landwirtschaftskammer.
Rheinisches-Heim Gesellschaft. Provides
land and houses. Union of many private
societies. Bonn.
Saxe-Altenburg
Saxe-Coburg-Gotha
Saxe-Meiningen
Saxe-Weimar
Weimar. Thuringische Landesversiche-
rungsanstalt.
Number 13
RED CROSS INSTITUTE FOR CRIPPLED AND DISABLED MEN
45
Saxony (Province)
Halle. Sachsenland (information).
Saxony
Leipzig. Sachsische Kriegersiedlungsgenos-
senschaft. Has bought land and built
houses.
Frauendank. Works with Heimatdank look-
ing up cases and acting as intermediary
agent.
Chemnitz. Chemnitzer Ausschuss f iir Kriegs-
beschadigte.
SCHLESWIG-HOLSTEIN
Kiel. Holsteinsche Hofebank,
schwarzburg-sondershausen
Silesia
Schlesische Landgesellschaft. Has bought
twenty-one hectares and presented for
small holdings. Breslau. Royal supervi-
sion.
Landesversicherungsanstalt. Lends money
for land purchased to certain classes of in-
sured persons.
Neustadt. City government has bought
twenty-one hectares to sell as small hold-
ings.
Westphalia. Westfalischer Verein zur Forde-
rung des Kleinwohnungswesens. Inter-
mediary official for whole province.
Miinster. Siedlungsgesellschaft Rote Erde.
WiJRTTEMBERG
General Agencies for Whole Nation
Deutscher Verein fiir landliche Wohlfahrts-
u. Heimatpflege has information office for land
settlement.
Auskunftstelle fiir Ansiedlungswesen. Berlin.
Schutzverband fiir deutschen Grundbesitz.
Royal Prussian 'Ansiedlungskommission', Po-
sen. Supervises all work in Prussia and recom-
mends societies proper for use.
X
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DEC 15 1947
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