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Resented  to  the 


bV  the 

,KK 


1980 


• 


THE    RISE    AND    PROGRESS 


OF 


CIVILISATION    IN   SCOTLAND 


Of  this  work  500  copies  only  have 
been   printed  —  of   ivhich    this    is 
No.J7 


A    CRITICAL    INQUIRY 
into  the 

SCOTTISH     LANGUAGE 

with  the  view  of  illustrating  the 

RISE   AND    PROGRESS   OF 
CIVILISATION    IN 

SCOTLAND 


BY    FRANCISQUE-MICHEL 

F.S.A.  LOND.  AND  SCOT. 


CORRESrONDANT   DE   L'lNSTITUT   DE  FRANCE 
ETC.    ETC.    ETC. 


WILLIAM    BLACKWOOD    AND    SONS 

EDINBURGH  AND  LONDON 
MDCCCLXXXII 


All  Rights  resaicd 


PE 
3.106 


TO 
THE   RIGHT   HONOURABLE 

ALEXANDER    WILLIAM    CRAWFORD 

EARL  OF  CRAWFORD  AND  BALCARRES;  BARON  LINDSAY 

OF  BALCARRES;  LORD  LINDSAY  AND  BALNEIL ; 

AND  BARON  WIGAN  OF  HAIGH  HALL; 

THE    REPRESENTATIVE    OF    A    FAMILY    UNITING    IN    ITSELF 

THE  TRADITIONS  OF  BOTH  FRANCE  AND  SCOTLAND, 

THIS  ATTEMPT  TO   EXPLAIN   THE  INFLUENCE 

OF   THE   ANCIENT   LEAGUE 

$8    DrlJtcatri 

BY    HIS    OBLIGED    SERVANT, 
FRANCISQUE-MICHEL. 


PREFACE. 


HE  close  political  and  social  ties  that  bound 
Scotland  to  France  form  a  very  striking  feat- 
ure in  the  history  of  both  countries,  especially 
in  that  of  the  former.  The  Ancient  League, 
traditionally  dating  from  the  days  of  King 
Achaius  and  the  Emperor  Charlemagne,  became  in  the  four- 
teenth century  an  undoubted  fact,  when  both  countries  had  a 
common  interest  in  resisting  the  ambition  of  the  Plantagenet 
kings.  The  frequent  royal  alliances,  the  steady  intercourse, 
and  the  consequent  mutual  change  of  ideas  between  the  two 
kingdoms  during  the  Stuart  era,  could  not  fail  to  leave  recog- 
nisable marks  upon  both  nations.  On  Scotland,  as  the  more 
backward  of  the  two  countries,  French  influence  made  a 
deep  impression.  Scottish  early  civilisation  was  cast  mainly 
in  a  French  mould ;  its  Universities  drew  their  constitution 


viii  PREFACE. 


almost  wholly  from  French  sources ;  its  municipal  institutions 
were  largely  copied  from  French  examples ;  its  religion  at  the 
Reformation  elected  to  be  guided  by  French  rather  than  by 
German  rites;  its  language,  its  social  customs,  its  business, 
its  pastimes, — were  all  more  or  less  modified  by  the  French 
conviction.  To  thoroughly  understand  Scottish  civilisation, 
we  must  seek  for  most  of  its  more  important  germs  in  French 
sources.  We  must  recall  the  steady  tide  of  intercourse  flowing 
between  the  two  countries ;  the  crowds  of  Scotsmen  flocking 
to  France  for  study  or  for  military  service,  and  coming  back 
to  imbue  their  students  and  their  tenants  with  their  own  expe- 
rience ;  the  French  courtiers  and  men-at-arms  who  came  to 
Scotland  in  the  train  of  each  royal  alliance;  the  scholars  of 
the  Reformation  who  strove  to  introduce  the  principles  and 
forms  of  the  Huguenots;  the  Jacobite  emissary  of  a  later  cen- 
tury full  of  French  sympathies  and  French  ideas ;  and  the 
French  followers  who  often  accompanied  the  "  Scot  abroad " 
back  to  his  own  country. 

The  present  volume  is  an  attempt  to  illustrate  the  extent  to 
which  this  French  influence  pervaded  the  life  of  the  Scottish 
people.  Exception  may  be  taken  to  some  of  the  lines  on 
which  our  research  has  proceeded,  and  some  of  our  conclusions 
will  perhaps  prove  subject  of  controversy.  For  this  we  are 
prepared.  Our  object  is  achieved  when  we  have  shown  the 
part  that  French  influence  exercised  in  Scottish  progress  find- 
ing its  way  into  every  rank  and  into  every  walk  of  life.  The 


PREFACE. 


IX 


book  is  not  set  forth  as  a  complete  exposition,  but  rather  as 
an  opening  up  of  a  question  of  much  general  interest  in  the 
history  of  British  culture.  Such  as  it  is,  it  is  now  after  much 
labour  submitted  to  the  learned  of  the  two  countries  that  have 
always  shown  such  goodwill  to  each  other.  It  is  now  high 
time  to  gratefully  acknowledge  a  debt  which  has  been  running 
on  for  upwards  of  two  years.  The  Rev.  Walter  Gregor, 
minister  of  Pitsligo, — one  of  those  scholars  whose  learning 
cannot  be  confined  within  the  quiet  bounds  of  a  Scottish  manse, 
and  whose  abilities  are  perhaps  better  known  to  savants  in 
other  countries  than  his  own,  —  has  given  me  assistance 
without  which  the  book  could  not  have  been  what  it  is.  In 
suggesting,  revising,  correcting,  modifying  views,  and  supply- 
ing illustrations,  Mr  Gregor  has  indeed  been  indefatigable ; 
and  gratitude  is  due  from  the  public  as  well  as  from  myself 
to  him  for  his  arduous  labours. 

The  author  cannot  close  without  acknowledging  with  thanks 
the  zeal  and  talent  evinced  by  Messrs  William  Blackwood  & 
Sons  during  the  progress  of  this  book  through  the  press. 

FRANCISQUE  -  MICHEL. 


PARIS,  13  RUE  DE  L'ANCIENNE  COMEDIE, 
January  1882. 


Contents, 


INTRODUCTION, 


ARCHITECTURE,       . 


FURNITURE,  . 


CHAPTER    I. 


CHAPTER    II. 


CHAPTER   III. 


BANQUETING  AND  VIVERS, 


CLOTHING,     . 


FINE  ARTS,     . 


CHAPTER    IV. 


CHAPTER    V. 


PAGE 

I 


19 


39 


67 


99 


xii  CONTENTS. 


CHAPTER    VI. 
MONEY, 115 

CHAPTER    VII. 
ANIMALS 127 

CHAPTER    VIII. 
EDUCATION :    TERMS   RELATING  TO  IT,  .  137 

CHAPTER    IX. 
MEDICINE,       .  .  .  I47 

CHAPTER   X. 
LAW,      ,  .  .       ,59 

CHAPTER   XI. 
ROGUES  AND  VAGABONDS— PUNISHMENTS,  .  .  .175 

CHAPTER   XII. 
WAR— MILITARY   TERMS,  .  .  .185 

CHAPTER    XIII. 

SEA  TERMS,   .  *    .  .  .201 

CHAPTER    XIV. 
MUSIC  AND  MUSICAL  INSTRUMENTS,  .        .  .  .      213 

CHAPTER    XV. 

DANCES,  .  .  22g 


CONTENTS. 


CHAPTER   XVI. 
GAMES  AND  AMUSEMENTS,        .... 

CHAPTER   XVII. 
WORDS  EXPRESSING   ABSTRACT  IDEAS,       . 

CHAPTER   XVIII. 
SUNDRIES— PHRASES  DERIVED  FROM  THE  FRENCH, 


245 


253 


APPENDICES. 


APPENDIX   I., 
APPENDIX   II., 


421 

429 


INDEX, 


435 


INTRODUCTION. 


HE  Scotch  language  is  acknowledged  to  be  a 
dialect  of  the  Saxon  or  old  English,  with 
some  trifling  variations  ;  indeed  the  two  lan- 
guages originally  were  so  nearly  the  same, 
that  the  principal  differences  at  present  be- 
tween them  are  owing  to  the  Scotch  having  retained  many 
words  and  phrases  which  have  fallen  into  disuse  among 
the  English.  So  says  John  Sinclair,  in  the  introduction  to 
his  '  Observations  on  the  Scottish  Dialect ; ' 1  but  he  seems 
to  overlook  that  there  are  many  Scotch  words  and  idioms 
which  cannot  be  traced  to  an  English  source.  Moreover, 
he  fails  to  show  how  the  uniformity  he  points  out  could 
have  taken  place  between  two  countries  so  long  strangers 
to  each  other  —  divisos  toto  orbe  Britannos,  if  we  may  say 


1  This  book  has  been  superseded  by  a  more 
elaborate  one,  published  by  Dr  James  A.  H. 
Murray,  under  the  title  of  '  The  Dialect  of  the 
Southern  Counties  of  Scotland :  its  Pronun- 
ciation, Grammar,  and  Historical  Relations,' 
&c. :  London,  1873 — 8vo.  Another  Scottish 
doctor — Charles  Mackay — has  issued  a  '  Celtic 
and  Gaelic  Etymology  of  the  Languages  of 


Western  Europe,  and  more  especially  of  the 
English  and  Lowland  Scotch,  and  their  Slang 
and  Colloquial  Dialects :'  London,  1878.  Let 
us  mention  also  Lord  Neaves'  "  Some  Re- 
marks on  the  Scottish  Language,  particularly 
as  employed  by  the  earlier  Scottish  Poets  " — 
'  Proceedings  of  the  Society  of  Antiquaries  of 
Scotland,'  vol.  v.  part  i.  pp.  65-78. 


CIVILISATION  IN  SCOTLAND. 


so  in  a  figurative  sense — and  where  a  Southron  was  at  a  loss 
to  understand  a  North  Briton.1 

The  Scottish  and  the  English  languages  were  both  formed 
in  the  same  manner  and  of  the  same  elements,  but  independ- 
ently of  each  other.  This  fact  did  not  prevent  them  from 
running  in  parallel  lines  without  meeting.  As  might  be  ex- 
pected, North  Britain  was,  to  a  certain  extent,  peopled  by 
Norsemen  ;  and  Jamieson  has  remarked  that  among  the  com- 
mon people,  the  names  of  herbs,  in  the  north  of  Scotland,  are 
either  the  same  with  those  still  used  in  Sweden  and  other 
northern  countries,  or  are  nearly  allied.  The  same  observa- 
tion applies  pretty  generally  throughout  Scotland  to  the  names 
of  quadrupeds,  birds,  and  fishes.2 

A  Teutonic  dialect  was  the  generally  spoken  language  of 
Lothian,  Merse,  and  Teviotdale,  from  the  time  of  David  I. 
When  that  prince  succeeded  to  the  throne,  he  appears,  with  a 
generous  and  an  enlightened  policy,  to  have  endeavoured  to 
introduce  civilisation  into  the  ruder  part  of  the  island,  by 
encouraging  the  emigration  of  the  Normans  into  his  new 
dominions.  It  may  be  mentioned  as  a  circumstance  which 
confirms,  in  a  striking  manner,  the  above  remark  regarding 
this  policy,  that  the  names  of  the  witnesses  to  a  charter  of 
William  the  Lion  still  extant— Moreville,  Fitz  Allan,  Umfra- 


1  In  a  conference  between  Mary  of  Lorraine,  p.  380,  No.  737,  i. 

queen-dowager  and  regent  of  Scotland,  and  an         2  '  Dissertation  on  the  Origin  of  the  Scottish 

English  envoy,  the  conversation  was  at  first  Language,' p.  24.   See  also  "On  thelntroduc- 

carried  on  in  the  Scottish  tongue  ;  but  as  the  tion  of  the  English  Language  into  Scotland  ; " 

latter  did  not  readily  understand  that  language,  Dr   Irving's    'Lives  of  the  Scottish   Poets,' 

he  was  forced  to  speak  French.—'  Calendar  of  vol.  i.  p.  e,oet  seq.;  and  the  statistical  accounts 

State  Papers,' foreign  series,  Feb.   16,  1560,  of  the  different  counties. 


NORMAN  NAMES. 


ville,    Lovel,   and    De    Hay  —  are    all,  without   exception,  of 
Norman  origin.1 

The  men  who  bore  those  Norman  names  did  not  stand  alone 
in  introducing  the  French  language  into  Scotland,  then  swarm 
ing  with  English  men  and  women,  enticed  thither  by  the 
liberal  policy  of  the  kings.2  Many  who  followed  the  profes- 
sion of  arms  reached  the  country  with  the  wave  of  foreigners 
that  flowed  northward  after  the  Conquest.  We,  in  time,  got 
our  own  share,  says  Professor  Innes,  of  those  dashing  adven- 
turers who  introduced  among  us  the  customs  of  chivalry  3  and 
the  surnames  they  had  adopted  from  their  ancestral  castles 
across  the  Channel.  The  courts  of  David  I.  and  his  grandsons 
were  full  of  knightly  men,  bearing  the  names  of  De  Brus,  De 
Balliol,  De  Morevil,  De  Umfravil,  De  Berkelai,  De  Quinci, 
De  Vipont,  De  Vaux,  and  a  hundred  others ; 4  so  that  these 


1  Vide  Leland's   'Collectanea,'   vol.  i.    p. 
207.      Bishop  Lesley   states    that    many  of 
Edgar's  friends  fled  from  England  into  North 
Britain  and  settled  there — namely,  "Lindsay, 
Loval,  Touris,  Prestoun,  Sandelandis,  Bissat, 
Foulis,   Wardlaw,    Maxuel." — 'De   Origine, 
Moribus,  et  Rebus  gestis  Scotorum,'  lib.  vi. 
p.  210.     The  names  which  follow  ("Crych- 
toun,   Fodringanne,  Giffert,  Manlis,   Brothik, 
Leslie  ")  are  ascribed  to  emigrants  from  Hun- 
gary in  the  retinue  of  Edgar's  family. 

2  "  Repleta  est  ergo  Scotia  servis  et  ancillis 
Anglici  generis,  ita  ut  etiam  usque  hodie  nulla 
non  dico  villula,  sed  nee  domuncula  sine  his 
valeat  inveniri."     Simeon  Dunelmensis,   'De 
Gestis  Regum  Anglorum,'  col.   201,  1.   28  ; 
apud  Roger.   Twysden,  '  Historic  Anglicans 
Scriptores  X.'     Cf.  Hailes's  'Annals  of  Scot- 
land,'vol.  i.  pp.  12,  13;  A.D.  1070. 

3  Among  othei   customs  we  should  be  in- 


clined to  add  the  handfasting,  or  betrothing 
by  joining  hands,  in  order  to  cohabitation 
before  the  celebration  of  marriage,  a  custom 
which  appears  to  have  existed  in  France. — 
See  Jamieson  and  Du  Cange's  glossaries. 

4  '  Concerning  some  Scotch  Surnames  : ' 
Edinburgh,  1860  — 8 vo.  Cf.  'Sketches  of 
Early  Scotch  History,'  pp.  9-11  ;  and  'Scot- 
land in  the  Middle  Ages,'  pp.  88,  89.  Father 
Richard  Augustine  Hay  gives  another  list, 
including,  besides  his  own  name,  those  of 
Frazer,  Bodwell,  Montgomery,  Monteith, 
Boes,  Campbell,  Vervin,  Telfer,  Boswell. — 
'  The  Genealogie  of  the  Sainteclaires  of 
Rosslyn,'  p.  4:  Edinburgh,  1835  —  4to. 
Mr  Isaac  Taylor,  in  his  work,  '  Words  and 
Places,'  attributes  to  many  Scotch  families  a 
Norman  origin,  and  among  others,  to  the 
Campbells  and  Grants.  But  Campbell  is 
evidently,  as  a  writer  in  '  Notes  and  Queries ' 


CIVILISATION  IN  SCOTLAND. 


princes  had  to  recognise  the  importance  of  the  French  element 
among  their  subjects.1 

Many  of  the  names  of  those  adventurers  have  disappeared 
from  the  land  in  which  they  were  once  so  illustrious,  and  many 
of  them  have  been  altered  past  recognition.  The  grand  old 
Norman  name  of  De  Vesci  is  now  Veitch  ;  De  Vere,  once  still 
greater,  is  in  Scotland  Weir.  De  Limessay,  which  is  inferior 
to  none  of  them,  has  become  Lindsay.  De  Montaut  has  been 
transformed  into  the  respectable  but  not  illustrious  name  of 


shows,  from  the  Celtic  cam,  crooked  or  awry ; 
and  bel,  a  mouth.  It  was  a  common  practice 
among  the  Celts  to  give  a  name  from  some 
personal  peculiarity.  Thus,  in  the  'Annals 
of  the  Four  Masters,'  we  find  Aedk  Balbh,  or 
the  Stammerer,  A.D.  737  (a  word  undoubtedly 
derived  from  the  Latin  ball/us,  Ital.  balbo, 
old  French  baube,  which  gave  rise  to  the  verb 
balbutier,  still  in  use)  ;  Aedh  Euidlu,  or  the 
Tawny,  A.D.  600;  Bran  Beg,  or  the  Little, 
A-D-  733>  &c-  The  name  of  Grant,  which 
Mr  Taylor  derives  from  the  French  le  Grand, 
is  found  in  the  '  Annals  of  the  Four  Masters ' 
so  early  as  A.D.  716,  when  we  have  Conall 
Grant,  or  Connel  the  Gray. 

1  There  are  several  charters  of  David  I., 
of  his  son  Earl  Henry,  of  Malcolm  IV., 
and  William,  which  are  addressed  to  their 
mixed  subjects  in  those  early  times, — to  the 
French,  English,  Scots,  Welsh,  and  Gallo- 
waymen — Francis,  Anglis,  Scottis,  Walensibus, 
ct  Gahaeiensilms. — See  'Liber  Sancte  Marie 
de  Melros,'  &c.,  Nos.  1-3  (vol.  i.  pp.  3, 
4,  6:  Edinbuvgi,  1837  —  410);  'Liber  S. 
Marie  de  Calchou,'  &c.,  Nos.  I,  29,  32,  40, 
241  (vol.  i.  pp.  v,  3,  26,  28,  34,  196 : 
Edinburgi,  1846  —  410)  ;  '  Liber  Ecclesie 
de  Scon,'  &c.,  Nos.  5,  9,  31  (pp.  5,  9, 
22  :  Edinburgi,  1843  —  410)  ;  '  Registrant 


Episcopatus  Glasguensis,'  &c.,  Nos.  12, 
29,  70,  107  (vol.  i.  pp.  14,  28,  63,  92: 
Edinburgi,  1843  —  4to).  A  last  fact  to  be 
alleged  for  the  multiplicity  of  Frenchmen 
in  Scotland  is,  that  the  early  laws  of  the 
Brets  and  Scots  are  in  Norman  French. — See 
Innes's  '  Scotland  in  the  Middle  Ages,'  p. 
180.  At  the  beginning  of  the  fourteenth 
century,  the  leaders  in  the  defence  of  Stirling, 
named  in  the  capitulation,  were  Alanus  de 
Vypont,  Godefridus,  and  Hugo  le  Botillcr, 
Johannes  le  Naper,  Walterus  Taylleu,  and 
Simon  1'Armerer.  See  Rymer's  'Fcedera,' 
last  edit.,  vol.  i.  pars  ii.  p.  966.  When  the 
town  of  Jedburgh  swore  fealty  to  Edward  I., 
as  we  see  by  the  transaction  in  the  "  Ragman 
Roll,"  there  were,  among  the  townsmen,  Rob- 
ert le  Mareschal  and  Steven  le  Mareschal 
[stablfrs,  I  presume,  according  to  the  phrase  at 
Edinburgh],  Rauf  le  Spicer  [grocer],  Thomas 
le  Tayllur  and  Simon  le  Tayllur.  When  the 
aldermen  and  burgesses  of  Roxburgh  swore 
fealty  at  the  same  time,  there  submitted  with 
them  Walter  le  Orfevre  [goldsmith],  Richard 
le  Forblaur  [sword  cutler],  Michael  le  Saeler 
[saddler,  perhaps],  Austyn  le  Mercer. — See 
Prynne's  'Records,'  vol.  iii.  p.  653;  and 
Chalmers's  'Caledonia,'  vol.  ii.  pp.  146,  147, 
note  /. 


FRENCH  AT  THE   SCOTTISH  COURT. 


5 


Mowat.  De  Montfiquet  is  Muschet,  pronounced  Muchet  in 
Portugal,  to  which  the  family  emigrated  perhaps  at  the  same 
time  the  Gordons  settled  at  Xeres  de  la  Frontera  in  the  wine 
trade.  De  Vaux,  if  it  lives  still,  does  so  in  the  shape  of  Vans, 
by  turning  a  letter  upside  down ;  while  De  Bellassize,  carrying 
us  back  to  the  times  of  the  Crusades,  has  become  Belsize  in 
England,  and  in  yet  homelier  northern  mouths  has  degenerated 
into  Bellsches.  In  fine,  who  could  recognise  in  the  name  of 
Wishart  the  French  huissier,  corresponding  to  Doorward, 
Scotch  Durward? 

We  learn  from  a  curious  passage  in  the  Latin  chronicle 
attributed  to  Walter  of  Coventry,  that  as  early  as  the  reign 
of  William  the  Lion  the  Scottish  Court  had  adopted  the 
manners,  dress,  and  even  language  of  France,1  then  fashionable 
in  England.  We  are  also  aware  that  during  the  long  wars  in 
which  Robert  Bruce  wrested  the  kingdom  from  the  English, 
many  Scottish  estates  were  bestowed  by  the  Southron  mon- 
archs  upon  their  nobles.  It  is  true  that  the  thorough  Court 
French  imported  by  them  never  gained  much  ground  in  Scot- 
land ;  and  although,  doubtless,  it  was  exclusively  used  by  the 
English  settlers  of  that  disturbed  period,  it  seems  not  to  have 
long  survived  their  departure,2  when  Latin  became  the  univer- 


1  "  Moderniores  enim  Scotorum  reges 
magis  se  Francos  fatentur,  sicut  genere,  ita 
moribus,  lingua,  cultu ;  Scotisque  ad  extremam 
servitutem  redactis,  solos  Francos  in  familiari- 
tatem  et  obsequium  adhibent." — 'Memoriale 
fratris  Waited  de  Coventria,'  &c.,  edited  by 
William  Stubbs,  vol.  ii.  p.  206,  A.D.  1212: 
London,  1873—870. 

*  The  following  passages  afford  a  sufficient 


proof  of  the  use  of  the  French  at  Court, 
and  of  the  necessity  of  a  translation  for  the 
million : — 

"  Quhen  Schyr  Anton  the  Bek  had  dwne 
Hys  spek,  the  Kyng  hym  awnsweryd  swne 
All  in  till  Frawnkis,  as  oysyd  he : 
'  Par  le  sang  Dew,  vos  avese  cha~wntft 
'  Be  Goddis  blud  (he  sayd),  yhe  sang.' " 

— 'The  Orygynale  Crony kil  of  Scotland,'  by 


CIVILISATION  IN  SCOTLAND. 


sal  language  of  public  business,  and  continued  to  be  so  down  to 
the  end  of  the  fourteenth  century.1  But  the  taste  for  French 
manners  and  language  was  not  utterly  lost.  It  continued  to 
prevail  more  or  less  to  a  comparatively  recent  period,  and 
must  have  had  a  considerable  influence  on  Scottish  literature 
in  general.  That  such  was  the  case  at  the  close  of  the  four- 
teenth century,  there  is  abundant  proof  in  the  various  poems 
composed  by  Huchowne,2  which  exhibit  not  only  a  familiar 
acquaintance  with  French  compositions,  but  abound  with 
words  and  phrases  borrowed  from  the  French  language. 

The  Scottish  clergy,  being  generally  educated  abroad, 
chiefly  at  the  University  of  Paris,  in  spite  of  the  exertions 
of  England  in  opposition  to  this  custom,3  imported  thence 


Androw  of  Wyntoun,  b.  viii.  c.  v.  1.  911 :  D. 
Laing's  edit.,  vol.  ii.  pp.  303,  304:  Edinburgh, 
1872— 8vo. 

"  Thus  to  that  Kyng  then  sayd  he  swne  : 
'  A  Mere  de  Dfwl  drede  thow  noucht."' 

—Ibid.,  1.  958,  p.  305.  Cf.  c.  x.  1.  1660, 
1664,  pp.  327,  328. 

1  C.  Innes,  '  Sketches  of  Early  Scotch  His- 
tory,' pp.  108,  109.  See,  on  the  condition  of 
Scotland  at  the  end  of  the  fourteenth  century, 
Buckle,  '  History  of  Civilisation  in  England,' 
vol.  ii.  p.  183,  and  following. 

"  Huchowne, 

That  cunnand  wes  in  literature. 
He  made  the  gret  Gest  off  Arthure, 
And  the  Awntyre  off  Gawane, 
The  Pystyl  als  off  swete  Swsane. 
He  wes  curyws  in  hys  style, 
Fayre  of  facund,  and  subtitle, 
And  ay  to  plesans  and  delyte 
Made  in  metyre  met  his  dyte." 

— Wyntown,     '  The    Orygynal    Cronykil    of 


Scotland,'  b.  v.  1.  4322,  vol.  i.  p.  122,  ed. 
Macpherson,  1795—410;  and  ed.  D.  Laing, 
vol.  ii.  p.  12. 

3  "This  year,  the  King  compelled  all  such 
Scotchmen  as  were  of  any  singular  knowledge 
in  learning  or  literature,  to  be  resident  in 
Oxford,  doubting  least  the  Scotch  nobility, 
increasing  in  politic  prudence  by  their  instruc- 
tions, should  seek  to  throw  off  the  yoke  of 
bondage." — Anth.  a  Wood,  '  The  History  and 
Antiquities  of  the  University  of  Oxford,'  &c., 
vol.  i.  p.  366:  Oxford,  1792 — 410.  Wood 
refers  to  Holinshed's  'History  of  Scotland,' 
p.  212. 

In  the  year  1282,  Dervorgil,  the  daughter 
of  Allan,  Lord  of  Galloway,  and  the  wife  of 
the  elder  Sir  John  Balliol,  father  of  the  King 
of  the  Scots,  founded  and  endowed  a  college 
at  Oxford.  Baliol  College,  it  may  be  pre- 
sumed, was  opened  for  the  reception  of 
Scottish  students  ;  though  it  does  not  appear 
from  the  statutes  that  those  of  other  countries 


THE   SCOTTISH  CLERGY. 


improvements  in  all  the  useful  arts,  with  the  words  pertaining 
to  them,  and  planted  them  in  Scotland.  They  cleared  the  land 
of  brushwood,  drained  the  marshes,  enclosed  the  fields  with 
hedges,  made  orchards,  laid  out  gardens,  erected  mills  and 
farm  granges,  and  encouraged  their  serfs  and  cottagers  to  settle 
in  little  villages  and  communities,  which  they  protected  and 
fostered.  They  were  the  great  architects  and  builders.  Beauti- 
ful churches,  and  princely  convents  and  monasteries,  rose  under 
their  hands,  with  a  splendour  of  ornament,  and  an  imposing 
grandeur  of  effect,  which  contrasted  with  the  houses  of  the 


were  excluded.*  The  Rev.  Joseph  Steven- 
son has  lately  published  Edward  I.'s  Letters 
of  Protection  for  Thomas  de  Umfraville 
and  John  de  Mar,  students  at  Oxford,  A.D. 
1295,  Aug.  15  ('Documents  illustrative  of 
the  History  of  Scotland,'  &c.,  vol.  ii.  p.  5, 
No.  339:  Edin.  1870— 8vo);  and  before  him 
Rymer  had  given  a  circular  issued  by  the 
same  king,  '  De  non  molestando  Scotos  hinc 
hide  transeuntes,'  A.D.  1305,  ann.  33  Ed.  I. 
(' Fcedera,'  vol.  ii.  p.  967 :  Lond.,  1705— 
fol.)  There  is  extant  a  passport  from  Edward 
III.,  which  authorises  John  Barbour  to  con- 
duct three  students  to  the  University  of  Ox- 
ford, A.D.  1357,  ann.  31  Ed.  III.  (ibid., 
torn.  iii.  part  i.  p.  144,  col.  2.)  Towards  the 
end  of  the  fourteenth  century,  Oxford  was 
in  the  high-tide  of  popularity,  and  crowds 
of  young  Scotsmen  obtained  passports  and 
hurried  thither  to  complete  their  course  of 
philosophy;  but  northern  men  were  never 
popular  at  Oxford.  In  1382,  Richard  II. 
addressed  a  writ  to  the  chancellor  and  proc- 
tors forbidding  them  to  molest  the  Scotch 
studSts.  "  Such  inconveniences,"  as  remarks 


Professor  Innes,  "hastened  that  which  must 
have  come  without  them ;  and  three  univer- 
sities were  founded  within  the  fifteenth  century 
in  Scotland  ('Scotland  in  the  Middle  Ages,' 
c.  ix.  p.  274),  which,  however,  did  not  pre- 
vent the  Scots  from  resorting  to  the  English 
ones." 

To  quote  a  single  instance,  there  is  some 
reason  to  believe  that  Dunbar  studied  in  the 
University  of  Oxford.  '  Learning  vain  with- 
out guid  Lyfe,  written  at  Oxinfurde,'  is  the 
title  of  one  of  his  poems.*  "It  is  obvious, 
indeed,"  says  Dr  Irving,  "  that  he  might 
visit  Oxford  in  some  other  capacity  than 
that  of  a  student,  "t 

Scottish  students  resorted  also  to  Cambridge. 
According  to  an  ancient  record  quoted  by 
John  Kay,  the  students  of  that  university  were 
in  the  year  1370  classed  by  nations,  and  three 
Scottish  collegians  were  invested  with  a  kind 
of  rectorial  power  for  the  purpose  of  maintain- 
ing order  among  their  countrymen.  J 


*  Anth.  &  Wood/  The  History  and  Antiquities  of  the 
Colleges  and  Halls  in  the  University  of  Oxford,'  &c., 
pp.  70-74  :  Oxford,  1786 — 410. 


*  '  The  Poems  of  William  Dunbar,'  coll.  by  David 
Laing,  vol.  i.  p.  199.  Cf.  vol.  ii.  pp.  347-349. 

t  'The  Lives  of  the  Scottish  Poets,'  £c.,  vol.  i.  p. 
394 :  London,  1810 — 8vo. 

t  Caius,  '  De  Antiquitate  Cantabrigiensis  Acad- 
emiae,'  &c.,  p.  155  :  Lond.  1568— 8vo. 


CIVILISATION  IN  SCOTLAND. 


nobility,  and  much  more  with  the  huts  which  crowded  round 
the  walls  of  those  huge  piles  which  not  unfrequently  were 
called  by  French  names.1 

The  construction  of  these  buildings  demanded,  and  of  course 
encouraged,  the  arts  of  numerous  workmen  and  craftsmen. 
The  iron  work  required  the  labour  of  the  smith ;  the  timber 
work,  that  of  the  carpenter;  the  exquisite  carved  screens 
and  painted  windows,  the  silver  shrines  and  ornamented 
vestments  of  the  priests,  and  their  processional  banners, 
encouraged  the  painter,  glass-stainer,  carver,  jeweller,  and 
embroiderer;  and  by  affording  these  artisans  constant  em- 
ployment, increased  their  skill  and  ingenuity  in  their  crafts. 
The  domestic  arts,  too,  which  might  minister  to  the  comfort  or 
comparative  luxury  of  a  rude  life  (for  one  who  studies  the  pro- 
gress of  society  must  observe  in  the  statutes  of  the  churches 
a  union  of  provision  for  magnificent  religious  solemnities  with 
the  antique  simplicity  of  life  and  manners  in  the  actors  in  the 
pageant),  the  management  of  the  dairy,  the  rearing  of  domestic 
animals,  the  erection  of  dovecots,  the  enclosure  and  preserva- 
tion of  rabbit-warrens,  and  numerous  other  branches  of  domes- 
tic economy  and  "outfield"  wealth,  undoubtedly  owed  to  the 
Scottish  clergy  of  those  remote  times  their  highest  improve- 
ment, if  not  their  original  introduction.  They  were,  besides, 
the  greatest  mercantile  adventurers  in  the  country,  employing 
ships  which  were  their  own  property,  and  freighting  them  with 
their  wool  and  hides,  their  cured  fish  and  skins,  to  Bordeaux, 
. __ * — 

1  For  instance,  New  Abbey,  or  Sweet  Heart,     drow  of  Wyntown's  '  Cronykil,'  b.  viii.  c.  9, 
in   Kirkcudbright,  was  originally  called  Duz     \.  1507  ;  D.  Laing's  edit.,  vol.  ii.  p.  322. 
Quer,  Douce  Cmir,  or  Duke  Cor. — See  An- 


MENDICANT  FRIARS. 


Flanders,  and  other  parts  of  the  Continent.  For  these  goods 
they  received  in  return  the  silks,  spices,  and  other  rarities  of  the 
East,  along  with  the  richest  productions  of  the  Flemish  and 
Italian  looms. 

What  has  just  been  said  applies  chiefly  to  the  wealthier 
bodies ;  but  in  a  humbler  sphere  the  mendicant  friars  likewise 
contributed  their  part  to  the  progress  of  civilisation  in  Scot- 
land, and  deserve  to  be  mentioned.  Mostly  of  low  extraction, 
those  orators  who  boldly  delivered  their  passionate  sermons 
before  crowded  assemblies,  not  only  in  the  churches,  but  in 
public  places,  at  the  corners  of  the  streets,  in  the  open  air, 
and  in  the  fields,  had  also  pursued  their  studies  abroad,  chiefly 
in  France,  and  must  have  got  into  the  habit  of  imitating 
certain  preachers  on  the  Continent,  who  liked  to  give  a  relish 
to  their  Latin  sermons  by  inserting  into  them  words  and 
sentences  in  the  vernacular.1  The  most  celebrated  of  those 
forerunners  of  the  Reformation,  Olivier  Maillard  and  Michel 
Menot,  are  well  known  to  us,  especially  since  Mons.  Antony 
Meray  has  rescued  them  from  oblivion,  along  with  the  Alsatian 
Franciscan  Johann  Poli,  Geiler  of  Kaisersberg,  Cesarius  of 
Heisterbach,  Jean  Cleree,  and  Guillaume  Pepin;2  but  who  re- 
members those  who  in  Scotland  paved  the  way  for  Calvin  and 
Knox  ?  Either  the  fanaticism  of  the  Reformation  times  has 
made  us  lose  the  very  remembrance  of  those  mighty  trumpets 
whose  sound  had  overturned  the  walls  of  the  ancient  Church,  or, 
if  the  sermons  of  these  forgotten  preachers  had  been  collected, 

1  See    in    the   '  Histoire   litteraire   de    la         a  '  La  Vie  au  temps  des  libres  Precheurs, 
France,"  vol.   xxi.   pp.   313-317,    many    in-     ou  les  Devanciers  de  Luther  et  de  Rabelais,' 
stances  of  such  mixture  as  early  as  the  thir-     &c.  (z  vols.):  Paris,  1878 — 8vo. 
teenth  century. 

B 


io  CIVILISATION  IN  SCOTLAND. 

the  fruits  of  their  eloquence  must  have  been  destroyed  amid 
the  turmoil  that  convulsed  Scotland  during  that  troublous 
period.  The  fact  is,  that  nothing  whatever  remains  of  those 
Scottish  preachers  of  the  Roman  Catholic  Church,  except  that 
we  may  trace  back  to  them  the  custom  of  preaching  in  the  open 
air.1  We  can  therefore  only  surmise  that  the  friars  of  North 
Britain  did  not  act  otherwise  than  their  Frerich  or  Flemish 
brethren,  in  whose  company  a  great  many  of  them  had  pursued 
their  studies ;  and  that,  on  their  return  to  Scotland,  they  had 
brought  over  a  large  number  of  words  and  phrases,  which,  in 
preference  to  English  terms,  were  introduced  into  a  language 
as  poor  as  those  by  whom  it  was  spoken. 

In  concluding  this  picture  of  ecclesiastical  industry  and 
improvement,  with  its  lights  and  shadows,  it  must  not  be 
forgotten  that  within  the  walls  of  the  same  religious  houses 
was  preserved  that  small  portion  of  knowledge  and  literature 
which  was  then  to  be  found  in  Scotland ;  and  that  in  the 
cell  of  the  monk,  the  feeble  and  wavering  spark  of  science 
was  saved  at  least  from  utter  extinction.2 

1  See  Jamieson's  '  Etym.  Diet.,'  Suppl.,  p.  "  barlie  hurld  or  French  barley,  beds  of  aik  or 
546,  vote  "Tent  Preaching."  walnut  trie  of  French  making,  canves,  gloves 

2  Tytler,  '  Lives  of  Scottish  Worthies,'  vol.  of  Bridges  of  French  making,  gloves  of  Van- 
i.    pp.  88,  89:  London,   1831  — i8mo.*      In  dosme,  iron  pottis,  quilts,  French  wool,"  and 
'Customs  and  Valuation   of  Merchandises,'  "yarne  (raw  linning),  Dutch  or  Frenche." — 
A.D.    1612,   we  find   imported   to  Scotland,  'The   Ledger  of  Andrew  Halyburton,'  pp. 

289,  298,  309,  325,  333.     Without  entering 

An  historical  allusion  to  the  ancient  commerce  of  the       u         •    .      *i-     !-•  *.  r  .1  •   i   •    L 

Western  Isles  is  given  in  a  Scottish  Gaelic  romance  of      her£  1Dt°  the  ^l°^  °f  "le  commerclal  ">ter- 


the  sixteenth  century,  quoted  in  '  The  Costume  of  the 

Highland  Clans,'  p.  go. 

Then  brought  the  ships  of  France  and  Spain— 

'  Thugadh  air  luing  o'n  Fhraing  's  o'n  Spainn  In  the  time  of  our  prosperity— 

An  am  soirbheachaidh,  nach  gann  ;  Abundance  of  silver  and  gold, 

Airgid  agus  5r,  gu  Ie5r.  Silk  and  satin,  wax  and  wine, 

Fion,  a's  sioda,  a's  c<?ur,  a's  srtl ;  With  clear  gems  of  many  hues, 

Scudan  grinn  air  iomadh  dath.  Precious,  glistening,  pure  and  bright." 
Clachan  luachmhor,  boilsgleach  glan."  — •  Loisgeadh  Caisteil  Tirorma,'  1.  105. 


FRENCH  ROMANCES. 


ii 


"  Ptholome,  Averois,  Aristotal,  Galien,  Ypocrites,  or  Cicero, 
quhilk  var  expert  practicians  in  mathematic  art," l — their  names 
at  least — were  known  to  Scottish  clergymen;  but  their  works  did 
not  leave  the  shelves  of  the  monastic  libraries,  on  which  they 
were  very  seldom  displaced,2  while  the  French  romances,  that 
lay  by  them,3  very  often  found  their  way  to  the  feudal  mansions, 


course  between  Scotland  and  Flanders,  which 
is  illustrated  by  the  register  of  the  Privy 
Council  of  Scotland,  we  will  content  our- 
selves by  noting  that  "cremar,"  a  pedlar, 
"sture,"  a  sturgeon,  and  "Rusiliss,"  the 
name  constantly  used  for  Lille — which  is 
clearly  the  Dutch  Rijissel — with  many  more, 
are  of  unmistakable  Flemish  origin. — 'The 
Saturday  Review,'  July  28,  1877,  p.  118, 
col.  I. 

1  'The  Complaynt  of  Scotland,'  p.  97. 

3  The  monks,  at  least  in  England,  appear 
to  have  made  no  use  of  their  books,  as  Leland 
complained,  when  he  had  to  shake  off  the 
dust  and  the  cobwebs  of  Abingdon  library. 

3  The  libraries  of  the  monasteries,  accord- 
ing to  Warton,  were  full  of  romances,  a  state- 
ment which  Ritson  pronounces  to  be  very 
doubtful.  —  'Dissertation  on  Romance  and 
Minstrelsy,'  p.  ci.  In  Glastonbury  Abbey,  at 
any  rate  (probably  the  largest  in  England), 
we  only  find  the  four  following :  the  '  Gesta 
Normannorum,'  the  '  Liber  de  excidio  Trojse, 
the  'Gesta  Ricardi  Regis,'  and  the  'Gesta 
Alexandri  Regis,'  all  of  which,  it  is  most  prob- 
able, were  in  French  verse,  in  which  they  are 
known  to  exist.  But,  at  the  same  time,  it 
is  obvious  that  the  author  of  the  catalogue 
which  was  taken  in  1248  (vide  Johann.  Glaston., 
'Chronica  de  Rebus  Glastoniensibus,'  ed. 
Th.  Heame,  vol.  ii.  p.  435  :  Oxon.,  1726 — 
8vo),  called  romance  any  work  written  in 
French,  either  of  history  or  fiction.  In  the 
appendix  to  Dart's  '  History  of  the  Church  of 


Canterbury '  is  a  meagre  catalogue  of  books 
anciently    in    the    monastic    library,    among 
which  there  are  not  two  articles  of  that  kind  ; 
but   Peterborough  Cathedral  was  better  pro- 
vided (vide  Gunton's  '  History  of  the  Church 
of  Peterburgh,'  p.  204)  ;  much  less,  however, 
than  the  Abbey  of  Bardsley,  in  Worcester- 
shire, to  which  Guy  Beauchamp,  Earl  of  War- 
wick,  bequeathed  a    valuable    collection    of 
books  in  1291,  on  the  conditions  expressed  at 
the  end  of  his  will:  "Lesqueus  livres  nous 
grauntouns  pur  nos  heyrs,  e  pur  nos  assignes, 
q'il  demorront   en  ladit   abbeye,  a  garder  a 
touz  jours,   saunz  estre  donez,   vendeuz,   ou 
aloynez  par  nous,  ou  par  null  de  nos  heyres, 
ou  de  nos  assigne's ;  issint  nequedent  qe  bein 
list  a  nous,  e  nos  heyrs,  &c.,  avaunt  dis,  seyg- 
nurs  de  Warrewick  ou  de   Aumeleye,   que 
leure  e  quaunt  nous  plerra  fere  quere  deus 
ou  treys  des  ditz  romaunces,  pur  solas  avoyr, 
e  les  remaunder  a  ladit  abbeye,  en  ces  qe  plus 
des  romaunces  et  fesoins  maunder,"  &c.    That 
interesting  will,  first  partly  printed  by  Henry 
John  Todd  in  his  '  Illustrations  of  the  Lives 
and  Writings  of  Gower  and  Chaucer,'  pp.  161, 
162,  has  been  given  in  extenso  in  our  "  Tris- 
tan," vol.  i.  pp.  cxxi,  cxxii,  and  elsewhere. 

In  the  Escheator's  roll  of  the  Duke  of 
Gloucester's  effects  at  Plescy,  plundered  after 
his  death  in  1397,  there  is  a  list  of  "livres  de 
diverses  rymances  et  estories,"  which  has  been 
published  by  the  Rev.  H.  O.  Coxe  in  the 
preface  of  his  edition  of  John  Gower's  '  Vox 
Clamantis,'  pp.  xlix-lii:  London,  1350 — 4to. 


12  CIVILISATION  IN  SCOTLAND, 

and  sowed  there  many  words  and  idioms  which  were  after- 
wards transplanted  into  the  national  language.  We  will  only 
mention  a  single  instance,  which  is  supplied  by  an  archdeacon 
of  Aberdeen. 

From  many  passages  in  his  great  poem,  Barbour  appears  to 
have  been,  like  Dunbar  after  him,1  well  read  in  the  romances 
of  the  day,  as  well  as  in  classical  literature.2  The  fidelity  of 
the  wife  and  of  the  sister  of  Bruce,  as  well  as  that  of  the  wives 
of  his  companions,  is  illustrated  by  a  parallel  instance  of  female 
heroism  taken  from  the  Romance  of  Thebes  :— 

"  Men  redys  when  Thebes  wes  tane, 
And  King  Arista's  men  wer  slane 
That  assailyt  the  cite", 
That  the  women  of  his  cuntee" 
Come  for  to  fetch  hym  hame  agane 
Quhen  thai  hard  all  hys  folk  wes  slayne." — B.  ii.  1.  334. 

On  another  occasion,  alluded  to  in  the  life  of  Bruce,  when 
the  king,  by  an  exertion  of  great  personal  strength  and  courage, 
escapes  from  the  attack  of  John  of  Lorn,  this  Celtic  chief,  with 

i "  O  feyrse  Achill,  in  furius  hie  curage '.  tory  and  ancient  fable  was  relatively  extensive. 

O  strong  invincible  Hector  undir  scheild  -  Thfi  favourite  classic  of  the  time  was  StatiuS) 

O  valyeant  Arthur,  in  knyghtly  vassalage  ! 

Agamemnon,  in  governance  of  feild  !  and  he  also  appears  to  have  been  the  author 

Bold  Hanniball,  in  batall  to  do  beild !  beloved  by  Barbour.    The  chaste  compositions 

Julius,  in  jupert,  in  wisdom  and  ezpence  I "  &c.  of  yirgi,  an(J  Horace  wer£  lfiss  guying  to 

— "Welcom  to  Bernard   Stewart,    Lord   of  the  reigning  taste  than  the  strained  thoughts 

Aubigny,"  1.  57;   'The  Poems  of  William  and  gorgeous  diction  of  Statius  and  Claudian. 

Dunbar,'  vol.  i.  p.  131.  A  writer  who  flourished  so  lately  as  the  seven- 

-  The  spurious  productions  of  Dares  Phry-  teenth  century,  speaks  of  the  former  as  being, 

gius    and    Dictys   Cretensis   are  almost   the  Virgil  only  excepted,  "the  prince  of  poets, 

only  books  to  which  Barbour  formally  refers  as  well  Greeke  as  Latine." — Henry  Peacham, 

(see  book  i.  1.  395,  521 ;  book  iv.  1.  835  et  'TheCompleat  Gentleman,'  &c.,  p.  90  :  Lon- 

stf.) ;  but  his  acquaintance  with  ancient  his-  don,  1622 — 410. 


FRENCH  ROMANCES.  13 

much  propriety,  alludes  to  an  adventure  which  befell  Golmak 
Morn,  or  Gaul  the  son  of  Morni,  a  hero  of  Irish  story ;  but 
Barbour,  judging  from  the  name,  a  poet  of  Norman  blood  and 
nursed  in  the  lap  of  romantic  fiction,  observes  it  would  have 
been  "  mar  manerlyk,"  or  more  appropriate,  to  have  compared 
him  to  Gaudifer  de  Laryss  : — 

"  Quhen  that  the  mychty  Duk  Betys 
Assailyeit  in  Gadyrs  the  forrayours, 
And  quhen  the  king  thaim  maid  recours, 
Duk  Betyss  tuk  on  hym  the  flycht 
That  wald  ne  mair  abide  to  fycht ; 
Bot  gud  Gaudiffer  the  worthy 
Abandonyt  hym  so  worthily 
For  hys  reskew,  all  the  fleirs 
And  for  to  stonay  the  chassers, 
That  Alexander  to  erth  he  bar. 
And  alswa  did  he  Tholimar 
And  gud  Coneus  alswa, 
Dankline  alswa,  &  othir  ma ; 
Bot  at  the  last  thar  slayne  he  wis, 
In  that  failyeit  the  liklynes." l— P.  48. 

A  little  further  on  we  are  presented  with  the  romantic  pic- 

1  In  the  same  book  Bruce  comforts  his  fol-  for  a  rommmce,  in  which  ' '  were  writtin  fables 

lowers  by  an  example  of  the  constancy  of  of  quenis  livis,   &   of  kings,  &  many  other 

Scipio,  taken  from  the  history  of  Rome  at  the  thingis  smale. "    This  proves  to  be  Ovid :  see 

time  when  Hannibal  had  reduced  the  Romans  v.  52,  &c.     Chaucer's  translation  of  the  most 

to  the  greatest  distress : —  famous  of  French  romances  cast  the  original 

"  Quhen  Hannibal  thaim  wenensyt  had  into  oblivion.     A  reference  to  Jean  de  Meung 

That  offryngs  with  rich  stanys,  in  fol.  yi.b  of  a  MS.  preserved  in  the  Cottonian 

That  war  off  knychts  fyngyrs  taneys,  collection,  and  marked  Nero  A  X,  proves  the 

He  sent  three  holies  to  Carthage."-?.  47.  popularity  of  the  "Roman  de  la   Rose"  in 

Surely  Barbour  had  read  the  above  fact  in  a  Scotland  as  well  as  in  England  during  the 

romance.     Chaucer,  in  his  "  Dreme,"  to  pass  course  of  the  fourteenth  century. 

the  night  away,  rather  than  play  at  chess,  calls 


14  CIVILISATION  IN  SCOTLAND. 

ture  of  the  king  reading  to  his  faithful  friends,  as  they  sat  on 
the  banks  of  Loch  Lomond,  the  romance  of  the  worthy  Fer- 
ambrace  with  the  brave  Oliver  and  Duke  Peris,  who  were 
besieged  by  the  Soldan  Lawyne,  or  Laban,  in  the  renowned 
city  of  Egrimor  or  Agramore,  on  the  river  Flagot : l — 

"  Throw  the  rycht  doughty  Olywer, 
And  how  the  Duk  Peris  wer 
Assegit  intill  Egrymor, 
Quhar  King  Lawyne  lay  them  befor, 
With  ma  thousands  then  I  can  say : 
And  hot  elewyn  within  war  thai 
And  a  woman — that  war  sa  stad 
That  thai  na  mete  thair  within  had, 
Bot  as  thai  fra  thair  fayis  wan, 
Yet  sa  contenyt  thai  thaim  than 
That  thai  the  tower  held  manlily, 
Till  that  Rychard  of  Normandy. 

Mare  hys  fayis  warnyt  the  king, 
That  wis  joyful  off  this  ty thing  : 
For  he  wen'd  thai  had  all  bene  slayne, 
Tharfor  he  turnyt  in  hy  agayne, 
And  wan  Mantrybill,  &  passit  Flagot, 
And  syne  Lawyne  and  alle  his  flote 
Dispitously  discumfyt  he, 
And  delevyrit  hys  men  al  free." — P.  54. 

This  romance  of  Fierabras,  which  derives  an  additional 
interest  from  its  having  been  a  favourite  book  with  Bruce, 
must  have  been,  from  the  similarity  of  the  names,  the  Norman 
French  original  of  the  same  story,  which  has  been  epitomised 

1  Such  a  practice  seems  to  have  been  im-  gathered,  in  a  rainy  day,  under  a  mantelpiece, 

ported  from  France.     In  the  middle  of  the  '  Amadis  of  Gaul,   how  he  vanquished  Dar- 

sixteenth  century  the  Lord  of  Gouberville  had  dan." — 'Revue  des  Deux   Mondes,'   May   I, 

much  pleasure  in  reading  aloud  to  his  servants  1878,  p.  159.    , 


FRENCH  EDUCATION. 


by  Ellis  in  his  'Specimens  of  the  Early  English  Metrical 
Romances.' 

Sir  James  Douglas,  and  probably  many  of  the  barons  who 
followed  the  king,  had  been  educated  in  France,1  and  were 
well  acquainted  with  the  French  romances  of  the  time ;  of 
which  Fierabras,  from  the  variety  of  its  incident,  and  the 
humorous  descriptions  in  which  it  abounds,  was  one  of  the 
most  popular.2 

In  later  times,  the  institution  of  the  Scottish  body-guard  and 


1  Lindsay  of  Pitscottie  expressly  states  that 
such  was  the  case  with  another  James  Douglas, 
"a  man  of  guid  conditione,  and  weill  beseine 
in  divine  letteris,  broucht  up  ane  long  tyme 
at  the  scooles  in  Paris,  and  luiked  for  the 
bischoprick  of  Dunkell,"  &c. — '  The  Cronicles 
of  Scotland,'  vol.  i.  p.  85:  Edin.  1814— 8vo. 
Another  member  of  the  same  family  knew 
how  to  read.  See  the  Chronicle  of  J.  de 
Lalain,  by  G.  Chastelain,  ch.  liv.,  ed.  of  the 
"Pantheon  Litteraire,"  p.  662,  col.  I  and  2. 

Don  Pedro  de  Ayala,  writing  to  the  Spanish 
Government,  says  of  the  Scots:  "The  in- 
habitants speak  the  language  and  have  the 
habits  of  the  Irish.  But  there  is  a  good  deal 
of  French  education  in  Scotland,  and  many 
speak  the  French  language ;  for  all  the 
young  gentlemen  who  have  no  property  go 
to  France,  and  are  well  received  there,  and 
therefore  the  French  are  liked." — 'Calendar 
of  State  Papers  preserved  at  Simancas, '  and 
publ.  by  Bergenroth,  Henry  VII.  1498,  vol.  i. 
p.  174. 

There  is  no  occasion  to  wonder  if  in  1566 
the  noblemen  wrote  their  letters  "sume  in 
Latin  and  sume  in  Frenche,"  that  language 
being  taught  at  St  Andrews,  and  generally 
in  all  the  chief  schools  of  Scotland,  "  with 


the  reiding  and  right  pronunciation  of  that 
toung."  —  'The  Autobiography  and  Diary 
of  Mr  James  Melvill,'  pp.  17,  125,  307,  A.D. 
1566,  1592:  Edinburgh,  1842  — 8vo.  Cf. 
'Les  Ecossais  en  France,'  &c.,  vol.  ii.  jip. 

78,  79- 

The  Earl  of  Dunbar,  writing  to  the  King  of 
England  in  1400,  excuses  himself  for  prefer- 
ring the  vernacular  to  either  Latin  or  French, 
less  familiar  to  him,  but  he  signs  his  letter  Le 
Count  de  la  Marclie  <?Escoce,  and  directs  it 
Au  ires-excellent  et  tres-puissant  et  tres-noble 
prince  le  roy  ct Engleterre.  Four  older  letters 
written  by  the  Earl  of  Douglas  and  Mar, 
Annabella,  Queen  of  Scotland  (1394),  and 
David,  Earl,  &c.  of  C^rrick  ("cunnand  into 
letterature, "  says  Wyntoun,  ix.  23),  and  another 
written  by  Christiana,  Countess  of  March,  are 
in  French.  Vide  Pinkerton,  '  History  of  Scot- 
land,' vol.  i.  Appendix  No.  vi.,  p.  449: 
London,  1797 — 410.  Cf.  Nos.  i.  iii.-v.,  vii.; 
and  'Scotland  in  the  Middle  Ages,"  ch.  ix. 
p.  263. 

3  Sir  David  Lyndsay,  who  was  surely  ac- 
quainted with  the  romances  of  the  twelve 
Peers  of  France  ( '  Ducheperes,  Dugepers, '  v. 
'  The  Awntyrs  of  Arthure,'  st.  i.  L  4,  p.  95  ; 
and  st.  xxii.  1.  264,  p.  108),  as  well  as  with 


16  CIVILISATION  IN  SCOTLAND. 

the  settlement  of  some  of  its  members  in  France,  in  which  they 
planted  new  branches  of  their  families,  and  from  which  they 
kept  up  a  correspondence  with  their  relatives  in  Scotland  ;  and 
the  successive  emigrations  of  Roman  Catholics  faithful  both  to 
their  religious  convictions  and  political  principles,  combined 
with  other  minor  circumstances,  fully  detailed  in  a  book  of 
ours,  '  Les  Ecossais  en  France,  les  Fran5ais  en  Ecosse,'  must 
have  been  the  means  of  maintaining  a  close  and  constant  inter- 
course between  the  two  countries,  and  thus  of  adding  a  certain 
amount  of  French  idioms  to  the  stock  already  in  existence  in 
North  Britain,  and  of  giving  refinement  to  a  country  whose 
civilisation  required  improvement,  even  at  the  beginning  of 
last  century.1 

Our  conclusion  therefore  is,  that  French   literature,  being 


those  of  the  '  Round  Table'  and  others,  said  Songs '  (printed  in  1599),  "in  the  houssis  of 

in  his  '  Historic  of  Squyer  Meldrum : ' —  great  menn,  and  at  the  assembleis  of  yong 

gentlemen  and  yong  dameseles,  the  chief  pas- 
"  Holland  with  Brandwell,  his  bncht  brand,  .  . 

Faucht  never  better,  hand  for  hand,  tlme  Is    to  slng  prophame  sonnets  and  vain 

Nor  Gawin  aganis  Gologras,  ballatis   of  love,  or   to  rehers  some  fabulos 

Nor  Olyver  with  Pharambras."  faites   of  palmerine,    AmadJS,  or    Uther   such 

—'The  Poetical  Works  of  Sir  David  Lynd-  like  reveries>"  &c- 

say,'  vol.  ii.  p.  296,  ed.  1806.  A  contemporary  author  stigmatises  his  age 

In  his  '  Dreme,'  11.  31-35-43,  the  same  poet  M  unle«ered  :  "  Nam  si  ego  mediocri  ingenio, 

mentions    his    having    diverted   James    V.,  re  familiari  Pr°Pe  nulla,  seculo  inerudito,  ita 

when    young,    with    "antique    stories    and  tamen  cum  'emPorum  iniquitate  conflixerim, 

deidis  marciall:" ut  a''1u'd  prsestitisse  videar,   certe  quibus, 

feliciore  seculo  natis,  cetas,   opes,   ingenium 

Of  Hectur,  Arthour,  and  gentyle  Julyus,  abunde  suppetunt,  hi  neque  labore  ab  honesto 

Of  Alexander,  and  worthy  Pompeyus,  ...  . 

OfJasoneandMedea.allatleuth,  institute  deterren  deberent,   neque    tot  ad- 

Of  Hercules  the  actis  honorabyll,  miniculis     adjuti    desperare     possent. "  —  G. 

And  of  Sampsone  the  supernatural!  strenth,...  Buchanan,     '  De   Jure    Regni    apud    ScotOS,' 
Of  Troylus,  the  sorrow  and  the  joye, 

And  saigis  all  of  Tyir,  Thebes,  and  Troye,"  &c.  P"  * ' 

1  '  Rules  of  Good  Deportment,  or  of  Good 

"  In  Princes' Courts,"  says  Hume  of  Logic,  Breeding,'  &c.     By  Adam   Petrie.     Edinb., 

in  the  preface  to  his   'Hymnes  or  Sacred  1720 — 8vo;  and  1835 — sm-  4to- 


CONCLUSION. 


thus  spread  in  Britain  as  well  as  in  the  rest  of  Europe,1  was  a 
natural  channel  for  the  introduction  and  diffusion  of  French 
words  into  the  Scottish  language. 


1  The  author  of  the  '  Complaynt  of  Scot- 
land,' who  wrote  in  1548,  gives  this  catalogue 
of  the  storeis  and  flet  taylis  current  at  the 
time  in  Scotland,  some  of  which  were  in  prose, 
some  other  in  verse:  I.  'The  Canterbury 
Tales;'  2.  '  Robert  the  Devil ;'  3.  'TheTayl 
of  the  Well  of  the  Varldis  end '  (no  doubt  St 
Patrick's  Well,  or  Purgatory);  4.  'Ferrand 
earl  of  Flanders;'  5.  'The  Tayl  of  the  reyde 
eyttyn  with  the  thre  heydis ;'  6.  'TheTayleof 
Perseus  and  Andromeda ;'  7.  '  The  Prophecies 
of  Merlin; '  8.  '  The  Tayl  of  the  giantis  that 
eit  quyk  men  on  fut  by  fortht  as  i  culd  found ; ' 
9.  'Wallace and  the  Bruce;'  10.  'Ypomedon;' 
II.'  The  Tale  of  the  three-footed  dog  of  Nor- 
way;' 12.  'The  Tale  how  Hercules  slaughtered 
the  serpent  Hydra;'  13.  'The  Marriage  of 
the  King  of  Estmorland  with  the  daughter  of 
the  King  of  Westmorland; '  14.  '  The  Tale  of 
the  four  sons  of  Aymon;'  15.  'The  Tale  of 
the  Bridge  of  Mantrible;'  16.  'The  Tale  of 
Sir  Ivain,  Arthur's  knight;'  17.  'Rauf  Coll- 
zear; '  18.  'The  Siege  of  Millan;'  19. 
'Gawayn  and  Gologras; '  20.  'Lancelot  du 
Lac;'  21.  '  The  Tale  of  Floremond  of  Albany;' 

22.  '  The  Tale  of  Sir  Walter  the  bold  Leslye ; ' 

23.  '  The  Tale  of  the  pure  tynt;'  24,  'Clarya- 
des  and   Maliades;'    25.   'Arthur  of  Little 
Britain; '  26.  '  Robin  Hood  and  Little  John; ' 
27.  'The  Mervellisof  Mandiveil;'  28.  'The 
Tayl  of  the  young  Tamlene  and  of  the  bald 
Braband;'  29.  'The  Ring  of  the  Roy  Robert ;' 
30.  'Sir  Egeir  and  Sir  Gryme;'  31.  '  Bevis 
of  Southampton;'  32.  'The  Golden  Targe; ' 
33.  'The  Paleis  of  Honour;'  34.  'The  Tale 
how  Acteon  was  transformed  into  a  hart ; ' 
35.  'The  Tale  of  Pyramus  and  Thisbe;'  36. 
'  The  Tale  of  the  "amours"  of  Leander  and 


Hero;'  37.  'The  Tale  how  Jupiter  trans- 
formed lo  into  a  cow;'  38.  'The  Tale  how 
Jason  won  the  Golden  Fleece;'  39.  'Orpheus, 
Kyng  of  Portingal ; '  40.  '  The  Tale  of  the 
Golden  Apple;'  41.  'The  Tale  of  the  three 
Weird  Sisters;'  42.  'The  Tale  how  Dedalus 
made  the  Labyrinth;'  43.  'The  Tale  how 
King  Midas  got  two  ass's  ears.'  The  only 
observations  which  we  will  venture  to  offer 
upon  this  catalogue,  which  has  been  profusely 
illustrated  by  Dr  Leyden,  are,  that  it  is  not 
complete,  unless  we  suppose  that  many  rimes 
and  romans,  formerly  current  in  Scotland,  had 
utterly  disappeared  in  the  middle  of  the  six- 
teenth century.  For  instance,  we  find  no 
mention  either  of  '  Clariodus '  or  of  '  Sir 
Tristrem.'  Sir  Walter  Scott,  in  his  notes  to 
the  latter,  p.  374,  ed.  1833,  cites  '  Clariodes, 
MS. ;'  but  as  the  lines  he  quotes  do  not  occur 
in  the  former,  published  by  Dr  David  Irving 
for  the  Maitland  Club,  it  would  be  very  desir- 
able to  know  where  Sir  Walter's  authority  is 
preserved.  We  surmise  that  it  may  be  the 
same  as  '  Claryades  and  Maliades '  mentioned 
above  under  No.  24,  which  was  no  doubt 
translated  from  the  French  romance  '  Cleriadus 
et  Meliadice,'  printed  in  prose  at  Paris  for 
Antoine  Verard.  Secondly,  among  so  many 
worthies  enumerated  in  the  '  Complaynt  of 
Scotland,'  we  do  not  find  the  great  Mace- 
donian hero,  who  was  not,  however,  unknown 
in  the  country.  The  'Buik  of  King  Alex- 
ander the  Conquerour,'  still  inedited,  is  a 
translation  of  the  heavy  French  '  Roman 
d'Alexandre,'  executed  by  Sir  Gilbert  Hay,  c. 
1460,  and  extends  to  about  20,000  lines.  Vide 
'Bannatyne  Miscellany,'  voL  iii.  p.  93,  and 
'  Sketches  of  Early  Sc.  Hist.,'  p.  406,  col.  2. 


i8  CIVILISATION  IN  SCOTLAND. 

The  northern  and  the  Gaelic  elements  in  the  Scottish  lan- 
guage will  be  dealt  with  in  an  Appendix. 

It  is  proper  to  state  at  the  outset  that  we  treat  not 
merely  of  the  popular  element  in  Scottish  derived  from 
French,  but  of  the  literary  and  what  may  be  called  the 
technical  element  in  the  language.  There  is  no  doubt  but 
that  Dunbar  and  other  sixteenth-century  poets  affected  a 
Frenchified  style,  and  that  many  of  the  words  used  by  them 
never  became  folk-words.  This  affectation  of  what  was  of 
France,  however,  only  goes  to  strengthen  our  position — the 
influence  France  exercised  over  the  civilisation  of  Scotland. 
The  same  remark  must  be  made  regarding  many,  if  not  the 
greater  part,  of  the  terms  used  in  law,  medicine,  building, 
hunting,  &c.  Not  only  the  learned  professions,  but  also  those 
engaged  in  the  different  callings  common  to  the  country,  seem 
to  have  borrowed,  under  the  influence  of  France,  the  technical 
terms  of  their  professions  and  callings.  It  may  be  safely 
stated  that  not  a  few  of  the  words  discussed  were  at  one  time 
words  of  the  people,  but  that  they  have  fallen  into  disuse  by 
the  substitution  of  others,  or  from  a  change  of  the  circum- 
stances that  called  them  into  use. 

Some  of  the  words  have  lost  their  primary  meaning,  but 
still  linger  as  folk -words  with  a  figurative  sense.  Thus 
runcy  (chap,  vii.)  is  still  applied  in  Banffshire,  and,  it  may  be, 
in  other  districts,  to  a  woman  of  coarse  manners  and  doubt- 
ful character.  Mort-head  (chap,  vii.)  is  another  word  to  the 
point  In  short,  it  is  to  the  whole  French  element  contained 
in  the  Scottish  language,  in  as  far  as  we  have  been  able  to 
ascertain  it,  that  we  have  directed  our  researches. 


CHAPTER     I. 


Hrcbftecture. 


CHAPTER     I. 

ARCHITECTURE. 

|RIGINALLY  in  Scotland  many,  if  not  most,  of 
the  mansions  of  the  chiefs  and  other  large  build- 
ings were,  as  in  France,1  built  of  wood.  With- 
out going  back  to  the  foundation  of  the  See  of 
Whithorn,  recorded  by  Venerable  Bede,  it  will  be  sufficient 
to  state  that  in  the  rebellion  of  Gillescop,  in  1228,  he  burnt, 
within  the  province  of  Moray,  several  castles  constructed  of 
that  material.2  Inflammable  though  such  castles  must  have 
been,  many  of  them  were  impregnable  from  the  sites3  which 
they  occupied,  and  in  them  the  great  chieftains  were  able  to 
defy  with  impunity  all  the  power  of  the  Crown. 

According  to  Philippe  de  Remi,  Sire  de  Beaumanoir,  how- 
ever, the  towers  were  not  all  built  of  such  material.  He  refers 
to  a  certain  king  calling  a  mason,  and  giving  him  instructions 
about  building  a  tower  for  him  in  the  following  terms  : — 

1  "  Karles  fist  bois  trenchier  ct  le  mairien  atraire,  2   Fordlin,   '  Scotichl'Onicon,'  lib.    ix.    C.  47  ; 

Chapcles  cl  moustiers  et  maisons  en  fist  fairc."  ecj    Goodall,   vol.   ii.   p.   57.     Cf.   lib.  xiii.  c. 

— 'La    Chanson    dcs    Saxons,'   st.    LXXXI.,  37,38^.322,323. 

vol.  i.  p.  136.     Instead  of  le  inairicn  (limber),  3  Buckle,  'History  of  Civilisation  in  Eng- 

a  MS.  reads  Ics  ficrrcs  (stones).  land,'  vol.  ii.  p.  173,  and  note  29. 


22 


CIVILISATION  IN  SCOTLAND. 


"  '  Maistres,  fait-il,  je  vous  requier 
Que  de  piere  et  de  bon  mortier 
Me  fakes  ci  une  grant  tour, 
Qui  soil  reonde  tout  entour ; 
Les  murs  faites  bons  et  espes, 
De  xv  pie's  ou  plus  d'espes ; 
Faites-la-moi  et  haute  et  l^e ; 
En  bas  ne  faites  nule  entree, 
Bien  haut  faites  une  fenestre 
Par  oil  on  verra  dedens  1'estre.'  .  .  . 
Qui  done  ve"ist  machonner, 
Les  uns  les  pieres  tron^onner, 
Les  autres  taillier  au  martel, 
Et  les  autres  tost  et  isnel 
Faire  le  bon  mortier  de  cauch,1 
Les  autres  drecier  escafaus 
Pouf  le  mortier  faire  millor  .  .  . 
Et  ces  machons  crier  et  braire  : 
'  £a  de  la  pierre  !  ou  <ja  mortier  ! ' 
II  de'ist  bien  :  '  Sans  espargnier 
Pensent  de  cele  tour  parfaire.'  " 

— 'Le  Roman  de  la  Manekine,'  p.  150,  1.  4469. 

Caerlaverock,  a  strong  castle  of  the  Maxwells,  is  thus  de- 
scribed by  an  eyewitness  in  the  year  1300,  when  it  was 
besieged  and  taken  by  Edward  I.  "  Its  shape  was  like  that 
of  a  shield,  for  it  had  only  three  sides  all  round,  with  a  tower 
on  each  angle ;  but  one  of  the  towers  was  a  double  one,  so 


1  With  vinegar,   see   the  "  Roman  de   la 
Rose,"  Meon's  edit.,  vol.  i.  p.  156. 

2  "  Master,"  says  he,  "I  request  you,  with 
stone  and  good  mortar,  to  build  me  here  a 
large  tower  entirely  round  ;  make  the  walls 
good,  and  fifteen  feet  or  more  in  breadth  ;  let 
the   tower   be  lofty  arid  wide ;   no  entrance 
below,  but  high  up  a  window,  through  which 


one  may  see  into  the  place."  .  .  .  Whoever 
had  seen  the  masons  at  work,  cutting  the 
stones,  or  dressing  them  with  hammers,  whilst 
others  with  speed  prepared  good  lime-mortar, 
or  raised  scaffolds  to  hasten  the  work,  many 
sci earning  and  yelling,  "Here  stone!  here 
moilar!"  surely  would  have  said,  "They 
mean  unsparingly  to  finish  that  tower.'1 


HOUSES   OF   THE  PEOPLE. 


high,  so  long,  and  so  large,  that  under  it  was  the  gate  with 
the  drawbridge,  well  made  and  strong,  and  a  sufficiency  of 
other  defences,"  1  &c. 

Such  stone  towers  were  objects  of  wonder,  and  tradition  in 
course  of  time  came  to  ascribe  the  construction  of  at  least 
some  of  them  to  demoniac  art.2 

Leaving  apart  buildings  temporarily  erected  on  grand  oc- 
casions,3 it  may  be  stated  that,  if  the  towers  of  the  nobility 
made  little  pretension  to  architectural  strength  and  stability, 
still  less  did  the  houses  of  the  people.  It  is  true  some  of 
the  wealthier  of  the  commonalty  imitated  the  nobility,  and 
chose  inaccessible  sites  for  their  dwellings. 


1  '  The  Siege  of  Carlaverock,'  ed.  by  Sir  N. 
H.  Nicolas,  pp.  61,  62.  The  baronial  archi- 
tecture of  Scotland  has  been  so  thoroughly 
and  so  admirably  illustrated  by  R.  W.  Billings, 
that  it  would  be  superfluous  to  do  otherwise 
than  refer  to  his  work,  which  is  in  everybody's 
hand.  As  to  ecclesiastical  architecture,  see 
Muir's  'Notes  of  the  Churches  of  Scotland." 

1  The  castle  of  Yester  was  such  a  build- 
ing. "Hugo  Giffard  de  Zester  moritur, 
cujus  castrum,  vel  saltern  caveam,  et  don- 
gionera,  arte  djemoniaca  antique  relationes 
ferunt  fabrifactas :  nam  ibidem  habetur  mir- 
abilis  specus  subterraneus,  opere  mirifico  con- 
structus,  magno  terrarum  spatio  protelatus, 
qui  communiter  Bohall  appellatus  est." — 
'  Scotichr.,'  lib.  ix.  c.  21 ;  vol.  ii.  p.  105.  Cf. 
'Caledonia,'  vol.  i.  p.  517;  and  'Marmion,' 
canto  iii.  19.  The  same  tradition  applies 
to  the  Grimes-dike — i.e.,  the  ditch  made  by 
magic,  an  appellation  common  to  other  works 
of  the  same  sort,  and  indiscriminately  given 
to  ancient  trenches,  roads,  and  boundaries, 
whether  British,  Roman,  Saxon,  or  Danish. 
— IbiJ.,  b.  i.  ch.  4 ;  vol.  i.  p.  119. 


3  "...  this  noble  earle  of  Atholl  caused 
mak  ane  curious  pallace  to  the  King,  his 
mother,  and  the  ambassadour  (of  the  Paipis) 
.  .  .  and  equivalent  to  the  tyme  of  thair 
hunting ;  quhilk  was  biggit  in  the  midle  of 
ane  greine  medow,  and  the  wallis  thairof  was 
of  greine  timber  wovin  with  birkis,  and  biggit 
in  four  quarteris,  as  if  it  had  beine  ane  pallace, 
and  in  everie  quarter  ane  round  lyk  ane  blok- 
hous,  quhilkis  war  loftit  and  jeasted  thrie  hous 
hicht ;  the  floore  wes  laid  with  grein  earthe, 
and  strowed  with  sick  floures  as  grew  in  the 
medow,  that  no  man  knew  quhairow  he  yead, 
hot  as  he  had  beine  in  ane  greine  gardeine. 
Farder,  thair  was  tuo  great  roundis  on  everie 
syd  of  the  yet,  and  ane  great  portcullies  of 
trie  falling  doun  as  it  had  beine  an  barrace 
yett  with  ane  gritt  draw  bridge,  and  ane 
foussie  of  sixteine  fute  deip,  and  thrittie  fute 
broad  of  waiter.  This  pallace  was  hung 
with  fyne  tapistrie  within,  and  weill  lighted 
in  all  necessar  pairts  with  glassin  windowis." 
— Pitscottie's  '  Cronicles,'  vol.  ii.  p.  344 : 
James  V. 


CIVILISATION  IN  SCOTLAND. 


Describing  the  house  of  "  uns  villans  de  Pullande,"  living 
near  the  Irish  Sea,  a  trouvere  of  the  thirteenth  century  says  :— 

"  Desus  une  grant  roche  bise 
Estoit  la  maison l  bien  asise, 
Faite  de  cloies  tout  entour. 
En  son  le  pui  ot  une  tour, 
Qui  n'iert  de  piere  ni  de  caus ; 
De  terre  estoit  li  murs  fais  haus 
Et  cretele's  et  batelie"s. 
Molt  fu  li  vilains  aaisie's, 
Ki  si  bel  manoir  ot  sur  mcr  .... 
Qi  ens  est  ne  puet  avoir  garde 
D'engine"ur,  de  nul  assaut : 
La  roche  fu  faite  trop  haut." 2 

— '  Le  Roman  des  Aventures  de  Fregus,' 
p.  12,  1.  ii. 

So  rare,  however,  were  dwelling-houses  of  stone,  that  when 
such  were  mentioned,  the  material  of  which  they  were  con- 
structed was  expressly  specified ;  and  Stonehouse  is  a  name 
not  unknown  in  more  than  one  locality.8 

From  such  facts  one  may  fancy  what  was  the  appearance  of 


1  S.  mason;  vide  'Clariodus,'  p.  75,  1.  775. 

2  ' '  On  a  great  hoary  rock,  the  house  was 
well  situated,  built  on  all  sides  with  wicker- 
work.     On  the  top  of  the  hill  was  a  tower 
which  was  neither  stone  nor  plaster.     The 
earthen  wall  was  raised  on  high,  indented 
and  embattled.     The  cottager  was  well  to  do, 
who  had  such  a  fine  manor  on  sea.  .  .  .  The 
inmate  needs   not  heed  either  engineer  or 
assault :  the  rock  was  too  lofty." 

'Blind  Harry,  'Wallace,'  b.  viii.  L  1599, 
speaking  of  John  de  Menteth's  stay  at  Dum- 
barton, says  that  "Ahouss  he  foundyt  apon 
the  roch  off  stayne;"  and  Jamieson,  stating 


that  Wallace  gave  orders  for  building  "a 
house  of  stone  "  at  Dumbarton,  seems  not  to 
have  understood  that  passage:  vide  p.  403, 
4to  edit.  From  the  chartulary  of  Scone,  we 
learn  that  Roger  de  Quincy,  the  constable 
of  Scotland,  granted  to  the  monks  of  that 
abbey  the  land  which  William  the  Lion  had 
held  in  Perth,  with  the  stone  house,  cum  domo 
lapidea,  in  the  same  town. — 'Liber  ecclesie 
de  Scon,'  &c.,  No.  80,  p.  49 :  Edinburgi, 
1843 — 410.  Fordun,  mentioning  a  house  of 
that  description,  says  that  it  was  ascribed  to 
Julius  Caesar. — '  Scotichronicon,' lib.  ii.  cap. 
16 ;  edit.  Goodall,  vol.  i.  p.  51. 


SCOTTISH  ARCHITECTS. 


the  villages  and  even  the  cities  in  Scotland  in  ancient  times.1 
Edinburgh  itself  was  very  meanly  built ;  the  houses  in  many 
cases  were  little  better  than  hovels.  They  were  constructed  of 
earth,  and  roofed  with  turf,  or  "  divot "  and  thatch,  so  that,  after 
the  destruction  of  the  town  by  the  English  in  1385,  it  was  not 
difficult  to  restore  it  to  its  former  state,  as  allowed  by  the 
Scots  themselves,  who,  if  we  may  believe  Froissart,  complained 
of  Jean  de  Vienne  and  his  companions,  sent  to  their  rescue  by 
Charles  V.  of  France. 

In  1597  the  Town  Council  of  Aberdeen  ordered  a  house  to 
be  built  of  wood  for  an  office  to  the  town  clerk ; z  and  at  the 
beginning  of  last  century  there  might  have  still  been  seen 
"many  wooden,  mud,  and  thatched  houses,  within  the  gates 
at  Edinburgh,  Glasgow,  and  Aberdeen ;  and  few  others  with- 
out the  gates  there  or  in  other  towns."  3 

That  Scotland  produced  architects  of  her  own  there  is  clear 
proof.  The  name  of  John  Morow  or  Morvo  has  come  down. 
That  name  may  be  yean  Moreau?  but  it  seems  more  probable 
to  be  the  same  as  the  name  now  spelt  Murray,  still  pronounced 
by  old  people  Morra,  or  Morrow.  Cochrane,5  one  of  the  favour- 


1  On  the  dwellings  of  the   Scots  in  the 
middle    ages,    see    also    Chalmers's    '  Cale- 
donia,' b.  iv.  ch.  6  ;  vol.  i.  pp.  802,  803. 

2  '  Extracts  from  the  Council  Register  of 
the  Burgh  of  Aberdeen,'  1570-1625,  vol.  ii. 
p.  152 :  Aberdeen,  printed  for  the  Spalding 
Club,  1843—410. 

3  Memoirs  [of  the  state  of  the  country  in 
the  early  part  of  the  eighteenth  century,  by 
Sir  Archibald  Grant  of  Monymusk.] — '  Harl. 
Miscellany,'   vol.    vi.    p.    139:    1810  —  4to. 
'The  Miscellany  of  the  Spalding  Club,'  vol. 


ii.    p.    loo :    Aberdeen,    1842  —  4to.      'Les 
Ecossais  en  France,'  vol.  i.  p.  86. 

4  '  Scoti-Monasticon,'  &c.,  by  Mackenzie 
E.  C.  Walcott,  pp.  29,  38,  280,  404 :  Lon- 
don, 1874 — 410.     '  Proceedings  of  the  Society 
of  Antiquaries  of  Scotland,"  vol.  ii.  p.  1 66. 

5  "Olim  lapicida,  seu  latomus  insignis." 
James  III.,  A.D.   1482.     See  Ferrarius,  fol. 
395,   !•    63   (Appendix    to    Hector    Boyce's 
'  Scotorum  Historiae,'  &c. :   Parisiis,  1574— 
fol.);  and  Pitscottie,  ed.  1728,  p.  79,  or  ed. 
1814,  vol.  i.  p.  193. 


D 


26  CIVILISATION  IN  SCOTLAND. 

ites  of  King  James  III.,  is  well  known.  It  was  John  Melzour 
who  finished  the  "Register  House,"  Edinburgh,  in  1541. 
Augt.  1 5th:  "  Item,  to  Johnne  Melzour,  in  complete  payment 
of  his  lawbouris,  warkmanship  and  furnesing  of  the  Register 
Hous  biggit  within  the  Castell  of  Edinburcht,  abone  the 
sowme  of  ane  hundreth  and  twenty  pundis,  tane  allowance  in 
the  last  Chekker ;  conform  to  the  contract  maid  betwix  him 
and  the  Clerk  Register  thairvpoune,  jclxxx  lib." 

It  is  not  easy  to  state  the  exact  amount  of  influence  which 
the  French  connection  exercised  in  the  introduction  of  a  bet- 
ter class  of  buildings.  It  is,  however,  unquestionable  that  the 
high-roofed  gable  and  the  pepper-box  turret  of  the  French 
chateau  gave  to  Scotland  a  style  of  architecture  which  became 
domesticated  in  the  sixteenth  century,  and  which  has  been 
revived  in  our  own  days  with  much  taste  and  great  propriety, 
and  even  obtained  some  footing  in  England,  chiefly  through 
the  indefatigable  exertions  of  my  friend  John  Henry  Parker, 
author  of 'Some  Account  of  Domestic  Architecture  in  England,' 
from  Richard  II.  to  Henry  VIII.1 

The  same  statement  may  be  made  regarding  cathedrals, 
churches,  and  monasteries.  The  origin  of  some  of  them  is 
involved  in  obscurity,  and  the  names  of  the  architects  are 
unknown.  As  many  of  the  clergy  were  trained  abroad,2  and 
not  a  few  of  them  were  skilled  in  architecture  and  the  kindred 
art  of  carving,  some  of  those  buildings,  no  doubt,  were  planned 
by  such  ecclesiastics  and  built  under  their  superintendence.3 

1  Oxford,  1859 — 8vo.  On  domestic  archi-  *  For  instance,  the  rector  of  the  church  of 

lecture  in  Scotland,  its  semi-military  character  St  Bathans  in  Berwickshire  (Bothanis  in  Lao- 

and  existing  remains,  see  p.  385.  donia)  had  caused  the  beams  of  the  choir  of  St 

-  Introduction,  p.  7.  Cuthbert's  Church  to  be  carved,  to  do  honour 


FRENCH  ARCHITECTS. 


27 


Others  of  them  were  either  designed  or  built  by  Frenchmen 
and  Flemings.  It  was  a  Frenchman  who  improved  the  palace- 
paradise  of  Reid,  Bishop  of  Orkney,  as  well  as  the  horticulture 
and  gardens  of  the  diocese.1  John  Roytel — probably  the  son 
of  Nicholas,  a  Frenchman,  appointed  the  king's  master-mason 
22d  April  1539,  and  whose  own  name  appears  as  such  in  the 
Treasurer's  Accounts  in  1579,  fifty  years  before  John — is,  with 
Murdoch  Valker,  mentioned  as  the  mason  who  constructed 
the  place  of  the  sepulture  of  the  Regent,  Earl  of  Murray,  in 
1570,  at  the  expense  of  ^"133,  6s.  8d.2  By  careful  search, 
it  might  not  be  impossible  to  find  other  names  of  architects 
and  builders,  chiefly  of  monasteries  and  abbeys. 

Even  in  the  minor  details  of  ecclesiastical  buildings,  the  Scots 
were  under  the  necessity  of  having  recourse  to  the  Continent. 
In  the  fourteenth  century,  Thomas  de  Chartres  received  a 
commission  to  make  at  Paris  the  tomb  of  King  Robert  I.;3  and 
the  brazen  cock  of  the  steeple  of  St  Nicholas's  parish  church  of 
Aberdeen  had  to  be  sent  to  Flanders  to  be  repaired  and  gilded.4 


both  to  the  patron  of  that  sanctuary  and  to 
the  place. — '  Chronicon  de  Lanercost, '  p.  108, 
A.D.  1282.  William  of  Malmesbury,  'De 
Gestis  regum  Anglorum,'  b.  ii.,  mentioning 
Maydulphus,  a  reputed  Scotchman,  philos- 
opher, and  monk,  who  had  raised  the  monas- 
tery of  Malmesbury  from  a  mean  to  a  flourish- 
ing condition,  perhaps  meant  that  this  man 
had  improved  the  fabric.  Vide  'Rer.  Angl. 
Script,  post  Bed.  praecip.,'  p.  10,  1.  27 ; 
and  '  Monasticon  Anglicanum,  vol.  i.  p.  253, 
col.  i. 

1  Walcott's  '  Scoti-Monasticon,'  p.  n. 

3  David  Laing's  "  Notice  respecting  the 
Monument  of  the  Regent,"  &c.,  in  the  'Pro- 


ceedings of  the  Society  of  Antiquaries  of  Scot- 
land,' vol.  vi.  part.  i.  pp.  51,  53. 

3  "Thome  de  Carnoto  pro  tumulis  domini 
regis  faciendis  apud  Parisios,  Ixvj  Ii  xiiij  s. 
iiij    d." — 'Chamberlain's    Accounts,'    A.D. 
1329,  vol.  i.  pp.  99-101. 

4  '  Extracts  from  the  Council  Register  of 
the  Burgh  of  Aberdeen,'  1570-1625,  vol.  ii. 
p.  283,  A.D.   1606.      Twelve  years  later  a 
clockmaker  had  to  be  brought  from  the  south 
to  mend  three  clocks  (horldgis — G.  Douglas, 
ii.  148)  of  the  town,  because  "  pairtlie  they 
ar  auld  and  worne,  and  pairtlie  for  want  of 
skilfull  men  to  attend  thame."— Ibid.,  p.  358, 
A.D.  1618. 


28  CIVILISATION  IN  SCOTLAND. 

Scotland  was  indebted  to  France  not  merely  for  a  style  of 
architecture  and  the  construction  of  many  ecclesiastical  edifices, 
but  also  for  not  a  few  terms  applied  to  parts  of  buildings,  and 
used  in  fortification  and  masonry. 

The  word  muralyeis  (Fr.  murailles)  comes  forward  in  the 
sense  of  walls,  fortifications ;  and  muryt  (Fr.  murer),  in  that 
of  walled,  enclosed  in  walls.  Whatever  may  have  been  the 
exact  nature  of  the  orchle  in  Mearns  (Fr.  porche,  or  arceau) 
and  of  the  "  muralyeis "  seen  by  Bishop  Douglas,  the  wall 
made  of  earth  mentioned  by  the  old  Norman  trouvere  was 
assuredly  what  is  called  afterwards  pist  building?-  from  a 
word  still  in  use  in  France.  The  Scots  borrowed  also  from 
that  country  brettys,  a  fortification,  properly  denoting  wooden 
towers  or  castles  (Fr.  breteches) ;  and  kirnel,  kyrneill,  in  the 
plural  kirnellis^  an  interstice  in  a  battlement,  is  the  Fr. 
crtneau.  The  O.  Fr.  parpeigne,  Fr.  parpaing,  is  the  origin 
ot parpane,  a  wall  in  general.  Parpen-  or  flarfane-wa  (Aberd.), 
a  word  still  in  use  in  the  north,  signifies  the  parapet  of  a 
bridge.  Pittivout,  a  small  arch  (Kincardine),  is  the  Fr.  petite 
voute. 

Place,  a  mansion-house,  a  castle,  a  stronghold,  corresponds 
to  the  Fr.  place,  a  castle ;  chemys,  chymes,  chymmes,  chymis,  a 
principal  or  head  dwelling,  is  the  old  Fr.  chef-mez,  chef-mois 
(Lat.  caput  manst). 

Sale,  sail,  saill,  a  palace,  a  hall,  a  parlour,  comes  from  the 
Fr.  salle;  and  jam,  jamb,  j'ambe,  a  projection,  a  wing,  a  word 

1  Dr  Singer,  'General  View  of  the  Agri-      1812 — 8vo. 
culture   ...   in  the   County  of  Dumfries,'         3  G.  Douglas,  i.  89,  6. 
&c.,  Appendix,  No.  10,  p.  551  :   Edinburgh, 


ARCHITECTURAL    TERMS. 


29 


applied  also  to  the  aisle  of  a  church,1  is  the  Fr.  jambe.  The 
word  jam  was  at  times  applied  to  a  large  house  having  a 
wing,  and  is  yet  applied  to  a  large  rambling  house,  or  even 
to  a  large  cupboard,  or  to  the  hob  of  a  hearth. 

Of  other  terms  applied  to  parts  of  buildings  may  be  men- 
tioned :  foundment,  the  foundation  of  a  building  (Fr.  fondemenf) ; 
fenester?1  fenyster  (Fr.  fenfire),  a  window ;  scuncheon  (O.  Fr. 
escoinson,  escouissoti),  an  undressed  stone  on  the  inner  side 
either  of  a  window  or  a  door  ;  while  rebbit,  ribbit  (Fr.  raboter,  to 
polish3),  is  the  same  stone  dressed — two  words  still  in  common 
use ;  charnaill-\>a.n6.\s  (Fr.  charniere,  a  hinge),  strong  hinges  for 
heavy  doors  or  gates,  riveted,  and  often  having  a  plate  on 
each  side  of  the  door  or  gate ;  tarlies,  tirless,  tirlass,  tirlies, 
(Fr.  treillis),  the  lattice  of  a  window ;  turngreis  (Fr.  tourner, 
to  turn,  and  gr£,  contracted  from  degrt,  pi.  degrfc,  stairs),  a 
winding  stair ;  stegef  stage  (Fr.  ttage),  a  step,  or  perhaps  the 
storey  of  a  house.  Timpan,  tympany?  tympany  gavel  (Moray), 
the  middle  part  of  the  front  of  a  house  raised  higher  than  the 
level  of  the  rest  of  the  wall,  in  the  form  of  a  gable  to  carry  up 
a  vent  and  to  give  an  attic  apartment  in  the  roof,  is  the  Fr. 
tympan,  the  gable-end  of  a  house  (Cotgrave).  The  first  part 
of  the  word  cardie-steps,  the  projections  of  the  stones,  on  the 


1  In  Eng.  jamb  is  side  of  a  door,  window,  5  Tympanum  is  an  Eng.  architectural  term, 

&c.  and  signifies  in  classical  architecture  the  tri- 

-  G.  Douglas,  ii.  85,  17.  In  Eng.  fenestral  angular  space  between  the  sloping  and  hori- 

is  used  in  the  sense  of  belonging  to  a  window,  zontal  cornices  on  the  front  of  a  pediment ; 

3  Raboter,  in  Fr.,  is  used,  at  least  from  the  also  in  mediaeval  architecture  the  space  im- 
sixteenth  century,  with  the  sense  of  "to  plane,  mediately  above  the  opening  of  a  doorway, 
to  smooth  with  a  plane."  &c.,  when  the  top  of  the  opening  is  square 

4  G.  Douglas,  iii.  30x3,  22  ;  iv.  82,  15.  and  has  an  arch  over  it. 


CIVILISATION  IN  SCOTLAND. 


slanting  part  of  a  gable,  resembling  the  steps  of  a  stair,  is  of 
the  same  origin  as  the  English  corbel  (Fr.  encorbellement,  cor- 
belet}  corbeille,  a  basket ;  It.  corba,  corbelld). 

To  crown  the  whole,  we  will  mention  garrit,  garret"2*  (Fr. 
gue"rite,  a  watch-tower,  the  top  of  a  hill),  a  word  still  used  in 
the  north  to  signify  that  part  of  a  house  contained  under  the 
slope  of  the  roof;  and  fester,  to  roof  (O.  Fr.  fester}. 

Reprise  means  the  indentation  of  stones  in  a  building ; 3 
and  to  spairge,  sparge  (Fr.  asperger)  a  wall,  is  to  rough-cast  a 
wall, — to  haarl  a  wall  in  northern  dialect ;  whilst  spargeon  is 
to  plaster  a  wall,  and  sparginer  is  a  plasterer. 

Coruie,  a  crooked  iron  employed  to  pull  down  walls,  comes 
from  the  Fr.  corbeau,  "  a  certaine  warlike  instrument "  (Cot- 
grave).  In  all  likelihood  the  instrument  received  its  name 
from  some  fancied  resemblance  to  a  crow  (corbeau,  a  crow). 

Of  tradesmen,  one  derived  his  designation  in  part  from  Fr. 
st/uare-man,  syuare-viright  (Fr.  e"quarrir).  Syttare-wright  may 
still  be  heard  in  the  north. 


1  Vide  '  L'Histoire  universelle  du  Sieur 
d'Aubigne,'  b.  v.  ch.  vii.  part  I,  p.  278. 

3  Al.  garrol,  garet,  and  hence  garritour, 
garitottr,  the  watchman  on  the  battlements 
of  a  castle.  At  Lyons  there  is  a  street  called 
rue  dn  garet.  It  is  scarcely  necessary  to  re- 
mark that  in  Eng.  garret  means  a  room  on  the 


highest  floor  of  the  house,  and  garreteer  an 
inhabitant  of  a  garret ;  but  it  may  not  be  out 
of  place  to  state  that  garreted  occurs  with  the 
meaning  of  protected  by  turrets. 

3  "Skarsment,  reprise,  corbell,  and  battel- 
ingis." — 'Palice  of  Honour,'  iii.  17. 


CHAPTER     II. 


jfurnfture. 


CHAPTER    II. 


FURNITURE. 

]OR  a  long  period  in  Scottish  houses,  and  even  in 
the  royal  palaces,  the  movables,  under  the  name 
of  mobillis  (in  the  sing,  mobil,  moble,  Fr.  meublcs), 
were  far  from  being  numerous,  and,  like  a  number 
of  other  articles  of  luxury,  not  a  few  of  such  mobillis  came 
from  the  Continent,  chiefly  from  Flanders1  and  France,  and 
retained  their  foreign  designations  in  little-altered  forms. 

Thus,  dease,  or,  in  other  forms,  deis,  dess,  deas,  dais,  mentioned 
in  the  quotation,  "  The  tapestrie  quilk  covered  "  (at  Aberdeen) 
"  the  king's  dease  2  and  the  colledge  loft,"  3  &c.,  is  the  O.  Fr. 


1  "  Oliver  Sincler  presentit  upone  the  buird 
.  .  .  ane  littill  box,  coverit  with  ledder, 
of  Flanderis  mak." — '  Crim.  Trials,'  vol.  ii.  p. 
476,  A.D.  1605. 

"Cofferis  of  Frenche  or  Flanders  making, 
covered   with  blak  lether  and   barred  with 
irone,   the    piece,    vi   H." — 'Customs   and 
Valuation  of  Merchandises,  A.  D.  1612;'  'The- 
Ledger  of  Andrew  Halyburton,'  p.  297. 

"  Have  you  any  pots  or  pans, 
Or  any  broken  chandlers? 
I  am  a  tinker  to  my  trade, 

And  newly  come  frae  Flanders, 
As  scant  of  siller  as  of  grace, 
Disbanded,  we've  a  bad  run,"  &c. 

— "  Clout  the  Caldron,"  st.  i— 'Ancient  and 
Modern  Songs,'  &c.,  collected  by  David 
Herd,  vol.  ii.  p.  32  :  Glasgow,  1809— 8vo. 


Chandler,  chanler,  has  become  in  Gaelic 
coinnleir. 

3  "Dais."— "The  Uplandis  Mous  and  the 
Burges  Mous,"  1.  76,  ap.  Henryson,  p.  m. 
"Chalmer  of  davis,"  a  room  of  state. — 
Richard  Bannatyne,  'Journal  of  the  Trans- 
actions in  Scotland,'  &c. :  Edinburgh,  1806 — 
8vo,  p.  486,  May  1576.  "  Chamber  of  dice," 
as  if  it  were  the  room  where  they  played  at 
dice."  —  'Memoric  of  the  Somervilles,'  &c., 
July  1589,  vol.  i.  p.  468 :  Edinburgh,  1815 — 
8vo.  "The  chamber  of  dais."  — Sir  W. 
Scott,  'The  Bride  of  Lammermoor,"  chap. 
xxvi. 

3  Aberdeen  Accounts  for  1660-61. — 'The 
Book  of  Bon  Accord,'  &c.,  vol.  i.  p.  83, 
note. 


B 


34 


CIVILISATION  IN  SCOTLAND'. 


dais.  Sege,  a  form,1  is  the  Fr.  siege;  and  sell,  a  stool,  the 
Fr.  sclle.  In  the  words,  "  ane  paill  above  the  prince's  bed  of 
statis," 2  paill,  written  also  pail,  paile?  is  the  O.  Fr.  paille, 
and  seems  to  denote  a  canopy ;  and  testor,  the  cover  of  a  bed, 
die  O.  Fr.  testiere.  Subbasment,  the  lower  part  of  a  bed,  is 
the  Fr.  soubassement. 

Almerie,  almorie,  ambry,  amry,  awmrie,  cupboard,  chest, 
cabinet,  secretaire,  press  4  (Gael,  amraidli)?  is  the  Fr.  armoire? 
as  scrutoire,  scriptour,  is  escritoire?  the  chest,  still  known  in 
old  French  under  the  name  of  bahut*  A  plain  box,  a  chest, 
called  a  boist  (Aberd.),  buist,  sometimes  pronounced  busht, 
is  evidently  the  Fr.  botte?  Back,  a  large  vat,  used  for  cooling 
liquor,  as  well  as  backet,  baikie,  a  shallow  wooden  trough  for 
carrying  fuel  or  ashes,  also,  in  a  different  sense,  for  keeping 
salt,  is  very  like  the  Fr.  baquet;  and  basing,  bassing,  bassie, 


1  Melvill's  Diary,  p.  69. 
3  'Crim.  Trials,'  vol.  i.  p.  302*,  A.D.  1540. 
Cf.  Jamieson's  Diet.,  voct  "Pail,  paile." 

3  The  word  in  the  form  of  pall  is  used  in 
the  sense  of  covering,  cloak,  or  stuff  of  which 
the  covering  was  made.     Thus,  in  the  ballad 
of  "  Glenkindie, "  1.  14 — 

"  111  gie  to  you  a  robe,  Glenkindie, 

A  robe  o'  the  royal  pa', 
Gin  ye  wiil  harp  i'  the  winter's  night, 
Afore  my  nobles  a'." 

—  'The  Ballads  of  Scotland,'  Aytoun ; 
second  edition,  vol.  ii.  p.  57  :  Edin.  and 
London,  1859— post  8vo. 

4  '  Cr.  Tr.,' vol.  i.  p.  399,  A.D.  1596;  and 
SirW.  Scott,  "Donald  Caird"  and 'The  Heart 
of  Mid-Lothian.'     "  Chambres  bien  amrues  " 
occur  in  a  document   of   1488,  published  by 
J.  Gairdner— '  Hist.  Regis  Henrici  VII.,' &c., 
p.  196. 


6  Properly  a  recess  in  a  cottage  wall,  done 
over  with  wicker-work,  as  still  seen  in  many 
parts  of  the  Highlands.     A  retired  seat  in  a 
chapel,  having  a  kind  of  screen,  was  called 
traverse,  from  the  French. 

'  Another  form  of  the  word  was  aummrc, 
aumaire;  ".i.  aumoire  troverent  par  dejoste.i. 
piler,  En  1'aumaire  troverent  iiii.  pains  buletes," 
&c. — "Gui  de  Bourgogne,"  1.  2054,  p.  63. 

The  original  meaning  of  the  word  is  a  chest 
for  keeping  arms:  " Armariimt  repositorium 
armorum,"  hence  armoirc. — See  Cleomades, 
t.  ii.  p.  55,  1.  10795. 

7  G.  Douglas,  iv.  89,  25. 

8  ' '  Cofferis  called  balhuves,  the  piece,  viii  Ii. " 
— '  Customs  and  Valuation  of  Merchandises,' 
A.D.  1612,  in  '  The  Ledger  of  Andrew  Haly- 
burton,'  p.  297. 

9  Vide  'Crim.   Trials,'  vol.  i.  p.  2531,  A.D. 


CHURCH  DECORATION.  35 

bassy,  bossie,  a  large  wooden  dish  used  for  carrying  meal  from 
the  "girnal"  (granary)  to  the  bake-board,  or  containing  the 
meal  designed  for  immediate  use,  is  nearer  the  Fr.  bassin  than 
the  English  basin.  Mawn,  basket,  properly  for  bread,  comes 
from  O.  Fr.  mande,  Fr.  manne,  Eng.  maund.  Bowie,  a  cask 
or  tub,  is  the  Fr.  buie. 

Articles  of  household  furniture  were  not  the  only  mobils 
imported.  Requisites  for  the  ornamentation  of  churches  came 
from  abroad.  Amongst  the  Records  of  West  Flanders  there 
is  a  document  relating  to  a  dispute  which  had  arisen  at  Bruges, 
in  the  year  1441,  between  a  Scots  merchant,  a  monk  of  Mel- 
rose  Abbey,  and  a  master  of  the  art  of  carpentry  of  Bruges, 
who  had  contracted  to  supply  certain  sedilia  or  stalls,  and  to 
erect  them  in  the  Abbey  Church  of  Melrose,  after  the  fashion 
of  the  carved  stalls  of  two  Flemish  monasteries.1  Latron, 
lettroncy  lettrune,  letteron,  letterin,  or,  according  to  northern 
pronunciation,  laitrin,  the  desk  from  which  the  precentor  or 
clerk  officiates,2  now  used  for  the  most  part  to  signify  the 
precentor's  desk  in  Presbyterian  churches,  as  well  as  the  Fr. 
leutrin,  lectrun,  letrin?  comes  from  the  Lat.  lectrum  (lego). 

Tapestry  of  various  kinds  seems  to  have  been  brought  into 
the  country  in  considerable  quantities.  James  V.  expended 
large  sums  of  money  on  it.  Oct.  9,  1539 — "  Item,  to  William 


1  See  '  Proceedings  of  the  Society  of  Anti-  1610;  R.  Bannatyne's  Journal,  p.  486,  May 
quaries  of  London,'  1846,  No.  6,  January  8,  1576.      Cf.  de  Laborde,  '  Notice  des  emaux 
p.  112  ;  'Archreologia,'  vol.  xxxi.  p.  346;  and  .   .  .  du  Musee  du  Louvre,'  11°  part.  pp.  358, 
'  Proceedings  of  the  Society  of  Antiquaries  of  359,  art.  "  Leutrin,  lectrun." 

Scotland,"  vol.  iii.  p.  21.  *  Vide  'Les  Contes  et  Discours  d'Eutrapel,' 

2  G.  Douglas,  iii.  78,  25  ;  'Cr.  Tr.,'  vol.  i.  fol.  71  recto. 
p.  284*,  A.D.   1535-36;  vol.  iii.  p.  92,  A.D 


36  CIVILISATION  IN  SCOTLAND. 

Schaw,  in  part  of  payment  of  jmjclxxiij  lib.  xiiijs.  rest  and 
awand  to  him  for  the  new  tapesscherye  brocht  last  furth  of 
Flanderis,  Ixxiij  lib.  xiiijs."  Feb.  26,  1540 — "Item,  gevin  to 
Williame  Schaw,  in  complete  payment  of  2466  crownis  of  the 
sone,  xvijs.,  for  tapeschery  brocht  hame  be  him  to  the  kingis 
grace,  as  his  compt  and  precept  direcit  thairupovne  beris,  ane 
thousand  crowns  of  wecht,  summa,  jmjc  lib."  March  26,  1 541 — 
"  Item,  for  the  browdery  and  warkmanschip  of  thre  Jesus  wrocht 
with  crowne  of  thorne,  thre  names  of  Jacobus  Quintuss  with 
the  Kingis  armes  and  croune  above  the  heid,  and  twa  vnicornis 
berand  the  samin,  price  of  all,  vij  lib."  Augt.  17 — "Item, 
deliuerit  to  Johnne  Moffettis  servand,  conservatour  in  Flan- 
deris, send  hame  be  him  at  the  Kingis  grace  command,  to  com- 
plete ane  chalmer  of  the  Antique  Historic,  273  crownis  of  the 
son,  iijc  lib.  vjs." 

The  "tapestrie  of  the  historic  of  Souvene-vous-en"  men- 
tioned in  an  inventory  of  I578,1  was  no  doubt  of  French 
make.  What  was  the  sort  or  what  was  the  designation  of  the 
tapestry  which  is  recorded  to  have  been  in  existence  in  the 
castle  of  Elsinore  in  i6o3-i6o42  cannot  be  determined;  but  it 
is  well  known  that  the  kind  designated  verdour,  or  Flandris 
werdour,  represented  rural  scenes,  and  took  its  name  from  that 


1  "A  Collection  of  Inventories,"  &c.,  p.  ed.   1814,  vol.  ii.  p.  615.      In  the  English 

208.  translation  published   at    Edinburgh  —  8vo, 

*  "Tapestrie  of  fresh  coullored  silk,  with-  1778,  p.  365— we  read  "Irish"  (doubtlessly 

out  gold,  quharin  all  the  Danisch  kingis  are  Arras)  "tapestry."     Pitscottie,  instead  of  to 

expressed  in  antique  habits,"  an  arras  which  express,  uses  to  expreame,  which  is  nearer  the 

Lindsay  of  Pitscottie,  the  author  of  that  quaint  French.     Cf.   'Crim.  Trials,'  vol.'i.  pp.  454, 

description,  might  have  termed  an  anticail,  494*,  A.  D.  1566,  1567-68;  and  vol.  ii.  p.  26, 

an  antique,  a  remnant  of  antiquity  (Fr.  anti-  A.D.  1571. 
quaille).     Vide  'The  Cronicles  of  Scotland,' 


TAPESTRY.  37 


fact1  (Fr.  ouvrage  de  verdure,  "forest-work  or  flourist-work, 
wherein  gardens,  woods,  or  forests  be  represented "  —  Cot- 
grave). 

Another  sort,  called  bancoury,  banker,  bankour,  bankowr, 
bankure,  banquer,  covering  for  stools  or  benches,  is  the  Fr. 
banquier;  and  dorsour?  dosouris,  dossour,  cloth  for  the  walls  of 
a  hall  or  chapel  (a  back-stay,  a  rest  for  the  back),  is  the  Fr. 
dossier. 

So  important  a  place  did  tapestry  hold  in  furnishing  the 
royal  palaces,  and  the  mansions  of  the  nobility,  that  a  servant, 
with  the  name  of  tapesar,  was  appointed  to  take  charge  of  it. 
Tapessery-man  was  a  male  worker  in  tapestry,  and  tappisser 
came  to  mean  upholsterer.3 

The  word  itself,  in  its  Scotch  forms,  tapesscherye,  tapeschery, 
tapessarie,  is  liker  its  French  original  (tapisserie)  than  in  its 
English  form. 

So  scarce,  however,  was  tapestry,  that  even  James  V.  was 
obliged  to  carry  along  with  him  a  certain  quantity  when  he 
removed  from  one  palace  to  another.  Of  many  entries  of  a  like 
kind  here  is  one:  Oct.  1530 — "Item,  for  thre  cariage  horsis 
to  turse  the  arrese-werkis  quhilkis  hang  in  the  Abbay  .  .  . 
to  Striueling,  agane  Paische,  xviijs."  At  a  later  period  it  was 
a  common  custom  for  a  nobleman,  when  he  removed  from  one 
mansion  to  another,  to  take  along  with  him  furniture. 


1  'Burgh  Records  of  the  City  of  Glasgow,'  Henryson,  p.  90;  'Cr.  Tr.,'  vol.  i.  pp.  288, 

p.  34,  A.D.  1575.  'Comp.  Thes.  Reg.  Scot.,'  291,  A.D.  1537  ;  '  Papers  relative  to  the  Mar- 

vol.  i.  p.  157.  riage  of  King  James  VI.,'  Appendix  No.  II., 

-  "  Awntyrs  of  Arthure,"  st.  xxxv.  pp.  14,  17. 

3  "The  Testament  of  Cresseid,"  1.  417,  af. 


38  CIVILISATION  IN  SCOTLAND. 

The  Scots  had  bibliothec  and  bibliothecar,  and  the  French 
have  bibliotheque  and  bibliothdcaire,  with  the  same  meaning  in 
both  languages.  Very  likely  both  forms  came  directly  from 
Latin,  as  has  been  the  case  with  cubiculare,  a  groom  of  the 
bed-chamber,  and  mappamound,  a  terrestrial  globe.1 

1  "  Orfeo  and  Hurodis,"  1.  223,  ap.  Henryson,  p.  57. 


CHAPTER     III. 


3Banquetin0  anb 


CHAPTER    III. 


BANQUETING    AND    VIVERS. 

|EGARDED  with  little  favour  by  David  I.,1  the 
culinary  art  remained  for  centuries  in  a  very 
rudimentary  state  in  North  Britain.  The  food 
was  so  bad,  and  the  cookery  so  wretched,  as  to 
induce  many  people  to  go  abroad  and  settle  in  France,  where 
they  could  enjoy  more  of  the  comforts  of  life.2  In  these  cir- 
cumstances the  primitive  kitchen  vocabulary  in  Scotland  must 
have  been  limited.  A  passage  of  an  old  poem  conveys  to  the 
mind  a  poor  idea  of  early  Scottish  cookery,  in  spite  of  the 
account  given  by  Mathieu  d'Escouchy  of  a  state  dinner  in 
1449  :3- 

"  Of  cookry  she  was  wonder  slee, 
And  marked  all  as  it  should  be ; 
Good  beef  and  mutton  to  be  broo, 
Dight  spits,  and  then  laid  the  rosts  to." 

— '  Sir  Egeir,'  p.  66. 

1  "Luxuriam,  latiusproserpentera,  patrisex-  dulci  liquore,  illic  tanquam  ad  Lotophagos 
emplo,  coercuit ;  artifices  et  inventores  harum  hoerent." — Joann.  Bmyer.  Campogg.  '  De 
illecebrarum,  qua:  gulam  irritant,  regiio  ejecit. "  Re  Cibaria, '  &c.,  lib.  iv.  c.  xiii.  p.  226: 
— '  Rerum  Scoticarum  Historia,'  auctore  G.  Francf.,  1600 — 8vo. 

3Godefroy,    'Hist,   de  Charles  VII.,'   p. 
577.       'Chronique  de  Mathieu  d'Escouchy,' 


Buchanano,  lib.  vii.  cap.  91,  David  rex. 

3  "  .  .  .  fugiendam  Scotiam  et  vitandam 
permulti  censent ;  nam  qui  ex  incolis  in  Gal- 
Ham  penetrarunt,  clegustatis  frugibus,  vinique 


t.  i.  pp.   181,   182:  Paris,  1863— 8vo.     'Les 
Ecossais  en  France,'  t.  i.  p.  210. 


42  CIVILISATION  IN  SCOTLAND. 

At  the  end  of  the  fourteenth  century,  King  James  I.  had  a 
French  cook  ; l  but  his  craft  seems  to  have  been  unknown  out  of 
the  Court,  especially  in  time  of  war  :  "  These  Scottysshe  men," 
says  Froissart,  "are  right  hardy,  and  sore  travel yng  in  harneys 
and  in  warres ;  for  whan  they  wyll  entre  into  Ingland,  within  a 
daye  and  a  nyght,  they  wyll  dryve  theyr  hole  host  xxiii.  myles, 
for  they  are  all  a  horsbacke,  without  it  be  the  traundals  and 
laggers  of  the  cost,  who  follow  after  a  foote.  The  knyghtis 
and  squiers  are  well  horsed,  and  the  common  people  and  other, 
on  littell  hakeneys  and  geldyngis ;  and  they  cary  with  them 
no  cartis,  nor  chariettis,  for  the  diversities  of  the  mountaignes 
that  they  must  passe  through,  in  the  countrey  of  Northumbre- 
lande.  They  take  with  them  noo  purveyaunce  of  brede  nor 
wyne,  for  their  usage  and  sobrenes  is  suche  in  tyme  of  warre, 
that  they  wyll  passe  in  the  journey  a  great  long  tyme,  with 
flesshe  halfe  soden,  without  brede,  and  drynke  of  the  ryver 
water  without  wyne:  and  they  nother  care  for  pottis,  nor 
pannis,  for  they  seeth  beastis  in  their  owne  skynnes.  They 
are  ever  sure  to  fynde  plenty  of  beastis  in  the  countrey  that 
they  wyll  passe  throughe.  Therfore  they  cary  with  them  none 
other  purveyaunce,  but  on  their  horse :  bitwene  the  saddyll  and 
the  paunell,  they  trusse  a  brode  plate  of  metall,  and  behynde 
the  saddyl,  they  wyll  have  a  lytle  sacke  full  of  ootemele,  to  the 
entent  that  whan  they  have  eaten  of  the  sodden  flesshe,  that 
they  ley  this  plate  on  the  fyre,  and  tempre  a  lytle  of  the  oote- 
mele :  and  whan  the  plate  is  hote,  they  caste  of  the  thyn  paste 

1  'The  Accounts  of  the  Chamberlains  of  ii.  p.  131.  Hall  has  observed  that  James  I. 
Scotland, '&c.,  vol.  ii.  p.  141.  Cf.  pp.  237,  never"  favored  Englishemen  before  the  Frenche 
308,  365  ;  and  '  Les  Ecossais  en  France,'  vol.  •  people." 


SCOTTISH  SOCIETY  IN  SIXTEENTH  CENTURY.    43 

thereon,  and  so  make  a  lytte  cake  in  maner  of  a  crakenell,  or 
bysket,  and  that  they  eate  to  comfort  withall  theyr  stomachis."  l 
Even  up  to  the  middle  of  the  sixteenth  century,  if  we  may 
trust  a  curious  tract  written  in  1 548,2  Scottish  society  was  in 
a  poor  enough  condition.  "  At  that  tyme  there  was  no  cere- 
monial reverens  nor  stait,  quha  suld  pas  befor  or  behynd,  furtht 
or  in  at  the  dur,  nor  yit  quha  suld  have  the  dignite  to  vasche 
ther  handis  fyrst  in  the  bassine,  nor  yit  quha  suld  sit  doune 
fyrst  at  the  tabill.  At  that  tyme  the  pepil  var  as  reddy  to 
drynk  vattir  in  ther  bonnet,  or  in  the  palmis  of  ther  handis,  as 
in  ane  tasse  of  silvyr." 

The  statements  made  in  this  quotation  receive  corrobora- 
tion  from  what  Fynes  Moryson,  "  gentleman,"  writes  of  the 
mode  of  living  of  a  rank  far  from  the  lowest.  He  tells  us 
that  the  Scots  eat  much  colwort  and  cabbage,3  and  little 

1  'Sir  John  Froissart's  Chronicles,'  trans.-  name  of  such  a  piece  of  furniture  among  the 
lated  by  John  Bourchier,  Lord  Berners,  vol.  Britons.     Juvenal  (Sat.  xii.  v.  46)  mentions 
i.  cap.  xvii.  pp.  18,  19:  London,  1812—410.  that  sort  of  basins,  " bascaudas ;"  and  Martial 
Cf.   Ralph  Higden,  who  says  likewise  of  the  (lib.   xiv.   epigr.    99)   says   that  the  Romans 
Scotch :    "  They  ben    lytell  of   meate,  and  appreciated  so  much  those  vases  that  they 
mowe  faste  longe,  and  etene  selde  whan  the  imitated  them : — 

sun  is  up;  and  ete   fleshe,  fyshe,  mylke  and  "  Barbara  de  pictis  veni  bascauda  Britannis ; 

frute,   more    than    brede."       Buckle,    in    his  Sed  mejammavult  dicere  Romasuam." 

chapter  on  civilisation  in  Spain  and  Scotland,  An  old  scholiast,  illustrating  Juvenal's  line, 

did  not  fail  to  quote  Froissart's  account,  which  says  that  the  bascauda  was  an  English  vessel 

was  examined  in  the   'Edinburgh    Review,'  used   to  wash  cups  and  kettles, — "vas  An- 

voL  cxiv.  pp.   183-211.     Long  before  Frois-  glicum,  in  quo  calices  et  cacabus  lavaban- 

sart,    the  author  of  a   life   of    Edward    the  tur."    We  would  give  Scotland  credit  for  that 

Confessor,    published   by  H.   R.    Luard,   re-  article ;  but  it  is  more  than  doubtful  whether 

lating  the  defeat  of  Macbeth,  King  of  Scot-  pictis   Britannis  could   refer   to   an   obscure 

land,  had  caricatured  the  Scots — see  p.  416.  Northern  people,  the  Picts,  of  whom  neither 

2  '  The  Complaynt  of  Scotland,"  p.  206.  Juvenal  nor  Martial  had  ever  heard. 

The  above  mention  of  the  bassine  used  by  8  More  than  a  century  after,  Captain  Burt 
the  early  Scots  to  wash  the  hands  before  wrote  in  one  of  his  '  Letters  from  a  Gentle- 
dinner,  affords  an  occasion  to  quote  two  man  in  the  North  of  Scotland '  (vol.  i.  p.  141: 
Latin  writers  who  have  preserved  the  original  London,  1754— 8vo),  that  he  had  been  told  by 


44 


CIVILISATION  IN  SCOTLAND. 


fresh  meat.  "  Myself,"  says  he,  "  was  at  a  knight's  house, 
who  had  many  servants1  to  attend  him,  that  brought  him 
his  meat  with  their  heads  covered  with  blue  cap,  the  table 
being  more  than  half  furnished  with  great  platters  of  porridge, 
each  having  a  little  piece  of  sodden  meat.  And  when  the 
table  was  served,  the  servants  did  sit  down  with  us ;  but  the 
upper  mes,2  instead  of  porridge,  had  a  pullet  with  some  prunes 
in  the  broth.  And  I  observed  no  art  of  cookery  or  furniture 
of  household  stuff,  but  rather  rude  neglect  of  both."  A  little 
farther  on,  the  same  author  adds :  "  They  drink  pure  wines,  not 
with  sugar,  as  the  English ;  yet  at  feasts  they  put  confits  in  the 
wine,  after  the  French  manner."  3 


old  people  in  Edinburgh,  that  no  longer  ago 
than  forty  years,  there  was  little  else  than  cale 
in  their  green-market.  Very  likely  cabbage 
was  introduced  from  the  Continent  to  .Scotland. 
At  any  rate,  such  a  vegetable  was  not  origin- 
ally grown  in  England ;  but  about  the  time 
of  Ben  Jonson,  who  mentions  the  fact  in 
"Volpone,"  Act  ii.  sc.  I,  it  was  sent  to 
that  country  from  Holland,  and  so  became 
naturalised  in  English  gardens.  "  "Pis  scarce 
a  hundred  years,"  says  Evelyn,  in  his  'Dis- 
course of  Sallets,'  1706,  "since  we  first  had 
cabbages  out  of  Holland ;  Sir  Anth.  Ashley,  of 
Wiburg  St  Giles,  in  Dorsetshire,  being,  as  I  am 
told,  the  first  who  planted  them  in  England." 
1  The  Scots  had  the  words  allakey  (Fr. 
laquais),  domestique,  servilour,  and  servitrice, 
servitrix,  to  signify  a  male  and  a  female  servant, 
a  waiter  and  a  waitress,  a  wadgeit  (Fr.  gagj), 
man  or  woman ;  vide  '  Crim.  Tr.,'  vol.  ii.  p.  67, 
A.D.  1598;  p.  94,  A.D.  1598-99;  P-  '26,  A.D. 

1600;  vol.  iii.  p.  430,  A.D.  1617  ;  'Papers  re- 
lative to  the  Marriage  of  King  James  the  Sixth 
of  Scotland, 'Appendix,  No.  2,  p.  16;  C.  Innes's 
'Sketches  of  Early  Scotch  History,'  p.  512. 


*  Those  sitting  above  the  salt-vat. 

*  'An  Itinerary  written  by  Fynes  Moryson, 
Gent.,'  part  iii.  b.  iv.   c.  3,  pp.    179,    180: 
London,  1617 — fol.    Cf.  Arnot,  'The  History 
of  Edinburgh,'  b.  i.  c.  2,  p.  56 ;  and  Cham- 
bers, '  Domestic  Annals  of  Scotland,"  vol.  i. 
pp.  299,  300.     Froissart,  relating  "  Comment 
messire  de  Douglas,  en  allant  outre-mer,  fut 
tue  en  Espagne  mal  fortunement,"  &c.  (b.  i. 
part  i.  c.  48  ;  vol.  i.  p.  37,  col.  2,  edit,   of 
the  '  Pantheon  litteraire'),  says  that  this  noble- 
man had  all  sorts  of  plate,  jugs,  basins,  por- 
ringers, drinking  veschells,  bottles,  barrels,  and 
other  things  of  the  same  description  ;  and  adds 
that  all  those  who  felt  inclined  to  visit  him 
were  welcome,  and  treated  with  all  kinds  of 
wines  and  spices.      But  very  likely  James 
Douglas,    travelling   on   the   Continent,    had 
given  up  his  national  habits  and  followed 
those  of   more  refined  countries.      On  the 
mixtures  mentioned  by  Fynes  Moryson,  see 
Le  Grand  d'Aussy,  '  Histoire  de  la  vie  privee 
des  Fran9ois,'  sect,  iv.,  "  Vins  artificiels, "  pp. 
63-71,  t.  iii:  Paris,  1815— 8vo. 


CONVIVIAL   HABITS   OF   THE  SCOTS.  45 

If  from  a  knight's  mansion  Fynes  Moryson  had  passed  into 
a  nobleman's  castle,  he  would  have  met  with  more  refine- 
ment and  luxury.  For  instance,  in  the  palace  of  the  Earl 
of  Athole  in  1528:  the  itinerant  "gentleman"  would  have 
found  "  all  kind  of  drink,  as  aill,  beer,  wyne,  both  whyte  and 
claret,  malvasie,  muskadaill,  eligant  hippocras,  and  aquavitae ; l 
farder,  thair  was  of  meattis,  wheat  bread,  maine  bread,  and 
ginge  bread,  with  fleshis  .  .  .  and  vennison,  goose,  gryse, 
capon,  cunning,  cran,  swan,  partrick,  plover,  duik,  drake,  brissel, 
cock  and  paunies,  black  cock,  and  muirfoull,  capercaille.  And 
also  the  stankis  that  were  round  about  the  palace  were  full  of 
all  delicate  fishes,  as  salmond,  troutis,  pearshes,  pykes.  .  .  . 
Syne  were  ther  proper  stuarts,  cunning  baxters,  excellent  cooks 
and  potingaries,  with  confections  and  drugs  for  ther  disserts."  2 

Such  accounts  of  the  convivial  habits  of  the  Scots  during 
the  sixteenth  and  seventeenth  centuries  are  illustrated  by  an 
Edinburgh  council  -  record  relating  "to  the  marriage  of  King 
James  VI.  On  the  23d  May  1590,  the  Danish  nobles  and  gen- 
tlemen who  conveyed  his  queen  to  Scotland  received  a  formal 
entertainment  from  the  magistrates  of  Edinburgh.  The  ban- 
quet seems  to  have  been  more  remarkable  for  abundance  of 
vivers 3  (Fr.  vivres)  than  for  elegance  of  style.  There  were 
simply  bread  and  meat,  with  four  boins  of  beer,  four  gangs  of 
ale,  and  four  puncheons  of  wine.  As  to  the  table  -  furniture, 

1  Whisky  rather  than  brandy  (Fr.  eau-de-  3  The   Scotch  had  also  vitall  (O.  Fr.  vit- 

vie),  or  another  spirituous  liquor  resembling  aille),   used  in  the   'Accounts  of  the  Lord 

rum,  and  called  in  Ayrshire  ackadent  (Fr.  eau  High  Treasurer  for  1494,'  vol.  i.  p.  244,  with 

ardent ;  Span,  aguardiente).  the  meaning  of  provision,  applied  especially 

3  Pitscottie,   'The  Cronicles  of  Scotland,'  to  corn  or  meal.     Cf.  pp.  247,  310,  343  (wit- 

p.   174:   Edinb.    1728— 8 vo.     Ibid.,  vol.   ii.  talis,  wyttell). 
P-  345>  note:  Edinb.  1814 — Svo. 


46  CIVILISATION  IN  SCOTLAND.      . 

"  my  Lord  Provost  was  content  to  provyde  naprie  and  twa 
dozen  greit  veschell."  1  The  "greit  veschell "  were  probably 
skails,  skalis,  skuls,  skulls,  or  skolls  (Fr.  tiuelles),  goblets  or 
large  bowls  for  containing  liquor  of  any  kind, — a  word  still  pre- 
served in  Teviotdale  under  the  first  of  those  spellings  to  mean 
a  thin  shallow  vessel  of  wood  or  tin,  for  skimming  the  cream 
off  milk. 

These  luxurious  habits  of  rude  conviviality  aroused  the 
dissatisfaction  of  some  who  still  loved  "  the  good  old 
times."  "Qhuare  our  eldaris  had  sobriete,"  says  old  Hec- 
tor Boyce,  in  Bellenden's  translation,  "we  have  ebriete 
and  dronkines;  qhuare  they  had  plente  with  sufficence, 
we  have  immoderat  'coursis  with  superfluit,  as  he  war  maist 
noble  and  honest  that  culd  devore  and  swelly  maist,  and, 
be  extreme  diligence,  serchis  so  mony  deligat  coursis  that 
they  provoke  the  stomok  to  ressave  mair  than  it  may  suffi- 
cientlie  degest.  And  nocht  allenarlie  may  surfat  dennar  and 
sowper  suffice  us  above  the  temperance  of  our  eldaris,  bot  als 

1  '  Domestic  Annals   of   Scotland,'   vol.  i  4to.     As  the  above  is  a  translation  from  the 

p.   199.     Jamieson,  quoting  two  lines  of  Sir  French,  we  must  resort  to  the  original,  which 

David   Lyndsay's    "Dreme,"   where  veschell  was  written  by  David  Chambers,  and  we  read 

occurs,  translates  that  word  by  vassal,  slave,  in  it :   "Ils  feirent  marquer  les  vaisseaux  de 

which  is  a  mistake,  the  right  meaning  be-  argent  de  la  reyne  d'Escosse  avec  les  armoir- 

ing   obviously    vase    (O.     Fr.     vaissel,     Fr.  ies   de   1' Angleterre. "  — '  Histoire  abbregee,' 

vaisseau,  Eng.   vessel).     Vide  Supplement  to  &c.,  fol.  218  verso.     The  translator  has  obvi- 

the   '  Etym.    Diet.,'  voL   ii.  p.  614,  col.   2.  ously   misunderstood  the  original,  and  taken 

Another  mistake  deserves  being  mentioned  vaisseaux  as  if  it  meant  vessels  for  sailing, 

here.      An   early   Scottish   writer  says,   that  separating  the  term  from  the  qualifying  phrase 

"thay   of  the   best    judgment   amangis    the  "  de  argent,"  which  describes  the  plate  used 

Frainchmen  caussit  set  the  airmis  of  England  at  Queen  Mary's  table.     The  same  authority 

on  the  Quenis  schippis." — 'A  Chronicle  of  has  strangely  foisted  in  baigis,  from  modern 

the  Kings  of  Scotland,'  &c.,  printed  at  Edin-  French  bagues,  pi.,  denoting  rings  of  gold  or 

burgh,  1830  [for  the  Maitland  Club],  p.  96 —  silver. 


EXTRAVAGANCE   OF  LIVING.  47 

to  continewe  cure  schamefull  voracite  with  duble  dennars  and 
sowparis.  Na  fishe  in  the  se,  nor  foule  in  the  aire,  nor  best  in 
the  wod,  may  have  rest,  but  socht  heir  and  thair  to  satisfy  the 
hungry  appetit  of  glutonis.  Nocht  allenarly  ar  winis  socht  in 
France,  bot  in  Spainy,  Italy  and  Grece ,'  and,  sumtime,  baith 
Aphrik  and  Asia  socht  for  new  delicius  metis  and  winis  to  the 
samin  effect.  Thus  is  the  warld  soutterly  socht  that  all  maner 
of  droggis  and  electuaris  that  may  nouris  the  lust  and  insolence 
of  pepill  are  bocht  in  Scotland  with  maist  sumptuus  price,  to 
na  less  dammage  than  perdition  of  the  pepill  thereof;  for  throw 
the  immoderat  glutony  our  wit  and  reason  ar  sa  blindit  within 
the  presoun  of  the  body,  that  it  may  have  no  knowledge  of 
hevinly  thingis." 

That  statement  is  confirmed  by  Bishop  Lesley,  who  describes 
the  mode  of  living  during  his  time  as  too  extravagant.  "  There 
wes,"  says  he,  "mony  new  ingynis  and  devysis,  alsweill  of 
bigging  of  paleicis,  abilyementis  and  of  banquating,  as  of  menis 
behaviour,  first  begun  and  used  in  Scotland  at  this  tyme,  eftir 
the  fassione  quhilk  they  had  sene  in  France.  Albeit  it  semit  to 
be  varray  comlie  and  beautifull,  yit  it  was  moir  superfluows  and 
voluptuous  ner  the  substaunce  of  the  realme  of  Scotland  mycht 
beir  furth  or  sustaine  ;  notheles,  the  same  fassionis  and  custom 
of  coistlie  abyliements  indifferentlie  used  by  all  estatis,  exces- 
sive banquating  and  sic  lik,  remains  yit  to  thir  dayis,  to  the 
greit  hinder  and  povartie  of  the  hole  realme."  1 

1  'The  History  of  Scotland,'  &c. ,  p.  154,  change  in  France  :  "  Du  temps  du  grand  roy 

A.D.    1537:  Edinburgh,  1830 — 410.     Cf.  pp.  Fran9ois,"  says  he,   "on  mettoit  encore  en 

37,  265,  269;  and  Balfour's  '  Annales,'  vol.  i.  beaucoup  de  lieux  le   pot   sur  la   table,   sur 

p.  227.     Noel  du  Fail,  in  his  chapter  '  Du  laquelle  y  avoit  seulement  un  grand  plat  gamy 

Temps  present  et  passe,'  points  out  the  same  de  beuf,  mouton,  veau,  et  lard,  et  la  grand" 


48 


CIVILISATION  IN  SCOTLAND. 


By  those  extracts,  selected  from  among  a  great  many  others,1 
one  may  fancy  what  might  have  been  a  Scotch  entertainment 
of  the  sixteenth  century. 

From  this  plainness  of  diet,  in  conformity  with  the  statute  of 
1 58 1,2  and  from  the  attachment  of  the  Scots,  even  when  abroad, 
to  their  national  dish,  most  probably  arose  the  ludicrous  French 
phrase,  "pain  benist  d'Escosse,"  which  Cotgrave  translates  by 
"  a  sodden  sheep's  liver." 

The  Scots,  like  the  English,3  made  use  of  mangerie  or 
manjery  (Fr.  mangerie)  to  signify  a  feast.  Maniory,  manorie,- 
had  the  same  meaning.  Disjune,  disjoon,  disione*  (O.  Fr. 


brassee  d'herbes  cuites  et  composees  ensemble, 
dont  se  faisoit  un  broiiet,  vray  restaurant  et 
elixir  de  vie,  dont  est  venu  le  proverbe,  la 
soupedit  grand  pot,  et  desfriands  le  pot  pourry. 
En  ceste  meslange  de  vivres  ainsi  arrangee, 
chacun  y  prenoit  comme  bon  luy  sembloit,  et 
selon  son  apetit ;  tout  y  couroit  a  la  bonne  foy, 
.  .  .  tous  y  mangeoient  du  gras,  du  maigre, 
chaud  ou  froid,  selon  son  apetit,  sans  autre 
formalite  de  table,  sausses  et  une  longue 
platelee  de  friandises  qu'on  sert  aujourd'hui 
en  petites  escuelles  remplies  de  montres  seule- 
ment." — '  Les  Contes  et  discours  d'Eutrapel," 
fol.  121  verso. 

1  In  the  '  Harleian  Miscellany,'  vol.  vi., 
there  is  'A  Modern  Account  of  Scotland/ 
&c.,  written  from  Scotland  by  an  English 
gentleman,  and  first  printed  in  the  year  1670— 
4to.  What  he  says  about  Scottish  cookery 
occurs  pp.  140,  141.  Cf.  '  Scotland  Character- 
ised :  In  a  Letter  written  to  a  young  Gentle- 
man, to  dissuade  him  from  ane  intended  Jour- 
ney thither':  1701 — fol.  Reprinted  in  the 
'  Harleian  Miscellany,'  vol.  vii.  p.  378.  In 
one  of  his  entertaining  works  on  musical 
subjects,  Gardiner  narrates  a  visit  he  paid  to 
Edinburgh  in  1805.  "  Haggis  and  sheep's 


head  with  the  wool  on  ;  and,  as  a  side-dish, 
the  trotters  of  the  same  animal,  unsinged," 
were  served  up  at  dinner  to  him  and  his  com- 
panion. Sir  John  Graham  Dalyell,  who  men- 
tions the  above,  remarks  that  "some  wag  had 
imposed  on  the  traveller  of  1805." — 'Musical 
Memoirs  of  Scotland,'  &c.,  pp.  27,  28. 

!  "  That  na  maner  of  personis  .  .  .  being 
under  the  degre  of  prelatis,  erlis,  &c.,  sail  pre- 
sume to  have  at  thair  brydellis,  or  uthir  ban- 
quettis,  or  at  their  tabillis  in  dalie  cheir,  ony 
droggis,  or  confectouris,  brocht  from  the  pairtis 
beyond  sey." — Acts  James  VI.,  ed.  1814,  p. 
221.  In  the  middle  of  the  same  century  the 
"  spicis,  eirbis,  drogis,  gummis,  and  succur  for 
to  mak  exquisit  electuars,"  imported  directly 
from  Montpellier,  a  noted  place  for  those 
articles,  were  a  novelty  in  Scotland. — '  Com- 
playnt,'  &c.,  p.  227. 

3  See  'Emare,' 1.469;  ap.  Ritson,  'Ancient 
English  Metrical  Romancees,'  vol.  ii.  p.  224. 

4  "  Then  in  the  morning  up  she  got, 

And  on  her  heart  laid  her  disjune." 

—"The  Wife  of  Auchtermuchty."  'The 
Ballads  of  Scotland,'  Aytoun;  second  edi- 
tion, vol  i.  p.  163  :  Edinburgh  and  London, 
1859 — post  8vo. 


FEAST-NAMES. 


49 


disjune)  meant  breakfast,  and  to  disc/tone,  to  breakfast. 
Mange  denoted  meat,  a  meal,  and  bele  chere1  entertainment, 
victuals.  To  express  an  entertainment  at  the  commencement 
of  a  journey,  or  a  cup  drunk  with  a  friend  when  parting  with 
him,  bonalais,  bonalay,  bonalley,  bonailie,  bonnaillie^  (Fr.  bonne 
allde  3)  was  used.  A  supper  to  which  every  gentleman  brought 
a  pint  of  wine,  to  be  drunk  by  himself  and  his  wife,4 — for  the 
Scotch  were  always  convivial,  and  their  hospitality  is  proverbial B 

1  This  word,  now  obsolete  in  English,  is  that  expression.  Gargantua  says  to  an  attend- 
ant, "Tien  ma  robbe,  que  je  me  mette  en 
pourpoinct  pour  mieulx  festoyer  les  com- 
meres." — Rabelais,  b.  ii.  c.  3.  The  latter 
word  originated  (l)  S.  cummer,  comer,  comerc, 
kimmer,  a  she-gossip,  a  godmother,  a  midwife, 
and  afterwards  a  companion,  a  young  girl ; 
(2)  Mmmerin,  an  entertainment  at  the  birth 
of  a  child.  Cummer,  as  well  as  cummar,  com- 
ber, means  also  'vexation,  trouble,  tumult ; 
but  the  root  is  different,  being  Fr.  encombre. 
—  Vide  Sir  D.  Lyndsay's  'Satyre  of  the 
thre  Estaitis,'  Works,  vol.  ii.  p.  153;  'The 
Complaynt  of  Scotl.,'  p.  290;  'The  Raid  of 
the  Reidswire,'  st.  xi.  ;  Sir  J.  Melville's  'Me- 
moirs,' p.  406,  ed.  Llhuyd ;  '  Archasologia 
Britannica,"  &c.,  vol.  i.  p.  183,  col.  2;  and 
William  Borlase  ('  Observations  on  the  An- 
tiquities ...  of  the  County  of  Cornwall," 
&c.,  p.  382,  col.  i. :  Oxford,  1754 — fol.)  gives, 
as  British  and  Cornish,  commaSr,  a  godmother, 
a  wife. 

8  The  protonotary,  Don  Pedro  de  Ayala, 
writing  to  Ferdinand  and  Isabella  in  1498, 
says  of  the  Scots  :  "They  like  foreigners  so 
much  that  they  dispute  with  one  another  as  to 
who  shall  have  and  treat  a  foreigner  in  his 
house." — 'Calendar  of  Letters,  Despatches, 
and  State  Papers,  relating  to  the  Negotiations 
between  England  and  Spain,'  &c.,  edited  by 
G.  A.  Bergenroth,  vol.  i.  p.  172  :  London, 


used  by  Chaucer  in  his  "  Shipmanne's  Tale," 
1-  !3>339-  It  is  also  written  beilcher,  belcheir, 
bdecher. 

*  Vide  '  The  Diary  of  Robert  Birrel,'  p.  46, 
3d  June  1598;  'Hist,  of  James  VI.,'  edit. 
1825,  p.  415;  Chambers's  'Domestic  Annals 
of  Scotland,'  vol.  i.  pp.  286,  298.  There  is  a 
very  humorous  song,  in  seventeen  stanzas, 
"  Kirrcormock's  Bonello,"  which  begins 
thus  :— 

"  Kirrcormock's  blyth  lairdy,  or  he  gaed  awa', 
To  fight  and  to  florrie  through  wide  India, 
Invited  his  neebours  about  ane  and  a", 
To  gie  him  a  merry  bonello. " 

— 'The  Scottish  Gallovidian  Encyclo- 
pedia,' &c.,  p.  78. 

>  "  .  .  .  le  conduisirent  jusques  a 
Rocherieu  .  .  .  faisans  semblant  vouloir 
payer  leur  despense  et  bien-alUe"  &c. — '  Les 
Contes  et  Discours  d'Eutrapel,'  fol.  59  verso. 

4  'Ceremonials  connected  with  a  Birth  in 
the  Reign  of  Queen  Anne,'  ap.  Chambers, 
'Dom.  Ann.  of  Scotl.,'  vol.  iii.  p.  572,  A.D. 
1730.  The  French  had  formerly  the  word 
commere  in  the  same  sense:  "  Sy  n'y  avoit 
acte  public  en  la  paroisse,  comme  baptistaire, 
commeres,  noces,  mortuaires,  et  freirees,  que 
sa  portion  ne  luy  fust  gardee,"  &c. — 'Les 
Contes  et  Discours  d'Eutrapel,'  fol.  186  ver- 
so. A  passage  in  "  Pantagruel "  will  explain 


CIVILISATION  IN  SCOTLAND. 


— was  a  cummer  s  feast ;  and  cummerfealls  (Fr.  commere  and 
veille)  was  an  entertainment  given  on  the  recovery  of  a  female 
from  inlying. 

Besides  the  foregoing  words  of  general  import,  a  goodly 
proportion  of  words  relating  to  the  kitchen,  the  table,  and 
food,  has  also  been  borrowed  from  the  French  language. 

At  least  three  kitchen  officials  were  indebted  to  the  French 
language  for  their  designations.  Scudler,  scudlar,  a  scullion,  is 
evidently  sculier,  an  officer  who  had  charge  of  the  dishes  (O. 
Fr.  escueillier,  a  place  where  dishes  are  kept ;  escuelle,  a  bowl, 
a  saucer;  It.  scudella).  Sumleyer?  symoler  (Fr.  somellier), 
seems  to  denote  the  official  that  had  the  charge  of  the  royal 
household  stuff;  and  the  speiis?  spensar,  spensere,  held  the  post 
of  clerk  of  the  kitchen ;  whilst  pantour  (Fr.  panetier)  was 
the  officer  who  had  charge  of  the  pantry ;  and  sawcer  (Fr. 


1862— 8vo.  In  'The  Freiris  of  Berwik,'  the 
jolly  farmer  is  scarcely  seated  at  his  supper, 
when,  in  the  genuine  spirit  of  Scottish  hospi- 
tality, he  begins  to  wish  that  he  could  share  it 
with  some  good  fellow  : — 

"Then  satt  he  doun,  and  swoir,  '  Be  Allhallow, 
I  fair  richt  weill  and  I  had  ane  gud  fallow. 
Dame,  eit  with  me,  and  drink  gif  that  ye  may." 
— '  The  Poems  of  W.  Dunbar/  vol.  ii.  p.  12. 

Cardan,  who  had  visited  Scotland,  commem- 
orates this  exemplary  feature  of  the  Scottish 
character  in  these  words:  "Est  vero  inter 
amicitisE  foedera  non  vulgare  hospitii  jus 
quod  invidia  vacet,  quale  apud  Scotos :  nam 
apud  nos  rarius  est,  et  omnes  jam  ad  cau- 
ponas  divertunt." — 'De  Utilitate  ex  adversis 
capienda,'  p.  41.  On  the  other  hand,  where 
a  Scot  happened  to  lodge,  he  was  bound  by 
an  ancient  custom  to  defend  his  host  from 


all  hurt,  even  to  the  shedding  of  his  blood 
and  the  losing  of  his  life,  so  long  as  the  food 
he  had  received  under  his  host's  roof  was 
indigested  in  his  stomach.  See  also  Les- 
ley's 'De  Origine  Moribus  Scotorum,'  &c., 
p.  64. 

1  'The  History  of  James  VI.,'  e<l.  1825, 
P-  395-  Cotgrave  renders  somellier,  a  butler, 
but  this  is  not  the  proper  meaning  of  the  term. 
— Vide  'Gloss.  Med.  et  Inf.  Latin.,' vol.  vi. 
p.  26,  col.  3.  In  a  deed  of  5th  Feb.  1349, 
Jehan  Guedon  is  termed  by  John,  Duke  of 
Normandy,  "  Sommeillier  de  noz  napes."  At 
the  Spanish  Court  there  were  sumilltrs  de 
corps,  de  cortlna,  de  la  cava,  and  de  la 
panettrta. 

*  '  The  uplandis  Mous  and  the  burges 
Mous,'  1.  102,  132;  ap.  Henryson,  pp.  1 12, 
113.  Cf.  'Waverley,'  ch.  xvii. 


KITCHEN  FURNITURE.  51 

saucier),  originally  applied  to  an  officer  of  the  royal  kitchen 
who  had  charge  of  the  sauces  and  spiceries,  came  in  after- 
times  to  be  used  of  one  who  made  or  sold  sauces,  like  the 
shopkeeper  who  seems  to  have  been  the  only  one  in  Edin- 
burgh in  I666.1  From  the  kitchen  the  sptust-doot  opened 
into  the  spence,  spensar  (Fr.  de"pense),  the  place  in  which  pro- 
visions were  stored,  the  larder. 

Among  the  mobylls  (Fr.  meubles)  of  the  kitchen2  were  the 
dresser,  dressor  (Fr.  dressoir),  a  kind  of  sideboard,  without 
which  no  kitchen  at  the  present  day,  at  least  in  the  north,  is 
thought  to  be  complete ;  and  the  dcis,  dess,  deas  (Fr.  dais),  a 
sort  of  uncushioned  sofa,  which  still  graces  some  old-fashioned 
kitchens.  Other  articles  of  furniture  connected  with  food  or 
drink  were  the  ambry,  amry,  aumrie,  awmrie  (Fr.  "  aumoire,  a 
cupboard,  ambrie,  alms-tub" — Cotgr.),  a  large  cupboard  for 
holding  food  and  household  utensils ;  copamry,  a  press  for 
holding  cups ;  gardyvian?  gardeviant,  gardevyance  (Fr.  garde- 
viande,  garde  de  viandes)  a  cabinet ;  and  gardevine  (Fr.  garde  de 
viii),  a  cellaret  for  containing  wine  and  spirits  in  bottles. 
Three  other  pieces  of  furniture,  which  might,  however,  be- 
long to  other  apartments,  fall  to  be  mentioned, — viz.,  trestf 
traist,  trist  (O.  Fr.  tretel,  Fr.  trtteau],  the  frame  of  a 
table;  landiers  (Fr.  landier — grand  chenet  de  cuisine,  Diet. 
Wallon,  Mid.  Lat.  andena,  andela,  andeda,  anderid),  the  iron 
bars  which  supported  the  ends  of  the  logs  of  wood  on  a 

1  Fountainhall,  Suppl.  Dec.  ii.  p.  224.  1.  4.     Pinkerton's  edition  has  nuile. 

3  John  Younge's  'The   Fyancells  of  Mar-  '  'The  Fenyeit  Freir  of  Tungland,'  1.  40; 

garct  .    .    .    to  James  IV.'     Leland's  'Col-  ap.  Dunbar,  vol.  i.  p.  40. 

lectanea,'  vol.   iv.   pp.    295,   296:    Londini,  4  G.  Douglas,  ii.  241,  II  ;  230,  9. 
1770 — Svo.     "Awntyrs  of  Arthure,"  st.  xvi. 


52  CIVILISATION  IN  SCOTLAND. 

wood-fire,  kitchen-dogs,  andirons;  and  lavatur^  (Fr.  lava- 
toire),  a  laver.  Among  kitchen  utensils  may  be  mentioned 
broche,  a  spit,  evidently  the  French  broche,  signifying  the  same 
thing ;  and  say  (Fr.  seau),  a  pail.  Other  kitchen  utensils  may 
have  been  broach  (allied  to  the  French  broc,  a  jug),  a  sort  of 
flagon  or  tankard  ;  tappit-hen^  an  altered  form  of  topynett  (Fr. 
dial,  topette),  a  measure  holding  a  quart ;  and  crusie,  crusy,  a 
small  iron  lamp  used  in  France  under  the  same  name.  This 
last  word  belongs  to  the  same  family  as  cruisken  (O.  Fr. 
creuesequin?  Fr.  dim.  creuseul,  croissol;  Fr.  cruche;  Ir.  cruisigin, 
a  small  pot  or  pitcher ;  Gael,  cruisgin,  an  oil-lamp,  a  cruse), 
used  in  the  phrase,  cruisken  of  whisky. 

Table  furnishings  came  under  the  influence  of  France  both 
in  the  articles  themselves  and  in  the  names  they  bore.  Tais, 
tas,  tasse,  tassie?  a  bowl,  cup,  or  vessel,  is  the  French  tasse ; 
verry,  glass  or  tumbler,5  with  veres,  glasses,  is  the  French  verre; 
accomie  or  alcomye  spunes  (O.  Fr.  alquemie),  were  spoons  made 
of  mixed  metal  by  the  art  of  alchymy. 

Aschet,  asset — according  to  Sinclair,  "  a  small  dish  or  plate," 
or,  according  to  Jamieson,  "  a  large  flat  plate  on  which  meat 
is  brought  to  the  table" — is  undoubtedly  the  French  assielte. 

1  Lavander,  lavendar  (laundress),  occur  5  "  Awntyrs  of  Arthure,"  st.  xxxvi. 

also  in  old  documents  quoted  by  Jamieson.  '  Burgh  Records  of  the  City  of  Glasgow,'  p. 

*  '  Waverley,'  ch.  xvii.  'The  Durham  34,  A.D.  1574.  Gawin  Douglas,  'The  xiii 

Household  Book,'  &c.,  p.  44  :  London,  1844  Bukes  of  Eneades,'  &c.,  ed.  1553,  fol.  Ixxvii. 

— 8vo.  1.  29.  'Crim.  Tr.,'  vol.  ii.  p.  172,  A.D.  1600. 

8  Jamieson  asserts  that  this  word  "has  pro-  Jamieson,  in  his  Supplement,  gives  caraf  as 

bably  been  imported  from  the  Highlands."  meaning  a  decanter  for  holding  water  ;  but 

We  cannot  concur  with  him  in  that  opinion,  that  word  may  have  come  directly  from  the 

ViJf' Gloss.  Med.  et  Inf.  Latin,'  -uoce  "Cru-  Italian  caraffa,  such  vessel  being  formerly  of 

sellus,"  No.  I,  vol.  ii.  p.  673,  col.  3.  Venetian  glass. 

4  G.  Douglas,  ii.  54,  13  ;  iv.  212,  23. 


"NAPRIE." 


53 


The  latter,  however,  is  translated  by  Cotgrave,  "a  trencher- 
plate." 

It  has  been  seen  that  in  1590  the  Lord  Provost  of  Edin- 
burgh provided  naprie  for  the  feast  given  to  the  Danish 
ambassadors  who  brought  the  bride  of  James  VI.  The  same 
king,  before  making  a  progress  to  the  northern  part  of  his 
dominions,  issued  orders  that  lodgings  be  prepared,  with  good 
bedding,  well-washed  and  well-smelled  napperie,  clear  and  clean 
vessels,  plenty  of  provisions,  and  vivers  ; a  and  before  that  time 
Dunbar  says  of  a  woman,  that  "  hir  napery  aboif  wes  wondeir 
weill  besene."  2 

Servite,  servyte,  servit,  servet  (Fr.  serviette),  is  a  table- 
napkin,  and  serveting  is  cloth  for  making  table  -  napkins.3 
The  earliest  example  I  have  met  with  of  the  use  of  this 
term,  is  in  Pitcairn's  'Criminal  Trials,'  A.D.  1541,  during 
the  reign  of  James  V.  It  must,  however,  be  observed 
that  reference  is  made  in  the  passage  to  servietis  of  white 
taffeta  to  hold  the  candles  at  the  baptising  of  a  duke.4  The 
presence,  at  the  time,  of  Queen  Magdalen's  French  nurse 
in  Scotland  may  account  for  the  introduction  of  both  thing 
and  name.5 

In  the  tariff  of  1612  occurs  this  item,  "  Dornix  of  French 
making,  the  eln  xii  s."  6  Dornix,  dornick,  dorniqiM,  dornewick 


1  Kennedy's  'Annals,'  vol.  i.  p.  136.     Cf.  Memoirs,' p.  174. 

Sir  James  Balfour's  '  Annals,'  vol.  ii.  p.  66.  B  Noyris,  norys,   nurice,    nurraych,   nurse, 

3  'The  Freiris  of  Berwick,'  v.   150;  the  Fr.  nourrice. — Jamieson's  'Etym.  Diet.'  and 

'Poems  of  William  Dunbar,  'vol.  ii.  p.  8.  '  Crim.  Tr.,'  vol.   i.  p.  207,  A.D.   1590,  and 

3  G.  Douglas,  ii.  62,  5.  310. 

4  'Crim.  Tr.,'  vol.  i.  p.  309.     Cf.  vol.  ii.  6  'The   Ledger  of  Andrew   Halyburton,' 
p.  341,  A.D.  1601,  and  'Sir  James  Melville's  p.  297. 


54  CIVILISATION  IN  SCOTLAND. 

was  a  species  of  linen  cloth  used  for  the  table,  and  derived 
its  name  from  Doornick,  in  Flanders,  the  place  from  which 
it  was  in  all  likelihood  first  imported. 

From  one  of  Coulange's  songs  we  learn  that  the  Scots 
used  spoons  and  forks  after  the  French  fashion  :— 

"  Jadis  le  potage  on  mangeoit 
Dans  le  plat,  sans  ceremonie, 
Et  la  cuillier  on  essuyoit 
Souvent  sur  la  poule  bouillie ; 
Dans  la  fricassee  autrefois 
On  saussoit  son  pain  et  ses  doigts. 

Chacun  mange  presentement 
Son  potage  sur  son  assiette  ; 
II  faut  se  servir  poliment 
Et  de  cuillier  et  de  fourchette, 
Et  de  temps  en  temps  qu'un  valet 
Les  aille  laver  au  buffet." 1 

Arnot,  in  his  '  History  of  Edinburgh,'  p.  60,  informs  us 
that  in  the  sixteenth  century  its  citizens  had  four  different 
kinds  of  wheaten  bread  :  the  finest  called  manchet,  the  second 
cheat  or  trencher  bread,  the  third  and  the  fourth  in  England 
mescelin,  in  Scotland  mashloc.  Whatever  may  be  said  of 
the  etymon  of  those  words,  braid  of  biighe  is  a  savoury 
wheaten  bread,  as  may  be  inferred  from  the  French  name  de 
bouche,  which  we  will  see  afterwards  applied  to  wine.  Wassel 


1  "  Formerly  they  ate  the  soup  in  the  dish  fingers.     Nowadays  everybody  eats  his  soup 

without  ceremony,  and  they  wiped  their  own  on  his  plate ;  politely  one  must  use  both  spoon 

spoon  often  on  the  boiled  chicken  ;  in  the  and  fork,  and  from  time  to  time  a  servant 

fricassee  formerly  they  dipped  their  bread  and  must  go  to  the  cupboard  to  wash  them." 


CAKES,  BUTTER,   CHEESE.  55 

or  wastel  bread  (Fr.  maspain}  is  a  thin  cake  of  oatmeal  baked 
with  yeast.  The  words  biscuit  and  craquelin  were  also  bor- 
rowed, but  retained  in  a  different  sense. 

Most  of  the  different  kinds  of  cakes  in  use  in  Scotland  were 
of  French  origin.  Fadge,  fage,  fouat,  a  large  flat  loaf  or  ban- 
nock, commonly  of  barley-meal,  and  baked  among  ashes,  and 
also  a  kind  of  flat  wheaten  loaf,  baked  with  barm  in  the  oven 
(Loth.),  seems  to  be  the  same  as  the  Fr.  fouace,  a  thick  cake 
or  bun,  hastily  baked.  Under  kickshaws  and  petticoat  tail,  it 
is  easy  enough  to  discover  quelque  chose  and  petit  gastel,  small 
wastell,  as  a  Scotsman  would  say. 

Butter  in  Scotland,  so  celebrated  for  its  milk  and  cheese,1 
was  often  used  in  cookery  after  the  French  fashion  :  for  in- 
stance, to  flamb,  flawme?1  or  flame,  means  to  baste  roasted 
meat,  while  it  is  before  the  fire,  by  dripping  butter  over 
it,  which  is  called  in  French  flamber  le  r6ti.  We  see  from 
'  The  Bride  of  Lammermoor,'  ch.  xii.,  that  the  Scottish 
verb  was  not  obsolete  in  Scott's  time,  and  chauffen,  to 
warm  (Fr.  chauffer),  occurs  in  "  The  Awntyrs  of  Arthur," 
st.  xxxv. 

Cheese,  in  Scotland,  bore  the  name  otfurmage(Fr.  frontage ; 
Ital.  formaggio),  and  a  single  cheese  that  of  cabbac,  caboik,  cabok, 


1  "  Dat  vobis  piscem  Normandia  terra  marinum ;  are    made  cheese  and   good   butter,  dainties 

Anglia  frumentum,  lac  Scotia,  Francia  vinum,"  &c.  pleasing  to   the   Scots  and  Britons,  who  are 

— 'Chronica  Fr.  Salimbene  Parmensis,'  &c.:  fonder   of  milk  and   matons  than  of  other 

Parma:,   1857— fol.;  p.   93,  sub  anno  1248.  delicacies.— '  Du  Denier etde la  Brebis,' 1.  43: 

See  also  Le  Grand  d'Aussy's    'Fabliaux  ou  'Nouveau  Recueil  de  Contes,  Dits,  Fabliaux,' 

Conies,'  &c.,  vol.  iv.  p.  8  :  Paris,   1829— 8vo.  &c.,  t.  ii.  p.  265:  Paris,  1839— 8vo. 

In  a  dialogue  between  the  Penny  and  the  *  'The   Freiris  of  Berwik,'  1.    137:    'The 

Sheep,    the  latter  says  that   with  her  milk  Poems  of  W.  Dunbar,' vol.  ii.  p.  7. 


CIVILISATION  IN  SCOTLAND. 


kebbuck?  which  Sinclair  derives  from  the  Erse  (Gael,  cabag) ; 
but  it  is  more  likely  that  the  etymon  of  those  words  is  the  Fr. 
caboche,  Span,  cabeza,  head.  "  Heads  of  cheese"  occur  in  "  The 
Rentals  and  Estate  Household  of  the  House  of  Glenurchy, 
in  I590."2 

There  was  a  dish  made  of  eggs,  cheese,  and  crumbs  of  bread, 

mixed  in  the  manner  of.  a  pudding,  which  was  called  rammekins 

(Fr.  ramequin) ;  another  sort  of  pudding  was  termed  tartan 

purry  (Fr.  tarte  en  pure"e  ?) ;  and  a  custard,  whether  made  at 

home  or  by  a  pateser,  patticear,  pastisar,  pattisear,  or  pattesier, 

with  or  without  sucker*  (Fr.  sucre),  went  under  the  name  of 

flam  (Fr.  flan).     No  doubt  at  times  the  patesar  flavoured  the 

flam  with  cannel  (Fr.  cannelle),  cinnamon.      At  least  such  a 

dish,  with  "  tairt  and  frutage  fyne,"  is  mentioned  by  Sir  David 

Lyndsay  at  the  end  of  the  '  Historic  of  Squyer  Meldrum.' 

It  has  been  seen  that  at  the  beginning  of  the  seventeenth 
century  porridge  was  a  dish  at  dinner  with  the  Scots.  Likely 
it  was  called  parritch,  and  served  in  a  bassie,  bossie,  a  large 


1  'The  Foxe  that  begylit  the  Wolf,'  1.  135, 
150,  164;  ap.  Henryson,  pp.  198,  199.  Act. 
Audit.,  A.D.  1495,  p.  173.  '  Andro  and  his 
Cutty  Gun,'  st.  iii. ;  ap.  Herd,  '  Ancient  and 
Modern  Scottish  Songs,'  &c.,  vol.  ii.  p.  18  : 
Glasgow,  1869 — I2mo.  '  The  Bride  of  Lam- 
mermoor, '  ch.  vii. 

-  'The  Black  Book  of  Taymouth,'  p.  25, 
col.  I :  Edinburgh,  1855 — 4to.  May  we  not 
connect  with  cabok  the  subst.  kebrock,  which 
is  used  to  denote  anything  big  and  clumsy,  as 
a  kebrock  a'  a  stane,  a  big,  large,  unshapely 
stone  ;  a  kebrock  o'  a  bairn,  a  coarse,  big  child 
(Roxb. )  f  At  the  first  glance,  it  seems  the  same 
as  cabroch  (quod  vide  in  Jamieson's  Suppl.), 
used  as  an  adj.,  signifying  lean,  meagre,  as 


shangie,  Fr.  changl(vide  'Elizabeth de  Bruce,' 
vol.  iii.  p.  225) ;  but  may  not  kebrock  be  de- 
rived from  cabok,  into  which  was  inserted  the 
r  of  codroch,  rustic  1  Whether  that  last  word 
is  the  Gael,  codromtha,  uncivilised,  may  be  a 
question  ;  but  it  may  be  stated  that  at  Bor- 
deaux, if  anybody  has  to  bestow  such  an  epi- 
thet on  another,  he  says,  "II  est  de  Cauderot," 
a  village  not  very  far  from  that  town. 

8  '  Schir  Chantecleir  and  the  Foxe,'  I.  212 ; 
ap.  Henryson,  p.  125.  'A  Brash  of  Wow- 
ing,' 1.  S3 ;  ap.  Dunbar,  vol.  ii.  p.  30. 
'  Philotus,'  st.  32,  fol.  B.  3  recto,  Pitcairn's 
'Crim.  Trials,'  vol.  i.  p.  '303,  A.D.  1540. 
'The  History  and  Life  of  King  James  VI.,' 
ed.  1825,  p.  230. 


FISH.  57 

wooden  dish  (Fr.  dassin}.  Hotch-potch,  which  was  in  use  at 
Amsterdam,1  was  known,  and  was  imported  from  France,  as 
we  may  conjecture  by  the  etymon  of  the  name.2  A  leg  of 
mutton,  before  becoming  a  hashie,  hachie  (Fr.  hachis;  Eng. 
hash],  is  still  called  a  jigot — a  word  which  requires  no  riddle- 
reader  to  tell  its  origin. 

Broth  without  meat,  groats,  or  vegetables — in  short,  water 
in  which  anything  has  been  boiled — was  called  dree,  brey, 
brew,  brie,  broe,  from  Fr.  brouet?  if  not  from  German  Briihe. 
Blenshaw — a  word  peculiar,  it  seems,  to  Strathmore,  probably 
from  Fr.  blanche  eait — was  a  sort  of  drink  composed  of  meal, 
milk,  and  water,  &c. 

It  is  not  easy  to  state  positively  whether  the  names  of  cer- 
tain fishes,  which  are  nearly  the  same  in  both  languages,  were 
originally  Scottish  or  French.  Without  mentioning  the  salmon 
— sometimes  called  bykat,  beikat  (Fr.  becarf) — may  be  quoted 
the  crespeis  or  crespie  (Fr.  craspois) ; 4  the  kabellow,  cod-fish, 
named  in  French  cabillaud  (Dutch  kabeljaauw,  German  kabel- 
jau,  Swedish  kabeljo,  Dan.  kabliau] ;  the  haddock  (O.  Fr. 
hadoc] ; 5  the  sparling  or  spirling,  smelt  (Fr.  dperlari),  &c. ; 
the  crevish,  crawfish  (Fr.  tirevisse),  and  the  cokkil  (Fr.  coquille). 


1  Vide  Massinger,  "The  Renegado,"  act  i.  where  the  word  is  also  extant,  it  is  pronounced 
sc.  i.  broo  in  the  southern  counties,  and  bree  in  the 

2  To  hatch,  v.    n.,  to  move   the   body  by  northern. 

sudden  jerks  ;  Fr.  hocher,  to  jog,  to  jolt.  '  4  See,  on  that  fish,  'Le  Mdnagier  de  Paris,' 

3  Cf.  Rob  Sherwood's  'Diet  Angl.  et  Fr.,'  vol.  ii.  pp.  200,  201. 

vote  "  Browis ; "    and  Palsgrave,  '  L'Esclar-  5  Compte   Jehan    Arrode    et    Michiel    de 

cissement    de    la    Langue    Francoyse,"    voce  Navarre,  A.D.    1295,    in    the    'Archeologie 

"Brews,"  p.   201,  col.  2:    Paris,   1852 — 4to.  Navale,"  by  A.   Jal,   vol.   ii.  p.  325:   Paris, 

Brewis  is  still  used  in  English,  but  much  less  1840 — 8vo.     The  author  says,  in  a  note,  that 

than  troth.     On  the  other  side  of  the  Tweed,  he  was  unable  to  find  the  meaning  of  hadoc. 

H 


58  CIVILISATION  IN  SCOTLAND. 

It  may  perhaps  not  be  out  of  place  to  remark  that,  if  another 
shell-fish,  the  oyster,  has  got  the  same  name  as  in  England, 
in  Scotland  it  is  opened  according  to  the  French  fashion, 
with  the  hollow  side  undermost,  so  as  to  retain  the  juice — 
a  process  which  is  too  often  reversed  in  England. 

There  is  another  fish,  the  derivation  of  whose  name  and 
whose  introduction  into  Scotland  are  involved  in  great  ob- 
scurity, which  cannot  be  passed  over.  It  is  the  vendace 
(Coregonus  Willughbii,  Jardine).  This  delicate  little  fish  is 
known  only  in  the  lochs  in  the  neighbourhood  of  Lochmaben 
in  Dumfriesshire.  According  to  the  '  Statistical  Account  of 
Scotland,'  vol.  vii.  p.  236,  "it  is  called  the  vendise  or  vendace, 
— some  say  from  Vendois  in  France,1  as  being  brought  from 
thence  by  one  of  the  Jameses."  Pennant,  who  confounded  it 
with  the  Gwyniad  of  Wales  (Salmo  lavaretus,  Penn. ;  Core- 
gonus lavarettts,  Flem.),  says :  "  The  Scotch  have  a  tradition 
that  it  was  first  introduced  there  by  the  beauteous  queen, 
their  unhappy  Mary  Stuart ;  and  as  in  her  time  the  Scotch 
Court  was  much  Frenchified,  it  seems  likely  that  the  name 
was  derived  from  the  French  vandoise,  a  dace,  to  which  a  slight 
observer  might  be  tempted  to  compare  it,  from  the  whiteness 
of  its  scales." 

Sir  William  Jardine,  who  was  the  first  to  assign  the  fish 
its  true  place,  says :  "  The  story  that  it  was  introduced  into 
these  lochs  by  the  unfortunate  Mary  Queen  of  Scots  is  still 
in  circulation.  That  the  fish  was  introduced  from  some  Con- 


1  We  do  not  know  any  place  of  this  name  Lesparre.  Mons.  Littre  (Diet.,  t.  ii.  p.  2420, 
in  France  except  Vendays,  in  the  department  col.  I)  could  not  discover  the  etymon  of  van- 
of  Gironde,  arrondissement  and  canton  of  doise,  called  also  vmdoise,  and  ventoise. 


WINES. 


59 


tinental  lake  I  have  little  doubt,  but  would  rather  attribute  the 
circumstance  to  some  religious  establishments  which  at  one 
time  prevailed  in  the  neighbourhood,  and  which  were  well 
known  to  pay  considerable  attention  both  to  the  table  and  to 
the  cellar.  Mary  would  scarcely  prefer  a  lake,  so  far  from 
even  her  temporary  residence,  for  the  preservation  of  a  luxury 
of  troublesome  introduction,  and  leave  her  other  fish-ponds 
destitute  of  such  a  delicacy." l 

For  a  long  time  the  wines  drunk  in  Scotland  were,  along 
with  malmesy,  malvesy,  mawesie  (Fr.  malvoisie) — 

"  Fresh  fragrant  clarettis  out  of  France, 
Of  Angerss,  and  of  Orliance."  2 

These  wines  were  imported  in  pieces  3  (Fr.  pieces),  as  may  be 
deduced  from  a  term  written  in  the  '  Burgh  Records  of  the 
City  of  Glasgow,'  A.D.  1575,  1579;  and  the  material  of  such 
casks  likely  bore  a  French  name,  that  of  chyne  (Fr.  cMne], 

1  Pennant,  '  British  Zoology,'  vol.  iii.  class  and  Fletcher,  Act  v.  sc.  8 ;  and  pece  alone,  as 

iv.  p.  277  :    Warrington,  1776 — 410.     Cf.  Sir  synonymous  of  glass,  cup,  in  "Ywaine  and 

William  Jardine,  as  quoted  by  William  Yar-  Gawin,"!.  760;  ap.  Ritson,  '  Ancient  Engleish 

rell,  '  A  History  of  British  Fishes,'  2d  edit.,  metrical  Romancees,'  vol.  i.  p.  33. 

vol.  ii.  pp.  146,  147.  In  1539,  James  V.,  writing  to  Cromwell, 

*  Dunbar's  "Dirige,"  &c.,  1.  55;  'Works,'  privy  seal,  begged  licence  for  the  bearer  to 
vol.  i.  p.  88,  and  vol.  ii.  p.  278.     Cf.  Fer-  buy  in   England  sixteen  pieces  of  malmsey 
rerius,    Pitscottie,    Lesley,    and    Buchanan,  and  other  stock  wines  (Thorpe,  '  Calendar  of 
quoted  in  Pinkerton's  'Hist,   of  Scotland,'  the  State  Papers,' &c.,  vol.  ii.  p.  39,  No.  18) 
vol.  i.  pp.  292,  293,   and  'Hist,  du  Com-  — surely  different  from  "les  autres  vins  de 
merce  et  de  la  Navigation  a  Bordeaux,'  t.  i.  bouche  "  mentioned  by  Marshal  de  Vieilleville 
pp.  409-426.  along  with  wines  of  Anjou,  Orleans,  Macon, 

*  Pels  in  an  Aberdeen  register  of  the  six-  and  Gascony  claret  white  and  red,    in  an 
teenth    century,    quoted    by   Jamieson,   voce  account  of  a  visit  paid  to  him  by  King  Henri 
"Ranee,"  which    he  erroneously    translates  II.   and  his  Court. — Memoires  in  Petitot's 
Rhenish,  instead  oirancio,     "Piece  of  wine"  'Collection,'  1st  series,  vol.  xxvi.  p.  330. 
occurs  in  "Monsieur  Thomas,"  by  Beaumont 


6o 


CIVILISATION  IN  SCOTLAND. 


which  occurs  in  an  early  Scottish  romance  as  synonymous 
with  oak. 

In  the  "frutage  fyne"  of  Sir  David  Lyndsay  may  be  in- 
cluded, besides  the  fruits  whose  introduction  may  be  ascribed 
to  King  David  I.  and  King  James  I.,1  the  longavil  or  longue- 
ville,  a  species  of  pear  very  likely  imported  by  Mary  of  Guise, 
Duchess  of  Longueville,  and  another  pear  known  in  Scotland 
by  the  name  of  auchans,  derived  from  a  place  in  Dundonald. 
According  to  Sir  John  Sinclair,  the  tree,2  originally  brought 
from  France,  had  been  planted  in  this  orchard.3  Another 
pear  of  foreign  extraction  is  the  jargonelle,  called  in  both 
countries  cuisse-madame.^ 

The  short-start,  a  kind  of  apple,  was  known  in  Scotland, 
as  early  as  1541,  under  the  name  of  carpandy,  which  is  nearer 
court-pendu  than  capendu,  now  used  in  French.5  Another 


1  Fordun  says  of  David  I.  that  sometimes 
he  employed  his  leisure  hours  in  the  culture  of 
his  garden,  and  in  the  philosophical  amuse- 
ment of  budding  and  engrafting  trees. — '  Scoti- 
chronicon,'  1.  5,  c.  52 ;  ed.  W.  Goodal,  vol.  i. 
p.  305 :  and  Bower  states  that  King  James 
I.  was  no  less  fond  of  gardening  than  of 
literature,  penmanship,  and  painting.*  Under 
James  IV.  fruit  of  various  kinds  was  a  com- 
mon gift,  and  one  which  even  the  poor  might 
offer  to  royalty.  See  '  Comp.  Thes.  Reg. 
Scot.,'  vol.  i.  pp.  258,  259. 

1  S.  pirit,  peat -tree,  Fr.  poirier,  A.S. 
pirige. 

3  '  Statistical  Account  of  Scotland,'  vol.  vii. 


"  "  .  .  .  nunc  operi  artis  literatoriae  et  scripture, 
nunc  protraction!  et  pictune,  nunc  in  jarclinis  her- 
barum  et  arborum  fructiferanim  plantation!  et  inser- 
turx  .  .  .  complacent!  instabat  curae." — Bower, '  Scoti- 
chronicon,'  vol.  ii.  p.  505. 


pp.  619,  620:  Edinburgh,  1793— 8vo. 

4  Written  quea-maddam  in  Sir  W.  Scott's 
'  Rob  Roy.' 

*  Another  species  of  apple,  the  as/in,  os  I  in- 
pipping,  orzelon,  is  mentioned  in  Neill's 
'  Hortic.  Edinb.  Encycl.,'  p.  209,  as  having 
probably  been  introduced  from  France. 
French  pears  and  apples  are  mentioned  in 
the  Accounts  of  the  Burgh  of  Aberdeen  for 
1604-5:  "Item,  spendit  witht  the  Frensche- 
men  that  broch  in  the  apillis  heir,  being 
bowne  to  haif  bocht  them  in  presens  of  the 
bailleis,  2  lib."— 'The  Miscellany  of  the 
Spalding  Club,'  vol.  v.  p.  76.  "Item,  the 
17  of  October,  for  the  wyne  in  Robert  Hogis, 
in  speking  with  ane  Franchman  of  Calais,  in 
bying  his  appillis,  &c.  I  lib.  IO  s." — Ibid., 
p.  83.  Other  references  to  Frenchmen  in 
Aberdeen  in  the  preceding  century  are  to  be 
found,  pp.  43,  52. 


FRUITS.  6 1 


apple,  the  blaunderer,  in  Fr.  blandureau,  is  mentioned  in  the 
'  Pistill  of  Susan/  st.  viii.  The  medlar-tree  bore  the  name 
of  amyllier  (O.  Fr.  meslier),  and  the  fig-tree  that  of  fyger  (Fr. 
figuier).  The  chestnut  was  chestan  (O.  Fr.  chastaigne) ;  the 
wild  cherry,  gean  or  guin  (Fr.  guigne),  a  word  still  in  use, 
and  the  name  of  which  may  be  derived  from  Guienne,  notwith- 
standing a  notion  prevailing  in  the  north  that  the  blackaroon, 
or  blacksherry,  was  originally  brought  from  Guines,  in  Artois. 
Another  variety,  mayduke,  very  likely  derived  its  name  from 
Medoc.  An  orchard  itself  bore  the  name  of  verger,  which  is  still 
French.  To  this  list  may  be  added  the  gooseberry,  groset, 
groser,  grosset,  grozel,1  which  in  some  districts  is  still  called  by 
old  people  grosart ;  and  another  species  of  the  same  fruit,  the 
gaskin,  originally  imported  from  Gascony.  "  Rysart,"  named 
in  one  of  Ritson's  Scottish  songs,  vol.  i.  p.  212,  and  appearing 
under  the  forms  of  reesort,  rizard,  rizard-berry,  the  red-currant 
berry,  likely  was  also  of  French  origin,  and  .may  still  be  heard 
from  the  lips  of  some  old-fashioned  folk. 

Early  French  rhymers  mention  a  tree  which  one  could 
hardly  expect  to  meet  in  such  a  cold  climate  as  that  of  Scot- 
land, the  olive-tree.  Guillaume  le  Clerc,  who  seems  to  have 
known  Scotland,  the  native  country  of  his  hero  Fregus,  repre- 
sents him  tying  his  charger  and  hanging  his  shield  to  "  un 
olivier  molt  gent."  2  This  may  be  but  poetical  embellishment. 

1  'Crim.  Tr.,'  vol.  i.  p.  310;  and  vol.  iii.  vol.  i.  ch.  xviii.,  p.  434;  and  on  the  French 

p.  570,  A.D.   1624;   'Paul  Jones,'  vol.  i.  p.  gardeners   there,   '  Inventaires  de   la   Reyne 

318;  '  Blackwood's  Magazine,' October  1826,  Descosse,' p.  Ixii. 

p.  619.      See,  on  importation  of  fruits  and  a  'Le  Roman  des  Aventures  de  Fregus,' 

vegetables  into  Scotland  in  the  middle  of  the  p.  75,  1.  5,  and  following.     In  a  note,  p.  286, 

sixteenth  century,  'Les  Ecossais  en  France,'  the  editor  refers,  among  many  works  of  the 


62 


CIVILISATION  IN  SCOTLAND. 


The  name  of  Oliphant,  not  uncommon  in  North  Britain,  might 
seem  at  first  sight  to  afford  an  additional  evidence  to  the 
statement  of  the  early  trouveres.  The  use  of  the  elephants, 
as  supporters  of  the  arms  of  the  Oliphant  family,  like  many 
other  armorial  emblems,  is  evidently  a  specimen  of  punning 
heraldry  founded  on  the  sound  of  the  name ;  but  as  the  most 
ancient  orthography  is  Olifard,  it  may  be  a  question  whether 
the  word  is  not  rather  allied  to  the  French  oliviere,  having 
been  originally  a  local  name,  derived  from  a  place  in  which 
olives  abounded.1 

Oil  appears  in  old  instruments,  almost  in  its  French  form,2 
as  oyl  d'olie,  uley,  uylle ;  and  pepper,  under  the  shape  of  spice 
(Fr.  tyice],  the  general  word,  as  though  there  were  no  other 
spice  but  pepper.  We  meet  the  word,  however,  with  its  orig- 
inal and  less  limited  meaning  in  a  curious  passage,  where  Dr 
William  Barclay  states  that  "  the  daintie  delicate  sawce  victual- 
lers, or  cookes,  in  their  restoring  and  venerian  pasties,  put  the 
roote  called  potatos,  which  of  itself  is  tasteless  and  unsavourie, 
to  receive  the  temper  and  pickle  of  all  the  other  spices  and 
nourishing  aliments."  3 


same  kind,  to  one"  of  the  romances  on  Sir 
Tristrem,  where  that  knight  is  represented 
wearing  an  olive  hat  at  the  Court  of  King 
Marc,  his  uncle.  In  another  romance,  there 
is  a  mention  of  a  branch  of  olifant: — 

"  Tr£s  par  devant  1'archon  deschent  le  coup  bruiant, 
Le  cheval  a  coupe  comme  un  raim  d'olifant." 

— 'Gaufrey,'  1.  2737,  p.  83:  Paris,  1859— 
1 2  mo. 

1  Jamieson,  note  to  1.  859,  b.  vi.  of  the 
'Bruce,' p.  446:  Edinb.  1820 — 410. 

*  Vide  'Rentals  of  the  Ancient   Earldom 


and  Bishopric  of  Orkney,'  &c.,  documents, 
p.  56;  Edinburgh,  1820 — 8vo :  and  'Grim. 
Tr.,'  vol.  ii.  p.  66,  A.D.  1598. 

8  '  Callirhoe,  commonly  called  the  Well  of 
Spa,"  &c.,  foL  B.  4:  Aberdeen,  1670 — 410. 
In  the  seventeenth  century,  potatoes,  like 
artichokes,  were  supposed  to  be  of  an  in- 
flammatory nature, — on  what  ground  we  do 
not  know.  Thomas  Dekkar  ("The  Honest 
Whore,"  act  i.  sc.  10),  Lewes  Machin  ("  The 
Dumb  Knight,"  act  i.  sc.  i),  Beaumont  and 
Fletcher  ("  The  Loyal  Subject,"  act  iii.  sc.  5  ; 
"The  Sea  Voyage,"  act  iii.  sc.  i;  "Love's 


POT-HERBS. 


Robert  Chambers  relates  a  very  striking  anecdote  referring 
to  the  days  when  potatoes  had  as  yet  an  equivocal  reputation, 
and  illustrative  of  the  frugal  scale  by  which  some  Scottish 
" leddies"  were  used  to  regulate  the  luxuries  of  their  table. 
Two  old  spinsters,  Barbara  and  Margaret  Stuart,  daughters  of 
Charles,  the  fourth  Earl  of  Traquair,  were  living  together  in 
Edinburgh.  Upon  the  return,  one  day,  of  their  weekly  ambas- 
sador to  the  market,  an  anxious  investigation  was  made  by  the 
ladies  of  the  contents  of  Jenny's  basket;  and  the  little  morsel 
of  mutton,  with  a  portion  of  accompanying  off-falls,  was  duly 
approved  of.  "  But,  Jenny,  what's  this  in  the  bottom  of  the 
basket?"  "Oo,  mem,  just  a  dozen  of  taties,  that  Lucky  the 
green-wife  wad  ha'e  me  to  tak'  :  they  wad  eat  sae  fine  wi'  the 
mutton."  "  Na,  na,  Jenny;  tak'  back  the  taties  :  we  need  nae 
provocatives  in  this  house."1 

"Sybows"  are  spoken  of  in  connection  with  "rysarts"  in  the 
Scottish  song  mentioned  above.  Sybow,  and,  in  other  forms, 
seibow,  sebow,  syboe,  sybba?  a  young  onion,  is  the  old  French 
cibo  (Fr.  ciboule,  a  young  onion).  Another  pot-herb,  nearly 
allied  to  the  onion,  sye,  commonly  used  in  the  plural  syes, 


Cure,"  act  i.  sc.  2;  "The  Elder  Brother,"  act 
iv.  sc.  4),  and  many  other  contemporaneous 
writers,  allude  to  that  opinion,  current  at  the 
time.  Cf.  '  Old  Plays,'  vol.  ix.  p.  49.  Later, 
the  property  ascribed  to  the  potato  was 
transferred  to  the  truffle.  In  the  last  century, 
the  Marchioness  of  Pompadour,  fearing  to 
lose  the  favour  of  a  passionate  lover — Louis 
XV. — fed  herself  on  truffles,  in  opposition 
to  the  advice  both  of  her  doctor  and  of 
Madame  du  Hausset,  who  relates  the  fact. — 
Vide  '  Collection  des  Memoires  relatifs  a  la 


revolution  franjaise,'  par  Berville  et  Barriere, 
vol.  xxxiv.  p.  92  :  Paris,  1824 — 8vo. 

1  'The  Traditions  of  Edinburgh,' p.  310: 
Edinburgh,  1869— post  8vo. 

*  '  The  Blythsome  Wedding,'  St.  6 ;  'A 
Choice  Collection  of  Comic  and  Serious  Scots 
Poems,'  &c.,  part  i.  p.  :o:  Edinburgh,  James 
Watson,  1706 — 8vo.  '  Memorie  of  the  Som- 
ervilles,' January  1592,  vol.  i.  p.  480.  Nicol's 
'  Diary,'  p.  103,  &c.  Cf.  Nares's  '  Glossary,' 
vocc  "  Chibbals  "  or  "  Chibbols." 


64 


CIVILISATION  IN  SCOTLAND. 


Eng.  chives  (Allium  schcenoprasum,  Linn.),  is  the  French  cive. 
The  former  word  is  still  not  uncommon,  and  the  latter  is 
in  general  use,  in  the  North.  Of  French  beans,  which  were 
delicacies  in  Ben  Jonson's  days,1  under  the  name  of  fagioli 
(Fr.  f ay ols,  flageolets),  we  have  found  no  mention  in  Scotland 
before  modern  times.  They  lack  an  historian  like  that  of 
potatoes.2 

Salt  was  imported  from  France,  at  least  before  1588,  the 
date  of  an  agreement  passed  between  James  V.  and  Eustacius 
Roghe,  Fleming,  for  the  making  of  this  substance.3  It  did 
not  come  from  Salins,4  so  celebrated  for  its  manufacture  of 
salt,  but  from  Brouage,5  and  was  "  recnit  to  be  worth  in 
fraught"  so  many  "tunnis  Aleron"6 — i.e.,  Oleron  in  Aunis. 
Jamieson,  in  supposing  Aleron  might  be  from  Fr.  a  la  ronde, 
or  from  the  name  of  Orleans,  is  in  error.7 

It  falls  within  our  province  to  state  that  in  some  Scottish 
houses  salt  is  still  kept  in  a  small  trough  of  wood,  generally 
made  of  an  oblong  form,  with  a  sloping  lid  resembling  the 
roof  of  a  house,  and  fastened  by  leathern  bands.  This  utensil 
is  called  the  saut-backet?  and  is  placed  in  a  niche  of  the  wall 
by  the  side  of  the  fire  to  keep  the  salt  dry. 


1   Vide  "Cynthia's  Revels,"  act  ii.  sc.  I. 
3  'Traditions  of  Edinburgh,' pp.  343-345. 

3  Thorpe's '  Calendar  of  State  Papers,  Scot.,' 
vol.  i.  p.  550,  Nos.  112,  115. 

4  Salt-pits,  Fr.  salines, 

5  "Sali  de  Bruaggio." — 'Ledger  of  An- 
drew Halyburton,'  pref.,  p.  xxviii. 

•  Balfour's  'Pract.  Custumis,'  p.  87.  In 
the  'Customs  and  Valuation  of  Merchandises,' 
A.D.  1602,  "  Bay  or  French  salt"  is  charged 
twenty  shillings  the  boll. — 'The  Ledger  of 


Andrew  Halyburton,'  p.  326. 

7  The  laws  of  Oleron,  which  are  said  to 
have  been  drawn  up  as  early  as  the  twelfth 
century,  formed  a  sort  of  maritime  code,  had 
great  authority,   and    guided  decisions    not 
merely  in  France,   but   in  other  countries. 
The   "tun  Aleron"  seems  to  have  been  a 
standard  weight. 

8  Backet  means  also  a  square  trough,  rather 
shallow,  used  for  carrying  coals  or  ashes,  or 
lime  and  mortar  to  masons. — Fife,  Loth. 


FLOWERS. 


It  is  obvious  that,  in  early  times,  the  Scots  did  not  pay 
much  attention  to  the  cultivation  of  flowers.  The  only  flowers 
whose  names  seem  to  have  been  borrowed  directly  from  the 
French  are  the  jerofflerys,  geraflourys,  more  altered  in  the 
English  gilliftowers  ;  and  the/0«<?//^,  a  kind  of  lily.  Overenyie, 
southernwood  (artemisia  abrotanum,  Linn.)  is  aurone  ;a  ap- 
pleringie  (apife,  strong,  and  aurone)  is  another  name  for  the 
same  plant ;  and  marjolync?  sweet  marjoram,  is  marjolaine. 
Roseir,  which  is  nothing  else  than  Fr.  rosier,  a  rose-bush,  an 
arbour  of  roses,3  was  used  as  roseraie,  a  rushy  spot.4  The 
genuine  etymon  of  the  word  rose,  the  top  of  a  watering-pan, 
which  is  itself  called  a  rouser,  rooser,  is  the  Latin  ros,  dew.5 
A  posy,  a  nosegay,  is  called  in  Ayrshire  a  bouguie  (Fr. 
bouquet}.  Burgeoun,  a  bud,  a  shoot,  is  the  Fr.  bourgeon. 

If  a  glutton  is  called  in  French  une  bonne  fourchette,  in 
Scotch  cuiller  means  a  flatterer,  a  parasite.  To  that  explana- 
tion— the  same  as  that  given  to  cuillier  in  Jamieson's  Sup- 
plement— Pitcairn  adds,  "  From  the  verb  to  culye,  to  cajole."  6 
In  Fr.  cueilleur  signifies  a  gatherer,  a  reaper,  a  picker,  a 
chooser,  a  culler,7  from  cueillir,  to  pick  up,  to  collect.  Boutger, 
a  glutton,  a  word  which  Jamieson  did  not  insert  in  his  Diction- 


1  G.  Douglas,  ii.  119,  30— cf.  i.  4,  I  ;  ii. 
200,  5;  "The  tua  maryit  Wemen  and  the 
Wedo,"  1.  88  ;  ap.  Dunbar,  voL  i.  p.  64 — cf. 
note,  vol.  ii.  p.  275. 

3  G.  Douglas,  ii.  61,  n. 

3  "  The  Praise  of  Aige,"  1.  I ;  ap.  Henryson, 
p.  21. 

4  Vide  "Tayis  Bank,"  1.  114. 

5  In  E.  occurs  armvze,  which  Seward  inter- 
prets bedew,  from  the  Fr.  aroser;  but  Arch- 


deacon Nares  ('Glossary,' &c.,  p.  17,  col.  2) 
does  not  admit  such  a  signification,  and  thinks 
the  word  must  be  taken  in  the  common  sense, 
excite,  awaken. 

6  'Crim.  Trials,' part  ix.  p.  66*,  note.   We 
are  at  a  loss  to  ascribe  to  cueillette  the  term 
cuylthe,  which  seems  to  mean  group,  cluster, 
in  the  "  Pistill  of  Susan,"  st.  viii. 

7  Cotgrave,   'A  French  and  English  Dic- 
tionary." 


I 


66 


CIVILISATION  IN  SCOTLAND. 


ary,  seems  connected  with  the  Fr.  bouche,  mouth.  Fig.  .and 
popul.  fare  sur  sa  bouche,  $tre  sujet  a  sa  bouche,  to  be  a  gorbelly, 
a  greedy-gut,  a  glutton. 

To  beam  tfie  pot  means  to  warm  or  season  the  teapot  before 
putting  in  the  tea.  Bein,  another  form  of  the  word,  seems  to 
point  to  Fr.  bain,  baigner,  as  the  origin  of  the  word. 

Before  ending  this  chapter  on  convivial  entertainments  and 
allied  subjects,  two  French  idioms  preserved  in  Scotch,  relating 
to  the  table,  fall  to  be  mentioned.  To  have  a  good  stomach  is 
used  instead  of  to  have  a  good  appetite,  and  to  say  the  grace 
in  lieu  of  to  say  grace. 

I 


I 


CHAPTER     IV. 


Clothing 


CHAPTER    IV. 

CLOTHING. 

OR  a  long  time  the  wild  Scots  were  abilzeit? 
habilyet  (Fr.  habilUs)  in  coarse  clothing,  and 
shod  with  rewelyns?  rullings : — 

"  Ersch  Katerane,  with  thy  polk  breik,  and  rilling, 
Thow  and  thy  quene,  as  gredy  gleddis,  ye  gang 
With  polkis  to  mylne,  and  begis  baith  meill  and  shilling." :l 

We  cannot  give  the  particular  details  of  what  was  afterwards 
called  abuilzment,  abuilziement,  bulyement,  habilyement.^     It  is 


1  G.  Douglas,  iv.  81,  10. 

2  'Le  Roman  des  Aventures  de   Fregus,' 
p.   13,  L  18.     Peter  Langtoft  mentions  thus 
this  kind  of  rough  boots  in  his  account  of 
Edward  I.'s  war  with  Scotland  in  1294: — 

"  Nostre  roys  Edward  ait  la  male  rage  ! 
Et  ne  les  prenge  et  tienge  si  cstrait  en  kage 
Ke  rien  lour  demourge  apres  son  taliage, 
Fors  soul  les  rivelins  et  la  nue  nage." 

A  rhymer  of  the  twelfth  century  informs  us 
that  the  Welshmen  of  early  times  wore  the 
same  kind  of  shoes,  which  he  calls  revelins: — 

"  A  la  maniere  et  a  la  guise 
De  Galeis  fu  apparellie"s ; 
Uns  revelins  avoit  es  pies." 

— Perceval  le  Gallois,  t.  i.  p.  61,  L  1796.  Cf.  p. 
79, 1.  2352 ;  p.  8o,l.  2370.  Rylling(runwn)  oc- 
curs in  G.  Douglas,  iii.  131,4.  "Rivelins," 


says  Hibbert, ' '  which  is  a  sort  of  sandals,  made 
of  untanned  sealskin,  being  worn  with  the 
hair-side  outwards,  and  laced  on  the  foot  with 
strings  or  thongs  of  leather. " — '  A  Descrip- 
tion of  the  Shetland  Islands,'  &c.,  p.  119. 
Cf.  Captain  John  Henderson,  '  General  View 
of  the  Agriculture  of  the  Counly  of  Caith- 
ness,' &c.,  sect.  viii.  p.  245  :  London,  1812 
— 8vo  ;  quoted  in  '  Sketch  of  the  History  of 
Caithness,'  &c.,  by  James  T.  Calder,  p.  241  : 
Glasgow,  1861— I2mo. 

3  '  The  Flyting  of  Dunbar  and  Kennedy,' 
st.   19,  1.    145;   '  Dunbar's   Poems,'  vol.  ii. 
p.  71. 

4  'Crim.  Trials,'  vol.  ii.  p.  411,  A.D.  1603  ; 
John  Lesley,  the  '  History  of  Scotland,'  ed. 
1830,  p.  71,  A.D.  1503,  &c.     Hence  the  par- 
ticiple  habilyiet,    abulyeit,    abilyeit,    abulyieil, 


70  CIVILISATION  IN  SCOTLAND.       . 

probable  that  the  word  in  its  various  forms  meant  habiliments 
for  war,  then  clothing  of  any  kind  :  for  the  form  bulyments  is 
still  used  in  parts  of  the  north  to  mean. any  kind  of  ragged, 
unshapely  clothing,  particularly  a  beggar's ;  and  habiliments, 
outfit.  Both  words,  however,  are  employed  with  a  somewhat 
ludicrous  meaning. 

St  Margaret,  the  queen  of  Malcolm  III.,  set  herself  with 
true  goodwill  and  energy  to  improve  her  subjects :  "  Fecerat 
enim  ut  mercatores,  terra  marique  de  diversis  regionibus  veni- 
entes,  rerum  venalium  complures  et  pretiosas  species,  quae 
ibidem  adhuc  ignotse  fuerant,  adveherent :  inter  quas  cum 
diversis  coloribus  vestes  variaque  vestium  ornamenta,  indigenae 
compellente  regina  emerent ;  ita  ejus  instantia  diversis  vestium 
cultibus  deinceps  incedebant  compositi,  ut  tali  decore  quodam- 
modo  crederentur  esse  renovati."  J 

Matters  continued  to  mend,  and  by  the  middle  of  the 
fifteenth  century  so  great  was  the  change  in  the  mode  of 
dress  and  in  the  manner  of  dressing,  that  the  legislature 
deemed  it  for  the  good  of  the  country  to  pass  a  law  to  reg- 
ulate the  kinds  of  dress  to  be  worn  by  the  different  ranks 
of  society  :  "  .  .  .  The  commonis  wifis,  no  thar  servandis 
.  .  .  war  nouther  lange  taile,  na  syd,  na  nackit  hudis,  na 
pokit  on  thar  slofis,  na  costly  curchas,  as  lawn  or  vynsis," 2 


dressed,  apparelled,  equipped  for  the  field,  rawess,  to  clothe,  to  clothe  anew,  which  occurs 

In  the  'Mystery  of  Saint  Louis,'  the  Con-  in  Spenser.     (O.  Fr.  revestir.} 

stable  of  France  says  to  his  archers: —  *  Vita  S.  Margaritse,  reginae  Scotise  (A.D. 

"Abillez-vous  tost  sans  arter,  MXCIII.),  ap.  Lolland.,  IO°  Junii,  t.  ii.  p.  330, 

Et  sy  gardez  bicn  sur  vostre  ame  col.  2,  D. 

Qu'il  ne  vous  faille  clou  ne  lame."  3  par,    ^  Jam£s  j  >  A  D    ^^  p    lg>  & 

The  Scots  had  also  the  verb  to  revest,  rcwcss,  10,  ed.  1814. 


FASHIONS   OF  SIXTEENTH  CENTURY. 


&c.  Yet,  if  Brantome  is  to  be  believed,  not  much  real  pro- 
gress had  been  made  even  at  a  much  later  period,  for,  in  the 
third  discourse  of  his  '  Femmes  Illustres,'  he  represents  Queen 
Mary  as  being  "  habillee  a  la  sauvage  et  a  la  barbaresque  mode 
des  sauvages  de  son  pays." 

At  the  beginning  of  the  sixteenth  century  the  Scottish  ladies 
followed  fashions  which  have  been  revived  in  our  days.  Dun- 
bar,  who  stigmatises  them,  does  not  say  that  they  had  been 
imported  from  France ;  but  he  uses  the  name  of  vertugadin 
under  its  English  form  :— 

"  Sic  fartingaillis  on  flaggis  als  fatt  as  quhailis 
Facit  lyk  fulis  with  hattis  that  littil  availlis ; 

And  sic  fowill  taillis  to  sweip  the  calsay  clene, 
The  dust  upskaillis,  mony  fillok  with  fuk  saillis, 

Within  this  land  was  nevir  hard  nor  sene."  l 

There  is  not,  however,  the  slightest  doubt  that  those  fashions 
had  originated  in  France. 

Sir  David  Lyndsay  contrasts  the  manners 'of  a  "France 
lady  "  with  those  of  Scotch  ladies  dressed  in  articles  of  apparel, 
the  patron,  patrone  2  (Fr.  patron)  of  which  at  least  was  imported 
from  France : — 

"  Hail  ane  France  lady  quhen  ye  pleis, 
Scho  wil  discover  mouth  and  neis ; 
And  with  an  humil  countenance, 
With  visage  3  bair,  mak  reverence. 


1  Dunbar,    "A    General   Satyre,"   1.    71 
among  his  Poems,  vol.  ii.  p.  27.     Cf .  '  Mail- 
land's  Poems,'  p.  1 86. 


i.  p.  323  ;  and  J.  Melvill's  '  Diary,'  p.  14.  In 
Pitcairn's  'Crim.  Trials,'  vol.  i.  p.  298*, 
A.D.  1589,  patrowne  is  to  be  found  as  syn- 


2   Vide  "The  Complaynt  of  the  Papingo,"      onymous  with  shipmaster. 
among  Sir  D.  Lyndsay's  Poetical  Works,  vol.         3  This  word  was  preserved  in  a  French 


CIVILISATION  IN  SCOTLAND. 


Quhen  our  ladyis  dois  ryde  in  rane, 
Suld  no  man  have  tham  at  disdane 
Thocht  thay  be  coverit  mouth  and  neis."  ' 

Of  course,  Sir  David  pronounces  the  French  fashion  to  be  the 
better  of  the  two;  and,  being  constant  in  his  partiality  to  France, 
he  says  elsewhere  that  "  policie  is  fled  agane  in  France."  2 

In  the  latter  part  of  the  sixteenth  century,  the  introduction 
of  French  fashions  was  particularly  noticed,  and  seems  to  be 
ascribed  to  Mons.  d'Aubigny,  who  arrived  in  1578  from  the 
Continent  "  with  manie  Frenche  fassones  and  toyes." ;  At  the 
beginning  of  the  seventeenth  century,  Fines  Moryson,  travel- 
ling in  Scotland,  said  that  almost  all  in  the  country  did  wear 
coarse  cloth  made  at  home,  but  that  the  merchants  in  the 
cities  were  attired  in  English  or  French  cloth.  Although 
the  gentlemen  did  wear  English  cloth,  or  silk,  or  light  stuffs, 
&c.,  all  followed  at  this  time  the  French  fashion,  especially 
in  Court ;  while  married  gentlewomen  were  dressed  after  the 
German  fashion,  with  this  exception,  that  they  wore  French 
hoods. 

In  a  poem  which  contains  a  considerable  portion  of  satire, 
and  seems  to  have  been  written  towards  the  middle  of  the 


phrase,  visage  de  bois,  which  seems  to  have 
been  common  in  genteel  society  during  the 
seventeenth  century. — Vide  Sir  James  Turner, 
'  Memoirs  of  his  own  Life  and  Times,'  Ap- 
pendix, No.  ii.  p.  273  :  Edinburgh,  1839 — 
4to.  The  Scots  had  vult  and  gan,  fane, 
aspect,  face,  countenance,  which  are  of 
French  origin. —  Vide  '  The  Uplandis  Mous 
and  the  Burges  Mous,' 1.  77;  'The  Paddock 
and  the  Mous,'  1.  54,  ap.  Henryson,  pp.  Ill, 
119;  '  The  Manner  of  the  Crying  of  ane 


Play,'  I.  164;  'A  Brash  of  Wowing,'  II. 
28,  42,  56,  63;  'The  Droichis  Part  of  the 
Play,'  1.  163,  ap.  Dunbar,  voL  ii.  pp.  29, 

3°.  43- 

1  Sir  David  Lyndsay's  Works,  'Supplication 
against  Syde  Taillis,'  1.  135. 

2  'The  Dreme,'  among  Sir  D.  Lyndsay's 
Works,  vol.  i.  p.  239. 

3  J.  Melvill's  'Diary,'  p.   76.     Cf.  '  Inven- 
taires  de  la  Royne  Descosse,'  &c.,  p.  Ixiii. 


FASHIONS   OF  SEVENTEENTH  CENTURY. 


73 


seventeenth  century,  the  use  of  the  costly  cloths  which  were 
imported  into  the  country  in  bygone  days  is  mentioned  as  a 
proof  of  the  luxury  of  the  times  : — 

"  We  used  no  cringes,  but  handes  shaking, 
No  bowing,  shouldering,  gambo-scraping, 
No  French  whistling,  or  Dutch  gaping. 
We  had  no  garments  in  our  land, 
But  what  were  spun  by  the  goodwife's  hand ; 
No  drap  de  Berry,  cloaths  of  seal  ;l 
No  stuffs  ingrain'd  in  cocheneel ; 
No  plush,  no  tissue  cramosie ; 
No  China,  Turky,  taffety ; 
No  proud  pyropus,  paragon, 
Or  chackarally,  there  was  none." 2 

In  a  comedy  called  "Eastward  Hoe,"3  Act  L,  "enter  Pol- 
davy,  a  French  tailor,  with  a  Scottish  farthingale  and  a  French 
fall  in  his  arms."  Mildred  says,  "Tailor  Poldavy,  prythee 
fit,  fit  it.  Is  this  a  right  Scot  ?  Does  it  clip  close,  and  bear 
up  round  ?  " 

"It  will  scarcely  be  believed  in  this  age,"  says  Lord  Hailes, 
"that  in  the  'last,  the  city  ladies  reformed  their  hereditary- 
farthingales  after  the  Scottish  fashion." 

Of  woollen  stuffs,  the  commonest  were  russet  and  tartan, 
with  raploch,  a  kind  of  buriel  (O.  Fr.  burels,  buriaus,  Fr. 

1  Clement  Marot,  in  his  '  Responce  de  la  ce  qui  est  appele  Drap  du  Sceau,  dans  les 
Dame  au  jeune  fy  de  Pazy,'  mentions  a  auteurs  du  xvie  siecle,"  in  the  '  Histoire  du 
"  cotte  de  drap  de  siau,"  and  another  one  of  Regne  de  Henri  IV.,'  par  Auguste  Poirson,  t. 


"drapdesau."  Vide  'L'Amant  despourveu 
de  son  esprit,'  &c.,  in  the  'Recueil  de 
Poesies  francoises  des  xv°  et  xvie  siecles,' 
t.  v.  p.  135:  Paris,  1855-57  —  12100.  Cf. 
"  Recherches  sur  1'Industrie  des  drajs,  et  sur 


iv.,  pp.  620-622:  Paris,  1867— in-8°. 

2  'A  choice  Collection  of  Scots  Poems," 
part  i.  p.  28. 

3  Dodsley's  '  Collection  of  Old  Plays,'  vol. 
iv.  pp.  I5S-I57. 


K 


74 


CIVILISATION -IN  SCOTLAND. 


bure,  bureau,  a  coarse  woollen  stuff;  Sp.  burial]  manufactured 
at  Raploch,  a  hamlet  near  Stirling,1  on  looms  supplied  by  the 
Continent.2  Russet  was  generally  imported  from  France,3  and 
called  rowane  russet 4  (which  cannot  be  confounded  with  Paryse 
blak?  likely  a  stuff  of  a  superior  kind,  used  only  at  Court  or 
in  towns).  Whether  this  name  originated  from  its  roan  colour, 
or  the  place  from  which  it  was  imported,  is  quite  uncertain. 
In  France,  the  term  rouen,  from  the  name  of  the  city,  is  used 
by  merchants  as  the  distinctive  denomination  of  one  species 
of  cloth.6 

As  -to  tartan,  the  cloth  seems  to  have  been  imported, 
with  the  mode  of  manufacture  itself,  from  France.  The 
word  is  derived  from  tiretainc?  tirtaine,  a  kind  of  cheap 


1  Vide  the   "Complaint  of  the  Papingo," 
and    ' '  Supplication   against    Syde    Taillis, " 
among  'Sir  David  Lyndsay's  Poetical  Works,' 
vol.  i.  p.  345  ;  vol.  ii.  p.  201. 

2  For  instance,  in  Ettrick  Forest  they  called 
bobbin  a  weaver's  quill  (Fr.  bobine). 

3  See   an    entry    of   December    2,    1512, 
quoted  in  'Les  Ecossais  en  France,'  vol.  i. 

337- 

4  '  Les  Ecossais  en  France,'  vol.  ii.  p.  337  ; 
Crim.  Trials,'  part  x.  p.  363.     A"roussat 

gown  "  is  mentioned  in  Blind  Harry's  '  Wal- 
lace,' b.  i.  1.  239;  and  "5  ell  of  Rowanis 
clath  to  be  a  gon,"  marked  I  y  f  i  in  the 
'Ledger  of  Andrew  Halyburton,"  p.  260, 
A.D.  1500. 

5  D.  Laing,  notes  to  Knox,  vol.  i.  pp.  71, 
176;    'Les  Ecossais  en  France,'  vol.  ii.  p. 
131  ;  a  'Collection  of  Inventories  and  other 
Records  of  the  Royal  Wardrobe,'  p.  86.     In 
an  Aberdeen  register  of  the  sixteenth  century 
occurs  "ane  goune  of  Parische  broune,"  and 
something  else  of  "  Parische  work."  Another 


"blak  clayth  allegit  Ryssillit  blak"  is  men- 
tioned by  Jamieson,  who  conjectures  that  this 
might  be  cloth  imported  from  Lille,  called  in 
German  Ryssel. 

*  "Rouen.  Se  dit  simplement,  parmi  les 
marchands,  pour  toile  de  Kauen." — '  Diet. 
Trev."  Rouen  supplied  also  the  Scottish 
markets  with  hemp.  "Cullane,  Picardie, 
Roan,  and  all  uther  sortis  of  dressed  hemp," 
are  mentioned  in  the  'Customs  and  Valua- 
tion of  Merchandises,'  A.D.  1612.  —  The 
'  Ledger  of  Andrew  Halyburton,'  p.  314. 

7  Vide  '  Rech.  sur  les  etoffes  de  soie,'  vol. 
ii.  pp.  169,  250,  note  I,  472;  'Notes  and 
Queries,'  fourth  series,  vol.  v.  pp.  146,  255, 
37°>  543-  Lord  Hailes,  mentioning  in  his 
'  Annals,'  vol.  i.  p.  40,  note,  Queen  Mar- 
garet's unusual  splendour  at  her  Court  (Bol- 
land.,  iojun.,p.  330),  hints  that  the  tartan 
was  perhaps  introduced  into  Scotland  by  this 
princess. 

This  subject  has  been  been  treated  at 
length  'in  a  large  folio  entitled  'Costume 


TARTAN. 


75 


cloth.1  Tartan  must  have  been  introduced  at  an  early  date. 
John,  Bishop  of  Glasgow,  treasurer  of  James  III.,  has  an  ac- 
count for  tartan  for  the  use.  of  the  King,  and  "double  tartane" 
for  the  Queen,  in  i47i.2  In  1505  a  "  quhissilar  "  had  "  Frenche 
tartane  to  be  ane  cote."  In  another  entry,  under  date  of 
August  1538,  there  is  mention  of  "iij  elnis  of  Heland  tartane" 
for  James  V.,  on  the  occasion  of  his  making  a  hunting  excur- 
sion to  the  Highlands,  "price  of  the  elne  iiijs.  iiijd."  3  In  the 
year  1562  six  tartan  plaids  were  purchased  for  Queen  Mary,  at 
the  cost  of  ,£i8.4 


of  the  Clans,  with  Observations  upon  the 
Literature,  Arts,  Manufactures,  and  Com- 
merce of  the  Highlands  and  Western  Isles 
during  the  Middle  Ages ;  and  on  the  In- 
fluence of  the  Sixteenth,  Seventeenth,  and 
Eighteenth  Centuries  upon  their  Present  Con- 
dition,' by  Count  John  Sobieski  Stolberg  and 
Charles  Edward  Stuart  :  Edinburgh,  1845. 
Three  years  later,  the  same  Count  John  pub- 
lished a  reply  in  defence  of  his  work — Edin- 
burgh, 8vo— after  which  it  is  idle  to  refer  to 
William  Cleland's  '  Highland  Host,'  pp.  11-13, 
a  small  I2mo  in  the  Grenville  collection  (Brit- 
ish Museum),  a  poem  which  Lord  Macaulay 
describes  as  a  "  Hudibrastic  satire  of  very  little 
intrinsic  value;"  to  Richard  Frank's  'North- 
ern Memoirs,'  to  Burl's  Letters,  &c.,  -and  to 
Sir  John  Graham  Dalyell's  'Musical  Memoirs 
of  Scotland,' pp.  106-113.  The  kilt,  or  phili- 
beg,  the  tartan  short  coat  reaching  down  to  the 
knees,  is  not  so  old  as  is  generally  supposed. 
Dr  Burton  ('  History  of  Scotland,'  vol.  ii.  p. 
381)  has  proved  that  in  its  modern  form, 
separate  from  the  plaid,  it  was  invented  by 
an  army  tailor  in  the  eighteenth  century. 
'Regality  of  Grant  Court  Book,'  1723-1729; 
General  Register  House,  Edinburgh,  June  30, 
1727,  says:  — "Court  of  the  lands  of  Pul- 


chine  and  Skeraidteen,  holdin  at  Delny  upone 
the  27  Julij  1704,  be  Wiliam  Grant,  bailie  of 
the  saides  lands,  constitute  be  the  Right  hon- 
orabill  the  Laird  of  Grant,  heritor  of  the  saidis 
lands— David  Blair,  notar  and  clerk.  .  .  . 
The  said  day,  by  order  from  the  Laird  of 
Grant  Younger,  the  said  bailie  ordains  and 
enactis  that  the  haill  tenantes,  cottars,  mal- 
enders,  tradesmen,  and  servantes  within  the 
saidis  landis  of  Skeraidtone,  Pulchine,  and 
Calender,  that  are  fencible  men,  shall  provyd 
and  have  in  rediness  against  the  eight  day  of 
August  nixt,  ilk  ane  of  them,  Haighland 
coates,  trewes,  and  short  hose  of  tartane,  of 
red  and  greine  sett,  broad  springed,  and  also 
with  gun,  sword,  pistoll,  and  durk  ;  and  with 
these  present  themselves  to  an  rendesvouze, 
when  called  upon  48  hours  advertisement." 

1  "  La  tirtaine  dont  simple  gent 
Sont  revestu  de  pou  d' argent" 

— "Le  Dit  du  Lendit  rime,"  1.  31,  in  'Fa- 
bliaux et  Contes,'  vol.  ii  p.  302. 

2  See  James  Logan's  'Scottish  Gael,'  vol. 
i.  p.  230 :  Edinburgh,  1831 — 2  vols.  8vo. 

3  'CompotaThesaurar.,'  1537-38,  fol.  636. 

4  Ibid.,  September  24,  1562,  fol.  67  b.    Cf. 
Dalyell,   'Musical  Memoirs  of  Scotland,'  p. 


76 


CIVILISATION  IN  SCOTLAND. 


Sairge  came  from  France, — at  least,  it  is  stated  in  a  history 
of  Aberdeen  that  a  man,  John  Leith  of  Harthill,  in  1639 
robbed  a  merchant  of  a  stick  (coupen  or  cowpon,  Fr.  coupon),  or 
a  tailzie  (a  piece)  "  of  French  sairge  of  a  sad  gray  cullor."  * 
But  what  was  the  "  French  blaber,"  mentioned  in  a  document 
of  1561  ?  Might  it  not  be  a  misreading  for  black  ? 

Other  woollen  stuffs  bearing  names  derived  from  French 
were  cadas,  caddes  (Fr.  cadis,  a  kind  of  drugget) ;  demyostage 
(Fr.  demi-ostade),  a  kind  of  woollen-stuff;  steming,  stemying? 
— " gray  French  stemming"  3  stennyage,  stening — "  reid  French 
steining^  (O.  Fr.  estamine,  Fr.  ttamine),  at  vii  lib.  the  ell." 
Carissay  (O.  Fr.  creseau),  kersey,  was  a  coarse  kind  of  cloth  of 
home- make,  from  which  were  made  coveratours — i.e.,  coverlets 
for  beds — and  cadurces,  a  sort  of  shield  or  target.5 


113:  Edinburgh  and  London,  1849—410.  In 
a  song  published  by  Herd,  the  tartan  is  thus 
praised : — 

"The  brawest  beau  in  burrow 's-town, 
In  a'  his  airs,  with  art  made  ready. 
Compared  to  him  he's  but  a  clown, 
He's  finer  far  in's  tartan  plaidy." 

— "  Highland  Laddie,"  st.  iii. 

Scotland  was  of  old  noted  for  striped 
cloths  :— 

"S'ot  Guiret  fet  .ii.  robes  fere    .    .    . 
De  .ii.  dras  de  soie  divers. 
Li  uns  fu  d'un  osterin  pers, 
Li  autres  d'un  bofti  raie 
Que  Ii  ot  d'Escoce  envoie 
Andels,  une  sue  cousine." 

— 'Erec  et  Enide,'  MS.  of  the  Nat.  Libr., 
Fr.  1420,  fol.  21  verso,  col.  2,  1.  33. 

Cosmo  Innes  has  very  sensibly  observed 
that  it  is  comparatively  of  late  years  that 
nice  distinctions  of  checks  have  been  studied 
and  peculiar  patterns  adopted  by  clans. — 


'Sketches  of  early  Scotch  History,'  p.  431, 
note. 

1  '  Crim.  Trials,'  vol.  ii.  p.  524,  A.D.  1607  ; 
'The  Book  of  Bon  Accord,"  vol.  i.  p.  99, 
note.  The  Scots  had  also  tailyeil,  part, 
pas. ,  proportioned,  symmetrically  formed  (Fr. 
lailtt—vide  'Clariodus,'  p.  174),  and,  instead 
of  gray,  lyart,  borrowed  likewise  from  the  old 
French,  where  it  meant  gris  pommcU: 

1  Parl.  Acts,  James  VI.,  A.D.  1587,  ed. 
1814,  p.  507. 

3  'A  Collection  of  Inventories,'  &c.,   p. 
280,   A.D.  1579. 

4  '  An    Account    of    1633,"    ap.     Innes, 
'Sketches  of  early  Scotch  History,'  p.  372, 
note,  col.  2. 

6  'Crim.  Trials,"  vol.  i.  p.  729*,  A.D.  1502  ; 
p.  204*,  A.D.  1537-38;  part  ix.  p.  70,  A.D. 
1510,  &c.  The  'Gloss.  Med.  et  Inf.  Latin.' 
has  nothing  more  than  "cadurcum  quo  merces 
proteguntur  " — vol.  ii.  p.  16,  col.  2. 


SILK  STUFFS. 


77 


Taffeta,  imported  from  Italy  or  Lyons,1  was  termed  ormaise, 
armosie  (Fr.  armoisin,  at  Lyons  armoise). 

The  cloth  called  bombasie,  bombesie  (Eng.  bombasin),  has 
often  varied  in  texture.  The  name  is  now  applied  to  a 
worsted  stuff.  The  origin  of  the  word  seems  to  be  the 
Greek  fiopftvg,  a  silkworm,  raw  silk.  Then  comes  It.  bombice, 
a  silkworm ;  bombicina,  tiffany.  Cotton  on  being  introduced 
was  confounded  with  silk.  Hence  its  middle  and  modern 
Greek  name,  /3oju,/3a/aoi> ;  middle  Latin,  bambacium;  It.  bam- 
bagio,  cotton,  bambagino,  cotton-cloth ;  Fr.  bombasin,  basin? 
cotton-cloth.  Poddasway,  a  stuff  of  which  both  warp  and  woof 
are  silk,  is  the  Fr.  pou-de-soie.  Another  form  of  the  word  is 
poddisoy,  with  the  meaning  of  a  rich  plain  silk.  Railya  may 
be  some  kind  of  striped  satin,  and  derived  from  the  O.  Fr. 
rayott,  riofe,  streaked.  At  all  events,  the  Scotch  had  rail,  a 
woman's  jacket,  and  ratify,  a  sort  of  large  petticoat,  usually 
made  of  camlet,  worn  over  the  ordinary  dress  by  ladies,  when 
riding  on  horseback,  and  with  straps  over  the  shoulders. 

Bisset,  a  kind  of  lace,  is  the  Fr.  bisette,  small  lace,  low-priced. 


1  In  the  tariff  of  1612,  thread  of  Lyons  or 
Paris  is  mentioned. — '  The  Ledger  of  Andrew 
Halyburton,'  p.  331. 

3  "II  est  generalement  admis,"  say  the 
editors  of  '  Les  Historiettes  de  Tallemant  des 
Reaux,'  "que  les  Bazin  etoient  de  riches 
marchands  de  toiles  et  de  draps  de  la  ville  de 
Troyes,  qui  fabriquerent  les  premiers  cette 
legere  etoffe  croisee  a  laquelle  est  reste  le  nom 
de  6aan." — Vol.  v.  p.  204  :  Paris,  1856 — 
8vo.  The  above  is  an  obvious  mistake.  As 
it  is  stated  in  Littre's  '  Dictionnaire  de  la 
Langue  frai^aise,'  voce  "Basin,"  this  word 


is  derived  from  bombasin,  the  first  syllable 
of  which  having  been  dropped  as  though  it 
were  the  adjective  ban,  good.  It  is  not  so 
easy  to  make  out  the  name  of  a  stuff  men- 
tioned in  an  old  will.  At  the  end  of  the 
fourteenth  century,  Sir  James  Douglas  of 
Dalkeith  bequeaths  to  his  son  and  heir,  along 
with  his  tilting  arms,  "unum  rethe  quod  fuit 
in  bombicinio  meo, " — perhaps,  says  Cosmo 
Innes,  the  silk  dress  worn  over  arms  in  the 
tilt-yard. — '  Sketches  of  early  Scotch  History," 
P-  332- 


CIVILISATION  IN  SCOTLAND. 


Cotgrave  gives  the  meaning  "  plates  (of  gold,  silver,  or  copper) 
wherewith  some  kinds  of  stuffes  are  stripped." 

The  French  crespe  has  given  rise  to  crisp,  crispe,  krisp,  cob- 
web lawn  : — 

"  I  saw  thre  gay  ladeis  sit  in  a  grene  arbeir, 
With  curches,  cassin  tham  abone,  of  kirsp  clear  and  thin." ' 

Buckasie,  buckacy,  bugasine,  bukasy,  bukkasy,  "  a  kinde  of  fine 
buckeram  that  hath  a  resemblance  of  taffata,  .  .  .  also, 
the  callimanco," 2  which  is  so  often  mentioned  in  Scottish 
documents  from  the  fifteenth  to  the  seventeenth  century,3 
was  the  French  boucassin,  Eng.  bocasine.  Apparently  it 
came  from  Britanny,4  a  country  frequently  mentioned  for  its 
cloth,  or  from  the  Low  Countries.  The  bottanos,  or  "  peceis 
of  linning  litted  blew,"  of  the  tariff  of  i6i2,5  and  botano  of 


1  'The    Twa   Maryit    Wemen    and    the 
Wedo,'  among  Dunbar's  Works,  vol.  i.  pp. 
61,  62. 

2  Cotgrave,  sui  voce  "  Boccasin." 

8  Jamieson  (Suppl.,  vol.  i.  p.  152,  col.  2) 
quotes  entries  of  1474,  1478,  and  1611.  The 
word  occurs  also  in  '  The  Burgh  Records  of 
the  City  of  Glasgow,'  p.  20,  A.D.  1574. 

4  "Bartane  Camme." — 'Crim.  Trials,' vol. 
i.  p.  3ioT;  'Inventories,'  p.  58,  A.D.  1542. 
"  Claith  callit  bartane  claith,  the  elne  thairof 
xxs."— "Tariff  or  Table  of  Rates  of  Customs 
and  Valuations  of  Merchandises,  May  22, 
1597."  in  Andrew  Halyburton's  'Ledger,' 
&c. ,  p.  cxiii. 

"  For  all  the  claith  of  Fraunce  and  Bertane 
Wald  nocht  be  till  her  leg  a  gartane,"  &c. 


—'The  Droichtis  Part  of  the  Play,'  v.  58, 
among  Dunbar's  Works,  vol.  ii.  p.  39. 

The  last  word  recalls  to  our  memory  the 
garter,  which,  among  the  ceremonies  at  mar- 
riages in  high  life  under  Queen  Anne,  the 
bridegroom's  man  attempted,  as  now  in  France 
among  the  inferior  classes,  to  pull  from  the 
bride's  leg. — Vide  Chambers's  '  Domestic  An- 
nals of  Scotland,'  vol.  iii.  p.  241,  March  I, 
1701.  In  England,  and,  I  believe,  in  Scot- 
land also,  the  "piper  at  a  wedding  has  al- 
ways a  piece  of  the  bride's  garter  tyed  about 
his  pipes." — See  'Discourse,  Northumberland 
Gentleman  and  a  Scotsman,"  p.  24  (London, 
1686 — 410),  quoted  by  Sir  John  Graham 
Dalyell,  '  Musical  Memoirs  of  Scotland,'  p.  31. 

6  'Ledger  of  Andrew  Haly burton,' p.  291. 


LINEN  STUFFS. 


79 


rates,  A.D.   1670,  was  boutant,  a  cloth  manufactured  at  Mont- 
pelier.     Rouane  was  a  kind  of  cloth  from  Rouen.1 

Cammeraige,  camerage,  camroche,  cambric,  a  sort  of  fine  linen 
cloth  brought  from  Cambrai  in  Flanders,  is  the  Fr.  cambrai, 
toile  de  Cambrai — "ane  quaiff  of  camorage,"2  &c.  Leeno,  a 
name  for  thread  gauze  used  in  Fife  and  Lothian,  is  the  Fr. 
linon,  lawn.  Blanchards,  a  kind  of  linen  cloth,  the  yarn  of 
which  had  been  twice  bleached  before  being  put  into  the 
loom,  is  from  the  Fr.  blancard,  blanchard,  a  sort  of  cloth 
manufactured  in  Normandy  (Fr.  blanc). 

Chalmillett,  chamlet,  chamlothe,  Eng.  camlet,  is  the  Fr.  camelot; 
and  fiisteany,  Eng.  fustian,  is  the  Fr.  fustaine,  It.  fustagno, 
so  named,  according  to  Diez,  from  being  brought  from  Fostat 
or  Fossat  (Cairo),  in  Egypt.  In  December  1506,  John  Bute, 
one  of  the  fools  of  James  IV.,  received  for  his  dress  a  doctor's 
gown  of  chamlet,  lined  with  black  gray,  and  purfiled  with  skins, 
with  a  hood,  a  doublet  of  fustian,  hose,  and  a  gray  bonnet ; 
whilst  Spark,  John  Bute's  man,  had  a  goun  of  russet,  doublet  of 
fustian,  and  hose  of  carsay. 

Pan-velvet,  rough  velvet,  is  partly  Fr.  panne,  stuff.  Tryp- 
velvet  is  an  inferior  kind  of  velvet,  from  Fr.  tripe,  tripe  de 
velours. 

Cannas,  cannes  (Fr.  canevas,  It.  canapa,  Lat.  cannabis),  is  a 
coarse  cloth  made  of  flax  or  hemp.  In  the  North,  coverlets 
for  beds  are,  or  lately  were,  made  of  it.  Cannes-braid,  or  in 
northern  pronunciation  cannas-breed,  was  often  spoken  of  as 
a  measure.  Vitrisch,  vitrid,  a  kind  of  canvas,  was  probably 

1  C.  Innes,  '  Scotland  in  the  Middle  Ages,'         2  'A   Collection   of  Inventories,'  p.    132, 
&c.,  ch.  viii.  p.  242.  A.D.  1578. 


8o 


CIVILISATION  IN  SCOTLAND. 


identical  with  "  Bartane  "  canvas.  The  town  of  Vitre,  in  Brit- 
anny,  has  still  manufactories  of  sail-cloth.1 

Trailye,  trelye,  a  kind  of  cloth  woven  in  the  form  of  checks 
resembling  lattices,  is  the  Fr.  treillis  ("  toile  gommde  et  lui- 
sante,"  as  well  as  "  grosse  toile  dont  on  fait  des  sacs,  et  dont 
s'habillent  des  paysans,  des  manoeuvres").  _Z?0w/-claith — "a 
heland  kirtill  of  black  boutclaith  "  2 — cloth  of  a  thin  texture,  is 
from  the  Fr.  bluter,  duller,  beluter,  mid.  Lat.  bulctare. 

FiV^z- thread,  some  sort  of  streaked  thread,  is  from  the  Fr. 
vergt,  streaked. 

There  was  a  kind  of  cloth  imported  from  France  under  the 
name  of  "  Franch  blake  "  and  "  Parise  blak."  It  seems  to  have 
been  a  stuff  of  finer  quality,  worn  chiefly  at  Court  or  in  towns. 
In  an  account,  charge  and  discharge,  of  the  treasurer  of  James 
III.,  occurs  this  entry:  "  Deliverit  to  James  Homyl  .  .  . 
iiij  elne  of  Franche  blake  for  a  syde  goune  to  the  King,  price 
425.  the  elne."  Another  article  of  interest  is  the  following : 
Jan.  23,  1511-12  :  "  Item,  to  Maister  William  Dunbar,  for  his 
yule  leveray,  vj  elnis  ane  quartar  Parise  blak,  to  be  hyme  ane 
gowne ;  price  eln,  xls.,  summa  xij  lib.  xs.  "  Maister  George 
Balquhannane  "  was  presented  with  a  Paris  black  gown,  on  the 
occasion  of  the  entry  of  James  V.'s  queen  into  Edinburgh. 
There  was  also  a  cloth  of  "  Franche  broun,"  which  seems  to 
have  been  of  less  value  than  the  black.  In  the  account  of 
the  treasurer  of  James  III.,  already  quoted,  there  is  this  item  : 


1  'Compota  Thes.  Reg.  Scot.,'  vol.  i.  p. 
345  ;  '  The  Book  of  the  Rates  of  Customs  and 
Valuation  of  Merchandises,"  &c.,  A.D.  1612, 


in  Halyburton's  'Ledger,'  p.  319. 

2  '  A  Collection  of  Inventories,'  &c.,  p.  223 
A.D.  1578.    Printed  at  Edinburgh,  1815 — 4to. 


EASTERN  CLOTHS. 


81 


"  Two  elne  and  ane  halve  of  Franche  broun,     .     .     .     price 
elne,  303." 

There  were  several  other  sorts  of  cloth  that  drew  their  names 
from  the  places  where  they  were  manufactured.  Drap  de 
Berry  was  so  designated  from  Berry,  a  province  of  old  France ; 
Cray  claycht,  from  Croy,  in  Picardy,  nine  miles  from  Amiens ; 
and  Bridges  or  Brug  satine,  from  Bruges.  "  Cloaths  of  seel " 
may  be  the  same  as  a  cloth  that  went  by  the  names  of  drap 
de  siau,  drap  de  sau,  drap  de  sieau  :— 

"  Sa  ceinture  honorable,  ainsi  que  ses  jartieres, 
Furent  d'un  drap  du  seau,  mais  j'entends  des  lizieres." J 

Paragon  was  a  rich  cloth  imported,  as  would  appear,  either 
from  Italy  or  from  the  East,  and  called  so  on  account  of  its 
excellence.  At  Smyrna,  the  finest  stuffs  which  the  Venetian 
merchants  bought  were  called  paragone  di  Venezia.  Likely  the 
sort  of  cloth  which  was  named  plesance,  from  Piacenza  in  Italy, 
was  imported  from  France.2  Chackarraly,  apparently,  was 
some  kind  of  checkered  or  variegated  cloth,  and  probably  its 
name  was  borrowed  from  the  French.  At  all  events,  there 
was  formerly  a  species  of  cotton  cloth  of  the  same  description, 
imported  into  France  from  India,  chiefly  from  Surate,  and 
called  cliacart. 

Other  Eastern  cloths  used  in  Scotland  generally  bore  the 
same  name  as  in  France.  Le  bord  Alexander,  mentioned  in 
a  list  of  donations  to  the  altar  of  St  Fergus,  in  the  church 


1  Mathurin  Regnier,  satyre  x.     See  before,         "  '  Accounts  of  the  Lord  Treasurers  of  Scot- 
p.  73.  land '  for  1473  and  1498,  vol.  i.  pp.  72,  386. 

L 


82  CIVILISATION  IN  SCOTLAND. 

of  St  Andrews,1  is  the  French  bordat,  a  name  belonging  to 
a  kind  of  cloth  manufactured  at  Alexandria  and  other  towns 
in  Egypt. 

Another  church  seems  to  have  been  provided  with  similar 
textures.  Aberdeen  cathedral  could  show  robes  and  hangings 
made  from  the  cloth-of-gold  taken  in  the  English  tents  at 
Bannockburn,  or  woven  in  the  looms  of  Bruges  and  Arras,  of 
Venice  and  Florence.  That  such  articles  were  not  very  com- 
mon in  Scotland  at  the  time  may  be  inferred  from  the  fact  that 
Queen  Mary  gave  some  of  those  spoils  to  make  a  showy 
doublet  to  Bothwell  and  a  bed  to  Prince  James.2 

Cramesye,  crammasy,  cramosie,  cloth  of  crimson  colour,  is  the 
Fr.  cramoisi;  It.  cremisi,  cremisino ;  Sp.  carmest;  Port,  car- 
mezim;  Arab,  karmesi,  from  kermes,  the  name  of  the  worm 
from  which  the  dye  is  obtained.  Crammasy,  cramasy,  means 
of  or  belonging  to  crimson.  The  cloth  was  of  various  textures, 
and  was  a  favourite  article  of  wear,  but  its  use  was  not  confined 
to  dress : — 

"  When  we  cam'  in  by  Glasgow  toun, 

We  were  a  comley  sight  to  see  : 
My  love  was  clad  i"  the  black  velvet, 
And  I  mysell  in  cramoisie." 3 

It  was  used  as*  part  of  the  "  camparisonnis  "  of  a  horse  :  — 

1  MS.  written  in  1525.     In  Scot,  as  in  old    &c.,  by  John  Stuart,  p.  14 :  Edinburgh,  1874 
Eng.,  altar  was  written  awtert,awtere  (old  Fr.     — 410. 

autier).      'The    Promptorium    Parvulorum,'  *  "  Waly  waly,"  among  'The  Ballads  of 

voL  i.  p.  181,  hasfruntelle  of  an  awtere.  Scotland,"  collected  and  edited  by  Aytoun; 

2  See 'Inventories  of  Mary  Queen  of  Scots,'  vol.  i.  p.  132:  Edinburgh  and  London,  1859 
p.  53,  and  Pref.  p.  xxvi ;  and  '  A  Lost  Chapter  — post  8,  vo. 

in  the  History  of  Mary    .     .     .     recovered," 


CRAMMACY. 


"  Her  selle  it  was  of  the  royal  bone, 

Full  seemly  was  that  sight  to  see  ! 
Stiffly  set  with  precious  stone, 

And  compass'd  all  with  cramoisie."1 

There  were  other  cloths  of  cramoisie.  Thus  there  were 
crammesy,  crammassy,  crammacy,  crammasy-velvet  and  cram- 
macy-satin — both  used  for  clothing,  as  well  as  for  other  pur- 
poses. Before  James  V.  set  out  on  his  expedition  by  sea 
round  his  dominions,  on  the  2ist  of  May  1540,  ten  ells  of  red 
"  crammesy  velvet "  were  given  to  the  chief  tailor  of  the  king's 
household,  "  to  make  him  ane  cote  and  ane  pair  of  breekis  for 
the  sea."  In  May  1539  a  "crammassy  welvot"  gown  was 
presented,  at  the  king's  expense,  to  Madame  Gresmore  in  St 
Andrews,  on  her  marriage  to  the  Laird  of  Creech.  It  cost 
,£108.  Let  us  mention  also  a  more  interesting  item,  "Ane 
cott  of  sad  cramasy  velvott,  quhilk  was  the  kingis  graces 
enterie  coit  in  Pareis,  reschit  all  our  with  gold,"2  &c. 

It  was  used  as  a  canopy  : — 

"  And  first  hir  mett  the  burgess  of  the  toun, 

Richlie  arrayit  as  become  thame  to  be, 
Of  quhom  they  chesit  four  men  of  renoun, 

In  gouns  of  velvet,  young,  abill,  and  lustie, 
To  beir  the  paill  of  velvet  cramase" 

Aboon  hir  heid,  as  the  custome  lies  bein." 3 

A  document  exhibits  "  ane  gown  of  cramasy  sating,  broderit  on 


1  "Thomas  of  Ercildoune,"  among  'The  2  '  A  Collection  of  Inventories, '  &c. ,  p.  80, 

Ballads  of  Scotland,'  collected  and  edited  by  A.D.  1542. 

Aytoun;  vol.  i.  p.  28  :  Edinburgh  and  Lon-  3  "The  Queinis  Reception  at  Aberdein," 

don,  1859— post  8vo.  st.  ii.,  among  Dunbar's  Poems,  vol.  i.  p.  153. 


84  CIVILISATION  IN  SCOTLAND. 

the  self  with  threidis  of  gold,  of  the  Franche  fassown,"  l  very 
similar  to  those  described  elsewhere  : — 

"  With  gabert  wark  wrocht  wondrous  sure, 
Purfild  with  gold  and  silver  pure." 2 

Here  is  another  use  to  which  crammacy-satm  was  put :  March 
31,  1539 — "  Deliverit  to  Johnne  Young,  browdstar,  iij  elnis 
half  elne  of  crammacy  sating  to  the  stand  of  clath  of  gold 
workand  to  the  kingis  chapell ;  price  of  the  elne  iij  lib.  xs., 
summa,  xij  lib.  vs. 

Pourpoure,  purple,  is  the  Fr.  pourpre,  a  fashionable  colour. 
On  March  31,  1539,  two  of  the  sons  of  James  V.,  Lord  James 
of  Kelso  and  Lord  James  of  St  Andrews,  had  suits  consisting 
of  "  gownis  of  gray  sating  of  Venyse,"  "  coitis  with  slevis  of 
purpure  welvot,"  "  waltit  with  gray  welvot,"  "  hose  of  Rissilis 
black  lynit  with  blew,"  with  "  blak  taffeteis  to  draw  them 
with,"  "  twa  welvot  bonnetis  with  pasments  of  silk,  and  ane 
marrabus  bonett,"  "  beltis  and  garbanis  of  taffiteis,"  and  "  blak 
welvot  shone." 

Pyropus  seems  to  have  been  cloth  of  a  bright  red  (Fr. 
pyrope,  Lat.  pyropus,  a  carbuncle  of  fiery  redness) ;  but  in  our 
researches  on  silks  we  have  never  met  such  a  word. 

1  'A  Collection  of  Inventories  ...  of  Cotgrave,  "whipt  about  with  silk;"  but 

the  Royal  Wardrobe,"  &c.,  p.  80,  A.D.  1542.  elsewhere  Jamieson  translates  galbert  by 

Further  on— pp.  133,  148,  A.D.  1561 — we  mantle  (Fr.  gabert).  We  will  not  decide  whe- 

read  cordeleris  knottis,  an  ornament  in  em-  ther  galbert  is  derived  from  the  Fr.  galbrun 

broidery  anciently  worn  by  ladies  (Fr.  cor-  (low  Latin  galabrunus)  —  see  Du  Cange's 

deliere),  cordon,  a  string,  also  a  wreath,  and  Gloss,  and  Raynouard's  '  Lexique  Roman,' 

cordonit,  wreathed.  t.  vi.  p.  26 — but  we  will  note  that  the  root 

*  'A  Choice  Collection  of  Scots  Poems,'  gal  occurs  in  the  name  of  another  garment,  gal- 

part  ii.  p.  7.  Jamieson  derives  gubert  from  cott,  galcoit,  by  which  a  jacket  "  of  tartane 

Fr.  guipure, —  "a  gross  black  thread,"  says  work "  is  perhaps  meant. 


WORDS  RELATING    TO  DRESS. 


We  must  not  forget  the  French  cloth  colour  de  roy,  so 
denominated  from  its  colour.  Two  entries  of  1538,  quoted  by 
Pitcairn,1  go  to  show  that  it  was  the  common  dress  of  the  royal 
falconers ; 2  and  Cotgrave  states  that  it  was  of  dark  hue.3 
Cloth-of-gold,  generally  designed  as  baudkin  toldour,  toldoir, 
tweldore,  is  the  French  toile  a"  or* 

There  are  several  words  of  a  general  import,  or  relating  to 
parts  of  dress,  or  to  the  making  of  dress,  that  come  from  the 
French.  Silk  is  called  soy  (Fr.  soie),  ribbon  is  ruben  (Fr. 
ruban),  and  embroidery,  orphir  (Fr.  orfroi}.  Tatch,  a  fringe, 
a  shoulder-knot  (Ettr.),  is  the  Fr.  attache,  "a  thing  fastened  on, 
or  tyed  unto  another  thing."  5 

Traced,  laced,  conies  from  the  O.  Fr.  tressir,  faire  un  tissu. 
Fruncit,  puckered,  is  the  Fr.  frome",  from/roncer,  "to  gather, 
plait,  fold,  wrinkle,  crumple,  frumple; "  6  broderrit,  embroidered, 
is  from  broder,  to  embroider ;  and  to  pasment  (Fr.  passementer) 
means  to  trim  with  lace,  gold,  &c.  For  instance,  "  Ane  hie- 
land  mantill  of  blak  freis  pasmentit  with  gold,"  &c.  Pasments 
are  strips  of  lace  sewed  on  clothes  ;  and  pasmentar  (Fr.  fiasse- 
mentier)  may  mean  upholsterer. 

Pent  (Fr./ente)  is  an  opening  in  a  sleeve,  shirt,  &c. ;  burlet, 
a  standing  or  stuffed  neck  for  a  gown,  is  the  Fr.  bourlet,  bour- 
relet ;  and  lumbart,  the  skirt  of  a  coat,  the  Fr.  lumbaire.  Laich 


1   'Crim,  Trials,'  vol.  i.  pp.  295,  298. 


but   now  is  bright  tawny,  &c. — Vide  'The 


2  If  falcons  generally  were  imported  from     Parliament    of   Beistis,'    ap.    Henryson,    p. 


Scotland  to  France,   the  implements  to  use 
them  were  of  French  make. — 'Crim.  Trials,' 
vol.  i.  p.  318*,  A.D.  1541  ;  'Les  Ecossais  en 
France,"  vol.  i.  p.  427,  note  2. 
3  "  Couleur  de  roy  "  was  in  old  time  purple, 


140. 

4  'A  Collection  of  Inventories,'  &c.,  pp. 
34,  43,  44-     Cf.  G.  Douglas,  ii.  57,  31. 

5  Cotgrave,  sub  voce  "  Attache." 

6  Ibid.,  sub  voce  "  Fronser." 


86 


CIVILISATION  IN  SCOTLAND. 


of  a  coit  seems  to  be  the  Fr.  laize,  "  largeur  d'une  e"toffe  entre 
deux  lisieres." 

Watson's  Collection  supplies  us  with  words  relating  to 
pieces  of  female  dress  :— 

"  My  lady,  as  she  is  a  woman, 
Is  born  a  helper  to  undo  man ; 

For  she  invents  a  thousand  toys 

That  house  and  hold  and  all  destroys — 

Rebats,  ribands,  bands,  and  ruff, 

French  gows1  cut  out  and  double  banded,"  &c.2 

Female  head-gear  was  much  indebted  to  French  for  its 
designations.  Coil  or  kell*  (O.  Fr.  caile}  was  a  cap,  or  the 
hinder  part  of  a  cap,  the  meaning  at  the  present  day  in  the 

north. 

"  .     .     .     quhar  fro  anon  thare  landis 
Ane  hundreth  ladyes,  lusty  in  to  wedis, 
Als  fresch  as  flouris  that  in  May  up  spredis, 


1  Must  we  read  gowns,  or  ascribe  that  word 
to  petite  oye  (Eng.  goose,  geese),  which  existed 
in  French  with  the  sense  of  the  ribbons,  the 
trimming,  and  all  the  ornaments  of  dress  ? 

«  "The  Speech  of  a  Fife  Laird,"  &c.,  in 
'A  Choice  Collection  of  Scots  Poems,'  part 
i.  p.  3°- 

3  "  In  Honour  of  London,"  1.  47,  ap. 
Dunbar,  vol.  i.  p.  79.  Cf.  'Etudes  de  Phi- 
lologie  comparee  sur  1'Argot,"  voce  "Calege," 
p.  84,  col.  2,  note  2 ;  and  Nares's  Glossary, 
vac.  "  Callet  "  and  "  Callot."  Coil  occurs  in 
the  "  Satyre  of  the  thre  Estaitis,"  ••and 
Chalmers  ('  Sir  D.  Lyndsay's  Poetical 


Works,'  vol.  ii.  p.  101)  derives  it  from  Fr. 
cagoule,  which  seems  to  have  also  given  rise 
to  Eng.  cowl.  The  Welsh  have  cowyll,  s.  m., 
a  garment,  or  cloak  with  a  veil,  presented  by 
the  husband  to  his  bride  on  the  morning  after 
marriage,  &c. — W.  Owen  Pughes,  a  '  Dic- 
tionary of  the  Welsh  Language,'  vol.  i.  p. 
239,  col.  i.  Two  words  in  Gaelic  may  be 
connected  with  the  above, — 1°,  caile,  s.  f.,  a 
quean  or  slut,  a  vulgar  girl,  a  harlot,  Eng. 
callat  (Shakespeare,  "Henry  VI.,"  Part.  ii. 
Act  i.  sc.  3);  2°,  caileag,  s.  f.,  diminutive  of 
caile,  a  little  girl,  and  not  implying  the  re- 
proachful idea  attached  to  that  word. 


HEAD-DRESS. 


In  kirtillis  grene,  withoutyn  kell  or  bandis, 
Thair  brycht  hairis  hang  gletering  on  the  strandis 
In  tressis  clere,  wyppit  wyth  goldyn  thredis, 
With  pappis  quhite,  and  mydlis  small  as  wandis."  l 

Callot  (Fr.  calotte)  was  a  mutch  or  cap  without  a  bord  (Fr. 
bora")?  which  seems  to  be  much  the  same  piece  of  dress  as 
capuscke  (Fr.  capuce).  Tokie  (Fr.  toque)  was  an  old  woman's 
head-dress  which  resembled  a  monk's  cowl,  while  toque  itself 
was  used  to  denote  the  cushion  worn  on  the  fore-part  of  the 
head,  over  which  the  hair  was  combed.  Huttock  is  haute  toque. 

"  Great  Kennedy  and  Dunbar,  yet  undead, 
And  Quintyn,  with  a  huttock  on  his  head."  3 

The  bigonet  (Fr.  btguin 4)  was  a  linen  cap  or  coif,  commonly 
worn  when  the  female  was  in  dress,  and,  no  doubt,  tied  at 
times  by  pretty  railyettes  (Fr.  relier) ; — 

"  And  gie  to  me  my  bigonet, 
My  bishops  satin  gown,"  5  &c. 


1  ' '  The    Golden    Targe,"   st.   7  ;    among 
Dunbar's  Poems,  vol.  i.  p.  13. 

2  ".     .     .     Marchans  et  autres  gens    ro- 
turiers  n'eussent  ose  porter  en  leurs  habille- 
mens  non  pas  un  simple  bord  He  soy,"  &c. — 
'Les  Contes  et  Discours  d'Eutrapel,'  fol.  26 
verso. 

3  See  Gawin  Douglas,  "  Palace  of  Honour," 
among  his   'Poetical  Works,"  vol.  i.  p.  36, 
1.   14. 

4  In  the  Chamberlain's  Accounts  for  1329, 
vol.  i.  p.  72,  begynis  occurs  with  cindonis,  and 
seems  to  be  derived  from  btgidn.     Jamieson, 


who  quotes  the  entry  in  his  notes  on  '  Bar- 
bour's  Bruce,'  p.  101,  is  at  a  loss  to  explain 
begynis.  He  has  omitted  it  in  his  'Etymo- 
logical Dictionary.' 

There  occurs  how  or  /too,  nightcap.  Was  it 
not  a  derivation  from  have,  which  we  find  in 
a  French  pastoral  published  by  Roquefort, 
'De  1'Etat  de  la  Poesie  fransoise  dans  les 
xiie  et  xiiie  siecles,'  p.  391  ?  Cf.  Du  Cange's 
'  Gloss.  Med.  et  Inf.  Latin.,'  voce  "  Huva,"  2. 

5  Scotch  song,  "There's  nae  luck  aboot 
the  Hoose." 


88  CIVILISATION  IN  SCOTLAND. 

Another  sort  of  cap  was  called  awmous  (O.  Fr.  aumusse). 
There  is  a  piece  of  head-dress  often  mentioned  in  Pitcairn's 
'  Criminal  Trials '  under  the  names  of  curch,  c^lrche,  cursh,  cour- 
shet.  It  also  appears  under  the  form  of  courche,  courchie, 
courtshaw,  and  curge.  It  is  the  Fr.  couvreckef,  O.  Fr.  courcet, 
Walloon  courcht,  Eng.  kerchief?  and  seems  to  have  been  worn 
especially  by  widows. 

"  O  is  my  basnet  a  widow's  curch  ? 

Or  my  lance  a  wand  of  the  willow-tree  ? 
Or  my  arm  a  ladye's  lilye  hand, 

That  an  English  lord  should  lightly  me?" 

Scots  females  wore  also  a  large  bonnet,  named  bon  grace? 
a  term  likewise  applied  to  a  coarse  straw  hat  made  and  used 
by  the  peasantry  of  Roxburghshire ;  and  a  besong,  a  term 
formerly  current  to  distinguish  a  species  of  handkerchief 
crossed  upon  the  breast,3  and  perhaps  derived  from  the  French. 


1  'Crim.  Trials,'  vol.  i.  p.  242,  A.D.  1591 
vol.  ii.  p.  392,  A.D.  1602;  p.  463,  A.D.  1605 
&c. ;  '  Burgh  Records  of  the  City  of  Glasgow, 
p.  32,  A.D.  1574;  the  'Book  of  Bon  Accord, 
&c.,  vol.  i.  p.  199,  note;  "Kinmont  Willie,' 


1 7)  as  a  great  rarity.  See  also  Hall's  '  Chron- 
icle,' edited  by  Sir  Henry  Ellis,  p.  593.  In 
the  tariff  of  1612,  French  felt  hats  lined  with 
velvet  are  valued  at  .£48  the  dozen,  and  the 
same  lined  with  taffety,  .£24 — The  'Ledger 


st  x., 'Minstrelsy  of  the  Scottish  Border,"  vol.  of  Andrew    Halyburton,"   p.    314.      In  the 

ii.  p.  53  :  Edinburgh,  1861.  Accounts    of   the  Burgh   of    Aberdeen    for 

3    This  word  seems  to  have  been  used  in  1644-45,    a   French  black  hat  is  appraised 

England,  if  we  may  believe  Cotgrave,  who  men-  £6,  133.  4d. — The  '  Miscellany  of  the  Spald- 

tions  it  as  being  derived  from  Fr.  bonne-gr&ce,  ing  Club,"  vol.  v.  p.  163. 

the  Eng.  boon-grace,  which  is  the  same,  except  8  Chambers's   'Traditions  of  Edinburgh,' 

in  pronunciation.     In  '  Cleveland '  we  read,  ed.  1825,  vol.  ii.  p.  59.    We  did  not  mention 

"  his  butter'd  bon-grace,  that  film  of  a  demi-  the  cornettis,    which    occur    in    inventories 

castor." — Works,  p.  81  :  London,  1687.    Itis  of  1578,   quoted  by  Jamieson,   because    he 

well  known  that  beaver  hats  were  not  common,  leaves  the  word  without  any  explanation,  and 

—  Vide  Ben  Jonson's  ' '  Cynthian  Revels, "  Act  contents  himself  with  referring  to  the  Tre- 

i.  sc.  i.     Howell  sends  one  from  Paris  (Lett,  voux  Dictionary. 


HEAD-DRESS;    BODY-DRESS. 


89 


Torett-  or  torrett-claith,  turit,  turet,  a  muffler,  is  the  O.  Fr. 
touret  de  nez ;  wympil,  a  veil,  or  woman's  hood.1 

Pinner,  a  kind  of  female  head-dress,  with  lappets  pinned  to 
the  temples,  which  reach  as  far  as  the  breast,  and  are  fastened 
to  it,  seems  to  be  the  same  as  the  O.  Fr.  pignoir.  Cornith, 
some  kind  of  head-dress,  appears  to  be  the  same  as  cornette, 
"  the  two  ends  of  a  coif,  which  resemble  horns."  Panash  (Fr. 
panache)  is  a  plume  worn  in  the  hat.  Orilyeit  (Fr.  oreillet, 
oreillete)  is  a  piece  of  cloth,  used  for  covering  the  ears  at  night.2 
Mussal,  myssal,  mussaling,  means  a  veil ;  and  when  ladies  wore 
it,  they  were  said  to  be  muselit,  missalit 3  (O.  Fr.  emmusele*). 

In  the  old  inventories  and  accounts  of  the  expenses  incurred 
on  James  VI. 's  marriage,  in  May  1590,  we  meet  with  jup, 
jupe,  jowp,  jowpe,  and  jowpoun  (Fr.  jupe,  jupon),  a  short 
cassock.  This  piece  of  dress  was  often  stellat 4  (O.  Fr.  estelle"), 
or  ornamented  with  "  pasmentis  of  gold  clinkand,"5 — in  French, 
de  passements  de  clinquant. 

Casakene,  cassikin 6   (Fr.   casaquin,  camisole,  petite  casaque 


1  G.  Douglas,  ii.  218,  28.  Hence  to 
•wymple  (iii.  27,  9),  to  fold,  to  wrap. 

5  Pierre  Grosnet  addresses  thus  ladies : — 

"  Vos  oreillettes  de  velours    .    . 
En  enfer  vous  feront  grant  guerre." 

— Les  Motz  dorez  de  Cathon. 

3  'Crim.  Trials,'  vol.  i.  p.  266,  A.D.  1592  ; 
vol.  ii.  p.  383,  A.D.  1616.  "  S.  Salvadour,  qui 
s'estoit  emmmelt  et  cache  de  sa  cape. " — '  Les 
Contes  et  Discours  d'Eutrapel,'  f.  143  versa. 

*  Vide  'Clariodus,'  p.  222, 1.  1009  ;  p.  335, 
1.  1731.  Cf.  'Recherches  sur  les  etoffes  de 
sole,'  vol.  i.  p.  362  ;  vol.  ii.  pp.  13-15,  &c. 

8  '  Papers  relative  to  the  Marriage  of  King 
James  VI.,'  Appendix,  No.  ii.  pp.  15,  21.  G. 


Douglas  has  parsmentis  (ii.  257,  23),  which 
his  editor,  J.  Smal,  translates  "coats  of  divers 
colours."  In  "Philotus,"  a  pimp,  to  seduce 
a  young  maid,  promises  her  "claithis  on 
cullouris  cuttit  out,  And  all  pasmentit  round 
about."— Fol.  B  2  verso,  sts.  28,  30.  Cf. 
'  Dom.  Ann.  of  Scot.,'  vol.  i.  pp.  376,  377 ; 
'  Family  Jewels  and  Valuables  of  Glenurquhy,' 
entailed,  1640,  ap.  Innes,  '  Sketches  of  early 
Scotch  History,'  p.  510. 

6  Calderwood,  January  1610 ;  Chambers's 
'Dom.  Ann.  of  Scot.,'  A.D.  1610,  vol.  i.  p. 
427.  In  the  time  of  Noel  du  Fail,  young 
Frenchmen  wore  casaquins.  —  Vide  his 
'  Contes,'  fol.  143  verso. 


M 


90  CIVILISATION  IN  SCOTLAND. 

x 

a  1'usage  des  femmes,  connected  with  Eng.  cassoK),  was  a  kind 
of  surtout ;  cartoush,  curtoush  (Fr.  court  and  housse,  "  a  short 
mantle  of  course  cloth  (and  all  of  a  peece),  worn  in  ill  weather 
by  country  women  about  their  head  and  shoulders  " — Cotg.), 
was  a  bedgown,  tight  round  the  waist,  with  short  skirts,  having 
the  corners  rounded  off,  somewhat  in  the  fashion  of  a  riding- 
habit.  Stomok  is  the  piece  of  dress  that  was  called  in  later 
times  stomacher  or  stomager.  In  certain  districts  of  France, 
female  peasants  wear  on  their  breasts  a  piece  of  cloth,  which  is 
termed  piece  d'estomac. 

Valicot,  wylecot,  wilie-coat,  or  wallaquite  in  northern  pronun- 
ciation, a  kind  of  under  woollen  jerkin,  seems  to  come  from  the 
Fr.  voile,  with  the  addition  of  coat.  "  Gelcott,  gelcoit  of  quhit 
tertane,"  "  gelcot  of  tertane  work,"  1  appears  to  be  the  same 
word.  "  Ballant-\x)d.\ce,  made  of  leather,  anciently  worn  by 
ladies  in  Scotland,  is  made  up  of  the  O.  Fr.  balene,  Fr.  baleine, 
and  bodice;  balenes,  whalebone  bodies,  French  bodies,"  says 
Cotgrave. 

Tischay,  tische,  tysche  (Fr.  tissuz)  was  a  girdle  ;  a  rebat  (Fr. 
rabat,  Eng.  rebate 3)  was  the  hood  of  a  mantle,  rocklay,  rokely, 
rokelay  (O.  Fr.  rocket,  roquet,  Fr.  rocket).  Shephron,  mentioned 
also  among  such  "  toys,"  seems  to  be  connected  with  Fr.  cha- 
peron* Vaskene,  vasquine,  is  the  Fr.  basquine,  explained  by 
Cotgrave,  "  a  kirtle  or  petticoat ;  also  a  Spanish  vardingale." 

1  'Registers  of  the  Council  of  Aberdeen,'  a  clock." — '  Social  Life  in  former  Days,  chiefly 

v.  19,  20.  in  the  Province  of  Moray,'  &c.,  p.  281 :  Edin- 

-  G.   Douglas,  ii.  49,  24  ;  iii.  236,  27 ;  iv.  burgh,  1865— 8vo. 

113,  31.      In  a  letter  published  by  Captain         3  Vide  'A  Woman  killed  with  Kindness.' 
E.  Dunbar,  we  read  :  "The  laird  is  gone  to         4   Vide  '  Recherches  sur  le    Commerce,  la 

my  Lord  Balantir's  buriall  this  morning,  and  Fabrication,  et  1'Usage  des  Etoffes  de  sole," 

your  black  cloaths  are  on  him  as  yet ;  but  you  &c.,  vol.  i.  pp.  79,  80  ;  vol.  ii.  p.  450.     See 

will  have  them  to-morrows  morning  be  seven  also  hereafter,  ch.  v.  ("  Fine  Arts  "),  p.  108. 


DRESSES.  91 


The  vertgadin,  vardingard,  vardingall,  verdingale?-  a  far- 
thingale, is  the  Fr.  vertugadin.  There  was  a  coarse  gown, 
called  sclavin,  sclaveyn?  which,  no  doubt,  was  the  same  piece 
of  dress  as  that  so  frequently  mentioned  under  the  name  of 
esclavine  in  the  old  French  romances.  Later,  a  light  gown  cut 
in  the  middle  was  introduced  in  the  sixteenth  century,  under 
the  name  of  chymour,  chymer  (Fr.  simarre)?  doubtlessly  by 

"  An  tailzeour,  quhilk  hes  fosterit  in  France, 
Than  can  mak  garmentis  on  the  gayest  gyse." 4 

The  surcoat,  after  having  been  used  as  an  overcoat,  became  a 
waistcoat,  an  under-doublet,  sometimes  made  of  satin,  and  im- 
ported from  France.5  Joistiecor,  justiecor?  justicat,  justicoat, 
a  tightly-fitting  body-coat,  is  the  "Fr.justaucorps. 

Stoyle,  a  long  vest  reaching  to  the  ankles,  comes  from  the  O. 
Fr.  stole,  Lat.  stola.  Polonie,  pollonian,  polonaise,  palonie,  was 
a  dress  of  various  shape,  and  adapted  to  the  wear  of  men  or 
boys,  according  to  form. 

Galbert,  a  mantle,  is  the  O.  Fr.  galvardine.  The  form  in  the 
north  is  gilbert,  and  is  still  used.  Talbart,  tolbert,  tavert,  a  wide 


1  '  Inventaires  de  la  Royne  Descosse,'  &c.,  Bias,'  Act  i.  sc.  2,  chamarre,  to  mean  em- 

p.  xxviii,  note  3.  broideries,  ornaments. 

3  '  Orfeo  and  Heurodis,'  v.  190  j  the  '  Geste  4  '  The  Tragedie  of  the  Cardinal!,'  among 

of  King  Horn,'  v.  1063.  the  Poetical  Works  of  Sir   David  Lyndsay, 

3  Henryson's  Fables,  the  Prologue,  1.  30;  vol.  ii.  p.  237.     Let  us  note  the  word  gyse 

Laing's  edition,  p.  156.     Todd,  in  his  addi-  (Fr.  and   Eng.   guise),    mode,   fashion,   used 

tions  to  Dr  Johnson's  Dictionary,  gives,  after  also  in  the  "Testament  of  Cresseid,"  1.  164; 

"  chimar,  s.,   a  part  of  a  bishop's   dress,"  Laing's  edition,  p.  8l. 

"  chimare,  s.,  a  robe,"  and  quotes  Wheatly.  6  '  Compota  Thes.  Reg.  Scot.,'  A.D.  1473, 

In  old  French  we  had  chamarre,  which  Littre  vol.  i.  p.  15. 

considers  as  the  primitive  form  of  simarre,  e  Privy    Council    record,    quoted    by    R. 

and  which  gave  rise  to  the  verb  chamarrer.  Chambers,  'Dom.  Ann.  of  Scot.,'  vol.  ii.  p. 

Victor  Hugo  has  introduced  into  his  'Ruy  358,  A.D.  1673. 


CIVILISATION  IN  SCOTLAND. 


loose  overcoat,  the  painted  overcoat  worn  by  heralds,  Eng. 
tabard,  is  the  Fr.  tabard,  It.  tabarro,  Span,  tabardo.  Junc- 
turer,  a  name  for  a  greatcoat  (Roxb.),  seems  to  be  the  same 
as  the  O.  Yr.joincture. 

It  may  not  be  out  of  place  to  mention  two  pieces  of  clerical 
dress — viz.,  rockat  and  surpeclaithe.  Rockat  is  the  Eng.  rochet, 
Fr.  rochet,  It.  rocchetto,  a  garment  of  plaited  lawn  worn  by 
bishops  ;  whilst  surpeclaithe,  a  surplice,  is  evidently  from  the 
same  word  as  surplice,  Fr.  surplis,  O.  Fr.  sorpeliz,  surpeliz, 
surpelis,  mid.  Lat.  superpelliceum — that  is,  a  linen  gown  worn 
over  the  woollen  or  furry  clothing  of  the  officiating  ecclesi- 
astic, with  the  addition  of  claithe,  cloth. 

Probably  the  caprowsy — which,  according  to  Ramsay,  was  an 
upper  garment,  and  to  Jamieson  a  short  cloak  with  a  hood  a— 
is  a  corruption  of  cape  rosine;  for  garments  of  rosy  colour  were 
not  uncommon  in  Scotland : 2— 

"  Thow  held  the  burch  lang  with  ane  borrowit  goun, 
And  ane  caprowsy  barkit  all  with  sweit." 3 

Capados,  which  has  not  been  satisfactorily  explained,4  may  be 


1  Cf.  Laing,  Glossary  to  Dunbar,  and 
'  Flyting  of  Dunbar  and  Kennedy,"  1.  202, 
vol.  ii.  pp.  73,  468.  In  the  tariff  of  1612 
occurs  "  Pareis  mantel  cullored,  the  piece, 
viii  lib.,  and  uncollored,  vi  lib.,'r  which  un- 
doubtedly must  be  understood  a  cloak  of 
Paris  make,  with  or  without  collar. — Vide 
the  'Ledger  of  Andrew  Halyburton,'  p. 
290. 

1  Vide  'Clariodus,'  p.  340,  1.  1873,  where 
the  rhymer  introduces  a  gown  ' '  rosey  of  dew 
beaute  ; "  'A  Collection  of  Inventories,'  p. 
125,  for  "incarnet  velvet."  In  "Lybeaus 


Disconus,"  i.  874,  ap.  Ritson's  'Early  Eng- 
lish Metr.  Rom.,'  vol.  ii.  p.  38,  it  is  said  of  a 
lady  that  "  her  mantyll  was  rosyne." 

3  '  The  Flyting  of  Dunbar  and  Kennedy,' 
St.  xxvi. — Dunbar's  Poems,  vol.  ii.  p.  73. 

4  Vide    "Syr    Gawayn    and    the    Grene 
Knyght,"  1.   572.      Cf.    11.    186,    1930;   Sir 
Fred.  Madden's  note,  pp.  314,  315.     Adous, 
ados,  with  the  sense  of  cover,  occurs  in  "Gui 
de  Bourgogne,"  1.  2609,  p.  79  ;  and  in  '  Par- 
tonopeus  de  Blois,'  vol.  i.  p.  81,  1.  2432.     In 
"Gaydon,"  1.  4284,  p.  129,  adoun  is  synony- 
mous with  arms. 


HA  ND  -  CO  V BRINGS.  93 

mentioned  here.  It  is  perhaps  connected  with  the  Sp.  capa, 
a  cloak.  Cardinal  was  a  long  cloak  worn  by  women,  origin- 
ally made  of  cloth  of  scarlet  colour,  like  that  worn  by  a 
cardinal — hence  its  name.  Such  an  outer  garment  might 
have  been  seen  in  country  churches  in  the  north,  gracing 
the  figure  of  some  aged  old-fashioned  woman,  down  to  a  few 
years  ago. 

Coverings  for  the  hands  were  indebted  to  the  French  lan- 
guage for  their  designations.  Mitten,  mittain}  a  glove  without 
fingers,  hence  called  in  the  north  "  hummel  mitten,"  is  the  Fr. 
mitaine;  low  Lat.  mitela,  mitana.  Chevron  is  the  Fr.  che- 
vreau?  a  kid.  Kid  leather  is  also  called  schiverone.  Dumbie- 
dikes,  in  the  '  Heart  of  Mid- Lothian,'  leaves  his  malediction 
to  his  son  if  he  gives  the  minister  or  doctor  even  "  a  pair 
of  black  chevrons."  It  is  still  a  practice  in  some  of  the 
southern  counties  for  the  bridegroom  to  give  the  minister,  who 
marries  him,  a  pair  of  black  kid-gloves.  Poynie*  is  the 
Fr.  poing ;  muffle,  moufle,  muffitie,  a  kind  of  mitten,  made 
either  of  leather  or  of  worsted  knitted,  is  of  the  same  origin, 
moiifle. 

Coverings  for  the  legs  and  feet  were  of  various  kinds,  and 
some  of  them  bore  names  derived  from  French,  no  doubt, 
because  the  articles  themselves  came  first  from  France.  A 
kind  of  buskin,  or  half-boot,  called  botyn?  bottine,  is  the  Fr. 
bottine  (Walloon,  botekene),  cothurne. 

1  '  The  Wolf,  the  Foxe,  and  the  Cadgear,'  old  English  word  from  chevreuil,  which  is  a 

1.  109,  among  '  Henryson's  Fables,'  p.  185.  mistake. 

3  Nares,  Glossary,  &c.,  voce  "  Cheveril,"  a  *  Punye,  a  small  body  of  men,  is  OM 

kid,  more  commonly  kid  leather,  derives  this  4  G.  Douglas,  vol.  ii.  p.  40,  1.  31. 


94 


CIVILISATION  IN  SCOTLAND. 


"  Thow  bringis  the  Carrik  clay  to  Edinburgh  corse, 
Upoun  thy  botingis  hobland,  hard  as  home ; 
Stra  wispis  hingis  owt,  quhair  that  the  wattis  ar  worne."  ' 

Another  form,  brodikin,  brodykynn,  brottekin,  brotikin,  is  the 
Fr.  brodequin.  Spatril,  a  kind  of  shoe,  appears  to  be  the  same 
with  Fr.  espadrille,  a  name  given  in  the  Pyrenees  to  a  sort 
of  shoe,  called  also  spatrille,  spardegne,  diminutive  of  Span. 
sparto.  A  slipper  was  called  mullz  (Fr.  mule).  Another  name 
for  a  slipper  was  in  various  forms  pantoufle?  pantufl,  pantuifil 
(Fr.  pantoufle).  Pantoun  is  the  form  used  by  Dunbar. 

"  Than  cam  in  Dunbar  the  makkar, 
On  all  the  flure  thair  was  nane  frakkar, 
And  thare  he  daunsit  the  dirrye  dantoun ; 
He  hoppet  lyk  a  fillie  wantoun, 

For  luiff  of  Musgraiffe,  men  tellis  me ; 
He  trippet,  quhill  he  tint  his  pantoun : 

A  mirrear  dance  mycht  na  man  see." 4 

A  thin-soled  shoe  or  pump  was  scarpen  (Fr.  escarpin),  .the 
more  general  use5  of  which  a  satirical  poet  describes  as  a  proof 
of  the  increase  of  pride  and  luxury : — 


1  'The  Fly  ting  of  Dunbar  and  Kennedy,' 
st.  xxvii. — Dunbar's  Poems,  vol.  ii.  p.  73. 

Watts,  wats,  or  wauts,  according  to  north- 
ern pronunciation  and  still  in  common  use, 
hitherto,  unexplained,  are  the  welts  of  the 
botings.  The  straw  hanging  from  the 
"watts"  is  the  straw  put  into  the  botings 
as  a  sole, — a  practice  which  still  prevails. 
Such  straw  is  called  in  the  north  nowadays 
"a  shee-wisp." 

3  'Crim.  Trials,'  vol.  i.  p.  495,  A.D.  1567- 
68;  p.  146,  A.D.  1586;  p.  391,  A.D.  1596. 


Mary  of  Guise,  and  at  least  one  of  her  female 
attendants,  ordered  their  meulles  and  shoes  in 
Paris. —  Vide  'Les  Ecossais  en  France,"  &c., 
vol.  i.  p.  435. 

3  'Compota  Thes.    Reg.  Scot.,'  pp.  224, 

334- 

*  'Of  a  Dance  in  the  Quenis  Chalmer,' 
st.  iv. — Dunbar's  Poems,  vol.  i.  p.  120. 

8  Before,  the  exportation  of  shoes,  as  well 
as  of  butter,  cheese,  and  candles,  had  been 
prohibited  by  4  James  VI.,  ch.  59. 


COVERINGS  FOR    THE  LEGS. 


95 


"  Et  tout  est  d  la  mode  de  France. 
Thair  dry  scarpenis,  baithe  tryme  and  ineit ; 
Thair  mullis  *  glitteran  on  thair  feit." 2 

Gamaches,  gaiters  reaching  to  the  knees,  were  also  imported 
into  Scotland,  with  their  name  sometimes  slightly  corrupted 
into  gramashes  and  gamashons, — terms  which,  notwithstanding 
the  change,  are  certainly  from  the  same  source  as  gamesons. 
Whether  sutorz  came  from  Fr.  stteur,  or  directly  from  the 
Latin,  is  not,  as  it  would  appear  at  first  glance,  easy  to  deter- 
mine. Tanneree  (Fr.  tanner,  to  dress  leather  with  tan,  the  bark 
of  young  oak)  is  a  tanwork  (Fr.  tannerie).  The  word  is  always 
accented  on  the  last  syllable.4 

Corbuyle,  leather  thickened  and  hardened  in  the  preparation, 
or  jacked  leather,  is  the  Fr.  cuir  bouilli, 

Shankis,  or  stockings  of  costly  materials,  seem  to  have  been 
scarce;  for  we  find  "ane  pair  of  reid  silk  schankis,"  in  I5Q6,5 


1  The  French,  said  an  English  poet  of  his 
countrymen — 

"  Now  give  us  laws  for  pantaloons, 
The  length  of  breeches,  and  the  gathers, 
Port-cannons,  periwigs,  and  feathers." 

— '  Hudibras,'  Part  i.  c.  iii.  924. 

Ben  Jonson,  describing  a  mere  Englishman 
who  affected  to  be  French,  thus  attacks  him 
in  his  epigram  86  : — 

"  Would  you  believe,  when  you  this  monsieur  see. 
That  his  whole  body  should  speak  French,  not  he ; 
That  so  much  scarf  of  France,  and  hat,  and  feather. 
And  shoe  and  tye,  and  garter,  should  come  hither, 
And  land  on  one,  whose  face  durst  never  be 
Toward  the  sea?" 

Long  before,  Sir  Thomas  More  had  written 
in  his  'Lucubrationes,'  p.  206  : — 

"  At  quisquis  insula  satus  Britannica, 
Si  patriam  insolens  fastidiet  suam 


Ut  more  simiae  laboret  fingere, 

Et  semularc  Gallicas  ineptias, 

Ex  amne  Gallo  ego  hunc  opinor  ebrium. 

Ergo  ex  Britanno  ut  Callus  esse  nititur, 

Sic  Dii  jubete,  fiat  ex  gallo  capus." 

2  Maitland's  Poems,  p.  184. 

•  "  In  the  fourteenth  of  October 

Was  ne'er  a  sutor  sober." — Prov. 

Souter  occurs  also  in  early  English  literature 
— namely,  in  Chaucer;  but  it  is  now  almost 
obsolete,  except  in  Scotland,  the  Border 
counties,  and  Yorkshire. 

4  Vide  Lyall's  'Travels  in  Russia,'  vol.  i. 
p.  262. 

8  'Crim.  Trials,' vol.  i.  p.  391.  In  Scots, 
as  in  English,  shank  means  leg;  and  red-shank 
is  synonymous  with  Highlander,  this  portion 
of  the  Scottish  nation  having  been  so  "sur- 


96 


CIVILISATION  IN  SCOTLAND. 


mentioned  as  something  not  common.  King  James  VI.  ad- 
dressed his  cousin,  the  Earl  of  Mar,  beseeching  the  loan  of 
"  the  pair  of  silken  hose,"  in  order  to  grace  his  royal  person  at 
the  reception  of  the  Spanish  ambassador.1  Shankis  of  silk  are 
also  mentioned  in  "  Philotus,"2  and  in  an  account  of  1636,  with 
"  ane  black  French  bever  hat."  3  Castin  hois  seem  to  be  hose 
of  a  chestnut  colour.  Castin  is  the  Fr.  chdtain,  Lat.  castaneus. 
Undoubtedly  if  there  was  in  Scotland  any  home-made  em- 
broidery, the  natives  owed  that  refined  art  to  the  lessons 
of  their  allies  ;  and,  as  we  write,  we  are  informed  that  in  more 
than  one  Scottish  village  lingers  the  tradition  of  a  French 
tambour-stitch,  which  was  probably  imported  when  the  newest 
fashions  came  from  the  Court  of  Blois  or  Fontainebleau.4  The 


named  of  their  immoderate  maunching  up  the 
red-shanks,  or  red  herrings."— 'The  Harl. 
Miscell.,'  vol.  vi.  p.  163.  The  following 
passage,  showing  the  state  of  the  shoemaking 
trade  in  the  Highlands  of  Scotland  in  the 
early  part  of  the  sixteenth  century,  and  how 
the  Highlanders  came  to  be  denominated  red- 
shanks, is  extracted  from  the  curious  letter  of 
John  Elder,  a  Highland  priest,  to  King  Henry 
VIII.,  A.D.  1543.  The  letter  itself  has  been 
printed  at  full  length  in  the  '  Collectanea  de 
Rebus  Albanicis,'  vol.  i.  pp.  23-32  :  "  And 
agayne  in  wynter,  whene  the  freest  is  mooste 
vehement,  .  .  .  we  go  a  huntynge,  and 
after  that  we  have  slayne  redd  deir,  we  flaye 
off  the  skyne,  bey  and  bey,  and  settinge  of  our 
bair  foote  on  the  insyde  therof,  for  neide  of 
cunnynge  shoemakers,  by  your  grace's  pardon, 
we  play  the  sutlers,"  &c. 

1  '  Domestic  Annals  of  Scotland,"  vol.  i.  p. 
201.  Some  other  facts  collected  by  Buckle, 
'  Hist,  of  Civilisation  in  England,'  vol.  ii. 
p.  266,  note  4,  show  that  James  VI.  was  ex- 


tremely power  (Fr.  fattvrt). —  Vide  'A  Diurnal 
of  Remarkable  Occurrents,'  &c.,  A.D.  1544. 
After  his  accession  to  the  English  throne,  he 
found  in  his  new  kingdom,  with  a  passion  for 
silk  stockings,  some  which  were  of  home 
make.  —  Vide  '  Recherches  sur  le  Commerce 
des  Etoffes  de  soie,'  vol.  ii.  p.  315;  Ben 
Jonson,  "  Every  Man  in  his  Humour,"  Act  i. 
sc.  2  ;  and  other  dramatic  writers — viz.,  the 
authors  of  "  Miseries  of  Inforced  Marriage," 
"The  Roaring  Girl,"  Act  i.  sc.  I,  and  of 
"The  Hog  has  lost  his  Pearl"— 1614.  In 
the  tariff  of  1612,  silk  stockings  of  Milan  or 
France  are  priced  £l2  and  .£15,  according  to 
the  size. — '  Ledger  of  Andrew  Halyburton,' 
p.  327.  On  the  silk  stockings  of  Henri  II. 
of  France,  see  the  '  Revue  retrospective,'  vol. 
iv.  p.  20. 

2  Fol.  B  2  verso,  st.  28 ;  'Domestic  Annals 
of  Scotland,'  vol.  i.  p.  377,  A.D.  1603. 

8  '  Sketches  of  early  Scotch  History,'  p. 
374,  note,  col.  i. 

4  An   English   chronicler,   mentioning  the 


FURS. 


97 


Queen  of  James  V.  employed  part  of  her  time  in  embroidery, 
and  no^  doubt  the  ladies  of  the  Court  followed  her  example. 
There  are  in  the  Treasurer's  books  entries  regarding  different 
kinds  of  thread  used  in  it.  "  March  25,  1539  :  Item,  send  to 
Linlithgow,  be  Katheryne  Ballendene,  to  the  Queenis  grace, 
twa  pound  of  sewing  gold,  price  thairof  xxiiij  lib."  "  Item,  ane 
pound  of  sewing  silver,  xiiij  lib.  vjs."  "  Item,  ix  vnce  of  blak 
Paryse  silk,  liiijs."  "  Item,  xvj  lang  bobennis  (Fr.  bobines), 
price  of  the  pece,  vs.  iiijd.;  summa  iiij  lib.  vs.  iiijd."  "  Item, 
xvj  schort  bobenis,  ladit  at  vjs.  viijd. ;  summa  v  lib.  vs.  viijd." 

In  Scotland,  as  well  as  in  other  European  countries,  furs 
were  in  great  estimation, — so  much  so,  that  in  1420  an  act  was 
passed  to  prohibit  all  persons  below  the  rank  of  knights  and 
lords  of  200  marks  rent  from  wearing  costly  furs,  confining 
their  decorations  to  "serpes,  beltes,  broches,  and  chainzies."1 
It  is  probable  that  they  were  imported  from  Flanders.2  Their 
names,  however,  smack  of  France  and  South  Britain.  Pillour, 
pelure  (O.  Fr.  pelure),  is  a  general  name  for  costly  fur  :— 


arrival  of  the  French  ambassadors  in  1518, 
says  that  with  them  "came  a  great  numbre  of 
rascal,  and  pedlers,  and  inellers,  and  brought 
ouer  hattes  and  cappes,  and  diuerse  merchaun- 
dise,  vncustomed,  all  vnder  the  coloure  of  the 
trussery  of  the  ambassadours.  .  .  .  The 
young  galantes  of  Fraunce  had  coates  garded 
with  one  colour,  cut  in  .x.  or  .xii.  partes,  very 
richely  to  beholde.  .  .  .  The  admyrall 
[Lord  Boneuet]  was  in  a  goune  of  cloth  of 
siluer,  raysed,  furred  with  ryche  sables,  and  al 
his  company  almost  were  in  a  new  fassioun 
garment  called  a  sheinc-M,  which  was  in  effect 
a  goune,  cut  in  the  middle. " — Hall's  Chron- 
icle, pp.  593,  59  j,  ed.  1809. 


1  Acts,  9  James  I.,  ch.  118.     The  serpe  was 
apparently  a  sort  of  fibula,  made  in  a  hooked 
form,  like  a  pruning-knife,  called  in  French 
serpe. 

2  The  commonest  furs  were  products  of 
North  Britain,  if  not  imported  from  Ireland. 
The  author  of  'The  Libel  of  English  Policy,' 
A.D.  1436,  after  having  said  that  "marternus 
gode,  ben  here  marchaundyse, "adds : — 

"  Hertys  hydes,  and  other  of  venerye, 
Skynnes  of  otere,  and  fox  is  here  chaflare, 
Felles  of  kydde  and  conyes  grete  plente*." 

— Th.  Wright's  'Political  Poems  and  Songs,' 
Rolls  Series,  vol.  ii.  p.  186. 


N 


98  CIVILISATION  IN  SCOTLAND. 

"  Her  hode  of  a  herde  hew,  that  her  hede  hedes, 
Of  pillour,  of  palwerk,  of  perre  to  pay."  * 

Pane  (O.  Fr.  panne,  penne)  is  another  term  for  fur  :— 

"  Ther  com  a  schip  of  Norway 

To  Sir  Rohantes  hold, 
With  haukes  white  and  grey, 
And  panes  fair  y  fold." 2 

Purray,  purry,  a  species  of  fur,  is  the  Fr.  fouree.  Martrik, 
martrick?  sable,  is  the  Fr.  martre.  Lady  Jane,  daughter  of 
James  V.,  had  in  1539  "waltino  for  a  nicht-goune "  of  "blak 
taffiteis  and  welvot,"  with  "  lyning  of  the  samin  goune  with 
cotonaris  (probably  Fr.  cotonner,  to  stuff  with  cotton),  and  the 
fair  breistis  with  mertrik  sable."  Letteis  is  the  O.  Fr.  letice,  let- 
tice ;  funzis,  funzeis,  the  fur  of  the  polecat  or  fitch,4  is  the  Fr. 
fouine;  luterris  is  loutre;  and  myniver,  mynyvaris?  the  Fr. 
menu  vair,  of  so  frequent  an  occurrence  in  the  historical  and 
romantic  literature  of  the  two  nations.8 


1  "Sir  Gawan  and  Sir  Gallaron,"  i.  2.  4  'Compota  Thes.  Reg.  Scot.,'  vol.  i.  pp. 

1  "  Sir  Tristrem,"  fytte  first,  st.  xxviii.  190,  225. 

3  "Custom  of  martrick  skinnes  and  uther  6  'Crim.  Trials,'  vol.  i.  p.  289*,  A.D.  1537. 

furrings."  —  First   Parliament  of  James   I.,  e  See  chapter  vii. 
halden  at  Perth,  art.  22,  A.D.  1424. 


CHAPTER      V. 


jffne  Hrts, 


CHAPTER    V. 

FINE   ARTS. 

| HERE  is  evidence  that  mines  of  the  precious 
metals  were  wrought  in  Scotland  as  early  as 
the  twelfth  century.  In  the  year  1125  David 
I.  granted  to  the  Church  of  the  Holy  Trinity  of 
Dunfermline  his  tenth  of  all  the  gold  which  should  accrue  to 
him  from  Fife  and  Fothrif.1  We  learn  from  the  accounts  of 
the  High  Treasurer  preserved  in  the  General  Register  House, 
Edinburgh,  that  on  the  2gth  of  March  1513,  John  Damiane,  the 
"  fenyeit  Freir  of  Tungland,"  received  ^20  for  going  to  Craw- 
furd  Moor,  where  King  James  IV.  hoped  to  find  gold.2  At  a 
later  period  Frenchmen  were  employed  in  working  the  mines, 
as  we  are  informed  by  many  other  items,  from  among  which 
we  select  the  following,  which  occurs  in  the  fol.  94  verso  of 
the  register,  under  the  date  of  August  1538  :  "Item,  gevin  to 
ane  Scottis  boy  that  spekis  Frenche,  quhelkis  passit  with  ye 
Frenche  mynoures  to  Craufurd  Mure  to  serve  thame  quhill 
thai  gett  the  langage."  Besides,  Sir  Robert  Gordon  speaks  of 
silver  and  gold  mines  in  Sutherlandshire.8 

1  Chalmers,    'Caledonia,'  vol.  i.   p.   794;  *  '  Les  Ecossais  en  France,' &c.,  vol.   I.  p. 

Hailes,    '  Annals,'  vol.    ii.  p.  461  ;    '  Chart.  333. 

Dun.'  v.   ii.  f.   7.     Cf.   '  Old  English  Plate,  3  '  A  Genealogical  History  of  the  County 

Ecclesiastical,  Decorative,  and  Domestic  ;  its  of  Sutherland, '  pp.  6,  10  :  Edinburgh,  1816 — 

Makers  and  Marks,' &c.     By  Wilfred  Joseph  foL 
Cripps,  p.  4 :  London,  1878 — 8vo. 


102  CIVILISATION  IN  SCOTLAND. 

Barbour,  in  giving  an  account  of  the  casket  in  which  Robert 
the  Bruce's  heart  was  enshrined,  describes  it  in  the  following 
words  : —  • 

"  And  the  gud  lord  of  Douglas  syne 
Gert  mak  a  cass  of  silver  fyne, 
Ennamylyt  throw  suthelteY'1 

Andrew  of  Wynton  says  of  the  same  object  of  art  :— 

"  That  ilke  hart  than,  as  men  sayd, 
Scho  2  bawmyd,  and  gert  be  layd 
In  till  a  cophyn  off  evore, 
That  scho  gert  be  made  tharefore, 
Annamalyd  and  perfytly  dycht, 
Lokyt,  and  bwndyn  wyth  sylver  brycht"  3  . 

There  is,  however,  no  clue  to  decide  whether  this  article  of 
virtu,  and  the  plate  which  Sir  James  Douglas  carried  with 
him  on  his  way  to  Jerusalem  in  1328,*  were  made  in  Scotland 
or  not. 

The  dangerous  token  of  loyalty  sent  to  Queen  Mary  Stuart 
about  1570,  and  supposed  to  be  from  the  Earl  of  Athol,5 
was  in  all  likelihood  made  in  Scotland. 

1  'The  Bruce,' bukexiv.,1.  893  ;  Jamieson's  and  a  gentlewoman  sitting  in  the  same,  in  a 

edition,  pp.  413,  414.     Cf.  notes,  p.  489.  robe -royal,  with  a  crown  upon  her  head. 

-  Devorgill.  Under  her  feet  was  a  rose  environed  with  a 

3  '  The  Orygynale  Cronykil  of  Scotland,'  thistle.     Under  that  were  two  lions,  the  one 
b.  viii.  ch.  ix.  L  1478 ;  Dr  Laing's  edit,  vol.  bigger,  the  other  lesser.      The  bigger  lion 
ii.  pp.  321,  322.  held  his  paw  upon  the  face  of  the  other,  as 

4  See  Froissart,  sub  anno.  his  lord  and  commander.     Beneath  all  were 

5  It  was  "  a  pretty  hart  horn,  not  exceeding  written  these  words  : — 

in  quantity  the  palm  of  a  man's  hand,  covered  •  Fall  what  may  fall, 

with  gold,  and  artificially  wrought.     In  the  The  lion  shall  be  lord  of  all/ 

head  of  it  were  curiously  engraven  the  arms  This   was  evidently  designed   to    convey   a 

of  Scotland  ;  in  the  nether  part  of  it  a  throne,  hope  and  wish  that  Mary  should  ere  long,  in 


GOLDSMITHS. 


103 


But  there  is  clear  evidence  that  the  art  of  the  goldsmith 
was  practised  in  Scotland.  James  IV.,  among  his  "mony 
servitouris  And  officiaris  of  dyvers  curis,  .  .  .  and  craftis- 
men  fyne,"  had  "  glasing  wrichtis,  goldsmythis,  and  lapidaris."  l 
James  V.  was  a  great  patron  of  works  in  the  precious  metals, 
as  well  as  of  others  that  tended  to  improve  the  condition  of 
his  kingdom.  The  names  of  at  least  three  goldsmiths  who 
enjoyed  his  patronage  are  known  :  John  Mosman ;  Thomas 
Ryne,  Rynde,  or  Rhynd  ;  and  John  Kyll.  In  the  Treasurer's 
books  there  are  numerous  entries  regarding  jewellery  and 
other  articles  of  the  precious  metals.  Thus,  June  i,  1540 
— "  Item,  gevin  for  ane  chenze,  deliuerit  to  Johnne  Mosman 
to  melt  with  other  gold  to  be  the  Kingis  greate  chenze,  jcx 
lib."  July  30 — "  Item,  to  Johnne  Mosman,  goldsmyth,  for 
the  making  of  ane  quhissile  of  gold  of  mynde,  weyand  iiij  ^2 
vnces  half  vnicorne  wecht,  with  ane  dragonne  anamulite,  to 
the  Kingis  grace,  the  penult  day  of  July,  iiij  lib."  Aug.  13, 
1540 — "Item,  gevin  to  Johnne  Mosman  for  vjj^  vnces  silver 
to  be  ane  clam-schell  to  kepe  the  Kingis  grace  halk  mete, 
iiij  lib.  xviijs.  xd." 2  Scotland  seems  even  to  have  exported 
objects  of  art,  for  James  IV.,  by  letters  patent  of  date  1512, 


spite  of  all  contrarious  circumstances,  be  in 
possession  of  England  as  well  as  of  her  native 
dominions." — Chambers,  'Domestic  Annals 
of  Scotland, :  &c.,  vol.  i.  p.  70:  1859— 8vo. 
On  the  usurpation  of  the  arms  of  England 
by  Queen  Mary  Stuart,  see  '  Calendar  of  State 
Papers,'  Foreign  Series,  A.D.  1560,  p.  460, 
No.  878  ;  and  '  Proceedings  of  the  Society  of 
Antiquaries  of  Scotland,"  June  1867,  pp.  279- 
287.  (Observations  upon  a  "Shilling"  of 


Francis  the  Dauphin  and  Mary  Stuart,  repre- 
senting them  as  "  king  and  queen  of  Scotland, 
England,  and  Ireland,"  dated  1558:  with 
Notes  regarding  the  assumption  by  Queen 
Mary  of  arms  and  crown  of  England.  By 
Henry  F.  Holt.) 

1  Dunbar's  '  Remonstrance  to  the  King, ' 
11.  I,  2,  3,  15  ;  among  his  Poems,  vol.  i.  p.  143. 

'  See  also  'J*eg.  Mag.  Sig.,'  B.  xxvii.,  Nos. 
116,  141  ;  xxxiV.  No.  3,  &c. 


104  CIVILISATION  IN  SCOTLAND. 

specified  that  the  cloths,  gold  chains,  and  jewels  carried  by 
Andrew  Barton  to  Dieppe,  were  legal  merchandise.1 

But  though  the  production  of  works  of  art  in  the  precious 
metals  was  carried  on  to  a  considerable  extent,  they  were  no 
doubt  largely  imported  from  the  Continent,  particularly  from 
France,  at  least  in  the  middle  of  the  fifteenth  century.  One 
hundred  years  before,  Scottish  merchants  were  in  the  habit 
of  importing,  from  the  county  of  Suffolk,  vases  of  gold 
and  silver,  besides  silver  in  bars  and  in  money.2  It  may  be 
added  that  in  1433  the  Scottish  markets  were  closed  to 
English  artisans.  The  silversmiths  and  gilders  of  England 
produced  workmanship  of  a  superior  kind,  as  appears  by  a 
considerable  number  of  articles,  partly  of  plain  silver  and 
partly  gilded,  exported  to  France  and  Navarre.3 

Dunbar,4  in  describing  a  gaily  atourned*  female,  a  kittiekie? 
says : — 

"  Sa  mony  ane  kittie,  drest  up  with  golden  chenyie1, 
Sa  few  witty,  that  weill  can  fabillis  fenyie, 

With  apill  renews  ay  schawand  hir  goldin  chene, 
Of  Sathanis  seinye,  sure  sic  an  unsall  menyie 

Within  this  land  was  nevir  hard  nor  sene." 

It  is  likely  that  at  least  some  of  the  trinkets  so  lustily  con- 
demned by  the  poet  came  from  France.  There  is,  however, 
explicit  evidence  of  the  fact  of  the  importation  of  such  articles. 

1  King's  Library,  British  Museum,  13  B.  ii.     above  collection,  vol.  x.  p.  553. 

65.  4  'General  Satyre,"  1.  76;  among  Dunbar's 

2  Rymer's  'Foedera,'  vol.  ii.  part  2,  p.  869 :     Poems,  vol.  ii.  p.  27. 

Lond.  1821— fol.  5  '  Orfeo  and  Heurodis,'  1.  253. 

3  Macpherson's 'Annals  of  Commerce,' vol.         6  See   Henryson,   '  Schir  Chantecleir    and 
i.  p.  648;   quoting  the   first  edition  of  the     the  Foxe,' 1.  137. 


PRECIOUS  METALS.  105 

In  'Philotus'  a  pimp  promises  to  the  maid  he  endeavours 
to  seduce,  half  chains  "  of  Paris  work,  wrought  by  the  laif,"  l  a 
favourite  ornament  of  ladies,  even  of  gay  females,  as  we  learn 
from  the  "  King's  Quair."  2 

The  Treasurer's  books  again  furnish  valuable  evidence. 
Nov.  30,  1541 — "  Deliverit  to  Johnne  Mosman,  for  chenzies  of 
gold  and  uther  gold  wark,  brocht  furth  of  France  be  him  and 
deliverit  to  the  Quenis  grace,  iijcxxvj  lib."  Jan.  n,  1542 — 
"  Item,  to  Robert  Crag,  for  ane  collar  of  gold  sett  with  perle, 
brocht  hame  be  him  to  the  Quenis  grace,  xvij  lib.  xijs." 

The  importation  of  the  precious  metals  themselves  was 
carried  on  from  the  Continent.  In  the  'Acts  Ja.  IV.'3  we 
read,  "  Pariss  silver,  or  silver  of  the  new  werk  of  Bruges  ; "  and 
in  the  'Customs  and  Valuation  of  Merchandises,'  A.D.  1612, 
"  French  copper,  gold  and  silver,  Venice,  Florence,  Milan, 
Frenche  or  Paris  gold  and  silver,  granes  Frenche  or  Ginny," 
are  mentioned,  with  the  amount  of  duties  liable  on  each  article. 

It  is  not  at  all  improbable  that  some  of  the  Scots  crafts- 
men learned,  or  at  least  perfected,  their  art  in  France.  In 
proof  of  this,  reference  may  be  made  to  the  surprising  adven- 
ture of  a  younger  member  of  the  Rosslyn  family,  who  had 
been  put  to  an  apprenticeship  in  a  silversmith's  shop  in  Paris, 
undoubtedly  with  the  view  of  learning  the  craft  and  exercising 
it  in  his  own  country.4 

Whether  John  Mosman,  in  visiting  France,  did  so  for  the 
purpose  of  gaining  insight  into  his  craft,  cannot  be  determined. 

1  Fol.  B  verso,  st.  28,  30;  'Domestic  An-         3  Ed.  of  1814,  p.  227. 

nals  of  Scotland,'  vol.  I.  p.  376.  4  'Les  Ecossais  en  France,'  vol.  ii.   pp. 

2  St.  ii.  1.  29.  3°3.  3°4- 

O 


io6  CIVILISATION  IN  SCOTLAND. 

This  much  may  be  said,  that  it  would  have  been  unlike  a 
Scotsman  to  have  gone  to  any  place  without  trying  to  learn 
something  of  his  calling,  if  he  had  opportunity. 

Along  with  the  article  came,  in  a  good  many  instances,  its 
French  designation. 

As  to  perre,  gems,  the  word  speaks  for  itself.  Pearls 
themselves,  however,  did  not  come  from  France;  they  were 
found  in  Scotland,  and  sent  abroad  and  set.  According  to  the 
Venerable  Bede,1  there  were  in  Britain  many  sorts  of  shell-fish, 
such  as  mussels,  in  which  were  often  found  excellent  pearls  of 
all  colours, — red,  purple,  violet,  and  green,  but  mostly  white. 
The  pearls  of  King  Alexander  I.,  in  the  beginning  of  the 
twelfth  century,  were  much  celebrated,  and  the  object  of  envy 
to  a  Church  dignitary  of  England.  Much  later,  French 
princes  were  in  possession  of  Scotch  pearls ;  and  at  the  end  of 
the  middle  ages,  one  John  Rattrye  (perhaps  a  Norman,  Jean 
Rathery)  received  £2  "  to  by  perllis  in  Scotland."  In  fine,  Sir 
Robert  Gordon  said,  at  the  beginning  of  this  century,  that  in 
the  lakes  and  rivers  of  Sutherland,  and  chiefly  in  Shin,  "  there 
were  excellently  good  pearles,  some  whereof  had  been  sent  to 
the  king  in  England,  and  were  accompted  of  great  value."  : 

1  'Ecclesiastical     History    of    England,'  72,    No.    429;    '  Comptes    de    1'Argenterie 

chap.  i.  des    Rois    de    France,'   &c.,    published    by 

3  '  Nicolai  Epistola  ad  Eadmerum  de  Douet  -  d'Arcq,  p.  26 ;  '  Inventaires  de  la 
Primatu  sedis  Eboracensis  in  Scotia,"  ap.  Royne  Descosse,' &c.,  p.  xxix,  note  3;  'A 
Wharton,  '  Anglia  Sacra,'  vol.  ii.  p.  236 ;  Genealogical  History  of  the  Earldom  of 
'  Inventaire  du  mobilier  de  Charles  V.,'  Sutherland,' pp.  6,  n.  Cf.  '  Jamieson's  Die- 
published  by  Jules  Labarte,  Nos.  610,  611,  tionary,'  voce  "  Pearlin;"  '  Ledger  of  Andrew 
614;  Paris,  1879  —  410;  'Comptes  de  1'In-  Halyburton,"  p.  189,  and  Preface,  p.  Ixxi ; 
ventaire  des  joyaux  de  Louis,  due  d'Anjou  '  The  Costume  of  the  Clans,'  &c.,  p.  xxv,  and 
(1360-68),'  in  the  'Notice  des  e'maux  et  note  10. 
bijoux  du  Musee  du  Louvre,"  iic  part.  p. 


JEWELLERY. 


107 


Jaspe,jasp?  is  the  same  in  both  languages. 

The  English  amber  is  the  same  as  the  French  ambre ;  but 
the  Scotch  lumber,  lammer?  or  laamer,  as  it  is  pronounced  in 
the  north,  bears  a  closer  resemblance  to  the  French.  It  seems 
to  be  the  French  word,  with  the  addition  of  the  demonstrative 
article,  so  often  prefixed  to  the  names  of  places  in  early  Scotch 
deeds,3  as  well  as  to  many  other  words  in  Scotland,  to  which 
it  is  not  added  in  English. 

Lingot,  lingut,  an  ingot,  is  the  Fr.  lingot. 

CaboscJion,  caboschoun,  caboischoun,  is  evidently  the  French 
cabochon.*  In  andlet,  doublet,  or  dowblet,firmaleit,  and  car  cat, 
carkat,  carket,  carcant,  which  is  the  designative  of  an  orna- 


1  "The  Tail  of  the  Cock  and  the  Jasp,"  ap. 
Henryson,  p.  104. 

3  We  read,  in  the  early  romance  of  'La 
Manekine,'  p.  14,  1.  381  (cf.  p.  63,  1. 
1872) :- 

"  Un  jor  vint  H  rois  en  sa  cambre, 
Qui  estoit  pavee  de  lambre  ; " 

and  M.  Henri  Bordier  translates  this  last 
word  by  lambris,  planche,  as  though  de  lambre 
were  equivalent  to  parquctte.  This  opinion  is 
not  admissible.  See  '  Memoires  de  la  Societe 
Academique  d'Archeologie,  Sciences  et  Arts 
du  Departement  de  1'Oise,'  tome  viii.  premiere 
partie,  p.  100  :  Beauvais,  1871  —  8vo.  Our 
opinion  is  supported  by  another  passage, 
where  a  knight  is  represented  in  his  room, 
"dont  li  piler  furent  de  lambre." — 'Li  Rou- 
mans  de  Cleomades,'  t.  ii.  p.  41,  1.  10333: 
Bruxelles,  1866— 8vo. 

"  Sur  un  pecul  de  vermail  lambre 
S'est  apue"  eel  arcevesque." 

— Geffrei  Gaimar,  "Estorie  des  Engles,"  1. 
3946  ;  Th.  Wright's  edit.,  p.  134. 

"  Es-les-vos  al  uis  de  la  cambre, 
Dont  a  or  furent  tuit  li  lambre." 


— 'PartonopeusdeBlois.'l.  10141;  vol.  ii.  p. 
174:  Paris,  1834— 8vo. 

"  Adonc  est  li  sires  levez 
Et  est  entrez  dedenz  sa  chambre, 
Qui  tote  estoit  ovre*e  a  lambre. 
N'a  el  monde  beste  n'oisel 
Qui  n'i  soit  ovre*  a  cisel, 
Et  la  procession  Renart,"  &c. 

— 'Le  Roman  du  Renart, '1.  22162;  vol.  iii. 
p.  88.  Cf.  vol.  iv.  p.  78,  1.  2160. 

"  Un  jor  entra  en  une  cambre, 
Dont  li  pavemens  fu  de  lambre ; 
Rien  n'i  avoit  qui  fust  fait  d'arbre, 
Tuit  li  pilier  sont  de  fin  marbre." 

— '  Blancandin  et  1'Orgueilleuse  d'Amour,'  1. 
53,  p.  2:  Paris,  1867— 8vo.  Cf.  'Tristan,' 
vol.  i.  p.  227, 1.  258 ;  and  vol.  ii.  p.  104,  1. 
306. 

Hence  the  adjective  alambru,  which  occurs 
in  "  Gaydon,"  1.  4882,  p.  147  :  Paris,  1862— 
I2mo. 

3  Vide  '  Rentals  of  Orkney,'  A.D.  1502,  pp. 
28,  101. 

4  '  Papers  relative  to  the  Marriage  of  King 
James  VI.,'  &c.,  p.  18. 


io8 


CIVILISATION  IN  SCOTLAND. 


ment  for  the  neck,1  it  is  not  difficult  to  recognise  the  O.  Fr. 
annelet,  doublet,  fermillet,  fermoillet,  and  the  modern  carcan. 
Pome,  a  round  ornament  in  jewellery,  is  the  French  word  for 
apple,  and  palmander  is  the  Fr.  pomme  d'ambre.  Builyettis, 
bulyettis?  pendants,  were  called  bullettes  in  France ;  and  cer- 
tainly lesart,  a  gold  ornament,3  owes  its  name  to  the  French 
lizard.  Likewise  the  chafferoime,  cheffroun,  saferon,  schaffroun 
— "ane  chafferoune  of  gold  Parise  werk" — a  piece  of  orna- 
mental head-dress  for  ladies,  is  simply  an  adaptation  of  chafron, 
cheveron,  armour  for  the  head  of  a  war-horse  (Fr.  chanfrein). 
The  ping-pong,  a  jewel  fixed  to  a  wire  with  a  long  pin  4  at  the 
end,  brokete  (Fr.  brochette),  which  was  worn  in  front  of  the  cap, 
and  shook  as  the  wearer  moved,  was  so  designated  from  the 
French  pompon?  Broclie,  brooch,  brwhe,  a  chain  of  gold,  or 
ornament  worn  on  the  breast,  is  evidently  from  the  Fr.  broche. 
Pende,  a  pendant,  is  from  the  Fr.  pendre;  and  pendle,  pen- 
dule,  a  pendant,  an  earring,  is  the  O.  Fr.  pendille,  explained  by 
Cotgrave  "  a  thing  that  hangs  danglingly."  Fr.  pendeloqw. — 

"  This  lady  gade  up  the  Parliament  stair, 
Wi"  pendles  in  her  lugs  sae  bonnie." ' 

EitcJie?     a    word     which     seems    to    have     denoted     some 


"Clariodus,"  p.  253,  1.  1992. 
1  Bulyettis,  s.  pi.,  denoted  also  some  kind 
of  coffers  or  boxes,  like  the  French  bougette, 

3  '  Crim.  Trials,'  vol.  i.  p.  307*,  A.D.  1540- 
41. 

4  "The  Awntyrs  of  Arthure,"  st.   xxxv. 
1-9. 

6  Chambers,  '  Traditions  of  Edinburgh,' 
vol.  ii.  pp.  59,  60;  ed.  1869,  pp.  221-223. 
The  author  adds  :  "  This  was  generally  stuck 


in  the  cushion  over  which  the  hair  was  turned 
in  front."  Several  were  frequently  worn  at 
once.  It  was  sometimes  pronounced  pompotm. 

8  "Richie  Stone,"  in  'A  Ballad  Book,' 
edited  by  the  late  David  Laing,  p.  97 : 
William  Blackwood  &  Sons,  Edinburgh  and 
London,  1880 — 8vo. 

7  'A  Chronicle  of  the  Kings  of  Scotland,' 
p.  139:  Edinburgh,  1830 — 410.  Eitche  is 
probably  the  same  as  the  English  ouch,  de- 


CHAINS,  RINGS,   SEALS. 


109 


kind  of  chain  formed  with  SS,  essis  (Fr.  esse),  and  which  is  still 
in  common  use,  has  kept  but  a  faint  mark  of  its  origin.  In  the 
accounts  and  inventory  of  a  Duke  of  Britanny,  we  find  "  un 
collier  a  SS,  de  1'ordre  du  Roy  d'Angleterre,  et  y  a  xvi.  SS,  qui 
sont  esmaillees  du  mot  '  a  ma  vie,'  et  ij.  barres  es  deux  bouts, 
garni  d'un  balay."  l  "  Ane  butour  (Fr.  butor,  Engl.  bitterti)  fute 
with  gold  and  round  perliss,"  mentioned  in  an  inventory,  A.D. 
1578,  is  a  more  extraordinary  jewel.2  Columbe,  an  ornament  in 
the  form  of  a  dove,3  tells  its  own  story  plainly  enough.  Clos- 
erris,  a  word  of  doubtful  meaning,  but  which  likely  means  clasps 
or  hooks-and-eyes,  is  from  the  O.  Fr.  closiers. 

Rings  and  seals,  from  the  legends  inscribed  on  them,  seem 
to  have  been  at  times  brought  from  France.  By  one  of  his 
wills,  at  the  end  of  the  fourteenth  century,  Sir  James  Douglas 
of  Dalkeith  bequeaths  to  a  relative  a  ring  with  a  ruby,  inscribed 
"  Vertu  ne  puz  avoir  conterpoiz."  4 


rived  itself  from  nusche.  —  Vide  "Fantosme's 
Chronicle,"  1.  1190,  and  notes,  p.  131,  ed. 
1839;  "La  Chanson  de  Roland,"  st.  xlix., 
&c.  At  any  rate,  the  etymon  of  dtche  is  less 
obscure  than  that  of  the  English  ouche,  on 
which  see  the  remarks  of  Archdeacon  Nares, 
p.  355,  col.  i. 

1  '  Notice  des  emaux  .  .  .  du  Musee  du 
Louvre,'  He  part.  p.  345,  art.  "  Inscriptions 
emaillees."  Cf.  Jamieson's  Suppl.,  voce"  Es- 
sis;" 'Notes  and  Queries,'  vol.  ii.  pp.  89, 
475;  vol.  iv.  pp.  147,  148,  345.  In  the 
'  Revue  Numismatique,'  1856,  pp.  268-276, 
there  is  a  paper  by  M.  Adrien  de  Longperier — 
"  De  1's  barre  de  Henri  IV.,"  &c.,  and  farther 
on — pp.  174-180 — his  answer  to  a  letter  from 
Baron  Chaudruc  de  Crazanne.  According  to 
Brantome  ('Vies  des  Femmes  galantes,'  dis- 


cours  ii.),  three  .S'..S'..S'.  meant  sabio,  solo, 
segreto. 

3  Belon,  speaking  of  the  bittern,  says : 
"Aussi  a  de  grands  doigts  es  pieds,  et  des- 
quels  on  a  acoustume  enchasser  les  ongles  en 
fin  metal,  pour  faire  des  curedents  ;  mais 
principalement  celui  qui  est  en  1'ergot  de 
derriere,  est  plus  long  que  nul  des  autres," 
&c. — 'L'Histoire  de  la  Nature  des  Oiseaux,' 
&c.,  b.  viii.  ch.  4,  p.  193  :  Paris,  1555— fol. 

3  In  the  wills  of  Sir  James  Douglas,  A.D. 
1390-92,  is  mentioned  a  ring  de  columna 
Christi,  which  may  suggest  another  etymon 
of  columbe.  —  Vide  Innes's  'Sketches  of  early 
Scotch  History,'  p.  332 ;  'and  '  Gloss.  Med. 
et  Inf.  Latin.,'  t.  ii.  p.  445,  col.  3,  voce  "Co- 
lumba,"  No.  4. 

*  Vide  '  Sketches,'  &c. ,  p.  334. 


no 


CIVILISATION  IN  SCOTLAND. 


A  gold  ring  was  dug  up  in  a  peat-moss  in  Berwickshire 
some  years  ago  bearing  this  inscription,  "  Tout  pour  le  meus  " 
(all  for  the  best)  ;  and  a  seal  of  Patrick,  Earl  of  March  and 
Dunbar,  has  these  lines  : — 

"  Parmi  ceu  haut  bois 
Condurai  mamie." 1 

All  such  jewellery  and  gems  were  kept  in  a  baggier  (Fr. 
baguier),  a  small  casket  for  containing  jewels,  or  in  a  coffer 
(Fr.  coffre),  a  word  in  more  common  use.  To  quote  a  single 
example,  the  year  1578  offers  us  "schrynis,  cofferis,  buistis, 
caissis,"  amidst  sundry  toys  and  articles  of  furniture.2  The 
substantive  coffer  is  not  yet  quite  obsolete. 

In  addition  to  all  the  words  now  explained  may  be  added 
a  general  term  for  ornament,  parure  (Fr.  parure) ;  orfeverie, 
orphray  (Fr.  orfevrerie),  work  in  gold  ;  and  two  technical  terms, 
which  are  nearer  the  French  originals  than  the  English  equi- 
valents. Thus  amaille  is  liker  dmail  than  the  English  enamel, 
and  ammelyt  liker  emaille"  than  enamelled. 

When  a  Sir  William  St  Clair  was  royally  served  at  his 
own  table,  it  was  in  vessels  of  gold  and  silver,  which  un- 
doubtedly were  of  French  make.  Very  little  marked  ancient 
Scots  plate  exists.  Mr  Wilfred  J.  Cripps  cites  no  example 

1  The  figure  of  this  seal  was  not  published  ch.  iii.  1364,  p.  258,  note  2  :  Paris,  1879 — 

in  Henry  Laing's  '  Descriptive  Catalogue  of  8vo),  we  are  led  to  believe  that  the  best  Scotch 

Impressions  from   Ancient    Scottish    Seals,'  ring  and  seal  engravings  were  executed  in 

p.  55  :  Edinburgh,  1850— 410.    The  seal  itself  France. 

is  described,  No.  293,  date  A.  D.  1292.    When  3  'A  Collection  of  Inventories,'  &c.,  pp. 

we  see  that  letters  from  Philip  the  Bold,  Duke  237-242.      The  '  Buikis  '  are  catalogued  pp. 

of  Burgundy,  were  sealed  with  a  seal  "fait  de  243-248. 
nuef,  apporte  de  Paris  "  ('  L'Archipretre,'  &c., 


WATCH  AND   CLOCK. 


i  ii 


earlier  than  an  Edinburgh  specimen  of  1618.  He  men- 
tions one  of  Aberdeen  of  1650,  Dundee  1652,  St  Andrews 
1671.  The  Glasgow  and  Perth  examples  belong  to  the 
next  century.  No  fewer  than  twenty-seven  good  woodcuts 
of  the  Edinburgh  and  other  Scots  marks  are  given  by  Mr 
Cripps  on  pages  141  and  147  of  the  'Old  English  Plate,' 
the  town-mark  or  arms  being  in  the  midst,  with  the  initials 
of  the  deacon  of  the  craft  on  the  left,  and  of  the  maker  on 
the  right. 

The  watch  and  the  clock  appear  at  times  under  their  French 
names.1  Thus,  a  watch  is  munter,  mounter,  muntour<i  (Fr. 
montre) ;  and  a  clock  or  dial  is  horrelage,  orlegc?  orlager, 
orliger  (Fr.  horloge).  The  weight  of  a  clock  was  named  pace, 
peise  (Fr.  poids],  a  word  still  in  use  in  the  north.4 

There  seem  to  exist  but  few  Scottish  words  relating  to  the 
art  of  painting.  This  no  doubt  arises  from  the  fact  that  it  was 
not  in  early  times  cultivated  in  North  Britain.  Depaynt,  to 


1  "Ane  orlege  or   montre."  —  Sir  James 
Melville's  'Memoirs,'  p.  127,  A.D.  1564. 

2  'Crim.  Trials,' vol.  iii.  p.  17,  A.D.  1609. 
8  Henryson's   Fables,  "  Schir  Chantecleir 

and  the  Foxe,"  1.  102,  p.  121. 

4  Vide  a  Council  record,  quoted  by  R. 
Chambers,  'Dom.  Ann.  of  Scot.,'  vol.  ii. 
p.  408,  A.D.  1680.  A  hoard,  or  hoarded 
treasure,  was  also  a  pots,  poise,  pose.  This 
word  is,  however,  the  Danish  pose,  a  bag. 
Before  the  introduction  of  banking  and 
the  regular  establishment  of  credit,  people 
everywhere  used  to  hide  their  savings  in  the 
ground.  Those  hoards,  popularly  believed  to 
be  wrapped  in  bulls'  hides,  were  denominated 
by  a  partly  Fr.  term,  treasure-trove.  It  does 


not  fall  within  our  province  to  enter  into  a 
dissertation  upon  it.  The  reader  is  referred 
to  Madox's  '  History  and  Antiquities  of  the 
Exchequer,'  &c.,  ch.  x.  pp.  234,  235 ;  to  the 
'  Gascon  Rolls,'  27  Hen.  III.,  membr.  8  ;  to 
Rymer's  '  Foedera '  (Pat.  12  Edw.  III.,  part 
2,  m.  4  ;  and  17  id.  ibid.,  part  I,  m.  43  d. ; 
vol.  ii.  part  2,  pp.  1053,  1219,  &c.);  to  the 
Harl.  MS.  No.  433,.  art.  1933,  folio  186 
recto;  to  the  'Actesdu  parlement  de  Paris,' 
&c.,  tome  i.  p.  56;  and  chiefly  to  the  'Ac- 
counts of  the  High  Treasurer  of  Scotland,' 
vol.  i.  preface,  pp.  cclxxix,  132,  199,  207. 
FiWiralso  'Crim.  Trials,' vol.  ii.  pp.  171,  172, 
A.D.  1600. 


112  CIVILISATION  IN  SCOTLAND. 

paint,  is  the  Fr.  ddpeindre;  and  orphany,  painter's  gold,  orpeau, 
oripcau  (low  Lat.  auripellum,  from  aurum,  BxApdlis). 

Pictures,  if  any,  in  churches,  town-halls,  or  baronial  manors, 
came  from  the  Continent — at  first  from  France,  and  afterwards 
from  the  Low  Countries.1  Margaret,  Countess  of  Southesk, 
procured  in  the  former  a  portrait  of  Sir  William  Wallace 
answering  to  the  description  of  the  patriot  given  by  Blind 
Harry,  who  alludes  to  a  picture  of  him  painted  in  France.2 

Another  Margaret,  the  queen  of  Malcolm  III.,  had  a  picture 
thus  described  by  Barbour  : — 

"  Scho  gert  weile  portray  a  castell, 
A  leddre  up  to  the  wall  standand, 
And  a  man  wp  thar  apon  climband  ; 
And  a  wrat  oucht  him,  as  auld  man  sais, 
In  Frankis,  Gardys-wouys  de  Fransais. 
And  for  this  word  scho  gert  wryt  swa, 
Men  wend  the  Frankis  men  suld  it  ta."  3 

It  may,  however,  be  stated  that,  in  later  times,  painting  was 
practised  in  Scotland.  James  I.  himself  was  skilled  in  paint- 
ing. There  is  extant  a  picture  of  the  reign  of  James  III. 
(1460-1488).  It  is  supposed  to  have  originally  formed  the 
altar-piece  of  Trinity  College  Church,  was  long  in  Hampton 
Court,  and  is  now  in  Holyrood  Palace.  It  was  the  work  either 


1  The  pictures,  probably  mural,  of  Cardross  on  their  tomb  ("figuris  et  armis  eorundem 

Castle  are  mentioned  along  with  the  window-  depictis  "),  A.  D.  1424.     James  I. 

glass  of  the  same  in  the  '  Chamberlain's  Ac-  *  '  The    Wallace     Papers,'     Introductory 

counts,'  vol.  i.  pp.  37,  38  ;  and  we  know  that  Notice,  pp.  xxxi,  xxxii :  Edinburgh,  1841 — 

the  Duke  of  Albany  and  his  sons  were  buried  410. 

in  the  church  of  the   Dominican   Friars  at  3  '  The  Bruce, '  b.  vii.  1.  1044. 
Stirling,  with  their  portraits  and  arms  painted 


PAINTING. 


of  Hugo  van  der  Goes,  who  was  born  at  Ghent  and  died  in 
1480,  or  of  Gerard  van  der  Meire,  who  was  alive  in  1474. l 

James  IV.,  among  his  "  craftismen  fyne,"  patronised  "payn- 
touris."  David  Prat  was  an  artist  of  this  reign.  In  1502  this 
painter  was  at  work  on  King  James  the  Third's  tomb  in  the 
Abbey  of  Cambuskenneth ;  and  in  the  Treasurer's  books, 
1506,  there  is  this  entry:  "To  David  Prat,  the  payntour,  in 
compleit  payment  of  the  altar-paynting  as  resting  awand  to 
him,  ij  lib.  ixs."  About  the  same  time  lived  John  Prat,  another 
painter ;  and  Sir  Thomas  Galbraith,  a  priest,  was  chiefly  em- 
ployed in  the  illumination  of  manuscripts.  James  V.'s  queen, 
who  in  some  way  had  procured  from  Scotland  a  portrait  of  her 
future  husband,2  regularly  kept  a  painter.  In  the  Treasurer's 
books,  of  date  February  14,  1542,  there  is  this  entry:  "Item 
gevin  to  the  Quenis  painter,  to  by  colouris  to  paint  with,  in 
Falkland,  xj.  lib."  Here  was  French  influence.  The  name  of 
one  Scotch  painter  of  this  reign  is  known — Andro  Watson. 

In  the  houses  of  the  nobility  it  was  not  unusual  to  have  the 
panels  and  ceilings  of  at  least  some  of  the  rooms  decorated 
with  paintings.  Thus  speaks  Dunbar  :— 

"  This  hinder  nycht  half-sleiping  as  I  lay, 
Me  thocht  my  chalmer  in  ane  new  aray 
Was  all  depaynt  with  many  diverss  hew, 
Of  all  the  nobill  storyis  aid  and  new, 
Sen  oure  first  father  formed  was  of  clay."3 

1  '  Proceedings  of  the  Society  of  Antiquaries  moyane,"  &c.    Pitscottie,  '  Cronicles  of  Scot- 

of  Scotland,'  vol.  x.  p.  322.  land,'  vol.  ii.  p.  363. 

J  ".    .    .    This  fair  ladie   .    .    .    past  to  3  Dunbar's  '  Dream,' st.  i.— Poems,  vol.  i. 

hir  coffer,  and  tuik  out  his  picture,  quhilk  p.  31. 
shoe  had  gottin  out  of  Scotland  be  ane  secreit 


H4  CIVILISATION  IN  SCOTLAND. 

The  ceiling  of  some  of  the  rooms  of  the  "  Guise  Palace," 
Blyth's  Close,  Edinburgh,  was  decorated  with  emblematical 
devices  and  mottoes ;  and  there  are  preserved  in  the  Antiqua- 
rian Museum,  Edinburgh,  seven  paintings  on  wood  from  the- 
ceiling  of  the  great  hall  of  Dean  House,  in  which  are  repre- 
sented the  Sacrifice  of  Abraham ;  Judith  and  Holofernes ; 
King  David  playing  on  the  harp,  &C.1  • 

If  there  was  lack  of  painters  in  Scotland  in  early  times, 
carvers  appear  to  have  been  no  less  deficient ;  and  smaller 
pieces  of  sculpture  were  imported  from  France.  King  Robert 
I.'s  tomb,  of  fine  white  marble  enriched  with  gilding,  was 
executed  in  Paris,  on  a  model  imitated  in  other  times  and 
countries.2  James  IV.,  however,  employed  "  carvouris"  among 
his  "  mony  servitouris."  3 


1  '  Proceedings  of  the  Society  of  Antiquaries  gold  leaves,  and  adorned  with  662  leaves  of 

of  Scotland, 'vol.  i.  p.  10.  The  following  items  silver.1     In  an  old  French  poem  a  rhymer 

point,  no  doubt,  to  the  same  practice :  "  Item,  mentions  a 

twa  paintit  broddis,  the  ane  of  the  Muses,  and  "  Riche  tombel 

the  uther  of  crotoseque  or  conceptis. "    "  Item,  D'or  et  d'arsent  fet  *  »«'• " 

.  ,  —     Le  Roman  de  Troie,  '  1.  29,375. 

audit  paintit  broddis  of  the  doctons  of  Al- 

maine."-'  A  Collection  of  Inventories,'  &c.,  Dunbar>s  Poems'  vo1'  {'  ?'  '« >  "Remon- 

p.  130:  printed  at  Edinburgh,  i8iS-4to. 

*  '  Chamberlain's   Accounts,'   pp.    72,   99, 

101,  109,  123.      In  1387  the  tomb  of  Charles         '  Yanguasy  Miranda  •  Diccionario  dc  Antjgucdades 

del  Remo  de  Navarra,    tom.  in.  p.   132  :   Pamplona, 
II.,    King   of  Navarre,  was   gilt   with    3214      1840— Span.  410. 


CHAPTER     VI. 


CHAPTER    VI. 


MONEY. 


OR  many  centuries  in  Scotland  there  was  scarcely 
any  trade,  and  nearly  all  business  was  conducted 
by  means  of  barter :  the  consequence  was  a  lack 
of  specie,  and  of  men  who  had  skill  to  coinyie 
(O.  Fr.  coigner]  money. 

The  first  coinage*  of  money  in  the  country  is  involved  in 
darkness.  Buchanan1  tells  us  that  it  was  Donald  V.  who  first 
coined  money.  Boethius 2  states  that  it  was  Donald  I.  who 
"  primus  omnium  Scotorum  regum,  ut  in  nostris  annalibus  pro- 
ditum  est  memoriae,  nummum  argenteum  aureumque  signavit." 
Bellenden  3  says  :  "  King  Donald  was  the  first  king  of  Scottis 
that  prentit  ane  penny  of  gold  or  silver.  On  the  ta  side  of  this 
-money  was  prentit  ane  croce,  and  his  face  on  the  tothir.  The 
Scottis  usit  na  money,  bot  marchandise,  quhen  thay  inter- 
changit  with  Britonis  and  Romanis  afore  this  days,  except  it 
was  money  of  the  said  Romanis  or  Britonis." 

1  "  Sunt  qui  putent  monetara  argenteam,      lib.  vi.  p.  169 :  Amsterodami,  1643— 8vo. 
quam  adhuc  sterlinam  vocat  vulgus,  ibi  turn          «  Lib.  v.  fol.  86  l>. 
cxcusam."— '  Rerum    Scoticarum    Historia,'         '  Vol.  i.  p.  195  :  ed.  1821. 


u8  CIVILISATION  IN  SCOTLAND. 

Coins  can  with  some  degree  of  certainty  be  assigned  to 
Alexander  I.  (1107-1124),  as  well  as  to  his  successor  David 
(1124-1153).  Of  Malcolm  IV.  (1153-1165)  no  coins  are 
known.  It  is  not  till  the  following  reign  that  any  really  clear 
light  on  the  money  of  the  country  breaks  in.  The  coins  of 
William  the  Lion  (i  165-1214)  are  numerous,  and  from  what  is 
stated  of  the  sums  of  money  that  found  their  way  out  of  the 
country,  the  poorness  of  the  nation  seems  to  have  been  very 
marked. 

A  "  pose  "  J  of  the  silver  pennies  of  William  was  found  near 
Inverness  in  1780.'  The  legend  on  the  coin  is  le  Rei  Wilam, 
le  Rei  Willame,  Wilam  Ri  or  Re.  The  two  first  forms  of  the 
legend  are  French. 

Some  of  the  coins  of  William  have  inscribed  on  them  the 
names  of  the  place  of  mintage,  as  ED  or  EDINBV,  PERT, 
ROCESBV  (Roxburgh).  Some  of  them  bear  the  names  of  the 
moneyers,  and  several  of  the  names  of  these  moneyers  are 
undoubtedly  of  Norman-French  origin. 

A  historian  of  the  Scottish  coinage,  Adam  de  Cardonnel, 
ascribes  the  coinage  of  this  money  by  French  coiners  to  a 
particular  circumstance  in  that  king's  life.2 

Adrien  de  Longperier,  quoting  Cardonnel,  says  : 3  "  Les 
legendes  le  rei  Wilam  et  le  rei  Willame  appartiennent  a  Guil- 
laume  le  Lion  d'Ecosse,  qui  succeda  a  son  frere  Malcolm  IV. 
en  1165.  Ayant  etd  fait  prisonnier  par  Henry  II,  il  fut  con- 


1  Vide  p.  in,  n.  4.  tagne  aux  xii°  et  xiiie  siecles,"  par  Adrien  de 

2  ' Numismata   Scotia:,'  &c.,  by  Adam  de  Longperier;   in  the  'Revue  numismatique,' 
Cardonnel,  p.  39  :  Edinburgh,  1786 — 410.  nouvelle  serie,  t.  vii.  pp.  292-300. 

3  '  Monnayeurs  fran9ais  dans  la  Grande-Bre- 


FRENCH  COINERS. 


119 


cluit  vers  ce  prince,  alors  en  Normandie,  et  retenu  jusqu'a  ce 
qu'il  cut  paye  une  ran9on  cle  40,000  marcs  ecossais.  II  sera 
done  permis  de  supposer  qu'il  aurait  engage  et  envoye  en 
Ecosse  des  artistes  etrangers  charges  de  frapper  la  monnaie 
necessaire  pour  payer  cette  rancon." 

Many  of  these  apparently  remained,  for  we  find  their  names 
on  William's  second  coinage ;  and  there  is  little  doubt  but  that 
some  of  them  minted  for  his  successor.  Peris  occurs  on  the 
short-cross  coins;  and  Renaud,  Henri,  Nichol,  and  others, 
evidently  of  the  same  origin,  are  found  on  the  long  double- 
cross  coins.1 

It  may  be  stated  that  at  the  Scottish  Court  in  the  twelfth 
century,  as  the  Saxon  tongue  was  considered  "  fort  rurale,  bar- 
bare,  mal  sonnante  et  seante,"  French  only  was  used. 

The  silver  penny  was  the  only  Scottish  coin  till  the  reign  of 
Alexander  III.  (1249-1285).  He  coined  the  halfpenny  and 
the  farthing — coins  which  were  afterwards  continued.  David 
II.  (1329-1371)  introduced  two  new  values,  the  groat  of  four- 
pence  and  the  half-  groat.  James  V.  circulated  a  one-third 
groat-piece. 

In  1553  a  coin  was  minted  by  Mary  with  the  name  of  festoon, 
testone  (O.  Fr.  testoti) ;  and  in  1553  a  \ai\l-testoon.  The  testoon 
bore,  obverse,  the  queen's  head,  crowned,  to  the  right  in  a 
double  circle  ;  reverse,  the  arms  of  Scotland,  crowned  between 
two  mullets  or  cinquefoils,  in  a  double  circle.2 

Mary  also  introduced  three  other  new  coins,  the  ryal,  the 

1  'Notes  on  the  Annals  of  the  Scottish  2  'A  Handbook  to  the  Coinage  of  Scot- 
Coinage,' p.  17,  by  R.  W.  Cochrane  :  Lon-  land,' by  J.  D.  Robertson,  p.  73.  London: 
don,  1872 — 8vo.  George  Bell  &  Sons,  1878 — Svo. 


120  CIVILISATION  IN  SCOTLAND. 

two-thirds  ryal,  and  the  one-third  ryal  (1565,  1566,  1567). 
These  coins  carry  on  the  obverse  the  arms  of  Scotland, 
crowned  between  two  thistles,  within  a  circle,  and  on  the  re- 
verse a  crowned  yew-tree,  up  the  stem  of  which  a  tortoise  is 
creeping ;  across  the  tree  is  a  scroll  inscribed  DAT.  GLORIA. 
VIRES.  These  ryals  went  by  the  name  of  Cruickston  dollars, 
either  from  the  estate  of  Cruickston  having  belonged  to  Lord 
Darnley,  or  because  the  tree  on  the  reverse  is  supposed  to 
represent  the  famous  yew-tree  which  grew  there.1 

During  the  reign  of  James  VI.  (1567-1625),  many  new  silver 
coins  were  struck  :  the  sword-dollar,  or  thirty -shilling  piece, 
with  its  two  divisions  of  two-thirds  and  one-third  (1567-1571); 
the  noble  or  half-merk,  half-noble  (1572-1580);  the  double- 
merk  or  thistle-dollar,  the  merk  (1578-1580);  various  pieces 
ranging  in  value  from  forty  shillings  to  twelve  pennies,  and 
among  them  one  of  five  shillings  and  another  of  thirty  pennies. 
That  king  also  minted  the  balance  half-merk,  the  balance 
quarter-merk  (1591-1593);  the  thistle  -  merk,  with  its  part- 
values  of  half,  quarter,  and  eighth  (1601-1603). 

About  1374  Robert  II.  introduced  gold  coinage  in  the  form 
of  a  coin  called  a  St  Andrew,  from  the  figure  of  that  saint 
on  the  reverse,  —  likely  in  imitation  of  the  Italian  florin, 
which  bore  the  image  of  St  John.  The  obverse  was  adorned 
with  the  arms  of  Scotland  crowned,  plainly  in  imitation  of  the 
French  coin  couronne.  Another  coin  was  called  the  Lyon. 
The  half  St  Andrew  was  first  coined  by  Robert  III.  (1390- 
1406).  The  lion  of  James  I.  was  called  demy.  He  also  coined 
the  half-lion. 

1   '  A  Handbook  to  the  Coinage  of  Scotland,'  pp.  78,  79. 


BILLON  COINS.  121 


James  III.  (1460-1488),  besides  continuing  the  St  Andrew 
and  its  half,  minted  the  rider  (1475),  so  named  from  the  figure 
of  the  king  on  horseback,  with  a  sword  in  his  right  hand,  gal- 
loping to  the  right,  on  the  obverse ;  the  unicorn  and  the  half- 
unicorn  (1486),  both  of  which  have  on  the  obverse  a  unicorn 
with  a  crown  round  the  neck,  supporting  a  shield  emblazoned 
with  the  arms  of  Scotland,  to  the  lower  end  of  which  is  at- 
tached a  chain  with  a  ring, — hence  the  denomination. 

James  V.  introduced  the  ecu  (Fr.  &u),  the  ryal,  the  bonnet- 
piece,  with  its  two  smaller  values  of  two-thirds  and  one-third. 
The  bonnet-piece  is  a  very  fine  coin,  and  in  imitation  of  the 
French:  it  is  much  thicker  in  proportion  to  its  size  than  the 
English  coin  of  this  period. 

Seven  different  pieces  issued  from  the  mint  of  Mary  (1542- 
1567),  and  from  that  of  James  VI.  no  fewer  than  eleven. 

In  course  of  time  a  debased  sort  of  metal,  consisting  of 
silver  and  various  quantities  of  alloy  of  copper,  was  introduced. 
It  got  the  name  of  billon  (Fr.  billon,  Span,  vellon).  The  baser 
kind  of  this  metal  was  called  bas  billon  in  French,  and  the  coin 
minted  from  it,  basse  piece.  Coins  of  poor  silver — a  penny  and  a 
half-penny — were  coined  during  the  reigns  of  Robert  III.  (i 390- 
1406),  James  I.  (1406-1437),  and  James  II.  (1437-1460).  The 
first  real  billon  coins  were  struck  by  James  III.  (1460-1488), 
in  the  values  of  penny,  half-penny,  plack,  and  \xsM-plack,  and 
coinage  was  continued  by  his  successor.  The  plack  or  plak, 
along  with  its  designation,  may  have  been  first  imported  from 
the  Low  Countries,  with  which  Scotland  carried  on  a  consider- 
able trade.1  But  we  know  the  existence  of  plague  as  a  French 

1  The  '  Libel  of  English  Policy '  of  1436     says  the  exports  of  Scotland  were  skins,  hides, 

Q 


122 


CIVILISATION  IN  SCOTLAND. 


denomination  of  money;  and  in  a  statute  of  Henry  VI.  of 
England,  made  at  Paris  2Oth  November  1426,  that  coin  is 
stated  to  be  equal  to  four  greater  blancs.  Indeed  it  seems 
to  have  been  from  the  French  the  unfortunate  king  borrowed 
it,  long  before  James  III.  coined  it  in  billon.  The  word  is 
still  current  in  the  proverb,  "  Ye  widna  mak  y\r  plack  a  bawbee 
by  that."1 

The  billon  coins  of  James  V.  (1514-1542)  consisted  of  three 
parts  fine  to  nine  parts  alloy,  and  bore  the  denominations  of 
bawbee,  babie,  bawbie'i  (Fr.  bass'  -biece),  or  plack,  half-plack,  and 
penny.  Mary  (1542-1567)  minted  the  bawbee  and  the  half- 
bawbee,  with  several  other  values  of  very  base  metal.  Among 
these  values  was  the  lion  or  hardhead  (O.  Fr.  ardit ;  low  Lat. 
arditus,  ardicus ;  Span.  ardite\  which  is,  however,  said  by 
some  to  have  been  so  named  from  Philippe  le  Hardi,  who 


and  wool, — the  wool  being  sold  in  the  towns 
of  Poperynge  and  Bell.  The  imports  were 
mercery,  haberdashery,  cart-wheels,  and  bar- 
rows. (Thomas  Wright's  '  Political  Poems 
and  Songs,' vol.  ii.  p.  168.)  "  L'Ecosse  four- 
nissait  des  peaux  de  mouton,  de  lapin  et  autres, 
surtout  de  martres  (?)  ;  des  cuirs,  des  laines  et 
des  draps,  mais  de  mauvaise  qualite,  des  perles 
moins  belles  que  celles  d'Orient  On  y  envoy- 
ait  peu  de  chose,  tant  i  cause  de  la  pauvrete 
de  cette  contree,  que  parce  qu'elle  trafiquait 
principalement  avec  la  France  et  1'Angleterre. 
Cependant  elle  tirail  d'Anvers  quelques  epi- 
ceries,  du  sucre,  de  la  garance,  quelques  draps 
de  soie,  des  camelots,  des  serges  et  des  toiles. " 
Frederic  Baron  de  Reiffenberg,  '  Memoire 
couronne  par  1'Academie  de  Bruxelles,'  p. 
122,  "  Du  Commerce  au  xv°  et  xvie  siecles." 
Bruxelles:  1822—410. 


1  Vide  '  La  Tierce  Journde  du  Mistere  de  la 
Passion  Jesus  -  Crist,'  &c. ;  'Assemblee  des 
Tyrans,'  2d  fol.  recto,  col.  i. ,  after  r.  iiii.  Cf. 
'Gloss.  Med.  et  Inf.  Latin.,'  voce  "Placa," 
No.  2,  vol.  v.  p.  274,  col.  I  ;  and  Jamieson's 
Diet.,  vote  "Plack." 

8  A  curious  traditional  fancy  in  regard  to 
the  origin  of  this  term  is  still  current  in  Fife. 
"When  one  of  the  infant  kings  of  Scotland, 
of  great  expectation,  was  shown  to  the  public, 
for  the  preservation  of  order  the  price  of 
admission  was  in  proportion  to  the  rank  of 
the  visitant.  The  eyes  of  the  superior  classes 
being  feasted,  their  retainers  and  mobility 
were  admitted  at  the  rate  of  six  pennies  each. 
Hence  this  piece  of  money  being  the  price 
of  seeing  the  royal  Babie,  it  received  the  name 
of  Babie,  lengthened  in  pronunciation  into 
Bawbee." — Jamieson,  Supplement,  sub  •vote. 


FRENCH  COINS.  123 


first  coined  it.  James  VI.  continued  the  billon  coinage  in 
various  values. 

Modern  copper  money  was  first  coined  in  France  in  the 
reign  of  Henri  III.  about  1580.  The  Scots  soon  followed  in 
the  wake  of  France,  and  in  the  reign  of  James  VI.  the  first 
copper  coinage  was  struck,  and  consisted  of  a  twopenny  piece 
and  a  penny  piece  (1597). 

If  King  James  VI.  gave  the  name  of  turner  to  another 
copper  coin  struck  in  his  reign  (1614),  it  was  because  the  French 
tournois — so  named  because  first  coined  at  Tours  (Lat.  turo- 
nensis),  either  livre,  denier,  or  double — was  also  current  in  Scot- 
land. Charles  I.  (1625-1649)  continued  the  coinage  of  the 
turner.  The  name  was  revived  and  applied  to  a  similar  piece 
coined  after  the  Restoration,  in  the  beginning  of  Charles  II.'s 
reign.1  This  prince  minted  in  copper  a  bawbee  or  sixpenny 
piece  (1677). 

This  short  sketch  of  the  coinage  of  Scotland  shows  how 
much  it  owed  to  France ; 2  but  France  exercised  another  influ- 
ence over  Scotland  in  respect  to  money.  French  money  circu- 
lated quite  freely  in  the  country,  and  has  left  its  mark  in  the 
words  given  to  the  vocabulary. 

There  are  numerous  entries  in  the  Lord  Treasurer's  books 
of  payments  of  "French  crowns."  Thus,  on  i7th  March 
1503-4,  "Maister  William  Dunbar"  had  a  gratuity  of  seven 
French  crowns,  or  .£4,  i8s.  Scots,  for  saying  his  first  mass 
before  King  James  IV. 

1  Anderson's   'Diplomata,'  £c.,    p.    138;  2  'A  Handbook  to  the  Coinage  of  Scot- 

Spalding's   'History  of  the  Troubles,'  &c.,  land,' by  J.  D.  Robertson,  has  been  chiefly 

vol.  i.  pp.   197-217;  Jainieson's  Diet.,  voce  followed  in  this  sketch. 
"Turner." 


124  CIVILISATION  IN  SCOTLAND. 

On  May  30,  1502,  the  Treasurer  paid  "to  the  French  leich 
(John  Damian),  quhen  he  passit  his  way,  300  French  crowns." 

It  is  quite  plain  from  Dunbar,  in  his  poem  of  a  "  New 
Year's  Gift  to  the  King"- 

"  God  gif  the  blis  quhair  evir  thow  bowncs, 
And  send  the1  many  Fraunce  crownes  " l — 

that  French  money  was  in  common  currency. 

The  following  are  the  designations  of  the  coins  that  at  one 
time  or  other  formed  part  of  this  currency  : — 

Mouton  was  a  gold  coin  said  to  have  been  introduced  into 
the  country  during  the  reign  of  David  II. — "  nom  d'une  an- 
cienne  monnaie  d'or  de  France,  qui  portait  d'une  cote  1'image 
du  saint  Jean-Baptiste  et  de  1'autre  celle  d'un  agneau  avec 
Ecce  Agnus  Dei  pour  legende."  2  Salute  was  another  gold  coin 
of  Charles  VI.  (1380-1422),  "ainsi  dit  parce  qu'il  portait  gravee 
la  salutation  de  1'ange  a  la  sainte  Vierge." 3  Crowne  of  tlie 
sone  is  "  ecu  d'or  au  soleil,"  a  coin  struck  in  the  reign  of  Louis 
XI.  (1461-1483)  and  Charles  VIII.  (1483-1498)  (O.  Fr.  escu- 
sol).  Dolphin,  dalphyn,  was  another  gold  coin  in  circulation. 
The  kardique  is  corrupted  from  quart  d'&u,  a  coin  of  about 
the  value  of  eighteenpence.4  Souse  is  the  O.  Fr.  sol,  sold, 
Fr.  sou,  "  la  vingtieme  partie  d'une  livre."  Deneir,  denneyer,  is 
the  Fr.  denier  (Lat.  denarius),  a  small  silver  coin.  Cort,  pi. 
cortes,  cortis,  was  the  name  of  another  French  coin  that  found 

1    'Poems,1  vol.  i.  p.  91,  St.   5.  "  Adieu  mon  or  ct  mes  pistolles, 

»  Littre,  '  Dictionnaire  de  la  Langue  Fran-  Atjieu  mes  belles  "pagnolles, 

,  Adieu  mes  escus  au  soleil, 

caise,    SUbvoce.  Adieu  mes  amoureux  testons, 

3   Ibid. ,  sub  voce.  Adieu  mes  larges  ducatons, 

*  It  was  still  current  at  the  beginning  of  Adieu  mes  q«arts-d'escus  de  France." 

the  seventeenth  century : —  — "  L' Adieu  du  Plaideur  a  son  argent." 


MEDALS. 


125 


its  way  into  the  country  about  the  time  of  James  III.  Lyart 
is  the  Fr.  Hard,  a  word  of  uncertain  origin.  The  value  of 
the  Hard  was  equal  to  three  deniers,  the  fourth  of  a  sou,  and 
a  little  more  than  a  centime.  It  was  of  copper.  Doit,  a  small 
copper  coin,  is  the  Fl.  duyt.  The  word  is  still  used  to  indicate 
the  low  value  of  anything,  or  contempt  or  defiance  of  any  one. 

Maily,  melyie,  said  to  be  equal  to  half  a  denier,  is  the  O.  Fr. 
maaille,  Fr.  maille  (Walloon,  mdie,  mauie,  nauie;  O.  Span. 
mcaja ;  O.  Port,  mealha). 

It  may  be  here  stated  that  leg-dollar  is  a  Manx  dollar,  so 
called  because  it  bears  the  arms  of  the  Isle  of  Man. 

Pinkerton1  is  of  opinion  that  the  large  gold  medal  of  James 
III.  appended  to  the  shrine  of  St  John  at  Amiens,  and 
minutely  described  by  Du  Cange,  was  probably  the  production 
of  an  Italian  or  Flemish  artist ;  but  more  likely  it  was  struck  at 
the  royal  mint  of  Paris,  from  which  every  known  seal  and  medal, 
and  by  far  the  greater  number  of  coins  representing  Francis 
and  Mary  as  "  King  and  Queen  of  England,"  were  issued. 
There  was,  however,  a  royal  mint  in  the  Canongate  at  Edin- 
burgh, in  which  a  small  silver  coin,  dated  1558,  was  struck. 
The  same  may  be  said  of  a  gold  medal  now  to  be  found  in 
the  Sutherland  cabinet  in  the  Advocates'  Library,  which  also 
bears  date  1558,  and  resembles  on  the  obverse  only  a  Paris 
medallion  struck  to  commemorate  the  marriage  of  Queen  Mary 
with  the  Dauphin  of  France. 

The  Seton  medal,  struck  in  commemoration  of  a  patrician 
marriage,  has  for  its  legend,  "  Un  Dieu,  un  loy,  un  foy, 
un  roy." 

1  'The  History  of  Scotland,'  &c.,  vol.  i.  b.  ix.,  sect.  vi.  p.  423  :  London,  1747—410. 


126 


CIVILISATION  IN  SCOTLAND. 


The  French  have  contributed  more  to  Scotch  than  the 
designations  of  the  coins.  Coinyie,  we  have  already  said,  as 
well  as  cuinyie  (O.  Fr.  coigner),  is  to  coin;  cuinyie,  cuinyie- 
house,  cunyie- house,  cunzie,  is  the  mint;  cuinyoure,  is  the 
master  of  the  mint ;  and  cuinyie,  cunyie,  is  a  coin. 

"  My  Lordis  of  Chacker,  pleis  yow  to  heir 
My  coumpt,  I  sail  it  mak  yow  cleir, 

But  ony  circumstance  or  sonyie ; 

For  left  is  neither  corce  nor  cunyie 
Off  all  that  I  tuik  in  the  yeir."  l 

Argent  content,  ready  money,  is  the  Fr.  argent  comptant. 
When  one  is  unable  to  make  solutione  (Fr.  solution)  of  his  debts, 
he  becomes  a  dyvour  (Fr.  devoir),  a  bankrupt,  and  a  declaration 
of  bankruptcy,  dyvourie,  is  made. 

This  chapter  may  be  fitly  brought  to  a  conclusion  by  refer- 
ence to  Lawrence  Denison,  a  Scotsman,  whose  epitaph  tells 
what  office  he  held  in  France: — 

"D.  O.  M. 

"  Laurentius  Denison,  conseiller  du  roy  et  general  en  sa  court 
des  monnoyes  de  France,  attend  icy  la  resurrection  et  la  miseri- 
corde  de  Dieu.  II  est  nd  le  ve  mars  M.D.IIII.XX.VIIL, 
et  decede  le  xiiie  juillet  M.VI.C.LV."  2 


1  "To  the  Lordis  of  the  Kingis  Chacker," 
st.  i.  'Dunbar's  Poems,'  vol.  i.  p.  109. 

2  Tombeau  de  cuivre  a  gauche  dans  la  nef  de 
1'eglise  paroissiale  du  Pont-de-1'Arche.     '  Epi- 


taphes  des  eglises  de  Normandie,'  t.  i.,  in 
Gaigniere's  collection,  Bodleian  Library,  Ox- 
ford, fol.  1 1 8. 


CHAPTER     VII. 


•nimals. 


CHAPTER    VII. 


ANIMALS. 

[GOTLAND  was,  as  early  as  the  fifteenth  century, 
well  stocked  with  game,  as  well  as  with  bestial, 
cattle,  domestic  animals  (Fr.  bttail,  bestiaux).^ 
We  cannot,  therefore,  expect  to  meet  with  many 
importations  of  such  species,  along  with  their  foreign  deno- 
minations ;  still,  it  is  well  known  that  of  domestic  animals 
horses  were  imported  in  considerable  numbers.  Lord  Douglas 
brought  ten  great  horses  into  Scotland.2  James  IV.  was 
active  in  introducing  horses  and  mares  from  Spain  and 
Poland  ;  and  his  successor,  following  his  father's  example,  sent 
to  Denmark  and  brought  home  great  horses  and  mares,  and 
put  them  in  parks.3  In  later  times  great  horses  used  by  knights 
and  squires  came  from  Friesland  or  Flanders,  and  were  often 
called  fresonis,  nearly  as  in  France  (frisons). 

1  'Histoire  de  Charles  VI.,'  par  Mons.  J.  full  of  reid  deir  and  roes,  woolffs,  foxes,  wyld 

le  Laboureur,  liv.  v.  ch.  iv.  vol.  L  p.   103.  catts,  brocks,  skuyrrells,  whyttrets,  weasels, 

Buckle — vol.   ii.  p.   194 — has    misunderstood  otters,  martrises,  hares,"  &c. 

the  word  sauvagine  of  the  text.     Sir  Robert  -  '  Rotuli   Scotia;,'  vol.    i.  p.   752,  col.    I, 

Gordon,  after  having  enumerated  the  winged  July  1352. 

inhabitants  of  the  forests  and  thickets  of  3  '  Epist.  Reg.  Scot.,'  vol.  f.  pp.  98,99; 
Sutherland,  so  "profitable  for  feiding,  and  'Caledonia,'  vol.  ii.  p.  732,  note  9;  Pit- 
delectable  for  hunting,"  adds:  "They  are  scottie's  '  Cronicles,"  vol.  ii.  p.  359. 

R 


130 


CIVILISATION  IN  SCOTLAND. 


Among  the  names  of  animals  transferred  from  French  into 
Scotch  there  are  a  few.  If  the  Scots  have  the  words  horse 
and  kobeler1  in  common  with  the  English,  kobynz  (Fr.  hobin), 
cursour,  causer,  cusscr  (Fr.  coursier?  a  tilting-horse),  a  stallion 
or  bagit*  horse,  cowponit  (connected  with  Fr.  coupon,  a 
fragment,  couper,  to  cut),  a  cuttit*1  horse,  or  a  gelding,  and 
gerron,  which  means  the  same  in  Gaelic,  have  been  borrowed 
of  the  French.  Jonett,  jennett,  a  Spanish  horse,  is  the  Fr. 
genet  (Sp.  ginete,  a  lightly-armed  horseman,  which  some  derive 
from  Arabic  djund,  a  soldier).  A  sumpter-horse  was  sowmir 
(Fr.  sommicr,  cheval  de  somme ;  Prov.  saumier,  an  ass).  A 
hackney-horse(bore  the  name  of  rancy,  runcy,  runsy?  evidently 
the  O.  Fr.  runcin,  roncin7  cheval  de  charge  (Prov.  roncin, 
rod,  rossi;  Fr.  roussin).  A  saddle-horse  was  montur  (Fr. 
monture),  while  the  saddle  was  kept  in  its  place  over  the 
sambutes  (O.  Fr.  sambue)  by  the  curple,  curpon,  curpin  (O.  Fr. 
cropion;  Fr.  croupion,  croupe}.  The  animal  was  guided  by  the 


1  A  small  active  horse  (Roxb.),  an  English 
term  transferred  from  the  use  of  the  Scottish 
small  breed  on  the  Continent,  old  Fr.  hobeler, 
hobler.  The  "sted  off  Araby,"  given  by 
King  Alexander,  "  wyth  hys  armwrys  off  Tur- 
ky,"  to  the  abbey  of  St  Andrew  about  1122, 
as  stated  by  Andrew  of  Wyntoun  (the  '  Oryg- 
ynal  Cronykil  of  Scotland,'  b.  vii.  ch.  v.  1. 
692  ;  D.  Laing's  edit.,  vol.  ii.  p.  176),  most 
likely  came  from  Spain.  '  Papers  relative  to 
the  Marriage  of  King  James  VI.,'  Appendix, 
No.  ii.  p.  1 8. 

J  'Gloss,  de  la  Langue  Romane,'  vol.  i. 
p.  754,  col.  2;  Halliwell's  'Gloss.,'  voce 
"hobby,"  No.  I,  &c. 

3  "  Et  tres-bien  montes  sur  fleur  de  roncins 
et  de  gros  coursiers." — Froissart,  I.  i.  139. 


4  '  The  Dance  of  the  Sevin  Deidly  Synnis," 
1.  80 ;  ap.  Dunbar,  vol.  i.  p.  52.  Cf.  Notes, 
vol.  ii.  p.  262. 

8  Lindsay  of  Pitscottie,  the  'Cronicles  of 
Scotland,"  vol.  ii.  p.  372 ;  '  Burgh  Records  of 
the  City  of  Glasgow,'  p.  87,  A.D.  1577.  In 
England  cut  is  used  for  gelding. — Vide  Nares, 
'Glossary,' &c.,  p.  116,  col.  I. 

«  "The  Knightly  Tale  of  Golagrus,"  &c., 
fol.  5  verso. 

"  Ne  n'i  perdrat  ne  runcin  ne  sumer." 

— '  Chanson  de  Roland,'  Ix.  1.  758.  Ed.  Theo- 
dor  Miiller,  Gottingen,  1863— 8vo.  Cf.  the 
Glossarial  index  of  the  original  edition :  Paris 
-I837- 


THE  HORSE. 


renye  (O.   Fr.   regne,   reisgne,  resne ;    Fr.    rUne  ,*  Prov.   regns ; 
Breton,  ranjen,  renjeii],  and  put  to  its  speed  by  the  revil  (Fr. 
rouelle,  dim.  of  r0ȣ,  a  wheel).     When  a  horse  became  unman- 
ageable in  the  lists,  it  was  necessary  to  outter  (O.  Fr.  oultrer, 
Fr.  outrer)  it,  and  this  was  done,  no  doubt,  by  a  varlot,  verlot 
(O.  Fr.  varlef).     When  a  poor  hackney-horse  had  to  be  desig- 
nated, it  was  called  gryngolet l  (low  Fr.  gringalet,  now  applied 
to  a  puny  man).     To  designate  at  least  one  colour-mark  and 
one  colour  in  the  horse,  the  French  language  was  laid  under 
tribute.     A  horse  marked  with  white  on  the  face  was  balsanit^ 
bawsand,  bassand,  bawsant,  bawsint^  (O.  Fr.  bazisan*},  and  one 
of  a  dark-reddish  colour  was  a  soir  naig^  (O.  Fr.  sor,  Fr.  saur). 
Quirie,6  the  royal    stud,   is    the    Fr.  kurie.     Curie,1  stables; 
treviss,  trevesse,  travesse  (Fr.  travaisori),  a  horse's  stall,  a  par- 
tition  (inter tigniuni)  between    stalls;    lorymer*   spur -maker; 
turkas?  a  pair  of  pincers ;  and  perhaps  mortersheen  (mart  de 
ckien],  a  horse's  disease,  as  well  as  the  phrase  to  broche 10  a 


1 '  Syr  Gawayn  and  the  Grene  Knyght,'  p. 
24i  1-  597  5  and  notes,  pp.  316,  317. 

3  'Crim.  Trials,'  vol.  i.  p.  401*,  A.u.  1557- 
58. 

3  G.   Douglas,  ii.  257,  22.       In  Galloway, 
cows  having  a  white  stripe  down  the  face,  or 
horses,  are  commonly  called  bawsies. 

**  His  honest,  sonsie,  bausant  face, 
Aye  gat  him  freens  in  ilka  place." 

—Burns,  "  The  Twa  Dogs. " 

4  Littre  says,  subvoce  "beauceant,"  "bausan 
en  proven5al  et  en  ancien  fran9ais  signifiait 
un  cheval  balzan,  c'est-a-dire  un  cheval  noir 
ayant  de  marques  blanches  au  pied. " 

6  'Crim.  Trials,'  vol.  ii.  p.  360,  A.u.  1601. 
6  Vide  Jamieson,  sub  voce. 


1  Lindsay  of  Pitscottie,  '  Cronicles  of  Scot- 
land," vol.  ii.  p.  372. 

8  'Crim.  Trials,'  vol.  ii.  p.  399,  A.D.  1600. 

9  Ibid.,  vol.  i.  p.  222,  A.D.  1590-91  ;  O.  Fr. 

truquaise,  triquoise,  truquoise: — 

"  En  mesnaige  fault  un  flaiel, 
Des  turcaises  et  un  martel." 

—"La  Complaincte  du  Nouveau  Marie," 
&c.,  '  Recueil  de  Poesies  franjoises,  recueillics 
et  annotees  par  M.  Anatolede  Montaiglon,'  t. 
i.  p.  221:  Paris,  1855 — I2mo. 

10  "  Quant  1'ot  Rollanz,  Deus  !  si  grant  doel  en  out ! 

Sun  cheval  brochet,  laiset  curre  a  esforz." 

—'Chanson  de  Roland,'  xciv.  11.  1196,  1197. 
Ed.  Theodor  Miiller  ;  or  the  discoverer's  first 
edition,  p.  47. 


132 


CIVILISATION  IN  SCOTLAND. 


horse,  betray  their  French  origin.  So  much  for  karyagc,1  and 
what  relates  to  horses. 

The  ass  appears  in  the  plural,  under  the  form  of  asynis  (O. 
Fr.  asms).  Mullettis  are  great  mules,  used  for  the  carriage  of 
sumpters  (Fr.  mulcts). 

A  calf  sometimes  carried  the  designation  of  veil  (Fr.  veau). 

A  sheep  was  called  mutton  (Fr.  moiiton}.  If  it  died  a 
natural  death,  its  skin  got  the  name  of  mort,  and  its  fleece  that 
of  mort-oo?  If  the  lamb  itself  had  not  any  name  derived  from 
the  French,  its  skin  when  dressed  was  called  dug-skin ;  and 
huge  (O.  Fr.  bouge,  boulge?  O.  Ir.  bole;  Gael,  builg;  Lat.  bulged) 
was  "  lambs'  fur." 

Two  spaces,  speses  (Fr.  espcces)  of  dogs  owe  their  designations 
to  France.  Brac/te,  brachelle,  a  dog  that  discovers  game  by  the 
scent,  is  evidently  the  O.  Fr.  brache,  dim.  bracket,  Fr.  braque 
(Prov.  brae,  Sp.  draco,  It.  bracco) ;  and  kenet,  kennet,  a  kind  of 
hunting-dog,  is  the  French  chiennet^  When  the  hounds  in 
hunting  opened,  their  questes  (Fr.  quester)  were  heard  : — 


1  "A  collective  word  applied  to  horses, 
old  Fr.  haraz" — Gloss,  to  Wyntoun's '  Chron- 
icle. '    Jamieson  doubts  such  an  etymon.     On 
the  commercial  intercourse  between   France 
and   Scotland   relating   to   horses,  vide  '  Les 
Ecossais  en  France,'  &c.,  vol.  i.  pp.  426,  427, 
and  '  Rotuli  Franciae,"  Public  Record  Office, 
33  Henry  VI.,  No.  9. 

2  Vitie  Jamieson,  sub  •vocibiis. 

3  G.  Douglas,  iii.  144,  6 ;  iv.  8. 

*  '  Awntyrs  of  Arthure,'  ?t.  iv.  1.  4 ;  '  Schir 
Chanteclair  and  the  Foxe,"  1.  159-;  ap.  Hen- 
ryson,  p.  123.  Brache,  brachell,  gave  rise  to 
bratchart,  a  term  of  contempt,  and  perhaps 
also  to  bratchet,  a  little  mischievous  boy  or 
girl,  a  silly  diminutive  person.  The  names  of 


Base  he  (Basque)  and  Baute,  given  to  two  of 
King  James  VI.  's  dogs,  indicate  their  origin. 
—  Vide  '  Les  Ecossais  en  France,"  vol.  i.  pp. 
406,  426 ;  the  '  Heart  of  Mid-Lothian,"  ch. 
xviii.  ;  and  Jamieson's  Dictionary,  sub  voci- 
bus  "Batie,"  "Bawty."  In  the  glossary  to 
'Poems  in  the  Buchan  Dialect,"  the  former 
word  is  explained  "  mastiff."  Matteyne, 
which  is  nearer  the  French  mastin,  occurs  in 
the  'Burgh  Records  of  the  City  of  Glasgow, ' 
p.  119  (8th  Jan.  1579-80),  but  only  as  an 
opprobrious  word.  Jacques  du  Fouilloux  ('  La 
Vencrie,"  &c.,  Angers,  1845,  410,  chap.  ii.  fol. 
3  recto),  quoted  by  le  Grand  d'Aussy  (His- 
toire  de  la  Vie  privee  des  Fra^ois,"  vol.  i.  p. 
412),  relates  that  the  French  King  Francis  I. 


WILD  ANIMALS. 


'33 


"  Rock,  glen,. and  cavern  paid  them  back." 

When  the  game  was  likely  to  escape,  the  call,  rechas  (Fr. 
rechasser),  was  raised.  When  the  game  was  caught,  the/rjw 
(Fr.  prise)  was  sounded  :— 

"  Sound,  merry  huntsmen,  sound  the  pryse." l 

The  watch-dog  on  the  approach  of  a  stranger  began  to  glasier, 
glaister  (Fr.  glatir,  to  bark). 

A  few  wild  animals  bore  names  derived  from  French.  The 
wild  boar  was  sangwlier,  sangler^  (Fr.  sanglier),  a  species  of 
French  importation.3  James  V.,  who  did  so  much  to  intro- 
duce animals  and  birds  either  rare  or  unknown  to  his  kingdom, 
imported  boars  from  France,  as  the  following  extract  from  the 
Treasurer's  books,  of  date  July  26,  1541,  shows:  "Item,  to 
Johnne  Bog,  for  expensis  made  be  him  upoun  thre  sangweleris 
quhilk  came  furth  of  France  to  the  Kingis  grace ;  awayting 
upone  tham  xiiij  dayis,  and  tursing  of  them  to  Falkland,  vj. 
lib.  xjs." 

If  the  substantive  ours  was  not  introduced,  the  adjective 
ursyne,  with  the  sense  of  resembling  a  bear,4  was  used.  The 
otter  itself  did  not  bear  -  the  name  of  loutre,  but  its  fur  bore 
that  of  luterris.  The  beech-martin  (Mustela  foina,  Linn.)  was 
known  under  the  name  of  foyn,  foynyie,  funyie  (O.  Fr.fome, 
Fr.  fouine,  Lat.  faginus,  fagina).  The  polecat  (Mustela  pu- 
torius,  Linn.)  was  the  fowmarte — i.e.,  the  stinking  martin  (O. 


crossed  and  strengthened  the  new  breed  of  the 
stag-hounds  by  a  white  one  which  the  Queen 
of  Scotland  presented  to  him. 
1  '  Cadyow  Castle,'  St.  xvii. 


9  G.  Douglas,  iii.  335,  5. 

3  'Crim.  Trials, 'vol.  i.  pp.  311, '312,*  A.D. 
1541. 

4  'Clariodus,'  p.  224,  1.  1063. 


134 


CIVILISATION  IN  SCOTLAND. 


Fr.  fol,  and  martre).  The  martin  (Miistela  martes,  Linn.) 
was  called  martrik,  mertrik,  martlet,  marlrise1  (Fr.  martre). 
Jonett,  genett  (Viverra  genetta,  Linn.),  "a  kind  of  weesell, 
black-spotted,  and  bred  in  Spaine "  (Cotgrave),  is  the  Fr. 
genette  (Span,  gineta ;  Arab,  djerneyth;  Catalan  of  Pyrenees- 
Orientales,  janetta).  The  hedgehog  was  herisen,  hurcham, 
hurcheon?  hyrchoune  (Fr.  hdrisson,  O.  Fr.  kyrrc^on,  ureckon, 
according  to  dialects).  Porpik,  porkepik,  a  porcupine,  is  the 
Fr.  porc-dpic. 

The  rabbit  had  a  name  according  to  its  age, — either  cuning, 
cunyng?  kinnin  (O.  Fr.  connin,  connil),  or  lerroun*  lapron 
(Fr.  lapereazt), — a  word  which,  however,  may  mean  a  little  grey- 
hound (Fr.  laperon  or  levrori).  Cuningar,  cunningaire,  means 
a  warren. 

Cencrastus,  a  kind  of  serpent,  is  the  Fr.  cenchrite ; 5  and 
another  kind,  the  cheliderect,  is  the  O.  Fr.  chelydre.  The  asp  is 
aspect  (Fr.  aspic,  O.  Fr.  aspe). 

Lastly,   the  toad   was  called  crepinall®  (Fr.  crapaud),  and 


1  G.  Douglas,  iii.  144,  6;  iv.  8. 

*  "  The  hare  came  hirpling  owre  the  knowc, 

To  ring  the  morning  bell ; 
The  hurcheon  she  came  after, 
And  said  she  wad  do't  hersel." 

— Nursery  Rhyme,  '  Popular  Rhymes  of  Scot- 
land,' by  Robert  Chambers,  new  ed.,  p.  28  : 
London  and  Edinburgh,  1870 — 8vo. 

*  In  an  old  Scotch  ballad — "Johnie  Arm- 
strong," st.  iv. — kinnens  occurs  in  the  same 
sense. 

*  'The  Parliament  of  Beistis,"  I.  119;  ap. 
Henryson,  p.  138;  cf.  note,  p.  305. 

5     "  Thair  wes  the  serpent  cencrastus, 
A  beist  of  filthy  braith." 

— Watson's  Collection,  ii.  21. 


6  Lindsay  of  Pitscottie,  the  '  Cronicles  of 
Scotland,'  vol.  ii.  p.  522.  I  feel  inclined  to 
ascribe  the  same  etymon  to  trappald,  con- 
nected with  laid  by  Henryson  in  the  'Pad- 
dock and  the  Mouss,"  1.  86  (the  Poems,  &c., 
p.  220),  and  to  think  that  it  ought  to  be  writ- 
ten crappald.  In  Aberdeenshire,  bottrel  is 
used  as  adjective  and  substantive,  with  the 
sense  of  thick  and  dwarfish,  or  to  designate 
such  a  person.  The  origin  of  it,  wrongly 
ascribed  to  the  French  bouterolle,  the  chape 
of  a  scabbard,  the  tip  that  strengthens  the  end 
of  it,  is  undoubtedly  the  old  French  bolercl.  a 
toad.  Maukin,  a  half -grown  female  (Fr. 
mannequin),  may  be  mentioned  as  synony- 
mous with  bottrel. 


BIRDS. 


'35 


the  spider    aragne1  (Fr.  araigne'e).      The  death's-head  moth 
(Acherontia  atropos)  was  mort-\\eadz  (Fr.  mort). 

Poo  (O.  ^r.pole),  is  said  to  be  a  kind  of  crab  (E.  Loth.) 
Among  domestic  fowls,  in  pounct,  poune,  powne,  it  is  easy  to 
recognise  the  Fr.  paon,  peacock  ; 3  poule  d'Inde  in  poullie  hen ; 
and  in  how-towdy,  a  young  hen,  the  O.  Fr.  hestaudeau,  hustau- 
deau,  kutaudeati.*  « 

The  names  given  to  the  following  birds  are  French  in 
their  origin.  In  smoukie,  a  species  of  bird  of  prey,  may 
be  recognised  the  O.  Fr.  mouske,  the  Fr.  tmouchet.  Gas- 
trel,  castrel,  seems  to  be  the  same  as  the  English  kestrel 
(Falco  tinnunculus,  Linn.),  and  corresponds  to  the  O.  Fr. 
cercelle,  Fr.  cr&elle,  crtcerelle.  Rammage  (Fr.  ramage)  is 
the  sound  made  by  hawks.  The  owl 5  is  habawde  (Fr. 
hidou]  ;  the  swallow,  arrondcll  (Fr.  hirondelle;  in  Touraine, 
arondelle) ;  the  raven,  corbie,  corby?  gorby  (Fr.  corbeau]  ;  the 
magpie,  pyat,"1  pyot^  or  pyardie  (Fr.  pie  hardie) ;  the  black- 
bird, tnarleyon?  merle,  as  in  France ; 10  the  singing  thrush, 


1  G.  Douglas,  iv.  85,  18. 

2  Mart-head  is  applied  at  the  present  day 
in   Banffshire   to  a  plaything   intended  for  a 
"bogle,"    commonly   made    from   a   turnip. 
The    turnip   is   hollowed    out,    and   a   nose, 
mouth,  and  eyes  are  cut  through  on  one  side, 
to  represent  a  skull.    A  piece  of  lighted  candle 
is  placed  inside,  and   the  "  bogle "   is   then 
put  in  such  a  position  as  to  frighten  the  timid 
one  on  whom  the  trick  is  to  be  played. 

3  G.  Douglas,  iv.  85,  89. 

4  'Inventaires  de  la  Royne  Descosse,'  &c., 
p.  xxxvi,  note  2. 

5  G.  Douglas,  iii.  77,  19. 

6  O.    Fr.   corbin.  —  Vide    '  Les  Contes  et 


Discours  d'Eutrapel,'  fol.  134  verso. 

"  The  pyat  was  a  curst  thief, 
She  dang  doon  a'." 

— Nursery  Rhyme,  '  Popular  Rhymes  of  Scot- 
land,' by  Robert  Chambers,  new  ed.,  p.  28. 

8  "Ye're  like  the  pyot — ye're  a'  gutts  an' 
gangyls." — 'The  Dialect  of   Banffshire,'  p. 
59.     "The  pyot  furth  his  pennis  did  rug."- 
Dunbar's  Poems,    vol.    i.    p.    42 :    '  Off  the 
Fenyeit  Freir  of  Tungland,'  1.  83. 

9  Dunbar's  Poems,  ibid.,  1.  90. 

10  Al.  osyil,  osill. —  Vide  the  '  Parliament  of 
Beistis,'  1.   76;   ap.   Henryson,  p.   137;    cf. 
the  '  Testament  of  Cresseid,'  1.  430,  and  the 
Prologue  to  the  "  Fables  of  Esope,"  1.  18,  pp. 


136  CIVILISATION  IN  SCOTLAND. 

, 

mavis1  (O.  Fr.  mauvis]  ;  the  nightingale,  rossignell;  the 
crane,  gru ;  the  bittern,  boytour,  butter,  bwtour  (Fr.  butor] ;  the 
stork,  cygonie  (Fr.  cigogne)  ;  and  the  goosander  (probably 
Mergus  merganser,  Linn.),  harle  (Fr.  harle). 

To  conclude,  a  critical  friend  suggests  to  me  that  "  most  of  the 
above  names  of  animals,  though  they  occur  in  Dunbar  and  the 
other  sixteenth-century  poets,  were  never  incorporated  in  the 
spoken  Scottish  language,  and  would  not  have  been  intelligible 
to  the  masses.  A  common  countryman  would  never  at  any 
period  in  Scottish  history  have  recognised  the  swallow  as 
arrondell  or  the  nightingale  as  rossignell.  Nightingale,  how- 
ever, is  a  word  that  we  could  scarcely  expect  to  find  in  the 
spoken  language  of  the  country,  as  there  never  were  any  in 
Scotland,  except  during  Sir  John  Sinclair's  short  and  unsatis- 
factory experiment  of  acclimatising  them  in  Caithness." 


90,  154.     In  the  first  of  those  poems,  1.  120,  different  birds  :— 

p.    138,   the  marmysset  (a  small  monkey)  is 

undoubtedly  the  French  marnwuset.  'The  thrush  "****' the  "-* descant 

1  In  Scottish  poetry  the  word  is  of  constant  In  a  Scottish  poem— the  "  Pistill  of  Susanne," 

occurrence.    Spenser,  in  the  following  passage  st.  vii.— we  fm&joyken,  to  roost,  which  is  un- 

from  his   "  Epithalamium, "  seems  to    have  doubtedly  derived  from  Fr.  jiuher. 
considered  the  mavis  and  the  thrush  to  be 


CHAPTER    VIII. 


Bbucation:  Uerms  relating  to  it 


CHAPTER    VIII. 

EDUCATION  :   TERMS    RELATING    TO   IT. 

[HE  oldest  university  in  Scotland  —  that  of  St 
Andrews — was  founded  in  the  year  1411,  after 
the  plan  of  the  University  of  Paris,  by  Bishop 
Henry  Wardlaw,  who  had  completed  there  his 
course  of  philosophy.1  At  the  end  of  the  same  century,  Pope 
Alexander  VI.  empowered  William  Elphinston,  Bishop  of 
Aberdeen,  to  erect  in  that  city  a  university,  with  all  the  rights 
and  privileges  of  that  of  Paris. 

Many  of  the  university  lecturers  were  educated  in  Paris,  or 
taught  there.2  In  the  Introduction  to  John  Vaus's  'Commen- 
tary on  the  Doctrinale ;  or,  Rhythmical  Elements  of  Latin 
Grammar  of  Alexandrinus,'  printed  by  the  Ascensii  at  Paris 
in  1522,  one  of  them — Jodocus  Badius — speaks  of  his  favour 
for  the  new  University  of  Aberdeen,  "  idque  nominibus  et 
multis  et  gravibus,  primo  quod  ejus  proceres  et  institutores 
fere  ex  hac  nostra  Parisiensi  et  orti  et  profecti  sunt."  The 
volume  concludes  with  an  epistle,  dated  from  Paris,  ex  Collegio 

1  Innes,   'Scotland  in  the  Middle  Ages,"      Scotis,'  pp.   II,    12.      The  earliest  of  those 
chap.  ix.  p.  274.  dominies  is  "  Adamus  Scholasticus,  quern  alii 

•David     Buchanan,      'De     Scriptoribus     putant  Balendinum  fuisse,"  &c.,  A.D.  1410. 


140  CIVILISATION  IN  SCOTLAND. 

Bonce  Curia — i.e.  de  Boncourt^- — from  Robert  Gray,  who  had 
been  a  regent  at  Aberdeen. 

Scotsmen  were  in  the  habit  of  resorting  in  considerable 
numbers  to  France  to  receive  or  complete  their  education,  as 
the  following  reference  shows  :  "  Tertia  denique  tribus,  seu 
provincia,  continebat  Scotiam,  Angliam  et  Hiberniam,  quae  ho- 
die  tribus  Insularium  dicitur ;  cum  antiquitus  tribus  Scotorum 
vocitaretur,  quasi  princeps  Insularium  in  memoriam  magistrorum 
Scotorum  qui  academiae  Parisiensis  primi  fuerunt  institutores."2 

Sir  David  Lyndsay  refers  to  the  same  practice. 

"  I  send  my  sons  to  Pareis  to  the  scuillis."3 
Another  reference  is  : — 

"  Filii  nobilium,  dum  sunt  juniores, 
Mittuntur  in  Franciam  fieri  doctores ; 
Quos  prece  vel  pretio  domant  corruptores, 
Sic  prsetaxatos  referunt  artaxeta  mores."  4 

The  Scot,  wandering  in  search  of  learning,  was  not  always 
graciously  received,  chiefly  if  he  imported,  or  was  suspected  to 
smuggle,  antipopistical  doctrines.  The  author  of  the  '  Epi- 
taphe  du  petit  chien  Lycophagos,'  &c.,  reprinted  in  Ed.  Four- 
nier's  '  Varietes  historiques  et  litteraires,'  vol.  iv.  p.  269,  said 

in  1613 — 

"  Ainsi  puissent  pres  de  ta  fosse 
Abboyer  les  mastins  d'Escosse 
Qui  sont  dans  1'Universite' ! " 

1  See  also  'Les  Ecossais  en  France,'  &c.,  '  Lyndsay's  Poet.  Works,'  D.  Laing's  edit., 

vol.  i.  pp.  528,  529.  vol.  ii.  p.  264,  1.  13. 

a  Bulaeus,  '  Historia  Universitatis  Parisian-  4  Lines  quoted  by  Thomas  Wright,  'Anec- 

sis,'  t.  iii.  p.  560.  dota  Literaria,'  p.  38  ;  and,  after  him,  by  Mr 

1  "An    Satyre    of    the    Thrie    Estaitis,"  Sandras,  '  Etudes  sur  G.  Chaucer,' p.  14. 


STUDY  OF  FRENCH.  141 

In  1617,  a  celebrated  Jesuit  was  publicly  lecturing  on  contro- 
versy at  Bordeaux,  when,  says  he,  "  un  jeune  apostat,  nomme 
Leslaeus,  Escossois  de  nation,  et  recogneu  seulement  soubs  le 
nom  de  Remond  Lulle,  a  cause  qu'il  faisoit  estat  d'enseigner  les 
resveries  de  cet  alchimiste,  me  vint  attaquer  apres  ma  legon,"  &c. 
The  infuriated  monk  did  not  fail  calling  his  opponent  a  sot.1 

Those  who  had  not  the  means  of  going  to  France  for  the 
purpose  of  acquiring  the  language,  had  the  opportunity  of 
doing  so  at  home.  In  the  '  Statuta  et  leges  ludi  literarii 
Grammaticorum  Aberdonensium,' 2  it  is  enacted  that  the  boys 
shall  not  speak  in  the  vernacular,  but  in  "  Latin,  Greek,  He- 
brew, French,  or  Gaelic."  3  In  fact,  the  French  language  was 
taught  in  the  chief  schools  of  Scotland  4 — namely,  at  St  An- 
drews in  1566,  "with  the  reiding  and  right  pronunciation  of 
that  toung."  5 

It  is  an  established  fact  that  there  were  those  who  were 
well  skilled  in  French,  whether  acquired  at  home  or  in  France. 
In  one  case  —  "Andrew  Knox,  minister  at  Paisley,  found 
divers  letters  and  blankes,  directed  from  George,  erle  of 
Hountlie,  Frances,  erle  of  Arrol,  and  Wilyeam,  erle  of  Angus, 
subscryvit  with  their  hands,  wrytten,  sum  in  Latin  and  sum  in 
Frenche,  togidder  with  their  cachets,  signets,"  6  &c.  Likewise, 
James  V.  wrote  in  French  to  his  father-in-law,  which  is  easily 

1  Fr.   Garasse,   '  La  Doctrine  curieuse  des  79.     As  to  the  results  of  Latin  being  collo- 
beaux  esprits  de  ce  temps,'  &c.,  pp.  277-280  :  quially  employed  by  the  monks,  see  Buckle's 
Paris,  1622 — 4to.  '  History  of  Civilisation,'  vol.  i.  p.  249. 

2  Reprinted   in    'The    Miscellany   of   the         5  'The  Autobiography   and   Diary  of  Mr 
Spalding  Club,'  vol.  v.   p.  399.  James  Melvill,"  A.D.  1592,  pp.  17,  125:  Edin- 

See  '  Sketches  of  Early  Scotch  History,'     burgh,  1842— 8vo. 
pp.  272,  273,  notes.  "  Ibid.,  p.  307. 

4  '  Les  Ecossais  en  France,'  vol.  ii.  pp.  78, 


i42  CIVILISATION  IN  SCOTLAND. 

credible ;  but  he  did  not  confine  such  an  attention  to  his  kins- 
man :  two  letters  of  his,  directed  to  Madame  de  Sunoy,  and  to  the 
Princess  of  Orange,  are  also  couched  in  the  same  language.1 

In  the  middle  of  the  seventeenth  century,  a  nobleman  of 
eminence,  Sir  Colin,  the  eighth  laird  of  Glenurchy,  was  not 
only  a  Latin  scholar,  but  fond  of  French  and  Italian  literature.2 

To  encourage  and  further  not  only  the  study  of  French,  but 
also  that  of  Greek,  John  Erskine  of  Dun,  who  did  so  much  for 
his  countrymen,  brought  over  Pierre  de  Marsiliers,  a  French 
scholar,  who  taught  Greek  at  Montrose,  where  James  Melvill 
had  been  educated.3 

As  one  consequence  of  the  intimate  connection  between 
France  and  Scotland,  combined  with  the  development  of 
education  in  the  latter  country,  we  witness  the  remarkable  phe- 
nomenon of  learned  Scotsmen  holding  the  position  of  teachers 
and  professors  in  the  schools  and  universities  of  France. 

The  names  of  a  few  of  these  men  may  be  mentioned. 
Edmond  Hay,  the  Jesuit,  was  the  first  rector  of  the  Univer- 
sity of  Pont-a-Mousson,  in  Lorraine.  His  nephew,  William 
Barclay,  was  appointed,  by  Duke  Charles  III.,  Dean  of  the 
Faculty  of  Law  in  the  same  university  on  the  death  of 
Gregorie  in  1598.  He  afterwards  removed  to  Angers,  whose 

1  '  Epistolae  Jacobi  IV.,' vol.  i.  p.  122,  No.  master  was  Andrew  Miln,  minister  at  Pedresso. 

Ixxxviii.  In  1598  John  Thomson  and  his  wife  were  al- 

1  Vide  '  Sketches  of  Early  Scotch  History, '  lowed  to  teach  at  Aberdeen ;  but  the  licence 

p.  349.  extended  only  to  "  maidyne  bairnis,"  and  pro- 

3  "  So  I  was  put  to  the  scholl  of  Montrose,  vided  that  they  should  have  no  "  man  doc- 
finding,  of  God's  guid  providence,  my  auld  tour "    under    them.  — '  Extracts    from    the 
mother,  Marjory  Gray,  wha,  parting  from  hir  Council    Register  of  Aberdeen,"  vol.   ii.   p. 
brother  at  his  marriage,  haid  taken  upe  hous  171  :  Aberdeen,  1848 — 4to. 
and  scholl  for  lasses  in  Montrose."  The  school- 


FRENCH  EDUCATIONAL    TERMS.  143 

university  had  for  a  time  fallen  into  disrepute.  The  learning 
of  "  Mr  Barclay,  one  of  the  great  personages  of  the  time,"  soon 
restored  to  the  university  its  former  name,  and  "  the  reputa- 
tion of  his  course  once  more  filled  the  town  with  students." 
His  son,  by  his  wife  Anne  de  Malavillers,  was  John  Barclay, 
born  28th  January  1582,  author  of  '  Argenis,'  and  several  other 
works.1  It  may  be  stated  that  many  from  Scotland  resorted  to 
this  university  to  prosecute  their  studies.  Another  Barclay, 
William,  M.D.,  after  studying  in  Lorraine,  was  appointed  a 
professor  at  the  University  of  Paris,  and  taught  Humanity  in  it. 

These  men  not  only  carried  abroad  with  them  their 
learning  and  their  boldness  of  speculation,  but,  by  a  natural 
reaction,  they  infused  into  their  own  countrymen  the  opinions 
they  had  formed  among  foreigners ;  and  no  small  number  of 
words  is  used  to  express  such  opinions. 

Considering  the  mutual  relation  of  France  and  Scotland  in 
regard  to  matters  of  education,  one  might  expect  to  find  in 
Scotch  a  considerable  number  of  terms  relating  to  education 
borrowed  from  the  French.  Such,  however,  is  not  the  case. 
We  find  only  the  following : — 

Primar,  principal,  the  provost  of  a  college  (Fr.  premier, 
principal). 

Grammariour,  the  teacher  of  grammar  in  a  college — ap- 
parently the  same  with  the  professor  of  Humanity  at  the  present 
day — is  the  French  grammairien,  which  formerly  meant  one 
who  not  merely  studied,  but  taught  literature  in  general. 

Regent,  a  professor  in  a  university,  is  the  French  regent. 

1  '  Les  Ecossais  en  France,'  vol.  ii.  pp.  222-224. 


144  CIVILISATION  IN  SCOTLAND. 

The  office  of  professor  was  called  regency,  and  to  discharge  the 
office  of  a  professor  was  to  regent. 

S^lppoist,  suppost,  a  scholar  in  a  college,  is  the  O.  Fr.  siippost. 

Bursar,  one  who  receives  the  benefit  of  an  endowment  in 
a  college  for  bearing  his  expenses  during  his  education  there, 
is  the  French  boursier. 

The  name  of  bursar,  or  bursarius,  was  anciently  given  to 
the  treasurer  of  a  university  or  of  a  college,  and  is  still  used  in 
England  in  the  same  sense;  but  in  Queen  Mary's  time  the 
name  had  come  to  be  given  to  poor  students,  probably  because 
they  were  pensioners  on  the  common  purse. 

As  might  be  expected,  the  endowment  given  to  a  student  in 
a  university — an  exhibition — had  a  name  in  conformity  with 
bursar.  It  was  termed  bursary,  burse  (Fr.  bourse). 

Baijen,  bajan,  bejan  classe,  a  designation  given  to  the 
Humanity  class  of  the  first  year  in  the  two  universities 
mentioned  above,  as,  till  of  late,  it  was  applied  to  the  Greek 
class  in  the  University  of  Edinburgh.  Hence  the  students  in 
this  class  are  denominated  bejans^  or  sometimes,  in  Aberdeen 
pronunciation,  bejants.  This  word  is  most  probably  the  Fr. 
bejaune,  a  young  bird,  that  has  still  a  yellow  bill  (le  bee  jaune) 
— figuratively,  ignorance,  stupidity — then  "  un  jeune  homme 
sot  et  inexperimente." ' 

Semibajan  seems  to  be  the  same  as  semi,  the  name  given  in 


1  Vide  '  Sketches  of  Early  Scotch  History,'  to  his  companions  for  his  welcome  bejaunium. 

&c. ,  p.  240,  note  2 ;  Chambers's 'Traditions of  — Vide  'Gloss.  Med.  et   Jnf.  Latin.,' vol.  i. 

Edinburgh,' p.  172,  note.    DuCange  says  that  p.  632,  col.  3  ;  vol.  ii.  p.  323,  col.  3,  subvoci- 

in  Low  Latin  a  young  university  student  was  bus  "Beanus"  and  "Cherubim." 
called  bejaunus,  and  the  entertainment  he  gave         a  Littre,  sub  voce. 


FRENCH  EDUCATIONAL    TERMS.  145 

the  Aberdeen  University  to  a  student  of  the  second  year  of  the 
curriculum. 

Afagtstratut,  pronounced  (vulgo)  magistraan,  the  name  given 
to  students  of  the  fourth  year  of  the  course  of  study  followed 
in  the  University  of  Aberdeen,  seems  to  be  derived  from  the 
French  maitre-es-arts,  low  Lat.  magistrandus. 

Censor,  whose  office,  in  the  Aberdeen  University  at  least, 
was  to  keep  the  register  of  attendances  of  the  students,  is  the 
Fr.  censeur,  who,  however,  held  in  the  Sorbonne  the  duty  of 
examining  candidates,  and  in  the  Lyceums  superintended  and 
directed  the  work  of  the  students. 

Sacrist,  a  kind  of  general  servant  appointed  to  look  after  the 
class-rooms,  professors'  private  rooms,  &c.,  is  the  Fr.  sacristain. 

Session,  used  instead  of  the  English  "  term,"  is  the  Fr. 
session. 

Argument,  a  piece  of  English,  dictated  to  boys  to  be  turned 
into  Latin,  "a  version"  (Aberd.),  is  the  Fr.  argument. 

To  trap,  to  correct,  in  repeating  a  lesson  at  school,  so  as  to 
have  a  right  to  take  the  place  of  him  who  is  thus  corrected, 
a  schoolboy  term,  &c.,  is  the  Fr.  attraper. 

Scholage,  the  master's  fee  for  teaching  in  a  school,  is  the  O. 
Fr.  escholage.  Another  common  name  at  the  present  day  for 
the  same  thing  is  college-fee. 


CHAPTER     IX. 


/Ifoebfcfne. 


- 


CHAPTER    IX. 

MEDICINE. 

HAT  knowledge  of  medicine  existed  in  Scotland 
during  the  Scoto-Saxon  period  cannot  now  be 
ascertained,  unless  we  infer  it  from  the  form  of 
a  licence,  by  the  Abbot  of  Kelso,  empowering  a 
monk  to  study  any  liberal  faculty  or  science  within  the  realm 
of  England.  Later,  many  physicians  appear  in  the  Scottish 
chartularies  and  charters,  and,  by  their  names,  some  seem 
to  have  been  Jews.  Others,  whoever  they  might  have  been, 
came  from  Italy  or  France.  The  talents  of  Antonio,  a  Lom- 
bard physician,  procured  him  a  settlement  in  Renfrewshire. 
About  the  end  of  the  fourteenth  century,  John  of  Burdouse 
(Bordeaux  ?)  wrote  a  treatise  on  the  pestilence,  which  is  at 
the  end  of  the  chartulary  of  Kelso.1  James  IV.  extended 
his  patronage,  among  many  others,  to  "  Doctouris  in  jure  and 
medicyne,"  as  well  as  to  "potingars."  Well  known  is  John 
Damiane,  "  the  fenyeit  friar  of  Tungland,"  who  presented  him- 
self to  the  Court  of  James  IV.  as  a  French  doctor.2 


1  Chalmers's  'Caledonia,'  b.  iv.  ch.  v.  vol.         a  'Les  Ecossais  en  France,'  &C-,  vol.  i.  pp. 
i.  pp.  769,  770.  331-334- 


ISO  CIVILISATION  IN  SCOTLAND. 

"  This  King  James  the  Feird  was  weill  learned  in  the  airt  in 
medicine,  and  was  ane  singular  guide  chirurgiane ;  and  thair 
was  none  of  that  professioun,  if  they  had  any  dangerous  cure 
in  hand,  hot  would  have  craved  his  advyse."  l 

In  the  following  century  Henryson  dressed  Mercury  as  a 

"  Doctour  in  physick  cled  in  skarlot  goun, 
And  furrit  weill,  as  sic  ane  aucht  to  be."  2 

During  the  month  of  August  1542,  at  the  time  of  James  V.'s 
rupture  with  England,  which  ended  in  the  disastrous  rout  of 
Solway  Moss  and  the  king's  death,  four  surgeons  were  de- 
spatched to  the  Borders  "  for  curing  of  all  persons  that  hapnit 
to  be  hurt  be  Inglis  menne."  Their  names  have  not  been  pre- 
served ;  but  we  know  that  Queen  Magdalen  was  attended  in 
Scotland  by  her  old  physician,  Master  Patrix,  surely  a  French 
doctor.3 

"  When  my  brother  was  in  Scotland,"  says  Joseph  Scaliger, 
"  there  was  there  but  one  physician,  who  was  the  queen's 
doctor,  and  in  my  own  times  in  England  such  practitioners 
were  far  from  being  numerous.  In  Scotland,  a  joiner  bled, 
and  barbers  only  shore."  4 

At  the  end  of  the  sixteenth  century,  "  Maister  Gilbert  Mont- 
creif  was  mediciner  to  the  King's  Majestic,"  as  stated  by  Alex- 
ander Hume,  rector  of  Logic,  in  an  epistle  addressed  to  that 
doctor,  which  contains  some  curious  information,  chiefly  that 


1  Pitscottie's  'Cronicles,'  vol.  i.  p.  249.  'Archives  nationales,   Paris,  J.   967,   3d 

"  "The  Testament  of  Cresseid,"  1.  245  ;     bundle, 
in  Henryson's  '  Poems  and  Fables,'  p.  84.  4  '  Scaligerana,'  p.  223. 


MEDICAL    WORDS.  151 

the  author  had  employed  his  "  youth  and  paine  "  four  years  in 
France.1 

The  Accounts  of  the  Lord  High  Treasurer  of  Scotland  give 
some  interesting  items  regarding  medicine  : — 

"  1474. — Item,  gevin  to  McMevlane,  the  harbour,  at  the 
kingis  command,  xiiij  Marcii,  for  the  leichcraft  dun  be  him  to 
the  litil  boys  of  the  chalmire,  xl  s."  2 

"  1491. — Item,  on  Palme  Sonday,  to  Domynico,  to  gif  the 
king  leve  to  lat  him  blud,  xviij  s."  3 

"  1491. —  Item,  the  xv  Aprill,  til  a  man  that  cam  to  Lyth- 
gow  to  lat  the  king  blud,  and  dyd  it  nocht,  xviij  s."  4 

"  1491. — Item,  xxvij  May,  til  a  leych  that  leyt  the  king  blud, 
xviij  s."  5 

The  following  shows  that  the  "  leeches  "  of  those  days  were 
able  to  perform  very  delicate  operations  : — 

"  1496. — Item,  the  fift  day  of  November,  to  a  man  beside 
Coupir  in  Angus,  that  was  new  schorn  of  the  stone,  iii  s.  vi  d."  6 

If  the  medical  vocabulary  of  Scotland  is  examined,  it  will 
be  found  that  it  has  been  much  indebted  to  the  French  tongue. 

The  surgeon  himself  was  chirurgiane?  chyrurgiane,  chirur- 
geon,  chirurginar,  scherurgian  (Fr.  chirurgien) ;  and  when  he 
performed  an  operation,  he  had  to  apply  sanourous  (Fr.  sain) 


1  '  Les  Ecossais  en  France,'  vol.  ii.  p.  266.  7  Vide  'Crim.  Trials,'  vol.  i.  p.  7,  A.D.  1567; 

1  'Accounts  of  the  Lord  Higli  Treasurer  of  'Burgh  Records  of  the  City  of  Glasgow,'  p. 

Scotland,'  edited  by  Thomas  Dickson,  vol.  i.  71,  A.D.  1577,  &c.  'D.  Moysie's  Memoirs,' 

p.  68  :  Edinb.  1877—410.  pp.  22,  23,  A.D.  1559.  'Fleming's  Chronicle, 

1  Ibid.,  p.  176.  MS.,  Adv.  Libr.,  &c.      'Melvill's  Diary,'  p. 

4  Ibid.,  p.  177.  496.       See  also    '  Inventaires  de  la   Royne 

5  Ibid.  Descosse,'  p.  Ixiii,  &c. 

6  Ibid.,  p.  305. 


152  CIVILISATION  IN  SCOTLAND. 

balsams  to  panse,  pense1  (Fr.  panser)  the  wound.  The 
subject  he  had  to  deal  with  was  the  human  body,  many  of 
whose  members,  as  well  as  itself  in  different  states,  bore 
names  borrowed  from  the  French. 

Man  makes  his  first  appearance  vivual,  vivuallie  (O.  Fr. 
vivaule,  vivant,  plein  de  force),  in  the  jiszen,  gizzen  bed  2  (Fr. 
gtsine).  The  mother  gazes  on  the  child's  volt,  vult  (O.  Fr. 
volt,  visage),  examines  whether  the  little  stranger  is  cam-nosed, 
camozv-nosed  (Fr.  camus),  flat-nosed,  or  gash-gabbit  (Fr.  gauche), 
and  in  the  joy  of  her  heart  she  calls  it  mupetigage  (Fr.  mon 
petit  gage).  The  nurse  takes  it  and  fondles  it,  and  addresses 
it  pytane  (Fr.  petit  un,s  or  peton).  When  it  is  old  enough  to 
observe,  and  is  pleased,  it  begins  to  gruntle  (Fr.  grondiller) ; 
and  when  it  is  displeased,  it  begins  to  grunyie*  (Fr.  grogner). 
The  child  may  be  either  a  boy  or  ^.peronal  (O.  Fr.  pe"ronnelle). 

The  human  body  when  in  life — vivuallie — may  be  called  a 
cars,  corss,  corce  (Fr.  corps).  The  crown  of  the  head  is  palad, 
pallat  (O.  Fr.  palet 5)  ;  the  jaws  are  jowis 6  (Fr.  joues).  Be- 
tween the/loo/tr  is  the  gab,  gob.  Inside  the  gab  are  the  gyngivis1 
(Fr.  gencives),  the  gums.  Behind  the  jowis  is  the  witter  (Fr. 
gotire,  Lat.  guttur) ;  and  when  one  man  seizes  another  by  the 


1  Vide  '  Sir  J.  Melville's  Memoirs,"  p.  35,         *  There  is  a  French  proper  name  Petiton. 
A.D.  1557;  and  Lord  Fountainhall,  '  Chronol.          4  '  The  Banffshire  Dialect,'  subvoce.    Asher 

Notes  of  Scottish  Affairs,'  p.  197,  4th  Nov.  &  Co.,  London,  1866— 8vo. 
1686.     The  same  verb  existed  also  in  Scotch         B  "  A  Skinner  to  his  Man  : " — 
with    the   sense    of  think,    meditate,  cogitate.  "  Nc  bouge,  tant  que  je  reviengne, 

Vide  'The  Garmond  of  Glide  Ladies,'  1.  27,  D'icy;  entends-tu,  mon  varlei? 

ap.  Henryson,  p.  9  ;  and  '  Crim.  Trials,'  vol.  Et  Prends  bien  *ard<!  * ton  P"1"'-" 

i.  p.  210,  A.D.  1590.  — 'Recueil  de  Farces,"  &c.,  p.  15°. 

-  'Richard  Bannatyne's  Memoirs,"  p.  238;         6  'Sir  John  Rowll's  Cursing,'  1.  118. 
Pitscottie,  A.D.  1576.  7  G.  Douglas,  iii.  251.  28  ;  336.  20. 


WORDS  RELATING    TO    THE  BODY.  153 

throat,  or,  figuratively,  when  two  quarrel,  they  are  said  to  be  in 
each  other's  witters.  Behind  the  gyngivis  is  the  goule,gowll 
(Yr.gueule),  the  throat,  orgorgy  (Fr. gorge).  All  this  is  supported 
by  the  spald,  spawl,  spauldz  (O.  Fr.  espaule,  Fr.  dpaule),  the 
shoulder.  The  spaul  is  joined  to  the  breast  by  the  cannel-bayne 
(Fr.  canal du  cou}.  Within  the  coist,  cost*  (O.  Fr.  costd)  beats 
the  core  (Fr.  cceur).  The  cules,  culs  4  (Fr.  culs),  the  buttocks, 
are  sometimes  called  in  jest  the  curpin,  curpon  (Fr.  croupion). 
A  well-formed  brawn,  braun  (O.  Fr.  brahon),  is  an  adornment 
of  the  leg,  s haunt  (Fr.  jambe),  when  it  is  joined  to  the  foot, 
pet  tie  (Fr.  pied),  by  a  well-turned  cute?  coot,  cuitt,  or  queet  in 
northern  pronunciation  (Fr.  cou-de-pied,  coude-pied?}. 

The  body,  when  death  lays  his  hand  upon  it,  becomes  either 
a  corp,  corps,  corpis®  (Fr.  corps),  or  a  tramort  (O.  Sw.  tra,  to 
consume,  and  Fr.  mart}.  When  it  is  rolled  in  the  corpse-sheet, 
it  is  ready  for  tyrement 7  (Fr.  enterremenf).  The  coffin  is  laid 
upon  the  pail  (O.  Fr.  paile,  drap  mortuaire),  and  drawn  by 
horses  to  the  grave-yard,  or  it  may  be,  carried,  covered  with 
the  mart-cloth  or  «fo«/£-pale.  In  bygone  days  the  corpse- 


1  G.  Douglas,  iii.  349.  19.  Cf.   '  A  Diary  of  Remarkable  Occurrents,'  p. 

'  '  Crim.  Trials,'  vol.  ii.  p.  525,  A. D.  1607 ;  321,  A.n.  1571.     Curpin  is  the  common  term 

vol.  iii.  p.  384,  A.D.  1616  ;  p.  485,  A.D.  1620.  in  Scotland  for  the  crupper  of  a  saddle. 

Tampis  of  the  bard,  whiskers.    ('  The  Taill  of  5   'The    Gardener,'   st.   5;    ap.    Kinloch, 

the  Lyoun  and  the  Mouse,'  1.  10  ;  ap.  Henry-  '  Anc.  Scottish  Ballads,'  p.  757. 

son,  p.  159.   Cf.  Gloss.,  p.  318,  col.  2,  where  "   'The  Tod's  Confessioun, '  1.  in  ;   'The 

the  learned  editor,   having  printed  lampis,  Wolf,  the  Fox,  and  the  Cadgear,'  1.  205  ;  ap. 

proposes  campis.)    Fr.  tempes.  Henryson,  pp.  131,189. 

3  G.  Douglas,  ii.  116.  10;  178.  45;  240.  7   When  the  mother  of  James  V.  was  to  be 
30.  buried,  messengers  were  sent  to  all  parts  of 

4  Culls,  used  in  Roxburghshire  to  designate  the  country  to  summon  the  nobles  "to  cum 
the  testicles  of  a  ram,  and  in  Berwickshire  in  to  the  Queene's  tyrement." 

a  general  sense,  is  the  Fr.  couillon,  couille. 

U 


iS4  CIVILISATION  IN  SCOTLAND. 

present  (Fr.  corps  and  prdsenf)  was  made  to  the  church ;  and 
then  came,  in  the  language  of  religious  controversy,  at  times  not 
over-courteous,  the  mart  mumlingis  (Fr.  mort),  which,  if  re- 
peated thirty  times,  got  the  name  of  trental  (Fr.  trentel,  from 
trente,  thirty).  On  the  wreck  of  a  foreign  ship  on  the  coast  of 
Ayr,  and  the  loss  of  some  of  the  crew,  the  sum  of  twenty 
shillings  was  paid,  nth  February  1533,  "for  ane  trentall  of 
messis  done  for  the  Britonaris  saulis  quhilkis  perist  at  the  port 
of  Aire." 

If  there  was  any  danger  of  the  body  being  disinterred  to 
make,  in  vulgar  mispronunciation,  an  atomie  (Fr.  anatomic?'), 
the  coffin  was  encased  in  a  mart-safe  (Fife). 

Man  is  not  at  all  times  in  good  point  {Fr.  point),  and  is  liable 
to  a  multiply  multiplie  (Fr.  multiplie',  manifold)  of  malices  (Fr. 
malaise).  By  some  of  them  he  is,  in  northern  phrase,  "  sehr  " 
defett,  defait,  defaite  (O.  Fr.  defaict,  past  part  of  defaire),  and 
others  of  them  prove  mort  (Fr.  mort). 

"  The  great  variety  of  diseases  prevailing  in  our  days," 
says  Dr  Boyce,  "was  unknown  to  our  ancestors.  Calculous 
concretion,  or  the  predominance  of  the  lymphatic  fluid,  was 
the  only  disorder  they  suffered  from.  They  lived  honestly, 
frugality  was  their  protection  against  disease,  and  enabled 
them  to  live  to  an  old  age.  But  when,  forgetting  the  customs 
of  their  countries,  they  began  to  indulge  into  all  kinds  of 
pleasures,  foreign  diseases  crept  in  with  foreign  niceties,  and 
the  remedies  used  at  home  proving  powerless,  no  end  of  new 
medicines  were  imported,  which  soon  were  superseded  by 
other  novelties.  This  is  but  a  passing  remark  on  the  old 
frugality  of  the  Scots,  on  their  diseases  and  mode  of  curing 


DISEASES.  155 


them,  a  subject  which  at  a  more  convenient  time  I  intend 
treating  more  fully." l 

A  curious  poem  gives  a  list  of  diseases  : — 

"  They  bad  that  baich  should  not  be  but — 
The  frencie,  the  fluxes,  the  feyk,  and  the  felt, 
The  fevers,  the  fearcie,  with  the  speinye  flies ; 
The  doit,  and  the  dismal,  indifferently  delt ; 
The  powlings,  the  palsey,  with  pocks  like  pees  ; 
The  swerf,  and  the  swelling,  with  sounding  to  swell ; 
The  weam-ill,  the  wild  fire,  the  vomit,  and  the  vees ; 
The  mair  and  the  migrame,  with  meaths  in  the  melt ; 
The  warbles,  and  the  wood-worm  whereof  dog  dies ; 
The  teasick,  the  tooth-aik,  the  tilt,  and  the  tirles ; 
The  painful  poplesie  and  pesl, 
The  rot,  the  loup,  and  the  auld  rest, 
With  parlesse  and  plurisies  opprest, 
And  nip'd  with  the  nirles." 2 

Not  a  few  of  those  and  other  malices  owe  their  designations  to 
the  French  language ;  and,  no  doubt,  such  designations  were 
given  them  either  by  French  doctors,  or  by  those  who  had 
received  their  professional  training  in  France. 

An  Aberdeen  edict  of  2ist  April  1497  mentions  "the 
infirmity  cumm  out  of  Franche  &  strang  partis "  3  under  a 
name  spelt  in  different  ways  glangoir,  glengore,  gor,  gore, 
grandgoir,  grangoir,  grantgor,  grantgore. 

"  Fy  !  tratour  theif ;  fy  !  glengoir  loun  ;  fy !  fy  !  "4 

1  Cf.  'Scotorum  Histor.,'  lib.  ii.  fol.  xxii.  Simpson,  'Antiquarian  Notices  of  Syphilis  in 

1.  3>  Parisiis,  Prelum  Ascensianum,  sine  anno  Scotland  in  the  l$th  and  ifith  Centuries,' p. 

— fol.  4  ;  Edinburgh,  n.  d. — 410. 

1  Polwart,  in  Watson's  Collection,  vol.  iii.  4  '  The  Flyting  of  Dunbar  and  Kennedy,' 

p.  14.  1.  83.  '  The  Poems  of  William  Dunbar,'  vol. 

3  'Aberdeen  Edicts,'  vol.  i.  p.  425:  J.  Y.  ii.  p.  68. 


156  CIVILISATION  IN  SCOTLAND. 

"  I'll  gar  our  gudeman  trow 

That  I'll  tak  the  glengore, 
If  he  winna  fee  to  me 
Three  valets,  or  four." l 

"  Cette  grande  gore  de  verole,  ainsi  baptisee  par  ceux  de 
Rouen  sur  son  commencement,"2  may  have  been  imported  from 
the  capital  of  Normandy  by  the  Scotch  who  swarmed  there. 
This  disease  is  associated  with  the  strangelour  (Fr.  estranguil- 
lonsY  and  the  chaud-peece  *  (Fr.  chaude-pisse).  We  meet  else- 
where \i\\hfeyk,  wees,  an  itching  in  the  fundament  (O.  Fr.y^5). 
Another  word,  derived  also  from  the  French,  appears  in  old 
documents  under  many  shapes,  —  rimbursin,  rimburstennes, 
rimburssanes.6  The  Regent  Morton  was  in  1572  afflicted 
with  this  disease,  "  and  war  nocht  he  was  cuttit,  he  haid  lost 
the  lyff."  Cartane  fevir  and  fleume  may  be  derived  from 
Latin.7  Whether  catarris  is  from  the  Fr.  catarrhe,  catarrh, 
may  be  a  question ;  but  flux,  or  in  other  forms,  flook,  fluke? 
diarrhoea,  is  plainly  the  Yr.flux;  cornoy,  correnoy,  used  in  Fife 


1  '  A  Ballad  Book,'  edited  by  the  late  David  col.  I. 

Laing,  p.  n,  st.  iii.  :  William  Blackwood  &  6  Apparently    rupture    or    hernia,       Vide 

Sons,  Edinburgh  and  London,  1880 — 8vo.  '  A  Diurnal  of  Occurrents,'  p.  321  ;  'A  Scroll 

2  '  Les  Contes  et  Discours  d'Eutrapel,'  fol.  Book,'  quoted  by  Pitcairn,  'Crim.  Trials,'  vol. 
155  verso.     Grel  gowre  occurs  with  another  i.  p.  404,  n.  3. 

sense  in  a  passage  quoted  by  Janiieson  (Diet.,  '  '  The  Maner  of  the  Crying  of  ane  Playe,' 

vace  "  Gambet ").  1.    57.      In   'Bannatyne   Poems,"  p.  174,  is 

*  'Sir  John  Rowell's  Cursing,'  1.  63.  lartane,  as  if,  according  to  this  MS.,  the  ter- 

4  Vide  Jamieson's  Diet.,  vocibus  "  Chaud-  tian,  or  three  days'  ague,  had  been  referred  to 

peece"  and  "  Cleiks."  by  the  writer. 

11  Fy  fy  was  in  O.  Fr.  a  term  of  contempt  8  'Philotus,'  st.  36,  fol.  3  verso;   'Crim. 

and   hatred:    "faisant    le  fy  fy,   qu'elle    se  Trials,' vol.  i.  p.  396,  A.D.  1596.     In  O.  S. 

trouvoit    mal." — 'Les    Contes  et  Discours  flu  was  a  river.     Vide   'Ane   Ballet  of  the 

d'Eutrapel,' fol.  183  verso.     Cf.  '  Gloss.  Med.  Nine  Nobles,'  1.  22— Graham,   'History  of 

et  Inf.  Latin.,'  vace  "Ficus,"  t.  iii.  p.  281,  the  Rebellion,'  p.  79. 


DISEASES.  157 


with  the  sense  of  disturbance  in  the  bowels,  a  rumbling  noise 
in  the  belly,  and  in  Berwickshire  with  that  of  sorrow  or 
trouble,  is  the  Fr.  cceur  noye";^  and  mur die-gripes,  the  belly- 
ache, is  compounded  of  Fr.  mordre,  to  bite,  and  O.  Fr. 
griper,  having  the  same  meaning ;  whilst  laxat  and  gourd, 
words  applicable  to  certain  conditions  of  the  bowels,  betray 
their  French  parentage,  gourd  (Span,  ^yrdi?)  and  laxatif.  Icter- 
ique,  of  or  belonging  to  jaundice,  comes  from  the  Fr.  icttrique. 

Kindness,  a  disease  which  prevailed  in  the  country  in  the 
year  1580,  is  in  all  likelihood  the  same  disease  as  squinacie, 
the  quinsy  (Fr.  squinancie,  Lat.  cynancfie,  a  bad  kind  of  sore 
throat, — Greek  Kvvdyxr),  literally,  dog-throttling). 

Royne  is  the  O.  Fr.  roigne,  rongne,  "  scurf,  scabbinesse,  the 
mange." — Cotg.  Mirles,  the  common  name  of  the  measles  in 
the  north,  is  the  O.  Fr.  morbilles.  Lipper,  leprosy,  is  the  Fr. 
lepre.  Mesall,  mysel,  leprous,  is  from  the  O.  Fr.  mesel,  a  leper 
—a  word  connected,  perhaps,  with  the  Valencian  mesell,  which 
is  applied  to  one  who  has  an  internal  or  a  contagious  disease, 
and  particularly  to  pigs  whose  flesh  when  slaughtered  becomes 
measly.  Then  escrolles?  cruals,  cruels,  the  king's  evil,  scrofula, 
is  the  Fr.  tcrouelles.  Mules,  chilblains,  and  moolie  heels,  come 
from  Fr.  mules. 

Etick,  ethick,  hectic,  is  the  Fr.  ttique  (Lat.  hectica,  a  fever, 
from  Greek  e/m/cos,  habitual, — exeLV  to  have,  to  hold).  Per- 
lasy,  the  palsy,  is  the  Fr.  paralysie  (Lat.  paralysis);  exies 
is  hysteria;  and  trembling  exies  or  aixies,  the  ague,  is  from 
the  Fr.  acces.  Stoup-galland,  the  name  given  to  an  epidemic 

1  Curgellit  is  said  in  Ayrshire  of  one  whose     horrible  deed  (Fr.  cceur  gelt  ?). 
feelings  are  shocked  by  seeing  or  hearing  any         "  '  Contin.  of  J.  Melvill's  Diary,'  p.  657. 


158  CIVILISATION  IN  SCOTLAND. 

contagious  sickness  in  Scotland  at  the  beginning  of  the  i6th 
century,  is  partly  French.  The  word  barbies  is  the  Fr.  barbes. 

For  a  long  time,  at  least  in  a  few  cases,  medicines  were  im- 
ported under  the  name  of  drogis  a  (Fr.  drogues),  still  the  com- 
mon name  among  old  folks  in  the  north.  Droguery,  drogaries 
(Fr.  drogueries)  from  France,2  were  sold  by  potingaris  or  droog- 
ists,  and  some  of  them  often,  without  doubt,  administered  in 
guts,  gouttes  (Fr.  gouttes)  as  a  vomiter  (O.  Fr.  vomitoire).  On 
May  29,  1502,  the  Treasurer  of  James  IV.  paid  to  Robert 
Bertoun,  one  of  the  royal  mariners,  "  for  certaine  droggis  brocht 
home  be  him  to  the  French  leich  ["  Maister  John,  the  French 
medicinar"]  ^31,  45." 

These  foreign  "  mediciners," 3  if  they  used  herbs  as  cura- 
tive agents,  gave  them  in  some  instances  the  names  they  bore 
in  their  own  country.  Thus  clary,  or  all-good,  was  tutabon? 
tutabone,  Fr.  toute-bonne ;  the  sage,  sauge;  the  parsley,  parsel, 
persil,  as  in  French. 

The  name  of  one  surgical  instrument  comes  from  French. 
It  is  vantose,  a  cupping-glass  (Fr.  ventouse). 

For  the  cure  of  the  diseased,  as  well  as  for  the  reception  of 
the  pilgrim  and  the  poor,  was  instituted  the  massondeu,  mason- 
Dieu,  maison-Dew*  (Fr.  maison-Dieu®). 

1  Droggvtzs  also  applied  to  confections.  '  Sketches  of  early  Scotch  History,'  p.  130. 

2  Vide  Thorpe,  '  Calendar  of  State  Papers,'         •  There  was  anciently,  near  Old  Roxburgh, 
&c.,  vol.  i.  p.  19,  No.  76 ;  '  Les  Ecossais  en  on   the  Teviot,   a  maison-Dicu.      Where  it 
.France,'  vol.  i.  p.  433.  stood  stands  now  a  hamlet,  which  still  bears 

1  On  the  quack  mediciners  in  Edinburgh,  the  sad  appellation  of  Maison-Dieu.      See 

vide  Chambers,  'Domestic  Annals  of  Scot-  Chalmers's    'Caledonia,'    vol.    ii.     p.     162. 

land,' vol.  iii.  pp.  260-262,  A.D.  1702.  "La  grand  maison-Dieu  de  Paris"  is  men- 

4  'Clariodus,'  p.  74,  11.  723,  735.  tioned  in  our  'Recherches  sur  le  commerce 

6  'The  Freiris  of  Berwik,'  1.  23,  ap.  Dun-  des  etoffes  de  soie,'  vol.  ii.  p.  144. 
bar,  vol.  ii.  p.  4;  Melvill's  'Diary,'  p.   191  ; 


CHAPTER     X. 


Xaw, 


CHAPTER    X. 

LAW. 

|HE  distinction  between  Scotch  and  English  law 
has  been  referred  to  in  the  Introduction.  It 
remains  to  show  how  much  the  former  is  in- 
debted to  the  French. 

In  place  of  the  English  barrister  or  counsel,  there  is  the 
advocate,  according  to  the  French  custom — avocats  only  being 
admitted  to  plead. 

In  the  inferior  courts,  the  practitioners,  in  place  of  being 
called  solicitors  or  attorneys,  are  called  procurators.  Even 
in  the  supreme  court,  although  the  pleaders  are  in  common 
language  called  advocates,  when  the  judge  gives  decree  on 
any  case,  it  is  only  after  the  "  parties'  procurators  "  have  been 
heard.  The  head  of  the  supreme  court  is  styled  president. 

In  place  of  leaving  private  parties  to  prosecute,  as  in  Eng- 
land, there  is  the  public  prosecutor,  in  the  shape  of  the  pro- 
curator-fiscal. 

In  lieu  of  a  coroner's  inquest,  the  procedure,  in  case  of  sus- 
picion of  crime,  is  by  an  investigation,  in  which  the  suspected 
is  asked  to  make  a  declaration  which  may  afterwards  be  used 
as  evidence  against  him. 


162  CIVILISATION  IN  SCOTLAND. 

In  municipal  affairs,  the  English  have  mayors  and  aldermen. 
In  Scotland  these  are  the  provost^  (O.  Fr.  provost,  prevost, 
Pr.prdvof),  bailies  (Fr.  baillis),  and  council. 

The  College  of  Justice  was  established  on  the  model  of  the 
Parliament2  of  Paris.3  Without  entering  particularly  into  this 
point,  it  may  be  stated  that  the  example  of  the  latter  in  the 
exercise  of  its  functions  was  at  times  appealed  to  as  a  fit  one 
for  the  people  of  Scotland  to  follow  in  the  management  of  the 

affairs  of  the  State.     In  the  '  Satyre  of  the  Three  Estaitis '  4 — 

/• 

"  Wee  will  conclude,  as  thay  haif  done  in  France. 
Let  spiritual!  materis  pas  to  spritualitie, 
And  temporall  materis  to  temporalitie."  * 

And  afterwards — 

"  It  is  statute,  that  all  the  temporall  landis 
Be  set  in  few,  after  the  form  of  France." 6 

The  following  forensic  terms  will  show  to  what  an  extent 
Scottish  law  and  Scottish  law  courts  are  indebted  to  France  : — 

Adjornis,  v.  a.  to  cite,  to  summon.  Fr.  ajourner,  "assigner 
quelqu'un  en  justice  a  un  jour  marque." 


1  In  the  early  French  romance  of  '  La  Mane-  3  Tytler,    'Hist,   of  Scotland,'  vol.  iv.  pp. 

kine,'  p.  40,  1.  1179,  "li  prevos"  of  Berwick  212,  213  ;  Arnot,  'Hist,  of  Edin.,'  p.  468  ; 

is  represented  standing  on  the  sea-beach  to  Buckle,   '  Hist,  of  Civilization  in  England,' 

watch,  in  order  to  prevent  scuffles.  vol.  ii.  p.  212. 

3  The  Scots  used  also  this  word  in  the  sense  4  The  "  Three  Estatis  of  the  Realme,"  as 

of  intercourse,   communing  (vide  Z.    Boyd's  named  in  Acts,  Ja.  I.   1424,  ed.   1874,  p.  7, 

'  Garden  of  Zion,' p.  188),  and  parliamenting  is  a  French  idiom,  explained  by  Jamieson, 

lot  conference,  "as  French  maneris, "  says  R.  Suppl.,  voce  "  Estate." 

Bannatyne,  "requyre  French  termes"  ('Jour-  5  Sir  David  Lyndsay's  Works,  vol.  ii.  p.  73. 

nal,'  &c.,  p.  10,  i8th  April  1570).  •  Ibid.,  p.  113. 


ADMINICLE— A  SSOIL  YIE.  163 

Adminicle,  s.  collateral  proof,  is  the  Fr.  adminictile,  a  Fr. 
law  term  with  the  same  meaning ;  while  adminiculate  means 
set  forth,  supported. 

Age,1  v.  n.  to  act  as  may  be  necessary  and  legal.  Fr. 
agir. 

Air,  aire,  ayr,  s.  an  itinerant  court  of  justice.  O.  Fr.  erre. 
In  Eng.,  eyre  occurs  with  the  same  sense;  but  it  must  be 
observed  that  the  Scotch  word  was  more  comprehensive,  and 
in  accordance  with  the  administration  of  justice  in  France, 
where,  pursuant  to  a  statute  of  Philip  the  Fair,  March  25, 
1302,.  stewards  and  bailiffs  should  hold  their  sessions  in  the 
circuit  of  their  district  every  two  months  at  least.2 

Aliment,  s.  a  word  denoting  the  fund  of  maintenance  which 
the  law  allows  to  certain  persons — namely,  to  parents 3  and 
children,  only  direct  ascendants  and  descendants — is  the  Fr. 
aliment,  pi.  aliments — "  les  frais  de  nourriture  et  d'entretien 
d'une  personne."  Aliment,  v.  a.  to  give  legal  support  to 
another.4 

Aneabil,  s.  an  unmarried  woman.     O.  Fr.  anable. 

Ansars,  s.  a  judge,  arbiter.     O.  Fr.  anseor. 

Appunct,  apunct,  v.  n.  to  settle.     Fr.  appointer. 

Apunctuament,  s.  a  convention  or  agreement,  with  specifica- 
tion of  certain  terms.  Fr.  appointement. 

Assoilyie,  v.  a.  to  acquit.  O.  Fr.  assols,  assoile",  absoilU, 
decharg6,  absous,  dispense. 

1  'The  Bride  of  Lammermoor,'  ch.  xi.  A  Lons-le-Saunier,  1765 — folio. 

2  Vide  '  Ordonnances  des  rois  de  France  de         3  Fr.  parents.      Vide  '  Crim.  Trials,'  vol.  ii. 
la  troisieme  race,"  vol.  i.  p.  362,  art.  26  ;  and      p.  582,  A.D.  1689. 

'  Memoire  et  consultations  pour  servir  a  1'his-          4  Lord  Fountainhall,  '  Chronological  Notes 
toire  de  1'abbaye  de  Chateau-Chalon,'  p.  39.      of  Scottish  Affairs,'  &c.,  p.  122,  A.D.  1685. 


1 64  CIVILISATION  IN  SCOTLAND. 

Assoinyie,  essenyie,  v.  a.  to  offer  an  excuse  for  being  absent 
from  a  court  of  law,  is  the  O.  Fr.  essoyner,  exonier,  "  to  excuse 
one  from  appearing  in  court,  or  from  going  to  the  wars,  by  oath 
that  he  is  impotent,  insufficient,  sick,  or  otherwise  necessarily 
employed."  So  says  Cotgrave. 

Avantage,  evantage,  s.  a  term  expressive  of  certain  rights  of 
children  upon  the  death  of  their  parents,  or  of  a  husband  or 
wife  after  the  death  of  one  of  the  parties.  Fr.  avantage,  a  law 
term,  signifying  what  one  gives  to  one  more  than  to  others 
who  have  the  same  right ;  "  en  termes  d'ancienne  procedure, 
avantage  se  dit  lorsque  le  juge  adjuge  les  conclusions  a  une 
partie  contre  un  adversaire  qui  fait  defaut." 

Avouterie,  advoutrie,  advoutry,  s.  adultery.  O.  Fr.  avulterie, 
avoltierge,  avoltire,  avoutire. 

Blanche,  s.  the  mode  of  tenure  by  what  is  denominated 
blanch  farm,  or  by  the  payment  of  a  small  duty  in  money, 
pennie  blanche,  and  otherwise.  Hence  the  phrase  fre  blanche. 
It  is  supposed  that  this  term  originated  from  the  substitution 
of  payment  in  white,  or  silver  money,  instead  of  a  duty  in  the 
produce  of  the  land.1 

Brocard,  s.  the  first  elements  or  maxims  of  law.  There 
is  a  book  printed  at  Paris  in  1497,  i6mo,  and  entitled 
'  Brocardica  juris,  seu  modus  legendi  contenta  et  abbre- 
viaturas  utriusque  juris,'  which  Rabelais  seems  to  have  hinted 
at.2  (Low  Lat.  brocarda,  brocardicum,  brocardicorum  opus, 
the  maxims  of  right,  contained  in  a  book  compiled  in 

1  Vide  Du  Cange's  'Gloss.    Med.  et  Inf.      col.  I  ;  et  Spelman,  vocc  "Fiima. " 
Latin.,'  -vote  "Firma  Alba,"  vol.  iii.  p.  303,         2  Vide  book  iii.  ch.  39. 


CENSEMENT—  CO  VIN-  TREE.  1 6  5 

the    eleventh    century   by  Burchard  or  Brocard,   Bishop   of 
Worms.) 

Censement,  sensement,  s.  judgment.     Fr.  recensement. 

Champarte,  s.  field-rent :  the  part  of  the  fruits  of  the  soil 
paid  by  the  tenant  to  his  lord.  O.  Fr.  campart,  Fr.  champart, 
a  term  of  feudal  jurisprudence. 

Chancellarie,  s.  Chancery.     Fr.  chancellerie. 

Chessoun,  chesowne,  s.  blame,  accusation,  exception.  O.  Fr. 
achoison.  Hence  to  chessoun,  v.  a.  to  subject  to  blame,  to 
accuse.  O.  Fr.  achoisonner. 

Commend,  s.  a  benefice  in  commendam.     Fr.  commende. 

Compear,  compeir,  v.  n.  to  appear  in  the  presence  of  another, 
or  in  a  court.  Fr.  comparoir,  with  the  same  meaning.  Com- 
peirant  is  one  who  appears  in  court  when  called ;  and  com- 
pcarance  is  the  act  of  appearance  of  one  in  court. 

Compryse,  v.  a.  to  attach  for  debt.  Fr.  comprendre.  The 
one  who  attaches  the  estate  of  another  fo'r  debt  is  the  com- 
pryser,  and  attachment  for  debt  is  comprising. 

Contrare-mand,1  s.  an  order  retracting,  or  prohibiting  the 
execution  of  a  previous  injunction.  Fr.  contremander.  This 
word  is  allied  to  another, — demand,  question,  implying  the  idea 
of  hesitation  or  opposition  (Fr.  demande,  a  judicial  action  by 
which  one  demands  what  is  his,  or  what  he  thinks  he  has  a 
right  to).2  But  demand,  without  starting  any  objection.3 

Covin-tree,  s.  a  large  tree,  generally  an  elm,  in  the  front  of 

1  Calderwood's  MS.     'Crim.  Trials,'  vol.      Weber's  Gloss,  to  the  '  English  metrical  Ro- 
iii.  p.  273,  A.D.  1615.  mances.' 

3  'Sir  John  Rowlis  Cursing,'  1.   182;  cf.          3  'Clariodus,'  p.  246,  1.  1753. 


166  CIVILISATION  IN  SCOTLAND. 

an  old  Scottish  mansion-house,  where  the  laird  always  met  his 
visitors  or  administered  justice.1  Such  a  tree  existed  also  at 
the  gate  of  nearly  all  the  baronial  manors  of  France.2 

Debout,  v.  a.  to  cast,  to  dismiss,  to  reject.     Fr.  ddbouter. 

Declaratour,  declarator,  s.  a  legal  declaration,  is  the  Fr.  ddcla- 
ration,  a  law  term,  acte,  sentence  de'claratoire. 

Declinature,  declinator,  s.  the  act  by  which  the  jurisdiction 
of  a  court  or  judge  is  declined.  Fr.  ddclinatoire,  a  term  of  pro- 
cedure having  the  same  meaning. 

Defaisance,  s.  acquittance  from  a  claim,  excuse,  failure. 
O.  Fr.  desfaicte,  Fr.  dtfaite. 

Defaise,  defese,  defease,  v.  a.  to  acquit  or  discharge.  Fr. 
se  ddfaire  de,  to  rid  one's  self  of. 

Deforce,  v.  a.  to  treat  one  by  violence.  O.  Fr.  deforcer,  "  to 
dispossesse,  violently  take  "  (Cotg.) 

Deforce,  deforss,  s.  violent  ejection.     Eng.  deforcement. 

Delict,  s.  misdemeanour.  O.  Fr.  delict,  Fr.  de'lit,  a  law  term 
of  the  same  meaning. 

Desert  the  diet,  to  relinquish  the  suit.     Fr.  deserter. 

Devorie,  s.  duty  payable  by  land,  or  belonging  to  one  from 
office.  O.  Fr.  debvoir,  Fr.  devoir. 

Dishabilitate,  v.  a.  legally  to  incapacitate.  O.  Fr.  deshabiliter, 
a  law  term  of  the  same  meaning.  Hence  dishabilitationt  the 
act  of  legally  depriving  a  person  of  honours,  privileges,  or 
emoluments. 


1  Vide  '  Domestic  Annals  of  Scotland,"  vol.      among  the   '  Memoires  lus  a  la  Sorbonne,' 
i.  p.  502.  &c.     Archeologie,  pp.   167-208:    Paris,  1868 

*  See  "  Attendez-moi  sous  1'orme,"  &c.,     — Svo. 


DONA  TAR  Y-FERIAL.  167 

Donatary,  donatour,  s.  one  to  whom  escheated  property  is 
made  over  on  certain  conditions,  is  the  Fr.  donataire,  a  law 
term  signifying  one  to  whom  a  donation  has  been  made,  and 
who  has  accepted  it. 

Dote,  v.  a,  endow,  gift  by  legal  deed,  letter,  or  will,  &C.1  Fr. 
doter. 

Dushet,  dussie,  s.  endorsement.    O.  Fr.  doussier,  Fr.  dossier. 

Empaschement,  empeschment,  impeschment,2  s.  hindrance. 
O.  Fr.  empeschement,  Fr.  empSchement ;  and  empash,  empesche, 
to  hinder,  is  the  O.  Fr.  empescher,  Fr.  empecher. 

Emphiteos,  s.  a  grant  in  feu-farm.     Fr.  emphythtose, 

Facile,  adj.  applied  in  law  to  one  who  is  easily  wrought  upon 
by  others.  Fr.  facile. 

Failyie,  faylyhe,  s.  subjection  to  a  penalty  in  consequence  of 
disobedience  ;  penalty  in  case  of  breach  of  bargain.  Fr.  faillir. 

Ferial,  feryale,  feriall,  feriat,  feriell,  adj.,  and  used  sometimes 
as  a  subst,  consecrated  to  acts  of  religion,  or  at  least  guarded 
by  a  protection  against  legal  prosecution.3  Fr./^rz'/.  In  the 
'  Acta  Dominorum  Concilii,'  A.D.  1478,  p.  16,  quoted  by  Jamie- 
son,4  "...  hervist,  quhilk  is  feriale  tyme  and  forbidden  of 
the  law,"  gives  rise  to  the  following  remark :  "  This  humane 
ordinance,  securing  an  immunity  from  legal  prosecution  during 
harvest,  as  much  as  if  every  day  of  it  had  been  devoted  to  reli- 
gion, had  been  borrowed  by  our  ancestors  from  the  jurispru- 
dence of  the  Continent."  In  fact,  this  custom  also  prevailed  in 

1  'Melvill's  Diary,'  p.  102.  *  '  Kalfour's  Annals,'  vol.  i.  p.  268. 

1  'Crim.  Trials,'  vol.  iii.  pp.  75,  621.  *  Suppl.,  vol.  i.  p.  397,  voce  "Feryale." 


1 68  CIVILISATION  IN  SCOTLAND. 

France.  Hence  la  mcssion,  "  the  vacation  (among  layers  and 
scollers)  during  vintage;"  or  the  induces  mestives,  mentioned  in 
the  Customs  of  Touraine,  art.  56.1 

Fial,  fiall,  s.  vassal,  dependant,  one  holding  by  a  feudal 
tenure.  O.  Fr.  feal,  Ir.  fael,feel.  Fiall,  feale,  is  vassalage. 

Gainage,  s.  land  held  by  base  tenure,  by  sockmen.  O.  Fr. 
gaignage. 

Greifar,2  s.  recorder.     Fr.  greffier. 

Grose,  s.  style,  mode  of  writing.     Fr.  grosse. 

Harro,  hary,  hiry,  intcrj*  an  outcry  for  help.     Fr.  haro. 
Heritour,  s.  an  heir,  a  proprietor  or  landholder  in  a  parish. 
Fr.  hdritier. 

Homologate,  v.  a.  to  ratify  or  approve.     Fr.  homologuer. 
Hypothec,  s.  a  pledge  for  payment  of  rent.     Fr.  hypotheque. 
Hypothecate,  v.  a.  to  pledge.     Fr.  hypothdquer. 

Intrant,  s.  one  who  enters  on  the  discharge  of  any  office,  or 
into  possession  of  any  emolument.  Fr.  entrant. 

"  Intromit  with  a  man's  goods,"  to  take  possession  or  man- 
agement of  a  man's  goods.  Fr.  s'entremettre.  "  To  give  an 
account  of  one's  intromission  "  is  a  common  Scottish  phrase. 

Intromitter,  intrometter,  is  the  one  who  intromits. 

Inventar,  s.  inventory.     Fr.  inventaire. 

Irrogat,  v.  a.  to  impose.     O.  Fr.  irroger. 

1  Vide  Du  Cange,  'Gloss.  Med.  et   Inf.  vales." 

Latin.,'  voce  "Feriae  Messivse,"  vol.  iii.   p.         s<  Burgh  Records  of  the  City  of  Glasgow, ' 

230,  col.  3;  and  Cotgrave's  Dictionary,  vaci-  p.  113,  A.D.  1579. 
*«j"Mession,"  "  Mestivailles, "  and  "Mesti- 


7  US  TER—PRA  TTIK.  \  69 


Juster,  s.  one  legally  appointed  to  adjust  weights  and  mea- 
sures (Orkn.1)  O.  Fr.  juste,  a  sort  of  measure. 

Mand,  .v.  payment,  penalty.    O.  Fr.  amande,  Fr.  amende,  a  fine. 

Marchet,  5-.  the  fine  paid  to  a  superior  for  redeeming  a  young 
woman's  virginity  at  the  time  of  her  marriage.  O.  Fr.  marchct, 
Lat.  marcJieta. 

Morter,  s.  cap  of  office,  formerly  worn  in  France  under  the 
name  of  mortier? 

Multure,  mouter,  s.  fee  for  grinding  grain.  O.  Fr.  mousture, 
moulture,  Fr.  mouture. 

Multurer,  s.  the  taxman  of  a  mill. 

Obeysance,  5.  the  state  of  a  feudal  retainer.     Fr.  obtissance. 
Ordone,3  v,  a.  to  appoint,  to  ordain.     Fr.  ordonner. 

Pikary,  pickery,  s.  rapine,  petty  theft,  pilfering.  Fr.  picorte, 
Span,  picorea. 

Plane,  adj.  a  word  applied  to  Parliament  to  signify  that  it 
consists  of  its  different  constituent  branches.  O.  Fr.  plaine, 
pleine  court, 

Prattik,  prettik,  practick,  practique,  s.  form  of  procedure  in 
a  court  of  law.  O.  Fr.  practique.* 

1  'Grievances  of  Orkney,  pp.  51,  52.  which  we  will  mention  another.     The  follow- 

3  '  Vide  '  Balfour's  Annals,'  vol.  ii.   p.  123.      ing  quotation  shows  Scotch  in  France  replying 
Cf.  a  note  by  Alex.  Dyce  to  a  passage  in  "  The     to  other  sorts  of  pratiques : — 

Fair  Maid  of  the  Inn,"  Act  v.  sc.  2.— 'The  ••  Gascons  trapp&ct  Wen  fondez 

Works  of  Beaumont  and  Fletcher, '  vol.  x.  p.  JoQent  la  leurs  nouvelles  praticqnes. 

q-7    note  1.  ^es  Escossoys  font  les  replicques." 

3 'Sir  J.  Melville's  Memoirs,' p.  121,  A.D.  — 'Le  Blason des armes et  des  dames,'  among 

1564.  Coquillart's  Works,  t.  i.  p.  175. 

4  This  word   has   several  acceptations,   of 


i;o  CIVILISATION  IN  SCOTLAND. 

Preve,  prev,  s.  proof;  a  witness.  O.  Fr.  proeve,  prove,  Fr. 
preuve. 

Procuir,1  v.  to  act  as  procurator  (Fr.  procureur),  or  conduct 
a  case  in  court.  O.  Fr.  procurer. 

Purpress,  v.  a.  to  violate  the  property  of  a  superior.  O.  Fr. 
pourprendre. 

Purprisione,  purposing,  purprusition,  of  the  same  meaning 
as purprestre,  is  the  O.  Fr. perprison,  "a  seizing,  or  taking  into 
his  own  hands  (without  leave  of  lord  or  other),  ground  that 
lies  waste,  or  is  used  in  common  "  (Cotg.) 

Purprisione,  court  of, — a  court  that  seizes  without  legal  war- 
rant common  property. 

Quott,  quote,  quoitt,  s.  the  portion  of  the  goods  of  one  de- 
ceased, fixed  by  law  to  be  paid  for  the  confirmation  of  his  testa- 
ment, or  for  the  right  of  intromitting  with  his  property.  Fr.  quote. 

Recepisse,  s.  a  receipt.  Fr.  recepisse",  "  an  acquittance,  dis- 
charge, or  note  acknowledging  the  receipt  of  a  thing"  (Cotg.) 

Regality,  regalite,  s.  a  territorial  jurisdiction  granted  by  the 
king,  with  lands  given  in  liberam  regalitatem.  He  who  re- 
ceived such  a  jurisdiction  bore  the  title  of  a  lord  of  regality, 
whilst  the  district  that  enjoyed  the  privileges  of  a  regality 
was  called  regalis.  Fr.  fief  en  re"gale. 

Rehable,  reabill,  v.  a.  to  restore,  to  reinstate.    Fr.  re"habiliter. 

Replait,  resplate,  v.  a.  to  try  a  case  a  second  time.  Fr.  re- 
plaider. 

Reprief,  v.  a.  to  disallow,  to  set  aside.     Fr.  rtprouver. 

1  'Crim.  Trials,'  vol.  ii.  p.  131,  A.D.  1600. 


RESE  TT—  S  TREN  YA  BL  E.  171 

Resett,  v.  a.  to  receive  stolen  goods. 

Reset,  recett,  s.  the  reception  of  goods  known  to  be  stolen. 
Fr.  recette. 

Resetter,  s.  one  who  receives  stolen  goods.     Fr.  recdleur. 

Respite,1  v.  a.  to  exculpate.     O.  Fr.  respiter. 

Respondie,  s.  a  check.     O.  Fr.  respondre. 

Responsioune,  s.  suretiship.  O.  Fr.  response,  a  term  of  feu- 
dal law. 

Restes,  s.  pi.  arrears.     Fr.  restes. 

Retour,  s.  the  legal  return  made  to  a  brief,  emitted  from 
Chancery,  &c.  Fr.  retour. 

Retour,  retowre,  v.  a.  to  make  a  return  in  writing  as  to  the 
service  of  an  heir  ;  to  make  a  legal  return  as  to  the  value  of 
lands. 

Sergeand,  s.  an  inferior  officer  in  a  court  of  justice.  O.  Fr. 
sergcnt,  sergant,  sergeant. 

Servitude,  s.  onerary  conditions,  or  service.     Fr.  servitude. 

Solutioune,  s.  payment.     Fr.  solution. 

Sonyie,2  s.  an  excuse.  O.  Fr.  essoigne,  essoine,  exoine,  an 
old  law  term  of  the  same  signification. 

Souer,  souir,  adj.  assured,  free  from  danger.  O.  Fr.  seur. 
Hence  souerit?  part,  pa.,  assured  of  protection. 

Sowmonds,  s.  summons.     Fr.  semonce. 

Strenyable,  adj.  applied  to  one  who  is  possessed  of  so  much 

"A  Diurnal  of  Remarkable  Occurrents.'&c.  3  Vide  'A  Diurnal  of  Remarkable  Occur- 

p.  41,  A.D.   1545;  J.  Lesley,  the  'History  of  rents,' p.  25,  A.D.   1542.     Farther  on,  p.  40, 

Scotland,'  &c.,  p.  107,  A.D.  1516.  A.D.   1545,  occurs  seurance,  in  the  sense  of 

'The  Wolfe,  the  Foxe,  and  the  Cadgear,'  security,  pledge. 
1.  45,  ap.  Ilenryson,  p.  183. 


i;2  CIVILISATION  IN  SCOTLAND. 

property  that  he  can  relieve  his  bail  by  being  distrained.     O. 
Fr.  estrener,  estreindre  ;  Fr.  ttreindre. 

Taint,  s.  proof.     O.  Fr.  attaint. 

Taynt,  v.  a,  to  prove,  to  convict.     O.  Fr.  attaindre. 

Tayntour,  s.  one  who  brings  evidence  against  another  for 
conviction  of  a  crime. 

Tend,1  v.  n.  to  mean,  to  intend.     Fr.  tendre. 

Terce,  s.  "  a  liferent  competent  by  law  to  widows  who  have 
not  accepted  of  a  special  provision  of  the  third  of  the  herit- 
able subjects  in  which  their  husbands  died  infeft.''2  Fr.  tiers. 
The  widow  is  hence  styled  tercer. 

Tocher,  s.  dowry.     Fr.  toucher  la  dot. 

Tutele,  tutell,  s.  guardianship,  tutelage.  Fr.  tutelle,  Lat. 
tutela. 

Tutory,  s.  period  of  life  under  guardianship.     O.  Fr.  tuterie. 

Unhabile,  adj.  under  a  legal  disability.  Fr.  ftabile,  and 
prefix  un. 

Vacance,3  s.  vacation.     Fr.  vacance. 

Valient,  s.  a  man's  property  or  means.  Fr.  vaillant.  "  A 
man's  whole  estate  or  worth ;  all  his  substance,  means,  for- 
tunes "  (Cotg.) 

Vert,  wert,  s.  the  right  to  cut  green  wood.     Fr.  verd. 

Woche,  v.  a.  to  cite,  to  call.  O.  Fr.  vocher,  voucher ;  Lat. 
vocare. 

1  'Crim.  Trials,'  part  x.  p.  221*,  A.D.  1539.  *  'Grim.  Trials,'  vol.  iii.  p.  585. 

•  '  Erskine's  Instil.,'  b.  2,  tit.  9,  §  44. 


"GRAISSER   LA   PATTE."  173 

There  is  another  word,  to  creish,  to  grease,  which  in  Scot- 
land, as  elsewhere,  was  more  than  once  used  in  matters  of  law. 
The  English  phrase,  "  to  grease  one  in  the  fist,"  corresponds 
better  to  the  French  proverbial  expression,  graisser  la  patte, 
anciently  oindre  la  palmed 

This  chapter  on  law  may  be  fitly  concluded  with  the  chorus 
of  the  Highland  March — 

"  We'll  bravely  fight  like  heroes  bold,  for  honour  and  applause, 
And  defy  the  French,  with  all  their  art,  to  alter  our  laws  " 2 — 

in  which  the  author  seems  to  have  forgotten,  in  his  patriotic 
and  poetical  enthusiasm,  that  his  ancestors  had  borrowed  very 
largely  those  laws  from  "  the  French." 


eon's  '  Nouveau  Recueil  de  Fabliaux         a  Herd,    '  Ancient    and    Modern    Scottish 
ctContes,'  &c.,  t.  i.  p.  183,  184.  bongs,'  &c.,  vol.  i.  p.  116. 


CHAPTER    XL 


IRocjues  anb  Dagabonbs— 
fliunisbments. 


CHAPTER  XI. 

ROGUES  AND  VAGABONDS — PUNISHMENTS. 

|HE  frequent  wars  between  England  and  Scot- 
land, the  numerous  mutual  raids  on  the  Bor- 
ders, and  the  oft-recurring  internal  feuds,  afforded 
to  such  as  were  inclined  to  idleness  or  a  life  of 
adventure,1  full  opportunity  to  follow  their  natural  bent ;  and 
there  cannot  be  a  doubt  that  often,  when  the  ruling  power 
was  weak,  the  country,  chiefly  on  the  Borders,  was  infested 
by  malefactors  of  all  sorts.  Curious  to  say,  the  names  given 
to  such  bad  characters  were  for  the  most  part  derived  from 
the  French. 

Briganer,  brigan,  "  qui  les  marchans  espie,"  2  comes  from  the 
Fr.  brigue.  Brigander  is  a  form  of  the  word  which  still  lingers 
in  parts  of  the  north,  with  the  meaning  of  "  a  person  of  rude, 


i  "Fair  Johnnie  Armstrang  to  Willy  did  say-  2  Cuvelier,    'Chronique    (le    Bertrand    du 

Billie,  a  riding  we  will  gae;  Guesclin,'    1.     1584,    vol.    i.    p.     59.       David 

England  and us  have  been  lang  at  feud;  Chambre,    a    Scotchman    ('Hist.    abbr.    des 

Aiblms  we  11  light  on  some  bootie.  . 

papes,  &c.,  fol.  145  recto),  calls  Robin  Hood 

—  "Dick  o' the  Cow,"  Scott's 'Minstrelsy  of     and  Little  John  brigans  ;  and  Spenser  uses 
the  Scottish  Border,'  vol.  ii.  p.  63.  brigant  in  his  'Fairy  Queen,'  vi.  x.  39. 

Z 


178  CIVILISATION  IN  SCOTLAND. 

boisterous  manners."  a  Brigancie  means  robbery.  Detrusare, 
from  the  Fr.  dttrousseur,  a  robber,  has  the  same  meaning. 
Wolroun  (Fr.  volereau,  dim.  of  voleur)  means  a  thief,  a  worth- 
less fellow  : — 

"  Thow  hes  thy  clamschellis,  and  thy  burdoun  keild, 
Unhonest  wayis  all,  wolroun,  that  thow  wirkis." 2 

Scaumer 3  is  the  Fr.  dcumeur.  To  sorn,  some,  soirn  *  (Fr. 
sdjourner),  means  to  take  board  and  lodgings  through  force, 
and  the  one  who  does  so  was  called  a  sorner.  The  word  is 
still  in  common  use  to  signify  one  who  presents  himself  as  a 
guest  without  invitation,  and  makes  himself  at  home  for  a 
considerable  time,  to  the  inconvenience  of  the  host.  Boute- 
feus,  incendiary,  is  the  same  in  Fr.  (boute-feu)  :  "  Se  assem- 
blerent  et  entrerent  dedens  le  pays  des  Liegeois,  boutant 
les  feux  par  les  maisons,  et  par  les  bleds  qui  estoient  prests 
de  cueillir,  et  conduisoit  iceux  boute-feux  le  sire  du  Jamont."  5 
Bribour,  Arybour,  a  low  fellow,  literally  one  who  begs  for  a 
piece  of  bread,  comes  from  the  O.  Fr.  bribeur,  a  beggar, 
bribe  being  a  large  mouthful  of  bread,  from  which  is  derived 
briber,  to  beg.  Dunbar  addresses  Kennedy— 

1  '  Dialect  of  Banffshire,'  p.  218:  Published  the  same  root  came  cmume,  smiddy  ashes,  or 

for  the  Philological  Society,  1866— 8vo.  dross  of  a  smith's  forge.    Vide  '  Burgh  Records 

*  'Flyting  of  Dunbar  and  Kennedy,'  st.  of  the  City  of  Glasgow,' p.  22,  A.D.  1574. 

liv.   'Dunbar's  Poems,'  vol.  ii.  p.  82.      See  *  Vide  'Crim.  Trials,'  vol.  iii.  p.  567,  A.D. 

'  The  Twa  Maryit  Wemen  and  the  Wedo.'  1624.     Pillour,  a  robber,  a  plunderer,  a  thief, 

3  Vide  'Wilson's  Tales  of  the  Borders,"  pp.  which  occurs  in   'The   Satyre  of   the  thre 

58,  61.     Barbour  uses  "  scowmar  of  the  se  "  Estaitis,'  '  Sir  D.  Lyndsay's  Works,'  part  ii., 

in  the  same  sense  as  the  French  understand  vol.  ii.  p.  172,  is  found  in  O.  Eng.,  as  well  as 

Icumcur,  that  of  pirate — "les  pirates  et  escu-  to  pillie,  to  pillage  (Fr.  piller). 

meurs  de  mer  "  (Amyot,  '  Lucull.,'  6).    From  6  Alain  Chartier,  Hist,  de  Charles  VII. 


ROGUE  NAMES.  179 


"  Ersche  brybour  baird,  vyle  beggar  with  thy  brattis," 
and 

"  Thow  purpost  for  to  undo  our  Lordis  cheif 
In  Paislay,  with  ane  poysone  that  wes  fell, 

For  quhilk,  brybour,  yit  sail  thow  thoill  a  breif; 
Pelour,  on  the  I  sail  it  proif  my  sell."  1 

Cowkin,  a  beggar,  is  the  Fr.  coquin,  a  rogue.2  Haitian,  a 
rascal,  is  the  Fr.  haillon,  a  rag.  HiMion  is  another  form 
of  the  word.  Against  all  such  "  strang  begarres  and  vaga- 
boundis  "  the  peaceful,  well-disposed  citizen  was  in  a  constant 
state  of  watchfulness 3  in  his  bastile-house,4  repeating  sadly, 
as  in  L.  Culross's  '  Dream,'  "  We  cannot  leive  in  rest."  5 

To  these  words  of  particular  import  may  be  added  the 
two  following  of  general  meaning — haurrage  (O.  Fr.  herage, 
which  is  itself  derived  from  herre,  "  rogue,  beggar,  vagabond," 
Cotg.),  "a  blackguard  crew  of  people,"  and  canalyie,  cannailyie 
(Fr.  canaille),  a  rabble.  This  word  is  still  used  in  parts  of  the 
north  to  signify  a  confused  number  or  crowd  of  people. 

1  'Flyting  of  Dunbar  and  Kennedy,'  stt.  burgh    and     Berwickshire    were    called    so. 
vii.  and  x.    'The  Poems  of  William  Dunbar,'  Other  forms  of  the  word  are  tastailzc,  bastail- 
vf>l.  ii.  pp.  67,  68.  yie,  and  bastel  (Fr.  bastille). 

2  'G.    Douglas,'   i.   ex.   30.       In  Dunbar's  6  'Early  Metrical  Tales,'  p.  163.     In  the 
'  Complaint  to  the  King,'  1.  16,  and  '  Remon-  same  passage  there  occurs  the  adjective  griv- 
strance  to  the  King,'  1.  40,  occur  cowkin-kenseis  die,  which  seems  to  have  been  overlooked  by 
and  kokenis,  which  David  Laing  conjectures  the  lexicographers,  and  to  be  synonymous  with 
to  mean  idle  beggars,  or  froward  fellows.    See  Eng.  grievous,  unless  it  be  derived  from  Fr. 
his  edition,  vol.  i.  pp.  142,'  146  ;  and  vol.  ii.  griveK,  dappled,  speckled  ;  but  we  are  at  a 
p.  480,  col.  2.  loss  to  find  how  a. gait—  i.e.,  a  road  or  street— 

3  "Upon  his  gardis"  (Fr.  stir  ses  gardes),  might  have  this  term  applied  to  it.     In  '  Les 
Vide   'Sir  J.   Melville's   Memoirs,'   p.    219,  Regrets  de  la  belle   Heaumiere,'   by  Villon, 
A.D.   1569.     Farther  on,  p.  368,  occurs  mu-  grivde  has  a  different  sense,  that  of  shrunk, 
tinerie  for  mutiny.  which  agrees  much  less  with  the  term  quali- 

J  Several  of  the  Border  strongholds  in  Rox-     fied  grivdie. 


i8o 


CIVIL  IS  A  TION  IN  SCOTLAND. 


Several  of  the  different  kinds  of  punishment  derived  their 
names  from  France,  where  they  were  in  use. 

Furc,  a  gallows,  is  the  Fr.  fourche  (Picard,  fourque ;  Prov. 
and  It  forca;  Lat.  fiirca).  In  O.  Fr.  it  means  gallows,  as 
the  following  quotations  show: — 

"  Ne  crient  ne  mort  ne  furkes  ne  turment." ' 

"  Sor  un  haut  mont  en  un  rochier 
Fet  li  rois  les  forches  drecier 
For  Renart  pendre  le  gorpil."2 

When/arc  is  joined  to/os  in  the  phrase  furk  andfos,  it  means 
gallows  and  pot,  fos  being  the  Fr.  fosse,  a  pit.  Gents,  ghen  3 
(O.  Fr.  gehine,  gehenne ;  Fr.  gene),  seems  to  be  the  rack. 

Jougs,jogges,juggsf  an  iron  collar,  consisting  commonly  of 
two  parts  joined  together  by  a  hinge,  which  was  fastened  round 
the  neck  of  the  criminal,  and  locked,  is  the  fr.joug.  It  was 
generally  placed  in  the  most  frequented  part  of  the  town  or 
village,  and  often  inside  the  church.  The  rout  or  row,  room,6 
was  the  Fr.  roue,  the  wheel.  The  boyis  and  the  buttis?  were 
other  kinds  of  punishments. 


1  'Thomas  le  Martir,'  31. 

3  '  Le  Roman  du  Renart,'  1. 1 1,095  >  Meon's 
edit.,  vol.  ii.  p.  57. 

8  'J.  Melvill's  Diary,'  p.  496.  Properly 
speaking,  geinn  means  wedge,  and  tighten  by 
means  of  wedges,  press,  squeeze  (Fr.  glner). 

4  "  Incontinent    persons  were    sometimes 
exhibited  to  the  public  in  the  jougs,  which 
was  a  jointed  iron  ring  or  hoop  that  secured 
them   by  the   neck."— 'The  Book   of  Bon- 
Accord,'  &c.  vol.  i.  p.  165,  note. 

6   Vide  'A  Diurnal  of  Remarkable  Occur- 


rents,"  &c.,  p.  250,  A.D.  1571;  and  'Crim. 
Trials,'  vol.  ii.  p.  450,  A.D.  1605. 

8  The  word  buttis  meant  also  grounds  ap- 
propriated for  practising  archery  (Fr.  bultes) ; 
slightly  different  from  Eng.  butt,  explained  by 
Dr  Johnson,  "the  place  on  which  the  mark 
to  be  shot  at  is  placed,"  and  derived  from  Fr. 
but.  Those  parts  of  the  tanned  hides  of 
horses  which  are  under  the  crupper  are  called 
butts,  probably  as  being  the  extremities  (Fr. 
bouts). 


THE  MAIDEN.  181 


As  to  the  maiden,  an  instrument  for  beheading,  nearly  of  the 
same  construction  as  the  guillotine,  it  is  well  known  that  the 
Regent  Morton,  who  was  executed  by  it  in  1581,  brought  a 
pattern  of  it  from  the  Continent.  As  the  book  in  which  the 
first  representation  of  it  occurs 1  was  printed  in  France,  it  might 
be  supposed  that  it  was  a  French  invention.  It  is  only  fair, 
however,  to  observe  that  on  account  of  the  constant  intercourse 
between  Lyons  and  Italy,  the  illustration  of  this  beheading 
machine  in  the  '  Golden  Legend '  may  have  come  from  that 
country.  Petrarcha's  tract,  '  De  Remediis  utriusque  fortunse,' 
translated  into  German,  and  printed  at  Augsburg  in  1532 
(folio),  contains  also  the  curious  representation  of  a  capital  execu- 
tion by  the  same  process.  Frosinone's  work  has  a  similar  wood- 
cut, and  the  '  Symbolical  Questions'  exhibit  another.2  In  Gio. 
Angiolo  Lottini's  '  Scelta  d'alcuni  miracoli,  e  grazie  della  san- 
tissima  Nunziata  di  Firenze,'  &c.,  there  is,  among  some  fine 
engravings  by  Callot,  one  particularly  remarkable  as  represent- 
ing a  guillotine.3  In  a  MS.,  apparently  of  the  middle  of  the 
fifteenth  century,  there  is  an  illustration  representing  a  man 
beheaded  by  a  similar  kind  of  machine.4 

1  '  Catalogus  Sanctorum  et  Gestorum  eorum  works,    'Notice  sur  la  Guillotine:'    Haze- 

diversis    voluminibus    collectus : '    Lugduni,  brouck,    1865— 8vo.      Those  representations 

1519 — f0l.  should  be  compared  with  the  account  of  the 

1  'Achillis  Bocchii  Bonon.  Symbolicarum  punishment    of    Demetri    Giustiniani,    A.D. 

Questionum.   .  .   .  Libri  quinque,'    lib.   i.    p.  1507,  given  by  Jean  d'Anton  in  his  '  Chron- 

xl.  Symb.  xviii. :  Bononise,  1574—410.     The  iques,'  vol.  iii.  p.  54,  6th  part,  ch.  xxviii.  : 

first  edition  is  of  Bologna,  1555— 410.  Paris,   1835— 8vo. 

3  In  '  Firenze,'  cap.  Ixvii.  p.  208  :  1619 —  4  It  was  engraved  by  M.  Viollet-le-Duc,  in 

8vo.     Many   other   engravings   of  the   same  his  '  Dictionnaire  raisonne   du  mobilier  fran- 

description  might  have  been  mentioned, — for  cais,'  £c.,  vol.  ii.   p.  499,   voce  "Doloire:" 

instance,     that     which    the    Abbe    Adolplie  Paris,  1871— 8vo. 
Bloeme  has    borrowed     from    Jacob    Call's 


182 


CIVILISATION  IN  SCOTLAND. 


French  executioners  were  noted  in  England.1  The  desig- 
nations of  those  whose  office  it  was  to  carry  into  effect  the 
extreme  penalty  of  the  law  were  imported  into  Scotland.  The 
hangman  sometimes  went  by  the  name  of  lockman,  loikman. 

"  Fy,  feyndly  front !  fy,  tykis  face,  fy,  fy ! 
Ay  loungand,2  lyk  an  loikman  on  ane  ledder ; 

Thy  ghaistly  luke  fleys  folkis  that  pass  the*  by, 
Lyke  to  ane  stark  theif  glowrand  in  a  tedder."3 

He  received  this  name  from  the  fact  that  he  had  the  privilege 
of  taking  a  lock,  or,  in  northern  pronunciation,  lyock  (Fr. 
louche]  of  meal  out  of  each  caskful  or  sackful  exposed  for 
sale  in  the  market.  Another  name  for  a  hangman  was  in 
different  forms  boreau,  burreau,  burio,  burrio,  burior,  burriour, 
burriow.^  It  is  the  O.  Fr.  bourrel,  Fr.  bourreau. 

"  In  Paris  with  thy  maister  burreaw 
Abyd,  and  be  his  prenteiss  neir  the  bank, 
And  help  to  hang  the  pece  for  half  ane  frank, 

And,  at  the  last,  thy  self  mon  thoill  the  law."  6 

The  same  official  also  bore  the  name  of  currier.  In  O.  Fr. 
coiirrier  seems  to  have  been  the  name  of  a  low  officer  of  jus- 
tice, whose  duty  was  to  see  that  sentences  be  executed,  and  to 
carry  out  the  execution  of  those  who  had  been  condemned  to 


1  Queen  Elizabeth,  fearing  to  be  beheaded, 
requested  as  her  executioner  a  headsman  from 
France.      Vide  '  Memoires  de  Castelnau,"  A.  D. 
1560,  b.  ii.  in  Petitot's  Collection,  1st  series, 
t.  xxxiii.  p.  75. 

2  O.  Fr.  longaigne,  longuaigne,  privy  sew- 
er, laystall. 

3  '  Flytingof  Dunbarand  Kennedy,' st.  xxii. 


'The  Poems  of  William  Dunbar,'  vol.  ii. 
p.  72. 

4  Vide  'Melvill's  Diary,'  p.  203;  and 
'Crim.  Trials,'  vol.  iii.  p.  474,  A.D.  1619. 

6  '  Flyting  of  Dunbar  and  Kennedy,'  st.  Iv. 
'  The  Poems  of  William  Dunbar,'  vol.  ii. 
p.  82. 


THE   C A  DIES.  183 


death.1  Mair,  mairc,  mare,  a  name  given  to  an  officer  attend- 
ing a  sheriff  for  executions  and  arrestments,  is  the  Fr.  maire 
(Gael.  moor).  The  cadies,  an  interesting  class  of  people,  who 
acted  both  as  commissionaires  and  watchmen,2  at  times  lent  a 
helping  hand  to  the  hangman  in  the  discharge  of  his  duty. 
Their  name  was  originally  the  same  with  French  cadet,  which 
is  also  English.  It  is  nearly  synonymous  with  garden,  an 
attendant,  used  both  in  Scotland  and  Ireland,  into  which  the 
word  was  imported  from  France. 


1  Vide  Welsh's  35th  Serai.,  pp.  29,  43.  '  Fergusson's  Poems,'  vol.  ii.  p.  94.  See  also 

'Gloss.  Med.  et  Inf.  Latin.,' vol.  ii.  p.  618,  Captain  Burl's  'Letters  from  a  Gentleman 

vocibus  "  Correarius, "  "Correrius,"  &c.  in  the  North  of  Scotland,'  &c.,  vol.  i.  pp. 

3  There  is  a  graphic  account  of  them  in  26,  27. 


CHAPTER    XII. 


Mar—  /Ifoflitar     IT 


erma 


2  A 


CHAPTER    XII. 


war 


WAR — MILITARY     TERMS. 

OWN  to  the  1 5th  century  the  art  of  war  in  North 
Britain  seems  to  have  been  in  a  state  of  infancy. 
"  These  Scottish  men,"  says  Froissart,  "  are  right 
hardy,  through  sore  travelling  in  harness  and  in 
they  are  all  on  horseback,  except  a  few  traundals 
and  laggers  who  follow  afoot.  The  knights  and  squires  are 
well  horsed,  and  the  common  people  and  other  on  little  hack- 
neys and  geldings,"  &c. 

At  the  end  of  the  1 5th  century,  D.  Pedro  de  Ayala  wrote  to 
his  Government :  "  They  have  old  and  heavy  artillery  of  iron. 
Besides  this,  they  possess  modern  French  guns  of  metal,  which 
are  very  good.  King  Louis  gave  them  to  the  father  of  the 
present  king  in  payment  of  what  was  due  to  him  as  co-heir  of 
his  sister,  the  queen  of  Scotland." 1  As  to  the  master-gunners, 
they  were  as  usual  foreigners — men  of  the  Low  Countries. 
There  was  also  a  Frenchman,  surely  a  Gascon,  named 
"  Guyane."  2 

1  'Calendar  of  State  Papers  preserved  at         a  'Compota  Thes.  Reg.  Scot.,' vol.  i.  pp. 
Simancas,'  and  published  by  G.  A.  Bergen-     cxl,  ccxvi,  232,  236,  299.     Cf.  pp.  ccxxii,  52, 


roth,  Henry  VII.,  1498,  vol.  i.  p.  174. 


67. 


i88  CIVILISATION  IN  SCOTLAND. 

About  1540,  during  the  reign  of  James  V.,  the  Scottish  army 
consisted  for  by  far  the  greatest  part  of  foot-soldiers.  All  those 
whose  incomes  were  below  £100  of  yearly  rent  were  ordered 
to  appear  on  the  field  clad  with  a  jack,  or  a  halkrick,  or  brig- 
antine,  gloves  of  plate,  with  pesant  and  gorget.  The  weapons 
were  spears,  pikes  of  six  ells  length,  Leith  axes,  halberds,  hand- 
bows  and  arrows,  cross-bows,  culverins,  and  two-handed  swords. 
The  leaders  were  armed  in  white  harness,  either  light  or  heavy, 
according  to  their  own  pleasure,  with  the  weapon  becoming 
their  rank. 

A  French  writer,  speaking  of  the  Scotch  who  came  to  the 
help  of  Henri  IV.  (1589-1610),  says  :  "  Us  nous  appresterent  a 
rire  a  les  voir  armez  et  vestus  comme  les  figures  de  1'antiquite 
representees  dans  les  vieilles  tapisseries,  avec  Jacques  de  mail- 
les  et  casques  de  fer,  couverts  de  drap  noir  comme  bonnet  de 
prebstre,  se  servant  de  musette  et  de  hautbois  lorsqu'ils  vont 
au  combat." l 

There  is  early  mention  made  of  the  importation  of  arms  and 
armour  from  France  and  other  parts  of  the  Continent  by  the 
Scottish  kings.  Thus  in  the  accounts  of  the  Lord  Treasurers 
of  Scotland  there  is  an  entry,  under  the  date  of  the  first  day  of 
November  1495,  in  Edinburgh,  regarding  a  purchase  for  James 
IV.  from  the  French  cutler  of  two  baslaris?  long  daggers  or 
sheathed  knives  (O.  Fr.  bazelaires,  badelaires). 

James  IV.,  however,  obtained  his  armour  chiefly  from  Mun- 


1  '  Memoires   du    Due    d'Angouleme,'  in  orum,'  voL  i.  p.   227.  Farther  on,  pp.  293, 
Petitot's  collection,    1st  series,   vol.   xliv.    p.  295,  occurs  the  word  plumbis,  which  seems  to 
585.  mean  leaden  maces,  and  to  be  derived  from 

2  '  Compota  Thesaurariorum  Regum  Scot-  the  O.  Fr.  plombie. 


IMPORTATION  OF  ARMS.  189 

cur  of  Dundee,  who  belonged  to  a  family  which  for  several 
generations  had  enjoyed  a  high  reputation  as  armourers.1 

James  V.  devoted  much  attention  to  the  improvement  of 
warlike  weapons  and  their  importation.  Under  the  date  of 
2d  November  1520,  there  is  an  entry  relative  to  a  French 
armourer  who  came  to  North  Britain  with  the  Duke  of 
Albany's  servant,  the  latter  having  brought  to  the  king  a 
great  horse,  i.e.,  a  war-horse.2 

In  the  ninth  book  of  Privy  Seal,  fol.  96,  occurs  a  letter, 
dated  Edinburgh,  April  1532,  to  Peris  Rowan,  Frenchman, 
making  him  principal  master-maker  and  melter  of  "  our  Sov- 
erane  Lordis  guinis  and  artillziarie  "  during  life. 

"Jakkis  and  his  colleagues,"  the  armourers  of  James  V., 
seem  to  have  been  Frenchmen.  On  January  u,  1542,  they 
were  paid  .£14,  gs.  for  "ane  licht  harnes,  with  dowbill  teslettis 
and  ane  stele  bonnet,  to  the  Kingis  grace." 

The  well-known  lines  may  be  quoted  : — 

"  They  saw,  slow-rolling  on  the  plain, 
Full  many  a  baggage-cart  and  wain ; 

And  there  were  Borthwick's  sisters  seven, 
And  culverins  which  France  had  given."  3 

James  V.  did  not  confine  himself  to  France  for  arms.  A 
Dutchman  named  William  Fandik  (Vandyke)  was  the  maker 
of  ordnance.  From  Flanders,  Holland,  Germany,  and  Den- 
mark, he  imported  arms  of  various  kinds  in  great  quantities. 

1  '  Inventaires  de  la  Royne  Descosse,"  &c.,         2  '  The  Complayut  of  Scotlande,'  PreL  Dis- 
p.  xiv,  note  2  ;  '  Compota  Thes.  Reg.  Scot.,'     sert.,  pp.  120,  121 — Leyden's  edition, 
vol.  i.  p.  clxxx.  3  "Marmion,"  canto  iv.  St.  xxvii. 


igo 


CIVILISATION  IN  SCOTLAND. 


"  He  sent  to  Flanderis  and  brought  home  artaillie,  pouder 
and  bullotis,  harneise,  pickis,  and  all  other  kynd  of  mun- 
itioun  pertaining  to  a  prince,"  &C.1  We  read  in  an  ac- 
count under  the  date  of  December  31,  1540,  "Item, 
gevin  to  Charles  Murray,  for  xx  hawkbuttis  brocht  furth 
of  Ducheland  be  him,  price  of  the  pece  half  angell  nobill : 
summa  xvij  lib." 

There  can  be  little  doubt  but  that  the  nobles  2  bought,  when 
abroad  themselves,  both  arms  and  armour,  as  well  as  imported 
them.  With  such  importation  of  arms  and  military  stores, 
especially  from  France,3  and  with  the  constant  intercourse, 
particularly  of  soldiers,  between  the  two  countries,  one  might 
expect  to  find  a  great  number  of  terms  relative  to  war  and 
military  affairs  in  the  vocabulary  of  Scotland  Such  is  the 
case,  as  the  following  words  show  : — 

A  soldier  was  suddarde,  suddart,  suddert*  (Fr.  soudard, 
soudart),  and  sodiour  (O.  Fr.  sodoier).  Aid -mayor  seems 
to  have  been  adjutant ;  and  commisser  (Fr.  commissaire) 


1  Pitscottie,  'Cronicles,' vol.  ii.  p.  347. 

3  'Rotuli  Scotiae,'  vol.  ii.  p.  207.  col.  I; 
'The  History  of  the  House  and  Race  of 
Douglas,"  vol.  i.  p.  205  ;  '  Les  Ecossais  en 
France,'  &c.,  vol.  i.  p.  205. — A  Gaelic  poet 
quoted  in  the  410  dictionary  of  this  language, 
vocibus  "Ceanileach,"  "Cinnilich," mentions 
"Lann  Spaineach  a-chin-ilich  "  (the  Spanish 
blade,  of  the  Islay  manufactured  hilt),  and  the 
compiler  observes  that  the  island  of  Islay  was 
famous  for  such  an  article.  All  that  we  can 
say  is,  that  in  'Stewart's  Collections  of 
Gaelic  Songs '  referred  to,  the  line  runs 
thus:— 

"Lann  spaintcach,  ghonn,  dhias-fhada. 


See  '  Cochruinneacha  de  Shaolhair  nam  Bard 
Gaeleach  :  a  Choice  Collection  of  the  Works 
of  the  Highland  Bards,  collected  in  the  High- 
lands and  Isles  by  Alexander  and  Donald 
Stewart,' p.  152.  Dunedin,  1804 — 8vo. 

8  "  Then  neid  thay  not  to  charge  the  realme  of  France 
With  gunnis,  galayis,  nor  uther  ordinance  ; 
Sa  that  thay  be  to  God  obedient,"  &c. 

— Sir  David  Lyndsay's  '  Ep.  nuncup.,'  Works, 
vol.  iii.  p.  179. 

4  Vide  Lesley's  'Hist,  of  Scotland,'  p.  177, 
A.D.  1543  ;  '  Crim.  Trials,'  vol.  i.  p.  20,  A.D. 
1570  —  vol.  ii.  p.  366,  A.D.  1601  ;  'Burgh 
Records  of  the  City  of  Glasgow,'  p.  18,  A.D. 
>574- 


DESIGNATIONS   CF  SOLDIERS.  191 

was  commissary,  a  word  allied  to  commess  (Fr.  commis),  a 
deputy,  and  commissure  (Fr.  commissaire),  a  commissioner; 
whilst  commisse  clothes  were  clothes  supplied  to  the  soldiers 
by  the  Government  they  served.  Gudget,  gudyeat,  a  ser- 
vant attending  the  camp,  is  the  Fr.  gouge,  goujat.  Garri- 
tour,  garitour,1  a  watchman,  comes  from  the  Fr.  garite,  "a 
sentry,  or  little  lodge  for  a  sentinell  built  on  high"  (Cotg.) 
Perdews  were  the  enfans  perdus,  the  forlorn-hope ;  and  a  light- 
horseman  bore  the  name  of  hargoulet 2  (O.  Fr.  argoulet}.  Here 
may  be  mentioned  the  burdowys,  men  who  fought  with  clubs 
(Fr.  bourdon,  a  pilgrim's  staff;  O.  Fr.  bordon,  a  baton).  The 
great  qualification  of  every  soldier,  by  whatever  name  denom- 
inated, is  bravity  (O.  Fr.  bravete"},  and  he  must  be  bellicous* 
(Fr.  belliqueuv)  and  battalouss. 

Of  words  applied  to  parts  of  an  army  are  the  following. 
Eschel,  escheill,  eshele,  the  division  of  a  corps,  is  the  O.  Fr. 
esckiele,  eschele,  a  squadron.  A  small  body  of  men  was 
called  punye,  that  is,  poignde  de  gens,  O.  Fr.  puignie^;  and 
garnisoun,  besides  having  the  meaning  of  garrison,  has  the 
meaning  of  a  body  of  men,  and  comes  from  the  O.  Fr.  gar- 
nison  (garnement,  garnissemenf),  any  kind  of  decking,  any 
habiliment  or  provision  of  war,  which  comes  from  garnir,  to 
provide.  Range,  the  van  of  an  army,  is  the  Fr.  rang,  rangte; 


1  '  Crim.  Trials,'  vol.  i.  p.  8,  A.D.  1569.  *  Bellicon,  used  in  Ayrshire  as  a  blustering 

2  '  Sir  James  Melville's  Memoirs,'  p.  25,  A.  D.  fellow,  seems  to  be  derived  from  Baligant,  the 
1554-     Before,  p.  16,  as  well  as  in  Bp.  Les-  name  of  a  hero  of  old  French  romances, 
ley's  'Hist,  of  Scot.,'  p.  34,  we  find  vincust,  *  'Renart  le  Nouvel,'  1.  7350;  'Le  Roman 
part.  pa.  for  vanquished.     Henryson  uses  the  du  Renart,'  t.  iv.  p.  432  ;  G.   Douglas,  vol. 
same  in '  The  Tod's  Confession  to  Freir  Wolf,'  iii.  p.  247. 

I-  '7°.  P-  '33- 


CIVILISATION  IN  SCOTLAND. 


whilst  monstour,  munstour,  a  muster,  is  from  the  O.  Fr. 
monstre,  monsMe,  a  view,  show,  sight,  muster  of;  monstrer, 
to  show. 

Batail,  battall  (Fr.  bataille,  order  of  battle  ;  a  squadron)  has 
also  the  same  meanings  as  in  French. 

Of  words  relating  to  an  army  on  march  and  in  camp  are 
barrel-ferrarts  (Fr.  ferrieres),  casks  for  carrying  on  horseback 
the  drink  necessary  for  an  army;  and  letacampt,  lettacamp,  lect- 
decampt1  (Fr.  lit-de-camp*). 

Sellat?  a  head-piece  for  foot-soldiers,  is  the  Fr.  salade  (Span. 
celada);  bassanat,  bassanet,  basnet,  a  helmet,  the  O.  Fr.  bassinet, 
bacinet ;  whilst  tymberf  tymmer,  tymbrell,  tymbrill,  the  crest  of 
a  helmet,  is  the  Fr.  timbre.  In  O.  Fr.,  timbre  de  crestes  means 
scallops  fluttering  upon  a  helmet.5  Ventaill,  the  breathing 
part  of  a  helmet,  is  the  Fr.  ventaille* 

Acton,  a  leathern  jacket  strongly  stuffed,  formerly  worn  under 
a  coat  of  mail,  is  the  O.  Fr.  auqueton,  hoqueton,  Prov.  alcato,  so 
named  from  the  cotton  (Span,  algodori)  with  which  it  was  stuffed.7 


1  'Compota  Thes.  Reg.  Scot.,' vol.  i.  pp. 
239,  242;  'Crim.  Trials,'  vol.  i.  pp.  122*, 
273*.  283*.  290*,  A.D.  1529-37. 

*  As  stated  by  the  late  Marquis  de  Laborde, 
in  his  '  Glossaire  des  emaux,'  they  termed,  in 
the  l6th  century,  "  lit,  chaise,  table  de  camp, 
tout  objet  de  ce  genre  fait  pour  etre  trans- 
port^." We  find  in  Jean  Marot's  descrip- 
tion of  the  siege  of  Peschiera,  that  Triboulet, 
the  king's  fool,  "sous  ung  lict  de  camp  de 
peur  s'est  retire"  ('Les  Poesies  de  Jean 
Marot,'  p.  142  :  Paris,  1723 — 8vo);  in  another 
poem,  and  in  Rabelais,  b.  ii.  ch.  xiv.,  is  men- 
tioned such  a  piece  of  furniture  in  a  room 
and  near  a  chimney  ;  at  last,  in  an  inventory 


of  the  Castle  of  Edinburgh,  A.D.  1578  :  "al- 
levin  Frenche  tymmer  beddis  furnist  with 
cleikis  and  vyssis  of  yron." — '  A  Collection  of 
Inventories,'  &c.,  p.  214. 

*  G.  Douglas,  iii.  126,  31. 

*  Ibid.,  ii.  148,  I. 

5  See  '  Comptes  de  1'argenterie  des  rois  de 
France,"  p.  184. 

*  G.  Douglas,  iv.  126,  15. 

"  De  sun  osberc  H  rumpit  la  ventaflle,' 

— 'Chanson  de  Roland,'  p.  5'»  s'-  xcviii. 
1.  1293,  ist  edit. 

7  G.   Douglas,  iv.   5,   II  ;   'Crim.  Trials,' 
vol.  i.  p.  282*. 


ARMOUR. 


193 


Other  forms  of  the  word  are  hugtone,  Imgetone,  hugtoune  cot, 
hugtowne,  and  keton. 

Brekanetynis,  the  same  as  brigandines,  was  a  kind  of  scale 
armour,  so  called  because  it  was  worn  by  the  light-armed  sol- 
diers named  brigands}- 

Brasaris,  brascris,  brazers^  vambraces,  armour  for  the  arms, 
conies  from  the  Fr.  brassar,  brassard,  brassal  (bras,  the  arm, 
Lat.  brachium);  and  reirbrasseris,  armour  for  the  back  of  the 
arms,  is  compounded  of  arriere  and  brassard;  and  guschet,  the 
armour  for  defending  the  armpit,  is  the  Fr.  gousset,  a  fob  or 
pocket,  from  the  Fr.  gousse.  (It.  guscio,  the  husk  of  peas, 
beans,  &c.) 

Cusche",  cusse",  armour  for  the  thighs,  is  the  O.  Fr.  cuissots, 
having  the  same  meaning,  from  cuisse,  the  thigh.  Cussanis 
may  be  the  same.  Greis,  greaves,  armour  for  the  legs,  is  from 
the  O.  Fr.  greve,  the  shin,  or  shin-bone.  Riwell  seems  to  be 
a  sort  of  buckler  (O.  Fr.  roelle). 

Secret?  secreit,  doublet  (Fr.  secret],  is  a  coat  of  mail  con- 
cealed under  one's  ordinary  dress. 

Patrell?  defence  for  the  neck  of  a  horse,  is  the  Fr. 
poitrail. 


1  Vide  G.  Douglas,  ii.    147,   31;   '  Crim.  2  G.  Douglas,  ii.  267,  21. 

Trials,'   vol.    i.    p.    289*,    A.D.     1537.     The  "  '  Burgh  Records  of  the  City  of  Glasgow,' 

word  brigan,  spelt  also  briggane  and  briggant,  p.  77,  A.D.  1577  ;  'Crim.  Trials,'  vol.  ii.  p.  84, 

existed    with    brigancie,    briganrie,    highway  A.D.  1598,  and  p.  149,  A.D.  1600.     It  would 

robbery.       Vide   '  Crim.    Trials,'   vol.   i.   p.  seem  that,  in  such  an  acceptation,  the  use 

91*,  145  ;  vol.  it  pp.   18,  70,  84,  421,  458,  of  this  term  had  been  peculiar  to  Scotland, 

A.D.  1513-1605.     Cf.  Pitscottie,  'The  Cron-  since  it  is  mentioned  neither  by  Du  Cange, 

icles  of  Scotland,' vol.  ii.  p.  314;  and  Acts,  Roquefort,  nor  Grose;    still  it  is  undoubt- 

James  IV.,   1491,  ed.    1814,  p.  226.     One,  edly  French, 

printed  in  1566,  has  brigtmtinis.  *  G.  Douglas,  i.  22,  IO;  iii.  99,  31. 

2  B 


194  CIVILISATION  IN  SCOTLAND. 

Of  warlike  instruments  in  use  before  the  introduction  of  fire- 
arms deriving  their  names  from  the  French  may  be  mentioned 
spryngald  (O.  Fr.  espringalle) ,  an  engine  used  for  throwing 
large  arrows,  &c. ;  crane  (O.  Fr.  cranequin,  granequin,  crene- 
quin),  "an  engine  for  batterie"  (Cotg.),  a  kind  of  catapult 
for  throwing  large  stones,  &c. ;  trebuschet  (O.  Fr.  trebuschet, 
trabuc),  a  balance,  an  engine  of  war  to  throw  the  weightiest 
stones;  awblaster^-  (O.  Fr.  arbaleste,  Fr.  arbalete),  which  means 
both  a  cross-bow  and  a  cross-bowman  ;  vire,  vyre,  wyre  2  (O.  Fr. 
vire),  an  arrow ; 3  querell  (O.  Fr.  quarrel,  quarel,  Fr.  carreau}, 
a  dart  or  arrow  for  a  cross-bow ;  whilst  budge,  a  kind  of  bill,  is 
the  O.  Fr.  bouge,  boulge,  bougeon.  Gissarme,  gyssarn,  gissarne, 
gittarn,  githern*  a  hand-axe  or  bill,  is  the  O.  Fr.  guisarme, 
(Prov.  jusarma,  gusarma) ;  glaif?  a  sword,  the  Fr.  glaive; 
stok?  a  sword,  the  Fr.  estoc;  and  poyntal,  a  sharp  sword 
or  dagger,  the  O.  Fr.  punchal,  a  dagger,  —  Fr.  pointeau, 
poinqon ;  whilst  battar-ax,  a  battle-axe,  has  its  source  in  the 
Fr.  battre. 

Of  the  different  kinds  of  ordnance  may  be  mentioned  the 
bassil  (Fr.  basilic,  "tres-gros  canon  portant  160  livres  de  balle, 
et  nomme  d'apres  le  serpent "),  a  long  cannon  ;  botcard,  appar- 
ently the  same  as  battard,  battart,  batter  (O.  Fr.  bastarde),  "  a 
demi-cannon  or  demi-culverin  ;  a  smaller  piece  of  any  kind  ;  " 


1  G.  Douglas,  iv.  69,  4.  que  ledit  prince  receut  avec  contentement. 

*  Ibid.,  ii.  260,  12.  On  usoit  de  cette  sorte  de  present  ancienne- 

3  Arrows  were,  it  seems,  imported  from  ment  entre  les  roys  et  princes."— Darnal, 

Scotland  as  articles  of  virtu  :  "A  son  retour  '  Chronique  bordeloise,'  ann.  1550,  p.  66. 

[le  due  de  Vendome]  repassa  a  Bourdeaux,  la  4  G.  Douglas,  iii.  198,  19 ;  iv.  189,  18. 

ville  le  pourvoit  de   vins  et  vivres,  luy  fait  6  Ibid.,  ii.  151,  15. 

present  de  beaux  arcs  et  fleches  d'Escosse,  6  Ibid.,  iii.  129,  9. 


ARMS.  195 

saikyr,  half-saikyr  (Fr.  sacre),  "the  hawk,  and  the  artillerie  so 
called,"  says  Cotgrave,  a  kind  of  cannon  smaller  than  a  demi- 
culverin  ;  a.\\d  pasuolan,  pasvoland(¥r.  passevolanf),  a  species  of 
small  artillery.  Murdresar  (Fr.  meurtrier),  besides  meaning 
a  murderer,  means  also  a  large  cannon.  Curtald,  a  kind  of 
cannon,  is  the  O.  Fr.  courtault,  "  a  kind  of  short  piece  of 
ordnance  used  at  sea."  flask,  the  frame  for  a  piece  of  ord- 
nance, is  the  Fr.  flasque,  which  signifies  the  same  thing,  as 
well  as  its  carriage ;  whilst  roche  may  correspond  to  roche  de 
feu,  a  cartridge,  and  rothe  in  the  expression  "  the  rothe  of 
the  culwering "  seems  to  be  the  Fr.  rouet,  "  platine  a  rouet, 
ancienne  platine  d'arme  a  feu  portative."  J 

Of  smaller  firearms  was  the  hagbut  of  crocke,  or  crochert 
(O.  Fr.  haquebute,  harquebuze,  arquebute  a  croc,  Fr.  arquebuse 
a  croc),  the  arquebuss.  The  origin  of  the  word  is  the  Dutch 
haeck-buyse,  haeck-busse,  compounded  of  haeck,  the  hook  or 
forked  rest  on  which  it  is  supported,  and  busse  (Ger.  biiscke, 
a  rifle).  Hagbut  of  founde,  hacquebut  of  found,  seems  to  be 
the  same  arm ;  and  hagbutar  is  a  musqueteer.  Forcat,  foir- 
chet,  the  rest  for  a  musket,  is  the  Fr.  fourchette,  "a  forket 
or  small  fork,  also  a  musket-rest,"  according  to  Cotgrave ;  and 
bandroll,  bendrole,  bedroll,  the  rest  for  a  heavy  musket,  is  the 
Fr.  banderole;  whilst  a  ball  was  named  pallet,  pellock  (Fr. 
pelote,  a  little  ball).  Powder  was  poulder?  pulder,  puldir  (O.  Fr. 
pouldre,  Fr.  poudre);  and  a  powder-flask,  powder-flaccat  (Fr. 


1  Littre's  '  Dictionnaire,'  sub  voce.  barrellis  of  Frenche  cannon  poulder  "  in  the 

2  '  Burgh  Records  of  the  City  of  Glasgow,'  castle  of    Edinburgh ;     and  puldir   in    G. 
p.  10,  A.D.  1574.    In  a  'Collection  of  Inven-  Douglas,  ii.  104,  14. 

lories,'  £c.,  p.  260,  we  find  in  1578,  "seven 


CIVILISATION  IN  SCOTLAND. 


flasque  a  poudre) ;  and  to  discharge  or  let  off  was  delash  (O.  Fr. 
delascher).1 

Of  words  relating  to  the  meeting  of  hostile  troops  may  be 
mentioned  the  following.  Assemble  means  battle,  and  to  as- 
semble,  to  join  battle  (Fr.  assembler).  Skarmuscke,  a  skirmish, 
is  the  Fr.  escarmouche.  Entremellys  (Fr.  entremeler),  as  well 
zs>poynye,poynlid,  poyhnd,  pony  he"  (O.  Fr.  poigne'e),  has  the  same 
meaning.  Demelle  (Fr.  dtmeler),  and  cownter  (Fr.  contre),  have 
both  the  meaning  of  rencontre.  Stour,  stoure,  stowr,  sture? 
which  among  its  many  meanings  has  that  of  battle,  is  the  O. 
Fr.  estour ;  and  stramash,  a  broil,  a  riot,  estramac^on.  Batterie,  a 
fight,  is  the  same  word  in  French;  and  bourd*  (Fr.  bourd,  con- 
tracted from  behourt,  behort,  behourd,  a  kind  of  lance  used  in  a 
joust,  behourdis)  means,  at  least  in  one  instance,  a  serious  and 
fatal  encounter.  Frape  4  (Fr.  frapper),  and  battan  (Fr.  battre), 
both  mean  to  strike,  and  countercoup  (Fr.  contre,  and  coup)  to 
overcome ;  and, 

"  When  the  battle's  lost  and  won," 


1  'Grim.  Trials,'  vol.  ii.  pp.  36,  485  ;  vol. 
iii.  pp.  70,  78;  A.D.  1609,  1610. 

"Cannonier,  sont  les  origins  pres? 

Lc  Cannonier.  II  n'y  faut  que  bouter  le  feu ; 
Vous  me  verrez  tout  delascher." 

— 'Le  Mystere  de  S.  Louis,'  p.  204. 

2  G.  Douglas,  iv.  58,  8. 

3  "The  bourd  of  Brechen"  (Gordon,  'A 
genealogical    History    of    the    Earldom    of 
Sutherland,' &c.,  sect  xxi.  p.  167).    This  de- 
signation alludes  to  the  ancient  tournaments  ; 
but  it  is  evidently  used  ironically,   perhaps 


with  the  intention  to  play  upon  bourd,  boure,  a 
jest,  a  scoff  ('  Redgauntlet, '  ch.  v.,  and  Ben  Jon- 
son,  '  Catiline, '  Act  i.  sc.  I ),  which  is  the  Fr. 
subst.  bourde,  and  which  gave  rise  to  a  verb, 
hoarder,  meaning  the  same,  as  well  as  mistake 
('Contes  et  Discours  d'Eutrapel,'  fol.  130 
verso),  and  nearly  synonymous  with  to  gab 
(O.  Fr.  gaber). 

•  Row,  '  A  Cupp  of  Bon- Accord,  or  Preach- 
ing,' &c.,  p.  S,  1828—410;  'The  Pistill  of 
Susan,'  st.  23.  To/rape  occurs  also  in  old 
English.  Vide  '  Richard  Coeur-de-Lion,'  ap. 
Weber,  'Early  English  Metrical  Romances,' 
vol.  ii.  p.  99. 


WAR    TERMS.  197 


the  camp-followers  and  others  begin  to  pilyie  (Fr.  piller) ;  and 
before  the  trew  (O.  Fr.  treu,  Fr.  treve),  the  truce,  or  abstinence 
(Fr.  abstinence]  can  come,  and  the  tyrement  of  the  dead  be  com- 
pleted, many  a  brave  Vis&pilleii  (Fr.  pilU}.  If  the  war  is  to  be 
continued,  however,  one  must  recrue,  recreu  (Fr.  recroitre) 
the  oist  (O.  Fr.  orf). 

Wiage,  wyage,  waage,  a  military  expedition,  is  the  Fr.  voyage ; 
and  every  army  is  accompanied  by  a  rabble — pettail,  pittal  (Fr. 
pitaud,  a  clown,  pietaille],  and  has  wageouris  (O.  Fr.  gageurs), 
hired  soldiers,  who  are  occasionally  employed  for  special 
services.1  Jeperty,jupperty  (Yr.jeu  parti),  is  a  warlike  enter- 
prise. 

Pennon,  a  small  banner,  penseil,  pensall?1  pinsel,  a  small 
streamer  borne  in  battle,  are  of  the  same  origin  (O.  Fr. 
penoncel,  pannoncel,  a  flag ;  Fr.  panonceau,  pennon,  pannon ;  It. 
pennone ;  Lat.  penna).  Cornett,  the  ensign  of  a  company  of 
cavalry,  is  the  Fr.  cornette,  a  cornet  of  horse,  and  the  ensign 
of  a  horse  company.  Enseinyie,  ensenye,  ansenye,  enseynye,  a 
standard,  and  also  a  company  of  soldiers,  is  the  Fr.  enseigne, 
a  distinctive  mark  (Lat.  insignia).  The  word,  both  in  Scotch 
and  French,  was  used  to  signify  the  cry  which  was  used  in 
battle  to  encourage  the  troops  on  different  sides  :— 

"  Than  mycht  men  her  enseynyeis  cry, 
And  Scottis  men  cry  hardely, 
On  thaim  !  On  thaim  !  On  thaim  !  they  faile."  3 


1  'Compota  Thesaurariorum  Rcgum  Scot-     gow,'  pp.  116,  117,  A.D.  1579. 
orum,'  vol.  i.  p.  xxiii.  3  'Bruce,'  ix.  385. 

1  Vide  '  Burgh  Records  of  the  City  of  Glas- 


198  CIVILISATION  IN  SCOTLAND. 

"  Quant  ces  unt  ja  crid  1'enseigne  de  Vedsci, 
E  '  Glanville,  chevaliers  ! '  e  '  Baillol ! '  autresi, 
Odinel  de  Umfranville  relevad  le  suen  cri."  l 

When  the  wiage  was  finished,  then  came  the  division  of  the 
bowtane,  butin,  buting^  (Fr.  butin). 

Of  words  relating  to  fortifications  are  battaling,  batteling 
(Fr.  bastille),  a  battlement,  which  might  be  quernallit  (Fr. 
crtnele'') ;  bastailye,  bastile,  bastel,  a  bulwark,  a  fortress ;  fousse, 
fousy  (Fr.yfo.ytf),  a  ditch  ;  balye  (Fr.  bayle,  a  barricade),  a  space 
on  the  outside  of  the  ditch  of  a  fortification,  commonly  sur- 
rounded by  strong  palisades ;  machicoules  (O.  Fr.  machicolis ; 
Fr.  mdchecoulis,  machicoulis),  openings  or  holes  in  the  floor  of  a 
projecting  battlement,  through  which  stones  and  other  articles 
of  destruction  might  be  thrown  upon  those  who  were  making 
the  salt,  sawt  (O.  Fr.  saut ;  Fr.  assauf).  Bartizan,  bertisene 
(O.  Fr.  bretesche,  breteche),  is  a  battlement  on  the  top  of  a 
house,  castle,  &c., — a  word  still  in  use  in  the  north  to  mean  a 
strong,  rough-and-ready  defence  of  any  kind. 

When  an  enemy  was  to  hostay  (O.  Fr.  ostoier)  or  assege  (Fr. 
assitger)  a  castell,  the  castelwart  used  every  endeavour  to 
ramforce,  ranforce  (Fr.  renforcer)  it,  to 

"  Bring  schot  and  other  apparail* 
And  gret  warnysone  of  wictaill," « 


1 'Fantosme's  Chronicle,'  Surtees   Society  s 'The Complaynt  of  Scotlande,' p.  228,  Ley- 
edition,  p.  80,  1.  1776.    Cf.  Du  Cange'svpis-  den's  Edition;  'Sir  J.  Melvill's  Memoirs,'  p. 
sertations,   xi.   and  xii.   ('Du   Cry  d'armes,'  25;  Lesley,  'Hist,  of  Scot., 'pp.  181,  192. 
and  'De  1'Usage  du  Cry  d'armes'),  inhisedi-  3  Fr.  afpareil. 

tion  of  Joinville's  '  Histoire  de  S.  Louys,' pp.  4  G.  Douglas,  vol.  iii.   134,  21  ;  pp.  247, 

203-221.  21  ;  248,  8. 


•    SIEGE    TERMS. 


199 


to  warnys  (Fr.  garnir]  it  in  all  possible  ways.  When  the 
enemy  were  ready  to  sailye  or  assailyie  (Fr.  assaillir)  the  caste II, 
the  warison  (Fr.  guerre,  and  son)  was  sounded,  and  the  soldiers 
sheltered  themselves  with  the  pauis,  pavis a  (Fr.  pavois,  which 
some  derive  from  Pavia,  because  such  large  shields  were  first 
made  in  that  city),  the  testudo  ;  and  the  archers,  while  they 
made  the  arrows  dag  (Fr.  daguer)  like  rain  on  the  enemy, 
protected  themselves  with  manlillis  (Fr.  mantelets),  large 
shields;  whilst  the  besieged  during  the  assege  continued,  as  often 
as  possible,  to  sort  (Fr.  sortir),  and  make  sailyes  (Fr.  saillies) 
on  the  besiegers. 


1  Du  Cange's  'Gloss.  Med.  et  Inf.  Latin.,'      I ;   and  Littre's   ' Dictionnaire  de  la  languc 
vol.  v.  p.  150,  col.  3,  and  vol.  vii.  p.  256,  col.      francaise,'  t.  iii.  p.  1018,  col.  3,  voce  " Pavois. " 


CHAPTER     XIII. 


Sea   ZEerms* 


2  C 


CHAPTER    XIII. 


SEA   TERMS. 

IN  1249,  when  the  Earl  of  St-Pol  and  Blois  was 
preparing  to  accompany  Louis  IX.  of  France  in 
his  memorable  expedition  to  the  Holy  Land,1 
he  had  built  for  him  at  Inverness  a  ship  which 
Matthew  Paris  pronounces  to  be  marvellous.  Professor  C. 
Innes  seems  inclined  to  presume  that  the  place  was  probably 
chosen  for  the  convenience  of  easy  access  to  the  Highland 
pine-forests,  and  that  the  master  builders  were  some  of  the 
cunning  artists  of  Flanders,  or  the  more  distant  Marseilles  or 
Genoa,  for  the  armament  was  fitted  out  from  all  these  ports.2 

There  is  no  other  evidence  of  the  building  of  ships  of  war 
in  Scotland  after  this  period  for  a  considerable  time  ;  and  it  is 
highly  probable  that  the  successors  of  Alexander  III.  and 
their  subjects  either  used  to  buy  ready-made  bottoms,  or  found 
it  cheaper  and  more  convenient  to  apply  to  foreign  shipyards 
for  making  and  fitting  out  their  vessels,  particularly  to  Flan- 
ders, Normandy,  or  Portugal. 


'Historia  Major,'  p.    772,   1.    i;    'Les         3  'Scotland  in  the  Middle  Ages,'  ch.  viii. 
Ecossais  en  France,'  vol.  i.  p.  33.  pp.  234,  235  :  Edinburgh,  1860 — 8vo. 


204  CIVILISATION  IN  SCOTLAND. 

I 
In  the  reign  of  James  III.,  Bishop  James  Kennedy  "beggit 

ane  schip  called  the  bischopis  barge ;"1  and  James  IV.  paid 
great  attention  to  ship-building,2  and  used  every  means  to  have 
a  navy.  Among  his  "  mony  servitours  "  he  had — 

"  Beildaris  of  barkis  and  ballingaris, 
And  schip  wrichtis  hewand  upone  the  strand." 

On  May  ist,  1509,  he  applied  to  the  Countess  of  Nevers, 
desiring  her,  in  accordance  with  the  letters  of  Louis  XII., 
King  of  France,  to  make  restitution  of  a  Portuguese  ship  be- 
longing to  Robert  Bertoun,  driven  ashore  by  tempest  within 
the  county  of  Eu.3  Three  years  afterwards  he  wrote  to  the 
officers  of  the  French  ports,  especially  Rouen  and  Dieppe,  to 
inform  them  that  three  of  his  subjects — John  Bertoun,  John 
Balzarde,  and  William  Cristell — were  appointed  his  factors  for 
ships  and  naval  armaments,  corn  and  other  necessaries,  and 
had  received  letters  from  the  King  of  France  to  import  such 
things  to  Scotland.4  It  was  most  requisite  to  restore  the 
Scottish  fleet,  which,  after  having  been  in  a  very  satisfactory 
state,  was  utterly  destroyed  at  the  time.6 

In  the  same  year  (1511)  the  king  (James  IV.)  "  buildit  a  great 
schipe  called  the  Micheall,  quilk  was  ane  verrie  monstruous 
great  schip ;  for  this  schip  tuik  so  meikle  timber,  that  schoe 
wasted  all  the  woodis  in  Fyfe  except  Falkland  wood,  by  the 

1  Pitscottie's  'Cronicles,'  vol.  i.  p.  167.  *  'Compota  Thes.  Reg.  Scot.,'  vol.  i.  pp. 

2  'Remonstrance  to  the  King,'  11.   II  and     ccxxv-ccxxviii. 

13;  among  Dunbar's  Poems,  vol.  i.  p.  145.  5  See  'Les  Ecossais  en  France,"  &c.,  vol.  i. 

8  British  Museum,  King's  Library,  13,  B.      ch.  xi.  pp.  328,  329 ;  cf.  p.  427. 
it  56. 


SHIPS.  205 

timber  that  cam  out  of  Norway.  For  many  of  the  wrightis  in 
Scotland  wrought  at  hir,  and  wrightis  of  uther  countries  had  thair 
devyse  at  hir ;  and  all  wrought  bussilie  the  space  of  ane  yeir  at 
hir.  This  schip  was  twelff  scoir  footis  lenth  ;  threttie-sax  foott 
within  the  wallis  :  schoe  was  ten  foot  thik  within  the  wallis  of 
cutted  risles  of  oak,  so  that  no  cannon  could  doo  at  hir,"  &C.1 

In  the  following  century  a  ship-owner  of  the  same  family 
name,  Charles  Berthon,  sailing  to  Spain  with  his  partner 
Jacques  Michaud,  undoubtedly  a  Frenchman,  was  robbed  on 
sea  by  a  Portuguese  captain  named  Pedro  Leganez,  settled 
in  Holland.2 

When  James  V.  went  to  France  to  bring  home  his  bride,  he 
had  a  squadron  of  seven  ships.  With  his  queen  Magdalene  he 
received  many  and  costly  gifts  from  her  royal  father,  Francis  I. 
Among  those  gifts  were  two  ships,  provided  with  cannons  and 
culverings,  with  hagbuts  of  found  and  cross-bows,  with  all  other 
ordinance  and  weapons.  "  Quhan  thir  schipes  war  weill  pre- 
pared, the  King  of  France  presented  tham  to  the  King  of 
Scotland,  to  use  thame  as  he  thought  guide.  .  .  .  The  ane  of 
thame  was  called  the  Sallamander,  and  the  uther  the  Morischer. 
The  King  of  Scotland  had  two  of  his  awin  at  that  tyme ;  the 
ane  of  thame  was  called  the  Marrivillibe,  and  the  uther  callit 
the  Great  Lyon,  ...  so  that  this  young  queine  brought  ane 
infinite  substance  in  Scotland  with  hir."  3 

When  James  sent  to  bring  his  second  bride,  Mary  of  Guise, 
widow  of  the  Duke  of  Longueville,  from  France,  he  caused 

1  Pilscottie's   'Cronicles,'  vol.  i.  pp.  256,      Henri  IV.,'  &c.,  torn.  vii.  p.  449. 
257.  *  Pitscottie's  'Cronicles,'  vol.  ii.  pp.  371, 

*  See   'Kecueil    des    lettres    missives    de     372. 


206  CIVILISATION  IN  SCOTLAND. 

prepare  hastily  a  navy  of  ships,  and  appointed  the  Lord  Max- 
well admiral  thereof,  with  other  lords  and  barons  to  the  num- 
ber of  ten  thousand,  by  the  king's  own  household,  who  passed 
in  company  with  the  king  himself. 

Though  the  commercial  intercourse  with  the  Continent  took 
place  chiefly  with  Flemish  seaports,  there  was  considerable 
trade  with  France,  and  there  were  not  wanting  attempts  in 
later  times  to  foster  the  trade  between  the  two  countries,  as 
the  following  document  shows  : — 

"  Les  Srs-  Boyd,  marchand  a  Bordeaux,  et  Arbutnot,  natif 
d'Ecosse,  marchand  et  bourgeois  de  Rouen,  representent  les 
avantages  qui  reviendroient  au  royaume  s'il  plaisoit  a  sa  Ma- 
jestd  de  leur  accorder  les  passeports  qu'ils  demandent,  tant 
pour  les  vaisseaux  ecossois  qui  viendroient  charger  en  France 
des  marchandises  du  creu  du  Royaume,  que  pour  les  vaisseaux 
fran9ois  qu'ils  voudront  envoyer  charger  en  Ecosse  pour  en 
tirer  diverses  marchandises  dont  nous  avons  besoin  ;  sur  quoy 
il  a  ete  observe  : — 

"  Que  par  les  passeports  que  le  Roy  peut  donner  pour  faci- 
liter  et  favoriser  ce  commerce  avec  les  Ecossois,  on  peut  les 
inviter  a  venir  prendre  en  France  ce  que  nous  avons  qui  leur 
convient. 

"  Que  si  leurs  droits  d'entree  sur  les  marchandises  de  France 
ne  sont  pas  plus  forts  a  present  que  ceux  qui  se  levoient  a 
Londres  en  1653,  lorsque  nos  marchandises  etoient  aportees 
en  ceste  ville  -  la  pour  le  compte  d'un  marchand  anglois,  on 
pourroit  accorder  aux  Ecossois  des  facilites  pour  leur  com- 
merce avec  la  France. 

"  Qu'on  pourroit  exempter  les  vaisseaux  ecossois  du  droit  de 


COMMERCE    WITH  FRANCE.  207 

5Of-  par  tonneau,  ainsi  que  le  Roy  en  a  exempte  les  Suedois  et 
les  Danois,  afin  de  faire  voir  par-la  aux  Anglois  que  nous 
voulons  bien  commercer  avec  nos  voisins,  puisque  nous  nous 
mettons  dans  cette  pratique  pendant  la  guerre. 

"  Qu'on  ne  risqueroit  rien  par  une  pareille  demarche,  puisque 
le  Roy  ne  tire  aucuns  droits  des  productions  d'Ecosse  qui  ne 
viennent  point  en  France,  les  vaisseaux  danois  qui  nous  apor- 
tent  du  saumon,  au  lieu  de  celuy  d'Ecosse,  estant  exempts  du 
droit  de  fret,  et  la  moderation  des  drois  estant  necessaire  pour 
les  interests  des  fermes  du  Roy  et  pour  le  commerce  de  ses 
sujets,  nos  pesches  et  nos  manufactures  ne  souffrant  aucun 
dommage  de  ce  qui  vient  d'Ecosse,  car  nous  ne  peschons 
point  de  saumon.  .  . 

"  Et  apres  diverses  reflexions  faites  sur  toutes  ces  observa- 
tions, il  a  etc  arreste  que  les  deputes  de  Rouen  et  de  Bordeaux 
ecriroient  aux  ndgocians  de  ces  deux  villes  qui  ont  quelque 
commerce  et  relation  en  Ecosse,  pour  les  pressentir  sur  les 
veues  qu'ils  peuvent  avoir  dans  le  commerce  a  faire  avec  les 
Ecossois,  et  sur  1'esperance  dont  ils  pourroient  se  flatter  qu'il  ne 
seroit  peut-estre  pas  impossible  que  le  Roy  ne  les  favorisast  de 
quelque  exemption  de  droits  pour  1'avantage  reciproque  de 
ce  commerce,"1  &c. 

1  "  Messrs  Boyd,  merchant  at  Bordeaux,  and  Scotland  to  bring  cargoes  of  the   different 

Arbuthnot,  a  native  of  Scotland,  merchant  and  kinds  of  goods  of  which  we  are  in  want, 

citizen  of  Rouen,  make  known  the  advantages  Upon  which  observations  have  been  made  : — 

which   would   accrue   to   the    kingdom   if  it  "  That  by  the  passports  which  the  King  can 

should  please  his  Majesty  to  grant  them  the  give'in  order  to  facilitate  and  favour  this  com- 

passports  which  they  ask,  as  well  for  Scotch  merce  with  the  Scotch,  one  can  invite  them  to 

vessels  which  would  come  to  load  in  France  come  and  take  in  France  that  which  we  have 

merchandise,  the  product  of  the  kingdom,  as  to  suit  them, 

for  French  ships  which  they  wish  to  send  to  "  That  if  the  custom-house  duties  on  French 


208 


CIVILISATION  IN  SCOTLAND. 


It  has  been  already  said  that  merchants  went  twice  a-year  to 
Bordeaux1  to  sell  cured  fish  and  hides,  and  to  purchase  wines  as 
well  as  other  commodities.  Bayonne  was  visited,  and  fur- 
nished hams.2  Dieppe  and  Brignoles  exported  "  plome  dames." 
Saint-Jean-de-Luz  must  have  also  been  visited.  At  this  port, 
as  well  as  at  Bayonne,  the  Scottish  sailors  must  have  often  seen 
the  fitting  out  and  the  sailing  of  the  whale-ships  that  hailed 
from  these  ports.  It  may  be  that  some  of  them  joined  those 
adventurers  in  search  of  such  profitable  booty  in  the  Northern 
seas. 

The  vocabulary  of  the  Scottish  sailor  has  been  enlarged 
from  the  French  language  to  some  extent 

Ballingar,  ballingere,  is  the  O.  Fr.  ballenger,  balengniere,  Fr. 


goods  are  not  at  present  heavier  than  those 
which  were  enforced  at  London  in  1653, 
when  our  goods  were  brought  to  that  city 
to  account  of  an  English  merchant,  it  would 
be  possible  to  grant  to  the  Scotch  facilities 
for  their  trade  with  France. 

"  That  the  Scotch  bottoms  could  be  freed 
from  the  duty  of  £2  per  ton,  as  the  King  has 
exempted  the  Swedes  and  Danes  from  it,  in 
order  to  show  thereby  to  the  English  that 
we  are  willing  to  trade  with  our  neighbours, 
since  we  have  adopted  such  a  course  during 
the  war. 

"  That  no  risk  would  be  run  by  such  a 
step,  since  the  King  draws  no  duties  from  the 
products  of  Scotland  which  do  not  come  to 
France,  the  Danish  vessels  which  import 
hither  salmon,  instead  of  that  of  Scotland, 
being  free  of  freight  duty,  and  the  abatement 
of  duties  being  necessary  for  the  King's  rev- 
enue and  the  commerce  of  his  subjects,  our 
fisheries  and  manufactures  suffering  no  injury 


from  Scottish  importations,  as  we  catch  no 
salmon.  .  .  . 

"And  after  various  remarks  on  all  those 
observations,  it  has  been  resolved  that  both 
the  delegates  of  Rouen  and  Bordeaux  should 
write  to  the  merchants  of  those  cities  who 
have  any  trade  and  intercourse  with  Scotland, 
to  sound  them  on  the  views  which  they  may 
have  on  the  commerce  likely  to  be  driven 
with  the  Scotch,  and  on  the  hope  wherewith 
they  might  flatter  themselves  that  possibly  the 
King  would  favour  them  with  some  exemption 
from  custom-house  duties  for  the  mutual  bene- 
fit of  that  commerce,"  &c. — '  Reg.  du  Conseil 
de  Commerce,'  F.  12,  51,  folio  282  recto.  Du 
mercredy,  3ojuillet  1704. 

1  Introduction,  p.  8. 

*  The  Bayonne  hams  are  mentioned  with 
plomt  dames  (plums),  in  'The  Customs  and 
Valuation  of  Merchandises,"  A.D.  1612;  'The 
Ledger  of  Andrew  Halyburton,' p.  311. 


NAMES  FOR   SHIPS.  209 

baleinier  (Lat.  balcena,  a  whale), — a  name,  no  doubt,  adopted 
from  the  whale-ships  of  Bayonne.1 

"  On  to  the  se  he  [Gathelus]  bownit  sone  agane, 
With  bark  and  boit,  barge  and  ballingar, 
With  tow  and  takill,  anker,  saill,  and  air."  2 

Such  a  kind  of  ship  was  in  use  in  Biscay,  the  inhabitants  of 
which  were  always  addicted  to  whale-fishing  : — 

"  Les  Bisquins  a  douze  vesseaux, 
Nommez  vivates  balleniez, 
Si  y  vindrent  a  grans  monceaux,"  &c.3 

Ballancef  a  kind  of  vessel,  is  the  Fr.  balancelle. 

Aspyne,  some  sort  of  a  boat,  owes  its  origin  to  the  word  cur- 
rent in  old  Guienne,  and  corresponds  to  the  Fr.  sapine. 

Carwell^  kerval,  kervell,  is  the  Fr.  caravelle?  Carvill, 
carvall  are  other  forms  of  the  word  : — 

"  This  nobill  man,  most  gudlie  till  avance, 
Provydit  hes  ane  navin  than  rycht  large, 
Of  craik  and  carvill,  collvin,  bark  and  barge." 7 


1  Jamieson  has  quoted  an  old  manuscript  tor  Boece.'     By  William  Stewart.     Edited 

belonging  to  the  Herald's  office  referred  to  by  William  B.  Turnbull.     Vol.  i.  pp.  8,  9, 

by  Du  Cange,  Walsingham's  and  Froissart's  11.    278-280.      (Rolls    Series,    A.D.     1858.) 

chronicles.       Vide  'Le    Premier    Livre   des  Vide  vol.   i.   p.    122,   1.  4078,  and  p.   347, 

Chroniques  de  Jehan  Froissart,' &c.,  ch.  viii.  1.   10,925. 

p.  31  :  Bruxelles,   1863  —  8vo.      This  word         *  'Les  Poesies  de  Martial  de  Paris,'  &c., 

occurs  also  in  a  letter  from  Dr  Nicholas  West  seconde  partie,  p.  132 :  Paris,  1724 — 8vo. 
to  King  Henry  VIII.,   ap.   Ellis,    'Original         «  G.  Douglas,  iv.  108,  30. 
Letters,'  &c.,   vol.   i.    p.   67.      Whalebone,         e  Ibid.,  i.  52,  19. 
made  use  of  for  many  purposes,  was  termed         e  Ibid.,  ii.  147,  27 ;  235,  23. 
baleen.  1  'The  Bulk  of  the  Croniclis  of  Scotland,' 

a  'The  Bulk  of  the  Croniclis  of  Scotland;  vol.  i.  p.  216,  11.  7006-7008.     Vide  p.  347,  1. 

or,  A  Metrical  Version  of  the  History  of  Hec-  10,926. 

< 

2  D 


210  CIVILISATION  IN  SCOTLAND. 

Cabar,  gabert,  a  lighter,  a  vessel  for  inland  navigation,  is  the 
O.  Fr.  gabarre,  Fr.  gabare. 

Passingeoure,1  a  ferry-boat,  is  the  O.  Fr.  passageur  (Lat. 
passagerius,  a  ferryman). 

Fuksaill  is  a  stay-sail  (Fr.  foe,  "  voile  triangulaire  qui  se 

ddploie  entre  le  mat  de  misaine  et  le  beaupre,  le  long  d'un  etai 

ou  d'une  draille ; "  Germ,  fock ;  Dutch  fok  ;  Swed./i»^;  Dan. 

fok) ;  and  mussall  is  the  mizzen-sail  (Fr.  misaine,  the  sail  of 

the  mizzen-mast). 

"  Tha  salit  fast  that  time  befoir  the  wynd, 
With  fuksaill,  topsaill,  manesall,  mussall,  and  blynd."  * 

Vorsa  is  the  Fr.  forcez,  used  in  the  phrase  forcez  les  voiles, 
crowd  all  sail.  "  Than  the  marynalis  began  to  heis  vp  the 
sail,  cryand,  heisau,  heisau.  Vorsa,  vorsa."  3 

Holabar  is  the  Fr.  /taut  la  barre,  helm  amidships,  in  modern 
sea  language,  "  steady ; "  and  arryua  is  the  Fr.  arrive '2,  bear 
up  the  helm,  bear  away :  "  Than  the  master  cryit  on  the 
rudir  man,  mait  keip  ful  and  by  (pres  et  plein),  a  luf.  Cumna 
hiear.  Holabar,  arryua.  Steir  clene  vp  the  helme,  this  and 


so."  * 


The  ribs  or  timbers  of  a  ship  went  at  times  by  the  name  of 
wrangis,  wrangwiss*  (Fr.  varangues);  whilst  its  cabin  was  cahute? 
kahute  (Fr.  cahute),  its  tackling  cordale  (O.  Fr.  cordaille),  its  small 


1  G.  Douglas,  iii.  34,  18.  '  G.  Douglas,  ii.  265,  24. 

3  William  Stewart,  ' The  Buik  of  the  Croni-  «  "Flyting  of  Dunbar  and  Kennedy,"  1. 

clis  of  Scotland,'  vol.  i.  p.  20,  11.  683,  684.  449  ('Poems  of  W.  Dunbar,'  vol.  ii.  p.  82). 

*  'The  Complaynt  of  Scotlande,'  p.  41,  11.  Cahute  means  also  a  small  or  private  apart- 

5,6.  Edited  by  J.  A.  H.Murray.  ment  of  any  kind.  Vide  Jamieson's  Dictionary, 

1  Ibid.,  p.  41,  1L  19-22.  and  G.  Douglas,  ii.  116,  15. 


SEA    TERMS.  211 


studding-sails  bonettis?  in  sing,  number  bonat  (Fr.  bonnette). 
The  crew  of  the  vessel  was  equipage?  kippage  (Fr.  fyuipage), 
and  its  captain  sometimes  bore  the  name  of  patrone?  patroun 
(Fr.  patron1^.  Patroune  seems  to  have  had  much  the  same 
meaning  at  times  as  admiral  of  a  fleet.  The  following  entry 
of  the  Treasurer  of  James  V.  points  to  this  meaning:  August 
1539. — "Item,  for  ane  silver  quhissil,  with  ane  lang  chenze, 
quhilk  wes  gevin  at  the  Kingis  command  to  the  patroune  of 
the  schippis,  weyand  xj  vncis  iij  quarteris  of  ane  vnce,  ix  lib. 
ijd."  "  Item,  for  the  fassoune  of  the  samyne,  iij  lib." 

Bawburd  (Fr.-ddbord)  is  larboard. 

Pourbossa  is  the  Fr.  pour  dosser,  and  probably  means  stopper 
the  cable  :  "  Pourvbossa,  pourbossa.  Hail  al  ande  ane,  hail  al 
ande  ane.  Hail  hym  vp  til  vs,  hail  hym  vp  til  vs."  5 

Caupon  is  the  Fr.  capon,  the  cat-tackle,  and  serrabossa,  the 
Fr.  serrebosse,  the  shank-painter :  "  Than  quhen  the  ankyr 
vas  halit  vp  abufe  the  vattir,  ane  marynel  cryit,  and  al  the 
laif  follouit  in  that  sam  tune,  caupon  caupona,  caupon  cau- 
pona.  Caupun  hola,  caupun  hola.  Caupun  holt,  caupun  holt. 
Sarrabossa,  sarrabossa.  Than  thai  maid  fast  the  schank  of  the 
ankyr."  «  Is  holt  the  O.  Fr.  hault  ? 

Often  after  the  "  marynalis  " 

"  Leit  saillis  fall  and  passit  of  the  raid,"7 

1  G.  Douglas,  ii.  274,  12 ;    '  Compota  Thes.     — Loret,  '  La  Muze  historique,'  liv.  xv.,  lettre 

Reg.  Scot.,' vol.  i.  pp.  254,  300.  xlviime,  p.  186,  col.  2. 

3  'Crim.  Trials,'  vol.  iii.  pp.  571,  572,  A.D.         8  'The  Complaynt  of  Scotlande,'  p.  40,  11. 

1624.  19,  20. 

3  G.  Douglas,  ii.  231,  22  ;  233,  5.  *  Ibid.,  p.  40,  11.  2025. 

4  "  Un  quidan  aussi  m'est  venu  dire  '   '  The  Buik  of  the  Croniclis  of  Scotland, 

Qu'un  certain  maitre  de  navire  vol.  i.  p.  122,  1.  4083. 
(Mattre,  c'est-a-dire  patron),"  &c. 


212  CIVILISATION  IN  SCOTLAND. 

or  rade  (Fr.  rade),  the  ship  had  to  travisch,  travish  (Fr.  tra- 
verser)  to  every  airt,  airth,  art,  arth  (Fr.  aire),  and  the  "  kip- 
page"  on  again  reaching  land.no  doubt  were  thankful  that 
there  had  been  no  abordage  (Fr.  abordage)  by  "sea-scoumers."1 

Heisau,z  a  sea-cheer,  is  from  the  Fr.  hisser  (in  nautical  lan- 
guage, to  hoist). 

Jorram,  a  boat-song,  may  be  the  Fr.  je  rame,  I  am  rowing, 
— very  likely  the  beginning,  or  the  burden  of  a  popular  song. 

The  word  cashmaries — that  is,  those  who  drive  fish  from  the 
sea  through  the  villages — is  derived  from  chasser,  to  drive,  and 
mare"e,  which  signifies  not  only  tide,  but  a\so-sea-fak.  If  the 
name  is  comparatively  modern,  the  custom  is  old  enough  ;  for 
we  find  that  the  venders  of  fish  at  Kelso  and  Roxburgh 
brought  it  thither  in  waggons  as  early  as  the  time  of  William 
the  Lion.8 

The  word  forsaris,  galley-slaves,  comes  from  the  O.  Fr.  for- 
saire,  which  has  the  same  meaning  in  Cotgrave's  Dictionary 
and  elsewhere.4 


1  Vide  p.  176.  «  "  Forcere  ou  for9at,  gaillien."— '  Les  Epi- 

*  Vide  'The  Complaynt  of  Scotlande,'  p.  thetes  de  M.  de  la  Porte,  Parisian, '  fol.  179 

41,1.6.  recto  and  188  recto:  Lyon,  1592  —  small 

3  Innes,  'Sketches  of  early  Scotch  His-  I2mo. 

tory,'  p.  189,  col.  2. 


CHAPTER    XIV. 


/Iftusic  anb  /Iftusical  instruments. 


CHAPTER    XIV. 

MUSIC   AND   MUSICAL   INSTRUMENTS. 

[GOTLAND  has  always  enjoyed  a  reputation  for 
songs  and  dances.  The  royal  family  of  the 
Stuarts  fostered  music,  and  gave  all  encourage- 
ment to  the  cultivation  of  it.  Of  James  I.  (1406- 
1437)  it  is  said  :  "  Musicae  omnis  generis,  ac  in  primis  cytharae 
pulsandee  exquisitissimam  rationem  tenebat."  l  He  could  sing 
and  accompany  himself  on  several  musical  instruments.  He 
was  the  author  of  several  pieces  of  music.  "  Noi  ancora  possi- 
amo  connumerar  tra  nostri  Jacopo  re  di  Scozia,  che  non  pur 
cose  sacre  compose  in  canto,  ma  trovo  da  se  stesso  una  nuova 
musica  lamentevole,  e  mesta,  differente  da  tutte  1'altre."  2  He 
was  not  content  with  being  skilled  in  music  himself,  but  exerted 
his  royal  power  in  fostering  music  in  his  kingdom. 

"  In  musick  befoir  quhairof  thair  wes  hot  lyte, 
Into  his  tyme  richt  cunnyng  and  perfyte 
In  that  science  fra  sindre  partis  brocht  he, 
And  causit  thame  for  till  authorizit  be. 
Quhilk  ay  sensyue,  as  that  my  author  schew, 
The  langar  ay  to  moir  perfectioun  grew." 3 

1  '  Leslseus, '    p.    277.      '  De    Origine    et     L  x.  c.  23,  p.  664,  ed.  Venet.  1627 — 410. 
Rebus  gestis  Scotorum,'  1.  vii.  c.  101.  3  '  The  Buik  of  the  Croniclis  of  Scotland  ; 

•  Tassoni,  '  Dieci  Libri  di  Pensieri  diversi,'     or,  A  Metrical  Version  of  the  History  of  Hec- 


216  CIVILISATION  IN  SCOTLAND. 

But  he  did  more  for  the  cultivation  of  music  among  his 
subjects — 

"  He  wes  the  first,  as  ze  sail  wnderstand, 
Organis  gart  mak,  or  bring  into  Scotland, 
With  sic  plesance  in  Goddis  seruice  plais ; 
The  quhilk  ar  vsit  now  intill  thir  dais 
Continewallie,  as  it  is  zit  to  ken, 
With  moir  perfectioun  of  richt  cunnyng  men." » 

Of  James  III.  (1460-1488)  Pitscottie  says:  "The  King 
.  .  .  delighted  more  in  musick  and  policie,  and  building, 
nor  he  did  in  the  government  of  his  realme ;  .  .  .  and 
delighted  more  in  the  playing  of  instrumentis  nor  in  the  de- 
fence of  the  borderis,"  &c.2 

"The  King  [James  IV.,  1488-1513]  caused  tak  great  cair 
upon  the  upbringing  of  thir  bodies  in  on  personage,  and  caused 
learne  thame  to  sing  and  play  upoun  instrumentis,  who  within 
schort  quhill  became  verie  ingenious  and  cunning  in  the  airt 
of  musick,  that  they  could  play  upoun  any  instrument,  the  one 
the  tenor,  and  the  other  the  tryble,  very  melodiouslie,"  &c.3 

Among  his  "  mony  servitours"  he  had  "musicians,  men- 
stralis,  and  merrie  singaris."  The  Lord  Treasurer's  books 
give  many  curious  entries  regarding  musicians  and  musical 
instruments.  The  King  himself  was  skilled  both  in  vocal  and 
instrumental  music.  "  Item  (the  first  da  of  Julij  1489),  to 
Wilyeam,  sangstar  of  Lythgow,  for  a  sang  he  brocht  to  the  King, 
be  a  precep,  x  lib."  "  Item  (the  sivnt  day  of  December  1496), 

tor  Boece.1     By  William  Stewart.     Vol.  iii.  &c.,  vol.  iii.  p.  540,  11.  60,50060,505. 
p.  540, 11.  60,494-60,499.    (Rolls  Series,  A.D.         *  'Cronicles,'  vol.  i.  pp.  177,  178. 
1858.)  '  Ibid.,  vol.  i.  p.  247. 

1  'The  Buik  of  the  Croniclis  of  Scotland,' 


ROYAL   PATRONAGE   OF  MUSIC.  217 

to  Johnne  Jameson,  for  a  lute  to  the  King,  vjs.  viijd."  "  Item 
(the  viij  day  of  Julij  1503),  for  ane  lute  and  ane  pair  of  mono- 
cordes,  brocht  hame  to  the  King  be  William  Brounhill,  quhilk 
cost  in  Flandris  xlvs.  gret ;  and  giffin  tharfor  vj  lib.  xvd."  In 
1498  the  sum  of  133.  was  paid  "for  ane  quhissil  to  the  King." 

The  King,  in  his  different  journeys  from  one  part  of  his 
dominions  to  another,  was  in  the  habit  of  carrying  an  organ 
with  him,  and  there  are  frequent  payments  for  "  tursing  the 
organ."  In  1494-95  an  organ  had  to  be  sent  to  Stirling.  In 
1497  the  sum  of  ixs.  was  paid  for  "tursing  the  Kingis  organis 
betuix  Striuelin  and  Edinburgh."  In  1502  John  Goldsmith 
received  vijs.  viijd.  "for  ane  cais  to  turs  the  organis  in."  John 
Goldsmith,  in  Inverness,  appears  on  several  occasions  in  con- 
nection with  the  carrying  of  the  organ  from  one  place  to 
another.  "Item,  the  xx  day  of  October  (1503),  in  the 
Canonry  of  Ross,  to  Johnne  Goldsmytht  for  tursing  of  the 
organis  to  Tayne,  and  hame  againe,  iiij  lib."  In  1506  he 
makes  his  appearance  in  Eskdale,  occupied  in  the  same 
work. 

Musicians  formed  part  of  the  royal  household.  A  "  Frenche 
quhissilar"  was  at  Court  about  the  beginning  of  the  sixteenth 
century.  In  1506  ten  French  crowns  were  given  him  "to 
pass  his  way."  During  the  same  year  there  were  at  Court 
four  Italian  schawmeris,  sometimes  appearing  under  the  desig- 
nation of  "  iiij  childer  chawmeris."  Julian  Drummond  was 
attached,  as  player  on  the  tuba  ductilis,  to  the  household  of 
both  James  IV.  and  V. 

Harpers  of  various  nations  formed  part  of  the  royal  house- 
hold, and  occasionally  there  were  competitions  between  them. 

2  E 


218  CIVILISATION  IN  SCOTLAND. 

Vocal  music  was  cultivated,  and  formed  one  of  the  king's 
pleasures.  "  Item,  on  Moninda  the  ij°  Januar  (1492),  to  Schir 
Thomas  Galbreytht,  Jok  Goldsmytht,  and  Crafurd,  for  the 
singyn  of  a  ballat  to  the  King  in  the  mornyng,  iij  vnicornis, 
ij  li.  xiiijs." 

Women  had  the  honour  of  appearing  before  the  King. 
'  Item  (the  xxiiij  day  of  Maij  1496,  in  Striuelin),  to  ij  wemen 
that  sang  to  the  King,  xiiijs."  "  Item  (the  xxj  day  of  Junij),  to 
tua  wemen  that  sang  to  the  King,  xiiijs." 

James  V.  (1513-1542),  like  his  predecessors,  patronised 
music.  "  Then  thair  was  nothing  bot  mirrines,  banquetting, 
and  great  chear,  and  lovelie  commoning  betwixt  the  Kingis 
grace  and  the  fair  ladies,  with  great  musick,  and  playing  on 
instrumentis,  and  all  uther  kynd  of  pastime  for  the  feildis,  with 
lutis,  shalmes,  trumpettis,  and  organes,"  &C.1 

Of  the  servants  of  the  royal  household  were  five  Italian 
minstrels,  four  minstrels  that  played  on  viols,  four  on  trumpets 
of  war,  and  two  on  "  the  Swiss  drum."  "  Frenche  talbanaris 
and  menstralis  "  2  also  appear  at  Court. 

Music  held  a  high  place  at  the  Court  of  Mary  (1542-1567). 
The  Queen  herself  was  an  expert  in  music,  took  great  delight 
in  it,  and  no  doubt  often  soothed  her  cares  by  listening  to 
some  sweet  singer  or  player.  The  name  of  Rizzio  is  only  too 
well  known.  Whether  a  Savoyard  3  or  not,  he  is  said  to  have 

1  Pitscottie's   'Cronicles,'  James  V.,  vol.  409;  'Sir  James  Melville's  Memoirs,' p.  346, 

ii.  p.  364.  A.D.  1585  (musicians  instead  oitaboringis,  ed. 

*'Crim.  Trials,' vol.  i.  p.  267,  A.D.  1517.  1735,  p.  384);  and 'Dom.  Ann.  of  Scot.,' vol. 

— Such  musicians  were  also  called  laboring,  i.  p.  91. 

tabroner,  taburtur,  talbonar,  talburnar,   tau-  »  Irvin,  '  Historic  Scoticoe  Nomenclature, ' 

bronar,  tawbonar.      Vide  pp.   28,   123,  273,  &c.,  p.  204:  Edinbruchii,  M.CIO.LXXXII. — 8vo. 


MUSICAL   INSTRUMENTS.  219 

received  his  education  in  France,  and  the  French  ascribe  to 
him  the  composition  of  several  of  their  popular  airs  of  uncer- 
tain parentage — with  what  truth  we  know  not.  "  Rizzio  est 
1'auteur  d'un  grand  nombre  d'airs  que  tout  le  monde  chante, 
sans  qu'on  sache  de  qui  ils  sont,  comme  '  M.  le  Prevot  des 
marchands,'  '  Notre  cure  ne  veut  done  pas,'  &c."  l 

The  number  of  musical  instruments  in  use  in  Scotland  was 
considerable,  as  the  following  extracts  show  : — 

"  Item  (the  xviij  day  of  Merch  1497),  to  thir  menstralis, 
gimn  for  thar  Pasch  reward,  in  the  first  to  Thorn  Pringil 
and  his  broder,  trumpatouris,  xxviijs.  Item,  to  Adam  Boyd, 
fithelar,  and  Mylstom  the  harpar,  xxviijs.  Item,  to  Jacob, 
lutar,  at  the  Kingis  command,  xxviijs.  Item,  to  Ansle, 
the  tawbronare,  ixs."  "  Item  (the  xix  day  of  Merch  1498, 
in  Dunbertane),  to  the  man  that  playit  to  the  King  on 
the  clarsha,  be  the  Kingis  command,  xiiijs."  "  Item,  that 
samyn  nicht  (xv  day  of  October  1503),  in  Dunnottar,  to  the 
cheld  playit  on  the  monocordes,  be  the  Kingis  command,  xviijs." 

The  following  extracts  add  largely  to  the  number  : — 

"  Viols  and  virginals  were  heir, — 
The  seistar  and  the  sumphion, 
With  clarche  pipe  and  clarion."  * 

"  All  thus  our  lady  thay  lovit,  with  lyking  and  lyst 
Menstralis,  and  musicians,  mo  than  I  mene  may. 
The  psaltery,  the  sytholis,  the  soft  sytharist, 
The  crovde,  and  the  monycordis,  the  githyrnis  gay ; 


1  J.  B.  de  la  Borde,  '  Essai  sur  la  musique     1780—4  vols.  4to. 
ancienne  et  moderne,'  t.  iii.  p.  530.     Paris,         3  'Watson's  Collection,' vol.  ii.  p.  6. 


220  CIVILISATION  IN  SCOTLAND. 

The  rote  and  the  recordour,  the  ribue,  the  rist, 

The  trumpe,  and  the  talburn,  the  tympane  but  tray ; 

The  lilt  pype  and  the  lute,  the  fythil  in  fist, 

The  dulset,  the  dulsacordis,  the  schalm  of  Assay ; 

The  amyable  organis  usit  full  oft ; 

Claryonis  lowd  knellis, 

Portativis  and  bellis, 

Cymbaclanis  in  the  cellis, 

That  soundis  so  soft." l 

G.  Douglas  mentions  also  the  githorn,2  the  sytholl,  and  the 
tympane.3 

An  old  French  writer  enumerates — 

"  Trompes,  naquaires  et  bouzins, 
Cornemuses  et  chalemies, 
Et  menestreus  de  toutes  guises."  * 

Viol  is  the  French  v iole,  "  ancien  instrument  de  musique,  qui 
avait  six  cordes  de  grosseurs  indgales  et  huit  touches  divisees 
par  demi-tons  :  il  £tait  de  la  forme  du  violon,  mais  beaucoup 
plus  grand  et  plus  gros,  et  il  se  touchait  avec  un  archet."  5 

Virginal  is  the  Fr.  virginale,  "  un  instrument  a  cordes  et  a 
clavier."  It  has  been  said  that  the  instrument  was  so  named 
in  honour  of  Elizabeth,  "  the  virgin  queen ; "  but  it  was  in 
existence  before  I53O.6 

Githorn,  gythirnis,  is  the  O.  Yr.guiterne  (Fr.  guitare)."1 

"  Si  r'a  guiternes  et  leiis."8 

1  'The  Buke  of  the  Howlate,'  by  Holland,  8  Littre's  'Dictionnaire,'  sut  voce. 

st.  Ixiv. :  Edinburgh,  1823—410.  "  "  Fetis,"  '  La  Musique,'  vol.   ii.  p.  16, 

3  Vol.  iv.  p.  215,  7.  quoted  by  Littre,  sub  voce. 

3  Vol.  i.  p.  20,  24,  25.  7  G.  Douglas,  iv.  215,  7. 

4  '  Le  Libvre  du  bon  Jehan,  due  de  Bre-  "  '  Le  Roman  de  la  Rose,'  1.  21,287. 
taigne,'!.  851.     Cf.  1.  2149. 


MUSICAL   INSTRUMENTS.  221 

Sythol,  sythoel,  cythol,  is  the  O.  Fr.  citole  (Gr.  KiB&pa,  which 
gives  citara,  citole);  and  sytharist  likewise  comes  from  cithare. 
"  Cithare  ce  est  cythole."  a 

Seistar,  a  sistrum,  is  the  Fr.  sistre. 

"  J'aurois  un  cistre  d'or,  et  j'aurois  tout  aupres 
Un  carquois  tout  charge*  de  flammes  et  de  traits." 

Recordour,  a  kind  of  wind  instrument,  is  the  O.  Fr.  "  recorder, 
litell  pype,  canula."  (Prompt.  Parv.) 

Schalm,  in  other  forms  schalim,  shalin,  shawme,  a  cornet,  is 
the  O.  Fr.  chalmie.  This  musical  instrument  was  much  used 
in  battle. 

"  On  euerie  syde  the  hornis  blawand  loude 
And  schalmes  schill  schouttand  bayth  loude  and  cleir, 
Quhilk  wes  ane  poynt  of  paradyce  till  heir." 3 

"  The  Inglismen  fra  that  tyme  furth  ilk  nycht, 
Strak  watchis  maid  with  baillis  birnand  brycht, 
And  buglis  blawand  hiddeous  wes  to  heir, 
And  schalmis  schill  with  mony  clarione  cleir."4 

"  With  this  Edward  in  plane  battell  tha  met, 
With  schalmes  schill  schouttand  on  euerie  syde." 5 

Shalmer  appears  to  have  been  the  same  or  nearly  the  same 
instrument.  "  Mary  had  also  a  schalmer,  which  was  a  sort  of 
pipe,  or  fluted  instrument,  but  not  a  bagpipe."  6 

Taborne,  taburne,  talberone,  talbrone,   talburn,  talburne,  a 

1  See  Littre,  vol.  i.  p.  631,  col.  I.  5  Ibid.,  vol.  iii.  p.  299,  11.  52,408,  52,409. 

2  Ronsard,  elegie  a  Marie,  1.  65.    ((Euvres,  Vide  vol.  iii.  p.  24,  1.  43,251  ;  vol.  i.  p.  175, 
t.  ii.  p.  191  :  Paris,  1623— fol.)  1.  5726  ;  p.  203,  1.  6601  ;  p.  205,  1.  6646. 

3  W.  Stewart's  '  The  Buik  of  the  Croniclis  6  Chalmers,    '  The  Life  of  Mary,    Queen 
of  Scotland,' vol.  iii.  p.  256,  II.  50,948-50,950.  of  Scots,'  &c.,  vol.  i.  p.   113:  Lond.,  1822 

4  Ibid.,  vol.  iii.  p.  266,  11.  51,285-51,288.  — 8vo. 


222  CIVILISATION  IN  SCOTLAND. 

kind  of  drum,  is  the  Fr.  tabourin,  dim.  of  labour,  the  old  form 
of  tambour. 

"  With  taborne,  trumpet,  and  mony  schalme  loud."  * 

"  Trumpet  and  taburne  tunit  with  sic  ane  stevin 
Quhill  all  thair  noyis  rang  vp  to  the  hevin."1 

"  The  trumpetis  blew  and  talburnis  vpoun  hicht."  * 

Another  kind  of  drum,  tympane,  thimpand,  is  the  O.  Fr. 
timpane,  tympane.  "  Prenez  ditie,  e  dunez  tympane."  4 

In  the  seventeenth  century  the  vielleux,  so  often  mentioned 
in  the  writings  of  the  French  contemporaneous  authors,  was 
known  in  Scotland  under  the  name  of  violer? 

Sumphion  is  perhaps  the  same  as  the  O.  Fr.  chifonie,  sym- 
pfionie,  and  seems  to  have  been  a  kind  of  drum. 

"  Les  haulx  instrumens  sont  trop  chers, 
La  harpe  tout  bassement  va ; 
Vielle  est  jeux  pour  les  moustiers, 
Aveugle  chiphonie  aura."6 

Portative  (Fr.  portatif}  may  have  been  a  kind  of  portable 
organ  ;  "  Orgues  seans  et  portatives."  7 

An  instrument  called  swasche?  swesche,  may  be  mentioned 

1  'The  Buik  of  the  Croniclis  of  Scotland,'  132,  133  :  Edinburgh,  1822—410. 

vol.  i.  p.   143,  1.    4748.  •  '  Poesies  morales  et  historiques  d'Eustache 

3  Ibid.,  vol.  i.  p.  203,  11.  6603,  6604.     See  Deschamps,'  p.   122:  Paris,   1832—410.     Cf. 
p.  205,  1.  6647.  Cuvelier,   'Chronique  de  Bertrand  du  Gues- 

8  Ibid.,  vol.  i.  p.  248,  1.  7967.     See  vol.  i.      clin,'  vol.  i.  p.  354,  1.  10,032. 
p.  221,  1.  7150.  7  'Histoire   litteraire  de   la  France,'   vol. 

4  Ps.  Ixxx.  2.      '  Le  Livre  des  Psaumes  : '     xxiv.  p.  752. 

Paris,  1876 — Imprimerie  nationale.  8  Vide  'Clariodus,'  p.   337,  1.   1771;  and 

5  Lord  Fountainhall,  '  Chronological  Notes      '  Crim.  Trials,' vol.  ii.  p.  30,  A.D.   1597-98. 
of  Scottish  Affairs, '  &c.,   9th  June  1685,  pp.      Cf.  note  6,  which  is  curious. 


THE  BAGPIPE.  223 


here.  Jamieson  explains  it  trumpet,  and  derives  it  from  A.S. 
sweg.  A  conjecture  is  offered  that  it  is  the  same  as  the  "  Swiss 
drum,"  and  that  the  word  is  only  a  corruption  of  Swiss.  The 
Swiss  were  noted  for  their  timbrels.1 

"  Les  Suysses  dancent  leurs  morisques 
Atout  leurs  tabourins  sonnans." 

Was  the  bagpipe  of  French  importation  ?  It  is  open  to 
conjecture.  The  instrument  was  familiar  to  the  ancient  Greeks 
and  Romans.  It  was  common  in  Germany  and  in  other  parts 
of  Europe  at  a  remote  date.  It  was  undoubtedly  much  used 
in  France,  and  a  piper  formed  part  of  the  musical  establish- 
ment at  Court. 

The  earliest  picture  of  it  which  we  meet  with  occurs  in  an 
illuminated  French  and  Latin  psalter  of  the  end  of  the  i2th 
century.2  In  the  cathedral  of  Noyon  there  is  a  cupboard  of 
the  1 4th  century,  on  which  is  carved  an  angel  playing  on  the 
bagpipe.3  In  an  old  manuscript  of  the  "  Dance  aux  Aveugles  " 
there  is  an  illustration  in  which  a  piper  is  represented  playing 
on  his  instrument  before  two  crowned  persons.  A  supposition 
was  ventured  that  it  referred  to  one  John  Fary,  a  Scotchman, 
minstrel  to  Charles  VII.  King  of  France  (i422-i46i).4 

In  England  the  bagpipe  was  familiar  at  an  early  date. 
Chaucer's  miHer  could  play  the  bagpipe.  Later  a  "  Yorkshire 
bagpiper "  and  "  the  drone  of  a  Lincolnshire  bagpipe "  were 
familiar  in  Shakespeare's  day. 

1  "Le  Blason  des  armes  et  des  dames,"  3  See  Didron's  'Annales  archeologiques,' 

in  'CEuvres  de  G.  CoquUlart,'  vol.  i.  p.  175.  vol.  iv.  p.  375,  June  1846. 

*  Paris  Nat.  Library,  No.  8846,  fol.  107  4  Vide  '  Les  Ecossais  en  France,'  vol.  i.  pp. 

redo  and  113  recto.  Sand  185. 


224 


CIVILISATION  IN  SCOTLAND. 


In  the  1 6th  century  the  piper  held  a  place  in  the  musical 
establishment  of  the  English  king-,  as  well  as  of  the  leading 
English  nobles,  very  likely  in  imitation  of  what  took  place  at 
the  French  Court. 

When  mention  is  made  of  a  piper  at  the  Scottish  Court,  he 
turns  out  to  be  an  Englishman.  In  the  '  Accounts  of  the  Lord 
Treasurer  of  Scotland,'  there  are  repeated  records  of  payments 
to  "  Inglis  pyparis"  who  came  from  time  to  time  to  play  before 
King  James  IV.  Such  musicians,  like  the  Scotchman  Alex- 
ander Baillie  mentioned  by  Pitscottie  under  the  year  I528,1 
were  in  all  probability  not  bagpipers. 

The  pipe,  which  was  generally  named  in  association  with  the 
tabor  or  tambour,2  and  was  certainly  not  a  bagpipe,  was  familiar 
in  Britain  as  well  as  on  the  Continent,  and  we  cannot  but  think 
that  it  may  have  been  this  instrument,  quite  as  probably  as  the 
bagpipe,  that  Alexander  Baillie  played.8 


1  'The  Cronicles  of  Scotland,'  &c.,  vol.  ii. 
P-  348. 

*  In  a  MS.  of  the  Nat.  Libr.,  Lat.  8846,  fol. 
114  recto  and  154  verso,  occur  first  a  woman, 
afterwards  an  old  man,  playing  on  a  fife  with 
one  hand  and  beating  a  timbrel  with  the  other, 
as  they  do  still  in  the  Basque  Provinces.  That 
MS.  is  of  the  I3th  century,  as  two  others  (Nat. 
Libr.  Suppl.  Fr.,  No.  428,  and  Libr.  of  the 
Arsenal,  B.-L.  Fr.,  No.  175,  fol.  284),  in 
which  the  same  is  exhibited.  In  a  farce  of  the 
I5th  century  we  read — 

"  Tout  beau  et  sy  la  condamne 
D'estre  en  ce  jour  mend 
Avec  un  labour  et  loure." 

— 'La  Mere,  la  Fille, leTesmoing,'&c.,  infine, 

Loure,  which  we  believe  to  have  been  a 

kind  of  oboe,  was,  in  after-times,  used  as  the 


designation  of  the  bagpipe,  and  in  Normandy 
the  latter  of  those  instruments  has  retained  the 
name  originally  given  to  the  former.  Vide 
'  Recherches  de  Philologie  comparee  sur 
1' Argot,'  &c.,  p.  252,  col.  2,  and  p.  403, 
col.  2. 

*  The  anonymous  author  of  the  '  Complaynt 
of  Scotlande, '  enumerating  eight  instruments, 
mentions  three  different  sorts  of  pipes  :  "  The 
fyrst,"  says  he,  of  musical  performers,  "hed 
ane  drone  bagpipe,  the  nyxt  hed  ane  pipe 
maid  of  ane  bleddir  and  of  ane  reid,  the  third 
playit  on  ane  trump,  the  feyrd  on  ane  corn 
pipe,  the  fyft  playit  on  ane  pipe  maid  of  ane 
gait  home  "  (p.  IOI ;  cf.  Leyden's  '  Prelimin- 
ary Dissertation,'  pp.  139-151).  Jamieson, 
who  quotes  that  passage  (Diet.,  voce  "Come 
Pipe"),  seems  to  believe  that  the  fourth  in- 


WAR- MUSIC.  22$ 


In  early  times  the  war-music  of  Scotland  consisted  of  horns, 
trumpets,  schalmes,  taburnes,  and  drums,  but  not  of  the  bagpipe. 
Froissart,  alluding  to  such  a  music,  says  the  Scots  made  "  such 
a  blasting  and  noise  with  their  horns  that  it  seemed  as  if  all 
the  devils  in  hell  had  been  there."  l  The  same  horn  music 
is  described  by  Barbour,  who  is  silent  about  the  bagpipe.2 

William  Stewart  thus  describes  the  "  countering  "  of  hostile 
armies  : — 

"  Ather  of  vther  sone  cuming  ar  in  sicht, 
With  stremaris  straucht  and  standardis  vpoun  hycht, 
With  baneris  braid,  and  mony  pensall  proude, 
With  schalmes  schill,  and  bugillis  blawand  loude, 
With  trumpet,  taburne,  and  mony  clarioun  cleir, 
With  blast  of  home,  that  hicldeous  wes  till  heir, 
Schoutand  sa  schill  with  sic  ane  aufull  sound, 
Quhill  that  thair  dyn  gart  all  the  daill  redound."3 

"  The  brasin  bugulis  maid  sic  busteous  beir, 
And  blast  of  home,  that  hiddeous  wes  till  heir ; 
The  schalmis  schoutit  rycht  schill  in  the  schaw, 
Trumpet  and  talburne  tunit  vpone  raw, 
Sic  ane  repit  rumor  4  and  sic  ane  reird, 
Wes  neuir  hard  befoir  into  this  eird." 5 


strument  is  a  horn  pipe— /«)Va«  de  corn;  but  the  editor  of  'Le  Premier  Livre  des  Chro- 

he  ought  to  have  known  that  there  was  a  muse  niques,'  t.  i.  p.  103,  note  to  ch.  xxxiii. :  Bru- 

de  blet  or  blef,  mentioned  by  Guillaume  de  xelles,  1863 — 8vo. 

Machault,  a  poet  and  musician   of  the  141)1  J  B.  i.  part  I,  vol.  ii.  ch.  42,  p.  30,  col.  2  : 

century  (vide  B.  de  Roquefort,  'De  1'Etat  de  Buchon's  edit,  in  the  'Pantheon  litteraire.' 

la    Poesie    francoise    dans    les    xiie   et   xiiie  a  Vide  'The  Bruce,'  b.  xiv.  1.  505. 

siecles,'  pp.    106,   130).     The  distinction  be-  3  '  The  Bulk  of  the  Croniclis  of  Scotland," 

tween    those    four    kinds  of  pipe    and    the  &c.,  vol.  i.  p.  205,  11.  6643-6650. 

trump  shows  clearly  that  the  "doi  trompeurs  4  Fr.  rvmeur. 

d'Escoce"   spoken  of  by   Froissart  are  not  5  '  The  Bulk  of  the  Croniclis  of  Scotland,' 

"joueurs  de  cornemuse,"  as    suggested    by  Sac.,  vol.  i.  p.  221,  IL  7147-7152. 

2  F 


226  CIVILISATION  IN  SCOTLAND 

t 

The  music  at  the  battle  of  Harlaw  (1411)  was  the  trumpet 
and  the  drum  : — 

"  Panmure,  with  all  his  men,  did  come ; 

The  provost  of  brave  Aberdeen, 
With  trumpets  and  with  tuck  of  drum, 
Came  shortly  in  their  armour  sheen." l 

The  earliest  appearance  of  the  bagpipe  in  Scotland  may 
be  of  the  i5th  century.2  In  Roslin  Chapel,  which  was  founded 
in  the  year  1446,  there  is  to  be  seen,  in  alto-relievo,  an  angel 
playing  on  a  bagpipe ;  and  in  Melrose  Abbey  there  is  a  similar 
carving  in  bas-relief.  In  the  beginning  of  the  following  century 
(1510),  Pitcairn3  has  an  entry  relating  to  the  theft  of  a  bagpipe, 
which  derives  an  additional  interest  from  the  sum  of  twenty 
merks  being  indicated  as  the  supposed  value  of  the  article 
stolen. 

There  is  evidence  that  before  the  middle  of  the  i6th  century 
it  was  used  in  war.  According  to  a  statement  made  by  Jean 

1  "  The  Battle  of  Harlaw,"  in  'The  Ballads  'Gloss.  Med.  et  Inf.  Latin., 'vol.  ii.  p.  337, 

of  Scotland,"  by  W.  E.  Aytoun,  second  ed.,  col.   2,   sub  voce)  at  rest  for   ever;    but   the 

vol.  I.  p.  69,  st.  xv.:  Edin.  and  Lend.,  1859.  Scoti  of  Giraldus,   are   they  not   Irishmen? 

— Before  the  chronicler  Brompton  (ap.  Twys-  See,  for  the  use  of  the  bagpipe,  Dauney,  pp. 

den,  col.   1075,  1.   19),  Giraldus  Cambrensis,  119-129.     The  first  and  second  chapters  of 

who  wrote  in  the  reign  of  Henry  II.  of  Eng-  Dalyell's  'Memoirs,'  pp.  5-82,  are  devoted  to 

land  and  William  the  Lion  of  Scotland  (to-  the  history  of  the  bagpipe,  with  illustrations, 

wards  the  end  of  the   I2th  century),  in  his  "    Vide    Burney,    'A    General    History  of 

'Topographia   Hiberniae,'  ch.  xi.    ('Anglica,  Music,' &c.,  vol.  i.  pp.  500,  501,  and  pi.  vi. ; 

Normannica,   Hibernica,   Cambrica,' &c.,  p.  Sir   J.    G.    Dalyell,    'Musical    Memoirs    of 

739>  1-  56),  observed  that  the  Scots  used  three  Scotland,'  &c.,  p.  20,  note  4,  and  pi.  i.  and 

musical  instruments — cythara,  tympanus,  and  ii. :  Edin.  and  Lond.,  1849 — 410.   Cf.  the  I7th 

chorus — the  last  of  which  W.  Dauney,  p.  59,  volume  of  the   '  Archjeologia,'  p.    176;   and 

translates  by  bagpipe.     A  valuable  note  of  his  Grove's  '  Dictionary  of  Music,'  vol.  i.  pp.  123- 

'  Preliminary  Dissertations,'  p.   195  a,  seems  125:  London,  1879 — 8vo. 

to  have  the  effect  of  setting  the  questio  vexata  3  '  Grim.  Trials,'  vol.  i.  p.  70. 
as  to  the  meaning  of  chorus  (see  Du  Cange's 


THE  BAGPIPES.  227 


de  Beaugue,  the  Highlanders  preparing  for  action  were  ani- 
mated by  the  sound  of  the  bagpipe,1  "  se  servant  de  musette  et 
de  hautbois  lorsqu'ils  vont  au  combat."  2 

It  was  used  at  the  battle  of  Belrinnes  (1594),  and  in  the 
time  of  the  wars  of  Montrose  it  had  established  itself  as  a 
martial  musical  instrument.  Whatever  might  have  been  its 
repute  as  a  martial  instrument  of  music,  it  is  clear  that  in  one 
place  at  least  it  found  no  favour.  There  is  an  entry  in  the 
Town  Council  Register  of  Aberdeen,  in  1630,  by  which  "the 
Magistrates  discharge  the  common  pyper  of  all  going  through 
the  toune  at  nicht  or  in  the  morning  in  time  coming,  with  his 
pype,  it  being  an  uncival  form  to  be  usit  within  sic  a  famous 
burghe,  and  being  often  fund  fault  with  als  weill  be  sundry 
nichtbouris  of  the  toune  als  be  strangeris." 

The  musician  in  many  cases  took  his  designation  from  the 
instrument  on  which  he  performed. 

In  1496  [the  xxix  day  of  Junij]  the  sum  of  xiiijs.  was  "giffin 
to  Guilliam  and  John  Pais,  tawbronaris."  This  word  appears 
under  various  forms.  Thus  in  1502,  the  sum  of  145.  was  paid 
to  "William,  the  tabronar,  to  by  him  quhissilis,  by  the  Kingis 
command."  In  1503  there  is  this  entry  :  "  Item,  the  xv  day  of 
October,  in  Brechin,  to  the  foure  Italien  menstrales,  and  the 
More  taubroner,  to  thar  hors  met,  xlvs."  In  1504  ("the  fyrst 
day  of  Januar  "),  "  Item,  to  the  More  tabroner,  xxviijs."  Other 
forms  of  the  word  are  laboring,  taburner,  talbonar,  talbwinar,  &c. 

1  'L'Histoire  de  la  guerre  d'Escosse,'  fol.  'Preliminary  Dissertation  on  the  Complaynt 

54 :  Paris,  1556—410.    We  read,  "On  hieland  of  Scotlande,'  p.  125. 

pipes,  Scottesand  Hybernicke, "  in  a  poem  on         2   'Memoires    du    due    d' Angouleme, '    in 

the  defeat  of  the  Spanish  Armada,  by  Alexan-  Petitot's  collection,  1st  series,  t.  xliv.  p.  585  ; 

der  Hume,  1598,  quoted  by  Dr  Leyden  in  his  'Les  Ecossais  en  France,'  &c.,  t.  ii.  p.  123. 


228  CIVILISATION  IN  SCOTLAND. 

In  1502  the  sum  of  433.  was  paid  "to  the  cornut  (Fr.  cor- 
neur)  to  by  him  quhissilis,  by  the  Kingis  command." 

Schalmer  was  the  player  on  the  instrument  of  the  same  name ; 
and  he  who  played  on  the  "quhissil,"  which  seems  to  have 
been  a  fashionable  instrument,  was  called  "quhissil"  or 
" quhissilar."  The  name  of  "Quhissil  Gibbon"  appears  in 
the  Treasurer's  books  in  1497. 

The  sachelaris  recorded  in  the  Lord  Treasurer's  Accounts 
for  A.D.  1497,  as  having  received  nine  shillings  for  having  sung 
"  Gray  Steil "  to  the  king,1  were  probably  itinerant  musicians, 
perhaps  bagpipers,  if  we  may  explain  their  name  by  two  words 
borrowed  from  sac  (bag)  and  O.  Fr.  loure ;  but  it  is  as  likely 
that  they  were  harpers  who  played  with  pieces  of  wood  called 
poyntalis? 

The  names  given  to  the  different  kinds  of  music  performed 
by  the  Scottish  pipers  are  numerous.  One  kind  bears  the 
name  of  port,  a  catch,  or  lively  tune.  "  You,  minstrel  man, 
play  me  a  port"  3  It  is  the  O.  French  dfyort,  which  signified 
amusement.4  Almost  every  great  family  had  a  port  named 
in  its  honour,  as  port  Lennox,  port  Gordon,  port  Seton,  port 
Athole.5 


1  'Early  Metrical  Talcs,  'pref.,  pp.  xiii,  xiv.  *  Tytler,  "Dissertation  on  the  Scottish 

1  G.  Douglas,  iii.  53,  4.  Music  "  in  the  '  Transactions  of  the  Society 

1  Samuel  Hibbert,  'A  Description  of  the  of  Antiquaries  of  Scotland,'  vol.  i.  p.  406. — 

Shetland  Islands,' p.  556:  Edin.,  1822—410.  The  Scots  also  called  a  gate  forte.  Vide 

4  Dlportcr,  to  amuse  one's  self.  '  Orpheus  and  Eurydice,'  1.  386  ;  ap.  Henry- 

"  Sozune  olive  sc  sist  por  diporter."  son,  p.  63. 

— 'Le  Roman  de  Roncevaux,"  st.  ii.  p.  125. 


CHAPTER     XV. 


a  n  c  e  8, 


CHAPTER     XV. 


DANCES. 


I  HAT  Scotland  had  dances  of  native  growth  there 
cannot  be  much  doubt.  A  poem,  written  before 
the  times  of  Dunbar,  contains  a  long  list  of 
dances  which  seems  intended  to  exhaust  all 
known  in  the  country.  Some  of  these,  from  their  names, 
were  introduced  from  France  and  other  parts  of  the  Conti- 
nent. Others  of  them  appear  to  be  of  home  origin. 


A  maistir  swynhird  swanky 

And  his  cousing  Copyn  Cull 

Fffwll  of  bdlis  fulfull 

Led  the  dance  and  began 

Play  Msjoly  lemmane 

Sum  trottit  Tras  aad  Trenass 

Sum  balterit  The  J3ass 

Sum  Perdmvy  sum  Trolly  lolly 

Sum  Cok  craw  thou  quhill  day 

Twysbank  and  Tenvay 

Sum  Lincolme  sum  Lindsay 

Sum  Joly  lemman  dawis  it  no1  day 

Sum  Be  zon  wodsyd  singis 

Sum  Late  laite  on  evinnyngis 


Sumfoly  Martene  w'  a  mok 
Sum  Lulalow  lute  cok 
Sum  bekkit  sum  bingit 
Sum  crakkit-  sum  cringit 
Sum  movit  most  mak  revell 
Sum  Symon  sonis  of  Quhynfcll 
Sum  Maisf  Pier  de  Conzate 
And  vthir  sum  in  consate 
At  leser  drest  to  dance 
Sum  Ourfute  sum  Orliance 
Sum  Rusty  bully  with  a  bek 
And  every  note  in  vtheris  nek 
Sum  vsit  the  dansis  to  deme 
Of  Cipres  and  Boheme 


232 


CIVILISATION  IN  SCOTLAND. 


Sum  The faites  full  zarne 

Off  Portingall  and  Naverne 

Sum  countirfutit  the  gyss  of  Spane 

Sum  Italy  sum  Almane 

Sum  noisit  Napillis  anone 

And  vthir  sum  of  Arragont 

Sum  The  Cane  of  Tartary 

Sum  The  Soldane  of  Surry 

All  his  dansis  desynd 

Sum  Pretir  Johnie  of  grit  Ynd 

Sum  As  the  Ethiopis  vsit 

Sum  futit  and  sum  refusit 

Sum  had  dansis  mony  ma 

W'  all  the  dansis  of  Asia 

Sum  of  Affrickis  age 

And  principale  of  Cartage 

Thair  pressit  in  Pery  Pull 

Full  of  bellis  fulfull 

Maisf  Myngeis  The  mangels 

Maisf  Tyngeis  La  tangeis 

Mr  Totis  La  toutis 

And  Rousty  rottis  the  routis 

Maisf  Nykkis  La  nakkis 

And  Sr  Jakkis  Lajakk 

The  Hary  hurlere  husty 

And  Calby  the  curst  custy 

Mony  laddis  mony  townis 


Knowf  knots  kynnis  culrownii 
Curris  kenseis  and  knavis 
Inthrang  and  dansit  in  thravis 
Wl  thame  Towis  the  mowis 
And  Hary  wt  the  reid  howis 
Than  all  arrayit  in  a  ring 
Dansit  My  deir  derling 
And  all  assentit  in  a  sop 
To  the  vse  of  Eivrop 
That  for  so  much  that  beleuit 
That  expert  and  weill  preuit 
Thay  war  in  the  Est  warld 
As  is  heir  brevly  ourharld 
Thay  conclud  the  vse  plane 
Of  Ylandis  in  Ottiane 
And  of  the  fermeland  of  France 
And  how  the  Emprior  dois  dance 
Suesis  in  Suauia  syne 
And  als  the  Reuir  of  Ryne 
Off  Bretane  the  brod  lie 
Off  Yrland  and  Argyle 
Burgone  and  Breband 
Hanyngo  and  Holland 
Blanderis *  Freisland  and  eik 
Frandebur*  *  and  Broinsweik 
Ditliner  and  Baywer"  &c.,  &c.3 


A  list  of  Scottish  dances  popular  in  the  middle  of  the  i6th 
century  is  given  in  '  The  Complaynt  of  Scotlande  : ' 4  "it  vas 
ane  celest  recreation  to  behald  ther  lycht  lopene,  galmonding, 


1  Flanderis  ? 

a  Brandenburg? 

1  "Colkelbie  Sow,"  fitt  first,  11.  296-376. 
'  Select  Remains  of  the  Ancient  Popular 
Poetry  of  Scotland,"  edited  by  David  Laing  : 


Edinburgh,  1822 — 410. 

4  P.  66,  11.  11-15.  Edited  by  J.  A.  H. 
Murray  for  the  Early  English  Text  Society, 
A.D.  1872. 


FRENCH  DANCES.  233 

stendling  bakuart  and  forduart,  dansand  base  dansis,  pauuans, 
galzardis,  turdions,  braulis  and  branglis,  buffons,  vitht  mony 
vthir  lycht  dancis,  the  quhilk  ar  ouer  prolixt  to  be  rehersit." 

"  Auld  lichtfute"  seems  to  have  had  a  home  origin  as  well 
as  "  Ourefute ;"  and  the  "  country-dance,"  in  which  a  number  of 
couples  form  a  double  row,  and  dance  a  figure  from  top  to 
bottom  of  the  row,  is  looked  upon  as  of  native  birth. 

There  is,  however,  reference  to  French  dances  at  an  earlier 
date  than  that  of  the  poem  quoted  above.  A  French  knight 
in  the  retinue  of  Robert  the  Bruce  is  represented  by  Barbour 
as  exclaiming : — 

" A  Lord  !  quhat  sail  we  say 


Off  our  lordis  off  Fraunce,  that  thai 
With  gud  morsellis  fayrcis  thair  pawnchis, 
And  will  bot  etc,  and  drynk,  and  dawnsis ; 
Quhen  sic  a  knycht,  and  sa  worthy 
As  this,  throw  his  chewalry  ?  "  &C.1 

By  the  beginning  of  the  i6th  century,  French  dances  and 
dancers  appear  to  have  been  quite  common.  In  the  accounts 
of  the  Lord  Treasurer  there  are  various  entries  relating  to 
French  dances  and  performers  of  them.  March  5,  1507-8. 
— "  To  the  Frenche  menstrallis,  that  maid  ane  danss  in  the 
Abbay,  be  the  Kingis  command,  12  French  crowns,  £8,  8s. 
Item,  to  thair  dancing  cotis  to  the  said  dans." 

Against  December  5th,  1512,  is  put  down  a  sum  of  "  10 
crowns  of  wecht,  ^9,"  paid  to  the  servants  of  "  Monsur  La 
Mote,"  the  French  ambassador,  who  had  danced  "  ane  moriss 


1  Harbour's  'Bruce,'  b.  vi.  1.  911  ;  Jamieson's  edition,  p.  177. 
2  G 


234  CIVILISATION  IN  SCOTLAND. 

to  the  King."  Another  item  refers  to  a  bounty  of  .£5,  8s. 
given  to  the  same  as  having  performed  a  moriss  before  the 
king  and  his  queen. 

Early  Scotch  writers  make  frequent  allusion  to  the  introduc- 
tion of  dances  and  dancers  from  France.  Thus  Sir  David 
Lyndsay  speaks  of  "  ane  new  pavin  of  France "  and  a  "  gay 
gamond  of  France :  " — 

"  Now  hay  for  joy,  and  mirth,  I  dance. 
Tak  thair  ane  gay  gamond  of  France." * 

"  Quhat  sayis  thou  of  my  gay  garmoun  ?  " » 

Dunbar,  reproaching  the  king  with  his  foreign  and  wanton 
circle,  addresses  him  thus  : — 

"  Schir,  ye  have  mony  servitouris, 
Chevalouris,  callandaris,  and  [Frenshe]  flingaris, 
Monsouris  of  France,  gud  clarat  cunnaris." 3 

Elsewhere,  describing  "a  dance  in  the  Quenis  chalmer,"  he 
writes  : — 

"  Schir  Jhon  Sinclair  begowthe  to  dance, 
For  he  was  new  cum  out  of  France."  * 

In  the  "  Dance  of  the  sevin  deidly  sins,"  he  says  of  one  of 
them  : — 


1  'Ane  Satyre  of  the  thrie  Estaitis,'  part  3  Dunbar's  'Remonstrance  to  the  King,' 

1st:  Lyndsay's  Poet.  Works,  vol.  ii.  p.  130,  II.  I,  10,  41  ;  among  his  Poems,  vol.  i.  pp. 

1.  10;  D.  Laing's  edit,  1871- post  8vo.  145,  146. 

3  Ibid.,  p.  141,  1.  15.  4  Ibid.,  vol.  i.  p.  118. 


FRENCH  DANCES.  235 

"  He  bad  gallandis  ga  graith  a  gyiss, 
And  kast  up  gamountis  in  the  skyiss, 
As  varlotis  dois  in  France.  " * 

In  the  "  Ballad  of  kynd  Kittok"  Dunbar  says  : — 

"  My  gudame  wes  a  gay  wife,  bot  scho  wes  rycht  gend, 
Scho  duelt  furth  fer  in  to  Fraunce,"  &c.2 

At  a  later  period,  another  rhymer,  speaking  of  the  tutors  of 
a  gentleman  twenty  years  old,  said  : — 

"They  had  resolved  to  send  him  unto  France 
To  learn  to  parle,  handle  armes,  and  dance." ' 

From  "  Christis  Kirk  on  the  Grene"  we  learn  that  French 
dances  were  to  be  seen  at  country  fairs  and  on  village  greens : — 

"  Auld  lightfute  thair  he  did  forfeit, 
And  counterfuttet  Franss." 4 

Knox  had  to  lament  that  in  the  masques  and  pageants  which 
welcomed  Mary's  entry  into  her  capital,  the  Reformed  burghers 
— "  fools,"  as  he  calls  them — aped  the  style  of  France.  "  Great 


1  Poems,  vol.  i.  p.  49.  that  they  were   degenerated.       In   his   early 

y  Ibid.,  vol.  ii.  p.  35.  time,   he  said,   every  Scottish   gentleman  of 

"The  Copie  of  a   Barons  Court,'  p.   19.  £300  a-year   travelled   abroad  when  young, 

Such   a   passage   is   illustrated   by   an   anec-  and  brought  home  to  the  bosom  of  domestic 

dote  of  the   life  of  Sir  Robert  Keith,  com-  life,  and  to  the  profession  in  which  it  might 

monly  called,  from  his  diplomatic   services,  be  his  fate  to  engage,  a  vast  fund  of  literary 

Ambassador  Keith.       He   was    absent    from  information,    knowledge   of   the   world,   and 

Edinburgh  about  twenty-two  years,  and  re-  genuine   good   manners,  which  dignified   his 

turned  at  a  time  it  was  supposed  that  man-  character  through  life.  —  Vide  'Traditions  of 

ners  were  beginning  to  exhibit  symptoms  of  Edinburgh,'  p.  252,  note  :  Edin.  1859 — 8vo. 

great  improvement.    He,  however,  complained  *  Stanza  v. 


236  CIVILISATION  IN  SCOTLAND. 

. 

preparations  war  maid  for  hir  enteress  in  the  town.  In  ferses, 
in  masking,  and  in  other  prodigalities,  faine  wold  fooles  have 
counterfooted  France."  l 

It  is  quite  clear  from  all  this  that  words  of  French  origin 
relating  to  dancing  and  to  dances  must  exist  in  Scotch. 

Ginker,  a  dancer,  is  the  Fr.  ginguer. 

Caralying,  carraling  (Fr.  carolle,  carole,  querole,  a  dance) 
means  dancing : — 

"  Mony  madyins  in  courtlie  carraling." * 

The  word  gambet,  in  other  forms  galmound,  gamond,  gamount, 
whose  meaning  is  given  gambol,  is  the  Fr.  gambade,  "  saut  sans 
art  et  sans  cadence"  (O.  Fr.  gambe,  Fr.  jambe).  Its  meaning 
is  thus  explained  by  a  writer  of  the  i6th  century:  "  Je  laisse  a 
parler  des  autres  gambades  qu'ils  ont  autrefois  appelees  le  saut 
du  cousturier,  aujourd'huy  a  la  paluettiste  landrichard,  le  saut 
du  pendu,  et  prou  d'autres  de  pareille  farine,"  &c.3 

Schamoris  dance  seems  to  be  so  named  from  the  musical  in- 
strument named  schawme  (O.  Fr.  chalemie). 

Paspey  is  the  Fr.  passe-pied,  "a  caper,  or  loftie  tricke  in 
dauncing;  also  a  kind  of  dance  peculiar  to  the  youth  of  la 
haute  Bretaigne."4  Littre  defines  it  "  dance  a  trois  temps  et 
d'un  mouvement  tres-rapide." 

Sincopas,  whatever  it  was  in  itself,  betrays  its  origin, — cinq 
pas? 

1  Knox's  'History  of  the  Reformation,"  vol.  *  '  Les  Dialogues  de  Jacques  Tahureau,'  &c., 

ii.  pp.  287,  288;  among  his  Works,  collected  p.  50:  Paris,  1871 — 121110. 

ami  edited  by  David  Laing  :  Edinburgh,  1858  4  Cotgrave's  Dictionary. 

— 8vo.  6  On  dances  in  Scotland  during  the  1 6th 

*  'The  Bulk  of  the  Croniclis  of  Scotland,"  century,  see  'Inventaires  de  la  Royne  Des- 

vol.  i.  p.  257,  1.  8245.  cosse,'  p.   Ixiii;  and  on  dances  in  general 


DANCE  NAMES.  237 


Soutra,  a  kind  of  dance,1  was  perhaps  an  old  French  one 
called  sauterelle? 

Orliance,  mentioned  also  in  another  curious  poem : — 

"  This  littil  gaist  did  na  mair  ill 
Bot  clok  lyke  a  corne  in  myll ; 

And  it  wald  sing  and  it  wald  dance 
Oure  fute,  and  orliance," 3  — 

is  no  doubt  the  orlienaise  of  an  early  mystery  of  saint  Louis,  a 
dance  performed  at  his  wedding, — "  Ilz  danssent  1'orliennaise, 
ou  aultre."  4 

Base  dance,  beass,  a  dance  slow  and  formal  in  its  motions,  is 
the  Fr.  basse-danse,  which  was  so  common  in  France. 

"  Es  festes  de  saincte  Catherine  et  de  sainct  Nicolas,  et 
aux  Roys,  Ton  faisoit  des  danses  aux  colleges  [a  Caen]  que  Ton 
appeloit  choreas,  la  oil  Ton  jouoit  des  farces  et  comedies.  Et 
s'appelloyent  telles  danses,  qui  avoyent  cours  par  tout  ce  roy- 
aume,  basses  danses,  qui  consistoyent  en  reverences  simples, 
doubles  reprinses,  bransles.  Puis  a  la  fin  Ton  dansoit  le  tordion, 
au  lieu  duquel  est  succede  le  bal  ou  la  gaillarde.  Et  se  dan- 
soient  au  tabourin  et  longue  flute  a  trois  trous,  et  un  rebec.  .  .  . 
Toutesfois  tels  choreas,  ou  danses,  furent  abollies  et  abrogees 
par  arrest  de  la  cour,  1521,  seizieme  jour  d'aoust,  par  la  refor- 
mation qui  se  fist."  5 

during  the  middle   ages,   Fetis's   '  Curiosites  11.  80-85  :  '  Select  Remains  of  ancient  Popular 

historiques,"  &c.,  pp.  379-383.  Poetry  of  Scotland.' 

1  'The  Complaynt  of  Scotlande,'  Dr  Ley-         4  'Le  Mystere  de  saint  Louis,'  &c.,  p.  40, 
den's  edit.,  p.  103.  col.  2,  1.  18. 

2  See  '  Le  Mystere  de  saint  Louis,'  p.  401  :         5  Charles  de  Bourgueville,  sieur  de  Bras, 
Westminster,  1851 — 410.  'Les  Recherches  et  Antiquitez  de  la  province 

'  "An  Interlude  of  the  Laying  of  a  Gaist,"     de  Neustrie,'  &c.,  p.  337:  Caen,  1833 — 8vo. 


238  CIVILISATION  IN  SCOTLAND. 

This  basse-dance  is  mentioned  in  a  curious  passage  of  a 
poem  ascribed  to  Clement  Marot  :— 

"  La  petite  jambe  trousse'e, 
Pour  danser  haye  de  Bretaigne 
Et  les  passepies  d'Allemaigne. 
II  est  vray  qu'a  la  basse-dance 
Je  n'y  viens  pas  a  la  cadance, 
Mays  de  branle,  et  puy  la  recoupe ; 
De  deux  pie's  je  les  vous  recoupe 
Menu  comme  chair  a  pasteV' l 

It  was  not  deemed  beneath  the  dignity  of  royalty  to  perform 
this  dance.  "  The  Kynge  went  to  see  hyr  [Queen  Margaret], 
and  daunced  some  basse  daunces."  2 

Pauuan,  paven,  a  grave,  stately  dance  of  Spanish  origin,  in 
which  the  dancers  turned  round  one  after  another,  as  peacocks 
(Lat.  pavd)  do  with  their  tails,  comes  from  the  Fr.flavane;  Sp. 
pasos  de  pavana,  grave,  stately  steps.  The  dance  seems  from 
the  following  extracts  to  have  been  a  favourite  among  all 
classes,  from  the  palace  to  the  village  green  : — 

"  II  [Timoleon  de  Cossd,  comte  de  Brissac]  dansoit  des 
mieux  qu'on  en  avoit  veu  a  la  cour  jamais ;  car,  outre  la  dis- 
position tres-grande  qu'il  avoit,  il  avoit  la  plus  belle  grace  que 
jamais  courtisan.  Despuis  nul  n'y  a  pu  atteindre,  fors  le  jeune  la 
Molle.  .  .  .  Et  n'estoit  ledict  comte  propre  pour  une  seule 
danse,  comme  j'en  ay  veu  aucuns  nes  et  adroicts,  les  uns  pour 
Tune,  les  autres  pour  1'autre ;  mais  ce  comte  estoit  universel  en 


1  '  Epistre  du  biau  fiz  de  Pazy,' v.  62.  tion  and  Wedding,'  &c.,  ap.  JLeland,  'Col- 

1  'Account  of  Princess  Margaret's  Recep-     lectanea,'  vol.  iv.  p.  291. 


DANCE  NAMES.  239 


tout,  fust  pour  les  branles,  pour  la  gaillarde,  pour  la  pavanne 
d'Espaigne,  pour  les  canaries,  bref  pour  toutes." l 

"  Le  racleur,  nomme'  la  Machine, 
Nous  rejouit  plus  par  sa  mine 
Que  par  les  sons  de  son  boyau. 

Nemard,  au  son  de  1'instrument, 
Sortit  de  son  retranchement, 
Et,  prenant  une  paysanne, 
Dansa  lestement  la  pavanne." 2 

"  Pour  danser  pavane  et  vert  gay, 
Le  mois  de  may,  au  vert  boscage, 
Escoutant  le  pinson  ramage 
Et  cueillant  le  gentil  muguet." 3 

Brawl,  brangillf  bransle,  is  the  Fr.  bransle,  branle  (from 
bransler,  branler,  to  shake), "  a  brawle,  or  daunce  wherein  many, 
men  and  women,  holding  by  the  hands,  sometimes  in  a  ring, 
and  other-whiles  at  length,  move  all  together." 

There  were  two  kinds  of  bransles,  the  one  gay  and  the  other 
serious.  "  Le  branle,  ou  branle  gai,  est  le  nom  generique  de 
toutes  les  danses  ou  un  ou  deux  danseurs  conduisent  tous  les 
autres,  qui  repetent  ce  qu'ont  fait  les  premiers."  5  The  serious 
branles  were  danced  at  the  balls  of  Louis  XIV. 

Sir  David  Lyndsay  addresses  thus  a  piper  and  the  party  to 
which  he  acts  as  musician  : — 


1  'Des  Couronnels  frar^ois,'  ch.  xi. ;  '  CEu-  3   "  L' Apologia  des  chambrieres  qui   ont 

vres  completes  de   Brantome,'  edit,    of  the  perdu  leur  mariage  a  la  blanque,"  in  the 

"Pantheon  litteraire,"  torn.  i.  p.  669,  col.  I.  '  Varietes  historiques  et  litteraires,"  t.  iii.  p. 

3  '  Voyage  de  Paris  &  la  Roche-Guion,  en  108,  note. 

vers  burlesques,'   &c.,  par  MM***,  ch.   iii.  4  G.  Douglas,  iv.  215,  9,  36. 

p.  63  :  A  la  Haye,  &c. — i8mo.  *  Littre's  Dictionnaire,  sub  vocc  "Branle." 


24o  CIVILISATION  IN  SCOTLAND.     , 

"  Now,  let  ilk  man  his  way  avance ; 
Let  sum  ga  drink  and  sum  ga  dance. 

Menstrell,  blaw  up  ane  brawl  of  France ; 

Let  se  quha  hobbils  best." 1 

In  a  note  to  "The  Malcontent,"  Act.  iv.  sc.  2,2  there  is  men- 
tion of  a  "  bransle  of  Poitiers."  3  The  most  celebrated  bransles* 
were  those  of  Lorrain  and  Berry.  Under  Louis  XIV.,  Andre 
Lorin,  "  second  conducteur  de  1'Academie  Royale  de  dance," 
ascribes  the  country-dance  to  the  English,  and  adds  :  "  II  ne 
faut  done  pas  s'estonner  s'ils  y  excellent,  puisqu'elle  leur  est 
aussi  naturelle  que  les  meniiets  aux  Poitevins,  les  passepies 
aux  Bretons,  la  bourree  aux  Auvergnats,  la  gavotte  aux  Cham- 
penois  et  aux  Normans,  les  bransles  a  ceux  de  Metz  et  de 
Bourges,  les  rigaudons  aux  Prove^aux,  la  gaillarde  aux 
Italiens,  la  sarabande  aux  Espagnols,  et  la  chaconne  aux 
Africains."  6 

Rig- adown- daisy  is  the  Fr.  dance  called  rigaudon,  which, 
according  to  the  former  extract,  had  its  home  in  Provence. 
It  is  said  to  have  derived  its  name  from  its  author,  Rigaud. 
It  was  a  lively  dance  performed  by  two  with  very  complicated 
movements.6 

Galyard,  a  gay  dance,  is  the   French  gaillarde  (gaillard, 

1  "  Ane  Satyre  of  the  thrie  Estaitis,"  in  after  having  had  the  same  sense  as  in  Scot- 
fne ;    'The  Poetical  Works  of   Sir  David  land,  was  altered  in  English  so  as  to  become 
Lyndsay,"  vol.  ii.  p.  155.  synonymous  with  motet  de  Beauce,  as  described 

2  '  A  select  Collection  of  old  Plays,'  vol.  in  a  register  of  the  Parliament  of  Paris,  Civil, 
iv.  pp.  66,  67.  Plaid.  Mat.  15  j=r.  1400. 

*  Cf.  Hawkins,  vol.  ii.  p.  133.  8  '  Livre  de  la  contredance  du  Roy,'  &c. 

4  Other  branles  are  mentioned  in  a  note  to  MS.  of  the  Nat.  Libr.  at  Paris  :  1698,  fol.  10. 

the  '  Historiettes '  of  Tallemant  des  Reaux,  •  J.  •  J.   Rousseau,    '  Dictionnaire  de  Mu- 

t.  vi.  p.  92:  Paris,  1857 — 8vo.     Every  one  stque,'  sub  voce  "Rigaudon." 
knows  how  the  original  meaning  of  brawl. 


DANCE  NAMES.  241 


lusty,  gamesome).  "  Le  pas  de  danse  qu'on  nomme  pas  de 
gaillarde,  est  compose  d'un  assemble,  d'un  pas  march£  et  d'un 
pas  tombeV' 

"  Mieulx  me  vauldroit  pres  d'ung  pastd 
Danser  la  pavenne,  ou  gaillarde." 1 

Turdion  (Fr.  tordion)  is  explained  as  "  a  species  of  galliard 
or  gay  dance." 

Buffons  were  "  pantomine  dances,  so  denominated  from  the 
buffoons"  (Fr.  les  bouffons,  from  bouffer,  to  puff;  It.  buffare,  to 
jest,  sport ;  buffa,  a  puff  or  a  blurt  with  the  mouth  made  at  one 
in  scorn)  "  by  whom  they  were  performed."  Cotgrave  trans- 
lates "  danser  les  buffons  "  by  "  to  dance  a  morris." 

In  more  modern  times,  French  dances  continued  to  find 
their  way  to  Scotland,  and  French  dancing-masters  were  accus- 
tomed to  establish  themselves  in  Edinburgh,2  although  the 
English  dancing-schools,  in  which  they  taught  "  la  volt  as  high 
and  swift  corantos,"  were  much  celebrated.3  In  a  letter  dated 
December  20,  1603,  Henri  IV.  of  France  informs  James  VI. 
of  the  sending  of  a  dancing-master.*  A  Scotch  writer  says  that 
at  the  beginning  of  the  following  century  the  most  famous 
dancing  teachers  crossed  over  to  Scotland ; 5  and  Burns,  in  his 
'  Tarn  o'  Shanter '  (1.  1 16),  speaks  of  a  "  cotillon  brent  new  frae 
France  "  as  being  in  use  in  his  day. 


i  "  I  had  better  near  a  pye  114,  note  I;  '  Inventaires  de  la  Royne  Des- 

To  dance  the  pavan  or  gaillarde."  ^^ ,  p    ,xU; 

— '  L' Apocalypse  sainct  Jehan  Zebedee.'&c.,  *  '  Recueil  des  lettres  missives  de  Henri 

fol.  x.  recto,  col.  2  :  Paris,  1541 — fol.  IV.,'  t.  vi.  p.  181. 

*  Dauney,  'Anc.  Scot.  Melod.,'  pp.  299,  300.  B  '  L'Eloge  d'Ecosse  et  des  dames  ecos- 

3  Shakespeare,  "King  Henry  V.,"  Act  iii.  soises,"  par  Mr  Freebairn,  pp.  42,  43  ;  'Les 

sc.  5  ;  Dalyell's  'Music.  Mem.  of  Scot.,'  p.  Ecossais  en  France,"  vol.  i.  p.  428,  note  2. 

2  H 


242 


CIVILISATION  IN  SCOTLAND. 


Each  dance  had  music  peculiar  to  itself,  which  very  often 
bore  the  same  name  as  the  dance.  Thus  branle  was  the  name 
of  the  tune  to  which  the  dance  was  performed.  There  was  a 
"  chant  des  Bouffons."  Florimond  de  Remond,  speaking  of 
Marot's  version  of  the  Psalms,  says  (p.  70)  :  "  Us  ne  furent 
pas  lors  mis  en  musique  .  .  .  pour  estre  chantez  au  presche ; 
mais  chacun  y  donnoit  tel  air  que  bon  luy  sembloit.  ...  La 
Royne  [Margaret  of  Navarre]  avoit  choisi  Ne  vueillez,  o  Sire,1 
avec  un  air  sur  le  chant  des  Bouffons.  Le  roy  de  Navarre 
Anthoine  prit  Revange-moy,  prens  la  querelle?-  qu'il  chantoit 
en  bransle  de  Poitou,"  &c.3 


1  Ps.  vi.,  the  first  which  Marot  translated, 
and  which  w.as  first  printed   in   'Miroir  de 
I'ame  pecheresse '  of  Margaret  of  Navarre,  and 
published  in  1533.— 'TheologischTijdschrift,' 
vol.  xiii.  p.  411. 

2  Ps.  xliii. 

*  An  "air  de  bouffons  " occurs  in  Laborde's 
'Essai  sur  la  musique,'  &<x,  vol.  ii.  p.  178  ; 
also  in  a  Dutch  book  referred  to  by  William 
Dauney,  'Ancient  Scottish  Melodies,"  &c. 
Notes  and  Illustrations,  p.  273 ;  cf.  pp.  306 
and  368.  The  practice  of  singing  profane 
songs  and  tunes  interspersed  among  the 
prayers  of  the  liturgy  existed  long  before. 
In  Normandy,  during  prolonged  processions, 
when  the  clergymen  took  breath,  women  sang 
frivolous  songs,  nugates  cantilenas  ('  Histoire 
litteraire  de  la  France,"  vol.  vii.  pref.  p.  Ij) — 
a  practice  which  may  be  illustrated  by  the 
Latin  words  ending,  like  a  sort  of  cue,  in 
some  motets  composed  on  the  fictitious  love  of 
Robin  and  Marion  ('Theatre  fran9ais  au  moyen 
age,"  pp.  31,  32).  There  is  a  far-famed  song 
called  "L'Homme  arme,"  the  tune  of  which 
was  much  used  by  the  musicians  of  the  1 5th 


and  l6th  centuries  as  a  foundation  for  their 
masses.  The  tune  is  well  known  (see  the 
fifth  volume  of  Fe'tis's  '  Histoire  generale  de 
la  Musique,'  p.  56).  The  first  verse  of  the 
song  is  given  by  Baini,  in  his  '  Life  of  Pales- 
trina,'  as  follows : — 

"L'Homme,  I'Homme,  1'Homme  arme. 
Et,  Robinet,  tu  m'as 
La  mort  donne*, 
Quand  tu  t'en  vas." 

On  the  ancient  French  tunes,  so  queerly  in- 
grafted on  Church  liturgy,  besides  Baini 
('Memorie  Storicocritice,'&c.,  vol  ii.  p.  95, 
note  159;  p.  357,  note  430;  p.  358,  note  431), 
see  Martini  ('  Esemplare,  o  Sia  Saggio  fon- 
damentale  pratico  del  contrappunto,'&c.,  vol. 
i.  p.  129),  and  Fetis  ('Curiositeshistoriquesde 
la  Musique,'  pp.  373-375:  Paris  and  Brux- 
elles,  1830— 8vo).  Let  us  add  that  Stephen 
of  Langton,  archbishop  of  Canterbury  (1206- 
1228),  composed  a  sermon  on  a  French  song, 
"  Bele  Aliz  matin  leva."  '  Archaeologia,"  vol. 
xiii.  p.  231;  and  'La  Chaire  francaise  au 
moyen  age,'  &c.,  par  A.  Lecoy  de  la  Marche, 
1st  part,  ch.  iv.  p.  86  :  Paris,  1868— 8 vo. 


DANCE  MUSIC.  243 


John  d'Etree,  a  performer  on  the  hautboy,  in  the  service  of 
Charles  IX.  (1560-1574),  published  four  books  of  "  Danseries," 
first  writing  down  the  common  lively  tunes  which,  till  then, 
had  been  probably  learned  by  the  ear,  and  played  from 
memory,  about  the  several  countries  specified  in  the  title.  In 
a  note  to  the  above,  Dr  Burney  adds  :  "  The  editor  of  these 
books  tells  us  that  they  contained  'les  chants  des  branles 
communs,  gais,  de  Champagne,  de  Bourgogne,  de  Poitou, 
d'Ecosse,  de  Make,  des  Sabots,  de  la  Guerre,  et  autres  gail- 
lardes,  ballets,  voltes,  basses  dances,  hauberrois,  allemandes.' 
Printed  at  Paris,  I564/'1 

From  the  manner  in  which  the  work  is  here  referred  to, 
there  can  be  little  doubt  that  Dr  Burney  had  seen  it;  but 
whether  it  will  ever  be  recovered  seems  now  somewhat  uncer- 
tain. It  has  hitherto  eluded  the  most  diligent  search  in  the 
public  libraries  of  France  and  Britain. 

Here  may  be  mentioned  the  word  intermeis^  (Fr.  entre- 
mets, entre  and  mets),  a  musical  or  saltatory  interlude,  intro- 
duced between  the  different  courses  of  a  feast  for  greater 
variety,  for  the  purpose  of  supporting  the  animal  spirits  of 
the  guests. 


1  '  History  of  Music,'  vol.  iii.  p.  262.     On  No.  84. 

the  dances  enumerated  above,  with  Jean  *  Vide  '  Clariodus,'  p.  311,  1.  963,  and  p. 
d'Etree's  book  compare  'A  plaine  and  easie  332,  1.  1620.  Chaucer  uses  entrances  as  de- 
Introduction  to  practicall  Musicke,'  by  noting  "  choice  dishes  served  in  between  the 
Thomas  Morley,  part  iii.  p.  181  :  London,  courses  of  a  feast."  Vide 'The  Romaunt  of 
1597 — fol.  See  also  Dauney's  'Ancient  Scot-  the  Rose.'l.  6831,  and  Cotgrave's  Dictionary, 
tish  Melodies,' No.  83,  p.  136,  note  b,  and  In  Harbour's  'Bruce,'  ed.  1620,  intermais 
particularly  on  "  The  Brangill  of  Poictu,"  is  introduced  as  synonymous  with  eftremes, 
pp.  251,  306,  307.  There  are  there  two  lines  dessert, 
of  music  for  it,  and  for  "a  Frenche"  dance, 


244  CIVILISATION  IN  SCOTLAND. 

Scotland  followed  the  French  fashion,  and  one  may  fancy 
what  a  Scottish  interlude  was  from  the  following  lines  : — 

"  Harry,  harry,  hobillschowe  ! 
S6  quha  is  cummyn  nowe, 

A  serjand  owt  of  Soldane  land, 
A  gyand  strang  for  to  stand, 
That  with  the  strenth  of  my  hand 
Beres  may  hynd. 

Yit  I  trowe  that  I  vary, 
I  am  the  nakit,  blynd  Hary, 
That  lang  has  bene  in  the  Fary 
Farleis  to  fynd,"  &C.1 


1  "The  Droichtis  Part  of  the  Play,"  11.  1-12  ;  Dunbar's  Works,  D.  Laing's  edit.,  vol.  ii.  p.  37. 


CHAPTER    XVI. 


(Barnes  anb  Hmueements. 


CHAPTER    XVI. 

GAMES     AND     AMUSEMENTS. 

IHE   introduction  of  some  of  the  games  played  in 
the  highest   ranks  of  society  in  Scotland  may 
be  safely  attributed  to   France,  if  their   names 
can  be  taken  as  an  indication  of  the   country 
from  which  they  came. 

Some  of  these  games  are  enumerated  in  an  Aberdeen  reg- 
ister with  the  epithet  of  "wnleful."  They  are — "cards,  dyis, 
tabillis,  goif,  kylis,  bylis."  l 

Dunbar,  in  his  '  General  Satyre,'  st.  xiv.,  says  that  before 
his  time — 

"  Sa  mony  ratkettis,  sa  mony  ketche-pillaris, 
Sic  ballis,  sic  knackettis,  and  sic  tutivillaris, 

Within  this  land  was  nevir  hard  norsene."2 

Sir  David  Lyndsay  put  into  the  mouth  of  the  Abbot  the 
words — 

1  Aberd.  Reg.,  A.D.  1565,  v.  26.  2  The  Poems  of  W.  Dunbar,  vol.  ii.  p.  26. 


CIVILISATION  IN  SCOTLAND. 


"  Thocht  I  preich  not,  I  can  play  at  the  caiche  : 
I  wait  thair  is  nocht  ane  amang  yow  all 
Mair  ferilie  can  play  at  the  fut-ball  ; 
And  for  the  carts,  the  tabils,  and  the  dyse, 
Above  all  persouns,  I  may  beir  the  pryse."  l 

The  word  cards,  written  also  cartes  in  the  '  Burgh  Records 
of  the  City  of  Glasgow,'  2  and  pronounced  at  the  present  day 
in  the  North  cairts,  is  nearer  its  French  original  carte,  than 
the  English  word  card,  —  a  fact  that  may  point  to  the  intro- 
duction of  playing-cards  through  France. 

Tabill,  a  board  for  playing  either  at  draughts  or  chess,  is  the 
Fr.  table;  and  tabiller  of  chase  z  is  the  O.  Fr.  tablier.  "  Item, 
ane  pair  of  tabillis  of  silver,  ourgilt  with  gold,  indentit  with 
jasp  and  cristallyne,  with  tabill  men  and  chess  men  of  jasp  and 
cristallyne."  4  "  Tabill  men  "  seem  to  be  men  for  playing  what 
was  afterwards  styled  the  dambrod,  the  dams,  dames  (Fr.  dames). 

Biles,  bylis?  appear  to  have  been  billiards,  so  named  from  the 
sticks  (Fr.  billes)  with  which  the  game  was  played. 

Tytler  asks  the  question,6  "  What  are  we  to  understand  by 
'  the  kiles  '  at  which  the  king  played  in  Glenluce,  on  the  2Qth 
March  1506?"  The  answer  is  easy:  "  the  kiles  "  were  what 
the  French  call  les  guilles,  and  the  English  ninepins  (Gael. 
cailise). 

1  'Ane   Satyre  of  the  thrie  Estaitis,'  in  6  '  Crim.  Trials,'  vol.  i.  p.  117*,  A.D.  1497. 
Lyndsay's  Poetical  Works,  D.  Laing's  edit.  ,  Cf.    Sauval,    '  Recherches  des   antiquites  de 
voL  ii.  p.  264.  Paris,'  vol.  iii.  pp.  352,  354,  A.D.  1414  ;  and 

2  P.  96,  A.D.  1578.    The  verb  to  wowl,  used  'Memoires  d'Olivier  de  la  Marche,'  in  the 
in  a  game  of  cards,  has  the  appearance  of  hav-  'Pantheon   litteraire,'   p.    354,    col.    i.    A.D. 
ing  had  a  French  origin,  fairs  la  vole,  1574- 

3  Vide  'Clariodus,'  p.  149,  1.  1146.  ''Lives   of   Scottish   Worthies,'  vol.   iii. 

4  'Inventories,'  A.D.  1539,  p.  49.  p.  342. 


GAME  NAMES.  249 


Keerie-oam,  the  name  of  a  boy's  game  played  in  different 
parts  of  the  country,  may  be  a  corruption  of  the  French  queres 
homme.  In  the  game,  which  is  outdoor,  and  must  be  played 
in  a  town  or  village  where  the  boys  can  hide  themselves,  all 
the  players  except  one  hide.  When  all  are  hid,  the  cry  of 
keerie-oam  is  raised,  and  the  boy  left  unhid  sets  out  in  search 
of  those  that  are  hid.  When  he  discovers  one,  this  one  in  his 
turn  becomes  the  searcher,  and  so  on  till  all  are  discovered. 

Another  game  of  a  somewhat  similar  nature,  common  in 
some  parts  of  the  country,  is  called  ho-spy,  hy-spy.  Jamieson 
gives  the  form  of  the  word  as  used  in  Banffshire,  hoispe-hoy, 
and  derives  it  from  oyez,  hear,  and  espier,  to  spy.  The  pro- 
nunciation about  Keith  is  hospie  with  the  accent  on  the  first 
syllable.  Is  not  the  word  made  up  of  ho!  and  spy  ? 

Rackett,  which  denotes  the  bat  with  which  players  strike 
the  ball  in  the  games  of  tennis,  itself  formerly  named  racket,  is 
the  O.  Fr.  raquette.  Nackett  is  the  Fr.  naquet,  the  boy  who 
marks  at  tennis.  The  word  is  still  in  use  to  signify  a  boy. 

Pearie,  peery,  French  pearie,  in  the  North  pear,  a  kind  of  peg- 
top,  owes  its  name  to  its  shape,  which  is  that  of  a  pear  (Fr. 
poire).  Among  the  illustrations  of  a  Psalter  of  the  1 3th  century 
occurs  the  picture  of  a  boy  playing  at  peg-top  with  a  whip.1 

Pallall,  pallalls,  a  game  of  children,  is  the  Fr.  petit  paid. 
Totum,  "a  kind  of  game  with  a  whirl-bone"  (Cotg.),  is  the 
Fr.  toton? 

"  He  playis  with  totum,  and  I  with  nichell." 3 

1  Vide  MS.  of  the  Nat.  Libr.  Lat.,  8846,         3  "Dunbar  to  the  King,"!.  74:  'Poems,' 
fol.  161  recto.  vol.  i.  p.  164, 

*  Vide  Littre's  Dictionary. 

2   I 


250 


CIVILISATION  IN  SCOTLAND. 


For  that  kind  of  game  of  chance  called  T  totum,  exploded 
from  the  facility  of  perverting  it  to  deceit,  see  Rabelais, 
Book  i.  ch.  xxii.,  and  the  notes  to  the  words  pille,  node, 
jocque,  fore. 

There  is  another  diversion,  that  of  curling,  in  which  the 
stone  used — the  channel-stane^ — seems  to  have  derived  its 
name,  at  least  in  part,  from  the  French,  as  well  as  bullet- 
stane,  from  an  allusion  to  primitive  cannon-balls,  which  were  of 
stone.  In  old  French,  canole  means  the  lesser  bone  of  the  arm, 
the  elbow,  and  supplies  us  with  a  better  etymon  than  that  pro- 
posed by  Jamieson. 

At  the  risk  of  offending  (God  forbid  !)  the  gentlemen  of  the 
medical  profession,  it  must  be  stated  that  most  of  them  were 
quack  doctors  who  came  over  with  jesters  to  play  tricks,  or 
rather  to  give  cockalanis,  cokkolentis'i  (coq-a-l'dne),  in  order  to 
attract  a  science  (Fr.  stance)  of peipill? 


1  "The  vigorous  youth. 

In  bold  contention  met  the  chtittnel-stiiur, 
The  bracing  engine  of  a  Scottish  arm, 
To  shoot  wi*  might  and  skill." 

— Davidson's  'Seasons,'  p.  158. 

a  Comic  or  ludicrous  representations.  The 
term  is  used  by  George  Etheredge,  as  put  into 
the  mouth  of  Sir  Toppling  Flutter,  a  foolish 
fellow,  who  in  his  language  and  manners 
closely  imitated  the  French  :  "What  a  coque 
a  tasne  is  this  ?  I  talk  of  women,  and  thou 
answer's!  tennis"  ('The  Man  of  Mode,"  &c., 
Act  iv.  p.  62:  London,  1676  —  410).  The 
same  was  used  to  denote  an  imperfect  writing, 
a  pasquil,  a  pasquinade  (Privy  Council  Regis- 
ter, Aug.  17,  1597;  cont.  of  Melvill's  Diary, 
p.  781),  and  was  connected  with  plaktet,  bill, 
libel,  handbill,  also  derived  from  French. — 


Vide   'Crim.    Trials,'  vol.    ii.    p.   333,   A.r>. 
1600,  and  ch.   xii. 

a  'A  Diurnal  of  Occurrents,' p.  341,  nth 
April  1574.  When  physicians  generally  gave 
up  the  habit  of  operating  in  the  open  air 
with  the  assistance  of  mountebanks,  the  latter 
remained  under  the  control  of  the  former.  In 
1688,  the  custom-house  officers  complained 
of  a  mountebank  having  got  licence  to  erect 
a  stage.  Upon  this  the  magistrates  took 
it  down.  Then  he  cited  them  to  the  Council, 
that  alleged  he  should  have  been  first  exam- 
ined by  the  College  of  Physicians.  Why  that 
was  required  is  illustrated  by  another  suit 
at  law,  relating  to  the  same  man.  Suing 
some  people  for  stealing  from  him  a  little 
girl,  called  the  "Tumbling  Lassie,"  that 
danced  on  his  stage,  he  claimed  damages. 


GAMES. 


251 


We  have  mentioned  in  another  work  at  some  length  a 
French  empiric  who  flourished  at  the  Court  of  James  IV.1  He 
led  the  king  to  believe  that  he  would  make  fine  gold  of  other 
metal,  "  quhilk  science  he  callit  the  quintassence." ;  At  the  end 
of  the  same  century,  "  ane  man,  sume  callit  him  a  juglar  (O.  Fr. 
jouglere^),  playit  sic  sowple  tricks  upone  ane  tow,  quhilk  wes 
festinit  betwix  the  tope  of  St  Geills  kirk  steiple  and  ane  stair 
beneathe  the  crosse,  callit  Josias  close  heid,  the  lyk  wes  nevir 
sene  in  yis  country,  as  he  raid  doune  the  tow  and  playit  so 
many  pavies  on  it."  4 

In  all  probability  he  was  the  same  as  the  French  funambu- 


Among  many  objections,  it  was  put  forth 
that  physicians  attested  the  employment  of 
tumbling  would  kill  her,  and  her  joints  were 
now  grown  stiff. — Vide  Lord  Fountainhall, 
'Chronological  Notes  of  Scottish  Affairs,' 
£c.,  p.  262  ;  cf.  '  The  Decisions  of  the  Lords 
of  Council,'  &c.,  vol.  i.  pp.  439,  440. 

1  'Les  Ecossais  en  France,' vol.  i.  pp.  331- 

333- 

3  'Bishop  Lesley,'  p.  76,  A.D.  1503,  quoted 
by  David  Laing  in  his  edition  of  '  Dunbar's 
Poems,"  vol.  ii.  pp.  238,  244,  245;  cf.  Sir 
D.  Lyndsay,  the  'Satyre  of  the  thrie  Estaitis,' 
among  his  works,  vol.  ii.  p.  46. 

3  This  word  must  not  be  confounded  with 
genglere,  gengleor,  jangler,  jangleor,  &c. ,  pre- 
served in  janglour,  tattler,  tale-teller  (vide 
'  Robert  and  Makyn,"  1.  IOI,  ap.  Henryson, 
p.  6;  Dun  bar,  'The  Tod  and  the  Lamb,' 
1.  44;  'Gude  Counsale,'  1.  n;  and  'Of 
Luve  erdly  and  divine,'  1.  70 — 'Poems,'  vol. 
i.  pp.  84,  170,  223),  which  does  not,  in  point 
of  sense,  differ  much  from  cracker,  crakkar, 
likewise  imported  from  Fr.  with  crack,  crak 
(see  p.  269  sub  face),  and  iiauntee,  vaiinty, 


boastful  (Dumfries  newspaper,  the  '  Sun, ' 
June  27,  1831). — Jfful,  which  D.  Laing  ex- 
plains by  "juggler,  or  magician,"  may  be 
derived  from  jouglere.  Vide  'The  Fenyeit 
Freir  of  Tungland,'  1.  31  ;  ap.  Dun  bar,  vol.  i. 
p.  40 ;  cf.  vol.  ii.  p.  242.  We  do  not  men- 
tion board,  to  jest,  to  play  tricks  with,  because 
it  occurs  also  in  O.  E. 

4  'The  Diary  of  Robert  Birrel,'  July  10, 
1598,  and  ap.  Dalyell,  p.  47;  cf.  'Crim. 
Trials,'  vol.  ii.  pp.  238,  239,  A.D.  1600. 
I  think  that  pavies  is  nothing  else  than  the 
plural  of  paw,  a  step  (Fr.  pas),  which  is  of 
a  very  common  occurrence  in  Scotch — name- 
ly, in  Lord  Fountainhall's  Diary,  p.  58.  We 
read  in  Cleland's  Poems,  p.  47 : — 

"  He  was  well  versed  in  court  modes, 
In  French  pavies,  and  new  coin'd  nods, 
And  finally,  in  all  that  can 
Make  up  a  compleat  prettyman." 

In  Bp.  Lesley's  'Hist,  of  Scot.,'  p.  113,  the 
word  trajectus  of  the  Latin  version  is  trans- 
lated by  pase,  a  Fr.  idiom  preserved  in  Pas- 

de-Calais. 


252 


CIVILISATION  IN  SCOTLAND. 


lus  whom  James  Melvill,  who  happened  to  be  in  Falkland,  saw 
"play  strang  and  incredible  protticks^-  (Fr.  pradique)  upon 
stented  (Fr.  tendii)  takell,  in  the  Palace-clos,  before  the  King, 
Queen,  and  haill  Court."2  How  lucky  was  that  pavier  not  to 
have  been  burnt  as  a  necromancien,  to  speak  as  another  Mel- 
ville ! 3 


1  Other  forms  of  the   word  are  prattick,  '  Crim.  Trials,"  vol.  ii.  p.  466. 

preltit,  practik,  praclique,  from  the  verb  to  *  '].  Melvill's  Diary, 'p.  487,  A. D.  1600. 

pratek,  pratik,  praktick  (Fr.  pratiquer).     'Sir  *  '  Sir  James   Melville's  Memoirs,'  p.  8j, 

James  Melville's  Memoirs,'  pp.   14,  18 ;  cf.  A.D.  1559. 


CHAPTER     XVII. 


eypressino  Hbsttact 


CHAPTER    XVII. 

WORDS   EXPRESSING   ABSTRACT   IDEAS. 

IT   has   been   found   more   convenient   to   arrange 
the  words  in  this  and  the  following  chapter  in 
alphabetical    order.     This  chapter  for  the   most 
part   contains  words  that  express  abstract  and 
moral  ideas. 

Abaittment,  .y.  diversion,  sport.     O.  Fr.  dbattement. 
Abays,1  v.  a.  to  abash,  to  confound.     Fr.  abaisser,  or  rather 
O.  Fr.  esbahir? 

"  Thay  [faithfull  Pastors]  suld  nocht  be  abasit  to  preche, 
Nor  for  no  kynde  of  fauour  fleche." 3 

Abuse,  v.  a.  to  deceive.     Fr.  abuser. 

"  And,  geue  thay  haue  the  floke  abusit, 
Ze,  Kyngs,  sail  be  for  that  accusit 
Be  the  gret  potent  kyng  of  kyngis, 
That  heris  and  seis  all  thir  thyngis."4 

Abusion,  abusione,  s.  abuse.     O.  Fr.  abusion. 

1  G.  Douglas,  i.  499  ;  ii.  108,  20.  3  '  Ane  Compendious  and  Breve  Tractate,' 

1  "A,  fcl  1  com  si  estais  toz  esbahiz."  &c.,  p.  IO,  11.  231,  232.     By  William  Lauder, 

-'Gerard  de   Rossillon,'  p.   343,  edited  by  E.E.T.S.:  1864. 

Francisque-Michel :  Paris,  A.D.  1856.  *  Ibid.,  p.  13, 11.  331-334. 


256  CIVILISATION  IN  SCOTLAND. 

"  All  will  be  brocht  vnto  confusioun, 
Godis  wourd  and  Lawis  vnto  abusioun." l 

"  This  wes  the  caus  sone  efter  of  greit  sorrow, 
Sic  in  Scotland  was  neuir  sene  beforrow ; 
Of  weir  and  wrak,  and  mekill  wrang  abusioun, 
Quhilk  brocht  the  kinrik  efter  till  confusioun." 2 

"allace  o  my  sune  sper[it]ualite,  the  abusion  of  thy  office  is 
the  cause  of  the  discentione  that  is  betuix  the  and  the  tem- 
poral stait,"  &c.3 

Accrasyt,4  part.  pas.  crushed,  injured.     Fr.  ^eraser. 

Acres,  accresce,  v.  a.  to  increase,  to  gather  strength.  Fr. 
accroitre. 

Adred,  adv.  downright.     Fr.  droit,  adroit. 

Advert,  v.  n.  to  turn  to,  to  attend.     O.  Fr.  advertir. 

"  So  now  returnand  till  our  first  head  agane, 
Aduert,  and  ze  sail  heir  the  crewell  pane, 

That  is  prepaird  for  wekit  Creature, 
And  vicius  men  that  in  to  Uice  indurs."  * 

Affectuous,  affectiue,  affectyue,  effectuous,  adj.  affectionate. 
Fr.  affectueux.  "  be  rason  of  my  gude  intentione  that  procedis 
fra  ane  affectiue  ardant  fauoir  that  i  hef  euyr  borne  touart 
this  affligit  realme  quhilk  is  my  natiue  cuntre."6 


1  'Ane  Godlie  Tractate  or  Mirrour.'     By  34-36.     See  p.  89,!.  30;  p.  160, 11.  28,  32  ; 

William  Lauder,  E.E.T.S. :  1870.     P.  22,  11.  p.  161,  11.  I,  23,  26;  p.  165,  11.  19,  20. 

604,  605.  4  G.  Douglas,  i.  xcviii.  20. 

3  'The  Buik  of  the  Croniclis  of  Scotland  ;  5  '  Ane  Godlie  Tractate  or  Mirrour,'  p.  4. 

or,   A   Metrical  Version  of  the   History  of  11.  31-36. 

Hector  Boece,'  vol.  i.  p.  65,  11.  2175-2178.  6  '  The  Complaynt  of  Scotlande,' p.  16,  II. 

(Rolls  Series,  1858.)    See  also  p.  60,  1.  2040.  8-n.     See  p.  148,  1.  20. 

*  '  The  Complaynt  of  Scotlande,'  p.  159,  11. 


AFFER  —  AFFRA  Y.  257 

Affer,  afer,  effeir,  effere,  s.  condition,  state,  &c.  O.  Fr. 
affaire}- 

Affer,  effeir,  v.  int.  to  become,  to  belong  to,  to  be  proper  or 
expedient,  to  be  proportionate  to.  O.  Fr.  afferir. 

"  To  Berigone  thai  buir  him  on  his  beir, 
On  sic  fassone  that  tyme  as  did  effeir."  * 

"  o  iphicrates,  it  efferis  nocht  for  thy  stait  and  faculte  to  be 
ane  kyng,"  &c.3 

Affirm,4  v.  0.  to  confirm,  to  grant.  Fr.  affirmer,  or 
affermir. 

Affligit,  adj.  afflicted.  Fr.  ajfligt.  "  to  cure  and  to  gar 
conuallesse  al  the  langorius  desolat  and  affligit  pepil."  5 

Affray,6  fear,  5-.     Fr.  effroi. 

Affray,  v.  a.  to  frighten. 

"  Ostorius  neir  by  vpoun  the  bent, 
With  mony  berne  rycht  bellicois  and  bald, 
Affrayit  wes  thair  curage  to  behald."7 

"  The  eldest  of  them  vas  in  harnes,  traland  ane  halbert  be- 
hynd  hym,  beand  al  affrayit  ande  fleyit  for  dreddour  of  his 
lyue."8 


1  Vide  Du  Cange's  'Gloss.  Med.  et  Inf.  6  'The  Complaynt  of  Scotlande, '  p.  I,  11. 

Latin.,'  vocc  "Affare,"  I,  and  'Gloss,  fr.,'  9,   10.     See  p.  I,  1-3;   p.  2,  L  29;  p.  16, 

voce  "Affaire,"  vol.  L  p.  125,  col.  2,  and  vol.  1.   10  ;  p.  34,  1.  29;  p.   129,  1.  33 ;  p.  130, 

vii.  p.  13,  col.  I.  1.  2. 

1  '  The  Buik  of  the  Croniclis  of  Scotland,'  «  G.  Douglas,  ii.  50,  27  ;  1 1 6,  12. 

vol.  i.  p.  59,  11.  2009,  2010.  7  'The  Buik  of  the  Croniclis  of  Scotland," 

*  'The   Complaynt  of  Scotlande,'  p.   150,  vol.  i.  p.  248,  11.  7970-7972. 

11.  19,  20,  edited  by  J.  A.  H.  Murray.  8  'The  Complaynt  of  Scotlande,'    p.   70, 

4  G.  Douglas,  ii.  183,  4.  11.  19-21. 

2  K 


2S8 


CIVILISATION  IN  SCOTLAND. 


Affroitlie,  adv.  in  fear.     Fr.  effroi. 

Affront,  s.  disgrace,  shame.     Fr.  affront?- 

Aggrege,2  v.  a.  to  heap  together,  to  aggregate.     Fr.  agrdger. 

Agrest,  adj.  rustic.  Fr.  agreste.  "  Nou  heir  i  exort  al  phi- 
losophouris,  historigraphours,  and  oratours  of  our  scottis 
natione,  to  support  (Fr.  supporter)  and  til  excuse  my  barbir 
agrest  termis."  3 

Aiteas,  -eis,  s.  (ait,  adj.]  joy.     O.  Fr.  dehait. 

"  Tha  aiteas,  mhic  duibhre  nan  speur, 
A'  losgadh  air  m'  anam  gun  ghruaim." 4 

Allosede,  part.  pas.  praised,  glorious,  glorified.  O.  Fr. 
alosez?  alost. 

"  The  lordelieste  of  ledynge,  qwhylles  he  lyffe  myhte 
Fore  he  was  lyone  allossede  in  londes  inewe."  ' 

Amety,7  s.  friendship.     Fr.  amitit. 

Amour,  s.  love.  Fr.  amour.  Hence  amor  at,  part.  pas.  O. 
Fr.  enamour^. 

Animositie,  s.  firmness  of  mind.     Fr.  animositd. 


1  This  sense  of  the  word  affront,  according 
to  Dr  Johnson,  is  peculiar  to  the  Scottish 
dialect,  of  which  a  passage  from  Arbuthnot  is 
cited  as  an  example.  The  same  lexicographer 
notes  to  affront,  which  exists  also  in  Scotch, 
but  in  a  sense  somewhat  different. 

a  G.  Douglas,  iv.  26,  9  ;  35,  28. 

3  '  The  Complaynt  of  Scotlande,'  p.  16,  11. 

"-I3- 

4  'Tigm&ra,'  vii.  117. 

6  "De  vasselagc  cst-il  ben  alosez." 


—  'La  Chanson  de  Roland,'  st.  hex.,  1. 
898;  orig.  edit.  1837,  p.  36,  1863.  See 
Benoit,  '  Chronique  des  dues  de  Normandie,' 
vol.  i.  p.  299,  1.  6230 ;  p.  446,  1.  10,544 ;  p. 
491,  1.  11,825,  &c.  Cf.  'Partonopeus  de 
Blois,"  1.  9533;  and  Raynouard's  'Lexique 
roman,"  vol.  iv.  p.  31,  col.  I. 

6  '  Morte  Arthur, '  as  quoted  in  C.  Innes's 
'  Scotland  in  the  Middle  Ages,'  p.  258. 

7  Balfour's  '  Annales,' vol.  i.  p.  370,  A.D. 
1580. 


APAYN—A  UANCING.  259 

Apayn,  part.  pas.  provided,  furnished.  O.  Fr.  appand — adv. 
reluctantly,  unwillingly,  hardly,  scarcely.  Fr.  a  peine. 

Apert,  appert,  adj.  open.  O.  Fr.  apert.  Other  forms  are 
aperthe,  aperte. 

Aport,  aporte,  s.  deportment,  carriage.     Fr.  apport. 

Appell,  v.  a.  to  challenge.     Fr.  appeler. 

Appleis,  appless,  v.  a.  to  satisfy.     ¥r.plaire. 

"  For  of  that  place  he  thocht  him  weill  applesit." * 

Apport,  v.  a.  to  bring,  to  conduce.     Fr.  apporter. 

Appuy,  s.  support.     Fr.  appui. 

Arrace,2  v.  a.  to  pull  down  or  take  away.     Fr.  arracher. 

Asperans,  adj.  lofty,  elevated,  pompous,  applied  to  diction. 
Fr.  aspirant. 

Aspert,  aspre,  adj.  sharp,  harsh,  cruel.     O.  Fr.  aspre. 

Assopat,  part.  pas.  at  an  end,  put  to  rest,  laid  aside.  Fr. 
assoupi. 

Astuce,  adj.  astute.  Fr.  astuce.  "and  quhen  he  persauit 
that  the  cordonar  vas  ane  astuce  subtel  falou  and  dissymilit, 
he  gart  hang  hym  on  ane  potent"  (Fr.  potence),  &c.3 

Attemptat,  s.  a  wicked  and  injurious  enterprise.    Fr.  attentat. 

Auance,  v.  a.  to  bring  forward.  "  at  that  tyme  it  is  callit 
lucifer,  be  cause  it  auancis  the  day  befor  the  crepusculine."  4 

Auancing,  s.  causing  to  advance  or  prosper,  "fra  zour 
magnanime  auancing  of  the  public  veil,"  &c.5 

1  'The  Buik  of  the  Croniclis  of  Scotland,'  1L  23-25. 

vol.  i.  p.  ii,  1.  367.  «  Ibid.,  p.  53,  11.  33,  34. 

*  G.  Douglas,  iii.  43,  26.  •  Ibid.,  p.  I,  1.  2. 
3  'The  Complaynt  of  Scotlande,'  p.   182, 


260  CIVILISATION  IN  SCOTLAND. 

Augment,1  s.  growth.     Fr.  augment. 

Aumeril,  s.  one  who  has  little  understanding,  or  method  in 
his  conduct.  Fr.  tmerillon.  This  term  is  often  applied  to  a 
mongrel  dog. 

Austuce,  s.  cunning.  Fr.  astuce.  "than  be  there  austuce 
and  subtilite  thai  furnest  vitht  money  baitht  the  parteis  aduer- 
saris  to  slay  doune  vderis,"  &c.2 

Autorite,  s.  authority.  Fr.  autoritt.  "  quhen  the  pepil 
gadris  togiddir  in  ane  grit  conuentione  but  the  autorite  of 
the  superior,"  &c.3 

Avail,  s.  abasement,  humiliation.     O.  Fr.  aval. 

Avance,  v.  a.  to  cause  to  advance.     Fr.  avancer. 

"  Thair  is  nothing  moir  gudlie  to  avance 
Na  auld  storeis  put  in  rememberance."  * 

Avenand,  adj.  elegant  in  person  and  manners.     Fr.  avenant. 

Avillous,  adj.  contemptible,  debased.     Fr.  avili. 

Avyse,  awyse,  adj.  prudent,  considerate,  cautious.  Fr.  avist. 
Hence  avisye?  awisely,  adv.  deliberately,  prudently,  circum- 
spectly. Awyiss  is  the  verb. 

" '  My  counsall  is,'  he  said,  '  thairfoir  that  ze 
Awyiss  zow  weill,  and  lat  sic  folie  be,' "  &c.' 

Auisement  is  the  noun. 


1  G.  Douglas,  i.  4,  6,  26.  4  '  The  Bulk  of  the  Croniclis  of  Scotland,' 

1  'The  Complaynt  of  Scotlande,'  p.  87,  11.  vol.  i.  p.  4,  11.  120,  121. 

9-11.  "  G.  Douglas,  ii.  254,  9. 

1  Ibid.,   p.   167,  11.  33,   34.      See  p.   19,  ''The  Buik  of  the  Croniclis  of  Scotland,' 

11.  I,  12.  vol.  i.  p.  160,  II.  5289,  5290. 


AWERTY—BELLOMY.  261 

"  With  schorl  auisement  that  tyme  but  ony  tarie, 
Tha  haif  decretit  all  into  ane  will, 
Help  and  supple  the  Britis  to  send  till." ' 

Gavin  Douglas2  has  the  present  participle  awisand,  deliber- 
ating on  ;  and  Spenser  uses  to  avize  in  the  sense  of  to  counsel, 
to  bethink  himself,  to  consider. 

Awerty,  auerty,  adj.  cautious.     Fr.  averti. 

Awtayne,  adj.  haughty.     Fr.  hautain. 

Baiss,  baise,  adj.  sad.     Fr.  has. 

Barbour,  barbir,  s.  a  barbarian.     Fr.  barbare. 

"  And  now  to  ws  it  is  greit  schame  and  lak 
With  thir  barbouris  for  lo  be  put  abak."  3 

As  an  adj. :  "  be  rason  that  ilk  ane  repute  vtheris  to  be  of  ane 
barbir  nature."  4 

Basit,  adj.  humbled.     Fr.  baisser. 

Bastant,  adj.  possessed  of  ability.     O.  Fr.  bastant. 

Beast,  v.  a.  to  puzzle.     O.  Fr.  abeter? 

Beaulte,  s.  beauty.  O.  Fr.  beltet,  biaute".  Prov.  beltat.  "  it 
vas  baytht  altrit  in  cullour  ande  in  beaulte."  6 

Bellisand,  bellisant,  adj.  elegant,  of  an  imposing  appearance. 
Fr.  bel  used  adverbially,  and  se"ant,  decent,  becoming,  having  a 
good  appearance  (?). 

Bellomy,  s.  a  savage.     Fr.  bel  ami,  in  the  contrary  meaning. 

1  'The  Bulk  of  the  Croniclis  of  Scotland,'  4  'The  Complaynt  of  Scotlande,'  p.  106, 

vol.  i.  p.  137, 11.  4570-4572.  11.  12,  13. 

1  G.  Douglas,  ii.  250,  20.  8  'Fabliaux  et  Contes,'  &c.,  vol.  i.  p.  365. 

*  'The  Buik  of  the  Croniclis  of  Scotland,'  6  'The  Complaynt  of  Scotlande,'  p.  70, 

vol.  i.  p.  147,  11.  4873,  4874.  1.  5. 


262  CIVILISATION  IN  SCOTLAND. 

"  Fra  Argatill  thair  come  ane  messinger, 
And  schew  till  him,  as  ze  sail  efter  heir, 
Ane  bellomy,  that  callit  wes  Bredus, 
Quhilk  cousing  wes  wnto  the  fals  Gillus, 
That  Cadallus  sumtyme  in  Ireland  slew, 
Not  lang  gane  syne,  befoir  as  I  zow  schew ; 
How  that  he  come  that  tyme  with  ane  greit  ost, 
And  enterit  in  at  Argatelin  cost, 
And  waistit  had  the  land  all  far  and  neir, 
Bayth  brint  and  slew,  that  horribill  wes  till  heir." 1 

Bergane,  s.  wrangling.     O.  Fr.  bargainer,  to  boggle. 

"  Frome  all  Inuye  thay  suld  be  fre, 
Frome  toulze,  bergane,  and  debait."  2 
Betraise,  v.  a.  to  betray.     Fr.  trahir. 

"Bot  for  his  wyffe  betraisit  Carataic."3 

"doubtles  his  intentione  is  to  seduce  them  to  conspire  ande 
to  betraise  there  natiue  cuntre."  4 

Betrump,5  v.  a.  to  deceive.     Fr.  tromper. 

Bien,  bein,  beyne,  bene,  adj.  comfortable ;  plentiful.    Fr.  bien. 

"  While  frosty  winds  blaw  in  the  drift 

Ben  to  the  chimla  lug, 
I  grudge  a  wee  the  great  folks'  gift, 

That  live  sae  bien  and  snug."'  » 


1  '  The  Buik  of  the  Croniclis  of  Scotland,'  vol.  L  p.  276, 1.  8783. 

vol.  i.  p.  132,  11.  4405-4414.     See  1.  4418.  *  '  The  Complaynt  of  Scotlande,'  p.   112, 

*  'Ane  Compendious  and  Breve  Tractate.'  11.  21,  22. 

By  William   Lauder:   1864— 8vo,  p.  17,  11.  5  G.  Douglas,  ii.  212,  18. 

45S-4S8.  •  Burns,  "  Epistle  to  Davie,"  January  1784. 

1  'The  Buik  of  the  Croniclis  of  Scotland,' 


BISME  —  BRUSKNESS.  263 

Bisme,  bysme,1  s.  an  abyss.     O.  Fr.  abisme. 
Blandish,  s.  flattery.     O.  Fr.  blandice. 
Blandit,  part.  pas.  soothed.     Fr.  blandi. 
Bonte,2  s.  goodness,  virtue.     Fr.  bonte. 

Boreau,  s.  hangman.     "  ane  boreau  or  hang  man  is  permittit 
be  ane  prince  to  scurge  ande  to  puneise  transgressours."  3 
Bourd,  bourdyn,4  s.  a  jest.     Fr.  bourde. 

"  For  thame  that  drownd  ar  in  Idolatrie, 
This  suthfast  Sentence ;  allace,  it  is  no  bourd  ! "  6 

Brim,  brym,6  adj.  fierce,  violent.  At  the  French  military 
school  of  Saint-Cyr,  they  used  the  verb  brimer  to  express  the 
ill-treatment  of  the  younger  pupils  by  the  older  ones. 

Bruilye,7  v.  a.  to  jumble.     Fr.  brouiller. 

Brulyie,  broillerie,  s.  a  state  of  contention.  Fr.  brouillerie. 
Bruilliement,  brulyement,  are  other  forms.  To  bruilye,  brulyie, 
v.  n.  is  to  fight,  to  be  engaged  in  a  brawl ;  but  these  words  may 
be  corrupted  from  bruler.  In  vulgar  French,  a  beating  is  often 
expressed  by  brutie. 

Bruskness,  s.  unbecoming  freedom  of  speech,  rudeness,  in- 
civility, derived  from  bruisk,  bruske,  adj.  quick,  so  as  to  ap- 
proach to  rudeness.  Fr.  brusque? 

1  G.  Douglas,  ii.  145,  5  ;  iii.  28,  7.  two  articles  to  these  words,  and  concludes  the 

a  Ibid.,  iii.  85,  8.  latter  notice  by  stating  that  he  has  met  no 

*  'The  Complaynt  of  Scotlande,'  p.  27,  II.  parallel  verb  in  any  other  language,  forgetting 
12,  13.     See  11.  9,  14,  20,  22.  that  the  French  have  rabrouer,  for  the  etymon 

4  G.  Douglas,  ii.  7,  1 1  ;  iv.  152,  10.  of  which  see  Diez,  quoted  by  Littr^,  '  Diet,  de 

0  '  Ane  Godlie  Tractate.'    By  William  Lau-  la  Langue  fran$aise,<  vol.  ii.  p.  1439,  col.  3. 
der,  E.E.T.S.:  1870.     P.  4,  11.  37-40.  *  'J.  Melvill's  Diary,'  p.  411. 

*  Jamieson,  in  his  Supplement,  has  devoted         8  Vide  '  The  Historical  Works  of  Sir  James 


264  CIVILISATION  IN  SCOTLAND. 

Brybour,  s.  a  beggarly  fellow. 

"  And  tretis  nane  but  brybouris  of  vyld  blude." 

Buff,  s.  nonsense,  foolish  talk.     O.  Fr.  bufoi. 

Buffie,  adj.  fat,  short-breathed,  panting.     Fr.  bouffi, 

Buff  out,  v,  n.  to  laugh  out  suddenly.     Fr.  bouffer,  pouffer. 

Caduc,  adj.  fleeting.  Fr.  caduque.  "  ze  haue  grit  occasione 
to  fle  thir  varldly  caduc  honouris."  2 

Calkil,  v.  a.  to  calculate.  Fr.  calculer.  "  quha  can  calkil 
the  degreis  of  kyn  and  blude  of  the  barrens  of  Scotland,  thai 
will  conferme  this  samyn."  3 

Catives,4  s.  pi.  wretches.     O.  Fr.  caitifs. 

Celeste,  adj.  heavenly.  Fr.  celeste.  "  than  eftir  this  sueit 
celest  armonye,  tha  began  to  dance  in  ane  ring."  B 

Changement,  s.  change.     Fr.  changement. 

Chestee,  chestie,  v.  a.  to  chastise.  O.  Fr.  chastier,  chastoyer, 
castier.  "  ther  for  he  dois  chestee  them  be  the  abstractione  of 
that  superfluite."  6 

Clemence,  clemens,  s.  clemency.     Fr.  cltmence. 

"  Sayand  alway,  that  other  king  or  prince 
That  crwell  war  but  mercie  or  clemence,"  &c.7 

Balfour,'  vol.  ii.  p.  141.     Tod  has  given  the  11.  26,  27. 

word  brusk  a  place  in  his  additions  to  John-  *  Ibid.,  p.  167,  11.  30-32. 

son's  Dictionary.     He,  however,  quotes  only  4  G.  Douglas,  i.  II,  7. 

a  passage  from  Sir  H.  Wotton's  letters  as  his  e  '  The  Complaynt  of  Scotlande,'  p.  65,  11. 

authority ;  it  is  probable  that  this  word  was  15,  16.     See  p.  47,  1.  6. 

familiar  to  Scottish  earlier  than  to  English  *  Ibid.,  p.  19,  11.  14,  15.     See  p.  23,  1.  19. 

ears.  '  'The  Buik  of  the  Croniclis  of  Scotland,' 

1  'The  Buik  of  the  Croniclis  of  Scotland,'  vol.  i.  p.   187,  11.  6081,  6082.      See  'Com- 

vol.  i.  p.  449,  1.  14,034.  playnt  of  Scotlande,'  p.  125,  1.  19. 

*  'The  Complaynt  of  Scotlande,    p.   170, 


COLLERE  —  CON  FOR  T.  265 

Collere,  collar,  s.  anger.  Fr.  colere.  "  Than  cresus,  per- 
sauand  kyng  cirus  in  collere  and  ire,  he  said,"  &C.1 

Commodite,  comodite,  s.  convenience.  Fr.  commodity.  "  this 
spangzard  culd  nocht  hef  dune  it,  hed  nocht  been  that  he  hed 
ane  hardy  hart,  and  alse  haffand  commodite  ...  to  commit 
that  act."  2 

Comples,  v.  a.  to  please.     Fr.  complaire. 

"  The  Pechtis  war  complesit  of  that  thing."  3 
Concord,  v.  a.  to  bring  to  agreement.     Fr.  concorder. 

"  Unto  Brigance  passit  this  Ewenus, 
For  till  concord  the  sonnis  of  Cadallus." 

Confidder,  v.  n.  to  league  together.     Fr.  confedtrer. 
"  Gif  ouir  thair  band  and  confidder  with  ws."  * 

Confort,  v.  a.  to  strengthen.     Fr.  conforter.     "  i  sau  borage, 
that  is  gude  to  confort  the  hart."  6 
Confort,  s.  comfort.     Fr.  confort. 

"  '  Quhairfoir,'  scho  said,  '  I  yow  ilkone  exhort 
To  tak  curage  and  be  of  gude  confort.' " 7 


1  'The  Complaynt   of  Scotlande,' p.  153,  s  Ibid.,  vol.  i.  p.  32,  1.  1092.     See  p.  36, 

11.  12,  13.     See  1.  26.  1.  1234. 

J  Ibid.,  p.  131,  U.  10-13.     See  L  28  ;  p.  •  'The  Complaynt  of  Scotlande,'  p.  67,  11. 

133-  1-  7-  »3,  14- 

1  'The  Bulk  of  the  Croniclis  of  Scotland,'  7  'The  Buik  of  the  Croniclis  of  Scotland,' 

vol.  i.  p.  273,  1.  8702.  vol.  i.  p.  303,  11.  9596,  9597.    See  p.  304,  1. 

4  Ibid.,  vol.  i.  p.  129, 1L  4335,  4336.  9615. 

2  L 


266  CIVILISATION  IN  SCOTLAND. 

t 

Confort,  adj.  comfortable. 

"  Quhilk  for  to  heir  is  plesand  and  confort." l 

Conservator,  s.  Scotch  consul  in  the  Netherlands.  Fr.  con- 
servateur  (des privileges). 

Constant,  adj.  evident,  manifest     Fr.  constant. 

Constitute,  v.  a.  to  constitute ;  to  open  a  church  court  with 
prayer.  Fr.  constituer. 

Contempil,  v.  a.  to  look  upon.  Fr.  contempler.  "  sche  began 
to  contempil  the  vidthrid  barran  feildis."  2 

Contemplene,  s.  contemplation.  Fr.  contempler.  "  for 
throucht  the  lang  studie  and  contemplene  of  the  sternis,  ve 
can,"  &c.3 

Contene,  v.  n.  to  behave;  to  demean  one's  self.  Fr.  secontenir. 

Conteneu,  s.  tenor..  Fr.  contenu.  "be  rason  that  the  sen- 
tens  ande  conteneu  of  thyr  said  cheptours  of  the  bibil,  gart  me 
consaue,  that"  &c.4 

Contermyt,  part.  pas.  firmly  set  against.     O.  Fr.  contremis. 

Contigue,  adj.  contiguous.     Fr.  contigu. 

Contirmont,  countirmont,5  adv.  backwards  or  upwards.  O. 
Fr.  contremont. 

Contrar,  contrair,  s.  opposition,  resistance ;  a  repulse  in  the 
pursuit  of  any  object ;  the  opposite.  Fr.  contraire. 

"  The  contrair,  as  my  author  did  sa, 
Come  efter  that  rycht  sone  vpoun  ane  da." ' 

1  'The  Buik  of  the  Croniclis  of  Scotland,'         *  Ibid.,  p.  46,  11.  1 1,  12.     See  1.  6. 
vol.  i.  p.  3,  1.  67.  4  Ibid.,  p.  23,  11.  27-29. 

-  'The  Complaynt  of  Scotlande,'  p.  70,  1.         *  G.  Douglas,  iii.  54,  3;  iv.  4°,  3°- 
16.     See  p.  II,  1.  25;  p.  37,  L  31  ;  p.  47,  1.         '  'The  Buik  of  the  Croniclis  of  Scotland,' 

5  ;  p.  53,  1.  10  ;  p.  154,  1.  4.  vol.  i.  p.  106,  11.  3584,  3585. 


CO  NT R  AIR.  267 


"  Wo  be  to  thame  that  dois  knaw 
Godds  wourd,  syne  dois  the  contrar  schaw."  * 

It  is  used  adjectively  : — "  in  euyrie  tua  contrar  opinions  ther  is 
ane  rycht  and  ane  vrang."  2 

"  To  quhome  also  is  knawn  the  wourd  of  God, 
And  wilfullie  dois  rin  the  contrair  rod, 

This  man  can  neuer  haue  peace  in  conscience."  s 

It  is  used  as  a  preposition,  and  in  various  prepositional 
phrases :  "  There  is  ane  exempil  of  allexander  kyng  of 
macedon,  quha  hed  mortal  veyr  contrar  the  grekis."4 

"  And  speciallie  that  tyme  to  mak  debait 
Contrair  Dowalus  and  his  fals  dissait."5 

"  Knawand  also  he  mycht  nocht  him  alone 
Rycht  weill  defend  contrair  ali  Albione."  * 

"  That  thing  is  wrocht  alway,  rycht  weill  I  wait, 
With  fraude  and  falset,  tressoun  and  dissait, 
Into  the  contrair  of  the  commoun  weill." 7 

Sometimes  in  one  word,  incontrair  : — 

"  Johnne  Cowpland  than,  as  that  my  author  schew, 
Incontrair  him  he  come  for  till  reskew 
The  Inglismen,  and  gaif  him  battell  than, 
Quhair  that  he  loissit  mony  nobill  man."8 

1  'Ane  Compendious  and  Breve  Tractate.'  23,  27;  p.  138,  11.  6,  33. 

By  William  Lauder,  E.E.T.S.  :   A.D.   1864.  »  'The  Buik  of  the  Croniclis  of  Scotland,' 

P.  10,  11.  235,  236.  vol.  i.  p.  63,  11.  2125,  2126.     See  vol.  i.  p 

1  '  The  Complaynt  of  Scotlande, '  p.  183, 11.  64,  1.  2158. 

28,  29.  «  Ibid.,  vol.  i.  p.  208,  11.  6741,  6742.     See 

3  'Ane  Godlie  Tractate  or  Mirrour.'    By  vol.  i.  p.  210,  1.  6797. 

William  Lauder:  p.  8,  11.  163-168.  7  Ibid.,  vol.  i.  p.  201,  11.  6515-6517.     See 

4  'The  Complaynt  of  Scotlande,'  p.   in,      p.  272,  1.  8688. 

11.  31,  32.     See  p.  87,  11.  2,  27;  p.   1 10,  11.         •  Ibid.,  vol.  iii.  p.  373,  11.  54,917-54,920. 


268  CIVILISATION  IN  SCOTLAND. 

Sometimes  by  itself : — 

"  And  in  the  contrair,  quha  wald  exaltit  be, 
Go  leame  at  Christ,  to  lead  Humelytie."1 

Hence  to  contrare,  contere,  v.  a.  to  thwart,  to  oppose.  Fr. 
contrarier.  Contersum  and  contrarisum  are  of  the  same 
family. 

Contrufe,  v.  a.  to  contrive  ;  part.  pas.  contruwit.  O.  Fr.  con- 
trouver.  S.  contruvar,  a  schemer. 

Contumaced,  part.  pas.  accused  of  contumacy.  Fr.  contu- 
mact. 

Contumax,  adj.  contumacious.     Fr.  contumax. 

Convene,2  s.  agreement,  paction.  Other  forms  are  conuyne, 
conwyne,  covyne,  cowyne,  cuwyn.  O.  Fr.  convent,  convine,  cov- 
ine.  This  last  word  means  also  fraud,  artifice. 

Convene,  conveane,  v.  n.  to  agree.     Fr.  convenir. 

Conveniable,  adj.  convenient.     Fr.  convenable. 

Convenient,  adj.  satisfied.     Fr.  convenant. 

Convoy,  s.  channel,  mode  of  conveyance ;  a  trick ;  prudent 
or  artful  management,  &c.  O.  Fr.  convoy. 

Convoy,  v.  a.  to  accomplish,  to  manage,  to  give  effect  to  any 
purpose,  especially  by  artful  means.  O.  Fr.  convoier. 

"  And  riche  Naball,  for  his  grit  churlyschenes 
Schewin  to  Dauid,  almaist  had  bene  distroyit, 
Gyf  Abygall  had  nocht  it  weill  conuoyit"3 


See  vol.  i.  p.  155,  1.  5119;  vol.  iii.  p.  143,  1.  197- 

1.  47,236.  >  G.  Douglas,  iii.  99,  J. 

1  'Ane  Godlie  Tractate  or  Mirrour.'    By  *  '  Ane  Godlie  Tractate  or  Mirrour,'  p.  21, 

William   Lauder :  p.   17,  11.  454,  455.     See  11.  579-581. 


COUA  TTYCE  —  CRUDELITE.  269 

"zit  notheles  thai  hef  nothir  prudens  nor  knaulege  til  con- 
uoye  and  til  exsecut  ony  point  of  trason."  l 

Couattyce,  couatyce,  covatyse,  covetise,  cowatyss,  s.  covet- 
eousness  ;  lust  of  power.  O.  Fr.  coveitise,  Fr.  convoitise. 

"  Thay  suld  be  clene  of  euery  vyce, 
And,  speciallie,  of  Couatyce."  2 

Coucher,  s,  a  coward  :  the  verb  is  also  coucher.    Fr.  coucher. 

Coulpe,  s.  a  fault.  O.  Fr.  coulpe.  "ve  sal  carye  no  thing 
furtht  of  this  varld  bot  the  coulpe  of  our  synnis,"  &c.3 

Countrecoup,  s.  opposition,  a  repulse  in  the  pursuit  of  any 
object  (Ayr.)  Fr.  contrecoup. 

Crak,4  v.  a.  to  talk  idly.  Fr.  craquer.  The  word  is  used  as 
a  noun,  with  the  meaning  of  light  conversation. 

Grouse,  crous,  adj.  and  adv.  bold,  boldly.  Fr.  courrouct. 
O.  Fr.  curruz,  curuz. 

Crualte,  s.  cruelty.  O.  Fr.  crualtt.  "this  protector  of 
ingland  purposit  til  vse  this  samyn  crualte,"  &c.6 

Crudelite,  crudelitie,  s.  cruelty.  O.  Fr.  crudeliU,  crueltt, 
crualt;  Fr.  cruauU. 

"  All  this  wes  done  with  greit  crudelitie 
Of  the  injuris  for  to  revengit  be, 
The  quhilk  to  him  befoir  that  he  had  done." " 

1  'The  Complaynt  of  Scotlande,'  p.   130,  4  G.  Douglas,  i.  118,  7.     See  p.  251,  n.  3. 

11.  14-16.     See  p.  4,  1.  14  ;  p.  133, 1.  13.  5  '  The  Complaynt  of  Scotlande,'  p.  103, 11. 

3  '  Ane  Compendious  and  Breve  Tractate. '  6,  J. 

By  William  Lauder  :  p.  17, 11.  461,  462.    See  •  'The  Buik  of  the  Croniclis  of  Scotland,' 

p.  7.  1-  "27-     See  also  '  Ane  Godlie  Tractate  vol.  iii.  p.  550, 11.  60,842-60,844.   See  also  p. 

or  Mirrour,'  p.  21,  1.  601.  242, 1.  50,471 ;  p.  251, 1.  50,764  ;  and  p.  558, 

*  'The  Complaynt  of  Scotlande,'  p.   155,  1.  61,110. 
»•  3,  4- 


270 


CIVILISATION  IN  SCOTLAND. 


Cuilze,1  culye,  culyie,  v.  a.  to  entice,  to  beguile.     O.  Fr. 
guiller.     Cuillier  is  the  s.,  and  means  a  flatterer. 
Cuir,  cure,  cuyr,  .y.  charge.     O.  Fr.  cure?  Latin  cura. 

"  Qvhat  is  thir  kings  more  than  the  pure, 
Except  thair  office  and  thair  cure  ?  " 3 

Heed,  care  : — 

"  And  the  vile  Catyue,  naikit  and  pure, 
Had  of  hym-self  bot  onlye  cure." 4 


Duty  :— 


"  O  kyngis,  I  mak  zow  traist  and  sure, 
Geue  ze  neclect  zour  Prencelie  cure." 6 


Calling  : — 


"  Ze  sulde  nocht  chuse  vnto  that  cure 
Ane  Vinolent  nor  wod  Pasture."  * 

Discharge  of  occcupation  : — 

"  Preis  neuer,  O  Prencis,  in  zour  cure, 
No  waye  for  to  oppresse  the  pure." T 

Cupidite,  s.  cupidity.  Fr.  cupiditt.  "  for  al  the  vicis  that 
oure  cupidite  prouokis  vs  to  commit,  our  blynd  affectione  garris 
vs  beleue  that  tha  ar  supreme  vertu  ande  felicite,"  &c.8 


1  G.  Douglas,  ii.  60,  I. 

9  "  AI  cors  firent  sepulture, 

Prient  Deu  que  prenge  cure." 

— '  Saint  Brandan,1  p.  18, 11.  351,  352.  Edited 
by  Francisque-Michel :  Paris,  A.  D.  1872.  See 
p.  25,  1.  515. 

3  '  Ane  Compendious  and  Breve  Tractate,' 
p.  $,  11.  61,  62.     See  p.  7,  1.  143 ;  p.  13,  IL 
322,  335,  354 ;  and  p.  16,  1.  447. 

4  Ibid.,  p.  6,  11.  97,  98.     See  p.  9, 1.  185; 
p.  15,  L  413  ;  see  also  '  Ane  Godlie  Tractate 


or  Mirrour,'  p.  4,  1.  46. 

1  Ibid.,  p.  6;  11.  99,  100 ;  see  p.  10,  1.  233; 
p.  13,  1.  343  ;  p.  18,  L  509. 

«  Ibid.,  p.  12,  11.  285,  286. 

7  Ibid.,   p.    10,    11.   243,    244.      See  also 
'  The  Buik  of  the  Croniclis  of  Scotland,'  vol. 
i.  p.  49,  1.  1689  ;  p.  50, 1.  1701  ;  and  vol.  iii. 
p.  47,  1.  44,018. 

8  'The  Complaynt  of  Scotlande,1  p.  35,  11. 
2-4. 


CUP  IT—  DECHA  E.  27 1 


Cupit,  adj.  desirous.     Fr.  cupide. 

"     .     .     .     .     ten  thousand  men, 
Curious  and  kene,  cupit  of  honour."  * 

Curage,  s.  heart,  humour.     Fr.  courage. 

"  Williame  Douglas  ane  man  of  hie  curage, 
Of  nobill  blude  and  of  richt  hie  lynnage." 2 

"  therfor  ze  suld  tak  curage  in  zour  iust  querrel."  3 

Curageus,  adj.  bold.  Fr.  courageux.  "  In  the  antiant  dais, 
the  romans  var  mair  renforsit  in  curageus  entreprisis  be  the 
vertu  of  the  pen,"  &c.4 

Cure,  v.  a.  to  care  for,  to  regard.  To  this  word  we  may  join 
to  sussy,  to  be  careful,  to  care  for  (Fr.  se  soucier) ;  and  sussious, 
careful,  anxious  (Fr.  soucieux)? 

Curious,  adj.  anxious,  fond,  eager.     Fr.  curicux. 

Cursabill,  adj.  current     O.  Fr.  coursable. 

Debonar,6  adj.  good,  gracious.     Fr.  ddbonnaire. 

Debonarlie,7  adv.     Fr.  dtbonnairement. 

Decerne,  discerne,  v.  a.  to  adjudge,  to  decree.     Fr.  dtcerner. 

Dechae,  dechay,  v.  n.  to  decay.  Fr.  dechoir.  "  that  is  the 
special  cause  that  al  dominions  altris,  dechaeis,  ande  cummis 
to  subuersione."  8 

1 'The  Buikof  the  Croniclis  of  Scotland,'  and   'Ane   Consolator  Ballad  to  ...    Sir 

vol.  i.  p.  139,  11.  4644,  4645.  Richard  Maitland,' among  his  Poems,  Introd. 

3  Ibid.,  vol.  iii.  p.  373,  11.   54,933,  54,934.  Notice,  p.   Ixviii,  col.   2,  where  sussious  is 
See  vol.  i.  p.  433,  11.  13,513,  13,523.  erroneously  printed. 

*  'The  Complaynt  of  Scotlande,'  p.  91,  1.  '  G.  Douglas,  iv.  199,  16. 

31.     Seep.  79,  1.  7.  7  ' Clariodus,' p.  340,  I.  1871. 

4  Ibid.,  p.  10,  11.  7-9.  8  'The  Complaynt  of  Scotlande,'  p.  21,  11. 
6  Vide  Sir  Patrick  Hume,  'The  Promise  to  26-28.     See  p.  71,  1.  13. 

the  King  James  the  Sixth,'  the  epistill,  st.  v. ; 


272  CIVILISATION  IN  SCOTLAND. 

Decoir,  v.  a.  to  adorn.     Fr.  dtcorer. 

"  And  kest  him  ay  his  kinrik  to  decoir." » 
Dedeyne,  dedane,  deding,  v.  n.  to  deign.     Fr.  daigner. 

"  '  Ellis,'  tha  said,  '  dout  nocht  hot  zow  hed  sene, 
Als  schort  ane  quhile  as  ze  haif  now  heir  bene, 
Als  bald  bernis  and  in  armour  als  bricht, 
As  thow  hes  heir  sone  semblit "  in  thi  sicht, 
Or  ony  man  ane  fit  farder  hed  socht 
To  bring  to  the  sic  bodwart  as  we  brocht, 
Or  zit  dedeyne  sic  message  for  to  go, 
To  speir  at  the  quhat  causit  the  do  so.'  " 3 

Defaill,  v.  n.  to  fail,  to  wax  feeble.     Fr.  dtfaillir. 

Defame,  s.  infamy,  disgrace.  O.  Fr.  diffame.  "  for  in  aid 
tymes  ther  culd  nocht  be  ane  gritar  defame  nor  quhen  ane 
mannis  craig  vas  put  in  the  zoik  be  his  enemye,  for  that  de- 
fame," &c.4 

Defend,5  v.  a.  to  forbid.     Fr.  dtfendre. 

Defeyth,6  v.  a.  to  undo.     Fr.  dtfaire. 

'Dzftorit,  part.  pas.  deflowered.  Fr.  dtflort.  "zourvyfisand 
dochteris  deflorit  be  the  onbridilit  lust  of  zour  aid  enemes."  7 

Delacion,  s.  procrastination,  delay.     O.'  Fr.  delation. 

Despite,  v.  n.  to  be  filled  with  indignation.  O.  Fr.  se  despiter. 
The  noun  is  dispyte. 


1  'The  Bulk  of  the  Croniclis  of  Scotland,'  11.  7-9.     See  L  31 ;  p.  101,  1.  14. 
vol.  i.  p.  320,  1.  10,136.  •  G.  Douglas,  ii.  12,  9. 

3  Fr.  (assembler.  •  Ibid.,  i.  xxii.  12. 

1  'The  Buik  of  the  Croniclis  of  Scotland,'         '  'The  Complaynt  of  Scotlande,'  p.  92,  11. 

voL  iii.  pp.  112,  113,  11.  46,168-46,175.  26,  27. 

'  'The  Complaynt  of  Scotlande,'  p.  102, 


DE  T—  DISSIMULL.  273 

"  For  all  the  pepill  planelie  with  dispyte 
On  Ferlegus  thairof  laid  all  the  wyte." 1 

Det,  s.  duty.     Fr.  dette. 

Devore,  deuore,  s.  duty.     Fr.  devoir. 

Difficil,  dificil,  adj.  difficult.     Fr.  difficile. 

"  Sic  thing  till  do  difficill  is  to  me." 2 

"  be  cause  of  sa  mony  dificil  impedimentis  that  maye  impesche 
hym."  3 

Digesilie,  adv.  deliberately.     Fr.  digtrer. 

Diol,  dool,  doul,  dule,4  duill,  s.  sorrow,  grief.  Fr.  deuil, 
Gael.  dol. 

"  Makand  greit  duill  for  the  deid  of  thair  king."  5 

Discymilit,  dissymilit,  adj.  dissembled.  Fr.  dissimuti. 
"  Quhen  kyng  cirus  herd  the  subtil  discymilit  pleisant  inter- 
pretatione  of  cresus  vordis,  he  smylit  and  leuch,"  &c.6 

Diseis,  disessei  s.  want  of  ease  ;  state  of  war.    O.  Fr.  disaise. 

Dispensatour,  s.  dispenser.  Fr.  dispensateur.  "  bot  rather 
god  hes  ordand  the  to  be  ane  dispensatour  of  his  gyftis  amang 
the  ignorant  pepil."  7 

Displesance,  s.  displeasure.     O.  Fr.  desplaisance. 

Dissimull,  v.  n.  to  dissemble.     Fr.  dissimuler. 

"  Sum  bad  dissimull  quhill  tha  saw  thair  [tyme]."8 

1  'The  Bulk  of  the  Croniclis  of  Scotland,'  vol.  i.  p.  55,  1.  1861. 

vol.  i.  p.  55,  11.  1859,  1860.  '  'The  Complaynt  of  Scotlande,'  p.    153, 

3  Ibid.,  vol.  ii.  p.  723,  1.  42,566.  11.  24,  25.     See  p.  71,  L  23;  p.   181,  1.  16; 
1  'The  Complaynt  of  Scotlande,'  p.   130,  p.  182,!.  24. 

1.  22.     See  p.  15,  1.  17.  7  Ibid.,  p.  158,  11.  13-15. 

4  '  Orfeo  and  Heurodis,'  I.  160.  8  'The  Bulk  of  the  Croniclis  of  Scotland,' 
e  'The  Bulk  of  the  Croniclis  of  Scotland,'      vol.  i.  p.  34,  1.  1137. 

2  M 


274 


CIVILISATION  IN  SCOTLAND. 


Disuetude,1  s.  disuse.     Fr.  dhuttude. 

Dole,  s.  a  trick,  fraud.      Fr.  dol. 

Dolent,  a.  mournful,  dismal.     Fr.  dolent,  Lat.  dolens. 

"  Bot  verray  feirfull  and  dolent  is  that  dead 
That  dois  the  Saule  vnto  Damnatioun  lead." ! 

Domage,  s.  damage.  Fr.  dommage.  "alse  reuengis  hym 
nocht  of  the  violens  and  domage  that  his  enemeis  hes  perpe- 
trat  contrar  hym."  3 

Domageabil,  adj.  hurtful.  Fr.  dommageable.  "  ve  can  gyf 
ane  iugement  of  diuerse  futur  accedentis  that  ar  gude  or  euyl, 
necessair  or  domageabil  for  man  or  beyst."  4 

Doubtit,  dowtet,  part.  pas.  held  in  awe.     O.  Fr.  doubter. 

Douse,  adj.  sedate,  well-behaved ;  douceness,  s.  sedateness. 
Fr.  doux,  fear. 

Dout,  v.  a.  to  fear.  O.  Fr.  doubter,  douter,  to  fear.  "  Quhar 
is  the  toune  of  cartage  that  dantit  the  elephantis,  ande  vas 
grytumly  doutit  and  dred  be  the  romans  ?  "  5 

Dout,  doute,  s.  fear.     O.  Fr.  doule,  double. 

Doutance,  s.  doubt     O.  Fr.  doubtance,  dutance.6 

Drowreis,7  s.  pi.  gifts,  presents.  O.  Fr.  druerie.  The  Irish 
had  druth,  s.  f.  i,  a  harlot;  2,  adj.  foolish,  lascivious.8 


1  Burl's  '  Letters,'  &c.,  vol.  i.  p.  166.  6  "  Laquele  se  chascun  enliere  e  nient  mal- 

2  'Ane  Godlie  Tractate  or  Mirrour,"  p.  24,      raise  ne  guarderat,  senz  dutance  pardurable- 


11.  702,  703. 


ment  perirat."      ["La  Comune  Fei."]     '  Le 


'  'The  Complaynt  of  Scotlande,'  p.    1 86,      Livre  des  Psaumes,'  p.    288,   col.    2,  ver.  2. 
II.  19,  20.     See  p.  92,  1.  9;  p.  122,  1.  26;  p.      Paris:  Imprimerie  Nationale,  A.D.  1876. 
161,  1.  15;  p.  165,  1.  23;  p.  167,  1.  36. 

4  Ibid.,  p.  46,  11.  12-14. 


Ibid.,  p.  21,  11.  9,  10. 


7  G.  Douglas,  ii.  149,  14. 

8  See  Edward  Lhuyd's  '  Archseologia  Brit- 
annica  '  (an  Irish-English  Dictionary),  sub  voce. 


D  UGON—  ENORME.  27  5 

Dugon,  s.  a  term  expressive  of  contempt.     O.  Fr.  doguin. 
Dulce,  adj.  sweet,  mild,  soft.     O.  Fr.  duilz,  dulz}  dulce? 

"  That  tyme  Neptunus  wes  rycht  amiabill, 
And  Eolus  rycht  dulce  and  delectabill." 3 

"  the  musician  amphion  quhilk  sang  sa  dulce,  quhil  that  the 
stanis  mouit,"  &c.4 

Dullie,  adj.  doleful,  miserable. 

"  That  dullie  dragone  that  dois  men  to  deid, 
With  forcieful  furious  infirmitie 
In  that  distres  hes  done  him  for  to  de."  *> 

Dyminue,    dimineu,    v.    a.    to    diminish.       Fr.    diminuer. 
"...     thai  schel  fische  dimineuis,"  &c.6 
Dyspytuws,  adj.  despiteful.     Fr.  despiteux. 

Egal,  adj.  equal.     Fr.  tgal.     "  for  at  that  tyme  al  men  var 
egal,"  &c.7 

Enchesoun,  s.  reason  of  a  thing.     O.  Fr.  acheson. 
Engaigne,  s.  indignation.     O.  Fr.  engain. 
Enorme,  adj.  great.     Fr.  dnorme. 


1  "Ki  ensemble  oiimes  duilz  (var.  dulz)  se-  *  'The  Bulk  of  the  Croniclis  of  Scotland,' 

grei,  en  la  maisun  Deu  alames  en  poiir."    Ps.  vol.  i.  p.  26,  11.  879,  880. 

liv.  14.      '  Le  Livre  des  Psaumes,'p.  94.    See  4  '  The  Complaynt  of  Scotlande,'  p.  64,  II. 

also  Ps.  xviii.  10,  and  cxviii.  103  ;  pp.  29,  226.  18,  19. 

•  '  The  Bulk  of  the  Croniclis  of  Scotland,' 
*      Quant  vmt  le  jurn  al  dcclmant, 

Vers  le  vespere  dune  funt  cant,  vol.  i.  p.  2O,  11.  675-677. 

Od  dulces  voices  mult  halt  crient  «   '  The  Complaynt  of  Scotlande,'  p.  57,  1. 

E  cnz  en  le  cant  Deu  mercient."  2Q       Sfie  p    ^  [    3 , 

— 'Saint  Brandan,' p.  27,  11.  556-559.     See  7  Ibid.,  p.  144,  1.29. 
p.  34,  1.  700,  and  p.  48,  1.  998. 


276  CIVILISATION  IN  SCOTLAND. 

"  That  storme  it  wes  so  furius  and  fell, 
Ouir  wynd  and  waiv  so  fast  it  did  thame  dryve, 
That  euerie  man  in  dreid  wes  of  his  lyve, 
Seand  the  se  so  furius  and  enorme." l 

Entandement,2  s.  understanding.     Fr.  entendement. 
Ententyve,  adj.  earnest,  eager,  intent.     O.  Fr.  ententif. 
Epouentabill,  adj.  dreadful.     O.  Fr.  espouventable,  espoentable, 
espowentables. 8 

Esperance,  s.  hope.     Fr.  esptrance. 

"  As  the  Apostillis,  beleuing  Christ  to  ring 
In  earth  amangs  thame  as  ane  temporall  King, 
So  lang  as  tha  of  this  had  Esperance, 
Tha  euer  leuit  still  in  Ignorance." 4 

Estimy,  estime,  v.  a.  to  form  a  judgment  of,  to  think.  Fr. 
estimer.  "  O  ze  my  thre  sonis,  quhat  can  the  varld  estime  of 
zou,"  &c.5  "  or  ellis  he  estemeis  vs  to  be  litil  experementit  in 
the  veyris."  6 

Expreme,  v.  a.  to  express,  to  mention.  Fr.  exprimer.  "  i 
can  nocht  expreme  ane  speciale  man  that  perpetratis  this  trai- 
sonabil  act,"  &c.7 

Faculte,  s.  power,  gift.  Fr.  faculty.  "...  he  that 
hes  the  gyft  of  traductione,  compiling  or  teching,  his  faculte 
is  as  honest  .  .  .  as  is  to  be  ane  marynel,"  &c.8 

1  'The  Bulk  of  the  Croniclis  of  Scotland,'         4  '  Ane  Godlie  Tractate  or  Mirrour,'  p.  12, 
vol.  iii.  p.  53,  11.  44,215-44,218.  11.  297-300. 

3  'History  of  King  James  VI., '  ed.  1825,         "  'The  Complaynt  of  Scotlande,' p.  165,!. 

P.  279-  3°- 

1  "  Espowentables Deus  de  ses  saintuaries, "  •  Ibid.,  p.  14,  1.  15. 

Ps.  Ixvii.  36.      See  Ps.  xlvi.  2,  Ixiv.  5.     '  Le  7  Ibid.,  p.  109,  11.  21,  22. 

Livre  des  Psaumes,'  pp.  81,  108,  116.  8  Ibid.,  p.  10,  11.  11-13. 


FAILZE  —  FAY.  277 


Failze,  v.  n.  to  fail.  Fr.  faillir.  "  nor  is  it  dishon- 
our quhen  he  failzeis  in  the  conquessing  of  ane  thing," 

&C.1 

Faintice,  fantise,  s.  dissembling,  hypocrisy.     O.  Fr.faintise. 
Fallauge,  falawdge,  adj.  lavish.     Fr.  volage. 
Falset,  falsed,  s.  falsehood.     O.  Fr.  (i4th  century),  falsM, 
fausete. 

"  Haue  ze  thare  Herts,  I  say  expresse, 
Than  all  is  zours  that  thay  possesse : 
Than  neid  ze  nocht,  no  tyme  nor  ceasone, 
Be  ferit  for  falset  or  for  traisone." 2 

Faminitie,  s.  whoredom.     O.  Fr.  femenie. 

"  In  word  and  work  this  king  he  wox  rycht  vile ; 
Gredie  and  glittus  in  gulos[it]ie, 
In  flesche  assegit  with  foull  faminitie."3 

Fantisie,  v.  a.  to  fancy,  to  look  upon  with  affection.  Fr. 
fantasier. 

Fasch,  fash,  facherie,  fashire,  fashrie,4  5.  trouble,  vexation. 
O.  Fr.  fascherie.  Tod  has  inserted  in  Johnson's  Dictionary  to 
fash,  v.  a.  to  vex,  to  teaze,  but  neither  the  above  substantive, 
nor  fashions,  adj.  troublesome,  Yr.fdchetix. 

Favorise,5  v.  a.  to  favour.     ~Fr.favoriser. 

Fay,  s.  faith.     Fr.  foi. 


1  'The  Complaynt  of  Scotlande,'  p.   186,  vol.  i.  p.   102,  11.  3467-3469.     Cf.  p.  165,  1. 

11.  10,  II.  5446. 

1  '  Ane  Compendious  and  Breve  Tractate,'  4  Grahame's  '  Anatomie  of  Humors,'  fol.  2 

p.   II,  11.  255-258.     See  p.   17,  1.  457;  and  verso,  &c. 

'  The  Complaynt  of  Scotlande,'  p.  181, 1.  1 1.  "  Mackay's  '  Memoirs,'  p.  32. 

1  'The  Buik  of  the  Croniclis  of  Scotland,' 


278  CIVILISATION  IN  SCOTLAND. 

Feal,  adj.  loyal ;  s.  a  liege-man,     O.  Fr.  feal,  Fr.  fidele. 

Felicite,  felecite,  //.  feliciteis,  s.  happiness,  pleasure.  Fr. 
felicM.  "  ^  .  .  fureous  mars,  that  hes  violently  ocupeit 
the  domicillis  of  tranquil  pace,  that  sueit  goddes  of  humaine 
felicite." a 

Feloune,  felloun,  adj.  cruel.  O.  Fr.  felun?  Fr.  felon,  cruel ; 
felony,  felouny,  felny,  s.  cruelty,  fierceness.  O.  Fr.  ftlonie, 
felenie,  felunie?  cruelty,  impiety.  Felloimly,  felounly,  felonly, 
cruelly.  . 

"  Mister  he  had  of  mony  sic  as  tha, 
For  to  defend  him  fra  his  felloun  fa." 4 

The  word  is  applied  otherwise  than  to  animate  beings  : — 

"  He  put  his  men  in  gude  ordour  full  sone, 
Syne  gaif  command  how  all  thing  suld  be  done  j 
Syne  fuir  on  thame  with  sic  ane  felloun  force, 
Quhill  to  the  ground  he  drave  bayth  men  and  horss."* 

Fend,  fende,  v.  a.  to  offend  ;  to  defend,  to  support,  to  main- 
tain. Fr.  ddfendre,  the  first  syllable  having  been  considered  as 
a  particle. 

Fenze,  v.  a.  to  feign.  O.  Fr.  feigner,  "bot  as  ther  var 
ane  fenzet  hel  of  the  poietis  fictions."  6 

Fenzie,  feinzie,  s.  deceit. 


1  'The  Complaynt  of  Scotlande,'  p.  7,  *  'The  Buik  of  the  Croniclis  of  Scotland,' 

II.  10-12.  See  p.  108,  1.  23;  p.  122,  L  20;  vol.  i.  p.  6,  11.  202,  203.  See  vol.  i.  p.  8,  I. 

for//,  p.  170,  L  1 8.  246. 

3  "Beoneiiret  li  heom  ki  ne  alat  el  cunseil  5  Ibid.,  vol.  i.  p.  10,  11.  340-343.  SeevoL 

de  feluns,"  Ps.  i.  I.  See  also  ver.  5,  6,  7.  i.  p.  II,  1.  385;  p.  64,  1.  2143;  and  vol.  iii. 

'  Le  Livre  des  Psaumes,'  pp.  I,  2.  p.  34,  1.  43,581. 

1  "Karnenes  Deus  voillanz  felunie  tu,"  Ps.  '  'The  Complaynt  of  Scotlande,'  p.  35, 

v.  3.  See  ver.  5.  'Le  Livre  des  Psaumes, 'p.  5.  11.  9,  to. 


FERME  — FVRIOSITE.  279 

"  Quhilk  gydit  justice  with  greit  equitie 
To  riche  and  puir,  without  fraude  or  fenzie."1 

Ferme,  adj.  firm.  Fr.  ferme.  "  hot  it  [snau]  is  nocht  sa 
ferme  and  hard  congelit  as  is  the  hail  stonis."  2 

Fey,  fie,3  adj.  fated,  predestined,  bewitched,  unlucky,  doomed, 
driven  on  to  his  impending  fate  by  the  strong  impulse  of  some 
irresistible  necessity.  O.  Fr.yW.4 

Flechand,5  adj.  coaxing,  flattering.     Fr.y&k/zzV. 

Fray,6  s.  fear,  fright.     Fr.  effroi.     Fray,  v.  n.  to  be  afraid. 

Frayour,  s.  that  which  causes  terror.     Fr.  frayeur. 

Frivolle,  freuol,  freuole,  adj.  fickle  ;  frivolous.  Fr.  frivole. 
"Sainctagustynedeciuitatedei,  in  the  IX.  cheptourofhis  seuynt 
beuk,  allegis  mony  freuol  argumentis  contrar  the  antipodes."  7 

Frunty,  fronty,  adj.  free  in  manners,  spirited  (Fife.)  Fr. 
effrontt. 

Fruster,  v.  n.  to  frustrate.     Fr.  frustrer. 

"  Quhilk  wald  be  caus  sone  efterwart  perchance 
The  commoun  weill  to  fruster  and  faill, 
And  euerie  man  se  for  his  awin  availl."  8 

Furiosite,  furiositie,9  s.  madness ;  great  indignation.  Fr. 
furieux. 

1  'The  Bulk  of  the  Cronidis  of  Scotland,'  with/a*-,  in  the  'Chronique  de  Bertrand  du 
vol.  iii.  p.  97,  11.  45,663,  45,664.  Guesclin,'  by  Cuvelier,  L.  2333-35,  vol.  i.  p. 

2  'The  Complaynt  of   Scotlande,'  p.  59,  85;  cf.  Rabelais,  B.  i.  ch.  3,  and  B.  ii.  ch.  29. 
11.  20,  21.  "  G.  Douglas,  ii.  72,  30. 

8  'Jock  o'  the  Side,'  st.  xxx.,  &c.  6  'Grim.   Trials,'  vol.  ii.  pp.  30  and  543, 

4  Henschell  refers  to  '  Partonopeus  de  Blois,'  A.  D.  1 597-98  and  1608. 

v.  515,  702;  to  the 'RomandeRoncevaux,'p.         7   'The  Complaynt  of  Scotiande,'  p.   51, 

36;  to  'Gerard  de  Vienne,'  v.  2179;  and  to  11.  9-11. 

Raynouard's  '  Lexique  roman,'  t.  iii.  p.  282,         •  'The  Buik  of  the  Croniclis  of  Scotland; 

col.  2,  voce  "Fadar:"  but  there  is  another  vol.  i.  p.  45.  "•  i532-'534- 

passage  to  show  that  dcstinl  was  synonymous         "  '  A  Diurnal  of  Occurrents,'  p.  75. 


280 


CIVILISATION  IN  SCOTLAND. 


Galavastar,  s.  a  gasconading  fellow.  Prov.  Fr.  galavard,  pro- 
bably derived  from,  or  kindred  to,  galvardine,  a  sort  of  frock.1 

Galiart,  galliard,  galyeard,  galzart,  galzeard,  galzeart,  adj? 
and  s.  active,  cheerful,  jolly.  Fr.  gaillard. 

Gloir,  v.  n.  to  boast,  to  glory.  Fr.  gloire.  "  O  my  eldest 
sonne  (nobilis),  this  seueir  reproche  contrar  thy  zongest  brother 
is  no  occasione  to  gar  the  gloir."  3 

It  is  used  as  a  noun  signifying  glory  : — 

"  With  laud  and  gloir,  pomp  and  hie  honour, 
Tha  sesit  him  thair  in  his  sepultour." 4 

Gormand,  s.  and  adj.  a  glutton  ;  voracious,  gluttonous.  Fr. 
and  O.  Eng.  gourmand. 

Govus,  s.  a  simpleton.     O.  Fr.  goffe,  ill-made,  gross. 

Gravite,  s.  enormity.     Fr.  gravite". 

Greable,  adj.  pleasant.     Fr.  agrdable. 

Gres,5  s.  favour,  grace.     Fr.  gre". 

Guff,  s.  a  fool.     Fr.  goffe. 

Gyn,  gyne,6  s.  a  contrivance,  engine.     Fr.  engin. 

Habill,7  abill,  adj.  fit,  proper.     Fr.  habile. 

"  That  scho  war  abill  for  to  bruke  the  croun."  8 
Hable,  v.  a.  to  enable.     Fr.  habile. 


1  Rabelais,  B.  v.  ch.  43. 

'  G.  Douglas,  iii.  143,  9;  iv.  55,  16,  and 

2IS,  9- 

«  'The  Compjaynt  of  Scotlande,'  p.  143, 
11.  18-20.  Cf.  p.  129,  1.  22;  p.  154,  1.  19. 

4  'The  Buik  of  the  Croniclis  of  Scotland,' 
vol.  i.  p.  59,  11.  2011,  2012.  Cf.  p.  2,  1.  54  ; 
P-  7,  L  235 ;  P-  14.  1-  495  :  P-  33.  1-  "°5  = 


vol.  iii.  p.  238,  1.  50,323 ;  p.  257,  1.  50,977  ; 
p.  258,  1.  51,010. 

6  "  Glassinberry's  Poem,"  in   '  Early  Me- 
trical Tales,'  p.  303. 

«  G.  Douglas,  i.  87,  25  ;  116,  18. 

7  '  J.  Melvill's  Diary,'  p.  92. 

•  '  The  Buik  of  the  Croniclis  of  Scotland,' 
vol.  iii.  p.  137,  1.  46,983. 


HALTAND  —  HUMELIE.  281 

Haltand,  haltyne,  haltane,  adj.  haughty.  O.  Fr.  altaign, 
haultain,  hault ;  Fr.  haiUain,  haut ;  Lat.  altus. 

"  How  Dedius,  with  haltane  mind  and  hie, 
Maliciouslie  malingis  agane  me." * 

Haltanely,  adv.  proudly. 

Hardiment,2  s.  courage,  boldness.     O.  Fr.  hardement. 

"With  hardiment  on  helmis  syne  did  hew."3 

Hid  wise,  adj.  hideous.     Fr.  hideux,  O.  Fr.  hide,  terror. 

Humil,  humyll,  humill,  adj.  humble,  mild,  gentle.  O.  Fr. 
humle,  humele;^  Lat.  humilis.  "  inglis  men  ar  humil  quhen 
thai  ar  subieckit  be  forse  and  violence."5 

"  Be  humyll,  meik,  and  pacient, 
And  to  do  Justice  diligent."6 

"  Greit  joy  it  wes  that  tyme  to  se  thame  meit, 
With  salussing  that  sober  wes  and  sueit, 
Welcumand  him  than  of  ane  humill  wyss." 7 

Humelie,  adv,  humbly. 

"  Zit  humelie,  with  hert  Inteir, 
I  wald  beseik  zour  Maiesteis, 
My  dytement  did  zov  not  displeis  : 
Bot  in-to  gude  part  tak  it  weil."8 

1  'The  Bulk  of  the  Croniclis  of  Scotland,'  "  'The  Complaynt  of  Scotlande,'  p.   106, 

vol.  i.  p.  272,  11.  8676,  8677.      See  also  p.  1.  22.     See  p.  170,  1.  24. 

333,  1.  10,509.  *  '  Ane  Compendious  and  Breve  Tractate, ' 

8  G.  Douglas,  ii.  262,  13.  p.  10, 11.  247,  248.    See  p.  12,  1.  310;  and  p. 

'  'The  Bulk  of  the  Croniclis  of  Scotland,'  16,  1.  421. 

vol.  iii.  p.  369,  1.  54,776.  7  'The  Bulk  of  the  Croniclis  of  Scotland, ' 

4  "Ker  halz  li  Sire,  e  le  humle  veil,  le  vol.  i.  p.  26,  11.  885-887. 

halt  a  loinz  conuist."    Ps.  cxxxvii.  6.     Cf.  8  'Ane  Compendious  and  Breve  Tractate,' 

Ps.  cxii.  6;  pp.  210,  245,  and  285,  ver.  7.  p.  19,  II.  528-531. 
'  Le  Livre  des  Psaumes.' 

2  N 


282  CIVILISATION  IN  SCOTLAND. 

lape,  jaip,1  s.  a  jest,  mock.     Fr.jape. 

Illustir,  adj.  illustrious.  Fr.  illustre.  "Ande  nou,  illustir 
princes,"  &c.2 

Illustrate,  v.  a.  to  render  illustrious.     Fr.  illustrer. 
Immemoir,   adj.   unmindful.     Fr.  mtmoire  with   the   nega- 
tive im. 

"  Withoutin  grace  tha  war  all  immemoir 
Of  the  vengeance  wes  send  on  thame  befoir."  3 

Impertinent,  adj.  uncivil,  indiscreet.     Fr.  impertinent. 
Importun,4  adj.  importunate.     Fr.  importun. 
Incontinent,  adv.  immediately.     Fr.  incontinent. 

"  So  did  the  erle  as  I  haif  said  zow  heir, 
Incontinent  gart  fetche  to  him  the  freir, 
Quhilk  him  dissimulit  as  ane  Scottisman."5 

Incredule,  adj.  unbelieving.  Fr.  incrtdule.  "  Quhar  for  i 
treist  that  his  diuine  justice  vil  permit  sum  vthir  straynge 
natione  to  be  mercyles  boreaus  to  them,  ande  til  extinct  that 
false  seid  ande  that  incredule  generatione  furtht  of  remem- 
orance."6 

Indoctryne,  v.  a.  to  teach.  Fr.  endoctriner.  "zit  he  dar  be 
so  bold  ...  to  disput  ande  tyl  indoctryne  the  maneir  of 
the  veyris  ande  of  the  battellis,"  &c.7 

1  G.  Douglas,  i.  121,  13  ;  ii.  72,  31  ;  164,  vol.  iii.  p.  279,  11.  51,701-51,703.     Cf.  p.  8, 
20.  1.    42,746  ;    p.    145,   L   47.248 ;    p.   349.   1- 

2  'The  Complaynt  of  Scotlande,'  p.  2,  1.  54,124;  p.  350,  1.  54,143;  p.  353,  1.  54,276 ; 
4.     Seel.  21;  p.  3,  1.  10.  vol.  i.  p.  155,  L  5117.     '  Complaynt  of  Scot- 

*  'The  Buik  of  the  Croniclis  of  Scotland,'  lande.'p.  109,  1.  24;  p.  119,  1.  8 ;  p.  161, 

vol.  iii.  p.  336,  11.  53,677,  53,678.  1.  8. 

4  'Sir  James  Melville's  Memoirs,'  p.  7  «  'The  Complaynt  of  Scotlande,'  p.  27, 

(the  author  to  his  son).  11.  21-25.  cf-  P-  l6l>  !•  33- 

6  'The  Buik  of  the  Croniclis  of  Scotland,'  7  Ibid.,  p.  14,  11.  10-13. 


IN  FA  MITE  —  INUTIL.  283 

Infamite,  £.  infamy.     Fr.  infametd. 

Ingire,  ingyre,1  v.  n.  to  introduce  one's  self,  to  bring,  to  come 
forward,  to  intermeddle  with.  Fr.  s'inge'rer. 

Ingrat,  ingrate,  adj.  ungrateful.  Fr.  ingrat.  "  ze  haif 
schauen  zou  rycht  ingrat  contrar  me."  2 

Ingyne,   engyne,  engenie,  s.   ingenuity,  genius,  disposition. 

0.  Fr.  engin. 

"  This  Edward  Balliole  after  on  ane  da, 
About  that  hous  ane  souer  seig  gart  la, 
With  all  ingyne  in  ony  heid  that  lyis, 
Or  mannis  wit,  culd  in  that  tyme  devyss." 3 

Injure,  s.  injury.     Fr.  injure. 

"  And  all  the  Pechtis  at  this  tyme  distroy, 
Hes  done  til  ws  so  greit  injure  and  noy."  * 

"  the  prudent  seneque  gyuis  cummand  to  repreif  vitht  out 
iniure,"  &c.5 

Inkirly,6  adv.  heartily,  fervently.     Fr.  en  cceur. 

Inquietit,7/ar/.  pas.  disquieted.     Fr.  inquire". 

Intimee,8  v.  a.  to  make  known,  to  intimate.     Fr.  intimer. 

Inutil,  onutile,  adj.  useless.  Fr.  inutile,  "allace,  i  laubyr 
nycht  and  day  vitht  my  handis  to  neureis  lasche  and  inutil  idil 
men,"  &c.9 

1   G.    Douglas,    iii.     226,     15  ;     283,    9.  also   p.    272,  1.    8687 ;   p.   283,  1.  8997 ;   p. 

'Crim.  Trials,'  vol.  ii.  p.  260,  A.D.  1600.  302,  1.  9565  ;  p.  303,  1.  9585. 

*  'The  Complaynt  of  Scotlande,'  p.   105,  5  'The  Complaynt  of  Scotlande,'  p.    130, 

1.  9.     Cf.  p.  20,  1.  15.  11.  S,  6-     See  P-  «33.  L  9 !  P-  HI,  1-  23. 

3  '  The  Bulk  of  the  Croniclis  of  Scotland,'         •  G.  Douglas,  iii.  12,  8. 

vol.  iii.  p.  316,  11.  52,975-52,978.     See  'The  7  '  Bp.  Lesley's  Hist.,' p.  166. 

Complaynt  of  Scotlande,'  p.  4,  1.  15  ;  p.   22,  8  Ibid.,  p.  113. 

11.  I,  2  ;  p.  i6l,I.  29.  9  'The  Complaynt  of  Scotlande,'  p.   123, 

4  Ibid.,  vol.  i.  p.  270,  11.  8640,  8641.     See  11.  12,  13.     See  p.  28,  1.  10. 


284  CIVILISATION  IN  SCOTLAND. 

* 

Irus,  irows,1  adj.  angry.     O.  Fr.  ireux. 

Jangil,2  v.  a.  to  prate.     O.  Fr.  gengler,  jangler? 
Janglar,4  s.  prater.     O.  Fr.  gengleur. 
Joyeusity,  s.  jollity,  mirth,     fr.joyeusett. 
Joyse,  v.  a.  to  enjoy,  possess.     Fr.jouir. 

"  And  zour  successioun  thay  sail  be 
Eradicat  frome  zour  ryngs,  trewlie, 
And  geuin  to  vncouth  Natioun, 
To  loyse  zour  Habitatioun." 5 

Juge,  v.  a.  to  judge.  Yr.juger.  "  Ther  is  na  prudent  man 
that  vil  iuge  that  this  pistil  procedis  of  assentatione  or  adula- 
tione,"  &c.6 

Jugement,  s.  judgment.  Yr.jugement.  "  the  quhilk  i  beleif 
sal  cum  haistyly  on  them  be  the  rycht  iugement  of  god,"  &c.7 

Langage,  s.  language.     Fr.  langage. 

"  Syne  with  fair  langage  did  thame  all  exhort 
Into  that  battell  stalwartlie  to  byde."8 

Langorius,  adj.  weak.  Fr.  langueur.  "  Than  quhen  this 
lady  persauit  hyr  thre  sonnis  in  that  langorius  stait,  sche 
began,"  &c.9 

1  G.  Douglas,  ii.  92,  31.  6  '  The  Complaynt  of  Scotlande,1  p.  3,  11. 

3  Ibid.,  i.  48,  28  ;  iv.  230,  15.  2-4.     See  p.  9,  1.  17  ;  p.  129,  1.  7. 

*  "  Decurrunt    li   parlant  anciene  chose?         7  Ibid.,  p.  125,  11.  7,  8. 

janglerunt  cil  ki  ovrent  felunie?"   Ps.  xciii.  8  'The  Buik  of  the  Croniclis  of  Scotland,' 

4.     'Le  Livre  des  Psaumes,'  p.  172.  vol.  iii.  p.  176,  11.  48,236,  48,237. 

*  G.  Douglas,  1.48,21.  •  'The  Complaynt  of  Scotlande,'  p.  70, 
8  'Ane  Compendious  and  Breve  Tractate,'  11.  31,  32.     See  p.  122,  1.  21. 

p.  7, 11.  123-126. 


LASCH—LEIS.  285 


Lasch,1  adj.  relaxed,  lazy,  slack,  weary,  devoted  to  idleness. 
O.  Fr.  lasche. 

Lautee,2  lautie,  lawta,  lawte,  lawtie,  lawty,  lawtith,  s.  loyalty. 

0.  Fr.  leautd. 

"  Peace  and  policie,  riches  and  renoun, 
Welth  and  weilfair  in  castell,  tour  and  toun, 
Plesure  and  plentie  ar  war  in  his  dais, 
With  law  and  lawtie,  so  my  author  says." 3 

Truth  :- 

"  Frome  fraude,  falset,  and  frome  gyle, 
,  No  Preaching  can  the  pepill  allure. 
Lawtie  and  luife  ar  in  exile."  * 

Leal,  leil,  leile,  lele,  adj.  loyal,  true,  true-hearted.  O.  Fr. 
leial,  loial,  pronounced  in  Normandy  tial. 

"  A  leal  heart  never  lied."  • 

"  I'm  wearin'  awa' 
To  the  land  o'  the  leal."9 

"  Syne  war  all  suorne  to  keip  that  leill  and  trew." 7 

Lechery,8  s.  gluttony,  debauchery.  O.  Fr.  lechiere,  a  glutton, 
a  parasite  (Fr.  Idcher). 

Leis,  s.  harm,  wrong.  Fr.  fese,  off.,  used  only  in  compound 
words. 

1  G.  Douglas,  iii.  269,  29.  6  '  Life  and  Songs  of  Baroness  Nairne,'  p. 

a  Henryson,  'The  Want  of  Wise  Men,"  1.  163  :  London,  1869— 8vo. 

34  ;  among  his  poems,  p.  37.  7  '  The    Buik  of   the  Croniclis  of   Scot- 

3  '  The  Buik  of  the  Croniclis  of  Scotland,'  land,'  vol.  i.   p.   37,  1.   1269.     See  p.  45,  1. 
vol.  i.  pp.  41,  42,  11.  1419-1422.     Cf.  p.  54,  1544;   p.    59,  1.  2018;   vol.  iii.  p.   313,  11. 

1.  1848;  vol.  iii.  p.  549,  1.  60,793.  58,866. 

4  'The  Lamentatioun,'  &c.,  11.  21-23.   La"-         8  '  Privy  Council  Register,'  March  5,  1616, 
der's  Minor  Poems,  p.  27.  quoted  by  Robert  Chambers,  '  Domestic  An- 

*  'Allan  Ramsay's  Scotch  Proverbs.'  nals  of  Scotland,'  vol.  i.  p.  478. 


286  CIVILISATION  IN  SCOTLAND. 

"  Or  passit  wes  ane  schort  part  of  tha  trewis, 
Out  of  Ingland  rycht  mony  smaik  and  schrewis 
Into  Scotland  king  Edward  send,  but  leis, 
In  that  purpois  for  to  perturbe  the  peice."  l 


Levit,2  /?•£/.  relieved,  alleviated,  lightened.     Fr.  levt. 

Logicinar,  s.  logician.  Fr.  logicien.  "  The  sophist  logici- 
naris  per  chance  may  argou,"  &c.3 

Losanger,4  s.  a  sluggard,  a  loiterer.     O.  Fr.  losengier? 

Lossingeir,6  losyngeour,  losengere,  v.  a.  to  deceive.  O.  Fr. 
lozenger. 

Louabill,  lovabyll,7  adj.  praiseworthy.     Fr.  louable. 

Loue,  v.  a.  to  praise.  Fr.  louer.  "  the  prudent  seneque 
gyuis  cummand  to  repreif  vitht  out  iniure,  and  loue  vitht  out 
flattery."  8 

Lubrecus,  adj.  lewd.     Fr.  lubriq-ue. 

"  Rycht  lubrecus  and  full  of  vanitie, 
Of  concubinis  ane  hundreth  than  had  he."  * 

Lurd,10  adj.  clumsy,  stupid,  awkward.     Fr.  lourd. 
Lurdary,  s.  sottishness.     O.  Fr.  lourderie. 
Lurdon,  lurdane,  s.  a  lazy  woman;  a  great  heavy  fellow.    Fr. 
lourdaud. 


1  'The  Bulk  of  the  Croniclis  of  Scotland,'  Francisque-Michel :  Paris,  A.D.  1856. 

voL  Hi.  p.  262,  11.  51,133-51,136.     Cf.  p.  66,  '  G.  Douglas,  iii.  148,  14. 

I.  44,648,  and  p.  252,  1.  50,827.  7  Ibid.,  i.  4,  4 ;  iii.  301,  7. 

1  '  Clariodus,'  p.  367,  1.  2756.  8  'The  Complaynt  of  Scotlande,'  p.  130, 

3  '  The  Complaynt  of  Scotlande,'  p.   183,  11.  5,  6. 

II.  22,  23.  •  'The  Bulk  of  the  Croniclis  of  Scotland,' 

4  G.  Douglas,  iv.  89,  I.  vol.  i.  p.  166,  11.  5449,  5450. 

»  "  Mais  si  le  m'ont  tolu  cil  son  sirvent,  10  '  The   Autobiography  and  Diary  of  Mr 

Li  cuvcrt  losengier  e  recreent."  James  Melvill,'  p.  21. 
—'Gerard  de  Rossillon,'  p.   335,  edited  by 


MAGNANIME  —  MAITTALENT.  287 

Magnanime,  magnanyme,  adj.  magnanimous.  Fr.  ma- 
gnanime.  "  The  immortal  gloir,  that  procedis  be  the  rycht  lyne 
of  vertu,  fra  zour  magnanime  auansing  of  the  public  veil  of 
the  affligit  realme  of  scotlande,  is  abundantly  dilatit  athort  al 
cuntreis." ] 

Magre,2  magree,  mager,  magir,  magry,  s.  wrong,  injury,  ill- 
disposition.  O.  Fr.  maugrd. 

"  For  all  his  preching  come  bot  hulie  speid, 
And  mekill  mager  gat  als  to  his  meid."8 

As  a  preposition  : — 

"  And  Mackobene  lang  seiging  wald  persew, 
Magree  his  will  that  he  wald  win  that  hous."4 

As  a  phrase  :— 

"  To  that  same  ferry  syne  quhen  tha  come  till, 
The  ferriar,  in  magir  of  his  will, 
Out  of  his  bed  at  midnycht  gart  him  ryis."  • 

Mailleys,6  s.  trouble,  uneasiness.     Fr.  malaise. 

Maistry,7  s.  authority.     O.  Fr.  maistrie. 

Maittalent,  maltalent,  matalent,8  s.  ill-will,  rage.  O.  Fr.  mal- 
talent? mautalent.  "  the  grite  afflictione  .  .  .  hes  pro- 
cedit  fra  the  maltalent  of  dame  fortoune,"  &c.10 

1  'The  Complaynt  of  Scotlande,' p.    I,  11.  the   word   is   pronounced   magger.      Another 

1-4.     See  p.  2,  1.  5  ;  p.  4,  11.  3,  13.  phrase  is  "a  magger  o'  the  neck."    The  word 

3  G.  Douglas,  ii.  190,  15 ;  iii.  205,  17  ;  iv.  is  also  used  as  a  verb  in  the  sense  of  overcome. 
206,  23.  *  G.  Douglas,  iv.  94,  30. 

1  'The  Buik  of  the  Croniclis  of  Scotland,'         7  Ibid.,  ii.  227,  16. 

vol.  ii.  p.  306, 11.  29,301,  29,302.     See  vol.  i.          8  Ibid.,  ii.  22  ;  heading,  c.  i. ;  iii.  336,  29 ; 

p.  429,  1.  13,409.  iv.  165,  13. 

4  Ibid.,  vol.  ii.  p.  623,  11.  39,286,  39,287.  "  "  Espand   sur  eals   tuen  maltalent,"  Ps. 
6  Ibid.,  vol.  iii.  p.  343,  11.  53,917-53,919;  Ixviii.  27.     '  Le  Livre  des  Psaumes,'  p.  119. 

Cf.  p.  5,  1.  42,637  ;  p.  274,  I.   51,563.     The         10  'The  Complaynt  of  Scotlande,'  p.  22, 
phrase  is  still  used  in  parts  of  Banffshire,  and      11.  29-32. 


288  CIVILISATION  IN  SCOTLAND.  _ 

Makrell,1  s.  bawd.     Fr.  maquerelle. 

Malaccord,2   s.    disapprobation,   dissent,   refusal.      Fr.   mat 
accord. 

Malapert,3  adj.  impudent,  forward.     O.  Fr.  malapert. 

Malefice,4  s.  a  bad  action.     O.  Fr.  mattfice? 

Maleson,  malison,  s.  a  curse.     O.  Fr.  malei^on,  maleison. 

"  O  gin  ye  gang  to  May  Margaret 

Without  the  leave  o'  me, 
Clyde's  waters  are  wide  and  deep  enough, 
My  malison  down  on  thee." 

Maleurus,7  adj.  unhappy,  miserable.     Fr.  malheureux. 
Mai-grace,  s.  in  bad  favour.     Fr.  mal  and  grace. 
Malgratious,  adj.  surly.     Fr.  malgracieux. 
Malhure,    malleur,  malleivure,  s.  mischance.     Fr.  malheur. 

"  This  warld  is  war  nor  euer  it  was  ! 
Full  of  myscheif,  and  all  malure."  * 

Malverse,  s.  a  crime.     Fr.  malverser,  to  behave  ill. 
Malvytd,  mawte,  s.  vice.     O.  Fr.  malvaistti?  malvetie. 
Mankie,  v.  n.  to  miss,  to  fail  (Mearns).     Fr.  manquer. 
Manneis,   v.  a.  to  threaten.      Fr.    menacer.      "  quhar  thai 


1  G.  Douglas,  ii.  170,  30.  wood  &  Sons,  A.D.   1859.     See  St.  xiv.  and 

5  'Spalding,'  2d  ed.,  vol.  i.  p.  216.  xviii. 

*  G.  Douglas,  iii.  207,  19.  7  G.  Douglas,  iv.  6,  16. 

«  'The  Journal  of  Mr  James  Hart,'  &c.,  e  'The  Lamentatioun,'  11.  I,  2.  Lauder's 

'7'S.  P-  54=  Edinburgh,  1832—410.  Minor  Poems,  p.  26:  E.E.T.S.,  1870. 

3  See  '  Les  Chroniques  de  Sire  Jean  Frois-  '  "  E  je  1'laissai  remeindre  en  la  malvaistie 

sart.'t.  iii.  p.  151,  col.  2.  de  lur  quer,"  Ps.  Ixxx.  11.  'Le  Livre  des 

6  'The  Ballads  of  Scotland,'  vol.  I.  p.  156.  Psaumes,'  p.  150. 
Edited  by  W.  E.  Aytoun.     William  Black- 


MANNESSING—MEMOR.  289 

manneist  and  scornit  the  sillie  romans  that  var  in  that  gryt 
vile  perplexite."  l 

Mannessing,  s.  threatening.     "  bot  al  the  mannessing   that 
is  maid  to  them    .     .     .     altris  nocht  ther  couetyse  desyre."2 

Mayt,3  v.  to  overwhelm,  to  overcome.      Fr.  mater. 

Mediment,     memiment,     mennmint,     s.    amendment.       Fr. 
amendenicnt. 

Mel,  v.  H.  to  meddle.     Fr.   meler.     "  it  var  mair  necessair 
ande  honest  for  hym  to  vse  his  auen  professione  ande  faculte, 
nor  to  mel  vitht  ony  faculte  that  passis  his  knaulage."  4 
To  engage  in  battle  : — 

"  Fra  that  the  king  knew  weill  and  vnderstude, 
Weill  mycht  he  nocht  mell  with  sic  multitude,"  8  &c. 

Melle,  mally,6  s.  battle,  contest.     Fr.  mette. 

"  He  schew  till  him  at  lasar  euerilk  thing, 
Of  thair  melle  the  first  da  as  tha  met,"  ~  &c. 

Memor,   memore,   memoir,  s.  remembrance.     Fr.  mtnioire. 

"  For  euerie  man  desyris  laud  and  gloir, 
And  for  till  haue  his  gude  name  in  memor."8 

"or  of  ony  vthir  verteouse   lady  that   plutarque   or  bocchas 
hes  discriuit,  to  be  in  perpetual  memore."  9 

1  'The  Complaynt  of  Scotlande,'  p.   102,  «  G.  Douglas,  ii.  49,  6;  iii.  119,  23. 

11.  29,  30.  7  '  The  Buik  of  the  Croniclis  of  Scotland,' 

3  Ibid.,  p.  126,  11.  5-7.     See  p.  140,  1.  I.  vol.  i.  p.   150,  11.  4970,  4971.     Cf.  vol.  i.  p. 

3  G.  Douglas,  ii.  173,  5  ;  iii.  255,  I.  175,  1.  5735. 

4  'The   Complaynt   of  Scotlande,'  p.   15,  8  Ibid.,  vol.  i.  p.   2.   11.   54,   55.     See  vol. 
11.  31-33.  i.  p.  271,  1.  8648  ;  vol.  iii.  p.  287,  I.  51,988. 

8  The  Buik  of  the  Croniclis  of  Scotland,' f      9  'The  Complaynt  of  Scotlande,'  p.  2,  11. 
vol.  i.  p.  104,  11.  3508,  3509.  *    12-14.     Seep.  2,  1.  14. 

2  O 


290 


CIVILISATION  IN  SCOTLAND. 


Mends,  mendis,  s.  atonement.     Fr.  amende. 

"  '  QuhiH  that  I  leif  zit  sal  I  neuir  forzet, 
Quhill  ane  mendis  or  ane  vengeance  [I]  get.'  " 

Menze,2  menzie,  s.  household,  family,  company.  O.  Fr. 
mesnie. 

"  And  he  allane  left  with  sua  few  menzie," 3  &c. 

Merciable,  adj.  merciful.     O.  Fr.  merciable.* 
Merciall,  adj.  merciful.     O.  Fr.  merciaule. 
Misauenture,  s.  mishap,  misfortune.     Fr.  me"saventure. 

"  On  euerie  syde  tha  socht  bayth  vp  and  doun 
Quhair  tha  mycht  find  ane  strenth  to  big  ane  toun, 
Thairin  to  rest  and  saifle  do  thair  cuir, 
Fra  feid  of  fais  and  all  misauenture."  * 

Mischancie,  .y.  wickedness,  recklessness.  Fr.  mtck&ncett.  In 
English  there  is  mischance,  ill-luck,  ill-fortune,  mishap  ;  but  this 
word  has  a  different  root,  being  derived  from  mis  and  chance, 
which  gave  rise  also  to  adj.  chancy,  lucky.  Fr.  chanceux. 
Another  etymon  should  be  ascribed  to  mischanter,  misfortune, 
disaster — viz.,  mdsaventure. 

Mischand,6  mischant,  mishant,  meschant,  s.  and  adj.  wicked, 
evil,  naughty ;  a  wretch,  a  worthless  person.  Fr. 


1  'The  Bulk  of  the  Croniclis  of  Scotland,' 
vol.  i.  p.  303,  11.  9594,  9595.     See  vol.  i.  p. 
in,  1.  3765. 

2  G.  Douglas,  ii.  49,  22;   119,  25. 

5  'The  Bulk  of  the  Croniclis  of  Scotland,' 
vol.  i.  p.  224,  1.  7239. 


4  "Pur  icest  uret  toz  merciables  a  tei, " 
Ps.  xxxi.  7.  '  Le  Livre  des  Psaumes. '  See 
Ps.  iv.  3,  xi.  I,  and  xv.  10. 

6  'The  Bulk  of  the  Croniclis  of  Scotland,' 
vol.  i.  p.  12,  II.  421-424. 

6  G.  Douglas,  i.  61,  15. 


M/SCHANTRESSE— MISTER.  291 

Hence  mischantlie,  mischeantlie,  mischeantly,  adv.  wickedly.1 
Fr.  mtchamment. 

Mischantresse,  ^.  wickedness.      Fr.  mdchant. 

Miscontent,  adj.  dissatisfied.  Fr.  mdcontent.  Hence  mis- 
contenlincnt.  Fr.  mt!contentement. 

Misere,  misire,  s.  misery.  Fr.  misere.  "for  the  misere  of 
mistirful  men,  and  for  the  vepying  of  pure  men,  the  diuyne 
Justice  sal  exsecut  strait  punitione." 

Misericord,  s.  mercy.  Fr.  mise'ricorde.  "quhy  vil  ze  nocht 
haue  misericord  and  pytie  of  zour  natiue  cuntre."3 

Misericorde,  adj.  merciful.     O.  Fr.  misericors. 

Miserite,  s.  misery.  "  the  discentione  and  discord  and 
rancor  that  ryngis  amang  zou,  is  the  speciale  cause  of  the  inglis- 
me[n]is  inuasions  and  of  zour  miserite."  * 

Mispris,  v.  a.  to  despise.  O.  Fr.  mespriser.  "  he  that  mis- 
prisis  the  correctione  of  his  preceptor,  his  correctione  is 
changit  in  rigorus  punitione."  5 

Mister,6  myster,  s.  need,  necessity.  O.  Fr.  mestier;1  Danish 
mister. 

"  Be  wer,  tharefor,  with  walkryfe  Ee, 
And  mend,  geue  ony  myster  be."  s 

"  Quhen  mister  is  of  men  and  als  money,"9  &c. 

1  •Crim.  Trials, '  vol.  iii.  pp.  5,  245,  359,         6  G.  Douglas,  ii.  53,  I  ;  iv.  9,  II. 
549.    55'-      Lesley's  'Hist,    of  Scot.,'  p.    II.  7  "  N'oustes  mester  unc  mais  si  grant, 

Moysie,    'Memoirs  of  the  Affairs  of  Scot.,'  Cum  oravezde  Dcu  guarant." 

p.  70.  — Saint  Brandan,  p.  54,  11.  1118,  1119. 

3  'The  Complaynt  of  Scotlande,'  p.   125,          8  'Ane  Compendious  and  Breve  Tractate,' 

11.  12-14.     Seep.  72,  1.6.  by  William    Lauder,   p.    17,   11.   489,   490. 

3  Ibid.,  p.  72,  1.  19.  See  p.  13,  1.  347;  and  p.  16,  1.  430. 

4  Ibid.,  p.  92,  11.  11-13.  9  'The  Buik  of  the  Croniclis  of  Scotlaml,' 

5  Ibid.,  p.  28,  11.  22,  23.  vol.  i.  p.  180,  1.  5864. 


292  CIVILISATION  IN  SCOTLAND. 

: ___ . : • 

Misterful,1  adj.  needy. 

Monstrance,  s.  show,  display.     O.  Fr.  monstrance. 

Monyss,  v.  a.  to  warn.  Fr.  admonester.  A  term  used  in 
law,  when  the  judge,  instead  of  inflicting  punishment,  simply 
warns.  Monesting,  admonition,  is  the  noun. 

Mowence,  s.  motion,  progress.     O.  Fr.  mouvancc. 

Moyenour,  j.  agent.  O.  Fr.  moyenneur.  "  Le  seigneur 
Ingrand,  qui  estoit  le  tiers  et  moyenneur,"2  &c. 

Murmer,  murmour,  v.  a.  to  murmur  against.  Fr.  murmurer. 
"tha  ar  solist  to  puneise  them  that  detrakkis  and  murmeris 
ther  obstinat  abusione."  3 

To  calumniate  secretly  : — 

"  This  nobill  king  to  thame  agane  said  he, 

'  Quhat  is  the  caus  than  that  ze  murmour  me, 
To  vse  my  awin  be  cours  of  commoun  law  ? '  " 4 

Musardrye,  s.  musing,  dreaming.     O.  Fr.  musardie. 
Myance,  myans,  meyen,  moyan,  moyane,  moen,  meayne,  s. 
means  ;  influence,  interest ;  intelligence,  intimation.    Fr.  moyen? 
Mysaventour,6  s.  misfortune.     Fr.  mdsaventure. 

Naive,7  adj.  lively,  natural.     Fr.  naif,  naive. 

1  G.  Douglas,  ii.  43,  14.  read  moyenour,  and  printed  inoyenour. 

3  ' Les  Contes  et Discours  d'Eutrapel,'  fol.  *  'The  Complaynt  of  Scotlande,'  p.    160, 

34  recto.     This  word,  as  well  as  moyener,  moy-  11.  30-32.     See  also  p.  183,  1.  8. 

aner,   the  only  ones  quoted    by  Jamieson,  4  '  The  Buik  of  the  Croniclis  of  Scotland,' 

occurs  in  'Sir  J.  Melville's  Memoirs,'  A.D.  vol.  iii.  p.  543,  11.  60,608-60,610. 

1565,  p.  141  ;  A.D.    1567-1589,  pp.  182,  219.  e  "J'ayam^unejcunefillc 

Cf.  Lindsay  of  Pitscottie,  '  The  Chronicles  of  D'un  grand  mtyex." 

Scot.,'  vol.  ii.  p.  358  ;  '  Philotus,"  st.  87,  fol.  — '  Recueil  des  plus  belles  chansons  de  dances 

D.  2  verso;    '  Crim.  Trials,'  vol.  i.  p.  333;  de  ce  temps :'  Caen,  1615 — I2mo. 

vol.   ii.   pp.   247,   435,  482 ;  and  vol.  iii.  p.  6  G.  Douglas,  iii.  230,  32. 

288.     In  that  last   passage  Pitcairn  has  mis-  7  '  Melvill's  Diary,'  p.  75. 


NA  R  G—  OBSER  VA  NCE.  29  3 

Narg,  nargon,  v.  a,  to  chide,  to  scold,  conveying  the  idea  of 
continuation  (Aberd.1)  Fr.  narguer. 

Natural,  naturall,2  s.  temper,  disposition.     Fr.  naturel. 

Naturalitie,  s.  kindness.     Fr.  naturalitt. 

Neance,3  .y.  denial,  gainsaying.     O.  Fr.  niance. 

Necessair,  adj.  necessary.  Fr.  ndcessaire.  "forithocht  it 
nocht  necessair  til  hef  fardit  ande  lardit  this  tracteit 4  vitht  ex- 
quisite termis."  5 

Negocis,6  s.  pi.  business.     Fr.  ndgoce. 

Nice,  adj.  simple.     O.  Fr.  nice,  Lat.  nescius. 

Nicete,  nycete,  s.  simplicity.     O.  Fr.  nicetd. 

Noblay,  s.  nobleness ;  courage.     O.  Fr.  nobloi. 

Notour,  nottour,  adj.  notorious.     Fr.  notoire. 

Noy,  s.  hurt.     Fr.  nuire,  part.  pas. ;  in  O.  Fr.  neii. 

"  And  how  it  had  done  thame  greit  sturt  and  noy, 
And  wes  rycht  lyke  the  kinrik  till  distroy."  7 

Hindrance  : — 

"Than  euerilk  man  but  ony  noy  drew  neir."8 

Ny,  v.  a.  to  deny.     Fr.  nier. 

"  '  Now  at  this  tyme,  I  bid  nocht  for  to  nyit, 
On  the  he  lais  the  haill  cans  and  the  wyit.' " 

Observance,10  s.  homage.     Fr.  id. 

1  Smith's  '  Douglas  Travestie,'  p.   12.  p.  330. 

2  '  Melvill's  Diary,'  pp.  293,  307.  7  'The  Buik  of  the  Croniclis  of  Scotland,' 

3  '  Clariodus,'  p.  295,  1.  446.  vol.  i.  p.  40,  11.  1381,  1382.     See  vol.  iii.  p. 

4  O.  Fr.  traictt ;  Prov.  traclat.  388,  1.  55,443. 

5  'The  Complaynt  of  Scotlande,'  p.  16,  11.  8  Ibid.,  vol.  i.  p.  52,  1.  1763. 

13,  14.     See  p.  7,  11.  i,  7  ;  p.  10,  11.  n,  13;         9  Ibid.,  vol.  i.  p.  208,  11.  6761,  6762.    See 
p.  17,  1.  6;  p.  37,  1.  8;  p.  186,  1.  I.  vol.  i.  p.  217,  1.  7031. 

6 'Sir  J.   Melville's   Memoirs,'  A.n.    1584,          I0  G.  Douglas,  i.  I,  16. 


294  CIVILISATION  IN  SCOTLAND. 

t 

Obstant,1  adj.  opposing.     O.  Fr.  obstant. 
Orisone,  oresoun,  s.  oration.     Fr.  oraison. 

"  Quhen  he  had  his  orisone  said  and  endit,"  "  &c. 

Oultrage,  s.  outrage.  O.  Fr.  ultrage  (written  by  Palsgrave 
oultrage].  "  thai  parsecut  my  body  vitht  oultrage  and  hayr- 
schip."  3 

Outrance,  j.  extremity.     Fr.  id. 

Paip,  s.  pope.     Fr.  pape. 

" '  We  do  the  paip  this  tyme  to  wnderstand,'  "  *  &c. 

Palzardry,5  s.  whoredom.       Fr.  paillardise,  from  paillard, 
literally,  "  qui  couche  sur  la  paille." 
Palzeart,  s.  a  lecher. 

"  And  so  as  Palzeartis  in  Peltrie  perseueiris, 
Quhill  of  thair  strenth  consumit  be  the  zeris."  6 

Pance,7  panse,  v.  n.  to  reflect,  study,  think,  ponder  on.  Fr. 
penser. 

"  And  in  tymes  camming  lat  none  so  ernistlie  pance 
On  earthlie  glore,  that  lestis  bot  ane  glance."  8 

Pansis,  s.  thoughts,     ^r.pens&s. 
Papelarde,  adj.  hypocrite.     O.  Fr.  papelard. 

1  G.  Douglas,  iv.  134,  23.  vol.  iii.  p.  128,  1.  46,709. 

a  'The  Buik  of  the  Croniclis  of  Scotland,'         l  G.  Douglas,  ii.  170,  15. 
vol.  i.  p.  49,  1.   1659.     Cf.  vol.  i.  p.  32,  1.         6  'Ane  Godlie  Tractate  or  Mirrour,'  by 

1074;  p.  36,  1.  1224 ;  p.  269,  1.  8607.  William  Lauder,  p.  19,  11.  526,  527. 

3  '  The  Complaynt  of  Scotlande,'    p.   123,         7  '  Melvill's  Diary,' pp.  268,  495. 

1.  16.     See  p.  101,  1.  9.  8  'Ane  Godlie  Tractate  or  Mirrour,'  p.  25, 

4  '  The  Buik  of  the  Croniclis  of  Scotland,'      11.  706,  707.    See  p.  19,  1.  522. 


PA  RA  GE—PERNICKITIE.  295 

Parage,1  s.  lineage,  parentage,  kindred.  Fr.  parage?  rank, 
value. 

Paregale,  peregall,3  adj.     Fr.  pair  and  dgal. 

Parlour,4  s.  discourse.     O.  Fr.  parleiire. 

Part,5  adj.  ready.     Fr.  pret. 

Pastance,6  s.  pastime.     Fr.  passetcmps. 

Peerie,  adj.  timid,  fearful.     Fr.  peureux. 

Pensy,  pensie,  pensit,  adj.  proud  and  conceited.  Fr.  pensif. 
Pensieness  is  the  noun,  and  pensylie  the  adverb. 

"  That  pensit  knaif  without  nurtour  or  aw, 
This  ilk  Hamtoun  than  with  ane  knyfe  he  hurt," 7  &c. 

Peranter,  adv.  peradventure,  contracted  from  Fr.  par  aventure. 
A  passage  from  an  author  of  the  seventeenth  century  shows 
that  such  a  pronunciation  was  not  unknown  in  France : 
"  Boulanger  Paranture,  car  il  disoit  toujours  paranture  au  lieu 
depar  aventure,  estoit  un  illustre  avaricieux."  8 

Pere,  peer,  peere,9  s.  and  adj.  equal.     O.  Fr.  per. 

Perjink,  prejink,  adj.  exact.     O.  Fr./ar  andjomct. 

Pernickitie,  adj.  precise  in  trifles.  Fr.  bernique.  At  Bor- 
deaux, where  the  Scottish  merchants  used  to  come  regularly 
for  the  purpose  of  bartering,10  bernique  has  the  same  sense  as 
pernickitie. 

1  G.  Douglas,  iii.  84,  9.  vol.  i.  p.  159.     G.  Douglas,  i.  17,  II. 

2  "  N'a  baron  chevalier  de  nul  parage  7  '  The  Bulk  of  the  Croniclis  of  Scotland, ' 

Qui  n'i  ait  perdu  home  de  son  lignage."  vol.  iii.  p.  259,  11.  51,054,    51,055.      See  vol. 

— '  Gerard  de  Rossillon,' edited  by  Francisque-  iii.  p.  161,1.47,757. 

Michel:  Paris,  A.  D.  1856 — I2mo,  p.  290.  8  '  Les    Historiettes    de    Tallemant     des 

3  G.  Douglas,  ii.  148,  4.  Reaux,'  t.  vi.  p.  509,  note. 

4  Ibid.,  i.  39,  1 1.  9  Douglas's  '  Virgil,'  366,  48.      '  The  Pistill 
*  '  Burgh  Records  of  the  City  of  Glasgow,'  of  Susan,'  st.  iii. 

A.D.  1579-80,  p.  119.  10  'Les  Ecossais  en  France,'  £c.,  vol.   ii. 

6  Dunbar,  "  To  the  King,"  I.  12.      Poems,      pp.  128-130. 


296  CIVILISATION  IN  SCOTLAND. 

____^_______ _£ _ __ 

Perqueir,  perquire,  perquer,  perqueir,  adj.  and  adv.  exact, 
skilled,  exactly.  Fr.  par  and  O.  Fr.  queor,  quer?  czier,  Fr.  cceur. 

"  Gude  Williame  Sinclair  he  wes  ane  of  tha, 
Robert  Logane  the  tother  of  tha  tua, 
And  mony  vther  nobill  man  in  feir, 
Of  quhome  thair  names  I  haif  nocht  perqueir."  - 

"  That  none  in  erth  that  da  wes  so  perqueir 
In  medicyne,  he  wist  weill,  as  that  freir."3 

Piete,  pietie,  s.  pity.     Fr.  pitid. 

Pissance,4  pussance,  pyssance,  s.  power.  Fr.  puissance. 
"  be  cause  that  he  dois  sa  mekil  as  his  pissance  maye  distri- 
bute."5 

Pissant,6  pussant,  adj.  powerful.     Fr.  puissant. 

Plasmator,  s.  creator.  O.  Fr.  plasmateiir.1  ".  .  .  the  lament- 
abil  voce  and  cryis  of  the  affligit  pepil  complenant  to  the 
hauyn,  vil  moue  to  pitie  the  clemens  of  the  maist  merciful  and 
puissant  diuyne  plasmator." ! 

Plenze,  v.  n.  to  complain.     Fr.  plaindre ;  O.  Fr.  je plaing? 

"  Wes  neuir  man  of  him  had  caus  to  plenze," 10  &c. 
Plesance,  s.  pleasure.     Fr.  plaisance. 


1  "  Tu  dunas   leece  en  mun  quer,"    Ps.  5  'The  Complaynt  of  Scotlande,'  p.  7,  11. 

iv.  8.     'Le  Livre  des  Psaumes.'     See  Ps.  iv.  34,  35. 

5,  vii.  9,  10.  6  G.  Douglas,  ii.  222,  15. 

3  'The  Bulk  of  the  Croniclis  of  Scotland,'  7  "Le    souverain   plasmateur    Dieu  tout- 

vol.  iii.   p.   287,  11.   51,969-51,972.     See  p.  puissant." — Rabelais,  ii.  8. 

286,  1.   51,966;  also  'Ane  Trew  and  Breve  8  'The  Complaynt  of  Scotlande,'   p.  125, 

Sentencius  Discriptioun,'  &c.    Lauder's  '  Min-  11.  18-20. 

or  Poems,'  p.  37,  1.  4.     E.E.T.S. :  1870.  9  '  Chansons  du  Chatelain  de  Couci,'  xviii. 

3  'The  Bulk  of  the  Croniclis  of  Scotland,'  p.  67. 

vol.  iii.  p.  278,  11.  51,683,  51,684.  10  'The  Buikof  the  Croniclis  of  Scotland,' 

4  G.  Douglas,  iii.  291,  n.  vol.  iii.  p.  97,  1.  45,665. 


PL  Y—POTESTA  T.  297 


"  Margaret  to  name  this  ilk  virgin  \ves  callit, 
With  all  his  fairnes  fulfillit  wes  and  wallit, 
Of  pulchritude  and  of  fairnes  but  feir, 
Of  plesance  als  without  compair  or  peir." l 

Ply,  s.  condition,  plight.     Fr.  pli,  condition  (figurative). 

Poid,2  s.  a  coarse,  impudent  fellow.  Poyd,3  adj.  low,  vile. 
O.  Fr./w/. 

Poistie,4  poistee,  poust,  pouste,  poustie,  s.  power,  ability, 
bodily  strength.  O.  Fr.  poestd,  poestet. 5 

Portie,  s.  mien,  carriage.     Fr.  port, 

Potestat,  potestate,  s.  pi.  potestatis,  s.  a  powerful  person, 
a  potentate.  O.  Fr.  poeste,  poested,  poesLet ; 6  Lat.  potestas. 

"  Vngodlie  lugis,  for  Solistatioun 
Of  Potestatis  with  wrang  Nerratioun, 
Wyll  tak  bot  lytill  thocht  or  cure 
But  reuth  for  to  oppresse  the  pure."  7 

"therfor  thir  potestatis  and  men  of  stait  that  dois  extorsions 
to  the  pure  pepil  thai  hef  mistir,"  8  &c. 
Power  :— 

"Trowand  thairof  that  no  man  dar  speik  ill, 
Becaus  he  is  ane  prince  of  potestate."  9 


1  'The  Buik  of  the  Croniclis  of  Scotland,'  •  "Cum  fors   eissist  Israel  de  L'gypte,  la 
vol.  iii.  p.  386,  11.   55,39l-55,394.     See  vol.  maisun  de  Jacob  del  pueple  estrange,  faiz  est 
i.  p.  258,  1.  8285.  Judas  en  saintefiement  de  lui,  Israel  la  poestet 

2  G.  Douglas,  i.  25,  2O.  de  lui."    '  Le  Livre  des  Psaumes,'  Ps.  cxiii.  I. 

3  Ibid.,  ii.  170,  30.  7  '  Ane  Compendious  and  Breve  Tractate,' 
4<Crim.    Trials,'  A.D.    1588,    vol.    i.    pp.  p.  15,11.411-414. 

162,  163.  8  'The  Complaynt  of  Scotlande,'  p.  125, 

5  "Tu  durras  a  lui  poeste  sur  les  uevres  de  11.  14,  15. 

tes  mains."    '  Le  Livre  des  Psaumes,'  Ps.  viii.  9  '  The  Buik  of  the  Crouiclis  of  Scotland,' 

7.     See  Ps.  cii.  22,  and  cxiii.  I.  vol.  i.  p.  no,  11.  3729,  3730. 

2  r 


298  CIVILISATION  IN  SCOTLAND. 

Precheour,  prechour,  s.  preacher.  Fr.  precheur.  "  ande  as 
to  the  precheours,  i  reffer  that  to  the  vniuersal  auditur  of  oure 
real  me."1 

Pret,  adj.  ready.     Fr.  pret. 

"  Wltht  laureat  language  and  pret  for  till  prys, 
His  (he)  orisoun  begouth  he  on  this  wyss."  2 

« 

Prodig,  s.  excessive.  Fr.  prodiguc.  "  The  prodig  pride 
that  ringis  amang  gentil  men  is  detestabil."  3 

Prophetysze,  v.  a.  to  prophesy.  Fr.  prophttiser.  "...  that 
his  father  Adam  hed  prophetyszit  that  the  varld  sal  end  be 
vattir  and  be  the  fyir."  4 

Propos,5  s.  a  purpose.     Fr.  propos. 

Prow,  s.  profit,  advantage.     O.  Yr.prou. 

Pulce,  pulse,  v.  a.  to  force.  O.  Fr.  poulser,  Fr.  poiisser. 
"  necessite  pulsts  and  constrenzes  me  to  cry  on  god."  6 

Purches,  purchase,  s.  a  term  used  in  relation  to  bastardy, 
an  amour,  an  intrigue,  &c.  O.  Fr.  pourcJias.  Often  in  such 
matters — 

"  Le  pourchaz  ne  vault  pas  la  despense." 7 

Purviance,8  s.  assistance.     O.  Fr.  pourvoyance, 
Quite,9  adj.  requited.     O.  Fr.  quitt. 


1  'The   Complaynt  of  Scotlande,'  p.   29,  e  'Sir  J.  Melville's  Memoirs,'  p.  41. 

11.  19,  20.  6  'The  Complaynt  of  Scotlande,'  p.   125, 

*  'The  Buik  of  the  Croniclis  of  Scotland,"  11.  25,  26. 

vol.  i.  p.  63,  1L  2141,  2142.  7  '  Les  Poesies  de  Jean  Marot,'  p.  229. 

3  'The  Complaynt  of  Scotlande,'  p.   155,  8  G.  Douglas,  ii.  177,  9. 

11.  29,  30.  »  '  Crim.    Trials,'  A.u.    1600,    vol.   ii.    p. 

*  Ibid.,  p.  46,  11.  28,  29.     See  p.  22,  1.  19.  328. 


RADDOWRE—REPREME.  299 

Raddowre,  reddour,  s.  vehemence,  severity.     O.  Fr.  rcdor, 
reidur,  reddur;  Lat.  rigidus. 

Radote,  v.  n.  to  rave,  particularly  in  sleep.     Fr.  radoter. 

Raill,  v.  n.  to  jest.     Fr.  railler. 

Railyear,  s.  a  jester,  a  scoffer.     Fr.  raillcur. 

Rebute,1  s.  a  repulse.     Fr.  rebuter. 

Recray,  v.  a.  to  refresh  one's  self,  to  recreate,  and  Fr.  idiom, 


Refuis,  refuse,3  s.  refusal.     Fr.  refus. 
Releve,4  v.  to  recover,  rise  up.     Fr.  se  relever. 
Remord,  v.  a.  to  have  remorse  for  a  thing,  to  disburden  the 
conscience  ;  to  remember.     Fr.  remordre. 

"  Syne  efter  this,  as  ze  sail  wnderstand, 
The  baronis  all  that  war  into  Scotland, 
Richt  mekle  ill  amang  thame  with  grit  lak, 
Rycht  planlie  than  of  this  ilk  king  tha  spak, 
Becaus  that  he  than  tuke  in  his  awin  hand 
Ward  and  releif  of  euerie  lordis  land, 
And  mariage,  gif  that  I  rycht  remord, 
As  tha  of  law  sould  pay  to  thair  awin  lord."5 

Renyit,  part.  pas.  forsworn.     Fr.  renid. 

Repreif,6  v.  a.  to  reject,  disallow.     Fr.  rfyrouver. 

Repreme,  v.  a.  to  repress.  Fr.  rtprimer.  "  thir  vordis  .  .  . 
is  ane  souerane  remeid  ande  salutair  medycyn  to  repreme  and 
distroye  the  arrogant  consait,"  7  &c. 


1  G.  Douglas,  iv.  114,  32.  6  'The  Buik  of  the  Croniclis  of  Scotland,' 

2  '  Clariodus,'  p.  374,  I.  2971.  vol.  iii.  p.  542,  11.  60,568-60,575. 

3  '  Sir  J.  Melville's  Memoirs,'  A.D.  1588,  6  G.  Douglas,  i.  7,  4. 

p.  365.  7  'The  Complaynt  of  Scotlande,'  p.   154, 

4  G.  Douglas,  iv.  65,  16.  11.  30-33. 


300  CIVILISATION  IN  SCOTLAND. 

Repung,  v.  n.  to  be  repugnant  to.     Fr.  rtpugner. 
"  Infinite  repungis  to  figure." l 

Resile,  v.  n.  to  draw  back,  to  flinch,  &c.     Fr.  rtsilier. 

Ressent,  v.  a.  to  have  a  deep  sense  of  a  thing.  Fr.  ressentir, 
to  feel  deeply. 

Rest,  v.  n.  to  be  indebted  to  one.     Fr.  $tre  en  reste. 

Resurse,2  v.  to  spring  up.     O.  Fr.  ressourdre,  resurdre? 

Retour,  s.  return,  in  a  general  sense.  Fr.  id.  Hence  to 
retour,  to  return. 

Revert,4  v.  to  recover  from  a  swoon  or  from  sickness,  to 
revive.  O.  Fr.  revertir. 

Revure,  revoore,  adj.  thoughtful.     Fr.  r&veur. 

Ribaldeill,5  s.  ribaldry.     O.  Fr.  ribaudaille. 

Roule,6  s.  a  severe  blow.     Fr.  route  (?). 

Royet,  royit,  adj.  wild,  romping,  applied  to  the  wind  in  parts 
of  the  north.  Fr.  roide,  raide. 

Sacre,7  v.  a.  to  consecrate.     Fr.  sacrer. 
Salus,  v.  a.  to  salute.     O.  Fr.  saluz,  salus. 

"  Ane  Hielaud  clerk,  cled  in  ane  rob  of  gra, 
Befoir  the  king  with  mony  benge  and  bek, 
He  salust  him  on  to  that  samin  effecc,"  8  &c. 

Salutair,  adj.  salutary.     Fr.  salutaire.     "  thir  vordis  of  Salo- 


1  '  The  Bulk  of  the  Croniclis  of  Scotland,'         *  G.  Douglas,  i.  4,  I ;  iv.  87, 14. 
vol.  i.  p.  95,  1.  3204.    Cf.  p.  95,  1.  3215  ;  and         8  Ibid.,  ii.  13,  17. 
p.  96,  1.  3242.  e  Ibid.,  i.  101,  23. 

*  G.  Douglas,  iii.  251,  26.  i  Ibid.,  iii.  13,  14. 

8  "  Ki  dormit  nient  n'ajusterat  que  resur-         8  '  The  Bulk  of  the  Croniclis  of  Scotland,' 

det,"  Ps.  xl.  8.      'Le  Livre  des  Psaumes.'  vol.  iii.  p.  105,  11.  45,901-45,903. 


SALUTE— SENZEORY.  301 

mon  beand  veil  considerit,  is  ane  souerane  remeid  ande  salu- 
tair  medycyn," l  &c. 

Salute,  s.  safety.  Fr.  salut.  "  quhy  remembir  ze  nocht  that 
natur  hes  oblist  zou  till  auance  the  salute  ande  deffens  of  zour 
public  veil  ?  "  2 

Savendie,  s.  sagacity.     Fr.  savant. 

Savie,  s.  knowledge.  Fr.  savoir.  It  is  used  as  an  adj.  wise, 
experienced. 

Schelm,  s.  a  rascal.     O.  Fr.  chelme. 

Sclander,  sklandyr,  v.  a.  to  slander.  O.  Fr.  esclandre,  escan- 
dre,  Lat.  scandalum. 

Sclander,  sklandyr,  s.  slander.  "  It  is  nocht  possibil  to  gar 
extorsione  be  vitht  out  murmur  .  .  .  and  diuisione  vitht  out 
desolatione  and  sklandyr."  3 

Sclanderar,  s.  a  slanderer. 

Sklanderous,  adj.  slanderous.  "  Quhar  for  (o  my  sone 
speritualite)  i  exort  the  that  thou  cause  al  thy  membris  concur 
to  gyddir  to  mak  reformatione  of  the  sklanderous  abusione  that 
ringis  amang  them."  4 

Sembland,5  s.  appearance.     Fr.  semblant. 

Semple,  adj.  of  low  birth ;  opposed  to  gentle,  which  means 
of  better  blood.  Fr.  simple. 

Senzeory,6  senzeorie,  j.  dominion.     Fr.  seigneurie. 

" '  Quhilk  all  this  warld  witht  greit  victorie 
Subjectit  hes  vnto  thair  senzeorie,' " 7  &c. 


1  'The  Complaynt  of  Scotlande,'  p.  154,         4  Ibid.,  p.  161,  11.  24-27. 
11.  30-32.  6  G.  Douglas,  ii.  44,  17. 

2  Ibid.,  p.  72,  11.  13,  14.  6  Ibid.,  ii.  37,  15. 

3  Ibid.,  p.    126,  11.    13-16.      See  p.  183,         7  'The  Buik  of  the  Croniclis  of  Scotland,' 
1.  3°-  v"'-  '•  P-  I58,  'I-  523',  5232- 


302  CIVILISATION  IN  SCOTLAND. 

Senzeour,  s.  lord.     Fr.  seigneur. 

"  Greit  Clawdeus,  quilk  senzeour  wes  and  syir 
Of  Rome  that  tyme,  and  had  the  haill  impyre, 
The  emperowr  the  quhilk  wes  in  that  tyme, 
Rycht  sone  to  him  thai  haif  maid  kend  that  cryme."  l 

Solist,  adj.  anxious,  "ze  suld  be  solist  to  ken  zour  selfis, 
and  to  be  humil  to  zour  nychtbours."  2 

Solistnes,  s.  anxiety.  "  ande  that  ze  gar  zour  solistnes  of  the 
deffens  of  zour  comont  veil  preffer  the  solistnes  of  zour  partic- 
ular veil."3 

Solitar,  solitair,  adj.  solitary.  Fr.  solitaire.  "  i  beand  in  this 
sad  solitar  soune  sopit  in  sleipe."  4 

Sonnet,  s.  nonsensical  talk  or  writing.     Fr.  sornette. 

Sophistar,  s.  sophist.  Fr.  sophiste.  "  thir  freuole  sophis- 
taris  that  marthirs  and  sklandirs  the  text  of  aristotel,  deseruis 
punitione."  5 

Sourceance,  s.  cessation.     O.  Fr.  surs^ance. 

Specialitie,  s.  favour,  partiality.     Fr.  spe'cialite'. 

Speculatywe,  s.  metaphysics.     Fr.  spdculatif. 

"  Ane  greit  doctour  callit  Scotus  Subtilis, 
In  storeis  oft  autentik  as  we  reid, 
In  till  his  time  all  vther  did  exceid 
In  science,  prattik,  and  speculatywe, 
Or  zit  all  vther  sensyne  vpone  \y\ve,"  8 

Spree,  s.  innocent  frolic.     Fr.  esprit. 

1  'The  Buik  of  the  Croniclis  of  Scotland,'         *  Ibid.,  p.  68,  11.  8,  9.     See  p.  9,  11.  27, 
vol.  i.  p.  174,  1L  5690-5693.  29  ;  p.  14,  1.  10. 

2  'The  Complaynt  of  Scotlande,'  p.  170,         5  Ibid.,  p.  183, 11.  29,  30. 

11.  23-25.     See  1.  13 ;  p.   10,  1.  I  ;  p.  37,  1.         6  'The  Buik  of  the  Croniclis  of  Scotland,' 
I ;  p.  89,  1.  20 ;  p.  119,  1.  10 ;  p.  165,  1.  30.       vol.  iii.  p.  388,  11.  55,456-55,460. 

3  Ibid.,  p.  112,  II.  24-26. 


SQUIRBILE—TALER.  303 

Squirbile,  squrbuile,  adj.  ingenious.     O.  Fr.  escoriable. 

Stablit,  part.  pas.  established.  O.  Fr.  establir.  "  As  the  hie 
monarchis,  lordschips,  ande  autoriteis,  ar  stablit  be  the  infinite 
diuyne  ordinance," a  &c. 

Streinze,2  s.  compression,  constraint.     O.  Fr.  estreinte. 

Strenit,3  part.  pas.  constrained.     O.  Fr.  estreint. 

Strunt,  j.  a  fit  of  sullen  humour.  The  verb  to  strimt  (O. 
Fr.  estrontoier)  signifies  to  affront. 

Styme,4  s.  a  glimpse.     Fr.  estime. 

Succudrus,5  adj.  arrogant.  O.  Fr.  surcuidus.  Suckurdry, 
sttkurdry,  suqiiedry,  means  arrogance. 

Sufficians,  s.  sufficiency.     Fr.  suffisance. 

" '  And  had  aneuche  ay  of  his  awin  to  spend, 
With  sufficians  vnto  his  latter  end.'  "6 

Superfleu,  superfle,   adj.    superfluous.     Fr.  super/lit,     "the 
mair  eleuat  that  ane  person  be  in  superfleu  digniteis,"  7  &c. 
Supir,  sypir,  v.  n.  to  sigh.     Fr.  soupirer. 
Sussy,8  s.  care,  attention.     Fr.  souci. 

Talent,9  s.  desire,  purpose.     O.  Fr.  talent. 

Taler,  talor,  tolor,  s.  state,  condition.     O.  Fr.  taillier. 

"  Voellies  garder  ce  roy,  qui  est  de  jouene  juvent, 
Car  il  est  bien  taillies  de  souffrir  grant  tourment." 10 

1  'The  Complaynt  of  Scotlande,'  p.  19,  II.     vol.  i.  p.  449,  11.  14,011,  14,012. 

i,  2.  7  'The  Complaynt  of  Scotlande,'  p.   170, 

2  G.  Douglas,  i.  95,  6.  11.  29.  3°-     Cf.  1.  23. 

3  Ibid.,  iii.  35,  2.  8  G.  Douglas,  ii.  175,  27. 

4  'Orpheus  and    Eurydice,'  1.    605,    ap.         9  Ibid.,  iii.  291,  18. 

Henryson,  p.  70.  la  '  Chronicle  of  Martin  de  Cotignies,'  MS. 

5  G.  Douglas,  iv.  201,  I.  of  the  Institute  of  France,  No.  338,  fol.  x 

6  'The  Buik  of  the  Croniclis  of  Scotland,'     recto,  last  lines. 


304  CIVILISATION  IN  SCOTLAND. 

* 

Tantrums,  s.  pi.  high  airs,  stateliness.  In  his  tantrums,  on 
the  high  ropes.  Fr.  sur  son  trantran. 

Tartuffish,  adj.  sulky,  stubborn.  Fr.  tartuffier,  to  put  on 
appearances,  from  Tartuffe  in  Moliere's  comedy. 

Tawen,  v.  a.  to  knead,  to  abuse  by  handling.  (Banff.)  Fr. 
tanner. 

Temerair,  adj.  rash.  Fr.  tdmeraire.  "For  my  dul  rude 
brane  suld  nocht  hef  been  sa  temerair  as  to,"  T  &c. 

Temerarite,  temeraritie,  s.  rashness  of  judgment.  Fr.  tdmd- 
raire. 

Temporesar,  s.  temporiser.     Fr.  temporiseur. 

"  Thir  Temporesars  doith  nocht  in  Christ  abyde."2 

Tench,3  s.  taunt,  reproach.     O.  Fr.  tencher. 

Tend,  v.  n.  to  intend.     Fr.  tendre. 

Tender,  adj.  sickly.  Fr.  tendre.  It  is  used  as  a  verb,  to 
make  delicate* 

Tent,  s.  care,  heed,  notice.  Fr.  attendre.  Tent,  tenty,  tentie, 
is  the  adj.  and  means  careful;  tentilie  is  the  adv.  To  tent 
means,  to  attend  to. 

"  Tak  tent  to  this  now  that  ze  heir  me  tell,"  6  &c. 

"  Attend,  O  Prencis,  and  tak  tent 
Vnto  this  Doctryne  Subsequent."6 


1  'The  Complaynt  of  Scotlande,'  p.  16,  11.  5  '  The  Bulk  of  the  Croniclis  of  Scotland,' 

3,  4.  See  p.  153,  1.  9.  vol.  i.  p.  24,  1.  820.  Cf.  vol.  i.  p.  52,  1. 

3  '  Ane  Godlie  Tractate  or  Mirrour,'  by  1764 ;  p.  54, 1.  1851 ;  vol.  iii.  p.  49,  1.  44,°79  > 

William  Lauder,  p.  5,  1.  73.  p.  285,  1.  51,910. 

3  G.  Douglas,  iii.  206,  I.  '  '  Ane  Compendious  and  Breve  Tractate,' 

4  Vide  '  Sir  J.  Sinclair's  Observations,'  pp.  by  William  Lauder,  p.  8,  11.  161,  162. 
1 08,  109. 


TIRRAN—TRUMPOUR.  305 

Tirran,  tirrane,  s.  tyrant.  Fr.  tyran.  "  Och !  quhou  dan- 
gerus  is  it  til  ony  sort  of  pepil  til  hef  ane  cruel  tirran  ryngand 
abuf  them."1 

Torfair,  torfer,2  s.  hardship,  difficulty.  O.  Fr.  forfeit, 
torfct. 

Tort,3  s.  wrong,  hurt.     Fr.  tort. 

Toulze,  s.  quarrelling.     O.  Fr.  touiller,  to  rub. 

"  Frome  all  Inuye  thay  sulcl  be  fre 

Frome  toulze,  bergane,  and  debait." 4 

Trachour,5  s.  a  traitor.     Fr.  tricheur. 

Traget,  trigget,  s.  a  trick ;  deceit.     O.  Fr.  trigautir. 

Traitable,6  adj.  tractable.     Fr.  traitable. 

Trible,7  s.  trouble.     O.  Fr.  tribouil. 

Trist,8  s.  an  affliction. 

Trist,9  adj.  sad,  melancholy.     Fr.  triste. 

Truf,10  s.  trick.     O.  Fr.  tru/e. 

Trump,11  v.  a.  to  deceive.     Fr.  tromper. 

Trumpour,  s.  deceiver.     Fr.  trompeur. 

"  The  dayntie  Dammis  may  nocht  sustene 

The  faithfull,  for  to  fyle  thair  flure, 
Bot  traitis  thame  that  tryit  trumpouris  bene."  12 


1  'The  Complaynt  of  Scotlande,'  p.  91,  7  G.  Douglas,  ii.  172,  25. 
11.  20-22.     See  also  p.  94,  1.  27  ;  and  p.  123,  8  Ibid.,  i.  114,  20. 

1.  34.  9  Ibid.,  iii.  30,  12. 

2  '  The  Pistill  of  Susan,'  st.  xii.  10  Ibid.,  148,  6. 

3  '  Melvill's  Diary,'  p.  377  n  Ibid.,  iv.  62,  15. 

4  'Ane  Compendious  and  Breve  Tractate,'  "  'The  Lamentatioun  of  the  Pure,'  11.  57- 
by  William  Lauder,  p.  17,  11.  455-458.  59.    Lander's  Minor  Poems,  p.  28.    E.E.T.S. : 

5  G.  Douglas,  iii.  145,  19.  1870. 

6  '  Sir  J.  Melville's  Memoirs,'  p.  383. 

2  Q 


306  CIVILISATION  IN  SCOTLAND. 

• 

Unabill,  adj.  unfit. 

"  Quhen  euerilk  king,  the  quhilk  hes  bot  ane  child, 
Kfter  his  deith  but  age  or  perfite  eild, 
That  is  unabill  for  till  be  ane  king, 
Without  wisdome  to  reull  or  gyde  ane  ring, 
Put  him  in  cuir  ay  quhill  he  is  ane  page, 
Of  rycht  wyss  men  quhill  that  he  cum  till  age."  ' 

Unhonest,  adj.  dishonourable,  dishonest.     O.  Fr.  inhoneste. 

Ure,  s.  chance,  fortune.  Fr.  heur.  Ure  gave  rise  to  other 
words,  as  mal/mre,  malleTir,  misfortune,  mischance,  and  mal- 
lewms,  malheurius,  unhappy,  wretched. 

Usans,2  s.  custom,  use.     Fr.  iisance. 

Utyrrans,3  s.  the  uttermost,  destruction.     Fr.  entrance. 

Vaill,  vale,  s.  value,  worth.  Fr.  valeur,  has  the  same 
meaning. 

"  The  erldome  of  Buchane  he  him  gaif ; 
Quhilk  he  refusit  in  the  tyme  to  haif, 
Becaus  it  wes,  as  ze  ma  weill  considder, 
Of  litill  vaill  in  respect  of  the  tother," 4  &c. 

Vanegloir,5  s.  vanity.  Fr.  vaine gloire.  "the  motione  of  the 
compilatione  of  this  tracteit  procedis  mair  of  the  compassione 
that  i  hef  of  the  public  necessite,  nor  it  is  dois  of  presumptione 
or  vane  gloir."6 


1  'The  Bulk  of  the  Croniclis  of  Scotland,'  vol.  iii.  p.  548,  11.  60,776-60,779. 

vol.  i.  p.  47,  11.  1601-1606.  *  'Schir  Chantecleir  anil  the  Foxe,'  1.  78; 

2  G.  Douglas,  ii.  179,  I.  ap.  Henryson,  p.  121. 

3  Ibid.,  iii.  12,  19  ;  iv.  135,  18.  *  'The  Complaynt  of  Scotlande,'  p.  17,  11. 

4  'The  Bulk  of  the  Croniclis  of  Scotland,'  34,  35,  and  p.  18,  11.  I,  2. 


VA  SSALA  GE—  VER  TU.  307 

Vassalage,  s.  fortitude,  valour.     O.  Fr.  vassclage?- 
"  Zc  suld  not  chuse  thaim  for  thair  blude, 

Nor  for  thare  strenth  nor  vassallage." 2 
Brave  deeds  : — 

"  This  Caratak  wes  crownit  to  be  king, 
Quhilk  in  the  tyme  of  Metallanus  age 
Rycht  oft  befoir  had  done  greit  vassalage."  3 

Glory  from  brave  deeds  :— 

"  Gif  it  hapnit  thame  greit  vassalage  to  win 
In  ony  feild  that  tyme  that  thai  faucht  in,"  &c.4 

Vaudie,  wady,  adj.  gay,  vain.     O.  Fr.  vaudir. 

Vaunty,  vauntie,  adj.  boastful.     Fr.  vaniteux. 

Veef,  vive,  viue,  adj.  brisk.     Fr.  vif. 

Verite,  s.  truth.  Fr.  veriti.  "  the  quhilk  dreyme  i  sal 
reherse  in  this  gros  dyit  [Fr.  dif\  as  neir  the  verite  as  my 
rememorance  can  declair  to  my  rude  ingyne."  5 

Verrayment,  werrament,  werrayment,  s.  truth.  The  Scotch 
had  also  veritie ;  Eng.  verity? 

Vertesit,  s.  virtue,  virginity.     O.  Fr.  vertuosite. 

Vertu,  s.  virtue.     Fr.  vertu.     "al  thing  that  the  eird  pro- 


1  "  Mais  cil  qui  la  ira  nun  ait  folage,  »   '  The  Buik  of  the  Croniclis  of  Scotland,' 

N=  n'aie  coardie  ne  goupillage,  yol    ;                    ,j    5623.5625. 

Maies  proece  c  valor  e  vaselage.  .           , 

4  Ibid.,  vol.  i.  p.  299,  II.  9464,  9465. 

— '  Gerard    de  Rossillon,'  edited  by   Fran-  6  '  The    Complaynt  of  Scotlande,1  p.  68, 

risque-Michel :  Paris,  1856,  p.  312.     See  also  11.  10-12.     See  p.  35,  1.  16  ;  p.  119,  1.  3  ;  p. 

p.  290.  122,  1.  9  ;  p.  130, 11.  4,  9  ;  p.  153, 1.  29. 

'  '  Ane  Compendious  and  Breve  Tractate,'  6   '  Crim.   Trials,'  A.  i>.    1600,   vol.   ii.  p. 

pp.  II,  12,11.  281-284.  '37- 


308  CIVILISATION  IN  SCOTLAND. 

creatis  is  confortit  [Fr.  confortte\  be  it,  be  rason  of  the  vertu 
of  the  fresche  deu  that  discendis  fra  it."  l 

Vilipend,2  v.  to  slight,  to  undervalue.     Fr.  mlipender.     It  is 
still  used  in  the  North,  and  is  pronounced  waalipen. 
"  The  King  of  Scotland,  callit  Caratac, 

Quhilk  vilipendis  thy  power  throw  his  pryde." 3 
Vilipensioun,  vilipentioun,  s.  contempt. 

"  Syne  efter  that  thir  bludie  bouchouris  bald, 
In  vilipensioun  of  this  King  Mod  red, 

Tha  slew  tharne  baith  with  greit  crudelitie 
In  hir  armes  but  reuth  or  zit  petie."4 

Vilite,5  s.  pollution,  vileness.     O.  Fr.  vileU.     "  ellis  al  zour 
gloire,  veltht,  and  dignite,  sal  change  in  vilite."  6 

" '  O  ze  Pechtis,  of  blude  imperiall, 
Clene  but  corruptioun,  and  so  honest  with  all ; 
We  mervell  mekill  how  ze  wnderstude, 
Quhen  that  ze  mixit  with  sa  vyle  ane  blude, 
As  with  zond  Scottis  sa  full  of  vilitie, 
But  faith  or  fame,  honour  or  honestie ; '  "  7  &c. 

Vindict,  s.  vengeance,  revenge.     Fr.  vindicte. 
Vnabasit,  adj.  undaunted.     See  Abays. 

"  So  stiflie  than  into  that  stour  thai  stude 
Vnabasit  other  for  boist  or  blude."  8 

1  ' The  Complaynt  of  Scotlande,'  p.  54,  1L  See  vol.   ii.   p.    512,   L    35.739;   P-   S8l»  L 

3-5.     See  p.  I,  1.  2 ;  p.  2,  1.  9 ;  p.   10,  11.  8,  37,984- 

15 ;  p.  30,  L  13  ;  p.  35,  1-  4  J  P-  46,  1.  10 ;  p.  "  G.  Douglas,  iii.  205,  4. 

57,  1.  ii  ;  p.  170,  1.  22.  *  'The  Complaynt  of  Scotlande,'  p.  170, 

5  G.  Douglas,  i.  48,  26.  11.  25,  26. 

3  '  The  Bulk  of  the  Croniclis  of  Scotland,'  7  « The  Bulk  of  the  Croniclis  of  Scotland,' 
vol.  i.  p.  215,  11.  6971-6975.  voL  i.  p.  32,  11.  1075-1080. 

4  Ibid.,  vol.  ii.  p.  263,  11.  27,994-28,000.  8  Ibid.,  vol.  i.  p.  433,  11.  13,507,  13,508. 


VOGIE—ZELA  TUR.  309 


Vogie,  vokie,  adj.  gay,  in  good  humour,  in  fair  health. 
(Banffs.)  Fr.  vogue. 

Vollage,  adj.  fickle.  Fr.  volage.  "  be  cause  oure  vit  is  ouer 
febil,  oure  ingyne  ouer  harde,  oure  thochtis  ouer  vollage,"  J  &c. 

Volounte,  s.  the  will.     Fr.  volontt. 

Vray,2  adj.  true,  faithful.     Fr.  vrai. 

Warisoun,3  warysoun,  waresone,  s.  reward.    O.  Fr.  guarison. 

"  Robert  the  Grahame,  as  ze  sail  wnderstand, 
Most  principall  that  tuke  the  deid  on  hand, 
That  samin  tyme  than,  for  his  waresoun, 
Vpoun  ane  flaik  wes  traillit  throw  the  toun, 
Nakit  and  bair  but  claithis  in  the  tyde, 
Except  ane  claith  his  memberis  for  to  hyde."  4 

Wnwyislie,  adv.  unadvisedly.     See  Awyis. 

"  The  Remains  fled,  and  tha  followit  so  fast, 
And  wnwyislie  thai  war  lachit  at  the  last ; "  *  &c. 

Zelatur,  s.  zealous  defender.  Fr.  zdlateur.  "  Allace,  my  fiue 
sonnis,  i  praye  zou  to  be  zelaturs  of  the  lau  of  gode,"  6  &c. 


1  'The   Complaynt  of    Scotlande,'  p.  22,  4  'The  Buik  of  the  Croniclis  of  Scotland,' 
11.  2,  3.  vol.  iii.  p.  562,  11.  61,240-61,245. 

2  'Sir  J.  Melville's  Memoirs,'  A.D.   1583,  *  Ibid.,  vol.  i.  p.  277,  11.  8822,  8823. 

p.  306.  8  'The  Complaynt  of  Scotlande,'  p.  76, 

3  G.  Douglas,  i.  102,  n.  11.  23,  24. 


CHAPTER    XVIII. 


Sunbrfee— phrases  bedveb  from 
tbe  Jfrencb. 


CHAPTER    XVIII. 


SUNDRIES — PHRASES    DERIVED    FROM    THE    FRENCH. 


vwjfrKv 

("Ol0\ 

V  C_>f-K_»  i 


j|T  only  remains  now  to  give  the  words  relating  to 
different  matters  which  we  were  unable  to  make 
use  of  under  the  foregoing  heads,  and  to  add 
illustrations  of  several  of  the  words  already  dis- 
cussed. 

Abandon,  v.  a.  to  bring  into  subjection ;   to  let  loose ;   to 
destroy.     Fr.  abandonner. 

Abandoun,    in   abandoun,  at  abandoun,  at  random.     Fr.  a 
f  abandon,  compounded  of  a  and  bandon,  in  O.  Fr.  permission. 
The  adverb  is  abandonly,  abandounly. 
Abate,  s.  accident.     Perhaps  Fr.  abatlre. 
Abba,  s.  abbey.     Fr.  abbaye. 

"  Foundit  and  feft  richt  mony  riche  abba." ' 

Abeech,  abeigh,  adv.  at  a  distance.     Fr.  aboi. 
Abraidit,  adj.  applied  to  a  ragstone  worn   too  smooth   to 
sharpen  edge-tools.     O.  Fr.  abradant. 

1  'The  Buik  of  the  Croniclis  'of  Scotland,'     1.  30,927;  p.  404,  1.  32,370. 
vol.  ii.  p.  358,  1.  30,922.     See  vol.  ii.  p.  358, 

2  R 


314  CIVILISATION  IN  SCOTLAND. 

Achademya,1  s.  academy.  Fr.  academic.  "  on  ane  day,  thir 
tua  princis  be  chance  entrit  in  the  achademya,  to  heir  ane  lesson 
of  philosophic  techit  be  the  said  phormion,  philosophour." 

Acornie,  s.  perhaps  a  drinking-vessel  with  handles.  O.  Fr. 
acornd,  having  horns. 

Acqueis,  v.  a.  to  acquire.     Fr.  aqudrir. 

Addettit,  part.  pas.  in  debt,  indebted  ;  bound  by  obligation. 
Fr.  endcttt. 

" ' It  wes  his  part,'  he  said,  'for  till  do  so, 
For — quhy  he  wes  aboue  all  erthlie  thing, 
So  far  addettit  to  that  nobill  king.' "  8 

Adew,  adj.  gone,  departed,  fled.     Fr.  adieu. 

Advertence,  aduertance,  s.  retinue,  adherents.  O.  Fr.  ad- 
vertir,  Fr.  avert ir. 

Agonya,  s.  agony.  Fr.  agonie.  "  kyng  alexander  cam  at 
that  instant  tyme  quhen  darius  vas  in  the  agonya  and  deitht 
thrau,"4  &c. 

Agwet,  the  name  anciently  given  to  the  hill  on  which  the 
castle  of  Edinburgh  stands.  Speaking  of  Ebranke,  King  of 
Britain,  John  Hardyng  says  :— 

"  He  made  also  the  Mayden  castell  strong 
That  men  nowe  calleth  the  castel  of  Edenburgh, 
That  on  a  rock  standeth  full  hye  out  of  throng, 
On  mount  Agwet,  wher  men  may  see  out  through 
Full  many  a  toune,  castel  and  borough 
In  the  shire  about,"  &c.5 

1  Many  words,  adopted  from  the  French  vol.  ii.  p.  521,  11.  36,058-36,060. 

ending  in  e,  changed  the  e  into  a.  4  'The  Complaynt  of  Scotlande,'  p.  121, 

3  'The  Complaynt  of  Scotlande,'  p.  13,  11.  11.  15,  16. 

H-I3-  5  'Chron.,'   fol.    20  verso.     Arnot,   in  his 

3  '  The  Buik  of  the  Croniclis  of  Scotland,"  '  History  of  Edinburgh, '  p.  3,  and,  after  him, 


AIGLET—  ALYA.  315 


Aiglet,  s.  a  tagged  point.     Fr.  aiguillette. 
Aigre,  adj.  sour.     Fr.  aigrc. 

Air,1  s.  an  itinerant  court  of  justice.  Eng.  eyre ;  O.  Fr.  eirre  ; 
Lat.  iter. 

"  And  euirilk  lord  he  causit  to  keep  law 
Within  him  self  of  thingis  that  wer  smaw  ; 
And  greit  mater,  as  for  to  heid  and  hyng, 
Referrit  all  to  cum  befoir  the  king, 
Or  his  justice,  quha  euir  wes  for  the  tyme, 
For  till  decyde  all  sic  causis  and  cryme, 
And  all  sic  thingis  thairfor  till  declair  ; 
Quhilk  callit  is  this  tyme  \h&  Justice  Air"  2 

Alege,  v.  a.  to  discharge  from  an  obligation.  Fr.  alleger; 
Prov.  aleviar;  Lat.  allevare. 

Allickey,  s.  the  bridegroom's  man  ;  he  who  attends  on  the 
bridegroom,  or  is  employed  as  his  precursor  at  a  wedding. 
Fr.  laquais. 

Alma,  s.f.  (Gael.)  cattle.     O.  Fr.  aumaille. 

Alman,  adj.  German.  Fr.  allemand.  "  ane  alman  vas  ay 
repute  for  ane  villain."  3 

Alya,  allia,  aliay,  allya,  allay,  s.  alliance,  ally.  Fr.  allid ; 
Lat.  alligare.  "  Than  the  atheniens  and  ther  allya,  be  gryt 
vailzeantnes,  assailzet  the  persans  be  escharmouschis  and  in- 
cursions." 4  Allaya,  to  ally,  is  the  verb  :  "  thai  vil  allaya  them 

Jamieson,  in  his  '  Dictionary, '  sub  voce,  ascribe         *  See  above,  chap,  x.,  p.  163. 

that   name  to   the  language  of  the  ancient         2  '  The  Bulk  of  the  Croniclis  of  Scotland,' 

Britons  ;  but  it  seems  more  probable  that  it  is  vol.  i.  p.  454, 11.  14,170-14,177. 

derived  from  the  old  Fr.  off!"-  ',  aioet,  watch.          3  '  The  Complaynt  of  Scotlande,'  p.  146,  1. 

In   a   document   of   1348,    we  find  "le  gait  32.     Seep.  66,  1.  24. 

Rouville,  la  tour  du  gait   Rouville."      Vide         *  Ibid.,  p.  79,  11.  12,  13.     See  p.  99,  1.  3; 

'  Actes  normands  de  la  chambre  des  comptes, '  p.  182,!.  7. 

&c.,  p.  367  :  Rouen,  1871 — 410. 


316  CIVILISATION  IN  SCOTLAND. 

vitht  zou,  quhilk  sal  cause  ferme  and  perpetual  pace  to  be 
betuix  rome  and  samnete."  l     Alyand  means  sticking  together. 

Almons,  s.  alms.     O.  Fr.  aulmosnc. 

.     Ambassate,  ambasait,   ambaxat,  s.  an   embassy.      Fr.  am- 
bassade. 

"  The  ambaxat,  quhilk  wes  of  nobill  fame, 
With  greit  reward  tuke  leve  and  passit  hame." 2 

Amorettis,  s.  love-knots ;  garlands.  Fr.  amourette  (diminu- 
tive of  amour),  love  without  passion. 

Amove,  amow,  v.  a.  to  vex  ;  excite.  Fr.  mouvoir.  Another 
form  is  armiff. 

Ampliacioun,  s.  enlargement.     Fr.  ampliation. 

Anciety,  ancietie,  auncietie,  s.  antiquity.     Fr.  anciennete'. 

Anelye,  v.  a.  to  pant  after.     O.  Fr.  anheler. 

Angus  dayis,  s.  an  amulet.     Fr.  and  Lat.  agnus  Dei. 

Antecessour,  antecestre,  s.  ancestor.  O.  Fr.  ancestre ; 
Fr.  ancetre.  "  Euerie  man  is  oblist  to  defifend  the  gudis, 
heretages  and  possessions  that  his  antecestres  and  forbearis 
hes  left  to  them."  3 

Antiquite,  s.  antiquity.  Fr.  antiquite.  "  zit  nochtheles  ther 
is  mony  vordis  of  antiquite  that  i  hef  rehersit  in  this  tracteit."  * 

Antrum.  The  name,  in  some  parts  of  the  country,  for  the 
repast  taken  in  the  evening  called  four  hours,  anciently  termed 
e  ens/tanks.  This  word  comes  from  the  French,  a  den  or  cave. 
Antrum  time  is  den  time.  The  sun  also  is  said  to  sink  to  his 

1  'The  Complaynt  of  Scotlande,'  p.   100,         '  '.The  Complaynt  of  Scotlande,'  p.  186, 
11.  23-25.  11.  5-7.     See  p.  3,  1.  28. 

2  '  The  Buik  of  the  Croniclis  of  Scotland,'         4  Ibid.,  p.  16,  11.  34,  35.     See  p.  17,  1.  5  ; 
vol.  i.  p.  55,  11.  1887,  1888.  p.  64,  1.  u. 


APPARALE  —  ARMORERS.  317 

den  or  cave.  Glass,  in  one  of  his  songs,  has  lovers  going  out 
at  antrum  time  to  court,  and  so  forth.1 

Apparale,  apparyle,  apparaill,  s.  equipage  ;  furniture  for  war  ; 
preparations  for  a  siege,  whether  for  attack  or  defence ;  ammu- 
nition. Fr.  appareil. 

Apprise,  v.  a.  to  approve.  Fr.  apprecier,  to  value.  The 
noun  is  apprising, 

Appropre,  appropir,  v.  a.  to  appropriate.     Fr.  approprier. 

Arair,  s.  (Gael.)  a  ploughman.  O.  Fr.  aree,  furrow,  till- 
age.2 Arayne,  past  part,  arrayed.  O.  Fr.  array  e. 

Archipreistrie,  archiprestrie,  s.  a  dignity  in  collegiate 
churches,  a  vicarage.  Fr.  archipretrd, 

Areir,  arreir,  adv.  back,  backward.     Fr.  arriere. 

Areist,  arreist,  v.  a.  to  stop.  O.  Fr.  arester ;  Fr.  arr&er. 
But  areist,  without  delay. 

Arend,  v.  n.  to  rear  as  a  horse.     Fr.  arriere. 

Argone,  argowne,  argwe,  argew,  v.  a.  to  argue.     Fr.  arguer. 

Argument,  v.  a.  to  prove.     Fr.  argumenter. 

Aries,  erlis,  arlis,  &c.,  a  piece  of  money  for  confirming  a 
bargain.  O.  Fr.  erres,  errhes ;  Fr.  arrhes. 

Armorees,  armoreis,  s.  pi.  armorial  bearings.3  Fr.  armoiries. 
With  this  word  may  be  connected  diton,  deattone,  a  motto  or 
inscription.*  Fr.  dicton.  Jamieson  finding  in  an  old  poem  5 
surget,  apparently  an  error  for  suget,  subject,  considered  it  at 


1  'The  Scottish  Gallovidian  Encyclopedia,'  4  'A  Chronicle  of  the  Kings  of  Scotland,' 

p.  220.  &c.,  p.  133. 

-  'Le  Roman  du  Renart,'  1.  15,544,  vol.  ii.  5  '  The  Awntyrs  of  Arthure,'  St.  xxiv.  L  7, 

&c.,  p.  20.  p.  109. 

3  '  History  of  James  VI.,'  ed.  1825,  p.  269. 


318  CIVILISATION  IN  SCOTLAND. 

first  an  heraldic  term,  and  afterwards  to  mean  a  debauched 
woman,  in  allusion  to  Guenever.  A  tract,  "  How  a  knyt  suld 
be  armyt  in  tournay,"  twice  printed  from  the  Harleian  MS. 
6140,  was  translated  from  French  into  Scottish  at  the  command 
"  of  ane  wirschipfulle  man,  Welzim  Cumyn  of  Inverellochquy, 
alias  Marchemond  Herald,  be  his  obedient  sone  in  the  Office 
of  Armes,  Kintyre  purseuant,"  in  the  year  1494.  The  original 
text  is  printed  in  '  Du  Cange's  seventh  Dissertation  on  Join- 
ville,'  p.  184,  and  at  the  end  of  the  last  edition  of  his  '  Glossary 
of  Middle  and  Low  Latin,'  vol.  vii.  pp.  34,  35. 

Arrier,  adv.  backward.     Fr.  arriere. 

Artalzerie,  s.  artillery.     Fr.  artillerie. 


"  '  And  left  his  schippis  furneist  on  the  se, 
With  men  and  victuall  and  artalzerie.'  "  J 


Ascrive,  ascriue,  ascryve,  v.  a.  to  ascribe.     O.  Fr.  adscrire, 
"to  enroll,  register,  account,  reckon  among  others."  —  (Cotg.) 

Assailze,  v.  a.  to  assail.     Fr.  assaillir.    "  Bot  morpheus,  that 
slepye  gode,  assailzeit  al  my  membris."  : 
To  attack  in  battle  :— 

"  '  Quhilk  fra  thi  fayth  and  law  rycht  far  hes  failit, 
My  self  also  with  mort  battell  assailzeit.'  "  s 

Assassinat,  s.  assassin.     Fr.  assassinat, 

Assolze,4  assoill,  v.  a.  to  acquit.     O.  Fr.  assouldre. 


1  'The  Bulk  of  the  Croniclis  of  Scotland,'  32,  33.     See  p.  120,  1.  5  ;  p.  161,  1.  n. 

vol.  i.  p.  553,  11.  17,233,  17,234.    Seep.  649,  3  'The  Bulk  of  the  Croniclis  of  Scotland,' 

1.  20,050.  vol.  i.  p.  474,  11.  14,772,  14,773- 

3  '  The  Complaynt  of  Scotlande,'  p.  67,  II.  *  See  above,  chap.  x.  p.  163. 


ASS URA N 'CE  —  A  VEN TURE.  3 1 9 

"  Richt  penitent,  but  fictioun,  thair  breist 
Perfitelie  maid  confessioun  to  ane  preist, 
Quliairof  thair  wes  greit  copie  in  that  tyme, 
That  thanie  assolzeit  of  all  syn  and  cryme." l 

To  lay  bare  : — 

"  '  Fra  first  to  last  this  rycht  weill  ma  I  prowe, 
For  till  assoill,  schir,  all  zour  sophistrie, 
That  Godis  will  at  all  tyme  man  be  fre.'  "  - 

Assurance,  s.  "  to  take  assurance  of  an  enemy ;  to  submit  or 
do  homage,  under  the  condition  of  protection."  Fr.  assu- 
rance. 

Astabil,  v.  a.  to  calm,  to  fix.     O.  Fr.  establir;  Fr.  ttablir. 

Astre,  s.  a  star.     Fr.  astre. 

Atour,  s.  warlike  preparation.     O.  Fr.  atour. 

Attene,  v.  n.  to  be  related  to.     Fr.  s'atienir  a. 

Aval.  "  When  an  animal  lies  down  upon  its  back,  in  such 
a  manner  that  it  cannot  bring  its  feet  to  bear  up  its' body,  so  as 
to  rise  again,  we  say  that  animal  is  aval.  .  .  .  Men,  too, 
whose  affairs  run  wrong,  when  they  cannot  help  themselves,  are 
said  to  have  fa' en  aval." 3  O.  Fr.  aval; 4  whence  mod.  Fr. 
avaler. 

Avalour,  s.  avail ;  availlour,  value.     Fr.  valeur. 

Avancement,  s.  payment  of  money  beforehand.  Fr.  avance- 
ment. 

Aventure,  aventour,  auenture,  adventure,  s.  fortune,  luck. 

1   '  The  Buik  of  the  Croniclis  of  Scotland,'          •  4  "  Nus  ne  vole  si  haul,  se  veil  son  fendre, 
.    ...  Oue  il  ne  1' face  aval  bien  has  descendre. 

vol.  ill.  p.  228,  11.  49,997-50,000. 

'2  Ibid.,  vol.  i.  p.  98,  11.  3297-3299.  — 'Gerard  de   Rossillon,'  p.  330,  edited  by 

*  'The  Scottish Gallovidian  Encyclopedia,'     Francisque-Michel :  Paris,  1856— I2mo. 
&c.,  p.  34. 


320  CIVILISATION  IN  SCOTLAND. 

• 

Fr.  aventure.  "  and  the  thrid  part  of  them  of  the  best  lyik 
men  suld  be  banest  fra  Scotland,  and  to  hef  ane  lecens  to  pas 
in  ony  straynge  cuntre  to  seik  their  gude  auenture." 

"  In  this  tyme  now  that  ze  heir  me  tell, 
Sic  aduenture  in  France  that  tyme  befell." 2 

In  aventure,  lest,  perchance.     Fr.  a  f  aventure,  d1  aventure. 
Averil,  Avyryle,  s.  April.     Fr.  avril. 
Avertit,  part.  pas.  overturned.     O.  Fr.  esvertir. 
A  wail,  awal,  v.  a.  and  n.  to  let  fall ;  to  descend.     Fr.  avaler. 
Awaward,  s.  the  advance-guard.     Fr.  avant-garde. 
Awaymentis,  s.  plans.      O.   Fr.   avoyements,  from  the  verb 
avoyer,  to  put  in  train,  to  see  to. 
Awter,  s.  altar.     O.  Fr.  autier. 

Babtym,  s.  baptism.     Fr.  baptSme. 

Bachille,  s.  a  pendicle,  or  piece  of  arable  ground.  O.  Fr. 
bauche. 

Badlyng,  s.  low  scoundrel.  Fr.  badin.  Perhaps  badnystie  is 
derived  from  it. 

Bae,  s.  the  sound  emitted  in  bleating,  a  bleat ;  v.  n.  to  bleat, 
to  cry  as  a  sheep.  Every  one  knows,  in  the  "  Farce  de  mestre 
Pierre  Pathelin,"  that  admirable  scene  where  the  cunning  shep- 
herd answers  all  the  queries  and  claims  of  both  his  master  and 
counsel  by  uttering  &dt  be". 

Baff,  befif,  s.  a  blow,  a  stroke.     O.  Fr.  buffe. 

1  'The  Complayntof  Scotlande, '  p.  96,  11.      vol.  iii.  p.  379,  11.  55,129,  55,130.     See  vol. 
33-35,  and  p.  97,  1.  I.  i.  p.  331,  1.  10,438 ;  p.  339,  1.  10,688;  p.  343, 

*  '  The  Bulk  of  the  Croniclis  of  Scotland,'     1.  10,803  >  P-  346»  '•  IO,9I3- 


BAGENIN—BARREIR.  321 

Bagenin,  s.  indelicate  toying  on  the  harvest  -  field  (Fife). 
O.  Fr.  baguenaud. 

Baillie,  s.  a  mistress,  a  sweetheart.     Fr.  belle. 
Baiss,  v.  a.  to  baste.     Fr.  bastir. 
Ballane,  s.  whalebone.     O.  Fr.  balene. 

"  The  Danis  all  befoir  thair  feildis  stude, 
With  cors-bowis  of  ballane  that  war  gude,"  1  &c. 

Baiter,  v.  a.  to  dance.     O.  Fr.  baler,  baloier,  balader,  to  wave. 

Barbies,  s.  a  kind  of  disease  in  some  animals.     Fr.  barbes. 

Barblyt,  adj.  barbed.     Fr.  barbele". 

Barbulyie,  v.  a.  to  put  into  confusion ;  to  soil.  Fr.  bar- 
bouiller.  Used  also  as  a  noun,  perplexity. 

Bargane,2  v.  n.  to  contend.  Fr.  barguigner.  It  is  used  as 
a  noun,  a  fight  :— 

"  Ane  bitter  bargane  thair  begouth  belyve 
Of  nakit  men  with  scharpe  swordis  and  lang  knyve." 3 

Barganer,  s.  a  fighter,  a  bully.     Fr.  barguigneur. 
Barganyng,  s.  fighting.     O.  Fr.  bargain,  bargaine. 
Barnage,  barne,  s.  barons  or  noblemen,  taken  collectively. 
O.  Fr.  barnage  .^ 

"  '  And  all  oure  barnage  into  bandone  brocht.' " 6 
Barreir,6  s.  bounds,  limits  of  a  race.     Fr.  barriers. 

1  '  The  Bulk  of  the  Croniclis  of  Scotland,'  *  "  E  se  li  quens  Ic  lait  par  son  folage, 

vol.  ii.  p.  453,  11.  33,925,  33,926.  si  mandez  vostre  gent  par  grant  barnag'-" 

1  G.  Douglas,  ii.  133,  14.  —'Gerard  de  Rossillon,'  p.   311,  edited  by 

»  'The  Buik  of  the  Croniclis  of  Scotlande,'  Francisque-Michel :  Paris,  1856. 

vol.  i.  p.  545,  11.  16,973,  16,974.     See  vol.  i.  '  The  Buik  of  the  Croniclis  of  Scotland,' 

p.  568,  1.  17,698.  vol.  ii.  p.  86,  1.  22,696. 

6  G.  Douglas,  ii.  232,  II. 

2   S 


322  CIVILISATION  IN  SCOTLAND. 

Barrace,  barras,  barres,  barrows,1  s.  enclosed  spaces.  Fr. 
barres. 

Baston,2  v.  a.  to  cudgel.     O.  Fr.  bastonner. 

Bastoun,  s.  heavy  staff,  baton.     O.  Fr.  baston. 

Bavard,  adj.  worn  out.  Fr.  bavard,  talkative ;  have,  slaver, 
drivel ;  in  O.  Fr.  childish  talk. 

Bawme,  v.  a.  to  embalm ;  to  warm.     Fr.  etnbaumer. 

Bayrdit,  adj.  caparisoned.  Fr.  barcU.  "  Quhar  in  ther  vas 
grauit  .  .  .  bayrdit  horse  harnes." 3 

Beck,  s.  a  brook.     O.  Fr.  bee. 

Beddy,  adj.  applied  to  greyhounds,  bold.  O.  Fr.  baud,  bald. 
Also  a  name  given  to  a  kind  of  dog  from  Barbary. 

Beff,  beffin,  bouff,  bouffin,  s.  a  stout,  stupid  person.  Fr. 
boeuf. 

Begarye,  v.  a.  to  stripe,  to  variegate.     Fr.  bigarrer. 

Bellicois,4  adj.  warlike.     Fr.  belliqueux. 

"  In  gudlie  haist  with  all  power  he  mocht 
Of  mony  berne,  rycht  bellicois  and  bald, 
That  at  his  will  to  wirk  quhat  [that]  he  wald, 
Towart  the  Romanis  he  hes  tane  the  way,"  5  &c. 

Benefice,  s.  benefit.  Fr.  btndfice.  "  quhilk  occasions  ar  ay 
vigilant  to  suppedit  and  to  spulze  al  them  that  ar  ingrate  of  the 
benefecis  of  gode."  6 


1  G.  Douglas,  iv.  161,  20.  vol.  i.  p.  152,  II.  5042-5045.     See  vol.  i.  p. 

J 'Melvill's  Diary, 'pp.  125,  126.  160,   1.   5274;    p.    164,   i.  5398;   p.    186,  1. 

3  '  The.  Complaynt  of  Scotlande,'  p.  69,  11.  6052  ;  p.  189,  1.  6148  ;  p.  261,  1.  8360  ;  p. 
6>  7-  278,  1.  8853  ;  p.  291,  1.  9217. 

4  See  chap.  xii.  p.  191.  6  'The  Complaynt  of  Scotlande,'  p.  20,  II. 

5  '  The  Buik  of  the  Croniclis  of  Scotland,'  14-16.     See  p.  116,  1.  30. 


BENEFICIA  L  —  BOIRD  OUR.  323 

Beneficial,  adj.  of  or  belonging  to  a  benefice.  O.  Fr. 
beneficial. 

Bestial,1  bestiall,  s.  cattle  of  all  kinds.  Fr.  bestial.  Besti- 
alite"  is  another  form  :  "  for  in  thai  dais  quhen  the  goldin  varld 
rang,  kyngis  and  princis  tuke  mair  delyit  on  the  feildis  and 
forrestis  to  keip  bestialite  and  to  manure  corne  landis,"  2  &c. 

Bestial,  adj.  "  And  alse  the  scheip  and  nolt,  and  the  foulis  of 
the  ayr,  pronuncit  there  bestial  voce  to  sing  vitht  hym."  3 

Beurla,4  s.  speech,  language,  especially  English.  Fr.  parler. 
O.  Fr.  burler,  roar,  to  jest  with  or  flout  at.  (Rabelais,  quoted 
by  Cotgrave.) 

Black  frost,  frost  without  rime  or  snow  lying  on  the  ground, 
as  opposed  to  white  frost,  which  is  equivalent  to  Eng.  hoar 
frost?  Fr.  froid  noir. 

Blackviced,  adj.  blackfaced.     Eng.  black,  and  O.  Fr.  vis. 

Blanchart,  adj.  white.     O.  Fr.  blanchard. 

Blench-lippit,  part.  adj.  having  white  lips.     Fr.  blanche  lippe. 

Block,  s.  bargain,  agreement.     Fr.  bloc. 

Block,  v.  a.  to  bargain.     Fr.  bloquer. 

Blockin-ale,  s.  the  drink  drunk  on  making  a  bargain. 

Bloss,  adj.  applied  to  a  buxom  young  woman.  Fr.  blette, 
mellow,  as  applied  to  fruit.  O.  Fr.  bloss,  as  applied  to  an  over- 
mellow  pear. 

Boirdour,  bordours,  s.  boundary,  "  border."  Fr.  bord. 
"  There  is  no  thing  that  is  occasione  (O  ze,  my  thre  sonnis)  of 


1  See  chap,  vii.,  p.  129.  *  See   Irish -English  Dictionary,  sub  voce, 

a  'The  Complayntof  Scotlande.'p.  43,  II.  in  the  1st  part  of  the  ' Archaeologia  Britan- 

21-24.     See  p.  69,  1.  33.  nica,'  by  Edward  Lhuyd. 

*  Ibid.,  p.  64,  11.  20,  21.  6  'Caledonian  Mercury,'  March  10,  1825. 


324  CIVILISATION  IN  SCOTLAND. 

zour  adhering  to  the  opinione  of  ingland  contrar  zour  natife 
cuntre,  hot  the  grit  familiarite  that  Inglis  men  and  Scottis  hes 
hed  on  baitht  the  boirdours."  J 

Bool,  .y.  a  contemptuous  term  for  a  man.     Fr.  boule,  head. 

Bordel,  bordell,2  s.  a  brothel.     Fr.  bordel? 

"  Ane  fenzeit  flatterair,  or  fuile,  I  say, 

Ane  Barde,  ane  Bragger,  or  Bordell  Hure, 
Ar  none  treatit  so  weill  as  thay. 

How  lang,  Lord,  wyll  this  warld  indure  ?  "  4 

Bordeller,  s.  a  haunter  of  brothels.     O.  Fr.  bordelier. 
Borrel,  adj.  coarse,  rude ;  from  O.   Fr.  burel,  bureau,  brown, 
russet. 

Bos,  boiss,  s.  a  small  cask.    O.  Fr.  busse,  a  kind  of  large  tun. 
Bost,  s.  a  box.     O.  Fr.  boeste,  boiste. 

"  Horribill  it  is  to  heir  or  zit  remord, 
The  pretius  bodie  how  than  of  oure  Lord, 
For  oure  synnis  vpoun  the  croce  that  hang, 
Out  of  the  bost  so  lichtlie  as  tha  flang, 
And  left  bair  and  I  tuke  awa  the  bost, 
As  it  had  bene  ane  vther  prophane  ost."  6 

Botterel,  adj.  thick-set.    Fr.  bouterelle.    Used  also  as  a  noun. 
Boule,  s.  ball.     Fr.  boule.     "  epicurius  said  that  the  varld  is 
ronde  [Fr.  rontf]  lyik  ane  boule."  6 

1  '  The  Complaynt  of  Scotlande,'  p.  1 06, 11.  Bordeaux,  as  hinted  by  Jamieson,  Suppl.,  voce 

1-4.  "Bordel." 

3  "Dunbar  to  the  Queen,"  1.  29  ;  among  *  "The  Lamentation  of  the  Pure" — 'Lau- 

his  Poems,  vol.  i.  p.  116.  der's  Minor  Poems,'  p.  28,  11.  61-64. 

3  "  Gae,  or  gang,  to  burdiehouse, "  is  a  sort  '  'The  Buik  of  the  Croniclis  of  Scotland,' 

of  malediction  uttered  by  old  people  to  one  vol.  iii.  p.  255, 11.  50,901-50,906. 

with  whose  conduct  or  language  they  are,  or  •  '  The  Complaynt  of  Scotlande,'  p.  33,  11. 

affect  to  be,  greatly  dissatisfied.   That  expres-  4,  5. 
sion  is  surely  derived  from  bordel,  not  from 


BO URDING  —  BRA  VERIE.  325 

Bourding,  s.  fighting.     O.  Fr.  behourdtis. 

"  Sic  bourding  then  it  wes  na  barnis  pla." l 

Bourdon,  burdoun,  burdowne,2  s.  a.  large  staff",  such  as  pil- 
grims were  wont  to  carry  ;  a  war-club.  Fr.  bourdon. 

"  And  mony  burdoun  on  thair  basnatis  brak."  3 

Brache,  s.  used  in  the  phrase  "  rule  of  brache,"  root  of  dis- 
sension. Fr.  breche. 

Brais,  v.  a.  to  embrace.  Brasand,  pres.  part,  embracing. 
Fr.  bras. 

Brangle,4  v.  a.  to  shake  ;  to  confound,  to  throw  into  dis- 
order. Fr.  branler.  "  sche  hed  ane  croune  of  gold,  hingand 
and  brangland,"  5  &c. 

Brasar,  braser,6  j.  armour  for  the  arms.     Fr.  brassart. 

"  In  brasar,  birny,  and  in  basnat  bricht, 
Syne  faucht  on  fit  quhill  it  wes  neir  the  nycht."  7 

Erase,  brass,  v.  a.  to  bind.  Eng.  brace,  Fr.  bras,  arm ;  Lat. 
brachium. 

Brauitie,  s.  a  show.     Fr.  bravett. 

Braverie,  bravery,  s.  show ;  boasting ;  gaudy  clothes ;  fine 
language.  Fr.  braverie. 

1  '  The  Bulk  of  the  Croniclis  of  Scotland,'     vill's  Diary,'  pp.  283,  323,  389. 

vol.  iii.  p.  427, 1.  56,767.  "   '  The  Complaynt  of  Scotlande,'  p.  68,  11. 

2  G.  Douglas,  ii.  160,  3,  425;  iii.  17,  II.          22,  23. 

3  '  The  Buik  of  the  Croniclis  of  Scotland,'         '  See  above,  chap.  xii.  p.  193. 

vol.  i.  p.  408,  1.   12,741.     See  vol.  i.  p.  382,  7  '  The  Buik  of  the  Croniclis  of  Scotland,' 

1.  11,953;  vol.  iii.  p.   165,  1.  47,879.     Bur-  vol.  i.  p.  546,  11.  17,011,  17,012.     See  also 

doun  means  also  the  drone  of  a  bagpipe.  vol.  i.  p.  184,  1.   5982;   p.  306,  1.   9692;  p. 

1  G.  Douglas,  iii.  339,  19;  iv.  99,  5.    'Mel-  339,  1.  10,680 ;  p.  365,  1.  11,441. 


326  CIVILISATION  IN  SCOTLAND. 

Bravity,  s.  courage.     O.  Fr.  bravett. 
Breels,  s.  pi.  spectacles.     O.  Fr.  berils. 
Breif,  brief,  breef,  s.  a  spell.     O.  Fr.  href,  brief. 
Briganrye,1  s.  brigandage. 

"  Quhat  differs  dearth  from  creuell  briganrye, 
Quhen  that  ze  mak  the  pure  for  hunger  dye  ?  " : 

Brissal,  adj.  brittle.     Fr.  brdsilti. 

Brochis,3  s.  wooden  pins  on  which  yarn  is  wound.  Fr. 
broches.  Brochit?  part.  pas.  put  on  spits. 

Brock,  v.  a.  to  do  any  piece  of  work  in  an  unskilful  manner. 
Fr/  brocher. 

Brock,  brok,  broks,  s.  fragments  of  any  kind,  especially  of 
meat ;  trash,  refuse.  Fr.  de  brie  et  de  broc  and  brie  a  brae. 
"  Brocken  victuals  "  is  still  a  common  Eng.  expression.5 

Broder,6  v.  a.  to  embroider.  Fr.  broder.  "  on  the  thrid  part 
of  that  mantil,  i  beheld,  brodrut  about  al  hyr  tail,  al  sortis  of 
cattel,"  7  &c. 

To  stain  : — 

"  Quhill  all  with  blude  broderit  wes  the  eird."  8 

Broilyie,  v.  a.  to  parboil,  then  to  finish  the  cooking  by  roast- 
ing on  the  gridiron  (Fife).  O.  Fr.  brusler. 

1  See  above,  chap.  xi.  pp.  177,  178.  of  'Don  Quixote,'  Cervantes  informs  us  that 

2  "  Ane  Godlie  Tractate  or    Mirrour" —     his  "  ingenioso  hidalgo"  ate  "duelosyya?- 
'  Lander's  Minor  Poems,'  p.  18,  11.  472,  473.      brantados  los  sabados. " 

Cf.  chap.  xi.  pp.  177,  178.  '  Cf.  chap.  iv.  p.  85. 

3  G.  Douglas,  iii.  140.  7  'The  Complaynt  of  Scotlande,'  p.  69,  11. 

4  Ibid.,  ii.  34,  3.  11-13. 

5  Vide  Nares's  Gloss.,  vocibus  "Brocken         8  ' The  Buik  of  the  Croniclis  of  Scotland,' 
beer,"  "Brocken  meat."    At  the  beginning  vol.  i.  p.  122,  1.  4101. 


BRONDYN—BUTIN.  327 

Brondyn,  adj.  branched.     Fr.  brondes,  green  branches. 

Bu,  boo,  s.  a  sound  meant  to  excite  terror.  "  Bou,  bou,  bou, 
bous,  boos,"  l  &c.  Under  that  word  Jamieson  puts  "  Bu-man, 
s.  a  goblin ;  the  devil,  used  as  Bu-kow?  and  ascribes  a  Ger- 
man origin  to  it ;  but  he  is  wrong.  In  early  mysteries,  where 
either  the  devil  or  one  of  his  subordinates  plays  a  part,  they 
were  always  roaring.2 

Buff,  s.  a  stroke,  a  blow.     O.  Fr.  buffe. 

Buffer,  s.  a  foolish  fellow.     O.  Fr.  bouffard. 

Bufflin,  adj.  roving,  unsettled.  O.  Fr.  buffelin,  of  or  belong- 
ing to  the  wild  ox. 

Buller,  bullir,  v.  n.  to  make  a  sound  like  noise  of  water,  &c. 
Fr.  boiiillir.  Bullerie,  adj.  making  a  gurgling  noise,  applied 
to  rough  water  running  in  a  stream. 

To  bellow  :  "  the  bullis  began  to  bullir."  3 

Burnet,  adj.  of  a  brown  colour.     Fr.  brunet. 

Burris,  s.  pi.  probably  flocks,  or  locks  of  wool,  hair,  &c.  Fr. 
borirres. 

Burry,  adj.  rough,  boorish.     Fr.  bourru. 

Burse,  s.  a  court  consisting  of  merchants.     Fr.  bourse. 

Busch,  s.  boxwood.     Fr.  buis. 

Busk,  s.  bush.  Fr.  bosc.  "quhar  there  vas  mony  smal 
birdis  hoppand  fra  busk  to  tuist."  4 

Butin,  butine,  s.  booty.  Fr.  butin.  "  thai  distribut  the  maist 
part  of  the  butine,  ande  spulze  amang  the  pepil,"  5  &c. 


1  Rabelais,  B.  iv.  ch.  19.  4    5. 

a  Vide  'Le  Mystere  de  saint  Louis,'  pub-  *  Ibid.,  p.  37, 11.  20,  21. 

lished  for  the  Roxburghe  Club  in  1870,  p.  400.  "  Ibid.,  p.  146,  11.  15,  16.     See  1.  12. 
'The  Complaynt  of  Scotlanrle,'  p.  39,  11. 


3 


328  CIVILISATION  IN  SCOTLAND. 

_ i 

Bwn,  s.  a  large  cask,  placed  in  a  cart,  for  the  purpose  of 
bringing  water  from  a  distance,  a  word  used  in  Angus.1 
Provincial  Fr.  benne. 

Bygaryt,2  adj.  striped,  variegated.     Fr.  bigarrt. 

Bystour,  boysture,  s.  a  term  of  contempt.  O.  Fr.  bestourn^ 
or  butor. 

Cace,  cais,  case,  caise,  chass,  s.  on  cace,  in  caise  (North), 
by  chance,  if.  Fr.  cos. 

Cache,  v.  n.  to  wander.     O.  Fr.  cockier. 
Cageat,  s.  a  small  casket  or  box.     Fr.  cassette. 
Caiceable,  caseable,  adj.  what  may  happen.     Fr.  cas. 
Cairt,  s.  a  map.     Fr.  carte. 

Callan,  calland,  callant,  s.  a  lad ;  a  girl.     Fr.  galant.     The 
English  had  gallant  in  the  sense  of  fellow? 
Callet,4  s.  the  head. 

Callsay,  calsay,  causay,  causey,  s.  causeway,  street.  Fr. 
c/iausstie. 

"  Quhtll  he  was  traillit  out  throw  all  the  toun, 
Quhair  on  [the]  stains  and  all  the  calsay  wnde[r], 
Rycht  mony  stude  that  tyme  on  him  to  w[under]."  5 

Calsay-paiker,  s.  one  who  walks  the  streets. 

Cane,  kain,  canage,  s.  a  duty  paid  by  a  tenant  to  his  land- 

1  'Rec.  Council,'  Edin.,  1590.    £*/<&•  Cham-  Jonson  ('Bartholomew  Fair,"  Act  iv.  sc.  3) 

bers's 'Traditions  of  Edinburgh,' voL  i.  p.  no.  uses  quail  as  a  cant  term  for  loose  woman; 

1  G.  Douglas,  iii.  198,  17.  but  that  word  seems  to  have  a  different  origin. 

1  Vide  Stow's  Annals,  ed.  1631,  p.  821.  Vide  Nares's  Glossary,  vocibus  "Callet  "  and 

4  On  the  numerous  words  derived  from  the  "  Quail."     In  Gaelic,  coil,  cailin,  is  used  to 

same  root,  as  calotte,  caliche,  calash,  &c.,  see  mean  a  vulgar  girl,  a  quean,  a  hussy, 

our  'Recherches  de  philologie  comparee  sur  *  'The  Buik  of  the  Croniclis  of  Scotland,' 

1'argot,'  &c.,  voce  "Calege,"pp.  84,  85.    Ben  vol.  iii.  p.  561,  11.  61,193-61,195. 


CA  NNEL  —  GARY A  RE.  329 

lord.     Gael,  cain-e  and  canack.      In  the  same  language  ccan 
means  /lead,  and  cane,  figure,  in  old  French.1 

Cannel,  v.  a.  to  channel,  to  chamfer.     Fr.  canneler. 

Canois,  canos,  canous,  chanos,  adj.  grey,  hoar}'.     Fr.  chenu. 

Cantaille,  cantel,  cantil,  s.  a  fragment,  a  corner-piece.  O.  Fr. 
chantel. 

Canton,  s.  a  corner.     Fr.  canton. 

Caprel,  s.  a  caper,  as  in  dancing.     Fr.  cabriole. 

Carceir,  v.  a.  to  imprison.     Fr.  incarctrer. 

Carge,  v.  a.  to  charge.     O.  Fr.  cargier. 

Carion,  .r.  a  dead  body.  O.  Fr.  caroigne;  Fr.  charognc. 
*  .  .  ".  ane  cauerne  quhar  that  the  vse  vas  to  cast  the 
carions  of  comdampnit  transgressouris."  2 

Carmouche,  carmuiche,  carmusche,  s.  fighting,  skirmish. 
Fr.  escarmouche. 

"  \Vith  countering  and  carmouche  euerilk  da,"  3  &c. 

Carnaill,  adj.  putrid.     O.  Fr.  charnier,  cemetery. 

Carryvarry,  kirrywery,  s.  a  burlesque  serenade  made  with 
pots,  pans,  &c.,  at  the  door  of  old  people  who  marry  a  second 
time.  Fr.  charivari* 

Caryare,  s.  one  skilled  in  carrying  by  legerdemain.  Fr. 
cJtarrier. 

1  See  our  'Tristan,'  vol.  i.  p.  147, 1.  3033;  Inf.  Latin.,'  vote  "Canon." 
'De  la  Dent,'  1.  71  ('Fabliaux  et  Contes,'         *  'The  Complaynt  of  Scotlande,'  p.  119,  U. 

&c.,  vol.  i.  p.  161);  and  'Blancandin  et  Or-  15,   16.     See  p.    154,  1.   20.     It  is  at  times 

guilluse  d'amor,'  p.    103,  v.  3071,  where  we  heard  in  the  North  in  such  a  phrase  as,  "He's 

read  —  a  naisty  carion  o'a  chiel." 

"  II  a  pins  noir  del  cief  la  calne  »  '  The  Buik  of  the  Croniclis  of  Scotland,' 

vol.  i.  p.  264,  1.  8466.     See  vol.  i.  p.  243,  L 

Skene,   'De  Verb.  Signif.,'  voce  "Canum,"  7830  ;  p.  332,  L  10,462  ;  p.  339,  1.  10,704. 
apprehends  that  this  was  originally  a  capita-          4  Vide  Rabelais,  B.  i.  c.    17,  vote  "Cary- 

tion  tax.      See  Du  Cange's  '(llos.    Med.   et  mary,"  "Carymara,"  and  his  commentators. 

2  T 


330  CIVILISATION  IN  SCOTLAND. 

Caschet,  cashet,  s.  the  king's  privy  seal.     Fr.  cacJiet. 

Cass,  v.  a.  to  make  void.     Fr.  casser. 

Cassie,  cazzie,  cosie,  s.  a  sort  of  basket  made  of  straw.  Fr. 
chassis. 

Caterr,  p.  caterris,  s.  catarrh.  O.  Fr.  caterre.  "  til  eschaip 
the  euyl  accidentis  that  succedis  fra  the  onnatural  dais  sleip, 
as  caterris,"1  &c. 

Caue,  //.  cauis,  s.  cellar.  Fr.  cave.  "  The  fyir  slaucht  vil 
consume  the  vyne  vitht  in  ane  pipe  in  ane  depe  caue."  2 

Cautele,  s.  wile.     Fr.  cautelle. 

Ceil,  cele,  v.  a.  to  conceal,  to  hide  (Gael.)     Fr.  ctler. 

Cearche,  ceirs,  cerss,  sers,  v.  a.  to  search.  O.  Fr.  cerchier, 
serchier ;  Fr.  chercher. 

"  Go  cearche  the  Scripture,  and  thow  sail  find  it  so." 3 

Cert,  certy,  adv.  for  cert,  for  certain ;  by  my  certy,  in  truth. 
Fr.  certes. 

Chachand,  part.  pas.  pursuing.     O.  Fr.  chachier,  to  chase. 

Chackit,  adj.  checkered.     Fr.  escheque". 

Chamberere,  s.  a  chamberlain.     O.  Fr.  chambrier. 

Chamlanrie,  s.  the  office  of  chamberlain.    O.  Fr.  chambarerie. 

Chancellarie,  s.  chancery.     Fr.  chancellerie. 

Chancy,  adj.  fortunate.     Fr.  chanceiix. 

Chandelar,  chandler,  chanler,  s.  a  candlestick.  Fr.  chandelier. 
"  he  spulzeit  the  tempil,  ande  reft  the  goldin  alter,  the  chan- 
delaris  of  lycht,"  4  &c. 

1  'The  Complaynt  of  Scotlande,"  p.  37,  11.  Minor  Poems,'  p.  n. 

6,  7.     See  p.  57,  1.  5.  «  « The  Complaynt  of  Scotlande,'  p.  76, 

*  Ibid.,  p.  60,  II.  10-12.     Seel.  31.  1.  I. 
3    '  Ane  Godlie  Tractate,"  1.  244 — '  Lauder's 


CHA  P  —  CHENZE.  3  3 1 


Chap,  chaipe,1  v.  a.  to  escape.     Fr.  tchapper. 

"  The  erle  of  Mar  richt  narrowlie  that  da 
With  his  lyfe  chaipit  fra  that  feild  awa."  - 

Char,  chare,  s.  a  chariot.     Fr.  char. 

Charges,  s.  rents.     Fr.  charges. 

Charpentier,  s.  carpenter.  Fr.  charpentier.  "...  his 
faculte  is  as  honest,  as  crafty,  ande  as  necessair  as  is  to  be  ane 
.  .  .  charpenteir." 3 

Charter-house,  s.  the  name  given  to  the  monastery  of  the 
Carthusians.  Fr.  chartreuse. 

Chartour,  s.  a  place  for  holding  writings.      Fr.  chartrier. 

Chasboll,  s.  onion.  Fr.  ciboule.  "...  quhar  that  he  gat 
ony  chasbollis  that  greu  hie,  he  straik  the  heidis  fra  them  vitht 
his  slaf."  4 

Chastify,  v.  a.  to  make  chaste.     Fr.  ckastier. 

Chaudmelle,  s.  a  sudden  broil.  Fr.  ckaude,  and  meslde, 
melde.  Chaudmallet,  a  blow,  seems  to  be  of  the  same 
origin. 

Chennonis,  s.  pi.  canons  belonging  to  a  cathedral.  Fr. 
chanoines. 

Chenze,  s.  chain.  O.  Fr.  chaigne.  "...  bessus,  quha  vas 
gottyn  in  the  forest,  and  vas  brocht  and  led  bundyn  in  ane 
chenze  befor  kyng  alexander."  5 


1  'Crim.  Trials,'  vol.  ii.  p.  351,  A.D.  1600.  8  'The  Complaynt  of  Scotlande,'  p.  10,  11. 

a  'The  Bulk  of  the  Croniclis  of  Scotland,'  12-14. 

vol.  in.  p.  531,  11.  60,234,  60,235.     See  vol.  *  Ibid.,  p.  94,  II.  13-15.     See  11.  15,  21. 

i.  p.  190,  1.  6159;  p.  374,  1.  14,715;  vol.  iii.  5  Ibid.,  p.  121, 11.  20-22.    Seep.  114,  1.  27. 
p.  380,  1.  55,173. 


332  CIVILISATION  IN  SCOTLAND. 

__ . — _ — . — . _j — 

Cheresing,  s.  the  act  of  showing  favour.     Fr.  chtrir. 

"  The  Saxone  blude  wes  neuir  leill  no  trew, 
For  aith,  or  band,  or  zit  for  oblissing, 
For  conscience,  kyndnes,  or  for  cheresing." l 

Cheryse,  v.  a.  to  cherish.     Fr.  chdrir. 

"  The  cause  heirof  Is  onlie  Couattyse, 
That  blinds  so  man  that  he  can  no  wayis  se 
To  cheryse  virtew,  And  ay  chaistyce  vice." 2 

Chess,  s.  frame,  sash,  &c.     Fr.  chassis. 

Chevin,  part.  pas.  prospered.     O.  Fr.  chevir. 

Chevisance,  s,  means  of  acquiring.     O.  Fr.  chevir. 

Chiffers,  s.  pi.  ciphers,  figures.     Fr.  chiffres. 

Chirurgeane,  chirurge,  cirurgyen,3  s.  a  surgeon.   Fr. chirurgien. 

" '  Had  I,'  he  said,  '  ane  gude  chirurgeane  heir, 

That  in  his  craft  war  cunnying  and  perqueir,' "  4  &c. 

"  Than  ane  chirurge,  the  quilk  wes  of  maist  fame,"  5  &c. 

"  for  i  trou  that  gif  ane  cirurgyen  vald  drau  part  of  there  blud 
in  ane  bassyn,"6  &c. 

Circoncisione,  s.  circumcision.  Fr.  circoncision.  "  the  nyxt 
tua  thousand  zeir  vas  the  lau  of  circoncisione."  7 

Circuat, /r^.  about.     Fr.  circuit. 

Cistin,  s.  m.  a  kitchen  (Gael.)     Fr.  cuisine. 

1  'The  Bulk  of  the  Croniclis  of  Scotland,'  vol.  iii.  p.  199,  IL  49,003,  49,004. 
vol.  ii.  p.  350,  11.  30,664-30,666.  6  Ibid.,  vol.  iii.  p.  513, 1.  59,656. 

•  "The  Interteniment  of  virtewus   Men,"         6   'The  Complaynt  of  Scotlande, ' p.  129, 11. 
11.  21-23 — 'Lauder's  Minor  Poems,'  p.  38.  23,  24. 

3  See  chap.  ix.  p.  151.  7  Ibid.,  p.  35,  11.  31,  32. 

*  'The  Buik  of  the  Croniclis  of  Scotland,' 


CITENER  —  COIN.  333 


Citener,  citinar,  citiner,  s.  citizen,  indweller.1     Fr.  citoyen. 

"  Off  Edinburgh  the  citineris  all  fled 
To  strengthis  by  with  all  the  guidis  tha  hed." 2 

"quhen  citinaris  and  induellaris  of  ane  cite  hes  mortal  fede 
contrar  vthirs,"  3  &c. 

Citeyan,  ceiteyan,  s.  a  citizen.     Fr.  citoyen. 

Clair,  adj.  plain.  Fr.  clair.  Clair,  v.  to  search,  is  of  the  same 
origin. 

Clargie,  clergy,  s.  learning.     O.  Fr.  clergie. 

Clabaister,  s.  m.  a  bawler  (Gael.)     Fr.  clabaudeur. 

Cliath,  s.f.  a  hurdle  or  frame.     Fr.  dale. 

Clientelle,4  s.  dependants.     Fr.  clientelle. 

Closach  (guttur.),  s.  a  collection  of  any  kind  of  trash,  vile 
materials,  or  offals  (Banffs.)  Fr.  cloaque. 

Clouse,  clush,  clooss  (North),  s.  a  sluice.     Fr.  dcluse. 

Clow,  clowe,  s.  a  clove.     Fr.  clou. 

Coagul,  v.  a.  to  coagulate.  Fr.  coaguler.  "  i  sau  hemp,  that 
coagulis  the  flux  of  the  sparme."  5 

Cockerdehoy  (to  ride),  to  sit  on,  or  on  both,  the  shoulders  of 
another,  &c.  Fr.  cog  hardi. 

Cognoscance,  s.  a  badge  in  heraldry.     O.  Fr.  cognoissance. 

Coin,  coynye,  cunyie,  quynie,  s.  a  corner.  Fr.  coin.  Those 
who  are  acquainted  with  the  French  ecclesiastical  antiquities 

''Crim.  Trials,'  vol.   i.   p.  22,  A. D.  1570-  3  '  The  Complaynt  of  Scotlande, '  p.  167, 11. 

71  ;  vol.  ii.  p.  88,  A.D.   1599;  p.   127,  A.D.  16,  17.     Seep,  n,  1.  19. 

1600.  4  'Diary  of  James  Melvill,'   1556-1601,  p. 

2  'The  Buik  of  the  Croniclis  of  Scotland,'  83,  May  1581. 

vol.  iii.  p.  412,  11.  56,273,  56,274.      See  vol.  s  'The  Complaynt  of  Scotlande,'  p.  67,  11. 

»•    P-   357,  1-   30,883 ;    vol.    iii.  p.   414,   1.  15,  16. 
56,329  ;  p.  417,  1.  56,457. 

\ 


334  CIVILISATION  IN  SCOTLAND. 

may  recollect  "  la  statue  ignominieuse  de  maistre  Pierre  de 
Cugneres,  estant  en  1'eglise  Nostre-Dame  de  Paris,  vulgairement 
appele  maistre  Pierre  du  Coignet,"  because  it  was  in  a  corner, 
and  not  for  the  reason  put  forth  by  Noel  du  Fail.1  The  counyie 
used  by  Dunbar  in  his  description  of  a  dance  may  be  understood 
as  the  corner  resorted  to  by  dancers  in  search  of  a  corner. 
Coist,2  s.  side.  O.  Fr.  coste. 

"  Baith  head  and  hals  wes  hakkit  all  in  schunder, 
With  crag  and  coist,"  3  &c. 

Coit,  v.  a.  to  butt.     Fr.  cottir. 

Coject,  v.  n.  to  agree.     O.  Fr.  con  andjecter. 

Coll,  s.  a  cock  of  hay,  oats,  &c.  Fr.  cueillir.  To  coll,  to 
put  into  cocks. 

Collation,  v.  a.  to  compare.     Fr.  collationner. 

Comburgess,  s.  fellow-burgess.     O.  Fr.  combourgeois. 

Comerade,  s.  a  comrade.  Fr.  camarade.  It  is  used  as  a 
verb,  signifying  to  meet  together  for  the  purpose  of  social  inter- 
course. Comeradrie  and  cameradrie,  companionship,  are  still 
used  in  the  North.  Comeradin,  constant  visiting. 

Commess,  s.  a  deputy,     Fr.  commis. 

Commove,  commuve,  v.  n.  to  put  into  a  state  of  confusion ; 
to  offend ;  to  vex.  O.  Fr.  commouvoir. 

"  King  Edward  syne  quhen  he  come  to  the  toun, 
Seand  the  wallis  all  war  cassin  doun, 
And  all  the  laif  sicklike  within  distroyit, 
Commovit  wes  richt  greitlie  and  anoyit."  4 

1  'Les  Contes  et  Discours  d'Eutrapel,'  fol.  vol.  ii.  p.  475, 11.  34,599,  34,6°°- 
iSrtcto:  Rennes,  1585— 8vo.  *Ibid.,  vol.  iii.  p.  376,  11.  55,041-55,044. 

2  See  above,  chap.  ix.  p.  153.  See  vol.   iii.  p.   389,  1.   55,480;  p.  394,  1. 

3  'The  Buik  of  the  Croniclis  of  Scotland,'  55,642  ;  vol.  i.  p.  246,  1.  7918. 


COM  PA  TIENS  —  CONFISKE.  3  3  5 

Compatiens,  s.  pity.  Fr.  compatissant. 

"  Rycht  greit  compatiens  of  Scotland  he  herl."  1 

Compeir,2  v.  n.  to  appear. 

"  All  beand  done  as  I  half  said  zow  heir, 
King  Dauid  than  befoir  him  gart  compeir 
His  lordis  all  most  circumspect  and  wyiss," 3  &c. 

Complenze,  v.  n.  to  complain.     Fr.  plaindre,  with  com. 

"And  so  tha  did  sone  efter  syne  but  fenzie, 
Onto  the  paip  of  Gaule  did  complenze."4 

Compt,  v.  a.  to  account,  to  care.     Fr.  compter. 

"  Tha  comptit  nocht,  gat  tha  the  gold  to  spend, 
How  it  wes  wyn  or  quhat  suld  be  the  end." 5 

Compt,  s.  account.     Fr.  compte. 

Concerns,  s.  relations ;  the  members  of  the  household.  Fr. 
concerner. 

Concioun,  s.  an  assembly.     O.  Fr.  concion. 

Condescend,  v.  a.  to  specify ;  to  give  in  detail,  commonly 
followed  by  tipon;  to  agree.  Fr.  condescendre.  The  singular 
is  condescendence. 

Condet,  condict,  condyt,  s.  a  passport.  Fr.  conduit.  Other 
allied  words  are  condy,  a  conduit,  and  condict,  passage. 

Confectouris,  confects,  s.  confections.     Fr.  confitures. 

Confiske,  v.  a.  to  confiscate.     Fr.  confisquer. 

1  'The  Bulk  of  the  Croniclis  of  Scotland,'     vol.  Hi.  p.  360,  11.  54,487-54,489. 

vol.  iii.  p.  183,  1.  48,469.  4  Ibid.,  vol.  iii.  p.  88,  11.  45,374*  45-375- 

2  See  above,  chap.  x.  p.  165.  6  Ibid.,  vol.  ii.  p.  510,  11.  35,693,  35,694. 

3  'The  Bulk  of  the  Croniclis  of  Scotland,' 


336  CIVILISATION  IN  SCOTLAND. 

»_ . — _ — . 

Conforme,  adj.  in  accordance  with.     Fr.  conforme. 

"  And  for  that  caus  my  counsall  is  thairfoir, 
To  abrogat,  and  vse  that  law  no  moir, 
And  vse  conforme  wnto  the  commoun  law, 
In  vther  landis  vsit  is  ouir  aw."  l 

Congey,  s.  leave.     Fr.  congf. 

Conjuration,  s.  conspiracy.  Fr.  conjuration,  "al  coniura- 
tions  hes  been  exsecut  be  grit  personagis  of  ane  realme."  ! 

Conjure,  v.  n.  conspire.  Fr.  conjurer.  "  quharfor  grit  men, 
and  alse  the  familiaris  of  princis  that  coniuris,  ar  affligit  in 
there  hart  vitht  ane  thousand  difficulteis." 

Connered,  part.  pas.  curried.     O.  Fr.  conroyer.     See  Corie. 

Conqueis,  conqueiss,  conques,  s.  the  act  of  conquering  and 
taking  possession  of. 

"  He  passit  is  on  to  Siluria, 
With  all  his  power,  baith  on  fit  and  horss, 
Of  mony  freik  that  wes  of  mekill  force, 
Of  that  cuntrie  hail  conqueis  for  to  mak."  4 

Conquered  territory  :— 

"To  keip  the  conqueis  that  his  father  wan,"  5  &c. 

Property,  possession  :  "  to  that  effect  that  ilk  persone  may 
lyf  eysylye  on  his  auen  iust  conques,"  6  &c. 

Conques,  conqueis,  v,  a.  to  conquer.  Fr.  conqudrir,  je  con- 
quis.  "  for  sic  gude  pollycie,  veil  ordorit,  sal  cause  the  cuntre 

1  'The  Bulk  of  the  Croniclis  of  Scotland,'  vol.  i.  p.  338,  11.  10,662-10,665. 
vol.  ii.  p.  562,  11.  37,357-37,360.  f  Ibid.,  vol.  iii.  p.  214,  1.  49,526.    See  vol. 

"-  'The  Complaynt  of  Scotlande,'  p.  131,  11.  iii.  p.  223, 1.  49,840. 
23,  24.  6  'The  Complaynt  of  Scotlande,'  p.  91,  11. 

3  Ibid.,  p.  133,  11.  3-5.  2,  3. 

4  'The  Bulk  of  the  Croniclis  of  Scotland,' 


CONS  TRA  NZE  —  CON  TIG  UE.  337 

to  increse  in  gloir,  Honour  and  reches,  and  dreddor  to  zour 
enemes,  quha  ar  verray  solist  and  vigilant  to  conques  zou."  T 

"  The  Inglismen,  as  I  fund  in  my  storie, 
Conqueist  alhaill  the  provinces  of  France,"  2  &c. 

To  take  prisoner :  "  i  hef  send  to  the  thir  presoners, 
the  quhilk  i  hef  conquest  in  fair  and  honest  veyris,  contrar 
the  quhilk  present  i  hef  send  to  the  to  that  effect  that  i  maye 
conques  thy  loue  and  thy  fauoir."  3 

To  gain,  acquire  :— 

"  Throw  the  greit  [gloir]  that  tyme  he  conqueist  hed, 
Ouir  all  Ewrop  his  name  of  honour  spred."  4 

"  Quhen  he  hed  stand  in  mony  stalwart  stour, 
And  put  himself  into  sic  aduenture, 
And  conqueist  Scotland  sic  honour  and  gloir,"  5  &c. ' 

Constranze,  v.  a.  to  force.     O.  Fr.  constraindre. 

"'Suppois  natuir  constranze  him  thairto.'"6 
Contryne  is  another  form  :— 

"  For  ze  contryne  thame, — as  wyse  men  merkis  and  seis, — 
Till  one  of  thir  two  grit  Extremitieis." 7 

Contigue,  adj.  contiguous.     Fr.  contigii.      "  there    is    nocht 
mony  men,  grit  nor  smal,  that  hes  heritage,  bot  is  aye  inuentand 

1  'The  Complaynt  of  Scotlande,'  p.  91,  11.  4  'The  Buik  of  the  Croniclis  of  Scotland,' 

5-8.     See  p.  4,  1.  21  ;  p.  90,  1.  20 ;  p.  109,  1.  vol.  iii.  p.  171,  11.  48,067,  48,068.     See  vol. 

6  ;  p.  181,  11.  14,  15.  iii.  p.  179,  1.  48,350. 

-    'The  Buik  of  the  Croniclis  of  Scotland,'  5  Ibid.,  vol.  iii.  p.  173,  1L  48,149-48,151. 

vol.  iii.  p.  515,  11.  59,7OI,  59,702.      See  p.  6  Ibid.,  vol.  ii.  p.  652,  1.  40,249.     See  vol. 

157,  1.  47,616;  p.  221,  1.  49,761  ;  p.  222,  1.  ii.  p.  653,  1.  40,270. 

49,806  ;  p.  515,  1.  59,721.  7   "Ane   Godlie    Tractate,"  11.   476,   4^7 

3   'The  Complaynt  of  Scotlande,' p.  116, 11.  — 'Laudcr's  Minor  Poems, 'p.  18. 
15-18.     See  1.  32. 

2   U 


338  CIVILISATION  IN  SCOTLAND. 

cauillatione  and  vrang  titilis  to  hef  their  nychtbours  heretagis, 
that  lyis  contigue  besyde  them,  othir  be  proces  and  pleyis,  or 
ellis  be  violens."  l 

Contra,  adj.  opposing.     Fr.  contre. 

"  This  ilk  Banis  into  that  strenth  he  la, 
His  contra  part  than  keipit  that  entra,"  2  &c. 

Contrarie,  s.  opposition.     Fr.  contraire. 

"  In  that  counsall  thair  wes  no  contrarie."  s 
As  z.prep.,  in  opposition  to  :— 

"Contrarie  the  courss  of  his  complectioun,"  4  &c. 
In  contrairie,  on  the  other  hand  : — 

"  As  efterwart  within  ane  litill  space, 
It  prouit  weill  be  gude  William  Wallace, 
In  contrairie  that  Scotland  did  reskew, 
Quhen  that  his  power  was  bayth  waik  and  few."  5 

Contrapleid,  contrapley,  s.  contradiction.      Fr.  contre,   and 
plait,  plaid,  a  term  of  feudal  law. 

"  Quhen  he  hard  pece,  thairof  he  wes  content, 
But  contrapleid  tharto  gif  his  consent."  * 

Contray,  v.  a.  to  oppose. 

"  Zit  neuirtheles  that  tyme  tha  stude  sic  aw 
Of  Kenethus,  that  wes  thair  prince  and  king, 
To  contray  him  or  crab  in  ony  thing,"7  &c. 

1  'The  Complaynt  of  Scotlande,'  p.   167,  s  Ibid.,  vol.  iii.  p.  157,  II.  47,620-47,623. 

11.  3-7.     See  p.  4,  1.  3  «   Ibid.,  vol.  i.  p.  n,  11.  365,  366.    See  vol. 

3  'The  Bulk  of  the  Croniclis  of  Scotland,'  i.  p.  43,  1.  1479  ;  p.   95,  1.   3223  ;  p.   119,  1. 

vol.   ii.   p.   338,  11.  30,297,  30,298.  4017  ;  p.  199, 1.  6472  ;  vol.  ii.  p.  273, 1.  28,318. 

3  Ibid.,  vol.  i.  p.  137,  1.  4569.  i  Ibid.,  vol.  ii.  p.  563,  11.  37,394-37,396. 

4  Ibid.,  vol.  i.  p.  289,  1.  9167. 


CONTUMAX  —  CORIE.  339 

Contumax,  adj.  contumacious.     Fr.  contumax. 

"  And  he  agane  that  did  thair  counsall  heir, 
Wes  contumax,  and  sic  wald  nocht  compeir," l  &c. 

Conwoy,  s.  mien,  carriage.     O.  Fr.  convoy. 

Coom,  s.  dross  of  coals.     Fr.  dcume. 

Coomb,  s.  a  hill,  the  bosom  of  a  hill,  a  rising  ground.  O.  Fr. 
combe. 

Cope  betuene,2  v.  a.  to  divide.  Fr.  couper.  In  school 
language,  copin  is  used  by  French  boys  in  the  sense  of  com- 
panion. 

Copy,  s.  plenty,  abundance.     O.  Fr.  copie. 

Corbe,3  s.  raven.  Fr.  corbeau.  "he  be  grit  subtilite  neuris- 
sit  tua  zong  corbeis  in  tua  cagis,"  4  &c. 

Corbit,  adj.  crooked.     Fr.  courbe". 

Corbulye,  s.  boiled  leather.     Fr.  cuir  bouilli? 

Cord,  v.  n.  to  agree.     Fr.  carder.® 

"  Sone  war  tha  cordit  on  that  samin  kynd,"  7  &c. 

Cordon,  s.  a  band.  Fr.  cordon.  Cordonit,  wreathed.  Fr. 
cordonne". 

Core,  s.  a  company,  a  body  of  men.     Fr.  corps. 

Corie,   v.   a.    to    curry    leather;    carrier,   a  currier.       Fr. 

corroyer,  corroyeur. 

1  'The  Bulk  of  the  Croniclis  of  Scotland,'  boats  of  the  same  stuff  in  1360.     Vide  b.  i. 

vol.  ii.  p.  300,  11.  29,125,  29,126.  part  2,  vol.  i.  p.  427,  col.  I. 

a  G.  Douglas,  i.  91,  I.  6  "  Un  autre  plait  en  veil  li  due  en-jar, 

3  See  above,  chap.  vii.  p.  135.  Qu'il  veil  le  due  al  conte  molt  cordar." 

*    'The  Complaynt  of  Scotlande,' p.   181,  —'Gerard  de  Rossillon,'  p.  293;  edited  by 

H-  34i  35-     See  p.   182,  11.  5,  9,  16,  21,  22,  Francisque-Michel :  Paris,  1856 — I2mo. 

26.  7  '  The  Buik  of  the  Croniclis  of  Scotland,' 

5  There  is  mention,  by  Froissart,  of  small  vol.  iii.  p.  195,  1.  48,869. 


340  CIVILISATION  IN  SCOTLAND. 

Cormolade,  s.  having  a  rotten  heart.     Fr.  cceur  maladc. 
Corp,  .y.  body. 

"  With  litill  happing,  nocht  to  ly  ouir  warm, 
That  neidfull  war  to  keip  thair  corpis  fra  harme," 1  &c. 

Corperale,  corporall,  s.  the  linen  in  which  the  host  was  kept. 
Fr.  corporal. 

Cors,  corss,  corce,2  s.  body. 

"  For  ma  vices  thair  rang  into  his  cors, 
Nor  thair  wes  hairis  on  his  grittest  hors."  * 

"  Cruikit  he  wes,  and  unfeire  of  his  cors,"  *  &c. 

"  Formois  he  wes,  and  of  his  passoun  fair, 
Clenelie  of  corce,  richt  plesand  and  preclair." 5 

Dead  body  : — 

"  The  kingis  cors  into  the  samin  quhile, 
Tha  buir  and  bureit  in  to  lona  Yle."6 

"  And  of  his  corce  thai  tuke  of  it  sic  cuir, 
Solempnitlie  put  it  in  sepulture."  7 

Corsgard,  s.  an  abode.     Fr.  corps  de  garde. 
Corssy,adj.  big-bodied,  corpulent.     Fr.  corst ';  O.  Fr.  corsm* 
Cosch,  coshe,  s.  a  coach.     Fr.  cache. 

Cossnent,  v.  to  work  at  cossnent,  to  receive  wages  without 
food.     O.  Fr.  cust,  ceust,  a  neant. 

1  'The  Bulk  of  the  Croniclis  of  Scotland,'     31,110. 

vol.  ii.  p.  445,  11.  33,673,  33,674.  «  Ibid.,  voL  i.  p.  320,  11.  10,130,  10,131. 

2  See  chap.  ix.  p.  152.  6  Ibid.,  vol.  ii.  p.  336,  11.  30,245,  30,246. 

3  Ibid.,  vol.  ii.  p.  300,  11.  29,105,  29,106.  1  Ibid.,  vol.  i.  p.  577,  11.  17,933,  «7.934- 

4  Ibid.,  vol.    iii.  p.  437,  1.  57,138.      See  "  'Chron.  de   Bertrand  du   Guesclin,'     1. 
vol.  iii.  p.  449,  1.  57,530  ;  vol.  i.  p.  384,  1.  17,629  ;  vol.  ii.  p.  148. 

12,034;  vol.  ii.  p.  336,  1.  30,223  ;  p.  364,  1. 


COTTERIE  —  CO  WNTYR-PAL  YSS.  341 

Cotterie,  s.  provision  to  a  place  of  habitation.     Fr.  coterie. 
Counand,  conand,  s.  contract.     Fr.  convenant. 
Counter,  v.  a.  to  meet  in  battle.     Fr.  rencontrer. 

"  Suppois  he  wes  into  the  grittar  number, 
Tha  counterit  him,  and  countit  of  na  cummer, 
With  sic  ane  rusche  that  all  the  rochis  rang." l 

"  The  bairdit  horss,  that  prickit  ouir  the  plane, 
With  that  counter  wes  maid  to  turn  agane."  " 

Countering,  counterene,  s.  fighting.     Fr.  rencontre. 
"  That  countering  wes  lyke  an  thunder  crak,"  3  &c. 
"  With  counterene  and  skirmusche  da  and  nycht."  4 

Coup,  s.  cup.  Fr.  coupe,  "ande  reft  the  goldin  alter, 
the  coupis,"  5  &c. 

Coup,  s.  exchange,  a  good  bargain.     Fr.  coup. 

Coutch,  v.  n.  to  lay  down,  a  term  applied  to  the  division  of 
land  among  joint  proprietors.  Fr.  coucher. 

Coutcher,  v.  n.  to  crouch,  Fr.  coucher.  Coutchit,  part.  pas. 
means  inlaid. 

Coveratour,  5-.  a  cover  for  a  bed.     Fr.  couverture. 

Cowardie,  v.  a.  to  surpass.  O.  Fr.  couarder.  It  is  used  as  a 
noun  to  signify  the  act  of  surpassing. 

Cowntyr  -  palyss,  contrary  to.  Fr.  contre-pal,  a  heraldic 
term. 


1  'The  Buik  of  the  Croniclis  of  Scotland,'  1.  8466. 

vol.  ii.  p.  283,  11.  28,601-28,603.  4  Ibid.,  vol.  i.  p.  325,  1.  10,278. 

2  Ibid.,  vol.  i.  p.  248,  11.  7995,  7996.      See  5  'The  Complaynt  of  Scotlande,'  p.  76,  II. 
vol.  i.  p.  332,  1.  10,491.  1-3. 

*   Ibid.,  vol.  i.  p.  249, 1.  8012.    See  p.  264, 


342  CIVILISATION  IN  SCOTLAND. 

Cowpon,  s.  a  fragment.     Fr.  coupon. 

"  Birneis  did  birst  and  all  in  cowponis  claif," J  &c. 

Coy,  adj.  still,  quiet.     O.  and  mod.  Fr.  coy,  cot. 

Cozie,  cosie,  s.  a  corn-riddle.     Fr.  cosse,  and  thence  tcosser. 

Cran,  s.  an  iron  instrument,  laid  across  the  fire,  reaching  from 
the  ribs  of  the  grate  to  the  hinder  part  of  it,  for  the  purpose  of 
supporting  a  pot  or  kettle.  Fr.  cran. 

Creische,  creish,  s.  fat,  grease.  Fr.  graisse.  To  creish,  to 
grease.  Creishie  is  greasy. 

Crinch,  s.  a  small  piece,  a  piece  broken  off. 

Crinch,  crunch,  v.  a.  to  grind  with  the  teeth,  or  with  the  feet, 
or  in  any  way.  Fr.  grincer. 

Croise,  v.  a.  to  mark  by  burning.    Fr.  croisier,  from  Lat.  c-mx. 

Crouchie,  adj.  having  a  hunch  on  the  back ;  as  a  noun,  a 
hunchback.  Fr.  crochu. 

Crute,  croot,  s.  a  decrepit  person.     Fr.  croute. 

Cudger,  cudgie,  j.  the  blow  given  as  a  challenge  to  fight. 
Fr.  coucher. 

Cuddam,  cuddem,  v.  a.  to  tame.  Fr.  accoutumer.  Northern 
form  cotham,  with  the  meaning  to  satisfy  with  food.  Cuddum 
also  means  a  custom,  and  as  an  adj.  tame. 

Cuf,2  s.  a  slap,  or  slight  blow.     O.  Fr.  coiffe. 

Guise,  s.  f.  a  matter,  affair,  thing,  &c.  (Gael.)     Fr.  chose. 

Cuist,  custroun,  .?.  a  rogue,   a   worthless   fellow.      O.    Fr. 

cuistre. 

"A  little  custroncuist"3 

1  'The  Buik  of  the  Croniclis  of  Scotland,'         *  "  The    Flyting    betwixt     Polwart    and 
vol.  i.  p.  312,  1.  9882.  Montgomery."       (Watson's    'Collection     of 

2  'Crim.  Trials,'  vol.  ii.  p.  91,  A.D.  1591.         Poems,'  part  iii.  p.  2.)    Quistroun,  which  oc- 


CULL  A  GE  —  CURIOSITIE. 


343 


Callage,  s.  the  characteristic  mark  of  sex.     Fr.  couille. 

Cullion,  culyon,  cullyeon,  s.  a  poltroon  ; T  a  person  of  disagree- 
able temper  and  manners  (Banffs.).  Fr.  couillon. 

Culuerene,  s.  a  kind  of  cannon.  "  mak  reddy  zour  cannons, 
culuerene  moyens,  culuerne  bastardis,"  2  &c. 

Culyour,3  s.  a  cheat,  a  swindler.     Fr.  cueilleur. 

Cunze,4  v.  a.  to  coin.  O.  Fr.  coigner.  "  he  tuik  vitht  hym 
ane  riche  quantite  of  gold  and  siluyr,  cunzet  and  oncunzet."  5 

Cunze,  s.  coin. 

"  Tha  spulzeit  alhaill  fra  end  to  end, 
Of  siluer,  gold,  and  all  cunze  wes  kend,"  '  &c. 

Curbawdy,  s.  courtship.     Fr.  cceur  and  O.  Fr.  baudir. 
Curie,  s.  search.     Fr.  qudrir. 
Curiositie,  s.  care. 

"  He  confort  thame  with  curiositie." 7 


curs  in  " Kyng Alisaunder,  1.  2511,  'Metrical 
Romances,"  &c.,  by  Henry  Weber,  vol.  i.  p. 
1 06,  means  properly  a  scullion. 

"  Coistrons  de  cuisine 
Font  moult  a  doler." 

— '  De  Marco  et  de  Salemons,'  st.  ix.  ('  Nouv. 
Rec.  de  Fabliaux,'  &c.,  vol.  i.  p.  417.) 

The  prose  French  Chronicle  of  the  'Brut of 
England,'  which  was  translated  by  Caxton, 
describing  the  incident  that  furnished  Warner 
with  his  beautiful  history  of  'Argentile  and 
Cuaran,'  says  that  King  Edelf  married  Ar- 
gentile, "i  un  quistron  de  sa  cuisyne." 
This  Caxton  renders  by  "a  knave  of  his 
kychen."  We  read  in  an  older  metrical  re- 
daction of  the  same  story  :  — 


"  Entre  eus  le  tenoient  pur  sot ; 
De  lui  fesoient  lur  deduit, 
Clttvnn  1'appelloient  tuit ; 
Car  ceo  tenoient  H  Hreton 
En  lur  language  quistron." 

— 'Laid'Havelok,'  1.  256. 

1  'The  Bride  of  Lammermoor,'  ch.  ix. 

2  '  The  Complaynt  of  Scotlande,"  p.  41,  11. 

3'.  32- 

3  See  above,  chap.  ii.  p.  65. 

4  See  above,  chap.  vi.  p.  117. 

5  '  The  Complaynt  of  Scotlande, '  p.  109,  11. 
i,  2. 

6  '  The  Buik  of  the  Croniclis  of  Scotland,' 
vol.  iii.  p.   441,   11.  57,258,  57,259-     See  p. 
90,  1.  45,435  !  P-  5'8,  1.  59,8i6. 

7  Ibid.,  vol.  ii.  p.  130,  1.  24,019. 


344  CIVILISATION  IN  SCOTLAND. 

Anything  done  with  care  and  skill  :— 

"  And  greit  desyre  had  always  for  to  se 
Sic  coistlie  werk  of  curiositie." l 

Curious,  adj.  careful ;  desirous  of  knowledge.     Fr.  curies. 

"  He  gat  on  hir  ane  sone  callit  Fergus, 
In  all  this  warld  wes  nane  mair  curious."2 

"  Ane  hound  he  had  baith  curious  and  bald,"  &c.  s 

Curror,  currour,  curroure,  currur,4  s.  messenger.    Fr.  coureur. 
Cursur,  cursour,  s.  a  war-horse.      Fr.  coursier? 

"  Quhilk  war  expert  to  ryde  and  rin  ane  speir, 
On  cursuns  kene  weill  bardit  for  the  weir,"  6  &c. 

Curteons,  s.  probably  thick  paper  or  pasteboard.    Fr.  carton. 
Curtician,  courtician,  s.  courtier.     Fr.  courtesan.     "  in  drede 
that  sum  curtician  alege  trason  on  vs."7 

Custumarie,  s.  the  office  of  the  customs.     O.  Fr.  coustumerie. 

Dablet,  daiblet,  s.  an  imp,  a  little  devil.     Fr.  diable. 
Daible,  v.  n.  to  go  about  in  a  weak  manner.     Fr.  ddbile. 
Dall,  s.  a  large  cake  made  of  sawdust,  &c.,  used  by  poor 
people  for  fuel.     Fr.  dalle. 


1  '  The  Buik  of  the  Croniclis  of  Scotland,'  330,  1.    10,406;    vol.   ii.   p.   232,  1.  27,075; 
vol.  ii.  p.  570,  11.  37,611,  37,612.  vol.  iii.  p.  176,  1.  48,240;  p.  179,  1.  48,354; 

2  Ibid.,  vol.  ii.  p.  17,  11.  20,651,  20,652.  p.  180,  11.  48,383,  48,387. 

»  Ibid.,  vol.  i.  p.  543,  I-  16,916-  ..  E  granz  chevals  corsicrs  e  espaneis,"  &c. 

1  'Comp.  Thes.  Reg.  Scot., 'vol.  i.  pp.  45, 

52,  124,267.  — 'Gerard  de   Rossillon,'  p.  338,  edited  by 

5  See  above,  chap.  vii.  p.  130.  Francisque-Michel :  Paris,  1856 — I2mo. 

8  'The  Buik  of  the  Croniclis  of  Scotland,'  7  'The  Complaynt  of  Scotlande,'  p.  133,  1. 

vol.  i.   p.   143,  11.  4754,  4755.     See  vol.  i.  p.  27. 


DA  MM  YS  —  DEB  AIT.  345 

Dammys,  dammeis,  s.  damage.     Fr.  dommage, 

Dan,  s.  lord,  sir,     O.  Fr.  damp. 

Dandil,  v.  n.  to  go  about  idly.  Fr.  dandiner.  "  To  go  gap- 
ing ill-favouredly."  (Cotg.) 

Dane,  daine,  dain,  adj.  gentle.     O.  Fr.  dain. 

Danton,  dantoun,  v.  a.  to  subdue.  Fr.  dompter ;  O.  Fr. 
domter,  donter. 

" '  Betide  me  weal,  betide  me  woe, 

That  weird  shall  never  dantoun  me.' 
Syne  he  has  kissed  her  rosy  lips, 
All  underneath  the  Eildon  tree."  * 

Debait,  v.  n.  to  be  diligent  in  procuring  a  thing.    Fr.  dtbattre. 
To  fight  :- 

"  The  cruell  Scottis  pertlie  on  that  plane, 
Ane  rycht  lang  quhile  debaittit  hes  agane," 2  &c. 

To  defend  :— 

"  Therefoir  tha  thocht  at  that  tyme  and  tha  micht 
But  ony  battell  for  to  debait  thair  richt."  3 

Applied  to  territory  :  "  and  to  eschaip  [O.  Fr.  eschapper\ 
sic  tirranny,  zour  forbears  hes  debatit  zour  cuntre  this  mony 
zeiris  be  grit  manhede  and  visdome." ' 

Applied  to  persons  : — 

" '  And  sen  we  haif  sic  help  in  our  awin  handis 

And  ma  debait  ws  rycht  weill  with  our  brandis,"  "B  &c. 

"'True  Thomas,"   st.  vi.— 'The  Ballads     404,  1.  32,373;  vol.  iii.  p.  22,  1.  43,186;  p. 
of  Scotland,'  by  Aytoun,  vol.  i.  p.  38.  174,  1.  48,200  ;  p.  224,  I.  49,857;  p.  225,  1. 

2  '  The  Buik  of  the  Croniclis  of  Scotland,'     49,869. 

vol.  ii.  p.  595,  11.  38,417,  38,418.    See  vol.  ii.  *  'The  Complaynt  of  Scotlande, '  p.  91,  11. 

p.  6n,  1.  38,939.  22-24. 

3  Ibid.,  vol.  i.  p.  12, 11.  401,  402.    See  vol.  5   'The  Buik  of  the  Croniclis  of  Scotland,' 
i.  p.  159,  1.  5239;  p.  239,  1.  7697;  vol.  ii.  p.  vol.  iii.  p.  118,  11.  46,342,  46,343. 

2  X 


346 


CIVILISATION  IN  SCOTLAND. 


Debait,  s.  a  fight.      Fr.  ddbat. 

"  The  Romanis  knew  it  micht  nocht  ellis  be, 
Bot  other  do  into  that  tyme  or  de, 
And  mak  debait  than  baldlie  with  thair  brand  is, 
For  all  thair  help  than  stude  in  thair  awin  hands, 
That  causit  thame  the  baldar  to  abyde."  * 

Resistance  by  arms  : — 

"  And  all  the  Ylis  tuke  at  his  awin  hand, 
Without  debait  of  ony  or  ganestand,"2  &c. 

State  of  opposition :  "  that  iulius  and  pompeus  culd 
nocht  baytht  hef  ane  vrangus  titil  in  ther  debait."  3 

Debaitment,  s.  contention.     O.  Fr.  debasement. 

Debaush,  v.  a.  to  waste.  O.  Fr.  desbaucher ;  Fr.  ddbaucher, 
from  de,  and  O.  Fr.  bauche,  rank.  Debosh,  debush,  signifies  a 
spendthrift,  and  debosherie,  waste,  in  the  North. 

Debord,  deboard,  v.  n.  to  depart ;  to  go  beyond  proper 
bounds,  to  go  .to  excess.  Fr.  dtborder.  Hence  debording, 
debaurd,  s.  excess ;  departing  from  the  right  way. 

Debout,  v.  a.  to  thrust.     Fr.  dtbouter. 

Deburse,  v.  a.  to  disburse.  Fr.  dtbourser.  Debursing,  dis- 
bursement. 

Decoirment,  decorment,  s.  decoration.     O.  Fr.  ddcorement. 

Decompt,  s.  an  account.     Fr.  ddcompte. 

Dedie,  v.  a.  to  dedicate.  Fr.  dddier.  "  the  quhilk  tracteit  i 
hef  dediet  ande  direckyt  to  zour  nobil  grace."  4 

Deesse,  s.  goddess.     Fr.  ddesse.     "  thai  promest  to  gyf  hym 


1  'The  Bulk  of  the  Croniclis  of  Scotland,' 
vol.  i.  p.  401,  11.  12,537-12,541. 

*  Ibid.,  vol.  ii.  p.  694,  11.  41,591,  41,592. 


3  '  The  Complaynt  of  Scotlande,'  p.  183,  11. 
25-27. 

4  Ibid.,  p.  7,  11.  12,  13. 


DEFAIK  — DELIVER.  347 

ane  grit  some  of  moneye,  for  to  paynt  ane  fayr  ymage  of  the 
deesse  iuno."  l 

Defaik,  v.  a.  to  relax,  to  become  a  defaulter  in  respect  of 
money.  Fr.  ddfalquer. 

Defaitt,  part.  pas.  defeated.  Fr.  dtfait.  "  for  quhen  the 
kyng  of  France  ande  his  armye  var  deffait  be  the  due  of 
Burbon,"  2  &c. 

Defawtyt,  part.  pas.  forfeited.     Fr.  dtfaillir. 

Defeacance,3  s.  payment.     "  In  the  defeacance  of  money." 4 

Defoul,  v.  a.  to  defile,  to  dishonour,  to  disgrace.  O.  Fr. 
defouler. 

Befouling,  .y.  the  act  of  dishonouring. 

"For  the  defouling  of  his  dochter  deir,"5  &c. 

Degener,  v.  n.  to  degenerate.  Fr.  dtgdndrer.  "  O  ignorant, 
abusit,  ande  dissaitful  pepil,  .  .  .  ande  degenerit  fra  the  nobil- 
itie  of  zour  foir  fadirs  and  predecessours,"  6  &c. 

Degestable,  adj.  concocted.     Fr.  digestif. 

Degoutit,  part.  pas.  spotted.  Fr.  ddgoutter,  to  run  drop  by 
drop. 

Degysit,  part.  pas.  disguised.     Fr.  ddguiser. 

Deis,7  s.  a  seat. 

"  The  stane  wes  set  vpone  ane  dels  conding," 8  &c. 

Deliuer,  adj.  active.     O.  Fr.  delivre.     Deliuerly,  nimbly. 


1  'The  Complaynt  of  Scotlande,'  p.  u,  11.  «  'The  Bulk  of  the  Croniclis  of  Scotland,' 

20-22.  vol.  ii.  p.  124,  1.  23,842. 

a  Ibid.,  p.  89,  11.  5-7.  '  'The  Complaynt  of  Scotlande,' p.  72,  11. 

3  See  chap.  x.  p.  166.  1-5. 

4  'Accounts  of  David  Murray,  Sub-Collec-  7  See  above,  chap.  ii.  p.  51. 

tor  of  the  Thirds  of  Benefices  for  Perth  and  8  '  The  Buik  of  the  Croniclis  of  Scotland,' 

Stiatliearn. '  vol.  ii.  p.  444,  1.  33,619. 


348  CIVILISATION  IN  SCOTLAND. 

»  

Deluge,  v.  n.  to  dislodge.     Fr.  ddloger. 
Demand,1  s.  objection,  calling  in  question. 

"  Into  that  place  tuke  purpois  thair  to  byde, 
The  haill  spulzie  amang  thame  to  devyde, 
Richt  equallie,  without  ony  demand,"  2  &c. 

Resistance  :— 

"  This  king  Malcolme,  that  stalwart  wes  and  stout, 
In  the  passage  with  drawin  sword  in  hand, 
Still  thair  he  stude,  and  made  them  sic  demand, 
Neuir  ane  of  thame  he  wald  lat  furth  by,"  3  &c. 

Demane,  demaine,  v.  a.  to  treat ;  generally  to  ill-treat ;  in 
North,  to  inflict  a  bodily  injury.     O.  Fr.  demainer. 

Demellit,  part.  pas.  injured.    Deniellitie,  hurt,  properly  from 
a  contest  or  broil.     Fr.  cttmM,  a  quarrel. 

Demember,  v.  a.  to  dismember.     Dismembrare,  5.  one  who 
maims  another.     O.  Fr.  desmembren  Fr.  dtmcmbrer. 

Demont,  v.  n.  to  dismount.     O.  Fr.  desmonter ;  Fr.  di'uionter. 

Dentelion,  dentilioun,  s.  dandelion,    (Leontodon  taraxacum, 
Linn.)     Fr.  dent-de-lion. 

Depair,  v.  a.  to  destroy.     Fr.  dtye'rir. 

Depart,  depert,  v.  a.  to  divide,  to  separate.     Departising,  s. 
division.     O.  Fr.  dfyartir. 

Depesche,  depische,  v.  a.  to  send  away.     O.  Fr.  despescher ; 
Fr.  dtpe-cher. 

"  No  pastor  gewin  to  feid  the  flesche,— 
All  sic  ze  suld  frome  zow  depesche,"  &c.4 

1  See  above,  chap.  x.  p.  165,  under  contrart-  p.  469,  1.  34,4°4;  P-  47«.  '•  34,446. 
mand.  3  Ibid.,  vol.  ii.  p.  598,  11.  38,516-38,519. 

*  'The  Buik  of  the  Croniclis  of  Scotland,'         *  'Ane  Compendious  and  Breve  Tractate,' 

vol.  ii.  p.  361,  11.  31,003-31,005.    See  vol.  ii.  p.  12,  11.  289,  290. 


DEPESCHEIT  —  DE  TB  UND.  349 

Depescheit,1  part.  pas.  despatched.     O.  Fr.  despesche". 

Depesh,2  s.  despatch.     Fr.  dfytche. 

Deprise,  v.  a.  to  depreciate,  to  undervalue.     O.  Fr.  depriser. 

Depulye,  dispuilye,  v.  a.  to  spoil,  to  plunder.     Fr.  dtpouiller. 

Depurse,  v.  a.  to  disburse.  Fr.  ddbourser.  Depursemcnt,  s. 
disbursement. 

Depyit,  part.  pas.  cut  off.  Fr.  de'pie'ce',  de'pie'cer — de  and  piece ; 
O.  Fr.  depie",  mutilation. 

Deray,3  s.  disorder.  O.  Fr.  desroy,  desroi,  desarroy ;  Fr. 
de"sarroi — from  des,  and  arroi. 

Dereglas,  s.  pi.  loose  habits,  irregularities,  &c.     Fr.  de're'gle'. 

Dereyne,  derene,  derenye,  s.  contest,  decision.  O.  Fr.  des- 
rene,  desresne. 

Dereyne,  derene,  dereny,  derenyhe,  v.  a.  to  contest,  to  de- 
termine a  controversy  by  battle,  to  put  out  of  order.  O.  Fr. 
desreiner,  desrener. 

Det,  s.  due,  reverence.     Fr.  dette. 

"  Coell  the  king  with  great  triumph  hym  met, 
Rycht  reuerentlie  doand  to  him  his  det."  4 

Detbund,  adj.  bound  by  fate.       Fr.  dette  and  Eng.  bound. 
Also  from  former  word 
Bound  by  duty  :— 

"  And  geue  thay  dewly  do  thair  cure 
To  euery  kynd  of  Creature 
That  they  ar  detbound  for  to  do  : 
I  pray  zow  take  gude  hed  heir-to."  5 

1  G.  Douglas,  i.  98,  28.  4  'The  Buik  of  the  Croniclis  of  Scotland,' 

8  'Crim.  Trials,'  vol.  i.  p.  62,  A.D.  1576.  vol.  i.  p.  573,  11.  17,847,  17,848. 

3  'The  Historic  and  Life  of  King  James  6  'Ane  Compendious  and  Breve  Tractate, ' 

VI.,' p.  53.  p.  13,  H.  343-346. 


350  CIVILISATION  IN  SCOTLAND. 

* 

Deteriorat,  part.  pas.  injured,  rendered  worse.     Fr.  ddtdriori. 
Detfull,  detful,  adj.  bound  in  duty,  dutiful. 

"  And  do  zow  homage  and  reuerence, 
With  all  detfull  Obedience."1 

"bot  zit  my  gude  vil  ande  hartly  intentione,  ande  my  detful 
obediens,  excedis  the  hartly  intentione  of  the  pure  man,"  2  &c. 

Deturne,  v.  a.  to  turn  aside,  to  divert.     Fr.  dttourner. 

Devail,  deval,  devall,  devald,  v.  n.  to  descend,  to  fall  low,  to 
bow ;  to  stop,  to  cease.3  O.  Fr.  devaler. 

Devaill,  devall,  s.  an  inclined  plane  for  a  waterfall ;  a  sunk 
fence.  O.  Fr.  devalUe. 

Devancier,4  s.  an  ancestor,  a  predecessor.     Fr.  devancier. 

Devise,  devisse,  devysse,  dewyss,  v.  n.  to  talk  ;  to  communi- 
cate information  ;  to  narrate.  Fr.  deviser. 

Devoir,  s.  duty.     Fr.  devoir. 

"  And  quhen  he  saw  that  he  culd  cum  na  speid, 
To  do  his  devoir  be  the  way  of  deid,"  5  &c. 

Dewyss,  diuiss,  v.  a.  to  divide.     Fr.  diviser. 

Differr,  v.  a.  to  delay ;  difference,  delay ;  differer,  one  who 
delays.  Fr.  difftrer. 

Difficult,  v.  a.  to  put  into  a  difficulty.     O.  Fr.  difficulter. 

Dimuneu,  v.  a.  to  lessen.  Fr.  diminuer.  "  bot  zit,  at  sum 
tyme,  god  almychty,  be  his  diuyne  permissione,  mittigatis, 


1  '  Ane  Compendious  and  Breve  Tractate,'  3,  6,  48,  4;  iii.  75,  2,  309,  4. 

p.  8,  11.  175,  176.  «  'Sir  J.    Melville's   Memoirs,'   "To  his 

2  '  The  Complaynt  of  Scotlande,'  p.  8,  11.  Son,"  p.  5. 

9-1  '•  '  '  The  Buik  of  the  Croniclis  of  Scotland,' 

3  'Clariodus,'  p.  56,  I.  164.    G.  Douglas,  i.  vol.  i.  p.  525,  II.  16,362,  16,363. 


DIRD  —  DORRITY.  351 


augmentis,  or  dimuneuis  baytht  the  gude  operations  and  euil 
operations  of  the  planetis."  l 

Dird,  dirdum  (Banffs.),  s.  a  stroke,  a  blow.     O.  Fr.  dourder. 

Disbust,  s.  an  uproar.  O.  Fr.  desboisU;  Fr.  d<?boitt,  out  of 
its  place. 

Discomfisht,  part.  adj.  overcome  (Dumfr.)  O.  Fr.  des- 
confit. 

Discure,  v.  a.  to  observe  accurately,  to  scan.     Fr.  discourir. 

Dispend,  v.  a.  to  spend,  to  expend  ;  dispending,  s.  expenses. 
O.  Fr.  despendre.  Hence  dispending,  s.  money  to  spend,  ex- 
penses. 

Dissobesance,  s.  disobedience.     Fr.  ddsobtissance. 

Diton,  s.  a  motto.     Fr.  dicton. 

Divine,  s.  a  soothsayer.     Fr.  devin. 

Divisit,  pas.  part,  appointed.  O.  Fr.  deviser,  to  appoint ; 
to  arrange  by  dividing. 

Doleance,2  s.  a  lamentation,  complaint ;  a  statement  or  re- 
monstrance in  regard  to  grievances.  Fr.  dottance. 

Domine,3  v.  n.  to  rule,  to  assume  the  authority  over.  Fr. 
dominer. 

Don,  j.  a  gift,  a  donation  (Ayrs.)     Fr.  don. 

Dorn,  s.  m.  a  short  cut  or  piece  of  anything  (Gael.)  Fr. 
darne,  a  slice  of  a  fish. 

Dorrity,  doroty,4  s.  a  doll,  a  puppet;  a  female  of  a  very  small 
size.  Fr.  Dorothe'e. 


1  'The  Complayntof  Scotlande,'  p.  56,  11.  'The  True  History  of  the  Church  of  Scot- 

30-33.  land,'  &c.,  p.  370,  A.D.  1597,  M.DCC.IV.— fol. 

-  "Queen  Mary's  Instructions,"  'Melville's  3  '  Sir  J.  Melville's  Memoirs,' p.  353. 

Memoirs,'  p.    113,   A.D.    1564;    Calclerwood,  4  '  Destiny,'  vol.  ii.  p.  92. 


352  CIVILISATION  IN  SCOTLAND. 

» 

Dot,  dott,  s.  a  dowry.     Fr.  dot. 
Dot,  v.  a.  to  endow.     Fr.  doter. 

"  In  Scotland  syne,  efter  that  he  come  hame, 
All  halie  place  of  honour  and  of  fame 
He  viseit  syne  in  gude  and  clene  intent, 
And  dotit  thame  with  mony  riche  inrent." 1 

Double,  s.  a  duplicate  ;  an  exact  copy.     Fr.  double. 
Doul'd,  pas.  part,  fatigued ;  northern  form,  dylt,  worn  out 
with  fatigue  and  sorrow.     Fr.  deuil. 
Dout,  doute,  s.  danger.     Fr.  doute. 

"  And  blamit  him  richt  soirlie  for  that  thing, 
Quhy  that  he  sould,  without  caus  or  querrell, 
Dispone  himself  into  sic  dout  and  perrell."  2 

Doutsum,  adj.  full  of  danger. 

"  To  apprehend  thame  doutsum  wes  and  cummer,"  3  &c.     ' 

Dowrier,  dawariar,  5.  dowager.     Fr.  douairiere. 

Dragon,  s.  a  paper  kite.4      We   read   in   an   old   English 

romance— 

"  The  kyng  dude  sette  out  his  dragoun, 
And  on  his  tent  a  gold  lyoun.6 

Dresse,  s.  exhibition.     Fr.  dresser,  to  lift  up. 

1  '  The  Buik  of  the  Croniclis  of  Scotland,'     an  expression,  raiss  dragoon,  rise  a  standard, 
vol.  iii.  p.  65,  11.  44,612-44,615;  vol.  ii.  p.      Vide   'Etudes  de  philologie    comparee    sur 
367,   1.    34,179.      See   'The  Complaynt  of     1'argot,' &c.,  p.  138,  col.  2. 

Scotlande,'  p.   10,  11.  2,  24;  p.  46,  1.  I  ;  p.         5  "Kyng  Alisaunder,"  1.  4300  ('Metrical 

141,  1.  2  ;  p.  158,  1.  8.  Romances,'  published  by  Henry  Weber,  vol. 

2  'The  Buik  of  the  Croniclis  of  Scotland,'  i.  p.  178).      See  also  '  Le  Bone  Florence  de 
vol.  ii.  p.  278, 11.  28,442-28,444.  Rome,'  1.  598,  ap.  Ritson,  'Anc.  Engl.  Metr. 

3  Ibid.,  vol.  ii.  p.  641,  1.  39,899.  Rom.,'  vol.  iii.  p.  26;  and  'Aye  d'Avigiion,' 

4  In  Barbour's  'Bruce,'  b.  ii.  1.  II,  occurs  1.  1748,  p.  54. 


DRESSIN—D  YTEMENT.  3  5  3 

Dressin,  part.  pas.  set  in  order.  Fr.  dresser,  to  put  in 
order. 

Dreurie,  s.  dowry.     Fr.  douaire. 
Drogarie,  s.  drugs. 

"  As  quha  wald  gif  ane  drogarie  to  the  deid." l 

Drogis,2  s.  drugs.  "  at  that  tyme  straynge  cuntreis  var 
nocht  socht  to  get  spicis,  eirbis,  drogis,"  3  &c. 

Drouery,  droury,  s.  unlawful  love  ;  a  love  token  ;  a  gift  given 
by  the  husband  to  the  wife  on  the  morning  after  marriage.  O. 
Fr.  druerie. 

Dugon,  s.  a  term  expressive  of  contempt.  (Ettr.  For.)  O. 
Fr.  doguin. 

Dulcorait,4  adj.  sweet.      Fr.  e'dulcore'. 

Durandly,  adv.  without  intermission.     Fr.  durant. 

Dyschowyll,  adj.  undressed,  unarrayed.     Fr.  de'chevele'. 

Dyte,  v.  a.  to  write,  to  compose.  O.  Fr.  diter ;  dite,  com- 
position. 

"  Thair  werkis  all  heirfoir  to  put  in  write 
My  pen  wald  irk,  my  self  also  to  dyte 
Wald  grow  als  dull  and  sad  as  ony  stone," 5  &c. 

Dytement,  5.  composition. 

"  Zit  humelie,  with  hert  Inteir, 
I  wald  beseik  zour  Maiesteis, 
My  dytment  did  zou  not  displeis."  6 


1  'The  Bulk  of  the  Cronicli?  of  .Scotland,'  *  G.  Douglas,  i.  32,  12. 

vol.  i.  p.  135,  1.  4496.  »  'The  Bulk  of  the  Croniclis  of  Scotland,' 

*  See  above,  chap.  ix.  p.  158.  vol.  ii.  p.  682,  11.  41,245-41,247. 

3  'The  Complaynt  of  Scotlande,'  p.   145,  6  '  Ane  Compendious  and  Breve  Tractate,' 

11.  23,  24.     See  p.  81,  1.  i.  p.  19,  11.  528-530. 

2  V 


354  CIVILISATION  IN  SCOTLAND. 

__  ;  _  t       --,  ---      --  -  -         -    -  - 

Edropic,  s.  one  affected  with  dropsy.  Fr.  hydropiquc. 
"  therefor  thai  may  be  comparit  to  the  edropic,"  l  &c. 

Effray,  effraying,  s.  fear,  terror.  Fr.  effrayer.  Effrayitly, 
adv.  in  fear. 

"...     thairfoir  richt  suddantlye 
In  that  effray  thair  armour  kest  thame  fra,"  2  &c. 

Eglie,  s.  a  needle.     Fr.  aiguille. 

Elementair,  elementar,  adj.  elementary.  Fr.  dtimentaire. 
"  the  fyrst  part  is  the  regione  elementair."  3 

Elide,  v.  a.  to  crush.      O.  Fr.  Glider. 

Empash,  empesch,  v.  a.  to  hinder.  Fr.  empecher.  "the 
quhilk  empeschis  and  obfusquis  (Fr.  offtisquer)  the  beymis  of 
the  soune  fra  our  sycht."  4 

Empeschment,  s.  hindrance.     Fr.  empfahement. 

Empresowne",  s.  a  prisoner.     Fr.  emprisonnd. 

Empress,  empriss,  emprise,  enpress,  enprise,  s.  an  undertak- 
ing ;  exertion  of  strength.  O.  Fr.  emprise. 

Enbuschyt,  enbuschment,  s.  ambush.     O.  Fr.  embuschement. 

Enbush,  v.  n.  to  lay  an  ambush.     O.  Fr.  embuscher. 

Enchaip,  v.  n.  to  coyer  the  head.     O.  Fr.  enchaper. 

Enemy,  s.  a  designation  for  the  devil.     O.  Fr.  Fennemy. 

Engrege,  v.  a.  to  aggravate.     O.  Fr.  engreger. 

Engreve,  v.  a.  to  annoy.     Fr.  grever. 

Enprunteis,  empruntis,  s.  borrowing  money.     Fr.  emprunt. 
/.  pas.  rooted.     Fr.  enracind. 


1  'The  Complaynt  of  Scotlande,'  p.  126,  11.  3  'The  Complaynt  of  Scotlande,  p.  47,  1. 
7,  8.  21.     See  11.  25,  30. 

2  '  The  Buik  of  the  Croniclis  of  Scotland,'  4  Ibid.,  p.  56,  11.  7,  8.     See  11.  10,  15  ;  p. 
vol.  ii.  p.  212,  II.  26,494,  26,495.  59>  '•  27- 


ENS—ESCHAIP.  355 


Ens,  enze,  adv.  otherwise.     O.  Fr.  ains,  aim. 

Enselyt,  part.  pas.  sealed.     O.  Fr.  enseeld. 

Ensens,  s.  incense.  Fr.  encens.  "quhen  ane  pure  man 
makkis  ane  sacrefeis,  and  throucht  his  pouerte  he  vantis  ensens 
to  mak  the  seremons  of  his  sacrefeis,  that  sacrefeis  sal  be 
acceptabil  beforthe  goddis."1 

Ensenze,  s.  insignia.  Fr.  enseigne.  "  there  is  nocht  mony 
of  zou  that  meritis  to  veyr  the  ensenze  of  the  fleise,  of  the 
cokkil,  nor  of  the  gartan,"  2  &c. 

Entailyeit,  entailzeit,3/«r/.  pas.  formed  out.    O.  Fr.  entailld. 

Entreprice,  entrepries,  entrepris,  intrepric,  s.  enterprise.  Fr. 
entreprise.  "...  quhar  that  fortoune  hes  schauen  hyr 
rycht  aduerse  contrar  me,  as  is  hyr  vse  to  do  to  them  that 
vndirtakkis  difficil  entrepricis." 4  "and  of  this  sort  there 
intrepricis  is  manifest,  fra  the  quhilk  succedis  perdition  of  body 
and  gudis."  5 

Entres,  enteres,  s.  entry.     Fr.  entree. 

Enveron,6  adv.   around.     Fr.  environ. 

Escart,  escarte,7  v.  n.  to  go  aside.     O.  Fr.  escarter. 

Eschaip,  eschap,  eschaipt,  v.  a.  to  escape.  O.  Fr.  eschaper. 
"  quharfor  til  eschaip  the  danger  and  domage  that,"  8  &c.  "  i 
hef  rehersit  thir  vordis  in  hope  to  eschaipt  the  detractione  of 
inuyful  gramariaris."  9 


1  'The  Complaynt  of  Scotlande,'  p.  7,  II.  '  G.  Douglas,  ii.  109,  1 8. 

31-34.  7   '  Clariodus,'  p.  94, 1.  1374. 

1  Ibid.,  p.  149,11.  13-15.  8  'The  Complaynt  of  Scotlande,'  p.  117, 

3  G.  Douglas,  i.  19,  26.  11.  10,  II.     See  p.  37,  1.  6  ;  p.  116, 1.  8;  p. 

4  '  The  Complaynt  of  Scotlande,'  p.  15,  11.  130,  1.  34. 

15-17.     See  p.  97,  1.  21  ;  p.  132, 11.  9,  13.  9  Ibid.,  p.  17,  11.  27-29. 

5  Ibid.,  p.  132,  11.  3-5. 


356 


CIVILISATION  IN  SCOTLAND. 


Escharmousch,  s.  "  phormion  sau  neuyr  the  iunyng  of  ane 
battel,  vitht  cruel  escharmouschis  in  the  ryding  of  forrais." 

Escheve,  eschew,  v.  a.  to  accomplish.     Fr.  achever. 

Espye,  espy  ell,  s.  a  spy.     O.  Fr.  espie, 

Essys,  s.  advantages.     Fr.  aise. 

Euoir,  s.  ivory.  Fr.  ivoire.  "  Quhat  sal  be  said  .  .  . 
of  castell  ylione,  quhilk  hed  al  the  portis  of  euoir  bane." 

Evaig,  v.  n.  to  wander,  to  roam.     Fr.  vaguer. 

Evite,  v.  a.  to  avoid.     Fr.  tviter. 

Evoy,  nevoy,  s.  a  grandson.3     Fr.  neveu,^ 
"  Thy  nevoy  als  and  of  thi  blude  so  neir, 

Withoutin  caus  so  saikles  to  gar  sla  ?  "  5 

Ewder,  ewdruch;  youthir,  in  the  North,  s.  a  hot  smell,  a  dis- 
agreeable smell,  steam  or  vapour  rising  from  anything  warm. 
Fr.  odeur. 

Excerse,  exerce,  exers,  v.  a.  to  exercise.    Fr.  exercer.   "  i  thocht 
it  necessair  til  excerse  me  vitht  sum  actyue  recreatione."  6 
To  fulfil  the  duties  of  an  office  : — 

"  That  samin  tyme  his  office  did  exerce." 7 
To  dispense  : — 

"  This  nobill  king  perlustrit  all  his  land, 
Justice  and  law  amang  thame  til  exers."8 

1  '  The  Complaynt  of  Scotlande,'  p.  14,  11.         *  '  The  Buik  of  the  Croniclis  of  Scotland,' 
29,  30.     See  p.  79,  1.  13.  vol.  iii.  p.  477,  11.  58,502-58,505. 

2  Ibid.,  p.  20,  11.  26-28.  6  '  The  Complaynt  of  Scotlande,'  p.  37,  11. 
3 'A  Chronicle  of  the  Kings  of  Scotland,'     8,9.     See  p.  9,  1.  4. 

&c.,  p.  61.  *  'The  Buik  of  the  Croniclis  of  Scotland,' 

*  Formerly  the  Scots  said  a  nevoy,  and  the  vol.  iii.  p.  86,  1.  45,287. 

«  passed  from  the  substantive  to  the  article  8  Ibid.,  vol.  iii.  p.  100,  II.  45,767,  45,768. 

oye.  See  vol.  iii.  p.  106,  1.  45,966. 


EXHAUSE— EXPERIMENT.  357 

To  use,  to  employ  : — 

"  '  I  zow  beseik  exerce  zour  strenth  and  micht 
For  to  defend  zour  barnis  and  zour  wyffis,'  "  l  &c. 

To  try  : — 

"  As  euirilk  man  lies  ressone  for  his  richt, 
For  to  exerce  with  power,  strenth  and  micht, 
Be  way  of  deid  his  purpois  to  fulfill, 
Quhen  he  be  ressoun  can  nocht  cum  thairtill." 2 

To  search  : — 

"  Furth  that  tha  fuir  for  to  exerce  the  land, 
Intill  all  part  quhair  tha  the  Sutheroun  fand, 
Into  Scotland  the  quhilk  hed  ony  cuir 
Of  King  Edward,  or  office  of  him  buir, 
Tha  maid  thame  all  without  mercie  to  die, 
Or  hame  in  Ingland  suddantlie  to  fle."  3 

It  is  used  as  a  noun  :  "  to  that  effect,  that  throucht  sic  ex- 
cerse,  ther  membris  mycht  be  purgit  fra  corruppit  humours."  4 

Exhause,5  z;.  a.  to  raise  up,  to  elevate.     Fr.  exhausser. 

Exoner,  v.  a.  to  free  from  any  burden  or  charge.  Fr.  ex- 
one"rer. 

Expede,  v.  a.  to  hasten.     Fr.  exptdier. 

Experiment,  v.  a.  to  know  by  experience.  Fr.  experimenter. 
"  ve  ar  veil  experimentit,  that  quhen  there  multipleis  ane  grit 
numir  of  sternis,"  6  &c. 


1  '  The  Buik  of  the  Croniclis  of  Scotland,'  8-10. 

vol.  iii.  p.  116,  11.  46,293,  46,294.  5  'Hymns  and   Sacred   Songs,'  by  Alex. 

J  Ibid.,  vol.  iii.  p.  155, 11.  47,566-47,569.  Hume,  p.  7,  1.  6. 

8  Ibid.,   vol.   iii.   pp.   184,  185,  11.  48,533-  "The  Complaynt  of  Scotlande,' p.  56, 11. 

48,538.  34,  35- 

1  'The  Complaynt  of  Scotlande,'  p.  9,  11. 


358  CIVILISATION  IN  SCOTLAND. 

Experiment,  s.  experience.     Fr.  experimenter. 

"  The  prince  Malcum  weill  vnderstude  and  knew 
Tha  lordis  all  to  him  war  leill  and  trew, 
As  he  mycht  knaw  rycht  weill  be  experiment." 1 

Explositioune,  .s.  expulsion  in  disgrace.     O.  Fr.  exploder. 

Externe,  adj.  external.  Fr.  externe.  "ande  hes  repulsit 
vailzeantly  al  externe  violens."  2 

Extirpe,  v.  a.  to  extirpate.     Fr.  extirper. 

Extravage,  stravaig,  v.  n.  to  stroll,  to  wander,  to  go  about 
idly  ;  to  deviate  in  discourse  from  the  proper  subject ;  to  speak 
incoherently  as  one  deranged.  Fr.  extravaguer. 

I 

Facetie,3  s.  a  merry  conceit,     ^r.facdtie. 

Falsor,  falserie,  s.  a  falsifier,  a  forger.     Fr.  faussaire. 

Fait,  faute,  fawt,  s.  want,  of  whatever  kind.  Fr.  faute. 
"  ande  for  fait  of  educatione  and  eruditione,  thai  be  cum  vane, 
prodig  [Fr.  prodigue\  ande  arrogant,"  4  &c. 

Faltive,  adj.  faulty.     O.  Fr.  faultif. 

Famell,  s.  family.     Fr.  famille. 

"  His  hous  and  famell,  efter  as  I  schew, 
Onto  sic  riches  and  greit  honour  grew,"  5  &c. 

Faminitie,  s.  womankind.     O.  fr.femenie. 

"  Friendlie  affectioun  of  dochter  deir, 
Fair  Alena  befoir  as  ze  mycht  heir, 
Quhilk  wes  the  flour  of  all  faminitie, 
Hes  causit  thame  so  tender  for  to  be."  6 

''The  Bulk  of  the  Croniclis  of  Scotland,'  4'The  Complaynt  of  Scotlande,'  p.  142, 

vol.  ii.  p.  585,  11.  38,097-38,099.  11.  1-3. 

5  'The  Complaynt  of  Scotlande,'  p.  3,  1.  8  'The  Bulk  of  the  Croniclis  of  Scotland,' 

33.  vol.  ii.  p.  680,  11.  41,161,  41,162. 

*  '  Hymns  and  Sacred  Songs,'  p.  10.  B  Ibid.,  vol.  i.  p.  573,  11.  17,849-17,852. 


FAMOUR— FERINE.  359 

Famour,  adj.  having  a  good  character.     Fr.  fameux. 

Fannoun,  fannowne,  s.  the  sudarium,  "  a  linen  handkerchief 
carried  on  the  priest's  arm  at  mass."  Fr.fanon. 

Fardil,  s.  a  large  piece.  It  is  most  commonly  applied  to 
eatables.  (Banffsh.)  O.  Fr.  fardel,  fardeau.  "  Un  fardeau 
tie  bled  noir,"  a  &c. 

Farouchie,  adj.  savage.     Fr.  farouche. 

Fassis,  s.  knots.     O.  Fr.fatsste. 

Fattrils,  s.  folds.     O.  Fr.  fatraille,  trash. 

Faubourg,  fabor,2  s.  suburb  of  a  city.     Fr.  faubourg. 

Feble,  v.  n.  to  become  weak,  to  give  way.     Fr.faiblir. 

Feblis,  v.  a>  to  enfeeble,  to  weaken.  Yr.faiblir, 

Felter,  v.  a.  to  entangle.  O.  Fr.  feultrer;  It.  feltrare  ;  Fr. 
feutrer.  "  hyr  hayr,  of  the  cullour  of  fyne  gold,  vas  feltrit  and 
trachlit  out  of  ordour."  3 

Fenzetlie,4  adv.  deceitfully.     O.  Fr.feignement. 

"  Ane  messinger  rycht  sone  he  to  him  send, 
Rycht  fenzetlie  with  hartlie  recommend, 
Commandand  him  that  he  sould  cum  his  wa."  5 

Ferter,  feretere,  fertour,  fertor,  s.  a  little  coffer  or  chest,  a 
casket.  O.  Fr.  fiertre. 

"  Of  Sanct  Thomas  translatit  wer  the  bonis 
Intill  ane  ferter  that  tyme  fra  his  graif,"  6  &c. 

Ferine,  s.  meal.     Fr.  farine. 

1  '  Les  Contes  et  Discours  d'Eutrapel,'  fol.  20,  21. 

\T,\rfcto.    Fardele  occurs  in  Barbour's '  Brace,'  4  See  chap.  xvii.  p.  278,  sub  voct  "  Fenze. " 

I),  ii.  1.  827.  5  'The  Bulk  of  the  Croniclis  of  Scotland,' 

-  'The  Historic  and  Life  of  James  VI.,'  vol.  i.  p.  391,  11.  12,251-12,253. 

p.  6.  6  Ibid.,  vol.  iii.  p.  92,  11.  45,489,  45,490. 

3  '  The  Comphynt  of  Scotlande,'  p.  68,  11.  See  vol.  iii.  p.  106,  1.  45,961. 


3<5o  CIVILISATION  IN  SCOTLAND. 

Feritie,  s.  violence.     "Fr.fierte". 

Perm,  v.  a.  to  establish,  to  make  firm ;  to  close,  to  shut  up. 
^r.fermer. 

Fermans,1  s.  an  enclosure. 

Ferme,  s.  rent.     Fr.  ferme. 

Fier,2  s.  rate.     O.  Yr.fuerre. 

Fier,  feere,  s.  a  standard  of  any  kind.3 

Fillat,  fillet,  s.  the  flank.     Fr./X* 

Fine,  fyne,  v.  n.  to  make  an  end,  to  give  over.     Fr.  finir. 

Firmance,  s.  state  of  confinement ;  stability.     Fr.fermer. 

Fittie,  adj.  neat.  O.  Fr.  faitis.  Fet  is  the  form  still  in  use 
in  the  North. 

Flaket,  s.  a  small  flagon.     O.  Yr.flasquet;  Hr.flacon. 

Flat,  v.  a.  to  flatter.     Fr.  flatter. 

Fleume,  feume,  s.  phlegm.  O.  Fr.  flemme,  feume ;  Norm. 
fleume.  "  I  sau  ysope,  that  is  gude  to  purge  congelit  fleume  of 
the  lychtis."  4 

Flotch,  s.  a  big,  unwieldy,  untidy  woman.     O.  Uv.floche. 

Flum,  s.  flood.     O.  Fr.flum,  water. 

Flunkie,  ^.  a  servant  in  livery.  O.  ~Fr.flanquier,  which  Cot- 
grave  explains,  "  to  be  at  one's  elbow  for  a  helpe  at  need." 

Foison,  fusion,  s.  pith,  substance  ;  plenty.     Fr.  foison. 

Fonte,  found,  s.  cast-iron,     fr.fonle. 

Force,  .y.  the  greater  part.     Fr.  force. 

Fostell,6  s.  a  vessel,  a  cask.     O.  Fr.  fustaille. 


1  G.  Douglas,  iv.  85,  24.  4  'The  Complaynt  of  Scotlande,'  p.  67,  11. 

*  Vide  'Caledonia,'  vol.  ii.  pp.  30-32,  149.  24,  25.     See  p.  67,  1.  23. 

3  Vide  'Jamieson's  Supplement,'  sub  •voce,  B  G.  Douglas,  i.  80,  10. 
vol.  i.  p.  403,  col.  I. 


FOUDER—GAB.  361 


Fouder,  fudder,1  s.  lightning.     Yr.foudre. 

Fouttour,  foutre,  s.  a  term  expressive  of  the  greatest  con- 
tempt, as  fottit,  fouty,  foiitie,  foutilie,  foutiness,  &c.  O.  Fr. 
f outer,  a  scoundrel.  In  Portugal  the  same  word  is  applied 
to  itinerant  tinkers,  or  mechanics,  who  come  chiefly  from 
Auvergne,  or  central  France,  on  account  of  their  vulgar  use 
of  the  interjection  fouchtra. 

Foy,  s.  an  entertainment  given  to  one  setting  out  on  a  jour- 
ney. Fr.  voie. 

Franchis,  s.  sanctuary,  asylum.     Fr.  franchise. 

Frap,  v.  a.  to  destroy.     Fr.y crapper. 

Frechure,  s.  coolness.     Fr.  frauheur. 

Freiris,  s.  convent  of  friars.     O.  Fr.  frairie. 

Fretment,  s.  freight.     O.  Fr.  frcter. 

Fridound,  part.  pas.  quavered,     fr.fredonnd. 

Frone,  s.  a  sling.     Yr.fronde. 

Fruct,  s.  increase.  O.  Fr.  fruict ;  Lat.  fructus.  Fructuoits, 
adj.  fruitful. 

Fuilyie,  v.  a.  to  get  the  better  of.     fr.f outlier. 

Fulye,  s.  a  leaf.     Fr.  feuille. 

Furisine,  £.  a  steel  to  strike  fire  with.     Fr.  fusil, 

Furmer,  s,  a  flat  chisel.     O.  fr.fre'moir. 
-     Fusie,  s.  a  ditch.     Fr.  fosse". 

Fyne,  s.  end.     Fr.yfoz.  . 

Gab,  v.  a.  to  assail  with  somewhat  impertinent  language. 
O.  Fr.  gaber. 

1  'Sir  J.  Melville's  Memoirs,'  p.  174. 
2   Z 


362  CIVILISATION  IN  SCOTLAND. 

• 

Gagioun,  v.  a.  to  slander.     O.  Fr.  gagaycr,  to  mock. 

Gallepyn,  galopin,  gulpin,  s.  an  inferior  servant  in  a  great 
house.  O.  Fr.  galopin. 

Gambet,  s.  a  gamble.     Fr.  gambade. 

Gammonts,  gammons,  s.  the  feet  of  an  animal.     Fr.jamlte. 

Garbel,  v.  n.  to  make  a  hurly-burly.  O.  Fr.  garbouil.  Gar- 
bulle,  s.  a  broil. 

Gardnap,  s.  a  cloth  put  below  a  dish  to  keep  the  table-cloth 
from  being  soiled.  Fr.  garde  and  nappe. 

Garden,  s.  reward,  guerdon.      O.  Fr.  g^^crd^tn,  gucrrcdon, 

guerdon. 

"  The  messinger  said,  weill  he  wist  thair  will, 
For  na  gardon  that  tha  wald  grant  thairtill." J 

Garnison,2  garnisoun,  s.  garrison.      Fr.  garnison.     "  . 
quhen  he  pat  ane  garnison  of  tua  thousand  men  vitht  in  the 
toune  of  sanct  quintyne."  3 

Garson,  j.  an  attendant.     Fr.  gardon. 

Gash,  v.  a.  and  n.  to  twist  the  mouth  in  contempt.  Fr. 
gauchir. 

Gaud,  gawd,  s.  a  trick.     O.  Fr.  gaudir,  to  be  jolly,  frolicsome. 

Gauges,  s.  wages.  O.  Fr.  guage,  gaige,  wage,  gages,  money 
paid  in  surety  for  service. 

Gavauling,  gavaulling,  gavawilling,  s.  going  about  in  an  idle 
dissipated  manner.  O.  Fr.  gavache  and  alter. 

Geal,  v.  a.  and  n.  to  freeze.     Fr.  geler.     Gcal,  s.  frost. 

Geit,  s.  a  fence.     Fr.  guet,  a  watch.     Geitit,  adj.  fenced. 

1  'The  Bulk  of  the  Croniclis  of  Scotland,'         s  'The  Complaynt  of  Scotlande,'  p.  5,  11. 
vol.  ii.  p.  402,  11.  32,301,  32,302.  31,  32. 

1  See  above,  chap.  xii.  p.  191. 


N 

GEMMEL—GOFFERD.  363 

Gemmel,  s.  and  adj.  a  twin.     Fr.  jumeau,  jumelle. 

Gest,  s.  motion  of  the  body,  gesticulation.     Fr.  geste. 

Girnall,  girnell,  grainel,  garnel,  grinale,  s.  a  granary  ;  a  chest 
for  holding  meal.  Fr.  grenier.  The  verb  is  girnal. 

Gisarme,  gisarne,  githern,  s.  a  hand-axe.     O.  Fr.  gisarme. 

Glamer,  glamour,  glamerie,  gramarye,  s.  enchantment,  witch- 
craft, magic,  fascination.  Fr.  grimoire.  a 

"  Whate'er  he  did  of  gramarye, 
Was  always  done  maliciously."  2 

Glar,3  s.  mud,  mire  ;  the  white  of  an  egg.  Fr.  glaire.  The 
verb  is  glazir,  glawr,  to  bemire. 

"  That  it  sould  nocht  dishonorit  be  so  far, 
Vnder  thair  feit  to  stramp  into  the  glar."  4 

"  for  tua  houris  lang,  baytht  my  eene  greu  as  fast  to  gyddir 
as  thai  hed  bene  gleuit  vitht  glar  or  vitht  gleu."  5 

Glaster,6  v.  to  bark  or  bawl.     O.  Fr.  glatir. 

Gloy,7  s.  withered  blades  from  straw.     Fr.  glai. 

Gobbat,  gobbet,8  s.  fragments,  morsels.     Fr.  gobet. 

Gofferd,  goupherd,  gowfre,  part.,  adj.  impressed  with  raised 
figures.  Fr.  gaufrd. 

1  "  Si  ot  devant  la  sale  un  pin,  A.  Jubinal,  t.  i.  p.  69  :  Paris,  1837  —  Svo. 

Dont  les  branches  furent  d'or  fin,  2   „  Thc  L       of  the  j^  Minstrei  »  v^o 

Treget£es  par  artimaire, 
Par  nigromance  et  par  gramaire."  1H<  St»  xl* 

3  G.  Douglas,  iii.  36,  IS. 
-  Le  Roman  de  Troie,    1.   6251,  p.   253,         4  <The  Buik  of  the  Croniclis  of  Scotland,' 

vol.  ii.  p.  266,  11.  28,103,  28,104. 

In  the  "Mystere  de  S.  Pierre  et  de  S.          .  ,_,.     „  re  i    >      *°   » 

„.„,.,  ,„.          ,     ..     .  .  The  Complaynt  of  Scotlande,   p.  68,  11. 

Paul,    a  devil  says  of  Simon  the  Magician  —       ,.  „ 

"  Je  1'os  bien  lire  le  grammaire  :  «  G.  Douglas,  iii.  143,  26. 

Alons  a  ly  ;  il  nous  apelle."  7  - 


—  '  Mystcres  inedits  du  XVe  siecle,'  publ.  par         8  Ibid.,  ii.  34,  3;  213,  12, 


364  CIVILISATION  IN  SCOTLAND. 

* 

Gomeril,  gomral,  gamphriel,  gummeril,  in  the  North,  s.  a 
stupid  person.  O.  Fr.  goinfre. 

Good-brother,1  s.  brother-in-law.     Fr.  beau-frere.1*- 

Gouerna^ll,  s.  government.  Fr.  gouvernail ;  Lat.  gubernacu- 
lum. 

Gouge,3  s.  wench.     O.  Fr.  gouge. 

Govirnance,  s.  deportment.     Fr.  gouvernance,  conduct 

Grainge,  grange,4  s.  corn  farm,  the  buildings  pertaining  to  a 
corn  farm,  particularly  the  granaries.  Fr.  grange. 

Grandgor,5  s.  a  disease. 

"  Moir  horribill  als  that  tyme  for  till  abhor, 
No  canker,  fester,  gut,  or  zit  grandgor."6 

Grassil,  grissel,  grissil,  v.  n.  to  rustle.  Fr.  gristlier,  to  rattle 
like  sleet. 

Gratnizied,  adj.  quilled.     Fr.  dgratign6. 

Gray  mercies,  an  exclamation.     Fr.  grand  merci. 

Gree,  v.  a.  and  «.  to  agree,  to  come  to  terms.     Fr.  agrter. 

Gree,7  s.  a  step.     Fr.  (de)grJ. 

"  This  gude  Hungus  richt  laulie  on  his  kneis 
Befoir  the  altar  passit  vp  the  grees,"  8  &c. 


1  '  The  Dowie  Dens  of  Yarrow,'  st.  x.  Cf.  '  Les  Chron.  de  Froissart,'  Buchon's  ed., 

2  Formerly  the  epithet  beau  was  in  French  t.  iii.  p.  447,  col.  2.     The  Scots  had  also  gud- 
a  term  of  courtesy  which  did  not  affect  the  father,  gud-mother,  guciame. 

following  substantive  : —  *  '  The  Fair  Maid  of  Perth,'  ch.  xii. 

*  G.  Douglas,  ii.  97,  32. 

V  "^  £"£  K  '    '             £"*  f     "  VOUS  6    SeC  abOVC'   ChaP'   iX'   P-    '55- 

Vostre  fils  Alphons,  mon  beau  frcrc.  '          f 

La  nine  Blanch*.  Beau  fils,  de  yostre  humilite"  The  Bulk  of  the  Croniclis  of  Scotland,' 

Vous  me  baillez  trcs-grosse  charge  ;  vol.  ii.  p.  313,  11.  29,507,  29,508. 

Mais  ce  non  obstant  je  m'en  charge  7   See  above    chap_  {    p.  2O. 
Avec  mon  beau  fils  de  Poitiers. 

'  The  Bulk  of  the  Croniclis  of  Scotland, ' 

— 'Le  Mystere  de  Saint  Louis,' p.  113,  col.  I.  vol.  ii.  p.  366,  11.  31,155,  31,156. 


GR  UN  YE—G  UMPHION.  365 


Link  in  kindred  :— 

"  Fra  Gathelus  all  his  genelogie 
Onto  him  self  he  countit  gre  by  gre."  l 

Grammatical  term  :  "  for  quhou  beit  that  ther  be  compari- 
son of  greis  in  euyrie  thyng,  that  follouis  nocht  that  the  positiue 
gre  and  the  comparatiue  gre  ar  contrar  tyl  vthir,  for  gude  and 
bettir  are  defferent  in  greis,  and  zit  thai  ar  nocht  contrar  til 
vthirs."2 

Superiority  :— 

"  Then  let  us  ijray  that  come  it  may — 

As  come  it  will  for  a*  that — 
That  sense  and  worth  o'er  a'  the  earth 
May  bear  the  gree,  and  a'  that."3 

Grunye,  s.  a  promontory.  Whence  the  name  of  "  Cap 
Grinez  "  in  Brittany. 

Grunyie,  s.  the  mouth.  O.  Yr.groing.  It  is  used  as  a  verb, 
to  murmur,  to  complain,  to  find  fault  with.  (Banffs.) 

Grynter,4  s.  a  grain  dealer.     Fr.  grainetier. 

Gudget,  s.  a  trull.     O.  Fr.  gouge. 

Guede,  s.  a  whit.     Fr.  goutte. 

Gullion,  s.  a  stinking,  rotten  marsh.     Fr.  margouillis. 

Gulset,  s.  jaundice.  Fr.  gueule.  "  i  sau  .  .  .  sourakkis,  that 
vas  gude  for  the  blac  gulset."  5 

Gumphion,  gumpheon,  s.  a  funeral  banner.     Fr.  gonfanon? 

1  '  The  Buik  of  the  Croniclis  of  Scotland,  •  Mutes    bearing    tall    poles   shrouded   in 

vol.  iii.  p.   105,  11.  45,904,  45,905.  black  drapery  are  called  in  Scotland  gumjler- 

*  'The  Complaynt  of  Scotlande,'  p.  183,  men;  such  being  a  corruption  of  gonfalonier, 
"•  3l'3S-  tne  bearer  of  gonfalon,  or   standard,  in   old 

*  "  A  man's  a  man  for  a'  that." — Burns.  ceremonial  processions." — '  Memoir  of  Robert 

4  'Crim.  Trials,'  p.  382,  A.D.  1555.  Chambers,'  p.  108  :  Edinburgh  and  London, 

5  '  The  Complaynt  of  Scotlande,'  p.  67, 1.  5.      1872— post  8vo. 


366  CIVILISATION  IN  SCOTLAND. 

Gumplefaced,  adj.  chopfallen.     O.  Fr.  guimple,  a  veil. 

Gusehorn,  guissern,  s.  the  gizzard.     Fr.  gdsier. 

Gussie,  .y.  a  coarse,  lusty  woman.     O.  Fr.  gousse. 

Gust,  guste,1  v.  a.  to  taste.     O.  Fr.  gouster.     Gust,  s.  relish. 

Gy,  gye,  v.  a.  to  guide.     O.  Fr.  guier.     Gy,  s.  a  guide. 

Gyis,  gyss,  s.  manner.     Fr.  guise. 

"  Richt  glorious  as  that  tyme  wes  the  gyis."2 

Gys,  gyis,  v.  a.  to  disguise.      Fr.  ddguiser,  the  first  syllable, 
still  preserved  in  degysit,  being  considered  as  an  article. 
Gysar,  gysard,  guizard,  j.  a  harlequin,  a  masker. 

Habound,  v.  n.  to  abound.     O.  Fr.  habonder. 

Hagbutar,3  s.  musqueteer.  "  he  renforsit  the  toune  vitht  vic- 
tualis,  hagbutaris,  and  munitions,  for  the  hagbutars  past  neir 
to  the  camp  of  ther  enemeis."  4 

Hant,  v.  a.  to  practise.     Fr.  hanter. 

Harigalds,  haricles,  s.  the  pluck  of  an  animal.     Fr.  haricot. 

Harrok,5  s.  a  cry  for  help.     O.  Fr.  haro,  liarou. 

"  Thair  wes  no  thing  bot  harrock,  how  and  cry."  ° 

Hasardour,  hasartour,  a  gambler.  Fr.  hasardeur.  "  Et  celui 
qui  joue  as  dez,  le  hasardeur,"  7  &c. 

"  None  hasardours  at  cards  nor  dyce,"  8  &c.     - 

1  G.  Douglas,  i.  109,  13.  5  See  above,   chap.   x.    p.    168,   sub  voce 

-  '  The  Bulk  of  the  Croniclis  of  Scotland,'  "  Ilarro." 

vol.  i.  p.  130,  1.  4354.     See  vol.  i.  p.  143,  1.  °  'The  Buik  of  the  Croniclis  of  Scotland, 

4769;  p.  149,  1.  4951  ;  p.  165,  1.  5433.  vol.  i.  p.  124,  1.  4148. 

3  See  above,  chap.  xii.  p.  195.  7  Nicolas  Oresme,  '  Les  Ethiqucs,'  Bk.  iii. 

4  'The  Complaynt  of  Scotlaude,'  p.  6,  11.  8  '  Anc  Compendious  and  Breve  Tractate, 

10-12.  p.   12,  1.  293. 


I-/ASARTR  V— IMPORTANCE.  367 


Hasartry,  s.  gaming. 

"  '  Consumand  all  thair  riches  and  thair  rent, 
On  hurls,  harlottis,  and  in  hasartry,' " l  &c. 

Hash,  v.  a.  to  cut,  to  slash.     Fr.  hacker. 

Hcrctour,  s.  an  heir.  Fr.  htriticr.  "andc  als  zour  grace 
beand  absent  fra  zour  only  zong  dochter,  our  nobil  princes,  and 
rychteous  heretour  of  Scotland."  2 

Historiographe,  s.  an  historian.     Fr.  historiographe. 

"  Historiographe  of  halie  kirk  is  he."3 

Hostelar,  hostellar,  s.  an  inn-keeper.     O.  Fr.  hostelicr. 

Hostelrie,  hostellar,  hostillarie,4  s.  an  inn.     O.  Fr.  hostclleric. 

Houris,  s.  matins.  Fr.  heures,  a  book  of  prayers  for  certain 
hours. 

How,  s.  a  mound.     O.  Fr.  hoguc,  hoge. 

Howsouris,5  .y.  coverings  for  a  horse.     Fr.  housse. 

Hoyes,  s.  a  word  used  in  proclamations  to  call  attention. 
O.  Fr.  oyez. 

Huscher,  s.  an  usher.     Fr.  huissier,  huts. 

Impeach,  impesch,  impesche,  impush,  v.  a.  to  hinder.  O. 
Fr.  cmpescher ;  Fr.  emp&her.  "quhilkis  impeschit  hym  in  that 
barbir  straynge  cuntre,"  6  &c. 

Importabil,  importable,  adj.  intolerable.     O.  Fr.  importable. 

Importance,  .$•.  means  of  support.     O.  Fr.  cmport. 

1  'The  Buik  of  the  Croniclis  of  Scotland,'     vol.  ii.  p.  23,  L  20,832. 
vol.  i.  p.  449,  11.  14,030,  14,031.  4  "Kinmont  Willie,"  st.  vii. 

-  'The  Complaynt  of  Scotlandc, '  p.   3,  11.          *  G.  Douglas,  iii.  99,  30. 

6-8.  "  'The  Complaynt  of  Scotlanclc,'  p.  4,  11. 

*  '  The  Pmk  of  the  Croniclis  of  Scotland,'      n,  12.     See  p.  130,  1.  22. 


368  CIVILISATION  IN  SCOTLAND. 


Incarnet,  adj.  of  the  colour  of  a  carnation.     Fr.  incarnat. 

Incorpand,  part,  pas.  incorporating.     Fr.  incorporer. 

Inhabilitee,  s.  unfitness.     Fr.  inhabilitt. 

Inhabill,  v.  a.  to  enable.     Fr.  /labile. 

Interdyt,    v.    a.    to    interdict.      Fr.    interdire ;    pas.    part. 

interdit. 

"Syne  interdytit  all  Scotland  siclike,"1  &c. 

Intermell,  v.  n.  to  go  amongst.     Fr.  entremeler. 

"  Quhairof  thair  horss  so  far  than  wes  agast, 
Thair  wes  no  festnying  that  micht  hald  thame  fast ; 
No  zit  no  man  durst  with  thame  intermell : 
So  wode  tha  war  and  as  feyndis  as  fell, 
And  brake  all  lous  ilkane  out  of  his  band, 
Syne  vp  and  doun  tha  ran  ouir  all  the  land."  - 

To  take  in  hand  :— 

"  With  sic  mater  I  will  not  intermell." ;t 

Interteney.  v.  a.  to  entertain.     Fr.  entretenir. 
Intertrik,  v.  a.  to  censure.     Fr.  entre  and  triquer. 
Intruse,  intruss,  v.  a.  to  go  in  illegally.     O.  Fr.  intrure,  part, 
pas.  intrus.     The  noun  is  intrusare. 

Invaisour,4  s.  an  invader.     Fr.  envahisseur. 
Inveroun,5  adv.  round  about.     Fr.  environ. 
Ipeuwed,6  part.  pas.  propped,  supported.     Fr.  appuyd. 
Isch,    ische,   v.    n.    to   go   out.      O.   Fr.    issir,   to  go   out. 


1  'The  Buik  of  the  Croniclis  of  Scotland,'  1.  7350. 

vol.  iii.  p.  86,  1.  45,290.      See  vol.  iii.  p.  go,  *  Ibid.,  vol.  i.  p.  591,  1.  18,372. 

1.  45,419.  4  Bp.  Lesley's  'History,' p.  124. 

*  Ibid.,  vol.  iii.  p.  397,  11.  55,745-55,75°-  °  G.  Douglas,  iv.  193,  12. 

See  vol.  iii.  p.   297,!.  52,324;  vol.  i.  p.  228.  "  'The  Pistill  of  Susan,' st.  vi. 


JACINTYNE—JORNEY.  369 

"  thai  purposit  mony  maneyrs  to  ische  furtht  fra  that  strait 
place."  ! 

"  Ane  vther  tyme  the  citineris  war  boun, 
And  with  greit  power  ischit  of  the  toun 
Vpoun  the  Scottis  for  to  mak  ane  trane,"  '2  &c. 

Jacintyne,  s.  the  hyacinth.     Fr.  jacinthe. 

Jangle,  v.  n.  to  prattle.     O.  Yr.jangler. 

Janglour,  s.  a  prattler.     O.  Fr.  jangleur. 

Jedge,  s.  a  gauge.     Yr.jauge. 

Jockteleg,  s.  a  folding  knife.  The  etymology  of  this  word 
remained  unknown  till  an  old  knife  was  found  having  this  in- 
scription, Jacqws  de  Leige,  the  name  of  the  cutler.  There  is 
an  exact  analogy  with  the  Fr.  eustacke,  undoubtedly  a  proper 
name  transferred  to  the  instrument. 

Jocky-landy,  s.  a  nursery  term,  denoting  a  lighted  stick, 
wisp,  or  anything  blazing,  given  as  a  plaything  to  children. 
As  stated  by  Jamieson,  who  quotes  Brand's  '  Popular  Antiqui- 
ties," vol.  i.  p.  85,  the  English  had  a  sort  of  puppet,  formerly 
thrown  at,  in  Lent,  like  shrove-cocks,  and  called  Jack-a-Lent ; 
but  the  word  landy  seems  to  be  a  reminiscence  of  a  celebrated 
French  fair,  where,  likely,  there  was  plenty  of  toys. 

Jonette,  s.  a  species  of  flower.  Fr.  jaunet  d'eau  (nuphar 
luteum) ;  jaune,  yellow. 

Jorney,  jornay,  journe,3  s.  day's-work;  battle;  warlike  expe- 
dition. Fr.  journte. 


1  'The  Complaynt  of  Scotlande,"  p.   101,      vol.  iii.  p.  414,  11.  56,329-56,331. 
11.  19,  20.  3  G.  Douglas,  iii.  315,  n. 

2  '  The  Bulk  of  the  Croniclis  of  Scotland, ' 


370  CIVILISATION  IN  SCOTLAND. 

Journellie,  adv.  daily.     Fr.  journellement. 

Keage,  keyage,  s.  duty  paid  at  a  quay.  O.  Fr.  queage,  quay- 
age, kayage. 

Killyvie,  s.  a  state  of  alertness.     Fr.  qui  vive  ? 

Labour,  laboure,  v.  a.  to  plough.  Fr.  labourer.  The  noun 
is  labourin. 

Ladnaire,  lardner,  s.  a  larder.     O.  Fr.  lardier. 

Lansand,1  part.  pres.  skipping ;  running.     Fr.  lancer. 

Latit,  latyt,2/#r/.  pas.  plated  with  silver  or  tin.     Fr.  latter. 

Latoun,  lattoun,3  s.  a  mixed  metal,  probably  brass.  Fr. 
laiton. 

Lauandrie,  s.  a  laundry.     O.  Fr.  lavanderie. 

Laurere,  lorer,  s.  laurel.     Fr.  laurier. 

Laych,  v.  n.  to  linger.     Fr.  lacker,  to  slacken. 

Layndar,  lauender,  lauander,  lavander,  lavendar,  s.  a  laun- 
dress. Fr.  lavandiere. 

Laynere,  s.  a  strap,  a  thong.     Fr.  laniere. 

Le,  lie,  a  sort  of  demonstrative  article  often  prefixed  to  the 
name  of  a  place  or  thing,  in  early  Scottish  deeds,  signifying  the, 
as  in  French. 

Lemane,  s.  a  sweetheart.     Fr.  faimant. 

Lemanrye,  s.  an  amour. 

Lent-fire,  s.  a  slow  fire.     Fr.  lent. 

Levere,  leveray,  s.  delivery  ;  gift.     Fr.  livrer. 

Ling,  lyng,  s.  a  line.     Fr.  ligne. 


1  G.  Douglas,  iii.  251,  16.  *  Ibid.,  iii.  145,  14;   195,  24. 

2  Ibid.,  iii.  126,  149;   145,  14. 


LINGEL—MAMUK.  37 1 

Lingel,  lingle,1  s.  shoemaker's  thread ;  a  bandage.  Fr. 
ligneul. 

Loon,  lown,  s.  a  boy ;  a  man  of  bad  character.  O.  Eng. 
loon  or  lown.  The  word  occurs  in  Fr.  nearly  in  the  same  form 

in  the  same  sense  :— 

" .     .     .     J'ameroye  mieulx 
Estre  en  ung  assault  mort  trouve" 
Que  d'estre  pour  couart  prouve1, 
Car  certes  je  ne  suis  pas  lomme." 2 

Lyardly,  adv.  sparingly.  Fr.  Harder,  "  to  get  poorly,  slowly, 
or  by  the  penny ;  "  from  Hard,  a  small  coin. 

Lyart,3  adj.  grey-haired.     O.  Fr.  Hart. 

Lymouris,  lymmour,  limnaris,4  ^.  //.  the  shafts  of  a  cart  or 
chariot.  Fr.  limons. 

Lynage,  s.  lineage.     Fr.  lignage. 

" '  Quhilk  suld  be  mine  be  law  of  rycht  lynage 
Of  Hungusblude,"'5&c. 

"  Thay  suld  be  of  ane  lynage  leill."  ° 

Maber,  marbyr,  s.  marble.  Prov.  Fr.  mabre.  ..."  quhilk 
vas  ane  grauer  of  imagis  of  marbyr  stone." 7 

Macrell,  makerell,  pedemakrell,  s.  a  pimp,  a  bawd.  Fr. 
maquereau,  maquerellc. 

Mamable,  adj.  easily  managed.     Fr.  maniable. 

Mamuk,  s.  a  fictitious  bird.     Fr.  mammuque. 

1   Vide  Nares's  '  Glossary, '  sub  voce.  vol.  ii.  p.  407,  11.  32,454,  32,455.     See  vol. 

a  'Le  Mystere  de  Saint  Louis,'   p.    188,  ii.  p.  481,  1.  34,768. 

col.  i.  6  '  Ane  Compendious  and  Breve  Tractate, 

"  G.  Douglas,  iii.  28,  15.  p.  15,  1.  385. 

4  Ibid.,  i.  17,  26  ;  iii.  233,  21.  7  'The  Complaynt  of  Scotlande,'  p.   129, 

8  '  The  Buik  of  the  Croniclis  of  Scotland, '  1.  9. 


372  CIVILISATION  IN  SCOTLAND. 

_P — 

Mangit,  s.  frantic.     Fr.  maniaque. 

"  And  vther  sum  war  of  ane  vther  kynd, 
Richt  mad  and  mangit,  wod  out  of  thair  mynd." ' 

Mank,  mankyt,2  adj.  maimed,  weak.     Fr.  manchot. 

Man-miln,  maun-miln,  s.  a  hand-mill.     Fr.  main,  and  moulin. 

Manys,  s.  a  house.     O.  Fr.  manse. 

Mares,  marres,  s.  a  marsh.     Fr.  marais. 

Maretym,  s.  a  dweller  on  the  sea-coast.     Fr.  maritime. 

"The  maretyms  that  duelt  neir  be  the  cost, 
Bayth  men  and  guidis  dreidand  suld  be  lost, 
Rycht  fast  tha  fled  quhill  tha  come  to  the  king, 
And  schew  till  him  the  fassone  of  that  thing." 3 

Margret,  s.  a  pearl.     O.  Fr.  marguerite. 

"  Adornit  wes  with  mony  pretious  stone, 
With  diamonds  ding,  and  margretis  mony  one."  4 

Margulyie,  margullie,  v.  a.  to  disfigure ;  to  mangle.  O.  Fr. 
margoiller,  marguiller,  to  trample  in  water. 

Mariken,  marrekyne,5  adj.  of  or  belonging  to  goat-skin.  Fr. 
maroquin. 

Marrow,  s.  a  companion,  a  fellow,  an  associate.  Fr.  mart, 
vtarid.  Marrow  seems  to  have  existed  in  English  :— 

"  Pore  husbondes  that  had  no  marrowes, 
Ther  wyfes  broghtt  horn  on  whelebarows, 
For  thei  had  no  waynes."8 

1  'The  Bulk  of  the  Croniclis  of  Scotland,'         4  Ibid.,  vol.  ii.  p.  367,  11.  31,187,  31,188. 
vol.  ii.  p.  632, 11.  39,587,  39,588.  6  'Crim.  Trials,'  vol.  i.  p.  391,  A.D.  1596. 

2  G.  Douglas,  ii.  222,  I  ;  iii.  305,  17.  6  'The    Huntyng  of  the   Hare,'    1.    247. 

3  'The  Bulk  of  the  Croniclis  of  Scotland,'     'Metrical  Romances,'  &c.,  edited  by  Henry 
vol.  i.  p.  152, 11.  5037-5040.  Weber,  vol.  iii.  p.  290. 


MARTYR— MERTRIK.  373 

"  You  took  our  sister  to  be  your  wife, 

And  thought  her  not  your  marrow ; 
You  stole  her  frae  her  father's  back, 
When  she  was  the  Rose  o'  Yarrow." 1 

Martyr,  v.  a.  to  cut  down ;  to  injure  severely ;  to  spoil  in  any 
way  whatever.  O.  Fr.  martyrer;  Fr.  martyriser. 

Mawsie,  s.  a  drab,  a  trollop,  a  senseless  and  slovenly  woman. 
Fr.  maussade. 

May,2  s.  mistress.     Fr.  mie,  amie. 

Meirdel,  s.  a  confused  crowd  of  people  or  animals,  a  numerous 
family  of  little  children,  a  huddle  of  small  animals.  (Moray.) 
Fr.  merdaille? 

Mella,  mellay,  adj.  mixed.     Fr.  m£l£. 

Mellyne,  melling,  5-.  mixture.  kFr.  melange. 

Melze,  maize,  s.  a  coat  of  mail.     Fr.  maille. 

"The  Millane  melzeis  mendit  nocht  ane  myte, 
The  brandis  bricht  sa  bitterlie  did  byte."4 

Menage,  s.  a  friendly  society.     Fr.  manage. 
Merlins,  interj.  a  word  of  surprise.     Fr.  merveille. 
Mertrik,5  s.  a  martin.     O.  Fr.  marte ;  Fr.  martre. 

"  So  at  the  last  it  hapnit  him  to  wend 
On  to  the  toun  that  tyme  of  Inuernes, 
Quhair  mony  schip  of  merchandice  thair  wes, 
Quhilk  in  the  tyme  wer  cuming  out  of  France 
With  quheit  and  flour,  and  wyne  of  Orleance, 

1  "The  Dowie  Dens  o'  Yarrow, "st.  ii. —  2,  ep.   du  coq-a-1'ane ;   Rabelais,  b.  i.   ch. 

'The  Ballads  of  Scotland,'  by  Aytoun.     See  33. 

st.  iii.  4  '  The  Buik  of  the  Croniclis  of  Scotland, 

*  'Memoire  of  the  Somervilles,'  vol.  i.  pp.  vol.  i.  p.  235,  11.  7555,  7556.      See  vol.  i.  p. 

336,  337.  434,  1.  13,547 ;  vol.  ii.  p.  286,  1.  28,694. 

3  Vide  '  Chron.  de  P.  Cochon,'  p.  430  ;  Al.  8  See  above,  chap.  iv.  p.  98,  and  chap.  vii. 

Chartier,  'Des  quatre  Dames;'  Cl.  Marot,  p.  134. 


374 


CIVILISATION  IN  SCOTLAND. 


And  for  till  by  thair  merchandice  agane, 

As  selch  and  salmone,  scuir,  pellat  and  pran  ; 

For  fox  and  fulmart  and  of  mertrik  skin, 

Anew  thair  wes  tha  landis  than  within, 

Of  woll  and  hyde  thai  gat  at  abundance 

To  fraucht  thame  with  agane  home  into  France."  l 

Message,  s.  an  embassy.     Fr.  message. 

Mewith,  3/.  v.  changes.     Fr.  muer. 

Mewt,  v.  n.  and  a.  to  mew  as  a  cat;  to  speak,  in  the  North. 
O.  Fr.  miaulde. 

Millygant,  s.  a  false  person.     O.  Fr.  male  gent. 

Misfalt,  s.  a  misdeed.     O.  Fr.  mesfaire. 

Mister,  myster,  s.  craft.     O.  Fr.  mestier. 

Mittle,  v.  a.  to  hurt.     Fr.  mutiler. 

Moit,2  s.  a  crumb,  a  small  piece  of  anything.     Fr.  miette. 

Moit,  mote,3  s.  a  hill,  height,  eminence.     O.  Fr.  motte. 

Mollets,  s.  fantastic  airs.     Fr.  mollet. 

Mollett,4  s.  boss  or  stud  used  as  ornament  of  bridles.  Fr. 
molette. 

Moraine,  adj.  swarthy.     O.  Fr.  morin. 

Morgue,  s.  a  solemn  face.    Fr.  morgue,  a  serious  countenance. 

Morsell,5  s.  bite.     O.  Fr.  morsel. 

Mortfundit,6j&zr/./0.y.  cold  as  death.     Fr.  morfondu. 

Mort-head,  s.  a  death's-head.  Fr.  tete  de  mort.  The  term 
mart  occurs  in  various  other  expressions.7 


i  'The  Bulk  of  the  Croniclis  of  Scotland,' 
vol.  i.  pp.  150,  151,  11.  4991-5001. 

"Eli  quens  Guenes  en  Cut  mult  anguisable  ; 
De  sun  col  getet  ses  grandes  pels  de  martre, 
E  est  Feme's  en  sun  blialt  de  palie." 

— 'Chanson    de    Roland,'    st.    xx.    11.    301- 
303;  original  edition,  p.  12. 


2  G.  Douglas,  iv.  226,  10. 

3  Ibid.,  ii.  no,  II  ;  139,  25 ;  iii.  So,  13. 

4  Ibid.,  iii.  100,  2. 

5  Ibid.,  i.  20,  3. 

«  Ibid.,  iii.  78,  18. 

7  Vide  Jamieson's  Dictionary,  and  above, 
chap.  vii.  p.  135. 


MOSTED—NEAPHLE.  375 

Mosted,  adj.  crop-eared.     (Moray.)     Fr.  mousse. 

Mot,  s.  a  word.     Fr.  mot. 

Moutchit,  s.  a  disrespectful  name  applied  to  a  child.  O.  Fr. 
mouschette,  a  small  fly. 

Mowence,  s.  dependence.     Fr.  mouvance,  a  term  in  law. 

Moy,1  s.  a  measure  of  capacity.  O.  Fr.  mui;  Fr.  muid,  a 
measure  that  varied  in  different  places.  "  Un  mui  de  sel "  is 
equivalent  to  "  ane  moy  of  salt,"  mentioned  in  Aberd.  Reg., 
A.  1538,  V.  1 6.  Mui  is  another  form  used  by  the  author  of 
'  The  Complaynt  of  Scotlande  :  "  annibal  sent  to  cartage  thre 
muis  of  gold  ryngis." 

Multure,  mouter,  muture,  s.  the  fee  for  grinding  grain.     Fr. 

mouture. 

"  When  ye  come  to  my  father's  mill, 
Ye  shall  grind  muture  free ; 
Now  we're  met,  nae  mair  to  part, 
Until  the  day  we  dee."2 

Munsie,  s.  a  term  of  contempt.     Fr.  monsieur. 
Murgeon,  v.  a.  to  mock  by  making  faces.     Fr.  morguer. 
Murgeon,  morgeoun,  s.  murmur. 

Muschet,  part.  pas.  spotted  or  notched.     Fr.  mouchett. 
Muschinprat,  s.  a  bad  deed,  a  trick.    O.  Fr.  meschant,  and/ra/. 
Mush,  s.  one  who  goes  between  a  lover  and  his  ladye-love. 
Fr.  mouche,  a  fly. 

Mychare,  s.  a  mean  fellow.     Fr.  slang,  micht. 

Neaphle,  s.  a  thing  of  no  value.     Fr.  nipes. 

1  G.  Douglas,  iv.  220,  2.  by  Peter  Buchan — Reprint,  1875.    See  above, 

2  "The  Miller's  Son,"  Part  II.  st.  12,  p.      chap.  x.  p.  169. 
120,  vol.  ii. — 'Ancient  Ballads  and  Songs,' 


376 


CIVILISATION  IN  SCOTLAND. 


Neff,  s.  the  nave  of  a  church.     Fr.  nef. 

Newo,1  s.  nephew.     Fr.  neveu. 

Non  obstant,/^.  notwithstanding.     Fr.  nonobstant. 

Non  sount,  s.  a  term  denoting  a  base  coin.  The  name  non 
sunt  was  given  to  a  debased  Scottish  coinage,  because  it  bore 
the  arms  of  Francis  and  Mary,  with  this  legend :  "  Jam  non 
sunt  duo,  sed  una  caro."2  In  Fr.  non  sunt  meant  a  eunuch.3 

Nourice,  nourrice,  nurish,4  s.  a  nurse.  Fr.  nourrice.  Other 
forms  are  noyris,  noryss,  nurice,  and  nurreych? 

" '  O  still  my  bairn,  nourice, 
Still  him  if  you  can.'"6 

Nouvelles,  novellis,7  s.  pi.  news,  tidings.     Fr.  nouvelles. 
Novity,  s.  novelty.     Fr.  nouveautt. 

Obfusque,  v.  n.  to  darken.     Fr.  offusquer. 
Obtemper,  v.  a.  to  obey.     Fr.  obtemptrer. 

"  The  lordis  all  that  war  into  Pec[h']tland 
That  tyme  wald  nocht  obtemper  his  command,"  8  &c. 

Odour,  s.  nastiness,  filth.     Fr.  ordure. 

Ogrie,  ogress,  s.  m.  and  fern,  a  giant,  male  and  female,  sup- 
posed to  feed  on  children.  (Roxb.)  Fr.  ogre,  ogresse. 


1  King  James  V.  of  Scotland  to  King 
Henry  VIII.,  apud  Ellis,  '  Original  Letters,' 
vol.  i.  p.  252. 

*  Laing's  note  in  'Keith,'  i.  403.  'Cal- 
endar of  State  Papers,"  foreign  series,  of  the 
reign  of  Elizabeth,  1558-1559,  p.  510:  Lon- 
don, 1862— 8vo. 

3  Vide  Cholieres's  '  Contes,'  voL  ii.,  quoted 
by  Leroux,  '  Dictionnaire  comique,'  &c.,  t.  ii. 


p.  216. 

«  '  Melvill's  Diary,'  p.  152. 

8  Vide  Jaraieson's  Dictionary,  and  'Crim. 
Trials,'  vol.  i.  p.  207,  A.D.  1590. 

6  "Lamkin,"  st  14.     See  st.  13,  15,  &c. 

7  Bp.  Lesley's  '  Hist,  of  Scotland,'  p.  166, 
A.D.  1542. 

8  'The  Buik  of  the  Croniclis  of  Scotland,' 
vol.  ii.  p.  12,  11.  20,511,  20,512. 


OIST-OSTLER.  377 


Oist,1  s.  a  host,  an  army.     O.  Fr.  ost. 

"  On  him  that  tyme  greit  travell  he  did  tak 
Ouir  all  Scotland,  and  maist  of  his  awin  coist, 
For  to  furneis  ane  grit  armie  and  oist,"  2  &c. 

Oist,  v.  n.  to  go  to  war,  to  carry  on  war.      O.  Fr.  ostoier. 

"  Thair  vse  wes  than  in  oisting,  quhilk  wes  gude, 
To  suffeis  thame  with  litill  sleip  and  fude, 
Quhen  mister  wer," 3  &c. 

Oragrus,  adj.  stormy.     Fr.  orageux. 

Granger,  s.  an  orange.     Fr.  oranger,  the  name  of  the  tree. 

Oratour,4  s.  an  ambassador.     O.  Fr.  orateur. 

Ordinar,  n.  the  usual  state  of  health.     Fr.  ordinaire. 

Orere,  oroure,  interj.  avaunt.     Fr.  arriere. 

Orfarie,5  s.  work  in  gold. 

"  Her  paytrel 6  was  of  irale  fine, 
Her  crupper  was  of  orfarie," 7  &c. 

Orison,  5.  an  oration.     Fr.  oraison. 

Oroshen,  s.  "  a  savage-behaved  individual — probably  from 
Fr.  ourson,  a  bear's  cub  " — '  Galovidian  Encyclopedia.' 

Orphling,  s.  an  orphan.     Fr.  orphelin. 

Oshen,  s.  a  person  of  mean  disposition.  Fr.  oison,  a  little 
goose,  a  ninny. 

Ostler,  s.  an  innkeeper.     O.  Fr.  hostelier. 


1  See  above,  chap.  xii.  p.  197.  4  G.  Douglas,  i.  24. 

2  'The  Buik  of  the  Croniclis  of  Scotland,'  5  See  above,  chap.  v.  p.  no. 
vol.  ii.  p.  378,  11.  31,510-31,512.     See  vol.  ii.  *  See  above,  chap.  xii.  p.  193. 

p.  380,  1.  31,584;  p.  390,  11.  31,928,  31,935;  7  "Thomas  of  Ercildoune "  —  ' The  Bal- 

p.  473,  1.  34,532.  lads  of  Scotland,'  by  W.  E.  Aytoun,  vol.  i. 

3  Ibid.,  vol.  ii.  p.  474,  11.  34,547-34.549-  P-  z8- 

3B 


378  CIVILISATION  IN  SCOTLAND. 

Ostrye,  ostie,  J.  an  inn.     O.  Kr.  hostcllerie. 
Ourn,  v.  a.  to  adorn.     Fr.  orner. 

Outreyng,  s.  extremity.  Fr.  outrer,  to  carry  things  to  the 
utmost. 

Pace,  Pasch,  Pasche,  Pashe,  Peace,1  s.  Easter.  O.  Fr. 
Pasque. 

Pais,  pase,  v.  a.  to  poise  ;  to  lift  up.     Fr.  peser. 

Paithment,  s.  pasture.     O.  Fr.  paissement. 

Palaver,  s.  idle  talk ;  vain  conduct.  O.  Fr.  palabre ;  Sp. 
palabra. 

Pale,  peel,  pell,  v.  a.  to  call  on.  Fr.  appeler.  When  one 
sees  a  dead-candle,  he  demands  whose  death  it  betokens. 

Pall,2  s.  a  rich  dress.     O.  Fr.  paile, 

Palwerk,  s.  spangled  work.     Fr.  paille. 

Palyard,  s.  a  blackguard.  O.  Fr.  paillard,  one  who  lies  on 
straw,  paille. 

Palzeon,  palzeone,  s.  tent.     O.  Fr.  paveillun,  paveillon. 

"Syne  plantit  doun  his  palzeonison  ane  plane."3 

Pantenerer,  adj.  like  a  rascal.     O.  ~Ft.pautonnier. 
Parage,  s.  extraction.     Fr.  parage. 

"  This  ilk  Henrie  ane  zoung  sister  hed  he, 
Callit  wes  Jane,  plesand  of  hie  parage," 4  &c. 


'  '  The  Tod's  Confessioun  to  Freir  Wolf,'         3  '  The  Bulk  of  the  Croniclis  of  Scotland,' 

1.  no;  'The  Wolf,  the  Foxe,  and  the  Cad-  vol.  iii.  p.  223,  1.  49,818.     See  vol.  i.  p.  190, 

gear,'  1.  203;  ap.  Henryson,  pp.  131,   189:  I.  6176;  p.  339,  1.  10,683;  P-  399.  '•  12,457; 

'Crim.  Trials,'  vol.  i.  p.  463*,  A.D.    1565  ;  vol.  iii.  p.  224,  1.  49,861. 
'Melvill's  Diary,'  pp.  165,  274,  297,  &c.  *  Ibid.,  vol.  iii.  p.  91,  11.  45,473,  45,474. 

*  G.  Douglas,  ii.  57,  30;  iv.  53,  31. 


PARDIE—PA  WMER. 


379 


Pardie,  perde,  adv.  verily,  indeed.     Fr.  par  Dicu. 

"  Thomas  dwelt  in  that  soldce, 
More  than  I  you  say,  pardie  ; 
Till  on  a  day,  so  have  I  grace, 
That  lovely  ladye  said  to  me."  ' 

Park,  s.  a  pole,     ^r.perche. 

Park,  v.  a.  to  perch.     Fr.  percher. 

Parle,  s.  speech.     Fr.  parler. 

Paroche,  s.  parish.     O.  Fr.  paroche ;  Fr.  paroissc. 

"  Into  the  first  than  hes  desyr  wes  sua, 
Ilk  paroche  kirk  without  exceptioun  pa 
Four  markis  Stirling,"  2  &c. 

Parsenere,  s.  a  partner.     O.  Fr.  parsonnier. 
Parten,  perten,  v.  n.  to  belong  to.     Fr.partenir.    "  to  gif  ane 
assalt  to  the  cite  of  lucere,  quhilk  partenis  to  the  romans."3 

"  And  mekill  moir  no  I  haif  in  memorie, 
The  quhilk  pertenis  nothing  to  this  storie."4 

Partiment,  s.  division.     O.  Fr.  partement. 
Party,  partie,  s.  an  opponent.     Fr.  parti. 
Party,  s.  part,  degree.     Fr.  partie. 
Patene,  s.  the  cover  of  a  chalice.     Fr.  patene. 
Pauce,  v.  n.  to  dance  with  rage.     Fr.  pas. 
Pawmer,  s.  the  palm-tree.     Fr.  palmier. 

1  "  Thomas  of  Ercilcloune  "— '  The  Ballads     26,  27. 

of  Scotland,'  by  W.  E.  Aytoun,  vol.  i.  p.  34.         4  'The  Bulk  of  the  Croniclis  of  Scotland,' 

2  ' The  Bulk  of  the  Croniclis  of  Scotland,'  vol.  iii.  p.  73,  11.  44,870,  44,871.     See  vol. 
vol.  iii.  p.  127,  11.  46,670-46,672.    See  vol.  ii.  «•  P-  6,  1.  20,333  •'  voL  iii.  p.  114,  1.  46,233  ; 
p.  294,  1.  28,930.  p.  130,  1.  46,781. 

3  '  The  Complaynt  of  Scotlande,'  p.  98,  11. 


CIVILISATION  IN  SCOTLAND. 


Pawmie,  s.  a  stroke  on  the  hand.     O.  Fr.  paumde. 
Pay,  s.  region.     Fr.  pays. 

Pay,  v.  a.  to  satisfy;  to  beat.  Fr.  payer.  It  is  used  as  a 
noun  to  signify  satisfaction. 

Payane,1  payne,  adj.  pagan.     Fr.  payen. 

Paysand,2  adj.  heavy.     Fr.  pesant. 

Pece,3  piece,  s.  a  vessel  for  holding  liquids.     Fr.  piece. 

"  Haiffand  all  thing  neidful  for  men  of  weir, 
With  gold  and  silver,  and  with  houshald  geir, 
With  riche  veschell  war  all  of  silver  fyne, 
Baith  dische  and  plait,  and  pecis  for  the  wyne," 4  &c. 

Peenjure,  v.  a.  (Ayrsh.)  to  hamper,  to  confine.  O.  Fr. 
ponfoir,  a  bolt. 

Peer,  peere,5  pere,6  adj.  equal.  O.  Fr.  peer, per.  It  is  used 
as  a  verb,  to  equal. 

Peis,  v.  a.  to  make  silence.     Fr.  faire  paix. 

Pend,  s.  an  arch.     Fr.  pendre.    Fended,  pendit  means  arched. 

"  That  tyme  on  Forth  thair  wes  ane  brig  of  tre, 
But  pend  or  piller,  vpone  trestis  hie, 
Quhair  he  that  tyme  ane  mekle  better  brig, 
With  pend  and  pillar  of  stane  and  lyme  gart  big,"  7  &c. 

Penty,  v.  a.  to  strike.  Fr.  pointer,  to  give  a  blow  with  the 
point  of  a  sword.  It  is  also  used  as  a  noun. 

Peppin,  v.  a.  to  cocker.     O.  Fr.  popine,  a  puppet. 
Per,  v.  n.  to  appear.     O.  Fr.  parer. 


1  G.  Douglas,  ii.  228,  8. 

1  Ibid.,  iii.  36,  9. 

'  See  above,  chap.  iii.  p.  59. 

4  'The  Buik  of  the  Croniclis  of  Scotland,' 


iii.  p.  406, 1.  56,060. 

•  'The  Pistill  of  Susan,'  St.  iii. 

•  Douglas's  'Virgil,'  366,  48. 

7  '  The  Buik  of  the  Croniclis  of  Scotland,' 


vol.  iii.  p.  405,  11.  56,041-56,044.     See  vol.     vol.  ii.  p.  441,  11.  33,555-33.558. 


PERCEPTIOUNE— PINCH.  381 

Perceptioune,  s.  the  act  of  gathering  or  receiving  rents,  &c. 
Fr.  perception. 

Perconnon,  percunnance,  s.  condition.     Fr.  par  and  convine. 

Perdews,  s.  the  forlorn  hope.     Fr.  enfants  perdiis. 

Perdue,  adj.  driven  to  the  last  extremity.     Fr.  perdu. 

Peremptoir,  adj.  peremptory.  Fr.  ptremptoire.  "hot  zit  i 
vas  lang  stupefact  ande  timide,  for  fait  of  ane  peremptoir  con- 
clusione,"1  &c. 

Perfay,  adv.  verily.     Pr.par  and  fat. 

Perfurnis,  perfurmeis,  v.  a.  to  accomplish.     Fr.  parfournir. 

Perlassent,  pres.  part,  parleying.     Fr.  parlant. 

Peronal,2  s.  a  girl,  a  young  woman.     O.  Fr.  pe"ronelle. 

Pers,  peirs,3  adj.  sky-coloured,  blue.     O.  Fr.  pers. 

Perticiane,  s.  an  adept.     Fr.  praticien,  a  practitioner  in  law. 

Pertroubil,  v.  a.  to  annoy.     O.  Fr.  partroubler. 

Pewtena,  s.  a  whore.     Fr.  putain. 

Peyster,  s.  one  who  feeds  voraciously.     O.  ^r.paistre. 

Picken,  adj.  pungent  to  the  taste.     Fr.  piquant. 

Pickie-man,  s.  a  miller.  Fr.  piqueur  de  meule,  pricker  of 
wheat-stone. 

Piege,  s.  a  trap.     Fr.  piege. 

Pile,  pyle,  s.  the  soft  hair  which  appears  on  the  chin  of  a 
youth  ;  a  tender  blade ;  a  single  grain.  Fr.  poil. 

Pilgren,  s.  a  pilgrim.     O.  Fr.  pelegrin. 

Pinalds,  s.  a  spinnet.     O.  Fr.  espinet. 

Pinch,  punch,  s.  an  iron  lever.     Fr.  pince. 

1  '  The  Complaynt  of  Scotlande,'  p.  6,  11.      1.  231 ;  ap.  Dunbar,  vol.  i.  p.  69. 
33.  34-  *  G.  Douglas,  iv.  83,  1 8. 

1  '  The  Twa  Maryit  Wemen  and  the  Wedo,' 


382  CIVILISATION  IN  SCOTLAND. 

Pinsal,1  pynsall,2  pensall,  s.  streamer.     O.  Fr.  penonccl. 
"  With  mony  pynsall  panetit  war  preclair,"  3  &c. 

Plainyie,  v.  n.  to  complain.     Fr.  plaindre. 
Plede,  pleid,  pleyd,  s.  debate,  quarrel;  care.     Fr.  plaid.     It 
is  used  as  a  verb,  to  contend. 

"Thair  wes  sum  thair  that  cruell  counsall  gaif, 
Gif  euer  he  thocht  gude  pece  or  rest  to  half 
Into  Britane,  and  bruke  it  out  of  pleid, 
For  to  stryik  of  Arweragus  his  heid."  4 

"  And  endit  wes  that  time  all  pley  and  pleid." 5 
"  Thus  endit  scho  that  first  begouth  that  pleid."  ° 

Plummet,7  s.  the  pommel  of  a  sword.     O.  Fr.  plombeau. 

Poesie,8  s.  poetry.     Fr.  potsie. 

Poiner ;  piner  in  BanfFs.,  s.  one  who  cuts  peats.  O.  Fr. 
pionier,  with  the  same  meaning. 

Poinyel,  s.  a  bundle  carried  by  one  when  travelling.  O.  Fr. 
poignal;  from  ^t.poignde. 

Policy,  pollece,  s.  the  pleasure-grounds  round  a  mansion. 
Fr.  police. 

Pomerie,  s.  an  orchard.     Fr.  pommeraie. 

Pomet,  s.  pomatum.     Fr.  pommade. 

Ponyeand,  adj.  piercing.     Fr.  poignant. 

Port,  s.  the  gate  of  a  town.     Fr.  porte. 

1  G.  Douglas,  ii.  141,  4.  vol.  i.  p.  379,  I.  11,893. 

"  See  above,  chap  xii.  p.  197.  4  Ibid.,  vol.  i.  p.  228,  11.  7343-7346. 

3  'The  Bulk  of  the  Croniclis  of  Scotland,'         &  ibid.,  vol.  i.  p.  114,  1.  3861. 
vol.  iii.  p.  435,  1.  57,057.      See  vol.  iii.  p.         '  Ibid.,  vol.  ii.  p.  494,  1.  35,202. 
169,  1.  48,025;  p.   187,  1.  48,614;  p.  215,  1.          7<Crim.  Trials,' vol.  iii.  p.  21,  A.D.  1597. 
49,559!  P-  232, 1.  50,114  ;  p.  233,  1.  50,169  :          <"J.  Mclvill's  Diary-,'  p.  307. 


PORTAGE— PROMISSIONE.  383 

Portage,1  s.  baggage.     Fr.  portage. 

Porte  (to  porte  on),  v.  a.  to  bring  on,  to  direct.  Fr. 
porter. 

Poss,  pouss,  v.  a.  to  push.  Fr.  pousser.  It  is  used  as  a 
noun. 

Potingar,2  s.  a  druggist. 

"  Sayand  he  wes  ane  potingar  richt  fyne, 
And  had  grit  prattik  of  all  medicyne,"  3  &c. 

Pounse,  punse,  v.  a.  to  cut,  to  carve,  to  engrave.  Fr. 
poncer. 

Prattik,  prettik,  pracktik,  practique,4  s.  practice,  stratagem  in 
war.  Fr.  pratique. 

Pray,  s.  a  meadow.     Fr.  pre". 

Prestable,  adj.  payable.     O.  fr.prester. 

Pretense,  s.  design.     Fr.  prdtendre. 

Prise,  prize,  v.  a.  to  force,  to  press.     Fr.  presser. 

Proch,  v.  n.  to  come  near.     Fr.  approcker. 

Prochane,  prochene,  adj.  neighbouring.  Fr.  prochain.  "  ande 
deffendit  his  pepil  ande  subjectis  of  loran,  fra  his  prochane 
enemeis,"  5  &c. 

Proket  of  wax,  s.  apparently  a  small  taper,  or  the  peg  to 
stick  it  on.  Fr.  brocttette. 

Promissione,  J.  promise.  Fr.  promission.  "  zit  nochtheles 
thay  var  ay  fyrst  in  the  battel  for  the  deffens  of  the  landis  of 
promissione."  6 

1  G.  Douglas,  ii.  78,  12.  4  See  above,  chap.  x.  p.  169. 

"  See  above,  chap  ix.  p.  158.  5  '  The  Complaynt  of  Scotlande,'  p.  4,  II. 

3  'The  Bulk  of  the  Croniclis  of  Scotland,'      I,  2. 
vol.  ii.  p.  196,  11.  26,019,  26,020.  •  Ibid.,  p.  164,  11.  13,  14. 


CIVILISATION  IN  SCOTLAND. 


Promuve,  v.  a.  to  set  on  foot,  to  carry  forward. 

"  Thairwith,  he  said,  ane  mendis  he  sould  haif, 
Of  thame  ilk  ane  promuvit  had  sic  thing." 1 

"  Then  Gadwallane,  that  king  wes  of  the  Britis, 
And  King  Panda  richt  soir  blamis  and  witis 
Thair  negligence  richt  far  into  sic  things, 
Promouit  had  sic  tua  vncristin  kingis,"  2  &c. 

Propyne,  propine,3  s.  a  gift,  a  present;  drink-money.    O.  Fr. 
propine. 

"  For  no  rewarde,  gyft,  nor  propyne, 
Thole  none  of  thir  twois  causes  tyne."4 

Prospect,  prospect-glass,  s.  a  telescope.     O.  Fr.  prospective. 
Provene,  v.  n.  to  proceed  from.     Yr.provenir. 
Proviant,  adj.  provided  for  a  set  purpose.     Fr.  prdvoyant. 
Provost,5  provest,  s.  the  chief  magistrate  of  a  royal  burgh. 
Fr.  prdvtit. 

"  Sic  reirdour  raiss  amang  them  vp  and  doun, 
That  thair  provest  grit  trauell  had  and  pane 
Within  the  toun  to  gar  thame  still  remane."6 

Pungetywe,  adj.  sharp.     Fr.  poignant.1 

"  Ane  herald  syne  to  gude  Wallace  send  sone, 
Quhilk  schew  to  him  his  chairgis  all  belyve, 
In  lichtlie  langage  and  richt  pungetywe."8 

Punyie,  punge,  v.  a.  to  pierce.     O.  Fr.  poindre. 


1  '  The  Buik  of  the  Croniclis  of  Scotland,' 
vol.  i.  p.  422,  11.  13,198,  13,199. 
a  Ibid.,  vol.  ii.  p.  304,  11.  29,231-29,234. 
*  G.  Douglas,  ii.  222,  2. 


•  '  The  Buik  of  the  Croniclis  of  Scotland,' 
voL  i.  p.  277,  11.  8829-8831. 

7  "  Si  ot  la  langue  moult  punere 

Et  moult  poignant  et  moult  amerc." 


1  'Ane  Compendious  and  Breve  Tractate,'     — 'Le  Roman  de  la  Rose,'  1.  3527. 
p.  18,  11.  499,  500.  «  'The  Buik  of  the  Croniclis  of  Scotland,' 

vol.  iii.  p.  168,  11.  47,970-47,972. 


6  See  above,  chap.  x.  p.  162. 


PURALL—QUOY.  385 

Purall,  pural,  purell,  pouerall,  s.  the  lower  classes,  the  poor 
people.  O.  Fr.  pouraille.1 

Purfell,2  s.  and  v.  a.  an  edging  or  border  of  dress ;  to  trim 
with  an  edging.  O.  Fr.  pourfiler. 

Purmein,3  v.  a.  to  walk.     O.  Fr.  pourmener. 

Pye,  pie,  v.  n.  to  pry.     Fr.  <<pier. 

Quadre,  v.  a.  to  square.     O.  Fr.  quadrer. 

Queint,  adj.  curious  ;  strange  ;  cunning.     O.  Fr.  coint. 

Queint,  queynt,  .y.  a  device.     O.  Fr.  cointe. 

Quent,  adj.  familiar.     O.  Fr.  accoint. 

Quentis,  s.  elegant  device.     O.  Fr.  cointise. 

Quenyie,  quynyie,  qunyie,  queingie,  s.  a  corner.  O.  Fr. 
cuignet,  coing. 

Quering  (Franche)  lynit  with  canwess.  We  are  fain  to  own 
that  we  do  not  understand  this  expression,  which  occurs  in  an 
old  inventory. 

Quernell  stanis,  s.  grave-stones.     Fr.  charnier. 

Querrel,  quarel,  s.  a  quarry.     O.  Fr.  quarrel. 

Querrell,  s.  quarrel.     Fr.  querelle. 

"  And  alss  that  time  his  querrell  foundit  he, 
Nocht  for  his  richt  hot  for  the  Brucis  supple," 4  &c. 

Quitte,  quyt,  qutye,5  adj.  requited.     Fr.  quitte. 
Quoy,6  adj.  qtiiet.     Fr.  cot. 

1  G".  Douglas,  i.  79,  18.  vol.   iii.   p.    152,    11.    47,462,   47,463.      See 

3  'Comp.  Thes.  Reg.  Scot.,' vol.  i.  pp.  31,      vol.   i.  p.  161,  1.  5328;  vol.  iii.  p.  156,  1. 
36.  47,580. 

1  'Melvill's  Diary,'  p.  147.  6  'Crim.  Trials,' vol.  ii.  p.  328,  A.D.  1600. 

4  '  The  Bulk  of  the  Croniclis  of  Scotland,'         "  G.  Douglas,  ii.  97 ;  102,  16. 

3  C 


386 


CIVILISATION  IN  SCOTLAND. 


Quyttans,  quhittans,1  s.  acquittance.     Fr.  quittance. 

Rabate,  v.  a.  to  abate.  Fr.  rabattre. 

Rabscallion,  rapscallion,2  s.  a  low  worthless  fellow.  I  concur 
with  Jamieson,  who  conjectures  that  "  it  is  probable  that  Eng. 
cullion  or  scullion  may  have  entered  into  the  composition ; " 
but  it  seems  obvious  that  the  Scottish  word  is  derived  from 
the  Fr.  racaille,  which  gave  rise  to  the  Eng.  rascal. 

Radious,  radius,3  adj.  very  bright  or  radiant.     Fr.  radiettx. 

Radoun,  v.  n.  to  return.     Fr.  redonder. 

Rail-tree,  rawel,  s.  a  rail,  the  cross-beam  to  which  the  tops  of 
cow-stakes  are  fastened.  O.  Fr.  vervelle. 

Rambarre,  v.  a.  to  stop,  to  restrain ;  also  to  repulse.  Fr. 
rembarrer. 

Rammale,4  rammall,  rammel,  ramel,  s.  a  small  branch,  a 
crooked  stick  (Banffs.),  shrubbery,  brushwood.  O.  Fr.  ramel, 
ramille.  The  adj.,  signifying  branchy,  is  rammel:  "there  vas 
ane  grene  bane  (Fr.  bane)  ful  of  rammel  grein  treis."  5  Hence 
rammage,  s.  the  warbling  of  birds ;  and  adj.  wild,  savage.  O. 
Fr.  ramage. 

"  The  Romanis  than  quhen  tha  saw  Argatill 

With  mos  and  mure  and  mony  wodis  wyld, 

And  ron  and  roche  with  mony  rammall  ouirsyld,"  "  7  &c. 


1  Accounts  of  1497 and  1 500 in  'The  Ledg- 
er of  Andrew  Halyburton,'  pp.  176,  269. 

2  'The  Bride  of  Lammermoor,'  ch.  xxv. ; 
'  The  Heart  of  Mid-Lothian,'  ch.  xlvi. 

3  '  Clariodus,'  p.  2,  \.  2$ ;  G.  Douglas,  iii. 
15°,   31;   "The   Promine,"  &c.,   st.   ix.,  in 
'Select  Remains,'  &c. 


4  G.  Douglas,  iii.  206,  15. 

6  'The  Complaynt  of  Scotlande,'  p.  37, 
1.  19. 

8  See  "Sile,"  below,  p.  399. 

7  'The  Bulk  of  the  Croniclis  of  Scotland,' 
vol.  i.  p.  359,  11!   11,264-11,268;  vol.  ii.  p. 
57',  I-  37,67°. 


RAMMASCHE—RAVISANT.  387 

Rammasche,  adj.  collected.  Fr.  ramassd.  "there  eftir  i 
herd  the  rumour  of  rammasche  foulis  ande  of  beystis  that  maid 
grite  beir," l  &c. 

Ramp,  v.  n.  to  become  ropy,  applied  to  milk.  Fr.  ramper, 
to  creep  on  the  belly. 

Randon,  v.  n.  to  flow  swiftly.  O.  Fr.  randoner,  to  run 
quickly.  The  noun  is  randoun,  randoune?  and  signifies  violent 
motion  ;  flight ;  course.  O.  Fr.  randon,  a  violent  force. 

Range,  s.  a  company  of  hunters.     Fr.  rang,  rangte. 

Ransom,  s.  an  extravagant  price.  Fr.  ran^onner,  to  exact 
from  one  for  the  price  of  anything  more  than  its  worth. 

Ransoune,  ransown,  s.  a  ransom.     Fr.  ranfon. 

Ranter,  v.  n.  to  sew  a  seam  in  a  slovenly  manner.  Fr.  ren- 
traire,  to  sew  a  seam  so  that  it  does  not  appear,  from  re,  en, 
and  traire  with  the  meaning  to  draw. 

Ranverse,3  v.  a.  to  overturn.     Fr.  renverser. 

Raparal,  reparell,4  v.  to  repair,  to  refit,  to  fit  out.  Fr.  rapa- 
reiller, 

Rasit, part. pas.  abashed,  confounded;  thrown  into  confusion. 
Fr.  rase". 

Ratchal,  J.  a  hard  rocky  crust  below  the  soil.    O.  Fr.  rochaille. 

Ratt  or  rott  rime,  s.  anything  repeated  by  rote.    O.  Fr.  rote. 

Rave,  reverie,  ravery  (Banffs.),  s.  a  vague  report;  delirium. 
Fr.  reve,  reverie. 

Ravisant,5  part.  pres.    ravenous,   violent.      Fr.    ravissant. 


1  'TheComplayntof  Scotlande, '  p.  38,  1L  4  G.  Douglas,  i.  18,  8  ;  ii.   196,  15;   198, 

23,  24-  "• 

*G.  Douglas,  iii.  78,  2.  5  "Ravisant  wolfis   of  England" — 'The 

3  '  Continuation  of  Mclvill's  Diary,1  p.  629.  Complaynt  of  Scotlande,'  p.  3. 


388 


CIVILISATION  IN  SCOTLAND. 


Robert  Gobin  has  written  a  curious  book  entitled  '  Les  Loups 
ravissans  dit  le  Doctrinal  moral,'  which  was  twice  printed  at 
Paris  about  1503  and  1525. 

Raw,1  rew,  s.  street.     Fr.  rue. 

Rayen,  rayon,  s.  a  ray  or  beam.     Fr.  rayon. 

Ream,  reyme,  rem,  s.  cream.  In  Fr.  rim£  is  said  of  burnt 
milk. 

Rebellar,  s.  a  rebel.     Fr.  rebelle. 

"  Thir  rebellaris,  as  my  author  did  sa, 
Ane  message  send  to  Dongallus  the  king,"  2  &c. 

Rebouris  (at),  rebouris,  adv.  crosswise,  quite  contrary  to  the 
right  way.  Fr.  a  rebours. 

Rebous,  s.  repulse.     Fr.  rebut. 

"The  Scottismen,  throw  help  of  Godis  grace, 
Tha  wan  the  feild  for  all  thair  greit  rebous."  3 

Recipisse,  s.  a  receipt.     O.  Fr.  rtctpissd. 

Reciproquilie,  adv.  reciprocally.     Fr.  rtciproquement. 

Reciprous,  reciprouss,  reciproque,  adj.  reciprocal.  Fr. 
rdciproque. 

Recollis,4  s.  records.     Fr.  recueil. 

Recourse,  v.  a.  to  rescue.     Fr.    recourir. 

Recrue,  recreu,  v.  a.  to  recruit     Fr.  recrziter. 

Recule,  v.  n.  to  recoil.     Fr.  reculer. 

Recure,  s.  redress.  Fr.  recours.  Recureless,  without  redress, 
is  the  adj. 

1  'The  Book  of  Bon-Accord,'  &c.,  vol.  i.  p.  518,  1.  35,942. 

p.  243,  A.D.  1562;   'J.  Melvill's  Diary,'  p.  >  Ibid.,  voL  iii.  p.  405,  11.  56,032,  56,033. 

43.  See  vol.  i.  p.  334,  1.  10,544:  vol.  iii.  p.  191, 

3  'The  Buik  of  the  Croniclis  of  Scotland,'  1.  48,743;  p.  435,  1.  57,050. 

vol.  ii.  p.  372, 11.  31,352,  31,353.     See  vol.  ii.  *  G.  Douglas,  ii.  9,  28. 


REDOUND— REMEID.  389 

Redound,  v.  a.  to  refund.     Fr.  redonner. 

Reefort,  ryfart,  s.  a  radish.     Fr.  raifort. 

Refeckit,  part.  pas.  repaired,  renewed  ;  become  plump.  O. 
Fr.  refaict, 

(Instead  of  any  of  those  Scottish  words,  Bishop  Douglas  uses 
reparellit.  Fr.  rapareiltt.  See  above,  sub  voce  "  Raparal.") 

Refeir  (to  the  refeir),  in  proportion.  O.  Fr.  raffiert,  con- 
venient. 

Refut,  s.  an  expedient.     O.  Fr.  refuit. 

Regalitie,  s.  jurisdiction.     Fr.  regale. 

"  Of  his  kinrik  the  tent  part  he  suld  haue, 
Richt  peceablie  in  frie  regalitie, 
For  euir  moir  with  all  auctoritie," 1  &c. 

Rehete,  v.  a.  to  revive.     O.  Fr.  rehaiter. 
Releisch,  v.  n.  to  go  at  large.     O.  Fr.  relascher. 
Releschand,2  pres.  part,  singing  freely.     O.  Fr.  relaschant. 
Releve,  v.  n.  to  reassemble.     Fr.  relever,  to  collect. 
Remeid,  remeed,  remead,  a  kind  of  alloy.     Fr.  remede. 
Remeid,  s.  cure.     Fr.  remede. 

"  Ane  vther  wes  also  in  his  foirheid, 
Quhometo  no  leichis  culd  get  no  remeid,"  B  &c. 

What  tends  to  heal  sorrow,  distress,  or  trouble  of  spirit : — 
"  the  quhilk  be  aperens  procedit  fra  ane  trublit  spreit,  desolat 
of  consolatione,  ande  disparit  of  remede."  * 


1  'The  Buik  of  the  Croniclis  of  Scotland,'  vol.  iii.  p.  369,  11.  54,801,   54,802,  54.807. 

vol.  ii.  p.  363,  11.  31,064-31,066.  See  vol.  iii.  p.  377,  1.  55,083. 

3  G.  Douglas,  iv.  87,  30.  4  'The  Complaynt  of  Scotlande,'  p.  70,  1. 

3  'The  Buik  of  the  Croniclis  of  Scotland,'  35,  and  p.  71, 11.  I,  2.     See  p.  23,  1.  32. 


390 


CIVILISATION  IN  SCOTLAND. 


What  puts  a  stop  to  confusion  and  anarchy  :— 

"  The  Scottis  lordis  quhen  tha  knew  sic  thing, 
That  tyme  being  withoutin  prince  or  king, 
Or  governour  thame  for  to  gyde  and  leid, 
Without  in  tyme  that  tha  fand  sum  remeid, 
Richt  suddantlie,  and  of  the  soner  cost, 
Thair  libertie  and  landis  wald  bene  lost."1 

Escape : — 

"  He  hes  thame  fund  quhair  that  thai  mycht  nocht  fle, 
That  force  it  wes  other  to  do  or  de. 
And  quhen  thai  saw  that  thair  wes  no  remeid, 
Tha  chesit  erar  for  to  fecht  to  deid,"  2  &c. 

Reprieve  : — 

"  Withoutin  ony  remeid 
Thair  for  his  fait  tha  gart  him  want  the  heid." 3 

Remeid,  v.  a.  to  cure. 

"  Without  also  it  war  remeidit  sone, 
Tha  wist  rycht  weill  that  gratius  God  abone, 
Ane  sarar  plaig  sould  sone  amang  thame  send,"  4  &c. 

To  amend  :— 

"  Quhairfor  in  tyme  now  erar  nor  ouir  kit 
We  will  prowyde  how  we  may  best  remeid,"  5  &c. 

To  put  an  end  to  : — "  that  ze  be  delegent  to  remeide  zour 
abusions  of  the  tymis  by  past."  6 

Remeidar,  s.  healer. 

"  I  pray  to  God,  remeidar  of  all  thing,"  7  &c. 


1  'The  Bulk  of  the  Croniclis  of  Scotland,' 
vol.  iii.  p.  372,  11.  54,883-54,888. 

s  Ibid.,  vol.  i.  p.  346,  11.  10,903-10,906. 

8  Ibid.,  vol.  iii.  p.  382,  11.  55,223,  55,224. 

4  Ibid.,  vol.  ii.  p.  527,  11.  36,233-36,235- 
See  vol.  ii.  p.  538,  1.  36,603. 


8  Ibid.,  vol.  i.  p.  161,  11.  5312,  5313. 

6  '  The  Complaynt  of  Scotlande,'  p.  89,  11. 

29,  3°- 

7  'The  Buik  of  the  Croniclis  of  Scotland,' 
vol.  ii.  p.  487,  1.  34,957. 


REMENT—REST.  391 


Rement,  v.  a.  to  call  to  mind.     O.  Fr.  ramentevoir. 

Renforse,  v.  a.  to  make  strong.  Fr.  renforcer.  "In  the 
antiant  dais,  the  Romans  var  mair  renforsit  in  curageus  en- 
treprisis1  be  the  vertu  of  the  pen,  ande  be  the  persuasions 
of  oratours,  nor  thai  var  renforsit  be  the  sourdis  of  men  of 
veyr."  2 

Rengourne,  v.  a.  to  put  off.     O.  Fr.  rengourmer. 

Renze,3  s.  a  rein.     O.  Fr.  retsne,*  regne. 

"  Of  bardit  hors  rudlie  the  renzeis  rang,"  5  &c. 

Repater,6  v.  n.  to  feed  ;  to  take  refreshment.     Fr.  repaitre. 
Repayre,  v.  n.  to  return.     O.  Fr.  repairer. 
Repeat,  repete,  v.  a.  to  recover.     Fr.  re"pe"ter. 
Repell,  v.  a.  to  recall.     Fr.  rappeler. 
Repende,  adj.  scattered.     Fr.  rtpandu. 
Report,  v.  a.  to  get ;  to  carry  off.     Fr.  rapporter. 
Repouss,  v.  a.  to  drive  back.     Fr.  repousser. 
Rerit,  pret.  v.  fell  back.     O.  Fr.  riere ;  Lat.  retro. 
Rescours,  v.  a.  to  rescue.     O.   Fr.  rescoure.     The  noun  is 
rescours,  recovery. 

Responscoune,  s.  suretiship.     O.  Fr.  responsion. 
Ressourss,  resurse,  v.  n.  to  rise  again.     O.  Fr.  resourdre. 
Rest,  s.  a  remnant.     Fr.  reste. 


1  Fr.  entreprise.  — 'La  Chanson  de  Roland,'  st.  cix.  11.  1381- 

1  'The  Complaynt  of  Scotlande,'  p.  10,  11.  I383- 

7-IO.      Seep.  6,  1.  IO.  "  Laschct  la  resne,  des  esperuns  le  brochet." 

3  See  above,  chap.  vii.  p.  131.  — Ibid.,  st.  cxxii.  1.  1574- 

5  'The  Buik  of  the  Croniclis  of  Scotland,' 

<  "  Laschent  lor  reisnes,  brochent  amdui  a  ait, 

E  vunt  fcrir  un  paien  Timozel,  vo1-  '•  P-  3<>4,  1-  9622. 

L'un  en  I'escut  e  li  altre  en  1'osbcrc."  8  G.  Douglas,  iii.   165,  12. 


392 


CIVILISATION  IN  SCOTLAND. 


Restrenze,  v .  a.  to  restrain.     Fr.  restreindre. 

"  Into  the  first  he  menis  him  full  soir 
Of  all  his  lordis  that  tyme  les  or  moir, 
That  wranguslie  tha  did  him  greit  injure, 
Restrenzeand  him  fra  regiment  and  cuir 
Of  his  kirkmen," J  &c. 

.    Relent,  v.  a.  to  cause  to  resound.     Fr.  retentir. 
Retour,  v.  n.  to  return.     Fr.  retour. 

"  Into  Ingland  he  did  agane  retour,"  *  &c. 

Retrait,  v.  a.  imp.  to  withdraw,  recall,  retract,  or  set  aside. 
O.  Fr.  retrain? 

Reu,  rewe,4  s.  street.  Fr.  rue.  "  than  this  subtel  cordinar 
set  ane  of  his  corbeis  that  gef  lovyng  to  Augustus,  furtht  at  his 
vindo  on  the  plane  reu."6 

Reuery,  s.  uproar ;  the  crackling  noise  made  by  flames.  O. 
Fr.  resverie,  raving. 

Reuest,  rewess,  rawess,  v.  a.  to  clothe  again.     O.  Fr.  revestir. 

Revay,  s.  festivity.     O.  Fr.  reviaus,  fetes. 

Revers,  at  the  revers,  at  random.     Fr.  au  revers. 

Reverse,  reuverse,  v.  a.  to  strike  from  behind.  Fr.  revers,  a 
blow  from  behind.  Reuversing  is  the  noun. 

Revestir,6  v.  to  clothe.     O.  Fr.  revestir. 

Revestre,7  revestrie,  reuestrie,  s.  vestry.     O.  Fr.  revestiaire. 

Rewer,  v.  a.  to  stop.     O.  Fr.  ravoier. 


1  '  The  Buik  of  the  Croniclis  of  Scotland,' 
vol.  iii.  p.  77,  1L  45,006-45,010.  See  vol.  ii. 
p.  532,  1.  36,387. 

3  Ibid.,  vol.  ii.  p.  715,  1.  42,308. 

3  "An  Prayer  for  the  Pest,"  1.  36;  ap. 
Henryson,  p.  40.  'Crim.  Trials,' vol.  ii.  pp. 


115,   1 1 6,  A.D.    I600. 

4  G.  Douglas,  ii.  1 10,  30. 

5  'The  Complaynt  of  Scotlande,' p.  182,  11. 
5-7.     See  p.  76,  1.  19. 

6  G.  Douglas,  iii.  46,  6. 

7  Ibid.,  iii.  13,  8. 


RE  WM—RING.  393 


Rewm,  v.  n.  to  roar.     O.  Fr.  rimer. 

Rewme,1  s.  humour.     Fr.  rhdme. 

Rewme,  s.  realm.     O.  Fr.  reaume. 

Ribbaldaill,  rybbaldy,  s.     O.  Fr.  ribaudaille,  ribauderie. 

Ring,  ryng,  s.  kingdom.     Fr.  regne. 

"  Into  that  tyme,  because  he  wes  so  zing 
To  gyde  and  governe  sick  ane  famous  ring," 2  &c. 

"  Sen  it  is  so,  sulde  nocht  ane  kyng 
Be  Vigelant  to  rewle  his  ryng 
In  Godlie  maner,  decentlie."8 

Reign  : — 

"  The  secund  zeir  syne  efter  of  his  ring,"  4  &c. 
Ring,  ryng,  v.  n.  to  reign.     Fr.  rdgner. 

"  Thocht  God  hes  creat  man  to  ryng, 
In  every  realme  to  be  as  king." 5 

To  have  authority  :— 

"And  quhat  gret  Maledictionis, 
Quhat  plagis  and  sore  afflictionis, 
Sail  fall  wpon  the  realmes  and  kyngis 
Quharin  no  faithful!  Jugis  ryngis."  6 


1  G.  Douglas,  i.  2,  19.  vol.  iii.  p.  105,  1.  45,926.     See  voL  i.  p.  98, 

2  'The  Bulk  of  the  Croniclis  of  Scotland,'  1.  3333;  p.  171, 1.  5603. 

vol.  iii.  p.  105,  11.  45,908,  45,909.  B  '  Ane  Compendious  and  Breve  Tractate,' 

3  'Ane  Compendious  and  Breve  Tractate,'  p.  3,  11.  I,  2.     See  p.  8,  1.  154,  and  p.  n,  1. 
p.  4,  11.  37-39.     See  ibid.,  p.  15,  1.  383,  and  272.     Also  '  Ane  Godlie  Tractate  or  Mirrour,' 
'The  Bulk  of  the  Croniclis  of  Scotland,'  vol.  p.  12,  1.  297. 

i.  p.  102, 1.  3444;  p.  171,  1.  5611.  6  'Ane  Compendious  and  Breve  Tractate,' 

4  'The  Buik  of  the  Croniclis  of  Scotland,'  p.  14,  11.  371-374. 

3  D 


394 


CIVILISATION  IN  SCOTLAND. 


To  prevail : — 

"  Justice  and  rest  all  in  his  dais  rang," l  &c. 
"  this  samyn  sort  of  veyrs  rings  presently  in  Scotland."  : 

"  I  can  nocht  tell,  without  I  tarie  lang, 
Sic  nobillnes  and  vertew  in  him  rang."  3 

To  remain,  to  abide  : — 

"  The  Liegis  of  the  vngodlie  kyng 
In  daylie  trubbyll  thay  sail  ryng." 4 

Riot,  s.  noise.     O.  Fr.  riot,  riote. 

Rivage,5  s.  the  bank  of  a  river.     Fr.  rivage. 

Rizar,  v.  a.  to  dry  in  the  sun.     O.  Fr.  ressorer. 

Roche,6  s.  a  rock.     Fr.  roche. 

Romanys,  romanis,  s.  true  history.  Fr.  rotnan,  because 
such  histories  were  at  first,  or  pretended  to  be,  written  in 
the  Roman  (Latin)  language. 

Rome,  s.  a  kingdom.     Fr.  royaume. 

Rondellis,  s.  "  small  round  targets,  usually  borne  by  horse- 
men"— Leyden.  Fr.  rondelles.  "ande  ze  soldartis  and  con- 
pangzons  of  veyr,  mak  reddy  zour  .  .  .  rondellis,"  7  &c. 

Ronge,  v.  a.  to  gnaw.     Fr.  ronger. 

Roove,  ruve,  ruif,  v.  a.  to  rivet.     Fr.  river. 

Rossens,  s.  bramble  covers ;  sometimes  termed  rons,  clumps 


1  '  The  Bulk  of  the  Croniclis  of  Scotland,'  4  '  Ane  Compendious  and  Breve  Tractate,' 

vol.  i.  p.  168,  1.  5520.  p.  9,  11.  183,  184. 

1  'The  Complaynt  of  Scotlande,'  p.   167,  e  G.  Douglas,  iii.  29,  24. 

I.  II.    See  11.  18,  26,  27;  p.  57,  1.  32  ;  p.  89,  6  Ibid.,  i.  32,  4  ;  ii.  146,  12. 

II.  16,  32 ;  p.  90,  11.  3,  23  ;  p.  181,  1.  9.  7  '  The  Complaynt  of  Scotlande,'  p.  42,  11. 
3  'The  Buik  of  the  Croniclis  of  Scotland,'  1-4. 

vol.  i.  p.  594,  11.  18,453,  i8,454- 


ROULK—SACRIFY.  395 

of  thorns  and  briers.  The  remainder  of  John  Mactag- 
gart's  article  as  to  the  etymon  of  Fr.  ronceroi  is  a  gross 
blunder.1 

Roulk,  rolk,  adj.  hoarse.     Fr.  ratique ;  Lat.  raucus. 

Roundal,  s.  a  poetic  measure.  Fr.  rondeau,  a  particular  kind 
of  poem. 

Roy,  s.  a  king.     O.  Fr.  roy. 

"  Beseikand  him,  as  he  wes  roy  of  reuth, 
Thame  to  ressaue  agane  into  his  treuth," 2  &c. 

Royster,  rutour,  s.  a  vagabond ;  a  freebooter,  a  spoiler ;  an 
oppressor.  Fr.  routier. 

Roytous,  adj.  riotous.     O.  Fr.  rioteux. 

Rue  (to  tak  the),  to  repent  of  a  proposal  or  bargain.  Rue 
is  English ;  still  I  think  that  in  this  expression  rue  means 
street,  as  to  say,  extricate  one's  self.  The  French  had  enfiler 
la  venelle  for  to  escape. 

Runch,  rundge,  runse,  v.  a.  to  craunch.  O.  Fr.  rangier; 
Fr.  ranger.  Runch  is  the  noun,  the  act  of  grinding  with  the 
teeth. 

Runge,3  v.  to  gnaw.     Fr.  ranger. 

Ruttery,  s.  lechery.     Fr.  rut. 

Ryot,  s.  a  contest.     O.  Fr.  riote,  riotte,  a  quarrel. 

Sacre,  v.  a.  to  consecrate.     Fr.  sacrer. 
Sacrify,  v.  a.  to  sacrifice.     Fr.  sacrifier. 

1  '  The  Scottish  Gallovidian  Encyclopedia,'     vol.  i.  p.  187,  11.  6063,  6064.     See  vol.  i.  p. 
&c.,  p.  414:  London,  1824 — 8vo.  566, 1.  17,611. 

J  'The  Buik  of  the  Croniclis  of  Scotland,'         »  G.  Douglas,  ii.  134,  23;   183,  17. 


39<5 


CIVILISATION  IN  SCOTLAND. 


Sailly,1  v.  a.  to  assault.     O.  Fr.  saillir. 

"  And  sindrie  syis  thai  saillit  with  ane  salt ; 
And  tha  within  als  lang  than  as  tha  mocht 
Hes  maid  defence ;  bot  it  wes  all  for  nocht,"  2  &c. 

To  assail : — 

"  That  cruell  cald  hes  saillit  him  so  soir 
With  greit  seiknes,"  3  &c. 

Sailze,  s.  an  assault.     Fr.  saillie. 

"  Quhairin  that  tyme  he  hes  gart  put  anew 
Richt  nobill  men  that  war  bayth  traist  and  trew, 
So  souer  als  in  all  tyme  at  ane  sailze, 
And  weill  he  wist  tha  wald  nocht  to  him  failze." 4 

Salt,  s.  assault.     O.  Fr.  saut. 

"  Quhairfor  he  said  that  tha  suld  haif  no  fait, 
Schawand  efter  to  gif  the  toun  ane  salt," 6  &c. 

Salus,  v.  a.  to  salute. 

Salut,  .y.  salutation,     Fr.  salut. 

Salute,  s.  safety,  health.  Fr.  salut.  "allace,  quhy  remem- 
ber ze  nocht  that  natur  hes  oblist  zou  till  avance  the  salute  and 
deffens  of  zour  public  veil."  8 

Salze,  v.  a.  to  assault.     Fr.  saillir. 

"  To  seige  the  toun  or  salze  in  that  part." 7 

To  assail : — 

"  Throw  greit  seikness  that  salzeit  him  so  soir, 
He  tuke  his  leif,  for  he  micht  leve  no  moir."  8 

1  See  above,  chap.  xii.  p.  199.  •  'The  Complaynt  of  Scotlande,'  p.  72,  11. 

2  'The  Bulk  of  the  Croniclis  of  Scotland,'      12-14.     See  p.  116,  11.  14,  30. 
vol.  i.  p.  191,  11-  6214-6216. 

»  Ibid.,  vol.  i.  p.  342.  1-  10,793- 

«  Ibid.,  vol.  iii.  p.   166,  11.  47,913-47,916. 

»  Ibid.,  vol.  iii.  p.  423>  "•  56,636,  56,637. 


7  'The  Buik  of  the  Croniclis  of  Scotland,' 
vol.  ii.  p.  421,  1.  32,900. 

8  Ibid.,  vol.  iii.  p.  121,  11.  46,460,  46,461. 


SANDE—SCLA  VE. 


397 


Sande,  pas.  part.  girt.  O.  Fr.  faint  from  faindre,  to  sur- 
round. 

Sanguane,  sanguyne,  adj.  of  the  colour  of  blood.  Fr. 
sanguin. 

Sanguynolant,1  adj.  bloody.     Fr.  sanguinolent. 

Sans? prep,  without.     Fr.  sans. 

Sarge,  sierge,3  s.  a  taper,  a  torch.     Fr.  cierge. 

Sargeand,  sergeand,  s.  a  squire.  O.  Fr.  serganz,  siergans, 
scrgant. 

Sarpleth,  s.  a  denomination  of  weight  applicable  to  wool  = 
eighty  stones.4  Fr.  serpilliere,  a  packing-cloth. 

Sase,  v.  a.  to  seize.     Fr.  saisir. 

Sate,  s.  omission.     Fr.  saut,  a  leap. 

Sauge,  adj.  bold.     Fr.  sauvage. 

Sauy,  v.  a.  to  save.     Fr.  sauver. 

Say,  sey,  v.  a.  to  prove,  to  put  to  the  test.  O.  Fr.  essay er ; 
Wallon,  say.  Sey  is  the  noun,  a  trial. 

Scash,  v.  n.  to  squabble  ;  to  turn  the  toes  outward.  (Banffs.) 
Fr.  escacher,  "  to  beat,  batter,  or  crush  flat,"  &c.  (Cotg.) 

Schiere,  .?.  visage,  mien.     O.  Fr.  chiere. 

Schouffer,  s.  a  dish  for  keeping  water  warm.  O.  Fr.  eschauffer. 

Scisma,  s.  schism.     Fr.  schisme. 

"  That  tyme  in  Ingland  passit,  but  leis, 
Quhar  he  richt  sone  all  scisma  hes  gart  ceis." 5 

Sclave,  s.  a  slave.     Fr.  esclave. 

1  G.  Douglas,  iii.  301,  u.  vol.  iii.  p.  99,  11  45,730,  45,731.     See  voL  i. 

"Ibid.,  ii.  103,  30.  p.  360,  1.  11,300;  p.  361,  1.  11,339;  p.  362, 

*  Ibid.,  iv.  215,  5.  1.  11,357;  p.  400, 1.  12,490  :  vol.  it  p.  303, 1. 

4  'Comp.  Thes.  Reg.  Scot.,'  vol.  i.  p.  220.  28,206 :  vol.  iii.  p.  125,  1.  46,603 ;  p.  132, 1. 

?  'The  Bulk  of  the  Croniclis  of  Scotland,'  46,844;  p.  182,  1.  48,457. 


398  CIVILISATION  IN  SCOTLAND. 

* 

Scurrour,  skouriour,  skurriours,  s.  a  scout ;  a  vagrant.  O. 
Fr.  scurd. 

Sege,  s.  seat.  O.  Fr.  sege;  Fr.  siege.  "  dauid,  for  the  pitie 
that  he  hed  of  the  pepil  that  var  affligit  be  the  philistiens,  con- 
queist  the  royal  sege  of  Israel."  l 

Seicle,  s.  age.  Fr.  siecle.  "  ande  alse  the  verteouse  verkis 
dune  be  zour  antecessours  in  oure  dais  ar  euident  til  vs  in  this 
present  seicle."  2 

Seinye,  senye,  senyh£,  seingny,  s.  a  synod.  O.  Fr.  seinie, 
senne,  sane.  Senye  day  is  the  day  on  which  a  synod  meets, 
and  senyie  chamber  the  place  where  it  meets. 

Sembla,  s.  fight. 

"  Ane  sharpar  sembla  zit  wes  neuir  sene." 3 
Another  form  is  semble : — 

"  The  Albionis,  seand  that  it  wes  so, 
With  swordis  scharpe  rycht  haistelie  but  ho, 
Ane  semble  maid  that  wes  bayth  sad  and  sour," 4  &c. 

Another  form  is  semblie : — 

"  The  Romanis  all  wes  left  thair  to  remane, 
In  that  semblie  richt  suddanelie  wes  slane."  8 

Semblant,  sembland,  sembling,  s.  appearance.     Fr.  semblant. 
Semble,  v.  n.  to  join  battle.     Fr.  assembler. 

"And  with  the  Romanis  met  vpone  ane  mure; 
And  semblit  sone  with  mony  cry  and  shout,"  6  &c. 

1  'The  Complaynt  of  Scotlande,'  p.  77,  II.         4  Ibid.,  vol.  i.  p.  436,  11.  13,619-13,621. 
1-3.  '  Ibid.,  vol.  i.  p.  356, 11.  11,179,  11,180. 

2  Ibid.,  p.  3,  11.  27-29.  6  Ibid.,  vol.  i.  p.  184,  11.  5986,  5987.     See 
1  'TheBuik  of  the  Croniclis  of  Scotland,'     vol.  i.  p.  198,  1.  6409;  p.  365,  1.   11,442: 

vol.  ii.   p.  289,  1.  28,788.      See  vol.  ii.  p.      vol.  ii.  p.  360,  1.  30,969 :  vol.  iii.  p.  185,  1. 
454, 1-  33,938.  48,561 5  P-  189, 1.  48,688 ;  p.  439,  1.  57,182. 


SENYEARABILL—SOMMAR.  399 

Senyearabill,  adj.  lordly.     O.  Fr.  seigneuriable. 

Senyeoure,  s.  lord,  prince.     Fr.  seigneur. 

Serment,  s.  oath.  Fr.  serment.  "  and  gart  them  depone 
ane  serment  that  thai  suld  al  concur  and  conuene  togidthir  in 
ane  purpose  contrar  the  crualte  of  tarquinus  superbus."  * 

Sermone,  sermond,  s.  a  discourse.     Fr.  sermon. 

Servitrice,  servetrix,  s.  a  female  servant.     O.  Fr.  serviteresse. 

Sewans,2  soap.     Fr.  savon. 

Sile,  syle,  syll,  v.  a.  to  hide.  O.  Fr.  ciller,  sailer,  siller,  to 
shut. 

Simple,3  adj.  common,  in  opposition  to  gentle. 

"  It  sets  not  a  duke's  own  daughter 
To  follow  a  simple  man."  4 

Sinacle,  s.  the  smallest  vestige.     O.  Fr.  sinacle. 
Sing,  s.  sign.     Fr.  signe. 

"  In  till  ane  taikin,  and  ane  suir  sing, 
Under  that  carne  that  thair  la  sic  ane  king,"  5  &c. 

Skellat,6  s.  a  bell.     O.  Fr.  eschielete. 
Skyre,  s.  a  scirrhus.     Fr.  squirre. 
Sok,7  s.  ploughshare.     Fr.  soc. 
Sold,  v.  a.  to  solder.     O.  Fr.  soulder. 
Solyeing,  .y.  the  act  of  solving.     Fr.  solder. 
Sommar,  adj.  summary.     Fr.  sommaire. 

1  'The  Complaynt  of  Scotlande,' p.  136,  11.  by  William  Allingham  :   Macmillan  &  Co., 

27-29.  1864. 

•  G.  Douglas,  iv.  84,  25.  5  'The  Buik  of  the  Croniclis  of  Scotland,' 

8  See  above,  chap,  xvii.,  p.  301,  sub  voce  vol.  i.  p.  118,  11.  3990,  3991. 

"  Semple."  *  '  Burgh  Records  of  the  City  of  Glasgow,' 

4  "The  Duke  of  Gordon's  Daughter,"  st.  p.  82,  A.D.  1577. 

17:  see  st.  18,  p.  347— 'The  Ballad  Book,'  7  G.  Douglas,  iii.  126,  21. 


400  CIVILISATION  IN  SCOTLAND. 

Sonyhe,  sunye,  s.  care,  anxiety,  pains.  O.  Fr.  soign,  suing, 
soing, 

Sonze,  s.  excuse.     O.  Fr.  essoine. 

"  This  wes  the  sonze  in  the  time  he  schew," J  &c. 
Sonze,  v.  n.  to  care.     Fr.  soigner. 

"  Syne  start  on  fut  and  pullit  out  tua  brandis, 
And  manfullie  debaittit  with  thair  handis, 
Ay  prevand  other  pertlie  on  that  plane, 
And  sonziet  nocht  quhill  that  tha  war  baith  slane." 2 

Soucye,  s.  a  flower.  Fr.  souci;  O.  Fr.  soulcy,  souticle,  solse- 
quium,  from  sol  and  sequi.  "  Siklyik,  ther  is  ane  eirb  callit 
helytropium,  the  quhilk  the  vulgaris  callis  soucye."  8 

Souer,  adj.  close;  strong.     O.  Fr.  soiir,  seiir;  Fr.  stir. 

"  This  Edward  Balliole  efter  on  ane  da 
About  that  hous  ane  souer  seig  gait  la,"4  &c. 

Souflet,  s.  a  stroke,  a  blow.     Fr.  soufflet. 

Soume,  sowme,  s.  a  load,  that  which  is  laid  on  a  horse ;  and 
hence  sowmir,  a  sumpter-horse.  O.  Fr.  somme,  sommier. 

Sover,  sovir,  adj.  secure.     O.  Fr.  soiir,  seiir,  segure. 

Soverance,  s.  assurance.     O.  Fr.  soiir. 

Soveranis,  s.  difference.     O.  Fr.  severer. 

Sperpelit,5  part.  pas.  scattered,  dilapidated.     Fr.  e'parpille'. 

Sploy,  s.  a  frolic.     O.  Fr.  esploit,  espleit. 

Splute,  v.  n.  to  exaggerate  in  narrating  a  thing.  O.  Fr. 
esploiter,  espleiter. 

1  '  The  Bulk  of  the  Croniclis  of  Scotland,'         4  '  The  Book  of  the  Croniclis  of  Scotland,' 
vol.  Hi.  p.  92,  1.  45,512.  vol.  iii.  p.  316,  11.  52,075,  52,976.     See  vol. 

2  Ibid.,  vol.  ii.  p.  577,  11.  37,829-37,832.         iii.  p.  184,  1.  48,531  ;  p.  197,  1.  48,934. 

a  '  The  Complaynt  of  Scotlande,'  p.  57, 11.         *  G.    Douglas,   iii.   312,    15  ;    iv.    57,   4. 
12-14.  '  Crim.  Trials,'  vol.  i.  p.  217*,  A.D.  1538-39. 


SP  UL  YIE—STENT.  40 1 


Spulyie,  v.  a.  to  spoil.  Fr.  spolier.  The  same  word  is  used 
as  a  noun  for  spoil:  the  spoiler  is  spulyear,  and  the  spoil  is 
spulyment. 

Spulze,  spulzie,  spoulze,  s.  spoil.     O.  Fr.  espouille. 
"Quhair  plesit  thame  ony  spuize  to  mak," *  &c. 

"then  quhan  the  tends,  pailzons,  and  spoulze  of  the  inglis 
armye  vas  tane  and  gaddrit  up  be  scottis  men,"  2  &c. 

Spulze,  v.  a.  to  spoil. 

"  He  spulzeit  hes  the  plesand  fair  abba."  3 

Squeshon,  s.  a  scutcheon.     O.  Fr.  escusson. 

Squiss,  v.  a.  to  beat  up,  applied  to  an  egg.  O.  Fr.  part. 
secous,  secouer,  to  shake. 

Stanche,  v.  a.  to  assuage.     O.  Fr.  estancher. 

Stank,4  s.  a  pool  or  pond  ;  the  ditch  of  a  fortified  town.  O. 
Fr.  estang. 

Stellat,  adj.  starry,  dotted  with  stars.     Fr.  constelti. 

Stend,  v.  n.  to  spring,  to  rise  to  a  height.  O.  Fr.  estendre. 
It  is  also  used  as  a  noun  to  signify  a  spring,  a  jump. 

Stent,  stentit,5  part.  pas.  erected,  stretched   out.     O.    Fr. 

estendu. 

"  Syne  raikit  on  towart  the  Romanis  rycht, 

With  baneris  brycht  and  standartis  straucht  vp  stent."  8 

1  'The  Buik  of  the  Croniclis  of  Scotland,'  vol.  iii.  p.  513,  1.  59,641.     See  vol.  iii.  p. 

vol.  iii.  p.  418,  1.  56,478.   See  vol.  i.   p.  355,  164,  1.  47,851;  p.  531,  1.  60,240. 

1.  11,169:  vol.  iii.  p.  112,  146,149;  p.  164,  4G.  Douglas,  iii.  90,  25. 

1.  47,852;  p.  171, 1.  48,066;  p.  426, 1.  56,734;  "  Ibid.,  i.  98,  26;  iii.  238,  23. 

p.  439,  1.  57,188;  p.  534, 1.  60,309.  6  'The  Buik  of  the  Croniclis  of  Scotland,' 

3  '  The  Complaynt  of  Scotlande,"  p.  97,  11.  vol.  i.  p.  175,  11.  5718-5721.     See  vol.  i.  p. 

13,  14.     See  p.  89,  1.  9.  248,  1.  7969. 

3  'The  Buik  of  the  Croniclis  of  Scotland,' 

3   E 


402  CIVILISATION  IN  SCOTLAND. 

Stent,  v.  a.  to  stretch  ;  to  straiten,  to  restrain  ;  to  erect,  to  set 
up.  Fr.  estendre. 

"  By  ane  waiter  besyde  ane  litill  toun 
Tha  stentit  thair  rycht  mony  proude  palzeoun." 1 

Stimpart,  s.  the  eighth  part  of  a  Winchester  bushel.  Fr. 
huiticme  part. 

Stramash,  s.  a  squabble.  Fr.  estramafon,  a  kind  of  sword 
with  two  edges. 

Strammel,  s.  straw,  a  cant  term.     O.  Fr.  estraim. 

Strenyie,  v.  a.  to  refrain,  constrain.     O.  Fr.  estreindre. 

Strunt,  s.  anything  long  and  narrow  (Banff's.) ;  strunty,  con- 
tracted, short.  O.  Fr.  estreint. 

Strussel,  strussle ;  strusshel,  in  Banff's.,  s.  a  brawl,  squabble. 
O.  Fr.  estrois. 

Stuff,  v.  n.  to  lose  wind  from  great  exertion.    O.  Fr.  estouffer. 

Stuffet,  s.  a  footboy.     O.  Fr.  estaffier. 

Stunnist,  part.,  adj.  used  to  express  the  thrilling  pain  pro- 
duced by  a  blow  or  contusion.  O.  Fr.  estonnt.  Stungled, 
sprained,  may  be  derived  from  the  same. 

Stuvat,  stewat,  s.  a  person  in  a  state  of  violent  perspiration. 
O.  Fr.  estuvd. 

Subchett,  subditt,  s.  a  subject.  O.  Fr.  s^lbjecty  souzgiez,  sottgit, 
subgiez, 

Subdane,  adj.  sudden.     O.  Fr.  soubdain. 

Suberbyllis,  j.  suburbs.     O.  Fr.  suburbes. 

Subite,  adj.  sudden.     Fr.  subit. 

1  '  The  Bulk  of  the  Croniclis  of  Scotland.'     219,  1.  7092  ;  vol.  ii.  p.  417,  1.  32,778. 
vol.  i.  p.  190,  1L  6175,  £176.      See  vol.  i.  p. 


S  UBMISS—SUL  YEA  R  T.  403 

Submiss,  adj.  submissive.     O.  Fr.  soubmis. 

Substancious,  substantious,  adj.  powerful ;  substantial.  O. 
Fr.  substantieux. 

Succur,  s.  sugar.  Fr.  sucre.  "  at  that  tyme  straynge  cun- 
treis  var  nocht  socht  to  get  spicis,  eirbis,  drogis,  gummis,  and 
succur  for  to  make  exquisit  electuars l  to  provoke  the  pepil  til 
ane  disordinat  appetit." 2  "  twelve  pounds  succer  valans 
costing  six  guldens  the  pound ;  twenty-four  pounds  scroschatis 
at  five  gs.  the  pound ;  succer  lacrissye 3  at  eighteen  gs.  the 
pound  ;  succer  candy  at  twelve  gs.  the  pound."  4 

Suddainty,  s.  suddenness.  Slauchter  of  suddantie,  accidental 
homicide.  Fr.  soudainete. 

Suggyre,  v.  a.  to  suggest.     Fr.  suggtrer. 

Suir,  souer,  v.  a.  to  save. 

"  That  halie  place  was  suirit  with  him  than 
Fra  fyre,  bot  nocht  fra  spulze  and  fra  reif."  5 

Sujeorne,  s.  interval  of  rest  taken  on  a  journey.     O.  Fr. 

sujurn. 

"  That  euerilk  man,  als  gudlie  as  he  may, 
Sould  reddie  be  sone  efter  the  third  day, 
Vpone  the  Romanis  for  to  follow  rycht, 
Bot  ony  sujeorne  other  da  or  nycht, 
To  baneis  thame  rycht  sone  out  of  thair  boundis,"  6  &c. 

Sullige,  s.  soil.     Fr.  "  solage,  soil,  or  good  ground."    (Cotg.) 
Sulyeart,  adj.  clear.     O.  Fr.  soilier. 

1  Fr.  ilectuaire.  Edinburgh,  1860— 8 vo. 
s  'The  Complaynt  of  Scotlande,' p.  145, 11.         "  'The  Bulk  of  the  Croniclis  of  Scotland,' 

23-26.  vol.  iii.  p.  412,  11.  56,286,  56,287.      See  vol. 

8  Fr.  sucre  de  reglisst.  i.  p.  409,  1.  12,779. 
«  'Scotland  in  the  Middle  Ages,'  p.  243  :         «  Ibid.,  vol.  i.  p.  399,  11.  12,469-12,473. 


404  CIVILISATION  IN  SCOTLAND. 

• 

Sulyie,  soilyie,  suilye,  sulye,  s.  soil.     O.  Fr.  soile. 
Sunzie,  s,  an  excuse.     O.  Fr.  essoine. 

"Sum  of  the  lordis  that  knew  weill  his  conditioun, 
Of  his  greit  falsheid  tuke  an  greit  suspitioun 
And  preisit  nocht  that  da  to  be  present, 
Bot  fand  ane  sunzie  for  to  be  absent."  * 

Supersalt,  s.  a  somerset.     O.  Fr.  soubresault. 

Supir,  sypyr,  v,  n.  to  sigh.     Fr.  soupirer. 

Supplie,  v.  a.  to  supplicate.     Fr.  supplier. 

Suppoist,  suppost,  s.  a  supporter,  an  abettor.    O.  Fr.  suppost. 

Suppose,  v.  a.  to  substitute  in  a  clandestine  manner.  Fr. 
supposer,  to  suborn,  to  forge. 

Suppriss,  s.  oppression.     Fr.  supprimer. 

Surfet,  adj.  extravagant;  immoderately  high  in  price.  Fr. 
surfait. 

Surnowme,  surnowne,  s.  surname.  O.  Fr.  sornom,  sournom  ; 
Fr.  surnom. 

Sute,  s.  a  company  of  hunters.     Fr.  suite. 

Syoss,  syse,  s.  six  at  dice.     Fr.  six. 

Sypyre,  supir,  v.  n.  to  sigh.     Fr.  soupirer. 

Tach,  tatch,  v.  a.  to  arrest.     Fr.  attacker. 

Tacket,  .y.  a  small  nail.     Fr.  taquet. 

Tail,  tal,2  tale,  .r.  cut  or  slice  of  flesh  ;  account.     Fr.  faille. 

"  De  tallies  et  de  debites  il  n'i  espargnoit  riens, 
S'en  acatoit  contre'es,  tieres,  rentes  et  cens."  3 

1  '  The  Buik  of  the  Croniclis  of  Scotland,'         8  'Chronique  de  Martin  de  Cotignies,'  MS. 
vol.  i.  pp.  109,  no,  11.  3698-3701.  of  the  Institute  of  France,  No.  338,  fol.  xi. 

3  G.  Douglas,  ii.  34,  2  •  iv.  180,  z.  recto,  v.  19. 


TAIL  YEIT—TERL  YST.  405 

Even  nowadays,  in  some  districts  of  France,  bakers  and  but- 
chers keep  their  accounts  with  their  customers  by  means  of 
ouches,  or  twin  sticks,  on  which  cuts  are  carved  instead  of 
figures.  Taile,  tailye,  tailyie,  taillie,  taylyhe,  occur  also  in  the 
sense  of  Eng.  entail — i.e.,  covenant  or  bond  ;  and  tailie  as  syn- 
onymous with  district,  piece  of  ground,  spot. 

Tailyeit,  part.  pas.  proportioned,  symmetrically  formed.  Fr. 
taiUe",  a  word  which  Froissart  uses  in  a  figurative  sense.1 

Tailyie,  telyle,  s.  a  piece  of  meat     Fr.  tailler. 

Tailzour,  s.  tailor.  Fr.  tailleur.  "  he  compellit  pure  sperit- 
ual  men  .  .  .  sum  to  be  tailzours."  2 

Targat,  tergat,  s.  an  ornamental  blazon  worn  in  the  bonnet 
or  hat.  Fr.  targe. 

"  I  saye  zour  temporall  officiaris 

Thay  suld  be  faithfull  Mynistaris, 
Nocht  haveand  respect,  regaird,  nor  Ee 
To  wardlye  ryches  nor  dignytie, 
To  Tergats,  Chenis,  nor  golden  Ryngis, 
Hors,  clethyng,  money,  nor  siclyke  thyngis."  8 

Tarveal,  v.  a.  to  fatigue,  to  vex.  Fr.  travailler,  to  pain,  to 
vex.  It  is  used  as  an  adj.  to  signify  fretful. 

Tash,  touch,  tochre,4  s.  drop,  spot,  flaw,  blemish,  stain.  Fr. 
tacJte.  It  is  used  as  a  verb,  to  spoil.  Tasked  is  the/«r/.  pas.5 

Tent,  v.  a.  to  stretch.     Fr.  tendre. 

Terlyst,  tirllyst,  adj.  grated.     Fr.  treillisse'. 

^ i 

1  See  vol.  iii.  p.  152,  col.  I.  4  G.  Douglas,  iv.  169,  2.      'Crim.  Trials,' 

2  'The  Complaynt  of  Scotlande,' p.  162, 11.  vol.  ii.  p.  578,  A.D.   1609;  vol.  iii.  p.   159, 
18-21.  A.D.  1611. 

3  '  Ane  Compendious  and  Breve  Tractate,'  5  "Johnny's  gray  Breeks,"  st.  iii.,  in  'Cro- 
p.  16,  11.  435-440.  mek's  Scot.  Ballads, '  vol.  i.  p.  23. 


406  CIVILISATION  IN  SCOTLAND. 

-„_._..._.  -          __  __  _  _  ..._._.._.  -* 

Termin,  j.  time.     O.  Fr.  termine. 

Tersaill,  s.  the  third  part  of  a  pipe.     O.  Fr.  terciere. 

Tholnie,  s.  toll,  duty.     O.  Fr.  toliu,  tolliu,  tolliett,  tonlicu. 

Tilliesoul,  s.  a  place  to  which  a  host  sends  the  servants  of 
his  guest  when  he  does  not  wish  to  entertain  the  servants  at 
his  own  expense.  O.  Fr.  fillet,  a  ticket,  and  sould,  a  soldier's 
pay. 

Tirless,  tirlass,  tirlies,  s.  a  lattice,  a  wicket.     Fr.  trcillis. 

Toober,  v .  a.  to  beat.  Fr.  labourer.  Toober  means  a  quar- 
rel, and  tooberin,  a  beating. 

Tork,  torque,  v.  a.  to  torture.     O.  Fr.  torquer. 

Torn  but  (Barbour's  '  Bruce '),  retaliation.     Fr.  tourner. 

Tort,  pas.  part,  tortured.  Fr.  tort.  Torter  signifies  a  tor- 
menter. 

Tosch,  tosche,  adj.  neat,  trim.  O.  Fr.  touzd.  It  is  used  as 
a  noun  in  Banff's,  to  signify  a  neat  trim  person  or  thing :  tos- 
chod  is  the  diminutive,  and  toschly  is  the  adverb. 

Tourbillon,  s.  a  whirlwind,  a  tornado.    (Ayrs.)    Fr.  tourbillon. 

Toure,  s.  turn.     Fr.  tour. 

Tractiue,  s.  a  treatise.     Fr.  trait d. 

Trafeque,  traflfe'ck,  s.  intercourse;  friendship.    O.  Fr.  trafiq^le. 

Traissle,  treissle,  v.  a.  to  tread  down.     Fr.  tressaillir. 

Tramort,1  s.  a  dead  body. 

"  '  For-quhy  tha  ar  hot  similitudis  of  men, 
And  like  schaddowis,  to  say  the  suith  at  schorl, 
Bayth  pynd  and  puir  like  ony  peild  tramort'  "  2 

Tranont,  tranoynt,  tranownt,  trauent,  trawynt,  v.  n.  to  march" 

1  See  above,  chap.  ix.  p.  153.  vol.  iii.  p.  117,  11.  46,327-46,329.    See  vol.  iii. 

2  'The  Bulk  of  the  Croniclis  of  Scotland,'     p.  134,  1.  46,885. 


TRANO  WINTYN—  TR  OCK.  407 

quickly  in  a  secret  manner,  to  march  quickly,  to  turn  back. 
O.  Fr.  trainel,  a  snare. 

Tranowintyn,  s.  a  stratagem  in  war.     O.  Fr.  trainel. 

Transe,  v.  n.  to  determine.     Fr.  trancher. 

Transmue,  v.  a.  to  change.     Fr.  transmuer. 

Tras,  £.  the  track  of  game.     Fr.  trace. 

Travish,  v.  n.  "to  carry  after  a  trailing  manner."  Fr.  tra- 
vcrser. 

Trawal,  j.  pain,  labour.     Fr.  travail. 

Trayn,  v.  a.  to  draw.     Fr.  tratner. 

Trebuschet,  s.  a  balance.     Fr.  trdbuchet. 

Treevolie,  s.  a  scolding.     O.  Fr.  trivoler. 

Treilzeis,1  s.  props  of  vines.     Fr.  treillis. 

Treit,  trete,  v.  a.  to  entreat.     O.  Fr.  traicter. 

Treitcheoure,  s.  a  traitour.     Fr.  tricheur. 

Trellyeis,  trelyeis,2  s.  pi.  currycombs.  Fr.  Grille  (Rudd.),  but 
rather,  rough  cloths. 

Trensand,  part.  pres.  cutting.     Fr.  tranckant. 

Trete  (in),3  apparently,  in  a  line.     O.  Fr.  trete. 

Tretie,  .y.  a  treatise.     Fr.  traite". 

Trew,  s.  a  truce.     O.  Fr.  treu. 

Trewage,  s.  tribute.     O.  Fr.  image,  treuage. 

Trinsch,4  v.  to  kill.     Fr.  trancher. 

Trintle,  trinle,  v.  a.  to  roll.     Fr.  trondeler.     (Cotg.) 

Trock,  troque,  s.  exchange,  barter ;  in  the  plur.  small-wares, 
&c.  O.  Fr.  troque.  Fr.  troc.  The  verb  is  the  same,  and  sig- 
nifies to  barter. 

1  G.  Douglas,  iv.  183,  12.  3  '  Awntyrs  of  Arthure,'  st.  xxviii. 

5  Ibid.,  iv.  98,  18.  4  G.  Douglas,  ii.  213,  15. 


408  CIVILISATION  IN  SCOTLAND. 

Trouss,  v.  a.  to  tuck  up.     Fr.  trousser. 

Trubly,1  adj.  stormy.     Fr.  troubld. 

Trucker,  trukier,  trucour,  s.  a  deceitful   person.      O.    Fr. 

trikeeur. 

"  And  mony  trucour  in  the  tyme  tha  tuik 
Part  be  force,  and  uther  part  throw  slycht," 2  &c. 

Truff,  s.  a  trick,  a  deceit.     O.  Fr.  truffe. 

Trumposie,  adj.  full  of  guile.     Fr.  tromper. 

Trumpour,  trumper,  s.  a  deceiver.     Fr.  trompeur. 

Trunshman,8  s.  interpreter.     Fr.  truchement,  dragoman. 

Trypal,  trypall,  s.  ill-made  fellow.    (Aberd.)    O.  Fr.  trepelu. 

Tuilyie,  tulye,  toolyie,  v.  n.  to  quarrel.  Fr.  touiller.  The 
same  word  is  used  as  a  noun  to  signify  a  quarrel,  and  he  who 
engages  in  quarrels  is  a  tuilyeour. 

Tulat,  tolat,  s.  a  packing-cloth  or  bag.     Fr.  toilette. 

Tulshie,  s.  a  person  of  sour  look.     O.  Fr.  tule. 

Tulze,4  s.  fight. 

"  'And  hald  zour  handis  also  fra  the  spulze, 
Quhill  endit  be  the  chace  and  alss  the  tulze.' "  b 

Fighting : — 

"  Becaus  he  saw  sa  mony  of  thame  fle, 
Without  beleif  agane  of  ony  tulze, 
Leit  all  his  men  that  tyme  pas  to  the  spulze,"  °  &c. 

Tulzear,  tuilyeour,  s.  fighter. 

"  As  hapnis  oft  ane  vanter  to  be  Hear, 

Ane  mydding  tulzear  in  ane  battell  bydar."  7 

1  G.  Douglas,  ii.  190,  19.  5  'The  Bulk  of  the  Croniclis  of  Scotland,' 

3  'The  Bulk  of  the  Croniclis  of  Scotland,'  vol.  iii.  p.  426,  11.  56,734,  56,735. 
vol.  ii.  p.  511,  11.  35,712,  35,7I3-  8  Ibid-.  voL  i.  p.  633,  II.  19,569-19,571. 

3  'Melvill's  Diary,'  p.  262.  7  Ibid.,  vol.  iii.  p.  440,  11.  57,214-57,217. 

4  See  above,  chap.  xvii.  p.  305. 


TURKAS—VEAND.  409 


Turkas,  turcas.1 

"  With  tangis  and  turcas  beirand  in  thair  hand, 
Syne  throw  the  toun,  as  ze  sail  wnderstand, 
Tuyss  or  thryis  tha  gart  thame  be  led," 2  &c. 

Turs,  turss,  twrss,  tirs,3  v.  a.  to  pack  up  in  a  bale  or  bundle  ; 
to  carry.  O.  Fr.  trousser. 

Tyrane,  tirran,  turran,  s.  a  tyrant.     Fr.  tyran. 
Tyrrit,4/«r/.  pas.  torn,  rent.     Fr.  tire". 

Umbrage,  umbre,5  s.  shade.     Fr.  ombre. 

Umbrat,6  adj.  shady. 

Unprouisitlie,  adv.  without  forethought.     Fr.  a  Fimproviste. 

Uny,  v.  a.  to  unite.     Fr.  unir. 

Vaik,  veak,7  v.  n.  to  await ;  fall  vacant.     Fr.  vaguer. 

Vailyeant,  adj.  valid.     Fr.  vaillant. 

Vale,  s.  worth.     Fr.  valeur. 

Vale,  v.  n.  to  descend.     O.  ~Fr.-avalcr. 

Valet- de-chambre,  valley- de-sham,8  s.  valet.  Fr.  valet  de 
cJiambre. 

Valour,  valure,  s.  value.     Fr.  valeur. 

Varlot,  verlett,9  verlot,  warlo,  s.  an  inferior  servant.  O.  Fr. 
varlet. 

Vause,  v.  a.  to  stab.     O.  Fr.  faiisser. 

Veand,  adj.  superannuated.     Fr.  vieux. 

1  See  above,  chap.  vii.  p.  131.  '  G.  Douglas,  iv.  169,  16. 

2  'The  Bulk  of  the  Croniclis  of  Scotland,'          8  Ibid.,  i.  2,  20. 

vol.  iii.  p.  536,  11.  60,376-60,378.  7  'Melvill's  Diary,'  pp.   45,  92,  "2,    195. 

3  'Comp.  Thes.   Reg.  Scot.,'  vol.  i.  pp.      200,  237,  540. 

ccxxxii,  15,  88,  361,  &c.  '  'The  Antiquary,'  ch.  xv. 

4  'Crini.  Trials,'  vol.  ii.  p.  70,  A.I).  1578.  g  G.  Douglas,  iv.  98,  13. 

3* 


4io  CIVILISATION  IN  SCOTLAND. 

Venall,  vinell,  s.  an  alley,  a  lane.  O.  Fr.  venelle.  Two  such 
may  be  mentioned  :  the  Vennel  (called  also  Gordon's  Wynd) 
in  Aberdeen,  and  Vennel  Street  in  Glasgow. 

Venenows,  wenenous,  adj.  venomous.     Fr.  venimeuv. 

Verger,  s.  an  orchard.      Fr.  verger. 

Vermeil,  adj.  vermilion.  Fr.  vermeil.  "  i  beheld  the  pretty 
fische  vantounly  stertland  vitht  there  rede  vermeil  fynnis."1 

Verra,  adj.  real.     O;  Fr.  verai. 

"  Thair  is  no  band  that  dow  to  hald  thame  fast, 
No  neuir  wes,  als  far  as  I  can  reid, 
But  gif  it  war  on  verra  force  and  neid."  - 

Vesie,  visie,  vissie,3  visye,  wesy,  wisie,  v.  a.  to  aim  at,  to  look 
at.  Fr.  viscr.* 

To  visit  :— 

"  King  Dauidis  wyfe,  Johanna  the  gude  quene, 
In  all  hir  tyme  bayth  plesand  and  benyng, 
In  Ingland  passit  to  visie  the  king, 
Edward  hir  bruther,  as  kyndlie  wes  to  be."  '•' 

To  see  : — 

"  The  erle  of  Marche  and  his  bruther  also, 
With  erle  of  Craufurd  and  mony  lordis  mo, 
Come  to  his  tent  to  visie  how  he  did."6 

To  examine  : — 

1  'The  Complaynt  of  Scotlande,'  p.  37,  11.      VI.,'  &c.,  p.  46. 

l6-  '7-  4  'Comp.   Thes.   Reg.  Scot.,'  vol.   i.  pp. 

2  'The  Bulk  of  the  Croniclis  of  Scotland,"     321,  380. 

vol.  ii.  p.  350,  11.  30,670-30,672.    See  vol.  ii.         5  'The  Bulk  of  the  Croniclis  of  Scotland,' 
p.  361,  1.  31,022  ;  p.  493,  1.  35,173.  vol.  Hi.  p.  386,  II.  55,380-55,383. 

3  'The  Historie  and  Life  of  King  James         e  Ibid.,  vol.  iii.  p.  431,  11.  56,908-56,910. 


VEYRA— VULT.  411 


"And  efter  that  he  veseit  vp  and  doun, 
Then  euerie  strenth,  bayth  castell,  tour  and  toun."  1 

To  afflict  :— 

"  In  Edinburgh  within  that  castell  strang, 
With  greit  seiknes  quhair  scho  wes  viseit  lang,"  *  &c. 

To  visit  judicially,  to  inflict  punishment : — 

"  Thocht  God  ane  quhyle  he  dois  our-se  zow, 
Thynk  weill  he  dois  behauld  and  Ee  zow, 
And  wyll  zow  vesy,  quhen  ze  leist  weine."  3 

Veyra  is  the  Fr.  vires,  heave.  "  veyra  veyra,  veyra  veyra, 
gentil  gallandis,  gentil  gallandis,  veynde,  i  see  hyrn,  veynde,  i 
see  hym." 4 

Viciat,  adj.  defective.     Fr.  vicitf. 

Vilite,  vilitie,  ^.  pollution.     Fr.  vilete. 

Vincus,  v.  a.  to  vanquish.     Fr.  vaincre. 

"  Quhilk  vincust  him  and  slew  him  thair  in  feild."  5 

Violent,  v.  a.  to  do  violence  to.     Fr.  violenter. 

Volatill,6  j-.  little  birds.     Fr.  volatille. 

Vult,7  wit,  wult,  wout,8  s.  face,    countenance,  aspect      O. 

Fr.  voult. 

"  Welcumand  thame  that  plesour  wes  till  heir, 
With  gudlie  vult  and  with  ane  mirrie  cheir  ; 
With  countenance  that  humill  wes  and  sueit."  9 

1   '  The  Bulk  of  the  Croniclis  of  Scotland,'  121-124,  142-144,  350,  351,  516. 

vol.  i.  p.  336,  11.  10,601,  10,602.  5  '  The  Bulk  of  the  Croniclis  of  Scotland,' 

3  Ibid.,  vol.  ii.  p.  688,  11.  41,417,  41,418.  vol.  iii.  p.  98,  1.  45,702.     See  vol.  iii.  p.  101, 

3  'Ane  Compendious  and  Breve  Tractate,'  1.  45,811  ;  p.  189,  1.  48,678. 
p.   17,  11.  485-487.     The  word  is  here  pro-  6  G.  Douglas,  i.  54,  24. 
nounced  as  one  syllable.  7  See  above,  chap.  ix.  p.' IS2- 

4  'The  Complaynt  of  Scotlande,'  p.  40,  11.  8  G.  Douglas,  ii.  132,  8;  iii.  268,  17  ;  iv. 
17-19.       See   above,  chap.   xii.  p.   210,  and  143,  23. 

'  Notes  and  Queries,'  5th  series,  vol.  iv.  pp.          9  '  The  Bulk  of  the  Croniclis  of  Scotland, 


412  CIVILISATION  IN  SCOTLAND. 

j| 

Vyle,1  s.  oil.  Fr.  huile.  "  The  punitione  that  the  sperutua- 
lite  remanent  in  ther  abusione  exsecutis  on  scismatikis,  maye 
be  comparit  til  ane  man  that  castis  vyle  on  ane  bet  birnand 
fyir."  * 

Wage,  s.  a  pledge.     O.  Fr.  gauge. 
Wageoure,  s.  a  stake.     O.  Fr.  guaigiere. 
Waigeour,3  s.  a  mercenary  soldier. 

"And  dalie  waigeouris  thairin  to  remane, 
Off  his  awin  coist  thairin  to  remane  and  byde, 
Into  the  strenthis  on  the  bordour  syde, 
Neirby  the  boundis  of  the  Britis  la."4 

Waine,5  adj.  destitute.     O.  Fr.  vain. 

Waiters,6  s.pl.  So  the  people  were  called  who  had  the  charge 
of  the  ports  or  gates  of  Edinburgh.  O.  Fr.  gaite. 

"  Gaite  de  la  tour, 

Gardez  entour 
Les  murs,  se  Deus  vous  voie."  7 

Wallees,  walise,  s.  saddle-bags.     Fr.  valise. 

Wardour,  s.  verdure.     O.  Fr.  vardor;  Fr.  verdure. 

Waymyng,  wayment,  s.  wailing.     O.  Fr.  giwmenter. 

Welany,  s.  damage.     O.  Fr.  vilainie,  injury. 

Whuns,    whins  ;    w/mn-stanes,   whin -stones  ;    w/tun-blooins, 

vol.  i.  p.  301,  11.  9526-9528.      See  vol.   i.  p.  6  'Clariodus,'  p.  134,  1.  689.. 

389,  1.  12,178  ;  vol.  ii.  p.  518,  1.  35,952.  '  '  The  Heart  of  Mid-Lothian,'  ch.  vi. 

1  See  above,  chap.  iii.  p.  62.  7  '  Le  Romancero  Frai^ois,'  &c.,  recueilli 

2  'The  Complaynt  of  Scotlande,' p.  160,  1.  par  M.  Paulin  Paris,  p.  66:   Paris,   1833— 
35,  and  p.  161,  11.  1-3.  I2mo.    Cf.  Cuvelier,  '  Chronique  de  Bertrand 

'  See  above,  chap.  xii.  p.  197.  du  Guesclin,'  11.  910,  928,  3785,  19,466 ;  vol. 

«  '  The  Buik  of  the  Croniclis  of  Scotland,'     i.  pp.  35,  36,  137  ;  and  vol.  ii.  p.  209. 
vol.  ii.  p.  47,  11.  21,542-21,545. 


EXPRESSIONS    TRANSLATED  FROM  FRENCH.     413 

the  yellow  blooms  of  the  whin.  Whins,  it  is  said,  were  intro- 
duced into  Scotland  from  France  :  that  the  cat-whun  is  the 
Scotch  whun,  the  other,  the  French  whun}- 

Woik,2  part.  pas.  spread.     Fr.  vaguer. 

Worme,3  s.  serpent. 

"  Of  Alisaunder  ich  wil  telle   .    .    . 
Of  bestes,  of  wormes  in  desert,"  4  &c. 

(Dr  Johnson  observes  that  worm  is  the  Teutonic  word  for 
serpent,  and  Bishop  Percy  that  in  the  northern  counties  the 
same  term  is  used  in  that  sense.  See  their  several  notes, 
Nares's  Glossary,  p.  578,  col.  i  ;  and  also  Mr  Toilet's  to 
"  Antony  and  Cleopatra,"  Act  v.  sc.  2.) 

Wra,5  s.  company,  society.     Yr.frayer. 

Wyandour,  s.  feeder.     O.  Fr.  viandier. 

The  Scotch  did  not  limit  themselves  to  using  words  derived 
from  French  ;  they  employed  also,  or  translated  literally,  some 
modes  of  expression  belonging  to  that  language.  Dewgard® 
(Fr.  Dieu  garde],  to  begin  with,  was  a  sort  of  salutation, 
to  which  an  interlocutor  often  replied  "parleyvoo,"  a  term 
formed  in  ridicule  of  the  French  mode  of  address,  chiefly  when 
it  was  enforced  by  these  Gallicisms,  perde",  parfay,  verily  (par 
Dieu,  par  foi).  Gawin  Douglas  begins  a  speech  with  beau 

1  Vide  'The  Scottish  Gallovidian  Encyclo-  the  Prologue,  1.  37  (ibid.,  p.  5). 

pedia,'  sub  voce,  p.  474.  5  Cf.   'The  Dumb  Knight,'  Act  i.  sc.   I  ; 

3  G.  Douglas,  iv.  68,  19.  and    'Etudes    de    philologie    comparee    sur 

3  '  Memorie  of  the  Somervilles,'  vol.  i.  p.  1'argot,'  &c.  p.  417,  col.  i,  note,  to  which  we 
38.  may  add  a  reference  to  '  Gaufrey, '  p.  50. 

4  'Kyng  Alisaunder,'  1.  5043  (Weber's 'Met-  6  '  Melvill's  Diary,'  p.  262. 
rical  Romances,'  &c.,  vol.  i.   p.   209).     Cf. 


4'4 


CIVILISATION  IN  SCOTLAND. 


schiris,  baw  schirris — i.  e.,  good  sirs  ; l  and  Dunbar  ends  one 
with  vive  le  roy?  an  ejaculation  purely  French. 

The  North  Britons  also  borrowed  from  their  ancient  allies 
a  pane,  scarcely  (Fr.  a  peine)  ; 3  argent  content,  ready  money 
(argent  comptant) ; 4  por  tant — i.e.,  as  much  in  return  as  one 
has  received ; 5  perquier,  perquire,  off  the  book,  by  heart,  by 
rote  6  (Fr.  par  cceur) ; 7  fyre  of  joy,  bonfire  (Fr.  feu  de  joie) ; 
vailye  quod  vailye,  or  vailze  quod  vailze.  happen  what  may 
(Fr.  vaille  que  vaille},^  were  in  use.  In  the  last  century  many 
things,  if  not  all,  were  still  a  la  mode  fran^oise?  as  well  as  an 
expression,  which  the  Magician  of  the  North  surely  picked 
up  in  Roxburghshire,  to  purliciie,  pirlicue  (Fr.  par  la  queue), 
to  take  up  the  words  of  a  preceding  speaker  and  make  them 
the  ground  of  another  speech.10  Following,  Scotice  for  follower, 
seems  to  be  derived  from  the  Fr.  suivant,  an  obsolete  word 
equivalent  to  sei'f,  which  belongs  to  both  languages ;  and  in 


1  G.  Douglas,  ii.  b.  21 ;  and  iv.  231,  26. 
Fr.  beaux  sires. 

"  Biaux  chires  leups,  n'escoutez  mie 
Mere  tenchant  chen  fieux,  qui  crie." 

— La  Fontaine,  '  Fables,'  liv.  iv.  fable  1 6. 

""The  Thrissil  and  the  Rois,"  I.  113. 
(Poems,  vol.  i.  p.  7.) 

3  G.  Douglas,  i.  92,  8. 

4  "Account  of  James  HomylI,"A.D.  1500. 
('The   Ledger  of   Andrew   Halyburton,'  p. 
269.) 

6  'Clariodus,'  p.  319,  1.  1197. 

6  'Crim. Trials,' vol.  i.  p.  213,  A. D.  1538-39; 
vol.  Hi.  p.  154,  A.D.  1611.  It  is  well  known 
that  James  I.  is  the  author  of  a  poem  called 
"  The  King's  Quair  ;  "  but  it  is  probable  that 
the  latter  of  these  words  is  English — the  Scot- 
tish monarch,  in  the  concluding  stanza,  apos- 


trophising Gower  and  Chaucer  as  his  dear 
masters. 

7  "  Par  coeur."— 'The  Diary  of  Mr  James 
Melvill,'  pp.  16,  78  :   Edinburgh,  1842 — 8vo. 

8  "The  Complaynt  of  the  Papingo,"  and 
"The  Historic  of  Squyer  Meldrum,"  in  'Sir 
D.  Lyndsay's  Poet.  Works,'  vol.  i.  p.  293,  and 
vol.   ii.   p.   282.      Vaille  file  vaille  occurs  in 
'Le  Mistare  du  Siege  d'Orleans,'  1.  8727,  p. 
339 ;  in  that  of  St  Louis,  MS.  Nat.  Libr.  24, 
331,  fol.  69  recto  ;  in  the  farce  "  Les  trois  Gal- 
ans,"  &c. 

•  '  Maitland's  Poems,'  p.  184.  '  Waverley,' 
ch.  x. 

10  This  was  till  lately  a  practice  followed  in 
the  Presbyterian  Churches  on  the  occasions  of 
the  days  set  apart  for  worship  as  a  preparation 
for  the  sacrament  of  the  Lord's  Supper. 


EXPRESSIONS  BORROWED  FROM  FRENCH.      415 

Scotland  a  natural  fool  was  called,  as  in  France — namely,  in 
Beaujolais — an  innocent.  Let  us  mention  now  to  tour,  the  same 
as  by  four,1  an  expression  which  resembles  the  French  term 
tour  a  tour,  alternately ;  chambredeese,  a  parlour,  in  Fife  2  (O. 
Fr.  chambre  d'aise) ;  chaudmellc,  a  sudden  broil  or  quarrel 3 
(Fr.  chaude  melde)  ;  meschant  youther,  a  very  bad  smell  (O. 
Fr.  meschante  odeur) ;  pissayllye,  a  term  used  to  denote  a  man 
whose  addresses  a-  young  woman  encourages  so  as  to  keep  him 
in  suspense,  till  she  discover  whether  another,  whom  she  pre- 
fers, comes  to  the  determination  of  asking  her  hand.  The 
person  thus  kept  hanging  on  is  called,  in  Peebleshire  and 
other  southern  counties,  pissayllye  (Fr.  pis-aller)  or  do-nae- 
better.  In  East  Lothian  mupetitgage  (Fr.  mon  petit  gage]  is 
a  fondling  compellation  addressed  to  a  child.  But  most  curi- 
ous is  it  to  hear  the  devil,  speaking  of  James  VI.,  say,  "  II 
est  un  homme  de  Dieu." 4  A  Scotchman  would  have  said, 
"  He  is  a  guid  bairn  "  (Fr.  nn  bon  enfant}. 

We  mention  alla-volie,  alle-volie,  at  random,  which  is  some- 
times written  entirely  in  the  French  form,  a  la  volde'-1  though 
it  occurs  also  in  English.6  We  might  also  say  the  same  of 


'Graham,  'History  of  the  Rebellion,'  p.  guages.  Vide  Lucian,  '  Philopseudes,'  inter 

126.  Luc.  Samos.  Opera,  ed.  Ambr.  Didot,  p.  384; 

-  Generally  chambre  ais&  meant  another  sort  and  Vit.  S.  Hilarionis  abbatis,  c.  ii.  No.  15, 

of  closet.  ap.  Holland.,  21  Oct.,  p.  48,  col.  2,  F. 

3  The  Scots  had  also  demelle,  engagement,  6  Vide  Villon,    'Le  grand  Testament,'  St. 
rencountre,  and  melling  ('Crim.   Trials,'  vol.  liv. ;  '  Etudes  de  philologie  comparee  sur  1'ar- 
ii.  p.  548,  A.D.   1608),  which  has  the  same  got,' &c.,  p.  421,  col.  2. 

sense  as  meddling,  but  is  nearer  Fr.  mflaiit.  6  Vide  Ben  Jonson's  "  New  Inn,"  Act  i.  sc. 

4  '  Chambers's  Domestic   Annals   of   Scot-  i,  and  "The  Staple  of  News,"  Act  iv.  sc.  I; 
land,'  vol.  i.  p.   213,   A.n.   1590.     It  was  a  Massinger's  "  Picture,"  Act.  iii.  sc.  6. 
tradition   that   the   devil   spoke  all    the   Ian- 


416 


CIVILISATION  IN  SCOTLAND. 


grand  mercy,  gramercy,  many  thanks,  much  obliged,  used  by 
Chaucer  and  other  early  writers ; l  but  we  will  observe  that  in 
Scotland  gray  mercies,  being  an  expression  of  surprise,  is  still 
current  in  France,  at  least  among  the  lower  classes,  that  use 
merci  in  the  same  sense.2 

A  few  Scotticisms,  apparently  borrowed  from  Fr.,  may  find 
here  their  place,  viz. — to  take  the  gait,  prendre  la  porte  (an 
idiom  which  was  pot  unknown  in  old  English) ;  to  extinguish  a 
debt,  tieindre  une  dette,  to  pay  off  a  debt  by  degrees ;  to  follow 
out  a  plan,  suivre  un  plan,  to  carry  on,  execute,  or  finish,  a  plan  ; 
to  follow  out  a  chain  of  reasoning,  suivre  un  raisonnement,  to 
trace  out  a  chain  of  reasoning ;  to  give  one  a  hat,  donner  un 
coup  de  chapeau,  to  make  a  bow  to  any  one  ;  to  go  to  the  school, 
to  the  church,  aller  a  Ee"cole,  a  f^glise,  which  would  be  English, 
the  being  omitted.  To  haud  the  candle  seems  to  be  tenir  la 
chandelle  in  a  figurative  sense.3  Alwaies,  alwayis,  although, 
notwithstanding,  however,  may  be  also  viewed  as  a  French 
idiom,  as  it  resembles  toutefois,  which  literally  signifies  all  times, 
but  is  used  in  the  sense  of  although.  But  of,  all  the  terms,  the 
most  remarkable  is  bon  accord,  derived  from  the  French  without 


1  Vide  Nares's  'Glossary,'  p.  211,  col.  i., 
vote  ' '  Gramercy. " 

J  There  are  at  least  three  works  on  Scot- 
ticisms, tlie  earliest  of  which,  compiled  by 
Sir  John  Sinclair,  was  published  at  London 
and  Edinburgh  in  1782  under  this  title  :  '  Ob- 
servations on  the  Scottish  Dialect.'  Another, 
by  Dr  James  Beattie,  is  entitled,  '  Scotticisms, 
Arranged  in  Alphabetical  Order,  Designed 
to  Correct  Improprieties  of  Speech  and 
Writing:'  Edinburgh,  1787  — 8vo.  The 
third,  by  Hugh  Mitchell,  M.A.,  master  of 


the  English  and  French  Academy,  Glasgow, 
was  printed  there  in  1799,  under  this  title  : 
'  Scotticisms,  Vulgar  Anglicisms,  and  Gram- 
matical Improprieties  Corrected,'  &c.  Dr 
David  Irving,  stigmatising  the  hallucinations 
of  those  who  have  undertaken  to  teach  the 
art  of  rejecting  Scotticisms,  says  that  "the 
work  even  of  Dr  Beattie  is  a  very  unsafe 
guide,"  and  he  shows  it.  Vide  'The  Lives  of 
the  Scottish  Poets, '&c.,  vol.  ii.  pp.  433,  434. 

3  "Ye'll   neither  dance   nor  hand   [hold]  ' 
the  candle."     Prov.  ap.  Kelly,  p.  367. 


BON-ACCORD. 


417 


alteration,  which  seems  to  have  been  formerly  used  by  way  of 
toast,  as  expressive  of  amity  and  kindness :  "  Aberdans-men, 
will  ye  take  your  word  againe,  and  go  home,  and  drink  the 
cup  of  Bon- Accord  ?  "  &C.1 


1  James  Row,  'A  Cupp  of  Bon- Accord,  or,  a  Guide  to  the  City  of  Aberdeen,' vol.  i. 
or  Preaching,'  &c.,  p.  ^  :  Sine  loco,  pp.  13-16,  32,  33,  349,  &c.:  Aberdeen,  1839 
1828 — 4to.  Cf. 'The  Book  of  Bon- Accord;  — I2mo. 


3G 


Hppenbices, 


APPENDIX     I. 


Words  which  in  all  probability  came  to  Scotland  directly  from  the 
Norse  languages. 

RNIT,  lousy  arnot,  s.  a  pig-nut;  the  root  of  Bunium flexuosum.   Ger. 
Erdnuss. 

A  wheen,  wheene,  whin,  win,  s.  a  small  number  of.     Ger.  tin 
Wenig. 

Baise,  s.  haste,  expedition.     Sw.  basa. 

Baiss,  v.  a.  to  beat     Icel.  bisa  ;  Sw.  basa. 

Bake-bread,  s.  a  kneading-board  for  baking.     Ger.  Backbrett. 

Beuchel,  s.  a  little  feeble  and  crooked  creature.     Sw.  bygel. 

Bicker,  s.  a  wooden  dish  for  drinking  out  of.  Eng.  beaker ;  Icel.  bikar ; 
Sw.  bdgare;  Ger.  Bechar. 

Blaeberry,  s.  bilberry.     Sw.  bldbdr  ;  Icel.  blaber  ;  Ger.  Blaubeere. 

Bode,  s.  an  offer  from  a  buyer.     Sw.,  Dan.,  Icel.  bud ;  Ger.  Gebot. 

Brook,  bruick,  bruke,  v.  a.  to  enjoy,  to  possess.  Icel.  bruka;  Ger.  brau- 
chen. 

Broozle,  bruizle,  v.  n.  to  perspire  violently  from  toil.  (Teviot.)  Fl. 
broeijen. 

Bruckle,  adj.  brittle.     Sw.  brdcklig ;  O.  Ger.  brockel;  Mod.  Ger.  brocklig. 

Buck,  v.  n.  to  aim  at  any  object,  to  push,  to  butt.  (Perthshire.)  Ger. 
bockcn. 

Busk,  s.  the  bush  of  the  wheel, — an  iron  ring  inserted  to  prevent  the  effect 
of  friction.  Ger.  Biichse, 

Cache-pole,  catchpule,  s.  the  game  of  tennis.     Fl.  kaatsspel. 


422  CIVILISATION  IN  SCOTLAND. 

0 

Callour,  caller,  cauler,  adj.  cool,  fresh,  refreshing.     Icel.  kalldur. 

Chappen,  chappin,  s.  a  quart     Ger.  Schoppen. 

Claw,  v.  a.  to  scratch.     Sw.  kid;  Ger.  klauen. 

Cleading,  deeding,  s.  clothing.     Icel.  kladhi ;  Ger.  Kleidung. 

Glibber,  clubber,  s.  a  wooden  saddle.     Icel.  klyfberi ;  Sw.  klof-sadel. 

Clouf,  clout,  clute,  s.  the  hoof  of  a  cow,  sheep,  &c.  Icel.  klauf ';  Sw.  klof ',• 
Dan.  klov  ;  Ger.  Klaue. 

Coukie,  s.  a  sort  of  tea-bread,  or  small  sweet  roll.     Sw.  kaka  ;  Ger.  Kuchtn. 

Creagh,  s.  a  Highland  foray,  a  predatory  incursion  of  a  Highland  chief  into 
the  district  of  his  neighbours  or  of  the  Lowlanders.  Sw.  &  Dan.  krig;  Ger. 
Krug. 

Curroo,  v.  n.  to  coo ;  applied  to  the  lengthened  coo  of  the  male  pigeon. 
(Clydes.)  Icel.  &  Sw.  dial,  kurra  ;  Ger.  kurren,  girren,  gurren. 

Dag,  daugh,  dauk,  s.  a  thin  or  gentle  rain.    Sw.  dugg-regn  ;  Dan.  dug. 

Uambrod,  s.  a  draught-board.     Ger.  Dambrett,  Damenbrett. 

Daupet,  daupit,  dawpit,  part.  adj.  stupid,  unconcerned,  foolish.  Icel.  dapr , 
Got  daubitha. 

Demmish,  v.  a.  to  stun  by  a  blow  or  falL    Ger.  damisch  machen. 

Doit,  s.  copper  coin,  the  twelfth  of  an  English  penny.  Dut  &  Ger.  doit  ,• 
Fl.  duyt;  Dan.  diijt. 

Douk,  v.  «.  to  dive,  to  bathe,  to  dip.    Sw.  dyka  ;  Ger.  tauchen. 

Dreich,  dreegh,  adj.  slow,  lingering,  tedious.  Icel.  drjugr,  drygr ;  Sw.  dryg  ; 
Dan.  droj ;  Ger.  trag. 

Duckie,  s.  a  young  girl,  or  dolL    (ShetL)    Sw.  docka  ;  Dan.  dukkc ;  Ger.  Docke. 

Earn,  s.  the  Scottish  eagle.     IceL,  Sw.,  Dan.  Srn;  Ger.  Aar. 
El  wand,  s.  a  wooden  cloth-measure.    Sw.  aln ;  Ger.  Elle;  Norw.  alen. 
Erne,  s.  uncle.    Ger.  Oheim. 

Endlang,  adv.  and  prep,  in  uninterrupted  succession  ;  along.     Ger.  entlang. 
Etter,  s.  the  matter  from  a  suppuration.     Dan.  edder ;  Icel.  eitr  ;  Sw.  etter , 
Ger.  Etter. 

Eyewhann,  /.  an  eyelash.     (Shell.)    Icel.  augna-hvannr. 

Fa,  s.  a  mouse-trap.    Sw.fdtta;  Ger.  Falle. 

Fang,  s.  catch,  as  in  buying ;  a  cheap  bargain.  Sw.  f&ng ;  Ger.  ein  guter 
Fang. 


APPENDIX  I.  423 


Fastene'en,  Fasterne'en,  Fastren'se'en,  s.  .the  evening  before  Lent,  Shrove- 
Tuesday.  Sw./astfag;  Dan.  fastelav n  ;  Fl.  vastenavend  ;  Ger.  Fastnacht. 

Fidder,  s.  a  load  of  a  certain  weight.     Ger.  Fuder. 

Fiery-fairy,  s.  confusion,  uproar,  haste,  bustle.  Sw.  virrvarr;  Ger.  Wirr- 
tuarr. 

Flaughter,  s.  a  sudden  puff  of  wind,  of  smoke,  of  vapour,  of  fire,  &c.  Ger. 
Flackern. 

Fleckit  fever,  s.  a  spotted  fever.    Svt.ftick-feber;  Ger.  Fleckfieber. 

Fleet,  s.  a  town.     ~$\.flecke;  Ger.  Flecken. 

Flesher,  s.  a  butcher.    Ger.  Fleischer. 

Flicht,  s.  a  mote  or  small  speck  of  dirt  amongst  food.  Dan. /?<?£/  Sw.  flack 
(spot). 

Foud,  fowde,  foud,  fowdrie,  foudrie,  fauderie,  s.  the  office  of  chief  governor 
in  Shetland  and  Orkney;  the  extent  of  his  jurisdiction.  Sw.  fogde ;  Dan. 
foged,  a  bailiff;  fogderi,  a  bailiwick,  a  stewardship. 

Foule,  adj.  wet,  rainy.  Swed.  /«/  (ugly).  This  is  a  Swedish  idiom  /  ///// 
vdder,  bad  or  rainy  weather.  Fr.  sale  temps. 

Fraucht,  frawcht,  s.  a  fright.  O.  Ger.  fraht ;  Mod.  Ger.  Fracht ;  SV.  frakl . 
Dan.  fragt. 

Fraucht,  frawcht,  v .  a.  to  freight.     Sw.  frakla. 

Freck,  freik,  frek,  frick,  adj.  stout,  firm,  &c.  Sw.  Jrdck  ;  Icel./re&r;  Dan. 
frek;  Gcr.frech. 

Fre,  adj.  noble,  honourable,  beautiful,  handsome.  Sw./ri;  Fl.  fraai;  Ger. 
freyjrei. 

Frow,  s.  an  idle,  dirty  woman.  Sw.,  Dan./r«  (a  lady).  Comp.  for  the  de- 
velopment of  the  meaning,  Eng.  queen,  quean  (qiuyn,  quean,  Scot,  a  young  wife). 

Fykefacks,  s.  pi.  whims  which  are  troublesome  to  others.     Dut.  fikfakken  ; 

Ger.  Fickfackereien. 

^ 

Gad  of  ice,  s.  a  large  mass  of  ice.     Icel.  gadd. 

Gair,  adj.  intent  on  gain,  niggard.     Sw.  girig ;  Ger.  gierig. 

Gleed,  gleid,  gloss,  s.  a  small  remainder  of  red  embers  in  a  fire.  AS.  gloed , 
Sw.  glad;  Ger.  Gluth. 

Glep,  v.  a.  to  swallow  down.  (Orkn.)  lct\.gleypa;  Sw.g/ufta;  T)a.n.glubt; 
Norw.  gluppe. 

Glossins,  s.  pi.  flushings  in  the  face.  Norw.  glubsk ;  Icel.  gloss,  glossi 
(flammo). 


424  CIVILISATION  IN  SCOTLAND. 

Gluff,  v.  n.  to  look  gluff;  to  be  silently  sullen,  whether  seriously  or  under 
pretence.  Icel.  glupr,  glapi. 

Goave,  gove,  goif,  goup,  v.  n.  to  stare.  Sw.  and  Icel.  gapa;  Flem.  gaapen ; 
Ger.  gaffen. 

Golk,  gowk,  s.  a  cuckoo ;  a  cuckold,  one  easily  imposed  on,  a  simpleton,  a 
fool.  Sw.  gok;  Ger.  Gauch.  This  word  is  common  to  almost  all  the  Northern 
languages. 

Gore,  geir,  s.  a  piece  of  cloth  of  a  triangular  form,  generally  cut  off  from  the 
cloth  of  a  shift,  &c.,  in  order  to  make  them  wider  at  the  bottom  than  at  the 
top.  Sw.  dial,  gere;  Icel.geiri;  Ger.  Gehre. 

Grab,  s.  a  snatch,  a  grasp,  a  clutch.     Dan.  greb  ;  Sw.  dial,  grabb-tag. 

Gramashans,  s.  pi.  riding  hose,  gaiters.  Sw.  damaskor ;  Ger.  Gamaschen, 
Kamaschen. 

Grew,  grou,  v.  n.  to  feel  fear  or  horror.     Ger.  graven  ;  Sw.  grufva  sig. 

Groozlins,  gruzlins,  s.  pi.  intestines.     Sw.  kras  ;  O.  Ger.  kroos,  kroost. 

Grousum,  groosum,  adj.  frightful,  horrible.     Dan.  grusom. 

Gudin,  gooding,  s.  dung,  manure.     (Orkn.)     Icel.  and  Sw.  godning. 

Guidwilly,  adj.  liberally  hearted,  ready  to  bestow,  willing  to  oblige.  Ger. 
gutwillig. 

Guldar,  gulder,  gullar  (Aberdeenshire),  v.  n.  to  speak  in  a  rough  threaten- 
ing manner.  Icel.  gaula  (boar). 

Hain,  hane,  v.  a.  to  spare,  to  save,  to  use  sparingly.     Ger.  hegen. 
Hairshaw,  hareshard,  s.  the  hare-lip.     Sw.  har-skdr ;  Ger.  Hasenscharte. 
Hamsucken,  haimsuckin,  s.  the  crime  of  assaulting  a  person  in  his  own 
house.     Sw.  hemsjuka. 

Hauvermeal,  s.  oatmeal.     Sw.  hafrtmjol ;  Ger.  Hafermehl. 
Hoast,  v.  n.  to  cough.     Sw.  hosta ;  Ger.  husten  ;  Dan.  haste. 
Housal,  adj.  domestic.     Ger.  haushalt. 
Howe,  s.  a  hollow  or  dell.    Sw.  hal ;  Ger.  Hohle. 
Howk,  v.  a.  to  dig.     Ger.  hacken. 

Ime,  cam,  s.  soot,  steam  of  boiling  water.     (Shell.)     Icel.  eimr. 
Infal,  s.  an  attack.     Sw.  infall. 

Inhawing,  inhaving,  s.  the  act  of  bringing  a  vessel  into  a  haven.  Flem. 
inhabben. 


APPENDIX  I.  425 


Jack,  v.  a.  to  take  off  the  skin  of  a  seal.     (Orkn.)    Ictl.jacka. 

Kail-runt,  s.  the  hardest  part  of  the  stem  of  the  kail,  or  colewort.  Ger.  Kohl- 
strunk. 

Kaim,  s.  a  comb.     Sw.,  Dan.,  and  Flem.  kam  ;  Ger.  Kamm. 

Kaisar,  keysart,  s.  a  frame  in  which  cheeses  are  suspended  from  the  roof  of 
a  room  in  order  to  their  being  dried  or  preserved  in  safety ;  also  a  cheese-vat. 
Dut.  kaas ;  Ger.  Kdse. 

Kame,  v.  a.  to  comb.     Sw.  kamma  ;  Ger.  ktimmen. 

Keek,  v.  n.  to  peep.     Sw.  kika;  Dan.  kigge;  Flem.  kyke ;  Ger.  gucken. 

Kevel,  v.  n.  to  scold.     Sw.  kifva,  kabbla ;  Icel.  kifa;  O.  Ger.  kyffdn. 

Kinrick,  s.  kingdom.     Sw.  konungrike ;  Ger.  Konigreich. 

Kipple,  v.  a.  to  couple,  to  fasten  together;  to  wed.    Sw.  koppla;  Ger.  kuppeln. 

Knaur,  s.  &  knot  in  wood.     Ger.  Knorren. 

Knyp,  s.  a  blow.     Su.  Goth,  knapp  ;  O.  Ger.  Knip. 

Laik-wake,  late-wauk,  like-wake,  s.  the  watching  of  a  corpse  previous  to  inter- 
ment. Ger.  Leichenwache. 

Landlouper,  landlowper,  s.  an  unsettled  person  who  has  not  steadiness  to 
remain  fixed  in  one  place,  a  vagabond.  Ger.  Landlaufer;  low  Fr.  loupeur. 

Latch,  s.  a  dub,  a  mire,  a  rut.     Ger.  Lache. 

Lew,  lew-warm,  adj.  lukewarm.  Sw.  ljum  ;  Flem.  Hew,  low  ;  Ger.  lau,  lau- 
warm. 

Lichtlie,  lichtly,  lightlie,  v.  a.  to  undervalue,  to  make  light  of.  Ger.  leicht 
achten. 

Loss,  v.  a.  to  unload,  applied  to  a  ship.     Sw.  lossa  ;  Flem.  lessen. 

Lotch,  v.  n.  to  jog.     Flem.  lutsen. 

Low,  lowe,  s.  flame,  blaze,  fire.     Sw.  Idga  ;  Dan.  lue ;  Icel.  logi ;  Ger.  Lohe. 

Lucht,  lught,  s.  a  lock  of  hair.     Sw.  lugg. 

Mask,  v.  a.  to  infuse,  as  tea;  to  mash,  as  in  brewing.  Sw.  maska;  Ger.  meischen. 

Melg,  s.  (Aberd.)  the  milt  (of  fishes).  Sw.  mjolke  ;  Dan.  melke ;  Icel.  miolk  ; 
Ger.  Milch. 

Meltoth,  meltith,  s.  a  meal  of  meat,  food.  Sw.  m&ltid ;  Dan.  maaltid ;  Ger. 
Mahlzeit. 

Mixtie-maxtie,  mixie-maxie,  s.  and  adj.  a  confusion,  a  strange  mixture ;  con- 
fused, jumbled  together.  Ger.  Mischmasch  ;  Fr.  mictnac. 

3H 


426  CIVILISATION  IN  SCOTLAND. 

Mowdiwart,  mowdiwark,  moudiewort,  s.  the  mole.  Dan.  muldvarp ;  Sw. 
mullvad ;  Ger.  Maulwurf. 

Nattle,  v.  a.  to  nibble,  to  chew  with  difficulty,  to  nip.    Icel.  knitla,  biota. 

Nauchle,  s.  a  dwarf.     Icel.  knocke. 

Newlings,  adv.  very  lately.     Sw.  nyligen  ;  Ger.  neuerdings. 

Nissac,  s.  a  porpoise.     (Shell.) 

Outwaile,  outwyle,  s.  the  refuse,  the  pick  or  choice.     Ger.  Ausu<ahl. 

Pailin,  pailing,  s.  a  fence  of  wooden  stakes.    Ger.  Einpfdlung. 
Peep,  v.  n.  to  chirp.    Sw.  pipa  ;  Ger.  piepen. 

Poind,  poynd,  v.  a.  to  distress  for  debt  or  damage.    Sw.  panto. ;  Ger.  pfiinden. 
Free,  preif,  preve,  prieve,  v.  a.  to  prove,  to  taste,  to  try.    Sw.  profua;  Ger. 
prufen. 

Provan,  s.  provender.     Ger.  Proviant. 

Quairns,  s.  pi.  small  particles,  as  of  salt,  &c.    Sw.  korn  ;  Ger.  Korner. 
Quairny,  adj.  in  small  particles,  &c.     Ger.  kornig. 

Rauk,  rayk,  rouk,  s.  mist.     Sw.  rok;  Ger.  Ranch. 

Red,  redd,  redd  up,  v.  a.  to  counsel,  to  suppose,  to  caution  against.  Sw. 
rdda  ;  Ger.  rat/ten,  to  put  in  order,  to  comb,  to  disentangle,  &c. 

Ritt,  s.  a  scratch,  laceration.     Ger.  Ritz. 

Roup,  v.  n.  and  a.  to  cry,  to  shout ;  to  sell  by  auction.     Ger.  rupfen. 

Runt,  s.  the  hardest  part  of  the  kail,  or  cabbage  and  coleworts ;  also  an  op- 
probrious epithet  to  a  woman.  Ger.  Strunk. 

Sawfs,  s.  pi.  prognostications.     Ger.  Sagen. 

Scot,  s.  an  assessment.     Ger.  Schott. 

Settle,  s.  a  long  seat.    Ger.  Sessel. 

Shable,  s.  sword.     Sw.,  Dan.,  Fl.  sabel ;  Ger.  Siibel. 

Shackle,  shockel,  shoggle,  v.  n.  to  joggle.    Ger.  schaukdn. 

Shawp,  v.  a.  to  shell.     Ger.  schaben. 

Skellie,  v.  n.  and  a.  to  squint,  to  look  awry;  to  strew.  Dan.  skele;  Sw.  skela; 
Ger.  schielen. 

Skink,  v.  a.  to  fill  liquor  frequently  out  of  one  vessel  into  another,  as  if  to 
mix ;  to  tipple.  Ger.  schenken. 


APPENDIX  I.  427 


Slaik,  slash,  s.  a  lick,  a  slabbering  kiss;  a  touch,  a  light  brushing  over;  v.  a. 
to  lick,  to  kiss  in  a  slabbering  manner.  Sw.  slicka;  Ger.  schlacken. 

Slott,  j.  a  bolt.     Fl.  sluyt;  Ger.  &•/&&#. 

Spae,  spay,  v.  n.  to  tell  fortunes,  to  prophesy,  to  divine.  From  Ger.  spahcn, 
Sw.  spd. 

Spaik,  s.  a  spoke.    Ger,  Speich. 

Stample,  v.  n.  to  walk  in  a  tottering  way,  like  a  horse  among  stones.  Sw. 
stappla, 

Stane-dead,  adj.  quite  dead.     Dan.  sten-dod ;  Sw.  stendod. 

Staunder,  s.  a  barrel  set  on  end  for  containing  water  or  salted  meat,  hence 
called  a  water-staund,  a  beef-staund.  Ger.  Stdnder. 

Stell,  stey,  adj.  steep,  precipitous.     Dan.  and  Ger.  steil. 

Sting,  s.  the  mast  of  a  vessel.     (Shell.)     Sw.  slang. 

Stonern,  adj.  of  stone.     Ger.  steinern. 

Straikit-measure,  s.  exact  measure.     Sw.  strukct  matt ;  Dan.  strog-maal. 

Sturken,  part.  adj.  congested,  coagulated.  (Shell.)  Golh.  za-staurkan  ;  Icel. 
and  Sw.  storkna  ;  Dan.  stoerknet,  part.  adj. 

Suddill,  suddle,  z>.  a.  to  soil,  to  sully.     Sw.  suddla  ;  Ger.  besudeln. 

Swack,  adj.  supple,  pliant.     Dan.  swaj. 

Swig,  v.  n.  to  wag,  to  move  from  side  lo  side.   Sw.  svigta. 

Tang-fish,  s.  a  seal.     (Shell.)     Dan.  tang,  sea-weed. 

Taupie,  tawpie,  toup,  s.  a  foolish  fellow.     Dan.  taabe. 

Thrid,  num.  adj.  the  third.     Sw.,  Dan.  tredje;  Ger.  dritte. 

Torne,  s.  a  tower.     Sw.  torn. 

Trag,  s.  trash.    (Buchan,  Shell.)     Sw.  track. 

Traiket,  adj.  draggled,  disordered,  dirty  in  dress ;  of  a  fowl,  when  its  fealhers 
are  wet,  dirty,  and  deranged.  Ger.  dreckig. 

Trap,  s.  a  flight  of  wooden  steps,  generally  called  a  trap  ladder.  Sw.  trappa  ; 
Ger.  Trappe. 

Trou,  to  trow,  v.  a.  and  n.  lo  believe,  lo  credil,  to  trusl,  lo  be  sure.  Got. 
trauan  ;  Swed.  tro ;  Icel.  tr&a  ;  Ger.  trauen. 

Tuack,  s.  a  small  hillock.    (Orkn.)     Dan.  tue. 

Tullia,  s.  a  knife  fixed  in  the  haft.  (Shell.)  Sw.  tiiljknif;  Dan.  tallekniv ; 
Norse,  tolkkniv  ;  Icel.  talguknifr. 

Tume-handil,  adj.  emply-handed.     Dan.  tomhandet ;  Sw.  tomhiind. 

Tumfie,  s.  a  slupid  person.     Dan.  dial,  tomped. 


428  CIVILISATION  IN  SCOTLAND. 

Tummlar,  s.  a  drinking-glass  of  a  cylindrical  shape.     Sw.  tumlare. 
Tuskar,  twisear,  twysker,  s.  an  instrument  for  casting  peats.    (Shell.)    Icel. 
torfskeri. 

Twal,  adj.  twelve.     Got.  twalib,  twalif ;  Sw.  tolf;  Dan.  tolv. 

Tweel,  s.  cloth.     Ger.  Zwillick. 

Twine,  v.  a.  to  chastise.     (Aberd.)    Dan.  twinga ;  Icel.  thvinga. 

Unrufe,  s.  trouble,  toil,  vexation.     Sw.  oro ;  Ger.  Unruhe. 

Wale,  s.  the  choice.    Sw.  val ;  Ger.  Wahl. 

Wale,  v.  a.  to  choose.  Maeso-Goth.  valjan ;  Dan.  vdlge ;  Sw.  vtilja ;  Icel. 
•vdja  ;  Ger.  wtihlen. 

Wappenbrief,  s.  a  brief  of  concession  to  bear  certain  arms.  Ger.  Wappen- 
brief. 

Wappenshaw,  weapon-show,  s.  a  public  mustering  of  soldiers.  Ger.  Waffen- 
sehau. 

Wark-day,  s.  a  working  day.     Ger.  Werktag. 

Warp,  s.  four,  in  counting  oysters.     Ger.  Wurf,  from  werfen. 

Warple,  v.  a.  to  intertwine  so  as  to  entangle.     Dan.  varpe. 

Wear,  v.  n.  to  last,  to  endure.    Ger.  wdhren. 

"Wee,  v.  a.  to  weigh.     Ger.  wiegen. 

Weer,  v.  a.  to  wear,  to  stop,  &c.     Ger.  wehren. 

Whinge,  v.  n.  to  whine,  to  cry,  to  complain,  to  fret.  Dutch  waanan  ;  Ger. 
wainan. 

Wyse  awa,  v.  a.  to  dismiss,  to  send  away.     Ger.  hinwegweisen. 

Yackle,  yattle,  s.  a  grinder,  a  double  tooth.  (Shell,  and  Orkn.)  Icel.  jaxl ; 
S\v.  oxeltand ;  Dan.  axeltand. 

Yaike,  s.  a  stroke  or  blow.     Fl.  jaeke. 

Yeuk,  youk,  yuke,  yuck,  v.  n.  to  itch.     Fl.  jeucken  ;  Ger.  jucken. 

Yeuk,  youk,  yuke,  yuck,  s.  the  itch.     ~E\.  jeucken. 

Youf,  youff,  yuf,  v.  «.  to  bark.     Dan.  gjoe;  Icel.  geya. 


APPENDIX      II. 


Words  derived  from  the  Celtic. 

Ablach,  s.  a  dwarf,  an  expression  of  contempt.     Gael,  alhach. 

Amchach,  s.  a  misfortune.     Ir.  and  Gael,  anshogh,  adversity,  misery. 

Arn,  s.  the  elder-tree.     Gael,  fearn. 

Art  one  to  anything  (to),  to  direct  or  point  out  anything  to  one. 

("  The  verb  art,"  says  Sir  John  Sinclair,  p.  26,  "  is  probably  derived  from 
the  Gaelic  aird,  a  coast  or  quarter.  Hence  the  Scots  also  say,  What  art,  for 
What  quarter  does  the  wind  blow  from  ?  ") 

Bannock,  bonnock,  s.  a  bunn,  a  sort  of  cake.  Ir.  bunna;  Gael,  bounach; 
Prov.  Fr.  bugne. 

Battick,  battock,  s.  a  tuft  of  grass,  a  spot  of  gravel,  &c.     Gael.  bad. 

Bladoch,  bledoch,  blada,  s.  buttermilk.  (Aberd.  and  some  parts  of  Ang. 
and  Mearns,  most  adjacent  to  the  Highlands.)  Ir.  bladhach  ;  Gael,  blathath. 

Bonie,  bonye,  bonny,  adj.  beautiful,  pretty,  precious,  valuable.  Gael,  boig- 
heach,  boidheach. 

Bonnivochil,  s.  the  great  northern  diver.  Gael,  bonnan,  bunnan,  a  bittern ; 
Ger.  Vogel,  a  bird. 

Boucht,  bought,  bucht,  buss,  s.  a  sheepfold,  a  house  in  which  sheep  are  en- 
closed. Gael,  buchd ;  Ger.  Busch ;  E.  bush  ;  Fr.  hois. 

Bow,  s.  a  dairy,  or  herd  of  cattle.  Gael,  and  Brit,  bioch,  buoch,  or  buck.  A 
bow  is  also  made  use  of  for  a  fold,  contracted  from  bought,  and  perhaps  from 
the  Fr.  bouche,  shut  up  or  enclosed. 

Bowlochs,  s.  pi.  ragweed.     (Wigtonsh.)     Gael,  buadhghallan,  buallen. 


430  CIVILISATION  IN  SCOTLAND. 

Brae,  s.  bank.    Gael.  brae. 

Brochan,  s.  gruel,  or  water-gruel.    Gael,  brochan. 

Brog,  brogue,  s.  a  coarse  and  light  kind  of  shoe.     Ir.  and  Gael.  brog. 

Byre,  s.  a  cow-house.     Ir.  and  Gael.  byre. 

Caird,  card,  kard,  s.  a  gipsy,  a  travelling  tinker,  a  sturdy  beggar,  a  scold. 
Ir.  ceard ;  Gael,  ceird. 

Cairn,  s.  a  heap  of  stones,  a  building  of  any  kind  in  a  ruinous  state,  a  heap 
of  rubbish.  Gael,  and  Ir.  earn  ;  Welsh  and  Brit.,  carneddan,  karnak,  or  karnez. 

Cane,  kain,  canage,  s.  a  duty  paid  by  a  tenant  to  his  landlord.  Gael,  ceann, 
the  head. 

Caper,  s.  a  piece  of  oat-cake  and  butter,  with  a  slice  of  cheese  on  it  (Perths.) 
Gael,  ceapaire. 

Caterans,  katherans,  s.  pi.  a  band  of  robbers.  Gael,  and  Ir.  ceatharnach,  a 
soldier,  satellite,  tory. 

Clachan,  clauchanne,  clachen,  s.  a  small  village  in  which  there  is  a  parish 
church.  Gael,  dachan;  Fr.  clocher. 

Clacharan,  clacharet,  s.  the  bird  stone-checker,  chatter.  Gael,  doichran, 
dachlain. 

Cleit,  s.  a  cot-house.    Gael,  death,  delle,  pent-house,  eaves  of  a  roof. 

Clocher,  v.  n.  to  cough.     Gael,  dochar,  wheezing  in  the  throat 

Cog,  coag,  coggie,  s.  a  wooden  vessel.     Gael,  cuach,  cuachag. 

Connach,  connoch,  s.  a  disease.     In  Gael,  conach  is  the  murrain. 

Coranich,  correnoth,  corynoch,  cronach,  s.  a  dirge,  a  lamentation  for  the 
dead.  Gael,  coranach.1 

Corn-craik,  craker,  s.  the  rail,  Rallus  crex,  Linn.  (St  Kilda) ;  corn-cracker. 
(West  Isles.) 

Craig,  s.  a  rock.     Corn,  karak  ;  Ir.  karraig  ;  Gael,  craig ;  Bret.  earn. 

Craik,  s.  a  kind  of  little  ship,  contracted  from  curracA,  or  rather  from  Fr. 
carraque. 

Crampet,  s.  the  iron  guard  at  the  end  of  a  staff.     Gael,  crampaid,  a  ferrel. 

Cranreuch,  s.  hoar-frost.     (W.  of  Scotl.)    Gael,  cranntarach. 

Cranshach,  cranshak,  s.  a  crooked  distorted  person.  (North  of  Scotl.)  Gael. 
crannda,  corranta,  barbed,  hooked,  decrepit. 

Creagh,  s.  a  kind  of  foray.     Gael,  creach,  plunder,  a  host,  &c. 

1  Vidt  Littre's  Diet.,  vol.  i.  p.  467,  col.  2. 


APPENDIX  II.  431 


Cudum,  cuddum,  s.  substance  or  largest  share.  (Dumfr.)  Gael,  cuid,  a,  part, 
share,  supper. 

Cummock,  s.  a.  short  staff  with  a  crooked  head.  Gael,  cam,  camogach, 
crooked,  curled.  Fr.  camus. 

Cunne,  s.  a  scolding,  a  reprimand,  a  reproof.     (Fife.)     Gael,  caineach. 

Gunner,  v.  n,  to  scold.     (Upper  Clydesdale.)     Gael,  caineam. 

Curran-petris,  s.  the  name  given  to  a  certain  root.  (Uist.)  Gael,  curran,  a 
root  of  the  carrot  or  radish  kind. 

Cuttie,  cutie,  s.  a  spoon.     Gael,  cutag,  a  short  spoon. 

Deasoil,  deisheal,  s.  motion  contrary  to  that  of  the  sun.  Gael,  ddsceart, 
deiseach.  Vide  "  Widershins." 

Dipin,  s.  a  part  of  a  herring-net,  the  bag  of  a  salmon-net.  (Argylls.)  Gael. 
dipinn. 

Doach,  doagh,  s.  a  wear  or  cruive.  Gael,  daingneach,  a  mound,  fortification, 
strength. 

Docher,  s.  fatigue,  stress  (Aberd.) ;  injury  (Mearns),  deduction  (ibid.)  Gael. 
dochar,  dochaireas. 

Dorlach,  s.  a  bundle,  apparently  that  kind  of  truss  formerly  worn  by  High- 
landers instead  of  a  knapsack.  Gael,  dorlach. 

Dorra,  s.  a  kind  of  net.     (Mearns.)     Gael,  dorga. 

Dowbreck,  s.  a  smelt.     Gael,  dubhlhreac. 

Dramock,  drammach,  drummock,  s.  meal  and  water  mixed  in  a  raw  state,  &c. 
Gael,  dramaig,  a  dirty  mixture,  crowdy. 

Drandering,  s.  the  chorus  of  a  song.  (Ayrs.)  Gael,  drandan,  the  whistling  of 
wind  or  storm,  humming  noise  or  singing. 

Drone,  s.  the  backside,  the  breech.  (Aberd.  and  Upper  Clydesdale.)  Gael. 
dronnan,  dronnag. 

Eirack,  s.  a  hen  pullet.    Gael.  drag. 

Falton,  s.  a  fillet.  (Argylls.)  Gael,  faltan,  a  welt,  belt,  ribbon  for  the  head, 
snood. 

Filibeg,  philibeg,  feil-beg,  s.  a  piece  of  dress  worn  by  men  in  the  Highlands 
instead  of  breeches.  Gael,  filleadh. 

Foutre,  footer,  s.  activity,  exertion.  (Fife.)  Gael,  fuadar,  haste,  preparation 
to  do  a  thing. 


432  CIVILISATION  IN  SCOTLAND. 

t 

Geck-neckit,  adj.  wry-necked.     (Aberd.)     Gael,  geochd,  eochdachg. 

Genyough,  gineough,  adj.  hungry,  keen,  ravenous,  voracious.  (Lanarks.  and 
Ayrs.)  Gael,  gionach. 

Golach,  goloch,  s.  a  beetle,  an  earwig.    (Angus,  Lothian.)    Gael,  gollach  (?). 

Gowan,  s.  daisy.     Gael,  gugan. 

Grieshoch,  s .  hot  burning  embers.     Gael,  griosach. 

Gudgie,  adj.  short  and  thick.  Gael,  guga,  a  fat  fellow ;  O.  Fr.  gouju.  At 
Lyons  a  fat  girl  is  called  une  grosse  gaguie,  corresponding  to  a  St  Kilda  goose. 

Guldie,  s.  a  tall,  blackfaced,  gloomy-looking  man.  Gael,  goill,  a  swollen 
angry  face. 

leskdruimin,  s.  a  species  of  salmon.    (Isl.  of  Harris.)   Gael,  iasg  druimineach. 
Inch,  inche,  s.  an  island ;  generally  one  of  a  small  size.     Gael,  innis,  &c. 
Ingle,  s.  fire.    Gael,  aingeal. 

Keechin,  s.  a  technical  term  in  distillation.     (Fife.)    Gael,  caochan. 
Knag,  s.  a  knob,  a  peg,  &c.     Ir.  and  Gael.  mag. 
Korkir,  s.  a  red  dye.    Gael,  corcuir. 

Laigan  (Lanarks.),  loichen  (Ayrs.),  s.  a  large  quantity  of  any  liquid.  Gael. 
lochan,  leaghan,  liquor. 

Larach,  lairach,  lairoch,  lerroch,  s.  the  site  of  a  building,  &c.  Gael,  larach, 
a  site. 

Lenno,  s.  a  child.     Gael,  leanabh. 

Lett,  s.  lesson,  a  piece  of  instruction.    (Aberd.)    Ir.  and  Gael,  leacht. 

Maister,  master,  s.  urine.     Gael,  maistir;  Ger.  Meister. 

Marbel,  adj.  feeble,  inactive,  slow,  lazy.     (Loth.)    Gael,  meirbh. 

Marty,  s.  apparently  a  house  steward.     Ir.  and  Gael,  maor,  and  tigh,  ty. 

Meirdel,  s.  a  confused  crowd  of  people  or  animals,  a  numerous  family  of 
brats.  Gael,  mordhail ;  O.  Fr.  merdaille. 

Minshoch,  s.  a  female  goat  two  years  old.     Gael,  minnsag. 

Mozie,  adj.  sharp,  acrimonious,  ill-natured,  having  a  sour  look.  Gael,  mui- 
seag,  threatening. 

Pibroch,  s.  a  Highland  air.     Gael,  piobaireachd. 

Ptarmigan,  s.  the  white  grouse.  Gael,  tarmochan,  tarmonach.  (Tetrao  lagofus, 
Linn.) 


APPENDIX  II.  433 


Quaich,  quheych,  quegh,  queff,  s.  a.  sort  of  drinking-vessel.  Ir.  and  Gael. 
cuach. 

Raith,  reath,  s.  the  quarter  of  a  year.     Gael,  raithe,  ratha. 
Rauchan,  s.  a  plaid,  such  as  is  worn  by  men.     Gael,  riach,  riachan,  grey. 
Rins,  s.pl.  a  local  term  denoting  two  large  promontories.   (Callow.)   Ir.  and 
Gael,  rinn,  a  hill,  a  point. 

Scannachin,  part.  pres.  bursting.  Gael,  scainam,  to  burst ;  scaitinea,  a  sudden 
eruption. 

Scradyin,  scrawdyin,  s.  a  puny  sickly  child.     (Perths.)     Gael,  scraidain. 

Screg,  s.  a  cant  term  for  a  shoe.     Gael,  crubh. 

Shannach,  shinicle,  s.  a  bonfire.     Gael,  sam/imag  (?). 

Skallag,  scallag,  s.  a  kind  of  bond -servant  (Long  Island,  W.  Hebrides). 
Gael,  scalog,  or  rather  sgallog. 

Skelloch,  skeldock,  skellie,  s.  the  wild  mustard  (Sinapis  arvcnsis,  Linn.)  Ir. 
skeallagoch. 

Skep,  skepp,  skeppe,  skape,  s.  a  case  used  as  a  bee-hive,  &c.     Gael,  sgeip. 

Skiach,  s.  the  berry  of  the  hawthorn  (Moray.)     Ir.  and  Gael,  sciog. 

Sliochd,  s.  the  race.     Gael,  sliochd. 

Stubblin',  adj.  short  and  stoutly  made.     Gael.  stoblalegr(f). 

Tarans,  s.  pi.  children  who  have  died  before  baptism.     Gael,  taran. 
Task,  s.  the  angel  or  spirit  of  any  person.     (Ross-shire.)     Gael,  taise. 


n  b  e  jr. 


INDEX. 


The  words  contained  in  chaps,  xvii.  and  xviii.  and  in  the  Appendices  are  not  included 
in  the  Index,  as  they  are  arranged  in  alphabetical  order. 


Aberdeen  Cathedral,  adornment  of,  82. 

,  University  of,  139. 

Abilzeit,  69. 

Abordage,  212. 

Abstinence,  197. 

Abuilzment,  abuilsiement,  69. 

Abulyeit,  abilyeil,  abitlyied,  69,  note  *. 

Accomie,  Alcomye,  spunes,  52. 

Acton,  192. 

Adjornis,  162. 

Adminicle,  163. 

Advocates,  161. 

Advoutrie,  advoutry,  164. 

Age,  163. 

Aid-mayor,  190. 

Air,  aire,  ayr,  163,  315. 

Airt,  airth,  art,  arth,  212. 

Aixies,  157. 

"  Aleron,  tunnis,"  64. 

Aliment,  163. 

Almerie,  almorie,  ambry,  arnry,  aumrie, 

a-wmrie,^,  51. 
Amaille,  no. 
Ammelyt,  no. 
Amyllier,  61. 


Andlet,  107. 
Aneabil,  163. 
Animals,  129-136. 

— ,  introduction  of,  by  James  V.,  133. 

— ,  wild,  133-135. 
Ansars,  163. 

Antonio,  a  Lombard  physician',  149. 
Appleringie,  65. 
Appunct,  apunct,  163. 
Apunctuament,  163. 
Aragne,  135. 

Architects,  Scottish,  25,  26. 
Architectural  terms,  29,  30. 
Architecture,  21-30. 
Argent  content,  1 26. 
Argument,  145. 
Armosie,  77. 
Armour,  192,  193. 

,  importation  of,  188-190. 

Arms,  importation  of,  188-190. 

—  in  I5th  century  in  Scotland,  187. 
Army  on  march,  words  relating  to,  192. 

,  parts  of,  191,  192. 

Arrondell,  135. 
Arryua,  210. 


438 


INDEX. 


Aschet,  asset,  52. 

Aspyne,  209. 

Assailyie,  199. 

Assege,  198. 

Assemble",  196. 

Assoilyie,  163. 

Assoinyie,  164. 

Asynis,  132. 

Atomic,  154. 

Aubigny,  Mons.,  introduces  French  fa- 

shions, 1578,  72. 
Auchan,  60. 
"  Auld  lichtfute,"  233. 
Avantage,  164. 
Avouterie,  164. 
Awblaster,  194. 
Awmous,  88. 


34- 

Backet,  baikie,  34. 
Baggier,  no. 
Bagit,  130. 
Bagpipe,  earliest  appearance  of,  in  Scot- 

land, 226. 

—  •,  earliest  picture  of,  223. 

—  in  England,  223. 

—  ,  the,  223,  224. 

—  used  in  war,  226. 

—  used  at  battle  of  Belrinnes,  227. 
Baijen,  bajan,  144. 

Bailie,  162. 

Balhuves,  34,  note  B. 

Ballance,  209. 

Hal/ant-bodice,  90. 

Ballingar,  ballingere,  208. 

Balliol  College,  foundation  of,  6,  note  3. 

Bahattit,  131. 

Balye,  198. 

Balzarde,  John,  204. 

Bancoury,  37. 

Bandroll,  bendrole,  bedroll,  195. 


Banker,  bankotir,  bankowr,  bankure,  ban- 
quer,  37. 

Banqueting  and  Vivers,  41-66. 

Barbies,  158. 

Barbour's  knowledge  of  French  roman- 
ces, 12. 

Barclay,  John,  143. 

,  William,  142. 

— , ,  M.D.,  143. 

Barrel-ferraris,  192. 

"  Bartane  "  canvas,  80. 

Bartizan,  bartisene,  198. 

Barton,  Andrew,  104. 

Bos  billon,  121. 

Base  dance,  beass,  237,  238. 

Basing,  bossing,  34. 

Baslaris,  188. 

Bassanat,  bassanet,  basnet,  192. 

Basse  pihe,  121. 

Bassie,  34,  56. 

Bassil,  194. 

Bossy,  35. 

Bastailye,  bast  He,  baste  I,  198. 

Bastailze,  bastailyie,  baste  I,  179,  note  4. 

Batail,  bat  tall,  192. 

Battaling,  batteling,  198. 

Battalouss,  191. 

Battan,  196. 

Battar-axe,  194. 

Battard,  battart,  batter,  194. 

Batterie,  196. 

Baudkin  toldour,  85. 

Bawbee,  babie,  baiubie,  122. 

Baivburd,  211. 

Bawsand,bawsant,  bawsint,  bassand,  131. 

Bayonne,  commerce  with,  208. 

"  Bay  salt,"  64,  note  6. 

Beam  the  pot,  66. 

Beikat,  57. 
«,  66. 

144. 


INDEX. 


439 


Bejant,  144. 
Bele  chere,  49. 
Bellicous,  191. 
Bellsches,  5. 
Belsize,  5. 
Bertoun,  John,  204. 

,  Robert,  204. 

Besong,  88. 
Bibliothec,  38. 
Bibliothecar,  38. 
Bigonet,  87. 
#/'/«,  0y/«,  248. 
Billon,  121. 
Billon  coins,  121. 

,  first  struck  by  James  III.,  121. 

of  James  V.,  122. 

Birds,  135,  136. 

,  introduction  of,  by  James  V.,  133. 

,  names  of,  2. 

Bischopis  barge,  204. 

Biscuit,  ,55. 

Bishop  Lesley  on  the  conviviality  of  the 

Scots,  47. 
Bisset,  77. 

"  Blaber,  French,"  76. 
Blanchards,  79. 
Blanch  farm,  164. 
Blanche,  164. 

,fre,  164. 

,  pennie,  164. 

Blaimderer,  61. 

Blenshaw,  57. 

Body-dress,  89,  90. 

Boist,  34. 

Bombasie,  bombesie,  77. 

"  Bon-Accord,"  417. 

Bon  grace,  88. 

Bonalais,  bonalay,  bonalley,  bonailic,  bon- 

naillie,  49. 
Bonettis,  211. 
Bonnet-piece,  the,  a  coin,  121. 


Bord,  87. 

Bord  Alexander,  81. 

Bordeaux,  commerce  with,  208. 

Boreau,  182. 

5<MJ*V,  35,  56. 

Botcard,  194. 

Bottano,  botano,  78. 

Botyn,  bottine,  93. 

Bouguie,  65. 

Bourd,  196. 

.5^-claith,  80. 

Boutefeu,  178. 

Boutger,  65. 

Bowie,  35. 

Bowtane,  butin,  bitting,  198. 

Boyds,  merchants  at  Bordeaux,  206. 

Zfoyz>,  1 80. 

Boy  tour,  136. 

Brache,  brachelle,  132. 

Braid  of  bughe,  54. 

Branle,  242. 

Brasaris,  braseris,  brazers,  193. 

Bravity,  191. 

Brawl,  brangill,  bransle,  239,  240. 

Brawn,  braun,  153. 

2?r«,  £r<y,  £m£/,  £«>,  #r^,  57. 

Brekanetynis,  193. 

Brettys,  28. 

Bribour,  brybour,  178. 

Bridges  saline,  81. 

Brigan,  briggane,  briggant,  153,  note  '. 

Brigancie,  178. 

,  briganrie,  193,  note  J. 

Brigand,  193. 

Brigander,  briganer,  brigan,  177. 

Brigandines,  193. 

Brignoles,  commerce  with,  208. 

Broach,  52. 

Brocard,  164. 

Broche,  52,  131. 

,  brooch,  bruche,  108. 


440 


INDEX. 


Broderrit,  85. 

Brodikin,  brodykynn,  brottekin,  brotikin, 

94- 

Brokete,  108. 
Brounhill,  William,   payment  to,  for  a 

lute,  &c.,  217. 
Brug  satine,  81. 
Buckasie,  buckacy,  bukasy,  bnkkasy,  bug- 

asine,  78. 
Budge,  194. 
Buffbns,  241. 
Buge,  132. 
Bug-skin,  132. 
Builyettis,  bulyettis,  108. 
Buist,  busht,  34. 
Bulyement,  69,  70. 
Burdoivys,  191. 
Burgeoun,  65. 
/?«r/<r/,  85. 
Burreau,  burio,  burrio,  burior,  biirriour, 

biirriow,  182. 
Bursar,  144. 
Bursary,  burse,  144. 
Butour,  a  kind  of  jewel,  109. 
Butter,  bwtour,  136. 
//>.  1 80. 
57. 

Cabar,  210. 

Cabbac,  caboit,  cabok,  55. 

Caboschon,  caboschoun,  caboischoun,  107. 

Cadas,  caddes,  76. 

Co^,  183. 

Caerlaverock,  22. 

Cahute,  210. 

Cakes,  different  kinds  of,  55. 

Oz/M  87. 

Cammeraige,  camerage,  camroche,  79. 

Ca#z-nosed,  152. 

Ga^wK'-nosed,  152. 

Campbell,  3,  note  4. 


Canalyie,  cannailyie,  179. 
Cannas,  Cannes,  79. 
Cannel,  56. 
Cannel-bayne,  153. 


79. 

Capados,  92. 
Caprowsy,  92. 
Capusche,  87. 
Caralying,  carraling,  236. 
Carcat,  carkat,  carket,  carcant,  107. 
Cardinal,  93. 
Carissay,  76. 
Carpandy,  60. 
Cartane  fevir,  156. 
Cards,  247,  248. 
Cartoush,  90. 
Carvers,  114. 

-  employed  by  James  IV.,  1  14. 
Carviell,  209. 
Casakene,  cassikin,  89. 
Cashmaries,  212. 
Casket  in  which  Bruce's  heart  was  en- 

shrined, 102. 
Cky/*//,  198. 
Castelwart,  198. 
Castin  hois,  96. 
Castles  built  of  wood,  21. 
Castrel,  135. 
Catarris,  156. 

Cathedrals,  architects  of,  26,  27. 
-  designed  by  Frenchmen,  27. 
Caupon,  211. 
Cencrastus,  134. 
Censement,  165. 
Censor,  145. 

Cesarius  of  Heisterbach,  9. 
Chackarraly,  81. 
Chafferoune,  108. 
Chains,  109. 

Chalmillett,  chainlet,  chamlothe,  79. 
Champarte,  165. 


INDEX. 


441 


Chancellarie,  165. 

Channel-stane,  250. 

C/iamaitI-ba.nds,  29. 

Chaud-peece,  156. 

Chauffen,  55. 

C//ra/-bread,  54. 

Cheffroun,  1 08. 

Cheliderect,  134. 

Chemys,  chymes,  chymmes,  chymis,  28. 

Chessoun,  chesowne,  65. 

Chestan,  61. 

Chevron,  93. 

Chirurgiane,  chirurgeon,  chirnrginar, 
chyrurgiane,  151. 

Chivalry,  customs  of,  introduced  by  for- 
eign soldiers  after  the  Conquest,  3. 

Church  decoration,  35. 

Chymour,  chymer,  91. 

C4y«^,  59. 

Cities  in  Scotland,  25. 

Cleree,  Jean,  9. 

Clocks,  in. 

in  Aberdeen,  repair  of,  27,  note  4. 

Closerris,  109. 

Clothing,  69-98. 

Cloth-of-gold,  82. 

Cochrane,  25,  26. 

Cock  of  the  steeple  of  St  Nicholas's,  re- 
pair of,  in  Flanders,  27. 

Cockalanis,  cokkolentis,  250. 

Coffer,  1 10. 

Cofferis  of  Frenche  or  Flanderis  making, 
33,  note  \ 

Coil,  86. 

Coinage,  first  in  Scotland,  117. 

of  James  VI.,  120. 

Coiners,  French,  118,  119. 

Coins  of  Alexander  I.,  118. 

of  poor  silver,  121. 

of  William  the  Lion,  118,  119. 

Coinyie,  117,  126. 

3 


Cot's t,  cost,  153. 

College-fee,  145. 

College  of  Justice,  162. 

Colour  tie  ray,  85. 

Columbe,  109. 

Commend,  165. 

Commerce  between  France  and  Scot- 
land, 206. 

with  Flanders,  206. 

Commas,  191. 

Commissure,  191. 

Commisse  clothes,  191. 

Commisser,  190. 

Compear,  compeir,  165. 

Compearance,  165. 

Compeirant,  165. 

Compryse,  165. 

Compryser,  165. 

Comprysing,  165. 

Contrare-mand,  165. 

Convivial  habits,  43-47. 

Copamry,  51. 

Copper  first  coined  in  Scotland  by  James 
VI.,  123. 

money,    modern,   first   coined    in 

France,  123. 

Corbie,  cor  by,  135. 

Coriie-steps,  29. 

Corbuyle,  95. 

Cardfile,  210. 

Cordeleris  knottis,  84,  note  *. 

Core,  153. 

Cornet t,  197. 

Cornith,  89. 

CornOy,  corrensy,  156. 

Cornut,  228. 

,  corpis,  153,  340. 
153. 

,  152,  340. 

Corf,  124. 

Coruic,  30. 


K 


442 


INDEX. 


Cotonaris,  98. 
Countercoup,  196. 
Country-dance,  233. 
Coupen,  cowpon,  76,  342. 
Courts,  inferior  law,  161. 
Couser,  cusser,  130. 
Coveratour,  76. 
Coverings  for  the  feet,  93,  94. 

for  the  legs,  93,  95. 

Covin-tree,  165. 
Coiukin,  179. 

Cowkin-kenseis,  130,  note  2. 
Cowponit,  130. 
Cracker,  crakkar,  251,  note  3. 
Crammacy,  82-84. 
Crane,  194. 
Craquelin,  55. 
Crawfurd  Moor,  101. 
Creish  the  hand,  173. 
Crepinall,  134. 
Crespeis,  crespie,  57. 
Crevish,  57. 
Cm/,  cm^ir,  78. 
Cristell,  William,  204. 
Crochert,  195. 
Cropse-present,  153,  154. 
Crowne  of  the  sone,  124. 
Cray  claycht,  81. 
Crttals,  cruels,  157. 
Cruickston  dollars,  120. 
Cruisken,  52. 
Cntsie,  criisy,  52. 
Cubiculare,  38. 
C«z'//<?r,  65. 
Ctiinyie,  126. 

CwzVy/V-house,  «/»y;V-house,  126. 
Cuisse-madame,  60. 
O</«,  c«/j,  153. 

Culinary  art  in  North  Britain,  41. 
CW/.T,  153,  note  4. 
,  65. 


Cummer,  comer,  comere,  49,  note  4. 

Cummer's  feast,  50. 

Cuning,  cunyng,  134. 

Cuningar,  cunningaire,  134. 

Cunzie,  126. 

CurcA,  curche,  cursh,  courshet,  conrche, 

courchie,  courtshaw,  curge,  88. 
C««V,  131. 
Curpin,  curpon,  153. 
Curple,  curpon,  curpin,  130. 
Currier,  182. 
Cursour,  130. 
Curtald,  195. 
Curtoush,  90. 
CuscM,  cusst,  193. 
Cussanis,  193. 
O</^,  «w/,  r  «;'//,  153. 
Cygonie,  136. 
Cythol,  221. 


from 


199- 

Dalphyn,  124. 
Damiane,  John,  101,  149. 
Dance  music,  242,  243. 
Dances,  231-244. 

-  and     dancers    introduced 
France,  234. 

-  ,  French,  233. 

-  of  native  growth,  231. 

-  popular  in  i6th  century,  232,  233. 
David  I.,  charters  of,  4,  note  l. 

—  ,  culinary  art,  41. 

-  ,  encouragement  of  gardening,  60, 
note  *. 

-  ,  foreigners  at  court  of,  3. 

-  ,  policy  of,  2. 

Dease,  deis,  dess,  deas,  dais,  33. 
De  Balliol,  3. 
De  Bellassize,  5. 
De  Berkelai,  3. 
De  Brus,  3. 


INDEX. 


443 


Debout,  1 66. 

Dedaratour,  declarator,  166. 

Declinature,  declinator,  166. 

Defaisance,  166. 

Defaise,  defese,  defease,  166. 

Defett,  defait,  defaite,  1 54. 

Deforce,  deforss,  166. 

De  Hay,  3. 

Z>«j,  afew,  <teoj,  51. 

Delash,  196. 

ZWzV/,  1 66. 

De  Limessay,  4. 

Demand,  165,  348. 

Demelle,  196. 

De  Montaut,  4. 

De  Montfiquet,  5. 

De  Morevil,  3. 

Demy,  120. 

Demyostage,  76. 

Deneir,  124. 

Denison,  Lawrence,  126. 

Denneyer,  124. 

Depaynt,  ill. 

De  Quinci,  3. 

D'Etrde,  John,  book  of  Danseries,  243. 

Detrusare,  178. 

De  Umfravil,  3. 

De  Vaux,  3,  5. 

De  Vere,  4. 

De  Vesci,  4. 

De  Vipont,  3. 

Devorie,  166. 

Dieppe,  commerce  with,  208. 

Diet,  desert  the,  166. 

Disc/tone,  49. 

Diseases,  154-157. 

Dishabilitate,  1 66. 

Disjune,  disjoon,  disione,  48. 

Dogs,  132,  133. 

Doit,  12$. 

Dolphin,  124. 


Domestic  fowls,  135. 

Donatory,  donatour,  167. 

Dornix,  dornick,  dornique,  dorneiuick,  53. 

Dorsour,  dosouris,  dossoitr,  37. 

Dote,  167. 

Doublet,  dowblet,  107. 

-£>^/<?-pale,  153. 

Drap  de  Berry,  81. 

Dress,  clerical,  92. 

,  female,  86. 

to  be  worn  by  the  different  ranks, 

regulated  by  Act  of  Parliament,  70. 

,  words  relating  to,  85. 

Dresser,  dressor,  51. 

Dresses,  91. 

Drogis,  158,  353. 

Droguery,  drogaries,  1 58. 

Droogist,  158. 

Drugs,  importation  of,  158. 

Drummond,  Julian,  217. 

Dunbar's  knowledge  of  French  roman- 
ces, 12. 

Durward,  5. 

Dushet,  dussie,  167. 

Dwelling-houses  of  stone,  24. 

Dyvour,  126. 

Dyvourie,  126. 

Ecclesiastical  buildings,   minor  details 

of,  27. 
Ecu,  121. 
Edgar,  3,  note  '. 
Edinburgh  in  I4th  century,  25. 
Education,  139-145. 
Eitche,  1 08. 
Embroidery,  96,  97. 
Empaschement,  empeschment,  167. 
Emphiteos,  167. 

Enseinyie,  ensenye,  ansenye,  enseynye,  197. 
Entertainment  of  the  Danish  nobles  in 

1590,  45. 


444 


INDEX. 


Entremellys,  196. 

Equipage,  211. 

Eschel,  escheill,  eshele,  191. 

Escrolles,  157. 

Ess,  109. 

Essenyie,  164. 

Ethick,  etick,  1 57. 

Evantage,  164. 

Executioners,  designations  of,  182,  183. 

,  French,  182. 

Exies,  157. 

Facile,  167. 

Factors   of  James    IV.  for  importing 

ships,  &c.,  204. 
Fadgejage,  55. 
Failyie,  167. 
Fandik,  William,  a  maker  of  ordnance, 

189. 
Farthing,  silver,  first  introduced,  119. 

of  i6th  century,  71. 

Fashions  of  1 7th  century,  73. 

Faylyhi,  167. 

Fentster,  fenijster,  29. 

Pent,  85. 

Ferial,  f cry  ale,  feriall,  f trial,  fcriell,  167. 

Fester,  30. 

T-Vy^,  156. 

Fial,fiall,  1 68. 

Fierabras,  romances  of,  14. 

Fine  arts,  101-114. 

Firearms,  195,  196. 

Finnaleit,  107. 

Fish,  57-59. 

Fishes,  names  of,  2. 

Fitz  Allan,  2. 

Flam,  56. 

Flamb,  flawme, flame,  55. 

Flandris  "werdour,  36. 

Flask,  195. 

Fleume,  156. 


Flook,  fluke,  flux,  156. 

Flowers,  65. 

Food  of  the  Scots,  43-45. 

Foot-soldiers  in  :6th  century,  188. 

Forcat,foirchet,  195. 

Forerunners  of  Reformation,  9. 

Forsaris,  212. 

Fortification,  words  relating  to,  198. 

/•<«,  1 80. 

Fouat,  55. 

Foundment,  29. 

Pousse,  fousy,  198. 

Fowls,  domestic,  135. 

Fowmarte,  133. 

Foyn,foynyie,  133. 

France,  15,  16. 

"  Franch  blake,"  80. 

"  Franche  broun,"  80,  81. 

Frape,  196. 

French  beans,  64. 

coins  current  in  Scotland,  123,  124. 

—  cook  of  James  I.,  42. 
crowns,  123. 

education  in  Scotland,  15,  note  *. 

—  educational  terms,  144,  145. 
— •  dances  at  country  fairs,  233. 

—  dances  in  more  modern  times,  241. 

—  fashions  in  i6th  century,  72. 
influence  on  architecture,  26. 

—  language,     adopted    by     Scottish 
Court,  5, 

—  letters  of  George,  Earl  of  Huntly, 
141. 

letters  of  Francis,  Earl  of  Errol, 

141. 

—  letters  of  William,  Earl  of  Angus, 
141. 

—  letters  of  James  V.,  141,  142. 

—  pearie,  249. 

romances,  II,  13. 

salt,  64,  note  '. 


INDEX. 


445 


French,  study  of,  141. 

,  study  of,  fostered  by  John  Erskine 

of  Dun,  142. 

—  taught  in  Aberdeen,  141. 

taught  in  St  Andrews,  141. 

used  at  the  Scottish  Court,  1 19. 

Freson,  129. 

Froissart   on  war -music  of   Scotland, 

225. 

Fruits  in  Scotland,  60,  61. 
Fruncit,  85. 
Fuksaill,  210. 
Funyie,  133. 
Funsis,  funzeis,  98. 
Pure,  1 80. 
Furmage,  55. 
Furniture,  33-38. 

imported  from  the  Continent,  33. 

in  royal  palaces,  33. 

Furs,  97. 

,  wearing  of,  prohibited,  97. 

Fusteany,  79. 
Fyger,  61. 

Gab,  152,  361. 

Gabert,  210. 

Gainage,  168. 

Galbert,  84,  note  2;  91. 

Galbraith,  Sir  Thomas,  113. 

Galbreytht,  Sir  Thomas,  218. 

Galmound,  gamond,  gamount,  236. 

Galyard,  240,  241. 

Gamaches,  gamashons,  95. 

Gambet,  236,  362. 

Games  and  amusements,  247-252. 

introduced  from  France,  247. 

,  "  unlawful,"  247. 

Gardevine,  gardyvian,  gar  deviant,  garde- 

vyance,  51. 

Gariiour,  garritour,  30,  note  2,  191. 
Garnisoun,  191,  362. 


Garrit,  garret,  garrot,  garet,  30,  note  2. 

Gash-gabbit,  152. 

Gaskin,  61. 

Gastrel,  135. 

Gean,  61. 

Geiler  of  Kaiserberg,  9. 

Gelcott,  gelcoit,  90. 

Genett,  134. 

Genglere,  gengleor,jangler,jangleor,  251, 

note  3. 
Cents,  1 80. 
Gcraflour,  65. 
Gerron,  130. 
Gltin,  1 80. 
Gilbert,  91. 

Gilders  of  England,  104. 
Gillescop,  rebellion  of,  21. 
Ginker,  236. 
Gissarme,  gyssarn,  gissarne,  gittarn,  gi- 

thern,  194. 

Githorn,  gythirnis,  220. 
Gizzen,  152. 
Glaif,  194. 

Clang oir,  gleng ore,  155. 
Glaster,  glaister,  1 33. 
Gob,  152. 

Goes,  Hugo  van  der,  painter,  113. 
Gold -chains  carried   by  Barton,  legal 

merchandise,  104. 

coinage,  120. 

coins  of  James  III.,  121. 

of  James  V.,  121. 

—  of  James  VI.,  121. 

of  Mary,  121. 

medal  in.Sutherland  cabinet,  125. 

Goldsmith,  John,  217. 
Goldsmiths,  103. 
Gor,gore,  155. 
Gorby,  135. 
Gorgy,  153, 
Goule,gowl,  153. 


446 


INDEX. 


Gourd,  157. 

Coutte,  158. 

Grace,  to  say  the,  56. 

Graisser  lapatte,  173. 

Gramashes,  95. 

Grammar -tour,  143. 

Grandgoir,  grandgor,  grangoir,  grant- 

gor,  grantgore,  155,  364. 
Great  horses,  importation  of,  129. 
Greifar,  168. 
Greis,  193. 

Groat  first  introduced,  117. 
Grose,  168. 
Groset,  groser,  grosset,  grozel,  grosart, 

61. 

Gr untie,  152. 
Grunyie,  152,  365. 
Gryngolet,  131. 
Gudget,  gudyeat,  191. 
Guin,  61. 

Guise  Palace,  ceiling  of,  painted,  114. 
Guschet,  193. 
<?«/,  158. 

Guyane,  a  master-gunner,  187. 
Gyngivis,  152. 

Habawde,  135. 
Habiliment,  70. 
Habilyement,  69. 
Habilyet,  69. 
Habilyiet,  69,  note  *.     . 
Haddock,  57. 
Hagbut  of  croche,  195. 

<7/"  founde,    hacquebut   of  found, 

195. 

Hagbutar,  195,  366. 

Half-groat,  silver,  first  introduced,  113. 
Halfpenny,  silver,  first  introduced,  119. 
Half-saikyr,  195. 
Ha\{-testoon,  119. 
Hallion,  179. 


Hand-coverings,  93. 

Hardhead,  122. 

Hargoulet,  191. 

Harle,  136. 

Harpers,  217. 

Harro,  hary,  168,  366. 

Hashie,  hachie,  57. 

Haurrage,  179. 

Hay,  Edmond,  142. 

Head-gear,  female,  86,  89. 

Hector  Boyce  on  the  conviviality  of  the 

Scots,  46,  47. 
Heisau,  212. 
Herbs  as  curative  agents,  158. 

,  names  of,  2. 

Herisen,  134. 
Heritour,  168,  567. 
//iVx.  1 68. 
Hobyn,  130. 
Holabar,  210. 
Holt,  2il. 
Homologate,  168. 
Horrelage,  in. 
Horses,  130-131. 

,  importation  of,  129. 

Hospitality  of  the  Scotch,  49. 

Ho-spy,  hy-spy,  hoispe-hoy,  hospie,  249. 

Hostay,  198. 

Hotch-potch,  57. 

Houses  in  Edinburgh,  &c.,  25. 

//<?w,  ^<w,  87,  note  4. 

How-toivdy,  135. 

Huchowne's    poems,   French    influence 

on,  6. 
Hugtone,  hugetone,  hugtoune  cot,  hug- 

towne,  193. 
Hullion,  179. 

Hurcham,  hurcheon,  hyrchoune,  134. 
Huttock,  87. 
Hypothec,  168. 
Hypothecate,  168. 


INDEX. 


447 


Icterique,  157. 

Impeschment,  167. 

Insects,  135. 

Interlude,  a  Scottish,  244. 

Intermeis,  243. 

Intrant,  168. 

Inlromit,  168. 

Intromitter,  intrometter,  168. 

Inventar,  168. 

Irrogat,  168. 

Jakkis,  armour  of  James  V.,  189. 

Jam,  jamb,  jambe,  28,  29. 

James  I.,  a  composer  of  music,  215. 

,  a  painter,  112. 

,  encouragement  of  gardening, 

60,  note  1. 

,  patron  of  music,  215,  216. 

III.  and  music,  216. 

IV.  and  music,  216. 

and  ship-building,  204. 

patronised  painters,  113. 

skilled  in  medicine,  150. 

V.  and  music,  218. 

and  ship-building,  205,  206. 

Jameson,  payment  to,  for  a  lute,  217. 
J  angler,  jangleor,  251,  note  3. 
Jargonelle,  60. 
Jaspe,  jasp,  107. 
Jennett,  130. 
Jeperty,jupperty,  197. 
Jerofflery,  65. 
Jewellery,  107,  108,  109. 

imported  from  France,  104,  105. 

Jewels,  legal  merchandise,  104. 

Jigot,  57- 

Jizzen,  152. 

John  of  Burdouse,  149. 

*Joistiecor,  91. 

Jonett,  130,  134, 

Jonette,  65. 


J 'or ram,  212. 

Jougs,jogges,  1 80. 

Jowis,  152. 

Jowp,  jtrwpe,  jowpoun,  89. 

Juggs,  1 80. 

Juglar,  251. 

Juncturer,  92. 

Jup,jupe,  89. 

Juster,  169. 

Justiecor,  justicat,  justicoat,  91. 

Kabellow,  57. 

Kahute,  210. 

Kardigue,  124. 

Kebbuck,  56. 

Keerie-oam,  249. 

A-*//,  86. 

Kenet,  kcnnet,  132. 

Kerval,  kervelt,  209 

Keton,  193. 

Kickshaws,  55. 

"  Kiles,"  the,  248. 

Kimmer,  if),  note  3. 

Kimmerin,  49,  note  3. 

Kindness,  157. 

Kinnin,  134. 

Kippage,  211. 

Kirnel,  kyrneill,  28. 

Kittiekie,  104. 

Knox  on  masques,  235. 

>f/-w/,  78. 

Kyll,'  John,  goldsmith,  103. 

Latch,  85. 

Lumber,  lammer,  laamer,  107. 

La  Mote,  French  ambassador,  233. 

Landiers,  51. 

Lapron,  134. 

Latin  adopted  as  the  official  language 

5,6. 
Latron,  laitrin,  35. 


448 


INDEX. 


Lavatur,  52. 

Law,  161-173. 

Larat,  157. 

Leg-dollar,  125. 

Lerroun,  134. 

Lesart,  108. 

Letacampt,  lettacamp,  lectdecampt,  192. 

Letteis,  98. 

Lettrone,  lettrune,  letteron,  letterin,  35. 

Libraries,  monastic,  II. 

Lindsay,  4. 

-  ,   Sir  David,  on    the    manners   of 

Scotch  ladies,  71,  72. 
Linen  stuffs,  78,  79. 
Lingot,  lingut,  107. 
Upper,  157. 
Literature    preserved    in    the  religious 

houses,  10. 
Lock,  182. 

Lockman,  loikman,  182. 
Longavil,  longtieville,  60. 
Lorymer,  131. 
Lovel,  3. 
Lumbart,  85. 
Luterris,  98,  1  33. 
Lyart,  125. 
>fr,  182. 
»,  120. 


Machicoules,  198. 

Magistrand,  145. 

Maiden,  the,  181. 

Maillard,  Olivier,  9. 

Maily,  125. 

Mair,  maire,  mare,  183. 

Malcolm  IV.,  charters  of,  4,  note  >. 

Malice,  154,  155. 

Malmesy,  malvesy,  mawcsie,  59. 

Manchet,  54.  * 

Mand,  169. 

Mange,  49. 


Maniory,  manorie,  48. 
Mantillis,  199. 
Mappamottnd,  38. 
Marchet,  169. 

Margaret,  St,  energy  of,  to  improve  her 
subjects,  70. 

Marjolyne,  65. 

Marleyon,  135. 

Marot's  version  of  the  Psalms,  music  to 
242. 

Marrivillibe,  the,  205. 

Marsiliers,  Pierre  de,  142. 

Martlet,  134. 

Martrik,  mar  trick,  fur,  98. 

,  marlrise,  martlet,  mertrik,  134. 

Mary,  Queen  of  Scots,  and  music,  218, 
219. 

Mashloc,  54. 

Massondeu,    mason-Dieu,    maison-Dew, 
158. 

Master-gunners,  foreigners,  187. 

Mavis,  136. 

Maivrt,  35. 

Maxwell,  the  admiral,  206. 

May  duke,  61. 

Medals,  125. 

Medicine,  149-158. 

,  according  to  the  Lord  High  Treas- 
urer of  Scotland,  151. 

Medicines,  158. 

Meeting  of  hostile  troops,  words  relating 
to,  196. 

Meire,  Gerard  van  der,  painter,  113. 

Melyie,  125. 

Melzour,  John,  26. 

Mendicant  friars,  9. 

,  sermons  of,  9. 

Menot,  Michel,  9. 

Merle,  135. 

Mertrik  skin,  373. 

Me  sal  I,  157. 


INDEX, 


449 


Metals,  precious,  105. 
Micheall,  the,  204,  205. 
Mine,  Crawfurd  Moor,  101. 
Mines,  gold,  in  Sutherland,  101. 

,  wrought  by  Frenchmen,  101. 

Minstrels,  Italian,  218. 

Mint  in  Canongate,  Edinburgh,  125. 

Mirles,  157. 

Missalit,  89. 

Mitten,  mittain,  93. 

Mobillis,  33. 

Monastic  libraries,  n. 

Moncreif,  Gilbert,  150. 

Money,  117-126. 

first  coined  by  Donald  I.,  117. 

first  coined  by  Donald  V.,  117. 

Monstour,  192. 
Montur,  130. 
Moolie,  157. 
Moreville,  2. 
Morischer,  the,  205. 
Morow,  John,  25. 
Mart,  132,  154. 

cloth,  153.  . 

head,  18,  135,  375. 

mumlingis,  \  54. 

Mort-oo,  132. 
Morter,  169. 
Mortersheen,  131. 
Morton,  Regent,  156. 
Morvo,  John,  25. 

Moryson,  Fines,  on  the  fashions  in  Scot- 
land, 72. 

Mosman,  John,  goldsmith,  103,  105. 
Moitfle,  93. 
Mounter,  in. 
Mauler,  169,  375. 
Mouton,  124. 
Mowat,  5. 
Muffitie,  93. 
Muffle,  93. 


Mules,  157. 

Mull,  94. 

Mullett,  132. 

Multiply  multiplie,  154. 

Multure,  mouter,  mulitre,  169,  375. 

Multurer,  169. 

Muncur,  armourer  of  James   IV.,   188, 

189. 

Munstour,  192. 
Munter,  muntour,  in. 
Mupetigage,  152,  415. 
Muralyeis,  28. 
Murdic-gripes,  167. 
Murdresar,  195. 
Muryt,  28'. 
Muschet,  5. 
Muselit,  89. 
Music  and  musical  instruments,  215-228. 

at  battle  of  Harlaw,  226. 

,  vocal,  218. 

,  war,  225. 

Musical  instruments  in  Lord  Treasurer's 

books,  216. 

in  use  in  Scotland,  219,  220. 

mentioned  in  the  '  Complaynt 

of  Scotlande,'  224,  note  8. 
Musicians  in   Lord  Treasurer's  books, 

216. 
,  names  of,  taken  from  instrument 

they  perform  on,  227. 

,  part  of  Royal  household,  217. 

Mussal,  mussaling,  myssal,  89. 

Mussall,  210. 

Mutinerie,  179,  note  3. 

Mutton,  132. 

Myniver,  mynyvaris,  98. 

Mysel,  157. 

Nackett,  249. 

Names  given  to  different  kinds  of  music, 
228. 


3L 


450 


INDEX. 


Naprie,  napperie,  napery,  53. 

Noble,  1 20. 

Norman  names,  4,  note  *. 

Normans,  emigration  of,  into  Scotland, 

2. 
Noyris,  norys,  nurice,  nurraych,  53,  note  5, 

376. 

Obeysance,  169. 

Oindre  la  palme,  173. 

Oist,  197. 

Oleron,  laws  of,  64,  note  7. 

Olifard,  62. 

Oliphant,  62. 

Olive-tree,  61,  62. 

0rc/2&,  28. 

Ordnance,  kinds  of,  194,  195. 

Ordone,  169. 

Organ,   carried    by   James  IV.  in    his 

journeys,  217. 

in  Scotland,  216. 

Orilyeit,  89. 

Orlege,  or  lager,  orliger,  m. 

Orliance,  237. 

Ormaise,  77. 

Ornaments  of  churches  imported  from 

the  Continent,  35. 
Orphany,  112. 
Orphir,  85. 
Orphray,  no,  377. 

Oslin,  oslin  pipping,  orzalon,  60,  note  6. 
"  Ourefute,"  233. 
Gutter,  131. 
Overenyie,  65. 
Oy/  rfW/*,  62. 
Oyster,  58. 

Pace,peise,  in. 

153- 

/,  /<«'/,  paile,  34. 
"  Pain  benist  d'Escosse,"  48. 


Painter  kept  by  James  V.'s  queen,  113. 
Paintings  in  the  hall  of  Dean  House, 

114. 
on  the  walls  and  ceilings  of  the 

houses  of  the  nobility,  113. 
Palad,  152. 
Pallall,  pallalls,  249. 
Pallat,  152. 
Pallet,  pellock,  195. 
Palmander,  108. 
Palonie,  91. 
Panash,  87. 
Pane,  98. 
Panis,pavis,  199. 
Panse,  152. 

Pantoufle,  pantufl,  pantuifl,  94. 
Pantoun,  94. 
Pantour,  50. 
/"a«-velvet,  79. 
Paragon,  81. 

Parische  broune,  74,  note  5. 
Parlasy,  157. 
Parpane,  28. 
Parpen,  parpane-vaC,  28. 
Parjar/,  158. 
Parure,  no. 
Paryse  blak,  74,  80. 
Pasementar,  85. 
Pasment,  85. 
Paspey,  236. 
Passingeoure,  210. 
Pasuolan,  pasvoland,  195. 
Pateser,    patticear,  pastisar,   pattisear, 

patlesier,  56. 
/tar*?//,  193,  377. 
Patrix,    Queen'    Magdalen's   physician, 

150. 

Patron,  patrone,  71. 
Patrone,  patroun,  211. 
Patrcnune,  71,  note  2. 
Pauuan,  paven,  238,  239. 


INDEX. 


Pearie,  peety,  pear,  249. 

Pearls,  106. 

Pelure,  97. 

Pende,pend,  108,  380. 

Pendlc,  pendule,  108. 

Pennon,  197. 

Penny,  silver,  the  only  Scottish  coin  till 
Alexander  III.'s  reign,  119. 

Pense,  152. 

Penseil,  pensall,  pinsel,  197. 

Pepin,  Guillaume,  9. 

Per  dews,  191,  381. 

Peronal,  152,  381. 

Perre,  106. 

Pettail,  pittal,  197. 

Petticoat-tail,  55. 

Fettle,  53. 

Physicians,    scarcity    of,    in    Scotland, 
150. 

Picture  of  the  reign  of  James  III.,  112. 

possessed  by  Margaret,  queen   of 

Malcolm  III.,  112. 

Pictures,  112,  113. 

Piece,  59. 

Pikary,pikery,  169. 

Pilleit,  197. 

Pillour,  97. 

Pifyie,  197. 

Ping-pong,  1 08. 

Pinner,  89. 

Piper  at  Scottish  Court,  225. 

in  i6th  century,  224. 

prohibited  from  playing  by  magis- 
trates of  Aberdeen,  227. 

Pipes,  the,  224. 

Pirie,  60,  note  2. 

Pise"  building,  28. 

Pittivout,  28. 

Place,  28. 

Plack,  121,  122. 

Plane,  169. 


Plate,  first  marked,  in. 
—  marked,  no,  in. 

marked  ancient  Scots,  110. 

P Usance,  81. 
Plumbis,  1 88,  note  2. 
Poddasivay,  77. 
Poddisoy,  77. 
Point,  154. 

Pois, poise, pose,  ill,  note  4. 
Poli,  John,  9. 

Polonic,  pollonian,  polonaise,  91. 
Pome,  1 08. 
/to,  135. 

Porridge,  a  dish  at  dinner,  56. 
Port,  228. 
Portative,  222. 
Potatos,  62,  63. 
Potingar,  158,  383. 
Poulder,  pulder,  puldir,  195. 
Pounajpoune^owne,  135. 
Pourbossa,  211. 
Pourpoure,  84. 
Powder-flaccat,  195,  196. 
Poynie,  93. 
Poyntal,  194. 

Poynye,  poyiM,  pay  lint!,  ponyM,  196. 
Prat,  John,  painter,  113. 
Pratt,  David,  painter,  113. 
Prattik,  practick,  practique,  169,  383. 
Preaching  in  the  open  air,  10. 
Precious  metals  imported  from  the  Con- 
tinent, 104,  105. 

,  names  of,  101. 

President  of  supreme  court  of  law,  161. 

Prettik,  169. 

Preve,  prev,  170. 

Primar,  143. 

Principal,  143. 

Procuir,  170. 

Procurator,  161. 

Procurator-fiscal,  161. 


452 


INDEX. 


Protticks,    prattick,    prettick,    practik, 

practique,  252. 
Provost,  162. 
Pryse,  133. 

Punishments,  180,  181. 
Punye,  191. 
Purlicue,  pirlicue,  414. 
Purpress,  170. 
Purpriiione,  purprising,    purprusition, 

170. 

Purray,  purry,  98. 
Pyardie,  135. 
Pyat,pyot,  135. 
Pyropus,  84, 
Pytane,  152. 

Quadrupeds,  names  of,  2. 

Queez-inadame,  60,  note  4. 

Querell,  194. 

Quernallit,  198. 

Queste,  132. 

Quhissil  Gibbon,  228. 

Quhissilar,  228. 

"  Quhissilar,  Frenche,"  217. 

Quirie,  131. 

#,  quoitt,  170. 


Rackett,  249. 
Rode,  raid,  212. 
/?«/,  77. 
Ratify,  77. 
Rally  a,  77. 
Railyettes,  87. 
Ramforce,  ran/one,  198. 
Rammage,  135. 
Rammekins,  56. 
Rancy,  130. 
Range,  191. 
Raploch,  73,  74. 
Reabill,  170. 
Rebat,  90. 


Rebbit,  ribbit,  29. 

Recepisse,  170. 

Rechas,  133. 

Recordour,  221. 

Recrue,  recreu,  197. 

Reesort,  61. 

Regality,  regalite",  170. 

tof«»/.  143,  144. 

"  Register  House,"  Edinburgh,  building 

of,  26. 

Rehable,  170. 
Reirbrasseris,  193. 
/?^y^,  «?«£<?,  131,  391. 
Replait,  170. 
Reprief,  170. 
Reprise,  30. 
Reptiles,  134. 
Resett,  171. 
Reseller,  171. 
Respite,  171. 
Resplale,  170. 
Respondie,  171. 
Responsioune,  171. 
Restes,  171. 
Re  tour,  retovire,  171. 
Rewelyns,  69. 
Rider,  the,  a  coin,  121. 
Rig-adown-daisy,  240. 
Rimbursin,  rimburslenn.es,  rimburssancs, 

156. 

Rings,  109,  i  jo. 
Rivelins,  69,  note  2. 
Riwell,  193. 

Rizard,  risard-berry,  61. 
Rizzio,  218,  219. 
Robert  I.,  tomb  of,  27,  114. 
Roche,  195. 
Rockat,  92. 

Rocklay,  rokely,  rokelay,  90. 
Rogue-names,  177-179. 
Rogues,  177-183- 


INDEX. 


453 


Rogues,  names  for,  derived  from  French, 
177. 

Rose,  65. 

Roslir,  65. 

Rossignell,  136. 

Rothe,  195. 

Ronane,  79. 

Rouser,  rooser,  65. 

Rout,  1 80. 

J?ozf,  rooiv,  1 80. 

Rowan,  Peris,  principal  master-gunner, 
189. 

Rowane  russet,  74. 

Royne,  157. 

Roytel,  John,  27. 
1  /?«<k«,  85. 

Rullings,  69. 

Runcy,  18,  130. 

Runsy,  130. 
,  73,  74. 
119,  120,  121. 

,  one-third,  120. 

,  two-thirds,  120. 

Ryne,   Rynde,   Rhynd,    Thomas,    gold- 
smith, 103. 

Rysart,  61. 

Sachelaris,  228. 
Sacrist,  145. 
Saferon,  schaffroun,  108. 
Saikyr,  195. 
•SYMYjv,  199,  396. 
Sairge,  76. 

Salamander,  the,  205. 
.Sa/i,  J<M'/,  .KM'//,  28. 
Salt,  64. 
.SVi//,  jaw/,  198. 
Salute,  124. 
Sambutes,  130. 
Sangulier,  sangler,  133. 
S anourous,  151. 


Sauge,  158. 

Saut-backet,  64. 

Sawcer,  50. 

.Soy,  52. 

Scarpen,  94. 

Scaumer,  178. 

Schalm,  schalim,  shalim,  shavime,  221. 

Schalmer,  228. 

Schamoris  dance,  236. 

Schawmeris,  Italian,  217. 

Scherurgian,  151. 

Schiverone,  93. 

Scholage,  145. 

Science,  250. 

Sclavin,  sclaveyn,  91. 

Scotch  language,  i. 

Scots  craftsmen  abroad,  105. 

Scotsmen  educated  in  France,  140,  141. 

,  professors  in  France,  142,  143. 

Scottish  and  English  languages,  forma- 
tion of,  2. 

barons  educated  in  Paris,  15. 

body-guard  in  France,  15,  16. 

clergy,  6-9. 

,  as  architects  and  builders,  7. 

,  as  improvers  of  the  soil,  7. 

,  as  mercantile  adventurers,  8. 

,  educated  at  the  University  of 

Paris,  6. 

,  importing  silks,  spices,  &c.,  9. 

,  trading  to  Bordeaux,  &c.,  8,  9. 

cookery,  early,  41. 

estates  granted  to  English  nobles,  5. 

friars  introduce  French  words  and 

phrases,  10. 

mansions,  2r. 

preachers  of  the  Roman  Catholic 

Church,  10. 

society  in  i6th  century,  43. 

students  at  Cambridge,  7,  note  3 

from  p.  6. 


454 


INDEX. 


Scottish  students  at  Oxford,  6,  note  *. 

"  Scowmar  of  the  se,"  178,  note  *. 

Scriptour,  34. 

Scruloire,  34. 

Scudler,  scudlar,  50. 

Scuncheon,  29. 

Sea-terms,  203-212. 

Seals,  109. 

Secret,  secret  t,  193. 

Seel,  cloaths  of,  81. 

Sege,  34. 

Seibow,  sebow,  63. 

Seistar,  221. 

Sellat,  192. 

Semibajan,  144. 

Sensement,  165. 

Sergeand,  171. 

Sermons  of  mendicant  friars,  9. 

Serpe,  97,  note  '. 

Serrabossa,  211. 

Serve  ting,  53. 

Servile,  servyte,  seruit,  servet,  53. 

Servitude,  171. 

Session,  145. 

Seton  medal,  125. 

Shalmer,  221. 

Shankis,  95,  96. 

Shaum,  153. 

Shephron,  90. 

Ship-builders,  203. 

building,  203. 

by  James  IV.,  204. 

Ships  built  by  Bishop  Kennedy,  204. 

in  1249,  203. 

under  James  V.,  205,  206. 

Siege  terms,  198,  199. 

Silk  stuffs,  77. 

Silversmiths  of  England,  104. 

Sinclair,    John,   'Observations    on 

Scottish  Dialect,'  I. 
Sincopas,  236. 


the 


Sir  Colin,  laird  of  Glenurchy,  knowledge 

of  French,  142. 
Skails,  skalis,  46. 
Skarmusche,  196. 
Skuls,  skulls,  skolls,  46. 
Smoukie,  135. 
Sodiour,  190. 
Soir  naig,  131. 

Soldiers,  designations  of,  190,  191. 
Solutione,  126,  171. 
Songs,  215. 
Sonyie,  171. 
Sorn,  sorne,  soirn,  178. 
Sort,  199. 

Souer,  souir,  171,  400. 
Souse,  121. 
Soutra,  237. 
Sowmir,  130. 
Sotvmonds,  171. 
Soy,  85. 
Space,  132. 
Spairge,  sparge,  30. 
.S/fa/</,  spauil,  spauld,  153. 
Spargeon,  30. 
Sparginer,  30. 
Sparling,  spirling,  57. 
Spatril,  94. 
6^^«c«-door,  51. 
Spence,  spensar,  51. 
Spens,  spensar,  spensere,  50. 
.Sj^«r«,  132. 
5//«,  62. 

Spoons  and  forks  among  the  Scotch,  54. 
Spryngald,  194. 
30. 

30. 
Stage,  29. 
Stalls  for  the  Abbey  Church  of  Melrose, 

35- 

St  Andrew,  a  coin,  120. 
St  Andrew's  University,  139. 


INDEX. 


455 


Stege,  29. 

Stellat,  89. 

Sleming,  stemying,  76. 

Stennyage,  sterling,  steining,  76. 

Stewart,  William,  on  war-music  of  Scot- 

land, 225. 

"  Stick  "  of  cloth,  76. 
St  Jean-de-Luz,  commerce  with,  208. 
Stomach,  to  have  a  good,  66. 
Stomacher,  stomager,  stomok,  90. 
Stoup-galland,  157. 
Stour,  stoure,  stowr,  sture,  196. 
Stoyle,  91. 
St  Pol  and  Blois,  ship  of,  built  at  Inver- 

ness, 203. 
Stramash,  196. 
Strangelour,  156. 
Strengable,  171. 
Stuart  family  and  music,  215. 
Subbasment,  34. 
Sticker,  56. 

Suddarde,  suddart,  suddert,  190. 
Sumleyer,  50. 
Sumphion,  222. 
Suppoist,  suppost,  144. 
Surcoat,  91. 
Surgeons  attending  the  Scottish  army, 

150. 

Surgical  instruments,  158. 
Surpeclaithe,  92. 

Suspicion  of  crime,  procedure  in,  161. 
Sutor,  95. 

Swasche,  stveschc,  222,  223. 
Sword  dollar,  120. 
Sybow,  syboe,  sybba,  63. 
.$>'.  63. 
Symoler,  50. 
Sythol,  sythoel,  221. 


/,  248. 


,  248. 


Table  furnishings,  52. 

Taborne,  taburne,  talberone,  talbrone,  tal- 

bitrn,  talburne,  221. 
Tailyeit,  76,  note  l. 
Taint,  172. 

TVK'J,  /<w,  tasse,  lassie,  52. 
Talbert,  91. 
Tales  current  in  Scotland  in  the  i6th 

century,  17,  note  l. 
Tanneree,  95. 
Tapesar,  37. 

Tapesscherye,  tapeschery,  tapessarie,  37. 
Tapessery-man,  37. 
Tapestry,  35,  36. 

-  ,  scarcity  of,  37. 
Tappisser,  37. 
Tappit-hen,  52. 
Tarlies,  29. 
7>zr/a«,  73-75. 

-  purry,  56. 
7a/<rA,  85. 

T  avert,  91. 

Tawbronaris,  tabronar,  tattbroner,  tab- 

roner,    taboring,    taburtier,  Jalbonar, 

talbwinar,  227. 
7Vy«/,  172. 
Tayntour,  172. 
/,  172. 
?,  172. 
Tercer,  172. 
Testoon,  119. 
Tester,  34. 
Teutonic  dialect,  2. 
Thistle-dollar,  120. 
Timpan,  tympany,  tympany-fp.\<i\,  29. 
Tirless,  tirlass,  tirlies,  29. 
Tischay,  tische,  tysche,  90. 


Token  of  loyalty  sent  to  Queen  Mary, 
102. 
;V.  87. 


456 


INDEX. 


Toldoir,  85. 

To  fieri,  91. 

Tomb  of  Earl  of  Murray,  27. 

-  of  Robert  I.,  1  14. 

Topynett,  52. 

Torett,  torrett-daith,  89. 

Totum,  249. 

Towers,  built  of  stone,  21,  22. 

Town-clerk's  office  in  Aberdeen  in  1597, 

25. 

Traced,  85. 
Traifye,  trelye,  80. 
Tr  amort,  153,  406. 
Trap,  to,  145. 
Travisch,  {ravish,  212. 
Trebuschet,  194. 
7>m:A*r-bread,  54. 
Trental,  154. 
7V«/,  /ra/V/,  /rw/,  51. 
Treviss,  trtvesse,  travesse,  131. 
TVrw,  197. 
TVy/J-velvet,  79. 
Tuba  dnctilis,  217. 
Turdion,  241. 
7«rz/,  /««/,  89. 
Turkas,  131,  409. 
Turner,  123. 
Turngreis,  29. 
Tntabon,  tuiabone,  158. 
r«W*,  /«/#//,  172. 
Tutory,  172. 
Tweldore,  85. 

Tymber,  ty  miner,  tymbrell,  tymbrill,  192. 
Tympane,  thimpand,  222. 
Tympanum,  29,  note  e. 
Tyrement,  153,  197. 


Umfraville,  2. 
Unhabile,  172. 
Unicorn,  the,  a  coin,  121. 


Universities,  139. 

University  lecturers  educated  in  Paris, 

139- 
Ursyne,  133. 

Vacance,  172. 

Vagabonds,  177-183. 

Valicot,  90. 

Valient,  172. 

Valker,  Murdoch,  27. 

Vans,  5. 

Kar/0/,  131. 

Vases  imported  from  Suffolk,  104. 

Vaskene,  vasyuine,  90. 

*W/,  132. 

Veitch,  4. 

Vendise  or  vendace,  58,  59. 

Ventaill,  192. 

Ventose,  158. 

Verdour,  36. 

Fif/vj,  52. 

Verlot,  131. 

I^r/,  172. 

Vertgadin,  vardingard,  vardingalt,  ver- 

dingale,  91. 
Vielleux,  222. 
Villages  in  Scotland,  25. 
,  220. 

sy/r,  o/yr^,  194. 
K/r^-thread,  80. 
Virginal,  220. 
Vitrisch,  vitrte,  79. 
Vivers,  45. 

Vivual,  vivuallie,  152. 
Fw/A  w^//,  w//,  «/;<//,  w^///,  152,  411.  • 
Vorsa,  210. 

Wageouris,  197,  412. 

Waistcoat,  91. 

Wallace,    Sir    William,    portrait    of, 

112. 


INDEX. 


457 


War,  [87-199. 

Warison,  199. 

Warlike  instruments  before  the  intro- 
duction of  firearms,  194. 

weapons,  improvement  of,  by  James 

V.,  189. 

War-music,  225. 

Warnys,  199. 

Wassal-brezA,  wastcl,  54. 

Watches,  in. 

Watson,  Andrew,  painter,  113. 

Watts,  wats,  wauts,  94,  note  *. 

Wees,  156. 

Weir,  4. 

West,  172. 

Wheaten  bread,  different  kinds  of,  54. 

Whithorn,  See  of,  21. 

Wiage,  ivy  age,  waage,  197. 


Wild  animals,  133,  134. 

Wilyeam,  Sangstar,  216. 

Wines  used  in  Scotland,  59. 

Wishart,  5. 

Witter,  152. 

Wo  die,  172. 

Wolroun,  178. 

Women-singers,  218. 

Woollen  stuffs,  75,  76. 

Words  expressing   abstract  ideas,  255- 

3°9- 
and  idioms  transplanted  into  the 

Scottish  language  from  the  French 

romances,  12. 
Wrangis,  ivrangwiss,  210. 
Wylecot,  wilie-coat,  wallaqmte,  90. 

Yester,  castle  of,  23,  note  2. 


THE   END. 


PRINTRD   !1Y  WILLIAM    BLACKWOOD   AND  SONS. 


J 


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UNIVERSITY  OF  TORONTO  LIBRARY 


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A  critical  inquiry  into 
the  Scottish  language  with 
the  view  of  illustrating 
the  rise  and  progress  of 
civilisation  in  Scotland